Guruell University Library
Sthara, Nem York

THE JAMES VERNER SCAIFE
COLLECTION
CIVIL WAR LITERATURE

THE GIFT OF
JAMES VERNER SCAIFE
CLASS OF 1889

1919
2

TD
 

COL. ANDREW J. GREENFIELD.
THE TWENTY-SECOND
Pennsylvania Cavalry

 

 

and the Ringgold Battalion
G64]. = 18265

 

Written and Compiled by

SAMUEL CLARKE FARRAR,
Company C, 22nd P. V. C.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

0)

1911
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA RINGGOLD CAVALRY
ASSOCIATION.

t
Copyright, 1911, by
Ss. C. FARRAR,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

The New Werner Company, Akron, O., and Pittsburgh
FOREWORD.
BY THE HISTORICAL COMMITTEE

The Twenty-second Pennsylvania Ringgold Cavalry Association
has for many years considered the publication of a history and
from time to time has appointed committees to take up the matter
and make report. These committees, confronted with the difficulty
of raising sufficient funds to secure the services of a competent
editor to prepare a respectable history and to cover the extra cost
of publishing a small edition, made no progress.

In 1903, the State of Pennsylvania provided for the purchase
of four hundred copies of such regimental histories as met the ap-
proval of a Commission, consisting of the Governor, Adjutant Gen-
eral and Auditor General. This warranted the publication of a
larger edition, but the editing of the book was a more serious
difficulty. Other Pennsylvania regiments were spending thousands
of dollars for the literary work of their histories, one or more
wealthy members contributing the money for that purpose. The
22nd P. V. C. could find no millionaires on her rosters from whom
to obtain such funds. The only hope left was to find among the
comrades a man of the necessary literary acquirements who could
be induced to sacrifice the time and effort necessary in the prepara-
tion of a worthy volume to present to the public and hand down
as a legacy to posterity. Prof. S. C. Farrar, formerly a private in
Company C, who for more than thirty years had been principal of
one of Pittsburgh’s largest public schools, a capable man, well
equipped for the work, was finally (in 190%) prevailed upon to
write the history of the regiment from its organization until the
close of the War. When-this was done, he was obliged to write
the history of the Ringgold Battalion and its predecessors, to com-
plete the book.

Three years were devoted to the work. The search for data
outside the official records was most difficult and tedious, entailing
voluminous correspondence and almost countless -discouragements ;
it was not imagined that so much time would be necessary, until the
narrative was well under way.

The work was finished and submitted to the Historical Com-
mittee May 7, 1910, when it was unanimously endorsed and au-
thorized to be published under the auspices of the Regimental Asso-
ciation. The following minute of that meeting was signed by every
member of the Committee present, and is on file in the Adjutant
General’s office at Harrisburg.
iv TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“ Whereas, There has been submitted to us for our considera-
tion, a history of our regiment, together with a history of the several
older organizations which were combined to form it, the whole
bearing the title:

“THE TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY
AND THE RINGGOLD BATTALION, written and compiled by
SAMUEL CLARKE FARRAR, Co. C, 22nd P. V. C. Published under
the auspices of the Twenty-second Pennsylvania, Ringgold Cavalry
Association :

“ Now THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, That, we approve and en-
dorse this work and authorize it to be published under the auspices
of this association.”

The manuscript of the history with this endorsement was sub-
mitted to the State Commission, who examined, approved and au-
thorized its publication. A publisher was secured and the hope of
years realized in the publication of a history.

At a meeting June 21, 1911, the Committee adopted the fol-
lowing: /

“Whereas, The Historical Committee of the Ringgold Bat-
talion and Twenty-second Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, realizes
that only through the untiring labors of Comrade S. C. Farrar has
the organization secured a comprehensive and truthful history of its
operations during the Civil War, and

“ Whereas, We desire to express our appreciation of the valu-
able work he has produced, and our gratitude for the time and busi-
ness interests he has been obliged to sacrifice during its preparation
and publication; therefore, be it

“ RESOLVED, That we commend Comrade Farrar for the faithful
and efficient performance of his arduous task in the production of
this great book, ‘The History of the Twenty-second Pennsylvania
Cavalry and Ringgold Battalion,’ and that we extend to him our
warmest thanks therefor and for his manly and generous course
to us in our undertaking.

“RESOLVED, That we deem the three years spent by Comrade
Farrar in research, investigation, correspondence, etc., incident to
the gathering and telling this truthful story of the War, a service
of unselfish devotion to his comrades and to his country.

“RESOLVED, That to perpetuate this record of our history’s pro-
duction, our esteem for Comrade Farrar, and our high regard and
lasting gratitude for his honest, faithful and efficient service on be-
half of his Comrades, these resolutions be spread upon the minutes
of the Association and inserted as a foreword in the history.

JamMEs B. Gisson, Chairman. C. J. McNutrty, Secretary.
A. J. GREENFIELD, Vice Ch’man. A. R. McCarruy, Ass’t Sec’y.
INDEX.

FOREWorD, by Historical GOMM ible 6s ic care eee web ese iii
INTRODUCTION eed 3.6:4a)05, 026 oo bd bee heal areca eareaeeion oc beens 3
CHAPTER I.

THE SiTuaTION, April, 1861........... ccc ce eeecccceees Sevtaeae 6.
CHAPTER II.

THE RINGGOLD CavaLry Company. Captain John Keys. Grafton,
Va., July and August, 18614. Move to New Creek. Repulse
at Hanging Rocks. Capture of Romney, October 25, 1864... 41

‘CHAPTER III.

THE WASHINGTON CavaLRy Company. Captain Andrew J. Green-
field. Recruits company. Mustered in at Grafton, Va. Au-
gust 19, 1861. Battie of Greenbrier. Ordered to Romney... 23

CHAPTER IV. .

THE RINGGOLD-WASHINGTON OR PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON. Op-
posed by Stonewall Jackson. Fatal Ambush at French’s Gap;
first men killed. Rout the Enemy at Blue’s Gap. Under
Gen. Lander. A Winter Campaign. Camp at Paw Paw.
Rout the Enemy from Bloomery Gap.............ceeeee: 29

CHAPTER V.

WITH GENERAL BANKS IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. March-
April, 1862. Winchester, Va. First Battle of Kernstown.
Pursuit of Enemy to Mt. Jackson. Columbia Furnace.
Greenfield, with Squadron, Captures a Company of Ashby’s
Cavalry. Advance with Bank’s Army to New Market.
Ordered to Gen. Kelley's Department............0c0eceeee 44

CHAPTER VI.

Back IN GEN. KELLEY’s DEPARTMENT. The Companies Separate.
The Ringgold’s at Clarksburg and Beverly. Ambushed Near
Huttonville. The Snyder Boys Killed. Lieut. Jim Hart Routs
the Enemy in Gilmer. The Washington Cavalry Outpost at
Romney. Greenfield Foils Imboden. Work’s and Young’s
poetics Join Ringgold’s at Clarksburg. All March to New e
Creek ......... dir euatany cle denneeare tied ao lia g:seog orle oveia) dueeelange aie

CHAPTER VII.

THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. August 26, 1862. The Boys of 62.
Captain George T. Work. Recruitment of the Keystone,
Beallsville, Monongahela, Patton and Lafayette Cavalry Com-
panies. New Creek, Va. Rout and Capture of Imboden’s
Camp. The Situation in the Valley. The Washington Cav-
alry Outpost—Springfield. Lieut. Myers with 100 Battalion
Boys, Routs Enemy from Moorefield. Battalion Moved to
Romney, December 12. The Ringgold Battalion Occupies
Winchester. Skirmish Near Milltown. Battalion Ordered
Back to Romney. Confederate Attacks Upon Moorefield. The
Battalion Quartered in Vacant Houses of Romney.......... 62

CHAPTER VIII.

GREENFIELD’S COMPANY AT SPRINGFIELD. Battalion at Mechanics-
burg Gap. Supply Train Captured and Demas Barnard
Killed. Enemy Exceedingly Active Throughout Winter.
Battalion Moved Back to Mechanicsburg Gap. The Fight at
Purgitsville. Jones’ Confederate Raid Through West Va.
Mailguard Captured and Robert Rush Killed.............. 94
vi TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER IX.

LEE’s INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA. June-July, 1863. Pittsburgh
Fortified. Ringgold Battalion and Other Forces Fall Back
to the Railroad. Battalion in the Saddle Constantly. Enemy
Enter Pennsylvania. Battle of Gettysburg. Lee Falls Back
to Williamsport. Gen. Kelley’s Tardy Advance. Greenfield
Attacks and Captures Wagon Train. Lieut. Hart’s Skirmish
at Clearspring; David Hart: Badly Wounded. Confederate
Army Crosses to Virginia on July 13. Kelley's Advance
Crosses to Virginia on 15th. Battalion Captures Detachment
of Hampton Cavalry. Plot to Capture Gei.. Kelley’s Forces.

’ Kelley Falls Back Across the Potomac. Recrosses to Vir-
ginia on 23d. Enemy Falling Back. Our Cavalry Harrass-
IMNg HIS REAM 2c ne shee etie iss ane ays back Robath tw Gan adislansaneuaate

CHAPTER X.

Back TO THE MOUNTAINS OF HAMPSHIRE AND HARDY. Mechanics-
burg Gap, August 3 to November 1, 1863. Young’s and Barr’s
Companies Sent to Petersburg. Barr’s Company Ordered to
Moorefield. Imboden and M’Neill Attack Moorefield, But Re-
tire. Federal Camp at Moorefield Captured. Death of Cap-
tain John Keys. Expedition to M’Dowell. Company A Sent
to Gumberland for Post Duty, December 23. Ringgold Bat-
talion at Petersbure® seuss weedtisesiate ee ete ws aie Sia es

CHAPTER XI.

PETERSBURG. Active Winter Campaign. Confederate Raids in
Force. Fitzhugh Lee Captures Wagon Train, January 3,
1864. Force at Petersburg Cut Off From Communication
With Base at New Creek. Enemy Retires. Battalion Ordered
to New Creek. Greenfield's Company Retained at Petersburg.
Early and Rosser’s Great Raid, January 30th—February 2.
Greenfield in Rosser’s Camp. Capture Large Wagon Train.
Gallant Work of Lieut. Gibson’s Rearguard. M’Nulty’s Pick-
ets at Claysville Repulse Enemy; M’Nulty Wounded. Rosser
Attacks and Drives Captain Work’s Force From Burlington.
Thoburn Falls Back from Petersburg. Fruitless Pursuit.
Work’s and Barr’s Companies Occupy Greenland Gap. Col.
Root’s Reconnaissance to Franklin. Work’s Thrilling Ex-
perience at Petersburg, Guarding Root’s Train. Capt.
Denny’s Scout Entrapped ........ cece cece ee eee eet eeas

CHAPTER XII.

eS Steps Leading to Organization. The Old Bat-
ALON 2. eee eee eens Se

CHAPTER XIII.

THE NEW BaTTALION. Former Service, for Six Months. Experi-
ences in Shenandoah Valley, 1863. Re-enlist for Three Years.
March to the Regimental Rendezvous at Cumberland

CHAPTER XIV.
ASSEMBLING THE REGIMENT. Organization. Dissatisfaction of
the Old Battalion Men. Mounted Detachment Joins Sigel’s

Army at Winchester. Dismounted Detachment, March to
Harper's Herey” ica csciheune aaa sok me Pe etieee pee leer ee :

CHAPTER XV.

A COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND His PLtans. The Situation. The
Armies Moving Into Position. The Shenandoah Valley

108

131

147

174

176

183
INDEX.

CHAPTER XVI.

vii

THE GREAT SIMULTANEOUS ADVANCE. A Diversion by the Enemy. |

Lost River Gap Affair. Detachment Back With Gen. Kelley.

Deadly Ambush at Timber Ridge. In the Valley Again......
CHAPTER XVII.

THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT, On to Camp Stoneman. Back to

Shenandoah Valley. Serving as Infantry.................
CHAPTER XVIII.

SIGEL MovES UP THE VALLEY. The Battle of New Market. De-

feated Army Falls Back to Cedar Creek............e0ceecs

CHAPTER XIX.

194

209

216

THE LYNCHBURG CAMPAIGN OR HUNTER RarD. Hunter’s Army ;

Moves Forward, May 26. Detachment of 22nd Pa. Cavalry
in Command of Major Myers. Battle of Piedmont. On to
Staunton. In Duffee’s Cavalry Brigade; A Four-day Recon-
naissance. Lexington. On to Lynchburg................

CHAPTER XX.

THe ATTACK ON LYNCHBURG. Enemy Heavily Reinforced. Gen.
Hunter Withdraws. Retreat, Destroying Virginia and Tenn-
essee R. R. Enroute. On Through Salem, New Castle, White-
Sulphur Springs, to Charleston; Thence to Parkersburg, and
by Railroad Back to The Lower Valley............ceceeee

CHAPTER XXI.

EaRLY’s ARMY INVADES MARYLAND. Sigel in Command at Mar-
tinsburg. Enemy Attacks Our Cavalry Near Darkesville, July

3. Attacks Our Infantry and Dismounted Cavalry at Leetown.
Union Forces Driven Back Into Maryland. Engagement Near
Solomon’s Pass. General Lew Wallace. Battle of Monocacy.

aaa Advances on Washington. Falls Back Across the
OUOMMA CK 5 aceig, day bare gia a Fae Baie w sed! Maar ecneeueine@ay acohata tong uals

CHAPTER XXII.

EARLY’s ARMY ‘BACK IN VIRGINIA. Generals Wright and Crook
Join Forces and Pursue. Fighting at Snicker’s Gap and Ferry.
Repulse at Ashby’s Gap Fords. Enemy Falls Back to Fisher’s
Hill. Sixth and Nineteenth Corps Return to Washington.
Crook’s Army at Winchester. Early Advances Against Crook.
The Fighting at Kérnstown, July 23, 1864................

CHAPTER XXIII.

BATTLE OF KERNSTOWN. Crook’s Army Defeated, Falls Back. Cav-
alry Fight at Martinsburg, July 25. Union Forces Fall Back
Into Maryland. The Chambersburg Raid. Pursuit by Aver-
ill’s Cavalry. Rout and Capture of Raiders at Moorefield.
Brilliant Achievement of Major Work With Detachment
u of ete The Dismounted Detachment Finally

OUNCE seg viene sok aceaceia ls Geoneusdce wie as one a ana ine die olla Reds

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH. General Sheridan Takes
Command. Base at Halltown, Advances to Cedar Creek.
Early Largely Reinforced, Sheridan Falls Back Slowly.
Newly Mounted Part of 22nd Pa. Cavalry in Col. Lowell’s Bri-
gade. Sharp Fighting at Winchester and at Opequan Creek.
Battle of Berryville. Battle of Charlestown. All Detach-
ments of the 22nd Pa. Cavalry United at Hagerstown, Au-
BUISE 26: yc. ce eed ae dstee. tec gee aed ahslaretaetens are babe wed ened genders

227

243

274

296
viii TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE 22ND Pa, CAVALRY A FULL MouNTED REGIMENT. Sharp Cavalry
Fighting at Bunker Hill, September 2. 22nd Pa. Engaged
With Enemy Daily, September 3, 4, 5, 6.and 7. Battle of
oe September 9. Grant Visits Sheridan, Septem-

OP WB y'antera et aienaa nce ane wetecninnees rine d Aaa Gk aera lee) adhe «eae

CHAPTER XXVI.

BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. Rebecca Wright. Sheridan Advances
September 19. Early Sent Whirling Up the Valley.........

CHAPTER XXVII.
BATTLE OF FISHER’S HILL. ...... 0c eee eee eee cee e cern cesenees

. CHAPTER XXVIII.

PURSUIT OF THE ENemy. Advance Up the Valley. Averill Relieved
of Command. 22nd P. V. C., With Powell’s Division on Right.
Pursue to Mount Crawford. Sheridan Retires Down the Val-
ley, Destroying Crops. Battle of Weyer’s Cave, September
27. Custer in Command of Our Division. The Cavalry Fight
at Tom’s Brook. Sheridan’s Army Encamps at Cedar Creek.

CHAPTER XXIX.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK........ cece cece eee e eee tenes

CHAPTER XXX.

a THE BaTTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. The Regiment at Martins-
MAIS” 55 Severed g.8 cocelcaceh ante tla ce Udaaetias aicuet aevas dns Miteaco eee ements deanna arts

CHAPTER XXXI.

Back To NEw CREEK. A Five-day March Through Snow and Mud
in a Drizzling Rain. New Creek Burned and Destitute of
Lumber, Fuel and Forage. Very Severe Winter, Many
Horses Die From Exposure and Insufficient Forage. Cap-
ture of Generals Crook and Kelley. Pursuit of the Captors.
Gen. Rutherford B. Hayes Commands Post. Glorious News.
The War is Over. The Third Pennsylvania Provisional Cav-
alry. Final Muster Out, October 31, 1865.................

THE REGIMENTAL AND COMPANY ROSTERS........ccceeececccees

APPENDIX. The Regimental Flag. Daughter of the Regiment.
List of Engagements. Prisoners of War, in Southern Prisons.
OMe: War RECS: csc cekshcsi bcc weak deer’ edd al aos duicaes ae wae ecaed age

348

394

410

430

442
468
INDEX. ix

INDEX TO PORTRAITS.

Col. A. J. Greenfield. ..... 0... cece eee eee Frontispiece
Prof. 8: Ce Parrateccicces seuice che pe huss Woe eae ee ue ne heals 3
Captain Joh: K6YyS) sosiiedcas ge ceeceshe teas aha wig ewe 41
Captain Henry 3A. Myers: ic sinee ilk gd dew eals bY len ale ele cee 41
Captain James Ps Hart. oc cscs cai cc eee ivi sens ia be eeeeaw ss 44
Lieut. John. Holland: isc. ous cc easing enw eaten gies ene ara tle lee 441
Listit;- Thomas! Nutt. o:cssws0s-se vesive Meru vate ee seats 44
Sere’ tH. By Hedge: siesice ease aae sare ware ear anarsne are wo egvew ae ayes 44
Serg’t Adam Wickerham .......... ccc cece eee c een teen etenes 44
Captain A. 3, Greenfield. ccc cian eied cae ee sake weer eta ees 23
Captain George W. Jenkins ..........--. eee ee eee eee eee eens 23
Captain William E. Griffith 20... .. ccc cece eee eee eee 228
Lieut. John Dabinett ....... 0... e cece cnet eee eee 23
Juieut. Joshua, By DeeMS: sscsceniecens dae eeu bis a eemgies Se-e eee 23
Sere’t: S..-G: ROBGrSssa¢- aces ina ied oad oe aa wed eee 23
Captain: George TL. “Work a iii s Reh gee are so eee ee 64
Captain James Y. Chessrown .......... cece eee ee een eee eee eeee 64
Captain Andrew J. Barr ..... ccc cece cece eee eee eee cece 64
Captain Bi Ws Denny? occccc nine esac aun co tew ema nee ed se aleis 64
Captain Caleb J. M’Nulty ccicciccc secs eea de ceewe eben ea eeaee 64
Lieut. Robert C. Welch... .. cc cece cece eee eee eee eeeeeene 70
idute oF He Crago s.cisopesee wale ore banged s Sow poh le Dae oe 70
Lieut. James B. GibDSon.......... cece eee eee ee eee eee 70
Diet: Re S:- Hie Keys asians aie oiee dna ay ecdarpaueseoiee- oo ogye aidesnw eo e-eseers 70
Lieut, Joseph Js Las ised vere ve'nw se eive sia vine sare die eee see 70
Lieut: By Be Hassanis ice s5 ics sei a 8s he ea Sas ae a as wR a 70
Serg’t Samuel Donaldson......... cece cece eee e eee teen eeaee 66
Corporal Robert G. Rush........ cece eee cece e eee nee 104
General By F. Kellys cscs eaien teens He ae ee aie sod! eile a ac 124
Colonel Andrew J. Greenfield. ....... cece eee cee eee eee ee 184
Major George T. Work. cc ccccncse cnc eee sence eed ena beas ee as 184
Major Henry A. Myers........... si-taateve dd Hanae see ee eae eS 184
Major Elias 8. Troxell. ....... 0... cece cece eee e ence eens 184
Adjutant Joseph G. Isenberg. ....... 6. cece cece ete ete e eens 184
Captain John H. Boring........ 00... ec cee cece eee eee e eee eens 186
Chaplain Thomas Patterson......... ccc cece eect teen ene eeees 186
Lieut. S. Web. French. ....... see eee cece rene tee ence eens 186
Lieut. Wm. H. Sharrer........ Ee ag alle Verdes bbbiatinlarrafuionbeeaedereitece's ye... 186
Lieut; Wim: Hedge sii ccc ien die eeels ou areae eee Maan acid 186
Q. M. Serg’t David Hart.......... ccc cee cece eee cece eee eeeees 186
Dr. Samiiel D0ddS © is cis scsi ca cea ce ea be om ew ew eee eietae are 186
Color Serg’t Michael H. Core.... 2... ccc cece e eee eee eee eeene 186
.Q. M. Serg’t David H. Williams. ........... ee eee eee eee eee eee 186
Gone Uj. Si Grantiiesnseakicis otra tena secede eevee, 187
Serg’t Samuel W. Gehrett.... 0... ccc eee eee eee eens 209

Gen, Franz Sigel ..ccc.deswdawawics sles boule ae te eee eee dena sie 216
x TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Gen: David’ Hunter: 2 cc. ease ee ea se Sa aaa pe Soe ee See es 227
SOW OM. Sut: ccs gis igsis eee ak eRe ae iclare a a ese Wow eee ee ee Si 246
Gen. (George: GroOk: we oui s ssi ais hack ceed ee ee eRe BE Le 296
Cols James A. Mulligan. <5: scscq-deis Sige neds oaths da Mew EE eS 298
Gen. Philip H. Sheridan .......... 0. cece eee eee e eee e eens 322
Drs Aw Re MW Carthy e- desired Ses eae ee ce nde ee Ge MEO NE LE 343
Rebecea: Wright: .....-cevwissawie eek wed ewe eg ee seis sie tute 363
Gon, Ay OAS TOrbert isc. each Gee os os Se es ed ae oom 371
GES Wee We AVOCEL « ais oisisce ie cai ala de Seer ae a ee eters BR tae eR 374
Gen. Ps. He SHEPIMAN 60.5005 ccccscd cerca eae oe 6s wie ee 0.8 on6 08 ae oop B58 eee 371
Gen. George H. Custer ........ 0... eee eee eee eee iia Bideala eh 371
Gens Wins He Powells. aca ise eho 0 ate cla cai larete asad ate cee oaecore ora eter 371
Col. Joseph "Lhoburns sc cvvvcd wea da eee wee garland we ase ewies, “,. 429
Dr. Samuel M. Finley.......... 0... cece cece eee ee eee neneee 457
Gems. Rar Be Hay OS sc.c.c055) 8d enaciela Ww evaudndoaud ache pace erere @lahes gap whee wae 460
Amanda Jane M’Nulty, Daughter of the Regiment.............. 534
Group of Ringgold Battalion Veterans at Fredericktown Reunion. 532
Shans Margerum ig aci wea edad wwe Gees Sagi ee we Se A eer ro ere na 538

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Map of Sections of Virginia, West Virginia and Maryland....... 63
Map of Shenandoah Valley............. ccc wwe e cece eeeee tice Scive 193
Map of New Creek, West Virginia............00eee eee neds settee 72
Map of Early’s Invasion of 1864......... 0... cece eee teenies 258
Map of Cavalry Action at Martinsburg, W. Va..............065 304
Map of Action at Weyer’s Cave........ ccc cece eee e eee eeee 394
Map of Battle of Winchester......... 0... 0. cece cece ee eee 375
Map of Battles of Cedar Creek and Fisher’s Hill................ Ald
View of Hanging Rocks, near Romney, W. Va.............2205 62
View of Petersburg Gaps «essiacaceuks esiieeie ee eae bWS ws wees 140
Harper's Perry; Ws Vases s<uaeseiawe sade eed de same Hie Wel ss 264

Camp of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, May, 1865............ 462
INDEX. xi

LIST OF ENGAGEMENTS.

Hanging Rocks, W. Va., September 24, 1861.
Greenbrier, W. Va., October 3, 1864
Romney, W. Va., October 25, 1861.
French's Gap, W. Va., November 13, 1864.

Blue’s Gap, W. Va., January 7, 1862.

Bloomery Gap, W. Va., February 14, 1862.
Kernstown, Va., March 22, 23, 1862.

Woodstock and Stony Creek, Va., April 1, 1862.
Hudson Corners, Va., April 15, 1862.

Two Churches, Va., April 17, 1862.

Near Huttonville, W. Va., August 18, 1862.

Glenville, Gilmer Co., W. Va., September 29, 1862.
Lunice Creek, W. Va., October 30, 1862.

South Fork, or Dasher’s Mill, Va., November 9, 1862.
Moorefield, W. Va., December 3, 1862.

Winchester, Va., December 25, 26, 1862.

Pancake Gap, W. Va., February 24, 1863.
Purgitsville, W. Va., April 6, 1863.

Near Williamsport, Md., July 8, 1863.

Clearspring, Md., July 10, 1863.

Near Martinsburg, W. Va., July 17, 1863.

Near Moorefield, W. Va., August 22, 27, 28, 1863.
Moorefield, W. Va., September 414, 1863.

Medley, W. Va., January 30, 1864.

Burlington and Claysville, W. Va., February 1, 1864.
Near Moorefield, W. Va., March 3, 1864.

Moorefield, W. Va., May 8, 1864.

Lost River Gap, Va., May 10, 1864.

New Market, Va., May 15, 1864.

Timber Ridge, near Moorefield, Va., June 5, 1864.
Piedmont, Va., June 5, 1864.

Tye River Gap, Va., June 12, 1864.

Lynchburg, Va., June 17, 18, 1864.

Leetown, Va., July 3, 1864.

Near Darkesville, Va., July 3, 1864.

Solomon’s Pass, Md., July 8, 1864.

Monocacy, Md., July 9, 1864.

Snicker’s Gap Fords, July 17, 18, 1864.

Ashby’s Gap Fords, July 19, 1864.

Kernstown, Va., July 23, 24,'1864.

Martinsburg, W. Va., July 25, 1864.

Moorefield, W. Va., August 7, 1864.

Winchester, Va., August 17, 1864.

Opequan Creek, Va., August 18, 20, 1864.

Berryville, Va., August 24, 1864.

Charlestown, Va., August 22, 1864.

Halltown, Va., August 23, 24, 25, 1864.

Martinsburg, W. Va., August 31, 1864.

Darkesville to Stephenson’s Depot, September 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1864.
Darkesville, Va., September 11, 1864.

Martinsburg, W. Va., September 18, 1864.
Winchester, Va., September 19, 1864.

Fisher’s Hill, Va., September 22, 1864.

Brown’s Gap, Va., September 26, 1864.

Weyer’s Cave, or Mount Vernon Forge, September 27, 1864.
Cedar Creek, Va., October 19, 1864.
 

SAMUEL CLARKE FARRAR.
INTRODUCTION.

The Twenty-second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry
was formed by an order of the War Department, issued February
22, 1864, consolidating the seven independent companies of cavalry
recruited from Washington County in 1861 and 1862, generally
known as the Ringgold Battalion, and five new companies of cavalry
recruited mostly from Bedford, Fulton, Franklin and Huntingdon
counties. It is our purpose to give the history of each organization,
so far as it operated prior to or separately from the others; where
two or more companies have operated together, we have made one
narrative suffice.

The two companies which enlisted in 1861, the “ Ringgold
Cavalry Company” and the “ Washington Cavalry Company,”
usually spoken of in subsequent years as ‘“ The Old Companies,”
had more than a year’s active service before they were joined by the
“ Boys of 62.” i

In the autumn of 1862, the “ Old Companies,” then operating
about the headwaters of the Potomac in Virginia, were joined by
five new independent cavalry companies, also recruited from Wash-
ington County. From that time until the organization of the
“Regiment,” the seven companies generally operated together and
were known as “The Ringgold Battalion.” The history of their
operations during that period will be found under that title.

The history of the “ Regiment,” covering the period from its
organization in the early spring of 1864 until mustered out after the
close of the War, will appear under the title, “ The Twenty-second
Pennsylvania Cavalry.”

The seven independent companies from the beginning of their
service until the spring of 1864, operated almost entirely in Gen-
eral B. F. Kelley’s department. An officer of the Regular Army,
who had charge of the publication of the “ Official Records of the
War of the Rebellion,” stated that General B. F. Kelley made less
4 INTRODUCTION.

written history for the amount of fighting he did than any other
general officer in the service. A similar statement is true of the
officers of the “ Ringgold Battalion.” This modesty on the part of
the officers has made the task of the historian most difficult.

The “Records of the Rebellion,’ published by Congress, a
library of more than 100 large volumes—upwards of 100,000 pages
in all—containing the official reports and correspondence of both
Union and Confederate officers, is the fountain of information from

I

which the writer of a “ Regimental History” must obtain the main

historical facts. The Personal Memoirs of Generals Grant and
Sheridan furnish valuable additional information, “ search lights,”
as it were, that we have occasionally flashed on the scene for an
instant. By permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons, we have used
several paragraphs from their excellent publication, “ The Shenan-
doah Valley in 1864.” Many of the brilliant minor achievements
of a company, squadron or battalion, are not mentioned in the
“ Official Records.” The history of these operations has been ob-
tained from diaries and journals of soldiers, personal letters written
at the time, personal memoirs and reminiscences of the War, pub-
lished soon after its close, and from contributions drawn from the
memory of surviving comrades. An earnest effort has been made
to verify the last named so far as possible, and to exclude inventions,
half-truths and exaggerations. The history of many of these affairs
has been obtained from several participants; each usually began his
story with the word “we.” These several accounts generally sup-
plement each other and, together, furnish the historian with the
essential facts. In writing the story, he has very frequently re-
tained the use of the word “we” that it may not lose the zest of
being told by the participants.

It is not claimed that the Twenty-second Pennsylvania Cav-
alry was the best in the United States service, or that any of the
companies of which it was formed had an unbroken record of
valor and achievement ; each rendered the Nation a valuable service
and has to its record much to be proud of, yet each would gladly
forget one or more performances far from meritorious; nor were
the officers all Sheridans or Custers.
INTRODUCTION. 5

The purpose of this book is to preserve for the State of Penn-
sylvania a record of the troop, battalion and regiment that stood as
a living wall of defense out before her border, on Virginia soil, and,
facing south, held back the surging billows of cruel, relentless,
desolating war, while to the rear, were the free, fair homes of
Pennsylvania, where her citizens dwelt in safety; and the further
purpose of this book, is to preserve and hand down to our children
and children’s children, this record of patriotic service and sacrifice,
as an incentive to loyalty and love of country, their country, the
United States of America, the Union for which their fathers fought
and which they helped maintain.

Grateful acknowledgment is due to Col. A. J. Greenfield for
the use of his excellent personal memoirs and for much valuable
assistance; to Rev. Samuel W. Gehrett, D.D. (Sergeant of Com-
pany K) for the use of his series of newspaper letters, entitled,
“ Reminiscences of a Boy in Blue,” published many years ago; and
to Lieut. F. H. Crago, of Company D, for a series of newspaper
“War Reminiscences,” published back in the 80’s. The diaries’
of Sergeant Samuel G. Rogers of Company B, Sergeant Samuel
Donaldson of Company C, Sergeant H. B. Hedge of Company A,
and Dr. A. R. McCarthy of Company K, have been of valuable
service in supplying details.
6 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER I.
THE SITUATION, APRIL, 1861.

In 1861, previous to the outbreak of the War, the Regular
Army of the United States consisted of ten regiments of infantry,
five regiments of cavalry and four regiments of artillery—a total,
present and absent, of 16,402 commissioned officers and enlisted
men—scattered over our vast domain in upwards of a hundred
detachments occupying the various forts and military stations of
the nation, the greater part of the force being kept on our western
frontier.

After the bombardment and fall of Fort Sumpter, the Presi-
dent issued a call for 75,000 volunteer soldiers to serve for a term
of three months; many more than this number offered their services.
Eighteen days later, when the Rebellion was more fully unmasked,
the President issued another call for troops, this time asking for
thirty-nine regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry for
the volunteer service, to serve three years; and also for eight regi-
ments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry and one regiment of
artillery for the Regular Army service. These two calls were also
promptly filled and added a total of 64,748 officers and men to the
army.

A few of the regiments that responded to the President’s first
call, like the 6th Massachusetts and 7th New York, were armed,
equipped and drilled. These were rushed forward to the de-
fense of the Capitol and a few other points in greatest danger;
but the great majority of the 75,000 had neither arms, equipments
nor drill, and these were sent to camps of instruction to be drilled
and equipped for service.

Just here it was discovered that the Government arsenals and
military storehouses had been practically stripped of serviceable
arms and equipments, John B. Floyd, ‘Secretary of War under
President Buchanan, having shipped them to the Southern States
during the previous autumn and winter. From these stores, the
Confederate troops in the field were already armed and equipped.
The purchase of arms and the manufacture of supplies were
rushed with all possible speed by the Federal Government, but the
term of enlistment of many of the three-months’ men was more
than half spent before they could be supplied with arms and
equipped for ‘service.
THE SITUATION, APRIL, 1861. y

The Northern States were altogether unprepared for war; they
did not expect it. They had become accustomed to the bluster and
belligerent attitude of the radical Southern statesmen, and many
regarded their ordinances of secession and preparations for war
as another bluff similar to that of 1832, during the administration
of Andrew Jackson, and believed that in the end, the matter would
be adjusted in some way and the trouble blow over.

Colonel A. J. Greenfield, who had spent two years in a whole-
sale mercantile house in Baltimore, previous to the Civil War, says:
“During my two years in Baltimore, I had gained a pretty good
knowledge of the men of the South. I realized that they were a
brave, chivalrous people of the same blood and had grown up under
the same free institutions as the people of the North. They counted
on an easy victory, if it came to war; they did not believe, however,
that the North would accept the sacrifice that a war would involve.
After the attack of the mob upon the 6th Massachusetts Regi-
ment in the streets of Baltimore, April 19, 1861, I made a visit to
my home in Beallsville, Washington County, Pennsylvania, where
many of my friends called to see me, and wanted to know if the
people of the South really meant war. I assured them that they
were in earnest, and that it meant a long and bloody war; and that
if the Government thought they could put down the Rebellion with
75,000 men in three months, they were greatly mistaken.”

The South had been expecting war and had been preparing for
it ever since the election of Lincoln. South Carolina seceded from
the Union six weeks after that event, and immediately proceeded
to organize, arm and equip her militia for the coming conflict. Six
other States seceded in rapid succession, each looking forward to
and preparing for the coming war. A large number of men in
the South were veteran soldiers who had fought in the Mexican
War but a dozen years before this; in fact, the great majority of
the United States soldiers who fought in the Mexican War were
from the Southern States. After their return from the victorious
campaigns of that war, many of these soldiers continued their
military organizations or formed new ones. The young men im-
bibed the military spirit and eagerly enlisted in these companies,
which were getierally officered by veterans of the Mexican War.
A military education for the sons of planters and prominent men
was very popular, and every West Point vacancy that could be
secured was filled with a Southern boy. In addition to this, some
excellent military schools were established in the South, where the
8 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

science and art of war were thoroughly taught by West Point
graduates, and in which the military esprit de corps was ever tuned
to concert pitch.

The most noted of these was the Virginia Military Institute
at Lexington, of which General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson had
been President for a number of years. All these advantages were
of inestimable value to the South, especially at the beginning of the
War; one other, and perhaps the greatest advantage the Confederate
army had, was in the large proportion of officers of high rank who
were West Point graduates—veterans who had served in Mexico
and on the frontier.

An author, discussing this feature, says: “There were no ex-
periments tried in the Army of Northern Virginia. The most dis-
tinguished officers that the Southern Confederacy could find were
put in the highest posts. There was hardly an officer of rank that
was not a graduate of West Point. The war was conducted on
their side on strictly military principles. . . . Gen. R. E. Lee
graduated at West Point in 1829, and continued in the army ever
since; served with distinction in the Mexican War as chief of staff
to Lieut.-Gen. Scott. Gen. James Longstreet graduated from West
Point in 1842; severely wounded in Mexican War; twenty years
continuous service. Gen. Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson, grad-
uated in 1846; served with distinction through Mexican War. Gen.
Ewell, West Point, 1840. General Hill, West Point, 1847. Gen.
J. E. B. Stuart, West Point, 1854. This list might be extended
greatly. Moreover, the feeling in this army toward the command-
ing general was one of entire confidence and enthusiastic devotion,
due to the fact that Lee was a man, in every way head and shoul-
ders above his colleagues.”

As the month of May wore away, the magnitude of the com-
ing conflict began to dawn on the people of the North, especially in
the cities and towns where the daily newspaper kept them informed
of the rapid progress of events in the South. The Confederates
had assembled a large army at Manassas in Virginia, not far from
Washington City. They were rushing troops into the border States
of Missouri and Kentucky, which had not yet seceded from the
Union, in an effort to get possession of them and swing them into
the Confederacy before the Federal Government could organize and-
arm forces sufficient to occupy this territory. The State of Virginia
had passed an ordinance of secession on the 17th of April, and.
eight days later was formally admitted to the new government.
THE SITUATION, APRIL, 1861. 9

This brought the Southern Confederacy right up to the Pennsylvania
line; and at the same time brought apprehension and forebodings of
evil to the residents of the border counties.

But when, a few weeks later, the Confederate General, Joseph
E. Johnson, with an army, took position at Harper’s Ferry, within
an easy day’s march of the Keystone State, and another strong force
under Porterfield and Pegram and Garnett came over the Virginia
mountains into the upper valley of the Monongahela, it was then
the people of Southern Pennsylvania became aroused.

* The valley of the Monongahela provided a natural avenue for
an invading force to strike for that tempting prize, Pittsburgh, the
great Iron City, with its iron mills, foundries for the manufacture
of cannon, locomotive works, rail mills, boat yards, etc., etc., the
capture and destruction of which would be a most severe blow to the
Federal Government.

The Panhandle of Virginia, extending fifty miles up the Ohio
River, along the Western boundary of Pennsylvania, afforded
an excellent avenue of escape for the invader, while the fertile
farms of Washington County, with their well-filled granaries and
well-fed herds, flocks and stables, would furnish abundant subsist-
ence and the best of remounts for a large cavalry force.

The war was no longer a dream in the rural villages and town-
ships of that border county; war meetings were held and home-
guard companies organized; recruiting for the army in the field
quickened, and the line between Unionist and Rebel-sympathizer
was sharply drawn.

THE OLD VOLUNTEERS.

The brilliant campaigns of Generals Taylor and Scott in
Mexico, during the spring and summer of 1847, had the effect of

Vol. XIX, II, 625, WAR RECORDS.
*Gen. W. W. Loring,

Commanding Army of the Kanawha Valley.

GENERAL: . . .. Great benefit would be derived if you could permanently
destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad by taking down the Monongahela Valley
from Weston, or any other point where it would be convenient to you to strike it, and
destroy the bridges near Clarksburg and Fairmont, or what would be better blowing up
the tunnels in their vicinity. Both branches of the road would be disabled, and the
travel interrupted for the whole winter.

You could then continue your course é . 5 through Morgantown tnto Washing-
ton County, Pennsylvania, and supply your army with everything it wants. Should you be able to
veach Pennsylvania, I hope you will collect all the horses within your reach, both for your army
and the service generally. ’ i
hope your operations may be crowned with success until the close of the
campaign. : 7

I have the honor to be your obedient servant.

R. E. LEE,
General.
140 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

reviving somewhat the decadent military spirit of the Northern
States. Many of the farmers of Washington County, Pennsylvania,
were sons or grandsons of Revolutionary soldiers. When these
sturdy farmers heard the news—belated news in those days—of
General Taylor’s victory over Santa Anna’s Mexican hosts at the
Battle of Buena Vista, and of General Scott’s victorious march from
Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, their Revolutionary blood
asserted itself, they became enthused with the military spirit, and a
number of “volunteer” companies were formed in the county.
Some of these grew weary and fell by the wayside, never to rise
again ; but others, though dormant for periods, were kept alive until
the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion quickened them into
new life, when they were among the first to respond to the Presi-
dent’s call for troops.

Among these surviving “ volunteer ” companies was the Win-
field Hussars, a cavalry company named for General “ Winfield”
Scott, which had its headquarters at West Middletown in the western
part of the county, and which, after the opening of the war, be-
came Company I of the First Pennsylvania Cavalry, commanded
by Captain George T. Work, whose name sometime later figures
prominently in the history of the Ringgold Battalion and Twenty-
second Pennsylvania Cavalry.

Another “volunteer” company of the Mexican War period,
with headquarters at Beallsville, Washington County, was the Ring-
gold Cavalry, which survived and became very much alive in the
spring of 1861. This company, also named for a distinguished
Mexican War officer Major Samuel Ringgold,* entered the service
as an independent cavalry company, and later became the nucleus
of the Ringgold Battalion, which in turn became the Twenty-second
Pennsylvania Cavalry.

d

* Major Samuel Ringgold, son of General Samuel Ringgold of Maryland, was born
near Hagerstown that state, in 1796; he graduated from est Point in 1818, and was
appointed 2d lieutenant of artillery. He served through the various Indian wars with
ce efficiency, and was promoted from time to time until at the outbreak of the

Mexican War, he was a major of artillery, During the Battle of Palo Alto, while
directing the artillery, he was mortally wounded by a cannon shot and died on the field.
 

Capt. Henry A. Myers. Capt. James P. Hart. Lieut. John Holland.

 

Lieut. Thomas Nutt. Sergt. H. B. Hedge. Sergt. Adam Wickerham.
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 11

CHAPTER II.
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861.

Captain John Keys was born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania,
in 1823, on a farm six miles east of Brownsville, near the National
Road. He studied medicine, and graduated from the Jefferson
Medical College of Philadelphia. He first located at Bentleysville,
Washington County; a few years later, he removed to Beallsville,
where he continued to practice his profession until the breaking out
of the Civil War.

While at Bentleysville, he joined the Ringgold Cavalry, in
which lie took great interest. His military spirit, together with his
popularity, soon resulted in his election as Captain of the company,
a position he held until his death.

Immediately after the firing on Fort Sumter, Captain Keys
made strong efforts to have the Ringgold Company accepted by the
Government. The difficulties he encountered in these efforts and
his final success and assignment to duty with the army in Western
Virginia, are related in the pages that follow.

The original Ringgold Cavalry Company was recruited from
the eastern part of Washington County, Pennsylvania, at the clase
of the Mexican War, the first rendezvous being at Parkinson’s
Ferry, now known as Monongahela. The organization was effected
on the Fourth of July, 1847, when Samuel Morgan was elected
Captain. The Company was mustered in by Colonel James Lee,
brigade inspector for the district. Henry Wilson succeeded Cap-
tain Morgan, and some time later, B. F. Bentley became Captain.

At the outbreak of the Rebellion in April, 1861, Dr. John
Keys of Beallsville, was Captain of the Company. In response to
the President’s first call for volunteers, Captain Keys offered his
Company to the Governor of Pennsylvania. Hon. Eli Slifer, Sec-
retary of the Commonwealth, immediately telegraphed Simon Cam-
eron, then Secretary of War, for advice, as follows, “ Troops are

For the information relative to the old “ before the war” volunteer company and
for much of that pertaining to the career of the Ringgold Cavalry Company during
1861 and 1862, we are indebted to Mr. Adam Wickerham of Monongahela, Pa., now
(1910) the only surviving member of the older organization, in which he enlisted in

In the latter part of June 1861,, when the order came to march to the front,
Mr. Wickerham was one of the few members of the ‘‘Old Company” to answer to
his name. He was about twenty-nine years of age at that time. His correct life,
unselfish and kindly disposition, cool head and mature judgment so won the confidence
of his comrades, that with an affection almost filial, they called him ‘“ Daddy,” through-
out the service. He was advanced to First Sergeant of his Company, and might have
had a commission had he been a self-seeking man. He was always ‘fit for duty,” and
took part in almost every action in which his command was engaged.
12 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

offering with horses. Will the Government accept horses?”
Cameron promptly replied, “ Accept no horses.” Captain Keys
made another attempt to have his Company accepted, but the Gov-
ernment at that time was not favorable to cavalry.

Captain Keys then determined to apply directly to the Secretary
of War, Hon. Simon Cameron, with whose father he had become
personally acquainted when a small boy, as follows: John Keys’
father and Mr. Cameron’s father were both contractors in the
building of the National Road through Western Pennsylvania, and
in this relation, the two men became intimately acquainted, resulting
in Mr. Cameron being a frequent visitor at the Keys home. John
Keys was a«small boy at that time. Mr. Cameron was naturally
fond of children, and took a fancy to the bright, young boy,
the two becoming great friends for the time. On the occasion of
his last visit, Mr. Cameron told John that when he grew to be a
man, to call on him if at any time he needed help to advancement.

Captain Keys now wrote a personal letter to the Secretary of
War, urging the Government to accept his company of cavalry,
In this letter, he incidentally mentioned the circumstance of his
acquaintance with the Secretary’s father and of the latter’s promise
to him. In answer to this letter, Captain Keys received a telegram
from General Cameron, saying: “ Your regiment is accepted ; report
to Grafton, Va., at once for muster-in.”

The Ringgold Cavalry Company was promptly called together
to make arrangements to proceed to the front. But a small number
of the former members of the Company were willing to “go to
war,” but their places were filled with young men eager to serve
their country.

On the 22nd of June, the Company left Beallsville, seventy men
in all, fully mounted, and marched across the country for Grafton,
Va. The first night out was spent at Carmichaels, a village in
Greene County, and the second night at Morgantown, Va., at both
of which places the men were hospitably entertained in the homes
of the citizens.

About midway between Carmichaels and Morgantown, where
the road crosses the State line, a large United States flag was sus-
pended across the line. Here Captain Keys halted the Company,
who gave three rousing cheers for the Union.

The command reached Grafton on the evening of June 24th,
and went into camp without tents, camp equipage, rations or horse-
feed, no provision having been made for them. The men were
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 13

obliged to forage for themselves for several days before the slow
machinery of the Quartermaster’s department, incident to that
period of the war, was able to issue supplies.

Here, on the 29th, they were mustered into the United States
service for three years, or during the war. The Ringgold Cavalry
claims to have been the first volunteer cavalry in the field. The
First New York Lincoln Cavalry, recruited in New York City by
Carl Schurz, claims that distinction for their Company, C, in the
following paragraph from their Regimental History:

“August 7, in compliance with orders, the Company struck
_tents (in Washington, D. C.), crossed the Potomac on Long Bridge,
and marched to Alexandria—the first volunteer cavalry in the field.”

This was Captain William H. Boyd’s Company of Pennsyl-
‘vanians, recruited in Philadelphia, who had offered themselves at
Harrisburg and were not accepted. They then went over to New
York and joined Colonel Schurz’s regiment. Their excellent and
reliable historian evidently had not heard of the Ringgold Cavalry
Company, operating in Gen. McClellan’s Department in Western
‘Virginia for more than a month previous to August 7, 1861.

The Company’s officers were as follows: Captain, John Keys;
First Lieutenant, Henry Annisansel; Second Lieutenant, Henry A.
“Myers; Orderly Sergeant, John Holland. During the first weeks in
camp, the Company was drilled almost incessantly, rain or shine.

On the 6th of July, the company was marched to Danville, |
‘where the men were assigned to duty and “did their first real
service as soldiers.” * Sergeant H. B. Hedge, in his journal, says
of this experience:

“T had charge of the picket here and Captain Keys was officer
of the guard. As Keys on his round approached a picket, the latter
fired on him, but fortunately missed him. When asked why he did
not challenge, the picket replied that he was sure it was the enemy
and wanted to shoot first. We were all very nervous and thought
our day was close at hand.”

On the 12th of July, the Company received tents. We had
been lying out for two weeks, and were now delighted with the
prospect of living under canvas, but in this we were to be disap-

* Sergeant Hugh Boyd Hedge of the Ringgold Cavalry, kept a journal of the
more important movements and incidents of his command, the only journal of our
knowledge, kept by a member of that Company. From this accurate record, much has
been drawn for the history of the Ringgold Company during these early months of their

. service,. Sergeant Hedge went West after the war, and for many years has been an
honored citizen and banker of Des Moines, Iowa.
14. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

pointed, for within an hour or two, we were ordered to Oakland by
railroad, to take part in the pursuit of the Confederate forces which
had been defeated and routed by General McClellan on the 11th at
the battle of Rich Mountain. Arriving at Oakland, our Company
joined the forces under General Hill, which were starting in pursuit
of the enemy’s retreating cavalry. The pursuit was continued
until the 18th and then abandoned, the Ringgolds returning to
Oakland, and thence on the 20th to Grafton.

On July 22nd, our horses were. appraised by Captain Cram of
the United States Army. It will be remembered that the men owned
their horses at this time and this appraisement, or placing a valuation
on each horse, was a necessary official act, to enable a soldier to
recover the value of his horse from the Government in case the
animal was killed or captured.

On the evening of the 24th, the Company was ordered out as
an escort to General Reynolds. Marched all night, arriving at Bev-
erly in the morning, where we remained until the evening of the
following day, when we proceeded to march all night again, reach-
ing Stony Point at daybreak in the morning. Here we drew rations
at the rate of one-half the regular allowance. Started back on the
29th, camping over night at Beverly on the way, and arriving at
Grafton on the evening of the 31st.

The soldiering of this first month would have been very com-
monplace and dull to the men after they had been in the service
for some time, but now in the beginning of this new and strange life,
every long march and every new experience was full of interest to
them and made a lasting impression.

NEW CREEK, VIRGINIA.

In the latter part of August, the Company was moved by rail-
road to New Creek, Va., on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. This
exposed point on the railroad had to be well garrisoned to protect
it from raids of the enemy. It served at the same time as an outpost
for operation against the several independent Rebel cavalry com-
panies, which had been recruited in these mountain counties, and
which kept up an almost continual warfare against the Union pickets
guarding the railroad. These Rangers, as they styled themselves,
were familiar with every road, mountain-trail and gap; they were
always well-mounted and were daring men. To hold them in check
required the utmost vigilance and most laborious scouting. This
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 15

was the kind of warfare to which the Ringgolds were introduced at
New Creek.

On September 6th, First Lieutenant Henry Annisansel was
promoted to be Colonel of the First Virginia Cavalry, and Second
Lieutenant Henry A. Myers then became First Lieutenant, and
Sergeant James P. Hart, Second Lieutenant.

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from Wheeling to Cum-
berland had recently been made a military district, called the Dis-
trict of Grafton, and Brigadier General Kelley had been assigned
to this command (Vol. V, 552). At this time, the enemy occupied
Romney and Petersburg; they also had established occasional
smaller camps or rendezvous within the same radius, as recruiting
stations. These bodies of Confederates were within striking dis-
tance of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and were a constant
menace. General Kelley determined to attack and drive them off.
Accordingly he sent Lieutenant James P. Hart with the Ringgold
Cavalry against a new company of Confederates who were camp-
ing at Coldstream. Hart surprised the camp and so effectually
scattered the company that they abandoned their organization.
Private Lewis Noel captured their flag, the first Confederate flag
captured by the Ringgolds.

On the 12th of September, General Kelley see Major
Godman of the Fourth Ohio Infantry to take a battalion of his in-
fantry, the Ringgold Cavalry and one cannon, and proceed against
the enemy at Petersburg. This force reached the vicinity of Peters-
burg on the afternoon of the 13th, where the enemy, several hun-
dred strong, was found posted in and about a log church on a
commanding position. Our artillery threw a few shells among
them, when they hastily abandoned the church and retreated. The
Ringgold Cavalry and the infantry then charged, scattering the
enemy in all directions. Captain Keys, with the cavalry, pursued
some fleeing Confederates through Moorfield and unexpectedly
came on several wagons loaded with supplies for the Confederate
army, which he captured. The expedition was most successful,
and its object having been accomplished, our forces returned to
their respective camps.

A THREE-DAY RECONNAISSANCE.—-REPULSE AT HANGING ROCKS.
SEPT. 23-25, 1861.

A force of the enemy, mostly natives of Hampshire and Hardy
counties, had occupied Romney for some time. From this place, a
16 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

vigorous recruiting campaign for the Confederate Army was being
prosecuted in these counties, while the Rebel cavalry roamed at will,
up and down the mountain valleys, making night attacks upon the
Union pickets along the railroad frontier, over-aweing loyal citi-
zens and attempting to stamp out all Union sentiment. The news-
paper published in Romney was a radical Confederate sheet, and,
being the only periodical received in many of the rural homes, was
doing great mischief by way of encouraging enlistments in the
Rebel army, and by abusing and misrepresenting the United States
Government and its leaders, both civil and military. General
Kelley determined to make a reconnaissance to Romney to ascertain
the strength of the enemy and to destroy the Confederate newspaper
outfit, and on the 23rd of September ordered such an expedition.

This reconnaissance, consisting of a body of infantry, a detach-
ment of artillery with one gun, and the Ringgold Cavalry Company,
all under command of Lieutenant Colonel Quirk of the 8th Ohio
Infantry, started from New Creek on the evening of the 23rd, the
cavalry in advance, and marched over the mountain and into Patter-
son Creek Valley on the way to Romney.

Shortly after midnight (Vol. V, 201), when within two miles
of Mechanicsburg Gap, the advance guard was fired upon by the
enemy’s pickets, who, after firing, retreated to their reserve at the
Gap. Our column halted here for awhile, and then moved forward
within a half mile of the Gap, and again halted. In the meantime,
the enemy at the Gap had been largely reinforced by troops from
Romney, accompanied by a 12-pound Howitzer, all in command of
Major Funston, C.S., who threw out a strong party of skirmishers
along the side of the mountain, down the pass, and waited for our
advance. Ina short time after this, our Ringgold Cavalry advanced
into the mouth of the pass and were fired on and driven back. This
volley wounded Amos Queene and killed John Gray’s horse. This
firing revealed the location of the enemy’s skirmishers, and our
men opened a heavy fire upon them where they were concealed in
the side of the mountain, but without doing much damage, owing
to the enemy being located behind rocks and trees. (Vol. V, 209.)

Finding the Gap strongly fortified, Colonel Quirk marched part
of his force by another road to a point on the river (South Branch
of the Potomac) eight miles below, arriving there, opposite Hanging
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 17

Rocks,* about daylight, his purpose being to cross the river and
march on Romney by that road.

Sergeant H. B. Hedge of the Ringgold Cavalry Company, made
the following record in his journal: “On the morning of the 24th,
we had our first fight of any real importance, at what is called the
+ Hanging Rocks, eight miles from Romney. Just about daylight we
crossed the river, encountered their pickets and drove them back;
but to our surprise, their forces were on the rocks overhanging the
road, and they opened a heavy fire on us. The Lieutenant Colonel
in command of the column gave no orders whatever; all was con-
fusion; we were afraid to go forward, and could not get back, as
our teams had come across the river and blocked the narrow passage
between the rocks and the stream.

“ Fortunately for us, the enemy did not know we were so de-
moralized, and after a few volleys, retreated. Captain Keys kept
cool, rallied his men, and after the enemy ceased firing, marched
back over the river. Our loss was very slight, as the enemy fired
over our heads. Our casualties were mostly in the river among
some of the infantrymen who, in attempting to swim to the other
shore, came into range of the enemy’s fire.”

We find no report from Colonel Quirk, the Union officer in
command, but get the following report of Colonel Angus W. Mc-
Donald, who commanded the Confederate forces (Vol. V, 202-203) :

“ At this time (6:30 a.M.) the fog was so dense as to obscure
every object beyond a distance of 50 yards, and so continued until
10 or 10:30 o’clock. As the enemy (Federals) advanced across the
ford, the pickets halted them at a distance of 40 yards, so dense was
the fog, supposing them to be friends. After parleying some mo-
ments, they-were fired upon by the enemy. . . . Captain Myers’
Company returned the fire and retired to their reserve station at the
east end of the pass. The enemy then advanced between the river
and the rocks, which at points overhang the road. When their
cavalry advanced under these rocks, a destructive fire was opened
upon them. Without waiting to reload their guns, the men were
ordered to throw rocks upon them, which had been previously col-
lected for that purpose. This unexpected and novel attack produced

* The scenery along the South Branch and tributary streams was beautiful beyond
description. The bottom lands along the rivers were fertile and forage was abundant.
And the country had its history. At vaneny Rock, .a_wild ledge jutting out and over
the road beside the river, the Catawba and Delaware Indians once fought a desperate
battle, in which several hundred of the latter were killed, very few escaping. A mound,
sixty or seventy yards in es still to be seen, is supposed to be the grave of the dead.
(History 1st N. ¥ Lincoln Cavalry.)

+ See illustration, page 62.
18 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the greatest confusion. The cavalry stampeded, were driven back
upon their infantry, many of whom jumped into the river; some
managed to escape to the other side by swimming, but many were
drowned. Owing, however, to the dense fog which still enshrouded
and obscured everything, the effect of this attack . . . was not
discovered, and the videttes of Colonel E. H. McDonald, posted in
his rear, giving him the incorrect information that the enemy were
crossing on his right in the attempt to outflank him, he returned
with his command toward Romney.”

This was a ludicrous performance; each belligerent retreating
in haste from the other. The Union force was repulsed and re-
treated back across the river. Owing to the dense fog, the Con-
federates were not aware of the discomfiture they had produced in
the ranks of their foe, and alarmed at reports of a flank movement
on the part of their enemy, also retreated. ;

After a delay of several hours, our cavalry and part of the in-
fantry again crossed to the east side of the river, under command
of a major of the infantry, who knew the country thereabout, and
advanced toward Romney, meeting with considerable resistance.
‘When this force came near to the town, the enemy brought their
artillery to bear, checking our advance. Our artillery took a posi-
tion on the mountain-side below Mechanicsburg Gap, and threw
some shells at the enemy, but without effect. Most of our infantry
had remained at the Gap all this time.

After maneuvering about the town for four or five hours, our
force, late in the afternoon, was moved back to Mechanicsburg Gap
and bivouacked for the night.

*“ We had some coffee and crackers, and lay down for sleep,
each man beside his horse, but were not allowed to take off our arms
or unsaddle our horses; we were to be in readiness to be called at
any minute. Our sleep was not disturbed, however. Next morning,
we were called early and were ready to march by daylight, but did
not move until an hour later, when the command started for Rom-
ney. We crossed the river and marched into town without resist-
ance, and proceeded to destroy the printing presses. When this
had been accomplished, the force started back for New Creek, the
Ringgold Cavalry Company acting as rear-guard. We had not gone
far when the enemy’s cavalry was seen coming after us at a
furious pace; our artillery was turned and placed in position,
screened from view of the enemy by our cavalry. As the enemy:

*H. B. Hedge’s Journal.
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 19

came charging on, our cavalry parted and moved aside, while the
artillery opened with telling effect, repulsing the charge and killing
and wounding men and horses. The Ringgold Cavalry was then sent
ahead to get possession of Mechanicsburg Gap, while the rear-
guard was formed of infantry. The enemy’s cavalry, with some ar-
tillery, continued to follow and harass our rear, keeping at a safe
distance, however, as far as Patterson Creek.

The Ringgold Cavalry Company continued to camp at New
Creek during the next four weeks, actively engaged in scouting the
mountain country thereabout over a radius of many miles.

CAPTURE OF ROMNEY.

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from Cumberland to Harper’s
Ferry had been destroyed by the Rebels soon after the breaking
out of the war, and had remained in that condition throughout the
summer. Our Government needed it badly for the transportation
of troops and supplies from the West, but it was useless to repair
it so long as the enemy maintained strong outposts at Winchester,
Romney and other points within two or three hours’ ride of the rail-
road. General Winfield Scott determined to drive the Rebel forces
away from Romney and occupy the place with Union troops, and
sent General Kelley the following dispatch (Vol. V, 625):

HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
Washington, Oct. 22, 1861.
Brig. Gen. B. F. Kelley,
Grafton, West Va.
Proceed with your command to Romney and assume command
of the Department of Harper’s Ferry and Cumberland until the ar-
rival of Brig. Gen. Lander. WINFIELD SCOTT.

While General Scott was writing this dispatch and thus taking
the initial step toward repairing and opening this part of the railroad,
the Confederate Government was organizing a special military de-
partment in the lower or northern end of the Shenandoah Valley, to
be commanded by one of their ablest generals* with headquarters
at Winchester. Their object was to hold this part of Virginia for

“While in camp at New Creek, in September and October, 1861, the Ringgold
Cavalry broke the first sod for earthworks on the hill, just back of the Armstrong
Property and overlooking the B. & O. R. Station. Between scouts, we worked on
the fortifications, and also cleared out a lot of timber in order to get a clear view and
open range for the guns.”—Lovis ARTHUR.

* Stonewall Jackson.
20 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the Confederacy, and to prevent the operating of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad.

In obedience to General Scott’s order, General Kelley proceeded
to assemble troops for the expedition. * At twelve o’clock on the
night of the 25th, a force of some 1200 to 1500 infantry, a detach-
ment of artillery with three guns, and two companies of cavalry
were concentrated at the yanghion of the New Creek and North
Western turnpikes.

On the next morning (26th) this force, under command of
General Kelley, marched for Romney by the Northwestern Road.
The Ringgold Cavalry, under command of Captain Keys, pre-
ceded the column for the purpose of watching the enemy. Captain
McGee’s Cavalry brought up the rear. After crossing the moun-
tain and coming into Patterson Creek Valley, the column was halted
for dinner and for rest, resuming the march at twelve o’clock noon.

“ At 2:15 p.M., when within six miles of Romney, the enemy
opened fire upon the head of our column, when our artillery was
ordered forward and replied. We then continued our march with
the artillery in front, to the mouth of Mechanicsburg Gap, distant
three miles from Romney, a position, the natural strength of which
is unsurpassed by any other in the country.

“ A small advance guard of Ringgold Cavalry in command of
Lieut. James P. Hart, preceded the column several hundred yards.
As these cavalrymen approached the mouth of the Gap, the enemy
was found posted with a Howitzer behind a log barn. They ran
this gun out and fired several times at our men; their shells failed
to explode and were harmless. As our main column advanced, the
enemy limbered up and retreated to Romney. Skirmishers having
been thrown out on the right and left, the column was moved
through the Gap without receiving a shot.

“When the head of the column emerged from the pass, it was
found that the artillery of the enemy was strongly posted on the
east side of the river, in a cemetery lot, on an eminence command-
ing the entire western approaches to the town, and their infantry
and dismounted cavalry occupied intrenchments on the heights
commanding the bridge and ford. Our artillery was then ordered
to open fire upon them, which was promptly replied to by the Rebels,
and for about an hour a severe cannonade took place between the
artillery.” (From General Kelley’s Report, Vol. V, 379.)

*Vol. V, 378.
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 21

Sergeant Hedge says: “ This was our first experience at stand-
ing in front of artillery, seeing the cannon-balls coming toward us
and wondering whether they were going to burst over us or go
beyond. Fortunately for us, the enemy cut their fuse so long that
none of the shells burst until they were a safe distance beyond us;
but the scare was just as bad.”

“ Finding that we could not silence their guns,” continues General
Kelley’s report, “the order was given for the whole column of
infantry to move forward and charge through the bridge and to
attack the enemy in their intrenchments. At the same time, the
cavalry, under Captains Keys and McGee, was ordered to charge
through the ford above the bridge, which was most gallantly exe-
cuted. The enemy, after firing a few rounds, gave way and fled
from their works, the infantry throwing down their arms and
fleeing to the woods and mountains ‘and dispersing. Their cavalry
and artillery retreated through the town towards Winchester, pur-
sued by our cavalry. They attempted to rally and make a stand
at the east end of the town, but the impetuous charge of the cavalry
and the approach of the infantry on double-quick caused them,
without waiting to fire a gun, to retreat up the Winchester Road
and through the mountain gap, where they were pursued by the
cavalry and all their artillery and baggage trains captured. The
enemy were so hard pressed that they had not time to discharge
or spike their pieces, which fell into our hands, all loaded.”

*“ When this advance was ordered, our Ringgold Company,
under command of Captain Keys, was ordered to ford the river on
the right and go through a piece of timber, which would bring us
in the rear of their artillery, but they discovered what we were
doing and hastily limbered up their artillery and started on the
retreat. We charged after them, and in a hot chase of several
miles, captured all their artillery and got almost all their baggage,
including the private baggage of Colonel McDonald, which was
well stocked with good blankets and comfortable outfit of the sol-
dier. The Colonel found it convenient to leave his carriage and take
to the woods. About three hundred stand of small arms, a large
quantity of ammunition, their camp equipage, entire baggage train
with about one hundred horses and mules, fell into our hands.”

In concluding his report, General Kelley says:

* Hedge.

One of the cannon es was a twelve-pound howitzer, which General Kelley
presented to the Ringgold Cavalry. This gun remained with the command for nearly
ee a when it became bulged with a heavy charge of powder and had to be
condemned.
22 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“ The officers and men of my command all displayed great cool-
ness and courage under fire. Where all behaved so well, it would
seem invidious to make particular mention of individual cases. I
must be pardoned, however, in calling the attention of the country
to the brilliant charges of the cavalry under Captains Keys and
McGee. I venture to say they are unsurpassed by any other in the
annals of American warfare.

“ As a compliment to Captain Keys, the senior officer, for his
gallant conduct, I have named my camp at this point, Camp Keys.”

General Kelley was delighted at the performance of his troops
in this engagement. Although not personally in command of the
previous expedition to Romney on the 23rd, 24th and 25th of Sep-
tember, he was not only disappointed, but much chagrined at the
ill success of the affair, but now any aspersion cast upon the troops
for their conduct on that occasion, was completely wiped out by their
splendid behavior this day, charging in the face of the enemy’s in-
trenchments, capturing their works and utterly routing them. The
demoralized Confederates fled in every direction without the sem-
blance of organization.

General Kelley received the following congratulatory dispatch
(Vol. V, 380):

HEADQUARTERS ARMY,
Washington, Oct. 30, 1861.
Brigadier General Kelley, U.S. A., Romney, Va.

Your late movement upon, and signal victory at Romney, do you
great honor in the opinion of the President and of Lieutenant-
General Scott. You shall be reinforced as soon as practicable. In
the meantime, if necessary, call for any troops at Cumberland or
New Creek.

By command: E. D. Townsenp, A. A. G,

The Confederates had been greatly elated over their success of
September 23rd, 24th and 25th, and had made voluminous reports
covering many pages, extolling the valor of officers and men, with
minute details of the movements. Now they are so mortified and
humiliated at their defeat that we find no report whatever from
them in the records.

Our troops returned from the chase in high spirits, went into
camp and prepared to remain, for Romney was to be the base of
active operations during the remainder of the year.

We will now go back and follow up the history of the Wash-
ington Cavalry, commanded by Captain Greenfield.
 

Capt. Geo. W. Jenkins, Capt. Wm. E. Griffith.

 

Capt. A. J. Greenfield. Lieut. John Dabinett.

  

Lieut. Joshua B. Deems. Sergt. Samuel G. Rogers.
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 23

CHAPTER III.
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861.

Colonel Andrew J. Greenfield was born November 20, 1835, in
Washington County, Pennsylvania. At the age of nineteen, he en-
tered the mercantile business, and continued in it until the breaking
out of the War of the Rebellion in 1861. The two years preceding
this event he spent in Baltimore, Maryland, in the employ of a
wholesale mercantile house of that city.

Baltimore was intensely Southern in sentiment at that time; it
was, in fact, the wholesale, business metropolis of the Southern
States, the market where the merchants and large planters bought
their goods and supplies. As a salesman in the wholesale store,
young Mr. Greenfield was brought into daily contact with merchants
from different parts of the South and thus had unusual opportuni-
ties for learning the sentiment of the people in those different sec-
tions of the country. He was occasionally sent on a collecting tour
over large areas, and thus came in contact with the people them-
selves, enabling him to verify the reports heard. He became con-
vinced that war was inevitable.

At the time the citizens of Baltimore resisted the passage of
Northern troops through that city, Greenfield was asked to enroll
“for the purpose of defending the city,’ as the committee alleged,
but, in truth, their real object was to prevent reinforcements reach-
ing Washington. He refused to enroll, stating to the committee that
their action was disloyal to the Government, and that he could
only be enrolled for one purpose, and that was to put down the mob
that had attacked the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, and that was
then practically in possession of the city. He was advised by a
friend, who was a thember of this Citizens’ Committee, that if he
entertained such sentiments as these, his best and safest course
would be to leave the city. Greenfield remained, however, and,
although threatened, was not molested. The better class of citizens
realized their mistake within a few days; business was suspended,
the mob retired, the streets were deserted, and many of the disloyal
element left the city to join the Southern army. The wholesale busi-
ness in Baltimore was paralyzed, as the South was practically cut
off. oF
Greenfield returned to his home in Washington County early
in May for a short visit. Several weeks later, his Baltimore firm
sent him on a collecting tour through western and southwestern
24. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Virginia. This trip led him through the region about Beverly and
Phillippi, just a few days after thé battle at the latter place, where
the United States forces, under Colonel B. F. Kelley, met and de-
.feated the Confederates, under Colonel Porterfield, completely rout-
ing them. While charging the enemy, Colonel Kelley was danger-
ously wounded. There being no hospital, he was given a room at a
hotel, where a few days later, Greenfield called upon him and heard
the story of the battle and of the conditions down there from
Kelley’s own lips. Colonel Kelley, in describing the rout of the.
enemy, remarked that with a.company of good cavalry, he could
have captured the most of Porterfield’s command of fifteen hundred
men. Greenfield had already caught the war fever, and this remark
about the necessity for cavalry impressed him very much; he deter-
mined to finish up his business as speedily as possible and enter his
country’s service.

On returning from his trip, Andrew J. Greenfield severed his
connection with the Baltimore wholesale house, and proceeded at
once to Beallsville, Washington County, Pennsylvania, his former
home, and with Dr. Whitsett of that place, began to recruit a com-
pany of cavalry to serve for three years or during the war. By the

“14th of August, the enrollment had reached the required number,
and after the usual formula of orations and biddirig good-bye to
parents, sisters, sweethearts and friends, the Company took its.
departure from Beallsville, going by way of Washington and Wheel-
ing to Grafton, Va.

* Many of the men took their own horses. General McClellan’s:
short and successful campaign in Western Virginia had about closed,
and all along our route, enthusiasm ran high. As we advanced to-
ward “the seat of war,” we saw soldiers on guard at every station,
and every railroad bridge, was guarded by one or two companies of
infantry ; and further along, were block-houses and .smalt forts built
to protect important points on the railroad.

As we approached Grafton, we began to watch for the camp
of the Ringgold boys, which, bye and bye, we discovered in a wood
up to the left, and the men on drill in front of it. We “ raised the
yell,” which they answered, and at once broke ranks and raced to the

Colonel Andrew J. Greenfield has written a very excellent memoir, giving hi -

johns of ee ee a wie a conan participated from 1861 "to the eu
e war in E e are indebted to his narrative largely f i i

The Waekinaton Caveley. gely for this early history of

* Sergeant Samuel G. Rogers of the Washington Cavalry Company kept a ve
and complete diary throughout his three years of service, which hee Deen of pte dei
to the historian in supplying interesting details of camp and march.
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 25

station, each trying to get there first. By the time we were off the
train, they were there to receive us, and escort us to their camp.
They furnished us with the best supper they could from their
rations, and after a long camp-fire chat, mostly answering questions
about the friends at home, we were assigned to some empty tents for
a night’s rest, part of their company being absent on an expedition.
We rolled in our blankets, and, for the first time, lay on the ground
to sleep. Next morning, we were wakened by the bugle sounding
reveille. We now selected a camping ground in the wood near the
Ringgolds, and began camp life in earnest.

Up to this time, we had not chosen our officers, nor had we
been sworn into the service. An election of officers was held on the
19th, resulting as follows: Captain, A. J. Greenfield; First Lieu-
tenant, John Dabinett; Second Lieutenant, George W. Jenkins;
Orderly Sergeant, Wm. Brown.

The Company had thus far been called the Ellsworth Lancers,
but that name was discarded, and the name “ Washington Cavalry ”
chosen.

Captain Greenfield at once took the train for Clarksburg, the
headquarters of General Rosencrans, to arrange for having the men
of the Company sworn into the service.

The same afternoon, August 19,-1861, Captain Greenfield re-
turned, accompanied by a regular army officer, who mustered the
Company into the United States Service as Pennsylvania Volunteers.
‘A requisition for arms, equipments and supplies was promptly made
by the Captain, and in less than ten days, we were mounted, armed
and equipped, and doing scout and picket duty, as the country was
infested with Rebels. The arms with which we were first supplied
were old horse pistols, ‘which had been changed from flint-locks to
percussion cap locks; and it was almost as dangerous to be behind
them as in front when they were fired.

September 1st we received our bright new uniforms, navy blue
jackets, light blue pants and a forage cap with oil cloth cover, having
a long tail like a sun-bonnet. One trial convinced us that these were
not to be worn in hot weather. The soldiers soon threw them away,
and the department quit issuing them.

The most of the drill the men received was on the march. There
was little opportunity in camp, as General Rosencrans kept the Com-
pany on scout and picket duty most of the time. A number of re-
cruits from home followed and joined us at Grafton, yet with all we
had only about seventy men, as a good many who signed the enlist-
26 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ment roll, failed to respond when the company marched from Bealls-
ville.

WITH GENERAL REYNOLDS AT ELKWATER.

On September 12th, General Rosencrans telegraphed General
Kelley to send all available troops to General J. J. Reynolds at Elk-
water, Va., as the latter was about to be attacked by a large force of
the enemy under command of General R. E. Lee. We at once left
Grafton for Elkwater, at the base of Cheat Mountain. The march
of some eighty miles was slow and disagreeable; the weather was
wet; much rain had fallen previous to this, and the roads over which
the heavy wagon-trains had been dragging supplies for 10,000 troops
were simply indescribable. We were over four days on this march.
When we reached our destination, we found here at the base of
Cheat Mountain and on the summit, a number of Ohio, Indiana and
Pennsylvania regiments encamped, fortifying and building winter
quarters. This was our base for about two weeks, during which our
company was continually on duty, much of the time as escort, about
one week being consumed guarding the paymaster from post to post,
a day’s. march apart, until he had paid off all the troops in that de-
partment. Another day, we escorted General Reynolds to the top of
Cheat Mountain and back, a distance of thirty miles, mostly over
steep mountain paths.

October 3, 1861, our forces, about five thousand strong, under
command of General Reynolds, made a reconnaissance and attacked
the enemy at Greenbrier under command of General H. R. Jackson,
about five thousand strong. 2 ule

*“ On the night of the 1st, an order was issued for the men to
prepare four days rations and be ready to march at'daylight on the
next morning. Every available man in the army was out and on the
move on the morning of the 2nd. It was evident there was some-
thing unusual to be done. The infantry and artillery had several
miles the start of us, but we soon overtook them, and were up with
their column long before Cheat. Mountain summit was reached.

“As we got to the top of the mountain, night began to close
down on us, so we filed into an open space and went into camp. Our
horses attended to, we began to prepare supper. Just at this time,
a young beef was discovered grazing there alone, at least ten miles
from any habitation, and like the ram that was caught in the thorns
when Abraham was about to offer his son, Isaac, it must have been

* Rogers.
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1861. 27

there for a purpose; at least, we thought it was there for us, and
after some difficulty, we brought it down with our revolvers, and
soon had it dressed and portions of it roasting on sticks, and thus
secured a supper that was very much enjoyed by all. It seemed that
we had hardly fallen into a good sleep when we were routed up ‘and
ordered to feed our horses and be ready to move on. We were
joined on the summit by the greater part of Milroy’s force, and
continued our march toward Greenbrier. We arrived in front
of the enemy’s works early in the day.”

General Reynolds, after driving their outposts into their fortifi-
cations and keeping up an artillery duel for over four hours, found
them so strongly entrenched that he withdrew his forces, with a loss
of eight killed and thirty-five wounded. The enemy officially re-
ported fifty-two killed and wounded. We captured thirteen pris-
oners. This was our first baptism of artillery fire, and our boys
stood it bravely. We were stationed on the edge of the woods
about seven hundred yards from their batteries, and in full view,
where we could see the smoke and flash of the guns; thence the
report and shell or shot would reach us almost simultaneously,
crashing through the tree-tops over our heads.

General Reynolds, in his report, says:

“We disabled three of the enemy’s guns, made a thorough
‘reconnaissance, and after fully and successfully accomplishing the
object of the expedition, retired leisurely and in good order, to
Cheat Mountain, arriving at sundown, having marched twenty-four
miles and been under the enemy’s fire four hours. The enemy’s
force was about 9,000, and we distinctly saw heavy reinforcements
of infantry and artillery arrive while we were in front of their
works.”

The next day we returned to our camp at Elkwater and were
allowed to rest a day, after which we were required to put in four
hours a day drilling. A few days after this, a detachment of eleven
men from our company was sent to the summit of Cheat Mountain
with ten days’ rations for escort duty, guard for mail, couriers, etc.,
as the road was infested with bushwhackers.

Colonel Greenfield, in his memoirs, says: “‘ After returning to
camp, I received an order from Governor F. H. Pierpont of Virginia,
directing me to send my muster roll to him. I very politely notified
the Governor that my company was mustered into the United
States service as Pennsylvania Volunteers, and the muster rolls had
been forwarded to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the War De-
28 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

partment at Washington, D.C. In reply, I received a letter de-
manding the rolls, with the information that he wanted to place
my company in the First Virginia Regiment of cavalry. I replied
that we were Pennsylvania volunteers and would not go into a Vir-
ginia regiment. The Governor then telegraphed me that if I did
not send the rolls at once, he would send an officer to take command
of the company. I also, at the same time, received a telegram from
General Rosencrans, commanding the department, ordering me to
send the rolls to Governor Pierpont. In the meantime, I had writ-
ten to Governor Curtin and the Secretary of War, explaining how
my company was mustered, and the rolls had been forwarded to
their proper destination, the Adjutant General of Pennsylvania and
to the War Department at Washington, and that we would not go
into a Virginia regiment. I also notified General Rosencrans to the
same effect. I called on General J. J. Reynolds, thinking he might
help me out of the difficulty, but he declined to interfere. This per-
plexing situation continued for about two weeks, and, while anxious,
I did not believe we could be forced into a Virginia regiment. I
then received word from Governor Curtin and the Secretary of
War that the company was recognized as Pennsylvania volunteers,
General Kelley applied to the War Department for my company
to be sent to his department, and on October 31st, I received an
order to report to him at Romney, Va.”

On October 31st, we marched north, reaching Phillippi at night
and quartering in the Court House. Next night, we reached
Grafton. Next morning, we shipped our horses, wagons, and our-
selves eastward over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for New
Creek Station, where we arrived that evening, taking quarters for
the night in a church.

The next morning, it was raining; but we were ordered to
march for Romney, twenty-three miles distant, which we reached
the same evening, November 3, 1861, where we met our friends,
the Ringgold boys, from whom we parted in August, when they
were sent to Romney. :

In the meantime, our Ringgold comrades had several tilts with
the enemy, in the last of which, on October 26th, they routed: him,
capturing his cannon and a number of his men, including officers,
the details of which are told in another chapter.
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1861. 29

CHAPTER IV.

RINGGOLD-WASHINGTON OR PENNSYLVANIA SQUAD-
RON. NOV. 3, 1861—MAY 10, 1862. THE TWO COM-
PANIES OPERATE TOGETHER.

Romney, otherwise Camp Keys, was now an established United
States outpost with a force of about 2,000 men of all arms, under
command of Colonel Samuel H. Dunning of the Fifth Ohio Infantry.

About November 1st, the Confederate General, ‘“ Stonewall ”
Jackson was assignetl to the command of the department covering
the lower Shenandoah Valley and adjacent mountain counties, in-
cluding Hampshire and Hardy, with headquarters at Winchester.
Even at that early stage of the war, Jackson was known to be an able
and aggressive commander with unlimited energy, and intensely
devoted to the Confederate cause. The War Department at Wash-
ington, in anticipation of an advance by Jackson, proceeded to re-
inforce Romney with about two thousand additional troops, including
the Washington Cavalry, then operating down on the Elkwater
in the Cheat Mountain district, where, on October 31st, their com-
mander, Captain Greenfield, received an order to proceed directly to
Romney, Va., with his command, and operate with the forces there.
The Washington Cavalry reached Romney, November 3rd, and
camped with the Ringgolds. The two companies operated together
and were known as the Ringgold-Washington or Pennsylvania
Squadron, the latter name having been given them by General
Banks.

Whilst there were between four and five thousand troops at
Romney at this time, there were but few cavalry. The latter were
not required to do picket duty, but were otherwise kept very busy ;
owing to the proximity of “ Stonewall” Jackson’s army, very heavy
details were made for picket. The picket-posts were established
several miles out, and then there would be intermediate posts be-
tween that and the camp to prevent their being cut off and captured.
One or two cavalrymen were detailed for each outer picket to serve
as couriers in case the pickets were attacked. The outer pickets on
the Winchester Road were stationed a mile or so from a small
hamlet beyond. the lines, called Frenchburg. The soldiers, when off
duty, would occasionally venture down to this place for provisions.

On the morning of November 2nd, Thomas C. Buckingham and
Samuel D. Bane, of the Ringgold Cavalry, were detailed for duty
30 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

at this picket-post. The picket consisted of a detachment of in-
fantry under command of two lieutenants.

Next day, these officers borrowed the cavalry horses to ride
down to French’s. The Confederates had been informed of this
practice, and this day, a number of them were in hiding, watching
for any such adventurers. As the lieutenants proceeded along the
way, they were suddenly surrounded and captured. As the hour for
relief from duty approached, Buckingham and Bane became anx-
ious for the return of their horses and walked down the road, look-
ing for the lieutenants, when they were charged on by the same
squad that had taken the officers. Bane jumped over a fence into a
field, gained the brush and escaped, but * Buckingham was captured.

A cavalry scout of twenty-five men from the Ringgold Com-
pany, in command of Lieutenant James P. Hart, was sent out the
Winchester Road on November 4th, with orders to proceed as far
as Frenchtown. When they had advanced about five miles, a band
of the enemy in ambush, fired upon the advance guard, wounding
Sergeant Hopkins Moffit seriously, and also wounding Corporal Ad.
Richardson’s horse. Hart, with the rest of the squad, galloped up,
but the “ Johnnies ” had fled farther up the mountain side and were
out of reach.

OUR FIRST MEN KILLED.

On November 13th, a detachment composed of a detail from
each of the two companies, under command of Lieutenant Myers,
was ordered on a reconnaissance out the Winchester Road. They
were ambushed while passing through French’s Gap, receiving a
volley from the timber on both sides of the Gap, instantly killing
Samuel Drum of Greenfield’s company, and killing and wounding a
number of horses. Sergeant H. B. Hedge lifted the dead man and
placed the body across the pommel of the saddle in front of a com-
tade who started back with the rest amid a shower of bullets. Pres-
ently the horse of the latter was struck by a shot and became unman-

 

* Corporal Buckingham was first taken to Richmond, where he was imprisoned in a
tobacco house for several weeks, and then sent on South to Salisbury prison, North
‘Carolina, where, amid wretched conditions, he was herded with some 4,000 famishing
Union prisoners of war, until the 28th of May, 1862, when he was exchanged and put
‘aboard a ship for ““God’s Country.” When he landed at New York, he was taken to
the “ Prisoners Rest,” where he was given a thorough cleansing, a complete change of
‘clothing, and plenty of good, wholesome food. After_a short rest, he was given a
‘thirty-day furlough to his home in Washington County, Pennsylvania, At the expiration
of his ferloueny he returned to his company and served until the close of the war. He
was honorably discharged, a veteran, on the 25th of May, 1865.

(In Bates’ History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. V, pages 282-7, will be
found a very full and complete description of Salisbury prison and the prison life there,
as given by Frank King, sergeant-major of the 191st P. V. I., who was a prisoner through
this entire term. This fully corroborates Buckingham’s story of the same.)
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1861. 31

ageable, when the dead body fell off. William Hartranft, of Com-
pany A, dismounted, picked up the body, and was in the act of
placing it on a horse in front of another man, when he was shot
through the heart and fell with his comrade’s dead body in his
arms. The Rebels were concealed in the bushes near by, and their
fire was so deadly that our men were obliged to leave: the bodies
and get out of range. A courier was sent back to Romney for an
ambulance, which in due time arrived, and with it reinforcements.
The bodies were now secured without further molestation, the
enemy having taken the arms of the dead men and departed.

The men were from Brownsville, Pa., where their bodies were
sent for burial. A great concourse of citizens attended the funeral
to honor these soldiers who had given their lives for their country.
The services were most impressive and patriotic. A company of
infantry formed the military escort to the cemetery, followed by a
great funeral procession, the like of which had never been seen in
that community. The bodies were buried side by side in one grave.

GENERAL “ STONEWALL” JACKSON’S PLAN OF CAMPAIGN.

General “‘ Stonewall ” Jackson was naturally highly pleased with
his appointment to the command of the. Valley District of Northern
Virginia. He cherished a most ambitious dream of victory and con-
quest, which comprised the capture or expulsion from Virginia soil
of General Kelley and all the troops of his department, and the
driving out of every Union citizen in his district. He expected also
to capture the city of Cumberland, from which to replenish his stock
of supplies.

He arrived at Winchester on the 4th of November, making that
place his headquarters. Next morning, he wrote the War Depart-
ment asking that all the troops of the Cheat Mountain, Valley
Mountain and Huntersville districts be sent him, and also that dis-
ciplined troops of infantry, artillery and cavalry be sent to his de-
partment, and that his artillery should be increased to at least
twenty guns, with a complete equipment of horses, harness, etc., etc.
Within a few days his own old brigade or division from the army
at Manassas was sent him. Impatient at the delay in filling his
order, he again, on November 20th, wrote the C. S. Secretary of
War as follows:

“Sir: I hope that you will pardon me for requesting that at
once, all the troops under General Loring be ordered to this point.

I venture to respectfully urge that, after concentrating all
32 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

his troops here, an attempt should be made to capture the Federal
forces at Romney.

“T deem it of very great importance that Northwestern Vir-
ginia be occupied by Confederate troops this winter. At present, it
is to be presumed that the enemy are not expecting an attack there,
and the resources of that region necessary for the subsistence of our
troops are in greater abundance than in almost any other season of
the year. Postpone the occupation of that section until spring, and
we may expect to find the enemy prepared for us, and the resources
to which I have referred greatly exhausted.”

General Joseph E. Johnston, in forwarding the above letter to
the Department, makes the following indorsement: “ It seems to me
that he proposes more than can well be accomplished in that high
mountainous country at this season. . . . The wants of other
portions of the frontier. . . make it inexpedient, in my opinion,
to transfer to the Valley District so large a force as that asked for
by Major General Jackson.”

In the spring and early summer of 1861, shortly after the
breaking out of hostilities, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, from
near Harper’s Ferry westward to near the mouth of Patterson
Creek, had been broken up, since which that division had not been
in use. During November and December, while. General ‘“ Stone-
wall” Jackson was waiting rather impatiently for reinforcements to
enable him to advance on Romney, he proceeded to haul off the rails
from this idle part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, sending
them up the Valley to Strasburg by wagons, where they were sent
south by railroad.

On December 2nd, he wrote: ‘“‘ The enemy are using the Bal-
timore and Ohio Railroad as far east as Little Cacapon. They are
energetically pressing the railroad repairs eastward. Our Govern-
ment (Confederate) has taken up both tracks from near Harper’s
Ferry to Martinsburg, and west of Martinsburg one track has been
taken up for seven miles.” He also removed several locomotives
and some cars up the Winchester Pike to the Manassas Gap Rail-
road at Strasburg.

On December 6th, the Confederate Secretary of War wrote
Jackson: “In accordance with your views, indorsed by this Depart-
ment, General Loring has commenced a movement for co-operation
with you, which will place at your disposal quite an effective force
for your proposed campaign.”

On the 9th, Jackson replied: “‘ Loring seems to delay in an effort
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 33

to save a lot of his stores: It does seem to me that the capture of
General Kelley’s army, including his munitions of war, would be of
far more value to our Republic than General Loring’s subsistence
stores. If General Loring’s entire command were here, I would,
with God’s blessing, expect to see General Kelley’s army, or a large
portion of it, in our possession. But if Loring is not here speedily,
my command rhay be a retreating, instead of a victorious, one.”

On December 24th, Jackson reported his force as 7,500 volun-
teers; 2,234 militia, and 664 cavalry. General Loring had arrived
with part of his troops.

TO THE RESCUE OF THE SWAMP DRAGONS.

The Christmas season brought us boxes of good things from
the dear ones at home, which not only “ satisfied our mouths with
good things,” but “ filled us with joy and gladness ” at the thought
of being thus remembered.

On the morming of December 31st, every man of both com-
panies was ordered to saddle up bright and early. We marched
out the New Creek Road and over the mountain, striking New
Creek six miles above the station; then turned up the Creek and
marched all night, reaching Greenland Gap, where there were
two companies of loyal Virginians, who had organized to defend
their homes. The Rebels hated these companies, whom they called
“Swamp Dragons,” and had attacked them at this Gap, where they
had fortified themselves in some log buildings, and we had been
sent to their relief. On our approach, the Rebels withdrew. The
“ Dragons ” were still holding the fort, and we had some difficulty
in convincing them that we were Union soldiers, as they feared it
a trick of the enemy. They were greatly rejoiced when they found
that we were their friends. ;

While here, a few of us started up the side of the mountain,
where the Rebel besiegers had been, and while wandering around,
found one of them lying in the brush, dead. He lay just as he
fell; his comrades probably did not know he had been killed. We
carried the body down and left it lying on a bench near the creek,
where it soon froze stiff. After dark some of the boys picked up
the bench and all and set it in a shed.

The wind blew very cold through the Gap, and as we had to
sleep out on the ground, we were all on the hunt of something to
set up to break the wind. Pat Grace, a jolly Irishman of Green-
field’s company, not aware that the body was there, wandered
34 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

into the shed in the dark, and was feeling around for boards, when
he happened to put his hand right on the dead man’s face. No one
but an Irishman could describe the caper he cut as he rushed out
of the shed.

This was New Year’s day. We remained another day, scout-
ing the country thoroughly, until satisfied the enemy had gone off,
when we returned to camp.

ATTACK ON BLUE’S GAP, JANUARY 7, 1862.

On the night of January 6th, we had hardly fallen asleep until
we were routed up and ordered to saddle immediately. The
ground was covered with snow and we fell into line shivering from
cold. Shortly before midnight we marched out, passing by quite a
long line of infantry and some artillery, and took our place at the
head of the column. The snow made it hard marching for the
infantry, but a steady pace was kept up through the night.

Shortly after daylight, we came on a hill in full view of Blue’s
Gap, about a mile distant, where some two thousand of the enemy
were encamped. The Rebels were seen preparing to set fire to the
bridge, when Colonel Dunning ordered a detachment of the 5th
Ohio to drive them off, which they proceeded to do with much spirit,
and saved the bridge. Our artillery then came up and threw a few
shells into the Gap. The Rebels were found to be strongly posted
on the mountain, both to the right and left of the Gap, sheltered by
rocks and intrenchments. Our infantry was then ordered to advance
and attack in two columns, one to the right of the Gap and the other
to the left. The cavalry stood aside to allow the infantry the
right of way, when the latter, throwing their knapsacks, haver-
sacks and blankets into the fence corners, rushed forward and up
the side of the mountain with a yell, while the cavalry charged
through the Gap. The enemy from behind rocks, trees and rifle pits
on the mountain, kept up a brisk fire until the infantry charged,
when they broke and fled, scattering in the mountains. The cavalry,
at a rapid gait, pushed on out the road for some seven miles, and
picked up a few prisoners.

Colonel Dunning, in his report, enumerates his force at about
2,000, and makes mention of the Ringgold and Washington Cavalry
companies. He says further: “ We captured two pieces of artillery,
their caissons, ammunition-wagons and ten horses; also their tents,
camp-equipage, provisions and correspondence. Seven prisoners
were taken and seven dead bodies were found on the field. Find-
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 35

ing the mill and hotel in the Gap were used for soldiers’ quarters, I
ordered them to be burned.” ,

General (Stonewall) Jackson, in reporting this engagement,
says that it was a disaster to the Confederate army.

UNDER GENERAL LANDER. FALL BACK FROM ROMNEY.

*“ General Frederick W. Lander assumed command of our
army at Romney, January 8th, and I was ordered to make a recon-
naissance on the road from Springfield east to Little Cacapon and
get what information I could of Jackson’s and Loring’s forces that
had attacked and Shelled Hancock, Md., and was supposed to be
moving on Romney. I left at six o’clock in the evening, marched
all night and intersected the Winchester Pike east of Cacapon, and
learned that Jackson’s and Loring’s forces, eight to ten thousand
strong, were at Unger’s Store east of Blue’s Gap.

“When we reached the river on our return, I fortunately in-
structed the Lieutenant to stop and water the horses of the company,
and I would ride ahead with an orderly, as I thought our picket-
post must be near; it was just breaking day and very foggy. I had
gone but a short distance when I was suddenly halted by a company
of infantry. I advanced and was received by a Lieutenant and forty
men with guns cocked, ready to fire on our company had we ad-
vanced in a body. The Lieutenant was very much agitated, as he
was sure we were Confederates, and claimed that his instructions
were to fire on any force of cavalry coming from the direction of
Winchester without halting them.”

No force of the enemy was found, but the information that
Jackson was advancing with a large force caused General Lander
to evacuate Romney the next day and retire to Patterson’s Creek,
about seven miles east of Cumberland on the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad.

Our attack on Blue’s Gap had angered Jackson, who had de-
termined to retaliate and punish us for our impertinence. We
marched from Romney on the evening of January 10th, in a cold,
drizzling rain, taking the road to Springfield, and thence to Frank-
fort, where we turned down Patterson’s Creek. Just below Frank-
fort we had to cross the creek, which was then a raging torrent,
Wi pecreen. fared 8 junction of Kelley’s forces with Banks’ and an advance on
tiled Sit the crete Jadiana ceparied la orm: al ateue 10000 en of leek
January 10, 8,000 infantry and 375 cavalry were on the Romney and Berkeley turnpike

and the rest scattered.
* Colonel Greenfield.
36 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

full to the top of its banks and no bridge. A bridge was constructed
by running wagons into the creek, the water reaching almost to the
top of the body; on these, timbers were laid and planks on the
timbers, which made a bridge for the infantry to cross upon. The
weather and roads were extremely bad—sleet and snow, freezing at
night and thawing in the day-time. *“ The camp at Patterson’s
Creek was a mudhole, and a more uncomfortable camp could not
have been selected. Many of our men were taken sick from ex-
posure, and two of Greenfield’s men died in the hospital at Cumber-
land, Md.”

General (Stonewall) Jackson admits in his report that his com-
mand was so demoralized by the march and exposure from the cold,
snow and sleet and the muddy camp at Romney, that his expedition
was a failure, as his plans could not be carried out.

+“ While at Patterson Creek, the cavalry were kept busy scout-
ing. As a cavalry scout under Captain Greenfield approached
Frankfort one day, we saw a man riding out on the Springfield
Road; the Captain struck out in pursuit of him, calling to three or
four men to follow him. Instead, the whole detachment charged
over the road, which was like a bed of mortar, and the mud flew
all over us as we charged through it as fast as our horses could run.
In the dash, Pat Grace’s horse fell with him, and both man and horse
were almost buried in the mire. The Captain wanted Pat to go back
to camp; but no, he waded into a stream and washed the mud off
his clothes and went on with us, cold as it was. We charged into
Springfield and searched a number of houses where Rebel families
lived, expecting to find some Confederate soldiers. I was with a
party that searched the house of Captain Daly of the Rebel army.
We had gone all over the house, upstairs and down, and when we
came down into the hall, I opened a door to a closet under the stairs.
There was a bed stowed away back under the stairs, and some boxes
and barrels in front of it; all looked as if it had been there for
some time. I did not care to take the time to pull these things out,
but said to the Rebel’s wife, ‘Is he under the bed? I am going
to shoot through it and see.’ She put on a bold front and said,
“Fire away,’ and seemed so cool about it that we came away with-
out further search. We learned afterwards that Captain Daly
was lying under that bed. Since that time, our men and the ex-rebs
of that town have had many a good laugh over our search for
Captain Daly.”

* Rogers, + Rogers.
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 37

FREE SPEECH NORTH VERSUS FREE SPEECH SOUTH.

In many sections of the North there were thousands of rabid
secessionists or rebel-sympathizers, who openly opposed the Gov-
ernment, discouraged enlistments, rejoiced in the defeat of the
Union armies, the women taunting Union soldiers on the street by
shouting “Hurrah for Jeff Davis,” etc. There were also many
“ copperhead ” newspapers that were as bitter in their abuse of the
United States Government and its efforts to put down the Rebellion,
and as eloquent in their rejoicing over Confederate victories and
Federal defeats as any sheet in the heart of the Confederacy ; yet they
were permitted to publish their treasonable utterances broadcast, in
the exercise of the right of free speech. Now, cross the Potomac
into the border counties of Northern Virginia, and see how those
fared who were still loyal to the Government and flag they had
loved and honored from infancy. Hear the testimony of General
“ Stonewall” Jackson, who, on January 20, 1862, wrote his War
Department as follows:

“On the first of this month, there was not a single loyal citizen
of Morgan County (across the Potomac from the Maryland strip,
below Cumberland), who, in my opinion, could in safety remain
at home, and the same may be said respecting the most valuable
portion of Hampshire County.”

* The hardships and exposures suffered by Jackson’s troops in
this winter campaign resulted disastrously to them. Many of them
from the milder climate of the States farther south, poorly clad,
poorly shod, and with very insufficient camp equipment, fell sick,
and after their return to Winchester, hundreds of them died of
pneumonia. Just before leaving Romney, Jackson wrote: “ Since
leaving Winchester on the last instant (Jan.), the troops have suf-
fered greatly, and General Loring had not a single brigade in condi-
tion for active operations. It will not do for me to remain here
much longer, lest General Banks should cross the Potomac. In a
few days I expect to leave this place, taking with me General Gar-
nett’s Brigade.”

Jackson, with Garnett’s troops, reached Winchester on the 28rd,
having left Loring at Romney with 4,000 infantry, three companies
of cavalry and thirteen pieces of artillery.

* Four years in the Stonewall Brigade.
38 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

A WINTER CAMPAIGN. PAW PAW. BLOOMERY GAP.

On February 5th, General Lander, learning that General Loring
was about to evacuate Romney, made an effort to intercept and
capture his army. All the available force at Patterson Creek, under
command of General Lander, marched down the railroad, crossing
the South Branch of the Potomac, over the railroad bridge, where
we camped that night.

On the next day, we resumed the march, halting at French’s
Station until 1 a.m. of the following day, when we struck out
across the country to get in the rear of Loring’s forces. After
wading over roads tramped into mire until the infantry sank in mud
up to their ankles at every step, covering a distance of ten miles
in about as many hours, it was learned that Loring and his com-
mand had fallen back to Winchester; they had, no doubt, been
informed of our intentions and quietly slipped out.

Our cavalry encamped at French’s store that night, and next
day (8th) marched to Paw Paw under command of Colonel Sulli-
van of the 13th Indiana Infantry. On the 9th, Captain Green-
field, with a detachment of sixty cavalry, was sent on a reconnais-
sance in the direction of Winchester, and found a force of the
enemy about 600 strong at Bloomery Gap.

Greenfield says: “I reported the fact to Colonel Sullivan and
suggested that he take his infantry, about 1,200 strong, and that
I would gain their rear with the cavalry, and we could rout and
capture this command. He declined to risk the expedition without
the consent of General Lander; said he would write Lander, who
was then at French’s Store, and ask permission. He told me that
Lander made no reply.”

*On the evening of February 13th, the greater part of our
force started out across the country. We marched all night in
the slush caused by the recent snow. About ten miles from camp,
we had to cross Big Cacapon River, which was full to the top of
its banks. During the night, a bridge was built on wagons for the
infantry to cross. We, cavalry, forded the stream, which was half-
way up on the sides of our horses, and so swift that it almost took

*On the night of February 14th, while on this march to Bloomery Gap, Joseph E:
Abell of the Ringgold’ Company had an eye destroyed as follows: The. nig! feb aees
and while the cavalry was passing through some timber, the man riding in front of
Abell caught the limb of a tree that came in his way and held it until he had passed,
when he let go; it flew back and struck Abell in the eye, destroying the organ com-
pletely, and causing him great suffering for the remainder of his life. He continued in
the service, however, until the end of the war.
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 39

them off their feet. Reached Bloomery Gap at daylight next morn-
ing. The infantry and artillery were away behind, toiling through
the mud and slush, but the impetuous Lander did not wait for them
to come up, but charged the enemy with the 400 cavalry, leading
the charge in person. The enemy were surprised and completely
routed with serious loss, as reported by General Lander, as follows:
Paw Paw, Feb. 14, 1862.

“Had an important reconnaissance last night, completed to-
day. Broke up the Rebel nest at Bloomery Gap. Ran down
and caught 17 commissioned officers, among them Colonels, Lieuten-
ant-Colonels, Captains, etc. Engaged them with 400 cavalry; in-
fantry not near enough to support, and enemy retiring; in all 65
prisoners; killed, 13; lost two men and six horses at their first
fire.”

Our Pennsylvania Squadron acquitted themselves creditably in
this charge and pursued the enemy for some distance, capturing
prisoners. In concluding his report, General Lander states that the
country thereabout and as far south as Moorfield is now clear.
“As the work entrusted to me may be regarded done, and the
enemy out of this: department, I most earnestly request to be
relieved. If not relieved, must resign. My health is too much
broken to do any severe work.” This was the last report he ever
made, for he died within a few days.

Our squadron remained in camp at Paw Paw until about the
first of March. The bridges over Big and Little Cacapon, between
our camp and Cumberland, had been destroyed, and no trains could
reach our camp. Trains had not been running through to Harper’s
Ferry on this road since the beginning of the war. We went
into camp here without any tents. At first, we got into a barn to
sleep at night; but the orderly sergeants had great trouble in get-
ting the men down out of the hay in the middle of the night to go
on scout, so we were all made to sleep outside after the second
night. We made a kind of shelter by driving stakes into the
ground in a slanting position, to which we tied our rubber blankets ;
then built fires along on the open side. We lay in these for two

HDQRS. 8rd BRIGADE, GEN. LANDER’S DIVISION.
February 18, 1862.
Special Order:

From and after this date and until further orders, the cavalry of this command will
be organized into squadrons and battalions as follows: Company commanders will report
to battalion commanders, who will report to Chief of Cavalry. Captain John Keys of

the Ringgold Cavalry being the ranking captain in this command, will, until further
orders, receive the reports of battalions and assume command of the same.

E. B. TYLER,
Col. and Act’g Brig. Gen.
40 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

weeks, during which we had some very cold weather and one deep
snow.

Major General McClellan had assumed command of the Army
of the Potomac on the 20th of August, 1861. On November 1st fol-
lowing, he superseded General Winfield Scott as Commander of the
Army of the United States. Great things were expected of him
by the administration, and also by the people of the country. A
large army had been assembled in and about Washington, where it
lay throughout the autumn and winter. The war expenses were
heavy, and the country was becoming impatient at the continued in-
activity. A new man of great capacity and energy, Hon. Edwin
M. Stanton, of Pittsburgh, Pa., had been appointed Secretary of
War. President Lincoln became exceedingly anxious for aggress-
ive operations, and after repeated and vain efforts to induce General
McClellan to move against the enemy, the President issued the
following order:

Executive Mansion, WASHINGTON, Jan. 27, 1862.
PRESIDENT’S GENERAL WAR ORDER No, 1.

“ Ordered, That the 22nd of February, 1862, be the day for a
general movement of the land and naval forces of the United
States against the insurgent forces. That especially the army at and
about Fortress Monroe; the Army of the Potomac; the Army of
Western Virginia; the army near Munfordville, Kentucky ; the army
and flotilla at Cairo, and a naval force in the Gulf of Mexico, be
ready to move on that day.”

General Banks had been in command of the troops in the
vicinity of Harper’s Ferry. The President’s order contemplated
an advance up the Shenandoah Valley of all the forces along the
Maryland border. General Banks was chosen to command this
army. The War Department had determined to have the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad repaired and put in operation from
Harper’s Ferry to Cumberland; the operations under General Lan-
der during February had been preliminary to this work. On the
28th of February, John W. Garrett, President of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad, reported the railroad rebuilt and trains running
as far as Hancock, Md. On the same afternoon, General Lander
was ordered to move on Martinsburg, where he would be joined
by a force under General Williams. General Lander was very ill,
and going down rapidly. A short time previous to this, he had
asked to be relieved on account of ill health.
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 41

On March 2nd, General McClellan sent the following order:

WASHINGTON, March 2, 1862.
S. F. Barstow, A. A. G.,
Camp Chase, Paw Paw.

During the illness of General Lander, let the next officer in
rank assume command and move the available troops on Martins-
burg via Hedgesville, covering construction of roads as troops
advance. . . .

A few days after this General Lander died, and was succeeded
in command by General Shields, who marched the troops to Mar-
tinsburg, where he was joined by General Williams’ troops, when
the whole force moved forward to Bunker Hill, and thence to Win-
chester, reaching the latter place March 12th, which had been
evacuated by General “ Stonewall” Jackson on the approach of
the Union forces.

CHAPTER V..

* WITH GENERAL BANKS IN THE SHENANDOAH
VALLEY. MARCH—APRIL, 1862.

At Winchester, on the 14th of March, 1862, our Ringgold-
Washington Squadron joined General Banks’ Fifth Army Corps,
Williams’ and Shields* divisions comprising the command; in all
about 10,000 troops. Our squadron was attached to Shields’
Division. .

On the 18th and 19th, our division (Shields’) made a recon-
naissance in the direction of Mount Jackson, our squadron taking
the advance. We had some skirmishing with Ashby’s Cavalry, but
no considerable loss was suffered on either side. Returned to Win-
chester on the 20th and camped in the woods in the rear of the
town.

THE FIRST BATTLE OF KERNSTOWN, 1862.

On the evening of March 22nd, Ashby’s Cavalry, with Chew’s
Battery, attacked our outposts south of Winchester. Our squadron
was ordered out under command of Captain Keys to support one
of Colonel Daum’s batteries. While directing the battery to its
position, General Shields was struck by a fragment of a shell, which
fractured his arm above the elbow and injured his side. Captains

 

*This chapter is mostly from Colonel Greenfield’s Memoirs.
42 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Keys and Greenfield, who were with him at the time, inquired if
he was seriously injured, but the General made light of it and
continued in command while his battery vigorously shelled the
enemy until it became too hot for them, when they retired. Gen-
eral Shields’ wound was quite serious, and he was incapacitated
from taking command the next day.

On the night of the 22nd, General Shields ordered Captain
Keys with the squadron to make a reconnaissance out the Front
Royal Road to ascertain if the enemy was moving on his leit.

Captain Keys, in his report of the action, says: “ Agreeable to
your verbal orders and instructions of Saturday, the 22nd, I took
my command, consisting of the Washington and Ringgold Cavalry,
numbering sixty men, and proceeded with dispatch, and reported at
four o’clock in the evening to Colonel Copeland, who, after the
enemy began to give back, ordered me to take the Front Royal Road,
and proceed cautiously along the same, sending messengers to the
rear to report, which was done. We proceeded to a farm house
three and a half miles out, where we captured one of Stuart’s caval-
rymen, with whom we returned to Winchester. Deeming his in-
formation valuable, we reported him to headquarters.

“ Again on the 23rd of March, agreeable to your order, I re-
ported my command to your headquarters, where, by your order, I
divided my command, sending Captain Greenfield with the Wash-
ington Cavalry on the Front Royal Road with directions to watch
the enemy on his right, whilst by your direction, I took the Ring-
gold Cavalry to watch the enemy on his left on the Romney Road
and give due notice of his approach by reporting to the rear and
headquarters. I proceeded to fulfill this order, and followed the
Romney Road for seven miles, then sending a scout to the front for’
three miles farther, with instructions as above, I returned two
miles to where a road intersects the Romney Road from Newtown.
At this point, we had captured two suspicious persons and sent them
to headquarters. Here we went off to the southeast, and soon heard
firing in our front. We next saw some Rebel cavalry, who, upon
our approach, retired. We advanced until within eight hundred
yards and to the rear of the battle ground. The fire of musketry
was then increasing. The artillery had ceased and the contending
forces were approaching each other, but it was dusk, and I was
unable from the smoke of the firing and the dusk to distinguish
friend from foe, and from my. position to the left and rear of the
enemy, I feared to approach nearer lest our. forces should open on
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 43

us. After the firing ceased for the night, I, with my company, re-
turned to headquarters and reported for duty. This includes the
action of the 22nd and 23rd.”

Colonel Thornton F. Brodhead, First Michigan Cavalry, Chief
of Cavalry, submits the following report:

“My command on the 23rd actively engaged in the battle,
consisted of four companies of the First Michigan Cavalry, two
companies of the Ohio Cavalry, two companies of Maryland, a
squadron of the Ringgold and Washington Cavalry, Pennsylvania,
commanded by Captain Keys, and six companies of the First
Virginia Cavalry, less than 780 men in all. Their position on the
march was at all times exposed and at the head of the column,
testing well the courage of our gallant men, all of whom, I am
proud to say, acquitted themselves nobly. I also enclose the report
of Captains Keys and Greenfield, of the Pennsylvania Squadron.
These excellent officers were assigned to severe duty, but discharged
it well. The loss of the division was six officers and 112 enlisted
men killed, 27 officers and 423 enlisted men wounded, 22 enlisted
men missing; total, 590.”

Jackson, in his report, says he was repulsed with the loss of
valuable officers and men killed and wounded. His official report
gives his loss 718 killed, wounded and missing. He admits having
the advantage of position, as his command was posted behind stone
walls, which are numerous in the Shenandoah Valley. He evidently
made the attack under a misapprehension of our force, as after his
arrival at Kernstown, he says: “I learned from a source which
has been remarkable for its reliability, that the enemy’s infantry
force at Winchester did not exceed four regiments.” He does not
give an exact report of his army, but the two armies were about
equal in number, 7,000 men of all arms.

The important thing Jackson accomplished was the return of
Williams’ Division to the valley, that had been ordered to report
to McDowell and relieve a part of his command, which was to rein-
force McClellan, and which he was waiting for, to take part in the
attack he contemplated, but never made, on Richmond. The Sec-
retary of War sent the following telegram of congratulations:

War DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, March 26, 1862.
Brigadier General Shields:

Your two dispatches relating to the brilliant achievement of the
forces under your command, have been received. While rejoicing
44 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

at the success of your gallant troops, deep commiseration and sym-
pathy are felt for those who have been victims in the victorious and
gallant contest with treason and rebellion. Your wounds, as well as.
your success, prove Lander’s brave division is still bravely led, and
wherever its standard is displayed, Rebels will be routed and pur-
sued. To you and to the brave officers and soldiers under your com-
mand, the Department returns thanks.

Epwin M. STANTON, .

Secretary of War.

The battle lasting until dark, it was too late to pursue, so the
night was given up to caring for the wounded ; both Union and Con-
federate were brought to Winchester and placed in hospitals.

On the morning of the 24th, our cavalry pursued Jackson’s
retreating army, taking some prisoners and finding many of their
wounded left in houses along the route to be cared for. We over-
took Ashby’s cavalry and drove them back upon their infantry
and artillery. Our infantry coming up, we continued the pursuit,
Jackson retreating through Middletown and Strasburg to Wood-.
stock, our cavalry harassing his retreat and making captures. We
were then ordered back to Strasburg, where we encamped until
April 1st, when we again advanced, attacking Jackson at Wood-
stock and driving him across Stony Creek beyond Edenburg, with-

Our division coémmander, Major General James Shields, was born in Dunfannon,
Ireland, in 1810; came to the United States in 1826, became a lawyer, served through
the Mexican War, and was breveted Major-General for gallantry at Cerro Gordo an
Chapultepec. He was elected to the United States Senate from Illinois in 1847, an
from Minnesota in 1858, and appointed by the Governor of Missouri in 1879, and was
the only man in the history of our country that had the distinguished honor of repre-
senting three States in the United States Senate. He was, withal, a man of gentle
nature and kind heart, as the following incident testifiés:

Captain Wm. E, Griffith, then a private in the Washington Cavalry, served as
orderly to General Shields during this spring campaign. On his leaving to join his
company, the General gave him the following unsolicited testimonial, the original of
which Captain Griffith has in his possession, and from which we copy:

HEADQUARTERS, SHIELDS’ DIVISION.
Woodstock, Virginia, April 21, 1862.

WILLIAM GRIFFITH a private of the Washington Cavalry, Pennsylvania Volun-
teers, has been attached as special and permanent Orderly to this Staff for some time
and, without his solicitation, I take a pleasure in expressing to him, that I, as well as
the officers on duty at these Headquarters, have the most perfect confidence in his
integrity and morality; and his zeal and fidelity in the execution of his duty has been
observed by everybody.

His Corps being called away from the Command, he has to follow them and the
best wishes accompany him from us, as to his future happiness and success.

y command of
GENERAL JAS. SHIELDS,
Commanding Division, Department Shenandoah.

_ Private Griffith made good, sustaining this reputation throughout his four years’
service, rising by successive promotions through the several grades, until on March 18,
er he was commissioned Captain and commanded his company until after the close
of the war.
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 45

out much loss on either side, as Jackson, although he gave a sharp
little fight, was prepared to retreat, and fell back to Mt. Jackson,
destroying the bridge over Stony Creek.

*“ General Banks halted the command at Woodstock and I en-
camped in‘a beautiful pine woods. On April 4th, I received an
order from General Banks through Colonel Brodhead, our Chief
of Cavalry, to take the squadron and command an advanced outpost
at Columbia Furnace on Stony Creek, and he would send four
companies of infantry to report to me. As the order was verbal, I
asked the Colonel for instructions. His reply was: “Use your
own judgment, but don’t get captured.”

COLUMBIA FURNACE OUTPOST.

Columbia Furnace was a small but compact village of about
twenty-five houses, extensive furnace buildings, a large country
store, hotel and a large brick house, the residence of Mr. Wissler, a
subject of Queen Victoria, for which he was thankful, considering
that he had three sons, who otherwise might be subject to Confed-
erate service. At his request, I made his house my headquarters,
and he treated me royally.

Stony Creek was a small but deep stream, that flowed south-
east into the north branch of the Shenandoah near Edenburg, and
was not fordable at this time below our position, and there was no
bridge that crossed it between the one at Edenburg on the Valley
Pike, and this one at Columbia Furnace, fourteen miles to the right.

.It was, therefore, an important point as to all movements on the
right flank of our army. Highways approached the place from
all directions, and the open country made it necessary to keep a large
picket force out on the different roads and paths, from thirty to
thirty-five men from each company. Rebel cavalry were almost
constantly in sight, watching our pickets at the front.

The four companies reported with forty-eight hours rations,
and at the expiration of that time, were relieved by four other
companies. I had'to be constantly on the alert, as Colonel Ashby
(afterwards Brigadier General), “ Stonewall” Jackson’s Chief of
Cavalry, was a crafty officer. He and his men were fine horsemen,
‘having been trained in tournaments to ride, and: use saber and
revolvers. These tournarnents were attended in great numbers,
and constituted one of their principal sports prior to the war. In

* Colonel Greenfield.
46 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

fact, after the war, at our reunion with McNeill’s Partisan Rangers
at Moorfield, West Va., they gave a tournament for our benefit at
which several thousand people attended.

CAPTURE A COMPANY OF ASHBY’S CAVALRY.

On the 15th, a Union refugee was brought to my headquarters
by the pickets, and I learned from him that Captain Harper’s com-+
pany of Ashby’s Cavalry was stationed at Hudson Corners, about
seven miles distant on the Back Road. The same day, another
refugee was brought in; they were brothers by the name of Wright.
They wanted to go North. I interviewed them separately, and
found their statements to agree. Mr. Wissler also knew of them,
and vouched for their loyalty. I ascertained from them that by
taking a road or trail through the woods along the base of the
mountain that was made for getting out wood, a distance of about
twelve miles, I could come in on the rear of the cavalry and avoid
their pickets. They consented to go with me on the expedition as
guides, so I concluded to go out, and, if possible, capture the com-
pany that night.

I called the company commanders together and told them what
I proposed to do; to start at midnight with sixty men of the squad-
ron and sixty infantry. I requested two of the company commanders
to volunteer and each take thirty men. I impressed upon the re-
maining officers the importance of being on their guard, as Colonel
Ashby might be contemplating the same kind of a surprise on us.

The Fifth Connecticut Regiment, in their history which they sent
me in 1889, in their report of this capture in which they took part,
say that Captain Eisenbisen, 46th Pennsylvania, whose company
did not go with us, swore after he left the meeting that he “be
damned if he wanted to go on such a wild goose chase.”

At midnight, with sixty cavalry and sixty infantry, I took up
the line of march in a drizzling rain. This seemed to me propitious
for our “ wild goose chase,” although it was hard on the infantry,
as the limestone soil became very slippery, muddy and sticky. The
night was very dark. After going several miles, we came to a
forks of the road, and the guides could not decide which was the
right road. We continued, however, on their best judgment, and:
after going about a mile, found we were wrong and had to return,
which rather dampened the ardor of Lieutenant Myers, and he sug-
gested that we return to camp, as he feared our guides were leading
us into a trap. I had no fear of this, and when we reached the
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 4”

right road, continued on. My object was to reach their camp just
at daylight, or a little before; but, losing our way, the dark night,
rain and muddy roads made our march difficult and caused us to be
a few minutes late, and our infantry complained of being very tired.
One of the officers said he did not think they would be able to walk
back to camp. I told him I proposed to have them ride back to
camp. When within a short distance of their camp, as we emerged
from the woods, a distance of about two hundred yards, I dis-
covered that their company cooks were out building fires, preparing
to get breakfast, while the rest of the men. were asleep in their
quarters. It was just after daybreak—a beautiful-morning. The
rain ceased falling, the clouds breaking away or dispersing and the
mist rising from the valley.

I at once deployed the infantry, thirty men to the right and
thirty to the left, and charged with my sixty cavalry down between
the churches with a yell, firing a few shots to frighten them. They
had no time to make any resistance, but tried to escape through the
windows and doors, running in all directions. We captured three
officers and sixty men, all but their pickets; and over seventy
horses and all their arms and baggage. They were a fine looking set
of men, and well equipped with arms and good horses. I had the
Confederates walk and our infantry rode their horses.

As Colonel Ashby’s command oh the valley pike was as near
Columbia Furnace as Hudson Corners, where I made the capture,
I was fearful he might try to intercept me as I was seven miles from
camp and he could reach the main road on which I returned within
about four miles, so I tarried only long enough to give the Rebs
time to dress and enable us to gather up what arms and baggage
we could take with us. There was an old-fashioned Conestoga
wagon, loaded with sundry supplies, that I did not think was of
much value; so, after getting the command started for camp with
the prisoners, I remained with a few of the cavalry and burned the
wagon and destroyed what we could not take away. I then started
to join the command, but had not gone far when I heard firing in
the rear. We rode back rapidly to see what was up, and discovered
that some old guns which were in the bottom of the wagon were
fired off by the heat. All this time, the pickets, who had escaped,
were watching us from a distant hill. We also got their muster
rolls for pay, which showed that they belonged to Ashby’s noted
regiment, the Seventh Virginia Cavalry.

“ Stonewall” Jackson, in a report of his operations, published
48 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series 1, Vol.
5, Page 391, makes special mention of this company (Captain
Harper’s), for their bravery in a charge at Hancock, Md.; January
4, 1862.

We returned successfully to camp, and found it occupied by
a brigade of our infantry, as General Banks had made a demon-
stration that morning, contemplating an advance. The infantry
here joined their regiments and I continued on to General Banks’
headquarters at Woodstock and turned over the prisoners, horses
and baggage.

In the records of the Rebellion, Vol. 13, Part 1, General
Banks reports:

Woopstock, April 16th, 7 P.M.

An entire company, more than sixty men and horses (Ashby’s
Cavalry) were captured this morning at Columbia Furnace, about
seven miles from Mount Jackson, by our cavalry and infantry. The
capture includes all the officers but the Captain. They will be sent

to Baltimore to-morrow. N. P. BANKS,
Hon. E. M. Stanton, Major General Commanding.
Sec. of War.

In the same volume, page 427, we find the following:

On the 15th instant, this squadron (First Squadron, Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry), under command of the Junior Captain, Greenfield,
assisted by detachments of infantry . . . made a dash upon a
company of the enemy’s cavalry, quartered in a church near Colum-
bia Furnace, and succeeded in capturing the entire force of three
officers and about fifty men, with all their horses, arms and baggage.

ALL THINGS FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR.

Banks’ headquarters at Woodstock was in a fine old colonial
mansion, the property of a Southern gentleman, who had a beautiful
daughter about eighteen years old. One of the aides on General
Banks’ staff informed me that this young lady would like to meet
me, and said he would, if agreeable, introduce me, to which I readily
consented. Not knowing what her reason was for wanting the in-
troduction, I naturally supposed that she wanted to compliment
me on my success, and, if she had a sweetheart or friend in the
company, request me to see if I could not succeed in securing his
liberty, or at least, have him well cared for in prison.
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 49

She did not smile on me as sweetly as I had hoped, but, after
a gracious bow on my part, greeted me rather coldly with the re-
mark: “I understand you are the officer that captured the com-
pany of Ashby’s Cavalry.” I replied that I had performed that
duty. She understood that I had taken them by surprise, and did
not give them a chance to defend themselves, and wanted to know
if I considered it a gallant act on my part. I asked her if she had
ever heard that old saying, “ Everything is fair in love and war.”
She said she had, but did not consider it a chivalrous act on my
part. I told her it was the duty of an officer to be on the alert, and
not allow his command to be surprised, and it was not customary
in war to send a trumpeter in advance and herald to the enemy your
coming for battle, and to be ready for the conflict. Without further.
ceremony, I bid the young lady good-bye.

I was then introduced to Brigadier General John F. Hatch,
who had joined our corps as Chief of Cavalry, superseding Colonel
Brodhead, and received his hearty congratulations. .

On the 16th and 17th,* our Division (Shields’) led the advance
on the Back Road, General Kimball taking the turnpike, General
Williams in the reserve. General Jackson made a stubborn resist-
ance in order to gain time to destroy and burn engines, railway cars,
bridges and supplies which had accumulated at the terminus of the
railroad. Our attack was so sudden that Jackson’s forces had to
make so precipitate a retreat that we were able to save the bridges
and two locomotives and many cars, and captured many prisoners.

On the evening of April 17th we entered New Market and went
into camp; our squadron was ordered to picket the road to the
left, which crosses through the Gap in the Massanutten Mountain
into the Luray Valley.

The next morning, received an order from General Hatch to
grind our sabres. So I had the boys hunt up all the grindstones in
the neighborhood, and we had a regular old-fashioned “ grinding
bee.” While we used our sabres in a charge, we found the revolver
‘was very effective in close quarters, and the carbine was only good
at long range or on the skirmish line, mounted or dismounted, and
‘was an encumbrance in a charge. I also received an order from
General Banks to make a written report of the capture of the com-

* On this night of the 17th, our squadron led the advance in pursuit of the enemy
on the Back Road. The enemy’s rear-guard of cavalry was but a short distance ahead
of us at times. Andrew Grant of the Ringgold Company, with our advance guard, rode
on ahead and came up with the enemy’s cavalry in the darkness, and marched with
them for several hours, passing himself off as a Confederate. He obtained some valuable
information, and just before daylight he dropped back and rejoined our advance.
‘550 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘pany of Ashby’s Cavalry, and received in reply the following com-
” i.

t

‘plimentary order:

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF. THE SHENANDDAH.
New Market, April 21, 1862.
General Order No. 20: |

A portion of the Pennsylvania Cavalry having been detached
from the Fifth Army Corps by order of the Secretary of War for
service elsewhere, the commanding General desires to make known
his appreciation of their services, in the recent military operations
in the Valley of Virginia, and to commend the spirit, energy and ani-
mation in the public service exhibited by the Ohio and Virginia
Cavalry, the First Michigan and First Vermont Cavalry, attached

“to the corps under command of Brig. Gen. J. P. Hatch.

He also desires to make special commendation of the enterprise
of the 15th instant, by the Washington and Ringgold Cavalry, Cap-
tain A. J. Greenfield commanding, assisted by detachments from the
14th Indiana, 5th Connecticut, 28th New York and 46th Pentrisyl-
vania Infantry segments, which resulted in the capture of an entire
company of the enemy’s cavalry, men, horses, arms, equipments and
baggage. The conduct of the affair exhibited a commendable degree
of enterprise, discretion and decision—qualities that entitle a true
soldier to the respect of his comrades and his country.

By command of
Major Gen. N. P. Banks.
R. Morris CopeLann, A. A. G.

General Banks gives credit in this order to the detachments ‘of
the four regiments that were under my command at Columbia
Furnace at the time I made the capture, while I only took sixty in-
fantry on the expedition ; thirty commanded by Captain Fitzgerald,
28th New York, thirty by Lieutenant Marvin, 5th Connecticut.

CALLED BACK TO KELLEY’S DEPARTMENT,

On the 19th, I received an order from the Secretary of War,
through General Banks, to report with the squadron to Brigadier
General Kelley, Cumberland, Md. General Kelley had become
greatly attached to our squadron, and continued our warmest friend
after the war, always attending our reunions when able to do so until
his death. He made the following request through General _F pemiont
to the War Department, April 9, 1862:

General: Refugees who fled from the western counties of thig
THE PENNSYLVANIA SQUADRON, 1862. 51

State on the breaking out of this rebellion and joined the Southern’
‘Army, are returning with commissions from Governor Letcher’ to.
recruit “ Mounted Rangers,” in the disloyal part of the State, for the
purpose of carrying on a system of guerrilla warfare. .

To frustrate this scheme and enable me to kill or capture these
desperate men, I require a cavalry force that has knowledge of the
country which has to be scouted, and whose officers are well ac-
quainted with the public and private roads, mountain passes, streams,
fords and ferries.

Two ‘companies of Peanwiania cavalry, now with General
Banks’ division, who served under my command for several months
last summer. and fall are perfectly familiar with the country em-
braced in my district. They are the Ringgold Cavalry, Captain
John Keys, and the Washington Cavalry, Captain A. J. Greenfield.
They are independent companies, not attached to any regiment, and,
as I learn, General Banks has a large cavalry force and would
doubtless be perfectly willing to have the two companies ordered to
report for service in this district.

May I, therefore, ask you to make an application to the Secre-
tary of War for the above companies? I am fully satisfied that the
interests of the service will be largely promoted and the safety of
our people, their persons and property, rendered more secure by
this measuré.

General Fremont indorsed it as follows:

Respectfully referred to the Honorable Secretary of War, with
the recommendation that the two companies of cavalry named, may.
be assigned for duty in the Railroad District of this Dept., with
directions to report to Brig. Gen. B. F. Kelley.

| J. C. Fremont,
Major Gen. Commanding.

While I had a warm attachment for General Kelley and knew
that our squadron would receive the best of treatment under his
command, I did not like the idea of leaving the 5th Corps and going
back to West Virginia, so I conferred with General Banks and
General Shields, thinking I might get the order countermanded,
but they thought it useless to attempt it, as the order came from
the Secretary of War. They expressed their regrets at our departure.

In obedience to this order, we left General Shields’ Division in
the Upper Valley on April 22nd, and marched for Cumberland.
Camped at Strasburg the first night; occupied our old camp at
52 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Winchester the next night (23rd), and arrived at Romney on the
night of April 24th, where we went into camp for a four days’ rest.”

Marched on to Cumberland on the 28th, and camped in a beau-
tiful pine grove near the cemetery, where we remained until May
1st, when the squadron was ordered back to Romney. We found
Romney now occupied by part of General Fremont’s army; at the
same time, Moorfield was occupied by another part of Fremont’s
force. The Ringgold and Washington companies camped together
here until the 8th of May, when Captain Keys and his Ringgold
Cavalry Company were ordered to accompany General Kelley and
staff to another field of operations. The two companies which
had been operating together as one squadron for more than six
months, were now to be separated for many months—the Ringgold
Company, under Captain Keys, going to Southwestern Virginia,
while the Washington Company, under Captain Greenfield, would
be retained to operate in Hampshire and Hardy counties.

CHAPTER VI.

BACK TO THE MOUNTAINS IN GENERAL KELLEY’S
DEPARTMENT. THE COMPANIES SEPARATE. THE
RINGGOLDS AT CLARKSBURG AND BEVERLY. THE
WASHINGTON CAVALRY AT ROMNEY. MAY 10,
1862—OCTOBER 19, 1862.

On the morning of May 10th, the Ringgold Cavalry Company
broke camp and marched to the railroad station at Cumberland,
where the men and horses were shipped to Parkersburg on the Ohio
River. The command arrived at Parkersburg the same evening and
went into camp on the bank of the Little Kanawha. Next morning,
Captain Keys and the Ringgolds, accompanied by General Kelley,
marched for Burning Springs, an oil town situated in the Little
Kanawha Valley.

Here it was reported to General Kelley that a young lady of
that neighborhood was acting the part of a spy, finding out all she
possibly could regarding the strength and movements of the Union
forces, and carrying the information to the enemy. General Kelley
sent a detail out and had her brought to headquarters. He ques-
tioned her for a time, but could get no information. She was cool
and defiant, and refused to talk. Finally the General remarked:
“Now, ‘ Miss Blank,’ you have given the Union forces a good deal
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1862. 53

of trouble; if you persist in your operations, you are liable to get
into very serious trouble yourself. You must quit this business.
You are young and handsome, and would be a good wife and make
a good home for some worthy man. Get married, settle down, and
give us no more trouble.” Without looking up, she expressed some
doubt about finding a good husband. The General promptly an-
swered: “Here, you may have your choice of any member of my
staff, my son among them.” She turned her head, gave a quick
glance at the group of young officers, and said dryly: “I believe I
would prefer the General himself to any of his officers.” There
was no very direct evidence against her, and the General set her
free.

During the week, May 13th to 19th, General Kelley, with a
strong escort, including the Ringgold Cavalry, made a tour of a
number of the southwestern counties, visiting the county seat in
each instance. At some of these towns, bodies of Union troops were
stationed at this time.

* Kelley arrived at Spencer, the county seat of Roane County,
on the 15th. The object of his expedition was to visit these towns,
familiarize himself with existing conditions throughout the region,
and make a display of force to curb the lawless element and
strengthen the authority of the courts. All that section of the
State was overrun with guerrillas, and was in a demoralized condi-
tion, bordering on anarchy. A local company of guerrillas, under
a Captain Downs, had been keeping the loyal citizens in a state of
terror. When at Spencer, General Kelley had sent a message to this
Captain Downs to come in under a flag of truce, that he might have
a conference with him. On the 17th, next day after General Kelley
had left, Downs and two of his men came into Spencer under a
flag of truce. General Kelley being absent, Colonel Rathbone, of the
11th Virginia Infantry, in command, entered into an agreement that
they should cease fighting on both sides for eight days, and that
Captain Downs’ men should have the privilege of going home to see
their families, and that they should not ‘be molested by either mili-
tary or civil authority, and at the expiration of eight days, they

*Vol. XII, Part 1, Page 490.

(Vol. XII, Part 1, 489.)

“On Monday morning, I left 75 of my men who were foot-sore, to guard the place
(Spencer) and took a company of 40 men under Lieut. Bukey of the 11th Va. Reg’t,
whom I found stationed at Spencer, and marched to Burning Springs on the Little
Kanawha, arriving there at six o’clock, Monday evening, 12th inst. (May). I there found
that the Rebels had escaped in small squads, finding themselves nearly surrounded.
found General Kelley at Burning Springs with the iueceels oes a about 300

infantry. ] .
“Major 9th Va. Inf.”
54. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

would either give themselves up with their whole command as
prisoners of war, or take themselves off out of the country to the
Rebel army. Colonel Rathbone furnished a company of cavalry to
escort them back to their camp. On the.19th, a notorious guerrilla,
hamed Dick Greathouse, who had been engaged in fighting at every
skirmish in that country, and had stolen a large number of horses
in that section, was arrested by the Sheriff of the county within
a mile of Spencer. The Court being in session, he was examined
and committed to jail. Colonel Rathbone, hearing of it, ordered
his release, and he was escorted out of town under guard. This °
action was in compliance with the terms of the truce agreed upon
with Downs, upon the claim by Greathouse that he was a soldier.
We have no information as to what action Downs and his men
finally took.

The command returned to Clarksburg on the 19th of May,
where the Ringgolds were stationed for the next month, vigorously
scouting the country thereabout.

BEVERLY.—DEATH OF THE SNYDER BOYS.

On the 18th of June, the company was ordered to Beverly.
The march was over a mountainous country and very rough road.
It rained almost incessantly for a day and night, making the jour-
ney most disagreeable. Here at Beverly, the company went into
camp, for this was to be its base of operations for a considerable
time. ; :

On June 27th, we were sent on a long ‘scout with orders to at-
tack and drive off a force of the enemy that was reported to be
operating about the headwaters of the Elkwater River. We got to
our destination after marching two days and a night, but the Con-
federates had learned of our approach and had gone. We remained
there over night, sleeping beside our horses, and next morning, 30th,
started back to Beverly.

During the month of July, no force of the enemy invaded the
region about Beverly, but the Ringgolds were kept busy scouting
the mountains over a radius of some twenty miles, capturing small
parties’of the enemy who lingered about, or who had returned to
visit their homes and recruit for the Confederate Army.

On the 6th of August, Lieutenants Myers and Hart, with all
the available men of the company (50) were sent out for a six-
days’ scout. The second day out, they came on a body of Confed+
erate cavalry six miles from Beverly, which they charged, and
THE RINGGOLD CAVALRY COMPANY, 1862. 55

succeeded in capturing the officer in command, Major Stevens, and
six of his men. “3 :
*“ On our return from this scout, Frank Fitzsimmons gave his
horse to a foot-sore infantryman to ride, who, not being acquainted
with cavalry riding, pulled too hard on the severe curb-bit and threw
the horse, breaking the infantryman’s leg. I suggested to his Cap-
tain (Jarboe) that we peel a section of bark from the trunk of a
hickory bush the size of the man’s leg, first fit it to the well leg, and
then transfer it to the broken one, in lieu of a splint. This we did,
tearing up some underclothing for bandages. We then placed
him in-an ambulance and started on. We were in some danger of
being cut off by the enemy, and hurried along over the rough
mountain road for two days and a night. Through all our awkward
surgical work and during this long torturing journey, the man
never uttered one word of complaint. The doctor pronounced the
limb well set when he examined it on our arrival at camp.”
On the 15th of August, Lieutenant Myers, in command of forty
of the men, with three days’ rations, was ordered out to join a
reconnaissance to Pocahontas County, in command of Colonel Har-
ris, of the 10th Virginia Infantry. This expedition was without
important event until the evening of the 18th, when, returning down
the Elkwater River at a point three miles above Huttonville, Myers’
Cavalry, some distance in advance of the infantry, was ambushed.
The Rebel forces, concealed behind rocks and bushes close to the
road, waited until our unsuspecting column was directly abreast of
them, when they fired a volley, killing Corporal George Snyder and
Christian Snyder, and wounding Scott Lever and Christ L. Kinder.
The cavalry rushed forward until out of range. Lieutenant
Myers crossed the river and rode back to hurry up the infantry:
{Adam Wickerham, the senior non-commissioned officer, thus left
in command of the cavalry, brought the Howitzer into position
across the river and opened on the Rebels among the rocks, who soon
retreated. When the infantry came up, the enemy had disappeared
entirely. Joe Householder was sent to camp for an ambulance.
On hearing of the misfortune to their comrades, the balance of the
Ringgolds at camp were in their saddles immediately and came in

*H. B. Hedge’s Journal.

t When Sergeant Wickerham ordered the howitzer to take position and shell the
enemy, the men in charge of the gun declined to do so, saying that they had orders not
to fire without orders. from the officer in command of the expedition. Wickerham had
never before been known to swear, but at this réfusal to obey his order, it is said that
the atmosphere about there grew blue and sulphurous, at which the artillerymen brought
the gun into action and shelled the hidden rebels among the rocks, who hastily decamped.
56 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

hot haste to their relief, meeting the command which had proceeded
as far as Huttonville, and did not need reinforcements.

Corporal Snyder was from Beallsville, Washington County,
Pa., and Christian Snyder from West Brownsville. William Harz
per, John W. Gray and Frank Fitzsimmons were detailed to ac-
company the bodies home for burial. :

On September 12th, we received orders to take down tents, pack
baggage and be ready to move. Did not move until the 14th when
we marched to Phillippi and camped for the night. Next day,
marched to Webster and camped; reached Clarksburg on the 17th,
where we went into permanent camp, remaining for one month.

CLARKSBURG.

The serious defeat of the Union Army under General Pope by
General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, gave great impetus to
Confederate activity throughout the Virginias.

General Loring, in command of theit forces in Southwestern
Virginia, sent General Jenkins with a force of 550 cavalry to invade
“ Trans-Allegheny,” Virginia, sweep around the northwest, destroy
the railroads, capture the outposts, etc., etc. General Lee, in a let-
ter to Loring at this time, heretofore referred to in the first chapter
of this book, suggested the rich valley of the Lower Monongahela
and the broad, fertile farms of Washington County, Pennsylvania,
with their pastures of fine horses and fat cattle, as an excellent field.
‘for spoilation. :

Jenkins set out on the 22nd of August, crossed the mountains
quietly by an obscure trail, expecting to strike his first blow at
Beverly, where he had been informed General Kelley had but 450
troops. As he approached Beverly, he captured a few Union sol-
diers, from whom he learned that General Kelley’s force at Beverly
numbered some 1,500 men. He turned away from that place, going
into Kelley’s rear and capturing the towns of Buckhannon, Weston,
Spencer and some others in his course.

The Ringgolds at Beverly, therefore, missed a match with
General Jenkins’ “ Six Hundred”; but a few weeks later, they in-
troduced themselves to part of Jenkins’ cavalry as follows:

Oct. 1, 1862.
Gen. R. R. Marcy, Chief of Staff,
Army of the Potomac.
A detachment of my cavalry, fifty men, attacked sixty-five of
Jenkins’ cavalry near Glenville, Gilmer County, yesterday, and;
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1862. 57

routed them completely ; killed 5; wounded several; took 2 prisoners
and 8 horses. B. F. Kettey, Brig. Gen.

Lieutenant James P. Hart of the Ringgold Cavalry, with forty-
gne men of his company, was ordered to join a detachment of Cap-
tain Rowan’s company of the 1st Virginia Cavalry at Weston, en-
route. Information had been received at headquarters that bodies of
Jenkins’ Confederate cavalry were moving about down in Gilmer,
and this scout was sent after them. He left Beverly at 4 P. m., on
September 28th, and marched all night, and continued on next day
to Weston, where he joined Captain Rowan’s detachment, and the
combined force marched as rapidly as their tired horses could go.
The enemy, not aware that they were being pursued, halted at five
o'clock, unsaddled some of their horses to graze, while they set about
getting supper. At five-thirty o’clock, our command espied their
camp, and charged full into it, firing their carbines right and left.
The Rebels ran in every direction. Some succeeded in getting their
horses and getting away, and others gained the brush and escaped.
The result in killed, wounded and prisoners is given in General
Kelley’s report above. None of Lieutenant Hart’s men received
a scratch.

Hart’s command had ridden eighty-four miles in twenty-five
and a half hours, a great record over those rough mountain roads.

On October 12th, we were joined at Clarksburg by two new
cavalry companies from Washington County, Pennsylvania, the
Keystone Cavalry, under command of Captain George T. Work,
and Beallsville Cavalry, under command of Captain Harvey H.
Young. Just one week later, the Ringgold Cavalry Company,
together with the two new companies, were ordered to march to
New Creek, an account of which will be found in another chapter.

. We left the Washington Cavalry, “ Greenfield’s Company,” as
the boys generally spoke of it, at Romney, Va., on the 10th of
May, 1862. The reader will now go back to that date and follow
these troops in their activities during the summer.

THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY, GARRISON ROMNEY.

The Washington Cavalry Company was ordered to Romney for
outpost duty about May Ist, 1862. At that time, a lot of German
soldiers from New York occupied that place. A fortnight later,
Blinker’s Division (all German) came through, when all marched
off together for Petersburg and Franklin to join General Fremont’s
58 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

army. This left the Washington Cavalry alone to garrison the
post, of which Captain Greenfield was now commander. We took,
up our quarters in centrally located vacant houses and offices, of
which there were many. The citizens liked our company and were
desirous that we stay there as long as the place was occupied by’
soldiers. The local Rebel companies of Hardy County gave us very
little trouble during May and June, a sort of truce existing, probably
through the influence of the Confederate citizens of Romney, whose.
motto at that time seemed to be ‘“ Let well enough alone.” We
often carried the mail to Green Spring Run alone, sixteen miles,
and our team went to the same station for supplies without a guard.
We had pickets out a short distance on each road, and a guard of:
six men at the Suspension Bridge, seven miles from Romney on the
Green Spring Road. The latter were the only soldiers between
Romney and Cumberland. Guard duty at this bridge was more like’
a summer camp in vacation than like soldiering. While our duties
were pretty heavy, having to keep guards stationed all night, still we
had fine times fishing, skiff-riding, etc. A very nice widow, with
her two children, lived in the house at the bridge, while we guards
occupied the office. We gave this lady all our rations, sufficient for
her family and ours, and she did our cooking, so that we were sort
of summer boarders. She had been very kind to our sick when
troops had been stationed there during the previous winter, and
General Kelley allowed us to collect bridge toll from all citizens
and pay the money to her. It went hard with old stockholders in the
bridge to have to pay twenty-five cents for a horse, and fifty cents
for a buggy or wagon, when they had heretofore always crossed:
free. We were short of feed one day and turned our horses out in
a field to graze. When we went to get them in the evening, three
were gone, the Rebels having slipped in and stolen them.
_ On May 23rd, General Stonewall Jackson, with a large Con-
federate force consisting of Ewell’s Corps and Stuart’s Cavalry,
attacked General Banks’ troops at Strasburg and drove them back
into Maryland with heavy loss. By midsummer, the country was
again overrun by bands of the enemy’s cavalry, and our short truce
came to an end.

General Kelley was apprehensive of a raid on Cumberland, and

Captain Greenfield had promised the company a feast when their first year was u
so he went to Cumberland and laid in a supply of fruits, cakes, pies, cfc and on the
14th of August, the whole company sat down to a fine dinner in celebration of our first
anniversary. We had a good, enthusiastic time, and every man was then ready to mount
his horse and follow wherever the Captain led.
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1862. 59

Captain Greenfield’s command at Romney was the only force to
watch and keep him posted of the enemy’s movements. This kept
our boys almost constantly in the saddle. Fremont and Banks were
both telegraphing Greenfield for information in regard to the
enemy’s movements west of the Shenandoah Valley in the direction
of Romney.

“On August 15th, a band of Rebels appeared on the rocks over-
looking the Suspension Bridge and fired at two soldiers sitting on,
the porch. One of them, J. M. Weaver, was shot through the body;
but he jumped. up, picked up a child, carried it through the house,
handed it to its mother through a back window, jumped out of the
window, and both men made their escape into a cornfield. When
the Rebels fired, one of our horses broke loose and ran across the
bridge, where one of our men caught it and rode to camp bareback,
with only the halter on it, bringing word of the attack. The com--
pany was soon in the saddle and scoured the country around for
many miles, but failed to find the enemy.

A SUNDAY SCOUT.

* “On Sunday morning, August 18th, Captain Greenfield led a
scout out to Slane’s Cross Roads and on to North River Mills. We.
then made a roundabout march of about ten miles, and came back
to the mills. I, with two comrades, was riding some distance in ad-
vance. Just before we came in sight of the buildings, I saw a little
girl on the opposite side of the creek, running, shouting and making
motions to some one at the miller’s house. We spurred our horses
and dashed ahead. Just as we came in sight of the house, a Rebel
soldier ran out, mounted a horse at the door and galloped down the
road, and we three after him. One comrade’s horse fell and he got
behind, but Hugh Horn and I kept right after him. He turned sev-
eral times and tried to shoot us, but we were shooting so close that
he gave that up and tried to escape. Finally we landed him. I
caught his horse and we were standing beside the body when the
Captain rode up and exclaimed: “ What is the matter here? Whom
have they killed?” thinking it was one of our men. I stepped aside,
when he saw that it was a Rebel, and was greatly relieved. The
ball had entered the back of his head and came out over his left eye.
We all thought him dead, when, to our surprise, he became con-
scious, turned over, rose to his knees and began to pray. We put
him on a blanket, carried him back to the house and left him with.

 

* Rogers,
60 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

his girl, whom he had come to take to church. We came on to the
church, where the minister kept right on preaching. The Rebel sol-
diers in attendance had fled on our approach, and we did not dis-
turb the service; on this scout we traveled more than a hundred
miles.”

On August 20th, Captain Greenfield, with forty of his men,
went to Moorfield on a reconnaissance. It was difficult to approach
this town without being observed. This time, we forded the
river five miles below town. The valley being perfectly level from
this on, the town was in plain view all the time. The roads being
very dusty, we rode close to the fences and were not discovered
until we charged into the town. A number of Rebel soldiers ran
from the houses; one was killed and several taken prisoners. This
was a hot Rebel town, and the women often boasted afterward
that this was the only time the Yankees ever got in there without
their knowing it beforehand. We learned some time after that
McNeill’s Rangers were hidden in a clump of timber not far from
the road we came, and had watched us go up and also return, but
were afraid to attack us.

Up to this time we had not more than seventy men in our
company, but had been doing the duty of a full company. Now,
however, we began to receive many recruits, good men from our
own county, and soon had our full complement, one hundred men,
on the roll. Each man in the company furnished his own horse.

GREENFIELD EVACUATES ROMNEY.

*“ Lee with his army had defeated the Army of the Potomac,
under Major General Pope, and was crossing into Maryland. The
whole North was greatly alarmed. Washington City, Baltimore,
Philadelphia and Harrisburg were all fearful of attack. Governor
Curtin called out the State Militia. McClellan was again placed
in command, relieving General Pope. I kept the country well
scouted in the direction of Winchester, watching carefully the
movements of the enemy.

“On the 12th of September, a Confederate officer with a small
escort was brought into camp under a flag of truce, escorting a
number of ladies, the wives of Union officers, who were left in
Winchester when our army retreated. I received them kindly, gave
them a good dinner and thanked them, requesting them to con-

* Colonel Greenfield’s Memoirs.
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY COMPANY, 1862. 61

vey my thanks to General Stuart for his kindness to the officers’
wives.

“ After their departure, I telegraphed General Kelley for in-
structions as to what disposition I should make of the ladies. I also
informed him that Colonel Imboden was approaching with con-
siderable force, that I anticipated an attack within twenty-four
hours, was preparing to meet him and would like reinforcements.
‘As he could not reinforce me, he ordered me to fall back on Cum-
berland. The next morning I evacuated Romney about three
o'clock, and Imboden entered the place at daylight.

“ Colonel Imboden, in a lengthy report of his operations, under
date of September 27, 1862, after giving an account of what he
called ‘an almost successful attempt’ to destroy Cheat River Bridge
over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which was frustrated by a
Union woman riding twenty-five miles through the mountain woods
to alarm General Kelley and enable him to concentrate a force to
prevent it, he says further:

“*T then set out with four hundred men to capture Romney.
I crossed the Shenandoah Mountains at Brock’s Gap and came down
Lost River very secretly; made a night march on Romney, getting
within five miles before midnight, when I ascertained that the
enemy had evacuated the place that evening. Unfortunately, three
soldiers from Winchester, escorting some ladies under a flag of
truce, got to Romney the day before. They were young, wild fel-
lows, and talked so confidently that. Romney would be taken in a
day or so that the commanding officer took fright, telegraphed
General Kelley for permission to fall back to the railroad, got it, and
left about twelve hours too soon for me.’

“There was no talk of this kind on the part of these Con-
federates. While I was prepared to give Imboden a warm recep-
tion, his command was so large that it would have been a very
unequal fight. I had less than one hundred men and had held this
exposed post for almost four months with this small command.
Anybody familiar with Romney and knowing of the numerous roads
entering there, can estimate the number of men required to picket
the place. I was also required to keep a picket at the ‘ Wire
Bridge,’ near Springfield, six miles north.”

Captain Greenfield’s company remained at Cumberland
throughout the remainder of September and the month of October,
during which time, General Lee’s large army was camped about
Martinsburg and Winchester, watching McClellan across the Po-
62 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

tomac and destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from
Harper’s Ferry almost to Cumberland. To keep watch on their
movements, the Washington Cavalry boys were kept in the saddle
almost constantly.

 

Hanging Rocks, near Romney, Va.
   
 

 

 
 
 

 

 

MOUNT Savage
C
Me 24 £40N works |

   
  
  

  

Ay R

   
  

 

res % Beare v,
8 oo
oh VO Ckinberlang
,
ee iC.

  
 

.
Tankfort ky '3
atterson we

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

ae =

Ire Ga 5 Sf 4
i Cay avs

re

73 > Ng

3 pat
i | ~ - “ ,
fiwich oR ‘ Ss

Sections o

‘Virginia, West Virginia,,
end

 

 

 

 

 

Maryland.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION, 1862, 63

CHAPTER VII.

THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. AUGUST 26, 1862—
DECEMBER 31, 1862.

By the last of March, 1862, the Union Army had been re-
-cruited up to 600,000 men. The expenses of the war were neces-
sarily great, and the burden of taxation was causing complaint, es-
pecially from the large element that opposed the war. The general
impression through the States was that the force now in
the field was sufficiently large to put down the Rebellion; conse-
quently, strong pressure was brought to bear on the Government to
discontinue recruiting for the army. Yielding to this pressure, the
Government stopped the recruiting on April 3rd.

The war dragged along. The Union forces in the West met
-with some success, but the progress of the Army of the Potomac was
most disappointing, and it became apparent that.a larger force was
needed. :

In the latter part of June, 1862, the Governors of seventeen
Northern States requested President Lincoln to call out a large
number of additional troops to fill up the depleted ranks of the
organizations now in the field, and to add many new regiments to
the army. The President heartily concurred with their views, and
accordingly, on the 2nd of July, issued a call for three hundred
thousand volunteers. Many officers right from the front of the
different armies were sent to their home counties and cities to re-
cruit for the army. Throughout the North, war meetings were
wheld in the villages, towns and cities. Enthusiasm ran high. New
regiments were being formed. Recruiting officers, many of them
eloquent speakers, some wearing the scars of battle or an empty
sleeve—more eloquent than words—appealed to the men to enlist
and come to their Country’s aid. Many men, whose business and
family ties had heretofore held them back, now came forward and
signed the enlistment rolls while the assembled patriots sang in
rousing chorus:

“We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more,
From Mississippi’s winding stream and from New England’s shore;
We are coming, we are coming, the Union to restore,

We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more.”

Not until this time had the war spirit risen so high in the towns
and country districts of Western Pennsylvania, and many of the
best regiments of the Old Keystone State were then recruited.
64 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

In Washington County, then strictly an agricultural district,
the cavalry arm of the service attracted the young farmers, and
especially so at this time, as Captain John Keys, of the Ringgold
Company, was then in the county recruiting for the cavalry. Cap-
tain Keys succeeded in arousing great interest in the eastern part
of the county, resulting in the enlistment of four cavalry companies
during the next two months, the companies taking names as follows:
Beallsville Cavalry, Independent Cavalry, Patton Cavalry and La-
fayette Cavalry. These were later more familiarly known to the
men as “ Young’s Company, Mitchner’s Company, Barr’s Com-
pany and Smith’s Company.”

Captain George T. Work of the First Pennsylvania Cavalry,
who, on account of ill health, had resigned during the previous
winter, but now fairly recovered and acting under authority from
Governor Curtin, recruited a company of cavalry in the western part
of the county, which was designated as “ The Keystone Cavalry ”;
this company was ready to march on the 21st of August.

Dr. Keys’ desire was to enlarge his own command to that of
a battalion, or, if possible, a regiment. Captain Work, who had also
started out to raise a larger organization, now joined forces with
Captain Keys, as did the other four companies heretofore mentioned.
As these companies were filled to the required quota, they went for-
ward to rendezvous camps, where they were organized, mustered
into the service, mounted and equipped. After a few: weeks drill
in rendezvous camp, mostly at Wheeling Island, the companies pro-
ceeded to New Creek, Virginia, on the headwaters of the Potomac,
then the base of operations against the inroads of the enemy upon
the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad—a great transportation
artery almost monopolized by the Government as a military road.

MAJOR GEORGE T. WORK.

* Captain George Tweed Work, who later became Major of
the 1st Battalion, 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, was born in Washing-
ton County, in 1825. The son of a farmer in a rural community,
his schooling was necessarily limited to the log schoolhouse of that

* For this sketch of Major Work, we are indebted to Rev. W
in the Ringgold Battalion as.“ Work Hunter, the one-arm soldier,” ” Meeentee een
omrade Hunter lost his arm an accident, several years before

were three. brothers; the other two, Toseph and Joshua, enlisted in the reat, eve
and both gave their lives to their country. The one-arm brother tried to enlist also, but
was refused. He followed the command into the enemy’s country and persisted in
serving in some capacity. Finding that he could not be enlisted as a soldier, he
volunteered as a teamster, and as such served for six months, enduring the hardships
exposure and dangers of a soldier without pay and with no tBoughe of, pension or any
reward, other than the sweet satisfaction of serving his country in her time of peril.
  

Capt. James Y. Chessrown. Capt. Andrew J. Barr.

 

Capt. Caleb J. McNulty. Capt. Benjamin W. Denny.
THE BOYS OF ’62. 65

period, but his education by no means ended with the simple ele-
mentary “three R’s” taught in that primitive school; his thirst
for knowledge made him a reader of books and by the time he
reached his majority, he was one of the best informed young men
of his community. He took great interest in the history of The
American Revolution and Second War for Independence, or War
of 1812, and the influence of his reading so imbued him with
patriotism and military spirit, that he joined a local volunteer com-
pany of cavalry, known as the Winfield Hussars, of which he was
an enthusiastic member and voted to offer the services of his com-
pany to the Government in the War with Mexico in 1846.

In the early summer of 1861, he was active in the reorganiza-
tion of The Winfield Hussars, which, under command of Captain
W. W. McNulty, went into camp at Pittsburgh with seven other
cavalry companies. Of these eight companies, the 6th Regiment,
Pennsylvania Cavalry, was organized, and Captain W. W. McNulty
was elected its Colonel. This regiment was immediately sent for-
ward to Washington City, where it camped on Seventh Street for
some time, drilling and learning the art of war. Twelve companies
were required for a cavalry regiment. Several of the Pennsylvania
regiments previously organized, did not have the required number
of companies; the 6th, being the last formed, was thereupon dis-
membered, and the companies assigned to other regiments to com-
plete their quotas. The Winfield Hussars then became Company I
of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry. This regiment was commanded
by Colonel Bayard, a West Point officer, thoroughly schooled and
trained in military tactics and a rigid disciplinarian. Under the
leadership of that able officer, Major Work, first as Lieutenant and
later as Captain of Company I, learned his first lessons in the theory
and practice of war, and had his first baptism of fire as an officer
in the Army of the Potomac during the winter of 1861-2.

In the spring of 1862, Captain Work was stricken with pneu-
monia, which almost cost him his life, and left him in such an en-
feebled condition that his surgeon ordered him to retire from the
army at once, in the belief that he would never again be fit for
military duty.

With the return of summer weather, Captain Work’s health
improved rapidly, his military spirit reasserted itself and he ob-
tained from Governor Curtin, permission to recruit another cavalry
command.
66 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

THE KEYSTONE CAVALRY. COMPANY C, 22ND P. Vv. C.

West Middletown, in the western part of Washington County,
was the recruiting center for this company, and Captain Work made
his headquarters at McNulty’s Hotel. Caleb J. McNulty, a young
man scarcely out of his ’teens, had answered President Lincoln’s
first call for volunteers, as a member of Company C, 12th Regiment,
Pennsylvania Infantry ; with the prestige of that service, he now be-
came a popular and efficient recruiting officer, about whose stand-
ard many of the young men of West Middletown and vicinity rallied.
Samuel Donaldson, from whose diary we obtain many of these facts,
got many recruits over toward Buffalo Village, while James Wood-
burn rallied a good sized squad about Claysville and Taylorstown
and William R. Galbraith was the leading spirit in another squad
from Burgettstown. A number of young men from Washington
joined the company. The result was, that in a very short time, the
Keystone Cavalry had the full complement of a company and a day
was appointed “to start for the war.” That the survivors may
live over again their first week, we quote from * Donaldson’s diary:

August 21, 1862. Clear and very warm. I arose very early,
bade a sac farewell to my sisters and came with my father in the
buggy to West Middletown to leave for the war. We got to town
at six o'clock. A large crowd gathered to see us off. Captain
Work had gone to see Captain John Keys and did not return until

* Sergeant Samuel Donaldson kept a very full diary which has been of great
value in furnishing details, fixing dates, iving the itinerary of the com-
mand, etc. e have used many of the daily records
from this diary, which the reader will appreciate more
by knowing something of the man. He enlisted in
August, 1862, when he was about 28 years of age.
| : ‘ He was tall, fair, with blue eyes and dark brown
hair, with a highly nervous temperament and splendid
physical courage. He was almost always assigned to
the most dangerous and responsible positions; on the
scout, he was with the advance guard, or if the com-
mand was hard pressed on the retreat, he was with
the rear-guard. He was ever foraging, but always
managed to have money and paid for what he got.
His mess never suffered for food if there was anything
to eat in the neighborhood. He seldom had any
difficulty in getting a pass to the country, for the
officers knew him to be honest and upright and amply
able to take care of himself, He made a great many
acquaintances among the citizens both within and out-
side the lines, and whenever the command would be
in the neighborhood of families with whom he had
formerly become acquainted, he would be sure to call.
He was very fond of respectable ladies and was so
frank and chivalrous toward them that he was gener-
ally a welcome visitor. He had great reverence for
the Sabbath, and in his diary seldom failed to dis-
tinguish that day as “ Holy Sabbath,” and when he
attended preaching service, he invariably gave the
Sergeant Samuel Donaldson. suapten and verse of the minister’s text. He died in

 
THE BOYS OF ’62. 67

nine o’clock. In the meantime, the assembly was addressed from
Odenbaugh’s porch, by Rev. T. N. Boyle, who made a telling speech.
Captain Work then arrived, took the stand and announced that
owing to the fact that Pittsburgh and Harrisburg were just now
overcrowded with soldiers, we would not leave until the 26th. He
urged every volunteer to go out and recruit, ag’ we were to raise
another company of cavalry and a company of artillery for our
regiment.

August 26. Walked to West Middletown. By six o’clock a
large crowd had gathered again, to see the boys off. Rev. Camp-
bell McKeever delivered a farewell address and Rev. J. T. Brown-
lee pronounced the benediction. At nine o’clock, after taking leave
of our friends, we left for Washington in ten wagons. The part-
ing was -affecting, indeed; tears rolled down the furrowed cheek
of the old man as he grasped the hand of his boy, perhaps for the
last time, with a “God bless you!” The lovely girls looked more
lovely as the tears trickled down their rosy cheeks. Our procession
of wagons arrived in Washington at noon, led by the Middletown
Band, which cheered us with spirited music. A free dinner was
given us by John Hall, proprietor of the Fulton House.

I got twenty photographs taken at Youngs; they are good. I
gave away thirteen of them in a few minutes and ordered ten more.
‘At three o’clock,: we, together with a company from Prosperity, left
in seventeen wagons for Beallsville, reaching that place at dark.
We cheered all the ladies along the road until our throats were sore.
At eight o’clock, we marched into the back yard of the Guttery
House, where we ate our supper standing around board tables and
drinking coffee from tin cups. Our company was lodged in the
schoolhouse, sleeping on benches and on the floor.

August 28. Our company and several other companies drilled
to-day and marched through the town several times to the music of
six fifes, ten kettle-drums and five bass drums. A large number of
people have come in: from the surrounding country. We were
marched to a grove on top of a hill, where a speakers’ stand had
been erected. Patriotic speeches were delivered by Reverends Miller
and Wilson and by Messrs. Hopkins, Glenn, Day and Robert Welch.
A large number of people were assembled here, and among them
many pretty ladies. Robert Welch, a member of our company, is-
a graduate of Jefferson College, and has attended theological semi-
nary one year. : he is undoubtedly a man of superior talent ; his speech
to-day, purely extemporaneous, thrilled the audience. _
68 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

August 29. We had another impromptu meeting this evening
in front of the hotel, when Webster French and Joseph Hunter of
our company made splendid speeches from the porch, and we sang
war songs.

August 30. The company elected officers to-day. George T.
Work was unanimously elected Captain and Caleb J. McNulty
unanimously elected First Lieutenant. There were three candidates
for Second Lieutenant, S. C. Work, Wm. Rose and Robert Welch.
The vote was so divided up, that a second ballot was necessary,
when Rose was elected.

On the same afternoon, the company marched to Washington
and went into camp in the old Fair Grounds, now (1910) the W. &
J. College Athletic Grounds. Captain Young’s Beallsville Cavalry
also joined this camp. Camping here at the same time were Cap-
tain David Acheson’s Company and Captain Wm. A. F. Stockton’s
Company, later known as Companies C and K, of the 140th Penn-
sylvania Infantry. The Keystone Company was mustered into the
United States service on September 6th, by Captain Ludington, of
the Regular Army; Wm. Rose did not report for muster, and Rob-
ert Welch was elected Second Lieutenant and mustered in at this
time.

Two days later, September 8th, the command moved by railroad
to rendezvous and equipment camp on Wheeling Island, where the
men were armed, equipped, mounted and. subjected to rigorous drill-
ing during their stay. On October 13th, the company, men and
horses, shipped by railroad to Clarksburg, Va., where they remained
a week, when, with Keys’s Company and Young’s Company, they
marched to New Creek, and became a part of the Ringgold Battalion.

THE BEALLSVILLE CAVALRY. COMPANY D, 22ND P. V. C.

This company was recruited with headquarters at Beallsville,
Washington County, Pa. Two cavalry companies had already been
recruited from this vicinity in the summer of 1861, but the com-
munity was intensely loyal and when a call came for more volun-
teers and recruiting was going on briskly in other sections of the
county during August, 1862, there were enough patriots still in the
Beallsville community to form a strong nucleus of another cavalry
company. All that was needed was a leader.

Harvey H. Young, of Beallsville, had enlisted in the Ringgold
Cavalry Company as a private, and gone out to war in 1861. He was
a good soldier and had been promoted to Corporal. In August,
THE BOYS OF ’62. 69

1862, he was sent to Wheeling in charge of some prisoners and given
a furlough to come home. He arrived at Beallsville when recruiting
for cavalry was at high tide. A number of small squads had been
assembled in that region with the intention of joining some company
that was being recruited. The other companies filled up rapidly
and offered but little inducement in the way of promotion to the
leaders of these squads. While they were looking about for a com-
mand in which to enlist, Corporal Young, right from the front
with more than a year’s active service to his credit, dropped into the
village. He was immediately called upon and requested to head
-a movement for the formation of another cavalry company, to which
he consented.

The first enlistments in this new company were at Beallsville
on August 16th. F. H. Crago and David M. Snyder went up to the
neighborhood of Carmichaels in Greene County and enlisted up-
wards of twenty men for the company; some ten or twelve men
from Fayette County came over and joined. Within two weeks,
the company was filled to the maximum and organized by electing
Harvey H. Young, Captain; Hugh Keys, First Lieutenant, and F.
H. Crago Second Lieutenant.

On the 2nd day of September, 1862, the company left Bealls-
ville with 101 men and three officers.

This company, known as the Beallsville Cavalry, camped in the
old Fair Grounds at Washington with the Keystone Cavalry, and
the men and officers were mustered into the United States service
on the 6th of September, by Captain Ludington, of the Regular
Army. They shipped to Wheeling on the 8th, and went into camp
on the Island, where they remained one month, during which
they were armed, equipped, mounted and drilled. On the 10th of
October, the company moved by railroad to Clarksburg, West Va.,
where they camped with the Ringgold Cavalry. On the 19th of
October, the three companies, Ringgold, Beallsville and Keystone,
broke camp at Clarksburg and marched overland for New Creek.

MITCHNER’S, INDEPENDENT CAVALRY. COMPANY E, 22ND P. V. C.

Company E was raised at Monongahela, Pa., during Septem-
ber, 1862, and was recruited and marched for rendezvous camp at
Wheeling Island within ten days of its inception, the interesting
story of which is as follows:

On Thursday evening, September 11, 1862, Dr. W. M. Mitch-
ner, of Monongahela, proposed to James Y. Chessrown, a merchant
70. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of that place, that. they raise a company of cavalry and join the
army. The matter was favorably considered by Mr. Chessrown,
and it was arranged that they go to Washington, Pa., that night to
see Captain John Keys, who had authority from the Governor to
recruit several companies of cavalry. Closing his store at the usual
hour, Chessrown, with Mitchner, in the latter’s buggy behind a
spirited team, drove to Washington, twenty miles; arriving there
late in the night, they aroused Captain Keys from his sleep and
obtained the desired authority, whereupon, they returned imme-
diately to Monongahela, opened a recruiting office next morning,
September 12th, and ten days later, September 22nd, with a full
company, marched for Wheeling, where they arrived next day and;
went into camp. In the meantime, an election for officers was
held, resulting’as follows: Dr. W. M. Mitchner, Captain; James Y.,
Chessrown, First Lieutenant ; Robert S. H. Keys, Second Lieutenant.

Here, the energy that had characterized their movements up to
this time, met with a decided check when they came in contact with
the machinery of the Government, for they had to wait twenty days
before being mustered into the service. On the 25th of October,
mounted and equipped, the command left Wheeling and marched for
New Creek, Va., following the National Road most of the way. Ar-
rived at their destination on the evening of October 30th, where they
found the Ringgold, Keystone and Beallsville cavalry companies and
went into camp with them.

Dr. Mitchner resigned April 1, 1863, when Lieutenant Chess-
rown was promoted to Captain and commanded the company for
the next two years and his name became so identified with this troop
that throughout the regiment it was generally called “ Chessrown’s
Company.”

THE PATTON CAVALRY. COMPANY F, 22ND P. V. C.

The Patton Independent Cavalry was recruited in Washing-
ton and Greene counties during August and September, 1862. The
leading spirits in raising this company were Andrew J. Barr, of
Zollarsville, in the southeastern corner of Washington County, and
Benjamin W. Denny, of Waynesburg, Greene County. Barr had
been a student at Washington College and afterward taught school ;.
Denny was a practising physician in Waynesburg, having received
his education at the college in that town.

The President’s call for “ three-hundred thousand more ” volun-
teers appealed to these patriotic young men, and each proceeded to
 

Lieut. Robert C. Welch. Lieut. F. H. Crago.

 

Lieut. James B. Gibson. Lieut. B. F. Hassan.

 

Lieut. R. S. H. Keys. Lieut. Joseph J. Lane.
THE BOYS OF ’62. 71

recruit for a cavalry company in his own locality. In a short time
they joined forces, forming the Patton Cavalry. The first rendez-
vous was made at Washington, where headquarters were established
at the Valentine Hotel, September 5th, the proprietor of the hotel,
George T. Hammond, later becoming a lieutenant in the company.
Here recruiting was actively continued and an organization effected
by the election of Andrew J. Barr, captain; Benjamin W. Denny,
First Lieutenant, and George T. Hammond, Second Lieutenant. On
the 22nd of September, the company removed to the large ren-
dezvous camp at Wheeling Island, to be’ mounted, equipped and
drilled. They were mustered into the United States service for three
years on the.14th of October, and on the second week of November,
were ordered to New Creek, Va., where they joined the other com-
panies of the Ringgold Battalion on the 13th. Their history thence-
forth is found with the history of the Battalion and of the Regiment.

The name “ Patton Cavalry” was soon forgotten and during
their service with the Ringgold Battalion, they were called “ Barr’s
Company,” and later, when the regiment was organized, were desig-
nated Company F.

THE LAFAYETTE CAVALRY. COMPANY G, 22ND P. V. C.

This company was recruited largely in the vicinity of Browns-
ville, by Alexander V. Smith, late in the summer of 1862. He
maintained headquarters in the old Town Hall at Brownsville until
the number of enlistments warranted a company organization, when
with his men, he proceeded to Washington, about October 1st, and
went into camp in the old Fair Grounds. Here he was joined by
William F. Speer, of Bellevernon, with some sixteen recruits from
that locality. This addition filled the company to near the required
quota and they were mustered into the United States service for
three years or during the war. The company now proceeded to the
large rendezvous camp at Wheeling Island for drill and equipment.
Here they were joined by Frank B. Smith, of the Ringgold Cavalry
Company, who had secured a transfer to this new company. An
election of officers resulted in the choice of Alexander V. Smith as
Captain; his younger brother, Frank B. Smith, First Lieutenant,
and William F. Speer, Second Lieutenant. The command remained
here until about the last of November, when they were sent for-
ward to New Creek, and on December 21st, joined the other com-
panies at Romney.
72 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

 

 

 

 

 

NEW CREEK.—THE FIRST CAMP OF THE BATTALION.

On the 19th of October, 1862, the three cavalry companies—
Keys’, Work’s and Young’s—which had been camping together
at Clarksburg, Va., received orders to proceed to New Creek, Va.
They marched together in one body and arrived at New Creek on
the 22nd, where they encamped together about a mile above the sta-
tion. Mitchener’s Company arrived a few days afterward. Barr’s
Company came on November 10th. All these joined the camp al-
ready established, and operated together’ as one organization or
command. :

The organization of the Ringgold Battalion was a tentative
affair, simply an agreement among the officers of the different com-
panies to operate together as one body. The War Department did
not authorize the organization. Efforts were made at different
times to have this done, so that an officer of higher rank might be
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 73

appointed to command the body, but the efforts resulted in failure.
The War Department, however, in a way did recognize the Ringgold
Battalion ; in official mention, in orders assigning to duty, in mus-
tering for pay, and in other ways, the organization was recognized
as a unit.

For convenience, the several companies forming the Battalion
were given letter names: the Ringgold Company was known as
Company A; Captain Greenfield’s Company, then stationed at an-
other outpost, did not join the battalion, so that Captain Work’s
Company, the next in seniority, became Company B; Captain
Young’s Company, C; Captain Chessrown’s Company, D, etc., etc.
When the regiment was formed in March, 1864, the Old Ringgold
Company still retained its letter name (A), by virtue of its seniority ;
Greenfield’s Company, next in rank, then became Company B; each
of the other companies was moved back a letter, Work’s Company
now becoming C; Young’s Company, D; Chessrown’s Company, E,
etc., etc. To avoid the confusion that this change of name causes,
we have throughout this book, designated each company by its regi-
mental-letter name; Company “C” always means Work’s troop;
“E,” Chessrown’s troop, etc., both in the Battalion and’ Regimental
chapters.

Here at the beginning of oult experience as soldiers, a wise sys-
tem of making details was adopted, which operated very much to
the advantage of the new men. When a force less than the whole
battalion was called out for scout, picket or other duty, a detail was
made from each company for its proportionate part; in this way, the
new troops were seldom sent out by themselves, but generally with
men and officers who had “ seen service,” an advantage possible at
this stage of the war, that was not possible at the beginning. In
each expedition sent out, there was a sprinkling of officers and men
who had been under fire many times. Thesé scattered through the
command were a great source of strength and confidence to the new
men. But to the Old Ringgold Company (later known as Company
A) we were more largely indebted than to any other cause, for the
rapidity with which we learned to discharge the duties of a soldier.
They were well acquainted with the surrounding country—its roads,
mountain paths, short cuts, streams, fords, lookouts, etc., etc., a
knowledge of which was all-important in opposing the native Con-
federate Rangers, with whom we were in constant warfare.

At New Creek, the river (North branch of the Potomac) makes
a sharp bend to the south, reaching well out toward the “ enemy’s
¥4 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

country.” Unprotected, it was the: most assailable point on the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Properly garrisoned with a small
force of infantry and a battery of artillery and made a base for an
efficient force of cavalry well acquainted with the surrounding
country, it was the most strategic point on the railroad west: of
Martinsburg. The military post here was maintained for the double
purpose of protecting this exposed point of the railroad, and as an
important frontier outpost from which to watch the movements of
the enemy within a radius of sixty miles to the south and east. The
region about Moorfield was a favorite rendezvous for the enemy
when contemplating raids upon the line of the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad.

THE NEW MEN MEET THE ENEMY. !

The new companies were now in the enemy’s country, and their
active duties as soldiers began at once.

After the defeat of Pope’s army at Manassas on August 30th,
the enemy had undisputed possession of the Shenandoah Valley as
far north as the Potomac River, until November.

The great Confederate Army had been camping about Winches-
ter and Martinsburg, subsisting largely upon the Valley. Asa result,
that region became pretty bare of animals and grain, and the quar-
termaster’s department found it necessary to push their foraging
expeditions farther over into Hardy and Hampshire counties, to
gather up herds of cattle and droves of hogs for the army.

On October 27, 1862, after dark, Lieutenant James P. Hart,
with a detachment of thirty cavalry, started out and marched all
night, returning next day (28th) at noon, giving out the report
that they had accomplished nothing. But it is significant to note
that the following day, a scout consisting of Keys’, Work’s and
Young’s companies of cavalry, and a section of Rourke’s Battery,
marched out in the direction of Greenland Gap. Next day (30th)
this force struck a body of the enemy at Lunice Creek, routing
them and capturing sixteen prisoners, and also capturing 170 head:
of cattle and ten horses, which were being driven off to supply the
Confederate Army. This was the first trip for Work’s and Young’s
companies, who returned with the prisoners and the spoils, and
were much elated at having met and helped to. rout the enemy and
capture his herd.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. . 75

ROUT IMBODEN’S CAMP AND CAPTURE HIS DROVE.

General Kelley, with headquarters at Cumberland, kept a vig-
ilant watch over the large mountainous counties of Hardy and
Hampshire. Cavalry scouts were almost continually scouring the
country in search of the enemy, and of information as to his
whereabouts and intentions. Some of these scouts covered long
distances and were gone for a number of days at a time. Early in
November, it was learned that a considerable force of the enemy
under command of General Imboden, was encamped in: the moun-
tains south of Moorfield. General Kelley proceeded to organize a
force to go out and rout him. He sent Captain Greenfield, with his
company, directly from Cumberland, while he went to New Creek,
and with Captain Keys and the Ringgold Battalion, Rourke’s Bat-
tery and some infantry, set out on the 8th of November for Im-
boden’s camp. On this march, they were joined by a battalion of
the 1st New York Cavalry. They marched all day and all night,
pelted by an early snow storm. Sergeant S. G. Rogers of Green-
field’s Company, tells the story as follows:

“We went to Frankfort the first day, and from there to Bur-
lington, and thence to Moorfield Junction on the second day, where
we fell in with General Kelley and his force.

“We fed our horses and got supper at the Junction, and then
the whole force moved on, we taking the advance. We arrived
near Moorfield about one o’clock in the morning. A detachment
of cavalry was ordered to dismount and make a detour around the
town and close in on the different roads, the main body halting to
allow us time to get around. This was to trap any Rebels that
might be in the town, but, as we afterward learned, they knew we
were coming, and—we did not bag any game.

“Our halt there was very short, and by two o’clock, we were
moving on up the South Fork into a very wild and mountainous
country. Just at daylight, we struck Imboden’s camp, and had
quite a skirmish. The rebels soon retreated, leaving their quar-
ters on fire. The road led along a narrow valley with mountains on
both sides, a mountain stream winding along among. large syca-
mores and underbrush. We followed them for a mile or so when
we came to a place where the road crossed the creek and went
around a spur of the mountain; Captain Greenfield was in command
of the advance guard. It was evident to him that if the enemy
intended to make a stand, here was the strong position they were
"6 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

falling back to, and they were probably behind the hill waiting
for us; he, therefore, halted the advance, until the other troops
came up nearer. We then started on single file, crossed the creek
and advanced around the point of the mountain, when the rebels
opened fire on us from a concealed position. Captain Greenfield
was in front, Joseph Hill next, and I followed. The Captain’s
horse took fright at the firing, became unmanageable and dashed
off through the brush toward the rebels; he made a circle around
and got back by clearing a fence. The advance guard fell back out
of range, then with others, formed a line across the creek in the
open space and moved up, firing. The enemy were concealed, and
“soon their fire began to take effect, wounding several of our men.*
We then fell back under shelter of the hill until Rourke’s Battery
came and began to drop twelve-pound shells among the enemy who
took up the side of the mountain, in great haste, followed by our
shells as long as they could be seen.”

General Kelley briefly reported the expedition as follows:

“ MoorFIetp, Harpy Co., Va., Nov. 11, 1862.

“T left New Creek on Saturday morning, the 8th instant, and
after a continuous march of 24 hours, a distance of about 60 miles,
reached Imboden’s camp on the South Fork, 18 miles south of this
place, at 6:30 o’clock yesterday morning. We attacked him at once
and routed him completely, killing and wounding many of the
enemy, capturing his camp, 50 prisoners, a quantity of arms, 350 fat
hogs, a large number of horses, cattle, wagons, etc. Their infantry
were routed and entirely dispersed, fleeing to the mountains. Their
cavalry were unfortunately far away on an expedition, or our suc-
cess would have been complete. We burned their camp and re-
turned to this place this evening.

“T have with me a detachment of the First New York Cavalry,
the Ringgold Battalion under command of Captain Keys, the Wash-
ington Cavalry commanded by Captain Greenfield, Rourke’s Battery
and three companies of the 23rd Illinois Infantry under command
of Major Moore. The infantry companies are carried in wagons.
My troops cannot be surpassed for patient endurance on the march,
or for gallant bearing when in action. Our attack was so unex-

* Ad, Richardson of Company A was very severely wounded in the shoulder;
Samuel Wright and Jerry Myers of Mitchener’s Company Pere also wounded. :
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. v7

pected and impetuous that our loss is trifling, 3 or 4 men slightly and
one severely wounded ; none killed.

“ B. F. Kerrey, Brig. Gen.”
Major G. M. Bascom, A. A. G.

Our men burned the camp, loaded the fat hogs into the captured
wagons and the command, with the prisoners and captured prop-
erty, started on the return trip, arriving at Moorfield about dark.
The men and horses were exceedingly tired and hungry, not having
stopped to eat or rest for twenty-four hours.

It was nearly noon the next day before we left Moorfield. We
marched over the mountains toward the Burlington and Petersburg
Road, going in the direction taken by Imboden. We could see the
tracks of a large body of cavalry in the snow, and our slow move-
ment in that direction was, no doubt, with the hope of intercepting
him. We went only ten or twelve miles and camped for the night
at the “Junction” with the Burlington Road. The next day we
marched as far as Burlington, and, as the weather had become very
cold, we slept in the houses there.

Next day, Greenfield’s Company took the road to Cumberland,
their post, while the rest of the command, with the prisoners and
spoils of war, marched on to New Creek.

This expedition was a pretty severe breaking-in for the new
troops of the Ringgold Battalion; they had been on the march
through the enemy’s country for six days and nights, through snow
and cold, and when halted for the night, one-half the men had to
be on guard while the other half slept.

THE SITUATION IN THE VALLEY.

After the battle of Manassas, or Second Bull Run, September,
1862, when Lee’s Great Army was moving down the Shenandoah
Valley to the Potomac, all the Union forces that had been stationed
in the valley and in the mountain counties of Hardy and Hampshire,
to the west, were withdrawn to the Potomac River.

Lee crossed over into Maryland, where the two great armies
met and fought the Battle of Antietam. Next day after that bat-

Imboden had started on the 7th, with over 300 of his best mounted men, on an
expedition across the main ridge of the Alleghanies to destroy the Cheat River Bridge
over the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. While crossing the mountains, he encountered a
heavy snowstorm, which cost him many hours of precious time and jaded his horses
severely. He learned that our expedition was in his rear, and that the Union com-
manders had become aware of his. movements and were rushing troops from several
points to cut him off; he immediately abandoned his purpose and “barely made his
escape by a desperate flight over mountain paths, his men and horses suffering greatly
from fatigue aad hunger.” He arrived at Augusta Springs in his “own country,” one
week after starting. - ,
78 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

tle (September 18th), Lee recrossed the Potomac into Virginia,
and camped in the lower valley about Winchester, and farther down
toward Martinsburg and Charlestown. McClellan remained on the
north side of the Potomac in Maryland, until about the first of
November.

All this time, the two great armies lay there watching each
other, the Potomac forming the line between the contending forces
from Cumberland eastward for a distance of a hundred miles. The
Confederates busied themselves destroying the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad, and scouring the country to the south and west for forage
and subsistence. The Confederate cavalry at that time was quite
efficient, and roamed all over the country on their side of the river,
and occasionally made a foray across into Maryland and Pennsyl-
vania. ‘The most remarkable of these raids was that of General
J. E. B. Stuart, who crossed the Potomac at McCoy’s Ferry on the
10th of October, 1862, with 3,000 cavalry and artillery, captured
Chambersburg, where he supplied his troops with Federal uniforms,
shoes, etc., destroyed the Government stores and then marched
eastwardly entirely around McClellan’s army and re-crossed ‘the
Potomac into Virginia at the mouth of the Monocacy River some
_ distance below Harper’s Ferry. McClellan’s Army had been rapidly
reinforced until it numbered more than 100,000 men. The President
had been urging him to make a move, get across the Potomac, and
operate against the enemy while the weather and roads were good
and before the campaigning season would be over.

Finally McClellan, during the last week of October, began to
cross the army to the south side of the Potomac, and by the 2nd of
November, his entire army was over and camped along the base
of the Blue Ridge; but he still had no plan of campaign, and was
seemingly acting on the defensive.

The President’s patience became exhausted at this continued
inactivity with an army so much greater than his antagonist. So,
on November 7th, McClellan was relieved, and the command of the
army given to General Burnside. The latter hastily reorganized the
army and was moving toward the Rappahannock in a few days.

The Confederate Army, as might have been expected, immedi-
ately began to move out of the Valley to Culpepper Court House.
“Stonewall” Jackson’s corps did not leave the Valley until the last
week of November. As was his custom, Jackson moved out with
great secrecy. He left in the valley a force consisting of a brigade
of cavalry, two batteries and a brigade of infantry. These were
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 79

placed under the command of General W. E. Jones, who kept his
cavalry and horse batteries dashing about with great activity in an
effort, and a rather successful one, to create the impression upon
the Union commanders that there was a large force of Confederates
still in the valley, possibly Jackson himself. As a consequence, the
Union forces about Harper’s Ferry and at other points up the
Potomac River, were very cautious in their advance to any con-
siderable distance out into the unknown country.

THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY OUTPOST.—SPRINGFIELD.

On November 19, 1862, Captain Greenfield was ordered with
his command to occupy, as a military outpost, Springfield, ten miles
south of the Potomac River on the Romney Road. A detachment
of New York cavalry was also ordered to that place. Captain
Greenfield was assigned to the command of this post. This was
the first military outpost re-established at a distance south of the
Potomac and west of the Blue Ridge. There were yet in the valley
two corps of Lee’s Army with no Union force intervening. Assign-
ment to this isolated and exposed outpost is, in itself, testimony
stronger than words, of the confidence General Kelley reposed in
the courage and vigilance of Captain Greenfield and his troopers.

“Stonewall ”? Jackson’s lingering in the upper valley, threaten-
ing an invasion of Western Virginia or of Pennsylvania, kept Gen-
erals Halleck and Kelley guessing his intentions and exercising in-
tense watchfulness to discover his movements. A strong Union
force was retained at Harper’s Fetry as long as the War Depart-
ment and General Halleck were uncértain about the strength of the
enemy in the Valley. .

On December 1st, General John W. Geary led a reconnaissance
in force from Bolivar Heights to Winchester. He was resisted
fiercely by Jones’ cavalry, who in vain attempted to check him.
Knap’s Battery, which accompanied the reconnaissance, punished
them so severely, that they soon kept at a safe distance. Geary
moved on to Winchester, occupied the town, captured 118 prisoners,
learned to his entire satisfaction that Jackson had left the valley
on the 26th, and A. P. Hill on the 29th, and further, that the force
in the valley consisted of three regiments of Ashby’s Cavalry, the
troops known as “ The Maryland Line,” consisting of 3,000 infantry,
Chew’s Battery of four guns, and six guns of a Maryland battery.

Geary’s force then returned to Harper’s Ferry. Other scouts
and reconnaissances verified this information, and it was not long
80 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

until the former Federal outposts were re-established in the valley
and in Hampshire and Hardy counties.

The Ringgold Battalion companies stationed at New Creek were
kept scouting in the country almost daily during November. Cap-
tain Barr’s Company had arrived in camp on the 13th, thus increas-
ing the command to five full companies, now reorganized and known
as the “ Ringgold Battalion.”

Notwithstanding that the men were in the saddle a great deal,
Captain Keys kept up the work of instruction, drill, inspection, etc.
We read from a soldier’s journal:

* Dec. 1, 1862.

“ Battalion inspection by Captain Keys. We were not allowed
to wear our overcoats, but required to have them strapped to the
saddle in front of us, and we all shivered with cold. The Captain
had all the sergeants and corporals meet at headquarters for instruc-
tion. He asked their co-operation in enforcing stricter rules. A few
disorderly men in the command cause all the men to be tied down
to strict military discipline.”

On the evening of December 2nd, Lieutenant Henry A. Myers
was ordered out with a scout of 100 men from our battalion. We
give his report, as found in Vol. 21 of the War Records:

“‘Fpors. New Creek, VA., Dec. 14, 1862.
“ Capt. John Keys,
“ Chief of Cavalry, R. R. Division.

“ Sir :—In accordance with your order, I proceeded to Moorfield
by way of Greenland Gap, with detachments of twenty men from
the Old Ringgold Cavalry (Co. A) and the same number from
Captains Work’s, Young’s, Mitchener’s and Barr’s companies,
making in all 100 men, with the mountain howitzer. At 4 P.M., we
were on the march. After we had proceeded 8 miles on our way,
we were joined by Captain Rowand with his company of 50 of the
First Virginia Cavalry. We reached the Widow Solomon’s on Pat-
terson’s Creek at 7 a. M, where we stopped to feed and take break-
fast. At 8 o’clock we were again on the march for Moorfield,
about 14 miles distant. We had reliable information that the town
was occupied by two companies of cavalry under command of Mc-
Donald and Kuykendall. When we came in sight of the town, a
charge was ordered. The men behaved gallantly. The Rebels
were dispersed in all directions. We killed two, wounded a num-
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 81

ber, captured 10 prisoners and 12 horses. The only loss we sus-
tained was 2 horses killed.
“Among the prisoners is the celebrated Ed. (H) McDonald,
Captain of one of the companies.
“H. A. Myers, Lieut.”

“P.S. We started from camp at 4 Pp. M., Dec. 2, and returned
Dec. 4, at 3 a. M., having traveled a distance of 95 miles in thirty-
four hours, including rests.”

Next day, December 5th, thirty men of Work’s Company were
detailed to go to vicinity of Moorfield after some fat cattle that were
being collected for the enemy.

*“We started at six o’clock in the morning. At Ridgeville,
Captain Jarbo and one of his men joined us to act as guides. We
went to Taylor’s within twelve miles of Moorfield, and got thirty
good fat cattle. The cattle were taken to keep the Rebels from
getting them. Captain Work and the rest of the men took the
cattle on, while Captain Jarbo, Lieutenant Welch and ten men went
out among the mountains to look for some bushwhackers, We went
through a pass or gap that was very wild. One vast rock, about
six by fifteen feet and one hundred feet high, stood out in a slanting
position; similar rocks, not so high, stood round about. The ever-
green pines and laurel, white and drooping under the weight of
snow, added to the: charm and made the scene beautiful beyond
description.

We traveled up to the top of a very steep mountain, and nearly
straight down the other side to the home of George High, the
notorious Sam High’s father; took him and left at dark. We came
along the sharp ridge of a high mountain and down to a Mr. Tay-
lor’s ; searched the house and took a member of Captain McDonald’s
Company from under the bed; also two rifles and a pair of new
cavalry boots. We searched several other houses, but found no
more Rebel soldiers; arrived at Ridgeville at ten o’clock; where
we found the rest of the command with the cattle. The night was
intensely cold, and all the men, except the guards, slept in the hotel;
the bar, parlor loft and kitchen floors were all full of sleeping men.

December 6th. Ten men in charge of Sergeant W. R. Gal-
braith were left to bring the cattle and the rest came on to town.
Nearly all the troops have left here. The 87th Pennsylvania went
to Romney. Early this morning, General Milroy, with his brigade,

 

“Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary,
82 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

three companies of cavalry and two batteries, marched for Peters-
burg.”

Orders were issued for the whole battalion to march at three
o’clock in the afternoon, with three days’ rations. Just as the men
were getting out their horses, the order was countermanded.

The night of the 6th was intensely cold—so cold that the
guards left their beats. To impress them with the seriousness of
such conduct, the captain ordered that they be continued on guard
duty for one week.

Winter was now on in earnest, and during the next few days,
the men in camp were busy fixing up winter quarters. By the even-
ing of the 11th, they had their quarters well fortified against the
wintry blasts, and were getting very comfortably fixed up, when
an order was issued to break camp in the morning, with five days’
rations. It was understood among the men that this meant a change
of base.

CHANGE OF BASE. ROMNEY.

On the next morning, Dec. 12, 1862, the men took down their
tents and packed up their “ moving.” During their sojourn of two
months at this camp, the new men had accumulated quite a lot of
household goods—extra cooking utensils, one or more extra blankets,
an extra pair of boots and the old carpet-bag brought along from
home, full of everything. Military regulations forbade them to
carry these extras, and they sorrowfully parted with much of this
property. Almost every man, however, succeeded in smuggling his
extra blanket and boots, and such other articles as were not so
bulky as to excite the suspicion of the commanding officer.

Marched at noon. Arrived at Romney at eight o’clock at night.
Details were made immediately, and pickets sent out on all roads
leading into town. The men took quarters in the public buildings
and in deserted private dwellings, of which there were many, and
were soon very comfortably established.

Captain Greenfield’s Company was stationed at Springfield,
eight miles distant, on the Road to Green Spring Run Station, from
which latter point the supplies for the camp at Romney were drawn.
As the cavalry detachments from the battalion at Romney were on
this road daily, escorting wagon-trains, mails, ambulances, etc., to
the railroad, the men of the two posts were much thrown together.

On the 16th of December, 1862, General Kelley was assigned
to the command of all the forces on the Upper Potomac west of
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY. 83

Harper’s Ferry, and especially charged with the defense of the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Every soldier who served in that
department will testify to the faithfulness with which the General
administered that trust.

The night of the 16th was intensely dark. Taking advantage of
this condition, some Rebel horse-thieves slipped in and stole out
eleven of our horses; the guard discovered them as they were get-
ting away, and fired. The camp was aroused and a pursuing party,
mostly of Company A, under Lieutenant Myers, was sent after them.
Five miles out, our detachment came to a mill which was known to
be a favorite rendezvous for such marauding bands. Myers suspected
that the people at the mill knew of the plot; so, leaving his com-
mand back in the darkness, he went to the mill and represented
himself as a Rebel spy, and soon gained the confidence of these
people, who told him of the plot, and that the gang would return
that way. While they were talking, the unsuspecting Johnnies, with
their captured horses, rode right into the trap and were halted
by our men. The Rebs jumped from the horses and escaped in
the darkness. They left thirteen horses, two more than they had
taken from our camp. On.returning to camp next morning with
this corral, the scout received much praise for their successful
horse-hunt.

Captain Greenfield’s Company had been stationed at Springfield
almost a month before the battalion came to Romney. Being the
only cavalry post so far out in the enemy’s country at the time, they
were obliged to do very hard service. From Sergeant Rogers’
journal, we quote:

“Shortly after we came to Springfield, we went on a scout,
making a continuous march of forty hours, in the saddle all the
time except while we fed our horses and made some coffee for our-
selves. We first went to Slane’s Cross Roads; thence to North
River Mills, where we fed and got some supper; then resumed our
march and kept it up all night, one of the coldest nights of the sea-
son. We went nearly to Winchester, ran into Jackson’s pickets, and
returned by Pughtown; had a skirmish with some Rebels there at
daylight, and came on through Bloomery Gap. The night was so
cold that we could hardly recognize our comrades at daylight—men
and horses being white with frost, and steam rising all along the
line. We did not reach our camp until the following midnight,
having travelled nearly one hundred miles. About the first of De-
cember, a Rebel, pretending to be a deserter, came to our camp. He
84 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

represented to Captain Greenfield that he knew of a strong Rebel
country back in the mountains, where there were a lot of good
horses, and that if he would detail a squad of soldiers to accompany
him, he would pilot them to the place, and capture a lot of the
horses. I was one of ten men sent with him. Fortunately we did
not get very far or we would have made a trip to Southern prisons.
When we got near Romney and in sight of the town, a slave came in
across a field driving four horses to a hay-wagon. He had the
horses on a run and kept motioning to us to attract our attention,
when he called loudly to us not to go into Romney for it was full
of Rebel cavalry. We halted and drew up in line at the side of
the road, and started a man on the fastest horse for camp after
the company. The Rebels, who were watching us but could not
see the colored man who had turned back, came rushing out of the
town after us. Our line started off on a run. We were in the
hollow at the toll gate. I, being in the front rank, was the hind-
most man when we started up the hill on our retreat. The Rebels
were coming down the hill and kept the bullets flying after us
until we were out of their view. They came on after us for three
or four miles; two of our men, finding the Rebels gaining on them,
jumped from their horses and ran up the bank to hide in the bushes;
but William Wright’s horse followed him and the Rebs soon
had both man and horse. The man who had taken us out, seemed
as anxious to escape as any one of us; his horse fell with him and
rolled clear over; but he was up and on him in a jiffy and escaped.
When we had run about five miles, we met Captain Greenfield com-
ing with about sixty men, and we turned back and went into Rom-
ney, but the Rebels had fled.

Colonel Greenfield writes:

“This Confederate force was commanded by Colonel Mc-
Donald. Colonel Harness was with them. When I reached Rom-
ney, I learned they had made a hasty retreat in the direction of
Moorfield. I pursued them about twelve miles to a narrow passage
in the hills, called ‘The Trough,’ where thirty men well posted
could hold it against three or four times that number. It was get-
ting dark when I overtook them. I drove in their rear guard, but
would not risk attacking them in ‘ The Trough,’ as I knew they had
as many, if not more, men than I had.

“Mr. , the father of a young lady upon whom I had
called occasionally, lived near the Gap. The Confederate officer
had called and requested them to prepare supper. I ate the supper.

 
THE WASHINGTON CAVALRY. 85

I afterwards learned from the young lady that McDonald had 120
men; I had 80. McDonald gave her as an excuse for not fighting
me that he had placed a man across the river with a field glass who
counted my command and reported to him that I had 160 men.

“McDonald retreated to Moorfield and I returned to camp.”

From Petersburg, General Milroy sent out scouting parties to
Franklin, Brock’s Gap Settlement and Wardensville, and captured a
number of prisoners.

On December 21st, he sent General Cluseret with his brigade
to Strasburg, which he captured.

On the 18th, the telegraph line was completed from Cumber-
land to Romney, and was being built to Moorfield and Petersburg
where we then had forces stationed. On the 21st, Captain Smith’s
Company arrived at Romney, having marched over from New
Creek. This gave us six companies of cavalry.

THE RINGGOLD BATTALION OCCUPIES WINCHESTER.

In the afternoon of December 22, 1862, we received orders to
march with four days’ rations. The detail consisted of all the men
who had serviceable horses. The command, under Captain John
Keys, took the Winchester Road, Work’s Company in advance.
Halted and fed at three o’clock. Passed through Blue’s Gap, a pass-
age just wide enough for a creek to flow through. At daybreak,
came out into a fine country through which we passed all the way
to Winchester,* marching into that place just as the Rebels marched
out at the other side. We only had about two hundred men. The
main body of the enemy left the previous night for fear of General
Milroy, who was at Cottontown, nine miles off. One-half of our
command was on picket one night, and the other half the next night.
General Milroy’s Cavalry, under Colonel Cluseret was at Strasburg.
At dark on the night of the 24th, Captain Work with a squad of
eight cavalrymen, scouted three or four miles into the country,
searched a house, -but not finding the party wanted, returned.

LIEUTENANT M’NULTY EATS CHRISTMAS DINNER WITH THE ENEMY.

Christmas was a glorious day. Lieutenant C. J. McNulty, of
Company C, Provost Marshal, sent searching parties through the
town and captured several prisoners. Among the captures was Mr.
Speer’s son and horse; yet the old gentleman treated the captors to

 

* Kelley to Milroy, Dec. 22: I sent Captain Keys with 200 cavalry to make a
reconnoissance to Winchester this morning.
86 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

beer and cakes. A colored servant of Miss Lucie, a Unionist, gave
information about the hiding place of a Rebel officer. Sergeant
Donaldson of Work’s Company, got orders to take a squad and
search Mrs. Meridith’s house. Donaldson, with Sergeant Kelley,
Corporal Woodburn and Private Mountz, called at the Meridith
home and found Captain Murray of Ashby’s Confederate Cavalry,
whose sweetheart was one of the Meridith daughters. Captain
Murray had been invited to the Christmas dinner before the tide
of war had carried the city of Winchester within the Union lines.
What would not a brave officer risk to be at the Christmas dinner-
table for just one hour with his best girl? Here was a dilemma.
Dinner was just ready. Was their Christmas to be entirely spoiled?
Mrs. Meridith sent for the Provost Marshal, Lieutenant McNulty.
That officer, young, handsome and a perfect gentleman, responded
to the request, and listened to the tale of distress; was introduced
to Captain Murray, a fine-looking officer and a gentleman. Mrs.
Meridith invited Lieutenant McNulty to eat Christmas dinner with
them, after which Captain Murray would go with him as a prisoner ;
Captain Murray pledged his honor as a soldier and a gentleman that
he would make no effort to escape, and would esteem it the greatest
favor. Lieutenant McNulty accepted the invitation, but wisely
stationed several guards outside the house. The Christmas dinner
went off merry as a marriage bell, after which the two officers took
their leave of the ladies and went to headquarters, where Captain
Murray was put under guard as a prisoner of war, and sent to
Columbus, Ohio.

General Cluseret, who had occupied Strasburg, marched to
Winchester on the 25th. On this same Christmas afternoon, the
enemy advanced with a strong force of cavalry and artillery and at-
tacked our pickets. Our battalion was in the saddle immediately and

After dinner on Christmas, eight or ten of the boys secured a pass tov. visit the
Kernstown battlefield, where our two old companies had been engaged under General
Shields in a battle with ‘‘ Stonewall’ Jackson on the 28rd of MarcH, 1862. I do not
remember the names of all of our party, but there were with us Sergeant John Holland
and Harry Linn of Company A, Lieutenants Chessrown and Keys, and Private C. E.
Rose of Company D. The battlefield was some distance beyond the pickets. We rode
out and had a delightful time, for some of the party who had been in the fight gave us.
a vivid description of the battle. On our return trip, we found a force of Rebel cavalry
between us and camp, and did not see them until within fifty yards of their battery in
our front. Then we discovered a column on our right and another on our left. We
turned to retreat; hey no_ doubt, thought we could not get away, for the field we
were in had a post-and-rail fence around it six rails high, and we were in a trap. We
all had good horses, however, and when we came to the fence every horse cleared it
beautifully. We were then_about two hundred yards from the enemy, and passing around
their left reached camp. Here we found that our comrades had all gone out to fight
the enemy. Our horses were completely exhausted after their several miles of a race; we
rode out, however, but the skirmish was over before we got there.

CAPTAIN CHESSROWN.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 87

off to Kernstown, where we kept up a lively skirmish with whe
enemy until evening, when he withdrew.

The Confederate General in his report says: “ With a regi-
ment of cavalry and a battery, I went as far as Kernstown, hoping
for an attack from their cavalry.”

Next day the enemy’s cavalry annoyed our pickets, and again
our battalion had a skirmish with them. The forces at Winchester
were augmented on the 26th by a regiment of Maryland cavalry.

On January 1st; General Milroy came and took command of
all the forces about Winchester. After we had been in Winchester
a few days, our tents and camp equipage were forwarded from
Romney. We got the impression that we were to be retained.
Our boys liked Winchester and had made the acquaintance of a
number of good loyal families, who had been very kind to our sick
men.* They also liked the Valley as a field for cavalry operations.

On the third, Captain Work’s Company, with detachments
from the other companies, made a scout to Strasburg and return,
a round trip of forty miles without stopping to feed or eat. On
the same day, our wagons were sent back to Romney under guard
of Captain Rowand’s Company. On the fifth, the battalion was
relieved by part of the Fourteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and we
received orders to march to Romney.

THE BATTALION ORDERED BACK TO ROMNEY,

The Ringgold Battalion detachment of two hundred men
marched from Winchester at ten o’clock Pp. M., January 5th, and
arrived at Romney next morning.

The repulse of the Army of the Potomac, under Burnside at
Fredericksburg, acted as a great tonic to the Rebellion. The fact
that winter was on, alone saved Maryland and Pennsylvania from
another invasion by the Confederate Army at this time.

On January 5th, General Schenck, at Harper’s Ferry, tele-
graphed President Lincoln: “ The last rail was laid to-day, com-
pleting the reconstruction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Trains will run through from Baltimore to Wheeling to-morrow.”

The enemy seriously considered an attempt to destroy this
road again, but it was guarded by strong garrisons at Harper’s
Ferry, Martinsburg and several points west of that, and now, at

* “Dec. 28, 1862. Still sick at Afflecks: They are very kind; bring me jellies and
nice things to eat, but I cannot eat. Dec. 29. The doctor sent me to the hospital
(Taylor’s Hotel). "Mrs. Gibbons, Miss Jackson, Miss Affleck and other good loyal ladies
visit the hospital and bring delicacies for the sick men.”—Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary.
88 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the opening of the new year, there was a considerable force at
Winchester, and other Federal forces at Moorfield, Petersburg
and Romney. From the beginning of the war, Moorfield had been
the rendezvous and rallying point for raids upon the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad in its Mountain Division. Its occupation by the
Union forces seriously interfered with almost every Confederate
scheme to make a raid on the railroad.

General Lee had been urging General Jones, who was in
command of the Confederate forces in the valley, to attack and
drive off the Federals from Moorfield and Petersburg. Accord-
ingly, Jones planned to make a descent upon Petersburg in the latter
part of December, and so informed Lee; but Cluseret appeared at
Strasburg in the Valley about the time Jones was ready to move,
which caused him to defer the expedition. However, on the 2nd
of January, Jones, with his own brigade of infantry, two battalions
of cavalry, and two batteries, marched on Moorfield, and reached
there on the morning of the third, having marched rapidly in order
to surprise and overcome the Federal forces there before they
could be reinforced from Petersburg.

Jones’ attack upon Moorfield was a great failure, which he
admits in his report. His artillery, upon which he had counted so
much, failed to reach the Federals, while their shots took effect in
his ranks. Meanwhile, the Federal forces at Petersburg reinforced
those at Moorfield, bringing more artillery to bear on his lines.
“Fearing they would be further reinforced from New Creek, he
(Jones) determined to withdraw.”

Jones retired up South Fork ten miles; during the night, he
was reinforced by Imboden’s command, when they determined to
renew the attack in the morning. McNeill’s Company, which had
been sent out the New Creek Road to watch, returned and reported
reinforcements from New Creek coming to the aid of the Federals.
Further attack was then abandoned, and the expedition returned
to the Valley.

The enemy had neglected to cut the telegraph line from Moor-
field. As soon as the attack began, Colonel Washburne, in com-
mand, telegraphed General Kelley of the attack. Later, Lieutenant
Powell of the Third West Virginia Cavalry, who was with Wash-
burne, telegraphed Kelley: “Oh! for the Ringgolds! There are
but twenty-five cavalry here.” This appeal of Lieutenant Powell
reached Captain Greenfield at Springfield, but it was not made
public.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 89

* All our men fit for duty were ordered out for a scout, but
we did not know where we were going. At Romney we were
joined by a good force of the Ringgold Battalion, and proceeded
on to Moorfield. In the meantime, Colonel Mulligan had tele-
graphed from Moorfield on the morning of the fifth, ‘This morning,
four miles from here, McNeill’s Cavalry attacked a small wagon-
train of Milroy’s, guarded by a platoon of Rowand’s Cavalry.
They captured the train and, I think, the cavalry. I have started
Lieutenant Myers in pursuit.’

“On our way to Moorfield, we recovered the wagons which
the enemy had captured the day before. Jones and Imboden had
gone long before we got there. We remained at Moorfield for
about a week, scouring the mountains and skirmishing with squads
of McNeill’s men almost daily.”

This attack upon Moorfield caused great activity among the
troops along the line of the railroad and in the mountain section,
as it looked like another attempt upon the railroad or an invasion
of West Virginia.

While a military post at Moorfield was valuable in blocking
Rebel raids into the Patterson Creek and New Creek valleys, yet
the maintenance of such a post, sixty miles from base of supplies,
all the way through the enemy’s country, requiring a strong cavalry
force for guard duty alone, was a burden which overbalanced the
advantage; Generals Schenck and Kelley came to this conclusion,
and Colonel Washburne was ordered to fall back to Romney.

Next day, Kelley dispatched to General Schenck: ‘“ Colonel
Washburne, in accordance with your instructions, fell back from
Moorfield and is holding Romney with his two regiments, the Ring-
gold Cavalry and a section of artillery. He cannot be withdrawn
from Romney.”

At that time, all the troops from Baltimore west, distributed
along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and at the various out-
posts in. the Middle Military Department, were called the Eighth
Corps and were under command of Major-General Robert C.
Schenck. (Vol. XXI,. 963.) Brigadier-General Kelley com-
manded a division of this corps, distinguished as “ The Railroad
Division,” extending from Harper’s Ferry west to the crest of the
Allegheny Mountains. We find the Ringgold Battalion in the First
Brigade under command of Colonel James A. Mulligan, and we

 

* Sergeant S. G. Rogers’ Journal.
90 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

find the Washington Cavalry, commanded by Captain A. J. Green-
field, in the Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Robert Bruce.

After their return from Winchester, the battalion camped
under canvas for a week, and then secured quarters in vacant
houses. Some of these houses had been occupied by other troops.
Three of our men, who were quartered in one of these houses,
found “ greybacks” in their clothing, their first experience with
that “enemy.” One pulled off his shirt and threw it on the fire;
another boiled his shirt, forgetting to remove from the pocket his
pocket-book containing his money and his girl’s picture, which were
boiled to a pulp.

There was much sickness among the troops here, especially’
among the infantry. On January 15th, one hundred and fifty sick
infantrymen were sent to the hospital at Cumberland. While at
Romney, the duty was very hard. New Creek, twenty-five miles
away, was our base of supplies, and every wagon train had to be
guarded, for the country was infested with bushwhackers and
parties of the enemy. We obtained our hay from the surrounding
country, sometimes having to travel many miles for it, requiring
more than one day to make the trip. Each hay-train had to be
guarded, for the enemy was ever attacking unguarded trains, cap-
turing horses and men. Foraging for cattle was also hazardous.
All supplies obtained from loyal citizens were paid for.

On the night of January 17, 1863, six of our men on picket
were surrounded, fired upon by a band of twenty-five bushwhackers,
wounding one of Barr’s men in the thigh and one of Smith’s men
in the arm. They took their arms and horses and let the men go.
Same day, a band of bushwhackers captured the mail from Green
Spring Run to Romney.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 91

CHAPTER VIII.

GREENFIELD’S COMPANY AT SPRINGFIELD. BAT-
TALION AT MECHANICSBURG GAP.
JANUARY 1, 1863—JUNE 12, 1863.

Soon after Captain Greenfield occupied the post at Springfield,
the detachment of New York Cavalry that at first constituted part of
his force, was ordered elsewhere. Thereafter, the entire service
required at this post devolved upon the Washington Cavalry. The
duty was heavy, as four picket posts on as many different roads
were maintained, forage and supply trains guarded and the country
thoroughly scouted.

* We were much annoyed by a gang of horse thieves that
roamed the country. On one occasion, I was one of a squad sent
out twenty-five miles to a house in the neighborhood of North River
Mills, near which this gang had their rendezvous. We had been
informed that there was to be a dance at this house on that night,
and that some of these fellows would attend. It was thought we
might catch some of them. We were after their leader, Bill Wills,
a notorious character. We started in the afternoon and arrived at
the house at 10 p. m. The officer in charge chose to remain back
and hold the horses, and ordered the squad to go straight up to the
house and enter. The squad obeyed the order, and as we went in at
one side of the house, the Rebels went out of the other side into the
darkness and were lost. The dance went on, however, regardless

of our presence. The brave officer was trie to his trust, for we
found him all right with the horses when we returned.”

The night before New Year, there was a dance at a slave cabin
south of town (Springfield), and some of the boys went out to
see how the slaves + enjoyed themselves in Dixie. They were fired
on by Rebels, and Hiram Sargent got peppered with buckshot, but
was not seriously hurt. It was not safe at any time for a small
squad to venture any distance from camp, on account of lurking
bushwhackers.

January 18th, Captain Greenfield’s supply train was attacked
and captured on the Green Spring Road. Demas Barnard of the
Washington Cavalry was mortally wounded and died soon after-

 

* Rogers.

. t This was the last night of slavery, for President Lincoln’s emancipation proclama-
tion set all slaves free on the first of January, 1863. Wherever this was known among
the negroes of the South, there was great rejoicing on this New Year’s eve.
92 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ward. The enemy took several men and all the horses. A mes-
senger hurried to camp and gave the alarm, when Captain Green-
field, with his cavalry, made a rapid pursuit and recaptured the men
and most of the horses.* When the report of the capture of Green-
field’s train reached Romney, the Ringgold Battalion was hurried
out the Winchester Road to cut off the enemy’s retreat, but failed
to find them.

Sometime after this, Captain Greenfield made a scout to North
River Mills and captured some prisoners. Bill Wills being among
the number, attempted to escape and was shot in the head by Hugh
Horn, fell from his horse and was supposed to be mortally
wounded. We left him at a house to be cared for. We afterward
learned that he recovered.

Throughout the winter, the enemy was most industrious in
circulating reports of Confederate advances in force, and in making
feints with bodies of cavalry, to make it appear to our commanders
that the reported advance was being made. General Milroy at Win-
chester and General Kelley at the railroad were kept in a ferment
by these false rumors. One day, Jones’ full force would be at
Strasburg; next day, Imboden would be at Front Royal; then a
large force at Moorfield; Jackson coming back to the valley, etc.,
etc. The cavalry was worked almost to the limit in running down
these rumors. Our boys at Romney and Springfield were in the
saddle daily. The enemy’s cavalry in small bodies annoyed our
pickets, attempting to run off their horses, or surround and capture
a picket post in the night, or capture a wagon train poorly guarded.
They avoided a collision with our forces, when pursued. Their
chief object was to annoy and to capture horses.

7 “January 21, 1863. Snow fell all night and all day. It is
ten inches deep. A big scout was to go out to-day but the order
was countermanded on account of the snow..

“January 23. Company C guarded a train to Green Spring
Run and it was bad traveling. Rumors of foreign intervention.

“Jan. 26. George Hardy and some others went down into a
well and got out forty picks and shovels the Rebs had thrown in to
keep us from getting them.

“28. Details for guard to Green Spring every day. Scout
went out to Blue’s Gap to watch Imboden.

Gaal een ee. ae commanded the enemy in this attack, was captured by

t Donaldson’s Diary.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 93

“29, Scout returned at midnight; found nothing. The Upshur
County Battery came in from New Creek to-day.

“31. A small scout sent out to take Kane. Did not find him.

“Feb. 1. ‘ Sabbath of rest to mortals given,

A foretaste of the joys of Heaven,’
but no rest for us.

“Feb. 2, 1863. Lieut. McNulty, with 20 men, went on a scout
to Capon Bridge; returned at dark, not having encountered the
enemy.

“4, Mr. Sawhill from Washington County, Pa., came on a
visit, bringing with him from the families at home, 900 pounds of
provisions for the boys; 5 boxes, 1 barrel and 1 keg; there were 30
or 40 chickens, 2 turkeys, 5 bushels of apples, pound cakes, dough-
nuts, light-bread, butter, fruit butters, honey, onions, a canteen of
wine and other things. Oh, what a treat! It came from Wood-
burns, Craigs, Milligans, McClellands, Mustards, Griffiths, etc., etc.
We are just more than full of gratitude for this donation, and long
will we remember the givers. We borrowed a violin and had a
great time playing and dancing in our (store) room, which was
crowded all day.

“Feb. 5, 1863. It snowed all day. The scout returned at
midnight, having gone out the Winchester Road, then around by
Moorfield and back by Mechanicsburg Gap, 70 miles. Another
scout went to Capon Bridge and returned at dark to-day.”

On the thirteenth, a cavalry scout from our battalion went out
at daylight and returned in the afternoon, having been bushwhacked
in Blue’s Gap; when they were all fairly within the Gap, forty or
fifty bushwhackers, concealed behind the rocks high up, fired on
our men at a distance of twenty or thirty rods, and, strange to say,
not a man was hit. A shot struck Joe Starr’s horse in the pastern
and almost cut its foot off. Joe jumped off, ran out of the Gap, and
jumped on behind Dave Ralston. The horse followed on three
legs for several miles. The boys took off the saddle and bridle and
saved them. Next day, all the available cavalry started for Blue’s
Gap at 6 o’clock in the morning. About 150 infantry had marched
at midnight. They returned in the evening, having found nothing.
The cavalry had marched sixty miles.

Feb. 16, 1863. A scout of seventy-five cavalry went out North
River. A train of twenty-two wagons with a guard of seventy-five of
the —th Ohio Infantry and six cavalrymen from the Ringgold Bat-
talion, all under command of Captain —-———_——, of the infantry,
94. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

went out Patterson’s Creek for hay. This train loaded the hay in
Patterson’s Creek Valley, and then proceeded up the creek and turned
to the east along the Northwestern Pike to the junction and then to
the north down the road toward Romney. The small squad of cay-
alry, in command of Sergeant Moffit of Company A, rode a consid-
erable distance in front as an advance guard. The infantrymen
climbed up on top of the loads, sat down in the hay and made them-
selves comfortable.

Captain Jesse McNeill, with twenty-nine of his men, had come
there that morning and concealed themselves on a low ridge near
the road to watch for small parties of cavalry that might pass that
way, for the purpose of securing some horses and arms. As the
hay train came by, he studied it carefully, noting the very com-
fortable soldiering of the infantry sitting in the hay. The train
halted at the creek, a short distance ahead, and the teamsters began
to water the horses. McNeill then brought his command down into
the road, out of sight, mounted and charged the train, capturing
the whole outfit, except the cavalry squad, which was some distance
ahead. The infantrymen asserted that their captain never gave a
command. On hearing the firing and yelling, Sergeant Hopkins
Moffit and John S. Yohe, of the advance guard, rode back to find
the train and guard in the hands of the enemy, who were busily
unhitching the teams and setting fire to the wagons. Moffit and
Yohe opened a vigorous fire on the Rebels from their carbines,
hastening their departure and saving three of the wagons.

A report of this capture reached camp at 3 Pp. M. Within a
very short time, all the available men of the battalion were mounted
and, under command of Captain Young, set out at high speed to
the scene of the capture. Here they found nineteen burned wagons
and three that had not been fired. The enemy had an hour and a
half start of our pursuing force; after following for a few miles,
Captain Young, considering further pursuit useless, returned to
camp. Eight of the captured teams (thirty-two horses) belonged
to our battalion. We were obliged to get citizens’ wagons and
teams to haul our hay until the 25th, when we obtained new
wagons and teams.

BATTLE OF PANCAKE GAP,

* On the 24th of February, 1863, Captain Work, with twenty-
five men from his own company, went on a scout in search of bands
*D. A. Scott, Company C.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 95

of the enemy that had been prowling around, attacking an exposed
picket in the darkness, or waylaying small foraging parties that
happened to get beyond the lines. It was believed that there was
a considerable body of these marauders quartered in the mountains
somewhere within striking distance of our camp. After going a
number of miles in the direction of Moorfield, the captain concluded
to divide the detachment, he taking twelve men and going one way,
and Lieutenant Welch in command of the other thirteen men taking
an old untraveled road running parallel with and between the “ old ”
and the “new ” Moorfield roads. Following this obscure road for
several miles, Lieutenant Welch’s party came to a small settlement.
In one of the houses was a woman weaving cloth on a hand loom.
Some of the boys stopped to see the performance. About the time
they entered the front door of the house, a “ Johnny ” went out of
the rear door, and, keeping the house between himself and our men,
he sticceeded in getting two-thirds way across a cleared field un-
observed, when two of our men saw him and gave chase and had
come within fifty yards of him when he reached the timber and large
rocks, through which horseback pursuit would be impossible. Seeing
this, one of our boys dismounted and sent a carbine ball after him,
which caught his arm and left it dangling at his side. Our little com-
mand then moved on and had not gone more than a mile when, reach-
ing the top of a high hill, they saw at its base some distance away,
what appeared to be a bunch of schoolboys, snow-balling ; while we
were looking at them, the “ Johnny” with the crippled arm came
within hailing distance of them and yelled: “There are a hundred
Yankees on the hill above you.” They rushed into the house, got
their guns and took down the ravine, and we after them. They ran
for a gap in the mountain, and just as they reached it, we came up
to them, and then for a few minutes there was one of the liveliest
little battles of the war. Although there were about thirty-five of
them and but thirteen of us, we captured two, wounded four, and
the rest escaped to the mountain fastnesses beyond our reach. Not
a man of our number received a scratch.

CAMP MOVED TO MECHANICSBURG GAP.

About the first of March, Colonel Jacob Campbell, commanding
a brigade of infantry, and one battery of artillery, was ordered to
encamp at Mechanicsburg Gap across the river and about one mile
from Romney. 3

On the 17th of March, our battalion was ordered to move across
96 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the river and encamp beside Colonel Campbell’s brigade. While
crossing the river with the battalion, David Griffith, of Work’s
Company, was drowned. His horse got into deep water and plunged,
and in the struggle, got Griffith under him, and he was drowned right
there in sight of and within a few feet of his comrades.

On the 24th of March, Charles ‘W. Bayne and Frank Laycock,
of Greenfield’s Company, while carrying the mail from Springfield
to Green Spring, were waylaid in the road when near the latter place,
and their surrender demanded. Driving the spurs into their horses,
they dashed ahead and were fired upon, Bayne being seriously
wounded, and also his horse. He clung to the mail and to his horse
until beyond the range of his assailants. We will let him tell the
story:

“Frank Laycock and I were detailed to carry the mail from
Springfield to Green Spring Run (Station) on the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad. After leaving camp a few miles, we carried our
revolvers in our hands, well knowing the danger, and so carried
them until within less than a mile of our pickets. We were riding
along at the base of the mountain on a very narrow piece of road
with a very high bank below the road on our right and a dense
growth of laurel on our left. Just after we had crossed a small
corduroy bridge, we were halted from the rear ; turning to the right
on my horse, I saw a man under the edge of the bridge with his gun
looking me in the face. I threw up my right hand and spurred my
horse, which plunged forward, while at the same instant, the man
fired (a charge of buckshot) striking me three times in the right
arm and once in the breast. My horse had run but a short distance
when the second man fired, four balls striking me in the back of the
head, one through the shoulder and three in my back, my horse also
receiving a ball through the top of the withers. My horse ran at the
top of his speed, which kept me from fainting; in crossing a small
rivulet in the road, he stumbled and fell, throwing me over his head
in the road, where Laycock found me when he came up, not knowing
that I had been shot. I was unable to walk and Laycock started for
the picket post to get help, when he met a squad of soldiers coming
out, my horse having run into their camp, giving evidence that some-
body had been shot.”

THE PURGITSVILLE FIGHT.

It will seem to the reader that Kelley’s little army in the moun-
tains had taken a contract to furnish the Rebel army with horses.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 97

The trouble resulted from what General Kelley called “ careless-
ness,” or what might be better named “ foolhardiness” in sending
out foraging trains without sufficient guard.

On the morning of April 6th, a foraging train under command
of Lieutenant Speer, with forty of our men as guard, was sent out.
On the same morning, a scout of fifty cavalrymen under Lieutenant
Myers was sent to Moorfield. The foraging train was attacked,
the horses, wagons and eleven men captured. Colonel Campbell,
commanding the post, says in his report:

“ Learning that Speer had been attacked, I promptly dispatched
all my available cavalry under command of Captain Work, out
the Moorfield Road, followed by 400 of the 54th Pennsylvania Volun-
teers, 200 of the First Virginia Volunteers, and one section of the
Upshur Battery, Captain Moore, all under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Linton, of the 54th.

“Near Purgitsville, about fifteen miles from this post, Captain
Work met Lieutenant Myers falling back before a force of 300 of
the enemy’s cavalry. . . . Captain Work concealed the main
body of his men off from, but near the road, and as the enemy ad-
vanced along the road, charged on them, throwing them into con-
fusion, killing three, capturing three, and wounding fourteen. Three
of our men were wounded in the gallant charge, but not dangerously.
The Rebels beat a hasty retreat toward Moorfield. The infantry
and artillery came up as rapidly as possible, but the enemy was in
full retreat before they arrived. It being quite dark by this time,
the whole force camped for the night.

“ At daybreak next morning, the command started toward Moor-
field. A short distance beyond Going’s Ford, they found about 200
of the enemy camped on the opposite side of the river, at a point
where it could not be forded. Captain Moore immediately brought
up his artillery, and sent a few well-directed shells into their camp,
causing them to leave precipitately, leaving behind in their flight a
quantity of stores, grain and forage, with the wagons they had cap-
tured from Lieutenant Speer.

“A small force of cavalry and 150 infantry crossed the river, the
latter in small boats, and totally destroyed their camp with all the
stores and the wagons which they could not bring off.”

Lieutenant Myers, on reaching Moorfield, had learned that the
enemy had a force of 500 cavalry. He then turned and came back
several miles, where he halted to feed. In a few minutes, the Rebel
cavalry, several hundred strong, were seen coming at a double quick.
98 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Our men mounted and fell back lively, halting occasionally at a bend
in the road to give their pursuers a volley. The enemy followed
until within a mile or so of Purgitsville, where they halted as if to
give up the chase.*

Myers came on to Purgitsville, where he met Captain Work,
who took command of all the cavalry, and immediately moved a
short distance to one side of the road and formed. He then sent
a detachment under command of Lieutenant Welch to go forward,
raise the enemy and then retreat, leading their pursuers past the,
reserve, when the latter would charge after them and cut off their
chance of escape.

Welch proceeded out over the hill with the detachment, hav-
ing as an advance guard, two well-mounted picked men, Sergeants
Donaldson and Kelley, of his own company. This advance guard,
in their eagerness to stir up the game, soon got hundreds of yards
ahead of the detachment, and passing down into the next valley,
espied the enemy. Moving up within range, unobserved, they fired
on the “ Johnnies ” and then galloped back with the whole cavalcade
in hot pursuit. As they approached, Welch turned and fell back
rapidly ; his rear-guard soon became hard pressed when they halted,
fired and closed with the advance troopers of the enemy in a hand-
to-hand fight, in which James Woodburn was shot in the shoulder
and his horse and arms taken. Sergeant Webb French shot the man
who wounded Woodburn, but was himself seriously wounded.
Sergeant Sam Kelley was in the midst of this mélée, and after
emptying his revolver point blank at his antagonists, seized his
empty carbine, in lieu of a saber, and wielded it right and left with
telling effect, peeling the scalp of one of his victims, a lieutenant,
The Rebels halted but a minute here, and then charged on after the
rest of our detachment, who went flying by where Work’s men
were posted. But, unfortunately, as the advance “ Johnnies” were
passing in their hot pursuit, a drunken soldier in Work’s command
fired on them, and thus exposed the trap, resulting in the sudden
halt of their advance, which thus choked up the narrow road. Into
this, Work’s command now charged. There was a short and sharp
hand-to-hand pistol and saber conflict, the Confederates fighting
desperately, but only waiting until they could extricate themselves
from the tangle, when they broke away in great disorder. In

* Captain Kuykendall, who commanded the Confederates here, explains that his

command became so scattered in the chase that he halted to gather force enough to
charge again.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 99

the first minute or two of the clash, all revolvers and guns were
emptied, and the “ Johnnies,” aware of this, ignored the demand
to surrender, but spurred their horses and dashed away; then it
became a question of the faster horse and the saber. Lieutenant
George Gass and Sergeant Boyd Hedge tried the speed of their
horses after a well-mounted Confederate, who refused to listen to
their emphatic demands for surrender until they reached him with
their sabers, when he capitulated promptly.

W. H. Wickerham, familiarly known as “Tip”? Wickerham,
captured a prisoner and started back with him; becoming less vigi-
lant as he approached the rear, Wickerham was caught off his guard
for an instant by the big Rebel, who jumped on him and choked him,
both falling from their horses in the struggle, when the prisoner
jumped up and escaped into the bushes.

With better weather during the month of April, came also more
constant duty at picketing, scouting, train guard, mail guard, etc.
The mountain brush seemed to be full of Rebels. Stragglers but a
few rods away from the line would often be picked up and spirited
away through the brush. While the cavalry was doing most of the
field work, the infantry was doing picketing and was being drilled
thoroughly, in anticipation of the summer campaigns.

On April 25th, a scout went out in the morning and at dark,
a messenger came in for reinforcements, and another detachment
was sent out. Next morning, a scout of eighty-five men under Cap-
tain Barr and Lieutenant Myers was ordered to go to Williamsport.
At Burlington, on our way, we caught sight of four men who
mounted and got away in great haste. We immediately gave chase
and followed them five miles, gaining on them until we discovered
they were our own men, who thought we were Rebels and tried to
get away, and we thought they were “ Rebs ” and tried to capture
them. In the chase, Lieutenant Myers’ horse fell and threw him.
A quartermaster and an infantry. lieutenant, also one of Company
A’s men, checked up to see if Myers was hurt, and thus they all fell
some distance behind, when a dozen Rebels came out of the bushes
and captured them, rushing them back through the brush and hiding

On the 1st of February, 1864, Corporal W. H. H. Wickerham was in command
of the advance pickets on Patterson Creek above Burlington, when a body of Rosser’s
Confederate cavalry charged precipitately on the pickets, driving them back on the
reserve, In this skirmish, Wickerham and four others were captured. As these prisoners
were being taken back, they passed the scene of the Purgitsville fight of April 6, 1863. _

One of the guards remarked, ‘“ There’s the place where one of our men choked his
Yankee captor to death and escaped. Wickerham asked if the man’s name was Baker.
The guard answered, ‘“‘ Yes. What do you know about it?” ‘‘ Well,” said Tip, “I
am that Yankee, and I have Baker’s carbine, with his name engraved in the stock,
in my quarters back at camp.”
100 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

in the mountain. When the news of their capture reached us, squads
of men hurried through the brush and over the hills in different
directions in search of them and their captors, but failed to find
them.

The men rallied at Burlington late in the day, when Lieutenant
McNulty, with some more men joined us and the command went
on to Williamsport, arriving there at 10 Pp. M. We learned that 2,000
Rebel cavalry and mounted infantry passed through there in the
afternoon. Returned to camp at Mechanicsburg Gap, arriving at
daybreak on the 26th.

CONFEDERATE RAID THROUGH WEST VIRGINIA. APRIL, 1863.

The Confederate General, W. E. Jones, after his unsuccessful
expedition against Moorfield, January 2nd-5th, returned to the
Shenandoah Valley in the neighborhood of New Market, where he
maintained his base or camp all winter, from which bodies of his
cavalry were active scouting down the valley and into the mountain
sections on either side.

General Lee’s instructions to him were to drive the Federal
forces out of their advanced positions—Moorfield, Petersburg, Win-
chester, etc., and if he could not force them to retire, to curtail their
operations as much as possible. During the winter, Jones’ force was
recruited up and otherwise enlarged, and drilled a great deal in
preparation for some active work the following spring.

General Jones felt keenly the failure of his expedition to Moor-
field, and immediately began hatching a scheme that would retrieve
his lost prestige. He was “ evolving a plan” to so utterly destroy
the bridges, trestles, tunnels and property of the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad through the mountain division, that it could not be
used for the next six months. He had studied all the known means
of destroying iron bridges, tunnels, etc., and his plans, which had
the approval of General Lee, were well laid.

He started on the 21st of April with his whole available force
of several thousand men, leaving in the valley only such men and
horses as were not strong enough for the hard expedition. He had
arranged with Imboden, who was advancing by a different route, to
join him down the Monongahela River. When Jones arrived at
Greenland Gap on the 25th, he was much surprised to find the posi-
tion occupied by some Federal infantry.

Captain Martin Wallace, with his own company of fifty-two
men from the 28rd Illinois Infantry, familiarly known as Colonel
RAID THROUGH WEST VA., APRIL, 1863. 101

“ Mulligan’s Irish Brigade,” had been sent to occupy the gap a few
days previous. At noon that day, he learned from a loyal citizen
that a strong force of the enemy was approaching. He sent scouts
out to keep a lookout for the enemy, and set about preparing to re-
ceive them. Later in the afternoon, he was joined by a squad of
thirty-four men from the 14th West Virginia Infantry, under Cap-
tain Smith.

Wallace posted his men in a log church at the mouth of the
gap, and also occupied two log houses that stood near. He removed
the chinking between some of the logs for port-holes, and barricaded
the doors and windows. Soon his scouts returned in great haste,
reporting the enemy as very near and advancing rapidly. Shortly
the enemy’s cavalry came charging through the gap, and when within
seventy-five yards, Wallace’s men opened fire on them; the enemy
continued on until within some twenty yards, when they broke and
fled. Presently they charged again, with the same result.

Then Jones demanded an immediate surrender, stating that his
force numbered thousands, and it was useless for them to resist.
“This was scornfully refused,” and the attack was renewed. Jones
sent another flag of truce, demanding surrender and stating that he
would not be responsible for the consequences if they refused and
made it necessary for him to take the place by assault. To this the
plucky Captain Wallace replied: “We are Mulligan’s men and we
will not surrender while there remains a crust or a cartridge, until
we are compelled to.”

Jones then asked for a truce to allow him to remove his
wounded. A half-hour was granted. After this the enemy kept up
desultory firing until the approach of night, when they made an
assault in the darkness, breaking in the windows, setting the house
on fire and placing a keg of powder under the building to blow it up.
Wallace then surrendered, throwing his arms in the fire to be de-
stroyed. Of the Union force, two were killed and four wounded.
The enemy reported nine killed and forty wounded.

“The stubborn resistance of the Federals greatly enraged the
Confederates, who had suffered much the greater loss. -Some in-
sisted that the prisoners should be killed, but General Jones said:
‘They fought like brave men and did their duty. They shall have
honorable treatment.’ ”

The Confederate plans for the expedition over the mountains
into the Monongahela Valley to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad had been kept such a profound secret that the first thing
102 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

General Kelley knew of it was when Imboden attacked Beverly and
drove our forces from there on the 24th. He immediately sent
Colonel Mulligan with a considerable force to Grafton, and thence
to march to Phillippi. The next day, like a bolt of thunder from a
clear sky, came the assault and capture of Greenland Gap by Gen-
eral Jones’ expedition. *Cavalry scouts were sent out through
Hampshire and Hardy counties to discover what forces of the
enemy, if any, were there; these returned with correct information
that Jones had gone west on an expedition of railroad destruction,
and that his artillery and a strong reserve were at Moorfield. This
reserve left Moorfield on the morning of the 27th, Major Adams,
of the first New York Cavalry entering the place soon after their
departure.

The valor of “ Mulligan’s Men” at Greenland Gap caused
Jones to +} “ experience an unfortunate detention of four hours, de-
priving us (Confederates) of important captures afterward.”

Jones hurried on to the railroad, destroying the company’s
property at Oakland and Altamont, and “ but for the delay at Green-
land, would have captured a train of officers belonging to Mulligan’s
command.”

The brave Wallace was “ building better than he knew,” while
holding out against a force twenty-five times as great as his little
band, for he thus delivered his fellow-officers in the railroad train
from the clutches of the enemy.

Jones’ men next attacked Rowlesburg, but Major Showalter,
with 250 of the 6th West Virginia Infantry, put up such a stiff fight
that the enemy withdrew and went to Morgantown, destroying
bridges and trestles as they went.

Here they were getting dangerously near to Western Pennsyl-
vania. Crossing the Monongahela, they went up to Fairmont, where
they met some opposition, which they drove off, destroyed the iron
railroad bridge over the river, and then, disappointed at the failure
of Imboden to unite with him, Jones began to fall back south, lest
the gathering forces of Federals should cut him off. He marched

~ April 27. All our battalion that had horses fit, also the First West Virginia
Legs and part of the 54th Pennsylvania, went out to meet General Kelley at Green-
an ap.

April 28. A scout went ten miles up the river and took 60 head of cattle that
were intended for the enemy.

April 29. Our forces came back at midnight. Lieutenant Myers, with those cap-
tured with him, got back to camp to-day. They were paroled by Captain Kirkendale.
He says that they were well used.

t+ Jones’ Report.
RAID THROUGH WEST VA., APRIL, 1863. 103

day and night, avoiding places occupied by Federal forces, reaching
Buckhannon on May 2nd, where he found Imboden’s command.

In this expedition, Jones reported that he destroyed nine
bridges and captured two railroad trains. His expedition, made for
the express purpose of so disabling the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
as to deprive the National Government of its use as a military road
for the next six months, failed to accomplish its purpose; for North-
ern energy, with its ample resources, immediately replaced the
bridges with strong trestles and within a week or two, the trains
were running over the road as usual.

As a foraging expedition, it was more successful, as Jones re-
ports having brought off a large number of cattle and horses.

The expedition returned to the valley by a southern route, to
avoid collision with our forces who were keeping a lookout for them
in case they returned by the way they went.

A FORTNIGHT AT GREENLAND GAP WATCHING FOR JONES.

(From Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary.)

May. 1, 1863. In camp at Mechanicsburg Gap. Heavy details
for train guard and scout duty. Train with strong guard went up
Patterson’s Creek to Mrs. Pierce’s for hay; returned at 10 p. m.

May 2. Hay train went to Ridgeville to-day. Peach and service
trees in full bloom.

May 3. Sabbath. At two o’clock, all the cavalry ordered out
with three days’ rations. We could only raise 100 men in camp
with horses fit to go, as many of the men are guarding train to
New Creek to-day. Left camp at four o’clock, taking the howitzer
along. Caught up with 200 of the First Virginia Regiment on
Patterson’s Creek, two miles above Burlington; halted at 10 pv. m.,
six miles from Burlington, and camped. At midnight, Lieutenant
McNulty, with thirty-five men from the train, joined us.

May 4. Moved on and fed at Williamsport. Arrived in
Greenland at noon, where we found the 126th Ohio Infantry and
6th West Virginia Battery. Here we saw the effects of the battle of
the 25th. Only the foundation of the log church which served
Mulligan’s band as a fort, remains; seventeen dead horses, killed
in that fray, are being burned.

May 5. Captain Hart with a force of fifty men, started early
for Seneca Gap to blockade it. Lieutenant McNulty took a detach-
ment of the cavalry to guard a train back; escorted the train nine
miles and returned, and was then ordered to take a squad and pro-
104. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ceed to Moorfield after night with a message for Milroy’s men.
McNulty, always considerate of his men, treated us all to dinner.

May 6. Twelve of us on picket at Mrs. Babbs, near Green-
land Gap.

May 7%. Several officers ate dinner here (at Mrs. Rabb’s)
to-day. The 126th Ohio and four pieces of the battery left for
New Creek. We get our meals at Mrs. Babb’s and are allowed to
sleep on the parlor floor. She is a young and accomplished widow,
and a loyal Unionist. She has suffered much on that account; on
the last Rebel raid, they stole all her horses. Mr. Rinehart brought
his valuable stallion into camp to keep the Rebs from getting him.

May 9. Still on picket. Captain Young took away five of our
squad, leaving but six and a corporal at the post. One of the Ring-
golds, named French, and another soldier, wandered out of camp
to-day and were bushwhacked. French being killed. Moved my
picket back nearer the Gap.

May. 10. A scout in command of Lieutenant Hinkle went to
Moorfield and returned, reporting some Rebel cavalry there.

May 11. Relieved from picket this afternoon. Brought in a
conscript. The teams went to Romney for cooking utensils this
afternoon.

May 12. Detailed with one of Milroy’s scouts to make trip of
some miles back into the country yesterday. Detailed with train
guard under command of Lieutenant McNulty, as convoy for wagons
going for corn.

May 13. Yesterday the mail-guard to Green Spring, consisting
of five men from Work’s Company—Corporal Robert G. Rush, J. J.
Hunter, J. W. Oliver, H. Porter and W.
H. Rose—when within four miles of the
station, were captured by a squad of
Rebels who had been hiding in the
bushes, awaiting their approach. Sev-
eral Rebels stepped out in front of them,
while others stepped in their rear, get-
ting the drop on our boys, who halted
and gave up their arms. Corporal Rush,
who had the mail sack under him, struck
his spurs into his horse and throwing
himself forward on the saddle, dashed
away in attempt to escape. One of
the Rebs drew his gun, and, taking de-

 

 

Corporal Robert G. Rush.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 105

liberate aim, held until Rush was about seventy-five yards away,
when the latter, probably thinking he was at a safe distance, raised his
head slightly and the Rebel fired, shooting Rush through the head
and killing him instantly. It is said that the 54th Pennsylvania
Regiment had two thousand dollars in that mail, being sent home
after pay-day. Corporal Rush was well aware of the valuable mail
in his care, and forfeited his life in an effort to carry through for
the dependent wives and children, these savings from the scant
wages of soldier husband and father. The body, in charge of a
guard of comrades, was taken back to his Washington County home.
A great concourse of citizens attended his funeral and followed
the remains to the family burial lot in Old Grove Church Cemetery
at West Middletown. A large and beautiful monument marks the
grave of this brave soldier.

May 15. At three o’clock, our command (all cavalry) marched
for Romney. Came as far as Mrs. Davis’s and camped. Captain
McElroy, with 100 men, remained to guard the Gap. They are
building a block-house. Our men captured two bushwhacker horse
thieves named Lloyd.

* May 16. Marched on, arriving in Camp Keys at two o'clock.
Lieutenant Gibson and another of our men were captured and pa-
roled this evening on the Knobley Road, two miles from the Gap.
Oliver and Porter, of the paroled mail guard, started for home this
evening. c

May 17. Lord’s Day. Clear and delightful. There is a strik-
ing and beautiful contrast in the mountain foliage, between the dark
green of the pines and the young and tender light green of the other
trees. Wild flowers are blooming in profusion, and beauty is every-
where. On picket at Cherry’s on the Green Spring Road, four of
us cavalry and ten of the infantry. We stand two hours on and six
hours off.

May 19. Levi Scott, James Woodburn and I obtained passes
and went to Romney. We called at Mr. Allen’s and Miss Allen sang
and played the piano for us. Most of the songs were strong

 

* Lieutenant James Gibson and James Kearney had been sent with some papers to
New Creek on the 15th. Next day, as they were returning to camp by the Knobley
Road, when within two miles of camp, two Rebel soldiers appeared in the road in front
of them. Gibson said to Kearney: ‘‘ We'll not let two Rebs take us,” and then
charged right forward. Instantly a number of Rebs jumped into the road from the brush
on either side, and “got the drop” on the “ Yanks,” when they surrendered their

orses and arms, Just then some mounted men wearing blue coats came galloping down

the road. The captors made off through the brush with the horses, while Gibson and
Kearney dropped Aor among the bushes until the mounted men, who proved to be
Rebels ‘also, a passed, when they made their escape and came to camp minus horses
and arms,
106 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“secesh.” They treated us nicely, however, and are very clever
people.

May 24. Sabbath. Reverends Meloy and James Carson, from
our dear old homeland, are here preaching to the soldiers. Meloy
preached at nine o’clock in the morning and Carson at five in
the afternoon. This Sabbath appears to me more like the thing.
(These ministers seem to have remained for some time, as on the
28th he writes again.) We put up a booth or shelter for preaching
by putting six posts and covering the top with bushes.

May 31. Two of Greenfield’s men came in last night with word
that a company of Rebels were near Springfield. A scout, consist-
‘ing of a detail of eighteen men from each company, all under com-
mand of Captain Keys, started out at daylight. We went out twelve
miles from Romney ; a squad of our command going to a blacksmith
shop, found ten Rebels with twenty conscripts, whom they attacked
and scattered in every direction before the rest of the command
came up. We then charged after them three miles, capturing three
men and seven horses. Greenfield’s men captured Lieutenant Blue
and one other. Arrived in camp at sunset.

Harry Linn, of Company A, with five men, went on a scout to
Moorfield at night. Mike Core with three of Chessrown’s Com-
pany and myself, went on a scout out the Grassy Lick Road toward
Wardensville, twenty-five or thirty miles.

June 1 to 12. Mechanicsburg Gap camp. Scouts daily, mostly
to the south and east, Lost River, Moorfield, etc., etc. Vigilant pick-
eting on all roads. Every train well guarded.

Early in June, Lieutenant Crago, with a cavalry detachment
of forty men, was sent on a scout to the “ Mouth of Seneca” to
communicate with Captain Harper, whose force of “Swamp
Dragons” (Loyal Home Guards) was reported as threatened by
the enemy.

On the second day out, as this scout approached their destina-
tion, they were fired upon by parties concealed in the bushes on the
mountain side. Crago * moved his men forward out of range and

*“ Most of the scouting parties sent out consisted of from 25 to 50 picked cavalry-
men in command of a captain or lieutenant, and would often make a journey of 40 to 50
miles, returning within 24 hours. At times we were exposed to the fire of bushwhackers
from the mountain side as we rode along the mountain path or trail. uite a number of
the Ringgold boys fell by the bullets of this unseen and cowardly foe. There was a
great deal of this kind of warfare in the mountains of West Virginia, and all who
experienced it will testify that it took more nerve to march along these lonely mountain
paths, not knowing what moment the sneaking foe would fire from ambush, than it did
to enter the hotly contested battle, where whole armies were engaged. I have experienced
both, and am free to say that I greatly prefer the latter—though I have no strong desire
for either.”—Lieutenant F. H. Crago.
THE RINGGOLD BATTALION. 107

dismounted a detachment to scour the mountain. Just then his at-
tention was attracted to a house some distance away where a man
was gesticulating wildly and shouting at the top of his voice, “ For
God’s sake, don’t fire; they are your own men!” This proved to
be correct, for they were Captain Harper’s men, who had mistaken
our force for Rebels whom they were expecting to attack them.
Captain Harper was much worried over the mistake, but glad none of
our men had been shot, attributing our escape to the fact that his men
had just been supplied with Government guns, and had fired too
high, remarking further, “ Every man of them could kill his squirrel
at a hundred yards with his old rifle.’ The Rebels had disappeared
from that vicinity. After obtaining important information, the scout
returned to camp at Mechanicsburg Gap, where they found the men
breaking camp to fall back to New Creek.
108 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER IX.

LEE’S INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA—GETTYSBURG
CAMPAIGN. JUNE, JULY, 1863.

On the 28th of April, General Hooker, with the Army of the
Potomac, had advanced and engaged Lee’s Army for five days in
the Battle of Chancellorsville, one of the bloodiest conflicts of the
war, in which the losses of both armies were very great, the Con-
federate General “ Stonewall” Jackson being among the killed.
Hooker was defeated and fell back to his former position on the
north side of the Rappahannock, and Lee re-occupied the works and
camps about Fredericksburg on the opposite side of the river.

Thus the two great armies lay watching each other during the
month of May, the cavalry of each making extensive raids around
the lines of the other.

Toward the close of May, General Hooker became convinced
that his opponent was preparing for some great movement. From
certain information that came to him, and frorn a close observation
of all indications, he was led to believe that it would be another
invasion of the North, and so advised the Department at Washing-
ton. The latter did not agree with Hooker’s surmise, but took the
position that Lee’s experience in the Antietam campaign of the pre-
vious summer would deter him from another such movement.

Hooker’s prediction proved to be correct, for just such a move-
ment was being urged by the Confederate Government as a political
expedient rather than as a wise military measure. :

On the 8rd of June, General Lee began to draw his forces
quietly toward Culpepper Court House, leaving Hill’s Corps at Fred-
ericksburg to disguise his movement. By the 8th of June, Ewell’s
and Longstreet’s Corps were at Culpepper, well on the way to the
Blue Ridge gaps opening into the valley.

FORTIFYING PITTSBURGH.

The War Department at Washington now began to get busy.
On June 7th, General Halleck, of the War Department, ordered
Captain Comstock, of the Corps of Engineers, to “ Repair to the
City of Pittsburgh, Pa., and make preparations for the defense of
that place against a possible Rebel raid.”

On the next day, June 8th, Halleck ordered Brigadier General
Barnard to “ immediately proceed to Pittsburgh, Pa., and advise with
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA JUNE, JULY, 1863. 109

Captain Comstock, Corps of Engineers, in regard to the best means
to be adopted for the defense of that place. It is not anticipated that
any hostile demonstration will be made against Pittsburg, other than
a mere raid, and as any projected works must he constructed by the
voluntary labor of the citizens, the projected defenses should be of
limited extent and of the most simple character—mere earthern bat-
teries and rifle-pits. Captain Comstock is charged with laying out
these works, and you will remain there only long enough to give him
the benefit of your advice and experience, after which you will re-
turn to Washington, where your presence is deemed necessary at
the present crisis. Brigadier General Brooks has been appointed to
the command of the Department of the Monongahela, of which
Pittsburgh is the headquarters, etc.”

The following letter explains the cause of the foregoing activity :

Washington, June 10, 1863, 10:45 a. M.
Maj. Gen. W. T. H. Brooks,
‘Monongahela House,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Intelligence received this evening of the enemy’s de-
signs, makes it certain that you can not be too early or too busily at
work, as Pittsburgh will certainly be the point aimed at by Stuart’s
raid, which may daily be expected. You should frankly inform the
people of Pittsburgh that they must be at work.

Epwin M. Stanton,
Secretary of War.

This was a false alarm as Stuart was still on the Rappahannock,
having fought the Battle of Brandy Station the day previous to Sec-
retary Stanton’s dispatch; and thereafter was set to guard the gaps
of the Blue Ridge to prevent any Union troops from crossing into
the valley.

On June 10th, Ewell’s Corps of the Confederate Army, fol-
lowed by Longstreet’s Corps, moved forward through the gaps of
the Blue Ridge into the Shenandoah Valley, and marched directly
for Winchester. Previous to this General Jenkins, with his brigade
of cavalry, had been sent to Strasburg to co-operate with the in-
fantry upon their arrival, and General Imboden had been sent to the
South Branch of the Potomac in Hampshire County, with the fol-
lowing orders:
110 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Hdgqrs. Army of N. Va., June 7, 1863.
Brig. Gen. J. D. Imboden,
Comdg. North Western Brigade.

General: In view of operations in the Shenandoah Valley, I
desire you to attract the enemy’s attention in Hampshire County, and
to proceed down to Romney or such other point as you may con-
sider best calculated for the purpose. . . . In attracting their
attention and detaining whatever force they may have at New
Creek, Cumberland, Cacapon, etc., you will, of course, do them all
the injury in your power by striking them a damaging blow at any
point where opportunity offers, and where you deem most practi-
cable. It will be important, if you can accomplish it, to destroy
some of the bridges so as to prevent communication and the transfer
of reinforcements to Martinsburg. After accomplishing what you
can in Hampshire, should you find it practicable or advantageous,
you can co-operate with any troops that you may find operating in
the valley. I desire you to move into Hampshire as soon as pos-
sible.

I am respectfully, etc.,
R. E. Lee,

General.

It will be remembered that on the morning of December 23,
1862, two hundred troopers of the Ringgold Battalion, under com-
mand of Captain John Keys, rode into the City of Winchester at one
side, while the rear-guard of the enemy’s cavalry hastened out at the
opposite side.

Nine days later, General Milroy arrived with a considerable
force of infantry and some cavalry and took command, relieving the
Ringgolds, who returned to Romney. General Milroy had continued
to occupy the place as an outpost, with a varying force, and had kept
a vigilant watch on the movements of the enemy when they ventured
north of Strasburg and Front Royal. The enemy’s force maintained
in the upper valley during the winter and spring under command of
Generals Jones and Imboden, ranged from 2,000 to 3,000 men of all
arms. The Union forces at Winchester were at all times large
enough to resist attack by these combined forces.

General Halleck, of the War Department, had repeatedly ad-
vised the evacuation of Winchester, urging that the maintenance of
an outpost there was of little value. General Milroy thought other-
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA JUNE, JULY, 1863. 111

wise, and did not like to forsake the loyal people of the city, who
looked to him for protection.

General Schenck, in command of that department, sent word
to Milroy to send his supplies to Harper’s Ferry for safekeeping,
and be ready to quit the place at short notice. General Milroy
replied that he could hold the place against any force that would
probably attack him. He did not know that the whole Confed-
erate army was moving against him. A reconnaissance sent up the
valley on the 12th of June, returned and reported to General Mil-
roy that the enemy was advancing in force. That evening, Milroy
telegraphed for specific orders, but before the orders were sent, the
Confederate advance had cut the wires and the orders were never
received.

Milroy’s effective force at this time was something less than
7,000 men. Next day, General Ewell, with a large part of Lee’s
Army, invested the place. General Milroy occupied the forts. Dur-
ing the 14th, the enemy attacked with great vigor, subjecting Mil-
roy’s forces to a terrific bombardment and making repeated assaults,
capturing some of the outer works. At one o’clock that night, Mil-
roy spiked his guns, drowned his powder, abandoned his stores, train
and all his artillery, and silently marched out in retreat, but soon
encountered a strong force of the enemy, through which he cut his

_ way and escaped, losing nearly one-half of his force as prisoners.

WE FALL BACK TO THE RAILROAD.

On June 14th, twenty-four hours after the enemy reached Win-
chester and while Ewell’s cannon were raining shells into Milroy’s
forts, General Schenck issued the following order to General
Kelley, who sent copies to each military post in his department:

“General Schenck orders all troops and stores west of Mar-
tinsburg to Grafton. You will therefore move without delay to
the point indicated.”

Colonel Campbell of the 54th Pennsylvania Infantry who com-
manded the post at Mechanicsburg Gap, where the Ringgold Bat-
talion had been stationed since the 17th of March, received a copy
of this order.

Imboden, with his Northwestern brigade, had appeared on the
opposite (eastern) side of the South Branch Potomac, several days
previous to this, and it was generally believed that his force was
the advance of a much stronger force of cavalry about to make a
raid upon the railroad, and probably into Western Pennsylvania.
112. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

The first intimation of Imboden’s proximity seenas to have reached
camp on the 12th, when our wagon train, which had started for
Green Spring Run, was recalled when it reached Romney. On the
same day, part of the baggage was sent to New Creek.

Next day (13th) the tents were taken down and sent to New
Creek with the wagon train. * “ Was waked up at 3 o’clock this
morning (June 14th) and went with a scout of forty men under
command of Lieutenant McNulty, fifteen miles toward Moorfield,
and returned at one o’clock. Another scout of thirty-five men in
command of Lieutenant Gibson, went a like distance on the Win-
chester Road. At four o’clock, orders were received to march; we
were ready in a few minutes, but did not start until six o’clock. In
the meantime, somebody set fire to the hay stockades of the winter
quarters, making a dense smoke, under cover of which some rowdy
soldiers raided the Sutler stores of the 54th Pennsylvania and 1st
West Virginia. At six o’clock, the command moved; halted at
Burlington and fed, then moved on slowly, the infantry in front,
followed by the baggage train and artillery, while Company A
formed the advance guard and the rest of our cavalry brought up the
rear. At three o’clock next morning (June 15) halted one mile
above New Creek Station; lay down and slept until eight o’clock,
and then moved on down to the station, where we were ordered to
take three days’ rations and one day’s feed and march to Grafton,
and to send our baggage by railroad. We prepared to go; lay about
until four o’clock, when the order was countermanded, and we were
ordered to put up quarters.”

Captain Greenfield commanding the outpost at Springfield, also
received orders on the 14th to proceed with his command to New
Creek via Green Spring Run and Cumberland. He joined the rest
of the battalion at New Creek on the 16th.

Next day, 17%th, General Kelley arrived at New Creek from
Harper’s Ferry. On his arrival he submitted the following report:

New Creek, June 17, 1863.
H. W. Halleck,
General in Chief.

Arrived at Cumberland at 8:30 this morning. Left for this place
at 6 by train. Found track ten miles from Cumberland torn up. Re-
turned to Cumberland and found place invested by Imboden with
two regiments of cavalry and a battery. On the outside of the town,

* Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary.
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA JUNE, JULY, 1863. 113

I met Lieutenant (James P.) Hart, of the Ringgold Battalion, with
fifty cavalry, under whose escort, I, with staff, came here. Find the
troops between Martinsburg and Piedmont concentrated here, and
learn that a portion of General Averill’s command is on the way
from Grafton. B. F. KEtiey,

Brig. Gen.

*“QOn the 18th of June, I was ordered by General Kelley to
scout to Cumberland and beyond, if possible, and report as to Im-
boden’s command and movements. On arriving at Cumberland,
found that Imboden had evacuated the place, except a small rear-
guard, which made a hasty retreat upon my approach. We pur-
sued them some distance and captured two prisoners; but dark com-
ing on, we returned to Cumberland. The most of the citizens seemed
delighted to see us, as they feared a reprisal or demand for money
from them by Imboden, who had notified them he would return the
following day. Mr. Shriver, President of the bank, treated us to a
nice supper. I sent a courier to General Kelley at New Creek, re-
porting my occupation of Cumberland, and, as I believed, Imboden
retreating with a force of from 1,500 to 2,000 men, composed of two
regiments of cavalry, one of infantry and a battery. I had less than
200 cavalry. I informed him that I would cross the river in the
morning and make a reconnaissance of Patterson’s Creek, Frank-
fort and Springfield, which I did, capturing a few prisoners. Im-
boden had retreated to French’s store, having torn up the railroad
and destroyed the bridges.”

On receiving Captain Greenfield’s report, with the statement
that Imboden threatened to return to Cumberland next day, General
Kelley, on the morning of the 19th, sent the First West Virginia
and Second Maryland regiments of infantry with two guns to
Cumberland.

“On the evening of June 14th, after the order to pack up and be ready to march
had been issued, William Holland and myself (H. B. Hedge of Co. A) were deatiled
to look for some loose horses the quartermaster had turned out to pasture on the river
bottom. Before we returned, the command had moved out some distance with our
company (A) in advance. We soon overtook the rear-guard and marched with them
until eleven o’clock, when _we obtained permission to, go forward and join our own
company in the advance. When we were on the ridge just above Patterson’s Creek, we
were halted. We were not alarmed, as we supposed it was our own men, but it did not
take more than a minute to convince us that they were Confederates, for a man on
either side held his gun against us, while another caught our horses and ordered us to
dismount. This we did and were rushed through a gate into a strip of woods and
disarmed. Their squad was under command of Sergeant Schrieber, who was just on his
way back from Camp Chase. We had captured him with others at Moorfield, and
Lieutenant Hart took them to Camp Chase. They kept us until about midnight and
then let us go, as they seemed to care little for suythine except our horses and arms.
They-spoke in the highest terms of the treatment they received from Lieutenant Hart.
We pressed a horse and buggy into the service and reached camp at New Creek next
day.’

* Colonel A. J. Greenfield.
114. TWENTY-SECOND. PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

THE REBELS ENTER PENNSYLVANIA.

While Ewell and Early were besieging Winchester, Rodes’ divi-
sion of infantry and Jenkins’ brigade of cavalry pressed on and
reached Martinsburg on the 14th, where they were opposed by a
small force which was soon driven off; they then pushed on to the
Potomac at Williamsport. By this time it became evident that
the enemy intended to invade Pennsylvania, and the telegraph wires
were flashing the startling news to the townis and villages throughout
border counties of that State, causing intense excitement and alarm.
Citizens began to remove their animals to the counties farther north
and to hide or bury their treasures.

At one o’clock a. m. on the 15th, Thomas A. Scott, Superin-
tendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, arrived at the War Depart-
ment in Washington. During the next hour, while Milroy’s forces
in the dead of night were marching out of the forts at Winchester,
and cutting their way through the enemy’s lines north of that place,
Scott was in conference with Secretary Stanton and his advisors.

At the close of the conference, he sent the following telegrams:

War Department, June 15, 3 a. mM. (’63).
Hon. Thomas M. Howe,
Pittsburgh.

* The President issues proclamation this morning for 100,000
men, 50,000 of them from Pennsylvania to serve for six months
unless sooner discharged. The general Government will provide for
them fully. . . . The danger is imminent and the people must
be aroused and come forth promptly to prevent invasion. The
Rebels are moving north in large force. ;
Tuomas A. Scort.

He sent a similar dispatch to Governor Curtin of Pennsylvania,
who immediately replied, when Scott sent the following:

Hon. Andrew G. Curtin,
Harrisburg.

Get up a strong proclamation, calling on our people to rise’ at
once. There is not a moment to be lost. The Rebels are moving
in large force, and invasion can not be checked except by immediate
action. . . . The President’s proclamation has been sent out and

* Among the troops who responded to this call of the President were four companies
of cavalry, recruited mostly from the ‘border counties of Pennsylvania, and who, at the
expiration of this term of service, re-enlisted for a term of three years, and became the
“New Battalion” of the Twenty-second Pennsylvania Cavalry. ,
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA JUNE, JULY, 1863. 115

your proclamation should be sent out before daylight. The advance
column of Lee’s army is now at Martinsburg.
Tuomas A. Scott.

General Jenkins, with his brigade of Confederate cavalry crossed
the Potomac and marched into Pennsylvania on the 16th, reaching
Chambersburg late in the night. Next day, his scouting parties
covered the country thereabout, gathering in all the horses and
cattle they could find, and kidnaped fifty negroes which they re-
garded as property, and drove them off into Virginia with the “ other
stock.”

Imboden with his “ North Western Brigade” of cavalry and
artillery, who had arrived at the South Branch Potomac a few days
previous, as heretofore mentioned, entered Cumberland, Md., on the
16th, and in obedience to his instructions from General Lee, pro-
ceeded to destroy the railroad bridges and property between Cum-
berland and Little Cacapon, to prevent General Kelley’s troops at
New Creek and westward from being hurried east to resist the Con-
federate forces.

Rodes’ division of infantry crossed the Potomac at Williams-
port on the evening of the 15th, where he remained until the 19th,
when he moved on to Hagerstown, Md.

General Early’s forces crossed at Shepherdstown and moved
north, while the other bodies of Lee’s Army kept moving north-
ward, keeping a sharp watch, however, on the Army of the Potomac.

* © By skillful movements, he (Lee) kept the Army of the Po-
tomac in doubt, in the vicinity of Washington, while Ewell’s corps
crossed the river (Potomac) at Williamsport and Shepherdstown,
advancing on Hagerstown, then on Chambersburg, and a few days
later, moving on in two columns, Rodes pushing through Carlisle to
Kingston within thirteen miles of Harrisburg, while Early’s division
marched up the eastern side of the South Mountain range through
Emmitsburg, Gettysburg and York to the banks of the Susquehanna
at Wrightville opposite Columbia, levying contributions on the people
and destroying the bridges along the line of the Northern Central
Railway, which connects that region with Baltimore.”

* Lossing.

“‘ At Carlisle, Chambersburg and Shippensburg, requisitions were made for supplies,
and the shops were searched, many valuable stores being secured. At Chambersburg, a
train was loaded with ordnance and medical stores and sent_back. Near 3,000 head of
cattle were collected and sent back by my corps.”—General Ewell’s Report.

General Lee ordered his troops to pay in Confederate money for all supplies
secured but Early and many others did not even go through that formality. General
Early leavied a money contribution on the citizens of York, and secured in Federal
currency $28,600, all the town could raise. ‘
116 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

' For some days, neither General Hooker nor the War Depart-
ment at Washington were able to determine what Lee was aiming
at, whether it was to sweep around and strike Baltimore and Wash-
ington, or to capture Harrisburg and Philadelphia. Hooker was
held in leash, somewhat, by the War Department and the President,
who were ever urging the safety of Washington as paramount.
While Lee had been marching the main body of his army down the
Shenandoah Valley to the Potomac, Hooker was swinging the Army
of the Potomac northward, also ‘on a much smaller circle. He was
covering Washington until he could see what Lee was intending
to do.” As Lee’s two reserve corps were crossing the Potomac into
Maryland and Pennsylvania, the Army of the Potomac, under
Hooker was crossing the Potomac into Maryland at Edwards Ferry,
thirty miles above Washington.

On June 27th, Hooker was at Frederick City, Maryland, with
the main body of his army in that vicinity. Lee had halted at Cham-
bersburg with Longstreet and Hill’s corps nearby, while Ewell was
advancing on Harrisburg and Early striking for York and the Sus-
quehanna.

The fortifications about Harper’s Ferry in General Schenck’s
department were manned by 11,000 troops under General French.
General Hooker asked that this position be evacuated, as it was of
no stategic value at this time, and that the 11,000 troops be added to
General Slocum’s Twelfth Corps, augmenting that body to 20,000
men, which force he proposed to send to operate in the rear of Lee’s
army to destroy his communications.

General Halleck objected to the evacuation of Harper’s Ferry
and refused the request. Hooker repeated his request and was again
refused, when, in anger, he asked to be relieved of the command of
the Army of the Potomac. The President accepted his resignation
and promptly appointed General George G. Meade to the command.
This was on the 28th of June, just three days before the opening of
the Battle of Gettysburg. It was a great surprise to General Meade.
He well knew that the Army of the Potomac must fight a great battle
within a few days, and he fully appreciated the tremendous responsi-
bility of the appointment, as well as the tremendous disadvantage
he would be at in conducting such a battle, unfamiliar as he was with
the present organization of the army, and without time to study the
situation and formulate plans of campaign. His strong sense of
duty and intense loyalty forbade all thought of shirking the unwel-
come responsibility. He assumed command, issuing a modest ad-
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA, JUNE, JULY, 1863. 117

dress to the army, in which he paid a handsome tribute to his pre-
decessor.

-On the next morning, (June 29th) the Army of the Potomac,
under its new commander, moved out northward by severel parallel
roads, flanked on the right by the cavalry division of General Gregg,
and on the left by the troopers of General Buford’s division.

On the evening of this day, Lee received the first reliable in-
formation that the Army of the Potomac was advancing into Penn-
sylvania to give battle. He immediately sent out couriers in great
haste to Ewell and Early, ordering them to fall back with all possible
speed and join his forces in the vicinity of Gettysburg.

Next day, (June 30th) the Army of the Potomac pushed on at
a rapid gait. Buford’s cavalry scouts over on the left along the
headwaters of the Monocacy, discovered large bodies of Confed-
erates coming eastward through the mountain passes from the Cum-
berland Valley and advancing toward Gettysburg.

When this was reported to General Reynolds, commanding the
two corps forming the left column, he ordered Buford to move to
Gettysburg and hold it. Buford proceeded to Gettysburg, and occu-
pied the ridge about the Seminary, where he bivouacked that night,
throwing out pickets on all roads and sending messengers to Rey-
nolds seven miles away, and to Meade at Taneytown, that the enemy
was in his front, and that he was expecting to be attacked at any
time.

During the night of June 30th, General Meade issued orders to
the different corps commanders, assigning them to the position they
were to occupy in the line. The Confederate forces were converg-
ing to the north and west of Gettysburg, and General Lee was
arranging his lines for the expected battle.

During the next three days, July 1st, 2nd and 3rd, was fought
the great Battle of Gettysburg, in which the two great armies en-
gaged in deadly conflict, upwards of 5,000 giving up their lives on
the field, and upwards of 15,000 were wounded, many of them
disabled for life, “in a great civil war, testing whether this nation,
or any nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal, can long endure.”

“The invasion of the North was over; the great battle which
was to bring about the independence of the Confederacy, its recogni-
tion as a nation by France and England, had been fought and lost.”

Lee fell back to the Potomac at Williamsport and Falling
Waters. The Union cavalry had destroyed his bridge; the heavy
118 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

rains had raised the river above the fording stage and the Confed-
erate army was unable to cross.

Lee immediately intrenched and fortified his position here,
expecting to be attacked. He proceeded to construct a bridge, which
required more than a week’s time. Meade had won a victory at great
cost, and hesitated to attack Lee in this intrenched position. He de-
cided to pursue by the enemy’s right flank, striking him as opportu-
nity offered and covering Washington as had been done in the ad-
vance north.

* General French had re-occupied Harper’s Ferry immediately
after the battle, and a pontoon bridge was thrown across the river
at that place.

We left the Ringgold Cavalry at New Creek, in hopeful expecta-
tion of being pushed forward and given a chance at the enemy.
Donaldson’s diary reads:

+ “ New Creek, West Va., June 16, 1863. We have very exciting
news to-day. The Rebels have fought Milroy and driven him out of
Winchester and have taken Martinsburg. It is reported that the
Rebel army, 130,000 strong has entered Pennsylvania. The Union
forces have evacuated Cumberland and all points along the railroad
east of this. The Second Maryland Infantry and Greenfield’s
Company of cavalry came here to-day.

“Small patrols are sent out each road to keep sharp lookout
for the enemy. Our battalion moved their quarters up the railroad
a half-mile. The country about here is full of Rebs. One of Smith’s
men was watering his horse a half mile from camp, when they
pounced upon him, took him and his horse and also beat a negro
and took his horse. Lieutenant Hart, with thirty men of his com-
pany and ten men of our (Work’s) company, under Lieutenant
Welch, went on a scout to be gone several days; went first in the
direction of Cumberland and then turned toward Winchester.
Lieutenant Speer took a scout out the North Western Pike.

“June 17. A scout under Lieutenant McNulty went to Rollins
Station, twelve miles down the railroad. Met Hart’s scout returning
from Cumberland with General Kelley and staff.

“June 18. The 28th Ohio Infantry came in last night. A scout
composed of the Washington Cavalry and Companies C and D of

* After the appointment of General Meade to the command of the Army of the
Potomac, General Hallack consented_to the evacuation of Harper’s Ferry and Maryland
Heights, when General French and 7,000 of his men were added to the advancing army
and took part in the Battle of Gettysburg.

+ Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary.
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA JUNE, JULY, 1863. 119

the Battalion, all under command of Captain Greenfield, was sent
to Cumberland.

“June 19. Patrols out on all roads south and east. A scout
under Lieutenant Hammond was sent to Romney. The railroad is
now repaired to Cumberland. The First West Virginia and Second
Maryland regiments of infantry and three guns of Rourke’s Battery
were sent to Cumberland this morning. The scout that went to
Cumberland returned, reporting that the Rebels had gone and had
not done much damage.

“June 21. We hear distant cannonading east of this. A scout
under command of Lieutenant Welch, composed of his own com-
pany, went to Romney.

“June 23. Still patrolling all roads east and south. Prayer
meeting in McNulty’s quarters last night. A number of us signed
our names for a society.

“June 27. Bad news from Pennsylvania. Harrisburg is threat-
ened with 40,000 Rebels, and the Governor has called out 50,000
militia to repel the invader. Our boys are anxious to get a chance
to drive the enemy out of our native State. A scout of thirty men
under Lieutenant Welch went to Romney.

“June 28. Company A marched to Cumberland this morning.
I attended preaching service at Paris’s Schoolhouse, where Rev.
Cascadden preached from the text, ‘Ho, Every One That Thirsteth,
etc.’

“July 1. Yesterday evening, some of Mulligan’s men got into
a fight with some of the 14th West Virginia, when one of the latter
threw a stone and killed one of Mulligan’s men.

“July 2. Captain Keys came to New Creek to-day. He is at-
tempting to have us taken to Harrisburg to defend our State. I
hope he may succeed. We might do some good there, but there
is no use for us here. The weather is clear and very hot.

“July 3. A very heavy rain, with thunder and hail; came up
at noon, and another at dark. My diary, which is full, I sent home
with Thomas Dunkle, a visitor at camp.

“July 4. It is reported that Richmond and Vicksburg have
been taken by our troops.”

A BELATED ADVANCE.

On the evening of the 4th, all the cavalry received orders to
march with five days’ cooked rations. Moved across the river and
took the road to Cumberland. The night was very dark, the rain
120 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

just poured down on us and the streams rose rapidly ; but the march
was kept up all night with any amount of trouble with teams getting
off the road and unable to get back without help from the men. We
reached Cumberland garly next morning and remained there most
of the day, the men being paid, each receiving twenty-six dollars, two
months’ pay.

At three o’clock, the cavalry started out the Baltimore Pike,
the teams having gone two hours before.

After we had gone a few miles, Captain Keys rode up with a
dispatch countermanding the order to march, so we turned about and
marched back. News of Meade’s victory over Lee at Gettysburg
was received with great cheering. Orders issued to grind sabers,
draw a good supply of ammunition and hold the command in readi-
ness to march at a moment’s notice.

Next day (6th) the command moved out the Baltimore Pike in
the direction of Hancock and Williampsort, our cavalry taking the
advance and reaching Hancock late on the evening of the 7th, where
the ladies of that loyal town turned out and greeted us with cheers
and waving of handkerchiefs. The infantry marched nearly all
night, arriving just before daylight. General Kelley, just from
Clarksburg, overtook the column enroute, and took command.

Oni the morning of the 8th, Captain Greenfield was ordered by
the General to take his company and destroy all ferry-boats or means
of crossing the Potomac River, from Hancock to Williamsport,
which might be of service to Lee’s Army, as they were trying to
escape from General Meade’s army in Virginia. The river was very
high and the Rebels were collecting boats and scows to enable them
to build a pontoon bridge across the Potomac, the Union cavalry hav-
ing destroyed the pontoons they left behind when they advanced into
Pennsylvania.*

A BRILLIANT CHASE AND CAPTURE.

Captain Greenfield says:

“ After accomplishing this mission, I made a reconnaissance to
Clear Spring and Fairview. While viewing the Rebel encampment
at Williamsport and Falling Waters through a field-glass from Fair-
view, a spur of Little North Mountain, I discovered a train of the
enemy’s forage wagons, with cavalry guard, coming out for supplies.

* “General French, who had re-occupied Harper’s Ferry immediately after the
battle, sent a cavalry force and destroyed the pontoon bridges that Lee had left under

guard at Falling Waters. But for the accomplishment of this destruction, Lee’s army
might have passed over on the day of its arrival at Williamsport.”
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA, JULY, 1863. 121

* I immediately determined to undertake to capture them. To go un-
perceived and by a nearer route than the main road or pike, I took
a path or trail down the mountain side Indian file. As they came
on and crossed the road I had travelled from the Potomac to Clear
Spring, they became aware of our presence in the neighborhood and
started back pell-mell for their camp. When I reached the point
where they had beaten such a hasty retreat (they had about two miles
the start of me) I pursued them rapidly, and a brilliant chase fol-
lowed through mud and water, as the heavy rains had made the roads
very muddy and sloppy. We were cheered on the route by some of
the Union ladies of Maryland, who came out of their houses and
waved their handkerchiefs. Seeing that we were bound to overtake
them, the cavalry guard formed in the rear of their train on a slight
bluff, and prepared for battle. Notwithstanding my company was
very much scattered, only a few of us being at the front, we did not
halt, but charged and routed them, killing and wounding several, cap-
turing two commissioned officers and twenty men, sixty horses and
mules, and burned their train. Our loss, three men wounded, three
horses killed and several injured. Just before we reached the Rebel
cavalry, there was a deep and wide gully washed out by the heavy
rains and now standing full of water. Several of the horses did not
clear this and fell, injuring their riders. Clark Newcomer was the
most severely hurt, but recovered with his horse and was wounded
in the charge. As we returned to camp with our captures, we met
the whole force coming, a report having reached them that the
enemy’s cavalry had attacked and routed us and were in pursuit.

“ At our reunion at Moorfield, West Virginia, with McNeill’s Con-
federate Partisan Rangers, long after the war, Captain Jesse Mc-
Neill informed me that he was one of the guard with this train;
that he had a hand-to-hand saber encounter with one of my men,
a small, active, wiry man. The small man got the better of him,
knocking the saber out of his hand and cutting his thumb, the mark
of which he still carries. McNeill managed to escape. His father,
Captain John McNeill, who was afterward killed in the Shenandoah
Valley, was only a few hundred yards away at the time of our
attack, having come out to their relief, as he had advised against
sending out the train, fearing they woud be captured.”

The following is General Kelley’s report of this expedition:
* A young officer of General Kelley’s staff, who was with me_when I expressed my

determination to attack the train, remarked, “Go ahead and I will stay here and
‘watch you.”
122 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Hancock, July 8, 1863.
Col. E. D. Townsend, A. A. G.,

I sent to-day a comipany of cavalry (Captain Greenfield) to
McCoy’s Ferry and Clear Spring on a scouting expedition. He
pursued and attacked a supply train of fifteen wagons within four
miles of Williamsport; captured two officers and twenty men, guard-
ing the train, and sixty mules. Was forced to leave the wagons be-
hind. Several of the enemy killed and wounded. Captain Greenfield
had three men wounded and three horses killed.

B. F. KELiey,
Brig. Gen.

Greenfield’s men: were too close to the Confederate camp to
waste any time unhitching, but just cut the hamestrings and led the
mules right out of thé harness and drove them loose in the road in
front, while the men kept the prisoners between them along the line.
The Rebels thought our whole army was advancing, as they did
not suppose any small force would venture so near.

SKIRMISH AT CLEAR SPRING.

‘On July 10th, General Kelley moved his camp some five miles
to Indian Spring, Maryland, on the west side of the mountain.
Lieutenant James P. Hart, in command of Company A, was ordered
out with his company of forty men to make a reconnaissance..

Hart proceeded to the foot of the mountain, where directly in
front was quite a long stretch of straight road skirting the base of
a low ridge. This immediate neighborhood ‘had not been overrun
by the armies, and the excellent fences were still intact. Some dis-
tance down the road was a squad of Confederate cavalry, who,
when they saw our force, scampered away, passing out of sight
around the edge of the ridge. In an orchard some distance ahead on
the rising ground to the left of the road in our front, some others
were seen moving about; this aroused Lieutenant Hart’s suspicion,
so instead of charging after the flying cavalrymen, he halted his
command and sent Sergeant Wickerman with David Hart, John
Myers and Chauncey Deever to throw down the fence on the left
and pass on through a cornfield and over the rising ground to recon-
noiter. Wickerman and his men had proceeded some distance when
they saw a dismounted “ Johnnie ” running across a field. Sergeant
Hart, who was in advance, immediately gave chase and directly came
on a force of Rebel cayalry concealed in the orchard. The fore-.
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA, JULY, 1863. 123

most Confederate raised his double-barreled shotgun to shoot, when
Hart snapped his revolver twice at him, but it failed to discharge;
the man then fired both barrels loaded with buckshot at Hart, wound-
ing him severely, but not unhorsing him. The Rebels then charged
upon our squad, who made a dash to get back to Lieutenant Hart
and the command on the pike. John Myers’ horse was shot dead
while jumping a fence, and C. R. Deever was thrown from his horse.
Myers was captured. Sergeant David Hart was shot in three places,
one ball passing through his left lung, and the other two entering
his abdomen. Badly as he was wounded, he clung to his horse, which
jumped a four-bar fence and brought his master through to the com-
mand, where the comrades lifted him off, when he became uncon-
scious.*

Lieutenant Hart rallied his men and charged the Rebels, driving
them back and recapturing Myers.

Late on the evening of the 11th, our brigade (1st, commanded
by Colonel Mulligan) and the 2nd brigade (Colonel Jacob Campbell)
moved across the mountain and camped near Big. Spring. This
brought our pickets within one mile of those of the enemy.

Our seven companies were the only cavalry in Kelley’s army,
and he was daily sending out scouting parties and detachments to
watch the enemy. We seldom failed to make captures and bring in
prisoners.

On the 13th, the entire cavalry force was on duty. Companies
C and D were all on picket, Lieutenant McNulty with Company C
well out on the Williamsport Road, and Lieutenant Crago with
Company D in the edge of the town of Clear Spring. The balance
of the cavalry force was sent out toward the river. Tremendous
cannonading was carried on in the direction of Williamsport and
eastwardly and a continual roar of musketry in the afternoon. This
was General Kilpatrick attacking the rear of Lee’s Army as it moved
forward to cross the pontoon bridge, which the enemy had just
finished after ten days’ hard work.

‘That night, Lee, having completed the bridge at Falling
Waters, his former bridge having been destroyed by our cavalry,
passed the corps of Longstreet and Hill quietly over it in the gloom,
while Ewell’s forded the river above Williamsport. The vigilant

 

7 * Sergeant David Hart was thought to be mortally wounded and was left at a house
on ae neighborhood. He survived, returned to his command and served until the close
of the war.

t Lossing.
124 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Kilpatrick had observed the movement toward the bridge, and struck
Hill’s rear-guard under the unfortunate Pettigrew, drove it to the
river, killed 125 of the men and made 1,500 of them prisoners with
three battle-flags. Pettigrew was mortally wounded, and Major
Webb, who led the Sixth Michigan Cavalry in a charge on the
occasion was killed. Kilpatrick’s total loss was 105 men. Thus
ended in utter discomfiture and repulse, Lee’s formidable invasion of
Maryland and Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863.”

If there had been a few more Kilpatricks in Meade’s Army,
Lee’s retreat across the Potomac might have been made a greater
disaster than his defeat at Gettysburg. “There is great dissatisfac-
tion among the men that the Rebels are allowed to cross while we
lie here impatient to advance,” is the record in Sergeant Donaldson’s
old diary, scratched there on the 14th of July, 1863.

General Kelley had recently been
appointed to the command of the De-
partment of West Virginia, assuming
command on the 28th of June, with
headquarters at Clarksburg.

On July 5th, Kelley telegraphed the
War Department, “Averill has driven
Johnson back through Elkwater Pass,
and is on his way back.” On the even-
ing of the same day (July 5th) Kelley
telegraphed again, “ It will be impossible
for me to concentrate my force at Han-
cock as promptly as I could wish, as it
will require Averill some days ‘to get

Gen. B. F. Kelley. back.”

Adjutant General Townsend showed this dispatch to Mr. Stan-
ton, Secretary of War, and Stanton sent the following tart message
to Kelley:

Tea)

 

 

“ July 5, 10:30 Pp. M.

“T have seen your dispatch to the Adjutant-General, and regret
to hear you talk about ‘ some days’ to concentrate when minutes are
precious. The instructions and information given by the General-in-
Chief this evening will show what an opportunity you have, by rapid
and vigorous motion, to inflict a heavy blow upon the enemy. It will
be a matter of deep regret if by tardy movement, you let the chance
escape. There should be no rest, night or day. Why are you still at
Clarksburg? ”
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA, JULY, 1863. 125

At 9:30 P. M., same night, General Halleck telegraphed Kelley,
“Send forward your forces in hand, and order the others to follow
as rapidly as possible.”

A half hour later, Halleck again dispatched, “ Do everything in
your power to capture or destroy Lee’s trains which will endeavor
to cross at Williamsport or Falling Waters. His army is in full
retreat.”

As we have already seen, General Kelley’s forces reached Han-
cock on the 8th. He was still in time, for the Potomac was full to the
top of its banks, making it unfordable, and Lee’s Army was obliged
to wait until the night of the 13th, while a bridge was being con-
structed. All this precious time, Kelley was waiting for Averill to
arrive, so that he could attack Imboden’s brigade in his front. Gen-
eral Averill arrived with some 4,000 cavalry and a battery of artilley
at 10 a. M. on the 13th. Had Kelley then, with his present force
of 10,000, attacked the enemy’s left on the afternoon of the 13th
with the same impetuosity as Kilpatrick attacked his right, the rear
of that army with much of its artillery, might have been captured.

At 9 p. M. on the night of the 13th, Halleck again telegraphed
Kelley, ‘““ Move up upon the enemy’s flank and rear and attack and
harass him wherever you can. If you can reach his crossing, annoy
him as much as possible.”

Kelley replied at 3 a. Mm. on the 14th, “ Averill has arrived with
his cavalry. I will move on Williamsport in the morning.” Averill
had arrived seventeen hours before that.

At 3:30 p. mM. (14th) Kelley again telegraphed from Williams-
port, “ Just arrived. Find the enemy has crossed the river during
the night and early this morning. River now rising rapidly.”

It rained all day on the 18th and continued to rain some on the
14th. Our battalion, which had been out all night of the 13th, re-
turned on the morning of the 14th, and was ordered to march to
Williamsport immediately. “ Arrived there at twelve o’clock. Lee's
forces were all across some hours before our arrival. We found a
few stragglers and some old wagons which the army had abandoned.
We countermarched, feeling greatly disappointed and ashamed.”

See map, page 258.

KELLEY'S ARMY CROSSES INTO VIRGINIA.

General Kelley, on the 15th, proceeded to cross the Potomac at
Cherry Run with his cavalry. The heavy rains had swollen the river
again above the fording stage. We had three skiffs in which we fer-
ried the men and saddles and led a few horses after the skiffs, while
126 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

a half dozen loose horses would swim after. The current was so
swift we would land a half-mile below the point of starting. A rope
ferry with one small ferry-boat had been rigged up and was used to
ferry the infantry across. Colonel Greenfield made a rather narrow
escape from drowning here, which we will let him tell:

“The ways for getting over the river were so limited that we
were willing to run almost any risk. Orderly Brown found an old
skiff and one oar, and attempted to paddle four of us across, which
proved a difficult task against the swift current, and we drifted down

‘the stream. I observed as we approached the ferry rope that it was
slightly under water, and instructed Brown to keep the bow of the
boat down stream and straight with the current, and we might glide
safely over. Just before we reached it, the skiff whirled around,
struck the rope and turned over. The orderly and I, one at the
bow and the other at the stern, fortunately caught the rope, and the
other two men held on to the boat and were rescued. We both went
under water but General Kelley, who had witnessed the accident
from the shore, ordered the rope drawn up to keep our heads out of
the water. Brown said that my first remark was, ‘ Orderly, are you
wet?’ which, he thought, saved his life, as he was almost exhausted.
The remark, he said was so ridiculous that it gave him increased
strength to hold on. The ferry-boat happened to be on its way over,
and when it arrived, we got aboard and continued our journey. We
visited a house on the Virginia side to dry our clothes, and I found
that my watch had stopped, as I surmised from leaking a little water.
I put it in the oven of the kitchen range, and in a few minutes it
dried out and was running.” ;

The Ringgold Battalion and Washington Cavalry all succeeded
in crossing into Virginia on the 15th. General Averill secured three
flat-boats and three skiffs, and got his entire force across on the 16th
and 17th. The infantry and artillery then followed as rapidly as the
ferries could carry them.

On the 17th, General Kelley telegraphed the A. A. G., as
follows:

CHERRY RUN, YA, July 15, 1863.

Recei :
Major General Halleck: SSE Ome

.. + .» I moved back to this place this morning, and am now crossing my cavalry
by swimming the horses over. River falling. Hope to cross a portion of my infantry and
artillery to-morrow.

Jenkin’s force is encamped near North Mountain Station. . . . I trust I shall’
be able to drive him from there soon. . . . s soon as I can possibly get my force
across, I will follow the range of North Mountain and annoy the enemy’s flank all I can.

L ;

Brigadier-General.
IN VIRGINIA. HARRASSING LEE’S LEFT FLANK. 127

“T sent a cavalry scout to North Mountain this morning. A
short distance beyond the station on the Martinsburg Road, they
surprised a Rebel cavalry company, capturing seventeen prisoners,
pursuing the balance within three miles of Martinsburg.”

This scout was commanded by Captain Greenfield and consisted
of the Ringgold Battalion and the Washington Cavalry. They
captured one officer and seventeen men of the Hampton Legion,
with horses, arms and equipments.

This was the first resistance Lee’s forces had met on their
left flank since falling back into Virginia. On the previous day
(16th) a body of Union cavalry had crossed the Shepherdstown
Ford and had a spirited engagement with Fitz Lee’s Cavalry.

The next day (18th) was an active day for the cavalry. A
scout of fifty men from the Ringgold Battalion under command of
Lieutenant Welch, was sent to Shanghai. On the way out, they
met Major Gibson’s Battalion and a detachment of 8rd West Vir-
ginia Cavalry coming in with twenty prisoners, fourteen mules and
four wagons, which they had captured in a skirmish.

Captain Greenfield was sent with a scout up Back Creek,
where he had a brisk skirmish with the enemy’s cavalry, driving
them and capturing several prisoners. He also obtained some valu-
able information as to the location of the enemy’s camps, which he
reported to General Kelley.*

Captain Chessrown, with his squadron, was sent out toward
Shanghai to patrol the roads during the night.

+ Back Creek Valley extends from near Winchester in a north-
easterly direction to the Potomac above Williamsport, and is sepa-
tated from the Shenandoah Valley proper by the range known as
Little North Mountain. This Back Creek Valley had ever been a
favorite avenue for a flanking force of the enemy to advance stealth-
ily to the railroad. The village of Shanghai was located some
distance up this stream. The presence of small bodies of the enemy’s
cavalry about Shanghai daily, looked suspicious ; hence the continued
scouting in that direction. Reports were being received of larger
bodies of the enemy out that way.

Caer CHERRY RUN, VA., July 19, 1863.

* Brig.-Gen. Cullum, Chief of Staff: | ae

ai cite Cane Tacs iste wed Uae punt cvieesl at tug eee He cere that bewe foress

are encamped at or near Bunker Hill, and that Lee is there himself. Ewell’s Corps is

four miles out on the Martinsburg Road; Hampton’s Brigade is in or near Martinsburg.

General Averill is skirmishing soately with him to-day, and has taken several prisoners.
his information is confirmed by Captain Greenfield; who is now on_a scout up Back

Creek to Shanghai. B. F. KELLEY, Brig.-Gen.
Copy to Gen. Meade. :

+See map, page 258.
128 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

On the 19th, a cavalry reconnaissance consisting of the available
men of the Ringgold Battalion and Washington Cavalry was sent
out to scout the country about Shanghai and through the gaps of
Little North Mountain. They failed to find any considerable force
of the enemy out that way. “The booming of cannon over toward
Martinsburg was sufficient evidence that General Averill had not
only found the Rebels, but was very busily engaged with them.

Next day (20th), Averill sent Major Gibson’s Battalion to
open up communications with Williamsport. Kelley was keeping
a vigilant watch on the upper Back Creek Valley and the gaps
opening through Little North Mountain into the big valley. So
when a report was brought in again that morning that the enemy
had appeared in that region, “boots and saddles” was called and
the Ringgold Battalion was in the saddle immediately. With Cap-
tain Keys at the head of the column, they set off at a rapid gait up
the Back Creek Valley.

Approaching Shanghai, reconnoitering parties were sent around
that place and out into the adjacent country, but no strong force
of the enemy could be found, so the command returned to. camp.
No sooner would one scout return from that direction, than another
would be sent out. At the time, this seemed to the men to be un-
called for, as no enemy of any consequence could be found. A little
later, however, we learned the cause of this extreme vigilance.

PLOT TO CAPTURE KELLEY’S FORCE.

On the previous day, General Kelley had learned from a reliable
source, the details of a coup the Confederates had planned and were
about putting into execution—to surprise and destroy or capture his
little army. The plan was this: General Early with a large force
was to move westward to Little North Mountain on the afternoon
or evening of the 20th; camp for a few hours’ rest; then under cover
of the darkness, pass through the gaps into Back Creek Valley, move
stealthily down the creek, and just before daylight in the morning,
attack Kelley’s camp in the rear, while General Ewell with an over-
whelming force, was to move against Kelley’s front and attack at the
same hour.

This plot was discovered by little “ Dan” Pendleton, a twelve-
year-old boy who lived in Martinsburg. Keeping the information
to himself, and acting on his own account, this young boy made his
way through the lines, eluding the Confederate pickets, then in
IN VIRGINIA. HARRASSING LEE’S LEFT FLANK. 129

almost continual skirmish with Union cavalry, and reached General
Kelley with the valuable secret, in time to permit him to withdraw
his forces.

It was this that kept the detachments of the Ringgold Cavalry
constantly scouting the Upper Back Creek Valley all the next day.

As the afternoon of the 20th wore away, Kelley watched in-
tently for Early to appear at the gaps in Little North Mountain
near Shanghai, according to schedule time, as furnished by the boy.*
Late in the afternoon, he dispatched a detachment of the Ringgold
Battalion under Lieutenant Hart, to scout the Back Creek country
as far as Baker’s Gap.

Between seven and eight o’clock, this cavalry returned, with the
report that Early’s troops in great force had gone into camp at
Tomahawk Springs at six o’clock. The warning was thus fully con-
firmed, and Kelley concluded the best thing to do was to get out of
there as quickly as possible. He ordered his men to gather fence
rails and dry limbs and make a line af camp fires which should sat-
isfy the enemy that he was lying in bivouack, unconscious of his
impending fate.

As soon as it was fairly dark, Kelley proceeded to withdraw
his entire force down Back Creek to the Potomac. The river had
fallen six feet since the day we crossed to the south, and was now
fordable. Upon arriving at the river at midnight, the infantry took
off their clothes, tied them in bundles and swung them on their

bayonets, while they waded to the armpits across the river.

As soon as the entire force was across, General Kelley formed
a line of battle a short distance from the river, expecting an attack
from the enemy, nor did he have long to wait; for in a very short
time, their cavalry and artillery came rushing up to discover Kelley’s
force in line of battle on the opposite side of the river. They wheeled
a battery and fired a few shells, and then withdrew.

Our cavalry occupied the old camp at Indian Spring. Cavalry
scouts were sent across the river daily. A squadron of the 14th
Pennsylvania Cavalry crossed the river and engaged the enemy on

*The boy was a son of Dr. E. Boyd Pendleton, a surgeon in the United States
Army, whose Family lived in Martinsburg. An older son was a graduate of the Naval
Academy and an officer in the United States Navy at the time. After the War, at the
instance of Generals Sheridan, Kelley and_ other officers of the Army, President Grant
offered young Pendleton a_cadetship at West Point, in appreciation of the valuable
services he rendered to the Union Army near Martinsburg, West Va., in July, 1863. The
young man did not avail himself of the opportunity, however, but later took up

Journalism as his life work. Mr. (N.S. D.) Pendleton, at this webag, ts a gentleman,
well up in the fifties, and is editor of a newspaper at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia.
130 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the 21st, captured thirty prisoners, but was driven back to the river
and the prisoners escaped. ;

On the next day, the enemy appeared on the opposite side of the
river and threw a few shells. Some hours later it was reported
that they were about to make an attempt to cross, and our whole
force was drawn up in line to receive them. The enemy did not
appear, however.

On the 23rd, the battalion, under command of Captain Green-
field, crossed the river and made a reconnaissance up Back Creek,
and attacked the Rebel pickets, driving them for one and a half miles,
when we were ordered to fall back and return to camp.

BACK ON VIRGINIA SOIL.

On the 24th, the whole force crossed to the south of the Potomac
and occupied the former position at Hedgesville. The battalion
was ordered out on a scout; went as far as Pughtown and captured
a few stragglers. From the best information received, the enemy
was believed to be retreating.

Next day, July 25th, the battalion scouted as far as Whitehall
within eight miles of Winchester. Rode sixty-five miles that day.
No force of the enemy was found. Averill sent the 3rd West ‘Vir-
ginia to Martinsburg, and on the following day, sent Major Gibson’s
Battalion to Winchester. A scout from the Ringgold Battalion went
up Back Creek Valley and scoured the country, finding only a few
stragglers. Many deserters came to our camp. It had been raining
heavily and Back Creek was a raging torrent that could not be
forded. :

On the 28th, Averill’s entire command marched to Martinsburg;
thence to Bunker Hill and on to Winchester on the 30th, from
‘ whence he sent out patrols to Strasburg and other points fifteen and
twenty miles distant.

In his report, General Lee says, “ When the army returned
to Virginia, it was intended to move into Loudon (county) but the
Shenandoah was found to be impassable. While waiting for it to
subside, the enemy (Federals) crossed the Potomac east of the
Blue Ridge and seized the passes we designed to use. As he con-

General Ewell, in his report, seers “While in camp near Darkesville, the enemy
under Kelley were reported between Martinsburg and Hedgesville, protecting the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad, and occasionally skirmishing with Johnson’s division, which was
destroying the track. General commanding directed on the 21st, an effort to be made to
capture this force, said to be 6,000 strong, sending Early’s division to get in rear
through Mill’s Gap and down Back Creek, while I joined Rodes to Johnson and marched
against their front. Though these movements were made in the night of the 21st, the
enemy heard of them through spies and retreated out of reach.”
BACK IN THE MOUNTAINS, AUGUST, 1863. 131

tinued to advance along the eastern slope, apparently with the pur-
pose of cutting us off from the railroad to Richmond, General Long-
street was ordered on July 19th to proceed to Culpepper Court House
by way of Front Royal. He succeeded in passing part of his com-
mand over the Shenandoah in time to prevent the occupation of
Manassas and Chester Gaps by the enemy, whose cavalry had already
made its appearance. General Ewell’s Corps had been detained in
the valley in an effort to capture a force of the enemy guarding the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west of Martinsburg.” _

This was the attempt to bag General Kelley’s forces at Hedges-
ville. Failing in this, Ewell marched south, following the rest
of Lee’s Army. Arriving at Front Royal on the 23rd, he found his
advance brigade skirmishing with the Federal infantry, which had
already appeared in Manassas Gap.* Ewell made a strong attempt
to capture the gap, but failing to do so, he turned and marched on up
the valley to Thornton Gap, and ordered Early, who was jin his
rear, to march by. Strasburg and New Market. All these troops
reached Culpepper by the 29th, and the Shenandoah Valley was left
to the care of General Imboden. Meade’s cavalry kept abreast of
the enemy’s advance column on its way to Culpepper and harassed
him daily. The advance corps of Meade’s infantry reached the
Rapidan during the last week of July, where they found the enemy
on'the south side of that stream, strongly intrenched.

CHAPTER X.

BACK TO THE MOUNTAINS OF HAMPSHIRE AND
HARDY, MECHANICSBURG GAP, AUG. 3—NOV. 1, 1863.

General Averill occupied Winchester on the 26th of July. Gen-
eral Kelley held the rest of his command at Back Creek and Mar-
tinsburg. On the 30th, Kelley telegraphed Halleck, “It is reported
that Imboden’s force has gone west into the valley of the South
Branch. If this is so, he will undoubtedly cut our railroad con-
nections west of this. Will the General-in-Chief permit me to move
back by way of Romney, with my command, into my own depart-
ment?”

Halleck replied, same day, “ You will take such measures for
the defense of your department as you may deem best.”

Accordingly orders were issued on the 31st to prepare to
march on the following day. Next morning, our brigade in com-

*See Map, page 191.

 
132 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

mand of Colonel Jacob M. Campbell marched in the direction of
Romney. The brigade consisted of the 54th Pennsylvania and Ist
West Virginia Infantry, the Ringgold Battalion and Washington
Cavalry, and Moore’s Battery of the 1st West Virginia Light
Artillery. All the cavalry was in command of Captain Greenfield.
Marched twelve miles first day and camped. Next day, moved to
within four miles of Preston. August 3rd, started early and marched
to Big Capon Bridge and camped for the night. August 4th, the
cavalry led the advance; when within nine miles of Romney, the
brigade went into camp, except the cavalry under Greenfield, which
marched on to Romney and camped for the night. The brigade under
command of Colonel Campbell came on next day and went into camp
at Mechanicsburg Gap, where we had camped during the spring
months. The cavalry also moved on to the gap and went into
camp, all seven companies camping together. Captain Greenfield
being the senior cavalry officer present, had command of the cavalry
camp. General Meade was holding the undivided attention of the
Confederate army down on the Rapidan and it seemed unlikely
that there would be any further invasion of the lower valley by a
large force of the enemy during the autumn.

Our Ringgold Battalion was still in General Kelley’s department
and his mission being principally the protection of the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad, it seemed very likely that he would keep the cavalry
stationed at this point. Acting on this presumption, the men pro-
ceeded to build comfortable quarters for themselves and shelters
for their horses. Regular military discipline was maintained here;
the camp was surrounded by guards, marching their beats, day and
night, no one being allowed to leave without a pass. We had as usual
a great deal of scouting, picket and train-guard duty to perform, as
the country was infested with guerrillas.

THE SQUADRON AT PETERSBURG AND MOORFIELD.

On the 6th or 7th of August, Mulligan’s Brigade of infantry
and artillery and two companies (Barr’s and Young’s) of the Ring-
gold Battalion were ordered to occupy Petersburg. Campbell’s
Brigade remained at Mechanicsburg Gap, where the five remaining
companies, under command of Captain Greenfield, were retained.
During the months of August and September, the duties of the five
cavalry companies stationed at Mechanicsburg Gap, were constant,
but became monotonous, as the outposts at Petersburg and Moor-
field, checked the partisan bands of the enemy from coming this
BACK IN THE MOUNTAINS, AUGUST, 1863. 133

way. The squadron of the battalion sent to Petersburg, and
especially Captain Barr’s company had excitement in abundance,
as the following pages record.

On August 15th, 1863, Colonel Thoburn, commanding the post
at Petersburg, West Virginia, was directed to establish an outpost
at Moorfield. He thereupon ordered to that place Major Stephens
with two companies of the First West Virginia Infantry, 177 men;
Captain Barr with his company of the Ringgold Cavalry, 48 men;
and two guns of Rourke’s Battery, 33 men. These troops marched
to Moorfield and camped about the town; the infantry camped on
the hill east of town, where they dug some rifle pits; the cavalry
stationed near the cemetery, and the artillery on the high points
south of town. The commissary and quartermaster stores were
obtained from Petersburg, but the supply of watermelons and
roasting-ears were drawn from the “ Oldfields Plantation ” nearby.

The duty required of this small body of cavalry was
heavy ; the men were in the saddle daily and had frequent skirmishes
with the enemy. On August 22nd, a detchment of twenty men in
command of First Sergeant H. H. Eller, was sent out the Wardens-
ville Pike on a scout, when they encountered Captain Sheets’ Con-
federate Cavalry company of forty-three men, capturing and bring-
ing to camp five prisoners. In this fight, Sergeant Jacob L. Wise, John
W. Manning, Abe Moore and H. L. Prall were slightly wounded.
On the Petersburg Road (August 27th) Lieutenant B. W. Denny,
with twenty-two men, met and had a fight with thirty-eight of Mc-
Neill’s Rangers. Their first volley killed Denny’s horse and wounded
Jacob Ulery. Our cavalry captured two prisoners and nine horses,
the rest of the enemy escaping up the mountain ravines.

On the 28th of August, Captain Barr, with twenty of his own
cavalry and a detachment of forty men of the 1st West Virginia
Infantry, was ordered to scout out the South Fork Road. The scout
had proceeded twelve miles when, at three o’clock Pp. M., they met
a superior force of the Seventh Virginia Cavalry. Captain Barr,
with his cavalry in the advance, charged the enemy, but was repulsed
with the loss of * Andy Elliott, wounded and taken prisoner, and
Samuel Simons, wounded in the leg. Captain Barr then fell back
upon the infantry, pursued by the Confederates. The infantry
greeted them with a volley that caused them to beat a hasty retreat
toward Brock’s Gap with our troops close at their heels, capturing
from them two prisoners and ten horses, which were brought into
camp at midnight.

*Died at Belle Isle Prison at Richmond, Va., Dec. 23, 1863.

 
134. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

On September 1st, Sergeant L. S. Moore, with a squad of ten
cavalrymen, sent out the Wardensville Pike on a reconnaissance, was
fired upon by bushwhackers, slightly wounding George H. Vankirk.

It will be remembered that Averill occupied Winchester, just
as Early’s Corps, the rear of Lee’s Army moved south through Stras-
burg on its way to Culpepper. Within a few days, he (Averill) re-
ceived an order to make an expedition through Hardy, Pendleton,
Highland, Bath, Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties, West Virginia.
Leaving Winchester on the 5th of August, he proceeded to Moor-
field, occupying that place for a week, and thence to Petersburg to
complete his outfit for the expedition and get his horses shod. On
the 19th and 20th, he set his columns in motion up the North Fork
and South Fork, through Franklin and Monterey and into Bath,
Pocohontas, etc., driving the enemy, destroying saltpetre works and
Government property as he went. As soon as the Confederates in
the valley became aware of Averill’s movement, Imboden and Mc-
Neill were sent to intercept him, but on reaching Monterey, they
found further pursuit useless. They then turned their forces north-
ward and marched on Moorfield.

IMBODEN AND M’NEILL ATTACK OUTPOST AT MOORFIELD,

Two hours before daylight on the morning of September 4th,
Sergeant B. F. Hassan in command of a squad of five men, consisting
of William Jenkins, John W. Manning, Abel Moore, John Penney
and Corporal Samuel Hallam, was ordered to make a reconnaissance
out the Brock Gap Road in search of information as to the location
of the enemy. After proceeding five or six miles and just as day-
light was breaking, the Confederate pickets were discovered at a ford
on the South Fork of the Potomac. Corporal Hallam was dispatched
back to camp to report, while Hassan, with the others, crossed the
river and drove the pickets into their main force, and then started for
the.camp at Moorfield, when a company of Confederate Cavalry in
command of Lieutenant Jesse McNeill was met with. Being caught
between this force in front, and another in pursuit, an attempt at re-
sistance proved fruitless, and the five men were forced to surrender.
The horses ridden by Hassan and Jenkins were shot and Moore was
wounded. Hallam got through with his message, and Captain Barr,
with twelve men, started out in haste to reinforce Hassan, but was
too late and was obliged to get back to avoid capture.
BACK IN THE MOUNTAINS, SEPT., 1863. 135

* The timely warning conveyed to Stevens by Corporal Hallam
was of great value and prompted the Major to make immediate
preparations to meet the attack, which later in the day was made
by Imboden with a force of 2,500 men.

Major Stevens, with a force of 600 men, made a heroic defense
and held his position until the following day, when he was forced
back across the river to The Junction where he met reinforcements.

Imboden and McNeill then withdrew and returned to the
Shenandoah Valley, leaving a small force of about 70 men, which
went into camp in a dense woods four miles above Moorfield. Major
Stevens re-occupied Moorfield.

The Rebel camp in the woods was unknown to the Union
forces for several days, until a negro reported it. When this in-
formation reached Colonel Mulligan at Petersburg, he planned to
attack this camp, and on the 10th, sent the following order to Major
Stevens at Moorfield:

“Tt has been reported to these headquarters that a party of the
enemy (number unknown) is encamped four or five miles from
Moorfield. A party of infantry under Captain Fitzgerald (23rd
Illinois) will start from this Point at 9 P. M., intending to arrive at
the camp of the enemy at daylight, and, if possible, effect a surprise
and capture. The Colonel commanding directs that you send to-night
Captain Barr’s company of cavalry and a company of infantry from
your command with instructions to move’on the reported camp of
the enemy to arrive at daylight, and to act in concert with the force
moving from this point.”

Accordingly, at three Pp. M., on the morning of the 11th, Cap-
tain Barr, with the available men of his own company, twenty-one in
number, and thirty-five of the First West Virgina Infantry, under
Captain James E. Morrow, marched up the South Fork for the
camp of the enemy.

CAPTURE OF FEDERAL CAMP AT MOORFIELD.

It had happened, however, that on the previous evening, Cap-
tain McNeill, with eighty of his Rangers, had returned from the
Valley and joined the camp in the woods, for the purpose of carry-
ing into effect a similar coup—a surprise of Major Steven’s camp

* Corporal Hallam was captured later in the day and all six prisoners were carried

of to Richmond prisons, where Jenkins and Moore died during the following winter.

anning was eventually exchanged and the others shipped south during March. Hassan

escaped from the train in North Carolina and found his way back to “ God’s Country.”

Hallam was taken to Andersonville, survived the horrors of that infamous prison and
was exchanged shortly before the close of the war.
136 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

at Moorfield. McNeill had planned to attack an hour earlier than
Mulligan’s program. He had left his camp earlier in the night, ad-
vanced by an unfrequented mountain trail until within a mile of
Stephen’s camp, when his men were dismounted, leaving the horses
with a guard, and crept stealthily through the forest until within
a short distance of the sleeping camp, when they dashed in among
the tents, yelling and shooting, capturing 147 prisoners, almost with-
out resistance, together with six wagons and forty horses.

McNeill started up the South Fork Road with his prisoners and
property, unaware that there were any other Yankees about; when
about two miles from Moorfield, he was attacked by the small force
under Captains Barr and Morrow, who were posted on the hillside
south of the road and poured a hot fire into the column, killing a
number of horses. McNeill dismounted a body of his men, scaled
the hill and drove them off. In the confusion of this attack, Captain
Dougherty and some of the other prisoners escaped, and Henry
Slusher, of Barr’s company was captured.

After the column had proceeded some distance farther, it was
met by Captain Fitzgerald’s detachment of infantry, when another
skirmish took place, resulting in the escape of more prisoners, the
capture of some of McNeill’s men and the killing of more of his
horses. Among the prisoners captured in camp at Moorfield were
two of Captain Barr’s company, James Bradley and William P.
Hayner. On the previous evening, a small detail of cavalry from
the Ringgold Battalion, then stationed at Petersburg twelve miles
up the river, was sent to Moorfield with dispatches for Major
Stephens; after delivering the papers, the squad went into camp,
as the hour was late and a return trip at night would be hazardous.
The detail consisted of twelve men, it is said, but the only names
we have been able to obtain are Edward Perrin Lynn, Joseph Fuller,
George Hardy and Walker McConnell, all of Captain Work’s Com-
pany. In the surprise of the camp, Hardy and McConnell escaped,
the latter by dodging his captor and jumping into the river; Lynn
and Fuller were carried off with the prisoners.

A detail of seventy men under command of Lieutenants Crago
and Vangilder was sent to capture a force of the enemy who was
threatening the “Swamp Dragons,” a local company of Union
soldiers, or “‘ Home Guards,” raised for home defense in the County

These prisoners were confined in Belle Isle Prison at Richmond throughout the
following winter, where Bradley and Hayner died. Perrin, Lynn and Henry Slusher

were exchanged, March 18, 1864. Fuller was sent to Andersonville Prison in February,
1864, where he was confined until near the close of the war, when he was exchanged.
BACK IN THE MOUNTAINS, OCT., 1863. 137
of Pendleton. The force of the enemy was not found, but Captain
Bond with his company of “ Dragons” was found lying in ambush,
expecting an attack from the enemy. The command or scout re-
mained with the “Swamp Dragon” until morning, when, as they
were returning to camp leisurely, were met by a messenger tell-
ing them to hurry to camp, as Major Stephens had been attacked at
Moorfield and his camp destroyed. The entire force of cavalry was
out all day, and Lieutenant Denny, with a detachment of his com-
pany, met and had a skirmish with the enemy.

At the time of the surprise at Moorfield on the morning of
September 11, 1863, Major Stephens, Captain McElroy and many
others escaped capture. Major Stephens was much chagrined over
the surprise and charges of carelessness, that had been current topics
in camp, and longed for an opportunity to retrieve his lost prestige.

In a few weeks after that affair, he was sent on an expedition
to Moorfield with 200 infantry, seventy dismounted cavalry and ten
mounted cavalry, with orders to surprise and capture a force of the
enemy reported to be there. The command started soon after mid-
night, Lieutenant Crago in command of the dismounted cavalry.
The intention was to arrive at Moorfield before daylight, but day-
light found them two miles distant from that place. The Rebels
waited for a slight skirmish and then made their escape, when the
disappointed Major returned with his command.

A great many of the horses at this time were unfit for service,
some worn down from hard service and many others, run down for
want of proper care. A very considerable number of men were
thus escaping duty. It was thought that some service as “ foot
cavalry ” would result in improving the condition of the unservice-
able horses.

Not long after this, Lieutenant Crago was sent with a detach-
ment of forty picked men from the different companies, to recon-
noiter Moorfield and ascertain if there was a force of the enemy
there. Approaching the place, we saw at a distance a force of the
enemy’s cavalry greater than ours, but we charged right through
the town, the enemy firing a few shots and retiring. We were
about to search the town for Rebel soldiers. *“ Halting with a
dozen of my men in front of the large hotel in the center of the
town, I was met by Hospital Steward Hart of the 1st West Vir-
ginia Infantry, who was there in charge of some of our wounded.

“Lieutenant Crago.
138 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

He remarked that unless we had a force of over one hundred
men, we had no business there, as there were at least one hundred
and: fifty Rebels within call of the town. I was about to search
the hotel, but being assured by Mr. Hart that there were none of
the enemy there, I desisted. We then returned to camp. Mr.
Hart told me afterward that there was a Rebel soldier in the house
at the time, with whom he had been engaged in a social game of
euchre when we charged up street. He knew that if we made this
Confederate a prisoner, then the enemy would take him a prisoner,
so he made this false report to save-himself and also for the sake
of the wounded men of which he had charge.”

An election for Governor was to be held in many of the North-
ern States during the first or second week of October. In States
where the “ Copperhead” or Anti-War party was strong, the cam-
paign was fierce. At that time, there was no law providing for hold-
ing elections in the army as there was a year later. The men who
had left home and family and all business interests to join the
Union Army and offer their lives to save their country, lost their
votes on account of absence, while the bitter enemies of the Union
at home, by the ten thousands, walked up to the polls and voted
“the War a failure” and “all the blood shed, and all the money
expended in efforts to save the Union, as lost.” As many of the
soldiers as could be spared were furloughed to go home and vote.
On the Sunday before the election, a considerable number of Ring-
gold Battalion boys, who were unable to get furloughs, mounted
their horses and took French leave to go home and vote to defeat
the “ Copperheads” and re-elect our War Governor, Andrew G.
Curtin.

The War Governor was elected and was a host in his official
capacity in sustaining the army in the field and in repelling the in-
vaders when they set foot on Keystone soil. The soldier boys who
went home to vote were back within a week in the saddle at the
front, resisting with carbine, saber and revolver, the enemies of the
nation who had the manhood and courage to fight in the open.

MAIL GUARD ATTACKED.

While at Petersburg, our mail was carried to and from New
Creek Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The dis-
tance between these points was forty-two miles through a mountain
country infested with bushwhackers. The mail guard usually con-
sisted of ten cavalrymen, who made the ride one way in a day, and
THE BATTALION AT PETERSBURG, NOV., 1863. 139

the return trip the next day. The mail-sack was strapped to the
saddle of one of the soldiers.

On the morning of November 1st, the mail-guard consisted of
Corporal T. C. Buckingham, Isaac T. Dawson, William Lafferty,
Sample S. Bane, Irvin K. Gregg, Harry Linn, Madison Blackburn,
W. A. Vankirk, Wm. H. Harrison and Isaac Thomas. The men
mounted and“ lit out” up New Creek over the familiar road, swing-
ing along at the steady gait of an all-day ride. Dawson carried the
mail-sack. They crossed through the mountain at Burlington and
turned up Patterson Creek Valley, having covered more than half
the distance. Just as they came to Pierce’s Gate they were sur-
rounded and fired on by about forty Rebels. Lafferty’s horse was
shot dead, and he and Bane were taken prisoners; Blackburn and
Linn were severely wounded and Gregg slightly wounded. Dawson
escaped with the mail and brought it through, though his overcoat
was riddled with buckshot. Lafferty and Bane died in Rebel prisons.

THE WHOLE BATTALION AT PETERSBURG.

About the first of November, 1863, the post at Mechanicsburg
Gap near Romney was discontinued—the companies of the Ringgold
Battalion which had remained there, now being ordered to join the
others with Colonel Thoburn’s Brigade at Petersburg. Colonel
Campbell’s Brigade was ordered to Springfield. The Second Brigade
(Colonel Mulligan) had been sent to Petersburg soon after their
return from the Valley. At this time, November, the post was com-
manded by Colonel Thoburn and the forces there consisted of the
28rd Illinois, 14th West Virginia, detachments of 2nd Maryland
and 1st West Virginia, the seven companies of the Ringgold Cav-
alry and Rourke’s and Carlin’s batteries, thirteen guns. During the
autumn months, the troops built a fortification or fort.

*“ Our duties here were very heavy. We were forty-two
miles from New Creek from which place all our supplies had to be
hauled in wagons and every train had to be accompanied by a strong
guard. Our hay was obtained from the valley below Moorfield,
some eighteen miles distant, and it required a strong force to guard
every train that went into that Rebel country. Our whole force was
kept ‘on the go’ almost continually. Those not guarding trains or
on picket had to work on the fortifications; and then they would
run us out on scouts between times, often having skirmishes with

 

* Rogers.
140 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

squads of the enemy or getting bushwhacked from the mountain
sides.”

While General Kelley persisted in holding the seven Ringgold
Cavalry companies for outpost and scout duty in Hampshire and
Hardy counties, as his most vigilant and effective force for discov-
ering and heading off expeditions of the enemy against the Bal-
timore and Ohio Railroad, Averill, with his brigade, was cut loose
and sent on several expeditions into the southern counties of West
Virginia, in which he engaged strong forces of the enemy in a
number of hard-fought battles, inflicting severe losses on the enemy,
driving him out of that region, but not without serious loss in killed

and wounded to his own
F command. He had made
| ke a very successful expedi-

tion in August, hereto-
fore referred to; in Sep-
tember and again in
October he had con-
ducted similar expedi-
tions, never failing to
accomplish his purpose
and return with new
laurels. His troops had
the most implicit confi-
dence in him as a brave
and skillful commander,
who, almost always vic-
torious, was ever able to
extricate his forces
from the most perilous situations. General Lee had also the high-
est respect for Averill’s courage and ability to do things, as may
be learned by reading his letters to the Confederate commanders
in that region.

Averill had started from Beverly on the 1st of November,
crossed Cheat Mountain, then to the Greenbriar River and on to
Huntersville, driving the enemy. Proceeding toward Lewisburg
he found the Rebels in a strongly fortified position on Droop Moun-
tain, where he fought them and captured their position by assault,
dispersing them in every direction, and capturing many prisoners.
He then marched on to Lewisburg, and to White Sulphur Springs,
from which point he sent back to Beverly his prisoners and the

   

Petersburg Gap.
THE BATTALION AT PETERSBURG, NOV., 1863. 141

wounded. He then marched on through Monterey and arrived at
our post (Petersburg) on November 13th, where he was supplied
with rations and forage, and, after a rest of three days, marched
on to New Creek, arriving on the 17th.

SERIES OF SUPPLY TRAIN DISASTERS.—No. 1.

On the morning of November 16, 1863, about 8 a. M., the sup-
ply train from New Creek to Petersburg was attacked and captured
about five miles south of Burlington. A messenger from General
Averill informed Colonel Thoburn about 2 p. Mm. of the capture,
and that he was sending one of his regiments and a battalion of
cavalry towards Moorfield to intercept and cut off the enemy’s re-
treat. Colonel Thoburn ordered Captain Greenfield to take all the
available cavalry of our battalion (about 100 men) and proceed
down the South Branch and co-operate with the force sent by
Averill.

Greenfield says, “I arrived at Moorfield about 4 Pp. M., and
found Major Gibson with the battalion of Averill’s command, who
informed me that Colonel Thompson had gone forward with his
regiment in the direction of Wardensville, as he thought this was.
the route the enemy would take to escape. Gibson said his in-
structions were to remain at Moorfield and guard the roads in the
direction of New Creek. I proceeded on and overtook Colonel
Thompson at the intersection of the North River Pike, he having
gone into camp for the night. I informed him that my instructions
were to co-operate with him. He said that his command was worn
out as they had just come off a fifteen-days’ raid and could go no
farther. I then proceeded on with my command to the Grassy Lick
Road, ten miles below-the Wardensville Pike and about eighteen
miles from Moorfield, where I thought the Rebels might cross and
I might intercept them. I here received what I considered reliable
information that they had crossed the road at 3 Pp. M. with horses
only. I reported my information at once by messenger to Colonel
Thompson, and suggested that we proceed and try to overtake them
by daylight next morning. He replied that as they had six hours’
start and his horses were worn out, it would be useless to try to
overtake them.”

As Averill had reported to Thoburn, their force to be 400 to
142 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

500 strong, I did not feel safe in following and attacking them
with my small -command of 100 men. I have since learned their
force did not exceed 200 men, commanded by Captain John Mc-
Neill. The train attacked consisted of eighty wagons loaded with
commissary and quartermaster stores and some sutler’s wagons,
guarded by ninety infantry. The train was necessarily more than a
mile in length moving slowly along the crooked, narrow mountain
road. Forty infantry under Lieutenant Hardman marched in front,
ten men under Captain Jeffers marched at the middle and the other
forty men marched at the rear. The enemy were concealed in an
old house and waited until the advance guard came up, when they
fired, killing Lieutenant Hardman and another, soldier instantly
and wounding others, throwing the guard into great confusion. At
the same time, another party of the enemy attacked the rear-guard,
keeping them engaged while the larger force at the front got away
with some 200 horses and four prisoners, but failed to destroy the
wagons and goods, owing to their haste and being constantly fired
upon by infantrymen sheltered behind trees. The guard was en-
tirely insufficient in numbers for such a train.

Notice of the death of Captain John Keys, of Company A,
was received on the 14th of November, causing a feeling of sadness
throughout the camp, for he was much beloved by all who had
served under him. Captain Keys possessed excellent soldierly qual-
ities. His physical courage, sound judgment and persistence in
effort, soon won the confidence of his men and the esteem of the
commanders under whom he served, especially General Kelley, who
valued him highly as a cavalry officer and managed to retain him
and his command in that mountain department almost continually
until his death. More than two years of hard service and exposure,
so undermined his constitution, that his health gave way and he
reluctantly returned to his home at Beallsville, Pa., late in the
summer of 1863, on a leave of absence, hoping to recuperate and.
return to the service, but his disease progressed rapidly, and he died
on the 11th of November.

From the close of the Battle of Gettysburg until the end of
the year, there had been no great military campaign in the east.

During the four months that followed, the cavalry of the two
armies met in several severe engagements, and were generally active,
but the main body of each army: maneuvered little and watched his
antagonist with sleepless vigilance to catch him off his guard and
strike him a telling blow. About the first of December, Meade
-‘RINGGOLD BATTALION, PETERSBURG, DEC., 1863. 143

moved his army across the Rapidan to attack Lee in his entrenched
position at Mine Run; the assault was to be made on one flank that
was poorly fortified. All hope of success depended upon prompt
movements. While the most of the corps moved promptly to the
positions assigned, some of them did not reach their places until
the next morning. In the meantime, Lee became aware of Meade’s
intention, and, during the night, fortified the point to be assailed
and strengthened his entire position, so as to make it almost impreg-
nable. Meade very wisely withdrew.

Grant had finished up the opening of the Mississippi River in
July, but in East Tennessee, the Union armies were not only in-
active, but in great danger. In the latter part of October, General
Grant was appointed to the command of the Military Division of
the Mississippi, a new department reaching from the Allegheny
Mountains to the Mississippi River. When Grant reached Chatta-
nooga on the 22nd of October, he found Rosecrans’ army at that
place, practically besieged by the Rebel Army of General Bragg;
General Burnside’s forces at Knoxville were besieged by the enemy
under General Longstreet. With the most remarkable expedition,
Grant organized the troops here, and during the next month, de-
feated Bragg in the three pitched battles of Chattanooga, Lookout
Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and raised the siege at Knoxville,
teleasing Burnside’s command to strengthen the victorious army that
was to fight its way to Atlanta and the sea.

Imboden had been assigned to the Shenandoah Valley and
adjacent mountain counties. His territory was large and he made
no attempt to defend any place. His purpose was to harass his
enemy, surprise and capture poorly defended outposts and cause
General Kelley to retain in his department a large number of Federal
troops for the defense of. the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and
the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland against raids. The most
active factor in this department during the autumn months, was
General Averill, with his command. He was given no defensive
work, but was made a free lance to be hurled against the foe in any
part of the department.

On the 8th of December, after winter had fully set in, Averill
was started on his third great raid into Southwestern Virginia,
which, for its audacity and the difficulties overcome, has few paral-
lels in history. “ My command has marched, climbed, slid and swum
355 miles since the 8th instant,” was his laconic report to General
Halleck on the 22nd.
144 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

General Kelley planned this expedition at the suggestion of
General Halleck, the purpose and outline of which appear in his dis-
patch to the War Department:

Cumberland, Md., Dec. 8, 1863.
Brig. Gen. Cullom,
Chief-of-Staff.

Brigadier General Averill left New Creek this morning with
three regiments of cavalry and a battery, for the Virginia and Ten-
nessee Railroad. He will proceed by Petersburg, Franklin, Mon-
terey, Covington and Fincastle, and strike the railroad in Botetourt
and Roanoke counties. Brigadier General Scammon will also move
from the Kanawha to-day on Lewisburg and Union, for the
purpose of threatening the enemy and the railroad near New
River, engaging his attention and making a diversion in Averill’s
favor. Brigadier General Sullivan will move a force up the valley
via Winchester, Strasburg, Woodstock, etc., threatening Staunton,
and engage the attention of Imboden, and prevent him from sending
a force against Averill.

Lee may possibly send a mounted force when he learns of this
movement, for the purpose of cutting Averill off; but this, if at-
tempted, I hope will be frustrated by corresponding movements of
General Meade’s cavalry. If my plans and orders are faithfully
executed, I hope to accomplish important results. It will certainly
cut off all communication between Lee and Longstreet.

B. F. KELLeEy,
Brigadier-General.

At Petersburg, Averill was joined by Colonel Thoburn with
700 infantry, a section of artillery and fifty cavalry of the Ringgold
Battalion, in command of Captain James P. Hart. This force reached
Franklin on the 10th, and Monterey next day, where the advance met
with a slight resistance, resulting in the wounding:of several men
of the Third West Virginia Cavalry. On the way, a saltpetre works
was destroyed by the cavalry under Captain Hart.

* “On the evening of the third day, we camped at Monterey
in the midst of a drenching rain. A large fire was made by burning
dry rails, and, in spite of the rain, we received a good amount of
comfort from it.”

We were immediately ordered on a scout to the right of where

*The_ account of the expedition to McDowell is by Lieutenant F. H. Crago of
Company D.
RINGGOLD BATTALION, PETERSBURG, DEC., 1863. 145

we encamped, or rather, beyond Monterey from Petersburg, while
Thoburn, with the remainder of the command moved on toward
McDowell. It was then we understood that we were not to go
farther with Averill’s force, but were to make a demonstration in
the direction of Staunton, and also to keep and protect Averill’s
wagon-train, laden with commissary and quartermaster’s stores, until
he returned from his raid. After going some distance beyond the
town, we returned, followed the command, and just before reaching
McDowell, we took the advance and charged into the place, routing
a small force of Rebels and driving them up the mountain beyond
the town. That night we stopped in a sugar camp, and as the
weather had grown very cold, and the majority of us still had wet
clothes on, we built large fires and dried ourselves completely.

The next day we were employed scouting the country about and
in trying to ascertain where the enemy was. Our pickets were on
top of the mountain beyond our camp, while Imboden’s pickets
were at the base of the same mountain. We ascertained that Im-
boden had a force of several thousand men, and as we had but about
eight hundred in all, with a wagon train of some eighty wagons,
we were in rather close proximity to such a force. So thought our
Colonel Thoburn, and as a movement of some kind was noticed
early in the evening in the enemy’s camp, he had the tattoo beaten
and blown on the bugles in some four or five different places, while:
campfires, large and bright enough for at least five thousand troops
were built and lighted. This, no doubt, had the effect to deceive the
enemy, for as our command fell back to Monterey, they fell back
in the opposite direction, and by morning, we were at least twenty
miles apart. Our cavalry were left near Monterey on picket, while
the infantry moved on toward Crab Bottom. We were ordered to
kindle no fire, but as the night was intensely cold, and thinking the.
“Rebs ” had too much sense to march after us in such weather, we
selected a low place in which we kindled the largest fire I recollect
of surrounding while in the service. Captain Hart sent two or three
sentinels at a time in different directions, who were relieved at short
intervals, thus allowing all the men a turn to enjoy the fire.

After daylight, we moved on to Crab Bottom, where we en-
camped over night in a barn and had a good night’s rest. In the
morning, we found that we were to remain here and wait for
Averill’s return, so we prepared to make our stay as comfortable as
possible by building shelters out of logs, rails and boards, circling
about large campfires. Under these we piled plenty of straw from
146 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the barn. We then formed our log heap, feeding it with dry rails
from the fence, and for the four days and nights we remained there,
we were just about as comfortable as we well could be.

Our detachment of cavalry was kept very busy scouring the
country for miles around, making daily visits to Monterey, ten
miles distant, where reliable information could be obtained from
a Union lady living there. Following the heavy rains, the weather
had turned extremely cold, and the roads were so slippery that it
was almost impossible for our horses to travel at all.

On Sunday, December 20th, I was ordered with thirteen men
to Monterey. The roads were so slippery that we could scarcely
make the journey. We heard that Averill was within a day’s
march of the place, but did not credit it. That night, our signals
were answered by Averill’s signals, but in a manner to shaw that
they were in the hands of the enemy. From this cause, we were
ordered to be ready to move in the morning at 2 o’clock, and as it
had been learned by scouts that all the main roads leading to our
camp were blockaded, we were forced to take a by-road across the
mountains in order to reach the North Branch Grade. We struck
the grade at Circleville, losing but one wagon, which I think was
wonderful when the time of the year and the roughness of the road
was taken into consideration.

We reached camp at Petersburg in the afternoon December
23rd.

Company A was now sent to Cumberland, where they were
stationed until March, when many of them re-enlisted and went
home on a “ veteran furlough.”

General Averill’s expedition, together with the several simul-
taneous movements to divert the enemy, caused a great commo-
tion in Virginia Rebeldom. Sullivan’s force from Harper’s Ferry,
under Colonel Wells, moved up the valley leisurely, reaching Stras-
burg on the 13th, Woodstock on the 18th and Harrisonburg on the
19th, threatening Staunton, while Thoburn over at McDowell was
also making a feint toward Staunton. General Scammon was ad-
vancing on Lewisburg from the Kanawha, and Colonel Moor, with
two regiments from Beverly, was moving out to join Averill. This
caused General Lee to dispatch Early’s division to Staunton with
all haste and rush Fitz Lee’s cavalry across the mountains after
Averill, while Rosser’s brigade was hurried to Front Royal to get
in the rear of Wells, but was unable to cross the Shenandoah on
account of high water. A counter movement was made by General
RINGGOLD BATTALION, PETERSBURG, DEC., 1863. 147

Meade sending General Gregg with a cavalry brigade to Luray.
Gregg entered Luray, destroyed some Rebel property, and retired
without finding the enemy in force.

CHAPTER XI.

PETERSBURG—ACTIVE WINTER CAMPAIGNS—CON-
FEDERATE RAIDS IN FORCE.

At Petersburg, our battalion was first camped almost a mile
from the village, but as winter “ set in,” our camp was moved within
a half-mile of the town. Here the boys built good winter quarters
and made themselves as comfortable as possible.

During the fifteen days of the Salem raid, the enemy had been
absent from the vicinity of Moorfield, and there was little to break
the monotony of our post. The weather grew very cold toward
the latter part of the month. There was one intensely cold night
which the men on duty long remembered, and which some of them
will never forget.

A cavalry scout was sent out that night, and a number of the
men were severely frostbitten, among whom was Sergeant D. M.
Snyder of Company D, who had volunteered to take the place of
another, and had his feet so badly frozen that he was under the
surgeon’s care for a considerable time.

After their return from the pursuit of Averill, considerable
numbers of Confederate troops lingered about Moorfield, and there
was some apprehension that General Early would turn his atten-
tion to the outpost at Petersburg. During the last week of De-

*cember, we find the men cutting and hauling logs to strengthen the
fort and 100 men at work on the defenses.

On the 30th, our battalion received 150 fresh horses, and needed
many more, as the mounts were pretty well run down from hard
service and neglect on the part of not a few of the men.

Among our battalion boys were a number of good singers, who
formed temporary glee-clubs and cheered the camp with their songs.
Among the most enthusiastic of these was Sergeant Sam Donaldson,
on the fly-leaf of whose diary we find the following song, which
had been added to their repertoire at this time:
148 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“ Dearest Love, do you remember, when we last did meet,
How you told me that you loved me, kneeling at my feet;

Oh, how proud you stood before me, in your suit of blue,
When you vowed to me and country, ever to be true.

Chorus: Weeping sad and lonely, hopes and fears, how vain, 7
When this cruel war is over, praying that you come again.

When the summer breeze is sighing, mournfully along,
Or_when autumn leaves are falling, sadly breathes the song.
Oft in dreams I see thee lying on the battle plain,
Lonely, wounded, ever dying, calling, but in vain.
Chorus: Weepifig sad and lonely, etc.
If amid the din of battle, nobly you should fall,
Far away from those who love you, none to hear your call, .
Who would whisper words of comfort, who would soothe your pain,
Ah, the many cruel fancies ever in my brain.
Chorus: Weeping sad and lonely, etc.
But our Country called you, darling, angels cheer your way,
While our Nation’s sons are fighting, we can only pray;

Nobly strike for God and Liberty, let all nations see,
How we love the starry banner, emblem of the free.”

After the fruitless pursuit of Averill’s force, Fitzhugh Lee and
Early returned to the Shenandoah Valley in the vicinity of Har-
risonburg and Staunton, where Rosser, with his brigade, joined
them.

The question of subsistence for the army of Northern Vir-
ginia was a burning question at this time. The supply of meat for
that army was almost exhausted, and there was no future supply
in sight. General Lee had been urging Imboden again and again
to get out the cattle from Hardy and Hampshire counties. Sore
and chagrined over their hard, lenghty and futile chase after
Averill, these Confederates determined to inflict some punishment
on General Kelley’s forces, and collect an indemnity in horses and
cattle for the mental and bodily suffering they had endured during
the previous weeks.

FITZHUGH LEE’S RAID AND CAPTURE OF TRAIN.

* Accordingly, on the last day of the dying year, Fitzhugh Lee,
with a strong force of cavalry and infantry, together with a battery
and a small wagon-train, left Mount Jackson and marched over the
Oarkney Springs Road to Moorfield. The grade over the mountain
was so steep that they were obliged to send back the artillery and
wagons. Arrived at Moorfield on January 2, where they learned
that the force at Petersburg numbered eight or nine hundred. Their
scouts sent forward to reconnoiter Petersburg, returned with the

*R. E. Lee to J. Davis, Jan. 2, 1864. ;
I have sent Early with two brigades of infantry and two brigades of cavalry,
under Fitz Lee to Hardy and Hampshire Counties to endeavor to get some cattle that
are reported within the enemy’s lines. . . .
RINGGOLD BATTALION, PETERSBURG, JAN., 1864. 149

report that the Federal intrenchments were protected by abattis and
too strong to attack without artillery. General “ Fitz ” then turned
his attention to the Federal line of communication with the base
at New Creek.

Early in the morning (January 1st) Captain Work with a de-
tachment of thirty-two cavalry, rode into Moorfield, chased a few
Rebels and captured two, but found no force. On the 2nd, rumors
of the enemy advancing reached camp, but none could be seen, and
the information was unreliable. On the 3rd, Colonel Thoburn,
Captain Work and Lieutenant Welch, with a small party of cavalry
went out on a reconnaissance through the gap, when they were fired
on and driven back. They dismounted some of the men and went
through the gap again, but the enemy had disappeared. When the
reconnaissance returned to camp, they first learned that the train
was captured.

A train of forty wagons, guarded by detachments of infantry,
had started from Petersburg early that morning (January 3, 1864)
bound for New Creek. The wagons were mostly empty, the only
freight they carried being some hides and the artillery ammunition
of Captain Rourke’s Battery, which was being sent to Tennessee.

General Fitz Lee was informed of the departure of this train.
Leaving the cavalry commands of Major Gilmer and Captain Mc-
Neill to watch the “ gap” and protect his rear he started after the
train with a strong force of cavalry.

About noon, when the train was near the junction gf the
Greenland Gap Road, the mail squad from Petersburg to New
Creek overtook it, and passing on up to the advance, dismounted.
Sergeant H. B. Hedge, one of the mail guards, wrote in his diary,
“We had orders not to dismount during the entire journey of forty-
two miles—a precautionary measure against surprise and capture.
Taking advantage of the protection the train afforded, we halted,
fed our horses and made ourselves some coffee as the train pulled
by—a stop not exceeding twenty minutes; as the rear of the train
came up, we mounted and pushed on. After we had passed scme
distance beyond the train, we met our mail-squad from New Creek
with the mail for Petersburg.

The latter mail-squad was accompanied by Sergeant Sam Don-
aldson of Company C, in whose journal we find the following:
150 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

* “ We met the train near the junction and had gone about half-
way along, when a strong force of Rebel cavalry came out the Old
Moorfield Mountain Road and attacked the rear-guard ; then another
large body of cavalry came out of the woods on the side of the moun-
tain and attacked the side of the train near the advance. The be-
numbed drivers forsook their teams and took to the brush, while
the infantry guards, surprised and overwhelmed, also scattered.”

The entire train was captured and some of the guards taken
prisoners, but most of them escaped capture.

General Fitz Lee’s report says: “ Although not an object of
the expedition, it was determined to cut the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad at New Creek Depot; so marched to Ridgeville and camped
at that place on the night of the 4th instant. Marched at 4 o’clock
next morning in a hail-storm, and though a point was reached within
six miles of the depot, on account of the sufferings of my men and
the impassability of the mountain passes to my smooth-shod horses,
was unable to proceed farther, so counter-marched and passing
through Romney, returned to Harrisonburg.”

When Colonel Thoburn at Petersburg learned something of
the strength of the enemy in his vicinity, he naturally expected to be
attacked at any time, and made every preparation to receive them.
As night came on, the light of the burning block-house at Greenland
Gap indicated the probable location of the enemy. Just after dark,
a detachment of 100 men from the Ringgold Battalion under com-
mand of Captain .Chessrown was sent in that direction to make a
reconnaissance, Colonel Thoburn sending his aide-de-camp, Lieuten-
ant McIlvaine, along. As they approached within a mile or so of the
block-house, they came upon a blockade of logs and rails across the
pike. Clearing this away, they had advanced but a short distance
until they were ordered to halt. In reply, one of the boys, Joe Ham-
ilton, fired in the direction of the voice, the night being very dark.
This caused the Rebel pickets to get back for a short distance where
the main body could be heard forming, the commands being given in

*“Two of the mail-guards up, who were slightly intoxicated, had been running
their horses, and were so far in advance that they escaped the attack entirely. Sam
Turner, who had the mail sack, took) the back track for Williamsport and saved the
mail. Corporal Woodburn, who was ridine with me, had some official papers in his
pocket for Colonel Thoburn, which he wanted to get through, so we took the Greenland
Gap Road over to Mrs. Babb’s, and then up the side of the mountain over a very bad
road, and reached Petersburg after night.”—Donaldson.

Sunulatcously with Fitz Lee’s movement, General Early marched a strong force
down the Valley almost to Winchester, with Imboden’s division of cavalry working the
Valley on his right. As a counter-movement, General Meade sent the Second Brigade
of Gregg’s cavalry (8th, 18th, 16th Pennsylvania and 1st Maine) through Chester Gap
into the Luray Valley, reaching Front Royal on January 2nd.
RINGGOLD BATTALION, PETERSBURG, JAN., 1864. 151

undertones. Our force was immediately turned from the pike into
a large field on the left, where the men remained quietly listening
to the confusion in the enemy’s camp. Our officers were pretty well
satisfied from the amount of stir and “ falling in” going on, that
there were too many of them for us to attack.

Lieutenant McIlvaine, wishing to take positive information back
to the Colonel as to the numbers of the enemy, called for volunteers
to enter their lines and find out from citizens who lived nearby. W.
H. H. (“Tip”) Wickerham and T. J. Crago, of Company D,
promptly offered their services. Leaving all their arms except their
revolvers, which they carried in their hands ready for any emergency
they partly by walking and partly by crawling, reached the farm-
house, where they obtained the desired information and returned in
safety to the command.

The enemy’s appearance in such force within a few miles of
New Creek, caused great anxiety about the forces at Petersburg, now
cut off from communication, and supposed to be besieged by the
enemy. ‘
Next morning (January 4th) Colonel Thoburn anxious to get
into communication with headquarters, ordered Captain Work in
command of the Ringgold Battalion, to detail an intrepid, energetic
officer with a small detachment of picked men, well mounted, to
carry dispatches through the enemy’s lines, if possible, and reach
New Creek.

Captain Work immediately detailed Lieutenant C. J. McNulty
as the officer for the hazardous undertaking, who, with fifteen men
from his own company, was ordered to get through to New Creek
with the dispatches and return with information, if possible, next
day.

Colonel Thoburn was unable to obtain information from any
source on the 4th. Next day, he was anxiously expecting a message,
but the forenoon wore away and no word was received. At one
o'clock p. M., he ordered Captain Work to take sixty men from the
Ringgold Battalion, and, if possible, enter New Creek, unless he
should meet McNulty returning, or get reliable information that it
was impossible to get through the enemy’s lines.

Work started at once and met McNulty at 9 Pp. m., fourteen
miles above New Creek, with the report that the road was open, the
enemy having gone off in the direction of Burlington. Work then
turned about and returned to Petersburg with McNulty, arriving
at one o'clock at night, where they found the camp torn up, wagons
152 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

loaded to move and commissary stores destroyed to prevent their
falling into the hands of the enemy. The news brought by McNulty
caused this order to be countermanded.

Next day (6th) Captain Work was ordered on a scout to Moor-
field with sixty men. Saw some pickets and chased them, but found
no force about there; scouted down to the Greenland Road, but could
find no force of the enemy in that vicinity. Returned to camp, ar-
riving at 3 p. m., having ridden ninety miles in thirty-six hours with-
out sleep.

The weather continued intensely cold. The troops at Peters-
burg were put on two-thirds rations on account of the “ wanton de-
struction of stores on the night of the 5th.” On this day, Joe Arm-
strong and one of Chessrown’s men were sent to Williamsport with
dispatches and both were captured. It was not known yet what had
become of Fitz Lee’s force, so the cavalry were kept busy scouting
toward Moorfield and down the creek valleys toward the Potomac.

On the 8th, scout out the Burlington Road; 9th, scout of ninety
men with Captain Chessrown and Lieutenants Denny and Speer was
sent to Moorfield ; on arriving at the ford, could not cross on account
of the ice. Saw some Rebel cavalry and heard that 500 infantry
came that morning.

Next day (10th) Lieutenants Denny and Spear with 100 men
went to meet the wagon train, which came through unmolested.

On January 8th, Lieutenant Myers, in command of a special
squad of scouts, telegraphed from Romney to General Kelley that
the enemy, 1,500 cavalry, commanded by Fitzhugh Lee and Rosser,
had gone out the Wardensville pike on their way to the Valley on the
previous day.

On January 11th, all the cavalry except Captain Greenfield’s
company and the provost guards, were ordered to New Creek.
Marched at 11 a. m. Camped over night near Williamsport. Very
cold night. The men had to lie out and suffered severely. Marched
at 8 A. M., on the 12th, and arrived at New Creek at 4 Pp. m. and
camped on Reese’s farm, six miles above the station. Moved on
down to the station next day and camped north of Fort Fuller. Very
badly off for tents and camp outfit.

14th. Fifty men under Lieutenant McNulty detailed to escort
train. Troops busy preparing quarters. At 8 p. M., fifty men or-
dered to report to Major Farrabee; sent in command of Lieutenant
Gibson to reinforce train guard. ,
RINGGOLD BATTALION—NEW CREEK, JAN., 1864. 153

While the Ringgold Battalion, stationed at New Creek, were in
the saddle almost continually, escorting trains, scouting, etc., Cap-
tain Greenfield’s Company at Petersburg, now the only cavalry at
that post, were also on the go day and night. We find in the “ War
Records ” the following:

Hpors. 2np Div., Dept. W. Va.,
New Creek, W. Va., Jan’y 18, 1864.

Captain: Colonel Thoburn, commanding Second Brigade, re-
ports that on the 15th instant, a small squad of the Washington Cav-
alry (Captain Greenfield) had a skirmish with McNeill’s Company
near the Moorfield Gap. The enemy were routed, losing one killed,
one wounded and two captured. We also captured three of their
horses and a full set of arms and accoutrements. Our loss was
nothing. Faithfully,

James A. MILLIGAN.
Capt. T. MEtvin,
A. A. G.

Sergeant Armour Thompson, a brave, wiry, little Irishman,
about five feet four inches and weighing 130 pounds, was the hero
of this affair. McNeill’s company of Partisan Rangers was con-
cealed in a ravine, waiting for the little squad to pass. Thompson,
in command of the squad, and always on the alert, saw them. As
soon as discovered, the Rangers rushed out and Thompson re-
treated; as our horses had been living mostly on hay, they were
not in the most perfect condition. Thompson’s horse was evidently
the weakest, as, after retreating some distance, he fell behind his
squad. One of the Rangers, called “ California Joe” (Joe Rosser
was his name) from the fact that he had resided in California,
was riding a fast horse and got in advance of his command. Thomp-
son, realizing that he would be overtaken and captured or shot
from his horse while retreating, wheeled his horse quickly and
met his foe face to face. They fired simultaneously. It was a duel
between two brave men. At the third shot, the Ranger dropped
dead from his horse, being shot in the forehead. Thompson leaped
from his horse, took the arms from his foe, mounted the Ranger’s
horse and escaped, as the rest of the Confederates in close pur-
suit were firing at him.

The death of their comrade seemed to paralyze the enemy,
and they soon gaye up the pursuit. Thompson’s horse followed him
154 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

into camp. The Confederates considered Rosser one of their bravest
and best soldiers ; he was an athlete and an expert horseman.

General Kelley was so well pleased with this brave act that he
complimented Sergeant Thompson and presented him with the
horse, arms and equipments. The horse was a fine, strong, blooded
animal. The arms taken were a double-barrel shotgun, saber and
revolver, the last being of French manufacture with a nine-bore
cylinder and an extra barrel for shooting buckshot or slugs. It was
on exhibition in Shan Margerum’s store in Washington, Pa., for a
number of years.

THE FOLLY OF AN OUTPOST AT PETERSBURG.

“For what purpose does General Kelley maintain an outpost at
Petersburg?” The correct answer to this first question of the
soldier catechism at that time and place was this: ‘ General Kelley
maintains an outpost at Petersburg for the purpose of supplying
the Rebel army with animals, wagons and commissary stores.”

The utter folly of maintaining this outpost, back in the moun-
tains in the enemy’s country, forty-two miles from a base of sup-
plies, was patent to the most thoughtless soldier.

On the 17th of January, Colonel Thoburn in command of
the post at Petersburg, wrote a letter addressed to the A. A. G.
of the Second Division, commanded by Colonel Mulligan, advising
the evacuation of that post, and sustaining his opinion by the most
conclusive arguments. He says in part, ‘“‘ With the experience of
the past five months in connection with our trains (evidently alluding
to the trains captured on November 16th and January 3rd) and the
prospect of bad roads at no distant day, I believe our stay here is
at least precarious. The capture of trains at the present time from
the ’Creek here, would leave us famishing before another could be
sent to us, and the capture of another train is by no means an
improbable event, and can not well be prevented on our part, for
the enemy can easily bring a larger force to attack it than we can
keep in continual guard with it.”

Colonel Mulligan forwarded this letter to General Kelley with
‘the following note:

“Respectfully submitted. This paper has been written by
Colonel Thoburn without any knowledge on his part of my own
(same) opinion in this matter, as expressed in a late conversation
with the general commanding.”
EARLY AND ROSSER RAID. 155:

General Kelley made no reply and paid no attention to the com-
munication.

The daily camp journal continues to report heavy details for
train-guards, scouts and escorts. Every train had to be guarded
by a battalion of infantry, a squadron of cavalry and a section of
artillery, and it required four days to make the round trip.

To give an idea of the mid-winter work required here, we
quote from Captain Work’s diary, which runs along as follows:

“January 20, 1863. Left at 1 p. mM. with ninety men to guard
train to Petersburg. Camped at 7 p. m. half-mile above Burlington;
slept in a straw pile. Lieutenants Speer and Keys along. Major
Farrabee in command. :

“ January 21. Train moved out early; fed at 11 a. m. at creek
three miles below Williamsport. At 6 P. m., camped at the junction
of the Moorfield-Greenland Gap Road with the Petersburg Pike.
Moorfield Road re-blocked this day.

“January 22. Reached Petersburg at 1 P. M.

“January 23. Left Petersburg for a scout to Moorfield. Col-
onel Mulligan and staff accompanied scout. Major Farrabee in
command of cavalry and two guns of Carlin’s Battery. No Rebs
seen. Camped six miles from the junction.

“January 27. Received a box of socks from Relief Society
of Buffalo Village, Washington County, Pa. Distributed them
according to orders.

“January 28. Ordered on a scout toward Moorfield. Rebs re-
ported advancing in force; went on to Ridgeville. Ordered to Will-
iamsport; arrived there at dark. No enemy and no word of any
this side of the Shenandoah Valley. Got back to camp at 2 A. M.”

EARLY AND ROSSER INVADE HARDY AND HAMPSHIRE—1864.

General Early with his entire force remained in the Upper Valley
about Harrisonburg and Staunton during January. Here his cav-
alry—both men and horses—obtained a rest of several weeks after
their strenuous service in the mountain counties, from December 12
to January 7. Early kept thoroughly informed of the situation in
Hardy and Hampshire, and had observed that the Federal outpost
was still maintained at Petersburg, and that the big wagon-trains
loaded with commissary stores and drawn by hundreds of horses
and mules, continued to traverse the forty odd miles of mountain
roads to and fro. General Lee’s Army was in great need of provi-
156 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

sions and teams, and it was time to make another levy on Uncle
Sam.

* On the morning of January 28th, General Early moved from
New Market with Rosser’s Brigade, Thomas’ Brigade, all the
effective men of Gilmor’s and McNeill’s Partisan Rangers, and four
pieces of McClanahan’s Battery toward Moorfield. He arrived at
Moorfield on the 29th, and early next morning, Rosser’s Brigade,
with the artillery, was sent forward to intercept a train on its way
from New Creek to Petersburg, and get between the garrison at the
latter place and the railroad.

Information of the enemy’s intention to make this raid had
been given to General Kelley by citizen refugees on the 28th, in con-
sequence of which the supply train, which had started the previous
day, was stopped at Burlington and turned back, and a precautionary
message sent to Colonel Thoburn, ordering him to retire from
Petersburg if menaced by the enemy in force.

On the next day (29th), hearing nothing further of the ap-
proach of the enemy, General Kelley ordered Colonel Snider to
proceed with the supply train to Petersburg. In obedience to this
order, Colonel Snider, on the 29th, again started with the train, going
into camp as night approached.

GREENFIELD IN ROSSER’S CAMP.

Greenfield’s company had remained at Petersburg throughout
the month of January in command of Lieutenant Dabinett, as Cap-
tain Greenfield was away on business relative to the organization
of the regiment, as hereinafter reported. Greenfield returned to
Petersburg on the 29th. On the way up from New Creek, he had
heard rumors of Early’s advance from the Shenandoah Valley, and
suggested to Colonel Thoburn that he ‘be allowed to take a detach-
ment of his cavalry to Moorfield and try and secure reliable informa-
tion, to which Colonel Thoburn agreed and issued the order. Cap-
tain Greenfield says:

“T left Petersburg at midnight of the 29th, with forty men of
my company, intending to arrive at Moorfield before daylight on the
30th, hoping to take some prisoners, as it was a rare case when some
Confederates were not at home or visiting friends in Moorfield.
Before reaching the South Fork Road near Moorfield, I had to pass
a farm-house that I had often passed before, where they kept a pack

* General Early’s Report.
EARLY AND ROSSER RAID. 157

of dogs that always kept up a fearful barking while we were passing.
This always gave the Confederates warning of our approach. To
avoid this and get into Moorfield without giving alarm, I took to
the fields and passed around the house, entering the road a short
distance above the forks. As we moved down the road, we were
halted by a picket. We replied, “ Friends,” and did not halt. Com-
ing in their rear, he took us for Confederates and made no resist-
ance. The picket proved to be a camp guard of Early’s division
of infantry and Rosser’s cavalry. Rosser, with part of his com-
mand, was in Moorfield. We were in their camp before we realized
it. Many of the men were up and moving about the camp, although
it was yet dark. I halted the command and rode into the woods
on the right of the road, got a good view of the force, as we had
not made any noise and they were not aware of our presence. We
captured their picket and returned to camp to apprise Colonel
Thoburn of the situation. I estimated their force at 3,000 infantry,
cavalry and artillery, while our force at Petersburg was about 800.
As we moved off, we passed the house where the barking dogs were,
only a short distance from Early’s camp. The family was all out—
men, women, children and dogs—and greeted us as Confederates,
evidently taking us for the advance of Early’s Army marching to
attack the Union forces at Petersburg. Colonel Thoburn, in his
report, says:

““On the morning of the 30th ult., Captain Greenfield, with
a squad of forty men, ran into a camp of Rebel cavalry one or two
miles south of Moorfield, and returned bringing with him a prisoner
from whom we learned that Rosser’s Brigade with some other de-
tachments was there. I at once notified the commanding officer of
the train then on its way from New Creek to Petersburg, of the
threatened danger ; also the commanding officer of the 23rd Illinois
Infantry, then engaged in blockading the road leading from Moor-
field to Patterson Creek Valley.’ ”

ANOTHER WAGON-TRAIN CAPTURED.

The troops at New Creek had been paid off on the 28th and
29th. On the morning of the 30th, the paymaster, with a guard of
sixty men of the Ringgold Battalion, equal details from companies
E and F, under Lieutenants Speer and Gibson, started for Peters-
burgh to pay the troops at that post. The paymaster traveled in an
ambulance with his satchel of greenbacks, accompanied by Hospital
158 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Steward, William M. Hart of the First West Virginia Infantry.
This escort overtook the wagon-train above Burlington about noon,
and thereafter marched with the train in order to have the benefit
of the additional protection afforded by the train guard while
traversing that ever-dangerous upper part of the journey.

During the forenoon of this same day, while the men of the
23rd Illinois were busily engaged in chopping and felling trees into
the Moorfield road, and otherwise blockading it, they were attacked
by Rosser’s Brigade, and after a sharp skirmish, were driven back.
Colonel Quirk had previously sent a messenger back to the train
notifying Colonel Snider that the 23rd Illinois Infantry would meet
him at Moorfield Junction and urging him to hasten his movements.

On reaching Medley, two and a half miles from the Junction,
the advance of the train met Colonel Quirk falling back before the
enemy, who had been detained for a time, clearing out the blockade
in the roads to get his artillery through. Colonel Snider being the
ranking officer, now took command of all the troops and formed a
line of battle with his infantry in the center, and the cavalry on
either flank, the detachment of the Ringgold Battalion under Speer
and Gibson being on the right flank, together with several companies
of the 4th West Virginia Cavalry.

Colonel Snider, in his report, says, “I had scarcely gotten my
command in position when the enemy opened on us with two pieces
of artillery, their infantry advancing at the same time, which was
met by a galling fire from my front and caused them to fall back.
Thrice they attempted the same thing with the same results.” The
enemy finding such resistance in their front, then began a flank move-
ment, which jeopardized our train in the rear. Seeing this, Colonel
Snider ordered the train to be turned and started back. “ But to my
great mortification,” he says, “‘ two of the train-masters had fled, and
all the teamsters with but few exceptions.” Many of them had cut
the horses and mules loose from the wagons and mounted them to
escape. The train was thus immovable. Regarding his first position
as now perilous, Colonel Snider gave the order to abandon the train
and fall back to an elevated position some distance in the rear. The
artillery practice of the enemy had begun to demoralize the train-
guard proper, and when this movement was being executed, it was
with difficulty the different commands could be held together—a
condition the enemy was quick to observe and of which he was as
quick to take advantage.
EARLY AND ROSSER RAID. 159

Lieutenant Gibson, with thirty men of his own company (E),
chose the rear-guard in this retreat as his opportunity for greatest
usefulness. The enemy, now flushed with victory, assumed that
there was but little fight left in the Yankees, and bodies of his
cavalry, from time to time, would press our rear in an effort to
create a stampede. Upon their approach within range, Gibson would
turn about with his thirty Ringgolds, and pour well-aimed volleys
from their carbines into the audacious pursuers until the Rebel
bump of caution became perceptible in his keeping beyond carbine
range.

Colonel Snider formed his line again on an elevated position
and checked the enemy for a short time, but soon continued the re-
treat. The enemy followed the retreating train into the mountain
west of Burlington, but not in force, as he had important business
just then in taking off the captured train. They burned about forty
wagons and carried off the remainder. A few of these were lost in
crossing the mountain, and General Rosser complained that many
of the stores with which the wagons were loaded, disappeared before
they reached the Shenandoah Valley. Colonel Snider did not make
a report of the number of mules lost. General Early teported that
they had captured 300. Colonel Snider reported a loss in men of
five killed, thirty-four wounded, and thirty-five missing; a number
of the latter came in later. Major Nathan Goff, of the 4th West
Virginia Cavalry was captured. His horse having been shot, fell on
the officer’s leg, and, unable to extricate himself, he was made a
prisoner and carried off to a southern prison.

Some of the drivers stuck to their teams and brought their
wagons off and through to New Creek intact; among these was
Frank Fitzsimmons of Company A, the only name we have been
able to obtain.

THOBURN ESCAPES FROM PETERSBURG.—RINGGOLD BATTALION MEN
HOLD THE APPROACHES FOR TWO DAYS ALONE.

As soon as a report of the engagement and loss of train
reached New Creek on the evening of the 30th, all the available
men of the Ringgold Battalion were ordered on a scout to Ridge-
ville in command of Captain Work. This scout went on to Burling-
ton and Patterson Creek Valley, then returned to Ridgeville and
placed pickets. Again at three o’clock in the night, Work scouted to
Burlington and vicinity, but finding no evidence of the enemy, re-
turned to Ridgeville at 6 a. M. (31st).
160 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

* Colonel Thoburn’s position at Petersburg was now perilous.
With but one day’s provisions left, his line of communication in
possession of the enemy, his force weakened by the absence of the
23rd Illinois, he was in no condition to stand a.siege.

“A little after dark (on the evening of the 30th) a scouting
party brought in a prisoner taken from Early as he was going into
camp on the Moorfield Road, six or seven miles from Petersburg,

“from whom we learned that we would be attacked the following
morning at daylight. At midnight, every preparation being com-
pleted, the command moved off quietly; taking with us, with some
trifling exceptions, all our stores and Government property. The
Patterson Creek Road being occupied by the enemy, I was com-
pelled to take an unfrequented and difficult mountain road through
Bell’s Gap to the base of the Allegheny Mountains, and from thence
to Greenland Gap, where the head of the column arrived at 10:15
A.M., January 31st. . . . At 5 P.M., went into camp eighteen
miles from New Creek. . . . Arrived at the latter place at 11:30
A. M., February 1st.”-(From Colonel Thoburn’s Report.)

Promptly at daylight on the morning of January 31st, the enemy
appeared before Petersburg and opened fire on the works, but to his
surprise, he found the place unoccupied. He then hastened by the
direct Patterson’s Creek route to Greenland Gap, to cut off Tho-
burn’s retreat, but was too late. McNeéill’s and Gilmor’s forces
were sent into the Allegheny Mountains for cattle, while Rosser
proceeded down Patterson Creek.

General Kelley, thoroughly alarmed at the strength of the
enemy and not being able to determine his purpose, now, as usual,
“began to apprehend that his ultimate designs were to effect the
destruction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and that at the
same time, he might attack the post at New Creek, or even hazard
a coup-de-main on Cumberland, with a view to plunder
therefore, held Mulligan’s Division (at New Creek) strengthened
by Thoburn, for defensive or offensive operations, as the circum-
stances might dictate.”

The Ringgold Cavalry, under command of Captain Work,
picketing at Ridgeville and Claysville and constantly patrolling to
Burlington and vicinity, seems to be the only force Kelley had
drawn from the garrison at New Creek.

Claysville was a hamlet up New Creek, seven miles above

* Captain Greenfield’s Company of Cavalry had remained at Petersburg with Colonel
Thoburn’s command.
EARLY AND ROSSER RAID. 161

Ridgeville, at the junction of New Creek Road and Northwestern
Pike. The picket there was but a handful of eighteen men, under
command of Lieutenant McNulty, keeping watch on that narrow
valley, lest the enemy might come through one of the gaps above
and advance that way.

On the morning of’ February 1st, Lieutenant McNulty sent
Corporal George Daugherty, with three others, to reconnoiter about
Dull’s Gap, two and a half miles farther up New Creek. As
Daugherty, riding several rods ahead of the others, came directly
opposite the mouth of the Gap, there on their horses sat six Rebel
cavalrymen, revolvers in hand, ready for action. They gave him
the “ Halt, thar, you Yank.” Daugherty and his
men wheeled and made a dash for the picket post with the Johnnies
in hot pursuit. Daugherty’s horse began to fail and fall behind,
enabling the pursuers to come up within range, when they began
to shoot. In attempting to jump a wide ditch, the jaded horse fell,
throwing the Corporal, who continued his retreat afoot, and, dodging
behind some buildings, gained the timber and escaped. Our picket
caught sight of the other fleeing comrades and fired his carbine
to give the alarm, which brought Lieutenant McNulty and three of
the reserve charging up across the creek and into the Johnnies.
McNulty shot the upper lip off one of his antagonists and killed his
horse, while the Rebels fired a volley and retreated, one of their
balls wounding McNulty in the arm.

When Colonel Mulligan heard that the enemy had appeared in
New Creek Valley and attacked the pickets, he issued the following
order, the original of which Captain McNulty has at this writing:

 

 

HEAD-QuarTers, SEcoND Division, Dep’t oF WEST VIRGINIA,
New Creek, W. Va., Feb’y 1, 1864, 4 p.m.
Lieutenant :
Fall back to the mouth of Short Cut from the New Creek
Road to the Northwestern Pike. Keep your patrols from there to
the junction of the New Creek and N. W. Pike. Keep Head-

Quarters advised.
By order of Cot. MULLIGAN.
M. J. Russex, A. A. A. G.
LrzuTeNANT McNUutty.

Although painfully wounded, Lieutenant McNulty stuck to his
Picket-post and said nothing about it to Headquarters. Colonel
162 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Mulligan did not learn of this until late on the 3rd, when he issued
the following order:

Lieutenant:

You are hereby directed to report to these Head-Quarters with
your picket detachment. Would have relieved you days ago, had
I known of your being wounded.

By order of Cot. MULLIGAN.

Lizutenant McNutty. M. J. Russet, A. A. A. G.

On the morning of February 1st, Captain Work again took
a detachment of thirty men of the Ringgold Battalion across the
mountain and reconnoitered about Burlington. He received informa-
tion that a large body of Confederate cavalry were coming down
Patterson Creek Valley. He then stationed pickets up the road by
the creek and formed his reserve a half mile back. A little later he
was reinforced by another detachment of cavalry under Captain
Chessrown. Captain Pease, of Colonel Mulligan’s staff, then came
up, and, as he outranked Captain Work, took command. He
changed the position of the reserve contrary to Captain Work’s
judgment, and then, taking Captain Chessrown with him, went for-
ward to the outer pickets. By this time, he understood the “lay
of the land” better, and directed Chessrown to go back and tell
Work to change the reserve back to the first position. As Chess-
rown started with the order, he was obliged to cross the creek, when
his horse stumbled and fell in the water, catching the Captain’s leg
under him. The horse sprang up and jumped away, but was caught
by Lieutenant Speer and returned to the owner just as the enemy
charged down the road, and our pickets fell back at full speed. By
the time Chessrown, soaking wet from his bath, got mounted, the
Rebs were almost up and calling on him to surrender. He dashed
away, however, and with lead whistling about his ears, led them a
race of a half mile to the reserve column, which saved him from
capture and checked the enemy for the time. The Rebs charged
again furiously, and our men were driven back and so hard pressed
that five men with bad horses were overtaken and made prisoners.*
Robert W. Nesbit, of Company C, had his horse shot.

* The men captured were John T. Gass, W. H. H. Wickerham, Isaac J. Mitchell,
W. H. H. Degarmo and Daniel Amos. Degarmo was an old man and his captors let
him go, The others were taken to Richmond and imprisoned on Belle-Isle during the
ecaie ally a ie snag: thee Were ene south and imoreoned in Auleroumile: the
sick men were eventually removed to another prison near Florence, South Carolina, where
Gass died, Nov. 5, 1864. Mitchell was finally exchanged and placed on board .a trans-

port, but was so far gone that he died on ship-board. Wickerham survived, was finally
exchanged, returned to his company and served his country -until the close of the war.
EARLY AND ROSSER RAID, FEB., 1864. 163

THE PURSUIT.

At 12 ep. m., Captain Greenfield, with one hundred of the Ring-
gold Cavalry and four companies of infantry, was ordered to
Ridgeville. When Greenfield arrived at Ridgeville in the latter part
of the night, he learned that the enemy, which had driven Work
through the Ridge, had retired at seven o’clock on the previous even-
ing. Taking Stack’s Cavalry with him, and also Captain Work with
part of his force, Captain Greenfield moved forward to Burlington
and found that Rosser’s command had left and gone down Patter-
son’s Creek. Greenfield immediately reported this fact to Thoburn,
who then reinforced him with the Third Pennsylvania Reserves and
Lieutenant Kelley’s two howitzers, all under command of Major
Briner of the Reserves.

Captains Work and Chessrown, with forty cavalry, were sent
to the Junction on a reconnaissance. Found the enemy and charged
him, but he was too strong to be driven.

Next day (February 3rd) at about 3 a.m., Colonel Thoburn
joined our forces at Burlington with the First and Fourteenth West
Virginia Infantry, Fourth Pennsylvania Reserves and Carlin’s Bat-
tery. Lieutenant Welch, with a small detachment of cavalry, who
had been sent to Sheet’s Mills the evening before, returned before
daylight, reporting that the enemy had left Sheet’s Mills the evening
before and gone in the direction of Romney. Colonel Thoburn at
once moved out withthe cavalry under Greenfield and one regiment
of infantry, to Moorfield Junction, where it was discovered that the
enemy had passed in the early part of the night.

General Kelley had ordered two regiments of cavalry from the
Shenandoah Valley to try and cut off Rosser’s escape. These had
now reached the vicinity and were hunting Rosser. Colonel Tho-
burn sent Lieutenant Welch with a small detachment of cavalry to
find Averill’s men, who returned, reporting that Colonel Thompson’s
regiment was at Romney, and Colonel Fitzsimmons with his regi-
ment of New York Cavalry from Sullivan’s command, was at
Springfield, having marched down there by the South Branch Valley,
while Rosser slipped up Patterson’s Creek Valley on the opposite
side of the mountain, “Rosser had captured the guard at Patter-
son’s Creek railroad bridge, set fire to the bridge (which did not
burn) and hurried back up the creek to avoid a collision with these
cavalry regiments from the Valley, which he knew were on the way.

Colonel Thoburn now informed Colonels Thompson and Fitz-
164 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

simmons that Rosser had escaped, and that he had ordered pursuit
in which he requested them to join. Thoburn ordered Captain
Greenfield with his command of one hundred men to pursue and
find Rosser’s command. Greenfield pursued, overtook them four
miles from the junction, and had a skirmish with their rear-guard.

About 1 p.m., Colonel Thompson, with six hundred cavalry,
reported to Colonel Thoburn at Moorfield Junction, and Colonel
Fitzsimmons was reported on the way with about the same num-
ber of cavalry. Colonel Thoburn then moved forward. At Purgits-
ville, Colonel Mulligan, our division commander, came up and took
command, while Thoburn returned to the infantry.

Colonel Mulligan, in his report, says:

“On the 3rd, I took command of the column then in pursuit
of General Rosser on the Moorfield and Hardy Pike. Colonel
Thoburn commanding; reported the Third and Fourth Pennsylvania
Reserves as exhausted, footsore, and unable to proceed. I ordered
them into camp near Purgitsville, and with Lieutenant Colonel
Thompson commanding five hundred of Averill’s Cavalry, Captain
Greenfield’s Cavalry, Carlin’s Battery and a section of Ewing’s un-
der Lieutenant Morton, moved to Reynolds’ Gap, where we halted to
await the arrival of General Sullivan’s Cavalry under Lieutenant
Colonel Fitzsimmons. The Colonel, not arriving and unable to as-
certain his location, at four o’clock in the morning, I ordered Car-
lin’s Battery with a guard of two hundred cavalry back to the in-
fantry at Purgitsville, it being hazardous to risk so much artillery
with so light a force.”

* With the remaining force of cavalry and Ewing’s Battery,
Colonel Mulligan then moved forward to feel the enemy, whom
we discovered at Parson’s Ford on the South Branch at 8 A.M.
At the same time, Fitzsimmons advanced on the Romney road with
six hundred of Sullivan’s Cavalry and Captain Henry A. Myers’
Company of the Ringgold Battalion that had come from Patterson’s
Creek and joined him at Romney.

Lieutenant Morton immediately brought up his battery and
opened on the enemy from Parson’s Ford. Our cavalry, under
Colonel Thompson, was preparing to charge, when the Colonel
ordered him to take one piece of artillery, move to Going’s Ford,
hold it and harass the enemy’s flank. At the same time, Colonel
Fitzsimmons was advancing with his command to charge, when he

* Captain Greenfield.
EARLY AND ROSSER RAID, FEB., 1864. 165

was halted by the Colonel (Mulligan) as he learned the enemy was
drawing us into a trap, some of their cavalry deploying on our left.

When Colonel Mulligan realized, about 11 a. m., that Early was
only maneuvering to gain time to escape with his cattle and train,
we were permitted to charge, but it was too late, as there was only
a rear-guard to drive out of Moorfield. We pursued them up the
South Fork and had a skirmish with them at Randolphs. They con-
tinued their retreat, continuing slowly up the Fork.

When Early’s Infantry was reported deploying into position,
Captain Myers, being familiar with the South Fork Pass, was or-
dered to the front with his company (A of the Ringgold) and
Colonel Fitzsimmons ordered to press closely after him, using his
artillery to rout the enemy. Captain Myers, after an effort to break
through their lines, returned and reported the enemy strongly lodged
in the rocks.

Colonel Fitzsimmons reported the most of his cavalry too much
exhausted for further efficient pursuit. The enemy’s train was dis-
covered at 3 p.m. on the South Branch Mountains. Our artillery
opened on it without effect, the distance being too great. Colonel
Fitzsimmons and the artillery were stationed at the mouth of the
South Fork Defile, and Colonel Thompson, with all the available
force of both commands, moved up the Fork in pursuit, following
the enemy until late in the night.

Colonel Thoburn was ordered to come forward with the infan-
try, but was unable to arrive in time to be of any assistance. The
enemy’s force being greater than our pursuing force, after leaving
Moorfield, had the advantage of mountain passes and narrow defiles
that made attack hazardous. They could retire from position to
position and inflict serious loss upon an assailant, with comparative
safety to himself.

In our rear, as far back as Burlington, the woods were full of small bands of the
enemy watching for stragglers, couriers, etc.

“ After Mulligan took command on the 3rd, the forces moved from the Junction at
3 o'clock and halted at Fink’s, four miles above. Here, nine men from our battalion
were detailed as couriers; of whom Johnston, Willison and myself were ordered to wait
here for dispatches. We stayed over night, sleeping and guarding our horses by turns.
I received two dispatches at daybreak to deliver to the relay couriers at the Junction,
who were to carry them on to the next relay at Burlington, who were to carry them
through to New Creek. When I came to the Junction, I could find no couriers, they
being somewhere in a house fast asleep, so I took the dispatches on to Burlington,
going the eight miles in one hour. While I was at Burlington, Willison carried a
dispatch down to the relay at the Junction, and on his return to Fink’s, was captured
by a few bushwhackers. Later in the day, Johnston was returning up with a dispatch
for Colonel Mulligan, when he was attacked front and rear by a half dozen rebs; he
left his horse and escaped with the dispatch. Sergeant Oliver, myself and four others
got the dispatch, carried it to Colonel Mulligan, and returned to the Junction with
Lieutenant Gibson and a good squad.”—Donaldson’s Journal.
166 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

We find the following in Lieutenant Crago’s Letters, published
in 1884:

“We moved very rapidly through the ‘ Oldfield’s’ Plantation,
and reaching the bank of the river, saw the enemy in full view
just beyond. Our artillery opened fire at once, and in a few minutes,
Colonel Thompson’s force would have forded the river had it not
been for peremptory orders to cease firing. The Colonel was then
ordered with a piece or artillery to an eminence on the right, from
which we could see the entire force of the enemy. Why we were
not permitted to fight them, I could never understand. The men
were all anxious for the combat. Colonel Thompson was so en-
raged that he shed tears. He asked of Colonel Mulligan permission
to take his own regiment and attack the enemy, agreeing to be re-
sponsible for the result.

“Captain Greenfield, being ordered to the right above town,
was about to order a charge with his command when Mulligan’s aide,
galloping up, asked him if he did not see the Rebels just beyond.
“Yes!’ exclaimed Greenfield, ‘and have seen them for the past
hour.’

“ Had either Greenfield or Thompson been in command, some-
body would have been whipped in less than an hour. As it was,
we watched their train (a good part of it our train) escape across
the mountain, while we were held in leash.”

*“ On the morning of the 5th, Early was reported retreating
rapidly towards Harrisonburg. Our cavalry was worn down by
forced marches and loss of sleep since we ran into Early’s army
above Moorfield on the South Fork before daylight on the morn-
ing of the 30th ult. At Petersburg, our horses had but little grain,
subsisting principally on hay, which was not too abundant. Colonel
Mulligan ordered the co-operating forces back to their stations.

“Encamped the night of the 4th on the McNeill farm. On the
morning of the 5th, marched’ to Moorfield and Petersburg, and
brought away the sick and wounded. February 6th, marched from
Petersburg to New Creek.”

GREENLAND GAP,

During the month of February, our cavalry were kept scouting
actively throughout Hampshire and Hardy counties, especially the
latter, the winter rendezvous of McNeill’s Rangers. Petersburg was

* Colonel Greenfield.
OUTPOST AT GREENLAND GAP, FEB., MAR., 1864. 167

not reoccupied as a military post, but it was determined to estab-
lish an outpost at Greenland Gap, some twenty miles back from
the railroad. On the 21st of February, Work’s and Barr’s com-
panies of the Ringgold Cavalry, the 23rd Illinois Infantry and two
guns of Carlin’s Battery were ordered to Greenland Gap, where
they arrived on the following day (February 22nd). Colonel Quirk,
of the 23rd Illinois, commanded the post. The men fixed up
quarters again, this being the third time they had built themselves
winter quarters during this winter. Active scouting was required,
for the country was suffering from marauding bands, who robbed,
and occasionally murdered loyal citizens and kept them in a state
of terror. A sad accident occurred here on the 26th. The men
were cutting and skidding down the mountain side, logs for the
building of a house, when one struck Frank Boles, of Company
C, killing him instantly.

Many recruits now began to arrive to fill up the gaps in our
ranks. Almost every one of these was from the old neighborhood
in Washington County, Pennsylvania, where the company of his
choice was recruited. Many of the men of the old companies, whose
three-year enlistment would expire in a few months, were re-enlist-
ing for three years; those who thus re-enlisted were allowed a
30-day furlough. The 28rd Illinois Infantry re-enlisted on the 28th.

On the next day (29th) General Kelley was relieved of his
command, and General Franz Sigel assigned to the Department of
West Virginia. On this day, Lieutenant Denny with a detach-
ment from C and F companies was sent on a scout to Moorfield.
Later in the day, it was reported that a force of the enemy was at
Moorfield, when Captain Work took a scout there, but the enemy
had gone. He heard nothing of Denny, so returned to camp.

March 1, 1864. Six inches of snow and very stormy. Captain
Work was ordered to take all the available men of the two cavalry
companies, with five days’ rations and forage, to Petersburg. Lieu-
tenant Colonel Root, of the 15th New York Cavalry, with his com-
mand and a small detachment of the Ringgold Battalion from New
Creek—in all 400 men—had been ordered to proceed to Petersburg,
leave his wagons there in charge of a force under Captain Work,
and then advance to Franklin and destroy a saltpetre works some
miles south of that place, the product of which was used by the
Confederates for the manufacture of gunpowder.

Captain Work marched for Petersburg with thirty-three men,
all in camp who were available. On the way, he met Lieutenant
168 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Denny’s scout, returning, very much fatigued, who were allowed to
go on to Greenland and rest over night, then join Work’s small
force at Petersburg. ‘

Captain Work arrived at Petersburg, at dark, and quartered
his men in the hospital, where they enjoyed a good night’s rest.
Colonel Root encamped that night in a deep ravine one mile out, and
next day proceeded to fulfill his mission. It was reported to Cap-
tain Work that a body of Rebel cavalry was in Moorfield. Anxious
to ascertain the truth of this statement, he made a reconnaissance
with twenty-five men to and about Moorfield, and learned that a
body of the enemy’s cavalry had been there, but had left at 9 a.m.
From all the information he could gather, he was convinced that
there was a considerable force of Confederate cavalry in the vicinity.

That evening, March 2nd, Lieutenant Denny with thirty-seven
men arrived at Petersburg. Next day, Captain Work sent Lieuten-
ant Denny with twenty-six men, sixteen of Company F and ten of

.Company C, to scout in the direction of Moorfield. When within
three miles of Moorfield, he came in contact with a small body of
Rebel cavalry, which resisted his advance sharply, when he charged
and drove them a short distance, wounding several and shooting
some of their horses. Immediately thereafter, another body of
cavalry, three times as great as his own, appeared in his rear and
attacked him, while those in front returned to the attack. Denny’s
men dispersed, all escaping but seven, who were taken prisoner.
The captured were Corporal Abraham H. Wilkin, Edward Linton
and Milton S. Davis of Captain Work’s company, and Michael G.
Moore, John W. Penney, Corporal William Vankirk and Corporal
Milton Sherwood, of Captain Barr’s company. All the prisoners
died in Southern prisons, except Sherwood. Denny also reported
a loss of thirteen horses and equipments captured.

Captain Work immediately sent a messenger to Colonel Quirk,
asking for reinforcements, when Captain Elliott with seventy-five
of the 15th New York Cavalry was started from Burlington to re-
inforce him. .

The evident strength of the enemy in the vicinity, his own
small force being considerably reduced by the day’s fighting, rein-
forcements not having arrived, at 10 Pp. m., Captain Work fell back
on the Thoburn Road five miles and bivouacked for the night, re-
turning to Petersburg in the morning, where he learned that the
enemy had charged into the place during the night, but not finding
him, had retired a short distance. Constantly expecting an attack
OUTPOST AT GREENLAND GAP, MARCH, 1864. 169

and hearing nothing from Colonel Root, Work again fell back to the
camp of the previous night.

Next day (5th) Colonel Root’s force returned and the whole
force marched to Greenland Gap, Colonel Root’s forces going on to
Burlington. Colonel Root had effectually destroyed the saltpetre
works, reconnoitered the country about there, finding no force of the
enemy other than small scouting parties. He returned without loss,
except a six-mule team and wagon that went over a precipice.

We learn from a letter written by General Imboden to General
Early, February 22nd, the following: “I also have four companies
on the South Fork and South Branch, scouting, foraging and gather-
ing up cattle for my own command. . . . McNeill is also over
there.”

Colonel Root, in his report of this expedition, tells of having
sent Lieutenant Gibson of the Ringgold Battalion with ten men as
an advance scout on an all-night ride “ to ascertain what force of the
enemy, if any, was in . . . front,” and that at daylight in the
.morning, Gibson reported that he had been over the route and found
no force in the way. In concluding his report, he pays the follow-
ing compliment: “I desire to express my sincere thanks to Lieu-
tenants McKenzie and Nugent, of the staff (Colonel Mulligan’s
staff), and Lieutenant Gibson, of the Ringgold Cavalry, for the
prompt and efficient manner in which they performed all the duties
assigned to them.”

The foregoing rather thrilling experince of our Ringgold Bat-
talion boys during the first few days of March was followed by a
month of active but uneventful service. The soldiers’ diaries record,
day after day, details for scout, details for train guard, details for
picket, etc., etc. ;

Occasionally a body of Confederate cavalry would appear about
Moorfield for a day, but would disappear. They were saving their
horses for more active service later on. Their pursuit of Averill in
his several expeditions of the autumn and early winter, and the
raids of Fitzhugh Lee, Early and Rosser, into the Hardy and Hamp-
shire mountains in January and February, had been very hard on
their cavalry horses as well as ours. The run-down horses in our
cavalry regiments were now being condemned and sold at auction,
and their places filled with many thousands of fresh horses from the
Great West.
170 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“AND WE'LL FILL THE VACANT RANKS WITH THREE HUNDRED
THOUSAND MORE, SHOUTING THE BATTLE-CRY OF FREEDOM.”
Vacant places in the ranks were also being filled with new men,

volunteers who had heretofore hoped that the Rebellion could be
put down without them, but now, when the Nation again called for
volunteers, came forward and took their places in the ranks. A
soldier of the Ringgold Battalion writes in his diary: ‘“ Seven re-
cruits from old Washington County came to our company to-day.
Our quota is now full.”

The most interesting topic of conversation during the last week
of March was that which we find recorded in the diary of Sergeant
H. B. Hedge, of Company A, as follows:

“ March 24, 1864. We received word that the Ringgold Battalion
has been increased to a regiment to be known as the ‘ Twenty-
second Pennsylvania Cavalry,’ with Colonel Higgins as commander ;
Captain Greenfield as Lieutenant Colonel; and Captain. Work as
Major ; other officers to be named later.”

The regimental idea did not meet with favor from many of the
men, as will appear in the next chapter, but it promised a change
from the rather irksome duty of “ guarding Kelley’s railroad,” a
taunt thrown at us by our soldier friends in the big armies, and
under which we winced; our service had been most laborious and
dangerous, and yet we were receiving but little credit for it. Now
there was a spirit of expectation in the air; there was a getting
ready to do something on a larger scale than before. General Grant
was now Commander-in-Chief of all the Union armies; his record in
the West had been a succession of victories from the beginning of
the war until he left his victorious army at Chattanooga and came
to Washington as Commander-in-Chief. “ He is to have full sway;
there will be no more jealousy and disobedience of orders in time
of battle.” “You'll see victories now, right along.” These and
other similar expressions were heard on every side. This optimistic
feeling was general, and the future looked more hopeful.

Apropos of this sentiment at the time, we find the following
entry in Sergeant Donaldson’s diary:

“ April 15, 1864. I got a patriotic song to-day, entitled:

“SONG OF A THOUSAND YEARS.”

“ Lift up your eyes desponding freemen,

Fling to the winds your Retdiwes fears,

He who unfurled your beauteous banner,

Says it shall wave a thousand years.

““A thousand years, my own Columbia,

Tis the glad day, so long foretold,
’Tis the glad morn, whose early twilight,
Washington saw in times of old.”
THE REGIMENT. 171

CHAPTER XII.
THE REGIMENT.

By an order of the War Department, issued February 22, 1864,
the 22nd Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, was formed
by the union of the seven independent companies known as the
Ringgold Battalion, with five new companies of Pennsylvania
cavalry, the latter recruited mostly from those counties bordering on
the Maryland line. The regiment thus formed consisted of twelve
companies, organized as three battalions of four companies each.
The men of the seven “old” companies, in ordinary conversation,
never recognized this three-battalion organization, but always alluded
to the new end of the line as the “ New Battalion” and to the seven
“old” companies as the “ Old Battalion.” In speaking of. the two
elements that were joined to form the regiment, we will use the
familiar names. ‘“‘ New Battalion” and “ Old Battalion.”

THE OLD BATTALION.—PREVIOUS EFFORTS TO ORGANIZE THE SEVEN
INDEPENDENT COMPANIES INTO AN INDEPENDENT BATTALION.

It will help the reader to better understand the feelings of the
men and officers in the matter of consolidation, if we take a brief
glance at their previous civil life and military experience.

The seven cavalry companies forming the “Old Battalion ”
were recruited as independent companies, enlisting for three years,
each company having a special name, as Ringgold, Washington,
Keystone, Beallsville, Independent, Patton and Lafayette Cavalry.
When they arrived in the enemy’s country and began to operate
together, the soldiers themselves seldom used the original name,
but designated the different companies by the name of the first
captain, as “ Keys’ Company,” “ Greenfield’s Company,” “ Work’s
Company,” etc. As such independent commands, these companies
entered the service; the first two in the summer of 1861, and the
other five in the autumn of 1862.

The enlisted men of these companies were mostly farmers’ sons
who had grown up in the broad freedom of the country life, and
to whom such a life is as natural and congenial as that of the wild
animal in the unexplored forest. These men had a dislike for the
teeming throngs of the city and the regulations and restraints neces-
sary for the government of such. They were natural horsemen,
trained from early childhood to care for and manage horses and to
172 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“ break in” the untamed colts to saddle and harness. They grew up
to have no fear of horses, and could ride and shoot like the cow-
boy of the plains. At that time, almost every farmer-boy had his
own saddle-horse in which he took great delight, and the horse
learned to love his master with an affection almost human. These
men were loyal and patriotic, and when impelled to respond to
their country’s call for volunteers, the independent cavalry company
appealed to them as the most congenial service and that in which
they could be most efficient. Many of them rode their own horses
when they left for the seat of war.

The department of West Virginia in which they had operated
almost continually since their enlistment, was just the place for
such small bodies of cavalry; the military bases or camps from
which they operated during their career as independent companies
seldom contained more than a regiment of infantry and a battery
of artillery, beside the six or seven cavalry companies. In such
small camps, the discipline is not necessarily so strict and the re-
straint is not so great as in the camps of a larger army, and so it
was that these cavalrymen were given much latitude and subjected
to the minimum of red tape. In fact, the kind of military duty they
were required to perform, scouting in small bodies, sent on long
journeys or raids to destroy the enemy’s stores, drive off a raiding
force, seize and fortify some mountain pass, etc., such service re-
quires not only the highest courage, but great freedom of action.

When the companies recruited in the autumn of 1862, joined
those which had gone out the previous year, the lack of more
compact organization was realized, and by mutual agreement they
formed a union known as the Ringgold Battalion,* the “old” or
Ringgold Company thus surrendering its name to the battalion, the
other companies dropping their original names, and the several com-
panies thereafter taking the names, or being designated as Company
A, Company B, etc. Ever afterward, the term “ Ringgold Cavalry ”
applied to the battalion or to detachments or soldiers from any com-
many of the battalion.

As these companies were generally stationed at one point or
post, the senior captain would command the battalion. In making
details for the various operations and duties, the custom was to
apportion the number of men wanted, equally among the companies ;
thus: if a scout of seventy men was ordered out, the detail would

* The Washington and Lafayette Companies did not enter into this compact, but
operated with the other companies just the same, Z
THE REGIMENT. 173

be ten men, more or. less, from each company; in this way, the new
or raw troops were associated with seasoned troops that had seen
much active service, and from whom they learned the art of war rap-
idly and at the same time gained confidence in themselves and soon
became as efficient as their veteran comrades.

The lack of an absolute organization, however, was soon found
to be a detriment to the efficiency and discipline of the various com-
mands, and to detract from the credit due both officers and men for
the gallant service they were doing. Owing to the independent
character of the organizations, they were seldom attached to any
one of the several armies operating in campaigns against the enemy.
Their laborious and ‘dangerous service in the Virginia mountains
against the wily partisan rangers and concealed bushwhackers,
however heroic the service, “ did not count in the news of a battle,”
nor cover the command with the glory such heroism deserved. The
highest rank enjoyed by any officer of the more than 700 men, was
that of captain, and there was no opportunity for promotion of any
captain to higher rank, and seldom for the promotion of any sub-
ordinate officer. An effort was made to have the War Department
grant a battalion-organization to be composed of the seven cavalry
companies and to be known as the Ringgold Battalion, Pennsylvania
Volunteer Cavalry, with a Lieutenant Colonel and one Major. This
effort was unsuccessful.

About a year later, in December 1863, the matter was taken up
again, and this time, General Averill, General Thoburn and other
commanders under whom the Ringgold Battalion had done valiant
service in a number of expeditions, importuned the War Department
and also the Governor of Pennsylvania, to have these independent
cavalry companies organized into a battalion with a head officer
having the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and with one or two majors.
They testified that these troops were excellent soldiers, but that for
want of organization under a head commander, they could not be
used to the best advantage, and further, that in their present dis-
jointed state, there was lack of opportunity for promotion of officers,
thereby depriving them of that great stimulus to heroic action.

HEADQUARTERS, First SEPARATE BRIGADE.
Cumberland, Md., Dec. 30, 1863.
To His Excellency,

Governor A. G. Curtin, Harrisburg, Pa.

_sir:—I have the honor to recommend to your favorable con-
sideration, the name of Captain A. J. Greenfield, Ringgold Bat-
174. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

talion, for promotion to the position of Lieutenant Colonel. It is
desirable to fill up the command of Captain Greenfield and make
it a regiment; should you be pleased to sanction such an under-
taking, I know of no officer more worthy of promotion than Captain
Greenfield. I have known him in the field for a year, and. know
that he possesses the first and most essential qualifications for a
neld officer of cavalry.

I have the honor of being your Excellency’s obedient servant,

Wma. W. AVERILL.

HEADQUARTERS, 2D BRIGADE, 2p Division, Dept. W. Va.
Petersburg, W. Va., Dec. 26, 1863.
Governor,

‘The Ringgold Battalion, the Washington Cavalry and the La-
fayette Cavalry, in all seven companies of Pennsylvania Cavalry,
are attached to the Brigade and are in a very disorganized condi-
tion, without a recognized head with rank commensurate to the
command. The good of the service demands a more perfect organi-
zation and the commissioning of a good officer to the command. I
would respectfully request that this be done and that Captain
A. J. Greenfield of the Washington Cavalry be promoted to be a
Lieut. Colonel and given the command thereof.

I have the honor to be . Very respectfully,

Your obed’t servant,
J. THoBURN,

Hon. A. G. Curtin, Col. Commanding.

Gov. of Pa.

Colonel Greenfield says: “I was urged by General Averill,
Colonel Thoburn and many officers of the Battalion to go and see
Governor Curtin and request him to organize the seven companies
into a battalion with a Lieutenant Colonel, one or two Majors, field
and staff. I obtained a leave of absence for this purpose and left
Petersburg the last of December. I stopped at home a few days
with my mother, whom I had not seen since entering the service,
August 14, 1861, this being my first leave of absence. I visited
Harrisburg in January, called on the Governor and presented letters
I had received from Generals Averill, Tyler, Colonel Thoburn and
others. The Governor expressed himself as pleased to seé me and
asked if I thought the State was in any way indebted to the com-
mand. I took this remark as a joke. It was not so intended, how-
ever, but to emphasize the fact that our seven companies went
THE REGIMENT. 1%5

directly into Virginia to be mustered into the United States service,
thereby, in a way, ignoring the Pennsylvania State authorities. I
reminded him that he refused to accept the Ringgold Cavalry when
Captain Keys telegraphed him April 16, 1861, offering the company,
mounted and equipped for service. How that soon thereafter the
Ringgold Company was ordered to Grafton, Va., by the Secretary
of War, and there mustered into the United States service as
Pennsylvania Volunteers, their officers being commissioned by Gov-
ernor Curtin; that our whole command was mustered in, almost in
the presence of the enemy, and went into active service at once;
gave him a brief history of the service the command had per-
formed, which was so highly valued by General Kelley that he had
always endeavored, and quite successfully, to keep us in his de-
partment, saying that we had done more to prevent Confederate
raids in Pennsylvania than any other command.

“The Governor admitted he was familiar with the operations
of the command and said he knew we had done good service. He
then asked me to meet him in the office of the Secretary of the
State next morning at ten o’clock. I was on time in the morning
and found the Governor waiting; he took me by the hand and
greeted me as Lieutenant Colonel. I thanked him, and he then
revealed to me what he proposed doing for the command. He had
five companies to unite or consolidate with our seven companies
to form a regiment; twelve companies, in all 1,200 enlisted men, one
Colonel, one Lieutenant Colonel, three Majors, one surgeon
with the rank of Major, two assistant surgeons with the rank
of First Lieutenant, one quartermaster and one commissary,
each with the rank of Captain, and one adjutant, all to
be appointed and commissioned by the Governor. He wanted
to appoint the Colonel and one Major not of our com-
mand. To the appointment of the Colonel I protested, and con-
tended that our seven companies were entitled to the Colonel and
assured him that to go back to the battalion with this.report would
be a great disappointment to the officers of the command. I had
never heard of the officer he so highly recommended as Colonel.
I left greatly disappointed. I returned via New Creek, where most
of our companies were then stationed, consulted with the officers
and then conferred with the Governor, communicating to him their
wishes, but without avail, as he organized the regiment as first
proposed.”
176 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE NEW BATTALION. FORMER SERVICE, RE-
ENLISTMENT, ETC., ETC.

At the time of the threatened invasion of the North by the
Confederate armies in June, 1863, President Lincoln issued a call
to the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland
for one hundred thousand men to enlist in the United States service
for a term of six months in defending these States against the
enemy.

A few days later, when the danger of an invasion of Pennsyl-
vania became more imminent, Governor Curtin issued a call for
sixty thousand State militia to serve the State for ninety days in
helping the National forces to repel the invader.

Under these two calls, many thousand loyal Pennsylvanians left
their farms, shops and stores and rallied to the defense of the State.

In response to the President’s call for the six months’ service,
many companies of cavalry were recruited in the Southern counties
of Pennsylvania. These were formed into regiments, the 20th and
21st Pennsylvania Cavalry being organized at that time. After those
organizations were completed, there yet remained four companies of
cavalry. At that time, it was thought other cavalry companies would
be recruited and added to these in sufficient number to form another
regiment to be known as the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry. With this
in view, the four companies were organized as a battalion of the pro-
posed regiment and placed in command of Major B. M. Morrow.
These four companies were recruited in June and the early part of
July. Company A, Captain John D. Fee, was recruited principally
in Huntingdon County ; Company B, Captain H. C. Kay, was raised
in Bedford County, and Company C, Captain W. H. Jolly, and
Company D, Captain W. S. Neff, were from Blair County.

These companies were mustered into the United States service
at Harrisburg.

Company A, prior to going to Harrisburg, saw service at Mc-
Connellsburg during Lee’s invasion, and later, guarded Confederate
prisoners and wagon-trains captured at Gettysburg, bringing them
from Franklin County to Mount Union, Pa.

July 20, 1863, this battalion left Camp Couch, Harrisburg, and
marched to Chambersburg, camping at Camp Ferry. In the latter
THE REGIMENT. 177

part of August, Company A was sent to Mercersburg, Pa.; Com-
pany B to Bedford; Company C to Waynesboro, and Company D
to Greencastle, the troops doing provost duty at these places.

* ORDERED TO THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY.

The second week in October, the four companies met at Cham-
bersburg, from whence they were ordered to Virginia. Camped the
first night at. Hagerstown, Md. The next morning, were joined by
the 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry, commanded by Colonel James Boyd,
and the entire command marched by way of Sharpsburg, Md., to
Harper’s Ferry, Va., thence to Charlestown, where a Maryland
regiment of infantry had been captured the day before. Pursued
the Confederates by way of Berryville as far as Winchester; then
returned to Charlestown and went into camp as an outpost. Soon
after, made successful raids to Front Royal, Newtown and Stras-
burg.

During the autumn and early winter, quite a large number of
Confederate troops were camped about Staunton and Harrisonburg
in the upper valley, where subsistence was more readily obtained
than farther north: From this base, their cavalry roamed down the
valley as far as Winchester. and Berryville. While General Averill
was on his famous Salem raid into Southwestern Virgina from the
8th until the 23rd of December, most of this Confederate force was
drawn westward in pursuit. To divert these pursuers from their
purpose, General Sullivan in command at Harper’s Ferry, sent a
strong force under Colonel Wells of the 34th Massachusetts In-
fantry, and Colonel Boyd of the First New York Lincoln Cavalry,
up the valley as far as Harrisonburg, to threaten Staunton. Mean-
while, Moseby was in the rear of Wells and Boyd, picking up strag-
glers, capturing small parties, etc. Throughout the month of De-
cember, detachments of our Sixth Months’ Battalion were constantly
scouting the country to the south and west, having occasional col-
lisions with the enemy.

Décember 14, 1863, about 130 men, commanded by Captain
Kay, of Company B, were ordered to proceed to Upperville, Va.,
thence to. the Shenandoah River and form a junction with a portion
of our brigade that had gone up the Valley of Virginia. S. W.
Gehrett, Company A; Samuel Miles and W. H. Porter of Com-
pany B, preceded the advance about one-eighth of a mile, and

 

* This narrative of the six months’ service is from Sergeant (Rev. Dr.) S. W.
Gehrett’s “‘ Newspaper Reminiscences of a Boy in Blue.”
178 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY,

at Snickersville, surprised a small-band of Confederates, gave chase
and succeeded in capturing a cavalry captain.

The evening of December 15th, we entered Upperville, the ad-
vance guard pursuing a number of the enemy at full gallop, but in
the darkness, they succeeded in getting away.

A camping place for the night was a necessity, and this we found
in a small orchard three-fourths of a mile from Upperville, nearly
surrounded by a stone wall. In front and between us was a field,
on the right a farm-house, on the left the town. In the rear, the
wall was low and broken down in many places. J. A. Corbin, H. M.
Pardonner, J. H. Hale, B. F. Barras, of Company A, and others
(names not known) were detailed for picket duty and were posted
on the pike in a slight depression at the edge of the town. A small
stream crossed the pike, and on either side for some distance, a thick:
scrubby growth of wood covered the ground, making it a capital
place for bushwhackers to get in very effective work. Soon after
being posted, the pickets were fiercely attacked and compelled to re-
treat. They were again posted and were vigorously attacked the
second time and were again forced to retreat, after making a bold
stand, returning the fire of the enemy successfully. Barras, fearing
the capture of the entire detail, called to Corbin to retreat; he replied,
“ Wait until I have had one more shot.” The enemy charged, Cor-
bin’s horse was wounded and he was captured, the rest of the pickets
making their escape to the camp. Skirmishers were posted around
the orchard. The rumbling of wheels was heard; commands were
given as though artillery had arrived on the scene of action. This,
we learned afterwards, was a ruse, trying to make the impression
we were attacked by a large force, and that we would surrender. A
brisk fire was opened on our front, left and rear, which we returned
as effectively as possible in the darkness. The enemy was quite bold,
advancing close to the stone wall, and calling repeatedly for us to
surrender; but knowing we were in close quarters, completely sur-
rounded, and that capture by Moseby’s men, as a rule, meant cruel
murder, we declined to make matters worse. It grew very cold,
rained and sleeted, rendering our situation very uncomfortable as
well as exciting. Soon after midnight the firing ceased. Taking
their killed and wounded with them, they withdrew.

How we longed for daylight! Drenched with rain, half-frozen,
not daring to make a fire, having nothing to eat but dry hardtack,
and not even cold water to wash it down, we were miserable, indeed.

During the night, a sergeant of Company B was captured.
THE NEW BATTALION.—FORMER SERVICE. 179

As soon as it was light enough to see distinctly we moved out
of the orchard, expecting to be attacked any moment. As we entered
the town, we saw Corbin’s horse lying in the street. A citizen in-
formed us that the body of Corbin was in his house. After being
captured, two Rebels became involved in a dispute and deliberately
shot him, also killing his horse. They stripped him of his arms,
overcoat and boots, leaving him lying in the streets. After being
carried into the house, he informed the inmates who he was and
other particulars in reference to himself and regiment.

With a strong advance guard, commanded by Lieutenant W. C.
Gayton, of Company D, and composed of Sergeant Major Albert
Postlethwaite, Sergeants Israel Stever, Seth Myers, George Patter-
son, Corporals Lewis Irvin, George Taylor, H. M. Strausbaugh and
Philip Hooper, Company D, we set out on our return.

We had not gone far until the enemy was seen and the advance
guard went for them on a gallop. A brisk firing in the meantime
‘was kept up. The planks of a small bridge had been torn away, but
Lieutenant Gayton, who was mounted on a very fleet horse, cleared
the opening and captured Colonel Carter, of the famous “ Black
Horse Cavalry,” who had been thrown from his horse. Soon after,
two captains and an orderly were captured. Colonel Carter informed
Lieutenant Gayton that they had emptied three revolvers at him in
the chase, and could not understand how they had missed him.

We were a long distance from Harper’s Ferry and in a region
where several hundred bushwhackers could be massed in a: short
time. The rain fell in torrents, then changed to a storm of sleet and
snow. Our clothing was frozen stiff on account of the heavy rains.
Our horses were greatly fatigued, and having an ambulance with us,
we could not proceed at a rapid pace.

Stopped at noon to rest the horses, but the enemy pressed us so
closely we had no time to make coffee—that sovereign balm for all
a soldier’s woes. We went into camp after dark at Hillsborough.
The next morning, the enemy appeared, but when pressed, retreated.

When Colonel Carter was captured, he said, “ You'll never get
us to Harper’s Ferry. We'll be recaptured.” The wonder was why
we were not all captured or killed. We numbered 130 men, had
gone more than 100 miles into the enemy’s country. They largely
outnumbered us and could have captured our entire command the
night we were in the orchard. Later we learned that each of the
roads on which we were expected to return had been guarded by a
large force lying in ambush waiting our coming, prepared to give us
1s0 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

a warm reception. But unexpected by them, we chose a road which
they had not the slightest idea we would take. We left Charlestown
December 15th, returning on the 18th, having been gone four days.
One of these scouts was memorable, not for a conflict with the Con-
federates, but for a collision with another enemy. On a Saturday
afternoon late in December, a scout consisting of thirty men under
Lieutenant Dougherty, was sent out. Camped the first night in the
edge of Berryville, a much exposed place.

Next day, we marched on by way of White Post and New-
town, and thence down the pike to Winchester. On the way down,
some of the men got their canteens filled with apple-jack, under
the influence of which they became hilarious, then turbulent, quarrel-
some and difficult to control. We kept them marching on, however,
and reached Berryville in a heavy rain after dark. Here the Lieu-
tenant wanted to go into camp for the night. Our camp at Charles-
town was but ten miles away, many of the men were in no condition
for duty in case of attack, and we sober ones, did not relish the idea
of lying out in the rain, so putting spurs to our horses, we galloped
down the pike toward Charlestown, and soon the whole command
followed, reaching camp in two hours, where the men were soon in
their comfortable quarters, sleeping off the effects of the rain and
apple-jack.

* New Year’s Day was bitter cold. The enemy was reported to
be advancing in force, and we were hurried away from camp in the
early morning; fell back to Bolivar Heights and remained in line
of battle all day and at night in a half-frozen condition, returned
to the quarters we had left so hastily in the morning. It was
the old story, a false alarm, preparing for an enemy which had
sense enough to stay in out of the cold.

The first of January, 1864, quite a furore was raised in camp
by Lieutenant Lyon, of Company B, who proposed to raise a com-
pany for three years or during the war, and in a short space of
time, a sufficient number of men from the different companies en-
listed. The company subsequently became Company I of the 22nd
Pennsylvania Cavalry, commanded by Captain Lyon and Lieuten-

* “The first of January, 1864, was bright | and mild. It was reported that the enemy
was in force near Bunker Hill. ‘Saddle up!’ Wagons were ordered back to Harpet’s
Ferry for safety. All available men of the regiment and a battery of artillery went out
through Smithfield and within eight miles of Winchester. The weather had suddenly
changed and it became intensely cold. It was too cold to fight. It was decided to let
the rebels go this time. Returned to Bunker Hill and stopped to make coffee. Just as
it began to be dark, started home. The cold became intense and the wind blew so hard
that the bugler could not sound the call to mount. The men had to walk and run to
keep from freezing. As it was, many had their ears, faces and feet frozen.”—(From
Hist. lst N. Y. Lincoln Cavalry.)
THE NEW BATTALION, RE-ENLIST. 181

ants Derland and Adams, and was mustered into the three-year
service, January 5, 1864. Soon after this it was rumored that
all the six-months’ troops were about to be mustered out of the
service. This created great excitement.

In the latter part of January, orders were received to march
to Chambersburg, Pa., turn in our horses and equipments and then
proceed to Harrisburg to be mustered out of service. The after-
noon and night before our departure the camp was in great com-
motion ; every one was in high glee.

The next morning, about 9 o’clock, the chief bugler sounded
“boots and saddles,” and at the command to mount, we swung into
our saddles right cheerfully. It was a beautiful winter’s morning
as we filed out the pike leading to Harper’s Ferry, singing “ When
Johnny Comes Marching Home,” “ Ain’t I Glad I’m Out of the
Wilderness,” etc.

We marched down the pike through Halltown, over Bolivar
Heights, through Harper’s Ferry, across the Potomac on the pon-
toons, up the narrow roadway along the river for over a mile, and
then short to the right on the road leading to Antietam Iron Works,
and thence to Sharpsburg, Hagerstown, and Greencastle, reaching
Chambersburg early in the evening of the third day, where we went
into camp, a short distance below town on the Harrisonburg pike.

The command was detained here at this camp for a considerable
time while the preliminaries to muster out were being prepared.
We daily expected to receive orders to go to Harrisburg to be mus-
tered out and were as often disappointed. The men naturally be-
came impatient at the delay; it was mid-winter; the quarters were
uncomfortable, the camp disagreeable and their term of enlistment
had expired. Most of the officers were registered at the hotels in
town, so many of the men left camp also and took lodgings in the
town.

Finally the order came for us to go to Camp Curtin at Har-
risburg, where, after some further delay, we were mustered out.

RE-ENLIST FOR THREE YEARS.

Before its muster-out in January, 1864, in compliance with an
order from the War Department, the battalion was reorganized at a
camp of rendezvous near Chambersburg, Pa., where five full com-
panies were recruited for a term of three years, or during the war.

This camp was on a bleak hill four miles out of Chambersburg
on the Loudon Pike. It was about as uninviting a place as could
182 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

have been found in Franklin County, and as a natural result, many
of the boys “ Frenched” it into town daily. The March weather
was wintry, the accommodations in camp were poor and a number
of the men became sick. Company H was made up of men prin-
cipally from Bedford and Blair counties; Company I, from Bed-
ford, Blair and Huntingdon counties; K, from Fulton and Hunting-
don; L, from Cumberland and Franklin, and M, from Bedford,
Blair and Cumberland. ~-

In a short time, we received orders to join the rest of the
regiment already in the field. Accordingly, on the 24th of March,
1864, we fell into line and under command of Major E. S. Troxel,
marched into Chambersburg, where we boarded a train of freight
cars and rode to Hagerstown, Maryland. From there we marched
by easy stages to Williamsport, where we camped for the night in
an apple orchard. The next morning, we resurhed our march, cross-
ing the Potomac at Williamsport, an old town that showed many
evidences of the desolating hand of war. When the command had
all gotten over, we fell into line on the “sacred soil,’ and started
up the long hill from the ford singing, “ Babylon is Falling” and
“John Brown’s Body Lies Mouldering in the Grave,” led by James
Isenberg, of Company K, who was an excellent singer. The line
of march to Martinsburg was not of much interest. It had been
marched over so many times by troops that there was scarcely a
rail to be found to make a fire, and on either side of the pike, there
was a well-beaten road made by troops who had preceded us.
Another feature was the almost entire absence of men, save the
aged, the others having entered the army, a few in the Union ranks,
but the great majority in the Southern.

We arrived at Martinsburg March 25th, at 4 Pp. m., and went
into camp one-fourth of a mile from the town on a high hill com-
manding a fine view of the surrounding country.

Friday morning, April 8th, we struck our tents and marched
to the railroad station, and after many annoying delays, embarked
on a train of freight cars and proceeded to Cumberland, Md., ar-
riving at 11 P. m., bunking for the night in the cars. The next day,
it rained heavily, and we marched out through the mud and camped
alongside Rose Hill Cemetery and pitched our tents amidst a driving
rain-storm. In the evening, several companies of .the Ringgold
Battalion arrived and camped with us.
ASSEMBLING THE REGIMENT. 183

We all liked Lieutenant-Colonel Greenfield’s appearance, be-
cause he looked like a fighting man. He wore long hair, mustache
and chin beard and looked very much like a “ Rebel Colonel.”

While at Cumberland, the little battery of three twelve-pound
howitzers (hereafter described by Sergeant Gehrett) was organized.

CHAPTER XIV.

ASSEMBLING THE REGIMENT. ORGANIZATION. DIS-
SATISFACTION OF THE OLD BATTALION MEN.

The order of the War Department, creating the Twenty-second
Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry, was a great surprise to the men
of the Ringgold Battalion. They did not take kindly to being yoked
with the five new companies, whom they called “ militia”; but there
was comfort for them in the prospect of now getting over into the
“Valley” for the summer, where there would be some “ big fight-
ing” to do. Cumberland was made the place of rendezvous for the
new regiment. Captain Greenfield proceeded there with his company
on the 24th of March, marching from New Creek and crossing the
river on the railroad bridge; planks were laid lengthwise between the
rails and the men dismounted and led their horses over; the teams
were unhitched from the wagons and led across while the men
pushed the wagons. Company A had been stationed at Cumberland
all winter.

General Sigel had already sent to Cumberland the five com-
panies of the “ New Battalion.” The five companies, commanded

.‘‘ We had until this time, March 1864, been known as the Ringgold Battalion, and
the boys had become so_attached to it that they were loath to part with the title,
though forced to do so. But we did it only in form, for the name was destined to cling
to us. The deeds of valor, the heroic endurance, the arduous and faithful duties per-
formed, not only by the first two companies, (commanded by Captains Keys and Green-
field) but by all the others, endeared us to the Union-loving citizens of West Vir-
ginia, and also caused the name ‘ Ringgold’ to be a terror to those striving to drag
that loyal little State into the confederacy. So we are to this day still known by the
name ‘Ringgold’ by those living among the hills and valleys of ‘The Little Moun-
tain State,’ and the name is held in respect by friend and foe.” ne

i He Crago,

Greenland Gap, Va., Apr. 16, 1864. ‘‘ When we came in from patrol, we found a
great stir in camp; the artillery was hitched up ready to move, and all our men wefe
packing up to march. The wagons and dismounted men had marched at nine o’clock.
At noon, a company of the 15th New York Cavalry came to relieve us. Six of our
boys were detailed with a scout to Petersburg. Our Captain (McNulty) waited for the
scout to return. Woodburn, Liggett, Adams, Thornburg, Boone and Colee were with
the scout; out as they neared the Fort at Petersburg, forty or more Rebel cavalry
attacked and chased them; all got away except Colee,* whom they report as either killed
er captured. The others scattered and got back, one at a time. The Company left the

ap at five o’clock and camped at Claysville for the night. Next day, moved on,
stopping at New Creek for dinner. Continued the march toward Cumberland. Crossed
the river on the railroad bridge and camped eight miles from Cumberland. Next day,
April 18, marched to Cumberland and went into camp with the regiment on the hill by
the Cemetery.”—Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary.

*Colee was captured and carried off to a southern prison.
184 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

respectively by Captains Chessrown, Hugh Keys, and Speer, which
had been stationed at New Creek, were relieved on April 10th, and
proceeded to the rendezvous at Cumberland. The companies under
command of Captain McNulty and Lieutenant Denny stationed at
Greenland Gap, were not relieved until the 16th of April, when they:
also marched to the rendezvous at Cumberland.

The entire regiment of twelve companies was now (April 18,
1864) in one camp for the first time. The old companies had been
recruited up to the maximum during February and March, so that
now the new organization mustered about 1,200 men.

The regimental organization was as follows:

Colonel ssc ui cetire come eutdaaass Jacob Higgins
Lieutenant-Colonel ........... Andrew J. Greenfield
Major—list Battalion .............. George T. Work
Major—2nd Battalion ............. Henry A. Myers
Major—srd Battalion ................ Elias Troxell
Adjtitant ivasivuevanetas ea teaws Joseph G. Isenberg
Quartermaster ............. ++» William C. Bayley
Commissary .............e eens Simeon W. French
SUPLEOM, diswaG he peta deat William C. Phelps

Nathaniel R. Lynch
Samuel M. Finley
Chaplain) caaicise bec wee Thomas Patterson
Company A—The old Ringgold Company, commanded by Cap-
tain James P. Hart.
Company B—The Washington or Greenfield’s Company, com-
manded by Captain G. W. Jenkins.
Company C—The Keystone Company, commanded by Captain
C. J. McNulty.
Company D—The Beallsville Company, commanded by Captain
Hugh Keys.
Company E—The Monongahela Company, commanded by Cap-
tain J. Y. Chessrown.
Company F—The Patton Company, commanded by Lieutenant
B. F. Denny.
Company G—The Lafayette Company, commanded by Captain
Wm. F. Speer.
Company H—Of the “ New Battalion,” commanded by Captain
M. H. Jolly.
Company I—Of the “ New Battalion,” commanded by Captain
T. H. Lyons.

Assistant Surgeons .........
 

Major George T. Work. Major Henry A. Myers.

 

Col. A. J. Greenfield.

  

Major E. S. Troxell. Adjt. Joseph G. Isenberg.
THE REGIMENT.—DISSATISFACTION. 185

Company K—Of the “ New Battalion,” commanded by Captain
_John H. Boring.

Company L—Of the “ New Battalion,” commanded by Captain
Thomas D. French.

Company M—Of the “ New Battalion,” commanded by Captain
Martin Kuhn.

This organization caused further dissatisfaction among the
officers and men of the “ Old Battalion.” The position of colonel
had been given to an outsider entirely unknown to them, instead
of to one of the ranking veteran captains, Greenfield or Work,
who had worn captain’s shoulder straps for almost three years,
and had unsurpassed records for daring and efficiency, and who
had led the men in many a hot conflict and fierce charge; leaders
in whose courage and judgment they had confidence, and whom
they ever dared to follow. This seemed to the old companies as
unjust, ungrateful and unwise, little short of an insult to the
brave men of the “ Old Guard,” who, for three years, had suffered
every hardship and exposed themselves to every danger, riding
these mountains, fording swollen rivers and mountain torrents
through floating ice and driftwood, by night as well as by day, to
meet, fight and repel the invading forces of the enemy.

These seven companies of cavalry had been a living wall be-
tween the people of the great State of Pennsylvania and the Rebel
invaders for two and three years, yet all that time without a rank
higher than captain. Now when there comes an opportunity for
promotion, when a grateful State, by her Chief Executive, would
be expected to recognize not only such heroic service, but also such
invaluable protection to her people, these scarred and weather-
beaten officers are refused the first command of their own 700
veteran troopers.

The enlisted men did not take kindly to the consolidation for
another reason, that it deprived them of much of the liberty they
enjoyed as independent companies and subjected them to the re-
strictions and discipline of large military camps. Heretofore, they
were permitted to wear a slouch hat, and blouse or jacket as it suited
them; now they were made to wear the regulation forage cap and
cavalry jacket. Sergeant Donaldson, under date of April 20, 1864,
says: “ We are being run through the mill very steadily and have
very little time to ourselves here in this camp at Cumberland. We
have roll-call at 5 a. M.; then feed-call; breakfast-call; currying-
186 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

call; water-call; drill-call; dinner-call; water-call; feed-call; drill-
call; water-call;; dress-parade; roll-call; feed-call ; curry-call, and
roll-call again at 8 o’clock. We are kept very busy.”

S. G. Rogers, in his diary, says: “It goes very much against
the grain for us, after three years of service, to be drilled with
companies of new men, and by officers who do not know as much
about military drill as most of the privates of our companies.”

It was a long time before the men of the old companies be-
came reconciled to the union with the new companies, but during
the severe campaigns of the following summer, the new men showed
their grit and proved themselves ‘worthy comrades of the veteran
troopers; but not until then was a propet comradeship established.

Several other regiments were camped here at Cumberland at
this time; the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 21st Pennsylvania Cav-
alry, also the 54th Pennsylvania Infantry, two batteries of artillery,
and other troops. The rigid drilling of these troops during the
month of April was in preparation for some lively campaigning that
was soon to follow.

There was great activity in this camp. The men were ordered
to reduce their baggage to the minimum. Old saddles and horse
equipments were condemned and turned in and new ones issued.
The men of Company A, who were home on veteran (re-enlistment)
furlough, returned on the 21st of April; all others on furlough were
called in, and no new furloughs granted. There was a grand re-
view on Sunday afternoon, April 24th, when the troops were re-
viewed by General Sigel, with General Stahel Chief of Cavalry.
The men were ordered to be in readiness to march any time on a
minute’s notice. Expectation was on tip-toe. The railroad was
full of troop trains. The First and Twelfth West Virginia Regi-
ments of infantry marched on the 23rd; the Fifty-fourth Pennsyl-
vania marched on the 24th. The 200 dismounted men of the old
companies, the five new companies (all dismounted) a total of
about seven hundred men in command of Lieutenant-Colonel Green-
field and Major Troxel, together with six companies of the 20th
Pennsylvania Cavalry, also dismounted, marched on the 2?th, their
‘destination being Harper’s Ferry, niriety miles distant. The mounted
cavalry and artillery moved out the next day, our regiment in
command of Colonel Higgins:and Majors Work and Myers.
 

Lieut. Wm. F. Sharrer. Com.-Sergt. David H. Lieut. Wm. Hedge.
Williams.

 

Capt. John H. Boring. Lieut. Simeon Web. French. Chaplain Thomas Patterson.

  

Reg’t’l Q. M.-Sergt. Reg’t’l Color-Sergt. Hospital Steward
David Hart. Michael H. Core. Samuel T. Dodd.
THE SITUATION, APRIL, 1864. 187

CHAPTER XV.

A COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND HIS PLANS.

In the beginning of the year 1864, President Lincoln and Con-
gress became convinced that the plan heretofore employed of con-
ducting the military operations _
in the field from the Capitol and |
by several heads, the Secretary
of War, General Halleck, some-
times the President himself tak-
ing a hand, was a failure, and
that if. the war was to be suc-
cessfully prosecuted, there must
be one head, one directing mind,
in short, a commander-in-chief
in the person of one competent
general, who should have abso-
lute authority in the matter of
planning the campaigns and di-
recting the armies.

The Government at Wash-
ington and the loyal people
throughout the country, who
had studied closely the opera-
tions of General Grant, begin-
ning with Belmont in 1861, then Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicks-
burg with the opening of the Mississippi, the rescue of Chat-
tanooga, followed by Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, a
career without a defeat—recognized in him a great mind, military
genius, unfaltering courage, tremendous energy, unswerving perse-
verance and unparalleled composure, the essential qualities of a
great commander. .

On February 26th, Congress passed a law reviving the grade
of Lieutenant-General. President Lincoln appointed General Grant
to the position, which appointment the Senate confirmed on March
2nd. On the next day, at Nashville, he was ordered to Washing-
ton by telegraph to confer with the President and receive his com-
mission. He came to Washington and received his commission on
the 9th of March; went out to the Army of the Potomac north of

 

 

Gen. U. S. Grant,
188 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the Rapidan on the 10th, had an interview with General Meade, and
on the 11th started back west, telegraphing Sherman to meet him
at Nashville. He had Sherman assigned to the command of the
Department of the Mississippi, his (Grant’s) own late position in
the west. Here at Nashville Grant turned over the command to
Sherman and unfolded his plans concerning the conduct of that
Department; on the 18th he started back east and was in Washing-
ton on the 23rd. On the 26th he established his headquarters with
the Army of the Potomac at Culpepper.

THE SITUATION.

General Grant says, “At this time the situation was about
this:

“(1) The Mississippi was ours, but was guarded from St.
Louis to its mouth; west of the Mississippi we had possession of
the territory north of the Arkansas; east of the Mississippi we held
substantially nearly all of the State of Tennessee. West Virginia
was in our hands and that part of old Virginia north of the Rapidan
and east of the Blue Ridge. We had Fortress Monroe and Norfolk,
and a number of points along the coast of the Carolinas, Georgia
and Florida. The balance of the Confederacy, an empire in extent,
was still in the hands of the enemy.” Although the Confederates
had lost the Mississippi River and had been driven out of the
territory north of the Arkansas River and had been pushed back
out of Missouri, Northern Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee and
West Virginia, their leaders were as defiant as ever. The Southern
newspapers kept up the courage of the people by making them be-
lieve that their armies were victorious in every campaign. They
quoted largely from the disloyal newspapers of the North to show
that there was a strong element in the Northern States, not only
in sympathy with the rebellion, but doing everything possible to
discourage enlistments in the Union Army and oppose the Federal
Government in the prosecution of the war. They assured their people
and their armies that this element, known as the “‘ Peace Party”
of the North, was a most powerful ally and of more value to the
South than an army; that with each Union reverse and Confed-
erate victory, this party was growing with wondrous strides; that
if the Confederate armies continued to win victories and hold the
Union armies in check until the presidential election in the com-
ing fall, this “ Peace Party” would defeat Lincoln and get pos-
session of the Government. withdraw the Union armies and recog-
THE SITUATION, APRIL, 1864. 189

nize the independence of the Confederacy. Thus assured, the Con-
federate soldiers took renewed hope and set themselves to “ strain
every nerve” to carry out their part of the program.

The Confederate Congress had passed drastic conscription
laws, giving the President authority to draft for the army every
able-bodied man between the ages of 18 and 45, and to compel
those persons, who had previously furnished substitutes, also to
enter the army.. Accordingly, Jefferson Davis issued a call, order-
ing every civilian, liable to military duty under the conscription law,
to report immediately to a military camp for duty; all those who
did not so report were to be regarded as deserters and treated
as such, This wholesale conscription filled up the thinned ranks
of their armies until they were as strong as before.

The term of service of the Union soldiers, who, in 1861, had
enlisted for three years, was now about to expire, but with “ un-
diminished patriotism,” the great majority of these veterans re-
enlisted for another “three years, or during the war.” In March
of this year, President Lincoln issued another call for volunteers,
under which about 400,000 men enlisted for three years, thus filling
up to their former strength the thinned ranks of the old regiments,
and adding many new regiments to the army in the field.

The Army of the Potomac lay along the north bank of the
Rapidan River from Fredericksburg westward by Culpepper. The
Army of Northern Virginia, now as strong as when it fought at
Gettysburg the previous summer, lay along the opposite or southern
bank of the same river, strongly entrenched, and commanded by
the ablest general in the Confederate Army.

There was but one other large Confederate Army in the
field east of the Mississippi River, that of General Joseph E. John-
ston, defending Atlanta and the interior of Georgia; his main
army, recruited up to the full, was stationed at Dalton, Georgia,
opposed to Sherman, who was still at Chattanooga. Besides these
main armies, the Confederates had to guard the Shenandoah Valley,
a great storehouse from which they fed their armies, and also be-
cause it commanded their line of communications from Richmond
to Tennessee. We could not abandon any territory north of the
line held by the army, because it would lay the North open to in-
vasion and also expose our railroad communications over which
troops were transported and supplies shipped to the armies in the
field. The Confederate Partisan Rangers, who operated largely
behind the Union lines, destroying railroads, burning bridges, cap-
199 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

turing trains, Forrest and Morgan in Tennessee and Moseby, Mc-
Neil and others in Virginia, were a constant menace to our rail-
road communications. The route by rail between Sherman’s Army
at Chattanooga and the Army of the Potomac on the Rapidan was
at this time via’ Cincinnati, Parkersburg, Baltimore and Washing-
ton. These lines of railroad through Tennessee and Kentucky, and
also the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from Parkers-
burg on the Ohio River to Harper’s Ferry on the Potomac, were
exposed to raids from these roving bands, and to guard them re-
quired a large number of soldiers. In the matter of railroad com-
munication between their armies, the Confederates had a great
advantage. The distance by rail between Johnson’s Army at Dal-
ton and Lee’s Army on the Rapidan was less than five hundred
miles as against one thousand miles by rail between the Union
armies opposing them. Our armies had heretofore operated inde-
pendently and rarely with any concerted action. When a great
battle was imminent, or some strategic point in danger, the Con-
federates would rush by railroad, one or more veteran corps from
one army not being pressed, to reinforce the other, often thus
turning a defeat into a victory; when the crisis was passed, the re-
inforcements would be returned to their own army ‘within twenty-
four hours. Grant determined to stop this by simultaneous move-
ments of the different armies. He says: “I arranged for a simulta-
neous movement all along the line ; Sherman was to move from Chat-
tanooga, Johnston’s Army and Atlanta being his objective point.
Crook, commanding in West Virginia, was to move from the mouth
of the Gauley River with a cavalry force and some artillery, the
Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to be his objective. Either the
enemy would have to keep a large force to protect their communi-
cations, or see them destroyed, and a large amount of forage and
provision, which they so much needed, fall into our hands. Sigel
was in command in the Valley of Virginia. He was to advance up
the valley, covering the North from invasion through that channel,
as well while advancing as by remaining near Harper’s Ferry. Every
mile he advanced also gave us possession of stores on which Lee
relied. Butler was to advance by the James River, having Rich-
mond and Petersburg as his objective. General Burnside, with the
Ninth Army Corps, 20,000 strong, was rendezvoused at Annapolis,
ready to reinforce the Army of the Potomac or the Army of the
James.

By the 27th of April, spring had so far advanced as to justify
THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 191

me in fixing a day for the great move. On that day, the 27th, Burn-
side left Annapolis to occupy Meade’s position between Bull Run
and the Rappahannock, while Meade was directed to bring his
troops forward to his advance. On the following day, Butler was
notified of my intended advance on May 4th, and he was directed to
move the night of the same day and get as far up the James River
as possible by daylight, and push on from there to the task given
him. The same day, Sherman was directed to get his forces up
ready to advance on the 5th. Sigel was in Winchester and was
ordered to move in conjunction with the others.”

THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY.

The surviving members of the Twenty-second Regiment, Penn-
sylvania Cavalry, need no written description of the “ Valley”; they
have marched over almost every road; they have picketed the cross
roads; they have chased the enemy “ up the Valley ” and have been
chased down again; they have fought the ground over again and
again from the Blue Ridge to the North Mountain, and from the Po-
tomac to Staunton, but to their successors who read this book, a de-
scription of this valley, the stage on which much of the bloody drama
was enacted, will be necessary to a clearer understanding of the
narrative. A careful study of the map will be very helpful.

A glance at the map will discover the Shenandoah Valley,
formerly called the Valley of Virginia, extending northeast and
southwest, and having for its southeastern boundary the single, regu-
lar wall of the Blue Ridge, with its several gates or gaps; while
twenty miles away, across the valley, are the “ North Mountains ”
or lower ranges of the Alleghenies.

This valley is a continuation of the Cumberland Valley of Penn-
sylvania and very similar to it in the character of its surface and soil.
The Potomac in a tortuous course, crosses the valley almost at right
angles, cutting its way through the Blue Ridge at Harper’s Ferry.
The streams of the valley, the Shenandoah River, Opequan Creek
and Back Creek flow northeastwardly and empty into the Potomac.
West of the Shenandoah Valley, between the different parallel
ridges of mountains (see map) are the narrow mountain valleys
of Sleepy Creek, Cacapon and Lost River, South Branch, Patterson
Creek and New Creek, all leading in the same general direction to
the Potomac. Along each of these mountain valleys was a good
highway for travel and these became favorite routes for Confed-
erate raiders, in their attacks on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
192 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

The rich, limestone soil of the Shenandoah Valley, makes it
one of the most fertile sections of the country, and specially adapted
to the growing of wheat, grasses and fruit. Certainly no other
section of the South of like area, would compare with it in the pro-
duction of food crops, and thus this valley became a great source
of supply for Lee’s Army.

The valley is traversed by numerous macadam roads or “ pikes”
as they were called in “war times,” the grades being almost level
and the roadways, built by cheap slave labor, were of excellent broken
limestone. The main pike of the valley extended from Martinsburg
on the north to Staunton in the upper valley, a distance of more
than a hundred miles. From Martinsburg, an excellent pike leads
to Williamsport and another to Shepherdstown on the Potomac.
From Winchester, a fine pike leads through Berryville to Harper’s
Ferry and another pike leads to Front Royal with branches to the
different Gaps of the Blue Ridge. In fact no other section of the
country at that time was so well supplied with excellent macadam
roads. These roads facilitated the transportation of army supplies
and artillery, and played an important part in the game of war dur-
ing the four years.

The numerous gaps in the Blue Ridge formed gateways into the
Valley through which an army corps could pass leisurely or a troop
of cavalry could dash suddenly, make a capture and escape as sud-
denly through another pass.

In the middle of the valley, some forty miles above Harper’s
Ferry, rising abruptly from the plain, is a high mountain ridge or
ridges, some six or eight miles in width and extending southward
almost to New Market, called the Massanutten Mountain. This
mountain divides the main valley into two valleys, that of the east
known as the Luray Valley and the other as the North or Shenan-
doah Valley. Each of these valleys is drained by a branch of the
Shenandoah River, the North Branch washing the northern base of
Massanutten as it sweeps around to join its other half at Front
Royal. The twin valleys grow narrow as they ‘approach the north-
ern end of Massanutten, naturally forming strong defensive posi-
tions against attack from the north, of which strategic value, the
Confederate generals were not slow to take advantage when hard
pressed.

The people of the valley south of the immediate neighborhood
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, were, with few exceptions,
rank Confederates, practically all the men subject to military duty
THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 193

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MAP OF

THE

SHENANDOAH VALLEY

 

     

oy Culpeper

adistn C.H.
RapPahkanne'

Mille Ao
ig Orange C.H.

~ Gordonsville
O

2,
4
S

 

 

 

 
194 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

being in the Southern army. Winchester was as thoroughly South-
ern as any city in the Cotton Belt, although there were several loyal
families that were highly esteemed by the officers and soldiers of
the Union army.

CHAPTER XVI.
THE GREAT SIMULTANEOUS ADVANCE.

The last week of April, 1864, saw great activity in all the
camps of the Union armies. General Sherman was assembling and
organizing into one great army the heretofore separate commands
of Thomas, McPherson and Schofield, preparatory to moving for-
ward toward Atlanta. General Butler, in command of the forces
about Fortress Monroe and Norfolk, had been joined by General
Gilmore’s forces from South Carolina and was preparing to move
forward on the south side of the James River as a menace to
Richmond.

The Ninth Corps, under command of General Burnside, had
marched from Annapolis and joined the Army of the Potomac on
the Rapidan.

General Sigel, in command of the Department of West Vir-
ginia, was hustling troops forward to the Kanawha Valley, for
Generals Crook and Averill in their expedition against the Virginia
and Tennessee Railroad, and also assembling a force at Winchester
to advance up the Valley under command of himself. The troops
for this latter expedition had been gathering at New Creek, Cum-
berland and other points along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad as far east as Harper’s Ferry; these had been moving for-
ward during this last week of April, going first to Martinsburg
and from thence to Winchester.

At noon, April 28th, the mounted part of the 22nd Penn-
sylvania Cavalry (the Old Battalion) marched from Cumber-
land, Md., together with four companies of the Twentieth Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry and part of a battery (two howitzers) all under com-
mand of Colonel (Acting Brigadier General) Wyncoop, of the
20th Pennsylvania Cavalry. We marched down the river (North
Branch Potomac) some ten miles, and forded the river at Pat-
terson’s Creek Station, the water being so high as to almost swim
our horses; moved on and camped for the night on the Frankfort
Road about two miles from the river. The next morning we marched
early, going up, Patterson’s Creek to Frankfort and then across the
THE GREAT SIMULTANEOUS ADVANCE. 195

mountain to Springfield, arriving at two o’clock, where we met the
15th New York Cavalry. We waited here all afternoon to see if we
could draw rations, as we were entirely out of bread and meat. Then
we marched forward at dark, the New York Cavalry going with
us; crossed the river (South Branch Potomac) on a light wire bridge,
single file, open order, and were a considerable time getting over.

We did not reach Romney until daybreak, eight miles during the
night, a severe trial on the patience of our Ringgold boys who had
ridden that same road in an hour many a time in the two years
previous; moved on to Frenchtown, reaching there at 10 o'clock,
where we stopped, fed and took breakfast.

After a rest of two hours, we marched on to “ Big Capon”
Bridge, the 15th New York going via Bloomery Gap, and the rest
of the command going through Blue’s Gap. As the head of our line
approached the gap, the officer in charge (not of the 22nd) ordered
the advance guard to march with drawn sabers, the most foolish
thing imaginable, for, had the Rebels held the gap, as we expected,
they would have been where our cavalry could not reach them with
sabers; if he had given the command “ Advance carbine,” our men
could have done some execution, if necessary, but as there were no
Johnnies in evidence, the blunder was harmless. ,

We camped over night at the “Bridge.” Killed two bexves.
Company C on picket. A scout sent to Winchester to-night.

May 1st. Lay here at Cacapon ‘until two o'clock. Two scouts
went out and brought in some prisoners ; Lieutenant Welch butchered
a few hogs for our battalion. Marched at 2 P. M., going via. Pugh-
town to Winchester, arriving about 8 Pp. M. On the way, Lieutenant
Welch pressed several head of cattle. Camped for the night on the
farm and by the residence of Senator Mason, Confederate Ambassa-
dor to Great Britain, who with Slidell, were taken off the British
vessel “Trent” by Captain Wilkes, of the United States cruiser
“San Jacinto” in 1862. He had a beautiful place here, a half-
mile from the city.

May 2nd. There are three brigades of infantry, several regi-
ments of cavalry and several batteries here, where General Sigel
has established his headquarters. We were called out for review
and inspection by General Stahel, Chief of Cavalry.

Next day, May 3rd. General Sigel’s private wagon-train of
eight army wagons, was captured on the way here from Martins-
burg. Duty heavy, scouting, picketing, guarding train, etc. Each
196 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

train of 100 wagons to and from Martinsburg is convoyed by not
less than four hundred cavalry and two pieces of artillery.

During this first week of May, General Sigel was rushing up
supplies and getting things in readiness to move forward on
schedule time and thus carry out his part of the “ Great Simulta-
neous Advance.”

The time, May 5th, had now arrived; Crook and Averill had
already started for the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. The
Army of the Potomac had crossed the Rapidan and begun the
first day’s Battle of the Wilderness. Sherman was pushing out,
heading for Dalton, Georgia, where Johnson’s Army was fortified.
Butler was moving on the south side of the James, and it was time
for the Army of the Valley to move up also. The enemy was not
sitting idly by looking on, but was everywhere on the alert and
ready to meet the advance. He already knew General Grant’s
plans; knew also the exact number of men he had in each part of
the field and what troops. Now when Sigel was about to move
forward from Winchester with his little army of 5,000 men, the
enemy became very active in his rear.

As heretofore stated, many of the troops intended for the ex-
peditions of Crook and Averill, and also for Sigel’s advance up the
valley, had congregated at New Creek, Cumberland, Martinsburg
and other points along that 100-mile stretch of railroad. During
the last days of April, these troops had been forwarded to their
several destinations, leaving but small garrisons for the protection
of that part of the railroad. Immediately thereafter, there were
numerous depredations committed along this part of the road.
These attacks were made during the night by small bands of the
enemy, dressed in citizen’s clothing, or when it suited better, wear-
ing the United States uniform, many of them former citizens of
the vicinity, aided and abetted in their operations by disloyal
families living in the neighborhood. A train would be held up
and robbed, the telegraph line would be destroyed, a bridge burned,
and the marauders would disappear as mysteriously as they came.
In a few nights the operations would be repeated at another point.

*““From the beginning of the war, a large majority of the
people living in the Shenandoah Valley gave their allegiance to the
Confederate Government. With but few exceptions, the men old
enough to bear arms were either to be found in the army or else

* Pond.
THE PARTISAN RANGERS. 197

were secretly aiding and assisting the Confederate commander.
Over the whole of Northern Virginia, ranged partisan commanders,
with bands of men who, one day might be seen at work on their
farms, following the plow or gathering their harvests, but who,
twenty-four hours later, at the call of their chief, would be riding
miles away to fall upon a wagon train loaded with supplies for
the Union Army, capturing and shooting stragglers from the ranks,
etc. They were familiar with every foot of ground, every path-
way leading into the mountain dells and secluded nooks. They
could ride rapidly, by night as well as by day, over oft-frequented
roads. Their work accomplished, they disappeared as suddenly
as they came. Their operations were approved by the people, who
were ever ready to give information of the movements of the Union
wagon-trains, or of small bodies of troops that ‘might be safely
attacked.”

Moseby, over in Loudon County, whose lookouts on the “ watch
towers” of the Blue Ridge, signaled him of every transport up or
down the valley, and whose resident spies in Martinsburg and else-
where along the railroad kept him informed of the strength of the
guard at all vulnerable points, was ever and again slipping through
the mountain passes and destroying the railroad, capturing a bunch
of the horses, stampeding a wagon-train and carrying off the
horses and drivers, and ever on the watch for the paymaster.

McNeil, whose home was at Moorfield and whose command
was largely composed of men from that vicinity, carried on a sim-
ilar warfare, his principal objective being the line of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad from New Creek eastward to the mouth of
Big Cacapon. Moorfield is situated at the forks of the South Branch
of the Potomac, a most advantageous location for such operations.
A well-mounted command, by any one of a half-dozen different
valleys, could reach this railroad within twenty-four hours, and
owing to the lack of telegraph communication, the blow struck
would be the first intimation that the enemy was on a raid, and he
would then disappear and get beyond reach of his pursuers. The
community around Moorfield was so intensely “ Confederate” that
when our pursuing forces did reach there, no enemy was in evi-
dence, the very men in citizens’ clothes to whom you talked were
sometimes the very raiders you were seeking.
198 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

A DIVERSION BY THE ENEMY.

At 10:30 o’clock in the forenoon of May 5th, President John
W. Garrett, of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, telegraphed Sec-
retary Stanton, “Our telegraph lines were cut at 7 o’clock this
morning, west of Cumberland. Operator at the instant of cutting
had commenced forwarding advice that the Confederates were
marching on Piedmont in force.” Five minutes later Garrett tele-
graphed the same thing to Sigel at Winchester, adding, “TI fear the
number of troops for the defense of that part of the line is too
limited to prevent great disaster.” At 6:30 the same evening, Gar-
rett again telegraphed Secretary Stanton, “The extensive machine
and carpenter shops at Piedmont have been burned. The engine
and cars of the eastbound mail train and two tonnage trains have
also been destroyed; five other engines damaged. . . . The
force of the enemy was small and their success resulted from the
entire exposure of so important a point as Piedmont.”

The Confederate captain, John H. McNeil, with sixty picked
men, well mounted, left Moorfield on the night of the 3rd; reached
Bloomington on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad just at daybreak
of the 5th; captured the first freight train going east, placed some
of his men on the train, and ordered the engineer to move on down
to Piedmont slowly, while his cavalry followed immediately in the
wake of the train, thus hidden from observation until the whole
outfit was right in the village, when the surprised, small garrison
surrendered without resistance. The enemy captured the tele-
graph office and cut the wires. When the mail train came in, they
captured the mail, and 103 Union soldiers who were going for-
ward to their commands, and whom they paroled. They then
burned the train, and two other freight trains loaded with stores;
also the railroad shops and locomotives.

Colonel Rogers, in command at Martinsburg, and Colonel
Wilkinson, in command at New Creek, had been reporting the
weakness of their garrisons from day to day, Rogers especially
making it emphatic that he had practically insufficient forcé to de-
fend the place against an ordinary cavalry raid.

Governor Brough, of Ohio, had in camp some seventeen regi--
ments of militia, “ hundred-days” men, whom he was equipping
as rapidly as possible for guard duty along exposed lines of rail-
road, over which troops and stores were being transported, and
for garrison duty wherever needed.
A DIVERSION BY THE ENEMY. 199

On the 3rd, Secretary Stanton telegraphed Governor Brough
to send some of these regiments to report to General Sigel for
guard duty along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and ten regi-
ments for duty in the fortifications of Washington and Baltimore.
The blankets and Enfield rifles, shipped for the equipment of these
regiments, were delayed on the railroad for a day or two, or these
men would have been on duty guarding the road when McNeil
made his dash. The first of these regiments arrived at Cumber-
land on the 6th. In all, fourteen regiments were furnished to guard
the road from Parkersburg to Baltimore.

The main object of McNeil’s raid was to cause Sigel to de-
tach a part of his force to guard the railroad and delay his move-
ment up the valley, while at the same time such a daring exploit
would stimulate.the disloyal party of the North to greater activity
in opposing ‘to the efforts of the Government to “ put down the
rebellion,” and would also be heralded throughout the South as
a great victory, and thus revive their spirits.

Sigel regarded the Piedmont affair as a matter of little conse-
quence, as indeed it was, for arrangements had already been made
for the protection of the railroad against such small bodies of
raiders, while the general advance of our army, hard pressing the
enemy, both in the valley and along the line of the Virginia and
Tennessee Railroad, would so occupy him as to preclude his de-
taching a large force for such expeditions. However,.on the even-
ing of May 6th, Sigel ordered a scout of 450 cavalry to Moor-
field and Petersburg “to cut off the raiders!”

At 10:50 a. m. the morning of the attack ori Piedmont on
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Sigel received a telegram of the
fact from Garrett; more than thirty hours later the scout was or-
dered. I have failed to find any reason for it; I can not think that
Sigel expected any result from the expedition, and it may be that
the “howling press” had been criticising his inactivity in failing
to pursue the raiders and ‘the scout was sent out to allay public
clamor.

On the evening of May 6th, we got orders to saddle up ‘and
be ready to march at a moment’s notice. We were kept in this
position until 3:30 a. m. of the 7th, when we marched out in the
direction of Moorfield. This scout consisted of 225 men from the
“Old Battalion” of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, under Major
Work, and a detachment of 220 men from the 15th New York
200 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Cavalry, in command of Lieutenant-Colonel Aug. J. Root,* with a
train of twelve wagons, the whole being in command of Colonel
Higgins, of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry. Had this scout been
ordered out in charge of either Major Work or Colonel Root, it
would have moved out promptly a few minutes after the order had
been issued, and there would have been no impediment of a wagon-
train; and while the object of the expedition would, no doubt,
have been a failure, it would have fulfilled its orders and returned
promptly through Lost River Gap + hours before Imboden’s force,
which left Woodstock on the afternoon of the 9th, could get there.

We marched by the Wardensville Pike, passing through War-
densville and going into camp for the night, surrounding our camp
with a chain picket.

Next morning, Sunday, May 8th, we broke camp very early,
marching at 4 A. M., and proceeded toward Moorfield, thirty miles
distant.

When within seven miles of Moorfield, while taking water in
a deep gap, the train and guard were fired into by guerrillas from
the side of the mountain, killing Corporal White and wounding
three horses; the train guard returned the fire vigorously and with
good effect, as we later learned from the citizens.

“We reached Moorfield late in the afternoon, when we found
McNeill’s force on a point southwest of the town, resting after their
return from the Piedmont raid, and reading the letters they had
captured from the mail. We formed immediately east of the town
and with the precision of a dress parade, advanced toward the
enemy, who immediately formed on the point to receive us. I
mentioned the manner in which we started under our new colonel
to show how different it would have been had we still been Ring-
golds, as we once were. If Greenfield had been in command, the
only word would have been, ‘Come on, boys,’ and we would have

* Lieutenant Colonel Aug. J. Root of the 15th New York Cavalry, a noble and
brave man, was killed in the last charge on the Pike near Appomattox Court House on
the night of April 8th, 1865, immediately before Lee’s surrender. His body fell into
ie hans of the enemy and was found with Lee’s army next morning, stripped of all
clothing.

t Lost River is so called, because it loses itself by running under the mountain; it
emerges again some miles below under the name of Great Capon.

On the evening of the 6th, when the Wardensville-Moorfield scout was ordered out,
many cavalrymen from the various companies of the 22nd Pennsylvania regiment were
on duty as pickets, train guards, etc., and were left at Winchester. When Sigel’s army
marched up the Valley to New Market, these men as a squadron of the 22nd Pennsylvania
Cavalry accompanied it, and a little later, accompanied General Hunter’s army on the
famous Lynchburg raid. The two parts of this regiment thus separated were soon several
hundred niles apart, and did not get together again until July 15th, more than two
months later.
LOST RIVER GAP AFFAIR. 201

followed with a yell, wherever he dared to lead, and he ‘dared to
lead where any dared to follow.’ After passing through the vil-
lage, Major Myers, waving his sword, called on the boys to follow,
and with the old yell, we did follow, charging up the steep sides of
the point in the midst of a fire of carbines and revolvers. The
Rebels stood until we were almost upon them. I thought they did
not intend to run at all, but when we were within a short distance
of them, they ‘skedaddled,’ every man seemingly for himself, and
in less time than it takes to tell it, they were lost in the woods, save
two or three whom we were lucky enough to capture in the town.
We encamped on an eminence just outside the town and were
allowed an undisturbed night’s repose.”

The next morning, Major Myers, with about fifty men, went
to Petersburg; thence to Greenland Junction and back to Moor-
field across the mountain.

We remained at Moorfield all the next day, scouting the coun-
try about there until satisfied that there was no considerable force
of the enemy in that neighborhood.

LOST RIVER GAP AFFAIR.

At ten o’clock that night, May 9th, we started, on our return
trip to Winchester and marched all night; about six o’clock next
morning, we encountered a Rebel picket near Lost River Gap,
which we drove in with slight resistance. Major Myers had com-
mand of the advance with the first squadron, while Major Work,
who commanded our whole detachment, was back looking after the
wagon train. Colonel Higgins, in command of the expedition,
came up and ordered Major Myers to take the first squadron and
charge through the Gap; he then formed the remainder of the com-
mand on the right of the road as support; the charging column went
into the Gap in fine style and had proceeded for a quarter of a mile
or more when they were fired upon by a large force of the enemy.
Major Myers, upon discovering the great odds against him, brought
his men back, reporting to the Colonel that the enemy was too
strong for us. Colonel Higgins then ordered a retreat and directed
Major Myers to accompany him and lead the way, as he was not
acquainted with the roads. The Colonel, with the Major and an
escort of eight men, led out, taking the Grassy Lick road, leading to
Romney, and many of the men turned in ‘after them and followed.
Major Work, ably aided by the other officers of the Old Battalion,
and Lieutenant-Colonel Root, of the 15th New York; rallied a part
202 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of the men and formed a rear-guard. The train, which ‘had been
turned back, was ordered to move up lively, while the rear-guard
fell back slowly to enable the train to get well out of the way. The
enemy did not make a vigorous pursuit at first. After we had gone
several miles along the Grassy Lick Road and not seeing anything
of him, we halted to feed, as our horses had not tasted food since
the previous evening. In about ten minutes we saw the enemy com-
ing. Major Work sent Captain Chessrown on back to look after
the train, while he, with the rear-guard, would hold the enemy in
check. Chessrown galloped back, expecting to find the train several
miles toward Romney; upon reaching the summit of the first hill, he
saw the wagons in a grove, horses and mules unhitched and feeding;
in a few minutes he had them out in the road and going at a lively
gait. Most of the train guard had forsaken the train and gone on.
Sergeant H. B. Hedge, who had charge of the train, says: “ Some of
the drivers were colored men and, becoming frightened, began to dis-
mount and desert their teams, when I demonstrated with my re-
volver, telling them it was sure death if they did not go back to
work; they soon found their places and we moved on.”

The enemy, now in strong force, pressed our rear-guard sorely,
and it was only by frequent stands made in advantageous positions
that our men were able to check them for brief periods to enable
the train to get ahead. The teams were much jaded and could not be
hurried, so the loads were lightened; then later, the entire loads
were thrown out in the hope of saving the wagons; it soon became
evident that we could not save them, so the teams were cut loose
and saved, but the wagons were abandoned. After this the enemy
did not follow so closely,'and the retreat was continued at a walk,
going by way of Romney and Springfield to Oldtown, Md.

We leave it to the reader to fix the responsibility for this dis-
graceful panic. In striking contrast was the conduct of Major
Work and the gallant officers of the Old Battalion who rallied with
him, together with the brave troopers who stood with them as 2
rear-guard, and who, although opposed by largely superior numbers,
made a stubborn resistance throughout the many hours of the re-
treat, putting up such a stiff fight when the enemy became aggressive
that he was obliged to follow with caution, and finally, to give un
pursuit. .

The Confederate forces encountered in Lost River Gap on
this occasion were commanded by General Imboden, as the fol-
lowing letter testifies :
LOST RIVER GAP AFFAIR. 203

Woodstock, May 9, 1864.

Maj. Gen. J. C. Breckenridge :—Thirteen-hundred Yankee
Cavalry have gone out from Winchester to intercept McNeill. I
proceed with two regiments of cavalry and section of artillery to
relief of McNeill. .

J. D. Impoven,

Brig. Gen.

Major Myers went to Cumberland and reported to General
Kelley that Higgins’ command was at Oldtown without ammuni-
tion, forage or rations. Kelley had heard exaggerated reports as
to the strength of the enemy, and, supposing he was still at Rom-
ney, was afraid to send supplies to Higgins by train lest they be
captured, so he ordered him to bring his command to Cumberland
to be refitted, which the latter proceeded to do with alacrity on the
11th. The horses were terribly jaded with the forced march, and
many of them badly used up. We remained at Cumberland for
several days, resting and getting the horses shod.

The command was sent back to Oldtown on the 16th, and on
the 18th crossed to the Virginia side of the Potomac and estab-
lished a base at Green Spring Run, where it remained until the 23rd
of Jine. In the meantime, the country thereabout, and as far
south as Moorfield, was being thoroughly scouted by the cavalry,
General Kelley’s favorite “ Ringgold Battalion” doing most of the
work. During this time, an out-post garrisoned by detachments of
the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry was maintained at Springfield, an
important point commanding the roads leading from Romney and
the interior to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Here, the Gov-
ernment established a telegraph office to sound the alarm of ap-
proaching raids.

Strange to say, we had no one killed in the Gap, owing, no doubt, to the fog, and
the Rebels aimed too high. Several of our horses were wounded and the boys thrown
from them, but for the time being, they escaped capture. Three of them, Emmor H
Miller, James Robison, and Chris Kinder, escaped together and travelled all night. The
next day they were lying hidden, not daring to travel the public road. iller was
watching, while Robison and Kinder were sleeping. Miller had always been a brave
soldier, although a Quaker, but now, when it came to the test, he allowed three Rebel
soldiers to approach and capture them without even awakening them; as he told them
afterwards, the principles of his religion, which were opposed to war and bloodshed, were
so strong within him that it overcame everything else, and he could not help it. The
result was that all three found their way to Andersonville; Miller died there while

Kinder and Robison survived and returned to their homes to tell the story of their
privation and suffering —(Lieutenant F. H. Crago.)
204 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

BACK WITH GENERAL KELLEY.

Cumberland, May 22, 1864, 9 Pp. M.
Colonel Higgins,
Green Spring:

As soon as practicable, send Captain Hart with 125 or 150
men on a scout up the east side of the river to Moorfield and vicin-
ity, after McNeill. The scout will take three days’ rations. It is
not necessary for me to give Captain Hart any minute instructions.
He is well acquainted in that vicinity. I will simply say I want
McNeill killed, captured or driven out of this valley.

B. F. KELtey,

Brigadier General.

On May 23rd, Captain Hart, with one hundred men, proceeded
to Moorfield, but failed to find McNeill in that vicinity. It was
currently reported there that McNeill’s forces had gone to the
Shenandoah Valley to operate there. The sources of this informa-
tion seemed so reliable that Captain Hart accepted it and returned
to Green Spring. The report proved to be false, and had been
circulated for the purpose of deceiving our forces. McNeill, all the
while, being not far from Moorfield, watching an opportunity to
strike some unguarded point. General Kelley was on the alert
and sent warning messages to every garrison along the railroad
and at outposts, to be on the lookout for attack. The following
order was received at our camp:

Cumberland, May 31, 1864, 10 a.m.
Colonel Higgins, ,
Green Spring:

Send Captain Hart with 100 men to Moorfield with orders to
scout that neighborhood thoroughly. Let him take a wagon and
take ten days’ rations of hard bread, sugar, coffee and salt, and
depend on the country for forage and cattle. I have already sent
a scout from here to Petersburg with orders to go to the mouth of
Seneca and Franklin. Therefore, Captain Hart will watch the
country toward Brock’s Gap and Wardensville.

B. F. KEtvey,
Brigadier General.

Thereupon, next day, June 1st, Captain Hart, with Lieutenant
Gibson and seventy-five picked men, well mounted, and with wagon
and ten days’ rations, started for Moorfield.
A DEADLY AMBUSH. 205

On June 4th, a rumor reached. camp that Hart’s command was
in danger of attack by a superior force of the enemy.

The scout had now been out four days. Major Work, in camp
at Green Spring Run, became anxious about the safety of Cap-
tain Hart’s scout. The previous night he had dreamed that Hart
and Gibson; with their men, were surrounded and would be
killed or captured. Awaking from the dream, he could not dismiss
the subject from his mind; and, although attaching no significance
to the dream, his uneasiness grew until he went to headquarters and
told the commander of his anxiety about the safety of the scout,
and asked permission to take a force and reinforce Captain Hart.
His request was granted and he was ordered to take all the available
cavalry in camp, about thirty men, together with one mountain
howitzer, and ten days’ rations, and proceed. This expedition was
also accompanied by Captain Chessrown and Lieutenant Boyle.

Major Work’s force reached Springfield that night, and next
day proceeded through Romney and Greenland Gap, a distance of
forty miles. Here he was reinforced by a detachment of infantry
of the Ohio National Guard. He learned that Captain Hart had
been in that vicinity that afternoon, and had moved on toward
Moorfield. Major Work broke camp before daylight next morn-
ing, June 6th, and proceeded in the direction of Moorfield, in the
expectation of overtaking Captain Hart, whom he knew could not
be very far in advance.

FATAL AMBUSH ON TIMBER RIDGE.

Captain Hart, with his command, had camped on the ridge and
had also broken camp early that morning and moved on, crossing
over the ridge and going down the long hill toward the river. The
road led through timber, with thick brush on either side. At a
bend in the road where the bank on the upper side is high and
covered with a thick undergrowth, a large force of McNeill’s and
Harniss’s men lay in ambush, waiting for the approach of Hart’s
command, which they had been trailing the previous day, and learned
would march to Moorfield this morning. They waited until
Hart’s column was fully abreast when they fired, killing three men
instantly, mortally wounding another and wounding eight others,
besides killing three horses and wounding more than a dozen others.
The forward part of the column with which were Captain Hart
and Lieutenant Gibson, dashed ahead to get out of range, while
the latter end’of the line turned and rushed back. Captain Hart’s
206 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

horse was wounded by two shots, but ran on to the foot of the
hill; Gibson’s saber was shot loose from the belt, and a number
-of men.had their clothing cut with bullets. About twenty men
escaped to the front and these became much scattered. Seeing
this, some eighteen or twenty of the enemy who were mounted,
charged down upon our men, no doubt expecting to capture them
one by one. * Lieutenant Gibson rallied six or seven of our men
and met their charge with a counter-charge, putting them to flight
and killing at least one man.

Just at this critical moment, the howitzer, with Major Work’s
command, opened fire, dropping shells in the brush where the
Rebels were concealed, driving them from their position and caus-
ing great surprise, as they were not aware that another Yankee
force was in the vicinity. Major Work had just reached the ridge
when firing was heard ahead. Captain Chessrown, with the ad-
vance guard, waited a few minutes until Work, with the rest of the
command, came up, when all moved up lively and met some of
Hart’s men, who reported their column ambushed and cut in two,
just a short distance ahead. Major Work led the column down the
road at a double quick and soon came on the dead and wounded
men in the bend of the road. ‘He dismounted some of the cavalry
and sent them with Chessrown to reconnoiter, and when the latter
had located the enemy, the howitzer was brought into action with.
the result before mentioned.

The arrival of Major Work’s reinforcement at the critical
moment saved Captain Hart’s command from capture or destruc-
tion.

Corporal James Smith of Company C, Adam S. Morton of
Company D, and Joseph Wright of. Company B, were instantly
killed; James C. Smith of Company E, was mortally wounded and.
died several days later. A comrade wrote in his diary as follows:

“We did not think Smith would live an hour. The ambu-
lance was full; we did not know the strength of the enemy, or what
minute he would return to attack us, and we were obliged to leave
poor Smith. We learned afterward that he lived several days
and was kindly cared for by the citizens, and his body given a decent
burial in the cemetery at Moorfield.”

The wounded were: William Condit, Company D; Samuel
* Among those_who rallied with Lieutenant Gibson were Corporal Frank Fitz-

simmons, Madison Blackburn, Sergeant Hopkins Moffit, Joe Hamilton and three or
four others whose names we have been unable to obtain.
A DEADLY AMBUSH. 207

Acheson, Company E; Jesse Smith, Company C; Frederick Ber-
thell, Company G; Taylor Pyle, Company D; Corporal John Cor-
bit, Company A; George Vankirk, Company F, and Joseph W. Lit-
tle, Company A.

We started back about noon and arrived at Green Spring Rurt
at ten o'clock next morning with our dead and wounded. The
dead were sent home, and the wounded to Cumberland. .

On June 13th, Major Work was sent out in command of a
scout of one hundred cavalry with ten days’ rations. He was ac-
companied by Captains Hugh Keys and Jenkins. During their
absence, there was a lull in the activities of the Partisan Rangers
and Bushwhackers in the lower valley. General Hunter had struck
the enemy at Piedmont, near Staunton, and routed him with great
loss, and had followed up his victory by advancing on Staunton,
Lexington and Lynchburg, thus keeping his adversary intensely
occupied from the 5th until the 22nd. This had, no doubt, diverted
McNeill’s and the other Partisan bands to that region for the time.

ORDERED TO THE VALLEY AGAIN,

It was known that General Hunter’s stock of ammunition
would be running low, and a wagon train was loaded with such
supplies and ready to be sent forward up the valley to that army,
under a very strong guard, commanded by General Stahel. In
fact, Stahel, who was wounded at Piedmont, had been sent back
by Hunter with instructions to collect troops and escort to him a
train of ammunition. At noon on the 23rd, Stahel telegraphed
Halleck: “ The ammunition will arrive to-day. Everything prom-
ises to be ready by to-morrow noon. All detachments, including
the 28rd Illinois Infantry, will be here to-night.” ‘“ Send dispatches
for General Hunter and instructions for myself before noon to-
morrow.” Halleck answered same night: “ The last news of Hun-
ter through the Richmond papers was that he had attacked Lynch-
burg and had been repulsed with considerable loss. Nothing was
said about his line of retreat. All your movements must be made
with great caution.”

Stahel had asked for the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry to accom-
pany his escort of the ammunition train; on the 22nd of June, Gen-
eral Kelley telegraphed to Stahel: ‘‘ The 22nd Pennsylvania will
march from Green Spring as soon as the scout returns from Hardy.”
“They are expected to-morrow.” At 7 P.M., of the same day,
Kelley telegraphed the A. A. G. at Martinsburg: “The scout of
208 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry returned this evening. Will have
their horses shod to-night and proceed to Martinsburg to-morrow.”

General Stahel was still at Martinsburg waiting for orders
whether to proceed up the valley with the train. He had telegraphed
Washington repeatedly. Washington had no information as to the
whereabouts of Hunter, except that obtained from the Richmond
papers, which were received daily by Grant at Petersburg. Grant
telegraphed Halleck on the 25th: ‘‘ Richmond papers of yesterday
state that Hunter at last accounts was at Fincastle. He will prob-
ably go to Beverly. There will be no use in Stahel attempting to
reach him.” ,

Stahel, receiving no orders to tarry longer, started with his
train on the morning of the 25th, and had arrived at Bunker Hill,
when he received orders to proceed no farther.

The “ 22nd Ringgold ” left Green Spring at 1 P. M., June 23rd,
and proceeded to Martinsburg, going by way of Springfield, where
the pickets from our regiment on duty there joined the column.
Marched by way of Bloomery Gap and Furnace, halting about
3 A.M. on the morning of the 24th. After resting three hours, we
moved on, passing through Shanghai and arrived at Martinsburg
about 7:30 p.M., and camped for the night. All men of the com-
mand were ordered to the front, whether mounted or not; the
cavalrymen that have no horses were to serve as infantry and carry
muskets. This was a rather bitter pill for the dismounted cavalry,
but the emergency demanded it.

Here Lieutenant Colonel Greenfield took command of the
mounted detachment of the 22nd.

At nine o’clock next morning, June 25th, we started up the
valley and went into camp about two miles south of Bunker Hill,
where we remained until the morning of the 27th, when we went
to Winchester and camped near the “ Big Spring.” A scout from
our regiment was sent further up the valley. General Stahel’s
wagon-train returned to Martinsburg and the ammunition and sup-
plies for Hunter’s army were shipped by railroad to Beverly on the
evening of the 26th. On the morning of the 28th we left Winchester
and marched back to Bunker Hill, where we camped.
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT. 209

CHAPTER XVII.
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT.

As heretofore stated, the dismounted men of the regiment, a
total of about 700 men under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Greenfield, together with six companies of the 20th Pennsylvania
Cavalry, also dismounted, marched from camp at Cumberland on
the 27%th of April. Major Troxell, was assigned to the dismounted
detachment; Majors Work and Myers to the mounted detachment.

In the spring of 1864, the demand for horses to supply the
armies was very great, and the Government was unable to procure
horses rapidly enough to mount the new cavalry organizations, or
even to completely remount the dismounted men of the older or-
ganizations. General Grant had emphasized the importance of the
cavalry service, and at his request, General Sheridan had been
brought from the west and assigned to command all the cavalry of
the Army of the Potomac. Upon arriving at the Rapidan, Sheri-
dan immediately inspected the cavalry horses and severely criticised
their jaded condition induced by their constant use at guarding
the wagon-trains hauling supplies to the army; he demanded a ces-
sation of this duty, that the horses might be got into condition for
the campaign; he also proceeded to have the wornout animals re-
placed with fresh ones. Of course, the cavalry of the Army of the
Potomac must be supplied first, as that was expected to be one of
the great campaigns of the summer. The date for the great simulta-
neous advance found the new battalion of the 22nd Pennsylvania
Cavalry, and some two hundred of the old battalion without mounts.

*“ At 1 o'clock p. M., on that 27th of April, the dismounted of

* Sergeant_Samuel W. Gehrett of Company K,
(Rev. S. . Gehrett, D.D.) published a series of
newspaper letters back in the ‘eighties’ entitled,
“ Reminiscences of a Boy in Blue,” being a full and
interesting story of the military career of the men of
the ‘‘ New Battalion,” their first service of six months
from the invasion of Pennsylvania in June 1863 until
the end of the year, their re-enlistment for three
years and service with the Twenty Second Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry through the thrilling campaigns of the
Shenandoah Valley in 1864. :

; We have_drawn liberally from this fountain of
information. The history of the Six Months Service
and the following pages giving the itinerary and ac-
tivities of the ‘‘ Dismounted Detachment” have been
taken almost bodily from these ‘‘ Reminiscences.”
_After the close of the War, Sergeant Gehrett
continued his education, graduated from Drew Theo-
logical Seminary and entered the ministry, to which
he has devoted his life and in which he has been
eminently successful. His field has been in the
Philadelphia Conference of the Methodist. Episcopal

Church, serving as pastor of prominent churches of
that os and places near by, and as Presiding Elder

 

of the North District for six years.

Sergeant Samuel W. Gehrett.
210 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

our regiment, led by the dismounted of the 20th Pennsylvania Cav-
alry, all carrying five days’ rations, marched through Cumberland
and eastward along the National Pike for five miles, where we
camped for the night. Next morning, we resumed our march, going
at a rapid gait over the monotonous mountain road until 1 o’clock,
when we halted for dinner and rested two hours.

“When we left Cumberland, some of the boys said, ‘ Now
as we are at the head of the column, we will run away from the
22nd.’ Remembering the remark and biding their time, on Thurs-
day evening, the 28th, our regiment, with loud cheers, began to
crowd the 20th, threatening to run around them, until finally the
officers were compelled to interfere lest the bit of humor might be
turned into something more serious. Next day, our regiment was
placed in front and marched so rapidly that the 20th was left a
good distance in the rear and a halt was made necessary in order
to close up the line. On the evening of the 29th, we arrived at
Hancock and camped a short distance above the town, where we
rested the next day.

‘Sunday morning, May 1st, we marched on, camping that night
at Conochocheague Creek, three miles from Clear-spring, a beautiful
town in a rich agricultural district. The next day, we reached
Hagerstown about 10 o’clock and went into camp two miles beyond
the Sharpsburg Pike. Tuesday morning, May 8rd, we resumed our
march at an early hour, passing through Fairplay and by the
Antietam battlefield, through Sharpsburg and on down to the
Potomac, leaving Harper’s Ferry on the opposite side; thence
through Sandy Hook and one mile beyond, marching that day
twenty-eight miles.* We remained here until Thursday morning,
when we moved on to Dismounted Camp, over two miles farther.
Here were 3,000 dismounted cavalrymen of the 1st and 15th New
York, 12th, 13th, 14th, 20th, 21st and 22nd Pennsylvania, all wait-
ing for their horses and equipments. Horses and troops arrived
and departed daily, but to our great disappointment, we were not of
that number.

“The sameness of camp life was relieved by the arrival of a man
by the name of Odbert, formerly sutler of.the Ringgold Battalion ;
he put in an appearance on the 6th, with a fine assortment of goods,

*It was one hundred miles from Cumberland to our Pleasant Valley camp; we

carried fairly heavy loads, winter clothing, tent equipments, etc., and not being used to
marching in column, we became very tired. We were six days on the way.—A. R. McC.
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT. 211

which he sold at reasonable prices. He was a manly man, as we
found him to be in every way during the months that followed.

“On Saturday evening, the band of the 20th Pennsylvania,
serenaded Colonel Greenfield, Major Thorpe, and others, after
which several members of the same organization sang some soul-
stirring songs, ‘Give Us Back Our Old Commander,’ ‘ Union of
Hearts, ‘Was My Brother in the Battle?’ and ‘The Sprig of
Shillelah.’” We had not been in camp very long until daily fights
occurred between the men of our regiment and the New Yorkers.
There was nothing surprising about this, however, for all through
the service, it was the rule, and not the exception.

“A song entitled ‘ Jeff Davis’ Ball,’ was very popular about this
time. A part of it ran this way:

“They called upon Lee to start up the music,
And then upon Ewell to lead on the van,
Longstreet and Hill will ford the Potomac,
And drive these Yankees from our Maryland.
They all started off in the best of good spirits,
And drinking together, to Gettysburg came,
When an accident happened the great rebel army
They were routed and ran from the Yankees again.”

“Tt was sung to the tune of ‘ Lanigan’s Ball’ and for a while
was heard on every hand, but soon had its day.”

ON TO CAMP STONEMAN.

Colonel Greenfield says: “We remained at Pleasant Valley,
drilling and endeavoring to secure horses and equipments for the
command until May 19. On the 18th, I received orders to break
up the camp here and take all the dismounted men, about 1,500, to
Camp Stoneman, Washington, D.C. It required two trains to trans-
port us. The trains consisted of two passenger coaches and the
balance box-cars provided with seats that made them fairly com-
fortable. On the morning of the 20th, as we were approaching
Washington, the rear train ran into the front train, telescoping sev-
eral cars and wounding several of the men, three so badly that I
had them taken to the hospital. One of the cars containing officers’
horses was telescoped by the car in front and the horses thrown
into the ditches on either side; I expected half of them to be either
killed or wounded, but strange to say, while some of them were
bruised and scratched, not a horse was killed or a bone broken.”

Sergeant Gehrett continues: ’

“When we arrived at the Capitol, we marched up to the
Soldiers’ Retreat, got dinner, rested for some time, then fell into
line and marched down to the Potomac and took passage on the
212 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“State of Maine,’ disembarked at Geesboro Landing and marched
out two miles to.Camp Stoneman, where we pitched our tents. The
other regiments had a hot, dusty, tiresome march from Washington
to camp, because of the negligence of their officers to secure trans-
portation.”

About Camp Stoneman was a succession of bleak sandhills
with here and there patches of scrub oak and pine. No other camp
was so well selected ag the one we occupied, yet we had no cause
for thanksgiving on that score.

The troops (dismounted cavalry) who went with us to Camp
Stoneman, were large detachments of the Ist and 15th New York,
20th, 21st and 22nd Pennsylvania and smaller detachments of other
regiments.

About a mile from Camp Stoneman, on the Potomac, was a
shad fishery, which largely supplied the markets of Washington
City, and which was a busy place from 11 P. M. until 3 4. mM. When
darkness covered the camp, many of the boys with sack in hand,
would quietly slip out and wend their way to the fishery. The
seine used was a very large one and was drawn by horse-power.
The fisherman allowed us to take herring and other finny residents
of the deep, but strictly prohibited the taking of shad, and yet, in
a way known only to a soldier, many a shad would swim right into
the sacks as they were held open, as much as to say, “ Take me to
camp,” and to camp they went to be served up in excellent style.

Some of the members of our regiment were detailed for special
duty while we were in camp at Cumberland, Md. Early in April,
1864, Lieutenant Samuel Slifer, of Company B, 20th Pennsylvania
Cavalry, was ordered to take charge of three small cannon (known
throughout the Army of the Shenandoah as Sigel’s Battery). He
selected a sergeant from his own company and made the rest of the
detail from the 22nd Cavalry. Among the number detailed were
“ Jule” Geiser, Samuel Long, W. H. Souders, of Company I; Henry
Anderson, A. J. Baker, A. H. Crum, George Clifford, William
Hirst, S. C. Isett, A. B. Ketterman, J. S. McCartney, John Richards,
Paul Wonn, of Company K; Adam Wickerham, T. C. Buckingham,
of Co. A and some others whose names I do not recall. The battery

Camp Stoneman had been a camp since the beginning of the war. The plateau
had been tramped over until the ground was beaten hard and not a blade of grass re-
mained. Over this ground, we marched back and forth, drilling as platoons, companies,
squadrons, battalions, regiments and brigades .. tramping from morning until noon,
and from noon until evening. We got very tired, but had to keep on going. In the

end, it did us a lot of good.
Dr. A. R. McCarthy, Co, K.
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT. 213

left Cumberland, Md., with the mounted portion of the 22nd, pro-
ceeding with them to Winchester, and being with the advance guard,
fared sumptuously every day on the best that the country afforded.
From Winchester, they went with Sigel’s Army up the Valley. The
battery did not belong to any special command and the members did
pretty much as they pleased. After the New Market fight, the
battery was disbanded, the men reporting to their regiments.

BACK TO THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY.

Colonel Greenfield says: “I received an order to move the
command to Martinsburg, West Va. A general order was issued
directing all the cavalry, mounted and. dismounted, of General
Stahel’s division, to report at Martinsburg. I at once visited the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad office and secured a train for the
morning of June 19th, on which we embarked, arriving at our desti-
nation that evening. I there turned over the command of the dis-
mounted men to Major Troxell, and took command of the mounted
men that had taken part in the fight at Lost River Gap, May 10th,

“since which they had been under General Kelley’s command near
Cumberland, Md., and had reached Martinsburg, June 24th.”

Sergeant Gehrett continues: “‘ We remained at Camp Stoneman
until Saturday, June 18th, when we broke camp at twelve o’clock
and marched into Washington ; took dinner at the ‘ Soldiers’ Retreat’
and remained over night in the barracks. The next morning after
breakfast, we got aboard a train on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road and soon left Washington behind us. After passing the Relay
House, great cotton mills lined the road for miles. It being Sunday,
there was a steady stream of the fair sex promenading the beautiful
streets and drives. Many of the boys wrote their addresses and threw
them off as the train rushed by, asking the fair one who found the
address to correspond with the writer, and many of them did. The
day was lovely and the ride through a country of waving grain-
fields, beautiful towns and rugged scenery was much enjoyed. We
arrived at Martinsburg about 10 P. M., remaining on the cars until
next day at two o’clock, and then marched through the town, camping
about half a mile on the right. We had difficulty in securing tént-
poles. Tuesday, June 21st, we were ordered to turn over all extra
baggage so as to be in as light marching order as possible, as we
were to be temporarily armed with muskets and proceed at once up
the Valley to join Hunter’s Army. We were assured the reason
was the scarcity of horses and the urgent need of arming a number
214 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of dismounted cavalry regiments with muskets to repel the advance
of the enemy that was daily expected.

_“ Wednesday, June 22nd, found us still in camp at Martinsburg,
Va. A report was circulated that owing to the earnest solicitations
of Lieutenant Colonel Greenfield (who was every inch a soldier and
always had the welfare of the regiment at heart) we were to remain
in camp and receive our horses in a few days. This rumor put an
end to a considerable amount of swearing and restored the men
to a very happy frame of mind; all of which was increased by the
appearance of a number of cavalry equipments, which, however,
considerably chilled the ardor of the men and brought their spirits
down to zero, when they discovered that the supplies were not for
the 22nd. As a panacea for this bitter disappointment, that most
welcome of all individuals, the paymaster, put in an appearance, and
on the 23rd we received two months’ pay, which, in a short time,
some of the men got rid of at the sutler’s or elsewhere. It was an
utter impossibility for some soldiers to save their money ; they parted
with it very readily and, when gone, had nothing to show for it.

* On the 24th, the muskets were distributed and received by
many with intense disgust and loud protests. Others said, ‘It will
only be for a short time and this action of the Government seems
to be a necessity, so we will make the best of it, hoping to get our
horses in the near future.’ A few men deserted, but as they were
of no earthly good to Uncle Sam, the regiment was well rid of
them.

“ Saturday morning, the 25th, the dismounted detachment of the
regiment, under command of Major Troxell, in company with a
large body of men and a wagon-train, numbering 600 wagons, started
up the Valley. I had gone to Martinsburg to express a package, and
when I returned, the regiment was two miles away. ‘The atmos-
phere was very oppressive, the rays of the sun, as one of the boys
put it, came down the near way; great clouds of fine, white, pow-
dery dust enveloped the men and the train, making the march one
of great discomfort. It was an interesting study to observe the con-
duct of the men; some marched steadily on, paying no attention to
anything but the one essential, how to get along with most ease and
the least expense of nerve force; others guyed their comrades with

*The guns we received at Martinsburg were Enfield rifled-muskets, 56 caliber,
muzzle loaders, used a minie-ball, had elevated sight to shoot 1100 yards, and as arms
went then, were good ones.

General Sigel had us store all our extra stuff, blankets, winter clothing, etc., at
Martinsburg. It was all promptly burned within eight days of our leaving it there.

Dr. A. R. McCarthy, Co. K.:
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT. 215

such expressions as: ‘What made you take the bounty?’ ‘I want
to go home,’ ‘ Where’s the girl I left behind me?’ ‘ Hay-foot,
straw-foot, poor little dough boys, wading through dust and mud,’
‘Who will care for Susan now?’ and sang merry songs, bent on
having a good time in their own way; others were sour and fight-
ing-mad over the muskets and cursed everybody from the Presi-
dent down to the highest private in the rear rank.

“On account of the intense heat, we halted until evening and
then moved forward and went into camp, where we remained
the next day. On the Valley Pike a few miles beyond Martinsburg,
a large spring of pure, cold water gushed out beneath limestone
rock, which proved to be a source of great benefit to many a weary,
thirsty soldier on both sides. I well remember how loath we were
to leave it on that march.

“ Monday, the 27th, the date of the first appearance of Gideon’s
Band, was a very oppressive day. The program was of a varied
character and was participated in by D. P. Kinkead, A. H. Crum,
H. M. Pardonner, W. H. Daughenbaugh, W. F. Bonner and a
few others. All things considered, the talent engaged gave a star
performance.

“Tuesday morning, the 28th, we broke camp and moved up
the Valley eight miles to Bunker Hill, then turned to the left and
marched five miles across the country to Smithfield and went into
camp. Thursday, we proceeded to Kearneysville, a small station
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where we were mustered for
pay, and then moved back two and a half miles and camped by
a stream of pure, cold water. Having plenty of money, the in-
habitants were willing to sell us anything they had managed to
save from being “ gobbled up” by the troops that had preceded us.

“July 1st, we camped at Leetown in a large piece of woods on
the left of the pike leading from Shepherdstown to Smithfield.
The dismounted part of the regiment, consisting of Companies
H, I, K, L, M, and a few men from other companies, all under
command of Major Troxell, had been assigned to the infantry
brigade commanded by the gallant Mulligan, of the 23rd Illinois.
216 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XVIII.
SIGEL MOVES UP THE VALLEY.

General Sigel occupied Winchester on May 2nd, 1864, with
a force of about 4,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry and three batteries,
where he remained one week, during
————— =) ~which time he was thoroughly scouting
the Valley to ascertain the position and
strength of the enemy and capture or
drive off the guerrillas, horse thieves
and Partisan Rangers that infested the
country in his rear. General Grant had
communicated to General Sigel his gen-
eral plan of campaign for the Depart-
ment of West Virginia, going into de-
tail as to the movements of the expedi-
tions from the Kanawha Valley, but
leaving the campaign in the Valley much
to the discretion of Sigel, but with the
one general direction to move forward
to Cedar Creek, and, if he deemed it safe to do so with his limited
force, to threaten Staunton.

 

Maj.-Gen. Franz Sigel.

On May 2nd, Sigel telegraphed Grant for more definite in-
structions. “I would like very much to know what your expecta-
tions are. I understand that I am to occupy the line at Cedar Creek,
and to advance up the Shénandoah Valley if circumstances will
allow me to do so. To advance beyond Strasburg with my present
force is hardly possible if I can not at the same time leave a pretty
strong force opposite Front Royal to prevent the enemy with
cavalry from marching into my rear and cutting off my line of
communication. . . . If I am expected to make energetic and
decisive movements I should have at least 5,000 more of good in-
fantry with which I could march up the Shenandoah Valley. The
country here is an open country in which 50,000 men can maneuver.
I would submit that under all circumstances, a strong corps of ob-
servation should be formed to maneuver upon the enemy’s left
flank.”

General Grant, then at Culpepper with the Army of the Po-
tomac, replied immediately as follows: “I do not want you to
SIGEL’S ADVANCE UP THE VALLEY. 217

move further south than Cedar Creek to watch any movement the
enemy may attempt by the way of the Shenandoah Valley.

In the plan which I first gave you and which was modified at your
suggestion, it was thought, taken in connection with the movements
of this army, the force which was to start from Beverly might
work easterly to Lynchburg and return to Staunton. Then you
would want to meet them with a train loaded with supplies. It is
to be hoped the efforts for raising troops will enable us to send
any reinforcements you may require, should the enemy move down
the Valley. Call on General Halleck for what may be necessary
and report to him after the 3rd. To cut the New River Bridge
and the road ten or twenty miles east from here would be the most
important work Crook could do.” Grant’s directions to report to
Halleck after the 3rd was significant, as the Army of the Potomac
was scheduled to move against Lee on the 4th.

Sigel organized his army into two divisions as follows:

FIRST INFANTRY DIVISION.
Brigadier General Jeremiah C. Sullivan.
First Brigade.

Colonel Augustus Moor.

18th Connecticut .............. Major Henry Peale
28th Ohio ..... Lieutenant-Colonel Gottfried Becker
116th Ohio .......... .... Colonel James Washburn
123rd Ohio .............0.. Major Horace Kellogg

Second Brigade.
Colonel Joseph Thoburn.
1st West Virginia ..Lieutenant-Colonel Jacob Weddle

12th West Virginia .......... Colonel Wm. B. Curtis
34th Massachusetts ........ Colonel George D. Wells
54th Pennsylvania ....... Colonel Jacob M. Campbell

FIRST CAVALRY DIVISION.

Major-General Julius Stahel.
First Brigade.
“Colonel William B. Tibbits.
Ist New York (Veteran) ............-. Colonel Robert F. Taylor
1st New York (Lincoln) ..Lieutenant-Colonel Alonzo W. Adams
Ist Maryland Potomac Home Brigade (Detachment)
wigdte Dhaai Sates Paes eaaesiaians Major J. Townsend Daniel
218 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Dist Néw York sos. Gss at eeread eens e Major Charles G. Otis

14th Pennsylvania (Detachment) .......---++seee eee ees
..Capt. Ashbell F. Duncan and Lieut.-Col. William Blakely

Second Brigade.

Colonel John E. Wyncoop.
Detachments 15th New York, 20th Pennsylvania and 22nd

Pennsylvania.
: Artillery.
Maryland Light Battery B................. Captain Alonzo Snow
New York Light, 30th Battery ......... Captain Albert von Kleiser
1st West Virginia, Light Battery D........... Captain John Carlin
1st West Virginia, Light Battery G..... Captain Chatham T. Ewing
5th United States Battery B........... Captain Henry A. Du Pont

With this force, General Sigel marched out the pike toward
Cedar Creek on Monday morning, May 9, 1864. Orders had been
issued the evening before to be ready to march at six o’clock next
morning, and we were ready by that time. A number of our boys
who had served in and about Winchester for short periods in ’62
and ’63, and who had become acquainted with the ladies of some
of the loyal families (for there were a few good, loyal families in
this hot-bed of secession) ran around to say “ good-bye” before
starting. The troops generally had been supplied with new clothing
and equipments before leaving rendezvous camp, and as there had
been no rough campaigning yet to soil their clothing, they were still
clean and neat. This large cavalcade of well-dressed troops—in-
fantry, cavalry and artillery—bands playing and colors flying,
marching out together through that open level country, where the
eye could take in miles of the landscape at a glance, was an im-
posing sight, especially so to our boys of the 22nd Cavalry, who,
although veterans of two and three years, had not served much with
large bodies of troops. The day was fine, very warm, sky somewhat
hazy with fleets of white clouds here and there, and a good breeze.
Nature was at her best; the fields were carpets of green, the
patches of woodland and the mountain sides were dressed in

_ At Winchester on the evening of May 6th, a large cavalry ‘scout under Colonel:
susie was ordered to go to Moorfield and vicinity and a detail of 225 men from the
22nd Pennsylvania was made for that scout. We have already seen that the troops so
detailed did not return to Sigel’s command. The remainder ee the mounted men of the
regiment remained_at Winchester and formed the detachment that accompanied Sigel to
New Market and Hunter on the Lynchburg campaign.
SIGEL’S ADVANCE UP THE VALLEY. 219

fresh summer garb and the orchards were masses of blossoms.
Thus decked out, even this war-scarred Valley looked beautiful.

The troops were in high spirits. They seemed to feel it in their
“very bones” that this year would finish the job and down the
rebellion. They had heard reports that a great battle had been
fought between Grant’s and Lee’s armies and that our army had
the advantage, but they did not know that on that very day, May
9th, Grant had flanked Lee’s Army and was in position for another
terrible battle; and they did not know that Sheridan’s Cavalry
Corps was this same day far behind the rear of Lee’s army, push-
ing toward Richmond, with the Confederate Cavalry under General
Jeb. Stuart at their heels, whom they were to meet in battle on the
morrow, and defeat so utterly, with the loss of their commander
(Stuart) that they never recovered from it; they did not know
that on that same 9th of May, General Crook’s forces were climb-
ing the sides of Cloyd’s Mountain, under a terrific infantry and
artillery fire from the strongly intrenched forces of the Confed-
erate Generals Jones and Jenkins, when Crooke, watching them
through his fieldglass remarked, “ The enemy is in force and in
strong position; he may whip us, but I guess not,” and his “ guess ”
was correct, for the Union troops captured the works with several
hundred prisoners and some cannon, and sent the enemy flying
in retreat; nor did our boys know that on that same day, General
McPherson with his army of the Tennessee, together with the 20th
Corps under General Hooker, was flanking the strongly fortified
position of General Johnson’s Confederate Army at Dalton, Georgia,
causing great consternation to the enemy and a sudden retreat; nor
did they know that part of General Butler’s Army on that day
marching toward Petersburg on the south side of the James River,
met and repulsed the enemy at Arrowfield Church. It was just as
well that our boys did not know all this, or their spirits would have
soared to a greater height, only to have a greater fall within a few
days.

As we passed by Kernstown, where General Shields fought and
defeated “ Stonewall” Jackson on the 23rd of March, ’62, the boys
who had been in that engagement were reminiscent and had much to
tell; those who were in another scrap there on Christmas of the same
year also had their stories to tell. They did not know that they were
to fight that same ground over again on the 24th day of July, when
they were to be defeated and their former brave commander, Gen-
eral Mulligan, would be killed; nor did they know that they were
220 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

going to defeat Early’s Confederate Army on the 19th of September
at Winchester and send them “ whirling ” in confusion back over that
same Kernstown field.

Eight miles out we passed through the nice little village of
Newtown, and some six or eight miles farther, we went through
the village of Middletown strung along the pike, and went into camp
on the high ground north of Cedar Creek. We remained there all
the next day (May 10th) while the pioneers were building a bridge
over Cedar Creek in place of the one destroyed. Strong pickets
were posted and scouting parties scoured the country ahead. Nearly
all our “ Battalion” boys were on scout.

May 11th, Sigel’s Army marched forward at 6 a. m. It rained
heavily most of the day, and made disagreeable marching. The 15th
New York Cavalry and all the available men of our regiment (22nd
Pennsylvania) marched an hour earlier, at five o’clock, to go ahead
ona scout. There were but few of our men to go, as nearly all had
been detailed for other duty. We marched through Strasburg and
on up to Woodstock, where we went into camp for the night.

Before leaving Winchester, General Sigel had satisfied himself
that there was no large force of the enemy in the Valley below
Staunton. He had reports from General Crook, who was making
headway on his expedition toward the Virginia and Tennessee Rail-
road, and although cautioned by General Grant about going farther
up than Strasburg, Sigel was laying plans to form a junction with
Crook’s forces; the day before marching from Winchester, Sigel
sent the following dispatch to the Adjutant General: “If I receive
no orders to the contrary, I will move up the Shenandoah Valley
and try to come into communication with General Crook, who is
expected to be at Lewisburg on or about the 14th.”

While waiting at Cedar Creek on the 10th, Sigel telegraphed
Colonel Wilkinson at New Creek: “Use every exertion to send
scouts to Lewisburg to ascertain the whereabouts of General Crook.”
He also sent the following message to the commandant at Charles-
ton, West Virginia: “ You will please send a scout to Lewisburg to
ascertain if General Crook is there or in that vicinity, and if not, try
to communicate with him.”

Sigel concluded to move on, however, and reached Woodstock
with his army on the 11th, when he telegraphed the Adjutant Gen-
eral: “J arrived here to-day after a slight skirmish with the enemy’s
cavalry, who retired toward Edenburg.”

Among telegraph papers captured at Woodstock when our
SIGEL’S ADVANCE UP THE VALLEY. 221

forces entered was one showing that Breckenridge was at Staunton
with 4,000 men. On the 13th Sigel telegraphed the Adjutant Gen-
eral of the Army: “ My principal object in advancing up the Shen-
andoah Valley is to threaten Staunton, to divide the forces of Breck-
enridge and to assist by this means General Crook, whose object is to
destroy New River Bridge. I have no later news from him than the
6th inst., when he entered Princeton. My forces are insufficient for
offensive operations in this country where the enemy is continually on
my flank and rear. My intention, therefore, is not to advance farther
than this place (Woodstock) with my main force, but have sent out
strong parties in every direction. Skirmishing is going on every day.
If Breckenridge should advance against us I will resist him at some
convenient position. My cavalry is at Mount Jackson.”
Moseby was in the rear, attacking outposts and wagon-trains
almost daily. On the 12th he attacked the wagon-train near Stras-
burg, killed two of the guards and captured four prisoners of the
13th Pennsylvania Cavalry. On the 13th, our cavalry scouts had
brushes with the enemy’s cavalry in the neighborhood of Mount
Jackson. On the 14th, orders to march early had been issued, but
were countermanded, waiting for the arrival of the supply train.
It had rained hard the previous night and was threatening to con-
tinue. Shortly before noon, Moor’s and Thoburn’s brigades of
infantry and Wyncoop’s brigade of cavalry with eight pieces of
artillery, marched on toward Mount Jackson. We heard can-
nonading in that direction. General Sigel issued the following:

Near Woodstock, May 14, 1864.
Major-General Stahel:

The troops wil be ready to march to-morrow morning at five
o’clock. They will be prepared for action and will march in the
direction of Mount Jackson. The troops now in front will remain
in their present positions until information from them is received
and further orders sent them. F. SIGEL,

Major-General.

Sigel this day received word that General Crook had arrived

at Lewisburg.

THE BATTLE OF NEW MARKET.

The next day, May 15th, it rained all day, except at short in-
tervals, the rain accompanied with thunder and lightning. We
marched forward through the rain this Sabbath morning, thinking
222 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Aittle of the disagreeable weather, as the booming of cannon a
few miles ahead gave us something else to think of. Between
Mount Jackson and New Market we came up with part of the
force that had marched the day before, and now marched on with
them to join the fight.

On the morning of the 14th a force of about five hundred
cavalry, under Major Quinn, of the Ist New York Cavalry, had
advanced from Edenburg, through Mount Jackson; arriving at
the bridge over the Shenandoah, they found the planks removed
and the enemy’s cavalry on Rude’s Hill to the south. Major Quinn
had the planks relaid and crossed his force over; leaving a guard
at the bridge, he pushed on, fighting all afternoon, driving the
enemy’s advance back through New Market, where he found them
in considerable force with artillery. Here he received an order to
fall back on Colonel Moor’s Brigade, which had then advanced to
a point close behind.

The enemy then opened on Moor with a brisk artillery fire,
which was met by a speedy response from our guns, which were
quickly placed in position. Some lively skirmishing was kept up
until dark and then Moor took a position on an elevation northwest
of New Market, holding it through the night, supported by our
cavalry. Skirmishing and artillery firing opened early next morn-
ing. General Stahel came up and took command.

The balance of Sigel’s forces were scattered back down the
pike for several miles. It was getting on toward noon before they
were up and in position. Encumbered with a large train, he was
obliged to leave two regiments back to protect it. Sigel, himself,
formed the line of battle across the pike on the slope rising to the
north of the village of New Market, with Moor’s division of infantry
on the right, supported by our very small brigade of cavalry under
Colonel Wyncoop; to the left of Moor, Thoburn’s division of in-
fantry was placed, supported by the First Brigade of Cavalry under
Colonel Tibbits.

Breckenridge’s veteran corps under Echols and Wharton, made
a fierce attack on our lines, but were received with such a withering
fire that they wavered and then came on again. A Confederate staff
officer wrote, “ When Breckenridge’s line reached within 200 yards
of the enemy, the position was very critical, and fer a time it seemed
doubtful as to which should give way.” Our artillery was particu-
larly damaging to the advancing enemy. Carlin’s and Von Kleiser’s
guns making great gaps in their lines, and Breckenridge ordered Col-
THE BATTLE NEW MARKET. : 223

onel Smith with the 62nd Virginia and Colonel Skip with the batta-
lion of cadets from the Virginia Military Institute to charge and take
the guns. The enemy’s artillery fire was turned on our batteries and
their supports in the meantime; the enemy charged part way, but
the fire from Carlin’s and Von Kleiser’s guns was so destructive,
they were obliged to take shelter under cover of a bank, where they
rallied and charged again, when our infantry regiment supporting
the battery, broke and took shelter behind some buildings, but the
gunners stood by their guns and worked them until overpowered
by the enemy, who captured five guns. In this charge the 62nd
Virginia lost 241 killed and wounded and the cadets 69 killed
and wounded out of 250. Imboden with his cavalry and two guns,
was sent around our left flank down a creek, and unobserved, until
he gained the rear of our cavlary when he opened on them with his
guns, throwing them into great confusion; at the same time Breck-
enridge charging in front caused the entire force to retreat.

_ A stand was made at Rude’s Hill where the new line was
formed under the personal supervision of Generals Sigel, Sullivan
and Stahel, when the retreating troops, reinforced by the two
regiments that had been back with the train, held the enemy in
check until the wagons were well out of the way, when they de-
liberately fell back across the river, burning the bridge behind
them.

Breckenridge followed only to Rude’s Hill, but Sigel marched
on and encamped his forces behind Cedar Creek.

* Our detachment of the 22nd Cavalry was divided up into
squads and sent to guard bridges and important points. The squad
that I was with, together with one company of the 15th New York
Cavalry, was sent out several miles to near Columbia Furnace to
prevent a flank movement by the enemy. “ Happy Jack” and
Wheeler, of Company B, were captured by venturing out too far at
dark. I had just put on a relief picket and was then ordered to
draw them in and move for the retreating column. When we had
gone a mile, an order came to place a squad back at the fording
of the Creek and hold it at all hazards; the squad returned to their
post and were met by the Rebel cavalry in a charge; the night
was very dark and the first intimation we had of their presence
was their yell and the firing of their pistols, but we made them
get back. We remained at the ford until ten o’clock and then came

 

* Donaldson.
224 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

on through Mount Jackson to find that our column and train were
far down the pike and only a picket of fifty cavalry left behind.

Next day, the 16th, we destroyed the bridge at Edenburg and
marched slowly on down to Cedar Creek.

The reason assigned by Sigel for his defeat was that the
Confederate forces outnumbered his and that in consequence of
having such long trains to guard he could not -bring more than six
regiments into the fight. A careful study of the records estab-
lishes the fact that Breckenridge had about 5,000 troops and that
Sigel had about the same number; but Sigel had two regiments
back with the wagon trains that were not in the fight. Sigel’s
army was scattered along the road for two miles when the battle
proper hegan. He had not taken the precaution to guard against
the flank movement executed by Imboden, which had much to do
in causing confusion in our lines. He showed great courage in
riding along the lines in the thick of the fight, and did everything
possible after the battle was on. The excellent work of the artillery
is attested by the enemy, and had these batteries been defended
by stronger supports, the enemy would have been repulsed.

Sigel’s soldiers, although defeated and compelled to fall back,
were not discouraged nor ashamed of their conduct on the battle-
field. They had met the furious onslaught of the veteran corps of
Echols and Wharton, commanded by one of the ablest generals
in the Confederate Army, and although our lines were not strong
enough to repel their repeated assaults, our men fell back slowly,
in good order, and brought off all our train, leaving the enemy so
damaged that he did not pursue us. After a rest of two days,
our troops were again in good spirits and ready to advance.

Sigel’s Army, for the next ten days, encamped on the north
side of Cedar Creek on the very ground made famous by Sheridan
on the 19th of the following October. Sergeant Donaldson’s
journal, as follows, tells the story of those ten days at Cedar
Creek,

“ Cedar Creek, May 18.

“The pioneers worked all night repairing the bridge over Cedar.
Creek; shoeing horses was carried on all night. Heavy details for
picket, scouting and train-guard. Have no feed for the horses. ~

“May 20. Yesterday, a few. of us got permission to go to
the country to get forage for our horses; we found about a dozen
of the cavalry foraging at Mr. —-————.,, a sympathizer with the
South. We got some corn and oats and then went to the house to
SIGEL DEFEATED, FALLS BACK TO CEDAR CREEK. 225

try to buy some bread. The old lady and two very pretty girls told
us, with tears in their eyes, that the soldiers had just searched the
house and taken everything they had to eat and for three times
they had taken their bread, butter, meat and flour, and now their
last bite was gone, and, without help from God, they might starve.
Their distress touched my heart. God have mercy on innocent
women and children in the path of war.

“ Returned to camp and drew rations. Was detailed for picket
with six from our company, and eleven from each of the other com-
panies, together with one hundred from the 15th New York and
20th Pennsylvania. We were sent out five miles to the right of
Strasburg and relieved the 1st New York. We are posted at
Lebanon (Lutheran) Church. I had ten dollars in Confederate
money, which I gave to the boys and they went out and bought some
eggs, butter and meat with it.”

“May 21st. After noon, two lieutenants came from camp and
each took twenty-four men from our pickets ; one scout went by the:
mountain road and the other, to which I, with sixteen men from
our ‘ battalion’ was assigned, took the Back Road, and both scouts
were to meet at Woodstock. The balance of the men in our scout
were of the th , green troops, who had not ‘learned
war.’ The scout was in command of one of their lieutenants, as
‘green’ as his men. When we had gone ten miles, myself and
three men of Company B, who was in the advance guard, came
on a Rebel picket and chased him through the fields, passing not
far from some of his own men, whom we gave a few shots; we
waited for the rest of our squad to come up, and then tried them
again with a few more shots, which drove them into the
woods. We then drew off to a safe distance to investigate. We
learned from the citizens that there were at least three companies
of Gilmore’s Cavalry against our twenty-four men. It became evi-
dent to those of us who had experience that the Rebs were
maneuvering to flank us. The lieutenant stood undecided, with the
squad around him in the road, without regard to order; when he
became sure that the Rebs meant a flank movement, he ‘lit out’ at
the head of the column on a retreat as fast as his horse could run
and the rest straggling behind for a mile on the road; some of the
horses could not begin to keep up, so I and two or three others
slowed up to help those behind, if necessary. When we were safe
within a few miles of our post, the brave officer came back and
savagely ordered us to close up and would allow no man to stop

 

 
226 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

for a drink. He made no effort to keep the men together when
that was all important.

“May 22. The other scout that went out yesterday when
we did, had a skirmish with the enemy and had two men captured.
At four o’clock our pickets were fired on, creating great consternation
among the green soldiers. A report came in that the enemy was
advancing in force with artillery. The (green) captain in com-
mand drew in the pickets and fell back double quick until within a
mile of camp, where he halted and threw out videttes. Then réin-
forcements came up, and we went out to Lebanon Church, where
we had been posted, and remained there all night, but every hour
or so were called into line, which is very provoking. I am dis-
gusted at being dragged around after such incompetent officers.
General Hunter took command to-day. His aide-de-camp ques-
tioned the captain who commanded our picket post last night about,
leaving his post without skirmishing some with the enemy, if
there was one; he seemed to think the officer behaved in a cow-
ardly manner.

“ Major ‘Myers and Lieutenant Welch came yesterday to take
our detachment of the 22nd back to join the regiment, but Colonel
Wyncoop would not allow it. Four more companies, just mounted,
of the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, have arrived here.

“We have seven brass bands in this camp and splendid music
to cheer the soldiers.

“May 23d. An order to be ready to march forward with
eight days’ rations, is issued. The train went to Martinsburg, and
with it went the sick and fainty.

“Lieutenant Welch is commanding the detachment of our
regiment here; Lieutenant Jenkins is sick. The mail to-day brought
commissions for Captain McNulty and Lieutenants Welch and
Lane, all of whom are at Green Spring Run with the main body
of the regiment.”

atts ced : Cumberland, May 16, 1864.
ifaj. Gen. Sigel:

-.. . This cavalry command is made up of detachments from the. Twenty-Second
Pennsylvania, Fifteenth New York and Twenty-First New York . . . ould it not
be well to order the Fifteenth and Twenty-first to join their commands with you and
send me the balance of the Twenty-second Pennsylvania? Most of this regiment is well
acquainted with the South Branch and Lost River valleys, and would perhaps render
your command more efficient service by protecting your flank in the above named
valleys than any other position, besides rendering the railroad safe from guerrilla bands
under McNeill, Harness and others.

B. F, KELLEY,

Brigadier General.
THE HUNTER RAID. 227

CHAPTER XIX.
THE LYNCHBURG CAMPAIGN, OR HUNTER RAID.

Sigel’s failure and defeat at New Market was a great’ disap-
pointment to General Grant, who immediately asked for his re-
moval. General Halleck telegraphed
Grant that the President would appoint [
General Hunter to the command of the |
department if it would meet with Grant’s |
approval. This was on the 19th of May. |
Grant answered immediately, “By all |
means, I would say appoint General
Hunter . . . to the command.” On
the same day an order was issued from
the War Department assigning Major-
General D. Hunter, U. S. Volunteers,
to the command of the Department of
West Virginia.

* General Hunter arrived at Cedar ya; Gen, David Hunter.
Creek on May 21st and took command.

He was a man of dark, stern appearance, and prompt manner.
Prominent families of the name, relatives, were living here and
there in the Valley, but he spared no Rebels for “ relation’s sake.”

His chief of staff was Colonel David Hunter Strother, of
Bath, the “ Porte Crayon” of so many illustrated sketches of Vir-
ginia, a very genial man. His A. A. A. G. was Charles G. Halpine,
“Private Miles O’Reilly,” who in the busiest campaigns found time
to write his entertaining poems.”

 

Hopors. Dept. W. Va.
Cedar Creek, Va., May 21, 1864.

By an order of the President of the United States I am re-
lieved from the command of this department. Major-General
Hunter, U. S. Volunteers, is my successor. In leaving the troops
under my immediate command, I feel it my duty to give my most
sincere thanks to the officers and men who have assisted me so faith-
fully during the last campaign. Having no other wishes and aspira-

 

* History Ist. N. Y. Lincoln Cavalry.
228 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

tions but to serve the great cause, which we are bound to defend, I
hope that final success may crown the indefatigable zeal and good

will of this army. SIGEL,
Major-General.

Camp Near Cedar Creek, May 23, 1864.
Hon. E. M. Stanton,
Secretary of War.

Major-General Sigel, actuated by an earnest patriotism, was
anxious to take a division in this army or attend to any other duty.
Upon consultation with him I have deemed best to place him in com-
mand of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and reserve troops in
that region. I have ordered General Kelley and General Weber
to report to General Sigel and to be subject to his commands.

D. Hunter,
Major-General.

There never was any question about General Sigel’s loyalty and
zeal in the great cause of the wir for the Union. His willingness
to take a command under General Hunter fully attests his patriotism.

General Hunter acted very promptly, assuming command
within two days of his assignment. He asked General Halleck
to send him some energetic brigadiers.*

The situation in the Valley had become somewhat simplified.
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was now well guarded by a num-
ber of regiments of Ohio hundred-days’ men. Generals Crook and
Averill had carried out their part of the program in destroying
the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, and General Crook was now
at Lewisburg just over the Allegheny Mountain from the Upper
Valley at Lexington, and about equi-distant from Staunton and
Lynchburg. Grant believed that Lee’s Army was receiving large
quantities of supplies from the Upper Valley and persisted in his
plan to have these supplies cut off. He sent word to Hunter, “ De-
pend entirely on the country for food and hope to form a junc-
tion with Crook at Staunton, and immediately push on, if possible,
to Charlottesville and Lynchburg and destroy the railroad and canal

Washington, May 23, ’64.
* Major General Hunter. ey eee
There are no vacancies of brigadier general of volunteers. You have three generals
of cavalry in your department, Stahel, Duffie and Averill, certainly enough for your
cavalry force. If any are worthless, recommend them to be mustered out and I will
endorse it. No one can be appointed till some one else is mustered out.

H. W. HALLECK.
THE HUNTER RAID. 229

beyond possibility of repair for weeks; then either return to your
original base, or join the Army of the Potomac via Gordonsville.”

General Crook received instructions to move on to Staunton
where he would join Hunter’s forces.

On May 11th, Sigel had broken camp at Cedar Creek and
started up the Valley to be defeated at New Market and compelled
to fall back to this camp; now, just fifteen days later, on May
26th, General Hunter breaks camp at Cedar Creek, and again, with
the same army now strengthened to 8,500 men of all arms, with
twenty-one guns, proceeds up the Valley by the same road. Gen-
eral Sullivan is in command of the infantry and General Stahel
again in command of the cavalry. General Hunter was not sat-
isfied with General Stahel and had asked for an experienced briga-
dier general to command the cavalry division. He says: “ The
cavalry needs a commander of zeal, grit, activity and courage.”

Hpors. DEPT. oF WEST VIRGINIA.
In the Field, Cedar Creek, May 22, 1864.
General Orders.
No. 29.

It is of the utmost importance that this army be placed in a situ-
ation for immediate efficiency. We are contending against an
enemy who is in earnest, and if we expect success, we, too, must be
in earnest. We must be willing to make sacrifices, willing to suffer
for a short time, that a glorious result may crown our efforts. The
country is expecting every man to do his duty, and this done, an
ever kind Providence will certainly grant us complete success.

I. Every tent will be immediately turned in for transporta-
tion to Martinsburg, and all baggage not expressly allowed by this
order, will be at once sent to the rear. There will be but one wagon
allowed to each regiment and this will be used only to transport
spare ammunition, camp-kettles, tools and mess-pans.

Every wagon will have eight picked horses or mules, two drivers
and two saddles. One wagon and one ambulance will be allowed
to department headquarters, and the same to division and brigade
headquarters. The other ambulances will be under the immediate
orders of the medical director.

II. For the expedition in hand, the clothes each soldier has
on his back with one extra pair of shoes and socks, are amply suffi-
cient. Everything else in the shape of clothing will be packed to-day
and sent to the rear. Each knapsack will contain 100 rounds of
230 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ammunition, carefully packed, four pounds of hard bread, to last.
eight days; ten rations of coffee, sugar and salt; one pair of shoes
and one pair of socks, and nothing else.

III. Brigade and all other commanders will be held strictly
responsible that their commands are amply supplied from the
country. Cattle, sheep and hogs, and if necessary, horses and mules,
must be taken and slaughtered. These supplies will be seized under
direction of officers duly. authorized, and upon a system which will
be hereafter regulated. No straggling or pillaging will be allowed.
Brigade and other commanders will be held responsible that there
is no waste, and that there is a proper and orderly division amongst
their men of the supplies taken for use.

IV. Commanders will attend personally to the execution of
this order, so that we may move to-morrow morning. They will
see that in passing through a country in this way, depending upon
it for forage and supplies, great additional vigilance is required on
the part of every officer in command of men for the strict enforce-
ment of discipline.

V. The commanding general expects from every officer and

soldier of the army in the field an earnest and unhesitating support,
and relies with confidence upon an ever kind Providence for a
glorious result. The Lieutenant-General commanding the armies
of the United States, who is now victoriously pressing back the
enemy upon their last stronghold, expects much from the Army of
the Shenandoah; and he must not be disappointed.

By command of Major-General Hunter,
CuHar.es C. HALPINE,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

* May 26, 1864. The whole force marched from Cedar Creek
at 8:30 this morning. It rained until midnight last night and the.
roads are muddy. Our brigade (2nd) turned to the right at Stras-
burg and took the Back Road. When near Woodstock, our battalion
turned to the right, going three miles, camped in a fine grove and
put out pickets. The main force camped at the old camp-ground
near Woodstock and they have their pickets on the edge of town;
the enemy have pickets on the opposite side of town. Major Myers.
is in command of our battalion, of the 22nd Pennsylvania.

May 27. Lieutenant Welch took a squad out to forage. Some:
of Chessrown’s boys were on a little foraging expedition of their

* Donaldson’s Journal.
THE HUNTER RAID. 231

own last night and came in with a box of honey, which they shared
with us. We were sitting about to-day, some with the saddles off
their sore-back horses, when Buckingham came in from picket post,
his horse on the dead run; and when in hearing distance, yelled,
“To horse!” Every fellow jumped to his horse and prepared for
the Johnnies; never were a set of fellows so quick and ready for
a fight, but instead of an attack, word came in that it was not the
Rebs, but instead, a foraging party of the 15th New York, that had
acted strangely.

A detachment of the 1st New York Cavalry relieved us (22nd
Pennsylvania) at dark, when. we came in and camped in a fine
grove near the pike, more than a mile from Woodstock.

May 28. We wonder at this two-day halt here. It may be to
wait the arrival of belated troops for the command. Detachments
that have been serving elsewhere have been ordered to join their
regiments here, and are coming forward daily. The 5th New York
Heavy Artillery, now transferred to infantry, came in to-day from
Fort McHenry. A Wenen: -train came up and we drew boots and
clothing.

29th. Whole command called out at 3:30 o’clock this morning ;
packed up and marched up the Valley. It is a deplorable fact that
our generals defer.a march or a fight until Sabbath, and do more
on that sacred day than any other. Wyncoop’s brigade took the
right flank, three miles off the pike; our battalion was .in advance
all day. Arriving at Stony Creek, at a mill, we chased a few of
the enemy’s pickets from there. We, the advance, were deployed as
skirmishers and exchanged a few shots with the Rebels and drove
them off. When we reached Mill Creek, two miles from Mount
Jackson, we got corn in a mill and fed and then marched on down
to Mount Jackson and found the army passing. Here we had to
ford the river, as we had burned the bridge on our retreat from
New Market. We camped on the closing scenes of our Sabbath
Day’s battle two weeks ago. We appropriated some unbolted flour
and baked cakes for our supper. What a paradise this part of the
Shenandoah Valley has been before the war blighted it.

May 30, 1864. I was not on duty this morning, so I took my
mare up to the elevated position occupied by the enemy’s batteries
in the last battle here, and while she grazed, I took in the splendid
view of this beautiful valley. Two branches of the Shenandoah
unite a mile or so below here at Mount Jackson. The rich bottoms
are covered with a heavy growth of grass and the farms with their
232. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

princely residences retain just enough of their former beauty to give
one an idea of what they were like before the war. On each side of
the charming valley are mountains ; on the east is the Blue Ridge, and
right here in the midst of the Valley is Mount Jackson, the southern
end of the Fort Mountain, or Massanutten, which extends twenty-
five miles down the Valley.

When I came back from grazing my mare, I found some of
the boys going, and some gone, across the South Fork to get corn.
I mounted and followed. Coming to Mrs. Moore’s, I found a
squad of cavalry and a squad of the —th Ohio Infantry. Many
others had been there before. Everything eatable, and many other
things had been taken. The ladies took it all coolly; rich, modest
and refined, I pitied them. I then went to another house and
found scores of soldiers there, probably the same.ones. I found
much the same state of affairs there. I did not enter this house,
but an elderly lady complained bitterly of the acts of the soldiers
and reported to headquarters, when a guard was put on, but too
late to save their property. There are some fine looking ladies here;
and lots of darkies. I got some corn “ off’! a Sambo and bought
a dozen of eggs and some bread which his Dinah was to “ bak foh
meah ” and for which I was to return with sugar, but the guards
and patrols prevented my fulfillment. These guards and patrols
are now arresting every soldier found outside of camp not of a
regular foraging party in charge of an officer..

General Hunter had previously charged General Stahel, who
had charge of the foraging, to observe the strictest discipline in the
matter of foraging, to prevent all such pillaging. Now he calls
him to time in the following order:

Rude’s Hill, May 30, 1864.
Major General Julius Stahel,

Com’dg, Cavalry Div. Army of the Shenandoah.

General: I desire to call your attention to the numerous and
grave complaints against soldiers of this command for pillaging.
It is represented that the men sent out with regular foraging parties
break away from their officers and straggle into houses, carrying
off property and doing wanton injury to furniture. In a country
like this, infested with guerrilla-parties, these practices are dan-
gerous to the commands and are in gross violation of the spirit
of the order for levying supplies upon the country. Many of the
residents of the neighborhood have been very kind to our wounded,
THE HUNTER RAID. 233

and it is neither just nor politic to allow wanton outrages and in-
juries to be inflicted upon any people. In sending out foraging
parties, no men should be allowed to enter any house except in
company with a commissioned officer. These suggestions are made,
assured that you will adopt prompt and severe measures to repress
the acts referred to. CHARLES G. HALPINE,

Assistant Adjutant General.

*“ May 30. There are many details with wagons out foraging.
Lieutenant Welch is out in charge of one party. A short time after
he had gone, another detail was made, and H. Stewart and I of our
company and sixteen men from our battalion, together with forty
each from the other cavalry regiments, formed the detail. We went
three miles beyond New Market, to the right on the Shenandoah,
and collected corn, bread and meat. We found plenty of flour and
brought in four barrels. We stopped in New Market and found a
room, twelve by sixteen, filled with sacks of salt. People have
talked to me long enough about starving the Rebels out. I tell
you it can never be done as long as they hold this Valley to Staun-
ton. There is plenty of everything here except the luxuries, such
as coffee, etc. The substantials are abundant.

“New Market is on an elevated table-land between the two
branches of the river and built along each side of the pike. It is
quite a pretty place. Our soldiers are busy burning the dead horses
of the battle-field to remove the stench arising from them. I
notice graves here on each side of the road; it is evident that a man
was buried just where he died. The mortally wounded were left
at houses and all the wounded that could be moved were taken
prisoners by the Rebs. ;

“Gil Holmes, wagon master of the 1st West Virginia Infantry,
has just arrived on foot from Newtown, thirty miles; he says that
our supply train of seventeen wagons, guarded by eighty-three of
the 1st and 15th New York Cavalry, was attacked at Newtown on
the evening of the 29th, and captured by Moseby’s Rangers. A
large mail was captured with the train.

“June 1. Yesterday, we were waked up at daylight, and all
that could travel were sent out with foraging expeditions; detach-
ments from each regiment went out with wagons. Colonel Wyn-
coop issued orders that if a man left camp or left the column to
go to a house, he would be punished severely. He declares that

* Donaldson.
234. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

he will put his men into the infantry who do not keep up their
horses.

“We were compelled to have roll-call at nine, three and seven
o'clock. The object is to hold the men in camp.

“Tt is reported that Imboden, Moseby and McNeill are in our
rear, and that the enemy is strongly fortified ten miles in our
front. We expect an attack in front and rear.

“June 2. Marched to Harrisonburg to-day. Were waked up
very early and marched at five o’clock, our battalion guarding the
rear. A portion of the Ist New York Cavalry and 12th West
Virginia Infantry were also at the rear of the train. One company
of the 12th West Virginia was left at New Market, waiting for a
wagon that had gone for flour. After we had gone two miles, a
message reached us that the Rebel cavalry had attacked the rear.
Major Myers took us back a-flying and found that McNeil had
charged into town with a view of capturing stragglers, but the 12th
Virginia boys hurled him back double-quick. Their orderly ser-
geant had his hand shot.

‘We got a little corn on the march, notwithstanding Colonel
Wyncoop’s order.

“We camped near Harrisonburg. When our advance came into
town, Imboden was just leaving and one of our batteries gave him
a few farewell shots. He was drilling when he heard our advance
and hastily prepared to retreat. We occupied his camp. Theré are
great crops of wheat in this County of Rockingham, and the finest
pasture. We remained here at Harrisonburg all through the next
day, and when not on duty grazed our horses on the luxuriant
clover. Foraging parties were again sent out with teams; Lieuten-
ant Welch, of our squadron, in charge of one, returned in the after-
noon with a good supply of bacon, grain and a lot of cattle.”

General Hunter, in his report, gives a very clear and complete
account of the operations from this point, which we quote. He says:
“On my arrival at Harrisonburg on the afternoon of the 2nd, I
found the enemy occupying a strong intrenched position at Mount
Crawford on the North River, where it is crossed by the Valley
Turnpike. I spent the following day in ascertaining the enemy’s
force and position, and early on the morning of the 4th, after send-
ing a force of cavalry to amuse him, I moved my column by a side
THE BATTLE OF PIEDMONT. 235

road and crossed the Shenandoah at Port Republic.* This move-
ment was so little expected that we found a large supply train at
‘this place, and our advance cavalry captured a part of it with sup-
plies and horses.

“T encamped about one mile south of Port Republic, and on the
morning of the 5th, at an early hour, advanced on the Staunton
Road. At 6 a. M., my advanced cavalry met that of the enemy and
after a sharp skirmish, drove them with a loss of seventy-five, killed,
wounded and missing.

THE BATTLE OF PIEDMONT.

“ At the village‘of Piedmont, seven miles southwest of Port
Republic, I found the enemy in force, advantageously posted.

“The battle opened with artillery at 9 a. m., the enemy using
several guns of long range and heavy caliber. At ten o’clock, the
1st Brigade of Infantry, under Colonel Moor, advanced on our right
and drove the enemy from his advanced position in a woods behind
his line of defences constructed of fallen timber and fence-rails.
Colonel Thoburn, with the Second Brigade of Infantry, took position
on elevated ground on our left, supporting the batteries and ready
for action where most needed.

“ At 11:30, the fine practice of our artillery had silenced the
enemy’s batteries; the cavalry (including detachment of 22nd Penn-
sylvania in Wyncoop’s Brigade of Stahel’s Division) under Major-
General Stahel, was massed in rear of the infantry on our right. At
one o’¢lock, the First Brigade attacked the enemy’s line in front,
but failed to carry it and fell back after a spirited contest. At 1:30,

* The bridge over the river had been destroyed and a pontoon bridge was thrown
across for the infantry and artillery. We camped here by the river; captured lots of
corn and whiskey, and some of the officers got slightly intoxicated. A large factory was
burned by order of General Hunter.

At four o’clock we were roused again and ready to move, but our squadron was
detailed as rear guard. Two of the 15th N. Y. Cavalry were shot on picket last night.

We were routed up before daylight on the morning of June 4th, and marched at
five o’clock. After passing through Harrisonburg, we turned to the left and took the
toad to Port Republic with our battalion (22nd Pa.) on the right. Six men from each
company were sent ahead as skirmishers, I among the number. We had to exchange
a few shots with the Johnnies when within two miles of Port Republic. I took John
Mitchell and rode out along a lane to the right, when I spied a four-horse covered
wagon going at great speed. I rode back and got four others, and we charged on it;
when close enough I halted the driver several times, but he would not halt. I then
fired my carbine over his head, but he kept on.. I could have shot him but did not
want to do so. He continued to ply the whip fiercely to his horses, but we overtook
him, firing our pistols and calling on him to surrender, when the wagon upset, and the
driver forsook his team and cargo and took across the fields. We did not follow, but
took the four good horses and as much of the goods as we could carry. The wagon was
loaded with sutler’s stores in great variety, all marked at Confederate money prices:
hats from $25 to $200. I got a lot of nice handkerchiefs marked $35, and gave them
away. Two women came out from a house and cheered us and said, “ That’s right; the
rebels starved us and let us go almost naked, and this serves them right. e gave
them all they could carry away and burned the wagon.—Serg’t Donaldson.
236 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the enemy was observed to be massing his force on our right, oppo-
site the First Brigade, and orders were immediately sent to Colonel
Thoburn to move his brigade across the open valley between, and
attack the enemy’s position in flank. At 2 Pp. M., the enemy made
a determined attack on the First Brigade, which sustained itself
gallantly, assisted by Von Kleiser’s Battery and a cross-fire from
Morton’s and Carlin’s batteries on our left.

“ Meanwhile, Thoburn’s Brigade, having crossed the valley, fell
on the enemy’s exposed flank with decisive effect, crushing his whole
line and driving a portion over the steep bank into the river, which
covered his left. Simultaneously, Colonel Moor’s Brigade rushed
over the works in front and a brigade of cavalry (our brigade),
under Colonel Wyncoop, charged upon his right flank and rear. The
enemy fled in confusion, leaving over 1,000 prisoners in our
hands, including sixty officers. The killed and wounded are esti-
mated at 600 men. Brigadier-General William E. Jones, command-
ing his forces, was killed on the field and his body fell into our
hands. From papers found on his person, it is ascertained that the
enemy’s force was between 6,000 and 7,000 men, and sixteen guns,
among them two 20-pounder Parrots and one 24-pounder howitzer.
In addition to his loss upon the field, the enemy in his precipitate re-
treat lost an equal number, at least by straggling and desertion.

“ These results have been accomplished with a loss to this com-
mand of less than 500 men in killed and wounded. On the
march and in action, the troops behaved admirably. The combined
force, now in fine spirits and condition, will move day after to-mor-
row to the accomplishment of its mission.”

* The battle was over about 3 o’clock and the trains of am-
bulances began running their horses, bringing off our own and the
Rebel wounded. + The houses in the village were used as hospitals,
Lieutenant Welch and I went to see the wounded in one house; this
house was full of wounded men, and the surgeons were hard at work.
The large yard about the house was also full of wounded men; some
had just died and others were in the agonies of death; somé were
groaning with pain, while others were swearing because of their
sufferings.

Brigadier General Vaughan, C. S._A., in his report, says, ‘‘ Went into the fight

yesterday with an aggregate of 5,600; I have not over 3,000 effective men, including
Imboden’s cavalry, 800.”

* When the news of this victory was announced in the Republican National Con-
vention assembled in Baltimore, for the purpose of nominating Abraham Lincoln for
president the second time, it caused the greatest enthusiasm.

+ Donaldson.
THE BATTLE OF PIEDMONT. 23%

Large details worked all night burying the dead. We walked
over the ground occupied by the enemy; they had chosen a strong
position and had built breastworks of rails and logs in the edge
of the woods, with a broad, level field in their front and a clump of
timber in front of their center. Our artillery took position about
800 yards from their works and played havoc with their rail breast-
works. General Stahel was slightly wounded in the arm and side
and General Thoburn had two horses shot under him. Among the
captured cannon, were the brass pieces of Carlin’s and Von Kleiser’s
batteries, which the enemy had captured at New Market; these were
now restored to their rightful owners, the German artillery, who
hugged, patted and kissed their beloved guns with an affection that
was really touching. One of the Rebel prisoners captured here, in-
quired of the guards, if the Ringgold Cavalry was there? Upon
being told that part of the command was present, he said that he
would like to meet’ his brother, Frank Hurst, who belonged to that
regiment. Adam Wickerham, who, with one exception, was never
before known to swear, and who was present at the time, said: “If
you are Frank Hurst’s brother, what the h are you doing in the
Confederate Army?” Just then another “Johnnie” said that he
had a Yankee brother in the same command, by the name of Jona-
than Burke; but Burke was a prisoner at the time, in the hands of
the enemy.

The wreck of Jones’s Army, now under command of General
Vaughan, fled toward Waynesboro, and kept out of our way for
some time.

 

ON TO STAUNTON.

“We were routed at daylight on the morning of the 6th and
marched without breakfast. Our ‘ Battalion’ was put in advance on
the right flank. We did not march by the road, but right through
fields and woodlands; about half of the cultivated land is in wheat
and we never saw better crops. Our march to Staunton was unop-
posed; the disorganized forces of the enemy had fled eastward to-
ward Waynesboro and were not in our way, so our march was con-
tinuous, and we entered Staunton about one o’clock P. M., our
(22nd Ringgold) ‘ Battalion’ being the first to enter, except the
signal corps. First Sergeant George Robson, of Company E, com-
manded the advance guard. The stars and stripes now wave in
Staunton for the first time since that accursed rag of secession
was unfurled. For more than three years our troops have tried
238 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

to take Staunton, but it was reserved for us. About five hundred
prisoners (mostly sick and wounded) fell into our hands here,
and we gathered up a lot on the way. Our columns marched
through the town with the stars and stripes flying and eight splen-
did brass bands playing the national airs. We camped a mile
west of the town near the Parkersburg Pike, and foraged for our-
selves and horses.

“Next morning our pickets heard reveille from a Rebel camp
out the Parkersburg Pike. At 9 o’clock, a force marched out
this pike to find them; we turned and went one mile from the pike
to a church on the Covington Railroad, where ‘ Mudwall’ Jackson
was camped last night, and found that he had skedaddled, except a
few of his men, who fled at our approach. We burned two bridges
on the railroad and all returned to Staunton, except our ‘ battalion,’
which went to a mill three miles down the road and got some corn-
meal and feed.

“We then came back.to the pike and waited for the return
of a scout which had been sent to Buffalo Gap; when they returned
at 5 o’clock, we all marched back to camp. * As we passed one
house, a pretty girl waved her handkerchief at us and I stopped
and gave her some coffee, a great rarity to the people down here.”

In his official report, General Hunter tells the story as follows:
“On the next day after the defeat of Jones at Piedmont (June 6th) I
marched on Staunton and occupied the town without opposition,
the enemy with the shattered remnant of his army having retreated
to Waynesboro and Rockfish Gap in the Blue Ridge, ready to fall
back on Charlottesville and Gordonsville, if pursued. At Staun-
ton, I destroyed a large amount of public stores, consisting of
shoes, saddles, harness and clothing; three cannon and about one
thousand stand of small arms, also several extensive establish-
ments for the manufacture of army clothing and equipments. I
also had the Virginia Central Railroad destroyed entirely for sev-
eral miles east and west of the town, burning all the depot build-
ings, shops and warehouses belonging to the road.

“On the 8th, I was joined by the forces under Generals Crook
and Averill, about ten thousand men and two batteries. This
command returning from a successful raid on the Virginia and
Tennessee Railroad and moving to join me at Staunton, had struck
the line of the Virginia Central at Goshen and had totally destroyed

* Donaldson.
THE HUNTER RAID. 239

this road as they marched to the point of junction, making in all
a total destruction of the road for fifty miles. From this point,
I sent back by way of Buffalo Gap and Beverly a convoy of
wagons, prisoners and refugees guarded by an escort of 800 men
whose terms of enlistment had expired, all betng under command
of General Stahel, who was wounded and unfit for active . duty
at the front.”

General Hunter waited at Staunton two days, partly to rest
the troops, destroy military stores, factories, etc., and reorganize
his combined army, but more particularly, to wait the arrival of
a train loaded with clothing and shoes for Crook’s men, who were
badly in need of such supplies.

General Duffee * now succeeded General Stahel to the command
of our brigade. The army, now increased to 18,000 men, moved
forward in three columns, Hunter, himself, with Sullivan’s Division
and the train, marching by the pike toward Lexington, while Crook’s
Infantry and Averill with the 1st Brigade of Cavalry, marched on
a road parallel with the pike but some distance to the right, the
latter driving M’Causland’s force of.2,000 cavalry and some artillery
before them.

General Duffee, with our brigade of cavalry, formed the
column on the left and marched toward Waynesboro. On this
morning of the 10th, we (Duffee’s Brigade) were roused shortly
after midnight; saddled our horses and formed in line, but were
kept standing until morning, when we marched toward Waynes-
boro; five miles out, we encountered the enemy’s pickets, driving
them before us, on through Meadows’ Gap, capturing five wagons
loaded with supplies for the enemy. Camped for the night at
Meadows’ Gap. Donaldson, M’Keever, Himmelsbaugh and fifteen
others of our squadron, were detailed as provost guards for Gen-
eral Duffee. Next morning, June 11, we heard cannonading in
the distance to the southwest, which we supposed was Averill pay-
ing his respects to the Rebellion. We marched early, through moun-
tain passes over a very difficult road and at last reached a great
altitude; from the summit, we had a most beautiful prospect to the
south and east. We looked down upon a great valley or plain
spread out before’ us, interspersed here and there with groves of
native timber and knolls or round hills. We then descended a
narrow, stony and exceedingly steep road. We spied in the dis-,

 

* Pronounced, Duf-fe-a. (French.)
240 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

tance, a wagon-train and the 1st New York Cavalry was sent out
to capture it; emerging from Bell Cong. Gap, on Tye River, we
came to a mill; we provost guards were put on to guard the grain
and flour for the use of our command; we got four barrels of
flour, many barrels of corn and one barrel of cider; the cider was
soon used up. Were ordered to keep our horses saddled all night.
The supply train captured consisted of twenty-four wagons and
fifty prisoners.

June 12. Marched early, our battalion (22nd Pennsylvania)
taking the advance. About noon, had a sharp engagement with the
Rebel cavalry they charged us and were repulsed and then our
boys charged them three times, but they were concealed in the
woods and reserved their fire for effect, and we were unable to
dislodge them until reinforcements came up, when they were driven
off. Emory Hall, of Company A, our battalion, was instantly killed,
two others wounded and several horses wounded. We captured
thirty-eight prisoners, one major, one captain and one lieutenant.

General Duffee sent a detachment with a number of pioneers
to Arrington Station, burned the station and a lot of government
stores, destroyed the telegraph and the railroad for four miles. At
dark we marched again until 10 o’clock and camped on the road to
Lexington.

If General Hunter’s entire force had advanced on this route
taken by Duffee’s Brigade, Lynchburg would have fallen into their
hands almost without a struggle. On this same day, June 12,
Imboden, in a dispatch to Breckenridge, says: “ Lynchburg, I fear,
will fall to-morrow. The enemy now holds Amherst Courthouse
and I am cut off from Lynchburg, except by the south side.”

In the meantime, the main force with General Hunter had
reached Lexington at noon on the 11th. Crook and Averill in ad-
vance, found the bridge across the river burned and the crossing
disputed by artillery and sharpshooters. *“ The infantry division
under General Sullivan which had moved on the road to the left,
had met no enemy thus far, but at the sound of Crook’s guns, moved
rapidly forward and took position in front of the town. The
enemy’s sharpshooters were posted among the rocks and thickets of
the opposite cliffs, and in some storehouses at the bridge, and also
occupying the buildings of the Virginia Military Institute, which
stood near the river. Their artillery was screened behind the

* General Hunter.
THE HUNTER RAID. 241

buildings of the town, and on some heights just beyond it; the whole
position was completely commanded by my artillery, thirty guns.

“This unsoldierly and inhuman attempt of General McCaus-
land to defend an indefensible position against an overwhelming
force by screening himself behind the private dwellings of women
and children might have brought justifiable destruction upon the
whole town, but as this was not rendered imperative by any military
necessity, I preferred to spare private property and an unarmed pop-
ulation. Instead of crushing the place with my artillery, I sent Gen-
eral, Averill with a brigade of cavalry to cross the river some dis-
tance away, and fall on the enemy’s flank and rear. Before this
movement was completed the enemy perceived it and retired hastily
on the road toward Buchanan.

“Tn occupying this place, a few prisoners were taken, five pieces
of cannon, numerous caissons, gun cartridges, small arms and a
quantity of ammunition fell into our hands and were destroyed ;
five barges laden with commissary stores, artillery, ammunition and
six pieces of cannon were captured on the James River Canal, near
the town. A number of extensive iron works in the vicinity were
burned. On the 12th I also burned the Virginia Military Institute
and all the buildings connected with it. I found here a violent and
inflammable proclamation from John Letcher, lately Governor of
Virginia, inciting the population of the country to rise and wage a
guerrilla warfare on my troops, and ascertaining that after having
advised his fellow-citizens to this course, the ex-Governor had
himself ignominiously taken to flight, I ordered his property to be
burned, under my order, published May 24th, against persons prac-
tising or abetting such unlawful and uncivilized warfare.

DUFFEE’S CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE.

“On the afternoon of the 13th, General Duffee arrived and
made a report of his operations in person. On the 10th, he moved
from Staunton simultaneously with the other columns. A regiment
sent to demonstrate toward Waynesboro, drove the enemy through
that place and then followed the division by the road running south-
ward along the western base of the Blue Ridge. Driving a small
force from White’s Gap, General Duffee crossed the ridge and
came upon the Charlottesville and Lynchburg Railroad, menacing
Lynchburg from the vicinity of Amherst Courthouse, and breaking
the road at Arrington Station. He was followed from Waynesboro
by a large mounted force under Imboden, who, however, never
242 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

hazarded a general attack, and who was signally defeated in every
attempt to harass or impede the movement of the troops. In ad-
dition to the damage done to the railroads, General Duffee captured
100 prisoners and about 500 horses and destroyed a large quantity
of stores and a good part of Imboden’s train. He returned to Tye
River Gap without serious loss.”

On the march to Lexington this day, June 13, as we came over
the Blue Ridge, we had a great view of the Valley with the domes of
Lexington shining in the distance. Marched through the town, with
bands playing the national airs; went into camp at a large farm-
house a mile beyond. A supply train of 200 wagons arrived from
Martinsburg under a strong guard—distance more than 150 miles
from our base at the railroad. This night, we drew three days’
rations of crackers and five days’ rations of coffee and sugar, with
notice that this was to last ten days.

ON TO LYNCHBURG.

Next day marched to Buchanan, arriving at 11 o’clock at night.
Averill had cleaned things up here before our arrival. We passed
the burning ruins of a saltpetre works. Camped by the river. On
the 15th, marched up the mountain road by the Peaks of Otter; it
is several miles to the summit; the road has been graded out of the
side of the mountain in places, where, on the lower side, there is a
drop almost perpendicular, of several hundred feet; several wagons,
load and all, went over the side of the road here and fell to the
bottom, where they were burned. The enemy had blockaded the
road by felling trees across it, but our men soon cleared the way. At
one place, a Confederate lieutenant lay dead, having been killed by
a falling tree.

“This night, our advance occupied Liberty, twenty-four miles
from Lynchburg. At this point, the detachment of 200 picked men
sent out by Averill from Lexington to make the circuit of Lynchburg
reported, having accomplished their perilous undertaking with trifling
loss. Moving eastward from Lexington, they crossed the Blue Ridge
and struck the Charlottesville Railroad near Amherst Court House,
tearing up the track for a short distance, thence moving southward,
they crossed the James River below Lynchburg, destroying the
Southside Railroad for a short distance and burning two trains at
Concordia Station; from thence making a circuit within a few
miles of Lynchburg, they turned, meeting the advance of the main
army at Liberty. Neither from this party, nor from any other
THE HUNTER RAID. 243

source could we obtain any reliable information in regard to the
enemy.”

General Hunter now determined to advance and develop the
strength of the enemy. He first sent the supply train of 200 wagons
back; on the next morning, 16th, he moved Duffee* forward on
the Forestville Road; Crook moved along the railroad, destroying
it as he advanced, while Averill on the Bedford Pike followed by
Sullivan’s division of infantry, continued to drive McCausland.
Next day, 17th, there was a serious delay of several hours in getting
the artillery across Big Otter River, all bridges having been de-
stroyed. At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, Averill and Crook came
upon the enemy strongly entrenched five miles from Lynchburg.
After a sharp fight lasting some little time, the enemy was driven
back on the town, with the loss of a number of men killed and
wounded and seventy men and one gun captured.

CHAPTER XX.
THE ATTACK UPON LYNCHBURG.

+“ The best information to be obtained, at this point, indicated
that all the Rebel forces heretofore operating in the Valley and
West Virginia were concentrated at Lynchburg under the command
of General Breckenridge.

“During the night, the trains on the different railroads were
heard running without intermission, while repeated cheeers and
the beating of drums indicated the arrival of large bodies of troops
in the town, yet up to the morning of the 18th I had no positive
information as to whether General Lee had detached any consid-
erable force for the relief of Lynchburg. To settle the question
on this morning I advanced my skirmishers as far as the toll-gate
on the Bedford Road, two miles from town, and a brisk fire was
opened between them and the enemy behind their works. This
skirmishing with musketry occasionally assisted by the artillery, was
kept up during the whole forenoon. Their works consisted of
strong redoubts upon each of the main roads entering the town,
about three miles apart, flanked on each side by rifle pits protected
by abatis. On these lines the enemy could be seen working dili-
gently as if to extend and strengthen them. I massed my two

 

* Commanding our Brigade. + General Hunter.
244 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

divisions of infantry in front of the works on the Bedford Road,
ready to move to the right or left as required, the artillery in com-
manding positions and Averill’s Cavalry Division in reserve. Duffee
was ordered to attack resolutely on the Forestville Road, our ex-
treme left while Averill sent two squadrons of cavalry to
demonstrate against the Campbell Courthouse road on our ex-
treme right. This detachment was subsequently strengthened by
a brigade. Meanwhile, I reconnoitered the lines, hoping to find a
weak interval through which I might push with my infantry, pass-
ing between the main redoubts which appeared too strong for a
direct assault. While the guns were sounding on the two flanks,
the enemy, no doubt, supposing my center weakened by too great
extension of my lines, and hoping to cut us in two, suddenly ad-
vanced in great force from his works, and commenced a most
determined attack on my position on the Bedford turnpike. Al-
though his movement was so unexpected and rapid as almost to
amount to a surprise, yet it was promptly and gallantly met by
Sullivan’s Division, which held the enemy in check until Crook
was enabled to get his troops up. After a fierce contest of half
an hour’s duration, the enemy’s direct attack was repulsed, but
he persistently renewed the fight, making repeated attempts to
flank us on the left and to push between my main body and Duffee’s
Division. In the effort he was completely foiled, and at the end
of an hour and twenty minutes, was routed and driven back irito
his works in disorder and with heavy loss. In the eagerness of
pursuit one regiment (116th Ohio) entered the works on the
heels of the flying enemy, but being unsupported, fell back with
trifling loss. Our whole loss in this action was comparatively light.
The infantry behaved with the greatest steadiness and the artillery,
which materially assisted in repelling the attack, was served with
remarkable rapidity and efficiency.

“This affair closed about 2 p. M. From prisoners captured
we obtained positive information that a portion of Ewell’s Corps
was engaged in the action and that the whole corps, 20,000 strong,
under command of Lieutenant-General Early, was either already in
Lynchburg, or near at hand. The detachment sent by General
Averill to operate on our right had returned, reporting that they
had encountered a large body of Rebel cavalry in that quarter,’
while Duffee, although holding his position, sent word that he was
pressed by a superior force.

“It had now become sufficiently evident that the enemy had
THE HUNTER RAID. 245

concentrated a force of at least double the numerical strength of
mine, and what added to the gravity of the situation was the fact
that my troops had scarcely enough ammunition left to sustain an-
other well-contested battle. I immediately ordered all the baggage
and supply trains to retire by the Bedford Turnpike, and made
preparations to withdraw the army as soon as it should become
sufficiently dark to conceal the,movement.

“Meanwhile, as there still remained five hours of daylight,
they were ordered to maintain a firm front and with skirmishers
to press the enemy’s lines at all points. I have since learned that
Early’s whole force was up in time to have made a general attack
on the same afternoon (18th)—an attack, which, under the cir-
cumstances, would have been fatal to us, but rendered cautious by
the bloody repulse of Breckenridge and deceived by the firm atti-
tude of my command, he devoted the afternoon to refreshment and
repose, expecting to strike a decisive blow on the following morn-
ing. As soon as it was dark, I quietly withdrew my whole force,
leaving a line of pickets close to the enemy with orders to remain
until midnight, and then follow the main body. This was success-
fully accomplished without loss of men or material.”

We have devoted considerable space to the details of this cam-
paign for the purpose of correcting a false improssion that exists
in the minds of many persons that the expedition was a failure and
little short of a disaster. It has been belittled by being called “ The
Hunter Raid.” The object of the campaign has been lost sight of;
the difficulties that were surmounted, have not been understood.
General Hunter’s campaign through a hostile country for 200 hun-
dred miles in less than a month without suffering a single defeat, and
the safe withdrawal of his army from the preserice of an overwhelm-
ing force of the enemy detached from Lee’s Army to destroy it, are
not appreciated, and the destruction of the enemy’s lines of com-
munication, supplies, furnaces, shops and factories for the manu-
facture of army supplies is undervalued. The audacity of the
undertaking and the measure of success with which it was carried
forward, grows upon you as you now study the campaign in the
light of history.

Sherman’s march “ From Atlanta to the Sea” was a bold ex-
pedition and deserving of all praise, but in the distance traversed,
the opposition encountered and difficulties in obtaining subsistence,
it is more than paralleled by the Hunter-Crook-Averill expedition
to Lynchburg and return to Ohio River, in which the soldiers
246 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

marched more than 400 miles, suffered great hardships and fought
three successful battles.

As heretofore stated, our forces withdrew from before Lynch-
burg immediately after dark on the 18th, marching to within seven
miles of Liberty, where we bivouacked for the remainder of thé
night.

Next day, the 19th, we moved on toward Buford’s Gap, passing
through the town of Liberty and camped two miles west of that
place. About 4 o’clock in the afternoon, the enemy’s cavalry at-
tacked our rear-guard, Averill’s Cavalry, and a spirited fight ensued,
in which the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry charged and drove them,
but were finally obliged to fall back on our infantry, who formed to
receive the attack, which, however, was not made.

About midnight we resumed our march and next morning,
20th, entered Buford’s Gap. General Duffee, who had gone for-
ward to take possession of this passage through the Blue Ridge,
found it disputed by a small body of the enemy, which he swept out
of the way with little difficulty. The march was continued to Bon-
sack’s Station on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, destroying
bridges, water-tanks and railroad stations as we moved. The enemy
coming up to our rear-guard on the afternoon, made some feeble
demonstration, but was easily repulsed.

We arrived at Salem about sunrise of the 21st. About 9
A.M., the enemy made a demonstration against our rear-guard;
while opposing his advance in that direction our baggage train and
reserve artillery were sent off by the New Castle Road, and through
some inadvertence, the proper guard did not accompany the ar-
tillery. While our attention was directed to the rear of the column,
a detachment of the enemy’s cavalry fell upon the artillery en-route
and got possession of two batteries, spiking the guns, carrying off
the horses and disabling the carriages. They were presently driven
off by our cavalry, losing. some thirty men, killed, wounded and
prisoners; the guns were recaptured. Owing to the loss of horses
and breaking of carriages we were obliged to abandon eight pieces
with their limbers and caissons, after burning all their carriages.
From Salem the enemy’s cavalry followed us to Catawba Valley,
where we rested that night.

** Before reaching Salem, a detachment of our 22nd, P. Vv. G.;

June 20. Extremely warm and dusty. We got time to sleep two hours this
morning. We Gibered some currants, which are very plentiful here, and cooked them
for breakfast. e marched a few. miles and halted until four o’clock in the afternoon,
We were sent with two wagons out to the railroad depot and got them loaded with corn.

*J. M. Sutman, Co. E.
THE HUNTER RAID. 247

in command of Captain W. F. Speer,
was sent forward to picket a side road
that entered the town, while the column
was passing, with instructions that he
would be relieved when the rear of the
column had passed. As our advance
guard charged into the town, a body of
the enemy’s cavalry in the town, retired
on another side road. After the column
had passed and Speer was waiting for the
order for his relief, the enemy’s cavalry,
which had retired, re-entered the main
street between us and our column. After
a brief consultation, it was determined
to go right through them as the only way
out. The squad moved down quietly to the main road and then
dashed forward, yelling like demons and raising such a cloud of
dust that it was impossible for any one to tell whether they were
friend or foe. The enemy, doubtless thinking they were trapped
by the Yankees, hastily moved out on a cross road to form, while
our squad galloped past them without a shot being fired, and with
loss of but one man—Jack Floyd, whose horse fell with him. He
narrowly escaped being trampled to death by our horses, only to be
captured and carried off to Andersonville prison to suffer a linger-
ing death; the spark of life held out until he was exchanged and
reached his Washington County home, where, soon thereafter, on
January 11, 1865, he died.”

On the following morning (22nd) the enemy’s advance was
ambuscaded and roughly handled, and from that date the army pur-
sued its course unmolested. On the night of the 22nd, we rested
at New Castle.

On the 23rd we moved from New Castle to Sweet Springs.
On account of the difficulties of the road and the intense heat of the
day, we lost a good many horses on this march.”

 

John M. Sutman.

Early this morning (23rd) we marched back to New Castle,
met General Hunter and marched over the mountain toward Lew-
isburg. Duffee’s Division was in the rear of the wagon-train ; some
Rebel cavalry still hover about and annoy the rear. We had no
‘breakfast, nor anything at all to eat. We crossed three very high
mountains and camped at Sweet Springs in Monroe County at 3
248 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

o’clock at night, where we lay down in an oats field and slept until
sunrise, our horses grazing on the green oats. In coming up the
second mountain, on the march here, we counted 125 horses, seven-
teen mules and fifteen wagons that had been abandoned. The
wagons were burned.

*“ We had been marching every night and getting very little
rest in the daytime. About the third or fourth day after we left
Lynchburg, this loss of sleep began to tell on us, so that whenever
we would halt, the men would lie down and fall asleep immediately.
On the 23rd of June, somewhere on the march from New Castle to
Sweet Springs, we were halted for a three hours’ rest. I tied my
horse to my arm and fell asleep, when some one stole him. All the
boys of Company E will well remember ‘Old Lion’; so I was dis-
mounted. Comrade Arthur Ames heard of my extremity and came
to me with an extra horse and told me to ride him as long as he
would stand up, which I did until some time the next day, when he
gave out and I was again dismounted. I then turned over my com-
mand to Corporal John M. Young, of Company D, and struck out
for the advance of the army, which was strung out for miles. Billy
Starr, like myself, was also dismounted, so we got together and at-
tached ourselves to General Thoburn’s Infantry.

“On June 2’th, the day we met the supply train, General
Hunter came along with his body-guard, commanded by Captain
Pease. Much to my surprise, there was my stolen horse, ridden by
one of the guards. Billy Starr noticed the horse at the same in-
stant and exclaimed, ‘ There, Longstreet, is Old Lion, sure as hell!’
‘Come on; let’s have him or fight.’ So we followed the captain until
he went into quarters, when we demanded the horse, but the whole
company surrounded us and swore that we should not have him;
we at once decided that we could not whip the whole company, and
started up the road. Just then the Ringgold boys came along in
command of Captain Speer. We halted them and told the captain
the circumstance. He told us to come with him and we would get
the horse or have a fight. We all went to Captain Pease’s quarters
and Speer told Pease that his men had one of our horses and had
refused to give him up. Captain Pease said, ‘All right. If there
is one of your horses here, take him.’ We did.so and I rode ‘ Old
Lion’ until the pursuit of the Chambersburg raiders.”

The orderlies and provost guards of Duffee’s Division, all from

* Andrew McDonald, Co. E.
THE HUNTER RAID. 249

our ‘ Battalion,’ were relieved to-day, and our places taken by de-
tails from the 15th New York Cavalry. We marched toward Lewis-
burg at 6 P. M., our division in the rear.

June 25. We marched slowly all night and at sunrise camped
at White Sulphur Springs, making seventeen miles. Here we had
good water and a delightful rest. This was a beautiful place and
well equipped to entertain guests, having good hotel buildings, ex-
tensive pleasure grounds, fine lawns, bath houses, etc., but it might
as well have been a howling wilderness so far as affording any food
relief for our hungry army. The place was deserted, except by a
half-dozen old people, who were left as caretakers of the buildings.

Remaining here until late in the afternoon (25th) we were or-
dered to move, so buckling our belts one hole tighter, we marched
on nine miles to Lewisburg, both men and horses much refreshed
by the rest. All were anxious to reach Lewisburg, as our provision
train was expected to meet us at or near this place. A squad of men
on picked horses, had previously been sent to Meadow Bluff to hurry
forward the supply trains to the famishing troops. As heretofore
stated, General Crook had left large stores of supplies at that point
under a strong guard. The officer in charge, however, had become
alarmed at some guerrilla demonstrations and had fallen back with
all his supplies beyond Gauley River. This incident, added two
more days of hunger to our suffering men and animals. We passed
through Lewisburg during the night and crossing the Greenbrier
River, camped at three o’clock in the morning. The night was cool
and pleasant, but both men and horses were too much exhausted to
go further. The suffering of our troops had now become alarming,
after five days’ marching, most of the time without any food. The
animals and provisions in this sparsely settled region, on our ap-
proach, had been removed and hidden in the mountains, and what
little there was along the line of march had been cleaned up by the
head of our column; the rear-guard, on whom the burden of the
defense rested, therefore suffered most for food.

*“On the 27th, our brigade had the advance from Meadow Bluff ;
during the afternoon, Colonel Wyncoop sent two of us cavalry boys
forward to learn if the supply train could be sighted; when about
half-way down the mountain we were overtaken by about half a
dozen staff officers on the same mission. When near the foot of the
mountain it began to rain hard; after going a short distance through

 

*J. M. Sutman.
250 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the downpour, we sighted the train parked in an open field, which
we reached in short order. Our request for something to eat was
answered with a box of hardtack and a side of fat bacon; we cut
slices from the latter and devoured it without the formality of cook-
ing. When the staff officers ordered the wagon master to hook up
and take the train up the mountain, the latter said that it could not
be done as the rain had made the road slippery and he would not
attempt it. It was explained to him, in emphatic army terms, that
the whole army was lying beyond the mountain starving, unable to
come on without food and the train must come to their relief. He
soon changed tact, and ordered a number of teamsters to double-
team and proceed over the mountain with food for the men and
grain for the horses. This supply train was hailed with great re-
joicing and shouting by the army; it was a God-send. After this
train met the column, a ration of two crackers to a man was issued.

Next morning, June 28th, we grazed our horses until noon and
then marched ten miles, drew crackers again and marched on four
miles farther and camped within ten miles of Gauley Bridge. The
men and horses were much revived and strengthened by the food
and rest.”

Hunter pushed on with his troops by short, easy marches,, cor-
rectly surmising that the enemy would take advantage of his absence
to march north. Resting at New River, Gauley River and Loop
Creek, on our march, we arrived at Charleston on July 2nd, and re-
mained there three days to rest.

Whatever the emergency, the men were not fit to march and as
transportation by water promised not only to save time but to rest
the troops, Hunter, therefore, seized all available light draft boats
and began sending the infantry down the Kanawha to Point Pleasant
and up the Ohio to Parkersburg. Here he received dispatches from
the War Department, telling of Early’s advance down the Valley,
and urging haste. The cavalry marched overland from Charles-
ton to Parkersburg, making the distance, ninety-six miles, in three
days, arriving on the 9th of July.

On the afternoon of July 11th, our brigade, men and horses,
took the cars for Cumberland over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ;
the infantry preceded us, going on to Harper’s Ferry. We passed
through Cumberland about six o’clock on the evening of the 12th;
our train ran on down to Cherry Run Station, sixty-three miles east
of Cumberland. We could go no farther by train, as the Railroad
was only repaired this far, so we unloaded our horses.
THE HUNTER RAID. 251

Next, day, July 13th, we marched to Martinsburg, reaching
there by three o’clock, where we found a considerable force of
Union troops.

Major Work and Lieutenant Welch took command of our de-
tachment and proceeded to Shepherdstown, where we were placed on
picket to guard the two fords of the Potomac.

July 9. Parkersburg, W. Va. Back at the railroad. It is 72 days since we left
the railroad at Cumberland to start on the Lynchburg campaign, We have marched more
than six hundred miles, mostly in a hostile country, and depending largely on the country
we passed through for subsistence. We have fought three great battles and many hot
skirmishes. We destroyed many miles of the enemy’s railroad and millions in value of
his arm puppies furnaces, factories, warehouses, etc.

e suffered indescribable hardship for want of food for more than a week, but we
of the 22nd Pa., lost but a few men and not many horses in the entire campaign. Some
of the cavalry regiments lost nearly half their horses, while we have not more than a
half dozen dismounted men. .

Our “ Battalion” boys get great praise for the care of their horses.—Donalson.
252 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXI.
EARLY’S ARMY INVADES MARYLAND.

General Early, with practically his whole army, followed our
retreating columns from Lynchburg for three days at a distance of
about one day’s march in our rear; he then halted his army to rest,
preparatory to another movement. From Roanoke, on June 22nd,
he wrote to General Lee as follows: “The enemy passed through
Salem yesterday and took the route toward Lewisburg. * He moved
so rapidly that I could not attack him before he got into the moun-
tains, although I marched over twenty miles a day. I have rested
to-day and to-morrow will move in accordance with original in-
structions, watching, however, the movements of Hunter.”

The time had come for a bold movement on the part of the Con-
federates. When General Lee sent Early to head off Hunter, he con-
templated a larger movement—the menacing of Washington. Hunter
was retreating down the valley of the Kanawha to the Ohio; there
was no Union Army in the Shenandoah Valley. Early had 20,000
troops—veterans who had been in many battles and who were
inured to hardships—four divisions: Ramseur’s, Echol’s, Rodes’s
and Gordon’s; between forty and fifty cannon and a large force
of cavalry, with few Union troops to oppose him.

“ General Early saw that he could choose his own course and
made quick preparation. He issued orders to take very little bag-
gage, compelling the officers to carry whatever clothing they might
need. . He knew that he would find cattle, flour, corn and supplies in
abundance, and so was not hampered by long trains of wagons.”

On the 27th he started from Staunton. The roads were in
excellent order. Imboden, with his division of cavalry, swept on in
advance, crossing North Mountain at Brock’s Gap, moving rapidly
down the lesser valleys toward the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
while Early moved directly along the Valley turnpike.

The several companies of Partisan Rangers, commanded by
Moseby, McNeill and Gilmor, which had been drawn to the upper
Valley during the Lynchburg campaign, were back in the moun-
tains on either side of the lower Valley, largely reinforced and well
mounts They were becoming bold and now sallied forth in the

* The enemy’s cavalry, however, came up and attacked our rear-guard on the
evening of the 19th, and continued to hover about our rear and flanks until the 22nd,
when he, too, turned toward Staunton to join Early’s movement down the Valley.
EARLY’S ARMY IN THE LOWER VALLEY. 253

daylight as well as in darkness. One of the first attacks since their
return was the picket out-post at Springfield from which a company
of our Ringgold was relieved by a company from another regiment
as we came through there on the 23rd on our march from Green
Spring Run to Martinsburg. On the morning of the 26th, many
of the soldiers at this post thought it well to turn their horses loose
to graze while they themselves would get relief from the heat by
taking a swim in the river. While horses and men were enjoying
to the full this delightful relaxation from rigorous military disci-
pline, McNeill’s Rangers dashed in and carried off about sixty men
with their horses and equipments.

On the 29th, at 1 Pp. M., just as a through passenger train was
due at Duffield Station, six miles west of Harper’s Ferry, Moseby,
with some five hundred or more well-mounted men and a battery,
attacked the place, capturing our small force of forty men, burned
the store houses and camp and cut the telegraph. The train was
late fortunately, and received word in time to run back out of
danger.

When the report of this raid reached our regiment at Bunker
Hill late in the afternoon, we were ordered to saddle up and be
ready to march; kept the horses saddled: all night, expecting to
march at 3 a.M., but we did not start until daylight. We passed
through Smithfield and to within two miles of Charlestown, where
we halted for breakfast and dinner, all under one. Moseby had
made his escape. Then we returned by way of Smithfield to Darkes-
ville, seven miles from Martinsburg, where we camped, remaining
here until July 3rd.

In the meantime Early’s Army was marching steadily down
the well-known roads of the Valley. General Lee had given him in-
structions to occupy the lower Valley and thoroughly destroy the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the canal, and to get ready to
cross the Potomac and carry out the plans heretofore outlined,
promising to send further instructions to him when he arrived in
the lower Valley.

Imboden, who had crossed through Brock’s Gap, proceeded on
down his familiar pathway through Lost River Valley, and we find
him camping on the night of July 1st, eighteen miles east of Moor-
field, near our ill-fated, Lost River Gap battlefield, where he had
“thrashed parts of three regiments,” as he boastfully put it in his
report of the affair of May 10th. His objective was the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad, which he had orders to destroy from Martins-
254 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

burg west to Cumberland, and farther, if feasible. He detached
McCausland and sent him down Back Creek; reinforced McNeil
and sent him down Patterson’s Creek; while he, with the main
force, proceeded through Romney.

Although General Early started from Staunton on the 27th
of June and marched down the Valley with his great army of 20,000

.men for five days in succession, no definite information of this
movement had reached Grant, Halleck or Sigel. There was a general
impression that the enemy would make a raid down the Valley, now
that the way was open, but it was not thought that General Lee could
longer spare from his army in front of Grant, Early’s great corps.

As late as July 3rd, and at the very time Early’s Army was
driving in Sigel’s pickets at Leetown and at Martinsburg, Grant tele-
graphed Halleck from City Point, “ Early’s Corps is now here. There
can be no troops iinestening the Valley except BEeseinee and
the remnant of Jones.”

On July 1st and 2nd, Sigel had been keeping the wires to Waste
ington hot with reports of the enemy’s advance. “General Stahel :
reports 200 of the enemy’s cavalry encamped two miles from Win-
chester.” July 2nd. ‘‘ Reports have reached us of the enemy coming
in force down the Valley ;” and later, “It is reported that the enemy
in force encamped at Fisher’s Hill last night,” etc., etc. General
Sigel became convinced on the 2nd that a strong force of the enemy
was coming and made preparations to remove the government stores
from Martinsburg to some place of safety. He telegraphed the Ad-
jutant-General on July 2nd, “ There are strong indications of a move-
ment of the enemy in force down the Valley. Our cavalry met those
of the enemy to-day at Winchester; a number of refugees have ar-
rived here who fled from that place, and they say that Early with
three divisions was moving toward Strasburg last night. Although
this report is not fully reliable, I have ordered all the stores to be re-
moved from here to Harper’s Ferry.”

Sigel ordered 150 cars to Martinsburg for the removal of the
government stores; and 160 were ordered to Harper’s Ferry. John
W. Garrett, President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was a
most valuable official at times like this. His judgment as to the
possible intentions of the enemy was generally correct; when it came
to a matter of transportation he was a master hand. The government
stores were loaded and sent east before the enemy was able to cut
them off. Sigel’s wagon-train was also sent off by way of Shepherds-
town to Pleasant Valley. He reported his forces as follows: “I
EARLY’S ARMY IN THE LOWER VALLEY. 255

have here (Martinsburg, July 2nd) two regiments of the Ohio Na-
tional Guard and one battery. At Leetown there are two old regi-
ments of infantry, five pieces of artillery and about one thousand
dismounted cavalry armed with muskets. Our mounted cavalry, con-
sisting of detachments and amounting to about fifteen hundred men,
under General Stahel, is in front, with the exception of a small re-
serve here.” General Max Weber was at Harper’s Ferry with 400
infantry. There was a small garrison in the fortifications on Mary-
land Heights.

General Early with his army arrived at Winchester on July
2nd. Here he received the promised advices from General Lee as
to his future operations. Lee saw that Grant had not yet withdrawn
any troops from his army on the James to reinforce Sigel, and that
by prompt action Early could forestall such a reinforcement ; he knew
perfectly well that Hunter’s forces at Parkersburg could not reach
Martinsburg or Harper’s Ferry for days to come, owing to the broken
condition of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which his cavalry
brigades were now destroying. He knew that the garrisons along
the line of that railroad, and also most of the troops in the defenses
of Washington were hundred-days’ men from Ohio, who had never
been in battle and who would not be able to stand against Early’s
veteran legions. He saw clearly that the time to strike was now,
so he directed Early to move at once. The object, as has been seen,
was fourfold; the destruction of the railroad bridges and property
for 100 miles west of Harper’s Ferry; the terrifying of Washington
and the North, with the usual effect of drawing away from the
army in front of Richmond, a large part of Grant’s effective force;
the liberation of the thousands of Confederate prisoners at Point
Lookout, Md., the capture of Washington City; and the effect all
this would have upon public opinion in the North, discouraging the
loyal people and encouraging that mighty ally of the South, the
Peace Party—while at the same time, it would invite the recognition
of the Confederacy by Great Britain and France.

The enemy was proceeding according to a well-arranged pro-
gram. Thus far, he had kept under cover, his movements, his
strength and his ultimate object, but now, on the morning of July
3rd, the curtain rose promptly at daylight, revealing a stage some
eighty miles in width, east and west—from the Shenadoah River to
Patterson’s Creek. There was a simultaneous advance of the Con-
federate forces along the full front of that broad rostrum. On the
‘extreme western side, McNeill’s Rangers, largely reinforced, dashed
256 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

in on Patterson’s Creek bridge and after partially destroying it,
pushed on west to the North Branch bridge, where they were de-
feated and driven off by the Union forces. On the same morning
over on the South Branch of the Potomac, Imboden, with his main
force of some 1,200 mounted men, with three pieces of artillery,
struck an infantry scout of seventy-eight men from the 153rd Ohio
National Guard, killed a lieutenant and captured two officers and
thirty-eight men; then moved on and attacked the guard at the rail-
road bridge over the South Branch. Our garrison here consisted
of one company of the 153rd Ohio National Guard in the block-
house, which was reinforced by a detachment of the 6th West Vir-
ginia Infantry in iron-clad cars. After five hours’ fighting the en-
emy drew off with the loss of one captain, one lieutenant and eight

enlisted men killed and one lieutenant and fourteen men wounded,
while our casualities were two men slightly wounded. The enemy
fired the bridge here, but it failed to burn and did little damage.
He then moved eastward to St. John’s Run and Big “Capon”
bridges, but the ubiquitous iron-clads were there to assist the gar-
rison, and prevented the destruction of the bridges. McCausland,
farther east in the valley of Back Creek, descended on the railroad,
burned the bridge and captured the garrison, after which he pushed
on to Hainesville, in obedience to orders, the object of which we
shall see later. Two columns moved forward from Winchester that
morning at daylight. The right, under command of General Early—
Bradley Johnson’s Brigade of Ramseur’s Division leading the ad-
vance—attacked our force at Leetown, consisting of two veteran
regiments of infantry and the dismounted cavalry, all commanded
by Colonel Mulligan. The other column under Breckenridge
marched directly, towards Martinsburg and attacked Sigel’s cavalry
forces at Darkesville in command of General Stahel.

At Martinsburg, where there were large quantities of army sup-
plies and stores, there was great activity in loading and shipping
away these goods to places of safety. A large wagon-train was sent
out the Shepherdstown road, all preliminary to evacuation of the
place, which was now inevitable. Colonel Mulligan with his small
force fought the enemy stubbornly the whole day, falling back slowly
through Kearneysville to Shepherdstown.
EARLY’S ARMY IN THE LOWER VALLEY. 257

THE BATTLE OF JULY 3RD, 1864. SIGEL’S FORCES DRIVEN BACK
INTO MARYLAND.

This morning of July 3rd, the Confederate General Bradley
Johnston, was ordered to advance through Smithville, Leetown and
Kearneysville, cutting the railroad at the latter place and then to
join McCausland at Hainesville north of Martinsburg for the pur-
pose of cutting off Sigel’s retreat and capturing his stores and
wagon-train.

Mulligan prevented Johnston from carrying out his part of the
program, and this enabled Sigel to save most of his stores and
train, and establish his command on Maryland Heights, where the
enemy could not dislodge him and where he would be right in the
way of their future operations.

The mounted part of our regiment, in command of Lieutenant
Colonel Greenfield, was at Darkesville with General Stahel’s com-
mand, At daylight that morning, a heavy column of cavalry, the
advance of Breckenridge’s forces, attacked our pickets, driving
them back, when our whole column was called out and soon hotly
engaged ; our skirmishers were immediately thrown out to the right
and left, and we drove them back for more than a mile, where we
took our station in the woods.

Colonel Greenfield says: “ We returned from the pursuit of
Moseby’s raiders that captured Duffield Station, and camped at
Darkesville, seven miles south of Martinsburg, where we remained
until the morning of July 3rd. I shall always remember Darkes-
ville, as it was the only place and the only time I was sick during
my four years and over of active service while in the army. I
secured a comfortable bed in a small frame house on the main
road. The regiment was encamped just south of the town. Every-
thing was quiet here until the morning of July 3rd, when our
pickets were attacked. In a short time, the firing became quite
brisk. I told the surgeon I could not stand this; I must get up
and go out to the regiment. I ordered my colored servant, John
Wedlock, to saddle my bay horse, Sam (Uncle Sam I called him),
that I had ridden all through the service; against the advice of the
surgeon, I mounted and rode out to the front. As I left the sur-
geon and Lieutenant Henderson, I instructed them to be on their
guard, and that if it was General Early’s force, as reported, we
would most likely be compelled to fall back. I joined the regiment,
threw out skirmishers and moved forward. What followed is well
58 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

B \

Poel Ane
NOISVANI
SATAVaA

 

 

 

 

 

 
EARLY’S ARMY IN THE LOWER VALLEY. 259

described by Lieutenant. F. H. Cargo, in a letter published in the
Waynesburg Republican many years ago, and which is quoted in
these pages.”

*“ For nearly two hours we held in check a very superior
force of the enemy. During all this time, the infantry and cavalry
on our left were hotly engaged, not retiring until forced to do so by
far superior numbers. I was left with about eighty of our regiment
as a reserve;-I spent part of my time on the skirmish line, where I
could see by the hastening up of the main body of the enemy that we
must soon retreat. I prepared for it by having a very strong high
fence in our rear thrown down. It was well we did this, for soon
the enemy charged, forcing back our skirmishers, who stubbornly
disputed every inch of ground, several men being wounded, among
whom was Robert Galbreath, of Company D. At this juncture,
Colonel Greenfield, who had been for some time to the left of the
pike, came galloping toward us, yelling for us to fall back, or we
would be captured. Just then we could see the Rebel infantry
charging en masse and yelling gloriously. We obeyed the com-
mand to “right-about”’ and left'the woods in a hurry. We were
driven rapidly through Martinsburg in the direction of Shepherds-
town. Abotit three miles from Martinsburg, we were joined by
Mulligan’s Brigade, which had been stubbornly falling back before
Ramseur’s division of the enemy. We proceeded on to Shepherds-
town, where, worn and weary, a part lay down on their arms to
sleep, while the remainder were on picket, myself among the latter.”’

Sergeant S. W. Gehrett, of Company K, then with the dis-
mounted part of our regiment, serving as infantry in Golonel Mul-
ligan’s Brigade, describes the attack upon Mulligan’s Brigade that
morning of July 3rd, and the engagement which ensued, as follows:

* Our camp at Leetown, on the morning of July 3rd, was in
the woods on the left of the pike, almost opposite the brick church.
About four o’clock in the morning, the reveille was sounded, the
roll was called and when the mess, of which I was one, was de-
bating as to who should bring water to cook breakfast, the sullen
roar of the cannon, the music of the bursting shells and the firing
of the pickets was the first intimation we had of the approach of

HEADQUARTERS, 2nd. BATTALION, July 3, 1864.
General: I advanced with my command this morning through Bunker Hill, nearly
to Darkesville. I met the enemy’s cavalry in strong force, and have been skirmishing
with them, but have been unable to drive them. I have fallen back one mile this side of
Bunker Hill, Would like to have 100 sharpshooters to support me.
Maj. Gen. Breckenridge, C. S. A. Major H. W. Gilmor.

* Lieutenant F. H. Crago, Co. D.
260 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the enemy. The preparation for breakfast was indefinitely post-
poned, and without any unnecessary confusion, we fell into line.
The artillery, Battery L, 5th United States, soon got into position
and began playing on the enemy’s battery and after a while, suc-
ceeded in silencing it. Our brigade moved out of the woods,
across the pike and formed line of battle, the left resting on the
pike. The most of our company (K) was deployed as skirmishers,
bravely led by Lieutenant Sharrer. The Confederates made re-
peated efforts to break our line, advancing on us with the old Rebel
yell and shouting at the top of their voices, ‘Give them Bull Run,
give them Bull Run!’ but their every effort failed. We were re-
lieved on the skirmish lines by Companies L and M. The bravery
shown by Harry M. Strasbaugh, of Company M, a former Sergeant
who had been reduced to the ranks, so pleased Major Troxell that,
riding up to him, he said, ‘Strasbaugh, I promote you to Sergeant.’
‘It’s not worth while, Major; you will only have to reduce me
again, was the cool reply. Our battery took another position,
and Companies I and K were. ordered to support it, and while
doing so, Henry Merricle, of Company I, was mortally wounded
and died July 24th.”

We fought until two o’clock, driving the enemy’s cavalry back
upon their infantry. Mulligan then, without being pressed, slowly
withdrew.

Bates’ History of Pennsylvania Volunteers says: “On the
morning of July 3rd, the brigade was furiously attacked by a largely
superior force. With the most determined bravery, Mulligan’s
little band stood its ground for eight hours, held the enemy at bay,
keeping open the way of retreat for Sigel at Martinsburg, and
thereby assuring the safety of the army and its material.

“The dismounted detachment of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cav-

The enemy’s artillery beeen shelling us at 5 A. M. (July 38rd) and very soon after,
our pickets came flying in. e had but one battery of four guns, which was quickly
placed in position, and there was quite an artillery duel and some infantry fighting,
enough to hold the enemy in check. Once, the Twenty-second got in line behind a hill,
where the enemy could not see us. I do not know how they knew we were there, but
they found it out all right, and we never got such a shelling. If we had not lain down
close to the ground, I do not think many would have been left to tell the tale. The
ground sloped gently toward us and the shells came skimming along just a little above
the ground. Most of them burst before they got quite to us, and.the scattered, pieces
came screaming right on. You could sometimes see the shells coming and see them as
they passed, if they passed before bursting. The whole shell made a swooping noise like
a little whirlwind and a scream together; they were from rifled cannon, were Jong, rusty
and red looking, and came along, turning end-over-end like little crocks. Before we got
down on the ground, several men were hit. One man near me was struck on the belt by
a piece of shell; it made a clean cut through belt, clothing, canteen and man. I saw the
piece of shell, half as large as a man’s fist, coming at him before it struck, and it
did not seem to be going much faster than a stone thrown by a boy. This shelling
was kept up probably not over twenty minutes, but it was business while it lasted.

Dr. A. R. McCarthy, Co. K.
EARLY’S ARMY IN THE LOWER VALLEY. 261

alry, though fighting as infantry in which they were little schooled,
showed such spirit and determination, that Colonel Mulligan placed
them at the forefront, where they repelled repeated assaults of the
enemy.”

* We marched to Shepherdstown that Sunday afternoon, arriv-
ing there about half-past five o’clock. The heat was oppréssive and
the men were weary and hungry, having eaten nothing during the
day but dry hardtack, and some did not even have that. We were
to form a junction here with Sigel’s troops, who had left Martins-
burg, and were retreating by way of Shepherdstown. They soon
put in an appearance, marching at a quick step. Among them were
four regiments of Ohio militia, hundred days’ men. About dusk,
we fell into line and moved back on the pike and filed off into a
cemetery to cover Sigel’s retreat. After remaining there for an hour
or two, we marched back into the town and down the principal
street leading to the ford. Then came a series of annoying delays;
we would move forward a short distance and halt; the men, ex-
hausted with the work of the day, would at once lie down, and, as a
consequence, infantry, artillery, cavalry, army ‘wagons, sutler
wagons, etc., would become so entangled in the darkness that they
could hardly be separated. In one of the halts, some of the cavalry
horses got among a squad of our regiment who were asleep; a mus-
ket was accidentally discharged, wounding James Long, of Com-
pany I, who was subsequently discharged on a surgeon’s certificate.

On the way to the ford, several sutler wagons got too close to
the edge of a bridge and were overturned, scattering the contents
in every direction, which the boys were not slow in appropriating.

By midnight, Sigel’s forces and train had crossed over the
river and we followed, holding our guns and cartridge boxes up to
keep them from getting wet; some of the boys got off the ford and
into the water nearly overhead. We were from eight o’clock get-
ting from the town down to the ford, about a mile down the river,
and we were until long after daylight going a mile up between the
river and canal on the Maryland side to reach a bridge over the
canal. If the enemy had been on the alert, they could have given us
a lot of trouble as we moved slowly up the towpath after daylight ;
but we were unmolested. Contrary to our expectation, we were
not pursued from Leetown, the enemy having been pretty badly
punished. After resting and getting some breakfast, this Monday
morning, July 4th, we moved in the direction of Sharpsburg, Md.,
but leaving it to the left, went through Solomon’s Gap into Pleas-

* Gehrett.
262 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ant Valley, to Brownsville and then to Maryland Heights. On this
march in Pleasant Valley,.W. F. Bonner, of Company K, was ac-
cidentally shot.

After dark we marched from Sandy Hook up the road that
ran along the foot of the Heights opposite the Ferry. The guns
on Maryland Heights, some of which were 100-pounders, were
playing on the Confederate batteries stationed on the Virginia side
of the river, and were quickly answered by the enemy. The sharp-
shooters of both armies were busy, firing mostly at random in the
darkness, but occasionally doing effective work. Signal lights were
waving, cannon roaring, shells screaming and bursting over our
heads as we moved along between the fires as quietly as possible,
sometimes halting and then slowly proceeding, made our position
trying on the nerves as well as dangerous. The impression made
can never be forgotten. The night was pitch dark, relieved every
few moments by the light of the cannon and musketry, and then
relapsing into somber gloom. The narrow road hugged the Heights
for a mile or so and then turned off short to the right and up a
steep hill and on out past the little farm where John Brown made
his home previous to his moving to Harper’s Ferry in 1859. Tired,
footsore and hungry, we went into camp. We had been on the
go for forty-two hours, without sleep and but little food. It was
away in the forenoon next day (July 5th) before we got anything
to eat; that was the first meal since the evening of July 2nd.

But, to return to the cavalry, Lieutenant Cargo says: “On
this night of July 3rd, at Shepherdstown, I was placed on picket
in command of Company D, above town, on a high bluff covered
with pine trees. After stationing the pickets and leaving Sergeant
Sutton in command, I lay down to rest, as I had already been on
picket twice during the week and it was almost impossible to keep
awake any longer. At about midnight, we-were ordered from
our post to the river bank, where we found our forces crossing
into Maryland. We saw that our turn would not come for some
time, so we lay down and slept; some time after daylight we
were awakened with an order to cross the river immediately, as
the enemy were almost upon us. On awakening, I found that part
of my men had been ordered back to the picket post on the bluff,
where they remained until driven away by the enemy. We hardly
got fairly across the river until the Johnnies were firing at us from
the Virginia side of the river. After crossing, we (our cavalry)
were ordered into a grove behind a knoll from the river, where
EARLY’S ARMY IN THE LOWER VALLEY. 263

the firing of the enemy did not affect us, except to cut the branches
of the trees above us. This was ‘ Freedom’s Natal Day,’ the day
we celebrate.

“ Sigel’s forces that crossed the river last night have gone on
toward Maryland Heights. We, the cavalry, marched on, going
by way of Sharpsburg, and then crossed Antietam Creek by the
Burnside Bridge, and continued on to Pleasant Valley. After
dark, we moved on down to Sandy Hook, and bivouacked in the
road all night, listening to the regular fire of the big gun in the
fort on Maryland Heights.”

General Max Weber was in command of Harper’s Ferry
with a force of four hundred men. The enemy’s skirmishers at-
tacked him early in the forenoon of July 3rd and kept up a fusil-
lade all day. Early had sent Gordon and Ramseur that way, ex-
pecting to cause our forces to evacuate Maryland Heights. About
”% p.M., Weber withdrew from Harper’s Ferry, crossing to Mary-
land Heights, taking up the Pontoon bridge, and destroying the
trestle work at the Virginia end of the railroad bridge. The enemy’s
forces could not occupy Harper’s Ferry on account of our artillery
on Maryland Heights. They demonstrated against the place on
the 4th and 5th, but as soon as they made their appearance in force
they were shelled out.

On the morning of the 5th, Early wrote Breckenridge: “ The
enemy has not evacuated Maryland Heights and has destroyed
the railroad and pontoon bridges so that we cannot cross. Move
Gordon’s division down towards Harper’s so as to compel the
evacuation of Maryland Heights. The enemy only has a force
of 800 or 1,000 heavy artillery. Sigel has not come down this
way, and you will endeavor to find out where he has gone.”

Sigel was safely established on the Heights at this time, having
arrived at 9 p.m. the night before, and his force consisted of Mulli-
gan’s two veteran regiments with our dismounted cavalry, and four
regiments of the Ohio National Guards, besides two battalions of
heavy artillery, and with Stahel’s force of some 1,200 or 1,500
cavalry at the base of the mountain, in Pleasant Valley.

Whenever the enemy attempted to plant a battery on Loudon
or Bolivar Heights, our big guns from Maryland Heights would
begin to drop shells among them. They abandoned any further
attempt from the Virginia side to dislodge our troops from Mary-
land Heights, and moved up and crossed the Potomac at Antietam
and Shepherdstown fords into Maryland. Their cavalry had crossed
264 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the river on the 4th. On the 6th, McCausland marched into Hagers-
town and threatened to burn the town unless they paid him
$20,000.00. The money was raised and paid.

Moseby’s command had crossed the Potomac at Point of
Rocks on the 4th; cut and destroyed the telegraph and robbed the
citizens and stores. A detachment of the 8th Illinois Cavalry, sent
up from Washington to find out who had broken the telegraph,
drove Moseby’s men back to the Virginia side. During the next

   

Harper’s Ferry, Va.

day their sharpshooters and their small cannon stationed on the
Virginia shore fired across the river on every passing engine or
train.

On the 5th, strong cavalry scouts were sent out to the north
to locate the enemy. Our detachment went out Middletown Valley,
passing through Knoxville, Petersville and beyond in the direction
of Frederick, but did not collide with the enemy; returned to Pleas-
ant Valley and camped for the night. Next day, the enemy in
force demonstrated vigorously against Maryland Heights. All
REBEL ARMY IN MARYLAND, July, 1864. 265

of our brigade advanced up the mountain at Solomon’s Pass. There
we dismounted, leaving our horses in charge of the fourth man;
we formed a line of battle and marched down the north side of
the mountain, which was covered so thickly with timber and un-
derbrush that we could not see more than fifty yards in front of
us until we reached a cleared field about one hundred and fifty
yards wide, enclosed by a high rail fence, and there we found the
enemy strongly posted in the woods; as we reached the fence,
they fired into us, when we were ordered to lie down and return
the fire. * The fight was sharp for a little while; then the enemy
advanced on both our flanks, when we fell back, capturing several
prisoners. Night coming on, firing ceased and we remounted and
moved back to our camp of the previous night, being lulled to sleep
by the music of the big guns in the fort.

The next morning, July 7th, the artillery firing which had been
kept up through the night became pretty lively; it was Brecken-
tidge’s corps making a final effort to make Sigel evacuate the
Heights. Our cavalry brigade moved up the same valley again and
found the enemy; after skirmishing with him for some time, he
fell back. “ Finding his lines shelled for a long distance by Sigel’s
batteries, whch prevented his own from getting into position, Early
at length drew off across South Mountain toward Frederick.” He
had spent three days “ skirmishing around the Heights’ attempting
to secure a repetition of the disgraceful surrender of that strong-
hold to “ Stonewall” Jackson in 1862.

MOVEMENTS OF THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT.

In the meantime, our dismounted detachment was kept busy,
as follows, from Sergeant Gehrett’s journal:

Tuesday morning, July 5th, we fell into line and moved off
in the direction of Sharpsburg; the cry at once ran from one end
of the line to the other, “ We are going to Pennsylvania,” but the
expectation was soon nipped in the bud, as we filed, off to the right
of the road and formed in line of battle, but no enemy putting in
an appearance, we broke ranks and put in the time as best pleased us.

Next morning, fierce cannonading was heard in our front, and
we were ordered into line and moved out into the rifle pits which had

Max Weber and Sigel received the following in a telegram from General Halleck
at 11:30 a. M., on the 5th in the fortifications on Maryland Heights: ‘* The first man
who proposes a surrender, or retreats, should be hung.”

* Sergeant J. W. Elwood of Company A was wounded here.
266 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

been formed by some other troops. At twelve o’clock that night, we
went out on the skirmish line and remained until the next morning,
when we were relieved; marched back to the intrenchments, ate
breakfast and watched the firing of the skirmishers. During the
forenoon, General Sigel ordered a family out of a brick farmhouse,
in which he posted a part of Company K as sharpshooters, When
night came, we were ordered to lie on our arms and be in readiness
any moment for an assault by the enemy. Between dark and mid-
night, the whole country about was illuminated by the burning of
some buildings by the Confederates.

The morning of July 8th, we recrossed the river and marched
up Bolivar Heights. The Confederates had arranged a number of
very convenient places for their sharpshooters, one of whom had been
shot and left lying under the railroad and, when observed, was in
an advanced state of decomposition. In the afternoon,. we re-
crossed the Potomac and marched down the Middletown Valley
several miles and halted for the night.

July 9th, we resttmed our march and advanced within a short
distance of Petersville. A detail from Company K was sent out on
the skirmish line. The end of our line joined the 23rd Illinois
(Colonel Mulligan’s Regiment) ; during the night, an officer of the
23rd found one of his men asleep on post and roused him by giving
him a brutal kick in the face, which caused him to howl as if Old
Early’s army was after him. Several prisoners were brought in,
but no attack was made. In the evening, the regiment marched
back about a mile and camped:in a piece of woods where we re-
mained for several days.

THE BATTLE OF MONOCACY.

As heretofore stated, Grant and Halleck, up until late on the
5th of July did not credit the reports as to the strength of the
enemy about Harper’s Ferry. On the 3rd, General Lew Wallace, in
command of the Department of Maryland, began to gather together
his forces to resist the advancing enemy. He withdrew from the de-
fenses of Baltimore his few experienced troops and sent them
forward to the vicinity of Monocacy Junction and substituted in
their places at Baltimore National Guardsmen. He sent forward
Alexander’s Battery, with six pieces of artillery, and attached to his
command a battalion of the 8th Illinois Cavalry, commanded by
Lieutenant Colonel Clendenin, a very gallant officer. He also
brought forward one regiment of the Ohio National Guard. He
LEW WALLACE SAVES WASHINGTON, July, 1864. 267

had these on the ground by the 4th. By the next day, Grant and
Halleck became convinced that Early with Ewell’s old corps was also
with the invaders, and that owing to the rapidity with which they
were advancing, Hunter’s army could not reach Maryland over a
crippled railroad in time to reinforce Wallace. At midnight of the
5th, Grant telegraphed Halleck that he had ordered to Baltimore
by boat one division of infantry, Ricketts (of 6th corps) and was
also sending to Washington some 2,500 dismounted cavalry, odds and
‘ends and convalescents. The first installments of Ricketts’ division
were disembarked at Baltimore at 9 P. m., on the night of the 7th,
and forwarded to Wallace at Monocacy; other installments con-
tinued to arrive during the next day and were sent forward, but
the last three regiments only arrived in time to cover the retreat after
the battle of Monocacy. On the 9th, General Grant ordered the re-
mainder of the 6th Corps to embark by boat for Washington, and
later, ordered part of the 19th Corps, which arrived on board a
vessel from New Orleans, to proceed on to Washington instead of
landing at Fortress Monroe. The country was now thoroughly
aroused. The States of New Work, Pennsylvania and Ohio were
called on for many thousand more 100-days’ troops for defense.

On the afternoon of the 7th, Colonel Clendenin, of the 8th
Illinois Cavalry, with a force of 450 mounted men.with three pieces
of artillery, was sent on a scout a few miles west of Frederick, where
he met Colonel Bradley T. Johnston’s Maryland Rebel Cavalry,
which he attacked vigorously and drove back, but the enemy’s whole
brigade coming up, Clendenin was compelled to fall back to Fred-
erick, where he made a stand and repulsed them, when the enemy
fell back through the mountain. Clendenin was then reinforced,
when he pursued the enemy and, fought and drove him back. Wal-
lace had determined to make his stand on the south bank of the
Monocacy River, where he could command both the turnpike to
Washington and that to Baltimore, and ordered Clendenin to fall
back to this position.

The next morning, July 8th, General Early entered the City of
Frederick and demanded a cash ransom of $200,000, or he would
destroy the town. The money was raised and paid. He proceeded
to supply his army with clothing, shoes and provisions from the
stores. Bradley Johnson, with his brigade of cavalry and some ar-
tillery, was assigned the mission of menacing Baltimore, destroying
the railroad bridges in that vicinity and releasing the Confederate
prisoners at Point Lookout, which he proceeded to attempt to do,
268 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

destroying the bridges, but did not find the way clear for releasing
the prisoners. General Early spent the day in and about Frederick,
expecting to move forward on the next morning to Washington; he
was not troubling himself about the opposition Wallace would give
him, as he knew the inferiority of the latter’s forces.

General Wallace, fully realizing the peril of the National Cap-
ital, determined to fight and hold the enemy in check as long as
possible, in the hope that reinforcements from Grant’s army might
reach the city before the arrival of Early’s army. On the night.
of the 8th, Wallace crossed all his forces to the south bank of the
Monocacy River, taking advantageous position on the higher ground,
placing on his left, the 3,300 6th Corps veterans of Ricketts’ di-
vision, for he rightly judged that the brunt of the enemy’s attack
‘ would fall upon that flank. Clendenin’s battalion of the 8th Illinois
Cavalry was assigned to the left of Ricketts; on the right, Wallace
placed the remainder of his force, some 2,500 men, half of whom
were National Guards, who had never been under fire; General
Tyler was in command of this force on the right. Next morning, the
enemy advanced with a strong skirmish line, at the same time
opening with his artillery, the principal attack being made upon
Ricketts. Brisk fighting was kept up until past the middle of the
day, when McCausland’s cavalry, which had crossed the river
some distance to our left, dismounted and made an assault upon the
flank of Ricketts and Clendenin. Our men repulsed this attack
handsomely, driving McCausland’s men back upon their infantry.
Gordon’s entire corps was then crossed over and thrown ‘upon
Ricketts’ flank, which, unable to withstand such overwhelming num-
bers, was obliged to fall back. Tyler’s forces were then fiercely
attacked and driven; several hundred National Guards, defending a
bridge, held their ground too long, were cut off and captured. Our
forces fell back toward Baltimore, the enemy pursuing for but a
short distance. Gordon reported a loss of 698; Ricketts lost 84
killed and 511 wounded. This, from the Union standpoint, was one
of the bloodiest battles of the war, and was one of the most, prob-
ably the most, important.

General Early remained to bury his dead and place his wounded
in the hospitals at Frederick, and did not resume his march on to
Washington, until the morning of the 10th. He was thus delayed
twenty-four hours, suffered a severe loss of men and his men were
physically exhausted with an all-day battle. Had General Early’s
march been undisputed at this time, he would have arrived before
LEW WALLACE SAVES WASHINGTON, July, 1864. 269

the Capital full twenty hours before General Wright’s divisions
occupied the defenses of the city, and the Nation, in all probability,
would have suffered the humiliation of having the Capitol captured
by the enemy. The effect of such a calamity upon the result of the
great conflict can only be conjectured.

During the month of June, Lieutenant Joe Lane, of Company
C, had been in command of a body of dismounted cavalrymen at
Martinsburg, a dozen or so of them being Ringgold Battalion men,
who had lost their horses. On the morning of July 2nd, Lieutenant
Lane was ordered to conduct a train of 175 wagons to Maryland.
In the excitement of the approaching enemy, his command fell
away until he only had remaining his Ringgold Battalion boys and a
few dependable men from other regiments.

With great difficulty, he held the drivers to their work and
got the train through to Frederick, where he parked it and reported
to General Lew Wallace. With his command, he was first assigned
to provost duty, gathering up stragglers and attaching them to his
command; later he was ordered to report to Lieutenant Colonel
Clendenin, of the 8th Illinois Cavalry. At one time his com-
mand numbered 200 men, but by the morning of the battle of
Monocacy, it had diminished to 37, nearly half of whom were from
his own regiment; his report of losses during the few days pre-
ceding was, ‘‘ Killed, 0; wounded, 1; missing, 163.

His remnant of 3% men were of the right sort and were hotly
engaged in the battle. They, with some other cavalry, were as-
signed to the right to patrol the pike; here they were charged by
Major Gilmor’s Cavalry and driven back on the main force. They
were again ordered out the pike, and were again charged and driven
back toward Baltimore, giving the enemy a running fight all the
way back to Ellicott’s Mills. These were the only 22nd Pennsyl-
vania Volunteer Cavalrymen engaged in the battle of Monocacy,
July 9, 1864.

General John B. Gordon (Confederate), in his report of the
battle of Monocacy, says:

“T desire in this connection to state a fact of which I was an
eye witness, and which, for its rare occurrence and the evidence
which it affords of the sanguinary character of this struggle, I
consider worthy of official mention.

“One portion of the enemy’s (Union) second line extended
along a branch from which he was driven, leaving many dead and
wounded in the water and along its banks. This position was occu-
270 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

pied in turn by a portion of Evans’ Brigade in the attack on the
enemy’s third line. So profuse was the flow of blood from the
killed and wounded of both these forces that it reddened the
stream for more than a hundred yards below.”

EARLY MARCHES ON WASHINGTON.

At daylight next morning, July 10th, the enemy marched out
the turnpike for Washington, and notwithstanding the intense heat
of that July day and the choking dust, he made twenty miles, camp-
ing that night near to Rockville, fifteen miles from the defenses of
Washington. Many of his men, overcome by the heat, fell out by
the way. Ramseur’s Division had tarried at the Monocacy to com-
plete the destruction of the railroad bridge; here Sigel’s Cavalry
came up and attacked them. Our regiment, which had been de-
tached for scout duty the previous day, rejoined the brigade this
morning of the 10th, and set out after the enemy. We charged
into the city of Frederick, driving out the rear of the Confederate
forces and capturing a number of prisoners, and passed on through
to the Monocacy River; fording ‘the river, we passed through the
battle-field of the previous day, where many of the dead and some
wounded were still lying. * We advanced about three miles when
we came up with the enemy and attacked them, capturing about
eighty prisoners, many of them stragglers who had fallen behind as
the day was excessively hot, the roads very dusty, and their army
was making a forced march to reach and capture Washington be-
fore reinforcements could arrive. Learning that his men were
straggling and being captured, Early ordered a strong rear-guard
to prevent this. They soon opened on us with artillery; as we
had no artillery and only about 150 men, we fell back a little be-
hind a hill until some reinforcements arrived, when we again ad-
vanced about two miles, but not finding the enemy, we returned to

On the 9th, almost our entire force went to within a few miles of Frederick City,
where we encamped, or rather, lay on our arms all night. On the morning of the 10th,
bright and early, our cavalry moved on to the City, through the streets of which we
charged, driving out the rear of the Rebel forces, In this charge, Captain MacDonald of
the 20th Pa.,’ Cavalry was killed. He was a brave man and fell while leading his men
in the charge that drove the rebels headlong from the streets of the city: We followed the
enemy some distance beyond the Monocacy River in the direction of Washington City.
On coming up to the main body of the enemy, we were forced to fall back. We cap-
tured in all, about 80 prisoners that day, and from what we could learn of them, they

are heartily tired of the war.—Lieut. Crago,
ai iat . July 10, 1864.
* Major-General Breckenridge, :
General: General Rameur reports a body of several hundred cavalry following and
annoying him. Send word to Gordon and also to Echols and let them picket well. Let
a battery be sent to Gordon to-night to be placed in position commanding the road from
Frederick, Let him also put out pickets covering our wagon-trains.

i; A. EARLY,
ieutenant-General.
REBEL ARMY BEFORE WASHINGTON, JULY, 1864. 271

the Monocacy River, crossed it at dark and stayed there all night.
Next morning a detail of cavalry was burying the dead and re-
moving to the hospital the wounded that remained.

On the morning of the 11th, Early marched on, coming within
range of the fortifications of Washington about noon. He made
a reconnaissance and determined to make an assault after his
exhausted troops could rest sufficiently and the remainder of his
forces, which were strung out for miles, would arrive. His rear
did not arrive until 6 P.M.

At this time, noon, July 11th, the troops in the fortifications
around Washington were mostly “ emergency men,” 100-days’ Na-
tional Guardsmen, men of Veteran Reserve Corps, the dismounted
cavalry, city militia, made up of Government employees, and num-
bers of odds and ends. The fortifications encircling the city for
a distance of more than thirty miles were very strong and well
mounted with artillery, but the forces assembled in them for de-
fense when distributed throughout the long line of forts, were
entirely insufficient in number, even had they been experienced
troops; the number of trained artillerymen in the fortifications
was entirely inadequate.

The city was in a state of high tension. At twelve, noon, of the
11th, Halleck telegraphed Grant: “ General Wright has just ar-
rived and part of his corps will soon be in. Enemy close to our
lines on Rockville Road, skirmishing with our cavalry and pickets.”

President Lincoln went down to the landing to greet the 6th
Corps boys as they landed. The people of the city gave them a
great ovation as they marched through to the forts on the north
side where the enemy was advancing. Shortly after four o’clock
in the afternoon, General Wright had reached Fort Stevens, in
front of which there had been some lively skirmishing.

General E. P. Alexander, in his book, “ Military Memoirs of
a Confederate,” sums up the situation briefly as follows:

“Never before, probably, had Washington been as bare of
troops as.when Early arrived before it on the afternoon of July
11th. But there were regular garrisons of infantry and artillery at
many of the permanent forts—District of Columbia volunteers—
regiments of Veteran Reserves—many miscellaneous detachments at
the camp of instruction and about 2,000 organized employees of the
quartermaster’s department. . . . These troops alone, without aid,
could have defended the city indefinitely and forced Early to un-
dertake a siege. That night, there arrived the two remaining
272 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

divisions of the 6th Corps and 6,000 men of the 19th corps, under
Emory, from New Orleans. In the afternoon, Early had recon-
noitered, and in consultation with his officers, had ordered an as-
sault in the morning. It is scarcely credible that he would have
made more than a demonstration, for any real attack would have
been but a bloody farce.”

General Early had contemplated making an assault on the for-
tifications as soon as his somewhat tardy columns would arrive,
but the arrival of the two divisions of the 6th Corps veterans, some
two hours before his rear came up, caused him to reconsider his de-
termination. Here the situation was almost the same as at Lynch-
burg on the 18th of June, only that now Early was on the outside
of the defences, and the arrival of reinforcements to the defenders
of the beleaguered city, before he could make an assault, left him
no chance of success. ,

In his report to General Lee, he says: “‘ When we reached the

right of the enemy’s fortifications (on the 11th) the men were al-
most completely exhausted and not in a condition to make an
attack. . . . The works, we found to be very strong and con-
structed very scientifically. They consist of a circle of enclosed
forts, connected by breastworks, with ditches, palisades and abatis
in front, and every approach swept by a cross-fire of artillery. I
determined to make an assault, but before it could be made, it
became apparent that the enemy had been strongly reinforced, and
we knew that the 6th Corps had arrived from Grant’s army ;
I therefore reluctantly determined to retire, and, as it was diident:
preparations were being made to cut off my retreat. . . . I de-
termined to retire across the Potomac . . . before it became
too late. Sigel was at Maryland Heights, Hunter was making his
way to get in my rear, and Couch was organizing a militia force
in Pennsylvania.”

THE BATTLE IN FRONT OF FORT STEVENS.

*“Dawn of Tuesday, the 12th, showed the enemy in posses-
sion of the Rives House on the right of the Silver Spring Road; it
stood on rising ground, surrounded by shade trees, with an orchard
hard by, affording cover for his sharpshooters, who commanded the
Union skirmish line from this point and from Mrs. Lay’s house
on the left of the road. Wheaton’s Brigade of Getty’s Division, 6th

*“ The Shenandoah Valley in 1864.” By permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons,
New York,
REBEL ARMY BEFORE WASHINGTON, JULY, 1864. 273

Corps, was thrown out on picket in front of Fort Stevens, and
instantly, puffs of white smoke and the whiz of bullets from the
opposite lines told that the Confederate sharpshooters were at
work. Skirmishing continued through the day; by the middle of
the afternoon, General Wright pushed out a strong reconnaissance
with Bidwell’s 3rd Brigade of the same division, which in these
operations was under charge of General Wheaton, during Getty’s
absence. The central point of attack was the Rives House, about
midway of the open. The guns of Fort Stevens, having cleared
the way, Bidwell at a sign from Wright, who stood on a parapet,
advanced in good alignment, passing through the 1st Brigade’s line
and over a slight acclivity, beyond the orchard and grove to the
house, from which Early’s skirmishers were soon expelled. On a
farther crest, a slight resistance was made, but after gallant fight-
ing, the position was swept and Early’s pickets were driven back a
mile.

“Rarely did a minor engagement present so clear an opportun-
ity for viewing its progress, and rarely for such a scene was a
more memorable group of spectators assembled. On the parapet
of Fort Stevens stood the tall form of Abraham Lincoln by the
side of General Wright, who in vain warned the eager President
that his position was swept by the bullets of sharpshooters until
an officer was shot down within three feet of him, when he re-
luctantly stepped below. Sheltered from the line of fire, cabinet
officers and a group of citizens and ladies, breathless with excite-
ment, watched the fortunes of the. fight. Strange as was this
spectacle at the gates of the National Capitol, it would have seemed
stranger still ta the onlookers could they have known that in the
(Confederate) camp yonder, as if in typical contrast to the figure
on the parapet, stood one, who four years before, had been the
Vice-President of the United States.*

“Tt was no mock battle that these spectators witnessed.
Stretchers soon came from the field by scores with their ghastly
loads; the hospitals in the rear of the fort were astir; and here
and there, dotting the orchard, the meadow and the dusty high-
way, lay many a lad, for whom the wild cheers of the crowd fell on
deaf ears.”

Captain Jed. Hotchkiss, of the Confederate Engineers, in his
report, gives the itinerary as follows: “ July 12th, we spent in front

 

*John C. Breckenridge.
274 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of Washington, and Rode’s Division had a heavy skirmish with the
enemy on the Seventh Street Turnpike in the afternoon. We also
had a cavalry skirmish on the Georgetown Road, where our cavalry
was forced by superior numbers to retreat. . . . At dark, our
trains were started back, Wharton in front, and at 11 p.M., the
rest followed, Ramseur in the rear. We reached Rockville at
daylight (13th) and Seneca Creek at noon, where we rested until
dark. The enemy (cavalry) followed to Rockville, attacked our
rear-guard . . . and were handsomely repulsed. McCausland
marched to Edward’s Ferry. Continuing the march during the night
via Poolsville, the army reached White’s Ford about midnight and
rested until dawn of the 14th, when it crossed the river and en-
camped between there and Leesburg. The enemy came up shortly
after we crossed.”

CHAPTER XXII.
EARLY’S ARMY BACK IN VIRGINIA.

General Early with his army remained here at Leesburg two
days while his trains loaded with the “spoils of the country” ac-
companied by herds of cattle and horses, were being piloted south-
ward by Moseby, et al.

As early as the 9th, General Grant had been urging that the
force of the enemy in Maryland must be destroyed and not allowed
to escape. On the 9th, he wrote Halleck: “ Forces enough to de-
feat all that Early has with him, should get in his rear south of
him, and follow him up sharply, leaving him to go north; defend
depots, towns, etc., with small garrisons and the militia.”

It was plainly apparent on the 12th that the forces defending
Washington were now strong enough to repel any assault that
Early might make, and that the withdrawal of the enemy either
without battle or after an unsuccessful attack, was imminent.
Grant’s attention was called to the fact that there were a half dozen
generals commanding the several forces that were expected to pur-;
sue the enemy and no one in supreme command. He immediately
(at noon, July 12th) telegraphed Halleck as follows: “ Give orders.
assigning Major General H. G. Wright to supreme command of all
the troops moving out against the enemy regardless of the rank of
the other commanders. He should get outside of the trenches with
all the forces he possibly can and should push Early to the last mo-
ment, supplying himself from the country.”
EARLY FALLS BACK INTO VIRGINIA. 275

General Wright, on the morning of the 13th, finding that the
enemy had retreated, gathered what forces he had in hand and
started in pursuit. His force consisted of his own 6th Corps with a
division of the 19th Corps and 750 of Colonel Lowell’s Cavalry.
Wright reached Poolesville, twenty-six miles from Fort Stevens,
on the evening of the 14th, when he sent the following to Halleck:
“The main body of the enemy had crossed the river before we
reached this place. I have sent the cavalry forward to see if any-
thing can be done against the rear-guard, but presume it will be
too late. They had about twenty-four hours’ start of us, which
gave them full time to secure their crossing of the river. I have not
been able to get any intelligence from General Hunter’s command,
and have, therefore, for further operations, only the two divisions of
my corps numbering perhaps 10,000 men and some 500 of the 19th
Corps, which, unless I over-rate the enemy’s strength, is wholly in-
sufficient to justify the following up of the enemy on the other side
of the Potomac. I shall, therefore, wait for instructions before
proceeding farther, which I hope to receive by the time the 19th
Corps arrives.”

Halleck replied to Wright’s message as follows: “ General
Grant directed that a junction of your forces and those of General
Hunter be made in the vicinity of Edward’s Ferry to cut off the
enemy’s retreat, if possible; if not, to pursue him south, doing him
all the damage you can. As your force will be inferior to the enemy
until Hunter and the 19th Corps reach you, move with caution.”

Hunter’s troops from Parkersburg were now arriving daily
along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west of Martins-
burg, some of the bridges destroyed not yet having been rebuilt to
completion. Sullivan’s Division of infantry reached Martinsburg
on the 11th, and after being supplied with shoes and clothing, had
moved on the 13th, to Duffield’s Station, six miles from Harper’s
Ferry. The detachment of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry,
with Hunter’s army, debarked from the cars at Cherry Run Bridge
(being rebuilt) on the night of the 12th, and next morning marched
eastward, passing through Martinsburg, where Major Work took
command, and proceeded to the Shepherdstown fords, which they
picketed that night, and the next day until dark, when they were
ordered to join Duffee’s command at or near Harper’s Ferry; they
marched at nine o’clock and reached Bolivar Heights at 2 a.m. of
the 15th, where they bivouacked until morning. Sullivan’s Division
also moved forward on the 14th, crossing the pontoon bridge at
276 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Harper’s Ferry and going into camp at Knoxville op the North
Bank of the Potomac. In the meantime, Colonel Mulligan’s Brigade
of infantry with our dismounted cavalry joined Sullivan ; Duffee’s
Cavalry to the number of 2,000, which arrived at Martinsburg at
noon of the 14th, also moved on to join the advance. General
Hunter had preceded these troops to Harper’s Ferry, where he re-
ceived notice from General Wright, on the night of the 14th, to join

his forces at Leesburg. Hunter accordingly ordered his troops to
proceed to Leesburg. .

The cavalry brigade which ‘had been’ operating in Maryland
under Sigel and Howe, and to which our “ Old Battalion” was at-
tached, crossed the Potomac into Virginia at Point of -Rocks, on
the morning of the 15th, moving forward toward Leesburg. We
had moved but a short distance when we heard firing in our front.
Captain Adams, of the 1st New York Cavalry, whom Colonel Green-
field had ordered to take the advance with his company, was fired into
by the rear-guard of the enemy’s cavalry from a cluster of trees
on top of a hill. He and his men came back pell mell without
making an effort to rally, and ran into the advance of our regi-
ment. ‘

*“ We coming forward, our horses on the run, and they com-
ing back into us in the same manner, caused the greatest con-
fusion for a few minutes. We were all so jammed together that
there was no chance to either advance or retreat, while the Johnnies
were firing into the promiscuous throng, though, for a wonder,
doing little damage. We threw down the fence on our left, and as
quickly as possible, formed in the open field and were just ready
to advance when Colonel Greenfield appeared on the scene. He
mistook our confusion for fear and such indignation as he ex-
hibited was grand to behold; but he soon saw the true state of
affairs and ordered us forward at once, when the Rebels fled, as
they would have done at first had the advance guard done its duty.
Just here we lost one man of our command, killed, and Lieutenant
James B. Gibson, of Company E, wounded.”

THE 22D PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEER CAVALRY ALMOST RE-UNITED.

Sullivan’s Division of infantry and Duffee’s Cavalry (now re-
joined by the detachment of the 22nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Cav-
alry, under Major Work) forded the river at Berlin the same day

* Lieutenant Crag’o.
BOTH ARMIES AGAIN IN VIRGINIA. Q77

(July 15th) and marched through Lovettsville and thence by the
Leesburg Pike to Catoctin Creek, when they turned west to Hills-
boro, where the infantry bivouacked for the night, the cavalry
moving on to the gap a short distance west, where they also halted
for the night. Later in the night, the battalion under Colonel
Greenfield, arrived at the gap, when there was a joyful reunion
of the two different detachments of the regiment after a separa-
tion of seventy days severe campaigning, hundreds of miles apart.
The dismounted part of the regiment, which had been serving as
infantry with Mulligan’s Brigade, was camped not too far away
to be visited, so that the reunion of the entire regiment was almost
complete.

Sullivan’s whole force of infantry and cavalry here about
Hillsboro this night was less than ten thousand men, while, but a
few miles away, was Early’s army of double that number.

General Wright was still at Poolesville, where he had waited
for orders from Halleck, and also for the arrival of the 19th Corps.
When he learned, on the evening of the 15th, that Sullivan’s forces
were already at Hillsboro, he became exceedingly anxious for their
safety, lest Early might turn and crush them before he (Wright)
could come up with the 6th and 19th Corps. Next morning, 16th,
Wright crossed the river and marched to Leesburg, but Early had
also that same morning marched away from Leesburg to Snicker’s
and Ashby’s Gaps, taking position on the west side of the Shenan-
doah River. Wright marched on and camped at Clark’s Gap, three
miles west of Leesburg. The previous day, General Crook had ar-
rived from West Virginia with two brigades of infantry, 3,400
men; in accordance with instructions from the War Department,
Crook was ordered to relieve Sullivan and take command of all
Hunter’s forces in the field. (Hunter was still in command of
the Department of West Virginia.) Crook reached Hillsboro and
assumed command at noon on the 16th.

THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT.

. Friday morning, July 15, 1864, we broke camp at Petersville, Maryland, fell into
line at the sound of the bugle, marched through Knoxville, crossed the canal and moved
down the river two miles, where we halted to cook dinner. We then marched to Sandy
Hook, lay there for an hour or more and then moved back to where we camped at noon.
A number of men declared they would not carry muskets any longer and suiting the
action to the word, threw them into the canal. a

Next morning, July 16, we forded the river at Berlin, Md., and marched through
Lovettsville to Hillsboro and six miles beyond, where we went into camp much fatigued.
278 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Coming on the scene so suddenly and’ unexpectedly, Crook
could not be expected to take in the situation at once, and so a few
hours were lost, but he sent out cavalry scouts immediately on his
arrival to hunt for the enemy. Late in the afternoon, scouts, re-
ported Early’s wagon-train near Waterford; the distance was too
great to be reached by the infantry that evening, but Duffee had
already sent the 1st Cavalry Brigade, Tibbits’, a small brigade, to.
fall on the enemy’s train. Tibbits struck the train and without
much difficulty, captured 117 horses and mules, 82 wagons, and
some 60 prisoners, his own command suffering a loss of only twenty.

This spirited attack by three small regiments a few hundred
strong is worth commemorating, as the only instance in which
Early was obliged to drop any of his Maryland spoils. That same
evening, Crook moved forward to Purcellville, six miles from
Clark’s Gap, where Wright halted. The forces now practically
joined, amounted to more than 20,000 men, and were sufficient to
cope with the forces of Early, but he had slipped out just as they
came in, and his advance was already in possession of the strongholds
of the Blue Ridge and the fords of the Shenandoah.

There was much disappointment at Washington and in the
North at the escape of Early’s Army, and General Wright was criti-
cised for waiting on the north side of the river for two days while
Early was sending ahead his trains toward Richmond. But a care-
ful study of the conditions fully justifies Wright’s action. Wright
was only assigned to the command of the pursuing forces on the
12th, the night on which Early stole away from before Washington
and got one full day’s march ahead of him. When Wright arrived at
Poolesville, Early’s force was practically over the river. With a
force of 10,000 men, it would have been hazardous to attempt to
ford the river in the face of an enemy of 20,000 men. If Hunter’s
forces had arrived two days sooner, and been in position on the
south side at the fords of the Potomac to contest Early’s crossing,

At six o’clock on the evening of the 16th, our mounted division, under command
of General Duffee, marched for Purcellville via Wood Grove, our regiment under command
of Lieutenant-Colonel Greenfield taking the advance. About 9 P. M., we encountered a
picket force of the enemy some 300 strong at Wood Grove. General Duffee says, -‘‘ We
engaged them in the dark and drove them out without loss to my command.”

Lieutenant Crago writes, ‘‘ While crossing an open field, a solitary shot rang out in
the lonely night air right in front of us; then all was still save the galloping of the sentry’s
horse as he carried his rider back to his command, and at once we could distinguish the
noise incident to the hasty mounting of cavalry, either preparing to receive us or escape.
. e moved forward but a little distance, when our artillery came to the front and threw
shells in rapid succession into their camp. It was a clear and lovely moonlight night and
we soon discovered that the preparation of the enemy was not to receive us but to leave
as quickly as possible.”

We encamped on the pike at Purcellville at midnight. The Rebel army and train
had passed over the road sore two hours before in great confusion. :
PURSUIT OF THE ENEMY. 279

then Wright might have attacked his rear and given him great
trouble. Halleck had charged Wright to “ proceed with caution,”
until he had a force ample to fight the enemy. General Grant’s
instructions were to get south of Early if possible, and drive him
north and destroy him; adding, however, that if the enemy escaped
to the south, it would be useless to follow him to any distance.
He urged upon Halleck that if the enemy should get away, to Ict
Hunter take care of the lower Valley and to send the 6th and 19th
corps back to City Point at the earliest possible date, as he (Grant)
wanted to use them in operations against Lee, before Early could
return.

It was Early’s intention to get back to Richmond with all haste.
He reported to Lee on the 14th that his purpose was to send his
cavalry to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad effectively,
west of Martinsburg, and to destroy the coal mines and furnaces
around Cumberland, while he himself with the main army, would
start for the Valley in the morning of the 15th and would retreat
in forced marches to Richmond.

As we have seen, Crook moved in pursuit on the afternoon of
the 16th, going some ten miles and halting for the night at Purcell-
ville. The cavalry division in command of General Duffee (our
regiment being in Wyncoop’s Brigade) marched on through the
village and some six miles farther to within three miles of Snick-
ersville, and camped up the side of a mountain at midnight.

General Crook on the night of the 16th reported to General
Wright for orders and was directed to send a force to Snicker’s
Gap. Next morning, Crook ordered Mulligan’s Brigade of In-
fantry and Duffee’s Cavalry, in which was the 22nd Pennsylvania,

Harper’s Ferry, July 10, 1864.
Brigadier-General W. W. Averill,
Commanding Cavalry Division.

I have just been placed in command of all the forces that go to join General Wright
in pursuit of the rebels. I shall leave one of my infantry brigades at Martinsburg,
with you to remain at that place and take command of all the forces there . . I don’t
expect we will catch up with the enemy as they have so much the start but in any event,
it is the present intention for the command to return to Martinsburg as soon as the chase
18 0 .

pee GrorGE Crook,
Brigadier-General.

Captain McNulty of Company C, who has been on the staff of Lieutenant Colonel
Adams, commanding a brigade of the several detachments, returned and took command of
the Company this day.—Donaldson’s Diary.

HEADQUARTERS VALLEY DISTRICT, July 17, 1864, 10 P. M.
General Breckenridge: 3

In view of the enemy’s advance this afternoon, General Early directs that you have
your troops, Echol’s, Gordon’s and the artillery under arms at daylight. He wishes
General Gordon to have his troops on the watch, and if any attempt at crossing is made,

he wishes the most determined resistance made to it, and directs that you have Echols
in readiness to support Gordon, if need be. .
A. S. Pendleton, A. A. G.
280 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

to proceed to Snicker’s Gap; on arriving at the gap, we found
the enemy, who resisted our advance, whereupon the artillery
was brought up and soon shelled them out, after which our cavalry
passed through.

THE FIGHTING AT SNICKER’S GAP AND FERRY.

Colonel Greenfield says: ‘“ Our cavalry moved on to the river
beyond the gap. Our regiment being on the left, came to the river
a short distance below the ford, when the enemy’s sharpshooters
opened on us a brisk fire from the western bank. We moved along
the bank, which was broken and rough, expecting to cross when
we reached the ford. I was wearing a light coat. Adjutant Isen-
berg was riding close by and the bullets were striking the trees and
bank beyond us, when he remarked, “ They are shooting at that light
coat; I’m going to get away from you.” When we reached the
ford, we received orders to fall back. The artillery and Colonel
Mulligan’s Infantry and dismounted cavalry were then brought
forward and kept up a desultory fire until dark, but were unable
to cross the river. That evening, our cavalry moved back from the
gap to graze-our horses, which were very much jaded.”

The Rebels were strongly posted at the ford, and with canister
and shell compelled our troops to fall back into the Gap, after which
we put out a strong picket. Some fifteen of our men were wounded.
*T was on picket down near the ford and with Mitchell and Dick
Fisher of our company (C), stood from 11 until 2 o’clock. At mid-
night, | Major Work took a small detachment and tried the ford, but
they had no more than entered the river when a volley was poured
into them, wounding one of the men, John Saunders, of Company
E, who died a few days afterwards. Work was obliged to retreat.
He reported the position and probable strength of the enemy, ex-
pressing the opinion that they were in strong force. Next morning
at daylight, he was ordered to take seventy-five men of his command
and cross the river, the order stating that he would find, only a
heavy picket there. He called the officers and read the order, point-
ing out what we all knew—the impossibility of executing the order.

* Donaldson’s Diary.

_. t Lieutenant James B. Gibson, who entered the river with the advance guard, ridin;
beside John Saunders, says, “As we proceeded into the river we got off the ford an
into deep water; just then the enemy opened a terrific musketry fire, directed mainly at
the ford; Saunders was mortally wounded. It was fortunate for us that we missed the
ford proper, or few would have escaped.”
FIGHTING AT SNICKER’S GAP, JULY, 1864. 281

Our duty, however, was to obey, so the command was given. He
divided his men.into three companies of twenty-five each, who were
ordered to proceed as follows: Major Work with twenty-five men
was to cross the main ford; Lieutenant Crago with twenty-five men
to cross about one hundred yards above the ford; while Captain J.
Y. Chessrown was to cross with the other twenty-five at a point
one hundred yards below the main ford. The object of this recon-
naissance was to find out what was on the other side.

We started, but just as we got into the river the enemy opened
on us with their batteries, and ‘we retreated as rapidly as possible.
How we ever got out alive is a mystery to me, but strange to say,
none were killed and not many wounded. The only explanation
of our escape is that the enemy aimed too high. Several of those
injured were struck by branches of trees cut and falling on them.
Lieutenant Regester was badly hurt by his horse falling on him.
How he escaped with his life is almost miraculous, as it seemed as
though the entire command passed over him as he lay beneath
his horse. He escaped with a badly bruised leg, which troubled him
as long as he lived.

After returning to the point from which we started Lieutenant
Cargo was sent to report the matter to General Crook, whom
he found sitting on a log, surrounded by a number of flashily-
dressed young officers, but the old warrior, wearing a common
blouse, looked like a private among them. Crago told him that he
had been sent by Major Work, who had attempted to cross the
river. General Crook responded: “ You didn’t cross, did you?”
He then remarked that he had witnessed our attempt, and that we
had done all that men could have done under the circumstances.

THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT.

*“ General Mulligan’s command, of which we formed a part,
marched on Sunday, 17th, to Snickersville and through Snicker’s
Gap, partly down on the other side of the Blue Ridge, through a
sweltering sun, and turning off abruptly to the right, moved into
the woods and lay down. Soon after, we went on the skirmish line,
advanced over the top of a ridge, and down the other side, which
being thinly wooded, gave the enemy on the opposite side of the
river a fine view of our movements, and they soon opened on us a
fierce artillery and musketry fire, and instead of a skirmish, we had

* Gehrett.
282 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

a severe engagement, lasting all afternoon. The Confederate forces
were in plain view and had the advantage of us in that they could
use their artillery, while from our position of the line, none could be
placed in position. The enemy’s fire was very effective, killing and
wounding a number of our men. The solid shot, cutting off the
tops and heavy limbs of large pine trees, many of them dead, they
would fall with a loud crash, and we were in constant danger of the
falling timber. In this fight, Charles Marshall and George Shaffer,
of Company K, were wounded. The list of casualties in the other
companies could not be procured.”

We were now ordered to fall back over the mountain to Snick-
ersville, preparatory to joining the expedition to Ashby’s Gap. On
our way up the mountain and through the gap, we met part of the
8th Army Corps, many of whom we knew and were glad to see,
but many of them we now saw for the last time. They were on their
way to cross the river and attack the same enemy that had driven
us from the ford, and many of them crossed never to come back;
some were drowned in the retreat across the river and many brave
fellows were left on the ill-fated battlefield with Colonel Morris
Frost, to sleep the sleep that knows no waking here. They were in
the best of spirits as they hailed us on their way down the mountain
side. They were confident of gaining a victory and they surely
must have done so had not somebody blundered.

General Crook was in command of .these troops. General
Wright ordered him to move this force through the gap, then down
the river a mile and cross at Island Ford, promising to send Rick-
etts’ Division of the 6th Corps to follow, cross over and support
him. Crook’s force consisted of three brigades of infantry under
command of Colonel Thoburn and about a thousand odds and ends of
dismounted cavalry under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Young,*
of the 4th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Thoburn crossed the river under
a sharp fire from the enemy’s pickets, a number of whom were cap-
tured and from whom he learned that a large part of Early’s Army
was but a short distance away. He immediately sent this informa-
tion back across the river and then formed his lines to receive the
expected attack, forming his infantry brigades on the left and center
and the dismounted cavalry on the right. He was soon fiercely
attacked by Breckenridge’s and Rodes’s Divisions. His infantry
brigades made a gallant resistance and held the enemy for a time,
but the dismounted cavalry broke in disorder. The overwhelming

 

* Samuel B. M. Young later Lieutenant-General of the U. S. Army,
FIGHTING AT SNICKER’S GAP, JULY, 1864. 283

numbers of the enemy now obliged Thoburn to retreat across the
river under a galling fire. His losses were sixty-five killed, 301
wounded and fifty-six missing. Had the division of the 6th Corps
crossed the river and supported Thoburn the enemy could, and would
have been checked. General Wright had changed his plan about
crossing in force, and bringing on a battle, concluding to cross the
river at a point still further down and turn the enemy’s position.

The Confederate Captain Hotchkiss’ journal record is as fol-
lows:

“The 15th was spent in camp, the enemy making demonstra-
tions along the river and shelling our cavalry. The trains and
prisoners were sent to Ashby’s Gap. July 16th, we marched via
Leesburg and Purcellville through Snicker’s Gap, crossed the Shen-
andoah, as did also Gordon’s and Wharton’s divisions. The others
encamped on the east and west slopes of the mountain. July 17th,
our cavalry fought the enemy’s advance in Snicker’s Gap. July
18th, the enemy came across the mountain at Snicker’s Gap and at-
tacked our lines furiously, getting commanding positions for their
artillery on the bluffs east of the Shenandoah. They crossed the
river at Cool Springs, where they were met by Rodes, aided by
Wharton, and signally repulsed and driven with loss across the
river. . . . Gordon engaging them at the same time near Cas-
tleman’s Ferry. Their loss was heavy. Our cavalry fought them
as they advanced across the mountain. July 19th, the enemy at-
tempted to cross at Berry’s Ferry from Ashby’s Gap, but was re-
pulsed by Imboden’s and McCausland’s brigades of cavalry.”

THE AFFAIR AT THE ASHBY’S GAP CROSSING OF THE SHENANDOAH.

*“ Our regiment, after passing back through Snicker’s Gap,
halted in the village of Snickersville to feed our horses, get some
dinner and prepare rations for a two days’ march. We then started
for Ashby’s Gap. We were under the command of General Duffee
and numbered 2,500 men, all told. A very sad accident happened
on this march. We were moving rapidly over a very rough road
when the shells in a caisson of one of the batteries exploded, throw-
ing one man high in the air, killing him instantly. The rear, or
wheel horses were killed and the driver wounded. We halted only
long enough to replace the horses, and leaving a squad to bury the.
dead man, moved on. The man killed was a soldier of another bat-
tery. He had been home on furlough and on his return had as

* Lieutenant Crago.
284 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

yet been unable to find his battery. The captain of our battery
needed a gunner badly and had just a few minutes before starting
offered him a position until he could find his own command, agreeing
to stand between him and any misunderstandng that might arise on
account of his absence.

During that afternoon we were annoyed continually by men
of Moseby’s gang, who hung on our flanks, and if a man happened
to stray a few hundred yards from the flanking line, he was cap-
tured. Quite a number were “ gobbled” up that afternoon.

That night (18th) we camped just outside the village of
Upperville, and as the enemy were practically all around us, the
utmost vigilance was observed. The village and the entire camp
were surrounded by a guard of about 100 men. There were four
pickets in the village and during the night, some of Moseby’s men
came near taking charge of all these. Watching until within a few
minutes of the time for the relief to pass around, these ‘* Johnnies ”
undertook the task of relieving the guard. Quietly approaching
Post No. 4, the farthest from headquarters, on being challenged they
-answered, “ Corporal of the guard with third relief.” In this man-
ner they relieved two posts, but on approaching the third they were
suspected, but they made their escape. We heard the few shots that
were fired after them and the slight confusion occasioned, but soon
all was quiet and we were disturbed no more.

Bright and early on the morning of the 19th we were in the
saddle again and moved on through the little village of Paris and
to the top of the mountain in view of the Shenandoah River and a
fine scope of country beyond. Across the river there was an open
bottom, back of which was a belt of timber, extending up and down
the river as far as we could see. Here on the mountain, General
Duffee halted the command for quite a long wait, the reason for
which we have never been able to see. If it was to give the enemy
a chance to prevent our crossing, it had the desired effect. If we
had moved on without halting, we would have met no serious op-
position. About noon, we moved on. Our two brigades had alter-
nated at leading the advance and supporting the artillery. Our
brigade had led the advance the previous day, while on this day we
were supporting the artillery and the other brigade was in the ad-
vance. We moved through the gap and then opened out into three
columns, one on the pike and one on either flank, our regiment
being in the column to the left of the pike. The other brigade had
nearly all crossed the river and were moving out into the river bot-
REPULSE AT ASHBY’S GAP FORDING. 285

tom; our brigade with the artillery pushed right down into the
river as though we were not in an enemy’s country; as the advance
entered the river, they scattered to the right and left to water their
thirsty horses, making room for as many as possible to enter. Just
as the artillery got well into the river, a battery of the enemy with
a heavy support rushed out of the timber and took position on a
slight elevation. Lieutenant Crago who had charge of the provost
guard that day, thus describes the affair:

“We, the provost guard, had halted in the rear of the regiment,
perhaps 400 yards from the river, and we could plainly see the
enemy on the opposite side, hastening to an advantageous position
on rising ground. I saw them bring forward two pieces of artillery
as fast as the horses could run; saw them unlimber, take position,
load and fire, all within a few minutes. One shell lit within twenty
feet of where we were standing, and another fell so close that when
it exploded we all involuntarily ducked our heads, and a piece of the
shell struck Corporal E. B. Gregg, cutting a gash in the back of his
neck, making a severe but not dangerous wound, and he was absent
from the line only long enough to have it dressed.”

The enemy got the range of the cavalry and artillery in the
river and began to drop shells among them, at the same time opening
a heavy musketry fire. Our artillery was turned around quickly
amidst a shower of bullets and exploding shell; in the excitement,
one piece was overturned, but we hung to it and finally got it away.
The 2nd Brigade, which had nearly all crossed the river, suffered
severely in recrossing under the fire of the enemy, many being
wounded while in the river and some being drowned.

Our artillery attempted to go into position on a knoll near the
river, but failed, when we fell back to an elevation where our guns
commanded the ford, and a spirited artillery duel took place. We
were drawn up in line across the road, our artillery being on our
left and on much higher ground, so high that the enemy could not
elevate their guns to reach our guns, so they directed their fire at us.
Their first two shells passed ‘over our heads, one of them bursting
in the rear, a piece of which struck John Iams, passing up under
his shoulder blade and through his jaw, knocking out a lot of teeth.
The other shell did not burst, and Captain Hart picked it up and
stuck it into the forks of an apple tree; a third shell lit right in front
of us, but did not burst, and two more went close over -our heads.
We were then moved to a safer position, much to our satisfaction.
286 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Our gunners seemed to get the better aim, and soon drove the en-
emy’s guns from their position.

General Duffee was anxious for some force to cross the river
and asked the question, “Where is the 22nd Ringgold?” as he
usually called our regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel Adams, of the 1st
New York Cavalry, heard the remark and asked permission to go,
taking his own company and a detachment of the 21st New York,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Zimmerman, in all about 150 men. They
moved down the river about a mile under cover of the bank, where
they found .a ford, crossed and charged the enemy. They were
forced to recross, pursued by the Johnnies to the river bank.
They were gone one and a half hours and returned 100 strong, hav-
ing marched several miles, crossed the river twice, fought the enemy
for some time and lost fifty men, killed, wounded and missing, Dur-
ing the artillery firing this afternoon, Moseby attacked our rear-
guard and captured some of them, but our boys rallied, routed the
enemy and recaptured the prisoners. That night, we lay at the little
village of Paris, just east of the (Ashby’s) Gap. The next morning,
a number of us took breakfast at the principal house in the village,
and a good breakfast we had. While eating we noticed a number of
colored servants seated about the large dining room, apparently not
able to move around. On inquiry we found that they were just re-

3 Snicker’s Gap, July 20,.1864.
Brigadier-General Duffee,
ommanding Cavalry.

The general commanding directs that you fall back to this Gap, cross the river and
follow up after the enemy. e will camp near Berryville to-night. send you to-day ten
wagons and five ambulances to bring off your wounded which you will send by the river
road to Harper’s Ferry after crossing here. :

R. H. Moore,
Aide-de-Camp and A, A, A. G

I was one of twelve on picket at a post out front that night. As the enemy was so
close, we all kept awake. We had no train with us and were obliged to live off the
country. We found a coop of chickens and spent part of the night cleaning and cooking
them in a tin bucket. We wanted milk to make gravy, but the cow was locked in the
stable at the neighboring farm-house, so we were obliged to procure a ladder and enter
the stable by the hayloft, descending from thence to the apartments of the cow. We
needed some flour to thicken the gravy, and were obliged to further draw upon the
hospitality of our hosts by calling at the house for some flour. We had a royal feast
that night. . S. G, ROGERS, Co, B.

While our artillery was engaged with the enemy, quite a squad of Moseby’s
men congregated on a high knob about a half-mile to our rear, no doubt to watch the
fight and ready at a favorable moment to pounce upon us were we forced to retreat.
‘Our general, seeing this, ordered one of the gunners to reverse his gun and fire at them.
He did so without attracting their attention and dropped a shell into their very midst;
such skedaddling as was seen caused a shout to go up from our whole force, and another
shel! followed so quickly as to burst among the retreating spectators, hastening their
departure,

At Ashby’s Gap and Ferry, our losses were, in the two brigades: Killed, 12;
wounded, 44; missing, 74. Total, 1380. On the 20th, we skirmished with the enemy most
-of the day, they keeping up an almost continuous fire from the opposite side of the river.
Our command was without forage or rations, and_ being obliged to subsist on the country,
our foraging parties were greatly annoyed by Moseby’s guerillas, a few of whom we
‘killed, and captured about fifty horses. :
ASHBY’S GAP, JULY, 1864. 287

covering from the smallpox. Was their presence in the dining room
at this particular time the merest chance? Some of our men left the
‘table, hungry as they were, before they had eaten a full meal, whilst
others, Colonel Greenfield and Lieutenant ‘Crago among the number,
ate a full and hearty meal in spite of the threatened danger. A
guard was then placed around the house and none of our men were
permitted to enter again while we remained in camp.

We lay in camp here all day and night of the 20th. Our pro-
visions were running low, and our boys, knowing that they were
truly in the enemy’s country, came to the conclusion that they might
confiscate everything eatable that came within their reach. Not long
after breakfast, two or three of them came into camp, lugging a
large beehive full of honey, being so bold as to come into the pres-
ence of Colonel Greenfield, who sent them back under guard, with
orders to place the hive just where they got it—remarking to himself
as they got beyond hearing, “ Can’t the boys have more sense than
to do such things in my presence?” The same beehive found its
way back to camp after dark, and also some excellent country-cured
hams. The boys, however, bought and paid for quantities of bread,
eggs, chickens, etc., and we did not suffer for food.

Early the next morning (21st) we started on our return to
Snicker’s Gap and had proceeded but a short distance when we
came upon straggling parties of the enemy. We captured several
of them and sent them to the rear. Our regiment, being in the
advance, had all the fun to ourselves. We came upon one party
that were just about to seat themselves to a good breakfast, which
had been furnished them from a neighboring house. We chased
the party into the mountain near by, failing to capture any of them;
but a shot fired by Lieutenant Isaac M. Regester brought one of
them from his horse. We captured quite a number of good horses
that morning ; it seems we had run upon a corral of good horses that
were being pastured for service in the Confederate Army. We soon
exchanged our broken-down animals for these and moved on. A
large crib of corn was quickly transferred to our sacks, as our horses
had been without food for that day. Arrived at Snicker’s Ford and
crossed the river that evening.

BACK AGAIN WITH THE ARMY.

During our absence on this three-day fruitless expedition much
had been transpiring about Snicker’s Ferry. General Thoburn had
fought a gallant but unsuccessful battle with his division against
288 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY. :

great odds on the afternoon of the 18th. The 6th and part of the
19th Corps had come up to the river. In the meantime, quite a force
of General Crook’s belated troops from Parkersburg had arrived
at Martinsburg, including Averill’s Cavalry, Duvall’s and Hayes’s
brigades of infantry and some artillery. When General Hunter
learned of Wright’s intention to attack Early, he ordered Colonel
R. B. Hayes with his brigade (July 18th) to push up the west side
of the Shenandoah River and strike Early’s flank when Crook made
his attack; Hayes failed to get through that day and Hunter again
on the 19th, urged him on with some severity: ‘I am sorry that
you did not move forward and assist in the attack . . . as you would
have taken the enemy in flank and probably ended the fight in our
favor. Try immediately and open communications with Crook.”

The same day, July 19th, Hunter dispatched Averill as follows:
“Crook no doubt attacked the enemy, as he expected, at Snicker’s
Ferry yesterday afternoon. Colonel Hayes, with a battery, is now
moving up the Shenandoah and camped last night within four or five
miles of Snicker’s Ferry. Perhaps, by a prompt movement in that
direction you can render General Crook great assistance and cap-
ture a number of wagons.”

Averill moved promptly with 1,000 cavalry, two batteries and
1,350 infantry. From Bunker Hill at 3 p. m., that same afternoon,
Averill sent this dispatch: “‘ Drove the enemy to-day from Darkes-
ville to Bunker Hill and beat him at the latter place, where he
made a strong stand. All silent on my left. Can hear nothing from
Crook or Hayes. . . . From the enemy’s resistance here it is
indicated that he feels safe on his right flank or eastward.”

Later in the afternoon, Averill sent this: ‘Jackson has at-
tempted two stands, but broken in.both. My advance is within five
miles of Winchester. Jackson has used some artillery. My
casualities are not over a dozen killed and wounded. Can’t hear
anything of Crook.”

At 8 p. M., he reported again: “My advance is within four
miles of Winchester. Enemy has been moving from Berryville to
Winchester to-day with 5,000 or 6,000 men. His infantry. occupy
field works at Winchester. Indications are that the enemy must
attack me in the morning; probabilities are that I shall attack him.
The casualities on both sides are few as Jackson did not wait to
be hurt.”

At Snicker’s Ferry our forces under Wright and Crook were
practically inactive all day of the 19th. Wright’s intention of mov-
THE 6TH AND 19TH CORPS DEPART. agg

ing down the river and turning Early’s left was changed, owing, no
doubt, to the movements of Averill and Hayes, which accomplished
the same purpose. Sergeant Donaldson’s Journal reads: “July
19th. We lay here (at Snicker’s Ferry) to-day. All is quiet, ex-
cept sharpshooting from each side of the river and some shells
thrown by our batteries at midnight when the Rebs were leaving.
Cannonading is heard in the direction of Ashby’s Gap, where
Duffee’s Division went, and cannonading is heard north toward Har-
per’s Ferry. The Rebs are strong and determined to fight. No feed,
for our horses and but little grass.”

Averill’s presence in the enemy’s rear fully accounts for Early’s
sudden retreat. His cavalry brigades under Jackson and Vaughn,
had failed to check Averill’s advance, so he rushed Ramseur with
some 6,000 infantry and two batteries to Winchester to prevent
Averill’s farther advance, while he, with the main force, retreated
to Newtown and Middletown.

On the morning of the 20th, Wright’s forces crossed the river,
the 19th Corps moving in advance, followed by the 6th Corps, which
in turn was followed by ours (the 8th). On this morning, General
Wright ordered rations and ammunition to be forwarded to him at
Berryville, which. indicated that he at that time, contemplated fol-
lowing the pursuit of Early farther. Later the same day, he seems
to have changed his mind and started back with the 6th and 19th
Corps to Washington on the way to return to General Grant. Gen-
eral Grant’s instructions to Wright had been general and left much
to his (Wright’s) own judgment. Grant had again and again said
that if Early should get away and start for Richmond, he (Grant)
wanted the 6th and 19th Corps to return to him immediately, so
that he could strike Lee’s army again before Early could get ‘back
to join him. On the 20th, when Wright found Early in full
retreat toward Strasburg, with his trains on ahead moving south,
he concluded that further pursuit was useless and drawing him
farther away from Washington, where he would be expected to
embark from City Point, so he suddenly determined to face about
and return to Grant.

*“On this same day, the 20th, Averill, who had been rein-
forced by 300 of the 2nd Virginia Cavalry, making him about 2,700
strong, yet still numerically inferior to the enemy, moved up the
pike toward Winchester in line of battle, a regiment of infantry

 

* Pond.
290 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

on each side of the pike, with skirmishers out, another regiment
on each side in column, in rear of the right and left flanks, artillery
in the center and a regiment of cavalry on each flank. Three miles
north of Winchester on Carter’s Farm, Ramseur was encountered,
“moving by flank,” according to Early’s account with intent to cap-
ture Averill. At all events, he rapidly formed with Johnson’s Brig-
ade on his right, Hoke’s on his left and Pegram’s in reserve. Averill
deployed the two infantry regiments which were in column drew
aside his cavalry skirmishers from the front to the flanks, and opened
a hot fire from his twelve guns. Without pausing he sent in all his
cavalry and infantry. Duval’s charge was across an open field, the
two Ohio regiments east of the pike and the two Virginia regiments
west. The vigorous assault broke Ramseur’s left, which, followed
by the remainder of the force, fled in confusion to Winchester, leav-
ing in the Union general’s hands four pieces of artillery, with 203
killed and wounded on the field, while the unwounded brought the
list of captured up to seventeen officers and 250 men. The total Con-
federate loss was probably more than 400, including Generals Lewis
and Lilly, among the captured wounded, and Colonel Board, 58th
Virgina, among the killed. Averill’s loss was 208 killed and wounded
and six missing, and his action of Carter’s Farm was unusually
creditable to the Union arms, while seldom has a Confederate de-
feat been so squarely acknowledged.”

When Early heard of the defeat of Ramseur, he sent Rodes to
reinforce him and their combined force, “‘ made some demonstrations
about sundown on the same evening,” reported Averill, “but was
easily checked. During the night of the 20th, he fled from my
front. My cavalry pursued to Middletown, skirmishing with his
rear.”

Early retreated to Strasburg, where he halted. Averill moved
his whole force to Kernstown, where he was joined by Crook on the
22nd. Our regiment (22nd) with Duffee’s Division, moved for-
ward to Winchester on the 22nd, arriving there at four o’clock in
the afternoon. We moved on up and went into camp two miles
above town at or near Milltown. After dark, our division was sent
to Kernstown ‘and placed on picket, where we stood mounted all
night with the enemy’s pickets but a half a mile off.

On this evening (22nd) Colonel Powell’s Brigade of Averill’s
Division engaged the enemy at Newtown, seven miles south of Win-
chester, on the Strasburg Road, but after a stubborn fight was com-
KERNSTOWN, JULY 22-23, 1864. 291

pelled to return to Winchester, his ammunition having been ex-
hausted.

General Early with the main part of his force had stopped at
Strasburg after his retreat from Snicker’s Ferry on the 20th. Here
he lay, watching his antagonist, quietly waiting to see what would
happen and also to prevent, if possible, the advance of the Union
troops on up through the great wheat country of the upper Valley
until the crops were threshed out and hauled off to Richmond for
Lee’s Army, the food supply for which having become a matter
of grave concern to the Confederacy.

Wright had hardly got under way on his withdrawal from the
Valley with the 6th and 19 Corps until Moseby’s scouts informed
Early. The latter now determined to attack Crook, but waited to
allow Wright’s forces to get beyond recall, and then on the morning
of the 23rd, started down the Valley. He knew that the entire
effective force under Crook about Winchester did not exceed 10,000
men of all arms, less than half his own army. In his report he says
that he made a reconnaissance against the enemy on the 28rd that
resulted in deploying the whole Union force to resist it, the cavalry
and artillery being sharply engaged.

THE FIGHTING AT KERNSTOWN, JULY 23, 1864.

The Confederates attacked our pickets early that morning, and
our regiment was hurried out on the skirmish line; skirmishing was
kept up all forenoon, the enemy bringing a battery into action and
shelling our cavalry. Our artillery took position on the hill behind
us and shelled the enemy’s battery of two guns.

One brigade of my division (Powell’s) was picketing the roads esc south from
Winchester as far as Middletown and Millwood, The other was picketing the ‘roads east
and west of town. On the evening of the 22nd, the enemy with one division of cavalry
and one of infantry, pressed back Powell’s brigade to Kernstown, the cavalry division of
Brigadier General Duffee relieving Powell’s brigade that night——(General Averill’s Report.)

: Near Winchester, Va., July 22d, 1864.
Special Orders, No. 17.

Colonel Jacob Higgins, Twenty-second Pennsylvania Cavalry, having reported at
these headquarters for duty, is hereby assigned to the command! of the Second Brigade
of this division. He will relieve Lieut.-Col. George Middleton, etc.

By command of BRIG.-GEN. DUFFEE.

Grant dispatched Halleck, July 23d, from City Point: “Tf Wright has returned
to Washington, send him immediately back here, retaining, however, the portion of the
19th Corps now in Washington, for further orders. Early is undoubtedly returning here
to enable the enemy to detach troops to go to Georgia.’

_ Halleck telegraphed Grant, July 23rd, at 1 Pp. m.: “General Wright in person
ae this morning and most of his troops will encamp at an outer line (Washington)
to-night.

., Grant replied: ‘ Your dispatch of 1 p. M. just received. You can detain General
Wright until I learn positively what has become of Early.”
292 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

GENERAL CROOK’S ARMY—JULY, 24, 1864.

First Division, GENERAL JOSEPH THOBURN.
ist Brigade, Colonel Geo. D. -Wells—34th Massachusetts In-
fantry, 5th New York Heavy Artillery A, B, C, D; 116th Ohio,
123d Ohio, 170th Ohio.
2d Brigade, Colonel Wm. G. Ely—18th Connecticut, 2d Mary-
land, Eastern Shore; 1st West Virginia, 4th West ee 12th
West Virginia.
Second Division, Coronet Isaac H. Duvat.
1st Brigade, Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes—23d Ohio Infantry,
36th Ohio Infantry, 5th West Virginia, 13th West Virginia.
2nd Brigade, Colonel Daniel D. Johnson—34th Ohio Infantry,
91st Ohio Infantry, 9th West Virginia, 14th West Virginia.
Third Division, CoLonEL JAMES A. MULLIGAN.
ist Brigade, Colonel Thos. S. Harris—23rd Iinois Infantry,
16th West Virginia Infantry.
2nd Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel John P. Linton—54th Pennsyl-
vania Infantry, 11th West Virginia, 15th West Virginia.
Artillery—New York Light, 30th Battery; Ohio Light, 1st Bat-
tery; Ist West Virginia Light, Battery F.

CAVALRY.

First Division, BRIGADIER-GENERAL ALFrep N. DUFFEE.

1st Brigade, Colonel Wm. B. Tibbits—ist Maryland, Potomac
Home Brigade; 15th New York, 12th Pennsylvania, 21st New York.

2nd Brigade, Colonel Jacob Higgins—lst New York, Lincoln;
1st New York, Veteran; 1st West Virginia, Light, Battery Ey 22nd
Pennsylvania; 20th Pennsylvania.

Second Division, BRIGADIER-GENERAL WILLIAM W. AVERILL.

1st Brigade, Colonel James M. Schoonmaker—14th Pennsyl-
vania, 8th Ohio.

2nd Brigade, Colonel William H. Powell—ist West Virginia,
2nd West Virginia, 3rd West Virginia, 5th United States Artillery,
Battery L.

General Duffee says: *“ Having camped this night (22nd)
at Milltown, two miles south of Winchester, I sent one brigade,
under ‘Colonel Higgins, to picket and hold in check the enemy at
Kernstown, who had driven in one brigade of General Averill’s

 

* Official Records, Vol. 37, I. P. 823.
CAPT. HART’S CHARGE AT KERNSTOWN. 293

Division. This brigade (Higgins) held the position during the
night.

“On the 28rd of July, at 7 a. m., I received notice from
Colonel Higgins that the enemy were advancing and driving back
the skirmish line. I immediately communicated this information to
General Crook, under whose orders I proceeded with my com-
mand to Kernstown. At this point, I engaged the enemy with my
cavalry and Keeper’s Battery of Artillery until 3 p.m. One brigade
under Colonel Tibbits was deployed in line of battle on the right,
while the second brigade occupied the left with a line of mounted
skirmishers along the whole front. One regiment was sent on a side
road to the right to prevent a flank movement. At 1 Pp. M., having
discovered the position of a regiment of the enemy’s cavalry, I
determined to charge them. For this purpose, I ordered one squad-
ron of Colonel Tibbit’s Brigade to charge in front for the purpose
of drawing out a charging party from the enemy, which being
effected another squadron from Colonel Tibbit’s was to charge
in the rear of the Rebel charging party, while a squadron* from
Colonel Higgins’s from the left was to charge in support of Colonel
Tibbit’s squadron. By this disposition of my forces, I hoped to cap-
ture,a party of the Rebels. The party charging in front were suc-
cessful in drawing out about two squadrons of the Rebel cavalry.
Colonel Tibbit’s (second) squadron charged from the right in the
Rebel rear, and Colonel Higgins’s squadron from the left. But
the whole plan was unfortunately frustrated by Lieutenant-Colonel
Adams of the 1st New York (Lincoln) Cavalry, who had rallied a
portion of his skirmish line which had given way before the Rebel
charging party. Mistaking the squadron of Colonel Tibbits for the
Rebels, he charged upon them without orders and coming upon them
unexpectedly, diverted them from the pursuit of the Rebels, thus
allowing the latter to escape. . . . My cavalry remained on
the field until night, when the enemy having retired, all the forces
were withdrawn, leaving Colonel Tibbits’ Brigade to picket the
front.”

CAPTAIN HART'S CHARGE AT KERNSTOWN, VA., JULY 23, 1864.

We reached Milltown, two miles above Winchester on the after-
noon of the 22nd; after dark, the greater part of the regiment (old
battalion) was ordered on duty and remained out at the front on the

 

* Captain Hart.
294 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

skirmish line all night. Next morning, the remainder of the bat-
talion available for duty, moved out to the left of the pike and
halted near Kernstown, awaiting orders. General Duffee in com-
mand of the cavalry division, got an impression that the enemy’s
battery on the ridge a mile in front of us, was unsupported. He
directed Major Work to make an investigation to determine the fact.
Work made a reconnaissance and reported that the battery was well
supported. General Duffee refused to be convinced and ordered
Captain James P. Hart, of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, to make a
detail of fifty or sixty carbineers from his command and “ charge *
the battery,” but to await a signal, after passing through Kernstown,
as two other columns would move simultaneously and some dis-
tance from him. The order for the charge, given by General Duffee
was denounced at the time by several officers, all declaring that if
made, not a man would come out. Colonel Allen, of the 1st New
York Veteran Cavalry, protested to the General, pointing out to him
the position and number of the enemy, and saying to him: “ You
can’t take the battery with your whole division.” Colonel Allen
told Captain Hart that he would be justified in refusing to obey the
order. Soon the report of a cannon set the columns in motion. Our
column moved briskly with the precision of a parade, marching in.
column of fours until we reached the brow of the hill, when we
swung front into double line and charged down the pike. At the
foot of the hill or long. slope, was a ravine along which flowed a
stream in a big wash-out, wide and deep; this wash-out was spanned
by an ordinary wagon-bridge only wide enough to cross in column
of fours. The enemy knowing that our formation would have to be
broken here in order to cross the bridge, withheld his fire until we
reached this point. Then their battery opened on us with grape and
canister, but fortunately for us their guns were on a bluff so high
above us, that they could not depress them sufficiently to hit us.
Just then a body of their infantry behind a stone fence, opened
a musketry fire on us. Captain Hart says that the thing that saved
our little band from annihilation, was our charging into the wide
wash-out, deep enough to almost cover horse and rider, and we
had to move to the left some distance before we could get out. The
air over our heads was certainly full of grape, canister and Minie-
balls. Our situation was extremely perilous. The only thing to
do was to get out of that as soon as possible, so we fell back rapidly,

* Gen. Duffee’s report above differs from this as to the purpose of this charge.
CAPT. HART’S CHARGE AT KERNSTOWN. 295

keeping to the left of the pike and up the hill, still under. their ar-
tillery fire and for a time within range of their musketry. A body
of the enemy’s cavalry now charged after us fiercely; several of our
men had been unhorsed and were now in imminent danger of cap-
ture. Captain Hart, seeing their peril, rallied his horsemen and held
the enemy in check while the men on foot ran on several hundred
yards up the hill and gained a strip of timber. These rallies were
repeated several times until the men were out of danger and the
enemy fell back. John Regester, of Company D, was mortally
wounded and his horse killed by a shell while passing through the
strip of timber on our retreat. The shell first passed through the
horse and then tore off Regester’s leg, from the effects of which he
died that night. He was attended by a Confederate surgeon who,
it is said hailed from Westmoreland County, Pa. Regester’s body
was afterward recovered and sent home. It seems almost miracu-
lous that amid all this storm of shot and shell, but one man was
killed.

Some horses were killed and several wounded.

John Boyle, one of our men, was the subject of an interesting.
incident of the retreat. At the first fire of the Confederate infantry,
a ball went through his horse and the animal fell, apparently dead;
this put John among the number that had to retreat on foot and at
the double quick up a long hill, When he came within our lines and
found himself safe, he realized that he was utterly exhausted, and
threw himself across a stump to rest. After a few minutes, he rose
up to look about for his comrades, and to his astonishment, there
stood his horse, whom he had left for dead. The horse walked up
beside his master, trembling, lay down at his feet and in two minutes
was dead. About a half-hour afterward, a riderless horse came by
and Boyle, taking the equipments from the dead horse, mounted the
stray, which he rode until he obtained a better horse.

Sergeant David H. Williams, of Company E, was one of the
charging party and has furnished much of the information contained
in the foregoing account.

That evening, the enemy fell back leaving us in possession of
the field. At dark, our brigade was withdrawn toward Winchester,
and Colonel Tibbits’s 1st Brigade was left at Kernstown to picket
the front.
296 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXIII.

CROOK’S ARMY DEFEATED AT KERNSTOWN. DRIVEN
BACK ACROSS THE POTOMAC. THE CHAMBERS-
BURG RAID. PURSUIT AND ROUT OF M’CAUSLAND.
NEW BATTALION FINALLY MOUNTED.

On Sunday morning, July 24th, a dense smoke hung over the
Valley about Kernstown and Winchester. Skirmishing was re-
sumed along the same lines as on the

"71 «previous day, the first brigade of our

Wien cana cena
oH | cavalry division being on the skirmish

E
line. Early’s whole army came march-
ing down the valley this morning, Gor-
don in front, Vaughn’s Cavalry on the
Valley Pike, Johnson’s on their right,
' | Jackson on the middle and Imboden on
' the Back Road. They met our pickets
f at Bartonsville in such force that our
men had to fall back. Here at Bartons-
ville the enemy formed his line of battle
with Gordon in the center, Wharton on
their right, Ramseur on their left and a
heavy column of cavalry on each flank.
His plan of battle was to have his cavalry make a detour of Win-
chester and get in Crook’s rear to cut off his retreat and destroy his
train. Ramseur’s part was to turn Crook’s right and Wharton to
turn his left, while Gordon was to push his center.

Colonel Tibbits’s Brigade of Cavalry, which had picketed the
front during the night, was now deployed as skirmishers and became
engaged with the enemy, who appeared in strong force. On re-
ceiving this information, General Crook ordered up our brigade, with
instructions to form on the left. We immediately threw out skirm-
ishers and skirmished hotly with the enemy, holding our position
until General Crook came up with the infantry about ten o’clock and
formed line of battle with the three infantry divisions of Sullivan,
Duval and Mulligan in.the center, the 1st Brigade of Cavalry (Tib-
bits’s) on the right of the infantry, and our second brigade on the
left. Averill’s Division of Cavalry had been sent out the Front
Royal Road, with orders to gain the enemy’s rear and attack his

  
 

Maj.-Gen. George Crook.
BATTLE OF KERNSTOWN, JULY 24, 1864. 297

train; he proceeded two miles and made a vigorous attack, but found
the enemy’s line still farther extended and in great force, when
he fell back and joined our left near Winchester.

Our regiment under Colonel Greenfield was ordered to the
center on the pike, immediately behind the little village of Kerns-
town. While we stood there in line, our skirmishers were driven
back into the town and some of them killed. The Rebel sharp-
shooters ‘wounded some of our horses and their bullets whistled about
our ears. Mulligan’s Division held the town and were having a hot
fight when they were reinforced and drove the enemy a short dis-
tance. Over to the left we could see the columns of the enemy mov-
ing into position to flank us, while we still held our position in the
center. On our left the firing became fierce, and this with the
“Rebel yell,” attracted our attention; an overwhelming force of the
enemy’s infantry charged directly against our flanks, pouring a mur-
derous enfilading fire into our lines, doubling up our left and throw-
ing it into confusion. :

General Duffee ‘says: “ At that time, Colonel (Rutherford B.)
Hayes’ Brigade of Infantry was far in advance on the left. In
order to give him time to extricate himself, I caused a charge to
be made on the enemy’s right by two squadrons of the 20th Penn-
sylvania Cavalry, which succeeded in throwing the enemy into tempo-
rary confusion. The enemy having again rallied, and displaying a
heavy force with the evident intention of turning our left farther, I
again charged them with the whole of my second brigade, which,
however, now numbered but 700 men. This charge checked the
Rebel column for a time.”

General Crook, seeing that the: enemy’s forces greatly outnum-
bered ours, ordered our entire line to fall back.* Just as we cleared
the town, three Rebel lines of battle came sweeping on our left flank
with yells and showers of bullets, while their artillery was shelling
our lines. At the same time, the enemy’s infantry (Rodes, Gordan
and Ramseur) pressing our center in great force, our whole line fell
back in retreat. Our cavalry rallied and formed and then retreated
in good order. Our forces made several attempts to stand, but being
heavily pressed, were obliged to continue the retreat.

General Duffee says: “ Having reached Winchester, I received
orders to send one brigade with the wagon train, and accordingly

*Just after we were ordered to retreat, Sergeant Frank B. Lacock of Company B
and Corporal George R. Bower of Company D_were mortally wounded. Lacock died
that evening and Bower died in the hospital at Baltimore a few days later.
298 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

sent Colonel Higgins with the 2nd Brigade. I regret to report that
Colonel Higgins, in command of the 2nd Brigade, which went with
the wagon train, by his shameful mismanagement, and by his orders
given to the teamsters to take the trot, together with circulating a
rumor from the rear to the effect that our artillery had been charged
in the rear and a part of it captured, caused a disgraceful stampede
among the teamsters, resulting in the abandoning and burning of
some twenty wagons.”

Colonel A. J. Greenfield gives the following very interesting in-
cident: “ Just before receiving orders to fall back, I met on the field
near Kernstown, Colonel James A. Mulligan, commanding the third
division of infantry, with whom I was intimately acquainted, our
“Old Battalion’ having served much with him during the preceding
two years; it was under his command we fought at Moorfield; he
was with us again in the Gettysburg campaign ; it was under him our
dismounted men fought so bravely at Leetown on July 8rd, holding
the enemy in check for a half day while Sigel saved his train and

stores from Martinsburg. Colonel Mulli-

EE «gan. was passing from left to the right
when he stopped and greeted me cor-
dially. At this time, Early’s Infantry had
emerged from the woods in our front
with bands playing, flags flying and their
skirmishers in front firing. They cov-
ered a space of at least a mile from right
to left. It certainly was a grand sight to
witness. He remarked as he saluted and
rode off, ‘They are too many for us;
we will have to retreat.’ This was our
last good-bye. He joined his division,
was mortally wounded and left in the
hands of the enemy. His brother-in-law,
Lieutenant Nugent, an aid on his staff, was killed at the same time.
The officers and men of his regiment, the 23rd Illinois, known as the
‘Trish Brigade,’ worshipped him and tried to carry him off the field,
a number of them losing their lives in the attempt, but he said, ‘ Lay
me down and save the flag.’ After the close of the war, I was mar-
ried to a Chicago girl, Louise Castle, a daughter of Colonel Ed. H.
Castle, who served under General John C. Fremont in Missouri in
1861, and the Mountain Department of West Virginia in 1862 and
1863. While visiting her, one evening she was playing and singing

 

Col. James A. Mulligan.
BATTLE OF KERNSTOWN. 299

some of her favorite pieces, when, to my surprise and gratification,
she played and sang a piece, ‘ The Last Words of Colonel Mulligan,
“Lay me down and save the Flag,”’ the words written by Mrs.
Sophia Griswold, a friend of the.family (a guest at our wedding),
and the music by Root, a noted composer of Chicago. Colonel Mul-
ligan is buried in Calvary Cemetery, Chicago. A beautiful monu-
ment of Italian marble, with his bust, a perfect likeness, located in a
niche near the top, stands over his grave, erected to his memory by
the State of Illinois and the citizens of Chicago.”

LAST WORDS OF COLONEL MULLIGAN.

Then they looked at one another, in'the speechlessness of woe,

As each eye would ask a brother, shall we stay or shall we gor

But his heart is-in the battle, shall the hallowed ensign drag?

And again the words fell sternly, ‘‘ Lay me down and save the flag.”
Slumber calmly, brave commander, where thou art, no pinions lag,
Fame will bear thy words forever, ‘“‘ Lay me down and save the flag.”

Colonel Greenfield says, “I was in command of the regiment
when Colonel Higgins rode up and distributed by squadrons and
companies along the train, leaving but a corporal’s guard with me
in the rear of the train. Soon, Captain Geotge Jenkins came back
and reported to me that Colonel Higgins had given orders to the
teamsters to trot, and it was creating a regular stampede. He had
hardly finished telling me until the teamsters in the rear had taken
up the trot. I immediately rode forward with the Captain and we
ordered the teamsters to walk their horses, telling them there
was no danger and no trouble in the rear; but it was difficult to
satisfy them. Several times I drew my revolver and threatened to
shoot if they did not obey my orders. A stampede of teamsters or
soldiers is difficult to check. Men lose all control of themselves. I
could not blame the teamsters much after their getting orders to
trot; demoralized men from other regiments were rushing by; some
infantry, some cavalry and part of a battery. These artillerymen
cut the horses loose from three guns and abandoned them when
there was not a Rebel within two miles of them, and our forces
were falling back in good order. Some of the teamsters did the
same thing, and thus twenty wagons were abandoned, some of them
upset from reckless driving. I saw one man mounted who was
going through the woods a short distance from the road, when he
came to a deep ditch; the horse refused to go over, and the man
jumped off, abandoned the horse and clambered over the ditch. A
dismounted cavalryman nearby ran and jumped on the horse, rode
out to the main road around the ditch and no doubt passed the man
that had abandoned the horse before he had gone a quarter of a mile.
300 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

The guns abandoned by the artillerymen were brought off by
Averill’s cavalry as they came along.”

Our army fell back down the pike to Bunker Hill, twelve miles
north of Winchester, where they bivouacked for the night. The
Confederate infantry pursued but a short distance, being exhausted
with a long march in the early part of the day, followed by a battle.
Rodes pushed on to Stephenson’s Depot, four miles north of Win-
chester, where he halted, having marched twenty-seven miles and
fought a battle in one day. The enemy’s cavalry followed our rear
for some time, picking up stragglers and threatening to attack. They
attempted to charge Averill’s Division once while he was changing
front, but were gallantly repulsed by a counter charge by Powell’s
Brigade. “The broad pike and open fields were favorable for rapid
retreat, and this, together with the inefficiency of the enemy’s cay-
alry, enabled Crook to bring off all his guns and train, except twenty
wagons, lost in a stampede by a ‘scare rumor’ circulated by the
officer in command of the train.”

General Crook, in his report, says: “On the 24th inst., I was
attacked by a large force of the enemy near Winchester. I re-
pulsed their force twice and was driving them when they partially
turned my left and threw it into some confusion. At the same time
a heavy column was moving around my right, and I gave the order
to fall back. My left soon reformed and the whole line moved
back in good order; the enemy pressing hard both my flanks and
center all the time. I got off all my artillery and wagons. Some of
my teamsters got stampeded and cut loose from their wagons
along the road, but the wagons were burned so that nothing fell
into the hands of the enemy. I fell back to Bunker Hill, arriving,
there between 9 and 10 P. m.”

It rained heavily during the'night. Next morning, 25th, our
forces continued to fall back toward Martinsburg, Averill’s cavalry
and artillery forming the rear-guard.

When we arrived at Martinsburg, we found great activity in re-
moving the stores. Passenger trains were there being filled with
citizens fleeing the town. We encamped here as though intending
to hold the place and all expected another hard battle. In the mean-
time, our large wagon-train was being moved as swiftly as possi-
ble in the direction of Williamsport, a small guard going with it.

About noon, the advance of the Rebel force came on, but for
several hours they were held in check by our infantry south of the
town. Towards evening, our skirmishers fell slowly back through
FIGHTING AT MARTINSBURG, JULY 25, 1864. 301

the town, followed by the skirmishers of the enemy. Our brigade
was stationed just behind a knoll about the center, and the enemy’s
skirmishers were within 200 yards of us, having driven our skirmish
line back upon the main body.

Just then the cavalry were ordered to charge. Averill’s
Division was to attack on the right and Duffee’s (our) Division

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

to attack on the left. With a yell, all went in splendidly; our
brigade, in command of Lieutenant Colonel Greenfield, charged
right through the streets, driving everything until we came upon
the main body of the enemy south of town, when we in turn were
forced to retreat, taking position on: rising ground just back of the
302 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

place from which we started. In this charge, several of our men
were wounded, two or three captured, but none killed.*

We held our position throughout the afternoon. Our clothing
had been thoroughly soaked with the rain and the air became chilly,
so camp fires were built immediately after nightfall as though our
entire forces intended to remain all night where we were. The
infantry had been falling back toward the Potomac all afternoon,
while the cavalry had.been strongly posted near the enemy, showing
a bold front. About midnight, the pickets were quietly withdrawn,

, . . . .
and the cavalry marched out the Williamsport Pike, reaching the
Potomac, sixteen miles distant, at daylight. We were scarcely across
the river at Williamsport until the enemy were firing at us from
the opposite shore.

General Crook’s entire army was now on the north side of
the Potomac. General Hunter, thinking that Early might attempt
to repeat his raid through Maryland, ordered Crook’s Infantry to
march through Boonsboro and take position at Sharpsburg, where
we could command the South Mountain gaps. Averill took posi-
tion at Hagerstown, from which he picketed the fords of the Po-
tomac above, while Duffee’s Cavalry, picketed the fords below.
Captain Chessrown, with his squadron, was sent to picket the ford
at Falling Waters; when our division came to Shepherdstown ford,
a battery went into position and shelled the enemy on the opposite
side, while a company of sharpshooters were posted to picket the
ford.

Our division (Duffee’s) lay in line back of the ridge during the
night, while the wagon-train passed on to Harper’s Ferry.

Next morning, July 27th, the Rebels were still seen on the
other side of the river; the infantry marched early, going to
Harper’s Ferry, while the cavalry remained until noon, and then
marched to Pleasant Valley, arriving at six o’clock. We lay in
camp near Sandy Hook all next day. The dismounted men of

- _* Among the wounded were Lieutenant Gibson of Company E, and Levi Harden
of Company B.

While our men were being driven back by the enemy, a musket ball cut Lieutenant
Gibson’s stirrup strap, when the horse became uncontrollable and threw the rider
violently. Although prostrate and hurt, Gibson hung on to the bridle-rein when the
horse came back on him, trampling his bowels and legs, inflicting serious injuries. Ser-
geant John W. Elwood of Company A, came to the rescue, caught the frightened horse,
helped the wounded Lieutenant into the saddle and both got away just in the nick of
time to avoid capture by the charging Johnnies who were almost upon them.

After getting back into our line, Gibson found a hole in the calf of his left leg,
from which blood was flowing freely. He supposed that the sharp cork of his horse's
shoe had cut him there; it was a long time healing. Thirty odd years afterward,
Gibson received an injury on the same spot, which resulted in the formation of a lump
and bealing, which in due time, the physician lanced, when Jo! out dropped a ball, much

to the surprise of both patient and surgeon, The Lieutenant had been carrying that
bullet in his leg for more than thirty years, unaware of its presence.
CROOK FALLS BACK ACROSS THE POTOMAC. 303

our regiment came here to camp the same day.. The morning of
the 29th, at sunrise, our division crossed the pontoon bridge at
Harper’s Ferry, and moved out four miles, going into camp in a
large field where we remained over night. While here, we drew
some good horses from a lot being turned in by the dismounting
of another regiment of cavalry. The 6th and 19th Army Corps
began to arrive from Washington this evening.

We have already mentioned a letter written by General Early
to General Lee just after he had recrossed the Potomac into Vir-
ginia, in his retreat from Washington, in which he reported his
plans as follows: To send his cavalry to destroy the Baltimore and

While on the march out from Harper’s Ferry this day (29th) Captain Chessrown
sent one of his men forward along the column to look for a horse that had been stolen
from his squadron the night before, directing the man to trot along lively. While
passing General. Hunter’s headquarters, he was stopped by, the General for trotting his
horse. The man (Henry Robson) explained that it was by his captain’s order, but he
was detained until the Captain came up. On seeing Robson, Captain Chessrown said,
“What are you doing here?” ‘Stopped by General Hunter for trotting my horse,”
said Robson. Just then, a man in citizen’s dress said, ‘“‘ Captain, did you give that man
orders to trot?’ “Yes, sir,” said the captain, and ordered Robson to go on. The
General (in citizen’s dress) said, ‘I order you to the rear under arrest.” The Captain
said, “I will not obey orders from a citizen.’’ The General said then, ‘Do you know
whom I am?” ‘No, sir, and don’t care a ,’ answered the Captain. The General
said, “I am General Hunter and again order you to the rear under arrest.’ The Cap-
tain answered, ‘‘ Sir, I will not obey a citizen claiming to be General Hunter or any
other man.” The General turned in the direction of his headquarters and the Captain
gave command, “ Forward, march,” and the line moved on, with the Captain at the head
of his Company; thus ended the incident.

 

“Where we camped that night (29-30) we were obliged to use scum-covered water
, from the swamp, an unusual circumstance in the Valley. ext morning, we moved on-a
few miles and halted in a patch of timber back some distance from the road. It was
very hot and we were almost famished for water. We saw a house still farther back
and a considerable distance away, where we supposed water could be found; so gather-
ing up as many canteens as we could carry, Amos Smith and I started for this house,
We had to go down a steep bluff, cross a railroad track, then climb a fence into a lane
and then another fence into a large field and across this field to the house. We got
there all right, found a fine spring from which we filled our canteens, and as we started
back, came past the open door of the house where a young lady was ironing; she
wanted to know at once if we were not afraid to be there. I asked her if we were in
danger. She answered, ‘Yes. Imboden is camped just over the hill back of the house
and some of his men are here every few minutes. ou had better get back as quickly
as you can.” She appeared to be afraid to see us start. We did not lose any time in
going, and had almost reached the road or lane by the railroad track, just under the hill
where we had left our men, when a man in blue clothes rode down the lane in front of
us, We were so near the place where we had left our men that I was sure it was one
of them. When we left the command I unhooked my saber and carbine and snapped
them to the saddle wearing only my revolver in belt under my loose blouse. Smith
did not have arms of any kind and said he believed the man was a _reb, and imme-
diately jumped into the creek at our right, waded across and lit out. The fellow called
out, here do you belong?’ I answered, ‘Right up there in the woods back of
you. Where do you belong?’ He replied, ‘That is not answering the question; what
is your regiment?’ I retorted, ‘What is your regiment?’ Finding that he would
not tell, I said, ‘We belong to the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry.” He answered, ‘ Penn-
sylvania is all right; I belong to the 11th Virginia,’ and got off his horse on the opposite
side from me. tT iedsdcaen my revolver when I first saw him and held it in my hand
behind me; he evidently thought we were unarmed, for he walked around his horse, laid
a nine-shooter on the fence and began shooting at me, when I brought ss Pa revolver
and cut the branches right over his head. He immediately ran behind his horse and
shot over him and then threw himself over the saddle, and hanging on the opposite
side from me, lit out lively. I ran toward him as he started, shooting as I ran. Just
then there were two shots fired from the woods above. We went to where we
had left the command and they had gone. We went on afoot and soon found two
comrades leading our horses and looking over the bluff for us near where the firing took
place; they had concluded that we were either killed or captured and were about to
go on and leave us to our fate. The whole force had started back; we mounted and
caught up with the column and as our company was in the advance, we had to ride
up the whole line; the men had heard the firing of my little skirmish and when they
saw us ride by, cheered roundly.”—S. G. Rogers, Company B.
304 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Ohio Railroad effectively and to destroy the coal mines and fur-
naces around Cumberland, while he, with the main army would
start for the Valley next morning (15th) and would retreat in
forced marches to Richmond. Lee, however, modified this plan
somewhat; he concluded that Early army in the Valley, menacing
the Federal capitol, and the border States of Maryland and Penn-
sylvania, raiding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from time to
time, would be of more use to the Confederate cause by way of
strengthening the anti-war sentiment in the North and discourag-
ing enlistments than if in the trenches before Petersburg, so he
directed Early to remain and carry out his plans for the destruc-
tion of the railroad and to strike his antagonist whenever he found
him so weakened as to afford a favorable opportunity to defeat
him.

Now, during this last week of July, he caught his antagonist,
Hunter, with an effective force of but half his own; he was not
slow to take advantage of the opportunity, and struck the blow
which defeated and drove to the north of the Potomac all the
Union forces opposing him. He then proceeded with his cavalry
to the destruction of the'railroad to the west on the 27th and 28th,
while his infantry remained near to Martinsburg, destroying the
railroad and railroad property about that place. ;

With Early again in full possession of the lower Valley, there
was the usual scare among the people of Maryland and the border
counties of Pennsylvania. There was now but little anxiety for
the safety of Washington or Baltimore, as it was not thought that
Early would move that way; the 6th and 19th Corps, now at or
near Harper’s Ferry, were ample to check any operation of the
enemy in that direction.

Our military commanders were entirely at sea in their efforts
to discern Early’s intentions. There was a strong impression that
he would turn to the west this time, and if the way was at all open,
he would not only strike New Creek and Cumberland, but would
strike Pittsburgh and Wheeling, to destroy the great mills and
foundries that were supplying the Union army with artillery,
armor-plate for gun-boats, railroad rails, locomotives, etc. °

The 6th and 19th Corps were pushed out toward Frederick
to co-operate with Crook, if the enemy should turn that way, or to
move west or south from there if that should be the thing to do.
The cavalry was scattered along the north side of the Potomac
for fifty miles, picketing the fords; Averill, with the only consider-
THE CHAMBERSBURG RAID. 305

able force in one body, was at Hagerstown on the lookout for the
expected invasion north.

THE CHAMBERSBURG RAID. PURSUIT AND ROUT OF M’CAUSLAND’S
FORCE JULY 29—aucusT 7, 1864.

At daylight on the morning of the 29th, the cavalry brigades
of McCausland and Bradley T. Johnson crossed the Potomac at
McCoy’s Ford and marched on Clear Spring, meeting a small force
of Union cavalry, which they brushed to one side and pushed on
to Mercersburg. The divisions of Rodes and Ramseur had marched
to the Potomac at Williamsport, and crossed the river there, at the
same hour, driving our pickets toward Hagerstown. Below, at
Falling Waters, the cavalry of Imboden and Jackson with some
artillery, crossed atthe same hour and demonstrated toward Hagers-
town, where Averill was with part of his command, one brigade
being absent on picket duty at the different fords of the Potomac.
Averill fell back north to Greencastle, where the detachments of
the brigade that had been picketing the fords, joined him. Neither
he nor General Couch, commanding .the Department of Pennsyl-
vania, could discover the purpose of the enemy’s raid, nor which
direction he would take, whether to the east or to the west.

McCausland’s forces reached Mercersburg at 5 P.m., where
they rested until 9 p.m., when they moved on to Chambersburg,
reaching that place just before daylight, July 30th. Bradley John-
son, Confederate General, says: “ My advance had skirmished all
night with a party in front and on the outskirts of the town, being
fired into with canister from a field piece. Our further progress
was delayed until broad daylight had disclosed the weakness of the
enemy.”

The force in front that had resisted McCausland’s advance, was
a detachment of the 29th U. S. Cavalry from Carlisle Barracks, in
command of Lieutenant H. T. McLean, who contested their advance
all night. When within two miles of Chambersburg, McLean was
reinforced with about forty infantry and one piece of artillery,
which he got into position and fired five shots of canister into the
raiders with deadly effect, holding them in check for two hours,
during which our trains were being sent on back as rapidly as
possible. All the horses in this valley had been sent off north.
When daylight disclosed the feebleness of the force opposing Mc-
‘Causland, he flanked McLean, causing the latter to fall back. He
retreated through the town and out the Shippensburg Pike to cover
306 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the retreat of the wagon-train that was trying to get out of reach
of the enemy. McLean had exercised great discretion in making
his stand against the enemy at a proper distance from the town,
and when compelled to fall back, he passed through the town with-
out firing a shot, thus to avoid affording the enemy any excuse for
destroying it. Contrast this soldierly conduct of the Federal com-
mander, Lieutenant McLean, and the brigandage that followed by
the order of McCausland, with that of General Hunter at Lexing-
ton, Va., when the same McCausland took shelter behind the de-
fenceless women and children of the town. In his report relative
to the occupation of Lexington, Va., General Hunter says: ‘“ The
infantry division, under General Crook, and the cavalry, under Gen-
eral Averill, were opposed by McCausland with about 2,000 mounted
men and a battery. He was easily driven, however, and on the 11th,
took refuge in the town of Lexington, behind the North River. The
enemy burned the bridge across this stream and disputed the cross-
ing with sharpshooters and artillery. I found their sharpshooters
posted among the rocks and thickets on the opposite cliffs and in
some storehouses at the bridge and also occupying the buildings
of the Virginia Military Institute, which stood near the river.
Their artillery was screened behind the buildings of the town and
on some heights just beyond it; the whole position was completely
commanded by my artillery of thirty guns.

“This unsoldierly and inhuman attempt of General McCaus-
land to attempt to defend an indefensible position against an over-
whelming force by screening himself behind the private dwellings
of women and children, might have brought justifiable destruction
upon the whole town, but as this was not rendered imperative by
any military necessity, I preferred to spare private property and an
unarmed population. Instead of crushing the place with my ar-
tillery, I sent General Averill with a brigade of cavalry to cross the
river some distance away and fall on the enemy’s flank and rear.
Before this movement was completed, the enemy retired hastily.”

Leaving most of his force at the Fair Grounds some distance
out of Chambersburg, McCausland, with about 500 men, entered
the town early in the morning and demanded a ransom of $500,000
in greenbacks, or $100,000 in gold, or he would burn the town. He
claimed that this demand was by order of General ‘Early, as a re-
taliatory act for the destruction of property by General Hunter. He
gave the citizens three hours in which to raise the money. There
was no gold and silver and probably not more than $50,000 in cur-
THE CHAMBERSBURG RAID. 307

rency in the town, and the citizens so informed him and urged
the impossibility of complying with the demand. McCausland’s
scouts now reported Averill with 2,000 cavalry, in pursuit. He
then ordered Major Gilmor to fire the town, which the latter pro-
ceeded to do. ‘In a few minutes, the town hall and court house
were in flames and shortly the right and left sides of Main Street
were a mass of flames, and but a few minutes later, the houses on
both sides of the by-streets were in the same condition. During
the several hours’ occupation by the enemy, the town was being
plundered by the soldiers, stores and houses being broken open and
ransacked. When they left at noon more than half their number
were in a state of intoxication.”

The Confederate General, Bradley T. Johnson, who com-
manded a brigade of the raiding force under McCausland, in a re-
port to the Adjutant General, thus describes the affair:

“Tt is due to myself and the cause which I serve to remark
on the outrageous conduct of the troops on this expedition. I in-
formed General McCausland during the expedition that I should
perform this duty. Every crime in the catalogue of infamy has been
committed, I believe, except murder and rape. Highway robbery
of watches and pocketbooks was of ordinary occurrence; the taking
of breastpins, finger-rings and ear-rings frequently happened.
Pillage and sack of private dwellings took place hourly. At Cham-
bersburg, while the town was in flames, a quartermaster, aided and
directed by a field officer, exacted ransom of individuals for their
houses, holding the torch in terror over the house until it was paid.
These ransoms were from $750.00 to $150.00, according to the size
of the habitation. Thus the grand spectacle of a national retalia-
tion was reduced to a miserable huckstering for greenbacks. After
the order was given to burn the town of Chambersburg, and before,
drunken soldiers paraded the streets in every possible disguise and
paraphernalia, pillaging and plundering and drunk. A soldier
packed up a woman’s and child’s clothing, which he had stolen, in
the presence of the highest officials, unrebuked. I tried and was
seconded by almost every officer of my command, but in vain, to
preserve the discipline of this brigade, but it was impossible; not
only the license afforded was too great, but actual example gave
them excuse and justification.”

At about 11 A. m., the enemy drew in their pickets, and a little
later they retired toward McConnellsburg; Averill entered three
hours later from the direction of Fayettsville, and after sending dis-
308 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

patches to Generals Kelley and Couch, pushed right on after Mc-
‘Causland, overtaking his rear at McConnellsburg next day at 8 a. M.
(July 31st), which he attacked, cutting off and scattering from 200
to 500 of the enemy, whom he was unable to capture, owing to the
jaded condition of his horses. McCausland’s next objective on the
program mapped out was Bedford, but the vigorous pursuit of Aver-
ill caused him to turn south and head for the Potomac, his artillery
driving off an iron-clad car and crew of militia. He reached Han-
cock at 1 p.m. Here he stopped to feed, while he demanded of the
town authorities $30,000 and 5,000 cooked rations. The people of
the town were proceeding to raise this ransom when Averill’s ad-
‘vance attacked the enemy and they hastily withdrew, without either
burning the town or waiting for the ransom money. Averill’s ar-
tillery commanded the ford of the Potomac here, and the enemy
moved on toward Cumberland. Averill had expected General Kelley
to send a force here to co-operate with him against the enemy.
Averill says: “When the head of my column attacked the enemy
at this place, his force numbered about 3,000. I had but 1,000, and,
although I drove him, killing and wounding fifteen, I could not
capture him without the assistance I had expected.”

Averill’s close pursuit saved McConnellsburg, Bedford and
Hancock from the fate of Chambersburg. His horses were com-
pletely worn out, many of them barefoot. Believing that General
Kelley would be able to hold Cumberland against the enemy, and
rightly judging that McCausland would cross the river to the south
at some point between there and Cumberland, Averill waited at Han-
cock for the two-fold reason that his animals were unable to con-
tinue a night-and-day pursuit and that when the enemy crossed the
river, he (Averill) would be within good striking distance from here.

McCausland marched on through the night, halting to feed, un-
saddle and rest for three hours before daylight. Then at sunrise,
August 1st, he moved on toward Cumberland, blockading the roads
and burning the bridges on this march to impede, as he supposed,
Averill’s pursuit. When he reached a point three miles from Cuin-
berland, he encountered General Kelley’s forces in a strong posi-
tion, with all parallel roads and ways to Cumberland completely
blockaded. Here, about 4 Pp. m., he engaged Kelley’s force, fighting

_ Overtook McCausland at McConnellsburg this morning at 8 a. mM, and am pressing
him in the direction_of Hancock. Several of his officers and men have been captured
and several killed. He has burned houses all along the road and was about to burn
McConnellsburg when I arrived. From here, the enemy proposed to go via Bedford to
Wheeling, but changed his route on my attack. My command was broken down before
I started, but we are making as good time as possible.—Averill to Couch, July 31, 1864.
THE CHAMBERSBURG RAID. 309

until dark. About 11 p.m., he withdrew, leaving his dead and
wounded and some disabled caissons and wagons, going back to Old-
town by an obscure mountain road, to avoid encountering his sup-
posed pursuers. Here he attacked the garrison consisting of a com-
pany of Ohio militia, capturing eighty men and disabling the en-
gine attached to their iron-clad car. From here he moved on up
the South Branch of the Potomac to Springfield, where he rested
during the next day, August 3rd. After crossing the iron
bridge, McCausland burned it and passed on to Romney. Early on
the morning of the 4th, proceeding to New Creek, he attacked the
fortifications there, and after several hours’ fighting, withdrew, leav-
ing twenty-five dead on the field, carrying off his wounded. Our
loss was one commissioned officer and seven enlisted men killed and
twenty-nine wounded and missing.

McCausland and Johnson retreated to Moorfield, arriving there
next day, August 5th, and went into camp, McCausland on the
Moorfield side of the South Branch and Johnson’s Brigade strung
along the Romney road for two miles where he could graze his
horses.

On July 29th, the day that McCausland started on his raid, the
Old Battalion of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry was lying near
Halltown, Va., some six miles from Harper’s Ferry. Here, Lieu-
tenant Colonel Greenfield, who was in command of the regiment,
received the following order:

SPECIAL ORDERS NO, 21.

‘Hpgrs. 1st Cav. Div. Depr. oF W. Va.
Halltown, West Va., July 30, 1864.

II. Lieut. Col. A. J. Greenfield, Twenty-second, Pennsylvania
Cavalry, being the senior officer present with that command, is
hereby assigned to the command of the * Second Brigade of this
division. He will receive the command from Col. Higgins, 22nd
Penna Cavalry.

By command of Gen. A. N. DUFFEE.
E. W. Crark, Jr.,
Ass’t Adj. Gen.

Major Work now took command of the regiment. At three
o’clock in the afternoon of the 30th, the whole force proceeded to
march back across the river into Maryland. Our regiment passed on

 

* This cavalry brigade at this time consisted of the following regiments: 15th New
York, 20th Pennsptvanta and 22nd Pennsylvania, = ‘
310 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

into Middletown Valley, where we camped for the night. This was
the day Chambersburg was burned, but we did not know of it until
late the next day; the authorities at Washington knew it, and that
was the reason why we and the rest of the forces, the 8th, 6th and
19th Corps, were being moved back toward Frederick, as it was
thought Early’s whole army might be making another invasion.

* “ Next day, 31st, was an intensely hot day, the hottest of the
season. We got some sheaf oats from a barn for our horses and
marched early, passing through Petersville and close by Burketts-
ville at Crampton Gap, where McClellan fought the Rebs two years
ago; then through the pretty village of Middletown, the place made
more beautiful to us by the fair young ladies who, as we marched
through, covered with dust and suffering from thirst, were at the
pavement with cool, refreshing water, which, with their. smiles,
cheered many a weary heart. We camped four miles above Mid-
dletown. A number of infantrymen died from sun-stroke on the
march that day.

August 1st was also extremely hot. We marched early through
Bellsville to Wolfeville, where we halted for dinner and had hard
work getting anything to eat, as the people had run out of pro-
visions. Later in the day, we drew four days rations. At six
o'clock, Duffee’s Division marched on and camped at ten o’clock near
Smithville, four miles from the Pennsylvania line. It appears that
only a cavalry force is north of the Potomac, and our infantry is
not moving farther this way.

August 2nd, we marched at daylight through Smithton, and
then turned to the left, eight miles to Hagerstown. Here the stars
and stripes floated from many of the houses and here, also, the beau-
tiful, kind-hearted, patriotic ladies stood on the sidewalks with plates
of cakes and buttered bread, and baskets of apples which we were
invited to eat. God bless them! We marched on a few miles and
halted to feed. Marched on again at two o'clock and camped for the
night at Clear Spring.

Next morning, August 3rd, we were roused up before daylight
and marched for Hancock, fifteen miles distant. Met Averill’s
Cavalry at Middleport, or Millstone Point. Lay all afternoon and
night at Conacagee Creek.

August 4th, we marched early to Hancock. Here all of our
battalion, whose horses were fit for a hard march (about 100) and

* Donaldson’s Diary.
PURSUIT OF THE RAIDERS. 311

part of Duffee’s 2nd Brigade, joined Averill’s command. With
Averill in command of the entire force, we crossed the Potomac at
Hancock and marched in pursuit of McCausland, going to Sir
John’s Run for rations, but could get only flour. Then pushed on
through Bath, en route for Bloomery Gap.

Marched all night, except a halt of two hours to rest and feed.
Early next morning, the 5th, we passed through the Gap without
opposition and halted for breakfast; then marched to Springfield,
thirty miles farther, arriving at 5 Pp. mM.”

General Averill says: “TI lost during this day (5th) about 100
horses from exhaustion. I had learned that the enemy had fallen
back from New Creek on the 4th, in the direction of Burlington and
Moorfield, and reports were numerous that he had been reinforced
by Imboden and Vaughn. During the nights of the 5th and 6th,
rations and forage were received and issued to the command, and on
the morning of the 6th, I resumed the march, arriving at Romney
about 11 a.m. Here I learned that the enemy had passed the
junction of the Moorfield grade with the West Virginia Turnpike,
seven miles from Romney, between 9 and 10 a.M., on the morning
of the 5th, going in the direction of the former place. Placing
little reliance in the numerous reports that the enemy, reinforced,
intended a further raid through West Virginia, I believed he would
attempt to reach the Valley via the Wardensville Turnpike. I,
therefore, sent Major Work, of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry,
commanding a battalion, with instructions to proceed rapidly by
what is known as the Grassy Lick Road in the direction of Wardens-
ville and endeavor to reach Lost River Gap on the. Wardensville
Turnpike, in advance of the enemy, to block and hold the Gap until
I could overtake and attack them in the rear; or, if he could find
that McCausland had not left Moorfield, to move rapidly forward
and attack him as soon as he heard the sound of my guns; or should
he find that the enemy had taken the Strasburg Road, to still en-
deavor to intercept him.

Major Work says: ‘‘ At Romney, General Averill sent for me
and told me what he was going to do and what he wanted me to
do, viz.: he was going to move on Moorfield (with the main force)

Aug. 4. Marched to Hancock, Md., where we met General Averill’s Division about
to start in pursuit of General McClausland who had burned Chambersburg. Here,
General Duffee ordered me to send all the available men of the regiment to report to
General Averill. As the command had been performing very hard service for the
past month, only 100 good, serviceable horses were found that could stand a forced
march in the pursuit. I assigned Major Work to this command, and the same day, Aug.
4, Averill started in pursuit—From Colonel Greenfield’s Memoirs.
312. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

by the Grassy Lick Road and send me with another force by the
North River Pike, and attack McCausland at daylight next morn-
ing. He asked me if I thought he could do it, and I said it would
be impossible, even if his troops were fresh; that the distance was
too great,-that he could not make it even by a daylight march, let
alone at night. This led to quite a sharp discussion with the topo-
graphical engineer, the General being the judge between us. The
result was that he abandoned his first plan, and he himself took
the route he had laid out for me, while I took the Grassy Lick
Road with orders to go to the Wardensville Pike; he asked me if
I thought we could do it, and I answered that I thought we might,
but there was a pretty good chance that we might report in Rich-
mond, but at all events we would try.”

At one o’clock the march was resumed, Major Work moving
out the Grassy Lick Road with his battalion of the 22nd Pennsyl-
vania, numbering but eighty-five men, while Averill with the main
force moved up the North River Pike. During the afternoon, an or-
der of McCausland’s, dated at Moorfield on the 6th, was captured,
which indicated that he could not be far from that place. Aver-
ill’s report continues: “About 6 P.M., my scouts reported the
enemy’s pickets four miles in advance and about ten miles from
Moorfield, information also placing McCausland’s and Johnson’s
brigades three and four miles, respectively, north of the town. I
soon after halted my command for rest and feed, with orders to be
ready to move at one o'clock the following morning, timing the
movement so as to make the attack precisely at daylight. I also
sent couriers-to Major Work with orders for him to move as
rapidly as possible over the Wardensville Turnpike and attack the
enemy vigorously at the same time. I designed, if possible, to sur-
prise the enemy, wherein I was only partially successful.

“At 1 a.m. the column was again in motion and by an adroit
movement, the enemy’s pickets and reserve and a patrol going out
from his camp were successfully captured without a shot being
fired, though some delay in the march was occasioned.* From the

* The way in which this was done as told by one of the captured Confederates
was this: ‘‘ The scout (patrol) from the Eighth (Virginia) having passed beyond the
picket on the Romney Road about 2 a. m., or very early that morning, every man of us
was captured by the enemy (Yanks), Two men in gray uniform rode up to the
sentinels on outpost, and being ‘challenged replied, ‘We are scouts from the 8th
Virginia.’ After exchanging a word or two, one of them rode back to pick up some-
thing lost from his saddle, and immediately returned with twenty more, who captured
the whole post. At the reserve they said they were_a relief from the Eighth, Virginia,
and some of the men saying to those on picket, ‘Get your horses, you are relieved.
Thus scout, picket and reserve were captured by the enemy (Yankees) in Confederate
uniform, who then_rode into our camp without giving any alarm.’’—(From General
Bradley Johnson’s Report.)
ENEMY ROUTED. 313

captured patrol I learned that the enemy was apprised of my ap-
proach and had been waiting an attack since three o’clock. I no
longer hoped for a surprise, but relied upon the vigor of the attack.
Passing through and beyond Reynold’s Gap at a trot at 5 a.M., the
Rebel General, Bradley Johnson’s Brigade was found posted in line
of battle on both sides of the road, one mile north of the South
Branch of the Potomac River. Without a moment’s halt or delay,
my advance brigade, under Major Gibson, 14th Pennsylvania Cav-
alry, deployed, and with an eager shout, dashed forward upon the
enemy’s lines with such impetuosity that, waiting only to fire a few
shots, they broke and fled in the wildest confusion, leaving two
pieces of artillery, a large number of horses and throwing away
whatever impeded their flight. Giving them no time to reform,
Gibson pursued them hotly to the river, precipitating them over its
steep banks, across and into the ranks of McCausland, who, with
another brigade, was posted on the south bank. There, as I an-
ticipated, the enemy attempted to make,a stand. Colonel Powell, of
the 2nd Virginia Cavalry, commanding 2nd Brigade, was immedi-
ately ordered forward, and, crossing the river in the face of a
severe fire, soon routed the enemy a second time, rolling the tide of
fugitives back toward Moorfield. A quarter of a mile from the
river, the roads forked—the right hand leading to Moorfield, upon
which a part of the enemy’s forces fled, pursued by Major Gibson;
the left hand leading to the hills and intersecting the Wardensville
Turnpike four miles east of Moorfield. Taking advantage of a
strong position on this latter road one mile from the river, Mc-
Causland with a larger portion of his shattered command, offered
a stubborn resistance, but after a sharp contest of a few minutes’
duration, he was for the third time routed by a portion of the 2nd
Brigade and driven to the mountains, with the loss of his remain-
ing artillery and many prisoners.” Pursuit was continued on the
various roads taken by the enemy until noon. Ten miles east of
Moorfield, on the Wardensville Pike, Major Work met a portion
of the retreating force—but we will let Major Work tell that story:

“T left Romney with eighty-five men for the Wardensville
Pike, the distance being about thirty-one miles. We marched all
night and came to the pike shortly after sunrise, fully an hour before
we heard the firing of cannon at Moorfield. Fortunately for us,
the Rebels chose to retreat, by the Wardensville Pike, thus saving
us a long march of many miles through the enemy’s country to the
Howard Lick.
314 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“My orders were that if the enemy did not retreat by the
Wardensville Pike, then I was to push on to the Howard Lick Road
and meet them there, blockading the roads behind me.’

During the latter part of the night (3 a.m.) Major Work had
detached from his command several scouts in charge of Sergeant
Donaldson and sent them by another road to intersect the Wardens-
ville Pike at a point six or eight miles from Moorfield, to find out
whether the enemy would come that way, and then fall back along
that pike toward Wardensville as rapidly as possible until they would
meet the command.

Donaldson says: “I had with me Joe Armstrong, Arch Mc-
Clelland and Andy Grant. The night was extremely dark and
rained some. We got along all right until we came to the junction
of the roads. There the citizens told us that a fight had been going
on at Moorfield since daylight; the firing of cannon had _ veri-
fied this story. McClelland and I stopped at a gate and got a pie
each, but before we got aebite we saw a column of demoralized
cavalry coming down the road toward us, flying from Moorfield
in great consternation. Some of the men had no arms, some horses
had no bridles. We saw in a moment that Averill had routed
them, so we spurred up and off at a gallop to inform Work and
have him prepared to capture the panic-stricken Johnnies. Running
as fast as we could, we could not get out of sight of them, and at
times, some of them would be within thirty yards of us, thinking
we were Rebels, too. We caught three of their best loose horses
that came up alongside, and thus we went for eight miles. Happily
for us, Captain McNulty with his squadron saw us coming, took
the hint and formed on each side of the road in the bushes; the
road beyond was blockaded. We turned off the road, and when Ee
Johnnies came up, our men gobbled them.”

“The enemy’s column farther back now discovered that there
was a force of Yankees in their front, and formed on an eleva-
tion a half-mile in front of us where the road curved to the right.
Major Work said to me, ‘What do you think of that, Chess-
rown?’ I replied, ‘We must show a bold front or we are gone
up.” ‘We can whip them,’ said Work, and then gave the com-
mand, ‘Charge!’ which was executed to the letter; giving the
Yankee yell, we soon came up to them, when they gave way, we
capturing several men and horses, but the rest scattered in the
bushes on the side of the mountain. We then moved on toward
Moorfield; the retreating enemy fleeing from that place, offered
WORK’S RINGGOLD BATTALION TROOPERS. 315

but feeble resistance, owing to their demoralized condition and to
their belief that our force was only the advance guard of a much
larger body. The bushes were full of Rebels for several miles;
at one point on our way, the enemy had turned off our road down
a valley road, and we could see more of them at one time than
there were men in our whole command, but we said nothing to them
nor they to us, for our hands were pretty well filled by this time
with prisoners and captured horses.”

Major Work says further: “We met both McCausland’s and
Johnson’s Brigades, driving them from the road and taking 30
prisoners and 100 horses. Our captured were really much more
than this, as many of our horses were abandoned and replaced by
those taken from the raiders, and quite a number of Rebel pris-
oners escaped after we got to Moorfield before they were formally
turned over to Averill’s guard. The prisoners were formed in line
before we got to the town and then counted forty-five.

“There were many interesting incidents of this fight, if it can
be called a fight, where all the losses were on one side. One thing
certain, the Rebels did most of the shooting; our tactics were to
charge at sight, that of the Johnnies to give us one fire and then
break down the mountain sides pellmell. I saw men and horses
roll one hundred feet at least, heels over head. Our situation was
‘critical; in front meeting me were two brigades; in my rear, a regi-
ment of the enemy’s cavalry had camped five miles back the night
before on their way to join McCausland. I got this information
from Averill, and it was verified by the Lietitenant Quartermaster
we captured, and also by thé Captain we captured, Captain Foster,
of Columbia, Tenn. This situation led me to detach a rear-guard
of twenty-five men to blockade the pike in my rear, with orders to
hold it at all risk. We had borrowed during the night march at
least a dozen axes for this purpose. Shortly after the affair began,
seeing the heavy odds meeting us, I had the rear-guard close up
to connect with the center guard, where our prisoners were, in
order to guard against an escape by which our real force might
become known to the enemy. Our force in front did not amount
to more than twenty-five men at any one time, seldom more than
sixteen, and often below, as each capture required a guard back.
Audacity and dash compensated for lack of numbers, and never
did men show more of the true soldier grit than that handful of
eighty-five men in those wild mountains. The nearest Federal
troops were in Moorfield, nineteen miles distant, and two brigades
316 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of Rebels between, yet the eighty-five kept that pike and reached
Moorfield about 3 P.M.

“What the enemy thought of it is best shown from an incident
of the day. The Rebel Captain (Foster) had thirteen men with
him, and he showed more courage than any other we met. When
he surrendered, he claimed protection. Seeing the kind of man he
was, I assured him of as complete protection as I was able to give,
and that as soon as I could get a little time I would send the
prisoners back to the main body, emphasizing the ‘main body’ as
something quite heavy, and warning him earnestly not to attempt
to escape as my men had orders to shoot at once any prisoner that
took a single step that way; and further, that my men were angry
and on the lookout for any such chance to shoot. After we got
through the Rebel column, I stopped until the prisoners came up.
He (Captain Foster) was quite angry, and said that I had not kept
my promise and that he was constantly under fire of his own men.
I told him that I had kept my promise to the letter, and that, so far
as I knew, he saw the only Federal troops between Moorfield and
Winchester. He swore that if that was the way the Yanks fought,
the Confederates might as well give up; that they had not then,
nor ever did have any cavalry that would have done as we had
that morning. Captain McNulty led the advance guard of from
eight to sixteen men. Dr. Finley laid aside his character as non-
combatant and served me admirably as A. D. C. It may seem in-
vidious to name some where all did so nobly. I would mention
all the officers, but fear I ‘might omit some.

“General Averill complimented us highly; said he had sent
scouts in all directions to find us and finally gave us up as lost.
He gave a verbal order to give each officer with me a horse, which
was done, and this reduced the number receipted for considerably.”
(This letter from Major Work was written largely from memory
March 12, 1888.)

General Averill sums up the victory as follows: “The num-
ber of killed and wounded of the enemy is unknown, but large.
Three battle-flags were captured with four pieces of artillery (all
the enemy had) 420 prisoners, including six field and staff and
thirty-two company officers, over 400 horses and equipments and
a number of small arms. General Johnson was captured with his
colors and three of his staff, but passing undistinguished among
the other prisoners, he made his escape. My loss is nine killed and
thirty-two wounded.”
WORK’S RINGGOLD BATTALION TROOPERS. 317

The roads along which the enemy retreated were strewn with
goods of every variety which they had stolen in Pennsylvania,
ladies’ clothes, jewelry, shoes, saddle-bags full of things.

General Early, in his report, says that McCausland’s Cavalry
never amounted to anything after that day. A strong guard with
the prisoners marched eleven miles toward New Creek and.camped
for the night, our Battalion guarding the prisoners at night. Next
day, August 8th, we loaded the prisoners on the cars at New Creek
to be sent to Wheeling, and forwarded to one of the large camps of
prisoners.

On the 9th, the cavalry were being loaded on the cars and
shipped east as fast as the railroad could furnish transportation.
Next day, Captain Chessrown, with a scout of forty men, was sent
to Moorfield and returned the following day. On the 12th, our
regiment shipped by train to Hancock, arriving at Alpine Station
some time in the night, where we debarked and forded the river
to Hancock and camped with Averill’s command. We were here
brigaded with the 14th Pennsylvania and the 8th Ohio, as the 1st
Brigade in Averill’s Division.

On the 14th we marched down the river to Cherry Run, forded
the river and proceeded on to Martinsburg, where we camped for
the night. Next day, 15th, our brigade moved out to the farm of
Mr. Parker, three miles from town and camped. Here we re-
mained until the morning of the 18th.

We have given considerable space to the burning of Chambers-
burg, not for the purpose of fanning the dying embers of the old
strife, or to demonstrate that the act was unjustifiable and “ wholly
indefensible” in this age of Christian civilization, but because
Chambersburg was a Pennsylvania town, and—without detriment
to the other gallant troopers that formed the pursuing force—the
Pennsylvania cavalry did themselves proud in the pursuit and de-
struction of the raiders, the gallant 14th Cavalry, under Major
Gibson, charging and knocking to pieces McCausland’s line of bat-
tle at Moorfield, and Major Work with a detachment of eighty-five
veteran Ringgold-Battalion troopers of the 22nd Cavalry, charging
two brigades of the retreating enemy and putting them to utter
rout, capturing more than 100 horses and half as many prisoners
as he had men and bringing all for seventeen miles, part of the way
under fire, to General Averill at Moorfield—one of the very bril-
lant feats of the war.
318 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

FEINTS BY EARLY.

On the 29th of July, the day that McCausland started on his
Chambersburg raid, the Confederate infantry divisions of Rodes
and Ramseur, moved to the Potomac at Williamsport, and part of
this force crossed the river and drove our forces back through
Hagerstown. Next day, 30th, these forces recrossed the river
and fell back, reaching Bunker Hill, Va., on the 31st, where Early’s
entire forces of infantry and artillery remained until the 4th of
August. On this latter date, the entire force again moved to the
Potomac and next day crossed into Maryland, Rodes and Ramseur
at Williamsport and Gordon and Wharton at Shepherdstown. The
latter marched to Williamsport and on the next day, 6th, all re-
crossed the river at Williamsport and. fell back to Bunker Hill,
reaching that place on the 7th.

On the 30th of July, General Crook’s forces, together with
the 6th and 19th Corps, fell back from Halltown, crossing the river
at Harper’s Ferry and marching to the neighborhood of Frederick,
remained there, watching Early, under the direction of General
Halleck, until the 5th of August.

Averill’s departure left Duffee’s Division of cavalry about 1,300
strong with five pieces of artillery. The signal officer reported a
large force of the enemy with a large wagon train having crossed the
Potomac into Maryland; our division was moved to McConnellsburg
on the morning of the 6th, hoping to strike the enemy or head them
off. When it was learned that the enemy had recrossed the river to
Virginia, our division returned to Hancock. August 10, a-scouting:
party of our regiment was sent to Hedgesville, Va., after a small
force of the enemy reported there; the latter had gone in the direc-
tion of Winchester before our party arrived.

* THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT.

The dismounted detachment left the Shenandoah River at
Snicker’s Ferry on Friday morning, July 22nd, and started in the
direction of Berryville. We supposed we were going to Martins-
burg to receive our horses; but when we came to Winchester, in-
stead of going to the right, we took the left hand road, which
caused cursings loud and deep from the men who were anxious to
be mounted. We marched beyond Winchester one and a half
miles, where we camped for the night, without rations, and in no

* Sergeant Gehrett.
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT. 319

amiable frame of mind. The muskets were pitched in every direc-
tion, and many of them were never picked up by the men who had
been carrying them.

Saturday morning, July 23rd, we fell into line, marched back
through Winchester on the Martinsburg Pike for Harper’s Ferry,
where we were to draw our horses this time for sure. It was said
that Colonel Higgins and Major Myers had personally represented
the regiment at headquarters, and in view of the past good service
of the men, the fact that they had taken the muskets voluntarily and
with the distinct understanding that it was to be only for the emer-
gency, and also that we were nearly all barefoot, it was decided
to bring us back to Harper’s Ferry and give us horses. We marched
as far as Charlestown that day and next moma the 24th, moved
on to Harper’s Ferry.

Heavy cannonading was heard in the direction of Winchester
and reports came that our forces were driven back to Bunker Hill.
We were marched up on Bolivar Heights and formed in line of battle
to be ready for the Johnny Rebs, in case they put in an appearance.
Tuesday, 26th, we worked all day, throwing up entrenchments. In
the evening we were relieved by the Ist New York Veteran Cavalry,
when we moved further up the line and took the place of a battery.

Thursday, 28th, a very warm day, we marched down through
Bolivar, Harper’s Ferry, crossed the river, then through Sandy
Hook and out on the Pleasant Valley road a short distance and en-
camped for the night. Next morning, 29th, we again fell into
line, marched back over the river, up through Harper’s Ferry and
when within half a mile of Halltown, we countermarched and came
back to Harper’s Ferry and to Pleasant Valley.

Saturday, 30th, we moved further out the. Valley, and pitched
our tents; in the evening, an inventory of our guns and equipments
was taken, which indicated that we would soon bid farewell to the
muskets and receive our horses.

* THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT IS FINALLY MOUNTED.

“Tuesday evening, August 2nd, a number of horses were drawn
by our regiment, thirty-two being received by our company (K) and
not a blooded steed among them. We were very glad, however, to
change our method of travelling, and were not by any means over-
particular whether our steeds were thoroughbreds.

 

* Sergeant Gehrett.
e

320 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“Thursday, August 4th, those of us who were not yet mounted
were ordered into line and marched to the corral, where we received
our horses. It was my good fortune to secure a bright sorrel mare,,
good size, easy rider, quite intelligent, a real gem for the cavalry
service or anything else, and quite a friendship grew up between us
worthy of future mention. Many of the horses had more sense
than their riders, and many of them were most brutally used by the -
very men whose interest it was to treat them with the greatest
kindness.

“ Mounted drill proved to be very exciting with some of the
untrained and vicious horses, but under the discipline of sharp spurs
and severe riding, the evil was soon sweated out of them. But the
trouble was not always with the horses, for some few of the men
had never bridled a horse nor touched a saddle, and it was real amus-
ing to see the awkward effort made in doing so. Then the curbed
bridle-bits with chin straps and chain were not relished by horses
that had been trained with something less severe.

Many of the men became greatly attached to their horses. The
Indian may set his heart on his faithful dog, but his attachment
cannot surpass that of the cavalryman for his horse. The narrow
straits through which they pass causes their affection to become.
strong, and the animal responds to kindness quite as evidently as a
human being. Sometimes there were forced marches going right
on for days and nights, as on a raid, not halting long enough to
unsaddle, and the horses would become so galled that the hair
would come off with the blanket at its first removal. But these suf-
ferings only caused the rider to more greatly sympathize with his
poor beast. Many a man would suffer himself in order to save
his horse, and great pains were often taken to care for a sick or
wounded horse. Each regiment had its veterinary surgeon, who was
kept busy and whose skill was taxed in ministering to his four-footed
patients.

The parting of horse and rider on a field of battle, when the
former was mortally wounded, was often touching.

Frequently, on a march, the cavalryman, having no object to
which he might hitch his horse at night, would lie down with his
saddle for a pillow, and tying his halter to it, he would sleep soundly,
his faithful horse standing as a guardian by his side; and at other
times walking around, eating the grass as far as he could reach,
sometimes standing over his rider; but I never knew of an instance
THE DISMOUNTED DETACHMENT. 321

where the horse stepped upon or in any way injured his sleeping
master.

,In battle in a cavalry command there is always a larger pro-
portion of casualties among the horses than among the men. The
horses head and shoulders will often receive the bullet that was
intended for the rider’s body; and as we consider the swift motion
of the man as the horse rears and jumps in battle it will at once be
seen that he is a very uncertain mark for the enemy.

Wednesday, August 3rd, we drew our carbines, revolvers, sabers
and other equipments and were ready for work.
322. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH. GENERAL SHERI-
DAN TAKES COMMAND AUGUST 6, 1864.

General Grant had concluded that it was impossible to operate
successfully against the enemy in the Valley under the existing con-
fusion of departments and com-
manders. “ There was the Depart-
ment of West Virginia, including
the State and Western Maryland;
that Department of the Susque-
hanna, including Pennsylvania and
three counties of Ohio; the De-
partment of Washington, including
that place and parts of Virginia
and Maryland; and the Middle De-
partment, including Delaware and
part of Maryland.” He desired

| to have all these consolidated into
_ one department, and under one
| competent head. He said: “The
y See | Valley had been the cause of a

E Vy ee ee PR _ Sreat deal of trouble’ to us hereto-
fore . . . partly because of the
te gyd a ue -'incompetency of some of the com-
aes manders, but chiefly because of in-
terference from Washington. It seemed to be the policy of Gen-
eral Halleck and Secretary Stanton to keep any force sent there
in pursuit of the invading enemy, moving right and left so as to keep
between the enemy and our Capitol; and generally speaking, they
pursued this policy until all knowledge of the whereabouts of the
enemy was lost. They (the enemy) were left, therefore, free to
supply themselves with horses, beef cattle and such provisions as they
could carry away from Pennsylvania and Maryland. I had pre-
viously asked to have General Sheridan assigned to that command,
but Mr. Stanton objected on the ground that he was too young for

so important acommand. . . . On the 1st of August, I sent the
following orders:

 

 
SHERIDAN IN COMMAND. 323

Major-General Halleck.

I am sending General Sheridan for temporary duty while the
enemy is being expelled from the border. Unless General Hunter is
in the field in person, I want Sheridan put in command of all the
troops in the field, with instructions to put himself south of the en-
emy and follow him to the death. Wherever the enemy goes, let our
troops go also. Once started up the Valley they ought to be fol-
lowed until we get possession of the Virginia Central Railroad.

U.S. GRANT,
Lieutenant-General.

“The President, in some way or other, got'to see this dispatch
of mine, and sent me the following characteristic dispatch:

“ Lieutenant-General Grant:

“T have seen your dispatch in which you say, ‘I want Sheridan
put in command of all the troops in the field, with instructions to put
himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death. Wherever
the enemy goes, let our troops go also.’ This, I think, is exactly
right, as to how our forces should move. But please look over the
dispatches ou may have received from here, even since you made
that order, and discover, if you can, that there is any idea in the head
of anyone here of ‘putting our army south of the enemy’ or of
‘following him to the death’ in any direction. I repeat to you it
will never be done or attempted unless you watch it every day and
hour, and force it.

, “ A, LIncoLn.”

“T replied to this that I would start in two hours for Washing-
‘ton, which I did, but went on through to Monocacy without stop-
ping in Washington. I found General Hunter’s Army encamped
there, scattered over the fields and along the banks of the Monocacy,
with many hundreds of cars and locomotives, which he had taken the
precaution to bring back and collect at that point. I asked the general.
where the enemy was. He replied that he did not know. He said
the fact was that he was so embarrassed with orders from Wash-
ington, moving him first to the right and then to the left, that he
had lost all trace of the enemy. I then told the general that I would
find out where the enemy was, and at once ordered steam got up
and trains made up, giving directions to push for Halltown, some
four miles above Harper’s Ferry in the Shenandoah Valley. The
cavalry and wagon-trains were to march, but all the troops that
324 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

could be transported by the cars were to go that way. I knew
that the Valley was of such importance to the enemy that no matter
how much he was scattered at that time, he would in a very short
time be found in front of our troops moving south.

“T then wrote out General Hunter’s instructions. I told him
that Sheridan was in Washington and still another division on the
way; and suggested that he establish his headquarters of the depart-
ment at any good point that would suit him best and give Sheridan
command of the troops in the field. The general replied to this
that he thought he had better be relieved entirely. He said that
General Halleck seemed so much to distrust his fitness for the posi-
tion he was in that he thought somebody else ought to be there.
He did not want in any way to embarrass the cause, thus showing
a patriotism that was none too common in the army. I told him,
“very well then,” and telegraphed Sheridan to come at once to
Monocacy, and suggested that I would wait and meet him there.

“Sheridan came at once by special train, but reached there
after the troops were all off. I went to the station and remained
there until he arrived. I hastily told Sheridan what had been done
and what I wanted him to do, giving him at the same time the
written instructions that had been prepared for General Hunter.

“As I predicted, Early was soon found in front of Sheridan in
the Valley, and Pennsylvania and Maryland were speedily freed
from the invaders. The importance of the Valley to the Confed-
erates was so great that Lee reinforced Early, but not to the extent
we thought and feared he would.”

Sheridan says: “I arrived in Washington on the 4th* of
August, and the next day received instructions from General Hal-
leck to report to General Grant at Monocacy Junction.

In company with the Secretary of War, I called on the Bresiticut
before leaving Washington, and during a short conversation Mr.
Lincoln candidly told me that Mr. Stanton had objected to my
assignment to General Hunter’s command because he thought me
too young, and that he himself had concurred with the Secretary ;
but now since General Grant had ‘ ploughed round’ the difficulties
of the situation by picking me out to command the ‘boys in the
field,’ he felt satisfied with what had been done and hoped for the
best. Mr. Stanton remained silent during these remarks, never
once indicating whether he, too, had become reconciled to my selec-
tion or not; and although, after we left the White House, he con-
versed freely with me in regard to the campaign I was expected
SHERIDAN IN COMMAND. 325

to make, seeking to impress on me the necessity for success from
the political as well as from the military standpoint, yet he utterly
ignored the fact that he had taken any part in disapproving the
recommendation of the general-in-chief.

“August 6th I reported to General Grant at the Monocacy,
and he there turned over to me the following instructions that he
had prepared for General Hunter:

“© TIEADQUARTERS IN THE FIELD.
““ Monocacy Bridge, Md., Aug. 5, 1864.

“GENERAL: Concentrate all your available force without
delay in the vicinity of Harper’s Ferry, leaving only such railroad
guards and garrisons for public property as may be necessary.

“Use in this connection the railroad, if by so doing time can
be saved. From Harper’s Ferry, if it is found that the enemy has
moved north of the Potomac in large force, push north, following and
attacking him wherever found; following him, if driven south of the
Potomac, as long as it is safe to do so. If it is ascertained that the
enemy has but a small force north of the Potomac, then push south
the main force, detaching under a competent commander, a sufficient
force to look after the raiders and drive them to their homes. In
detaching such a force, the brigade of cavalry now en-route from
Washington via Rockville may be taken into account.

“There are now on the way to join you, three other brigades
of the best cavalry, numbering at least 5,000 men and horses. These
will be instructed in the absence of further orders, to join you on
the south side of the Potomac. One brigade will probably start to-
morrow.

“*Tn pushing up the Shenandoah Valley, as you will have to
do first or last, it is desirable that nothing should be left to invite
the enemy to return. Take all provisions, forage and stock wanted
for the use of your command. Such as can not be consumed destroy ;
it is not desirable that the buildings should be destroyed—they should
rather be protected ; but the people should be informed that so long
as an army can subsist among them, recurrences of these raids must
be expected, and we are determined to stop them at all hazards.

“Bear in mind, the object is to drive the enemy south; and
to do this you want to keep him always in sight. Be guided in
your course by the course he takes.
326 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALKY.

“Make your own arrangements for supplies of all kinds, giv-
ing regular vouchers for such as may be taken from loyal citizens
in the country through which you march.

“*Very respectfully,
“*U. S. GRANT,

“© Lieutenant-General.’ ”

The next day, General Hunter’s unselfish request (to be re-
lieved) was complied with and an order was issued by the Presi-
dent, consolidating the Middle Department, the Department of
Washington, the Department of the Susquehanna and the Depart-
ment of West Virginia.

Under this order, these four geographical districts ‘constituted
the: Middle Military Division, and General Sheridan was assigned
to command it. As heretofore stated, General Hunter, in compliance
with Grant’s directions, ordered the concentration of all his available
forces for the field service, at Halltown, four miles above Harper’s
Ferry, near the west bank of the: Shenandoah River, and by the
6th of August, upon Sheridan’s arrival at Harper’s Ferry, most of
these forces were already in the vicinity of Halltown, and the others
were on the way, except Averill’s command in pursuit of McCaus-
land’s force which had laid Chambersburg in ashes. As heretofore
stated, Early’s main force had lain at Bunker Hill from July 30th
until August 4th, when he advanced North to the Potomac, and the
next day, crossed into Maryland—the very day Grant arrived at
Monocacy and set Hunter’s troops in motion toward Halltown; the
advance of the latter had scarcely reached that place until the enemy,
on the 6th, true to General Grant’s prediction, recrossed the Potomac
from Maryland and hastened south to Bunker Hill in Sheridan’s
front, arriving there on the "th.

Sheridan says: “ At Harper’s Ferry I made my headquarters
in the second story of a small and very dilapidated hotel, and as soon
as settled, sent for John M. Meigs, the chief engineer officer of the
command to study with him the maps of my geographical division.
It always came rather easy to me to learn geography of a new sec-
tion, and its important topographical features as well; therefore, I
found that with the aid of Meigs, who was most intelligent in his
profession, the region in which I was to operate would soon be
well fixed in my mind. Meigs was familiar with every important
road and stream and with all points worthy of note west of the
SHERIDAN. ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH. — 327

Blue Ridge, and was particularly well equipped with knowledge re-
garding the Shenandoah Valley, even down to the farm-houses. He
imparted with great readiness what he knew of this, clearly pointing
out its configuration and indicating the strongest points for Confed-
erate defense, at the same time illustrating scientifically and forci-
bly the peculiar disadvantage under which the Union army had
hitherto labored.

“T had opposing me an army largely composed of troops that
had operated in’ this region hitherto under ‘ Stonewall’ Jackson,
with marked success, inflicting defeat on the Union forces almost
every time the two armies had come in contact. These men were
now commanded by a veteran officer of the Confederacy, General
Jubal A. Early, whose past services had so signalized his ability
that General Lee specially selected him to take charge of the Valley
district, and notwithstanding the misfortunes that befell him later,
clung to him to the end of the war. The Confederate Army at
this date was about 20,000 strong and consisted of Early’s own
corps, with Generals Rodes, Ramseur and Gordon commanding
its divisions; the infantry.of Breckenridge from Southwestern
Virginia ; three battalions of artillery, and the cavalry brigades of
Vaughn, Johnson, McCausland and Imboden. This cavalry was
a short time afterward organized into a division under command
of General Lomax.

“When I took command of the Army of the Shenandoah, its
infantry force comprised the 6th Corps, one division of the 19th
Corps and two divisions from West Virginia. The 6th Corps was
commanded by Major General Horatio G. Wright; its three divi-
sions by Brigadier-Generals David A. Russell, George W. Getty
and James B. Ricketts. The single division of the 19th Corps had
for its immediate chief Brigadier-General William Dwight, the
corps being commanded by Brigadier-General Wm. H. Emory.
The troops from West Virginia were under Brigadier-General
George Crook, with Colonel Joseph Thoburn and Isaac H. Duval
as division commanders, and though in all, not more than one
fair-sized division, they had been designated, on account of the
department they belonged to as the Army of West Virginia. Gen-
eral Torbert’s division then arriving from the Cavalry Corps of the
Army of the Potomac, represented the mounted arm of the serv-
ice and in the expectation that Averill would soon join me with
his troopers, I assigned General Torbert as chief of cavalry, and
328 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

General Wesley Merritt succeeded to the command of Torberts
division.

“General Wright, the commander of the 6th Corps, was an
officer of high standing in the Corps of Engineers, and had seen
much active service during the preceding three years. He com-
manded the Department of the Ohio throughout the very trying
period of the summer and fall of 1862, and while in that position, he,
with other prominent officers, recommended my appointment as
Brigadier-General. In 1863 he rendered valuable service at the
Battle of Gettysburg, following which he was assigned to the 6th
Corps and commanded it at the capture of the Confederate works
at Rappahannock Station and in the operations at Mine Run. He
ranked me as a major-general of volunteers nearly a year in date of
commission, but my assignment by the President to the command
of the army in the Valley met with Wright’s approbation, and so far
as I know, he never questioned the propriety of the President’s
action. The 6th Corps division commanders, Getty, Russell and
Ricketts, were all educated soldiers, whose records, beginning with
the Mexican War, had already been illustrated in the War of the
Rebellion by distinguished service in the Army of the Potomac.

“General Emory was a veteran having graduated at the Military
Academy (West Point) the year I was born, 1831. In early life he
had seen much service in the artillery, the topographical engineers
and the cavalry, and in the War of the Rebellion had exhibited the
most soldierly characteristics at Port Hudson and on the Red River
campaign. At this time he had but one division of the 19th Corps
present, which was well commanded by General Dwight, a volunteer
officer, who had risen to the grade of brigadier-general through con-
stant hard work.

“ Crook was a classmate of mine—at least we entered the Mili-
tary Academy the same year, though he graduated a year ahead of
me. We had known each other as boys before we entered the army,
and later as men, and I placed implicit faith in his experience and
qualifications as a general.

“ The transfer of Torbert to the position of chief of cavalry, left
Merritt in command of the 1st Cavalry Division. He had been tried
in the place before, and from the day he was selected as one of a
number of young men to be appointed general officers, with the object
of giving life to the Cavalry Corps, he filled the measure of cape
tion.

“Custer was one of these young men, too, and though as yet,
SHERIDAN. ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH. = 329

commanding a brigade under Merritt, his gallant fight at Trevil-
lian Station, as well as a dozen others during the summer, indicated
that he would be equal to the work that would fall to him when
in a few weeks he should succeed Wilson. But to go on down the
scale of rank, describing the officers who commanded in the Army
of the Shenandoah would carry me beyond all limit, so I refrain
from the digression with regret that I can not pay to each his well-
earned tribute.

“The force that I could take with me into the field at this time
numbered about 26,000 men. Within the limits of the geographical
division, there was a much greater number of troops than this.
Baltimore, Washington, Harper’s Ferry, Hagerstown, Frederick,
Cumberland and a score of other points, besides the strong de-
tachments that it took to keep the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad open
through the mountains. of West Virginia, and escorts for my trains,
absorbed so many men that the column that could be made available,
for field operations was small when compared with the showing on
paper. Indeed it was much less than it ought to have been, but for
me, in the face of the opposition made by different interests involved,
to detach troops from any of the points to which they had been dis-
tributed before I took charge, was next to impossible.

“In a few days after my arrival, preparations were completed
and I was ready to make the first move for the possession of the
Shenandoah Valley. For the next five weeks the operations on my
part consisted almost wholly of offensive and defensive maneuver-
ing for certain advantages, the enemy confining himself, meanwhile,
to measures intended to counteract my designs. Upon the advent
of Torbert, Early immediately grew suspicious, and fell back twelve
miles south of Martinsburg to Bunker Hill and vicinity, where his
right flank would be less exposed, but from which position he could
continue to maintain the break in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
and push reconnoitering parties through Smithfield to Charlestown.
These reconnoitering parties exhibited considerable boldness at times,
but since they had no purpose in view, save to discover whether
or not we were moving, I did not contest any ground with them,
except about our outposts. Indeed, I desired that Early might re-
main at some point well to the north until I was fully prepared to
throw my army on his right and rear, and force a battle, and hence
I abstained from disturbing him by premature activity, for I thought
that if I could beat him at Winchester, or north of it, there would
be far greater chances of weighty results. I therefore determined
330 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

to bring my troops, if possible, into such a position near that town
as to oblige Early to fight. The sequel proved, however, that he
was accurately informed of all my movements. To anticipate them,
therefore, he began his retreat up the Valley the day that I moved
out from Halltown, and consequently was able to place himself south
of Winchester before I could get there.”

SHERIDAN’S BASE. HALLTOWN.

* For the better understanding of the movements which follow
it will be well for the reader to consult the map and note carefully
the position taken at Halltown, which Sheridan later on declares is
the only defensible position for a Union army in the lower Valley.
Here the Army of the Shenandoah lay during the three days suc-
ceeding Sheridan’s arrival, the left of the line resting on the Shenan-
doah River below Key’s Ferry, and extending with a curved front
around toward the north, through Halltown and across the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad, east of Duffields’ Station, with pickets
reaching to the Potomac—a river on each flank and covered to some
extent by the fortifications on Maryland Heights. This base was
advantageous not only for defense, but for aggressive movements
as well. The enemy dared not venture north of Bunker Hill with
his army without exposing his rear to attack, neither would he risk
crossing the Potomac River south of Harper’s Ferry for the same
reason. The best and strongest position for the enemy was at
Fisher’s Hill near Strasburg, where he ever took refuge when hard
pushed by our forces. In the movements which now follow, we will
see either commander, when wishing to avoid battle, falling back
to his stronghold. The game of war, here played, will remind the
old soldier of the game of checkers at which he whiled away many
an hour when in winter quarters, advancing when the enemy was
caught at a disadvantage and falling back to the double corner of
the king-row when hard pressed.

THE WHEREABOUTS OF THE 22ND PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEER
CAVALRY.

Divided into three large detachments again, many miles separated
we find the regiment, but the separation at this time is to be brief.

*See Map, page 63.
SHERIDAN. ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH. 331

* The dismounted detachment of about 700 men, now well mounted
and equipped, after one week’s mounted drill at Pleasant Valley,
marched from that camp on August 9th. They had enlisted as cav-
alry, but had now been serving for five long months on foot carrying
muskets, living from week to week on promises of being mounted,
to be disappointed again and again, until hope long deferred made
their hearts sick and many of them, like Job, cursed the day they
had entered this miserable existence. But now they are happy. They
forget their sorrows in the realization of their fondest hopes. They
are burning with ambition to “ ride down” the enemy. They march
across the Potomac and out to the front of Sheridan’s Army above
Halltown to serve with a great army under a victorious commander.

The detachment at Hancock with General Duffee, marched from
that place on the 11th, and reported to General Sheridan at Harper’s
Ferry, who ordered the division on to Halltown, from which they
moved on the 13th to Newtown and operated with the army at the
front.

The detachment under command of Major Work, with Averill
in the pursuit and destruction of McCausland’s forces that burned
Chambersburg, is still with Averill’s command. The men although
much worn by the chase, are full of enthusiasm over their victory
of the ’th, but their footsore, jaded horses are in pitiable condition,
and are being shipped by railroad to Martinsburg, or as near that
point as the broken road can carry them. The command arrived
at Martinsburg on the 14th, to rest a little before joining the coming
fray. A few days later, we find them again in the saddle after the
enemy.

General Torbert’s three brigades had arrived at the Halltown
base by the 9th. General Grant assured Sheridan that no troops

*On August 9th the newly mounted battalion of the 22nd Pennsylvania
Cavalry, marched across the Potomac and out seven miles, going into camp one mile
beyond Halltown, with orders to be ready at 2 a. M., next day.

Next morning, we were aroused at that early hour and got ready to march at
once, but had to wait for quite a while, and when finally started, marched out past our
old camp in the “Six Months’” service, through Charlestown and thence to Summit
Point where we formed line of battle. Captain Hugh Keys of Company D, charged on
a squad of Confederates and succeeded in capturing seventeen of them.

Our battalion was assigned to the Third Brigade of Merritt’s Division, commanded
by Colonel Charles R. Lowell, Jr., as gallant an officer as ever drew a sword, and
withal, a perfect gentleman. The brigade was composed of First Maryland, 2nd Massa-
chusetts, 22nd Pennsylvania and 25th New York. On the next morning, our regiment
with the brigade, marched until 10 o’clock, when a halt was made. Companies G and K,
moved on to the Martinsburg Pike, a mile north of Winchester, where we halted, threw
out pickets and remained until ordered to rejoin the regiment; we then marched through
Winchester and down the Berryville Pike to Opequan Creek, turned to the right and
on to White Post where we camped for the night, after a march of thirty miles.—Gehrett.
332. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

had been withdrawn from Lee’s Army to reinforce Early, so Sheri-
dan determined to move at once and if possible, engage the enemy
in battle near to Winchester.

Accordingly, on the morning of the 10th of August, the Army
of the Shenandoah moved out southward, through Charlestown,
the 6th Corps marching on and taking position at Clifton, with
Lowell’s cavalry on its right at Summit Point. The division of the
19th Corps moved farther along the Berryville Road and took posi-
tion north of Berryville, while the 8th Corps (Crook) marched
through Berryville and took-position beyond, and Torbert, with Mer-
ritt’s division of cavalry, went on and took position near to White
Post. Next morning, the 11th, all these forces were faced to the
west and at proper deploying distances from each other, moved
directly to Opequan Creek and took possession of the fords or
crossings of that stream.

Early bivouacked in front (east) of Winchester, on the night
of the 10th. He knew that Sheridan had been reinforced by Tor-
bert’s division of cavalry. He knew that large reinforcements from
Lee’s Army were on the way to join him. He therefore declined:
battle and on this morning of the 11th, pushed on south towards
Fisher’s Hill. Torbert’s orders were to push Merritt’s division up
the Millwood Pike towards Winchester, attack any force he might
run against and ascertain the movements of the enemy. We quote
Sheridan: ‘My object in securing the fords was to further my
match on Winchester from. the southeast, since, from all the in-
formation gathered during the 10th, I still thought Early could be
brought to a stand at that point; but in this I was mistaken, as Tor-
bert’s reconnaissance proved, for on the morning of the 11th, when
Merritt had driven the Confederate cavalry, then covering the Mill-
wood Pike west of the Opequan off toward Kernstown, he found
that their infantry and artillery were retreating south, up the Valley
Pike.”

Sheridan immediately faced his army to the south and moved
toward Cedar Creek and ordered the cavalry to harass the enemy
on his retreat. Lowell came directly through Winchester and fell
on his rear while Merritt attacked his flank, driving off Imboden and
Vaughn’s cavalry, and attacking and driving in Gordon’s skirmish
lines, holding his ground until nightfall, when the enemy fell back
SHERIDAN ADVANCES. 333

to the south of Cedar Creek. Sheridan’s losses on this day were
about 125.

“Colonel Edward’s Brigade of the 6th Corps, sent back to
Winchester the next morning to escort a wagon-train, found about
sixty Confederates and seventy Union wounded in the hospitals
there, and others of both sides were reported to be in the care of
private families. While Winchester was a secession town, there
were a number of loyal families, whose kindness to our soldiers will
never be forgotten while mind and memory lasts. Colonel Edwards,
in his report, says: ‘Too much praise can not be given to the loyal
families of Winchester ; they attended our wounded night and day,
and have used all their tea, coffee and sugar, etc., for sick and pris-
oners, so much so that they are in actual want themselves.’

“ Next morning, our army marched on and took position on the
north side of Cedar Creek, Crook on the left of the pike, Emory on
the right side of the pike and Wright on the right of Emory, with
cavalry on either flank. In the afternoon that day, a heavy skir-
mish line was thrown forward to the heights on the south side of
Cedar Creek and a brisk affair with the enemy’s pickets took place,
the Confederates occupying with their main force the heights north
of Strasburg.”

A reconnaissance of our cavalry next day, 13th, discovered that
Early’s infantry was strongly posted at Fisher’s Hill, where he had
thrown up behind Tumbling Run, earthworks extending clear across
the narrow valley.

On August 13, the 2nd Brigade of Duffee’s Division of Cavalry
in command of Lieutenant-Colonel Greenfield, moved to the front
and encamped at Newtown, Va. Next day, 14th, moved up to Mid-
dletown. On the day following, Colonel Greenfield received the fol-
lowing orders:
veal wines one mile cf Coded Cra Flan hee, oe sateen as coat at ce
reconnaissance, which took us over on the road running near the foot of and parallel with
fully evel bak os OHS ee Ge ee ee
then ones back aad catenin Ine eld to Coe THEME of cho Pike, Wheee we found
Hare vonden for a place wis voy sede ae E Wee nines te tee were
suing those sneee and the rapid firing of carbines and bleating of sheep made the

chase exciting. rgeant Daughenbaugh and I secured one; in soldier parlance, “it
ran right into our arms.’”"—Sergeant Gehrett.
334 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

HEADQUARTERS 1ST CAVALRY DIVISION,

Department of West Virginia.
In the Field near Middltown, Va. 6
August 15, 1864.
Lieutenant-Colonel Greenfield,
Commanding Second Brigade.
Sir:

You will please proceed with the portion of the 22nd Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry now present with the division, to the headquarters of
Brigadier-General Torbert, chief of cavalry of Middle Military Divi-
sion, reporting in person to General Torbert. You will report imme-
diately. By command of,

BRIGADIER-GENERAL DUFFEE.
E. W. Crark, Jr., Capt. & A. A. G.
When ready to move, report in person at these headquarters.
By command of,
"  BRIGADIER-GENERAL DUFFEE.

HEapouartTers 1st CAVALRY DIVvIsION,
Army of Shenandoah Valley.
In the Field near Middletown, Va.,
August 15, 1864.
General Orders,
No. 11.

Colonel R. F. Taylor, 1st New York Veteran Cavalry, having
reported to these headquarters, is hereby assigned to the command
of the 2nd Brigade, relieving Lieutenant-Colonel Greenfield, 22nd
Pennsylvania Cavalry now in command of the brigade.

By command of,
BRIGADIER-GENERAL A. N. DUFFEE.
E. W. Crark, Jr. A. A. G.

At this time, General Duffee’s Division was much reduced in
men and horses owing to their severe marches and hardships of the
Hunter raid. Hence by a special order, No. 154, from General Crook,
issued August 25, he was directed to take his command to Cumber-
land, Md., establish a camp of instruction and remount his division
by regiments as rapidly as possible.

Colonel Greenfield reported in person to Major-General Torbert
and received instruction to join and take command of the regiment,
which comprised the five new companies mounted and equipped and
MANEUVERING FOR ADVANTAGE. 335

a detachment of the old command under Major E. S. Troxell and
Major Henry A. Myers. He found the regiment on the extreme
front, Major Myers on picket with a squadron, beyond Strasburg,
near Fisher’s Hill.

SHERIDAN FALLS BACK TO BASE ABOUT HALLTOWN.

Sheridan says: ‘‘ Within the past day or two I had received
information that a column of the enemy was moving up from Cul-
pepper and approaching Front Royal through Chester Gap, and
although the information was unconfirmed it caused me much solici-
tude, for there was a strong probability that such a movement
would be made, and any considerable force advancing through
Front Royal toward Winchester could fall upon my rear and de-
stroy my communication with Harper’s Ferry, or, moving along the
base of Massanutten Mountain could attack my flank in conjunction
with the force at Fisher’s Hill, without a possibility of my pre-
venting it.

“ Neither Wilson’s Cavalry nor Grover’s Infantry had yet joined
me, and the necessities already explained, which obliged me to
hold with strong garrisons Winchester and other points heretofore
mentioned had so depleted my line of battle strength that I knew
that the enemy would outnumber me when Anderson’s Corps should
arrive in the Valley. I deemed it advisable, therefore, to act with
extreme caution and so remained on the defensive, quietly awaiting
developments. Rumors of the force advancing from Culpepper
kept increasing every hour, so on the morning of the 14th I con-
cluded to send a brigade of cavalry to Front Royal to ascertain
definitely what was up. At the same time, I crossed the 6th Corps
to the south side of Cedar Creek and occupied the Heights near
Strasburg.

“That day, I received from the hands of Colonel Chipman
of the Adjutant-General’s Department the following dispatch, to
deliver which he had ridden in great haste from Washington through
Snicker’s Gap, escorted by a regiment of cavalry:

“* City Point, August 12, 1864, 9 a. mM.

“* Major-General Halleck:

“* Inform General Sheridan that it is now certain that two divi-
sions of infantry have gone to Early, and some cavalry and twenty
pieces of artillery. This movement commenced last Saturday night.
He must be cautious and act on the defensive until movements here
336 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

force them to detach to send this way. Early’s force, with this
increase, can not exceed 40,000 men, but this is too much for Gen-
eral Sheridan to attack. Send General Sheridan the remaining
brigade of the 19th Corps.
“'U. Se GRANT,
“¢T jeutenant-General.’ ”

Sheridan now saw that he would be outnumbered and must look
for a position where a smaller number of troops could maintain a
defense against a larger number. He says: “I could see but one
such position and that was at Halltown in front of Harper’s Ferry.
Subsequent experience convinced me that there was no other really
defensive line in the Shenandoah Valley, for at almost any other
point the open country and its peculiar topography invites rather
than forbids flanking operations.”

Sheridan had sent one of Merritt’s cavalry brigades to Front
Royal on the 14th, and on the morning of the 15th, he sent the two
remaining brigades, Custer’s and Gibb’s, out the Front Royal Pike
to watch for Anderson’s arrival. The skirmishers of the 6th and
8th Corps, which had been advanced to the south side of Cedar
Creek had a sharp fight with the enemy’s pickets on the afternoon
of the 15th. That night they were withdrawn to the north side of
Cedar Creek and the 19th Corps fell back to Winchester, the latter
movement undiscovered by the enemy. The 6th and 8th Corps re-
mained until after dark the next evening, when they, too, under cover
of the darkness, retreated, marching all night and arriving at Win-
chester shortly after daylight in the morning. Early did not discover
Sheridan’s withdrawal until after daylight the next morning, 17th.
Merritt’s Cavalry brigades, Devin and Custer, struck a part of
Anderson’s column at the ford of the Shenandoah the previous day,
16th, and drove them across the river with heavy loss, capturing
300 prisoners and two battle-flags. Merritt’s loss was about sixty
men. He then fell back to White Post.

Colonel Greenfield says: “On the 16th, I received orders from
Colonel Charles R. Lowell, Jr., 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry, com-
manding 38rd Brigade,* who with his regiment was located at the
front on our extreme right at the Back Road,—to move with my
regiment at midnight and bring up the rear of the infantry on the

* This brigade was organized by Major-General Alfred T. A. Torbert, Aug. 9, 1864,
and consisted of the 2nd Mass., 22nd Pennsylvania, Cole’s Maryland Cavalry and a small
detachment of the 14th Pennsylvania. This last detachment had returned to their own
regiment (now with Averill), only a few days previous to this time,
MANEUVERING FOR ADVANTAGE. 337

Winchester and Strasburg Pike, destroying all forage, hay, wheat,
oats and. drive off all live stock, horses, cattle, etc., that might be
of any value to the enemy. Major Myers was in front picketing
the main road near Fisher’s Hill with a squadron of the regiment.
I sent an officer at 10 P. M., with instructions to the major to with-
draw his pickets at 12 o’clock; the officer returned and reported
that he could not find Major Myers and he had not found any
pickets at the front; I then sent another officer that had been on
the picket, who succeeded in finding the Major, but he did not re-
port until near 2 o’clock a. mM. By this time Colonel Lowell was
marching to Winchester on the Back Road and the flames from
the wheat and hay stacks were illuminating the sky. I had already
made details of the regiment under command of commissioned
officers to carry out the orders to burn grain and forage and drive
off stock, giving instructions to exercise great care in not endan-
gering dwelling houses, as there were a number of fine homes be-
tween Strasburg and Winchester. We had not proceeded far when
I saw a large barn burning near the road, that I thought endangered
a fine brick dwelling. While the order to burn included barns well
filled with grain, etc., we were instructed not to burn them if it
would likely destroy the dwelling.

“T immediately rode forward, dismounted a number of men,
formed a bucket brigade and saved the house,.for which the occu-
pants were very grateful. This was the only barn we burned, as
destroying private property was not a pleasant duty to perform.

“T then moved on with the regiment through Newtown to
Kernstown, arriving there about noon, when we halted and cooked
dinner. Very soon the enemy’s cavalry appeared and attacked our
pickets savagely, no doubt greatly enraged at our burning. *I at
once moved out and deployed the regiment as skirmishers and drove
them back some distance, when I received orders from Colonel
Lowell to fall back and join the brigade at Winchester.”

At daylight on the morning of the 17th, Emory moved from
Winchester to Berryville, and later in the day, Wright and Crook,
who had halted at Winchester for breakfast and rest, resumed their
march toward Clifton. . . . In the afternoon, Lowell with his
two regiments of troopers came into Winchester, where he was

* The skirmish changed into a severe engagement. While formed in line of battle,
a ball from the enemy passed between two men in the front rank and struck A. R.
McCarthy’s horse fairly in the forehead, killing him instantly. When our brigade with-
drew in the dusk of the evening, we saw large bodies of Confederate infantry crossing
the Pike beyond Kernstown and marching in the direction of Opequan Creek. We
moved on to Berryville where we halted for the night.—Sergeant Gehrett, Company K.
338 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

joined by Wilson’s mounted division, which had come by rapid
march from Snicker’s Ferry. . . . During all these operations,
the enemy had a signal station on Three Top Mountain, almost over-
hanging Strasburg, from which every movement made by our troops
could be plainly seen; therefore, early on the morning of the 17th
he became aware that we were retiring down the valley and at once
made after us, and about sundown drove Torbert out of Winchester,
he having been left there with Wilson and Lowell and the Jersey
Brigade of the 6th Corps to develop the character of the enemy’s
pursuit.

*‘* The Jersey brigade, numbering but 850 muskets, was de-
ployed by Torbert along a.small affluent of the Opequan, winding
south of Winchester near the town, with McIntosh’s brigade of
Wilson, dismounted, piecing out the line, and the remainder of the
cavalry massed near the town, a cavalry battery aiding with its
canister from the heights in the rear. The Jerseymen held Early’s
horsemen in check all afternoon, and only when Wharton’s Division
of Infantry attacked their right and Ramseur’s division their front
while Gordon advanced against the cavalry, was the line broken.

“ The Union casualties in this engagement were more than three
hundred and fifty, for Penrose (Jersey brigade) had ninety-seven
killed and wounded .and lost two hundred prisoners and the cavalry
about fifty prisoners. The captures were chiefly due to the per-
tinacity with which the line had been held until late at night.”

This affair demonstrated that Early’s whole army was in pursuit.
Anderson and Fitzhugh Lee had also followed from Front Royal and
joined Early near Winchester. Wilson and Lowell fell back to
Summit Point that night and the Jersey brigade joined its corps at
the Berryville crossing of the Opequan.

Next day, the 18th, Sheridan fell back and formed a line in front
of Charlestown with the 6th Corps north of the Pike. Emory’s two
divisions (Dwight’s and Grover’s, the latter having arrived from
Washington that morning) south of the Pike, with Crook on his left.
Merritt had been drawn back to Berryville, with pickets to
Snicker’s Ferry, while Wilson and Lowell remained at Summit
Point, with pickets as far as Smithfield bridge. Averill having re-
turned from the pursuit of McCausland, was now at Martinsburg
and Duffee was at Charlestown. This position was maintained until
the 21st. Sheridan’s falling back at this time, created great alarm

* Pond.
SHERIDAN FALLING BACK TO HIS BASE. 339

in the North, especially in those counties of Maryland and Pennsyl-
vania that had been the victims of previous raids. Sheridan reported
to Grant, explaining his movements and plans, and added, “I de-
stroyed all the wheat, hay and provisions south of Winchester and
drove off all the cattle. The enemy is very much chagrined at it.
If the enemy should go North of the Potomac, I will follow him.
There is no occasion for alarm.”

*“ On the morning of Thursday, August 18th, before daybreak,
the 22nd moved out the Pike toward Winchester, proceeding as far
as the crossing of the Opequan Creek. On the right of the Pike on
a high bluff overlooking the stream, Penrose’s Jersey brigade of the
6th Corps, was encamped. The long roll sounded while the men were
eating their breakfast in the midst of a heavy rainstorm. As they
fell into line, they were compelled to leave a portion of their bill of
fare untouched; and as we had started without our breakfast, the
ride in the early morning had whetted our appetites, and without any
gilt-edged invitation or urging, we at once-proceeded to breakfast
on the food prepared by the Jersey boys. I have a distinct recollec-
tion of securing a bucket containing at least a gallon of good old
United States coffee, of the genuine rich flavor and also properly
creamed, some Confederate cows having supplied the lacteal fluid
for the benefit of the Yanks. After we had finished breakfast, we
were deployed as skirmishers, and all was comparatively quiet until
three o’clock in the afternoon ; while engaged in eating dinner, a solid
shot came whistling over our heads, which was the first sign of the
approach of the enemy. Leaving our dessert untasted, we sprang
into line, and very soon saw the enemy swarming down the bluff on
the opposite side of the Opequan, through the creek and up the hill
where we gave them a warm reception; but on they came, clad in
blue, gray, butternut and every other color, dodging behind trees,
getting under cover of rocks, fences, and running to an old barn for
refuge, in the meantime firing rapidly and giving the usual rebel yell.
An amusing feature of the fight was brought about by some of the
members of Company K, who secured the hind carriage of a wagon
on which they placed a good sized log that had become blackened by
fire. When the Confederates were fording the Opequan and hasten-
ing up the hill, there were loud cries of “ Bring up the artillery,”
“ Artillery to the front ;” and when this new piece was run to the top
of the hill, the enemy, supposing it a portion of a battery, sought

 

* Gehrett.
340 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

shelter in every direction, amid the laughter and cheers of our boys.
The dodge did not last long, for the enemy soon discovered the ruse
and came at us again, charging by the slope and were twice repulsed,
and only by their superior numbers were they able to carry the crest
the third time. We retired slowly and in good order, the Johnnies
for some reason not following our command, which formed part of
the rear-guard of Sheridan’s Army on this retreat.

“ August 19th was wet and rainy, and the order for the 22nd
was to go out on the skirmish line; with the exception of sharp
firing on the right, the day passed rather quietly.

BATTLE OF BERRYVILLE.

“ Sunday morning, August 21st, the Confederates opened upon
us at an early hour, and with their artillery did considerable dam-
age. A request was made for volunteers to go out on the skirmish
line, and no sooner was the request made than Sergeant James Van-
zant, Corporal William Gable, and Private James Logan, of Com-
pany K, with men from other companies, promptly stepped forward.
During the engagement, the Sergeant was severely wounded, the
Corporal fatally wounded and Logan taken prisoner. Corporal
Gable was brought off the line and laid on the porch of a farm-
house in the rear of our line of battle. He was the only support
of his mother and sisters and spoke very touchingly of them, and
his fear for their support in the event of his death. He died during
the night, and was buried near Charlestown, Va. They were three
gallant soldiers and the sad event cast a gloom over Company K.
Sergeant Vanzant recovered, but was unfit for further service.
Sergeant Lewis McDaniel, of Company H, a brave and much
esteemed soldier, was killed in this engagement. While drawn up
in line of battle, the enemy trained a battery on Companies I and K,
and during the ‘shelling, a member of Company I was struck by a
‘piece of shell, tearing off a portion of his foot, scattering his blood
and small pieces of his flesh over myself and several others. The
poor fellow died during the night from loss of blood. After this
engagement, which took place in the forenoon, we fell back a short
distance to Berryville, where we had a severe cavalry engagement
BATTLE OF BERRYVILLE. 341

in the woods on the pike leading to Winchester. *The enemy opened
on us with artillery; the solid shot and shell came crashing through
the timber, making a fearful racket, they following it up with a bold
charge of their cavalry. We hastily dismounted under cover of a
small hill, and, leaving every fourth man to hold the horses, we at
once moved forward, received them in good style and succeeded in
checking them; and then we made an advance, cheering to the
best of our ability. They made a number of charges, led by an of-
ficer on a gray horse. He urged his men forward repeatedly,
riding at the head of the column himself, but each time was com-
pelled to fall back, until at last the attempt to break our line was
abandoned. The fight at this point was very severe, much of it
at unpleasantly close quarters.

“ After the fight at Berryville, August 21st, we retired slowly
through town. The enemy followed closely, and when we halted
near Charlestown, they were only a short distance away. I was
detailed to take charge of the men who went on picket duty from the
22nd, and, while posting them along a small stream of water, we
distinctly heard the Confederate cavalry posting their guard and
driving stakes in the ground to fasten their horses. The first detail
being too small, a detachment from Company H was sent out and
with these we managed to get through the night. This addition to
our number enabled me to relieve two of Company K, and I there-
fore brought to the reserve post Joseph McKinney and George W.
Wogan, who rolled themselves up in their blankets and were soon

sleeping the sleep of the just as soundly as if the “ Johnnies ” were
a hundred miles away. The nearness of the enemy and the possi-
bility that they might make an attack at any time, made it necessary
for me to visit the pickets frequently during the night, and once,
while doing so, I found one of the men fast asleep. This was a
serious matter, of course, and especially as the Confederates were
so near; but as the men had been marching and fighting day and

* Aug. 21. Rebs charged us and we charged back and took our lines again. They
shelled us considerably and then we fell back close to Berryville. Charged into woods;
met First Maryland Cavalry being driven back by rebs; we let the 1st Maryland go
through us and then went up on a gallop with raised sabers; when we came within
thirty yards of the enemy, every man stopped and opened fire with carbine and revolver.
Very hot for a few minutes; a good many horses fell; rebs had to fall back. They
then shelled us from. guns we could not see; shells cut the limbs off over our heads.
We dismounted, went out on foot, got behind trees and made them gif. On the left
of the pike, was an open field with an old earthwork. Second Massachusetts Cavalry
(Lowell), charged along with us on the left of the pike, we on the right. The Second
Massachusetts had Spencer repeating carbines. They dismounted and got behind the
breastworks and the rebs had to get away from their front pretty quick. That evening,
we stayed at Rippon.—A. R. McCarthy’s diary.
342 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

night for a week, the wonder was that any one could keep awake.
It is hardly necessary to add that I did not report the matter.”

Early left Anderson’s Corps to guard Winchester and, with
the main body of his army, moved down to Bunker Hill on the 19th,
where he could more readily forage for supplies and at the same
time continue to keep the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad broken.

On the 21st, the enemy threw a heavy force across the Opequan
by the bridge at Smithfield, drove in our cavalry pickets at Summit
Point and followed up with a rapid advance against the position of
the 6th Corps. A sharp skirmish with a heavy picket line of the
6th Corps, grew out of this maneuver and resulted very much in
our favor, but the quick withdrawal of the enemy left no oppor-
tunity for a general engagement. The fight. was severe while it
lasted, the Confederate divisions of Rodes and Ramiseur being
thrown against Getty’s Division of the 6th Corps, which was so
hard pressed as to necessitate bringing forward Rickett’s Division,
when the lost ground was regained. Our loss was 260 killed and
wounded, mostly in Getty’s Division. At the same time, the enemy
attacked Wilson and Lowell at Summit Point and Merritt at Berry-
ville, expecting to drive them and attack our left at Charles-
town simultaneously with the attack on the 6th Corps, but the
stubborn resistance met, and the greater distance they had to travel,
delayed their advance until after the other attacking force had with-
drawn, and they, too, withdrew, leaving our cavalry in possession
of the ground. At midnight, Sheridan drew in the cavalry and fell
back to his first and strongest position at Halltown, where he took
position as formerly, with the 6th Corps on the right and with the
cavalry on that flank, while Emory occupied the center and-Crook
the left.

* MOVEMENTS OF THE BATTALION WITH MERRITT’S DIVISION.

“Monday morning, August 22nd, we moved back to Charles-
town at an early hour, reaching the place at’ sunrise, but had not
marched through the town-until firing was heard and we were or-
dered back and placed on the right of our line, where a heavy

* This account of the fighting at Charlestown, Va., on September 22nd, 1864, is by
Dr. Arthur R. McCarthy of Mount Union, Pa., who as a private in Company K, 22nd
P. V. Cavalry, then attached to the gallant Colonel Lowell’s Brigade, was an active
Participant in all this sharp fighting, engaged with the enemy almost every day from
the 17th until the 25th of August, when all detachments of the regiment were ordered.
to Hagerstown and reunited, after which under command of Colonel Greenfield, McCarthy
with the regiment, took an active part in all the subsequent battles of the campaign.
During this time, he kept a full diary, by the help of which, he is now able to bring
back to us the scenes and incidents of those days of dreadful war, with a freshness that
makes it seem as yesterday,
THE FIGHT AT CHARLESTOWN, AUG. 22, 1864. 343

skirmish took place. The line extended
from the right of the town some dis-
tance across the Berryville Pike. We
made use of some old houses for shelter,
and having a plain view of the advanc-
ing enemy, we did our best to lessen
their numbers, and in all fighting, I never
knew men to take more deliberate aim
than they did that morning.

“In the meantime, the center of our
line was broken and driven back in
some confusion through the main street
and on the left of the town. Captain B.
F. Houck,of the 1st Maryland, was killed
on the main street while we were retreating. Some of his com-
rades held him on his horse after being wounded, but the enemy
pressed them so closely they were compelled to leave him. He was
‘mortally wounded and, no doubt, death soon relieved his sufferings.
Thus died a brave and efficient officer. Our position on the right
of the line prevented us from seeing that the center and left had
fallen back, and we fought on in blissful ignorance of this fact,
and would all have been captured, had it not been for the timely
notice given us by Aloysius Small, of Company K, who at the time
was serving as orderly for Captain Boring of that company. The
enemy had pressed back our force a considerable distance beyond
where we were fighting, and by a flank movement could easily have
“scooped us in”? and would have done so, no doubt, but for the in-
formation we received.

“We fell back through the fields and the narrow street on the
right of the town, and, while crossing a small stream of water where
we formerly watered our horses when our winter quarters were at
Charlestown, Lieutenant Frank B. Smith, of Company G, was
wounded. He was helped to the edge of the town and placed in an
ambulance and taken off the field. At this place, a large, brawny
woman of Irish birth, put in an appearance; she had a shawl pinned
over her head, and, gesticulating wildly, cried out, “ For the love
of Heaven, byes, git back or yees’ll all be kilt,’ and springing into
the ambulance into which Lieutenant Smith had been helped, she dis-
appeared from the scene of action. By this time, the enemy were
«lose upon us; the bullets were flying about thick and fast and made
it a decidedly uncomfortable place to tarry, and we moved on with-

 

Dr. A. R. McCarthy.
344 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

out further ceremony. The inhabitants of the town were in con-
siderable commotion, especially the colored people, who were numer-
ous; and as they ran screaming in every direction, the scene was
striking.

“We retreated in good order until we were clear of the town,
and then formed a heavy line of skirmishers, with line of ‘battle in
rear, and further in our rear, Sheridan’s army moving leisurely on to
Bolivar Heights ; we had covered the retreat since the 16th. As we
fell back from the town (Charlestown) two men of Company H were
riding with me; suddenly I heard a sharp cry of pain, and, casting
my eyes in the direction from whence it came, I saw one of them,
Jameson Clark, falling from his horse. It was a fatal shot; he made
no move nor uttered a groan after his body touched the ground. He
was a fine young man; we would have brought his body off the field,
but the enemy was so close upon us that to have attempted to do so
would have resulted in our death or capture. The fight was kept up
from Charlestown until within a short distance of Bolivar Heights,
a distance of at least four miles, and at times was severe.

“ During the engagement, Captain Thomas D. French, of Com-
pany L, Andrew J. Baker, Joseph McKinney and George W.
* Wogan, of Company K, were wounded (the last two yet in their
teens) and others whose names cannot be ascertained. My horse was
shot within sight of Charlestown, and was a matter of deep regret
to me. As we were expected to cover the retreat of Sheridan’s
army, we fell back slowly, stubbornly holding our ground until we
were compelled to yield because of overwhelming numbers. Once,
we formed in the edge of a woods and with the Johnnies in a piece of
timber opposite, we fought across an open field, and woe to the man
who was incautious or foolhardy that day, for no sooner did a
human form show itself than it became the target for many bullets.”

Bates’ History of Pennsylvania Volunteers says of the 22nd
that, under command of Colonel Lowell, commanding brigade,
it covered the retreat of Sheridan’s army from Cedar Creek; on the
1%th of August, under command of Lieutenant Colonel A. J.
Greenfield, it took part in an engagement at Kernstown, where it

*Wogan, ho was wounded, was shot through the elbow, and when he was taken
to the hospital, the surgeon wanted to take off his arm, but he stoutly refused to
submit to an amputation. “But you will die if it is not foe said the surgeon,
* Well then, I will die with my arm on,” was the determined reply. ‘‘ Well,” said the
surgeon, “‘I will get you a basin of water and a spon Keep the bandages well
saturated, and perhaps the arm can be saved.’ And as Wogan bathed his wound, he
said to William Burns of Company I, “I wonder how it would feel to have an arm
taken off; I guess I won’t have mine amputated.” The result was that he recovered,
and though his arm was somewhat stiff, yet he was able to do service. Many a poor
soldier’s arm or leg was taken off when it was entirely unnecessary.
SHERIDAN OCCUPIES BASE AT HALLTOWN. 345

displayed great steadiness and gallantry, repelling repeated assaults
of a largely superior force. On the 18th, 20th and 21st, it was
warmly engaged at Opequan and Berryville, and on the 22nd, at
Charlestown, sustaining considerable loss.

Tuesday, August 23, 1864, there was heavy skirmishing in our
front, which was about all that occurred to disturb our rest. Our
brigade toward evening was sent out to reconnoiter the enemy’s posi-
tion, and very soon we found a large force in our front. We had
formed for a charge, but the “ Johnnies ” showed themselves in such
large numbers that it was deemed prudent not to take such a dan-
gerous risk, and after a brisk engagement, we returned to camp
with the loss of one man and several horses; also a number of
wounded. While we were in line of battle, the enemy trained sev-
eral guns on us with such accuracy as to make our position rather
uncomfortable. One of the men was shot with a spent musket
ball which struck him on the forehead with just force enough to
pierce the skin. He fell from his horse considerably stunned, but
soon recovered and, with the exception of a bruised head, he was
as good as ever.

August 24th dawned bright and beautiful. There was heavy
skirmishing all along the line during the entire forenoon. About
one o'clock, in company with the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry,
we reconnoitered the enemy’s line and, making a determined charge,
drove them in utter confusion, capturing a number of prisoners.
Proceeding on we came in close range of their batteries, and
after receiving a severe artillery fire, we found it expedient to fall
back, which we did in good order; a number of our men were
wounded; a piece of shell struck Major Myers in the leg; Cor-
poral John A. McGill’s horse was shot from under him and a num-
ber of other casualties.

August 25th, we were roused at an early hour by the bugle’s
blast, calling “boots and saddles.” The Johnnies made a fierce
attack along our entire line and only after a bitter struggle were
they compelled to retreat, having gained no material advantage.

On the same day, we received marching orders to join the
other battalion at Hagerstown.

Colonel Lowell briefly sums up the work of our brigade as
follows :

August 9, Brigade organized near Halltown, Va.

August 10. Moved to Summit Point on extreme right of
346 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

army; skirmished near the Opequan. Captured 15 Imboden’s Cav-
alry and 13 Rodes’ Division.

August 11. Crossed Opequan to Winchester, driving out 200
of enemy’s cavalry. Light skirmishing; captured 5 prisoners.
Moved to White Post.

August 12. Took the advance through Newtown and Middle-
' town to Cedar Creek; took 3 prisoners. Skirmished at Cedar Creek;
took 14 prisoners.

August 13, 14, 15. Camped near Cedar Creek and picketed.

August 16. Left camp and moved to Old Forge on extreme
right.

August 1%. Moved to Winchester on Back Road, burning for-
age and driving in stock. Skirmish near Winchester. Moved across
Opequan Creek on Berryville and Winchester Pike.

August 18. Skirmishing. Fell back one mile from creek.

August 19. In camp; picketing on right. Attack on our lines
toward evening repulsed. :

August 20. Attacked about 4 p.m. Repulsed the enemy and
connected picket with 2nd Brigade on left. Third Division on right.
Kept the old line one mile from the Opequan.

August 21. Attacked 10 a.m. vigorously; skirmished con-
stantly until 2 Pp. m., when retired by order, to near Berryville, fol-
lowed by enemy; tried to take position on ridge west of town;
thrown into confusion for a time, but held the ridge until ordered
back, and moved to North fork of Bullskin Run, through Rippon.

August 22. Moved to Halltown; sharp skirmish. Had the
rear-guard to Halltown; picketed the left of the army to the Shen-
andoah.

August 23. In camp, picketing.

August 24. Reconnaissance made on the left.. Captured 18
prisoners.

August 25. Reconnaissance made. Captured 4 prisoners;
killed 3 ; wounded 4, left on our hands.

August 26. Reconnaissance made. Captured 1 Lieut. Col.,
3 Captains, 3 Lieutenants and 69 enlisted men, of 15th South Caro-
lina.

August 27. Enemy retired; followed them to Charlestown;
one prisoner taken, Kershaw’s; 2 prisoners taken near Duffields.
Sharp skirmish in afternoon with Lomax.

August 28. Moved to North Fork of Bullskin Run, left of
army,
MARCHING AND FIGHTING DAILY. AUG. 1864. 347

August 29. Moved to Summit Point, still on extreme left.

August 30. Reconnaissance made toward the Opequan. Ene-
my’s loss, killed, 2 lieutenants and 3 enlisted men, left in our hands.
Captured 5 prisoners, Lomax’s Brigade. Moved to Smithfield.

August 31. In camp; regiments picketing Summit Point,
Smithfield and Leetown.

In the various skirmishes, the brigade has lost 3 officers. and
14 men killed; 2 officers and 56 men wounded and one officer and
3 men captured.

Total captured by the brigade, 7 officers and 121 enlisted men.

Total killed by the brigade, 2 officers and 6 enlisted men.

Total wounded (as far as we know), 4 enlisted men.

Colonel Greenfield says: “ The foregoing record of the work
of two cavalry regiments; the 2nd Massachusetts and 22nd Penn-
sylvania, and a small detachment of Cole’s Maryland Cavalry, dur-
ing twenty-three consecutive days, August 9 to 31, inclusive—is
a very modest report, made by a brave man, a gallant offcer and a
perfect gentleman.

“On the 26th of August, in obedience to orders, I marched the
regiment from Halltown to Hagerstown, Md., where I joined Aver-
ill’s Division and met the rest of the regiment that had taken part
in the rout and defeat of McCausland at Moorfield, uniting and
bringing together the entire regiment mounted and equipped, for the
first time.

“On the 27th, drilled the regiment and had dress parade, at
which I read orders congratulating the command on the excellent
work the several detachments had done, and now, with the whole
regiment united, I looked forward to greater achievements and
higher honors for the command.

“On the 28th, crossed the Potomac at Falling Waters and en-
camped and on the 29th, marched to Martinsburg.

“On the 30th, moved out with the regiment and skirmished
with the enemy on the Winchester Pike.”
348 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE 22ND P. V. C, A FULL-MOUNTED REGIMENT OF
TWELVE COMPANIES. FIRST BRIGADE,
AVERILL’S DIVISION. °

On the 14th of August, 1864, the day that Colonel Chipman,
who had ridden all the way from Washington and delivered Hal-
leck’s dispatch to Sheridan, upon the receipt of which Sheridan
determined to fall back—on this very day, Averill arrived at Mar-
tinsburg with his cavalry force, to the 1st Brigade, of which the
Old Battalion of our 22nd Regiment now belonged. After routing
McCausland’s forces at Moorfield on the 7th, Averill sent the pris-
oners to New Creek, under a strong guard, of which the detach-
ment of the 22nd Pennsylvania, under Major Work, was a part.
The horses were so worn out that they were shipped by train to
Hancock, where the part of the command not in the chase after
McCausland had remained. The last shipment of cavalry from New
Creek arrived at Hancock on the 13th. On this day, Averill received
a dispatch from Sheridan, ordering him to move with all his troops
to Harper’s Ferry. Here at Hancock, on the 13th, Averill re-
organized his command that had been much detached and dis-
tributed during the raid into Pennsylvania. In this he brigaded our
regiment with the 14th Pennsylvania and 8th Ohio regiments of
cavalry, forming the 1st Brigade of his division. On the next day,
the entire force marched to Martinsburg, arriving there at dark
and camping one mile west of town, having marched twenty-eight.
miles. In a letter to Sheridan next day, Averill says:

“ My command arrived at this place last evening, losing twenty-
six horses from exhaustion on the march from Hancock. About
600 mounted men from Harper’s Ferry joined me this morning,
making my command about 2,500 strong. One-third of my horses
are totally unfit for further service at present, and would be
abandoned should I continue my march from this place. I have
made arrangements for receiving 500 horses from the Cumber-
land Valley, and 500 from the West within the next three days. I
expect to increase my command to 3,500 within the next five or
six days. . . . . The worn-out condition of one-third of my
horses was not caused by want of forage or care, but results
solely from the fact that they have marched 1,700 miles since
AVERILL’S CAVALRY DIVISION. 349

the 1st of May without rest. . . . I shall use every endeavor to
be ready for the field in five or six days.”

In response to the above, General Averill received orders to
remain at Martinsburg until further orders. Here Averill re-
mained resting and reorganizing his forces until the 18th of August.
On this morning, the division was called out early and a line
formed on the Williamsport Pike, one mile from Martinsburg,
where we remained in position until after noon, when the entire
command marched out the Shepherdstown Road to the junction of
the Smithville Road and halted. From here, several small scout-
ing parties were sent out to scour the country in search of the
enemy; Captain McNulty, with ten men was sent to Summit Point
and Smithville. Lieutenant Joe Lane, with ten men, was sent to
Darkesville. These scouts returned at dark, reporting no enemy in
sight. General Averill had received conflicting orders this day,
which accounts for the zig-zag movement of his column. This was
the day that Sheridan’s forces fell back and took position in front
of Charlestown; the enemy also moved forward a short distance,
Ramseur’s Division moving from Winchester, several miles down
the Martinsburg Pike, while the other divisions followed Sheridan’s
retiring army in the direction of Charlestown. Our command re-
turned to Martinsburg at 10 p.m., fed and got supper and then
marched to Shepherdstown, arriving there at 2 a.m. That night
(18th) Averill sent this message to Sheridan: “ Received an order
from Reno this morning to fall back to Charlestown. On the way,
received a communication from General Torbert, requesting me to
occupy Smithfield and Bunker Hill. When near Leetown, re-
ceived a dispatch from General Sheridan to cross the Potomac if
necessary and cover the river from Williamsport to Shepherdstown.
My command is now near Shepherdstown, with pickets at Martins-
burg, Williamson’s Cross Roads, Kearneysville, Gerrardstown,
Bunker Hill and Leetown.”

Averill’s Division remained on the Virginia side of the river at
Shepherdstown all day of the 19th, the 1st Brigade, lying on the
Smithfield Road near town, and the 2nd Brigade, a mile from town
on the Martinsburg Road. On this day, Early moved his army
down the pike to Bunker Hill, and encamped there, leaving An-
derson and Fitzhugh Lee at Winchester, while Lomax’s Division
of (Confederate) cavalry went to Martinsburg and toward the
river to Shepherdstown.

The next day (20th) we saddled up early, but did not move un-
350 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

til 9 o’clock. Crossed the river (Potomac) and formed on the
tidge until all were over. Left the 8th Ohio Cavalry to guard the
Ford, while the command marched through Sharpsburg and out
the Williamsport Road, when a strong detachment was left to
guard another ford; we then turned to the right, marched on and
camped near Fairplay.

On the morning of the 21st, we were roused by the bugle and
saddled up before daylight; stood to horse for an hour or two
and then unsaddled. There was heavy cannonading in the direction
of Charlestown. (This was the sudden and vigorous attack of
Early upon the 6th Corps, forming the right of Sheridan’s line,
heretofore mentioned.)

Averill’s command remained here near Fairplay during the
22nd, 28rd, 24th and 25th, scouting, picketing the fords and keep-
ing sharp watch on the movements of the enemy’s cavalry. As
we have already seen, Sheridan fell back to his strong position at
Halltown, purposely leaving the Valley open for Early to go farther
north, if he chose. ;

Sheridan says: “ Indeed at this time I was hoping that my ad-
versary would renew the boldness that he had exhibited in the
early part of the month, and strike for the north side of the Po-
tomac, and wrote General Grant on the 20th of August that I had
purposely left everything in that direction open to the enemy. On
the 22nd, the Confederates moved to Charlestown and pushed well
up to my position in Halltown. Here for the next three days they
skirmished with my videttes and infantry pickets, Emory and Crook
receiving the main attention; but finding that they could make no
impression, and judging it to be an auspicious time to intensify the
scare in the North—on the 25th of August, Early sent Fitzhugh
Lee’s Cavalry to Williamsport and moved all the rest of his army
to Kearneysville, but Anderson’s Infantry and McCausland’s Cav-
alry, which he left in front of our lines at Halltown for the pur-
pose of covering his movement for a day or until he could be well
on his way.

“This same day there was sharp picket firing along the whole
front of my infantry line, arising as afterward ascertained from
a heavy demonstration by Anderson. During this firing, I sent
Torbert with Merritt’s and Wilson’s divisions to Kearneysville,
whence he was to proceed toward Leetown and learn what had
become of Fitz Lee.

“About a mile from Leetown, Torbert met a small force cf
EARLY FEINTS AT ANOTHER INVASION. 351

Confederate cavalry, and soon after encountering it, stumbled on
Breckenridge’s Corps of infantry on the march, apparently head-
ing for Shepherdstown. The surprise was mutual, for Torbert ex-
pected to meet only cavalry, while the Confederate infantry column
was anticipating an unobstructed march to the Potomac. Torbert
attacked with such vigor as at first to double up the head of
Breckenridge’s Corps and throw it into confusion, but when the
enemy realized that they were confronted only by cavalry, Early
brought up the whole of the four infantry divisions engaged in his
maneuver and in a sharp attack, pushed Torbert back rapidly. He
was obliged to withdraw Wilson’s Division toward our right, to the
neighborhood of Duffields’ Station, Merritt drawing back to the
same point by way of the Shepherdstown Ford. Custer’s Brigade
becoming isolated after the fight while assisting the rear-guard, was
also obliged to retire, which it did to Shepherdstown, and there
halted, picketing the river to Antietam Ford. When Torbert re-
ported to me the nature of his encounter, and that a part of Early’s
Infantry was marching to the North, while Fitzhugh Lee’s Cavalry
had gone toward Martinsburg, I thought that the Confederate Gen-
eral meditated crossing his cavalry into Maryland, so I sent Wilson
by way of Harper’s Ferry to watch his movements from Boones-
boro, and at the same time directed Averill to take post at Williams-
port and hold the crossing there until he was driven away. I thought
it possible that Early might cross the Potomac with his whole army,
but the doubts of a movement like this outweighed the probabilities
favoring it. Nevertheless, I arranged to throw my army on his
rear, should the occasion arise, and deeming my position at Hall-
town the most advantageous in which to await developments, my
infantry was retained there.”

Our (Averill’s) camp near Fairplay was aroused at half past
two on the morning of the 26th and turned out in line until after
daylight, our pickets at Williamsport having been attacked by a
strong force of the enemy’s cavalry and artillery. Our pickets at
Williamsport consisted of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, who
resisted the enemy’s attempt to cross; after a brisk artillery fire
across the river, for a considerable time, and which caused but lit-
tle loss to our force, the enemy, late in the day, withdrew, and
marched toward Shepherdstown. :

The enemy found the Potomac guarded at every important
ford. Custer was at Antietam Ford, watching that and Shepherds-
town; Wilson with his division had been sent by Sheridan through
352 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Harper’s Ferry on the night of the 25th, to Boonesboro to co-oper-
ate with Averill, who was picketing the fords above for many miles.
Sheridan expected Fitz Lee’s Cavalry to cross into Maryland, and
on the evening of the 25th, sent this dispatch to Averill: “If you
and Custer are pressed by Fitz Lee’s Cavalry, pitch into it; you
must defeat it if possible.”

Wilson, from Boonesboro, on the 26th, in a dispatch to Custer,
said: “If the enemy has already crossed, the first thing is to whip
him, and if we all got at him together, Lee hasn’t got cavalry enough
in this portion of the country to withstand us.”

Our cavalry leaders were confident and anxious for a fight
with Fitz Lee. *On that morning, 26th, Averill moved on to
Hagerstown and formed line of battle where he remained in posi-
tion all day, awaiting the advance of the enemy whom he expected
to cross at Williamsport and attack him. This was a much bet-
ter position for delivering a telling blow to the enemy’s cavalry
than to have contested his crossing at the river in force; if Fitz Lee’s
Cavalry had engaged our cavalry, Averill, Wilson and Custer on the
Maryland side of the Potomac, they would never have returned to
Virginia as an organized body of troops. Whatever Early’s plans
were as to the invasion of Maryland at this time, he very promptly
concluded to withdraw.

On this same day, 26th, General Crook, who had been in posi-
tion on our left at Halltown, made a reconnaissance with Duvall’s
Division and part of Thoburn’s and Lowell’s Cavalry against the
enemy in his front and drove two brigades from their intrenched po-
sition, capturing nearly one hundred prisoners, including eight
officers.

Grant had been pressing Lee’s army south of the James River
and telegraphed Sheridan that the enemy’s losses in that army dur-
ing the past two weeks had been not less than 10,000 in killed and
wounded, and that he had good reason for believing that Fitz Lee
had been ordered back to the army in front of Richmond. “ Watch
closely,” said Grant, ‘“‘ and if you find this theory correct, push with
all vigor.”

General Grant’s surmises were correct; Lee was already asking

‘that the cavalry division of Fitzhugh, and also Anderson’s Corps
be returned to his army, just as soon as Early could spare them.
Early’s feints at another invasion had failed to draw Sheridan after

* Colonel Greenfield with the other part of our regiment, joined us this day at
Hagerstown.
EARLY FALLS BACK. SHERIDAN ADVANCES. 353

him as he (Early) had hoped, only one cavalry division (Wilson’s)
having been sent into Maryland to reinforce Averill and Custer who
were confronting the invaders.

On the 26th, Early fell back with his infantry, reaching Bunker
Hill the next day. Fitz Lee, with his cavalry division, fell back to
Martinsburg, and on the night of the 26th, Anderson quietly with-
drew from Charlestown to Stephenson’s Depot. :

Next day, 27th, Sheridan’s army at Halltown quietly waited
and watched developments. Averill remained near Hagerstown all
through the day and night of the 27th. Our regiment, 22nd Penn-
sylvania Cavalry, was camping together as a full mounted regi-
ment for the first time. During this day, they drilled on foot as a
full three-battalion regiment, for more than an hour, under com-
mand of Lieutenant Colonel Greenfield.

*“On the morning of the 28th, Sheridan’s army moved for-
ward to Charlestown. He had apparently fixed on the Clifton-
Berryville line as the true counter position to occupy whenever Early
established himself at Bunker Hill; for there he could strike the
turnpike south of Winchester, should it become advisable to resume
the offensive, or could retire to Halltown, should the enemy be found
in too great strength. Toward this line he now moved, yet by grad-
ual approaches, as the country was very open and the enemy’s pur-
poses not fully known. While the infantry advanced from Charles-
town, Averill crossed from Hagerstown, through Williamsport to
Martinsburg and Wilson also returned south of the Potomac at
Shepherdstown, and Custer at Harper’s Ferry. Merritt moved for-
ward to Leetown, and there finding a cavalry force, handsomely
defeated, driving it with the saber to Smithfield and across the
Opequan. The next day, two of Early’s divisions expelled Merritt
from Smithfield and re-established the Confederate cavalry there;
but Rickett’s Division of the 6th Corps, being hurried to Merritt’s
relief, drove out the enemy’s troopers and definitely secured the posi-
tion for Merritt.”

Averill’s forces moved forward to Martinsburg on the 29th
and lay about there all day, sending out small scouting parties to

* Pond.

Aug. 28, Sabbath. We were brought out into line and orders read to us before
breakfast. At eight o’clock, the command moved out, eur, Brtqaye marching off to the
music of the Eighth Ohio Band, and an excellent band it is, e crossed the Potomac
at Williamsport and marched on until within five miles of Martinsburg and camped.
A detachment of forty men from Companies A_and C, under command of Lieutenants
Lane and Regester was sent to guard Myers Ford and another Ford on the creek, to
prevent a flank movement by the enemy. Clint Squires and I were sergeants of the
guard.—Sergeant Donaldson’s Diary.
354 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

scour the country thereabouts. Our regiment lay close to this town.
At midnight, 29th, Major Work, with a squadron of cavalry, made
a dash on the rebel pickets, capturing a Major, a Captain and four
privates ; he would have captured the entire picket post but for the
accidental discharge of a pistol by one of our men, who struck his
horse over the head with his pistol because the horse stumbled ; this
- happened while we were surrounding the picket post and alarmed
the Rebs so that part of them got away.

Lieutenant Lane, with a detachment oi twenty-five men, went
out beyond Leetown and located the enemy’s pickets there, returning
at dark on the 30th. On this day, Sheridan moved Merritt’s and
Wilson’s Cavalry to Berryville, while Lowell’s Brigade took position
at Smithfield, this being the beginning of his re-establishing his
former Clifton-Berryville position east of the Opequan, to which
he brought up his infantry and artillery during the next two or
three days, posting his forces in the same relative position as on
previous occupation of this line with the 6th Corps on the right, the
8th on his left and 19th in the center. During these days, the
enemy did not impede these movements of Sheridan, but had his eye
on Averill and Martinsburg.

Averill surmised that Early would again strike the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad and kept a sharp watch on his movements. At
four o’clock on the morning of the 31st, Averill sent out a scout,
consisting of companies A and C of our regiment, in command of
Lieutenant Gass, going by the Romney Pike to the Back Road and
then up that road to near Darkesville, where the enemy’s cavalry
were encamped; we drove in their pickets. Sergeants Kelley and
Donaldson, of Company C, with four men, were left to picket the
road, while the squadron went out another road and skirmished
with some guerrillas. The enemy’s camp had been alarmed and
sent a force out to drive us off. * We, who were picketing the road,
were notified of their coming by clouds of dust rising in the dis-
tance; when they came within range we gave them a volley from
our carbines, when they halted and fired; then raised a yell and
charged on, but another volley from our Spencer repeaters caused
another halt and stopped their yells, and while they faltered we
kept up a vigorous firing. This attracted the attention of Lieu-
tenant Gass and the squadron, who came galloping to us, when the
command fell back, returning to camp, reaching there shortly be-

* Donaldson.
AVERILL’S DIVISION. DAILY CONFLICTS. = 355

fore noon. Here we found the cavalry in line mustered for pay,
but in less than half an hour, about noon, the enemy drove our
pickets in double quick, and skirmishing began in earnest. We did
not have time to get dinner, the Rebel shells bursting over us before
we left camp. Our artillery took position and replied vigorously ;
our cavalry formed quickly, the carbineers being put on the skirm-
ish line. The enemy’s skirmishers were infantry and in strong
force. Our squadron was formed on the right of the Williamsport
Pike, in the rear of our skirmishers. We were in range of their
cannon, and one round shell, apparently as big as my head, lit in
front and came bounding right for me. I wheeled my horse to one
side and it passed by and would have played havoc with others
back of me, but providentially, it struck a stump and bounded
thirty feet in the air, over the heads of our men and went on
bounding in the rear. The next shell went through under the
horses, tearing the legs of Sergeant Nutt’s horse. The next minute
a piece of shell struck Sergeant D. H. Williams’ horse in the mouth,
tearing away a large piece of his lip and knocking out four teeth;
the horse, though badly injured, carried his rider back to Falling
Waters. We fell back slowly before their skirmishers, giving them
plenty of balls all the while. The enemy had some guns of large
caliber. One shell tore a horse to pieces, but only stripped the flesh
from one leg of the rider. We fell back toward Falling Waters
slowly, contesting the ground with the enemy, who followed us
some distance, but with great caution. A number of our men were
wounded, but I know of none being killed. After passing by Fall-
ing Waters, we went into camp near Dam No. 5, keeping a skirmish
line out all night.”

Next morning we moved up to the fording, where we remained
all day. Here, ten men of Company — and Company —, with a
Sergeant of Company —, had to march about camp for hours, car-
tying a rail, while a guard rode after them, being punishment for
running from the skirmish line yesterday.

‘Captain McNulty with the 1st Squadron went five miles to-
ward Hagerstown, where he posted and maintained pickets until
next day; September 2nd, we were in the saddle again before day-
light and marched toward Martinsburg, halting on the way for
breakfast for man and horse, Passed through Martinsburg about
noon. Two miles above Martinsburg we formed in line of bat-
tle and threw out skirmishers, our regiment forming on a road out
to the right of the pike. Averill had discovered that Rodes’ Di-

nn er
356 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

visions of the enemy that had driven us out of Martinsburg and
back to Falling Waters, had rejoined Early, and had been sent with
the Confederate wagon-train to Stephenson’s Depot, while on this
day, September 2nd, Early, somewhat alarmed at the advanced
position of Torbert on his right, determined to make a counter
movement, and with his infantry and McCasuland’s Cavalry, was
marching to Summit Point on a reconnaissance, leaving two bri-
gades of cavalry about Bunker Hill. Averill was prompt to take
advantage of this indiscretion of the enemy, and pushing forward,
fell upon “ Vaughn’s and Johnson’s Brigades, which he routed in
succession, capturing fifty-five prisoners, two flags, a herd of cat-
tle and some loaded wagons.”

General Averill, in his report, says: “ I crossed the river on the
28th, and advanced to Hainesville, and on the 29th to Martinsburg,
driving the enemy’s pickets four miles beyond that place, and estab-
lishing a picket line across the Valley. This line, being too close
to the enemy for his comfort, he advanced Rodes’ Division with
cavalry and artillery on the 31st,-compelling me to retire to Falling
Waters, with a loss of forty-eight men killed and wounded. I be-
lieved this advance a screen to a retrograde movement, and moved
forward on the 2nd of September, without meeting any serious op-
position until near Bunker Hill, ten miles from Martinsburg, where
I attacked three brigades of the enemy’s cavalry under Lomax,
routing them and capturing two battle flags, fifty-five prisoners,
twenty wagons, one battery forge, a herd of cattle and a quantity
of small arms. The enemy had no artillery.

“On the ensuing day, 3rd, the enemy’s cavalry attacked me, but
were completely beaten and were driven to within five miles of
Winchester, where his infantry was encountered. The enemy was
pressed again on the 4th, 5th, 6th and ‘th, until it was ascertained
that he did not intend any further movement up the Valley.”

On the 3rd, Early, with the bulk of his army, was reconnoi-
tering on the east side of the Opequan down toward Summit Point,
as a counter movement to Sheridan’s last advance. “Here he
learned of the havoc Averill was creating in his rear and this com-
pelled him to recross to the west side of the Opequan and mass
his troops in the vicinity of Stephenson’s Depot, whence he could
extend down to Bunker Hill, continue to threaten the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad and at the same time cover Winchester.” The
same day, Sheridan was moving his infantry to take up the Clif-
ton-Berryville line, and that afternoon, Wright went into position
SEPTEMBER, 1864—EVENTFUL MONTH. 357

at Clifton, Crook occupied Berryville and Emory’s Corps came in
between them, forming almost a continuous line. Torbert had
moved to White Post, meanwhile, with directions to reconnoiter as
far south as the Front Royal Pike. Our infantry had just got
fairly into this position about an hour before sunset, when along
Crook’s front a combat took place that caused Sheridan at the time
to believe it was Early’s purpose to throw a column between Crook
and Torbert, . . . but the fight really arose from the attempt
of General Anderson to return to Petersburg with Kershaw’s Di-
vision, in response to loud calls from General Lee, who was then
being sorely pushed by Grant. Anderson started south on the 3rd
of September and marched toward Berryville, expecting to cross the
Blue Ridge through Ashby’s Gap. At Berryville, he blundered into
Crook’s lines, and a bitter fight ensued, in which the Confederates
got much the worst of it and withdrew toward Winchester. Early
hurried to Anderson’s assistance with three divisions, but soon
perceiving what was hitherto unknown to him, that our whole army
was on a new line, he decided, after some slight skirmishing that
Anderson must remain at Winchester until a favorable opportunity
offered for him to rejoin Lee by another route.”

But let us return to the “ Twenty-second Ringgold,” as Gen-
eral Duffee had named our regiment, which we find with the 1st
Brigade of Averill’s Division not far from Bunker Hill. We quote
from Sergeant Donaldson’s diary: “Sept. 3. We were in the
saddle again before daylight and guarded a supply train of twenty-
three wagons up to Averill at Darkesville. Our regiment then
marched out to Garrettsville and up five miles on the right flank,
where we encountered the Rebel pickets and drove them in. We
found that we were cut off from the main command, so we fell
back towards Darkesville. Averill had been fighting heavily and
had fallen back to Darkesville, but when we got there he had
driven the enemy again some four miles to Bunker Hill. Five
Hundred Rebel cavalry were in our rear, but fled. At four o’clock,
all the skirmish line fell back a mile, except our regiment. We had
no time for breakfast or dinner, but made coffee for supper; had
hardly anything to eat, as rations were due us yesterday, but we
had no time to draw them. From six o’clock until dark, there is
heavy cannonading to the left of Winchester. Sept. 4. Sabbath.
Rained heavily through the night. After dark last night, our regi-
ment moved up to Bunker Hill and went on picket. Drew rations
this morning. Some canonading in the direction of Berryville this
358 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

morning. At 10 a.M., the whole command moved forward and
skirmishing commenced a half mile beyond. Bunker Hill, the 1st
West Virginia being in the front. Three miles up, the enemy’s
cavalry made a stand, supported by infantry in strong force.
Averill, learning that a heavy cavalry force was flanking him on
the left, fell back to Bunker Hill, where we took supper and ‘ed.
At five o’clock we advanced again in columns of squadrons at proper
distance apart, to form a continuous line when so ordered. The
Rebs had fallen back several miles, but we found them after dark
about four miles from Winchester. After putting the enemy in
commotion, Averill again fell back four miles and camped for the
night. The men lay on the ground with their horses tied to their
legs or arms. Our Company C, was on picket during the night
two miles to the right of the pike, on the middle Winchester Road.
Next day, September 5th, skirmishing was kept up in front most
of the day. At four o’clock, Averill moved forward again, our
squadron, Companies C and D on the extreme right, moving up
also. We met the Johnnies and fought their skirmishers a while.
Averill, two miles east of us, was’ fighting fiercely, judging by
the heavy artillery and musketry firing. We soon discovered by the
report of the guns that Averill was falling back rapidly before the
enemy’s infantry. We then fell back several miles amidst a heavy
shower of rain. Major Work, in command of the squadron, sta-
tioned a picket of eight men to guard the road, while he went
into camp with the squadron. Shortly he received a dispatch
that he was being cut off by a stronger force of Rebel cavalry that
had got in our rear and by a camp on the pike opposite us; we had
mistaken this camp for Averill’s.

“The night was terribly dark, the roads bad and a heavy rain
drenching us, but we got through to a point opposite Averill at
Bunker Hill, with the loss of two men captured, Barnett and an-
other. Our escape was remarkable and due to the intense darkness,
for when Major Work received the message that he was sur-
rounded, he expected to have to cut his way out or be captured.
Sergeant W.'R. Galbraith, of Company C, with ten men, was sent
back to Whitehall with a dispatch to a Lieutenant left there. We
built large fires to warm and dry us, as we were soaking wet and
chilled.”

Early was not aware of Sheridan’s new position, reaching
from Berryville down to and below Clifton, until the 4th, when he
found our force strongly posted and entrenching. He kept shifting
GAME OF WAR. MOVE AND COUNTERMOVE. 359

his forces from one flank to the other. He used Rodes’ Division
of infantry with his cavalry against Averill so frequently that we
would naturally suppose that he was in our front all the time;- it
was Rodes that drove us back on the 3rd, yet we learn from the
Confederate records that on the 4th, “ Rodes, Gordon and Ramseur
marched to Berryville to the support of Anderson, who had butted
into Crook on the previous evening. Gordon remained to guard
the approaches to Winchester, while Rodes, Wharton and Ramseur
marched back to Stephenson’s on the afternoon of the 5th by the
same route they came—Rodes, who was in front, reaching there
just in time to form on the right of their cavalry, which was falling
back before Averill’s forces, and aid in driving the latter back sev-
eral miles through a drenching rain.”

Next day, 6th, we find Averill’s force still forming a line across
the Valley at Bunker Hill, our second squadron of the 22nd Penn-
sylvania, Companies C and D picketing on our extreme right, Com-
pany C relieving a detachment of 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry. There
were occasional skirmishes with parties of the enemy.

The next day, 7th, about noon, brisk skirmishing commenced
in our front, becoming very sharp along the center. We (the 1st
Squadron) were relieved by Major Troxell, with Captain Chess-
rown’s Squadron, after which we came back to camp, across the
creek from Bunker Hill. Late in the day, we marched back and
camped below Darkesville after dark.

: Meanwhile Sheridan had rearranged his line somewhat, bring-

ing Crook and also Merritt and Custer to his right, and on the
8th, moving Averill’s whole force to Leetown, east of the Opequan,
excepting one brigade of the latter, kept on picket across the Valley.

The position of the cavalry was now as follows: Wilson, cover-
ing our left from Snicker’s Gap to where the Berryville Pike crosses
the Opequan. From the latter point to Smithfield, covered by Mer-
ritt’s Division. From Smithfield to Martinsburg, covered by
Averill’s Division. This disposition was made to more fully pro-
tect Sheridan’s lines of communication. On the afternoon of the
8th our regiment, except those on picket, moved across the Opequan
to Smithfield. September 9th was rather quiet. Sheridan sent a
force out toward Brucetown and burned some mills, when the
enemy under Wharton went out to drive them back. A force of the
enemy is at Bunker Hill. The first squadron of our regiment under
Captain Hart is at Martinsburg. Our 1st Brigade, under Colonel
Schoonmaker, moved across to the Martinsburg Pike at eight
360 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

o’clock. Our regiment camped this night three miles above Mar-
tinsburg.
FIGHT AT DARKESVILLE.

On the 11th, a strong force of the enemy, with Rodes in front,
advanced down the Valley, preceded by Lomax’s Cavalry. Our
brigade marched up to Darkesville, where we engaged them. Part
of the 8th Ohio Cavalry was deployed in front as skirmishers, and
after a sharp fight these skirmishers were driven back. Our regi-
ment then charged and drove the Rebs back; our second squadron
followed too far and came near being cut off, but escaped by turn-
ing toward Leetown. The enemy shelled us briskly, but did little
damage. We had no artillery. Our brigade fell back. The
enemy’s cavalry came on down the Pike and two regiments en-
tered Martinsburg. Our brigade took position on the hills by Mar-
tinsburg. Our train came on by way of Leetown and joined us at
night. The enemy had a strong force of infantry and eight pieces
of artillery in addition to their cavalry. Several men of our regi-
ment were wounded and Cephas Wiley, of Company D, was
shot through the breast and killed. The Old Battalion of our regi-
ment was highly complimented for the charge they made.

The Confederate infantry returned to Bunker Hill the same
night (11th) and their cavalry to Darkesville. Our brigade re-
mained at Martinsburg, doing heavy picket duty for many miles
across the Valley until the 13th, when Averill was ordered to make
a reconnaissance up the Valley, which he did with the main body
of his division; he drove the enemy’s cavalry through and beyond
Bunker Hill, where he found their infantry in position. We lay at
Darkesville that night, and the next day, 14th, at noon, the 1st
Brigade returned.to Martinsburg and the 2nd Brigade to Leetown.
Our regiment camped again in our old place on the hill north of
town; strong pickets are kept posted across the Valley, requiring
heavy details from our regiment. .

During these first two weeks of September, the opposing forces
faced each other across the Opequan ; there was considerable maneu-
vering and some minor engagements. Early was keeping up a show
of aggressive movements to occupy the attention of our forces
while he was endeavoring to stealthily send away Anderson’s Corps
of infantry and Cutshaw’s artillery, to rejoin Lee’s army before
Richmond, without Sheridan’ discovering the same.

“The most brilliant of these minor operations was executed
by General McIntosh on the 13th, who, taking his fine brigade,
DRAWING TO A CRISIS. SEPT., ’64. 361

comprising the 2nd Ohio, 3rd New Jersey, 5th and 2nd New York,
and ist Connecticut regiments of cavalry and a section of M
Battery, 2nd United States Artillery, proceeded on the 13th, by
order of General Wilson; to reconnoiter the Berryville Pike. On his
way he captured about thirty dismounted cavalry and then pressing
on toward Winchester, caught sight of an infantry line in his front
and charged it. The enemy broke and made for a piece of woods,
which McIntosh surrounded, there capturing the 8th South Carolina
Infantry, Colonel Hanagan, of Kershaw’s command, with its battle-
flag. The remainder of Kershaw’s Division, which was not far
away, hurried forward, but McIntosh sounded the recall and was
off in season.”

In the meantime, Grant had extended his lines in front of
Lee’s army, throwing his right north of the James River, thus
menacing Richmond, and pushing his left on out to the Weldon
Railroad, capturing that. Lee was thus obliged to extend his lines,
which, with his army depleted by recent heavy losses as well as
by the loss of the troops he had sent to reinforce Early, was a
most difficult problem—the only solution of which seemed to be the
recall of Anderson’s Corps with Cutshaw’s Artillery, which had
been attempted on the 3rd, as we have seen. Now, on the 14th,
these troops are started south, departing in great secrecy and
going by way of Chester Gap. These troops had reinforced Early
on the 14th of August, when Sheridan had pushed him back to
Fisher’s Hill, and was about to engage him in a general battle, but
on being notified of the strong reinforcements about to arrive, in
obedience to Grant’s advice, Sheridan assumed the defensive which
he had maintained for one month, watching for the time when Early
would be obliged to return troops to Lee at Richmond.

The people of Maryland and Pennsylvania had been in a
constant state of fear from another possible invasion, owing to the
continued occupation of the lower Valley by Early’s army; the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, so much needed for the transporta-
tion of supplies for the Army of the Potomac, as well as for the
cities of Baltimore and Washington, had been broken up and
lying idle for many weeks. These causes had excited considerable
complaint in the localities affected and had brought much pressure
to bear on the War Department and upon General Sheridan, him-
self, to drive the Confederate army out of the Valley. Sheridan
wanted to fight Early, but did not propose to be influenced to do so
by public clamor, nor until a favorable opportunity offered. While
362 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

he had been waiting these few weeks for Early to detach troops for
Lee’s army, he and Grant had been discussing the situation and
seriously considering making an attack within a few days. Neither
Sheridan nor Grant knew certainly of the departure of Anderson
and Cutshaw at this time.

On the 15th, Sheridan wrote Grant as follows: “ There is yet
no indication of Early’s detaching. It seems impossible to get at
the enemy’s cavalry. It is in poor condition and is kept in, close
on their infantry.”

Before receiving this letter, Grant started.on the 15th to see
Sheridan. We will let Grant tell the story of this visit: ‘“ My pur-
pose was to have Sheridan attack Early or drive him out of the
Valley and destroy that source of supplies for Lee’s army. I knew
it was impossible for me to get orders through Washington to
Sheridan to make a move, because they would be stopped there and
such orders as Halleck’s caution (and that of the Secretary of
War) would suggest, would be given instead, and would, no doubt,
be contradictory, to mine. I, therefore, without stopping at Wash-
ington, went directly through to Charlestown, some ten miles above
Harper’s Ferry, and waited there to see General Sheridan, hav-
ing sent a courier in advance to inform him where to meet me.

“When Sheridan arrived, I asked him if he had a map show-
ing the position of his army and that of the enemy. He at once
drew one out of his side pocket, showing all the roads and streams
and camps of the two armies. He said that if he had permission,
he would move so, and so (pointing out how) against the Con-
federates, and that he could ‘whip them.’ Before starting I had
drawn up a plan of campaign for Sheridan, which I had brought
with me; but seeing that he was so clear and so positive in his
views, and so confident of success, I said nothing about this and
did not take it out of my pocket.” (This conversation was on
Friday, the 16th of September.) ‘“‘ Knowing that he, in making
preparations to move at a given day, would have to bring up wagon-
trains from Harper’s Ferry, I asked him if he could be ready to get
off by the following Tuesday. ‘Oh, yes,’ said he, ‘ could be off be-
fore daylight on Monday.’ I told hint to make the attack at that
time and according to his own plan; and I immediately started
for Richmond.”

On the evening before Grant’s arrival at Charlestown, Sher-
idan had received positive information that a large detachment
from Early’s army had started south. The manner by which this
information was obtained makes a very interesting story.
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 363

CHAPTER XXVI.
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER.

Ever since the 3rd of September, when Anderson’s Corps at-
tempted to steal away from Early’s army and return to Richmond,
which Crook discovered—Sheridan had
been keeping a vigilant watch for their
departure, which he felt sure would soon
take place. Unable to get any reliable
information on this point, he directed his
scouts to try and find some loyal person
who had a pass to go back and forth
through the enemy’s lines to Winchester.
The scouts found an old negro who had
a pass to go into Winchester twice a
week to sell vegetables and eggs; after
satisfying themselves of his loyalty and
trustfulness, they brought him to head-
quarters. Sheridan had learned from
General Crook of a loyal lady, a Miss
Rebecca Wright, teacher of a private school in Winchester, for
whose patriotism, courage and prudence General Crook vouched.
The negro had sold produce at Miss Wright's home, and readily
agreed to deliver a letter to her.

Sheridan wrote the following letter on tissue paper:

“Miss Wright:

“T learn from Major General Crook that you are a loyal lady
and still love the old flag. Can you inform me of the position of
Early’s forces, the number of divisions in his army, the strength
of any or all of them, and his probable or reported intentions?
Have any troops arrived from Richmond or any coming or re-
ported to be coming? ‘You can safely trust the bearer with your
answer.”

This letter was rolled into a little pellet and covered with tin-
foil and given to the negro with instructions to swallow it if he was
searched. Accordingly on the following morning, he passed
through the lines with his vegetables and in the course of the fore-
noon delivered the letter to Miss Wright, promising to return in the
afternoon for her answer. Sheridan says: “On reading my note,
Miss Wright was much startled by the perils it involved and hesi-

rr
SGA

 

Miss Rebecca Wright.
364 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

tatingly consulted her mother, but her devotion and loyalty soon
silenced every other consideration, and the brave girl resolved to
comply with my request, notwithstanding it might jeopardize her
life. The evening before, a convalescent Confederate officer had
visited her mother’s house, and in conversation about the war,
had disclosed the fact that Kershaw’s Infantry and Cutshaw’s Ar-
tillery had started to join Lee.”

Miss Wright heard this conversation carelessly, never think-
ing for a moment that it might be of value to the cause she loved,
and within three days lead to a terrible battle within a short distance
of the place where they now sat; nor did the Confederate officer
ever dream that he was giving valuable information to the enemy
against whom he was fighting, which would result in the defeat
and rout of the Confederate army and send them “ whirling up the
Valley.” Miss Wright now recognized the value of this informa-
tion and determined to send it to General Sheridan, whereupon she
wrote the following letter:

“T have no communication with the Rebels, but will tell you
what I.know. The division of General Kershaw and Cutshaw’s
Artillery, twelve guns and men, General Anderson commanding,
have been sent away and no more are expected, as they cannot be
spared from Richmond. I do not know how the troops are situated,
but the force is much smaller than represented. I will take pleasure
hereafter, in learning all I can of their strength and position, and
the bearer may call again.

“Very respectfully yours,

Miss Wright’s letter settled the question of Anderson’s de-
parture, and Sheridan determined to give battle just as soon as
the departing troops were beyond recall.

“ During the inactivity prevailing in my army for the ten days
preceding Miss Wright’s communication, the infantry was quiet,
with the exception of Getty’s Division, which made a reconnaissance
to the Opequan and developed a heavy force of the enemy at
Edward’s Corners. The cavalry was employed a good deal in this
interval, skirmishing—heavily at times—to maintain a space about
six miles in width between the hostile lines, for I wished to con-
trol this ground so that when I was released from the instructions
of August 12th, I could move my men into position for attack
without the knowledge of Early.

“It was the evening of the 16th of September that I re-
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 365

ceived from Miss Wright the positive information that Kershaw
was in march by way of Chester Gap on his way to Richmond.
Concluding this was my opportunity, I at once resolved to throw
my whole force into Newtown the next day, but a dispatch from
General Grant, directing me to meet him at Charlestown, where he
was coming to consult with me, caused me to defer action until
after I should see him. The interview over, I returned to my
army to arrange for its movement toward Newtown, but while busy
with these preparations, a report came to me from General Averill,
which showed that Early was moving with two divisions toward
Martinsburg. This altered the state of affairs considerably, and I
decided to change my plan and attack at once the two divisions re-
maining about Winchester and Stephenson’s Depot, and later, the
two sent to Martinsburg, the disjointed state of the enemy giving
me an opportunity to take him in detail.”

During this time, September 15th, 16th, 17th, our regiment,
with Averill’s 1st Brigade, was near Martinsburg, picketing, scout-
ing and having slight skirmishes with the enemy, but no engage-
ments. On the 17th, General Early, with Gordon’s and Rodes’ di-
visions of infantry, Lomax’s division of cavalry and Braxton’s
artillery, moved from Stephenson’s Depot down to Bunker Hill.
Next mornifig, our pickets at Big Spring were attacked by the ad-
vance of this command. Our brigade (22nd Pennsylvania, 14th
Pennsylvania and 8th Ohio) moved out and met them. * We re-
sisted their advance stubbornly, but were forced to retire through
Martinsburg a short distance to the Opequan, where we made a
stand and held their cavalry in check.

When General Early was in the telegraph office at Martins-
burg, this morning, he learned of General Grant’s visit to Sheridan

* While our men were falling back on this morning of the 18th, Major Work,
while looking after one wing of the regiment, found himself some distance away from
his command and close to the advancing rebel cavalry, who demanded his surrender.
He spurred his horse and made a dash for his own line, hotly pursued by the foe. In
crossing a piece of marshy ground, the Major’s horse swamped and he would have
been captured the next minute, had it not been for the prompt rally of a few of his men
who came to his rescue.

At the annual reunion of the regiment in 1891, Major Work presented Private
Hamilton, one of his rescuers, with a beautiful Family Bible, on the fly-leaf of which
he wrote the following: .

‘$ Presented to Joseph Hamilton, private, Company D, 22d Pennsylvania Cavalry,
as a token of remembrance of service rendered in action near Martinsbug, W. Va.,
September 18th, 1864, where the giver’s horse swamped and he was almost surrounded
by the enemy, when Hamilton with a few other brave cqmrades, charged and drove the
rebels back, and thus saved him from certain capture. |

“For that brave act, comrade, I present you this ‘Book of Books,’ not as a
reward, but as a mark of gratitude for your gallant service. Hoping that its precepts
may guide you through life and cheer the dark hours that come to all, and that in the
life to come, you and all yours may realize its brighter hopes in ree On: I am

your sincere friend, * 96 .
qd “Major, 22nd P. V. C.”
366 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

on the previous day, which aroused his suspicion that some move-
ment was on foot, so after doing some damage to the railroad, he
proceeded to retire. Our brigade at once advanced, driving the
enemy’s cavalry through Martinsburg and beyond, inflicting upon
him some loss in killed and wounded, and in taking some prisoners.
Captain John H. Boring, of Company K, while leading in the charge
at the head of his battalion, was severely wounded in the shoulder ;
Lieutenant Felix Boyle, of Company E, was also wounded, and
a number of others.

General Early, anticipating activity by reason of this circum-
stance, promptly proceeded to withdraw, so as to get the two di-
visions within supporting distance of Ramseur’s, which lay across
the Berryville Pike about two miles east of Winchester, between
Abraham’s Creek and Red Bud Run; so by the night of the 18th,
Wharton’s Division, under Breckenridge, was at Stephenson’s
Depot, Rodes near there, and Gordon at Bunker Hill. At daylight
of the 19th, these positions of the Confederate infantry still obtained,
with the cavalry of Lomax, Jackson and Johnson on the right of
Ramseur, while to the left and rear of the enemy’s general line was
Fitzhugh Lee, covering from Stephenson’s Depot west across the
Valley Pike to Apple-pie Ridge.

* General Sheridan designed that General Torbert, with Mer-
ritt’s Division of cavalry, which was at Summit Point, should move
west, cross the Opequan at Steven’s Ford, and advance toward
Stephenson’s Depot; while Averill, at Martinsburg, should move
south, join Merritt and strike the cavalry of Fitzhugh Lee and drive
it south. He intended that the cavalry division under Wilson,
which was over towards Berryville, should cross the Opequan on
the Berryville Turnpike, dash up the gorge and drive the Confed-
erate cavalry from their position. The 6th Corps was to follow
and then the 19th. He held the 8th Corps in reserve, intending to
use it in preventing the retreat of the Confederates from Winches-
ter. When he issued orders on the afternoon of the 18th, he in-
tended to overwhelm Ramseur, then Breckenridge, and finally Rodes
and Gordon.

_ * As Averill outranked Torbert, he, very naturally, was irritated and humiliated at
being compelled to report to him. Averill was an excellent cavalry officer and in the
opinion_of the officers of our division, superior to Torbert; but Torbert having served
under Sheridan in the Army of the Potomac, was preferred by the lattér, who thought
Averill would be willing to accept the situation and serve under Torbert. When Sheri-
dan took command of the troops in the Shenandoah Valley, General Grant advised him
that if Torbert were made chief of cavalry, it would likely create trouble, and he thought
it would be best to relieve Averill and have him ssuigned to same other department.
Sheridan, knowing Averill to be a good officer, evidently did not want to lose him.
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 367

Long before daylight on Monday morning, September 19th,
Sheridan’s army was on the march, moving forward according to
instructions; Averill’s Cavalry brigades moved out south toward
Winchester by the well known roads its regiments had so often
travelled, meeting with little opposition until beyond or above
Darkesville.

Torbert, with Merritt’s Division of cavalry, met with strong
opposition at the crossing of the Opequan from the enemy’s in-
fantry in strong position, which was flanked by the brigades of
Custer and Lowell and driven back to a second position nearer
Stephenson’s Depot.

*“ MclIntosh’s Brigade of Wilson’s Division drove the enemy’s
pickets away from Berryville Crossing at dawn, and Wilson, fol-
lowing rapidly through the gorge with the rest of his division,
debouched- from its western extremity with such suddenness as to
capture a small earthwork in front of General Ramseur’s main
line; and notwithstanding the Confederate infantry, on recovering
from its astonishment, tried hard to dislodge them, Wilson’s troop-
ers obstinately held the work until the 6th Corps came up. Sher-
idan. followed Wilson immediately to select the ground on which
to form the infantry.

“The 6th Corps began to arrive about eight o’clock, and taking
up the line Wilson had been holding just beyond the head of the
narrow ravine, the cavalry was transferred to the south side of
Abraham’s Creek.

“ The Confederate line lay along some elevated ground about
two miles east of Winchester, and extended from Abraham’s Creek
northwardly across the Berryville Pike, the left being hidden in
the heavy timber on Red Bud Run. Between this line and ours,
especially on our right, clumps of woods and patches of under-
brush occurred here and there, but the undulating ground consisted
mainly of open fields, many of which were covered with standing
corn that had already ripened. Much time was lost in getting all the
6th and 19th Corps through the narrow defile, Grover’s Division
being greatly delayed there by a train of ammunition wagons, and it
was not until late in the forenoon that the troops intended for the
attack could be got into line ready to advance. General Early
was not slow to avail himself of this advantage, and our chances
of striking him in detail were growing less every moment, for he

 

* Sheridan.
368 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

was hurrying Rodes and Gordon from Stephenson’s Depot to
complete his line in our front, which he succeeded in doing, placing
Gordon in the woods south of Red Bud Run, and Rodes between
him and Ramseur.

“When our two corps (6th and 19th) had all gotten through the
canon, they were formed with Getty’s Division of the 6th to the
left of the Berryville Pike, Ricketts’ to the right of the Pike, with
Russell’s in reserve in the rear of the other two. Grover’s Division
of the 19th Corps came next on the right of Ricketts’, with Dwight
to its rear in reserve, while Crook was massing near the Opequan
crossing.

“Twenty minutes before noon, the line of infantry, Getty,
Ricketts and Grover, moved forward, and as we advanced, the
Confederates, covered by some heavy woods on their right, slight
underbrush and cornfields along their center, and a large body of
timber on their left along the Red Bud, opened: fire from their
whole front. We gained considerable ground at first, especially on
our left, but the desperate resistance which the right met with,
demonstrated that the time we had unavoidably lost in the morning,
had been of incalculable value to Early, for it was evident that he
had been enabled already to so far concentrate his troops as to have
the different divisions of his army in a connected line of battle in
good shape to resist.

“Getty and Ricketts made some progress toward Winchester in
connection with Wilson’s Cavalry, which was beyond the Senseny
Road, on Getty’s left, and as they were pressing back Ramseur’s In-
fantry and Lomax’s Cavalry, Grover attacked from the right with,
decided effect. Grover, in a few minutes, broke up Evans’ Brigade
of Gordon’s Division, but his pursuit of Evans destroyed the con-
tinuity of our line and increased an interval that had already been
made by the deflection of Ricketts to the left in obedience to
instructions that had been given him to guide his division on the
Berryville Pike. As the line pressed forward, Ricketts observed this
widening interval and endeavored to fill it with the small brigade of
Colonel Keifer, but, at this juncture, both Gordon and Rodes struck
the weak spot where the right of the 6th-Corps and left of the 19th
should have been in conjunction, and succeeded in checking our
advance by driving back a part of Ricketts’ Division and most of
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 369

Grover's.* As these troops were retiring, Sheridan ordered Rus-
sell’s Reserve Division to be put into action, and just as the flank of
the enemy’s troops in pursuit of Grover was presented, Upton’s
Brigade, led in person by both Upton and Russell, struck it in a
charge so vigorous as to drive the Confederates back, in turn, to
their original ground. The success of Russell enabled Sheridan to
re-establish the right of his line some little distance in advance of
the position from which it started in the morning; behind Russell’s
Division (now commanded by Upton) the broken regiments of
Ricketts’ Division were rallied. Dwight’s Division was then brought
up on the right of Upton, and Grover’s men formed behind it. The
charge of Russell was most opportune, but it cost many men in
‘killed and wounded. Among the killed was the courageous Russell
himself, struck by a piece of shell that passed through his heart,
although he had previously been struck by a bullet in the left breast,
which wound, from its nature, must have proved mortal, but of
which he had not spoken. Sheridan says: “ Russell’s death op-
pressed us all with sadness, and me particularly. In the early days
of my army life, he was my captain and friend, and I was deeply
indebted to him not only for sound advice and good example, but
for the inestimable service he had just performed and sealed with
his life.”

Sheridan continues: “As my lines were being rearranged, it
was suggested to me to put Crook into the battle, but so strongly
had I set my heart on using him to take possession of the Valley
Pike and cut off the enemy, that I resisted this advice, hoping that
the necessity for putting him in would be obviated by the attack
which Torbert was to make near Stephenson’s Depot, and of which
I was momentarily expecting to hear. No news of Torbert’s
progress came, however, so yielding at last, I directéd Crook to take
post on the right of the 19th Corps, and, when the action was re-
newed, to push his command forward as a turning column in con-
junction with Emory. After some delay in the annoying defile,
Crook got his men up, and posting Colonel Thoburn’s Division on the
right of the 19th Corps, he formed Colonel Duval’s Division to the
right of Thoburn. Here I joined Crook, informing him that I had
just got word that Torbert was driving the enemy in confusion

*This was at 1:30 P. M. Early thought he had gained the battle, and sent this
message along his lines, “A splendid victory has been won.” Sheridan had thus far
used but two divisions of the 6th Corps and one of_the 19th; Russell’s division of the
€th, Dwight’s of the 19th, both held in reserve. Crook’s ‘‘ Army of West Virginia,”
and the cavalry are yet to be heard from.
370 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

along the Martinsburg Pike toward Winchester; at the same time,
I directed Crook to attack the moment all of Duval’s men were
in line. Wright was instructed to advance in concert with Crook,
by swinging Emory and the right of the 6th Corps to the left to-
gether in a half wheel. Then leaving Crook, I rode along the 6th
and 19th Corps, the open ground over which they were passing
according a rare opportunity to witness the precision with which
the attack was taken up from right to left. Both Emory and
Wright took up the fight as ordered, and as they did so, I sent word
to Wilson in the hope that he could partly perform the work laid
out for Crook, to push along the Seseny Road and, if possible, gain
the Pike south of Winchester. Crook’s success began the moment
he started to turn the enemy’s left; and, assured by the. fact that
Torbert had stampeded the Confederate cavalry and thrown Breck-
enridge’s infantry into such disorder that it could do little to prevent
the envelopment of Gordon’s left, Crook pressed forward without
even a halt.”

In the meantime, Torbett’s Cavalry divisions, under Averill
and Merritt, had been pushing forward along the lines mapped out
for them. Averill’s two brigades, with a battery of artillery, had
been moving up the Valley Pike steadily since 5 a.M., driving the
enemy’s cavalry before them. The 1st Brigade, in command of
Colonel Schoonmaker, of the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, formed
the right of the line and moved forward west of the Pike, while
the 2nd Brigade, under Colonel Powell, formed the left and moved
up on the east side of the Pike. The 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry
(our regiment) under command of Lieutenant Colonel Greenfield,
occupied the extreme right of the line of the 1st Brigade. The
enemy’s cavalry resisted our advance all the way from Darkes-
ville, falling back when pressed; at Bunker Hill, he made a de-
termined stand and stubbornly resisted us from there to Stephen-
son’s Depot. Long before we reached here, we heard heavy firing
on our left, where Torbert, with Merritt and his three brigades,
under Custer, Devin and Lowell, was fighting Breckenridge’s In-
fantry. The latter, after falling back from the fords of the Ope-
quan, were found posted behind a long line of stone fence and
rail barricades, where they had held Merritt in check for several
hours, repulsing a charge of his cavalry.

General Torbert says: “In the meantime, General Averill was
steadily driving the enemy’s cavalry before him in the direction of
 

Gen. A. T. A. Torbert. Gen. W. W. Averell.

 

Gen. Geo. A. Custer. Gen. Wm. H. Powell.
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 371

Winchester, and getting well in the rear of the force confronting
Merritt, the enemy fell back.”

Wharton’s Division of infantry and King’s Battery of Breck-
enridge’s Corps, which had been opposing Merritt’s force, were now
in a precarious situation, with Averill in their rear and Merritt in
their front, and it was only with difficulty and some hard fighting
that Breckenridge was able to extricate them and send them on up
to join the line before Winchester.

Merritt now moved forward rapidly and formed a junction
with Averill in the vicinity of Stephenson’s Depot. Both divisions,
now under the eye of General Torbert, were immediately formed to
advance on Winchester, General Averill’s Division on the right, and
General Merritt’s Division on the left of the Valley Pike. We
were now about four miles from Winchester; both divisions ad-
vanced rapidly, driving the enemy’s cavalry pell-mell before them,
on and behind their infantry. Near Winchester, we came square
upon the left flank of the Rebel army, now hotly engaged with the
Federal forces. Their infantry lines were at once charged by
brigades, resulting in breaking their lines, and capturing a great
many prisoners and battle-flags.

General Custer gives a graphic account of the advance on
Winchester, After the withdrawal of Breckenridge’s forces from
his front near Stephenson’s Depot, Custer says:

“T then directed my advance toward Stephenson’s Depot and
met with no enemy until two miles of that point, where I encoun-
tered Lomax’s Division of cavalry, which at that time was engaged
with Averill’s Division, advancing on my right on the Martins-
burg Pike. Our appearance was unexpected and produced such
confusion on the part of the enemy that, though repeatedly charged
by inferior numbers, they at no time waited for us to approach
within pistol range, but broke and fled. Soon after, a junction was
formed with General Averill on my right, which, with the connec-
tion on my left, made our line unbroken. At this time, five brigades
of cavalry were moving on parallel lines*; most, if not all, the
brigades, moved by brigade front, regiments being in parallel col-
umns of squadrons. One continuous and heavy fire of skirmishers
covered the advance, using only the carbine, while the line of bri-
gades, as they advanced across the open country, the bands playing

*The five brigades of cavalry moving in parallel lines were positioned from left
to a ee follows:

LOWELL CUSTER POWELL SCHOONMAKER
Merritt’s Division Averill’s Division
372) TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the national airs, presented in the sunlight one moving mass of glit-
tering sabers. This, combined with the various and bright colored
banners and battle-flags, intermingled here and there with the plain
blue uniforms of the troops, furnished one of the most inspiring
as well as imposing scenes of martial grandeur ever witnessed upon
a battle-field. No encouragement ‘was required to inspirit either
man or horse. On the contrary, it was necessary to check the ardor
of both until the time for action should arrive. The enemy had ef-
fected a junction of his entire cavalry force, composed of the di-
visions of Lomax and Fitzhugh Lee; they were formed across the
Martinsburg and Winchester Pike, about three miles from the
latter place. Concealed by an open pine forest, they awaited our
approach. No obstacles to the maneuvering of large bodies of
cavalry were encountered ; even the forests were so open as to offer
little or no hindrance to a charging column. Upon our left and in
plain view could be seen the struggle now raging between the in-
fantry lines of each army, while at various points, columns of light-
colored smoke showed that the artillery of neither side was idle.
At that moment, it seemed that no perceptible advantage could be
claimed by either, but that the fortunes of the day might be de-
cided by one of those incidents or accidents of the battle-field,
which, though insignificant in themselves, often go far toward
deciding the fate of nations. Such must have been the impressions
of the officers and men composing the five brigades advancing to the
attack. The enemy wisely chose not to receive our attack at a
halt, but advanced from the wood and charged our line of skirmish-
ers. The cavalry were then so closely connected that a separate
account of the operations of a single brigade or regiment was almost
impossible. Our skirmishers were forced back and a portion of my
brigade was pushed back to their support. The enemy relied wholly
upon the carbine and pistol; my men preferred the saber. A short
but closely contested struggle ensued, which resulted in the repulse
of the enemy. Many prisoners were taken and quite a number of
both sides were left on the field. Driving the enemy through the
woods in his rear, the pursuit was taken up with vigor. The enemy
dividing his columns from necessity, our forces did likewise. The
division of General Averill moved on the right of the, Pike and
gave its attention to a force of the enemy which was directing its
retreat toward the commanding heights west of the town. My
command, by agreement with General Averill, took charge of all
(the enemy’s) forces on the Pike and those in the immediate vicin-
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 373

ity of the ground to its left. Other portions of the 1st Division
made a detour still farther to the left, so that which had lately been
one unbroken line, was now formed into several columns of pursuit,
each with a special and select object in view. Within three-quarters
of a mile from the point where the enemy had made his last stand,
he rallied a portion of his forces. His line was formed beyond a
small ditch, which he no doubt supposed would break if not wholly
oppose an attacking column. Under most circumstances, such might
have been the case, but with men inspired with a foretaste of victory,
greater obstacles must be interposed. Without designating any par-
ticular regiment, the charge was sounded, and portions of all the
regiments in my brigade joined in the attack. The volleys delivered
by the enemy were not sufficient to check the attacking column, and
again was the enemy driven before us, this time seeking safety in
the rear of his line of infantry. Here he re-formed for his last
attack to check our advance. The batteries of the enemy were now
enabled to reach us. At this time one of his batteries, with appar-
ently little support, was being withdrawn. My command, owing to
the repeated charges, had become badly broken, rendering it im-
possible to avail myself of the services of a single organized regi-
ment. With detachments of each regiment, a charge was ordered
upon the battery which, but for the extreme smallness of our num-
bers, would have proved successful.”

Custer made two successful charges after this and was at the
final stampede, mentioned further on.

Averill says, in his brief and rather general report: “ My
division advanced at a trot when within three miles of Winchester,
never failing to drive the enemy before it. The enemy, one mile
in front of the town, presented a strong line at 2:30 Pp. M., but the
attack of my division swept away that portion of his line west of
the Pike, captured one piece of artillery, seized the heights west of
the town, and penetrated the town itself, when the giving away of
Custer’s Brigade opened my left flank to the enemy’s attack, an
opportunity which he quickly embraced with infantry and artillery,
but without succeeding in making my division relinquish the im-
portant position it had gained.”

While Crook and Torbert were coming in on the right, the 6th
and 19th Corps had advanced with equal success on their a
driving Ramseur and Rodes steadily back to Winchester. For “
soot as the firing was heard in rear of our left flank,” says Early,

“the infantry commenced “falling back along our whole line.” A
374 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

mile of such progress on both flanks brought the Union troops close
to the town, where a line of breastworks, constructed early in the
war, gave the shattered Confederate forces some refuge, and bat-
teries were planted there and also at the toll-gate and cemetery.

Let the boys of the 22nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry tell
their own story: “As we emerged from a strip of timber some
distance north of Winchester, we saw the Rebel cavalry drawn up
in line of battle, a good half-mile or more away. We had been
following and fighting a part of this force for many miles through
fields and woods, over fences, ditches and ravines, and this was
the first time we had a wide-enough expanse of open country to get
a good, broad view of them. Our division (Averill’s) formed a long
line, two ranks deep, to the right or west of the Martinsburg Pike.
On our left and to the east of the Pike, was another large body of
cavalry lined up in the same way. This was Merritt’s Division.
The enemy, now facing us, comprised almost the entire cavalry
force of General Early’s army, which he had ordered there under
command of General Fitz Lee, for the purpose of checking the ad-
vance of our cavalry. They, also, were formed in two ranks and
made a long line of battle.”

When our division came out into this open plain, the men, ob-
serving the enemy in line of battle, gave a rousing cheer, bent on
going in without any delay. Lieutenant Colonel Greenfield was in
command of the regiment. He and Major Troxell rode along the
line shouting, ‘“ Hold on, boys! Hold on!” But the boys had their
blood up, and could hardly be restrained. Just then our bugles blew

e “Charge.” There seemed to be a hundred bugles blowing for
all that was in it. Then with a cheer, officers and men charged
over the plain, starting in line, but not keeping that formation a
minute. The whole plateau was covered with men on horses going at
utmost speed at the enemy. All the while, the enemy’s artillery
played on our charging troopers until we came near their cavalry,
who fired several volleys and then broke and fled pell-mell to the
rear of their infantry, many of them taking shelter in the town.

Our charge caused the Rebel infantry to fall back, also, and we
took a number of piisoners. Some of our men pursued the retreat-
ing enemy too far, and were captured. John Runk, of Company H,
and Aloysius Small, of Company K, were captured here; the latter
died at Andersonville Prison.

Our men were now recalled and fell back to re-form the line.
In the charge, a cannon was captured by our 22nd Pennsylvania
375

MAP OF THE BATTLE OF WINCHESTER.

 

  

 

 

TgeoOR
fe

 

 

 

viii
Bbac IWoyacRrm. |

 

 

   

foi

Quawa§eguq ain!

 

SET, 450 she
oh er .
A any

‘baoBs\ ile

   

 

 

   

              

Kio.

ST e

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

39
ore ate 34dav

ninoPa),,STIO4 AOU.

 

 

 

 

 
376 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Cavalry boys, and pulled away under direction of Major Troxell,
who went along with it, yelling like a boy out of school. In going
back, Colonel Greenfield found him sitting on the gun and asked
him what he was doing there; he replied that he was holding the
gun to keep some other command from taking it. The Colonel
ordered him to give it in charge of a non-commissioned officer
and join the regiment.

Our men, in pursuing the Rebel cavalry, were led to the left
or east of the Pike, and in this way came in contact with their in-
fantry. Our brigade re-formed and again advanced, occupying the
heights near Star Fort, a strong earthwork built at a former period
of the war, situated west of the Martinsburg Pike and a short dis-
tance north of Winchester. This fort had not yet been held by the
enemy; our position was a strong one and should have been main-
tained.

* From this position we had a bird’s-eye view of both armies in
action; in the foreground, Torbert’s Cavalry divisions, Averill and
Merritt with their brigades under Powell, Custer, Lowell and Devin;
next was Crook’s 8th Corps, Infantry or Army of West Virginia,
as it was also known, beyond which in the order named were
Emory’s 19th Corps, Wright’s 6th Corps and Wilson’s Division of
cavalry, the center and left steadily driving the enemy back toward
Winchester. It was a magnificent sight; the two armies in deadly
conflict, the Union troops confident of victory, and the enemy in the,
throes of defeat; the roar of musketry, the white smoke—flash—
and boom of the artillery, together with the whistling of round-shot
and bursting of shells; banners flying, gleam of bayonet and flash
of saber in the evening sunlight—a sight thrilling in the extreme
and terrible to behold.” i

Adjutant Isenberg, in a letter, says: ‘‘ While the Federal and_
Confederate infantry, evenly matched, were grappling in a death
struggle, we saw Custer with his brigade of cavalry, moved in
regimental column toward the left flank of the enemy. The col-
umn halted, drew saber (I'll never forget that flash), and charged
full and square against the enemy’s left flank, which doubled up;
then our infantry charged on the balance of the Confederate line
and Early’s army was driven in confusion.”

While holding this important position, a staff officer from
General Averill rode up and ordered us to join our division.

* Colonel Greenfield.
BATTLE OF WINCHESTER. 377

We had no more than reached the foot of the hill when the enemy
occupied the earthwork and opened an enfilading artillery fire on
Merritt’s Cavalry and Crook’s Infantry, over-shooting our brigade,
however.

After our recall, a part of the 22nd, Colonel Greenfield in
command, and a part of the 14th Cavalry, Captain Duncan in com-
mand, some 300 or 400 men in all, were lined up back of a low hill
next to the hill on which the fort stood. Colonel Schoonmaker
ordered Colonel Greenfield to take command of these forces and
charge the fort by way of a ravine, which led well up toward the
works. Greenfield formed his line in column of fours and charged
up the ravine. Our men, by leaning down on their horses, were
partly under cover for a considerable distance, but when we
emerged from the ravine and charged for the entrance to the fort,
we received a murderous fire, killing and wounding a number of
men, including several officers, among whom was the brave and
gallant Captain Duncan, of the 14th Cavalry, who received a mortal
wound, and Captain Speer, of the 22nd, who was painfully wounded.

The fort was occupied by a strong force, who swarmed the
embankments and poured a hot and continuous fire into our col-
umn. Finding the enemy in such superior force inside a strong
earthwork, and fully realizing the futility of an assault with a
mounted force, Colonel Greenfield moved on to the right, where
the men were partly protected from the enemy’s fire, and where the
column, somewhat broken up in the charge, was re-formed, when
the enemy within the fort, becoming alarmed lest they be flanked
and cut off, hastily evacuated, and retreated rapidly down in the
direction of Winchester.

This charge by a small mounted force upon a well-supported
battery within a strong earthwork was as great a blunder as the
Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava, although not attended
with such loss of life. The order for the charge must have ema-
nated from General Averill, who evidently believed the guns in the
fort unsupported, and that the enemy would hastily retreat upon
the approach of our charging cavalry.

John Gillis, of Company K, had his horse killed and he waz
badly stunned by the fall; his brother, David, dismounted and gave
John his horse, while he himself ran over the hill and on until he
came up with ‘the mounted men. He was so exhausted that he
fell down and could not speak, and was not able to speak above a
whisper for several months. John A. Felton, of Company H, had
378 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

his horse killed in the ravine. He was not hurt, but the horse. fell on
his leg and he could not get away. Some of the “Rebs” came
down to rob the dead and wounded; before they got to Felton, he
succeeded in getting loose, and ran away, followed by a shower of
bullets and orders to surrender.

Our division then reunited and took part in the charge on the
left, which resulted in the complete rout of the enemy. General
Early, in his report, says: ‘‘ The enemy’s cavalry again charged
around my left flank, and the men began to give way again, so that
it was necessary for me to retire through the town.”

Sheridan briefly describes the final charge and stampede as
follows:

“The ground, which Breckenrdge was holding, was open, and
offered an opportunity such as seldom had been presented during
the war, for a mounted attack, and Torbert quickly took advantage
of it. “The instant Merritt’s Division could be formed for the
charge, it went at Breckenridge’s Infantry and Fitzhugh Lee’s
Cavalry with such momentum as to break the Confederate left, just
as -Averill was passing around’ it. Merritt’s Brigades—Custer,
Lowell and Devin—from the start met with pronounced success,
and with saber or pistol in hand, literally rode down a battery of
five guns and took about 1,200 prisoners. Almost simultaneously
with this charge, Crook struck Breckenridge’s right and Gordon’s
left, forcing these divisions to give way, and, as they retired,

* General Early in his report to General Lee says, ‘‘I sent for him (Brecken-
ridge) again, and he came up in the afternoon before the enemy had made any further
attack; but as he reported the enemy’s cavalry advancing on the road from Charlestown
by Brucetown and Stephenson’s Depot, I ordered one of his brigades to the left on that
road; and directed General Fitz Lee to take charge of all the cavalry on that flank and
check the enemy’s cavalry, and moved the other two brigades of Breckenridge’s division
toward the right, where our forces were weakest and where the enemy were making
demonstrations in force. Breckenridge was scarcely in position before our cavalry on
the left was discovered coming back in great confusion, followed by the enemy’s, and
Breckenridge’s force was ordered to the left to repel this cavalry force, which had
gotten in the rear of my left, and this, with the assistance of the artillery, he succeeded in
doing; but as soon as the firing was heard in the rear of our left flank, the infantry
commenced falling back along the whole line, and it was very difficult to stop them.
,1 succeeded, however, in stopping enough of them in the old rifle-pits, to arrest the
progress of the enemy’s infantry, which commenced advancing again when the confusion
in our ranks was discovered, and could have still won the day if our cavalry would
have stopped the enemy’s; but so overwhelming was the latter and so demoralized was
the larger part of ours, that no assistance was received from it. The enemy’s cavalry
again charged around my left flank, and the men began to give way again, so that it
was necessary for me to retire through the town.”
EARLY’S ARMY SENT WHIRLING UP THE VALLEY. 379.

Wright, in a vigorous attack, quickly broke Rodes up and pressed
Ramseur so hard that the whole Confederate army fell back, con-
tracting its lines within some breastworks which had been thrown
up at a former period of the war immediately in front of Win-
chester. Here Early tried hard to stem the tide, but soon Tor-
bert’s Cavalry began passing around his left flank, and as Crook,
Emory and Wright attacked in front, panic took possession of the
enemy, his troops, now fugitives and stragglers, seeking escape into
and through Winchester. ;

“When this second break occurred, the 6th and 19th Corps
were moved over toward the Millwood. Pike to help Wilson on the
left, but the day was so far spent that they could render him no
assistance, and Ramseur’s Division, which had maintained some
organization, was in such tolerable shape as to check him. Mean-
while, Torbert (Merritt and Averill) passed around to the west
of Winchester to join Wilson, but was unable to do so until after
dark. Crook’s army pursued the enemy through the town to Mill
Creek, I going along.

“Just after entering the town, Crook and I met in the main
street, three young girls, who gave us the most hearty reception.
One of these young women was a Miss Griffith, and the other two
Miss Jennie and Miss Susie Meredith. During the day, they had
been watching the battle from the roof of the Meredith residence,
‘with tears and lamentations, they said, in the morning, when mis-
fortune appeared to have overtaken the Union troops, but with un-
bounded exultation when later the tide set in against the Confeder-
ates. Our presence was to them an assurance of victory, and their
delight being irrepressible, they indulged in the most unguarded
manifestations and expressions. When cautioned by Crook, who
knew them well, and reminded them that the Valley had hitherto
been a race-course—one day in the possession of friends and the
next of enemies—and warned of the dangers they were incurring
by such demonstrations, they assured him that they had no further
fears of that kind now, adding that Early’s army was so demoralized
by the defeat it had just sustained that it would never be in condition
to enter Winchester again. As soon as we had succeeded in calm-.
ing the excited girls a little, I expressed a desire to find some place
where I could write a telegram to General Grant, informing him of
the result of the battle, and General Crook conducted me to the home
of Miss Wright, where I met for the first time the woman who had
contributed so much to our success, and on a desk in her schoolroom
380 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

I wrote the dispatch announcing that ‘we had sent Early’s army
whirling up the Valley.’ ”’

Sheridan received congratulatory telegrams from Grant, Stan-
ton, Meade and Lincoln, the latter in the President’s characteristic
style, as follows:

“Have just heard of your great victory. God bless you all,
officers and men. Strongly inclined to come up and see you®

“A. LINCOLN.”

The conflict was a bloody one. The Union loss was from
4,900 to 5,000 men, and of these about 4,300 were killed or wounded,
the killed including General Russell and the wounded Generals
Upton, McIntosh, who lost a leg, and Chapman, also Colonel
Duval, commanding a division, and Colonel Sharpe, commanding
a brigade. Early’s loss was from 3,900 to 4,000. His killed in-
cluded Generals Rodes and Goodwin and Colonel Patton, a brigade
commander. General Early, realizing his impending defeat in
time, was able to save his trains and stores, and take away a
portion of his wounded.

At the suggestion of General Grant, President Lincoln ap-
pointed Sheridan a Brigadier General in the Regular Army as a
reward for this victory.

The cavalry divisions of Averill and Merritt passed around
to the west of Winchester in pursuit of the retreating enemy,
Averill maintaining the same relative position of our line, the ex-
treme right. He says: “The broken ground, intersected by deep
ditches and high embankments west of the town, gave the enemy
a chance to save his left flank, as our cavalry on such ground
could make but slow progress against the stubborn resistance of his
infantry and well-handled artillery.

“Throughout the whole engagement, my division was not
broken or thrown into disorder, and was constantly in advance. My
losses, as stated by informal reports of brigade commanders—in
killed, wounded and missing—were 250; of the enemy, 8 officers and
80 men were captured, and 1 gun, 1 caisson and 2 ambulances.” *

: * Colonel Greenfield says, ‘The artillery General Averill mentions was a 8-inch
rifled gun, captured by our regiment (22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry), the original receipt
for which I hold from Sheridan’s ordinance officer, which reads as follows:

id ‘ ; CEDAR RUN, VA., Sept. 21, 1864.
; Received this day of Corporal Grove, 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, one 38-inch
rifled gun, limber and implements, captured by General Averill’s command, September
19, at or near Winchester, which gun is ordered to be sent to Wachee by the General
. WATK

commanding.
Lieut. and Act’g Ord. Officer.
AFTER THE BATTLE. 381

It was sometime after dark that night of the 19th, when Averill
and Merritt’s forces reached Kernstown, three miles south of Win-
chester, where Wilson’s Division from the extreme left of our line
had preceded them; Merritt took position on the right of Wilson,
while Averill again took the right; all three divisions bivouacked
for the night, having been in the saddle since 3 a. M., and fighting
nearly the entire day. Worn and weary, but happy over the great
victory, and with little apprehension of a night attack, they lay
down and slept; but not so with the beaten Confederates. They,
too, had been on the march before daylight, and had been in battle
throughout the long day, but had been sorely defeated and driven
in great disorder. They were worn out with the strife and march-
ing of the day, and were mortified with the great defeat their army
had suffered, and they needed rest, but for them there was no
rest in store, but a long, weary tramp up the Valley, in an effort
to get away from their victorious pursuers and reach their strong-
hold at Fisher’s Hill, which to them had been a “ City of Refuge”
on former occasions.
382 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXVII.
BATTLE OF FISHER’S HILL.

* To fully understand the strength of this position at Fisher’s
Hill, it will be well for the reader to study the map and note how
the broad Valley is here divided by the isolated Massanutten Moun-
tains, thus forming two valleys, the Luray Valley on the eastern
side, near the lower end of which is the town of Front Royal, and
the North or Shenandoah Valley on the west side, near the lower
end of which is the village of Strasburg, hard by Fisher’s Hill.
Here, at the latter point, the Valley narrows down to a width of
about four miles, the North Fork of the Shenandoah River hugging
the Massanutten Mountains on the eastern side, while a small
stream, called “ Tumbling Run,” cuts across the Valley from the
Little North Mountain on the west. The south bank of Tumbling
Run rises in an almost perpendicular bluff to a height of from fifty
to sixty feet, above and back of which is Fisher’s Hill, which had
been strongly fortified by the enemy on a former occasion.

Our army, which had rested the night of the 19th a few miles
south of Winchester, took up the pursuit of the enemy at daylight
next morning. The three cavalry divisions led the advance, Averill
moving forward on the right along the Middle and Back Road,
Merritt in the center along the Valley Pike and Wilson on the left
by the Front Royal Road. The 6th and 19th Corps followed Mer-
ritt, marching abreast on either side of the Pike over the open
country, while Crook followed in their rear. +The enemy offered
little resistance this day, having hurried on to Fisher’s Hill and
occupied that fortified position.

Our forces, on arriving, crossed Cedar Creek and the infantry
took position on elevated ground in front of Strasburg, the 6th.
Corps occupying the right and the 19th Corps the left of this posi-
tion. Crook was halted in the timber north of Cedar Creek.
Averill’s Division was on the extreme right near the Back Road,
while Torbert, with Wilson’s Division and part of Merritt’s, was
sent to Front Royal to push up the Luray Valley and get into the
enemy’s rear. During the next day and night, the enemy was busy
strengthening his works so as to make them almost “ impregnable.”
Sheridan says: “In fact, so secure did Early consider himself

*See Map, page 63.

Our brigade had a skirmish with the enemy’s cavalry near the Cedar Creek
crossing of the Back Road driving them several miles. beyond. ’ :
BATTLE OF FISHER’S HILL. 383

that for convenience, his ammunition chests were taken from the
caissons and placed behind the breast-works.”’

* Our cavalry division (Averill’s), which had halted for the
night at Cedar Creek, moved forward to Lebanon Church, on the
Back Road, very early next morning (21st) our regiment in ad-
vance, where we waited for orders until 7:45 a. M.

Averill says: “ Merritt’s Division was now withdrawn from
my left, and I was left alone with instructions to move on the Mid-
die and Back Roads until stopped by a superior force of the enemy,
keeping up my connection with the right of the infantry line. As
there is but one road besides the Pike leading by Fisher’s Hill,
with the exception of some blind lanes; I moved along the Back
Road and across the country, driving the enemy’s outposts until a
line of rail and earth breastworks was reached, behind which the
enemy had a strong line of infantry or dismounted men.”

Averill informed Sheridan that the position was too strong to
be taken without the aid of infantry. Sheridan rode over and
inspected the line and directed Averill to keep up a strong show of
cavalry before it, which Averill did during the day and following
night, and on the morning of the 22nd, pressed the enemy as closely
as possible with dismounted men.

Sheridan’s quick eye took in the whole situation as soon as he
arrived on the ground on the evening of the 20th. The enemy’s po-
sition was too strong to take by a direct assault without great sac-
rifice of life, so he determined upon using a turning column
against Early’s left as he had done before Winchester on the 19th.

He says: “ To this end I resolved to move Crook, unperceived,
if possible, over to the eastern face of Little North Mountain,
whence he could strike the left and rear of the Confederate line,
and as he broke it up, I could support him by a left wheel of my
whole line of battle. The execution of this plan would require per-
fect secrecy, for the enemy, from his signal station on Three-top
Mountain, could plainly see every movement of our troops in day-
light. To escape such observation, Crook was marched during the
night of the 20th into some heavy timber north of Cedar Creek,
where he remained concealed throughout the next day. The same
day (21st) Wright and Emory were moved up closer to the Con-
federate works, and the 6th Corps, after a severe fight in which
Ricketts and Getty were engaged, took up some high ground on the
right of the Manassas Gap Railroad, in plain view of the Confed-
erate works, and confronting a commanding point where much of
~~ * See Map, page 411.
384 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Early’s Artillery was massed. Finding that the enemy was still
holding an elevated position farther to the right, on the north side
of Tumbling Run, Wright attacked and carried this, which gave us
an unobstructed view of the enemy’s works and offered good ground
for our artillery. The whole of the 6th Corps was moved up until
our line was within less than half a mile of the enemy’s works,
while the 19th Corps moved up and joined Wright’s left.”

In the darkness of the night of the 21st, Crook was brought
across Cedar Creek and hidden in a clump of timber behind Hupp’s
Hill till daylight of the 22nd, when, under cover of the intervening
woods and ravines, he was marched beyond the right of the 6th
Corps and again concealed not far from the Back Road.

After Crook got into this last position, Ricketts’ right was
pushed out until it confronted the left of the enemy’s infantry. This
brought Ricketts’ right in conjunction with Averill’s Cavalry, whose
advance had been held in check by the enemy in their rail breast-
works. As Ricketts advanced to this position, about 3 P.m., “he
drove the enemy’s skirmish line handsomely, aided by the three
rifled batteries of the 6th Corps.”

While Ricketts was attacking the enemy in front of Averill’s
left, the latter (our division of cavalry) charged in front, driving
the enemy from his rail breastworks and back across the ravine to
his works south of Tumbling Run. When the enemy observed this-
movement of Ricketts and Averill, he concluded that he was about
to be attacked from that point and prepared for it.

While the attention of the enemy was thus occupied by Ricketts
and Averill, Crook was enabled to continue his march unobserved.
As he moved by our command, he rode up to General Averill and
requested him to send an officer with him as guide. General Averill
directed Colonel Greenfield to accompany him. General Crook, in

On the morning of the 21st, Averill’s division advanced (as heretofore stated),
and then fell back a short distance until noon, when another advance was made and the
Confederate line in our front vigorously shelled. There was heavy skirmishing and a
brisk ‘cannonading most of the day. Under cover of the darkness, Averill made a short
movement to the rear of the line he had held, and went into camp for the night.

SERGEANT GEHRETT, Co.K, 22nd Pennsylvania.

A perfect shower of lead met tus as we advanced beyond their rail defences. Sev-
eral horses in our company (C) were wounded, and William Cowen was shot in the
cheek, the ball fracturing his jaw. Company C had been on the skirmish-line all the
previous night and all this day.—Sergeant Donaldson.

In front of the 22nd, about one-eighth of a mile in advance of the Rebel works,
were a number of hastily constructed defences, formed of rails and whatever other
material could be secured, behind which the enemy’s sharpshooters were concealed, who,
by their effective fire, made it necessary that they should be driven out. We were
ordered to make the charge, and completely routed the entire force, capturing quite a
number and causing the rest to beat a hasty retreat, The new line formed was on the
top of the hill, the Confederate trenches being on the hill opposite, a deep ravine between
_the two. We hastily threw up a slight breastwork and a steady fire was kept up on
both sides.—Sergeant Gehrett, Company K.
THE CHARGE AT FISHER’S HILL. 385

his report, tells how well the movement was executed. He says:
“By marching in ravines and through woods, I arrived at the base
of the mountain, unseen by the enemy. There I formed my com-
mand in two columns, parallel with each other, and marched past
the right flank of our lines, along the side of the mountain under
cover of the woods, until more than half of the command had passed
in the rear of the enemy’s works; when I had them faced by the left
flank, forming two parallel lines of battle . . . in this way I moved
down the mountain-side. We had encountered the enemy’s skirm-
ishers some 200 yards before facing by the left flank, or our pres-
ence on the side of the mountain would not have been known to
them. As soon as we were discovered, they opened on the woods
with artillery, doing but little execution, however. When within a
half-mile of their batteries, the charge began with a shout. The
intervening space between us and the open country was covered
with rocks, underbrush and almost impenetrable cedar thickets, the
ground being intersected and broken by numerous ravines, so that
by the time we arrived at the foot of the mountain and emerged
from the woods, our lines were completely broken, but without halt-
ing to re-form, with cheer upon cheer, the charge was continued
for a distance of four miles, up hill and down hill, across fields and
through woods, after the disordered and rapidly retreating foe.”

Colonel Greenfield, who had accompanied General Crook in his
flanking movement, says: “J was riding with Crook as the com-
mand emerged from the woods into a clearing of stumps and under-
brush, in full view of the enemy, and exposed to a murderous fire
from their artillery. He moved steadily into the open as though on
review, until his command had cleared the timber, when he faced
and charged. Our cavalry brigade charged at the same time and
entered the enemy’s breastworks simultaneously with the 8th Corps
only a little to the left. I joined my own command and we pursued
the retreating foe for several miles, until too dark to continue the
pursuit, taking many prisoners. The prisoners and guns found in
the fortifications were left to the care of the infantry, and our 2nd
Brigade of cavalry, which Averill says he held in reserve by Crook’s
order.”

Averill, in his report, says: ‘ General Crook’s Corps passed
along a ravine in my rear and around my right, and assaulted the
enemy’s extreme left, in conjunction with one of my brigades which
(latter) leaped the works and scattered the enemy in wild confusion.”

1
386 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

(This was our brigade and the men of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cav-
alry were foremost in this charge and among the first inside the
enemy’s works. )

* “ More quickly than the story can be told, the divisions of
Thoburn and Duval swept along the enemy’s left flank, taking his line
in reverse, and driving before them the astonished dismounted eav-.
alry of Lomax. +Ina few minutes, a brigade of Averill’s Division
and Ricketts’ Division had joined Crook’s left, and the remainder
of the 6th Corps and the 19th, taking up the charge, descended into
the ravine of Tumbling Run, with a headlong rush over fields, walls,
rocks and felled trees. Making their way across the brook, they
were soon scrambling up heights that it had seemed madness to
attack, while Sheridan and his staff were on every part of the line,
shouting “ Forward! Forward, everything!” and to all inquiries
for instructions, the reply was still, “Go on, don’t stop; go on!”
Formations were little heeded in the rush; but the whole Con-
federate line broke from its trenches, Lomax’s dismounted cav-
alry on the left giving way first, whereupon Ramseur and Pegram
were routed in turn. In truth, between sundown and dark, every
portion of the strong position at Fisher’s Hill was carried, the
action being so rapid that the enemy had not even time to get his
guns out of position upon the Pike and sixteen of them were cap-
tured.”

Early fled in disorder, under cover of the darkness, through
Woodstock to a point about four miles beyond, called ‘ Narrow
Passage,” just north of Edenburg. Sheridan pushed after him
all night with Devin’s Brigade of Merritt’s Division, and the 6th
and 19th Corps, but the darkness made the pursuit unavailing.
Midway between Fisher’s Hill and Woodstock, where there is
some high ground, the enemy with two pieces of artillery, attempted
to stay us, but his attempt proved fruitless and, notwithstanding
the darkness, the guns were soon captured.

The chase was then taken up by Devin’s Brigade as soon as
it could be passed to the front, and continued until after daylight

. The guerrillas were busy with Crook’s rear, picking up his stragglers; my remain-
ing brigade protected it, pursuant to a request from General Crook, and guarded our
own and the captured artillery, collecting prisoners and property. The Second Brigade
captured 110 prisoners, 175 horses, 14 wagons, 8 ambulances, 4 guns, 4 caissons and 2
battle flags.—General Averill. :

“In that charge of the 8th Corps were two future presidents of the United
States—Rutherford B. Hayes, Colonel 28rd Ohio Infantry, commanding division, and

William McKinley, Captain and A. A. A. G, on Crook’s staff.
* The Shenandoah Valley in 1864.
+See Map, page 411.
THE BATTLE OF FISHER’S HILL. 387

the next morning, but the delays incident to a night pursuit made
it impossible for Devin to do more than pick up stragglers.

Sheridan says: “Our success was very great, yet I had an-
ticipated still greater results. Indeed, I had high hopes of cap-
turing almost the whole of Early’s army before it reached New
Market, and with this object in view during the maneuvers of the
21st, I had sent Torbert up the Luray Valley with Wilson’s
Division and two of Merritt’s Brigades in the expectation that he
would drive Wickham out of Luray Pass by Early’s right, and by
crossing the Massanutten Mountain near New Market, gain his
rear. I was astonished and chagrined on the morning of the 23rd
at Woodstock, to receive the intelligence that he had failed to
drive Wickham and had fallen back to Front Royal. Had General
Torbert driven this cavalry and reached New Market, I have no
doubt but that we would have captured the entire Rebel army. I
feel certain that its route from Fisher’s Hill was such that there
was scarcely a company organization held together.”

Colonel Wells, of the 8th Corps, commanding a brigade, says,
in his report:

“T omitted to mention in its proper connection, that just as we
were leaving the first work captured on the left, Powell’s Cavalry
swept by our right in splendid style.”

This was not Powell’s Brigade, but the mounted part of our
brigade. The charge of our men, mentioned by Averill, was that
of the men dismounted, who had previously taken and were hold-
ing the rail breastworks. Sheridan relieved Averill next day and
assigned Powell to command our division, which accounts for
Wells calling our brigade Powell’s Cavalry.

Sheridan says: “ We reached Woodstock early on the morn-
ing of the 23rd, and halted there some little time to let the troops
recover their organization, which had been broken in the night
march which they had made. When the commands had closed up,
we pushed on toward Edenburg in the hope of making more cap-
tures at Narrow Passage Creek, but the Confederates, too fleet for
us, got away; so General Wright halted the infantry not far from
Edenburg until rations could be brought the men. Meanwhile, I,
having remained at Woodstock, sent Devin’s Brigade to press the
enemy under every favorable opportunity and, if possible, prevent
him from halting long enough to reorganize. Notwithstanding
Devin’s efforts, the Confederates managed to assemble a consid-
erable force to resist him, and, being too weak for the rear-guard,
388 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

he awaited the arrival of Averill, who, I had informed him, would
be hurried to the front with all possible dispatch, for I thought
that Averill must be close at hand. It turned out that he was not
near by at all, and that without good reason, he had refrained in
taking any part whatever in the pursuit, and, in fact, had gone into
camp and left to the infantry the work of pursuit.

“Tt was nearly noon when Averill came up, and a great deal
of precious time had been lost. We had some hot words, but hoping
that he would retrieve the mistake of the night before, I directed
him to proceed to the front at once, and in conjunction with Devin,
close with the enemy. He reached Devin’s command about three
o’clock in the afternoon, just as this officer was pushing the Con-
federates so energetically that they were abandoning Mount Jack-
son, yet Averill utterly failed to accomplish anything. Indeed, his
indifferent attack was not worthy the excellent soldiers he com-
manded.”

Later in the afternoon, when Sheridan learned that Averill had
withdrawn and gone into camp near Hawkinsburg, he promptly
relieved him of the command and assigned Colonel William H.,
Powell to succeed him.

Colonel Powell took command, had the division formed and
the following order of General Averill read:

HEADQUARTERS 2ND CAVALRY Div., DEPT. oF WEST VA.
In the Field, Sept. 24, 1864.

GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 33.

In accordance with Special Orders No. 41 . . . of this date,
I hereby relinquish the command of this division. In doing so, I
request the officers and men to accept sincere thanks for the uni-
form obedience and respect they have shown to my orders and the
personal kindness they have always extended to myself. I shall
never forget what I owe to you, my comrades. Whatever of repu-
tation or rank I have gained during the last year was given to me
by this command.

The next morning at daylight, the 2nd_Brigade having joined us, we moved on
-to Woodstock, where we found Sheridan. Devin’s brigade of cavalry having pushed
on toward Mount Jackson, Averill was ordered to hurry forward. We found Devin
engaged with a strong force of the enemy a short distance from the town. Averill
attacked at once with our division and drove the enemy through the town, taking a
number of prisoners. Beyond the town, we discovered the enemy in strong force.
They made a bold front moving out and attacking us with a large force of infantry
and a battery. Averill brought forward a section of artillery and engaged fhem for a
time, but receiving information that a force of the enemy’s infantry was moving around
our right, fell back beyond the town and encamped for the night. Next morning, 24th,
Sheridan issued an order relieving General Averill and assigning Colonel William H.
Powell to the command of our division.—Colonel Greenfield.
AVERILL RELIEVED OF COMMAND. 389

Since the 1st of May, we have marched over 1,800 miles. Five
hundred comrades who have fallen in twenty battles attest the de-
votion with which you have done your duty; and 7 battle-flags, 13
cannon, and over 1,500 prisoners captured from the enemy exhibit
some of the results of your work. My associations with you will
hereafter be among my most cherished memories, and I shall read
the record of your deeds from day to day with eager interest. My
regret in severing the ties that bind us is somewhat lessened by the
knowledge that I am leaving you in the hands of that tried and
trusty soldier, Colonel W. H. Powell, in whom the utmost confidence
may be placed. I would rather serve in your ranks than leave you,
but I am only permitted to say farewell.

W. W. AVERILL,
Brevet Maj. Gen.

After the reading of this order, General Averill rode along the
line and bade us “ good-bye” amid the hearty cheers and regrets
of the officers and men of the division.

“The removal of Averill was but the culmination of a series of
events extending back to the time I assumed command of the Mid-
dle Military Division. General Grant, fearing discord on account
of Averill’s ranking Torbert, authorized me to relieve the former
officer, but I hoped that if any trouble of this sort arose, it could be
allayed, or at least repressed, during the campaign against Early,
since the different commands would often have to act separately.
After that, the dispersion of my army by return of 6th Corps and
Torbert’s Cavalry to the Army of the Potomac, would restore mat-
ters to their normal condition; but Averill’s dissatisfaction began
to show itself immediately after his arrival at Martinsburg on the
14th of August, and except when he was conducting some inde-
pendent expedition, had been manifested on all occasions since. I
therefore thought the interest of the service would be subserved by
removing one whose growing indifference might render the best laid
plans inoperative.”—P. H. Sheridan.

General Averill, in his report, makes a vigorous defense of his
action on each occasion where censured. He asserts that in the dis-
patches of the Major General commanding, due credit was with-
held from him and his command, his successes being barely men-
tioned. “It was, I believe, admitted on the 19th of September, by
both sides, that our cavalry attack was the key to the victory which
we won, and I think it was obvious that the success of that attack,
390 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

as to time and place, was mainly attributable to the exertions of my
division, yet, although I was the ranking officer making the attack,
the mention of my name in the dispatches was studiously avoided.

“An officer who has served the Government nine years, who has
suffered from wounds in battle, cannot, without any assigned cause
or pretext, be suddenly relieved from the command of a division
whose record tells of nothing but success and victories, without
having his sensibilities outraged and his reputation jeopardized.”

Sheridan’s losses at the Battle of Fisher’s Hill were only about
400 men, while Early’s loss was between 1,300 and 1,400. At
Winchester, on the 19th of September, owing to the fact that the
Union army was the attacking force, while the Confederates were
on the defensive, part of the time protected by defenses thrown ‘up
at a former period, our losses in killed and wounded were much
in excess of the Confederates ; in the two battles, however, the losses
of the opposing armies were about equal.

Sheridan’s victories had been won with a loss on his part only
equal to the enemy’s, while the guns, the flags, the miljtary positions
and the moral effect were his prizes. The total loss to each army
in these two battles was about 5,000 men, which was a much more
serious loss to the South, owing to the fact that all their men liable
to military duty were already in their army, while in the North
there were yet millions of civilians liable to military duty.

The greatest value of these two great victories was their
wholesome moral effect in restoring confidence and hope to the
loyal people of the North, while at the same time, practically
silencing the blatant, disloyal element, that with tongue and pen,
and in every other way possible, had been striving to defeat the
cause of the Union. Grant, who had ordered a salute of 100 guns
over the victory of September 19th, again ordered a salute of 100
guns to be fired in honor of the victory of Fisher’s Hill, while Sec-
retary Stanton ordered a salute of 100 guns to be fired at each of
fifteen military departments, a salvo of 1,500 guns for Fisher’s Hill.

General Early smarted sorely over his defeats and tried to
blame them on his cavalry. He says: ‘‘ The enemy’s immense su-
periority in cavalry and the inefficiency of the greater part of mine,
has been the cause of all my disasters. In the affair at Fisher’s
Hill, the cavalry gave way, but it was flanked. This would have
been remedied if the troops (infantry) had remained steady, but a
panic seized them at the idea of being flanked, and without being
defeated, they broke, many of them fleeing shamefully. The ar-
PURSUIT OF THE ENEMY. 391

tillery was not captured by the enemy, but abandoned by the infantry.
My troops are very much shattered, the.men very much exhausted
and many of them without shoes.”

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PURSUIT OF THE ENEMY. ADVANCE UP THE VALLEY.
DESTRUCTION OF CROPS AND SUBSISTENCE.
BATTLE OF WEYER’S CAVE OR MOUNT
VERNON FORGE.

Early fell back from Mount Jackson and took position on
Rude’s Hill, where he bivouacked for the night. Next morning,
24th, our infantry, 6th and 19th Corps, advanced, and, with the
cavalry, occupied Mount Jackson and drove the enemy’s skirmishers
back across the river to their main force on Rude’s Hill. The 8th
Corps, which had remained at Fisher’s Hill to bury the dead, now
came up after a long day’s march and joined the pursuers. Devin’s
Brigade of cavalry on our left pushed forward to flank the enemy’s
right; Powell’s Division (formerly Averill’s) on our right was sent
up around the enemy’s left,"while the infantry: advanced along the
Pike and crossed the river in front of the enemy, our artillery
briskly shelling them in the meantime.

Sheridan says: “ As soon as my advance began, the enemy
rapidly retreated in line of battle up the Valley through New
Market, followed closely by Wright and Emory, their artillery on
the Pike and their columns on its right and left. Both sides moved
with celerity, the Confederates stimulated by a desire to escape
and our men animated by the prospect of wholly destroying Early’s
army. The stern chase continued for about thirteen miles, our in-
fantry often coming within range, yet whenever we began to deploy,
the Confederates increased the distance between us by resorting
to a double quick, evading battle with admirable tact. While all
this was going on, the open country permitted us a rare and brilliant
sight, the bright sun gleaming from the arms and trappings of the
thousands of pursuers and pursued.

“ Near New Market, as a last effort to hold the enemy, I pushed
Devin’s Cavalry—comprising about 500 men—with two guns right
up on Early’s lines, in the hope that the tempting opportunity given
him to capture the guns would stay his retreat long enough to let
my infantry deploy within range, but he refused the bait and,
392 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

after momentarily checking Devin, he continued on with little loss
and in pretty good order.”

On the morning of the 24th, our regiment, with Powell’s
Division, moved forward on the right, across the country to the
Back Road. We soon overtook the rear-guard of the enemy’s
cavalry composed of the commands of Generals Imboden, John-
son and McCausland, and drove them some distance, when we
found them in line of battle. They showed some fight, but we
soon had them on the run and drove them right along before us
toward Harrisonburg, killing 15, capturing 18 prisoners, 14 wagons
and a large amount of ammunition. Our loss: 1 man wounded.
It is strange that we suffered no loss, as we charged them several
times. Marched on through Parisville and Chambersville and
halted for the night, twelve miles from Harrisonburg.

Next day (25th) we moved to Harrisonburg, reaching there
about noon. Found no enemy in the way; here we fed and had
dinner. After a few hours’ halt, we marched on through Mount
Crawford and camped beyond on the north side of the river.

A few miles above New Market, Early’s army had left the
Valley Pike and proceeded eastward to Port Republic and Brown’s
Gap. His purpose in taking this direction was to effect a junction
with Kershaw’s Division, which had been hurried from Richmond
to reinforce him, and which was now about due at Swift Run Gap in
the Blue Ridge, north of Port Republic.

On this same day (26th) our division moved at daylight across
the Valley to Middle River, when we encountered a strong picket
of the enemy and drove them across the river towards Brown’s
Gap. We then continued our march on up to Piedmont. Here
Colonel Powell received orders to return to Weyer’s Cave, and co-
operate with Merritt. On our arrival at Weyer’s Cave in the after-
noon, our brigade took the advance across the river and attacked
a force of the enemy’s cavalry and was driving them back through
the woods and thick underbrush, when our battery that was sta-
tioned on the west side of the river, opened fire, their shells explod-
ing in the tree-tops over our heads. They were at once signaled to
stop firing, as they were not reaching the enemy, evidently cutting
their fuse too short. We continued to drive them back, when we
encountered a strong force of infantry and artillery. We fought
them until dark, when we received orders to return to Weyer’s
Cave, on the west side of the river, where we encamped for the
night.
THE ENGAGEMENT AT WEYER’S CAVE. 393

The Confederate engineer, Captain Jed Hotchkiss, in his report
of this engagement, says: “ The Yankee cavalry drove ours across
the river and came up to our lines. Pegram’s Division was marched
out on the Cave Road and skirmished some with them near the
angle of the road, and repulsed several charges of their cavalry,
using artillery. The enemy also advanced on the turnpike and
Ramseur drove them back from there. Wharton moved out in the
rear of Ramseur and Gordon in the rear of Pegram. I showed Ker-
shaw the way up.”

*“T had read in one of the illustrated journals in 1857, a de-
scription of Weyer’s Cave and its caverns, the article nicely illus-
trated by David Hunter Strother, better known to the public as
Porte Crayon, a Virginian. I had made this man’s acquaintance in
1862, in the Shenandoah Valley, while he was a Colonel of engineers
on General Banks’ staff. Having a great desire to see the Cave, I
secured permission for myself and a few friends to make a brief
visit. The cave is situated in an offshoot from a branch of the Blue
Ridge, and was discovered by Bernard Weyer in 1804. It is a
stalactite cavern, next in importance to Mammoth and Wyandotte
caves, its largest apartment, Washington Hall, being 250 feet long
and more than 20 feet high. Securing a guide, we spent perhaps
an hour viewing its wonderful rooms and passages.

“On returning to camp, we found that the 2nd Brigade had
moved over the river, followed by our brigade commander, Colonel
Schoonmaker, with the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Our 22nd
Pennsylvania, about 500 strong, with a detachment of 100 men from
the 8th Ohio, were in line and ready'to mount and follow. This left
Colonel Moore, of the 8th Ohio, the ranking officer in command.

“My colored servant had built a fire and was preparing dinner
for me on my -return. We had just mounted when a cannon
boomed out on the hill to our right, the shell striking near the
cook and about 100 yards from our command. I thought that darkie
would never stop running. That shot was like a clap of thunder
from a clear sky. It was certainly a surprise, as we had no knowl-
edge of any force of the enemy being on our right flank. It
paralyzed the darkie and astonished the command, especially as it

“was not repeated. Colonel Moore rode up and requested me to
take command, as he was suffering from stomach trouble. I con-
fess I felt a good deal the same way. I told him, however, I

* Colonel Greenfield.
394 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

would find out what, it meant, as we could not see any force of the
enemy. I wheeled the command and we charged the hill, not
knowing what we might encounter. The advance of the enemy,
seeing us approach, fell back at first with their artillery, evidently
thinking we had a large force, and hesitated to attack. Intending
to surprise us, they were themselves surprised at our boldness.
We held their cavalry in check for some time until their. infantry
advanced in force, compelling us to retire. Our teamsters hitched
up and moved off quietly. No reinforcements coming to our
assistance, we fell back in line of battle, the enemy following
slowly, keeping up a continuous fire with our command, until
we reached the river about four miles distant. Here, General
George A. Custer, who was assigned by Sheridan. to the command

28,

 
    

Attack.on FEDERAL CAVALRY GX;
; near WEYER'S CAVEVA., ~ “a
See Title Sept. 271864.

of our division, joined us and took command. He asked me if I
was the officer in command and upon being told so, he ordered me
to call in the command and cross the river, which we did in good
order. The work of that noble 600 troopers was worthy of all
praise—500 of the 22nd Pennsylvania, under Major Work, and
100 of the 8th Ohio, under Major Dotze—driving back the ad-
vance of two divisions of the enemy and holding them in check
for sometime until the trains had moved off; then retiring slowly,

General Early, now strongly reinforced and still smarting under his recent defeats,
was planning to retrieve his fortunes. On the night of the 26th, he had planned to
attack our forces next morning in flank and rear, the movement to be carried out with,
secrecy so as to take us by surprise. Accordingly, on the morning of the 27th, Wickham
under cover was marched across South River (to the west side) at Patterson’s Ford,
two miles above our position; he was followed by Gordon, the artillery and Ramseur—
Wharton fuardins rs right flank of the movement while Pegram engaged our forces in
front on the east side of the river. Kershaw was left to hold the approaches to Brown’s
Gap. Thus the whole of Early’s army except_ Kershaw attacked our cavalry under
Merritt and Powell; three divisions, Wickham, Gordon and Ramseur with a brigade of
artillery attacking Colonel Greenfield’s ‘‘ noble six hundred.”
THE ENGAGEMENT AT WEYER’S CAVE. 395

resisting every charge and advance of the enemy, until we reached
the river, four miles distant. Our loss was comparatively light.
Three men killed; wounded, two officers, Major George T. Work
and Adjutant J. G. Isenberg, and five men; several horses were
killed and wounded.”

Major Work was seriously wounded, but able to ride off the
field. In a letter written in 1885, Major Work relates the circum-
stances of his being wounded at the Battle of Weyer’s Cave, as
follows:

“T was on the left in command of ‘some rather raw troops,
who, under the heavy skirmish fire of the enemy, broke and went
back just as I was about to order a charge on the enemy's cavalry;
this left me alone on the line, and in less time than it takes to tell
it, the Rebels were near enough to demand my surrender in their
peculiarly polite style; and I found myself exchanging pistol shots
with a young Confederate officer; one of his balls passed through
iny right arm near the shoulder, when I thought I had better
hunt my old battalion. Adjutant Isenberg was shot about the same
time, some two hundred yards to my right. I found part of the
old battalion some distance to the right, blazing away as if they
would wipe out the Confederacy right there. Seeing they were
fighting a party of the enemy behind a stone fence, which we could
easily enfilade if a few rods ahead, I began to give the order
to go when I was shot a second time, the ball striking me on the
right breast near the collar bone; I was blinded and would have
fallen, had it not been for two men who were near me at the time.
I soon rallied, and with others assisted in bringing Isenberg off.

CUSTER CHARGES WITH A WAGON TRAIN.

“While what I have related was going on, a large force of thé
enemy’s cavalry and infantry had passed around our right and
reached the. Staunton Road and, no doubt, would have ‘ gobbled ’
some of us, but General Custer, with a small cavalry guard and
wagon train (a few headquarter wagons) was coming down the
road on his way from Harrisonburg to take command of our
division, and seeing and hearing the racket, he ordered his guard

HDOQRS. MIDDLE MILITARY DIVISION, Sept. 26, 1864.
Special Order, No. 42.
Brigadier General G. A. Custer, U. S. Volunteers, is hereby assigned to the com-
mand of the Second Cavalry Division, Army of West piesinia.

and o
MAJOR- OENERAL SHERIDAN,
C, Kingsbury, Jr., A. A. G.
396 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

and train to charge, and, in genuine Custer style, they came down
on the enemy, who fell back far enough to give Custer the right
of way and to delay their movement, and enable us to cross the
river lower down and join the other division.

Adjutant Isenberg’s wound was supposed to.be mortal. He
was carried to a stone house on the north side of the river and
left there. Dr. Samuel M. Finley, Assistant Surgeon of our regi-
ment, a brave officer, reported to Colonel Greenfield that Isenberg
could not be moved, and asked permission to remain with him and
also look after any others of our wounded that might be left on
the field. General Early, learning of Dr. Finley’s presence within
his lines, ordered him brought to headquarters, where he ques-
tioned the doctor about Sheridan’s forces and the strength of the
force that had opposed his two divisions at Weyer’s Cave. The
information Early obtained was that the only force opposing
him in the Weyer’s Cave engagement was 600 cavalry of the 22nd
Pennsylvania and 8th Ohio. Early answered: “ You’re a damned
liar, and I’ll make you a prisoner for that,” and sent him off to
Richmond.

In September, 1899, Colonel Greenfield and Adjutant Isen-
berg made a trip through the Shenandoah Valley, visiting the
scenes and battle-fields in which they figured during the Civil War.
After his return, Isenberg, in the form of a letter addressed to his
comrades, wrote a most interesting account of their trip and the
war memories it awakened, which was published in the Huntingdon
Globe and copied by other papers. The following extract from
that letter is pertinent just here: ;

“Tt was in this engagement (Weyer’s Cave) I was wounded.
My comrades carried me into the house of Isaac Long, a Dunkard
preacher, where I was kept over night and in the hands of the
enemy. Just one mile to the north, on the hills, were the camp-fires of
my comrades brightly burning. Ah! me, how I longed to be there!
It seemed the longest night I ever lived. I thought the morning
would never come, but it did come, and it brought relief, for with
it came Custer with his brigade and our brigade. The enemy re-
treated, and I awoke, surrounded by men I loved as I have never
loved men since. Colonel Greenfield and I visited the old stone
house wherein I lay that dreadful night. We inquired for Isaac
Long, but he had been gathered to his fathers. The son lived there,

Dr. Finley was a son of Surgeon General Finley of the United States Army. He
was confined in Libby Prison at Richmond until shortly before Lee’s surrender.
ENGAGEMENT AT WEYER’S CAVE. 3907

but was not at home. A winsome young lady entertained us. I told
her of my night in the house and expressed a desire to see the
room in which I lay. She said, ‘ Yes, I have heard my grandfather
speak of it, but they all thought you were dead.’ She showed me
into the room, spread out an old-fashioned folding lounge on which,
she said, I lay, and which is marked with blood stains yet. Just
here, I want to confess, that I felt a kind of choking sensation in
my throat. I walked out on the porch and found Colonel Green-
field (whose cheeks never blanched in battle) weeping. Just then
I swallowed the lump in my throat and said, ‘ Colonel, why do you
cry?’ He said, ‘I don’t know, but why are you crying?’ I an-
swered, ‘I suppose, because you are.’ I turned to the young lady
and said, ‘ Young lady, why do you weep?’ She said, ‘ Because
you gentlemen weep.’ Do you say that our conduct there was ef-
feminate? Well, perhaps it was, but somehow I felt better after
it was over. and I guess I'll not apologize for it.”

After crossing the river, we moved some distance and formed
in line,.forcing the enemy under the command of the gallant Cus-
ter. At this time, the enemy’s forces appeared on a bluff on the
south side of the river, and opened on us with a battery of artillery.
The shells at first passed over our heads, bursting in our rear; they
soon got the range, however, and did some execution, killing one
man, slightly wounding several others, and killing some horses. As
we had no artillery and the distance being too great to use carbines
with effect, the General moved back with our small command until
we joined the rest of the division under Powell, which had crossed
the river near Port Republic, and moved on toward Cross Keys and
camped for the night. Here Powell turned over the command to
Custer.

The reader will remember that the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry

“We were driven back to the river, which we crossed one mile above the town, and
formed on a high flat; but there was a still higher knoll on the east side, on which the
enemy ran their guns and opened on us with a full battery, while we fell back across
the fields. The shells fell beside our colunms, some bursting over our heads, causing
confusion. Henry Pence of our company (C) was killed by a piece of shell passing
through the small of his back; several others were slightly wounded, and Tom Campsey’s
horse was killed. We fell back to within six miles of Harrisonburg and bivouacked
for the night. : ‘

“September 28. Major Work, although somewhat seriously wounded, is able to
travel, and started home. I sent my diary with him. Our division went on a recon-
naissance across the river and up to where we were surprised yesterday. The enemy had
gone. A number of small scouting parties were sent out the different roads. I, in charge
of ten men, went out the Piedmont road; met Captain Badger with a similar scout at
Mount Meridian; saw some Rebel cavalry and gave them a shot; came back at dusk
and found our regiment and division where we camped last night. Heard cannonading
in the direction oe Rockfish Gap. Adjutant Isenberg was brought to camp in an-ambu-
lance. He is badly wounded. The rebs took Dr. Finley prisoner, who was attending
Isenberg. Henry Pence died last night and was buried by the cleans fe day a

onaldson.
398 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

was now in the Ist Brigade of the 2nd Cavalry Division, formerly
commanded by Brigadier General W. W. Averill, then by Brigadier
General W. H. Powell, and now by Brigadier General George A.
Custer. Our brigade consisted of three cavalry regiments—22nd
Pennsylvania, 14th Pennsylvania and 8th Ohio, and was at this time
commanded by Colonel J. M. Schoonmaker.

General Early, having driven our cavalry across the west side
of the river, camped that night between the forks of the river, as
though intending to hold that ground. Learning of Torbert’s move-
ment against Staunton and Waynesboro, he broke camp at dawn
next morning (28th) and leaving a brigade of cavalry to hold
Brown’s Gap and another to guard his flank and rear, he, with the
rest of his army, marched with all haste for Waynesboro, hoping
to reach that place before Torbert. Learning of Early’s withdrawal,
our brigade, under Colonel Schoonmaker, and a brigade of the Ist
Division, under Colonel Kidd, were ordered to advance to Port
Republic. The expedition enabled us to find the Adjutant, who
was being well cared for by the wife and daughter of a Dunkard
farmer. Surgeon Finley had been sent to Richmond as a prisoner
of war, a disgraceful act on the part of General Early. Although
very severely wounded, we succeeded in getting the Adjutant into
an ambulance and sending him to camp, and later to Baltimore,
where he recovered and some months later, returned to the regiment.
The bullet that wounded him, lodged under the shoulder blade, be-
came encysted and was never removed.

Finding no enemy at Port Republic, we continued our ad-
vance over the route we retreated yesterday until we overtook the
enemy’s rear-guard and drove them in the direction of Waynesboro ;
returned to our camp near Cross Keys. .

Sheridan’s great successes resulting in the wrecking of Early’s
army and driving it a hundred miles south of Martinsburg, revived
in General Grant his long cherished idea of destroying the rail-
roads and canal used by Lee for carrying supplies to his army at
Richmond from the fertile counties of the Upper Valley, and also
for the transportation of his troops to and from the Lower Valley
or Maryland border. °

He wrote Sheridan: “Keep on and you will cause the fall
of Richmond.” To this Sheridan replied that he found great dif-
ficulty in supplying his army so far from his base, and that there was
not sufficient subsistence beyond the Valley to supply his army.
Grant wrote him again: “ Your victories have caused the great-
DESTROYING SUBSISTENCE IN THE VALLEY. 399

est consternation. If you can possibly subsist your army to the
front for a few days more, do it and make a great effort to destroy
the roads about Charlottesville, and the canal whenever you can
reach it.”

Sheridan had weighed the matter thoroughly, and was fully
satisfied in his judgment that his transportation could not supply
him further south than Harrisonburg, and that if in penetrating the
Blue Ridge, he should meet with protracted resistance, a lack of
supplies might compel him to abandon the attempt at a most inop-
portune time. He therefore advised that the Valley campaign be
terminated at Staunton, and that he be permitted to return, carrying
out on the way his original instructions for desolating the Shenan-
doah country so as to make it untenable for permanent occupation
by the Confederates.

Sheridan says: “I proposed to detach the bulk of my army
when this work of destruction was completed, and send it by way-
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad through Washington, back to
Grant’s army at Petersburg. Considerable correspondence regard-
ing the subject took place between us, throughout which I stoutly
maintained that we should not risk, by what might be a false
move, all that my army had gained. I, being on the ground, Gen-
eral Grant left to me the final decision of the question, and I solved
the first step by determining to withdraw down the Valley, at least
as far as Strasburg, which movement was begun on the 6th of
October.”

On the 7th, Sheridan dispatched Grant from Woodstock as
follows:

“T commenced moving back from Port Republic, Mount Craw-
ford, Bridgewater and Harrisonburg, yesterday morning. The
grain and forage in advance of these points had previously been
destroyed. In moving back to this point, the whole country from
the Blue Ridge to the North Mountain has been made entirely un-
tenable for a Rebel army. I have destroyed over 2,000 barns filled
with wheat, hay and farming implements; over 70 mills filled with
wheat and flour; have driven in front of the army over four herd
of stock and have killed and issued to the troops not less than 3,000
sheep. This destruction embraces the Luray Valley and Little
Fort Valley, as well as the main Valley. A large number of horses
have been obtained. From the vicinity of Harrisonburg, over 400
wagon loads of refugees have been sent back to Martinsburg. Most
of these people were Dunkers and had been conscripted. The peo-
400 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ple here are getting sick of the war. Heretofore they have had no
reason to complain because they have been living in great abundance.
I have not been followed by the enemy to this point with the excep-
tion of a small force of the Rebel cavalry that showed themselves
some distance behind my rear-guard to-day.

“A party of 100 of the 8th Ohio Cavalry, which I had sta-
tioned at the bridge over the North Shenandoah near Mount Jack-
son, was attacked by McNeill with seventeen men while they were
asleep, and the whole party dispersed or captured. I think they
will all turn up. I learn that fifty-six of them reached Winchester.
McNeill was mortally wounded and fell into our hands. This was
fortunate, for he was the most daring and dangerous of all the bush-
whackers in this section of the country.”

September 29th, the division, under command of General Cus-
ter, moved to Mount Sidney, covering the country lying between
the roads via Weyer’s Cave and Piedmont to Mount Sidney, under
orders to collect and drive off all stock, horses, etc., and to destroy
all forage, grain and flouring mills, returning to Mount Crawford
under same orders, where division camped for the night.

On the morning of the 30th, General Custer was relieved of
the command, to take command of the 3rd Cavalry Division, General
Wilson having been transferred to a cavalry command in Sherman’s
army; General Powell was again assigned to the command of our
division and ordered to report with the division to General Torbert,
where we camped for the night. Next morning (October 1st) our
division was moved along the Port Republic Road down Page
Valley to Luray, driving off all stock of every description, destroy-
ing all grain, burning mills, blast furnaces, tanneries, distilleries and
all forage; reached Luray on the evening of the 2nd, where the di-
vision remained until the morning of the 7th, subsisting entirely
upon the country.

On October 5th, a detachment of 300 men from our division,
under command of Major Farrabee, of the 1st West Virginia
Cavalry, was sent out through Thornton Gap to destroy the railroad
bridge over the Rapidan River, on the line of the Orange and
Alexandria Railroad. This detachment rejoined the division near

Sept. 29. Marched early to Mt. Crawford; halted and fed. The 6th Corps is here,
Came on up to Mt. Sidney where we took dinner. The 2nd Brigade deployed on one
side of the Pike and our brigade on the other (our regiment on the left) and coming
back burned all barns of grain and all hay, and drove in stock. It was an unpleasant.
duty, but we had to obey orders. The scheme is to consume all the forage and sub-
sistence in the Valley to cut off the Rebel supplies and thus prevent their coming down
again. Camped’in Mt. Crawford after dark.—Donaldson’s Diary.
MOVING BACK DOWN THE VALLEY. 401

Front Royal, on the 7th, reporting: the entire destruction of the
bridge. The following is from Sergeant Donaldson’s journal:

“Sept. 30. Rained. Infantry, cavalry and artillery marched
back to Harrisonburg.

“Oct. 1. Our division marched to Page Valley and on until
we were 23 miles from Harrisonburg. The barns along the route
were burned by the 2nd Brigade.

“Oct. 2. Cleared up and became warm. Our regiment
formed the advance column to-day. We passed through the rough
country between Page and Luray Valleys, and on through the town
of Luray, which has been a fine place, and camped on an eleva-
tion one mile below the town. Our squadron on picket one mile
down the pike. The 8th Ohio burned the barns to-day.

“ Captain Chessrown and Lieutenant Hassan with an escort of
50 men were sent to Harrisonburg with dispatches for General
Sheridan,

“Oct. 5. We were waked up at half past two this morning;
a detail was made of 15 men from our company (C), 15 men from
Company D, and some other details from our regiment, together
with 100 men from the 1st West Virginia and a detail from the
14th Pennsylvania and 8th Ohio, in all 300 men with five days’
rations, under command of Major Farrabee. Crossed the Blue
Ridge and on through Perrysville and Rappahannocktown; turned
off the Pike to the right, five miles from Culpepper Court House.
After a march of 40 or 45 miles, we bivouacked for the night. Gen-
eral Early’s forces are reported to be at Culpepper.

“Next morning, we marched early, going on down to Rapidan
Station, arriving there at ten o’clock. We lay here until a detail
destroyed the bridge over the river. The timbers were so green
that the bridge would not burn, and we were obliged to cut it down
and throw it into the river. We left there about one o’clock, and
as we were leaving, a small force of Rebel cavalry came up on the
opposite side of the river and fired a few shots at us. We went
up the railroad twelve miles to Culpepper and then out the New
Market Pike ten miles and camped. The country we passed through
to-day is utterly desolate. The fences are all destroyed and not a
stalk of grain of any kind has been raised this year; the land is
growing up with weeds and brush. We captured nine prisoners,
among them a lieutenant and a commissary. Next day we re-
turned by the same road; we came and rejoined our command six
402 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

miles below Luray; the division camped that night near a field of
corn, which we cleaned up.

“ Oct. 8. We marched on twelve miles to Front Royal, crossed
the river and again, camped in a cornfield. In the march this day,
our brigade took the advance; our regiment leading the advance
had some skirmishing with Moseby’s Cavalry, but they were cau-
tious and kept well out of danger.”

THE CAVALRY FIGHT AT TOM’S BROOK.

The 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry was with Powell’s Division at
Front Royal on the 9th of October, and therefore did not participate
in this battle, much to their regret. We will let General Sheridan
tell the story:

“During the 6th and 7th of October, the enemy’s horse fol-
lowed us up, though at a respectful distance. This cavalry was
now under command of General T. W. Rosser, who, on October
5th, had joined Early with an additional brigade from Richmond.
.As we proceeded, the Confederates gained confidence, probably on
account of the reputation with which this new commander had
been heralded. On the third day’s march, he had the temerity to
annoy my rear-guard considerably. I concluded to open the
enemy’s eyes in earnest, so that night I told Torbert that I expected
him either to give Rosser a drubbing or get whipped himself, and
that the infantry would be halted until the affair was over; I also
informed him that I proposed to ride out to Round Top Mountain
to see the fight. Merritt was encamped at the foot of Round Top,
an elevation just north of Tom’s Brook, and Custer some six miles
further north and west. In the night, Custer was ordered to re-
trace his steps before daylight by the Back Road, which is parallel
to and about three miles from the Valley Pike, and attack the enemy
at Tom’s Brook crossing, while Merritt’s instructions were to assail
him on the Valley Pike in concert with Custer. About seven in the
morning, Custer’s Division encountered Rosser himself with three
brigades, and while the stirring sounds of the resulting artillery duel
were reverberating through the Valley, Merritt moved briskly to the
front and fell upon Generals Lomax and Johnson on the Valley
Pike, Merritt, by extending his right, quickly established connec-
tion with Custer, and the two divisions moved forward, together
under Torbert’s direction, with a determination to inflict on the
enemy the sharp and summary punishment his rashness had invited.

“The engagement soon became general across the Valley,
THE WOODSTOCK RACES. 403

both sides fighting mainly mounted. For about two hours the con-
tending lines struggled with each other along Tom’s Brook, the
charges and counter-charges at many points being plainly visible
from the summit of Round Top, where I had my headquarters for
the time. The open country permitting a saber fight, both sides
seemed bent on using that arm. In the center, the Confederates
maintained their position with much stubbornness, and for a time
seemed to have recovered their former spirit, but at last they began
to give way on both flanks, and as these receded, Merritt and Custer
went at these wavering ranks in a charge along the whole front.
The result was a general smash-up of the entire Confederate line,
and the retreat quickly degenerated into a rout, the like of which
was never before seen. For twenty-six miles this wild stampede kept
up, with our troopers close at the enemy’s heels; and the ludicrous
incidents of the chase never ceased to be amusing topics around the
camp-fires of Merritt and Custer. In the fight and pursuit, Torbert
took eleven pieces of artillery, with their caissons, all the wagons
and ambulances the enemy had on the ground, and three hundred
prisoners.

“ After this catastrophe, Early reported to Lee that his cavalry
was so badly demoralized that it should be dismounted ; the citizens
of the Valley, intensely disgusted with the swaggering that had
characterized the arrival of the ‘Laurel Brigade’ * in that section,
named the battle (known to us as Tom’s Brook) ‘ The Woodstock
Races,’ and never tired of poking fun at Rosser about his precipi-
tate and inglorious flight.”

Torbert made an enthusiastic report of this battle, saying: “ The
cavalry totally covered themselves with glory and added to their
long list of victories the most brilliant of them all, and the most
decisive the country has ever witnessed.”

It is reported that Custer and Rosser, who were classmates at
West Point, recognized each other during this engagement, and
saluted by raising their hats. The eleven pieces of artillery cap-
tured this day made 36 pieces captured within the last twenty days.
Some of the cannon in this last capture were new, just fresh from
the Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, and bore the shipping address
as follows: ;

LIEUTENANT GENERAL JUBAL A. EARLY,
Shenandoah Valley.

* When Rosser arrived from Richmond with his brigade, he was proclaimed as the
“Saviour of the Valley,” and his men came all bedecked with laurel.
404 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Some wag added to the address, while the guns were en route,
the following:

For GENERAL P. H. SHERIDAN,
in care of
LIEUTENANT GENERAL JUBAL A. Ear-y,
Shenandoah Valley.

Our two divisions here routed the combined divisions of Rosser
and Lomax, inflicting a loss of about 400 men, while our loss was
but nine killed and forty-eight wounded.

General Early, in a letter to Lee, reporting this defeat of his
cavalry, says: “This is very distressing to me, and God knows
I have done all in my power to avert the disasters which have
befallen this command, but the fact is that the enemy’s cavalry is
so much superior to ours, both in numbers and equipments, that it
is impossible for ours to compete with his.”

During the 9th and 10th, our division camped at Front Royal,
doing scout and picket duty continually. On the 9th, Captain
Hugh Keys took a scout out to Chester Gap and blockaded the
Gap. Same day, Captain French and Lieutenant Regester, with
fifty men, relieved Captains Hart and Kuhn with a similar de-
tachment on picket out Middletown Road. All unserviceable horses
were sent back with the wagon train. Next day, the 6th Corps came
over from Cedar Creek and went into camp near ours.

October 11th, our division moved through Chester Gap, Flint
Hill, Gaines’ Cross Roads and Little Washington to Sperryville.
A detachment sent to Thornton Gap captured a picket post of
General Rosser’s cavalry. At Sperryville, Colonel Powell received
information that McCausland’s Cavalry command was moving in
the direction of Amissville to form a junction with Moseby’s guer-
rillas, about 400 strong, with four pieces of artillery, intending to
make a raid on the Manassas Gap Railroad at Salem. * Powell,

* Having learned of the willful and cold-blooded murder of a U. S. soldier two
miles from this place a few days previous by two members of Moseby’s gang, named
Chancellor and Myers, Colonel Powell, in retaliation, ordered the execution ‘of one of
Moseby’s men, whom he had captured at Gaines Cross Road, placing on his breast a
placard, ‘‘ Member of Company C, Moseby’s command, hanged by the neck in retaliation
for the murder of a U. S. soldier by Chancellor and Myers,”’ Powell also sent a detach-
ment to destroy the residence, barn and all buildings and forage on the premises of
Chancellor, and to drive off all stock, which order was fulfilled.

Moseby, however, always retaliated, executing at least man for man. General
Custer had ordered the execution of seven of Moseby’s men for firing on his ambulances
filled with wounded soldiers in charge of his hospital corps. In retaliation, Moseby
formed in line 22 Federal prisoners which he had captured, and drew cuts for seven
of them, whom he had taken out and shot. :

“During my visit to the battle fields of the Shenandoah Valley in company with
Adjutant Isenberg, of which mention was made in the preceding pages, a monument
was unveiled in the presence of several thousand citizens at Front Royal, Va., in memory
CAMPING AT CEDAR CREEK AND FRONT ROYAL. 405

with the division, pushed on to Amissville for the purpose of cut-
ting off McCausland’s retreat; when we arrived at that place, about
6:30 a.m. of the 12th, we learned that he had heard of our move-
ment and had made his escape, passing through the village several
hours previous to our arrival, going south at a rapid pace. From
here, we moved to Flint Hill, gathering up and driving in all the
stock. The country was infested with small parties of guerrillas,
watching every opportunity to dash from their hiding places and
capture any small parties of our command that became detached.

Whilst the enemy’s cavalry had followed our forces down
the Valley, Sheridan had no reliable information of the where-
abouts of their infantry. He believed they were still in the neigh-
borhood of Waynesboro or Brown’s Gap, and wrote Grant as
late as 9 P.M. of the 12th: ‘Information from Colonel Powell at
Sperryville . . . reports Early with the bulk of his forces at
Craig’s Creek, between Brown’s Gap and Waynesboro. . . . I
believe that a Rebel advance down this Valley will not take place.”
He, no doubt, based this opinion largely on his belief that the de-
struction of subsistence in the Valley north of Staunton would
make it next to impossible for the enemy to subsist an army for
even a short time in that desolate region.

The main body of the enemy had been at New Market, where
Early waited to watch what Sheridan would do next. In a letter
to Lee, written from New Market, after the Tom’s Brook fight,
he says: “I am satisfied that he (Sheridan) does not intend com-
ing this way again, as he burnt all the bridges in his rear as he
went down, and the question now is: what he intends doing—
whether he will move across the Ridge, send a part of his force to
Grant, or content himself with protecting the Baltimore and Ohio
Road. If he moves across the Ridge, I will move directly across
from this place to meet him and I think I can defeat and thwart
all his movements on the east of the mountains. But what shall I do
if he sends reinforcements to Grant or remains in the Lower
Valley? He has laid waste nearly all of Rockingham and Shenan-

of the seven Confederate soldiers executed by General Custer. The seven Union soldiers,
executed by Moseby, no doubt sleep without any stone to mark their last resting
Place.”—Colonel Greenfield.

Francis Marion White, of Company A, 22d P. V. C., was captured by, Moseby near
Upperville, Va., Oct. 10, 1864, and was about to be hanged in retaliation for the execu-
tion of a Confederate by General Powell a few days before. Some of McNeill’s
Rangers, who were with Moseby, learned that White was a member of the Ringgold
Cavalry, interceded and had him sent off as a prisoner, declaring that the Ringgolds
against whom they had warred for three years, were honorable soldiers, who had respected
and protected their homes and families, when in possession of Moorfield, and that no
captive from that command would be executed in retaliation, if they could help it.
406 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

doah (county), and I will have to rely on Augusta for my supplies,
and they are not abundant there.”

Sheridan was proceeding to send the 6th Corps infantry and a
division of cavalry to Grant’s army in accordance with his plan of
October 5th, heretofore given. Upon the arrival of his army at
Cedar Creek on the 10th, Sheridan had the 6th Corps march on
down to the junction of the rivers opposite, or north of Front
Royal, and a day or two later, sent them on down to the ford at
Ashby’s Gap, preliminary to their long march across the country
to Alexandria, from whence they were to embark for Petersburg.
General Early was expecting this as one of the probable moves
that Sheridan would make, and as soon as his scouts informed him
that a large body of Federal infantry had already started east, he
lost no time in pushing his entire army down to Cedar Creek to
strike Sheridan’s army, thus weakened, a staggering blow, as he
had done to Crook’s army on the 24th of July. Accordingly, from
Hupp’s Hill, on the 13th, he suddenly announced his arrival, the
story of which Colonel Greenfield tells as follows:

“Yesterday, Colonel Thoburn, our old commander at Peters-
burg, met with a severe reverse. He occupied an advanced posi-
tion on the south side of Cedar Creek at Stickley’s farm. On the
ith, he had made a reconnaissance toward Strasburg without
discovering any signs of the enemy, and Torbert had sent out a
strong cavalry scout up the Valley Pike and Back Road for a dis-
tance of twelve miles, with the same result. On the 13th, Early
assumed the offensive and moved forward from beyond Woodstock
to Hupp’s Hill with his entire force of infantry and a brigade of
cavalry. Colonel Thoburn’s command (a division of the 8th Corps)
was encamped in a field on the south side of Cedar Creek, arms
stacked, not knowing of the proximity of the enemy, until a bat-
tery opened fire, dropping shells in their midst, just as the bugles
sourtded the dinner call. Early’s divisions in line of battle were
concealed by timber and the intervening hill. Thoburn, not seeing
any force of the enemy, except the battery and a few cavalry, at
once sent out two brigades under Colonels Wells and Harris, to
develop the strength and purpose of the enemy. They moved for-
ward under a heavy fire of artillery, and soon developed the enemy’s
infantry in such force that, after a brisk engagement, they were
Hibhb pelolned ee GenGNOAE Seth Gere’ oe tae Mle Go aces eevee te

owing to the unfit condition of their horses to go on a long raid. During our absence,
they had been doing heavy picket and scout duty. . i
EARLY AGAIN IN OUR FRONT, OCT. 13, 1864. 407

compelled to retreat, suffering the very serious loss of one officer
and twenty-one men killed, two officers and 108 men wounded, and
three officers and seventy-four missing. The officer killed was the
brave Colonel George D. Wells, of the 34th Massachusetts Infantry,
commanding 1st Brigade.”

The same day, Lomax came down Page Valley and attacked our
pickets at Gad’s Hill, while Rosser, with his division, advanced on
the back road, forded Cedar Creek and attacked Custer, who drove
him back across the Creek and held the position.

Sheridan at this time was preparing to go to Washington, in
compliance with the following request:

“Tf you can come here, a conversation on several points is
extremely desirable. I propose to visit General Grant and should
like to see you first. “FE. M. STAntTon,

“ Sec. of War.”

The arrival of the enemy’s infantry on our front and his bold
attack indicated plainly that he had assumed the offensive, and
caused Sheridan to recall the 6th Corps, which reached ‘Cedar Creek
at noon of the 14th and took position to the right and rear of the
19th Corps. On the next day (15th) Sheridan received a letter
from Grant as follows:

“What I want is for you to threaten the Virginia Central Rail-
road and canal, in the manner your judgment tells you is best, hold-
ing yourself ready to advance if the enemy draw off their forces. If
you make the enemy hold a force equal to your own for the protec-
tion of these thoroughfares, it will accomplish nearly as much as
their destruction. If you cannot do this, then the next best thing
is to send here all the force you can. I deem a good cavalry force
necessary for your offensive as well as your defensive operations.
You will not, therefore, send here more than a division of cavalry.”

Late on the 15th, Colonel Greenfield received orders. to report to
division headquarters with the regiment at daylight next morning.
During the night, all men on picket and outpost duty were relieved
by other commands, and joined the regiment to take part in an
expedition or raid on Charlottesville and Gordonsville by Poweli’s
and Merritt’s Cavalry divisions. Sheridan accompanied Merritt’s
Division to Front Royal to see the expedition set out the morning of
the 16th, and then, with a body guard, to continue on across the
country to Washington to confer with the Secretary of War.
Greenfield reported with the regiment at division headquarters
on the morning of the 16th, as ordered. When the expedition was
408 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

about to start on its raid, Sheridan received from General Wright,
the senior officer left in charge of the forces at Cedar Creek, the
following letter, enclosing an intercepted and somewhat startling
message, which had been wig-wagged from the enemy’s signal
station on Three Top Mountain and interpreted by our signal
corps, who understood their code. General Wright’s letter:

“General: I enclose you a dispatch which explains itself. If
the enemy should be strongly reinforced in cavalry, he might, by
turning our right, give us a great deal of trouble. I shall hold
on here until the enemy’s movements are developed, and shall only
fear an attack on my right, which I shall make every preparation
for guarding against and resisting.”

The intercepted dispatch enclosed:

“To Lieutenant General Early: Be ready to move as soon as
my forces join you and we will crush Sheridan.

* LONGSTREET, Lieut. Gen.”

While Sheridan considered this as likely a ruse, it caused, him
to postpone the raid and send Torbert back with Merritt’s Division
to the right of the infantry at Cedar Creek, with the following in-
structions to Wright:

“General: The cavalry is all ordered back to you. Make
your position strong. If Longstreet’s dispatch is true, he is under
the impression that we have largely detached. I will go over to
Auger and may get additional news. Close in Colonel Powell, who
will be at this point. If the enemy should make an advance, I know
you will defeat him. Look well to your ground and be well pre-
pared. Get up everything that can be spared. I will bring up all
I can and will be up on Tuesday, if not sooner.”

Sheridan then continued on to Washington. On October 17th,
Sheridan having ordered Wright to “close in Powell’s Division,”
our brigade was moved to near Buckton Ford on the Shenandoah,
and a squadron of the 22nd sent to guard the ford; our pickets con-
nected with the left of Crook’s Infantry. The rest of our division
remained near Front Royal to prevent Lomax in the Luray Valley
from coming down on our left.

General Rosser’s scouts had reported to him on the 16th that
one of Custer’s brigades was somewhat detached from the rest
of the command. Rosser made an attempt to capture it as follows:
Mounting a brigade of infantry behind a brigade of cavalry, he
made a long detour of thirty-two miles and succeeded in getting in
EARLY ASSUMES THE OFFENSIVE. 409

the rear of one of Custer’s outposts (the supposed detached bri-
gade), and captured three officers and thirty-two men. The whole
Confederate army was moved out at daylight to cover Rosser’s
return.

Next day, October 18th, our brigade encamped in the edge
of a grove-in full view of “Three Top,” on which the enemy’s
signal station is located. From this station they could view our entire
army. Early again occupied the strong position of Fisher’s Hill,
heretofore described. A careful study of the accompanying map *
will enable the reader to understand the position and movements
of the troops in the coming battle. Companies A and B, now
comprising the 1st Squadron of our regiment, were twice under
fire from this frowning bluff in 1862, first on March 19th, under
General Shields, and again on March 24th, under General Banks, in
pursuit of “ Stonewall” Jackson’s retreating army, his noted chief
of cavalry, General Turner Ashby with Chew’s Battery defending
this position.

Early was much disappointed to find that Sheridan had not sent
away a large part of his army. He had now been at Fisher’s Hill
for five days and the question of subsistence for his army was be-
coming serious. In his report to Lee, he says: “ As I could not re-
main at Fisher’s Hill for want of forage, I determined to try and
get around one of the enemy’s flanks and surprise him in camp.”

 

* Page 411.
410 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXIX.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK.

After a careful observation of the Union camps and positions
from the signal station on Three Top Mountain, and an examination
of the intervening ground by General Gordon and Captain Hotch-
kiss, Early determined to move around the left flank of the Union
army. He says: ‘I selected this flank because the greater part of
the enemy’s cavalry was on his right, and Rosser’s attempt had
caused that flank to be closely picketed. To get around the enemy’s
left was a very difficult undertaking, however, as the river had to be
crossed twice, and between the mountain and river, where the troops
had to pass to the lower ford, there was only a rugged pathway. I
thought the chances of success would be greater from the fact that
the enemy would not expect a move in that direction on account of
the difficulties attending it, and the great strength of their position
on that flank.”

Early called his Generals together and unfolded to them his plan
of attack. The attack was to be made at five o’clock (before day-
light) in the morning, and it was to be a surprise, for in that was
their only hope of success; all swords and canteens were to be left
in camp; the artillery was to be held back a considerable distance,
while the other troops were quietly moving to the attack, lest the
rumbling of wheels might betray their advance.

General Early says: “The movement was accordingly begun
on the night of the 18th, just after dark, Gordon’s, Ramseur’s and
Pegram’s divisions being sent across the river and around the foot
of the mountain, all under the command of: General Gordon; and
late at night I moved with Kershaw’s Division through Strasburg
toward a ford on Cedar Creek just above the mouth, and Wharton
was moved on the Pike toward the enemy’s front, in which road
the artillery was also moved. The arrangement was for Gordon
to come around in the rear of his left bank, for Kershaw to attack
his left flank (direct), and for Wharton to advance in front, sup-
porting the artillery, which was to open on the enemy when he
should turn on Gordon or Kershaw; the attack was to begin at
5 A.M. on the 19th. Rosser was sent to the left to occupy the
enemy’s cavalry, and Lomax, who'had been sent down the Luray
Valley, was ordered to pass Front Royal, cross the river and move
‘across toward the Valley Pike.”
CEDAR CREEK AND FISHER’S HILL.

 

 

  

 

 

o> 2 h Se

% . | i aed ir
M: Olive { jrouyf ae
fe toe ety = i

         

MASSANUTTEN ° MOUNT?

All

 

 

 

 
412 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“The scene was memorable. The Union camps beyond the
hills wrapped in slumber; a corps of infantry and a brigade of
cavalry stealing along the base of Massanutten to gain the left
and rear of its unsuspecting foes; in the background, forty guns
and more waiting the signal to rush down the Pike; an infantry
division creeping over Hupps’ and another crouching yonder near
the creek.”

Our (Union) army was encamped on the left (north) bank
of Cedar Creek, just above its junction with the Shenandoah. The
8th Corps was on our left, near the mouth of the creek and on
the east side of the Pike. The position of the 19th Corps was on
the west side of the Pike to the right of the 8th, and some distance
in their rear. The 6th Corps was in position to the right and rear
of the 19th. Merritt and Custer’s divisions of cavalry were on the
right of the 6th Corps. Our brigade was camped on the left, nearly
a mile east of the 8th Corps, and less than a half-mile from the
the place where Gordon formed his lines to attack.* The other
brigade of our (Powell’s) division was near Front Royal, eight
miles distant.

The 8th Corps troops were encamped in two different places.
The ist Division, commanded by Colonel Thoburn, occupied a round
hill on the extreme left and considerably in front of the other
divisions, which were camped on another hill separated by a
wooded ravine. Thoburn’s position was entrenched, as was also
the position of the 19th Corps.

Shortly before five o’clock, Kershaw advanced, and, as his
column approached the Union line, he heard sharp musketry in
the distance down the river, which told him that Gordon had en-
countered the Union pickets at the ford, which was the signal for
attack. In the meantime, a thick fog enveloped the scene, com-
pletely screening the approach of the Confederates.

“ Punctually at five,” Early says, “Kershaw reached the enemy’s
left works, and attacked and carried it without the least difficulty, and
very shortly afterward, Gordon attacked in the rear and they swept
everything before them, routing the 8th and 19th Corps completely,
getting possession of their camp and capturing 18 pieces of artillery
and about 1,300 prisoners. They moved across the Pike toward
the camp of the 6th Corps, and Wharton was crossed over, the
artillery following him; the 6th Corps, which was in the extreme

*See “ Cavalry Camp,” Map No. 9. Plate LXXXII. War Atlas.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 413

right of their infantry, was not surprised in camp, because Rosser
had commenced the attack on that flank about the same time the
attack was made on the others, and the firing on the left gave
that corps sufficient time to form and move out of camp, and it
was found posted on a ridge on the west of the Pike and parallel
to it, and this corps offered considerable resistance.. The artillery
was brought up and opened on it, when it fell back to the north of
Middletown and made a stand on a commanding ridge, running
across the Pike.”

The 8th Corps, thus surprised, was in confusion—some of
the soldiers running to escape capture, others hastily forming in
line, regardless of company organization, and firing at the ad-
vancing Confederates. Before Thoburn’s regiments could form,
the Confederates were upon them. A few came into line behind the
breastworks, only to find themselves flanked and surrounded. The
2nd Division of the 8th Corps was in the rear of the 1st, and was
commanded by General Rutherford B. Hayes, who since then has
been President of the United States. The officers of the regiment
were shouting to the men to form, the drums were beating a long
roll, and the men springing from their tents, seizing their muskets,
without coats, hats.or boots, were running to their places; but
before they could form, the Confederates, under Gordon, struck
the left flank, breaking it in an instant. The fugitives from Tho-
burn’s Division were streaming through Hayes’ half-formed lines.
The contest was brief—a rattling, desultory fire from some of the
regiments, and then the lines broke and the men sought safety in
flight, while the enemy rent the air with the ‘“‘ Rebel Yell.”

But what of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry with their brigade
camped over beyond the Bowman’s Ford Road? Most of the
squadrons were on picket at the different fords of the Shenandoah.*
Before daylight, one of our pickets reported that he feared Lieu-
tenant Wingate’s Company of our regiment, on picket at the Brick-
house Ford, three miles below Strasburg and one and a half miles
from our camp, had been captured. Captain. McNulty, with his
squadron, was sent to the ford; the brigade was ordered to sad-
dle and prepare to move. Our regimental Q. M. Sergeant, David
Hart, in charge of the headquarter wagons, having a premonition
of the impending battle, unable to sleep, arose a while before
daylight, mounted his mare and rode over along the picket lines

* Our Third Squadron was on picket at Buckton Ford two miles farther down the
river; the story of their escape, will be found later.
414 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

1

toward the 8th Corps, where his attention was attracted by noises
down toward the river, at Bowman’s Ford, causing him to stop
a while and listen through the fog.

* At 5 A.M., we were startled by volleys of musketry in the
direction of Crook’s Corps. Our pickets that connected with the
infantry to our right, and McNulty’s Squadron, dashed into camp,
reporting the enemy in Crook’s camp, driving our men in con-
fusion toward Middletown. At the same instant, Sergeant
‘Davie’ Hart galloped in, yelling to the teamsters, ‘Hitch up,
hitch up!’ Our brigade mounted quickly and moved as rapidly
as possible through the dense fog that enveloped the hills, in
.the direction of the firing, which was moving away from us and
to the left of the Pike. We were aware that the enemy was be-
tween us and the rest of the army; in short, we were cut off, and
the best thing to do was to move rapidly back, parallel with the
enemy’s column until we could pass around them and join our main
body.”

The enemy, having routed Crook’s two divisions, moved on
rapidly and struck.Emory’s 19th Corps. Fortunately for our forces
here, an order had been received the previous evening by General
Grover of the 19th Corps to send a brigade out on a reconnaissance
at daylight in the morning; in obedience to this order, Molineux’
Brigade of Grover’s Division had breakfasted before daylight, and
were now in line ready to move. Upon hearing the firing, this -
brigade at once occupied the rifle-pits and held the enemy in check
until Gordon’s column passing along the Pike flanked them, when
they fell back in good order, but with serious loss.

By this time, the 6th Corps that was in the rear.in reserve, had
formed and was moving over toward the Pike, just as our brigade
arrived; we charged in on the Pike and held the enemy in check
while the 6th Corps moved over and formed on our right. General
Torbert, in his report, says: “ Before daylight, the enemy made a
vigorous attack, having surprised and turned the left of the army.
The cavalry was immediately put in the saddle and the 1st and
3rd Divisions (Merritt and Custer) put in position: on the right
of the infantry. The 1st Brigade, 2nd Division (Colonel Moore,
commanding) being at Buckton Ford on the Shenandoah,} was by
this means cut off from the main army, and Colonel Moore imme-
diately passed around the enemy’s right and came up on the left

* Colonel Greenfield.
7 See Map, page 411.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 415

of our army at Middletown on the Valley Pike. This brigade im-
mediately attacked the enemy and held them in check on the Pike
until they (the enemy) could be reinforced.”

The 6th Corps, coming upon the scene, halted and took position
on a wooded knoll west of the Pike. It was the beginning of the
concentration of the Union troops. A courier came from General
Wright, directing General Emory of the 19th Corps to close up on
the right of the 6th. Before the 19th could come into the new posi-
tion, Gordon’s Corps and Kershaw’s Division fell upon the 6th.
General Ricketts was wounded and General Getty assumed com-
mand.

THE ENEMY CHECKED.

General Lewis A.. Grant, of the Vermont Brigade, assumed
command of the division. ‘When Getty’s Division, in position on
the wooded knoll, poured their volleys into the advancing columns of
Confederates, the period of panic in the Battle of Cedar Creek was
closed, and that of resolute resistance began.” The withering fire
from Getty’s men brought the enemy to a halt, but the enemy,
renewing their infantry attacks and concentrating their artillery,
preparatory to another onslaught, General Wright withdrew this
force to a ridge more than a mile north of Middletown, where
Getty’s Division of the 6th Corps again made a final stand, with the
cavalry on either flank.

General Early gives the Confederate view of the situation as
follows:

“The fog arose and we could see the enemy’s position on a
ridge to the west of Middletown, and it was discovered to be a
strong one. After driving back Wharton’s Division, he (Getty) had
not advanced, but opened on us with artillery. Discovering that the
6th Corps could not be attacked with advantage on its left flank,
I directed Gordon to advance against the right flank and attack in
conjunction with Kershaw. In a short time, Colonel Carter con-
centrated eighteen or twenty guns on the enemy and he was forced
to retreat.”

A number of Getty’s artillery horses were shot down, and in
the retreat he was obliged to abandon six guns. This retreat or
falling back to a new position by the 6th Corps was made in regular
brigade formation and in excellent order.

The enemy, advancing with infantry and artillery, pressed us
vigorously as we retired, until we took up the position indicated by
416 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Major General Wright; here the enemy made several persistent
attacks, but were repulsed each time. Our small cavalry brigade
(the 14th and 22nd Pennsylvania and a detachment of the 8th Ohio,
Colonel Moore) were the only cavalry on the left of the army up
to this time. After holding our position here and resisting the
enemy’s repeated attacks for some time, General Devin’s Brigade
of cavalry was mioved over from the right and formed and deployed
on our left. The enemy at this time was increasing their force
in our front and deploying to our left, evidently with the intention
of turning our left flank, which, if successful, might have resulted
in the capture of our trains in the rear; Merritt was: informed of
the situation and sent to our assistance, Colonel Lowell with the
Reserve Brigade, who formed and deployed on the left of Devin.
About 10 a. m., Major General Wright, seeing that Early was con-
centrating his force to turn our left, ordered Torbert to concen-
trate all his cavalry on the left. This brought Merritt’s and Custer’s
divisions to our support, except three regiments left on the right.
Torbert then reformed the cavalry. Our brigade which, up to this
time, had occupied the right of the cavalry across the Pike connect-
ing with the 6th Corps, was now placed on the extreme left, while
Merritt’s Division took the place across the Pike next the infantry,
which we had held since early morn, resisting the enemy’s advance
and exposed to a heavy fire from infantry and artillery.

General Torbert, in his report, has this to say of our brigade:

“ At this time, the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, was temporarily
under the orders of General Merritt, who was constantly annoying
and attacking the enemy wherever an opportunity presented itself,
although his men were completely within range of the enemy’s
sharpshooters, his shot and shell—and many a horse and rider were
made to bite the dust, they held their ground like men of steel.

We were driven back a mile north of Middletown. The enemy’s battery got a
good position and shelled us fearfully. A number of horses were shot among which
were those of Captain McNulty and Hugh Porter of Company C.—Donaldson.

_._As the head of our train came down the road toward the pike at the south end of
Middletown I found that highway completely choked with men and wagons, so without
a halt, the foremost wagons were turned to the right across the back-yards and gardens
of the village houses; and the train went crashing through picket fences and all sorts of
fences, keeping parallel with the Pike and coming out on that road some distance north
of the town. Here I found a wagon of the 6th Corps that had run against a telegraph
pole, throwing the wagon across, blockading the pike, and a bale of blankets thrown
entirely away from the wagon, which latter I loaded into one of our wagons. I then
arranged the wagons, two abreast, and sent them on with the Q. M. Sergeant of the
1st West Virginia, in charge. I then rode up on the side of the hill out of the thron;
of the wounded and demoralized soldiers. It was a terrible sight; some covered wit
blood; some with nothing on but pants and shirt; some with empty muskets, but most
of them without anything, rushing madly to the rear. Just then I met General Thoburn
on his fine horse; he seemed to have just come out of Middletown and was trying to
rally his men, and was unarmed. Shortly after this, he was mortally wounded.—Regt.
O. M. Sergeant David Hart.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 417

Officers and men seemed to know and feel that the safety of the
army in no small degree depended upon their holding their posi-
tion, and they can never receive too much credit for the manner
in which they did their duty.”

Our brigade, while alone on the left all morning, had been en-
tirely unsupported by artillery, the cavalry batteries being with
Merritt and Custer on the right, while the enemy had captured
twenty-four guns from our infantry and turned them against us.

General Torbert, after reforming the cavalry, ordered Devin’s,
Lowell’s and Kidd’s brigades to move forward and press the enemy
warmly, and if opportunity offered, to charge and capture a bat-
tery on the left of the Pike that was supposed to be more exposed
than the other batteries that were shelling us. This advance was
handsomely made, driving the enemy nearly to Middletown, but the
enemy’s infantry (Pegram and Kershaw) concentrated against
them, and they were obliged to retire. Merritt says: ‘! So excellent
was the practice of the enemy that it was utterly impossible to cover
a cavalry command from their artillery fire; a number of horses
and men were destroyed by this arm during the day.”

About 11 a. m., Major General Sheridan rode up the Pike on his
black steed, Rienzi; as soon as he was recognized, a shout went up
from the entire command, which was taken up by the infantry on
our right. After a consultation with General Torbert, he rode over
to the right, consulted with General Wright, and took command.

After a charge of the three cavalry brigades, the enemy with-
drew this exposed battery and their entire command to a less ex-
posed position. :

General Merritt says: “The enemy withdrew from the open
country, evidently fearing the attack of the cavalry; the battery,
which was marked for attack and possible capture, also withdrew
to a safe position. Sheltered by the woods on each flank and the
houses and fences of Middletown, the enemy in our front continued
a sharp skirmish, varied by attacks on both sides, until the final
advance of thé whole army.

“ Shortly after taking position on the left of the line, as above
described, Colonel Moore’s Brigade, 2nd Division, was ordered

 

Captain John H. Boring, Company K, of our regiment, wounded at Martinsburg
in our fight with Early’s forces on the 18th of September, had just been discharged
from the hospital and was returning to his regiment at the front. At Martinsburg he
was placed in command of a troop of remount cavalrymen, returning to their different
regiments. He, with his command, formed a part of General Sheridan’s escort from
Winchester in his famous ride, and assisted in bringing back to the front many stragglers.

William C. Condit of Company D was one of Sheridan’s escort all the way from
Martinsburg.
418 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

to report to the 1st Division (General Merritt) for orders. This
brigade having skirmishers on the line to the left of the Pike, was
ordered to advance with the line of the 1st Division; it did so hand-
somely, fighting with spirit while it remained with the command.
During the entire day, the enemy kept up an artillery fire on our
position, which was truly terrific; it has seldom been equaled for
accuracy of aim and excellence of ammunition.”

SHERIDAN’S RIDE.

By THomas BucHANAN Reap,

(This poem, written shortly after the Battle of Cedar Creek, had immediate and
very great popularity, finding its way into every school and home throughout the North,
where to-day, Read’s “ Sheridan’s Ride’ is a household classic with Tennyson’s “Charge
of the Light Brigade”’ and Byron’s “ Battle of Waterloo.’’]

Up from the south at break of day,
Bringing to Winchester fresh dismay,

The affrighted air with a shudder bore,

Like a herald in haste to the chieftain’s door,
The terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar,
Telling the battle was on once more,

And Sheridan twenty miles away.

And wider still those billows of war
Thundered along the horizon’s bar,

And louder yet into Winchester rolled

The roar of that red sea uncontrolled,
Making the blood of the listener cold

As he thought of the stake in that fiery fray,
With Sheridan twenty miles away.

But there’s a road from Winchester town,

A good broad highway leading down;

And there thro’ the flash of the morning light,
A steed as black as the steeds of night

Was seen to pass as with eagle flight;

As if he knew the terrible need

He stretched away with the utmost speed;
Hills rose and fell—but his heart was gay,
With Sheridan fifteen miles away.

Under his spurning feet, the road

Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed,

And the landscape flowed away behind,

Like an ocean flying before the wind;

And the steed like a bark fed with furnace-ire
Swept on with his wild eyes full of fire;
But lo! he is nearing his heart’s desire,

He is snuffing the smoke of the roaring fray,
With Sheridan only five miles away.

Some time after our brigade was placed in position on the extreme left, about noon,
a lull occurred, the enemy’s batteries firing less frequently. Our brigade was moved
to a less exposed position in the edge of the woods. Colonel Greenfield had the regi-
ment dismount and make a little coffee, the men having had nothing to eat since the
evening before. The Colonel had a tin cup of coffee on the coals, and was just about
to pick it up to drink, when a shell burst in the tree tops overhead, a piece of which
fell in the fire, throwing ashes into the cup; the Colonel coolly picked up the cup
a anos off and drank the coffee, remarking that coffee was scarce and should
not be wasted.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 419

The first that the General saw were the groups

Of stragglers, and then the retreating troops;

What was done—what to do—a glance told him both,
And, striking his spurs with a terrible oath,

He dashed down the line ’mid a storm of hurrahs,

And the wave of retreat checked its course there, because
The sight of the master compelled it to pause.

With foam and with dust, the black charger was gray,
By the flash of his eye and his nostrils play

He seemed to the whole great army to say:

“T have brought you Sheridan all the way

From Winchester town to save the day!”

Hurrah! hurrah! for Sheridan!

Hurrah! hurrah! for horse and man!

And when their statues are placed on high,
Under the dome of the Union sky—

The American soldier’s temple of fame—
There with the glorious General’s name,
Be it said in letters both bold and bright;
“ Here is the steed that saved the day

By carrying Sheridan into the fight

From Winchester, twenty miles away!”

General Sheridan, with three members of his staff, had reached
Washington on the morning of the 17th, having ridden across the
country from Front Royal to the terminus of the railroad from
Washington, escorted by a regiment of cavalry. From this point,
the cavalry was sent back, while Sheridan and staff, with their
horses (Rienzi being Sheridan’s mount) finished the journey by
rail. Upon arriving in Washington, Sheridan ordered a special train
to be ready at twelve o’clock to carry them back to Martinsburg,
where he had arranged to have an escort of 300 cavalry meet him
to conduct him to the front. They stayed over night at Martins-
burg and next day (18th) proceeded to Winchester, where, with an
engineer who had accompanied him from Washington for the pur-
pose, they examined the country thereabout as to the feasibility of
fortifying there as a base. From here Sheridan sent a courier to
Cedar Creek to ascertain conditions there; the courier returned with
the report that the enemy had made no demonstration of any kind;
and further, that Grover’s Division of the 19th Corps was to make
a reconnaissance at daylight in the morning. Sheridan thereupon
directed his escort to encamp out toward Mill Creek, where he would
join them in the morning. Next morning at six o’clock, an officer
from the picket line called at Sheridan’s room and informed him
that cannonading was going on in the direction of Cedar Creek. In
answer to the General’s inquiry, the officer stated that the firing
was irregular. Sheridan naturally surmised that it was ‘“ Grover
banging away at the enemy to find out what he was up to.”
420 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Between 8:30 and 9 o’clock, with two members of his staff,
Sheridan mounted and started out the main street toward the
Valley Pike. They noticed that there were many women at the
doors and windows of the houses, who kept shaking their skirts, and
were unusually insolent in their demeanor to the “ Yankee ” officers.
On reaching the open country, the sound of artillery firing in an un-
ceasing roar was distinctly heard. “I concluded from this,” says
Sheridan, ‘‘ that a battle was on, and that the women along the
street had received intelligence from the battlefield by the ‘ grape-
vine telegraph ’ and were in raptures over the good news.”

When the General and aides came to Mill Creek, the men of the
escort who had camped there over night, were ready to mount, and
Sheridan, without slackening his pace, called out, “‘ Come on, boys,”
and the escort were in the saddle and after him in a minute.

“Just as we made the crest of the rise beyond the stream,” says
Sheridan, “there burst upon our view the appalling spectacle of a
panic-stricken army—hundreds of slightly wounded men, throngs
of others unhurt but utterly demoralized, and baggage-wagons by
the score—all pressing to the rear in hopeless confusion, telling only
too plainly that a disaster had occurred at the front. I was greatly
disturbed at the sight, but sent word to Colonel Edwards, command-
ing a brigade at Winchester, to stretch his troops across the Valley
near Mill Creek and stop all fugitives. About this time, my chief
commissary, Colonel Wood, arrived from the front and reported’
that everything was gone, my headquarters captured, and the troops
dispersed.”

Upon hearing this report, Sheridan, with his two staff officers
(Major Forsyth and Captain O’Keefe), with twenty men ‘of the
escort, started for the front, while the others were directed to re-
main and do what they could to stop the retreating men and teams.
The road was so full of wounded men and teams that the General
and escort took the fields alongside. Sheridan, mounted on his black
charger, Rienzi, led at a long, steady gallop; Forsyth and O’Keefe,
who were well mounted, followed closely ; but the men of the escort
were soon distanced and “ strung out” far behind. Further along,
Sheridan found large numbers of men who, now out of immediate
danger, had stacked their guns and stopped to make coffee and get
some breakfast. As he dashed on through these he called to them:
“Turn about, boys; we'll lick them yet. We'll sleep in our old camp

to-night. Face the other way. If I’d been with you, this would
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 421

not have happened.” “ When the men saw me,” says Sheridan,
“they abandoned their coffee, threw their hats in the air, shoul-
dered their muskets and, as I passed along, turned to follow with
enthusiasm and cheers. To acknowledge this exhibition of feeling,
I took off my hat and rode some distance in advance of my escort,
while every mounted officer who saw me, galloped out on either side
of the Pike to tell the men at a distance that I had come back. In
this way, the news spread to the stragglers off the road, when they,
too, turned their faces to the front and marched toward the enemy,
changing in a moment from the depths of depression to the extreme
of enthusiasm.”

Just after passing Newtown, Sheridan saw off to the right of
the Pike some distance, two divisians of the 6th Corps, and still
farther to the right, the 19th Corps, but he neither checked his gait
nor turned his course, keeping right ahead for the front a mile or
more north of Middletown, where he found Getty’s Division of
the 6th Corps in line on a low ridge behind some rail defenses they
had thrown up. On their left, was the cavalry. Infantry and cav-
alry were skirmishing some with the enemy’s pickets. “ Jumping
my horse over the line of rails, I rode to the crest of the elevation
immediately in their front, and there taking off my hat, the men
rose from behind their barricades with cheers of recognition. I
then turned back to the rear of Getty’s Division, and as I came be-
hind it, a line of regimental flags rose up, out of the ground as it
seemed, to welcome me. They were mostly the colors of Crook’s
troops, who had been stampeded and scattered in the surprise of the
morning, the color bearers having withstood the panic and formed
behind the troops of Getty. The line with the colors was largely
composed of officers, among whom I recognized Colonel R. B.
Hayes, since President of the United States.”

Sheridan immediately established headquarters in the rear of
Getty. He ordered the other divisions of the 6th Corps to come
forward and form on the right of Getty and the 19th Corps to form
next to the 6th. Crook was to rally in the rear of the 6th.

It will be remembered that earlier in the day, when the enemy

was shifting his force more and more against our left, that General
Wright had brought all the cavalry over to the left, except one
brigade. This strong force of cavalry on our left soon convinced
the enemy of the futility of attempting to turn that flank, so he
began to shift the columns more toward our right. With the purpose
422 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of striking that flank, Sheridan hereupon ordered Custer’s Division
back to our right flank.

Sheridan had now been on the field something over two hours,
busily getting his lines formed preliminary to one general attack.
During this time, there was a lull in the battle. The enemy had be-
come considerably demoralized; many of their men left the ranks
to loot the Federal camps.

Sheridan began to feel that he was about ready to advance.
Before doing so, he thought best to take a look at the enemy to see
what he was doing, so he rode to an elevated position on the left,
where he could see down the entire line. He saw immediately that
they were forming for attack.

*“ Major Forsyth now suggested that it would be well to ride
along the line of battle before the enemy assailed us, for, although
the troops had learned of my return, but few of them had seen me.
Following his suggestion, I started in behind the men, but when
a few paces had been taken, I crossed over to the front and, hat in
hand, passed along the entire infantry line; it is from this circum-
stance that many of the officers and men who then received me with
such heartiness, have since supposed that was my first appearance
on the field.” It was.now considerably after mid-day.

Sheridan now arranged his lines and prepared to attack. About
this time, the Confederates advanced to the attack and made an
assault on the 19th Corps, but Emory repulsed them promptly and
easily. This repulse of the enemy assured Sheridan of his ability to
take the offensive, and also restored the confidence of the troops in
themselves. Sheridan now decided to suspend the fighting until our
thin ranks were strengthened by the men, who were continually
coming up from the rear, and particularly until Crook’s troops
could be assembled on the extreme left. He had supposed that Long-
street’s Corps was opposing him, and now, during the lull in the
battle, determined to find out by capturing some prisoners. General
Merritt, who at this time was on the left, was directed to charge an
exposed battery of the enemy and bring off some prisoners. Mer-
Tritt executed the order most successfully, almost reaching the
enemy before they were aware of the attack, bringing back. with
him a number of prisoners. From these it was learned that Long-
street’s Corps was not with Early, except Kershaw’s Division, which
had jomed him at Brown’s Gap. Then another report reached Sheri-

* Sheridan’s Memoirs.
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 423

dan to the effect that a large body of the enemy had come in by way
of Front Royal and advanced against Powell and were driving him
back on Winchester, endangering our rear. Sheridan gave little cre-
dence to this report, but, to be on the safe side against such a possi-
bility, sent * Moore’s Brigade of cavalry, which was on our extreme
left, to reinforce Powell’s Division ; and also sent a courier to Powell,
who returned with the information that the report was false. All
this took time and consequently delayed our attack.

THE ATTACK.

Sheridan says: “ Between half-past three and four o’clock, I
was ready to assail, and decided to do so by advancing my infantry
line in a swinging movement, so as to gain the Valley Pike with my
right between Middletown and the Belle Grove House; and when the
order was passed along, the men pushed steadily along with en-
thusiasm and confidence.

“General Early’s troops extended some little distance beyond
our right and when my flank neared, the over-lapping enemy, he
turned on it with the effect of causing a momentary confusion, but
General McMillin, quickly realizing the danger, broke the Confed-
erates at the re-entering angle by a counter-charge with his brigade,
doing his work so well that the enemy’s flanking troops were cut off
from their main body and left to shift for themselves.

“ Custer, who was then moving in from the west side of Mid-
dle Marsh Brook, followed McMillin’s timely blow with a charge of
cavalry, but before starting out on it, and while his men were
forming, he came riding at full speed and threw his arms around
my neck. By the time he had disengaged himself from this em-
brace, the troops broken by McMillin had gained some little distance
to the rear, but Custer’s troopers sweeping across the Middletown
meadows and down toward Cedar Creek, took many of them pris-
oners before they reached the stream; so I forgave his delay.

. “My whole line, as far as the eye could see, was now driving
everything before it, from behind trees, stone walls, and all such shel-
tering obstacles, so I rode toward the left to ascertain how matters

*This withdrawal of our brigade from the line of battle just before the final
attack, was a great disappointment to our regiment, for the men scented victory and the
probability of another stampede of the enemy like that at Fisher’s Hill, and all wanted
to be in at the finish.

j General Early says: ‘tA portion of the enemy had penetrated an interval which
was between Evan’s brigade on the extreme left, and the rest of the line, when that
brigade gave way, and Gordon’s other brigades soon followed. Every effort was made
to stop and rally Kershaw’s and Ramseur’s men, but the mass of them resisted all
appeals and continued to go to the rear.”
424 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

were getting on there. As I passed along behind the advancing
troops, first General Grover and then Colonel McKenzie rode up to
welcome me; both were severely wounded, and I told them to leave
the field, but they implored permission to remain until success was
certain. When I reached the Valley pike, Crook had reorganized his
men, and as I desired that they should take part in the fight, for they
were the very same troops that had turned Early’s flank at the Ope-
quan (Winchester) and at Fisher’s Hill, I ordered them to be pushed
forward; and the alacrity and celerity with which they moved on
Middletown, demonstrated that their ill-fortune of the morning had
not sprung from lack of valor.

“ Meanwhile, Lowell’s Brigade of cavalry, which had been hold-
ing on, dismounted, just north of Middletown, ever since the time
I arrived from Winchester, fell to the rear for the purpose of getting
their led horses. A momentary panic was caused in the nearest brig-
ade of infantry by this withdrawal of Lowell, but as soon as his men
were mounted, they charged the enemy clear up to the stonewalls in
the edge of Middletown. At sight of this, the infantry renewed their
attack, and the enemy’s right gave way. The accomplished Lowell
received his death wound in this courageous charge.

“ All our troops were now moving on the retreating Confeder-
ates, and as I rode to the front, Colonel Gibbs, who succeeded
Lowell, made ready for another mounted charge, but I checked him
from pressing the enemy’s right in the hope that the swinging at-
tack from my right would throw the Confederates to the east of
the Valley pike, and hence off their line of retreat through Stras-
burg to Fisher’s Hill. The eagerness of the men soon frustrated
this anticipation, however, the left insisting on keeping pace with
the center and right, and all pushing ahead until we gained our
camps at Cedar Creek. Beyond Cedar Creek at Strasburg, the pike
makes a sharp turn to the west toward Fisher’s Hill, and here,
Merritt, uniting with Custer, they fell on the flank of the retreating
columns, taking many prisoners, wagons and guns, among the
prisoners being Major-General Ramseur, who, mortally wounded,
died the next day.”

Our infantry pursued the flying enemy on down to the banks
of Cedar Creek, where leaving the further pursuit to the cavalry,
the infantry sank down, worn out, after more than twelve hours
of exhausting battle, many of the men without a morsel of food
since the previous evening. The cavalry commands were now in
their element; the solid phalanxes of the enemy’s infantry that ever
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 425

defies a cavalry charge, were now knocked into a fleeing mob,
running for their lives from fear of the “ Yankee” cavalry that,
for the last thirty days, had been a terror to them and their com-
manding general.

Custer gathered up the Confederate brigade (Evan’s) cut off
from the enemy’s left flank by McMillin’s charge, and then came
sweeping their left before him, making directly for the pike bridge
over Cedar Creek; Merritt’s Division soon joined him, and together
they fell upon the flying “ Rebels,” rounding them up in hundreds.
Thousands of the fugitives took to the fields and woods and got
away. The enemy was hurrying up the Pike beyond Strasburg with
his artillery, wagons and ambulances, when a bridge over the creek
broke down, causing a great blockade of guns, caissons, wagons, am-
bulances, etc. Before they could extricate themselves Torbert’s
cavalrymen were on them and “gobbled” the whole aggregation.

General Torbert says: “ The cavalry advanced (about 4 P. m.)
on both flanks, side by side, with the infantry, charging the enemy’s
lines with an impetuosity which they could not withstand. The
Rebel Army was soon routed and driven across Cedar Creek in
confusion. The cavalry sweeping on both flanks, crossed Cedar
Creek at the same time, charged and broke the last line the enemy
attempted to form, and then dashed ahead at full speed after their
artillery and trains.”

The twenty-four cannons, captured by the enemy in the morn-
ing, were all retaken, and twenty-four more of Early’s guns were
captured, together with fifty-six of his ambulances, and the recap-
ture of all of ours that he had taken; forty-six army wagons,
184 horses, 156 mules, etc., etc., and some 1200 prisoners.

As heretofore stated, our third squadron, Companies E and F,
about forty men in all, were on picket at Buckton Ford during the
night of the 18th. Buckton Ford is about two miles farther down
the Shenandoah River than Bowman’s Ford, where a large part of
the Confederate Army, under command of General Gordon,
crossed at daylight of the 19th. It was also two miles distant from
the camp of our brigade that night.

Captain J. Y. Chessrown was in command of this picket,
Lieutenant B. F. Hassan being with Company F. Heavy firing, both
artillery and musketry, was heard, and as the morning advanced
it grew heavier. The sound seemed to be moving to the north.

On the return of a reconnoitering party which had been sent
out from the squadron, the retreat of our army was fully estab-
426 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

lished, and it was decided to fall back and make an effort to find
the regiment. The outposts were called in by Captain Chessrown,
and the squadron put in motion. Proceeding through fields and
patches of woodland to avoid running into a hostile force, they came
suddenly within view of a column of troops marching along a ridge
road which passed directly in our front and only a few hundred
yards away. The morning was misty and foggy. Our men were
on an obscure road in a wooded ravine, while their force was on a
road running along high ground, and consequently could be seen
more distinctly.

A halt and an investigation proved that it was a Confederate
force, afterwards known to be a brigade of Lomax’s Cavalry. They
had also halted and were evidently endeavoring to discover whether
our force was friend or foe.

Lieutenant Hassan says: “ The squadron, Company E in front
and F following, turned to the left into a lane which led to a farm-
house, but soon turned out of that into a field, and proceeding a few
rods, reached higher ground. About this time, James Crouch, Com-
pany A, with another soldier, came riding rapidly over the hill
from the direction of the Staunton Pike. We warned them not to
go forward, telling them that the force in view belonged to the
Rebel Army, but they, announcing that they had dispatches for
General Powell, spurred forward down into the ravine, thence up.
the hill and right into the arms of the enemy. We were eye-wit-
nesses to the whole transaction, and stood spellbound as we watched
the boys handing over their guns.

“When Crouch was captured, the enemy seemed to awaken to
the fact that they had failed to take advantage of an opportunity,
for, with their superior force, they could have destroyed us. They
now opened fire upon us and charged down the hill into the ravine
from which we had just emerged. The field we were in extended
to a piece of woods, and at this point, narrowed to a few rods. The
enemy could not flank us because of deep gullies or ravines. Reach-
ing the woods, we turned and gave them a volley, which checked
those in front. They evidently feared an ambuscade and hesitated
to charge into the woods. This hesitation on their part gave us time
to withdraw in good order and without further molestation. In the
skirmish, Sergeants William Hedge and Harry L. Fisher were
wounded, the latter severely.”

When the squadron finally reached our lines, the officers were

-warmly congratulated upon their escape by the adjutant-general,
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 424

who knew they were cut off and supposed they had all been cap- ,
tured.

General Powell, with the other brigade of our division, was
eight mjles down the river opposite Front Royal, keeping a watch-
ful eye on the Luray Valley. In his report he says: “ At daylight
this A. M. (October 19th) I heard heavy artillery firing on my right.
Held my commarid well in hand for any emergency. At 9 a. M.,
Captain Berry, of General Torbert’s staff, brought me verbal orders
to fall back at once, stating that the enemy was between me and
our main force and some three miles in my rear on my right. I
moved back slowly on the Front Royal and Winchester Pike. On
my leaving Guard Hill, the enemy charged my picket line at South
Branch Ford, but were repulsed with a loss of four men killed. The
enemy’s force on my rear, following at a respectful distance, was

said to be Lomax’s, Imboden’s, Johnson’s and McCausland’s cav-
alry, 3,000 strong.

“On my arrival at the Cross Roads leading to Winchester, I
formed line of battle with a view of attacking the enemy on his
approach. Before the enemy arrived, I was ordered by General
Torbert to join him at once, which I did by moving across to New-
town. Reporting to General Torbert the movements of the enemy
on the Front Royal and Winchester Pike, I was ordered to move
my command back to the Cross Roads and prevent the advance of:
the enemy.” :

General Torbert, continuing his report, says: “ Darkness alone
saved the greater part of the Rebel Army from.capture, for there
never were men who displayed more fear of cavalry than they did
upon this occasion. The service of the cavalry this day to the army
and to the country can never be too highly appreciated. I take
pleasure in expressing my sincere thanks to division commanders
and their commands for the hearty co-operation given to me and
to each other. When such feelings exist, success must attend our
efforts; and yours has been such that in future you can revert with
pleasure to the fact that you belonged to the cavalry of the Middle
Military Division, and participated in the successful. campaign of
Major-General Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley.”

President Lincoln wired the following congratulations :
428 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Executive Mansion, Washington, °
October 22, 1864.
Major-General Sheridan:

With great pleasure I tender you and your brave army the
thanks of the nation and my own personal admiration and gratitude
for the month’s operations in the Shenandoah Valley, and especially
for the splendid work of October 19, 1864.

Your obedient servant,
ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

War Department, Adjutant-General’s Office,
Washington, October 22, 1864.
General Order,
No. 282.
Ordered by the President:

That for the personal gallantry, military skill and just confi-
dence in the courage and patriotism of his troops, displayed by
Philip H. Sheridan on the 19th day of October at Cedar Run (Creek)
whereby, under the blessing of Providence, his routed army was
reorganized, a great national disaster averted, and a brilliant victory
achieved over the Rebels for the third time in pitched battle within
thirty days, Philip H. Sheridan is appointed Major-General in the
United States Army, to rank as such from the 8th day of November,
1864. By order of the President of the United States.

: E. D. TownsEND,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

On February 11, 1865, Congress, then in session, passed a joint
resolution, tendering the thanks,of that body to General Sheridan
and the officers and men under his command, “ For the gallantry,
military skill and courage displayed in the brilliant series of victories
achieved by them in the Valley of the Shenandoah, etc.”

Sheridan says: “The battle practically ended the campaign in
the Shenandoah Valley. When it opened, we found our enemy
boastful and confident, unwilling to acknowledge that the soldiers
of the Union were their equal in courage and manliness; when it
closed with Cedar Creek, this impression had been removed from
their minds, and gave place to good sense and a strong desire to quit
fighting. The very best troops of the Confederacy had not only been
defeated, but had been routed in successive engagements, until their
spirit and esperit were destroyed. In obtaining these results, how-
ever, our loss in officers and men was severe.”
THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 429

Early’s exhausted, broken and de-
moralized army rested a few hours at
Fisher’s Hill and then hurried on in the
night to New Market, leaving a rear-
guard of cavalry at Fisher’s Hill, which
our cavalry chased on up to Woodstock
in the morning.

*“ Among the officers killed in this
engagement were the brave and accom-
plished Colonels Lowell and Thoburn,
warm friends of our regiment, under
both of whom we had served, and to
whom we were very much attached.
Colonel Joseph Thoburn (a brother to
Bishop Thoburn of the M. E. Church,
missionary to India), was colonel of the
First West Virginia Infantry (General
B. F. Kelley’s regiment), and was now in command of the 1st Divis-
ion of Crook’s 8th Corps. While engaged in efforts to rally and re-
form his division near Middletown, he was assailed by the enemy’s
cavalry, wearing United States Army blue overcoats, which disguise
enabled them to approach without exciting his suspicion ; he received
a mortal wound, from which he died next morning., Our battalion
had served under him at Petersburg, West Virginia, during the win-
ter of 1863-4. At his request and with his letter of endoresment, I
visited Governor Curtin and had the regiment organized.”

Colonel Charles R. Lowell, Jr., of the 2nd Massachusetts Cav-
alry, was commanding the Regular Brigade, which had reinforced
us on the left in the morning. He was slightly wounded earlier in the
day, but refused to leave the field. In one of the final charges at
the head of his brigade, he was mortally wounded. He was a
nephew of James Russel! Lowell, the poet, and was an accomplished
scholar and gentleman. Torbert says, “He was the beau ideal of a
cavalry officer and his memory will never die in the command.” Our
regiment served under his command in August during Sheridan’s
first advance to Winchester and Cedar Creek, and in the return to
Harper’s Ferry ; he was greatly admired by our men for his bravery,
dash and coolness in presence of the enemy.

Our regiment joined the brigade with General Powell at Cross

 

Col. Joseph Thoburn.

* Colonel A. J. Greenfield.
430 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Roads, where we camped for the night. Next morning the brigade
moved forward to Cedarville and learned that the enemy had fallen
back to Milford, a very strong position, where a few days later,
Powell attacked him in force, but was unable to dislodge him.

On the evening of the 21st, Colonel Greenfield received orders
to report to General Torbert with the regiment at seven o’clock
next morning, when he was ordered to escort a large wagon train to
Martinsburg, and there report to General Seward, for duty.

CHAPTER XXX.
AFTER THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK.

October 22. It rained some during the night and this day was
cold and windy. Our regiment moved over nearly to Middletown,
and there, joined by a squadron of New York Cavalry, started as
guard to a very large wagon-train going to Martinsburg. There
were several hundred wagons and they marched in two columns,
that is, two abreast. The wagons were filled with wounded men
being sent back to the railroad. Arrived at Winchester after night.
Parked the train and camped nearby. The wind was very cold,
and the wounded suffered much. We tore up garden fences and
made fires.

October 23. Started the train early ; jogged along all day and
reached Martinsburg before dark. Camped in Falkner’s woods.
Colonel Greenfield reported to General Seward,* who told him that
Moseby was at Bunker Hill that morning, evidently waiting for
our train; if so, he failed to show up. There were three regiments
of infantry here, but no other cavalry. Next day, rested here; ex-
cept a few small details for duty, and one squadron for ‘caine
guard to Winchester; this was under command of Lieutenant B.
F. Hassan, the same squadron that had been on picket at Buck-
ton Ford the night and morning of the battle of Cedar Creek, and
had such a narrow escape from capture. When this squadron got
back to the army on that afternoon of the battle (19th) they were
almost immediately detailed to guard a wagon-train back to Win-
chester, and the next day, (20th) they were ordered by Colonel
Edwards, commanding the post at Winchester, to convoy a wagon-
train to Martinsburg. Lieutenant Hassan, in command of this

* Brig.-Gen. Wm, H. Seward, in command at Martinsburg, was a son of Wm.
H. Seward, Secretary of State.
AFTER THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 431

squadron, returned to Winchester on the 24th in charge of a wagon-
train loaded with supplies. On this trip to Winchester, under pro-
tection of the train-guard, was General Neill on his way to join
Sheridan’s Army. Camped at Winchester that night. Next morn-
ing, 25th, Hassan was ordered to return to Martinsburg in charge
of a few wagons, among which was a paymaster’s light ambulance
wagon, and accompanied by General A. N. Duffee and Captain
Roome, the latter wounded. About a week prior to this, a wagon-
train on its way to Winchester, had been attacked by Colonel
Moseby; as he and his forces were reported to be still in that part
of the country, twenty-five men’ from the 17th Pennsylvania Cav-
alry were added to Hassan’s force, thus bringing it up to fifty-five
men, The train left Winchester about nine o’clock, and when a
few miles from that place, General Duffee asked for a detail of ten
men, and with these as an escort, he and Captain Roome, in the
light wagon, moved rapidly forward.

Soon after leaving the main body, and when they were per-
haps a mile and a half in advance they were attacked by Moseby,
and Duffee and Roome were captured. The escort of ten men
succeeded in getting away and soon after rejoined the squadron.
Hassan, upon hearing the distant firing, suspected the cause and
immediately sent a messenger back to Winchester to report; he then
hurried forward with the greater part of his force, after making
proper provision for the safety of his train.

Arriving at the scene of the-conflict, it was found that Moseby
had disappeared with his captives, and, as usual, had divided his
command and sent them on different roads and paths to come to-
gether at some prearranged rendezvous. From the best informa-
tion obtained, his force amounted to about three hundred men. This
estimate is confirmed in his report to General Lee. He had been
lying in hiding a little off the road, and when the wagon and its es-
cort came up, he dashed out and made the attack as above stated.
William Starr, of Company E, one of the youngest boys in the regi-
ment, was killed. Lieutenant Hassan proceeded with the train,
reaching Martinsburg during the night.

When the report of this capture reached Colonel Edwards,
commanding at Winchester, he sent out two strong scouts, the 17th
Pennsylvania Cavalry and 49th Pennsylvania Infantry, to scour the
country eastwards toward the Shenandoah River, in the hope of
recapturing the prisoners, but the wily fox eluded pursuit.

October 26, 1864. Moved our camp to-day to a hill on the
432 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

northeast side of the town (Martinsburg) and camped in regular
military style. It looks as though our regiment is to be stationed
here. Moseby’s command of 300 or more guerrillas are prowling
about continually between this and the army, and strong escorts
are required to protect trains. We drew a full supply of clothing,
blankets, etc., and also picks and axes.

October 27. A heavy detail from our regiment sent with train
to Winchester. Lieutenant Joe. Lane is officer of the day in camp.

October 28. Rained heavily last night; we have not drawn
tents yet and consequently the men got very wet. Some of us
skipped camp at midnight and took shelter in houses. Captain Mc-
Nulty drew thirty more Spencer seven-shooter carbines for the
men of our company (C). We also drew canteens and haversacks,
many of our men having lost all that paraphernalia in the campaign.
Men not on duty are fixing up camp.

October 29. A number of our men detailed and sent to Kear-
neyville to remain there for special duty. Lieutenant Gass took out
a scout of 100 men. Lieutenant Welch returned from hospital.
Moved camp a few hundred yards farther up on the ridge. Captain
McNulty was mustered in as captain to-day, and Lieutenant Welch
as first lieutenant.

October 30. Sabbath. Dull and smoky. Chaplain Patterson
delivered a lecture at 10 o’clock. Colonel Greenfield, with 100 men
including Captain McNulty and ten men from Company C, went ona
scout to Bunker Hill and Smithfield. Major Troxell, with 100 men,
including Lieutenant Lane and ten men from Company C, went on
a scout to Sleepy Creek. General Kelley had telegraphed that a
party of guerrillas was in that neighborhood threatening the rail-
road. We marched until near daylight and halted at a Mr. Coughers,
and waked him up to find out if any Rebs had gone down the valley.
He mistook us for a barid of robbers that infest that mountain; he
was desperate and threatened to kill the first man that forced in
the door, and it was difficult to get him to understand who we were.
We learned that nine Rebs had gone down the valley and fired into
a passenger train, and-had gone back up again. We then lay down
and slept until morning.

October 31. From the top of North Mountain, where the
Romney Road crosses, we had a fine view of the Shenandoah Valley
for twenty or thirty miles up and down. Arrived back in camp at
4 o’clock; Colonel Greenfield’s scout came in soon after. Colonel
Greenfield received the following, and had it read to the regiment:
AFTER THE BATTLE OF CEDAR CREEK. 433

Headquarters Middle Military Division,
October 24, 1864.
Circular:

The following received from His Excellency, the President,
will be read at the head of every regiment in this command at 4
Pp. M., this day:

Executive Mansion, Washington,
October 24, 1864.
Major-General Sheridan:

With great pleasure I tender to you and your brave army, the
thanks of the nation and my own personal admiration and gratitude
for the month’s operations in the Shenandoah Valley, and especially
for the splendid work of October 19, 1864.

Your obedient servant,
ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
By command of,
Mayjor-GENERAL SHERIDAN.
C. Krnespury, A. A. G.

November 1. About 2 4. m. our infantry pickets were attacked
and one man wounded. An exaggerated alarm was sent in to head-
quarters, and our regiment was ordered out. Colonel Greenfield
promptly reported ‘to General Seward with the regiment mounted.
Upon investigation it was found that the attack was made by a small
party of the enemy; at the direction of General Seward, Colonel
Greenfield sent Major Troxell with 100 men, who followed in the
direction taken by the enemy for some ten or twelve miles, returning
with one prisoner. The alarm was probably caused by a few horse
thieves, who accidently ran into our pickets.

November 2, 8, 4. Most of the regiment on duty as train-
guard, outpost and picket, which is very unsatisfactory work for
our command ; the men would much prefer being up the Valley with
Sheridan. We do not even have a chance to go after Moseby these
days, as he is now operating mostly east of the Blue Ridge along
the line of the Manassas Gap Railroad, annoying General Auger’s
command, On the 4th, General Kelley reported a force of the
enemy collecting at Moorfield, against which he was sending some
troops ; he requested General Seward to send the 22nd Pennsylvania
Cavalry across through Wardensville to co-operate with his force,
“as they (the 22nd) are thoroughly acquainted with that country,
and would be able to do good service there.” Seward declined to
434 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

comply, as we were the only cavalry at Martinsburg and could not
be spared.

About 200 men of our regiment, with saddles and bridles, went
on the train to the corral at Pleasant Valley, Md., to get horses for
the dismounted men.

The men off duty are busy cutting pine poles with which to build
quarters, and the regimental wagons are kept busy hauling them to
camp. “ Kelley, Campsey, Craig and I (Donaldson) built a house
with pine poles, dimensions 7x10 feet and five feet high. With old
shelter tents, we made a roof and Craig and I carried boards more
than a mile to complete the job.” Each mess of four men had a
similar house. The walls were “ chunked and daubed,” two bunks,
“double deck” across the end, a fireplace and the house was
complete.

November 5. The boys returned from Harper’s Ferry with
364 good horses. Company C.got fifteen of them. Our mounted
force, which had run down to but little over 300, is now increased
to more than 650.

November 6. Major Work, who was severely wounded at
Weyer’s Cave September 27, returned to-day and reported for duty.
J. J. Lane returned from Cumberland, where he was mustered in as
second lieutenant.

November 7. The Washington County boys, knowing that
Colonel Greenfield voted for Stephen A. Douglass in 1860, in the
belief that his election would prevent secession and war, wanted to
know how he is going to vote at the Presidential election to-morrow;
he replied, quoting Lincoln’s saying, “‘It’s a bad time to swap
horses crossing a stream;’ I’ll vote for Lincoln and Johnson.”

November 8. Election passed off quietly. A train of 1,200
wagons came down this evening.

November 9, 10, 11. Heavy details for train-guard and picket.
The men in camp busy fixing up their quarters. Camp ditched, thor-
oughly.

November 12. The army, which has been camped at Cedar
Creek since the 19th of October, moved back to Kernstown on the
9th, where they are building quarters. This shortens the distance
considerably over which supplies must be hauled. Work on the
Manassas Gap Railroad has been discontinued and the railroad from
Harper’s Ferry to Winchester is being rebuilt. Moseby is again
operating in the Valley. He dashed in on a wagon-train a few days
IN CAMP NEAR MARTINSBURG. 435

ago, at a point where the guards were wide apart, but only succeeded
in stampeding a few wagons, when he was driven off.

AN UNNECESSARY RISK.

A detail of twenty-five men under command of Lieutenant Joe
Lane, was ordered to guard the mail to Winchester this afternoon.
We reported at the railroad station at two o’clock to meet the mail
train then due. The train was four hours late, so that it was almost
six o’clock and dark when we got the mail.

Some one suggested that this small daylight guard was insuffi-
cient for a night trip with a valuable mail to guard across a belt of
country twenty-two miles wide, over which Moseby’s 300 veteran
raiders roamed nightly. Lane’s answer was, “Come on,” as he
struck his spurs into his gray mare and lit out at a brisk gallop up the
Winchester Pike. The trip was uneventful until we had covered
some sixteen or more miles, when our advance guard fired their
carbines and came rushing back. Just then the clouds broke a little,
when we saw a short distance ahead, the dim outline of a body of
cavalry. Lieutenant Lane never hesitated, but yelled “ Charge,” and
went right at them; they did not wait, but turned their horses to the
east and galloped rather leisurely away toward South Mountain.
There were more of them than there were of us, and although they
declined to fight, it did not look as though they were much fright-
ened, but rather like a ruse to draw us after them; so we turned
again to the Pike and went ahead at a rapid pace, expecting to be
pursued. We were not further molested and soon reached the outer
pickets near Stephenson’s Depot.

' After the battle of Cedar Creek, Early retreated to New Market,
where his infantry remained three weeks, during which time it was
very considerably reinforced by gathering in conscripts and large
numbers who had gone to their homes, and also by some troops from
Breckenridge in Southwest Virginia.

Three days after Sheridan moved back from Cedar Creek to
Kernstown, Early, with his entire army, started down the Valley,
crossed Cedar Creek and came on to Middletown. Sheridan moved
his army out, prepared to meet the enemy. He sent Merritt and
Custer by the Back Road to attack Rosser, while he sent Powell out
on the left to attack Lomax and McCausland on the Front Royal
Pike. Custer and Merritt drove Rosser’s command back and pressed
them so hard that Lomax was brought over to reinforce Rosser.
Powell then threw himself on McCausland and routed him, driving
436 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

his force back into the Luray Valley and capturing two cannon with
caissons, wagons, twenty officers and more than 200 prisoners. Early
withdrew during the night and retired to his former camp at New
Market. Kershaw’s Division was now sent back to Lee and Crosby’s
Brigade returned to Breckenridge.

The report reached Grant that Early’s entire army had returned
to Richmond; if true, he wanted Sheridan to send a force to destroy
the railroads and canal, that carried supplies to Lee’s Army, and
also to return the 6th Corps to the Army of the Potomac.

To determine what force the enemy still had in the upper Val-
ley, Sheridan, on the 21st of November, sent Torbert with Merritt,
Custer and Powell to make a reconnaissance in force to develop
Early’s strength. Torbert reached Mount Jackson on the morning
of the 22nd and engaged the enemy in Meems’ Bottoms in a hot con-
flict that developed the presence of some 10,000 infantry and his
full former force of cavalry. The object of the reconnaissance ac-
complished, Torbert returned, reaching his camp at Kernstown on
the 23rd.

November 13. General Seward in command of Martinsburg,
went away yesterday on a leave of absence, and Brigadier-General
Lightburne is in command.

November 14-18. Heavy details from the regiment daily for
train-guard, picket and scout duty.

November 19. Detail of 200 men from our regiment to guard
train to Winchester. Train of 500 wagons heavily loaded. The
road was excellent, turnpike all the way. All the wooden fences
had been destroyed, and for the greater part of the way, there were
side-tracks in the fields well beaten by such travel, so that the wagons
could go two, and sometimes three abreast. Even with this bunching
up, the train was two miles long. Besides the cavalry guard, there
were 1,000 infantry marching in several battalions at intervals along
the line of wagons. We started from Martinsburg before daylight
and did not arrive at Winchester until after dark. Lay out in the
rain at Winchester that night and rode at a walk all next day
through a drizzling rain, guarding a train back to Martinsburg. On
the way down, Ed Lane and “ Buck” (Buchanan) Herron, two of
the youngest boys in Company C, left the line while crossing a
ravine. They galloped down the ravine, unobserved by the officers,
and we saw nothing more of them for half an hour or so, when they
came riding into line again where another depression crossed the
road, and immediately transferred a sack of apples to “ Friday ”
IN CAMP NEAR MARTINSBURG: 437

Mitchell, a middle-aged man with a heavy mustache, who threw the
sack across the pommel of his saddle and covered it with a gum
poncho. Presently a farmer, a typical Virginian, came riding rapidly
from the same direction. He rode up to Captain Chessrown in com-
mand of the cavalry and said: ‘“ Two of your men came over to
my place and stole a sack of apples and I want them.” The captain
replied quietly: “ Just ride along the line and pick them out.” The
Virginian rode down the line and back, looking hard at the men, who
were guying him all the time, but failed to recognize the boys, or
else his nerve failed him, for he rode away. Ed explained it as
follows: ‘When we asked him for the apples, he denied having
any. We then showed him the money—genuine United States
money—and he went and got the apples. I took the sack of apples
and handed it up to ‘ Buck,’ who rode off. I then handed the Reb
a five-dollar Confederate note, which he refused; I told him that he
was an old Rebel, and that was his kind of money, and he could
either take that or nothing, as I mounted my mare and lit out after
‘Buck,’ who had gotten some distance away.”

November 22, 1864. Lieutenant Welch, John McEwen and
Sam Donaldson were appointed a committee to draft resolutions ex-
pressing our appreciation of our deceased comrades of Company
C, who have fallen ir battle or from disease during the last few
months. The dead comrades, whose friends we are to remember;
are: Corporal James C. Smith, Henry Pence, James Bell, Joseph
C. Hunter, J. C. Stewart, S. Bayne.

November 24. This is Thanksgiving Day. The splendid, loyal
women of the North have shipped to this regiment and, we sup-
pose, to many other regiments, a large supply of dressed poultry for
the soldiers’ Thanksgiving dinner. The commissary issued to Com-
pany C, four turkeys, two geese and five chickens, and the other
companies no doubt fared as. well. “ We will thank the women and
thank Him who put it into their hearts to thus remember us,” says
Donaldson’s Diary.

November 2%. Sunday. Inspection in the morning; always
inspection on Sunday. Chaplain Patterson preached in the after-
noon, The congregation was small, considering the large number of
men in camp, but it was refreshing to see even this number, who
could sit with bared heads and sing, “ God is Our Refuge and Our
Strength.” Orderly Sergeant W. R. Galbraith, of Company C, led
the singing.

November 28. Loudon County, Va., across the Blue Ridge,
488 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

has been the hiding place and commissary of Moseby and his com-
mand all summer. The inhabitants have harbored this desperate
gang, thus enabling them to pounce upon and murder or capture
stragglers and small bodies of men who became separated from their
commands, attack our wagon trains, hold up railroad trains, and rob
the passengers and express cars, and after each foray, spring back
into the fastnesses of Loudon, where it has been impossible to find
them. On this date, Sheridan sent Merritt with his division of
cavalry over to Loudon on a Moseby hunt, and with instructions to
drive off all the stock and destroy all the forage and make the region
desolate and incapable of sustaining a battalion of the enemy.

Harper’s Ferry, November 23, 1864.
General Lightburne:

The Brigade of the 19th Corps sent to Martinsburg yesterday .
are to remain until the garrison returns. Send 22nd Pennsylvania
Cavalry to relieve Cole’s Regiment at Hedgesville.

Jno. D. STEVENSON,
Brigadier-General.

ROSSER CAPTURES NEW CREEK.

Rosser, with two brigades of cavalry, crossed the mountain on
the 28th, surprised New Creek, and captured the fort and garrison
almost without resistance, and then burned the government ware-
houses and stores, of which there were many. He left the same
evening, recrossing toward Moorfield.

At seven o’clock on the evening of the 28th, the 22nd Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry was all ordered out, and after waiting in line for one
hour, moved off westwardly, the men not knowing where they were
going, but supposed they were going to New Creek. About ten
o’clock we halted at Hedgesville, and were informed that was our
destination. Immediately upon our arrival, the garrison here, Cole’s
2nd Maryland (dismounted) Cavalry, took train for New Creek,
and we moved into the stockade and encamped.

The fortification here consists of an abbatis of fallen trees
around several acres of ground, and within which are two block-
houses. One squadron is stationed at the block-house for twenty-
four hours, while nearly all the rest of the regiment is on picket or
scout. It is thought that the enemy will make a dash on the railroad
at this point.

December 3. The command is kept in the saddle pretty con-
e
AT HEDGESVILLE. 439

stantly, scouting the country on the lookout for the threatened raid.
Captain McNulty led a scout over to Shanghai after dark last night.
Reported that McNeill’s men were near Girardstown last night.
Captain Boring, with fifty-five men, went up this side of the moun-
tain to Girardstown, then to Martinsburg and back here. We started
at 3p.m. Met another scout of eighty men from our regiment under
Lieutenant Gass. Captain Chessrown with fifty men scouted over
to Shanghai again to-day. We are on the go most of the time.

December 4. Sunday. Lieutenant Lane, with a scout from
Martinsburg, passed through here, having come around by way of
Williamsport. Many of the boys attended the Episcopal Church
here to-day, the service being conducted by the chaplain of Cole’s.
Cavalry, Reverend Mr. Cole.

On the evening of December 5th, Cole’s Cavalry returned and
relieved our regiment, when we returned to Martinsburg. Next day,
the instruments for our new regimental band arrived; there are
eleven new German silver horns, bass drum, snare drum and cymbals.
They cost $900, and were paid for by money contributed by the
officers. Levi Scott, our regimental bugler, is appointed leader of
the new band. “Scotty” has been a band man and has found a
number of musical men in the regiment, whom he has detailed for
the band. They immediately set about building an “academy of
music” of pine poles covered with shelter tents.

Sheridan has sent the 6th Corps back to the Army of the Poto-
mac. The railroad from Winchester to Harper’s Ferry is now in
order‘and supplies are shipped to the army above Winchester in
that way. The road is well guarded, however, or Moseby would
destroy it or capture the trains. Merritt cleaned Loudon County
out pretty thoroughly, destroying forage, mills, etc., and drove in
the animals. ;

On December 7, General Seward returned to Martinsburg and
took command again. Picket duty heavy. On the night of the 11th,
there was a heavy fall of snow and the weather turned cold. The
new band is practising day and night ; some of the men never touched
lips to a horn before, and the tones they evolve are unheavenly, to
say the least.

Heapquarters Mippie Mititary Division,
December 14, 1864.

Brigadier-General Stevenson:
Order the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry to report to General Kel-
440 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

ley at Cumberland. The regiment will remain there some time. I
will send another regiment to Martinsburg to replace the 22nd, if
necessary. The regiment must be off early to-morrow morning.
P. H. SHERIDAN,
Major-General.

HEADQUARTERS MippLte Mititary Division,
December 14, 1864.
Major-General Crook:
I have ordered the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry at Martinsburg,
700 strong, to report to General Kelley at Cumberland.
P. H. SHERIDAN,
Major-General.

The regiment was ordered to be ready to march at seven
o’clock next morning. As this movement was supposed to be of a
somewhat permanent character, the boys dismantled their snug winter
quarters and packed up all their belongings, and were ready to march
at the hour. The morning was cold, a heavy snow on top of the
mud. It rained lightly, freezing as it lighted, covering everything
with ice. Marched at eight o’clock; fed and ate dinner four miles
from Williamsport. Forded the Potomac and marched up to within
a mile of Clear Spring, where we bivouacked for the night in the
snow and rain.

I (Donaldson) was detailed with ten men and a corporal and
placed on picket on the road leading to town, and we had a gay
time, for the boys (not the pickets) who had been recently paid, in
order to keep up their cheer, warm their bodies and keep out the
wet, had filled up with Virginia whiskey and were determined to go
to town, and we pickets had to use harsh measures to keep them
back.

December 16. Rained and froze last night and drizzled all day
to-day. We marched early and a most disagreeable day’s march it
was. At two o’clock we halted and fed, three miles below Hancock.
Marched six miles farther and bivouacked for the night.

December 17. Rained again last night. Cloudy and dreary all
day. Marched early and kept on the move all day, halting only to
feed and get some dinner. Reached Flintstone and bivouacked for
the night. .

December 18. Marched on, reaching Cumberland at noon, but
marched right through, halting three miles beyond the town until
FIVE-DAY MARCH—SNOW, MUD, RAIN. 441

some feed and rations could reach us. Rainy day and extremely
disagreeable. Came on four miles and camped at dark.

December 19. Rained heavily all night and lightly all day.
Marched on, crossing the river on the railroad bridge, as the river is
high and unfordable. Arrived in New Creek at noon and camped
in the flat between the railroad and river.

This march of five days in mid-winter, through snow and freez-
ing rain, lying out four nights in such weather, was one of the most
disagreeable experiences and very hard on both men and horses.
442 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

CHAPTER XXXI.
BACK TO NEW CREEK.

We found New Creek desolate. All Government buildings, and
most of the stores and some private residences, had been burned by
General Rosser. There is no lumber, no fuel, no feed or hay for
the horses, no rations for the men, and they were obliged to buy
food for themselves. The whole country was buried in deep snow,
and the weather was becoming intensely cold.

December 20. Major Work, with a scout of 150 men was sent
to Moorfield to ascertain if any Rebel forces were in that vicinity.
He returned on the evening of the 21st, after a long hard march
over the mountains in the most inclement weather, reporting no
force of the enemy about Moorfield at this time. McNeill’s and
Harniss’s men had been there recently.

December 24. The men are trying to fix up quarters, but have
almost no material. Some of the men contributed to a fund and
sent up to Piedmont and bought lumber and had it shipped down
here. A scout of 80 men was sent out to-day. Our new band
serenaded headquarters this evening; they play tolerably well and
are learning rapidly.

December 25. A scout of 50 men sent to Romney, brought in
11 deserters from Early’s army. They report Rosser’s command in
the Shenandoah Valley and Wickham with 600 to 800 in the vicinity
of Petersburg, and Franklin. We do not give much credit to these
reports; we are hearing them all the time and they seldom prove to
be correct.

December 28. Captain French returned from a four-day scout
to Petersburg and Seneca Gap. No force of the enemy seen; says
State guards (Swamp Dragons) report having received information
from citizens that a force of Rebel cavalry was in the vicinity of
Franklin, driving off stock and getting supplies for the Rebel army.
That sounds credible.

December 31, 1864. Conditions are improving somewhat. We
are now supplied with coal for fuel, but have little hay or oats for the
horses. The entire regiment was called out at ten o’clock, mounted,
to be mustered for pay, an which occasion our new band made its
debut in public. They are improving rapidly.

About the middle of December, General Early fell back to
BACK AT NEW CREEK. 443

Staunton and sent away all his infantry, except Wharton’s Di-
vision. Sheridan had returned the 6th Corps to the Army of the
Potomac, had sent part of Crook’s Corps to West Virginia, and
the remainder to Grant, and toward the end of the month, had sent
one division of the 19th Corps to Grant. This left in the Valley
but part of the 19th Corps and the cavalry.

Grant kept urging Sheridan to send a cavalry expedition to
destroy the railroads about Gordonsville, and, if possible, the James
River canal. Against his own judgment, Sheridan yielded, and on
the 19th of December, sent Custer up the Valley to Staunton and
Torbert with Merritt and Powell through Chester Gap and south
toward Gordonsville. The weather was very bad and the march
hard. Torbert met and defeated the enemy’s cavalry, capturing
two guns, and pushed on to Gordonsville. Here he found a strong
force of infantry, which had been sent from Richmond to head
him off. He, therefore, withdrew and returned. Custer advanced
to Lacey Springs above Harrisonburg, where he was attacked in
the night by Rosser and Payne, supported by a strong force of
infantry, and compelled to fall back. The cavalry fell back to
Winchester, after suffering greatly from exposure, many of the
men being badly frost bitten.

The news from all parts of the field of war was encouraging.
Since the middle of November, Sherman’s victorious army had been
marching “ From Atlanta to the Sea,” capturing the City of Sa-
vannah, from which, on December 21st, General Sherman sent the
following report to the President: “I beg to present to you as a
Christmas gift, the City of Savannah.”

General Thomas had utterly defeated the Confederate army
under Hood at Nashville on the 15th and 16th of December. Sheri-
dan had practically destroyed Early’s army in the Valley. It was
evident that the end of the struggle was nearing rapidly. The
Union troops were in great spirits. Yet the enemy was game to the
last, and it was going to take some bloody work to finish. him.

At New Creek, the regiment was camped in the large bottom
above the railroad station, between the railroad and the river.
Immediately after our arrival, the weather became intensely cold,
and so continued for several weeks. Our men ransacked the
country thereabout and gathered pieces of boards and rails, and
with these and pieces of shelter tent, they constructed nondescript
winter quarters for themselves, and by stealing coal from passing
trains, managed to keep warm. Our camp was located right along-
444 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

side the railroad tracks. As a train of coal cars would approach, a
number of the men would board the moving train and toss off large
lumps of coal while the train was passing camp. This practice soon
brought a complaint from the shippers and from the railroad com-
pany, which resulted in a sufficient supply of coal being furnished
the camp.

Our horses, however, were obliged to stand out in zero weather
and driving storm with no protection but a blanket. Oftentimes
without feed or hay for a day or longer during these weeks, the
suffering of the poor animals from cold and starvation must have
been terrible. They gnawed and literally ate up the rails to which
they were hitched, and their cries at night were heart-rending. A
large number, 200 at least, died right there, starved and frozen to
death through incompetency and inefficiency in the quartermaster’s
department somewhere higher up. We dragged out the dead horses
and threw them over the high bank into the river.

During January and February, 1865, large numbers .of Con-
federate cavalry were being wintered in the counties south of
Moorfield, having been sent there owing to the lack of forage
farther east. Such large numbers of the enemy within striking
distance was a constant menace to New Creek, Cumberland, and
other points along that part of the railroad west of the Shenan-
doah Valley, and to keep informed of their movements and location,
required constant cavalry scouting from the frontier outpost of
New Creek. The winter was severe, and as our regiment was the
only cavalry at this post, details for picket and scout, were heavy
and the service hard. To recall the soldier life here, we quote from
Donaldson’s joirnal:

“Jan. 1. Sabbath. Regiment inspected by Major Work at ten
o’clock. Dress parade in the evening. Thirty men from a Ken-
tucky battery relieved the detail from our regiment that had been
doing garrison duty in the fort. Lieutenant Welch: held prayer-
meeting in Orderly Sergeant Galbraith’s tent to-night.

“Jan. 2. I am sergeant of pickets; placed a corporal and three
men on the post out Knobley Road; a corporal and three men at
the post in the hollow to the left, and then had three corporals and
thirteen men at the post by the old mill on New Creek Road, three
miles from camp.

“Jan. 3. Our orders are to allow no one through without a pass,
and it gives us a great deal of trouble as well as the citizens. Got
my dinner, supper and breakfast at Bayards’; they are nice people.
NEW CREEK, JANUARY, 1865. 445

Miss Maggie is a very pleasant lady, and only wanted to charge
me thirty cents, as I had given them my rations, but I paid eighty
cents. Our details relieved at ten o'clock.

“Jan. 5. Hay train with cavalry guard sent out over Knobley
Mountain. Colonel Higgins commanding brigade, Colonel Green-
field commanding post and Major Troxell commanding the regi-
ment.

“Jan. 10. Rained all night, froze as it fell and everything is
glazed with ice. Detailed with fifteen men from our company (C)
to go with Lieutenant Lane on a scout; the scout consisted of sixty
men from the regiment, and set out early. Riding was very unsafe
unless the horse was rough-shod. We went at a lope and a num-
ber of the horses fell. One broke a leg and a number gave out
and were sent back. Went to Purgitsville, and then down Beaver
Run to Sheetsville and back to camp; in.all forty miles, an extremely
hard and difficult ride.

“Jan. 14. My horse was stolen before daylight. Hunted three
hours, but did not find him. A wagon-train for hay was sent out
with strong guard, to be gone two days. Commander of post sent
me with a detail of six men to the neighborhood of Sheetstown on
Patterson’s Creek to summon the Carscaddens, Johnstons, Bailey
and Davis as witnesses to attend a court-martial at Cumberland on
Monday. Started at eleven o’clock and returned at seven, having
ridden thirty-two miles. At Carscaddens I met a beautiful young
schoolmarm, Miss Henning. The 6th W. Virginia Regiment left
here to-day. Perrin Lynn, who had been a prisoner at Belle Isle for
more than a year, returned to-day.”

While this necessary and constant vigilance grew somewhat
monotonous, there were occasional happenings that furnished the
real excitement of war. On January 11, Rosser with a brigade of
cavalry, crossed the mountain, surprised and captured the garrison
of over 500 men at Beverly. Every such foray of the enemy quick-
ened the scouting activity at New Creek for several days. Referring
to our journal, we find under this date: “ Major Troxell with part
of our regiment and the Lieutenant Colonel of the 6th West Vir-
ginia with part of his command and two pieces of artillery, went on
a ten-day scout to Franklin. Captain McNulty with part of Com-
pany C, went with the scout.” Again, on January 16th: “ Our
scouts report that General Rosser will probably strike the railroad
here or west of here this morning; the regiment was called out under
446 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

arms before daylight; the dismounted men were sent up and quar-
tered near the fort in anticipation of an attack.”

Rosser did not appear and next day, Major Troxell’s scout re-
turned, and neither had they found him.

Immediately after the Beverly expedition, General Rosser tem-
porarily disbanded his command, sending his men with their horses
to their homes, to report upon call. This was made necessary owing
to the difficulty in obtaining forage for the animals.

General Lightburn came up from Cumberland on the night
of the 14th to assume command of the post, and our regimental
band was routed out at eleven o’clock to serenade him. Next day,
Generals Kelley and Lightburn inspected post. On the 16th, General
Sheridan and staff, with General Crook and staff, visited and in-
spected this post. The fort fired a salute of fourteen guns, our
regiment turned out on dress parade, and the band serenaded the
distinguished party as they took the train to go farther west.

During the month of January and the early part of February,
the regiment was required to obtain its supply of hay almost ex-
clusively from the mountain country to the south of the post. The
supply within one day’s journey was entirely exhausted, and at this
time, hay trains were obliged to go a greater distance, requiring two
days to make the round trip, and with a battalion of cavalry as
guard. The amount of hay in bulk that could be loaded upon a
wagon, owing to the character of the mountain roads, was necessar-
ily limited, so that a cargo of a hay train did not last long. Why
baled hay was not supplied in abundance by railroad, was a won-
der then and is to-day. One excuse offered at the time was that
the Government demanded the exclusive use of the railroad for the
transportation of troops from the western army to the east. An-
other reason offered was that drawing our supply of hay from
Hampshire and Hardy counties would exhaust the store from
which the enemy subsisted when making raids.

From a soldier’s journal, under date of February 1, we read:

“ The wagon-train came in with hay, and we have a small bun-
dle for each horse. A train carrying soldiers, and having attached
to the rear end a car-load of baled hay and a car-load of sacks of
oats, stopped on a siding opposite camp to allow a passenger train
to pass; our regiment, having no feed for their horses, charged the
train and took all the oats and hay. The conductor reported the
matter to headquarters and a guard was put around the train, but
only in time to guard empty cars. The Colonel is talking about
NEW CREEK, JANUARY, 1865. 447

having an investigation, and the boys are getting shy. Company
M hid some sacks of oats up the railroad at the house of a citizen,
and had “the old man” guarding the loot until the shades of night
would permit them to carry it away. Donaldson, of C, and Thomp-
son, of F, ‘ got wind of it’ in some way, and went up to the place
at dusk and so frightened the citizen for being an accomplice in
the theft that he let them have the oats, and they appropriated
the entire ‘cache’ for their own hungry horses.” .
The Baltimore papers were received daily at the New Creek
camp, and the soldiers were thus kept up to date on the progress
of the war. The papers of January 17th brought the news of a
hard-fought battle and bloody victory, resulting in the capture of
Fort Fisher at the mouth of Cape Fear River in North Carolina;
the occupation of this fort by our troops, effectually closed the
‘great blockade-running port of Wilmington, where hundreds of
blockade-running steamers had eluded the blockade fleet of Union
war vessels, and carried in to Wilmington several hundred million
dollars’ worth of arms, ammunition and supplies for the Confed-
erate government, mostly purchased from English merchants and
manufacturers; the same blockade runners had slipped out again
from that port, loaded with as many million dollars’ worth of
Confederate cotton in payment for the cargoes delivered. This vic-
tory practically sealed up the Confederate Government and cut it
off from the rest of the world. Some two weeks later, the papers
brought the news that Sherman’s victorious army, after a month’s
rest at Savannah, had started to march north through South
Carolina. Such news filled the men with hope; it was now evi-
dent to the dullest pessimist that the Confederacy was fast crum-
bling and that the spring campaign would “ wipe it off the map.”,
For several weeks after the capture of the garrison at Bev-
erly, the enemy assumed an aggressive attitude, menacing the moun-
tain districts of West Virginia, and also the line of the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad from Cumberland to Harper’s Ferry. A con-
siderable force of his cavalry assembled in the region about Lewis-
burg and threatened another invasion of the mountain valleys
north and west. Moseby, who had been seriously wounded, was
now back in Loudon County; his command, hunted down by Sher-
idan’s troopers, had broken up into small squads, who kept in
hiding along the Blue Ridge and operated principally as train-
robbers, holding up passenger trains on the Baltimore and Ohio
Railrédad, robbing the passengers and mail. These, forays were
448 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

made during the night; the well mounted robbers escaping with
their loot before daylight revealed the direction they had taken.

Major Harry Gilmore, Moseby’s most daring and energetic
lieutenant, who commanded a body of rangers known as the “ Sec-
ond Maryland Battalion,” was now sent with his command to the
vicinity of Moorfield, to reorganize and take command of McNeill’s
and Woodson’s companies.

It was well .known to Sheridan that large numbers of the
enemy’s cavalry were wintering in Pendleton and adjoining coun-
ties, and he fully realized that these might be quietly assembled
at any time in considerable force and by a rapid march of a day
and part of the night, attack some point on the railroad or a garri-
son along the border. In view of all this, he made an effort to
have the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry released from garrison duty,
that they might be free to move as a regiment against such a force
of the enemy. (War Records, Vol. XLVI, Part II, page 323.)

On January 31st, he dispatched General Crook as follows:
“The regiment of cavalry at New Creek can be made an effective
body of men to be cut loose from the post at any time, if you will
send a regiment of infantry there.”

Later he again dispatched: ‘When I suggested that an in-
fantry regiment be sent to New Creek, it was for the purpose of
garrisoning that place and relieving the cavalry regiment there, from
all garrison duty, so that if it should be necessary to have a movable
force, you could use the whole of the cavalry regiment, and the
infantry could protect the post and the cavalry camp, wagons, etc.”

General Lightburn, in command at New Creek, had made a
similar request the previous day, to which General Kelley replied:
“The request is approved, . . . but I am unable to send it to
that point without totally exposing other portions of this command.”

SHERIDAN’S SCOUTS. CAPTURE OF MAJOR GILMOR.

Sheridan had an excellent body of secret service men or scouts,
as they were called; they were Union soldiers, who had been se-
lected with great care as to their courage and fitness for this dan-
gerous work, and were placed under command of Colonel H. K.
Young, of the Ist Rhode Island Infantry. This well-organized
secret service kept Sheridan well-informed of the location, strength
and movements of the enemy. They kept an especial watch upon
Moseby and the other rangers and guerrillas that infested the
mountains on either side of the Valley.
NEW CREEK, FEBRUARY, 1865. 449

Gilmor had been trailed to Harrisonburg, and then on into Lost
River Valley. The purpose of his movement was discovered and
reported to Sheridan, who, on January 28th, dispatched to General
Crook: “ Harry Gilmor is not as far down as Moorfield, but is on
the head-waters of Lost River, trying to unite the 2nd Maryland
and McNeill’s and Woodson’s commands.”

Colonel Young sent two* scouts on to Moorfield to discover
and report Gilmor’s stopping place. These soon reported the de-
sired information, and Colonel Young, with a squad of his scouts,
set oiit for Moorfield. They told the citizens along the way that
they were recruits going to join Gilmor’s command at Moorfield.

Next day, February 4th, Sheridan sent Colonel Whittaker with
a force of 300 cavalry to follow Young’s band. Whittaker gave out
the impression that he was in pursuit of the band of Confederate
recruits that had passed on.

On the morning of February 5th, before daylight, Young’s
Scouts, followed closely by Whittaker’s men, reached the house
where Gilmor stayed. Young was readily admitted and found Gil-
mor in bed, sound asleep, his revolver on a chair nearby.

The valuable prisoner was carried off by his captors, although
they were pursued and fired upon for a distance of many miles.
Gilmor was sent to Fort Warren as a prisoner.

In a letter to Crook next day, Sheridan writes: “ From papers
taken from Harry Gilmor, it appears he had had a rough time with
Woodson’s and McNeill’s men. He says in a letter that they are in
a state of mutiny, and had dispersed; that he arrested one of the
commanding officers, but that he would not recognize the arrest, and
called on some officer from Warren County to hurry over with his
company and help him.”

Next day after the capture of Gilmor, there seems to have been
some apprehension of a raid upon New Creek, for Companies L
and M of our regiment were detailed to support a battery stationed
on the hill over by the fort, and the rest of the regiment, in com-
mand of Major Work, went out on a reconnaissance.

On the 12th, twenty-five deserters from Imboden’s command
came in. The newspapers reported many deserters coming into
Grant’s lines around Petersburg. The same vigilant picketing and
scouting is kept up throughout the month.

The men of the Old Battalion were well acquainted with New

* Arch. Rowand, Esq., of Pittsburg and another scout named Campbell.
450 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Creek and the region which they were now scouting, having operated
in this field during the previous years of the war. Many of the
troopers had become well acquainted with many of the residents,
both in the towns and the country about. Now, upon their return
to this field, after having participated in the glorious victories of
the Valley campaign, they were more than ever welcome in the
families of these loyal citizens. As the war clouds seemed to be
breaking away and the dawn of peace almost visible, some of the
officers’ wives came to reside with their husbands at this military
post. These, with the few local Virginia belles, constituted the
femimine group of the social set, which on occasion, was further
supplemented by lady friends from Cumberland.

Parties, dances and suppers were arranged, and the somber,
war-stricken hamlet and camp assumed something of the social
gayety of a military post in time of peace. Our regimental band
had within its membership an excellent orchestra, which contributed
much to the pleasure of these social functions, and the band boys
were in great demand.

The band had now become quite an institution of the regi-
ment. Organized in December, just before leaving Martinsburg, it
was still young as an organization, but with good teaching and al-
most constant practice, had exceeded the expectations of its warmest
friends. When the regiment reached New Creek in December, the
band found quarters in the large stone house on the bank above the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, some 400 yards below the station,
where it remained until the majority of the members were mustered
out in June. This house had been the residence of a Virginia gen-
tleman, who was at this time an officer in the Confederate army and
the house had been “confiscated” for the use of whomever could
get possession of any part of it. The basement was used as a post
Guard House or prison. The band used the attic and the dining-
room. A widow, Mrs. Murphy, occupied the rest of the house as a
boarding house, the boarders being mostly officers, government em-
ployees, and their wives. The stone house from attic to basement
was quite a vaudeville theater, the attic furnishing the music and
other stage stunts on occasion; the basement furnished the tragedy
and acrobatic feats, the most thrilling of the latter being the tossing
of every new prisoner in an army blanket; the boarding house fur-
nished light comedy in great variety and constant supply.

After sleeping several months in the attic, we learned that it
was supposed to be haunted, which probably accounts for the fact
NEW CREEK, FEBRUARY, 1865. 451

that it was the only apartment in New Creek that had no visible
occupants when the band arrived there in December. The old
darkies of the neighborhood had a legend that some one had been
murdered in that house and the body hid somewhere under the roof
beside the attic. Some of the boys finally concluded to investigate,
and pried open a low door in the wall of the attic, and over beside
the large stone chimney, they found a row of short boards in the
floor, which they took up, and sure enough, there was a vault
about the size of a rough-box or coffin-case, and in the floor of this
vault were what appeared to be blood stains, but no bones.

Alex. Hamilton, leader of the famous old West Middletown
Band of Washington County, was the first band teacher, and to his
excellent instruction and leadership, is due the rapid progress made
by the men. Levi Scott, the regular band leader, had been the
regimental bugler, a former band man who had played a cornet in
Lucien Gray’s 2nd West Virginia Veteran band for a time. Scott
and most of the other members were mustered out in June, when the
band was reorganized under the leadership of John A. Starry.

CAPTURE OF GENERALS CROOK AND KELLEY.

Cumberland, Md., Feb. 21, 1865.
Major General Sheridan,
Winchester, Va.

This morning, about three o’clock, a party of Rebel horsemen
came up to the New Creek Road, about sixty in number. They
captured the pickets and quietly rode into town, went directly to the
headquarters of Generals Crook and Kelley, sending a couple of
men to each place to overpower the headquarters guard, when they
went directly to the room of General Crook, and without disturbing
anybody else in the house, ordered him to dress and took him down
stairs and placed him upon a horse, ready saddled and waiting.
The same was done to General Kelley. Captain Melvin, A. A. G.
to General Kelley, was also taken. While this was being done, a
few of them, without creating any disturbance, opened a few stores,
but left without waiting to take anything. It was done so quietly
that others of us who were sleeping in adjoining rooms to General
Crook, were not disturbed. The alarm was given within ten
minutes by a negro watchman at the hotel who escaped from them,
and within an hour, we had a party of fifty cavalry after them.
They tore up the telegraph lines, and it took almost an hour to get
them in order. As soon as New Creek could be called, I ordered
452 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

a force to be sent to Romney, and it started without any unneces-
sary delay. A second force has gone from New Creek to Moor-
field, and a regiment of infantry has gone to New Creek to supply
the place of the cavalry. They rode good horses and left at a very
rapid gait, evidently fearful of being overtaken. They did not re-
main in Cumberland over ten minutes. From all information, I am
inclined to believe that instead of Rosser, it is McNeill’s company.
Most of the men of that company are of this place. I will telegraph
you any further information.
Rogpert P. KENNEDY,
Major and A. A. G.

Colonel Greenfield, returning from a visit to his home, stopped
off his train at Cumberland at 1 o’clock that morning and, finding
the hotels full, turned in for the rest of the night, with Captain
James P. Hart, who was boarding at the Barnum House. Imme-
diately after the departure of the raiders, the sleepers were aroused,
when they “hurried to the Revere House, General Crook’s he#d-
quarters. Among the group of officers gathered here, were General
Rutherford B. Hayes and Colonel William McKinley, two future
presidents of the United States. The telegraph outfit had been so
badly broken that it was about five o’clock before they got it to
working. The operator then got a wire through Pittsburgh and
Wheeling to New Creek and notified that place of the capture.
The 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry was put in the saddle immediately
and a strong detachment under command of Major Troxell was sent
by way of Moorfield to cut off the escape of the raiders with their
distinguished prisoners, and another scout under Major Work was
sent out by way of Romney for the same purpose.

Unfortunately, there was no cavalry force at Cumberland to
send in pursuit. There were some 3,500 infantry and artillery sta-
tioned there at the time, who were encamped some distance out of
the town. The only troops in the town were a small infantry patrol
and a sentinel in front of each hotel.

A company of Ohio infantry, encamped near Cumberland, was
hastily mounted on such horses as could be collected, and, led by
Captain James P. Hart * of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, with
Lieutenant William E. Griffith of the same command, started in hot

War Rec., XLVI, II, 624.

* Captain Hart was a member of General Kelley’s staff and Tived at the Barnum
House, his room being not far from_Kelley’s, Griffith happened to be in Cumberland
that night. and was a guest at the Barnum House. He was paroled and returned to
Cumberland next day.
, NEW CREEK, FEBRUARY, 1865. 453

pursuit of the enemy. As this party approached Romney, Hart
sighted some Confederate cavalry, and, as was his custom, imme-
diately charged them. As he closed up on them, he discovered that
he and Griffith were practically alone, the infantry not having re-
sponded to his command. A sharp hand-to-hand skirmish ensued,
in which Griffith was captured, after he had exhausted his ammu-
nition.

Very early in the morning, Colonel Greenfield and General
Lightburn secured an engine and started for New Creek, but
were sidetracked for a long while at Brady’s Station to give way
to regular trains from the west; it was nine.o’clock when they ar-
rived at New Creek. Greenfield gathered up a small scout from
the remnants of cavalry, and started to overtake Troxell.

Upon receiving Major Kennedy’s dispatch, Sheridan imme-
diately replied: “ Push on the New Creek cavalry as far as Moor-
field. I will send to Wardensville. Your cavalry, if it gets to
Moorfield in time, may force the Rebels to take the Wardensville
road.”

Major Kennedy answered: ‘‘The New Creek cavalry has
been ordered to Moorfield. Couriers have gone after them and
with orders not to spare horseflesh.”

Later, Kennedy dispatched: “The first scout sent out from
New Creek has been heard from. At 12:30 o’clock, they were
three miles south of Purgitsville, and reported that the Rebels,
with prisoners, took the Grassy Lick Road.” Major Troxell says:
“A small scout is in my front. I hope to catch them before they
reach Moorfield. I think it would be a good idea to send scouts
to picket at South Burlington. Imboden’s command is reported at
Moorfield. I will see. I am marching as rapidly as possible.”

Kennedy dispatched General Lightburn at New Creek as fol-
lows: “Captain Botsford has just returned and says the Rebels
are about sixty in number, and that they are going direct to Rom-
ney via Springfield. They are riding very fast. Hurry up your
parties and head them off. Don’t spare your horses.”

Major Troxell with his-scout of 150 men reached Moorfield be-
tween one and two o’clock, just a short time after the enemy,
with their distinguished prisoners, had moved off. Here Troxell
was informed that McNeill had been reinforced by Rosser to an
extent that would make an attack on them hazardous. He, there-
upon,, gave up pursuit and turned about, meeting Colonel Green-
field’s scout at Oldfields, some five miles back. Colonel Whittaker
454 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

of the 1st Connecticut Cavalry, with a force of 340 cavalry, arrived
at Moorfield between one and two o’clock in the night, having
ridden through from Winchester in an attempt to intercept and re-
capture the prisoners. He immediately sent an officer to communi-
cate with the force from New Creek, whose campfires he could
see some five miles away. Colonel Greenfield, now in command of
that force, sent a message back to Whittaker, desiring to co-
operate with him if he intended to pursue. Whittaker’s horses were
terribly jaded after a long forced march through deep snow, and as
the enemy now had twelve hours’ start, he considered further pur-
suit useless, and all the forces now returned to their respective
camps.
“The commanding officer of the post received the following
order:
GENERAL ORDERS NO. 85.
War Dept. ADJT. GENERAL’S OFFICE.
Washington, February 21, 1865.
Ordered, That a National salute be fired to-morrow noon, Feb-
ruary 22nd, at West Point, and every fort, arsenal and army head-
quarters of the United States, in honor of the restoration of the
flag of the Union upon Fort Sumpter.
By order of the Secretary of War.
E. D. Townsenp, A. A. G.

In compliance with this order, the fort thundered out a salute
of 100 guns. On the 24th, the following order was issued to the
commanding officers of the Army of the Potomac:

City Point, Va., February 24, 1865.
Announce to your troops the capture of Wilmington on the
22nd instant by the troops of Schofield and Terry. Fire a shotted
salute in honor of the event at’four o’clock this afternoon.
U. S. Grant, Lieut. General.

There is a great freshet in the river here (New Creek) to-day
(24th). The ice gorge broke and brought with it the wooden rail-
road bridge from Westernport; a great gorge formed at the sharp
bend in the river below town, the ice and bridge timbers piling up
there in great masses. Some of our men ventured out on the gorge
to get planks, when suddenly, the ice started and it was with diffi-
culty they got ashore. .

The 1st West Virginia Infantry left for Beverly last night, and
the 2nd West Virginia Veteran Infantry came in and took their place.
NEW CREEK, FEBRUARY, 1865. 455

The regimental band of the 2nd Vets, under the leadership of Adju-
tant Lucien Gray, came over to hear our band play this morning,
and our band returned their visit and heard them play in the after-
noon. They have a good band, but ours can compete with them
pretty well, even if not yet four months old. The war news is good.
General Sherman is marching north through South Carolina;
“Charleston, the cradle of secession,” is captured, and the good old
flag waves over Fort Sumpter. Glory to God! (Donaldson’s
Diary.)

Next day (25th), at Colonel Greenfield’s request, our band went
up to headquarters and played for Mrs. Judge McKennan, of Wash-
ington, Pa., who is here on a visit. Mrs. McKennan is an accom-
plished musician and complimented us, saying that our band could
play better than General Kelley’s band at Cumberland.

SPECIAL ORDERS, NO. 37.
War Dept. ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE.
Washington, Feb. 26, 1865.
Major General Hancock, U. S. Volunteers, is, by direction of
the President, assigned to the command of the Department of West
Virginia, and temporarily of all troops of the Middle Military Divi-
sion not under the immediate command of Major General Sheridan,
U.S. Army in the field.
By order of the Secretary of War.
E. D. Townsenp, A. A. G.

On this same day, (Feb. 26) our first squadron (Companies A
and B) under command of Lieut. Wm. E. Griffith, was ordered to
proceed to Cumberland to be stationed there for picket and patrol
duty. Company A was now in command of Lieutenant Gass.

On the 28th, the regiment was mustered for pay. A report was
received that Sheridan had moved from Winchester up the Valley
with a large force of cavalry, and two sections of artillery. A few
days later, it was learned that Sheridan’s force consisted of 10,000
cavalry, Devin’s and Custer’s divisions, all under command of Gen-
eral Merritt, General Sheridan, himself accompanying the expedition.
This force moved rapidly, driving Rosser’s Cavalry before them, and
reached Staunton March 2nd. General Early fell back to Waynes-
boro, where Sheridan found him posted on a ridge behind breast-
works with two brigades of infantry, eleven pieces of artillery and
Rosser’s Cavalry. Custer sent a flanking force around Early’s left,
while he charged in front, stampeding the whole force, resulting in
456 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

the capture of 1,600 officers and men, all their artillery, their train
and seventeen battle-flags, practically the whole force except the
cavalry, which ran away. General Early barely escaped, and finally,
a few days later, accompanied by one orderly, made his way to
Richmond.

Sheridan pushed on for more than 200 miles, over almost bot-
tomless roads, encountering difficulties, insurmountable to any other
than a Sheridan, and on the 18th of March, twenty-one days after
he started from Winchester, reached White-house on the Pamunky
River, where Grant had ordered supplies to meet him. In his modest
way, Sheridan says:

“ The hardships of this march far exceeded those of any prev-
ious campaigns by the cavalry. Almost incessant rains had drenched
us for sixteen days and nights, and the swollen streams and well-nigh
bottomless roads east of Staunton presented grave difficulties on
every hand, but surmounting them all, we destroyed the enemy’s
means of subsistence, in quantities beyond computation, and perma-
nently crippled the Virginia Central Railroad as well as the James
River Canal.” :

Major General Hancock arrived at Winchester and took com-
mand of our department (Middle Military Division) about March
1st. He found by the reports that there were about 60,000 men for
duty in his department, including twelve new regiments from Ohio,
Pennsylvania, New York and Indiana. These were men who had
enlisted in response to the President’s last call.

A large portion of this force was necessary to protect the rail-
roads and lines of communication. In his report Hancock says: “TI
found that in case a movement was ordered, I could march with
about 25,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry and a proper proportion of
artillery.”

He set about organizing and disciplining this force for active
movements either up the Valley or wherever it might be ordered, in
the meantime’ keeping the detachments of cavalry out scouting in
every part of his department.

When report of the great and successful march made by Sheri-
dan with Merritt’s 10,000 troopers reached our camp, it thrilled
the men, and many were the expressions of regret that the 22nd
Pennsylvania Cavalry had not been permitted to share the hardships
of that march and serve under Sheridan in the Army of the Potomac.
Major Work, of our regiment, addressing the troops at this time,
said: “ Boy’s, within thirty days, we'll all be back in the Valley
NEW CREEK, MARCH, 1865. 457

taking part in the greatest campaign of the war.” The remark
evoked a hearty cheer.

The enemy’s cavalry which had been wintering in the mountain
counties west of the Valley, was now called into active service.
Most of it was drawn after Sheridan toward Lee’s army, but Moseby,
McNeill and other bands remained and kept up a vigorous guerrilla
warfare, in consequence of which the Union cavalry were kept very
busy. We find the following in Colonel Greenfield’s journal:

“March 1, 1865. Assistant Surgeon S. M. Finley, just released
from Rebel prison, returned to camp to-day and tells an interesting
story of his imprisonment in Libbey,
Danville and Salisbury. At the battle
of Weyer’s Cave, September 27, 1864,
Adjutant Isenberg was very badly
wounded ; his wounds were supposed to
be mortal and he was left at a farmhouse
in the neighborhood where Dr. Finley
volunteered to remain to care for him.
General Early sent for Dr. Finley and
questioned him about the strength of our
force opposing him in the fight. When
the doctor told him that the only troops
opposing him were the 22nd Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry and a detachment of the
8th Ohio, in all, 600, Early said, ‘ You’re
a liar and [’ll make you a prisoner for that,’ and sent
him to Richmond.

“March 18, 1865, Received telegram from General Carroll to
report to him immediately. Took 8:20 train.

“Received instructions to take 300 men and proceed in the direc-
tion of Moorfield and Petersburg, after which I was ordered to use
my own discretion. Next morning, left New Creek with 250 men;
marched to Burlington, halting for supper. Left at 9:30 for Moor-
field. Weather cloudy.

“ Arrived at Moorfield at 6 a. M., making an all night march.
Sent Captain McNulty with detachment eight or ten miles up South
Fork. Dispersed a party of guerrillas, killing or mortally wounding
two and capturing five, with a number of horses. Annoyed somewhat
by the citizens. Arrested Duffee’s hired man as deserter, notwith-
standing the earnest protestations of his fair daughter. Recrossed
the river and encamped at Mr. William Vanmeters. Intended re-

 

Dr. S. M. Finley.

 

 
458 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

crossing to Moorfield side this morning (March 16th) but owing to
heavy rain yesterday morning, swelling the stream, was unable to do
so. Had four horses washed down the river some distance yester-
day, and came near having two men drowned.

“ Sent Captain McNulty with 120 men via Petersburg and Will-
iamsport. Returned with command by Burlington, arriving at 6
Pp. M., in a heavy rain storm.”

Numerous inspections were held in the early part of March.
An officer of the regular army inspected the post on the 5th.
General Carroll, in command at Cumberland, came up and inspected
the troops later in the month. Examinations of the officers were
held as to their knowledge of military tactics, education, military
laws and usages, etc., etc. Some of our officers, who had three
years of a splendid fighting record in the field, were unable to get
on paper to the satisfaction of the examining board, and were con-
sequently discharged. This was done but a few weeks before the
final muster-out of the volunteer troops and was certainly a most
unjust proceeding.

At 10 Pp. m., on the night of the 30th, “To Horse” was
sounded, and Colonel Greenfield and Captain McNulty, with 200
cavalry, set out to head off and capture a band of guerrillas that had
held up and robbed the west bound express near Patterson’s Creek.
The pursuit proved fruitless, as the job had been done by experts in
that line, who, being well mounted, got away with their plunder
before their pursuers were under way.

HOW IT WAS DONE,

General Carroll, in his report of the affair, says:

“A party of McNeill’s band of maurauders, numbering some
thirty or forty, last evening shortly before dusk, came to the railroad
about three miles east of Patterson’s Creek; finding a small party
of railroad trackmen there, they forced them to take up a few rails
and turn the track so as to throw the engine off, headed in an em-
bankment. About seven o’clock, as the train from the east ap-
proached, they fired a few shots when the engineer immediately
whistled down brakes, and the speed was slackened enough to prevent
a complete smash-up, though the engine and two cars ran off the
track. The guerrillas then entered the cars and robbed the male pass-
engers of their money and watches, and in some cases, of their hats,
coats and boots, opened some of the mail bags, taking part of their
NEW CREEK, APRIL, 1865. 459

contents. They then fired the train and took with them two captains
and two lieutenants that were aboard the train as passengers. They
did not have the train in their possession more than twenty minutes.
No one was hurt.” :

General Hancock in command of the department, proposed to
supply a guard for each passenger train on the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad, which would have effectually prevented depredations of
this kind, but the railroad company declined to carry guards for
their own protection without compensation from the Government, so
Hancock dropped the matter. |

Reports were received on | April 1st and 2nd that Grant’s whole
army was advancing, and that a great battle was in progress. Next
day (April 3rd) reports reached our camp that Lee was retreating,
and that Richmond and Petersburg were occupied by our troops,
but this news was not confirmed until the following day (April 4th).
The fort on the hill fired a salute of 100 guns over the victory, and
our camp was wrought up to a high pitch of enthusiasm.

On this same 4th of April, General Emory at Cumberland, in
command of our division, received the following instructions from
General Hancock’s headquarters at Winchester:

“A movement up the Valley is liable to be ordered at any mo-
ment, and the General desires you to see that the troops available
have their transportation, ammunition and supplies on hand. It is
probable that a concentration would be made at Beverly of the 14th,
17th and 2nd West Virginia, the 28th Ohio, the 3rd Maryland, the
74th Pennsylvania and 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry with two bat-
teries, to move into the Valley by way of Warm Springs. General
.(R. B.) Hayes will be assigned to the command. The General desires
all arrangements short of actual concentration, to be made at once.”

Lee with his great Confederate Army of Northern Virginia,
was trying to escape; he might go by way of Lynchburg, or he
might go south. The foregoing instructions to General Emory, were
preparatory to a flank movement on Lee’s army, in case he came by
Lynchburg.

Company C, in command of Captain C. J. McNulty, was now
sent to camp at Green Spring Run, fourteen miles below Cumber-
land, to operate against the guerrilla bands from that point, while
Company D was stationed at Black Oak Bottom for the same pur-
pose. Companies A and B had been stationed at Cumberland for a
month, and this left but eight companies of the regiment at New
Creek.
460 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Two large train loads of exchanged prisoners passed by, going
west ; emaciated, pitiable objects they were.

April 6th. Many Rebel deserters coming in and taking the oath
of allegiance. War news still good; enthusiasm runs high. The
regimental band is in great demand these days playing for guard-
mount, inspection, drill and dress-parade ; and also called out on the
arrival of every general or military dignitary who visits this post.
On the evening of this day, the band:
serenaded the Ringgold Battalion’s es-
teemed friend, Miss Anna Babb of
Greenland Gap, who is visiting at
Hughes.

Next day (April th) General
Rutherford B. Hayes, commanding our
brigade, visited camp and _ witnessed
dress-parade. The war news is still
glorious.

Sunday, April 9th. The band played
for guard-mount; then for inspection at
ten o’clock; then for preaching services,
and for dress-parade at five o’clock.
Orders were read on dress-parade to pre-
pare for a march with three days’ cooked, and eight days’ un-
cooked rations.

EE
l
P

  

Gen. R. B. Hayes.

GLORIOUS NEWS.

April 10th. The news of Lee’s surrender to Grant yesterday
reached us early this morning. It was glorious news and caused great
excitement and enthusiasm, but the magnitude of the victory and
what it meant was neither fully believed not comprehended until the
morning train from the east came in, bringing the Baltimore papers,
filled with accounts of the running fight of eleven days, resulting in
the surrender of the entire Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
to General Grant at Appomattox. Then the excitement became in-
tense; all business, civil and military, was suspended, and a general
jollification begun. Now that General Lee and his veteran army had
surrendered, it was evident the war was over, and the soldiers were
inexpressibly happy. After playing at Guard-mount, the band was
called to the upper porch of the hotel at the station, where an im-
promptu jollification mass-meeting was held, the speakers and musi-
clans occupying the porch, while all the ground within hearing dis-
NEW CREEK, APRIL, 1865. 461

tance was packed with soldiers from the neighboring camps, whose
enthusiastic cheers at the mention of Grant, Sherman, Sheridan and
Lincoln, often made it difficult for the speakers to proceed. Soon
Fort Fuller on the hill began to thunder a salute of 200 guns
in honor of the great victory. Whiskey, wine and brandy were abun-
dant and flowed freely, both on the rostrum and in the great
assembly, with the usual result of producing many intoxicated men.
The noon dinner hour passed, the men forgetting all about dinner
until late inthe afternoon.

After this great day, the minds of the soldiers were turned to-
ward home, and the pursuits of peace. They had enlisted “ for the
war,” and now that the war was about to close, they expected a
speedy discharge from the army.

THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN.

On the morning of the 15th, a telegram announcing the assas-
sination and death of President Lincoln threw the camp into deep
gloom and sorrow, arousing in the men a spirit of revenge, not
against the Confederate soldiers who, in the open, had fought to the
last ditch and accepted defeat like men, but against the bitter, irrec-
oncilables and the great disloyal element in the North, which, at
the time, was supposed to be in collusion with the conspirators who
instigated this crime.

On the 19th, while the funeral exercises were being held in
Washington over the murdered President, in accordance with an
order from the General-in-Chief, an artillery salute was fired from
the fort, and the troops formed at their various camps to hold funeral
services. Our regiment marched out without arms and formed on
three sides of a square, while the field officers, the speakers, the band
and quite a concourse of citizens occupied the other side. Lieuten-
ant Welch of Company C, made an eloquent and touching address
in eulogy of the lamented President. He was followed by Chaplain
Patterson. The men retained their places in silence, giving most
respectful attention. The band played appropriate music and the
exercises closed. Nearly all the officers wore badges of mourning.
Business was suspended and flags draped and hung at half-mast.

Next day, the funeral train proceeded from the Capitol to
Springfield, Illinois, the former home of President Lincoln. Quiet
was broken at daylight by a salute of thirteen guns from Fort Fuller,
which was followed by a gun every half-hour throughout the day.
In accordance with an order, the regiment was paraded at ten o’clock.
462 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

During the last week of April, many Confederates came in and
took the oath of allegiance. to the United States. On April 24th,
Captain Jesse McNeill, with about thirty of his officers and men,
came down to the outer picket post with a flag of truce. They held
a conference with General Rutherford B. Hayes, asking for an armis-
tice or suspension of hostilities in Hardy County until they could get
information from their superior officers as to what course they were
to pursue. General Emory instructed General Hayes not to grant an
armistice. They were given permission to camp over night outside
the pickets.

Next day (April 25), General Emory ordered that Colonel
Greenfield be sent with a battalion of cavalry into Hardy County to
capture, if possible, the party that refused to surrender, as they were
preventing others who wanted to surrender from coming in. Colonel
Greenfield, with 200 men, arrived at Moorfield at daylight next
morning and, surrounding the town, captured thirty prisoners.

A few days later, a body of fifty Confederates, (not McNeill’s)
came in and surrendered, and were paroled to go free. They had
no arms; their horses were private property; their saddles were
United States or Confederate States, but they were allowed to keep
them; in fact, they surrendered nothing but their allegiance to the
defunct Confederacy. They were rather good-looking men, and had
plenty of money which they spent freely. They purchased quite a lot
of clothing, shoes, etc., and scattered to their homes. Almost daily
after this, bands of Confederates came in and surrendered. Citizens
from away back in the mountains began to come to market. Many
of them were evidently dressed in the clothing they had at the out-
break of the war, now so patched and reinforced with materials of
various fabrics and colors that they were a sight, indeed.

During the first week of May, our regimental camp in the
bottom above the railroad station was completely reconstructed. The
streets and sidewalks were nicely graded and thoroughly ditched, the
quarters dismantled of their winter armor and made to present an
attractive front, while hundreds of beautiful pine trees of the very
large Christmas-tree order, were planted’ along the sidewalks and
about the officers’ quarters until the camp took on the appearance of
a summer resort in the mountains. The picture here given is from
a photograph taken at the time.

The war is over; the great Confederate armies had surrendered
and the paroled soldiers had scattered to their homes. General Robert
E. Lee, their great commander, had counselled them to pursue peace,
"H ‘I satuedurog “NM “TJ soruedurog “Ty Auedurog “TITY UO OWT

SRS

‘punossyoeq Ur sureyunoyyY Auaysa[Ty “epls Joy1sey uo siaysenb sia9yQ ‘punoiZe10j ur dures jo yorg
‘998 ‘AVI “VA ‘M ‘(HHSARM) MAAAD MAN ‘AMTIVAVO ‘Vd AGN& JO dWNVO

 
THE WAR IS OVER. 463

and to proceed to rehabilitate their farms and their devastated coun-
try. The United States Government had some apprehension of
trouble in the Trans-Mississippi region, owing to the previous bellig-
erent attitude of the French in Mexico, and the knowledge of an ef-
fort on the part of some of the irreconcilable Confederate leaders to
form a coalition with Lewis Napoleon and establish a great empire,
including Mexico and the Trans-Mississippi part of the late Confed-
eracy. There was no fear of organized opposition in the other South-
ern States, but it was thought that during the period of reconstruct-
ing the State Governments, conditions of anarchy might prevail in
some sections, and that a military force might be needed to maintain
order.

The Government therefore deemed it wise to retain a part of the
volunteer army until conditions were more settled.

On the 12th of May, we learned that the War Department had
issued an order to muster out all cavalry whose term of service
expired before October. This order included the five old com-
panies, enlisted in 1862, C to G inclusive; the officers of those com-
panies now became very busy, “ calling in” horses, arms and equip-
ments, settling clothing accounts with the men and preparing their
accounts for muster out. Several companies were mustered out
about the first of June. Some of the others did not get away until
July.

The five companies of the New Battalion, H, I, K, L and M,
had enlisted during January and February 1864, to serve for three.
years or during the war; many men of the old companies, A and B,
which went out in 1861, re-enlisted in the spring of 1864 for another
three years; there were also some fifty or more recruits in the other
five companies who had enlisted at the same time for three years,
These recruits were now assigned to fill up the depleted ranks of
companies A and B, and some other companies.

HOME AGAIN.

The railroad was full of long train-loads of happy, cheering sol-
diers from the great armies disbanding at the Capitol, now on their
way home. The men of our companies being mustered out were in
high spirits at the prospect of going home in a few days. This was
particularly hard on the men who had to remain, as they, too, ex-
pected to get home when the war ended, and were therefore greatly
disappointed. These seven companies, aggregating upwards of six
hundred men, were now commanded by Colonel Greenfield, with
464 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Henry A. Myers and Elias Troxell as Majors. Major George T.
Work had resigned.

On June 11th, Colonel Greenfield was orderd to Moorfield with
the regiment, and occupied that place the next day. He received
from General Emory’s headquarters a long letter of instructions, the
keynote of which is given in the first paragraph as follows:

“Colonel: The following instructions are communicated by
direction of the General commanding for your guidance while sta-
tioned at Moorfield.

“ The military force at interior points is expected to assist in the
enforcement of the laws and the preservation of good order in the
community. To this end, the highest discipline in the command will
be maintained. The rights of persons and property will be respected,
and every aid and facility will be given to the reorganization of the
civil courts and to the enforcements of the mandates issued there-
from after they are in working order. Questions that properly be-
long to the civil authorities will be left as far as may be to their deci-
sion, etc.”

While the regiment was at Moorfield, the convention for re-
organizing the Court and County government was in session. The
proceedings were orderly and great interest was manifested in re-es-
tablishing the conditions of peace. It was soon evident that there was
no necessity for a military force to maintain order and uphold the
authority of the Court.

About the middle of July, a squadron was sent to occupy Win-
chester, but they were not needed there. The cavalry horses were
turned loose in the morning to graze in the rich pastures that still
lay waste. At the sounding of the feed call by the bugles in the
evening, the hundred or more horses scattered over the plain, in-
stantly responded, and with heads and tails up, came charging into
camp as though “the battle was on once more.”

The remainder of the force with the regimental band remained
until the 25th of July, when all were ordered to Clarksburg. Col-
onel Greenfield was in command. Shortly after coming to Clarks-
burg, the seven companies of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry were
consolidated with several companies of the 18th Pennsylvania Cav-
alry to form a new regiment designated as the Third Pennsylvania
Provisional Cavalry. Brevet Brigadier General Theo. F. Roden-
baugh, of the 18th, commanded the post, and Colonel A. J. Green-
field commanded the regiment. Henry A. Myers and Elias Troxell,
continued as Majors.
3RD PENNSYLVANIA PROVISIONAL CAVALRY. 465

The order for this consolidation had been issued July 1st, and
the preliminaries of the organization effected, but as the companies
were much scattered, the actual consolidation did not take place until
they arrived at Clarksburg. The consolidation rolls of the new
regiment were not completed until the 18th of August.

On the 24th of July, a squadron with a field officer was sent to
Charleston, West Va., to report to General Tyler, in command there.
Colonel Greenfield was detailed on numerous court-martials and on
commissions for the adjustment of damages to property, and was
thus kept quite busy during these months. On October 12th, he re-
ceived a dispatch from General Emory, directing him to proceed to
Cumberland and take command of the Department during the latter’s
absence.

There was practically no necessity for maintaining a military
force in any. of these places. The returned Confederate soldiers set-
tled down to work as peaceable citizens; Courts of Justice were
established and law and order were upheld by the communities.
Many of our cavalrymen became impatient at being retained in the
military service after the war was over. They reasoned that they
had enlisted for three years or during the war, and now that the
war had ended, they had fulfilled the conditions of their enlistment,
and the Government had no right to retain them. Some of them had
families at home who were in want, as the sixteen dollars, monthly
wages of the husband and father, was not sufficient to sustain them.
A number of these left camp in September and October without per-
mission, and went home to their families. When the country was in
the throes of war and needed their services, they stood right by her.
Now, months after the war is over, when they hear the cry for
help from wife and children, who can blame them very much for
rallying to that call. Yet, on the records, they are marked with the
deserters.

On the 15th of October, a special order was received directing
the muster out of the Third Provisional Cavalry ; orders were issued
to all the detachments of the regiment to rendezvous at Cumberland.

Colonel Greenfield was serving on a commission at Charleston,
West Va., when the foregoing order was received; he immediately
packed his baggage and was about to start for Cumberland, when
with several officers he met General W. W. Averill, whom he had not
seen since the day after the battle of Fishers’ Hill. It was a glad
meeting of two gallant officers who had served together in the two
great “ Valley” campaigns of 1863 and 1864, and who knew and
466 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

appreciated the soldierly qualities of each other thoroughly. When
it was told Averill that Greenfield was about to start back with his
regiment to be mustered out, he seized the Colonel’s hand and said,
“ Well, Colonel, I can say for you, that you leave the service with as
clear and honorable record as any officer that ever left it.” These
were not idle words, lightly spoken, for General Averill was an
earnest man and always meant just what he said, and the compliment
was as deserving as it was graceful. Colonel Greenfield never
shirked a hazardous duty nor faltered in the face of the enemy. He
was-not the most popular officer as commander of camp, for in ad-
ministration, he was strict, and in ptinishment of offenses, severe,
yet when it came to a movement against the enemy when the men
wanted to be led by a brave and judicious commander, who never
failed them, Colonel Greenfield was the choice of all. In recognition
of his valuable service in the campaign of 1864, he was brevetted
Colonel, his commission reading as follows: “ For distinguished and
gallant services during the campaign of 1864 in the Shenandoah
Valley, Virginia.” It was in that campaign under his gallant leader-
ship, that the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry made a proud record and
won a name.

All the detachments. ordered to Cumberland were there within a
day or two, and during the last week of October, 1865, seven com-
panies of the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry camped together for the
last time, and were mustered out of service on the 31st day of
October. The regiment was then ordered to Harrisburg to be paid
off and dismissed. This required several days, owing to some delay
in transportation and the paying of the men. Then the joyful men
scattered to their homes, each carrying an honorable discharge from
the great volunteer army that saved the Republic.

FAREWELL ADDRESS OF COLONEL GREENFIELD UPON THE DISBANDING
OF HIS COMMAND.

Heap Ors. 22ND AND 38RD Prov. PENNA. CAVALRY.
Harrisburg, Pa., Nov. 5, 1865.

Soldiers of the Ringgold and Washington Cavalry Companies, The

Ringgold Battalion and 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry:

After an association with you of more than four eventful years,
I part from you with a just pride in the fame of your achievements.
You left your homes ‘and families in obedience to your country’s calf
and volunteered in its defense, and by your devotion, patriotism and:
success in battles and marches, you performed your part nbbly, im
MUSTERED OUT. 467

preserving our Union and securing to yourselves, your fellow coun-
trymen and posterity a glorious heritage. Victory has crowned your
valor, and you are entitled to the highest honors a great nation can
accord. ;

You are now permitted to return to your homes and families,
conscious of having discharged the highest duties of American citi-
zenship.

For our comrades who have fallen in battle and died in Southern
prisons, let us cherish a grateful remembrance.

Farewell,
A. J. GREENFIELD,
Col. Commanding.
468 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘s9sTt ‘Tg A[n{ ‘1aprce [ereds Aq poSreyosip ‘Fg9sTt ‘2 [dy

“A ‘qd Wouwr1say YT ‘uossing jueIsIssy Woy peJouloIg eost ‘F ‘sny ct uoesing ‘sdjayd ‘Dd WeIyIM
“"S98T ‘TE OC ‘AyeaeD ‘olg “ueWIseYy pig YUM

yno pasojsnur ‘9st ‘Gg [lidy ‘9 ‘0D “uRadiag Woy psJomOIg gost ‘9 dag ct ALVSSIWIUIOD “YDUSITT "AA UWOOUIS

"GO8T ‘TE “29C ‘AlTeAeD ‘O1g ‘JUSTUIISaY Pprg YUM JNO poso}snyy POST ‘6T “API ‘*yoysey Joqwien() ‘AapAeg ‘DQ Welt

“GO8T ‘TE 'F9O ‘AreAeD ‘o1g
‘queuNsay PJE YUM JNO paraysnur fcggT ‘eT YOrep ‘ureydey

pAdslg 'P98T ‘LZ Wdag “eA ‘asIOy uoUIIA ‘IPL 18 papunopj Tost ‘PT Adyoutttt yueyn(py ‘Biequasy “5 ydasof
G98T ‘TE “PO :

‘ACARD “O1g ‘JUsUTISIY pig YIM INO pasroysnur ‘PORT ‘9g

A[nf{ pepunom ‘pget ze yore ‘Y ‘0D ‘urejded Wol peajowoig Test 6g auNnf TT Jofey, ‘stax “YW AsuaTy

GOB8T ‘TE “PO ‘Asyeaeg ‘O1g ‘juawIsay pig YUM jnO peasesnj post 9 “AWB Ct Joe ‘[[aexor], ‘S$ seiyq

‘GO8T ‘Tg A[n{ ‘tapso [eroeds

Aq pasieyosip ‘post ‘4g ‘dag “eA ‘a8Ioq uoulIA ‘TIN
ze popunom ‘FgsT ‘sg yore ‘9 ‘0D ‘ureydey Wolly pojowoig gost ‘9 ‘das SURI FESS ioley YIOM “L 281005)
“GOST ‘TE 1940390 ‘Aseaey ‘O1g Yususay «

Pig YM JNO potajsnul ScggTt ‘ET Ye ‘[aUOTOD 01 !POST

‘gg ‘qa ‘JaUOjOD-jNaTT 01 ‘g ‘OD ‘UIeIdeD Wor, psjowoIg TOST ‘6L “sny stress TgH0[OD ‘PpjeyuseIn ‘ff Meipuy
‘gost ‘Tg Ainf ‘apio jerads Aq pasieyostq  P98T ‘G “JEW SSE PIE EA ENE, Sh [PUO[OD ‘sUISSIET qooel
‘SMUVNAY ‘NI WALSOW 40 ALVa “MNVa ONV IWVN

‘RWIVAVD YAALNN TOA, VINVATASNNAG ONZ77—SYAOAIO AAV.LS GNV ATH

 

 

‘pait09 ATyeoryoeid
punoy eq Aewr Ady} podoy st WW pue pastaar A[[njared sny} useq sAeY UdAIS alay S19}SOI oY} [[Y ‘“WOISTAeT Jayiiny
IO} Sao}IWIWOD AuUedUIOD 9Y} 0} PIUIMJII 9IaM SJ9}SOI BSdY} SOOURISUL JO JoquINU B® UT ‘jNO HoT oq sUIeU S,epeIWIOd
ou ey} Udye} oq a1ed JeoIB jeY} Bulsin pue “uot e110) pue UOTSTADI [NJoivd 10} ysanber e YUM Aueduo0d Yea jo
$99}}IWIUIOD 0} JUOS 919M Osa} Jo soqeoT[dnp pue Simaqsissepy ye sy WO s][OI jno-Ja}snur sy} JO apeur arom sordod

‘aUINJOA
SIY} JO} PIOdeI B YONS uUTe}qO OC} opeUI UsEq Sey IOWA JUISTIP Jsow YW ‘AIO sIY [eJUIWIIdeI e JO Satnjeoy jUeWIOdUIT
JSOU dy} JO JUO SI ‘URUT pajsI[Ua puke JaDyJO Yea Jo PIII [RIOYJO oy} Sutras ‘19}s01 ayaydtos pue yeasi09 V

‘SYUALSOY TIVINAWNTOAY
469

FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS.

“GOBT ‘TE PO ‘Aseaen ‘o1g Yuauisay pig
YAM jNO parajsnu fcggt ‘Fp Ae ‘Woasing ‘jaA 0} pajomosg
GOBT ‘TE "39CE ‘Aaeaey “O1g ‘UauUIIsdy p4g YUM jnO pasaisnyy
‘gost ‘T eunf
4no parajsnur ‘post ‘[T ‘99q ‘pueg [e}usWIsey jo Jopeay
0} pajowoid fpogt ‘Tt ‘sny ‘9 ‘0D ‘le[sng Worf pajomorg
‘]]OI Jno
-Ja}snu UO jOU {FORT ‘OT [lady ‘g ‘0D ‘Jelsngq Wo1s payoWoIg
“GOST ‘TE "PO ‘Aleaey “O1g ‘JusUIISeyY pag YUM
yno pasojsnur fumoUyUN ayep ‘[ “OD ‘Jajsng Wo1y payowosg
‘pOBT ‘ZZ (DEC “J ‘OD ‘JURUAaINIIT pug 0} pajowoIg
‘sost ‘6T A[N{ ‘tapiO [eieuey
Aq passeyosip {Fost ‘6g API ‘OD ‘JUeIsIIS WOIy pajowosg
"GOST ‘9g 3daSg ‘9}eOYI}I90 SuOasIng UO pasieyosiq
‘SOST ‘TE 39C ‘Aaeaey ‘O1g “UatIsay pig YM
yno pateaysnur gggt ‘8— 90 ‘J ‘0D ‘e}eAlIg Wolly poyomoig
‘SOST ‘6T A[N{ ‘IapigQ [B1euer Aq pasieyo
-SIp {Gost ‘Pe ACW “| ‘0D “Uueasiag “WIOD Wolf pajowo1g
"SORT ‘2g aun ‘“IapiCO [elsues) Aq passeyosIp fuorjoe ut
pepunom ‘Fg9gt ‘eT “qay ‘VOD ‘ueasies “C'S wor pajowoig
‘sosTt ‘6T A[n{ ‘tepicC [eteuey
Aq pesseyosip fcggt ‘Gg Ae ‘7 ‘0D ‘ueassieag Wo pajowo1g
"GOST ‘TE “29Q ‘Aseaey ‘o1g ‘uatIsay pig YWM
yno pesajsnur fost ‘og A[n{ ‘Sy ‘0D ‘juRasiag WoIy pajowoig
‘W19} JO uoT}eIIdxd ‘sosT ‘FZ WO passeyosiq
“G9OBT ‘ST eunf ‘J ‘0D ‘Jueus}
-nary pug OF ‘F9OST ‘OT YoseW ‘T “0D ‘o}veALIG Wor poyowWoIg
“GOST ‘TE PO ‘Aseaey ‘O1g ‘uawIssy psg YUM
MO pasaysnul !FO8T ‘ST aunf ‘q ‘0D ‘a}eaAlIg Woy pajomoig
“GO8T ‘TE "PO ‘Areaed ‘O1g “ueullsey pig yWM
yno poasoysnur Scgogt ‘st ‘uel 0} ‘FOBT ‘LZ “Wdag Woy JaUOSIIg
“SOBT ‘TE 39O ‘Ar[eaeD ‘O1g “usWIsay Pig YUM yNO posdisnyy
‘SuavNWaa

POST
698T

T98T

FOBT
P98T

698T
POBT

POST
e98T
e98T
698T

POST
POST

€98T
698T

POST
FORT

8S

‘OT
‘8

‘qa

yas
‘sny

‘uel
‘Wa

0
29d

‘Qa
po

“Sny

0

‘qed
on

Aqnf
pO
‘Iidy

‘rey
"NI YALSAW 40 XLVa

"T*H0aBING ‘JA Way ‘g Yeaeyorz
eee eee eee ene *IITPpes ‘yoo "M uyof
sreeeecereeeeecee es TgTsng 4409S TAo'T

streets laisng UuoJsuluUueg uOoSsTIIey

ry Jop3sng ‘1910 g ‘H UWIeLIIMA
“**"preMay}s [eyidsopy ‘spjousay uyof

““pieMmoays [eyidsoy ‘ppog “jy jenures
“"premays jeydsoy ‘sdjayg ‘ snaty

ts piemais jeydsoyy ‘mousy piraeg
“**yURISIAS “WOD) ‘SWIFT “H preg
tresses squeezes “WO WeH praeq
“""yuRasIaS “WO Se M jenures

“*yuRaBI19S “WO BeI4aH “MA Jenues
tee eee rloley, 1319S ‘UOSIITV VY uyof

vee eee ‘ofeW 4819S ‘pareyT “V Weqoy
sorte ss suterdeyy) Uosiayeg semoyy

“**woasing ‘ysissy ‘Aajury “JL jonwes
“WoaZIng “sissy ‘YOUAT "Yy jarueyeN

“MNVa ONV AWVN

‘panuyuoy— AYTVAVD YAIFLNNTIOA VINVATASNNAG ONZZ7—SYAOAIO AAV.LS ANV Tall
-4”0 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘uedayoA fG98T. ‘TE “WO ‘Ayeaeg ‘o1g psig YUM JNO Peto sn
‘ueiajaA {c9st ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaeg “O1g PJE YUM yNO poatoysn]|L
“POST ‘OT ‘Wdasg ‘w43aq Jo uoNendxa ‘pggT ‘eg “Sny pesieyosiq
‘uBIOIEA {GOBT ‘eg A[N[ ‘IapIO [e1suey Aq pessieyosiq
‘UBIDJIA [G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey “‘O1g PlE YUM JNO PosoIsNL

: “sogt ‘gg aun{ yno pate}

-snur {egg ‘OT A[nf “pW ‘Suridsies[D ye pepunom Ayjasaa
-as fF9gT ‘et A[nf{ ueasiasg “WO ]ejUeUIdSaYy 0} peyoWOIg

‘ueiayaA fG98T “TE “PO “Aaeaeg “‘O1g pig YUM JNO poo}
-snur {post ‘Ae “ueeSIag IO[OD [equsulsay 0} poJomoIg

‘TO8T ‘Z AON “VA ‘AauWOY Ivou pepunomM
Ssogst ‘eg An{ ‘1opiQ yerouay Aq passeyosiq
‘POST ‘OL ‘Jd9S ‘UII9} Jo uOT}eIIdxs ye posreyosid

“SOBT ‘TE 9OE ‘Aspeaey ‘Olg ‘uout

-1829q pig YUM NO pasojsnwu ‘Fost “BZ “99d ueasias
}ST WoI pajowoid {F98T ‘F ‘AON “BA ‘AouUIOY Je PepunoA

: ; “GOBT ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey

‘o1g ‘WUSWITSY Plg YM Jno pasojsnur ‘FOsT ‘sO “BA

TITH S,Joysty ye papunom ‘yogt ‘gg 99q “uUeUaINaTT IST 0}
[post ‘Gt Avy “JueuajNoIT pug oF quRIZIIS ST WOT] PI}OWOIT

‘WI9} Jo uoTyedxa

SOST ‘Eg ‘Bny poSieyosip ‘Fost “FT Ae “ueusinary 3sT 0}
{P9sl ‘p ‘uel UeUaINeTT pug OF quessieg jsT Wo pojowolg
“TOST ‘9 “deg ‘AITeARD CIUISITA JST ‘JeuUOTOD 0} pszJoUoIg

"GO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Aaeaey ‘O1g quoulissy PIE

YYWM no posojsnul fSost ‘ET Yoel ‘iofey, yoaosig [POST

ST Ae ‘ureydes 01 ‘Fost ‘g ‘Uef “UeUAaNeIT IST 0} PUS
wodj pojyouroid ‘t9st ‘9 ydog ueus}NeIT pug O} peyoWOIg

‘POST ‘FZ

yorey ‘1ofey 0} SOT ‘g ‘uel uUeUayNalyT JsT WoI} pajow
-o1d {papunom {Tost ‘9 ‘ydag “yueueynelyT JsT OF PeyOmMOIg
"98ST ‘OT “AON “Bq “OT[AsTTeeg 38 Pet

“SMUVWaa

SUBIOJOA

TO8T
T98T
T98T
T98T
T98T

98st
T98T
T98T
T98T

T98T

T98T

T98T
T98T

T98T

TO8T
- T98T

‘NI WALSOW 40 ALVa

‘68
‘63

oun
aun
aunt
aun
aunt
‘sny
aunt
aunt

aunt

aunf

aunt

oun
aunt

aunt

oun
aunt

tresses queaSieg ‘feaveg “y AeouneyD
ee . quessiasg ‘muyliy smo'y
+++) yueaSseg ‘WON @3peT “gq ysnH
‘+++ queaBiag ‘woD ‘uosMe ‘J, IBeST
averse quea8sag ‘mOD TWeqy “I uyol

quevesi9sg “WW OC WeH pred
srrtes queasieg 4ST ‘e109 “H [PeqorA
see eer ee wea3s1as 4ST SUJOTL surydoxy
sees queasieg JST ‘WeYyIeyIIM Wepy

ssee*ss* queuaqnery pug FINN sewoyy

seeeeees queuaqnary Ist ‘sey ad1094)

jueusjnary 3st ‘pueyoH uyoft
‘++ queuaMary IST ‘Jasuestuuy AUeH

seeebeseeeees ureqdeg Guey ‘gq somef

reseeeesees wreqdeg ‘sik “y Aue
sretees Ureqdeg ‘shay uyol

“MNVU UNV ANVN

‘RYTIVAVZ YWAALNNTIOA VINVATASNNAq GNZ77—V ANVdNOO
471

ROSTER OF COMPANY A.

‘uoleyeg plossury ‘q ‘0D ‘ulejded 0} pajowoig 98st ‘6g sunt
‘2}9YT}199 sUOIasInNG UO pasieyosiqd [9st ‘gg unl
“AICACD CIUISITA JST 0} Ppatiajsuely,  T9sT ‘6g eunf
‘UMOUAUN 9}ep ‘Iapig [elauey Aq pasieyosiq  ~VgsTt ‘OT ‘Sny
“S98T ‘Eg A[n{ ‘1apiQ [e1euey Aq pasieyosiq T9RT ‘6g eunt
“SoST ‘ee A[n{
‘IIPIO [elousxy Aq pasieyosip fuesoyaa fgggt ‘gg Ae “OD
‘N ‘UInqmoN Je pasueyoxa ‘Tost ‘g “AON “eA ‘AouuIOy 7
qeau peinjdes ‘cggt ‘eg A[nf{ ‘1apig [esouan Aq peSieyosiq T98T ‘6g aun
‘UBIDIIA [GOBT ‘Eg A[N[ ‘1apicC, [erauay Aq pasieyosiqy Tost ‘6g aun
‘ueId}9A SGg9gT ‘Eg A[Nf{ ‘19pac—g [e19Uar Aq pasieyosicy T9OST ‘sg An
‘UBIIJIA [JNO-IOJSNU je JUSNSqY TOST ‘6g aun
‘GOST ‘TE “POC ‘Areaey ‘o1g ‘{UaWIIZIY
PIE YUM JNO potojsnUI ‘gggTt ‘GZ 39 ‘[e1odi07 0} pajouloIg POST ‘BT “Ae
UBIIJOA SG98T ‘TE "FOC ‘Arpeaey ‘og usWIs9y
PIg YUM JNO parojsnur ‘gggt ‘Og 9CQ ‘[eIod10> 0} pojowoIg T9ST ‘6g aunt
‘€98T ‘T ‘AON ‘dey s.a0101g Ie3uU
PePUNOM fUeIAIIA fGO8T ‘TE “90 ‘ATBARD ‘OIG quUaLd9y
Ptg YIM Jno possjsnur ‘sggT ‘4g ‘Wdag ‘[e1od105_ 0} pejomoig TO8ST ‘6g aunf
“GOST ‘TE “OC ‘Areaesy ‘og ‘JUITISIY Pig YUM yNO pPasoIsnyy TOST ‘6g aun
‘URIOJOA 'G98T ‘TE “FO ‘Ar[eaey ‘O1g Pig YUM JNO posoisnyL T98T ‘6g oun
“AIVARD BIUISITA IST 0} parsojsuery, T98T ‘6Z aun
“G98T ‘Og euNf ‘9}e9YI}I190 SUOaSING uO pasieyosip fuessjaA T9ST ‘6g ouNn[
‘S98T ‘Gay ‘UOTjIpedxs s.JapueyT uo ofa ue Iso]
SUBIOJOA SG9RT ‘ZT ‘Uef ‘9}BOYT}I99 SuOoasing uO pasieyosIq T9ST ‘6g aunt
‘P98T ‘6T “190 ‘Ye01D Jepsy je
pepunom fuelaza ‘gggt ‘eg A[nf{ ‘Iapi_ [eisuey Aq passieyosiq TOST ‘6Z aun[
“URIOJIA SGQOgT ‘eg A[Nf ‘IapiO [ereuer
Aq posieyosip. ‘post ‘9 A[nf “ea ‘Adiag s.sodiey ye pepunopA —szT98T ‘6g oun
/ “POST ‘9 vuNnf “eA ‘adpry iequiry ye
paepunom ‘uessyea Sgggt ‘og A[nf “eA “AA ‘Pleyerooy ie peiq TOST “6g ounf
UBIO}IA SGO8T ‘TE “90 ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g uomisey
PJE YUM JNO Patajsnu fggsT ‘GZ 390 “JueaSIag 0} poeJOWOIg TOST ‘6g aunt
"SHUVWGa ‘NI YALSOW dO YLva

‘"* Jetodioy ‘Bunox “Y Aaasrep
“'* Terodi0og ‘Ajyeagqg ‘gq uaydaig
"* [erodioy ‘saasay "HY seuoyy
“"* Jerodiog ‘surunfoyW ‘Oo ‘H
oR ee oe ae [e1od107 ‘ILE[IUIS ‘W uyof

[etodioyg ‘weysuryong ‘9 *y
"7" Telod10g GueIn ‘g MoiIpuy
vrressss Telodi0oy FsuxT ‘A stoueny
“* Je1odiog ‘suouruiszyiy Yue

“"'* Jerodio9g ‘eusreg “q ydesof

eee eee erod105 ‘qonoi9 uyof

* Jetodiog ‘uury uostiepy
Jetodioy ‘yonory “y oeestT

vrtrststsss Tetodioy ‘sia4JI ‘J uyol
queasies ‘sddary ‘Dd ssydojstiyy

rere yg

yUeIZIIG ‘[eysieg wel
ueasi9s TEqy ‘py ydesof

terakee bea queasies eyssieg “a as10a45)

st eee eee quere3ies ‘poomiy “mM uyot

queasias ‘4WIqI0y "Ty uyos

qurasiag ‘Kern “MM uyof
“MNVa GNV TAVN

‘panuyuo)—AUTVAVD YAALNN TOA, VINVATASNNEd GNZZ7—V ANVdINOO
4¥2 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“SO8T ‘TE ‘WOE ‘Asleaeg ‘orig uausay psig YWM Jno posojsny]y
“SO8T ‘TE ‘POE ‘Aseaey ‘o1g Yusawisay psig YM yno poassisnyy
‘uostid ut
polp savy 0} pasoddns ‘post ‘6T ‘DO “eA ‘YaeID 1epad
ye Tjamog [esouer 0} asessow e SulAiied o[IyM ‘poinjded
“SO8T ‘umouyun ayep ‘19PIO [etauey Aq passeyosiqy
“GOST ‘6 oun ‘JapiC [etausy Aq passeyosiq
“sost ‘Te ‘POC ‘Aseaeg ‘o1g Yuaeunsay psg YUM JNO patoisnypL
“GOST ‘TE 290 ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g uawIsey psig YM yno Poasojsny
: ‘INO-JoIsNU je JUEsSqY
‘POST ‘TL lady “ey ‘ayjiAuossapuy 38 paip ‘painjded
‘gost ‘g aun ‘IapiC [elauay Aq pasieyosiqy
‘GOST ‘6 oun ‘IapicC [esauay Aq posseyosIq
‘UMOUYUN 3}ep—JapiO [ejouar) Aq pasreyosiq
‘POST ‘OT “3das td ‘ysings}idg
ye pasieyosip muna jo uorzeidxs ‘Fggt ‘es ‘ony pasieyosiq:
“PO8T ‘OT “dag ‘ eq ‘ysingsiid
ye pasieyosip Suis9} jo uosjemdxe FggT ‘8é ‘sny passeyosiq
‘POST OT ‘Ides “eg “Ysanqsyig
ye pasieyosip ‘ulia} jo uorjesdxsa ‘FogT ‘eg “SnYy pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘TE POC ‘Aseaed ‘org ususay pag YM Jno posojsnpy
‘URID}IA [GOST ‘TE "O ‘Aleaey ‘O1g Pig YUM JNO pasoisnypy
‘POBT ‘OT “dag “eg ‘Ysinqsing
ye pasieyosip fur19} Jo uorjesdxe ‘pogt ‘eg ‘any pasieyosiq

“e98T “BA ‘“Banqsyie[D pad

“W194 jo uoljelidxs Fggt ‘eg ‘sny passeyosiq

‘uBIa}aA SSOsT ‘EZ A[N[ ‘IapIi~ [esJsuar Aq passeyosiq

GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Areaeyg ‘o1g ‘jUsUITS2y Pig YIM NO pasojsnyW

‘UII9} JO UOTJeIdxXs ‘FORT ‘eg ‘SnYy pasieyosiq

“UBI9IVA [GO8T ‘TE “WO ‘AapeaeD “Og ple YWM Ino posdjsnpy
“e98T ‘ST

“eA ‘a[[IAUO}N, Jeou ‘ysnqwe ur Autausa ay} Aq pa]ry

“SHUaVWN aT

“Sny

F98T
P98T

o98T
e98T
P98T
98ST
POST
Post
T98T
POST
Post
698T

T9O8T
T98T

T98T ‘

POST
T98T

T98T

T98T
T98T
T98T
e98T
T98T
T98T

T98T

“6%
6%
‘Te
5S
6S

68

‘qaqa
“Ie

‘sny
aunt
‘Qa
“Ie
“Get
‘ew
‘any
“Ie
"Q27
aunt

‘sny
aunt

oun

‘Pa
aunt

Aint

Ajnf
aunt
aunt
‘29d
‘sny
aunf

aunt

‘NI WALSOW dO XLV

UOSUIYIIG. 931004)
** an8eq ‘H ydesoft

yonoiy sowef
Hpuoy “g jenues
woyreyy “f Wer
tees Jaze) ‘g uyof
ee ee ee eee eee ee 1asu0) uyoft
sysnoiing jJenwes
See ee ee ee ew wee see aueg us aldures
Sauna Sew hee aac: aueg ‘q WITT
smite lien Sneha an age telsteashels Aeg_ “IW woqoy
“surg “y WHIM

veoresss gueg ‘q jenures

preasig "MA ‘08D

uinqyoe[g uosipey

si acshiseadice Baaeasted aceite seklava se MOR Wey,
Jauiesuing ‘AA ‘095)

qstyay sopuexely
“SHLVAIYd

Jatiieg ‘Moqoy, some
yuusyoeig “Youeiy “MM [atued
pas YWWsyselg ‘wosuIy.IG qooef
yuursysetg “wury “AE uyof
Jajsng ‘uopsiry ‘gq uosjodeny
ee Jopsng ‘UOSTIIOJ[ "W UM

Te1odi0yj ‘1apAug 381005
“MNVad NV GWVN

‘panuyjuo— AYTIVAVD YATLNNIOA VINVATASNNA( ONZ77—V ANVdWOO
473

ROSTER OF COMPANY A.

"S98T ‘TE “390 ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g YuswiZay pig YUM Jno peroaysnyy
"S98T ‘TE “OC ‘Areaegd “O1g usUIBIy pre YUM Ino pearaqysnypy
“G98T ‘Te “OC ‘Aryeaed ‘o1g uauisey psg YUM jno poasaisnyy
‘uMOUYUN 9}ep “DN :
‘uostid AinqsijeS ul poip !F9st ‘9g ‘ydag ‘worse ul SuISsI;
“UlI9} JO uoTJeIIdxs “FORT ‘Eg ‘SnYy poeSieyosiq
“€98T UL ‘a}yeX) S,dd19TgG
ye popunom ‘ulse} Jo uonendxsa Fost ‘eg ‘Sny poSieyosiq
‘POST ‘OT “PO “eg “Ysinqsiig
ye pasieyosip ‘ulie} jo uoyesmndxa Fost ‘eg ‘Bny pesseyosiq
‘Mo-sJajsnur je Jussqy
“GOST ‘TE “3290 ‘Arpeaeyg ‘o1g ‘VUsUIIBaYy Pig YM INO posoisnf
‘278OYT}I99 SUOssING UO pasieYyIsIq
‘e98T ‘dey puejussin svsu paqry
UBIDIVA SGQ8T ‘TI “uel “eg ‘a][IAJa}UaD Je paIp fey ‘apa
-uosiopuy 3e uostid ur ‘Fg9gT ‘aun{ “eA ‘Wales 1e pommjden
‘SOST ‘OL Ae ‘19PIO [@laueaxy Aq pasieyosiq
‘GOST ‘0g AC ‘Japicg [eisuery Aq pesieyosiq
‘GOST ‘TE ‘OC ‘Areaeg “O1g uswmissy Pig YIM Jno posojsny_
"GOST ‘ET oun ‘Iapig [eisusy Aq passieyosiq
‘uoTjIe
UI PdATeIeI SPpUNOM JO ‘FORT ‘BT “FO “PIT ‘a10WNyeg 1% poi
“GOBT ‘TE “OO ‘Ayyeaey ‘O1g YUIWIISIY pig YUM INO paraqsnypL
, ‘POST ‘ST “190 pelreseqg
‘UBIdJIA $JNO-J9}snNUI Je JUOSGY
‘F98T OL PO “eg ‘Ysinqsiig
ye pasieyosip !uli9} Jo uoyesdxs Fost ‘eg “‘Sny posseyosiq
“GOST ‘ST API ‘IepiC [e1suery Aq passieyosiq
‘uMOUAUN a}ep ‘“Iapig [eisuan Aq pasieyosiq.
‘uBIa}aA SS98T ‘TE “9C ‘AreaeD ‘O1g pag YUM JNO posojsnyT
“GOST ‘TE “FO ‘ABAeD ‘O1g ‘uaUISay pig yA yno posaisnyy_
‘puvjadoy dures) ut paiq
"SOST ‘TE “POC ‘Areaey ‘o1g uowi3ey pig YUM NO posaisnypy
“‘SHUV Waa

POST
O8T
POST

T98T
T98T

T98T

TO8T
P98T
POST
T98T
T98T

T98T
POST
POST
P98T
S98T

POST
POST
@98T
T98T

T98T
POST
e98T
T98T
POST

“6
62
6
‘6

‘OL .

6S
‘TE

“Ie
‘rey
‘Te

aunt
aunt

aun

aunt

POST ‘8S “Gay

“NI YALSOW JO ILVa

2 Gh ee oe a he: saspoy ‘H yenwes
“* wosnyy “y Arueay
TH jenues

vrtts ABs) sourel
see eee eae 83915) WI uyot

S39IH “Yl UlAIL

“+ query ‘oan “]
eee een . aouer) uyof
si tat ei aviapaerdlocrcaue sours) some
vezely “S moIpuy
Yous yE “WA,

pAoly “[ Meapuy
Purley “TL WA
YPIIPIIY “MA ‘0e45)
usxuUeTy “q ‘sof
aABACY IeeST

 

wee e eee eee eee wee eeee sjoyoy “L uyot
se . ee ee ere ee oe aS ACT yse IW
spra ie eon staeq “Zz uyof
staeq ‘{[ Moipuy

uoaspng ‘y sowef
onene ence ree eee wee wwe uspAeiq some
srrsssess AQsroq sowel
ee ee eee wee sqqoq JsSuly
ee ee jeanq assof
trrerereseseees Gund snisse>
eee ew ew we eww we uunqg “M soumef

“SHLVAIYd

 

‘panuyuoy— XAWIVAVD YAALNNIOA, VINVATASNNSd GNZZ—VY ANWdWOD
4%4 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘Aueduloy 0} pousinjer Jaaau ‘post ‘6 ‘Sny peinydeg
“*SLA‘T PAIS [FORT ‘6 DUN “VD ‘a]]JIAUOSJapUuY ye pap ‘painjdey
“AJayawiag [euoTyeN Y4Ieq vopnoyT ut
peting ‘post ‘¢ AeW “PIN ‘esouleg 32 poip ‘sauostid usayey,
‘UBIOJIA {GOST ‘9 auUNnfL “PIN ‘puejioquiny je ped
‘OST ‘6T eunf{ ‘IapIC [etouay Aq passeyosiq
‘POST ‘9 ounf “BA ‘ospry JoquIry, 3
pepunom ‘fcogt ‘eT ABI ‘9}eYTZIVO SuoasInS uO passieYyIsiqd
‘W419} JO uoT}eIIdxs ‘pasieyosiqg
‘Q01AJaS 94} UL Prd
“cost ‘og ABW ‘1epsIO [esouay Aq pasieyosiq
‘WI9} JO uoT}eIIdxe ‘cggt ‘ge A[n{ padsireyosiq
‘URIOJIA [GOsT ‘g ACI “JepIO [eseuer
Aq pasieyosip sos ‘I yosey 0} ‘FO8T ‘OT AeW Wo auo0siig
‘UMOUYUN a}ep “apiQ [elauay Aq passeyosiq
“GOST ‘TE “29O ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g ‘yUsUIIsIY Pig YUM yO pososn]y
"S98T ‘2T [dy “O ‘pue[sy swosuyol ye polp
fsdioD daresay UeIa}aA ‘UsIIdaYy YI9 “Y ‘OD 0} petsojsuery,
‘TO8T ‘ET “AON “BVA ‘dey s,youery 7e ‘UOT}Oe Ul pers
‘POST ‘9% [Lidy “PW ‘puetiequind ye priq
‘POST ‘eT Ain[ “eA ‘sanqyouAyT sJeau ‘apyjeq Ul peTfTsy
"e98T ‘OT ARI ‘JepIO [esouey Aq passeyosiq
‘UeIDIIA $GORT ‘LZ oUN[ ‘O}eOYIIIED SUOssInG UO passeYyosIC
‘UBIaJIA {GORT ‘TE ACJ ‘9}BOYIVIID SuoOssINSg uO pasieyosiq:
‘W19} JO uoTjeldxa Fost ‘eg “sny paesieyosiq
‘WI9} JO uoTjesdxsa ‘post ‘eg “Bny pesieyosiq
‘QOIAIIS UL Pap ‘uesa}aA
‘WI9} JO uoTjerdxa ‘Post ‘eg “sny pesieyosiq
‘POST ‘OT ‘3deg ‘UlIaz Jo UorTyeIdxs ‘FOgT ‘eg ‘SnY pesseyosiq
‘MO-Jajsnu ye JUSSqY
‘G98T ‘TE “O_O Petojsn|l
“COST ‘EZ oUN[ ‘IapIO [essuay Aq pasieyo
-SIP {cost ‘6g [lady poeusnjor ‘post ‘eg Ajnf{ wosjy sJau0siig

“SHUV Waa

POST

‘Ie

“NI qaLSNW AO ALV

 

 

 

stress ggaaqT ydasot

AylozeT We

Jaa] “YE sowel
‘+ gaaaqT “S uyof

aaoT “L ulmelusg

aT ‘M ydesof

PBK, Ss Rn sla paar ge uus'T ‘W sewoy L
ee ee ee ee eter eee SUIII seuloy J,

ee ee ete eee ee eee eee ee qqeuy sowie
re ee a reaty WTITAA

sopury “"T 4sitq)
sulvay janes

eee eee peo Ss Rik uosiwef “T yeisof

ee ee ew eee sheT] 2y Wren
Tae AES Ee we wee yueiyiey ‘WMA

“We CL uyol
‘c+ Tey Arowgq

Haale Aufie whine anstadebi * puryoH “M ‘WA
stress Tetodioy ‘tapjoyasnoy ydasof

aires Indy ei aislowa rh aVio Mupevayieeet es uostIsieyy Vv sawef
Se eee eee pue]joH ‘g janwes
ee ee ee eee eee uoj}snyy “Vv praeq

JIU PRY

psojrery Wel

‘* TAOOP, qooel
* ITH Preqrqoty

* uRtyIe_ [eaAloN

ueuepy 331005)
‘SALVAIYd

“‘ponuyuoy— AUTVAVD YIALNN'IOA, VINVATASNNAd ONZ77—WY ANVdIWOO
475

ROSTER OF COMPANY A.

“URIDJIA SS98T ‘TE 390 ‘Ar[BAeD) ‘O1g ‘JUaWIZIY pig YM
yO Ppataysnul ‘T9sT ‘Oe ‘dag “eA ‘AauwOoyY Ivau pepuno A
‘Gost ‘@ eunf ‘IepiO [eiauay Aq passeyosiq
‘NO-Ja}sNUL 3e ‘YIS Yuasqy
“GOST ‘og ACW ‘JapIO [esrsuan Aq passeyosicy
“98T ‘TT A[nf ‘1apig [ersuey Aq passeyosiq
‘UMOUAUN d}ep “IapIO [elouen Aq passeyosiq
‘UI9} JO UoTjeIdxs ‘Fost ‘eg “‘sny pasieyosiq
‘UlI9} JO UOTeIIdxs ‘Fost ‘eg ‘Sny pesieyosiq
“G98T ‘OT “‘Sny ‘IepicC [esauay Aq passieyosiq
‘POST ‘EZ 99 “D ‘N ‘Wostid Ainqsyes ye perp ‘painjdey
‘UWI19} JO UOT}eIIdxa ‘Fost ‘eg “Sny pesieyqosig.
*9}BIYT}199 S,uoIesInG uO pasieyosiq
"€98T ‘96 “Gay ‘eyeO4TI99 SuoaSing uo passeyosiq
"G98T ‘Te API ‘Iapsi—C [esisuay Aq paSseyosiq
"S98T ‘OT ABW ‘IapiE [erauay Aq pasieyosiqy
"G98T ‘8g A[n[ ‘1apiO [eiauey Aq paSseyosiq
*9}BOYI}IGD SuoasInG uo passreyosiq
‘WOIs8ING Jue SISSY se porejeq
*9}BIYI}I99 SuoIsING UO pasieyosiq[
‘uostid ul F98T ‘OZ YoIeW perp ‘painjydey

‘WIa}

jo uorjendxa ‘Fost ‘eg ‘Bny pesieyosip ‘uostid usayynos
2 0} Uaye} pue ‘EggT “~T eunf{ moos e uo aTiym painideg
‘WI9} Jo uoTeidxa Fogt ‘eg Sny pasieyosiq
‘NO-Jajsnu je Jussqy

‘URIOJOA $JNO-Ja}sNUI Je ‘9dIAJOS peyoery
“9p uo “uasqe ‘gggT ‘9g [lady “eA ‘UO SuT[Ing Jesu poinjdey
“GOST ‘TE PO ‘Areaey ‘o1g ‘UsWIZdy psig YUM ynO posaysnyT
"SO8T ‘TE POC ‘Arpeaeyd ‘o1g usWIseY pig YUM Jno pasoysnypy
“S98T ‘TE 390C ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g ‘JUSUIIZ9IY Pg YIM 3nNo pesoisnyy
“SO8T ‘TE "390 ‘Aspeaey) ‘o1g UolUIday Pig YM 4No peteysnw
"S9sT ‘og ABW “sprog [esauey Aq passeyosiq

“SMUVNE

T98T
Post
P98Tt
T98T
Ost
698T
T98T
T98T
Post
POST
T98T
T98T
T98T
S98T
P98t
FO8T
T98T
T98T
T98T
T98T

T98T
T98T
vost

T98T
post
post
P98T
PORT
S98T

‘62
63
‘or
“6S
68
‘OL
6S
63
%

‘TS
‘TT
63
“63
‘TL
‘TS
‘g

6%
6S
‘68
‘TT

‘83
‘63
LS

‘63
‘ST
‘63
‘6
‘6
‘IT

aunt
‘G2
‘Pa
aunt
“92
“Sny
aunt
aunt
“Ie
‘Ie
Ant
aunt
aunt

Ie

“Te.

“ady
aunt
aun
aunt

Aynf

aun
aunt

‘qd

aunt

‘idy
“et
“Ie
“IeW
‘Tel

“NI YaLSOW 40 FLva

eee enee usen? soury
SO" wee ee ee eee} uusag ‘H uyof
‘* go1ag "JT qooes
* uosio}jeg ‘H sowel
"* WOsiazyeg “SG tAaT
* yjeysieg «L sowef
* 90UIAOIg ulmefueg
tt ee te we wees uwosi9}eg sowet
sdytyd praeq
eee AT991NT ‘W esy
“"*" TRON SIMay
“ UIIAODH I uyoL
AsIII, vosduoy 7,
SSIUUISIW praeqd
** AydunpooW “H
ueuueyoW LW CL
* Buyuueyy ‘( moipuy
Se thats Batya Sieave noc uo}OW “WW seuroyy,

we eee Suluueyy 6 uyor
Se eee eee wee ee woIOW ‘a ‘sot

Tey Aruazy
‘s7* uoseyy “f weTTEA
entehen teh taicnnancnee guaQur gO

"t+ syaayy “y uyof
JSUT “IT “A ‘035
OANA “@ Joouads
une “7 es10poayy,
“"** TTapuny ‘M somes
Buoy uosriey

“SALVATYd

“panuljuo-) — XWIVAVZ waa.LNN10 A. VINVATASNNAd GNZ CV ANVd WOO.
476 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘UII9} JO uoTjendxs ‘Fost ‘Eg ‘Sny pasieyosiq
‘WII9} JO UoT}eIIdxsa ‘FOsT ‘Eg “‘Sny pesreyosiq
‘UlI9} JO uoTye1dxs ‘Fost ‘eg “Sny poesieyosiqy
‘W19} JO UOTJeIdxs Fost ‘eg “Sny pasieyosiqy
“GOST ‘68 ARI “Iapig [esouer Aq pesseyosiq,
“GOST ‘g sun ‘IapiC [eJausy Aq passeyosiq,
“G98T ‘TE “9C ‘Aspeaeg ‘o1g usWIIsaY pig YM JNO pesoisnyy
"SO8T ‘TE "390 ‘Areaey ‘oIg uaIsay Pig YM JNO posoysnyy
‘e9RT
‘SL ‘Sny “eA ‘a][IAuO}jN_, Feou ‘ysnquie ur Awous Aq patsy
“SO8T ‘G A[n{ ‘1apsiO [eIeuerN Aq posieyosiq
“S9O8T, ‘g aunf ‘Iapi_g [elausy Aq pasieyosiq
“WI19} JO UOoT}eIIdxa ‘FORT ‘eg “‘Sny pasieyosiq
“WI9} Jo uortjerdxs ‘FogT ‘eg “Sny padieyosiq
"W19} JO UOT}eIIdxS ‘“GOgT ‘LZ “Gaq pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘OT aunf ‘1apacC [e19uax Aq passeyosiq
‘nNO-JaJsnUE ye JUNSqYy
“GOST ‘TZ A[n{ “apsioO [ersuey Aq pesreyosiq
“GOST ‘6T AB “Japio [etsuer Aq pesseyosiq
*JNO-JOIsnNU Je “YTS “uesqy
‘S9O8T ‘TE 290 ‘Aayeaey ‘O1g ‘JUsUTIS IY pie YM jNO posoysnjy
‘POST ‘VT Worle ‘19ps1oO yerads Aq posseyosiq
"S9BT “OTAIOS UT poaiq
“GOST ‘OT aunt ‘12PIO [erauer Aq pasreyosiq
‘SO8T ‘02 oun ‘19pIg [e19UaD Aq pasaeyosiq
‘cost ‘og ARW ‘I9psiO [essen Aq pasieyosiq.
“UBIDJOA [GOST ‘OE YOIePL pasreyosip fsogt ‘T yosey
0} ‘FO8T ‘OT ABW Wor s9UOSIId {dey Jaa iso ye poinjdesy
‘W119} JO uorjeldxe Fost ‘eg “sny posieyosiq
‘UMOUYUN d}ep ‘d}edYI}IIN SuOaSING uO pasieyo
“SIP {g98T 6 ‘AON “eA ‘STITT sdumig ye papunom Aysnorses
‘ueIayaA [G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Areaeg ‘o1g pig YUM JNO posoisnyl

“SMuvWga

T98T ‘Tt
T98T ‘FS
TOST ‘
TOST ‘
POST ‘TE
FORT ‘Lg
FOBT ‘6
FOST ‘6

Ro

T98T ‘68
FORT ‘ST
FOST ‘6S
T98T ‘62
TOST ‘eT
BOBT ‘8S
FOST ‘ST
FOST ‘8
FOST ‘6
FOST ‘62
POST ‘6S
POST ‘TE
TOST ‘68
FOST ‘ET
FORT ‘92
FOST 6

T98T ‘ST
T98T ‘62

T9ST ‘62
T98T “6%

‘any
‘sny
‘any
Ajnt
“Ie
‘Get
“Get
‘Qt

aunt
‘Ga
Wt
aunt
“sny
‘PA
3d3S
“IE
“Ie
“Qe
“Qt
eW
aun
ydag
“G27
“el

‘sny
aun

oun
oun

“NI YaALSAW 40 ALVa

vii Balai ee-seat spe Sete aha SUIETIEMA SBULOT I,

fins Setratons sais +>) SUIRITIIAA UetaT

vreess SUIRHTTEM “G PEAR

a wigares “+ JOARaM ‘WT VOUT

eee eee eee aee OSIM. some

Ra Sos SES DABS AN, qosef

seh" TOUSUIYIIOAA ‘1OT

KS aa trrereees sraqeAQ UOIey

sees .- Jopéus ‘S§ uelysIIYyD

Bes * sekBays “T UaMG

ee eee ee ones * yooeyos qraq33045
eee eee eee eee JoUleIS uyof

eee ame *M 981095)
stress syToyIYyS ueUlIay
tieeeeeeeees untarg soure[
reteeeeeees UTI SLOP]

eee yyUus DW uyof

seen wee uosdutig 2 uyof

er eee eee JopAus YT uyof

treeeeees Zamus v7 uyot
Bem e wees yun pseMpy
‘tr syraqoy “y. pleuosy

ee aw eee sree seeees TINOY 331095)

rerees KQSUIBY “AL 1.19q0)]

ss55* wospreypyt “g yIES

se ee cece uosulqoy YT ‘sv

eee nee e eee wosuIqoy some

reese) yospreypry ‘g “W

Dieteeneeeeeeeeeeeeee® JoruOM [OUR

“SAaLVATad

*‘panuljuo)— AYTVAVD YAALNN'IOA VINVATASNNAd GNZZ—VW ANVdINOO
477

ROSTER OF COMPANY A.

2 "GOST ‘og ACW ‘oplO [eseuer) Aq pesieyosiq OST > ‘Ie ce eee ne ae 30h tates i wae eae siapoax uyof
‘WesayaA {Gggt ‘LZ “Bny ‘o}eoYI}109 S,uoasing uO pessieyosi@q  T9ST ‘6% aunt srrsteseseceeessseess SUBIIOIA [OBIS]
*10J poequnosse ON POST 2 das see een ene eee eee nae ay WII
‘URIOJVIA [UINJoI Joye
wOOSs paip {sy}UOU U9} JO}J UOSTId aT[IAUOSJapuy ‘vor ETE}
-a4 Ul pasuey Suteq pedeosa A[mosJeu pue F98T ‘OT PO ates  mober: TER NT eee
‘Kqasoy, Aq posnjdes ‘gogt ‘g A[nf “eg ‘olplasyjeog 3 peiq  198T 62 aunt sHYM “We siuelg

“SaavNaat “NI WaLSQOW dO FLVa “SALVATad

‘ponuyju0y— AUTVAVD YAILNNIOK, VINVATASNNAd GNZ77—V ANVdWNOO
1

4”8 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘@98T ‘eg “Sny pasieyosiq
‘NO-JO}sNw 3e JUaSGe [FOBT

‘ST Ary queasiag 0} fg9RsT ‘T ‘AON ‘[@1lodiod 0} pajyomorg
‘POST ‘LC ‘Aueduosy

YU yno parojsnur ‘gg9gt ‘og [lidy ‘Jetodio7y 0} pojoutolg
. ‘POST ‘LO ‘Aued

“Woy YUM JNO pasojsnul 'Zggt ‘TOC ‘a}eALIg WOT pajowosg
‘FOBT ‘LPO ‘Aued

“WO YUM JNO patojsni ‘gost ‘TC ‘d}BALIg WOI pojowolg

‘P9OBT ‘2 IO ‘Aueduioy YUM yno posojsnp

“WI9} JO UOTJeIIdxXs ‘GgsT ‘GZ 90Q passeyosiq

*‘WHO-Jojsnut ye ors “Quasqe !cget ‘2 ‘ydag ‘juvISIIS 0} pojowOIg
‘POST ‘LIC ‘Aued

“WOD YW jnOo patojsnur Szgst ‘T 190 ‘[esodioy 0} pojowosg

‘P9BT ‘2 ‘WO ‘Auedwos YUM JNO passisnpy

“G98T ‘TE "PO ep 01 ‘L98T ‘9g ‘Idag paSseyosIq

"GO8T ‘TE “9C ‘Arjeaey ‘og UIUNISIY Pig YM JNO pasodisnyy
“GO8T ‘BT APY

posseyosip *S98T ‘8L yore, Yuevasiag 3s~ wlolIy peowoig
“POST ‘2 29O ‘Aueduroy YUM

yno patojsnur ‘Post “FT Ae “Jueasieg 4sT woly pa}0WoIg
“G98T ‘TE "OC ‘Asypeaey ‘og YQuoulsay psig Sy Aued
“WO YUM INO patojsnU ‘gst ‘BT YB ueUaNarT IST

0} Sg9st ‘gg ‘uel YQueUaINoIT pug 0} juvasiag WOl} pa}owo1g

‘PIBT ‘4 "9CQ ‘Aueduroy yim Jno peseqsnyy
“GOST ‘Te “qaq “BA ‘Aauuoy 3e YsturITys ur
peinydes ‘gost ‘gt Ae pesreyosip {eget ‘st Yoieyy ‘Urey
-dey 0} 'F9sT ‘eg ‘99q “uRUdINeTT AST 01 {PORT ‘GT ACT

QueISIVS 3ST OF SE9BT ‘T ‘qay Gueedieg ‘W ‘C) 0} pojowoIg
“POST ‘LO, ‘Aueduioy yUWM

ynNO potojsnul fposT ‘st Av “ueusjnaT pug Wot} pe }owo1g
Csaa9qjo [e]UsuT

“IBayY 19}SO1 39S) “POST “Ss “Gag ‘euojoy-jnary 03 pa}ouolg

“SauvWaad

T98T
e98T
T98T
T98T
T98T
T98T
P98T
P98T
T98T
T98T
€98T
S98T
698T
T98T

698T
T98T

698T
T98T

T9ST,
“NI WaLSNW AO FLVa

‘sony
Ie
“Sny
‘sny
‘Sny
“sny
0
‘uel
‘sny
‘sny
“G4

‘Ie.

‘sny

‘ony

‘Sny
‘Sny

‘uel

‘ony
“ony

"rt yuReBIag “ATepUIG [aNUIeES
ere jueasag ‘saambs wow)
rereenes quRaBIIS ‘19}S99IOM “"H “WA
sles giecheaaeeats queazieg ‘UIOE ‘M ysny
gi bieidsnieg teveads jurasies ‘uojxy MoIpUy
ale oaieed jueasiag ‘uosdwoyy, nowsy

bee eee een ee queazias 207 ‘f sewmoy ys
ve ee eee eens quRssIIS [IIE] eesy

‘"yuRaZIeg ‘WOD WOW 1q
ro aisexeese *yueesseg ‘W oO TH “M ydasof
a es queasias ‘W 6 ‘qorIpeq Yy “UA
oye Sea aee queasias 4ST ‘Jaye “mM “Mm
“c 'juUBUOINarT pug ‘suseq ‘gq enysof

‘Ts JQueuaINery pug ‘UMoIg Wey

‘**juBuajnery IsT ‘uosiapuey “gq uyof
‘ores queuaynary IsT Jjourqeq uyof

ureyded “YB “qu
‘uleydey ‘suryual ‘(A 281005)

“rss scureqydey ‘ployueern “[ Moipuy
“MNVa CNV TWVN

‘AUIVAVD YASINNTO0A, VINVATASNNAG GNZ77—G XANVdWOD
Av9

ROSTER OF COMPANY B.

“COST ‘TE OE ‘Aseaed “‘O1g Guawisey Pag YUM NO petoysn]L
“GOST ‘Te ‘PO ‘Aseaey ‘o1g ‘uaursoy ple YM yno paseysnyl
“SOBT ‘TE “390 ‘Ayeaed ‘o1g uauisey pig YUM yno psseysnW
“SOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aseaey ‘Old JQuawisey pag YM no pesoysn]AL
‘gogt ‘gt AB yNO poseysnyl

‘piode1 ON

“cost ‘gt AByT WO paesoisnyAL

‘POST ‘2 PO ‘Kueduioy) YM jNo petoysnyPL

“COST ‘TE WO ‘Aspeaeg ‘o1g ‘uoumdey pre YIM yno paseysnyl

‘jNO-Ja}sNUL 7e “BdTAIES payoeiep Uo quosqy

‘POST ‘T aunf “eA ‘UMOJMEN Fe WOE UT SuIsslyy

‘jno-JajsnU je ‘BdTAJES peyseyep UO \uosqy

“OST ‘TE “PO ‘Aayeaey “O1g yusuIZey pss YA yno pasoysnyAl

‘F98T ‘OL [dy ‘etsng joryD 07 poyowoig

“cost ‘gt ABI yNo poasoysnyL

“sggt ‘gt AVI NO potsIsnI

“post ‘¢ [dy “PIN ‘syjodeuuy 38 pelp ‘eogt ‘p ‘Sny poinjde

"LOST ‘FT OQ pesseyosiqd
‘sggt ‘g ‘uel ‘wz yo uoTeId

-xo9 uo yno pdtosnul ‘post ‘st API ‘jetod107) 0} peyowoig
“G9O8T

‘gy ABW “MO pera}snur ‘FOBT ‘OE pady ‘[erod1o7y 0} payowoig
*jno

-Ja}snUl WB “YOIS ‘Juasqe ‘FOBT ‘LT “Ged ‘jerodi0g 0} peyoWloIg

“POST ‘L “POO “No pasoysnur ‘g9gt ‘T ‘AON ‘[erod10Z 0} poyowoig
‘gost ‘g An{ “PIN “WodsweriAA teow popunom ‘F98T

‘1 “po ‘yo peseysnur gost ‘8T “G94 ‘je1od107d) 0} pa}owoig

‘POST ‘2 “PO ‘Aueduroy yw yno paseysnyt

‘POST ‘Lh “OO ‘Aueduroz YUM No petesnfy

‘yno-saysnur ye “AIS yuosqy

“cgst ‘Te PO ‘AseaeD “Old \uoulsey Pre YM ino pessisn yl

"gost ‘TE “PO ‘AspeaeD “Old \uaullsey Pie yA no persysnyl

“SaHauvVNGa

FORT
g98T
FOBT
S98T
e98T

Post
T98T
g98T

e98Tt
e98T
98T
gost
T98T
e98T
9st
T98T
T98T

98st
69st

e98T
T98T

T98T
T98T
T98T
gost
gost
g9sTt

96
“6

“6
“6
‘6
BI
“0@
‘82

‘PA
Ie
“Qe
‘QA
‘sny

“any

‘Sny
‘Ie

‘sny
“Qe
‘sny
“QP
‘sny
‘ony
‘sny
“Bny
‘sny

‘uel
uel

‘sny
‘sny

‘Sny
‘sny
‘sny
‘idy
“Ie
‘Qe

"NI WILSOW JO ALVa

er qoyxeg si snif7

RG ping sseetel eS tae SRM Ayveag “H WM,

eR eR DM ENESCO ee ET sJasuly[og g qooef
veseseeeeeees Treg EE WeITIM
Lesereeeees soury “HL sniseiq
vereererts Tog “gg
Leeeeeseeeeeeeeeees gUTEpY JepuexalV
veeeeeeees gurepy “1 SSOW
ieeereeeeeeees goury seuraqd
“SALVAINE
Pa ee ee II[Ppes ‘souof ‘HW sewoyy,
wee ee ee eee ywUsyoel_ ‘yuUIS *S uyof
spe eee yWUsypeg ‘souy soueqUy
se a eer ypusyoetg “UeuyorEy peraed
Sas JoBng ‘UoBuIUUEg uosAey
reeves aes ee oe ‘yojsng ‘uundg VY uyof

sees eee yg iang ‘sukeq “M uyof
gaye oane jerod109 ‘Zyuer) ueupley
wees asec jerodi0p queasies sewmoyyL

 

ssses*Terodioy ‘Keq “[ 2PeM
ee ee ee ee ye1odi07 qaeyying Ua

eee eee eee eee + -Te0d109 ‘zing ‘d qot
eee eee ‘jerodi07z ‘SUIIIeM ‘H "UA

ee yerodi0oyg ‘reu0IMAN AFD
‘sess *pesodio) “epury Aearey
sees wees *jerodi0d ‘rayeys ‘H “UM,
eee Ree *pe1odi109 ‘qa ‘'N [aes]
see ee eee tees yerodi09 412MI1S yI9qGOY
eee 828 wees *[e10d107) ‘2110 Wey

"INVUONV INVN

-panuyuod — AWTVAVD NAALNN TOA, VINVATASNNG aN77—d ANWdNOO
480 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘T98T ‘FT “AON “VA ‘dey s,youary ye ysnquie ue Aq pal[ry
"SOBT ‘ST AB JNO posdisnyy

"GO8T ‘8T ABW JNO poassjsny

POST ‘LPO ‘Aueduro7) YUM Jno pssaysnfl
‘P98T ‘4 °29CQ ‘Aueduroy Y}IM ynO pasaisnyL
‘POST ‘2 3290 ‘Aueduioy YM yno pasoysnyT
P9ST ‘2 3290 ‘Aueduioy yyWM yo pasaisny
‘POST ‘LOO ‘Aueduo0y yWM Jno posoysnyy
“GORT ‘8T ABW NO poiojsny,

P98T ‘4 329CQ ‘Auedutoy Y}IM jnO pasojsnyy
“S98T ‘FS AON “BA Bingsiajog ie paiq

“C98T ‘T “Goy pasieyosiq

‘GOST ‘8T ABIL JNO poasoisnyy

“GO8T ‘BT ABI JNO pasodjsnyy

“GOST ‘TT ABW ‘IapiO [essuer Aq peSsreyosiq

‘GQ8T “uel ‘WII9} Jo UOT}eIIdxe JNO pasJoisnyy

“GOST ‘8T ABI Jno pasajsny

“GOST ‘TE “19O ‘Arpeaey ‘Org ‘JuaMISay psig YUM INO posazsnyy
“Gg JOT “eA ‘Iaysayo

“UIM ‘Alayswag [euoeN ur peting ‘uMOUAUN ajyep ‘paiq

“GOST ‘8 ABIL JNO posoisnyy-

“UOT}IB UL PaAlIIII SpuNnOoM jo ‘EgBTt “eT ‘qayq ‘pIiq

‘GOST ‘SLT Ae Jno parsisnyl

‘POST ‘Os ouNn{ “VA “AA ‘P[eyaroow 3 Ysturarys ut pemydey

‘OST ‘FI “AON pasreyosiq

“SOST ‘8ST ABT Jno potojsnul eget ‘FZ YOIeT pepunom AjaiaAasg

"G98T ‘TE “90Q INO pasajisny

“S98T ‘8T AW Ino parozsnyy

“GOST ‘8— API Jno pasajsnyy

“COST ‘ST AP INO poieisnyy

‘POST ‘2 ‘OC ‘Kuedwoy yWM no pasojsny

“POST ‘4 °—O ‘Auedwoy YUM nO posoisnyL

‘JJOI JnO-1aysnur uO JON

“SMUVWGTa

T98T
e98T
T98T
T98T
TO8T
T98T
T98T
T98T
FOBT
T98T
698T
T98T
698T
C98T
698T
698T
P98T
POST

POST
POST
T98T
P98T
698T
T98T
o98T
69st
698T
698T
698T
T98T
T98T

‘NI YALSOW 40 FLVa

‘er “any
‘og ‘sny
‘LT any
‘er “sny
‘6, ‘sny
‘6L ‘ony
‘6 ‘sny
‘6r “Sny
‘ol ‘ydas
‘er “any
‘9g ‘sny
‘6 “Sny
‘9g “any
‘9g “any
‘9g “Sny
% ‘uel
‘og “sny
‘98 ‘qa
BS “Gay
‘OL ‘any
‘e yds
‘EL ‘ydas
‘9g AeW
‘eT “sny
‘9g “any
88 ‘Goq
‘og “ony
‘oT “sny
5g oun
‘6, “sny
‘6T ‘sny

teens eeeeseeeeeeeeees mma janureg

“''s uunqg ydesof

Trrtterreeeess Dianna ‘g samef
: wuiniq ‘gq Seis

i a ay “o ongeqg ‘y uyof

 

aIKAMQ “LL A][lAueiy
* AC aloposyy,
Aeq ‘gq usaydsis
“"* TavVq "MM UyoL
“* suiveq wostiaepy
ttss8ss x05 OTM NT
Agel praed
“Tr Tautoyg ydasof

"* xod AdAIeTT
xOd) Wey
‘VA uyol
Srey sawel
eet ew ewes yipuoy ‘Vv zaqef

leq souel
“tts Diemog qooet
pieuieg sewoqg
Jauxyong “AA uyot
sjoruiIng “yI aynT
“Tt woOIg ‘g seuel
oudeg “MM saprieyy
eae reece et “TPa “Hw
Btualeial ate dinates IP “7 meq
eye WEIN
"i" UrMpleg “T +eqoy
Jauuatlg pay
qi00g “A WeiyITM.
Jayeg ‘Fy uyof
“SHLVAIYA

trttsess suaqsaesy

*panuyjuo7)— AUTWAVT) YAALNNTOA VINVATASNNA GNZ77—q ANVdNOOD
481

ROSTER OF COMPANY B.

“S98T ‘TE “390 ‘Arpeaeg ‘o1g ‘UaUNZIy pig YM Jno paraysny,
“@98T ‘Tg A[n{ posseyosiq
"nO-Jo}snur
ye ‘OPMUIET eqy YM ynoos se Ajnp payoejyap uo Yuasqy
“G98T ‘TE “FO ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g ‘juawIsey ple YUM Jno posaysnyy
‘POST “OB “ONY “PI ‘D[[AsdseD 3e por
‘S98T ‘GT ‘09q “BA ‘BiInqgsi9}9g Je petq
‘@98T ‘T ‘qaq passeyosiq
‘nO patojsnyL
‘no-Jajsnu ze ‘eydsoy
ul uesqe ‘pggT ‘Gg A[nf “eA “MA ‘Banqsurjsiepl ye popunos,
“GOST ‘9T ‘Uef jnO paraisnyL
‘GOST ‘8— Ae] Jno pasajsnyy
‘POST ‘2 POE ‘Aueduroy YUM JNO posojsnfL
P9BT ‘42 PO ‘Auedwoy YUM ynO pasojsny
“GOST ‘Gg “Bny ‘“IapiO [elouery Aq pasieyosiq
‘UlI9} Jo uoTjeidxe fcogt FZ CO pesseyosiq
*‘jNO-JoJsnur ye “ois uasqy
‘posal ON
‘ynO-Jo}snur ye “YoIs “uesqy
“GO8T ‘TE “39O ‘Aqeaey ‘o1g ‘uswIsay pe YUM yno poasoysnp
“GO8T ‘TE 390 ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g Juamisay pE YUM yno poJajsnypy
“GOST ‘TES “"9O “Ayeaey ‘O1g usWIZ3Yy pe YUM jno pasrajsnypT
“SLG‘TE 2AbIS 'F98T ‘LS “DO “BD ‘aT [TAUOSIapuy
ye pop ‘Fost ‘Ol AeW “eA ‘dey sJaary ysoqT ye poaimides
GOST ‘BT ABIL JNO PosojsnpL
“SOST ‘8— Aey_ no Ppesazsnyy
"SOST ‘8T AVP JNO parsqsnyy
“SOST ‘BT AB] JNO parsjsnyy
*prosal ON
POST ‘4 POC ‘Aueduioy yyM Jno pesoisnyL
‘POST ‘4 “390 ‘Auedwoy yWM Ino porsisny_
‘plover ON

“SHUVWGE

S98T ‘8g
T98L ‘E

CO8t “FT
G9OB8T ‘8e

TOSI ‘6T *

T98T ‘E
T98T ‘6
B98T ‘9Z

B98T ‘O08
B98T ‘9z

B98T ‘98 *
T98T ‘6T *

T98T ‘6T
G98T ‘9
POST ‘BT

POST ‘OT °

FORT ‘LT
FOBT ‘ZZ
G98T ‘8
G98T ‘ST

B98T ‘9g -

B98Tt ‘OE

B98T ‘Os *
BIBT ‘9Z *

B98T ‘FS

T98ST ‘6T

T98ST ‘6T °

G98T ‘8z

“NI WaLSOW 4O TLva

skay seuoyy

see suryuef ‘H uyof

ppnf seauryg

NaS * suryuaf Aaareyy

uloyY qooef .
“" weurysepy uyof
“* Joyaepy Asuazy
agua eas ITH “I sewoyy

uapiey ‘q rary

"cross WeUIMDIPT sapreys

uemMyIH Pleqmosry
SYIIPUsH “MA soumel
Breas UBUIAIN J3jag
IH “H uyof
SIlIey] Weqoy
uoywey { Moipuy
wosxolipusy “gq ‘f
“t+ ossapuazy “Wy
Torres aqunET Wen,

eee eee UOSTIIe TT ‘a ‘fueg

eee ee Jaywiyy uyof

"* gsnor) puowsxey

eee eee . Playueesy ‘sep

apsh ede ‘+ ppayuesiy “WA

Torttes goquey ‘s"uomS

“ttt: KaTWIIOD “yD [WON
see ee AQUULT 49q0"y

Tretteeeess gona ‘GQ yorjeg
: SSR Me os si youaiy “Ss some
ry Aeseq oeesy

“SHLVATYd

‘penuyjuo— AWIWAVD YAATLNNTOA, VINVATASNNA GNZ7—G ANWdWNOD
482 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

"GOST ‘8T ABI JNO potaisnypy
“GOST ‘8ST ACI JNO poatoisnypL
“OST ‘8 ABI JNO patajsnyfy
“GOST ‘gt ABW JNO posoysny
"S98 ‘TE 9OQ MO patojsnul ‘gggt ‘9
yore. peystpus-a1 {Pg9st ‘4 90 ‘Auedwoy YUM JNO patJojsnL
‘298T ‘T ‘qaq pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘BT ABI }NO potojsny
“GOST ‘8T ABI JNO posoisnyy
‘Gost ‘gt Ae jno pasajsnyq
“Gost ‘8T ABI JNO posojsnyy
"POST ‘LO ‘Auedwoy YW JNO pesojsn]
"SO8T ‘8L ‘Sny “IepiO [eseuar Aq passieyosiq
“cost ‘gt Ae Ino pataysnyy
‘GOST ‘TE “0 ‘Areaey ‘O1g “UsWIday Pig YUM JNO porojsn]L
“G98T ‘TE ‘9O Wo poisysn|
“GOST ‘ST ACI JNO Parosnyy
“Gost ‘ST ABW NO patoysnpl
‘PO8T ‘FS
AIDE CVA ‘UMOJSUIeDy Je peAlooaI spunom jo gg Ajnf priq
“ost ‘gt ACJ NO parejsnu fuostid
useyNoS ur fpost ‘ST ACW “BA ‘Joye MON 32 peinjdes
"NO-JaISNU 3e ‘BdIAJIS payoejap uo “uesqy
GO8T ‘TE “FQ IMO Ppoesoysnut ‘ggsT ‘OT
[tidy poeystue-a1 498Tt “Lh “PO ‘Aueduio7) YUM Jno pato}sn][
‘POST {2 PO ‘Aueduroy YM no potoisn]|y
s "Z98L ‘Eg ‘Ssny paessieyosiq.
‘POST ‘L “PO ‘Aueduioy YUM jNO PosIsIsH]l
*p10de1 ON
‘InNO-JajsnuI ye JUESqY
*pi0d31 ON
‘jno-IojsnuI 7e “YoIs Yuesqy
GOST ‘TE 390 ‘Aseaey ‘O1g “UdaISaY Pig YIM jno perojsn]y

“SHUVNGA

POST ‘TE
B98 ‘OT
FOBT ‘OT
Z98T ‘92

T98T ‘6T

T9S8T ‘6T °

FORT ‘8
B98T ‘92

BO8T ‘9S *

B98T F

T9ST ‘6T *
GOST ‘TT °

FOBT ‘8
sos ‘9

GOST ‘TT *

POST ‘8
FORT ‘TE

98st ‘08

BO8T “FS
Bost ‘F

T98T ‘6T

T98T ‘6T ©
T98T ‘6T °
T98T ‘6T *

POST ‘OT
gost ‘9
S98Tt ‘TT

‘NI WALSOW AO aLVa

‘Ssny
‘sny
1d3S
“sny

‘sny

Sny

‘uel

“re
‘Ie

 

fig esse tresses qseqoig ‘9 ‘sous
BBR atalleh Sw Sates + uosse}eg 119q0%
seme ee ene eee ST[OYDIN, snwseiy

ee eee eee wees S][OYSIN, WITITAA

teteeeeeees STIOWDIN “W ydasof
eeeeeeeeeeees IOTEWL SB[OYIIN
& snare terete ssrULjoW praed

eee ew eee eae SMOYIE IAL uwowojlos
rereeererees SmonqeyL “J uyof
treeererress smanuqeyl ues1oy,
teeeeeeseees Seam “HE 381095)
Peeesers re? DTTTAL OM 931095)

cence ees erennee Apiny uyo[
reteeeesees KIQUIOSIUOYM[ “WL

me ee ewe eee Bu07] uoSslIIe yy
ial sieeseal Gos Zan sees yo8urury uyof

ee ce eee e eee + Saspury ‘WM
see eee eee . yoookey ‘N yur

ceeee tereesees KQIPULT “Ss uyof
teeter rere tence pieuosy Tay

teteeesees Sigquaziy “yy ‘fueg
Wa 6 erteRalres ioe SrSe va aie 6 ddey 981095)
Rae a abies: * JaqJoutpyy qosef
gid Sia Buiie ae ie ee ae WSU y ydasof
pdilgnecaiasiardue: Roser esane qqouy some

farce el oe lea e Sere Seiaetaus tana eats uuey uyof

Seeeeteeeee ses JOpUry ‘( soyreyqag

teereeeeeeee es TapUDyy ‘q uyof

eee e ence eee Jopury stay
“SALVAIad

*‘panuyuod — AWTVAVD) YAALNNTIOA VINVATASNNAd ONZ7Z—q ANVdNOO
483

ROSTER OF COMPANY B.

“GORT ‘TE “OC ‘Aseaey ‘O1g usUIsaYy Pig YUM INO Posoisnyy
“SO8T ‘TE “3290 ‘Aaeae) ‘O1g “UdTUISaY Pig YM JNO Pasojsny
‘GO8T ‘ST ABI INO pasaqsnyy
“SOST ‘gt Ae Ino possjsnyy
‘B98T ‘28 “G94 “PI ‘puefiequing je paiq
‘BOSL ‘Fe uel “PI ‘puefiaqminy je paiq
“SOST ‘8T ABI NO poasoysnyy
‘POST ‘Gg A[n{ poqresaq
‘SOST ‘ST ABW yno possisnyy
‘PROTL 2AbIS ‘FORT ‘LT “OQ “BD ‘aT[IAUOSIOpUuy
ye pap ‘post ‘or ABW “eA ‘dey soar ysoT ye poinjden
‘SOST ‘eg ‘Sny passeyosiq
290 ‘Auedwoy YUM yno parajsn fl
‘po ‘Aueduroy YUM yo pasoisnyy
‘POST ‘2 °329O ‘Aueduroy YUM JNO pasojsnypy
‘POST ‘L 29OQ ‘Auedwoy YUM JNO patosnypL
‘POST ‘L 190 ‘Aueduioy YUM JNO pasaisnyL
‘jNO-1ajsnul je JuSsqYy
"GOST ‘TE “19C ‘AITBARD ‘OIg uUaWIsay psg YUM JNO posojsny]
“GOST ‘TE "29Q ‘Arjeaey “O1g ‘JuaWIsay pig YUM jnO pasaisnyy
"GOST ‘TE “190 ‘Areaey ‘O1g UdTUISdy Pig YM JNO patojsny
“SOST ‘TE 29C ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g ‘uaUIsey pig YUM Jno Pee
‘uost1
UL Polp fegst ‘P ‘Sny “eA ‘Bingsiajeag Jesu UOT}Ie Ul SUISSIW
‘COST ‘gt Ae yo posoisnyT
"GOST ‘BT ABI JNO pesoisnyy
“SQST ‘ST AB] NO parojsnyL
‘POST ‘LZ 390 ‘UW1J9} Jo uoT}eIdxa je JuvISIag JNO paitsyisny
“S9ST ‘TE “PO ‘Aqyeaey “osg ueurrsey pig YUM Jno potsisnyy
“GOST ‘8T ABI JNO poasJoisnyy
*g9ST ‘sg ‘Sny posseyosiq
*pi0s3s ON
“S98T ‘FL ‘AON posieyosiq:

“SMUVN GA

‘POST *
‘POST *

-

rere

POST
post
PO8T
POST
T98T
T98T
vOST
e98T
POST

T98T
T98T
T98T
T98T
T98T
TO8T
T98T
pO8T
s98T
POST
g98T
S9O8T

T98T
e98T
698T
e98T
T98T
POST
F98T
T98T

T98T

“NI WALSNW 40 ALVG

“6

‘WA
“Qa
‘Sny
“Sny
‘sny
‘sny
‘ony
‘Sny
‘sny

‘Sny
“3ny
‘sny
‘sny
‘sny
‘sny
‘sny
G24
“qe
‘uel
‘Ie
‘QH

pO
‘sny
‘sny

-Sny

‘sny
“927
‘any
“sny

‘sny

tettrereeeeseessses yosduoyy, ydasof
re Jopsey, ‘Vv yyy
emer eee eee ee eee zynyIsS *) uyof
seme ee meee wees zynyaS f MoaIpuy
sees pee eee nee si9yye1s H WEI ITAA,
tenes ec Japsug “T sewaq
se ee eee see ee eee yywus ‘g somef
es sts MeYS “M 231095)
ee ee ee ew eee ee see Jaquids “Ty uyof

Shee ayeaissi ee hroteeeeesess UQIIG MoIpLy
Lehi as teterereereeeees G3Q10\¢ L1UaH
rd tere ewes queazies meltyy
ee treeeeees UUIG sOUlYy
Sea Se yen Tee ele R ee TS: ATT uyot
CSS CEPR Se Bee Eee Ee 0 IMepIUIS sopreyy
suerteM nar Brolabatalconsvess eretnveue Hepurs “Ww soure(
ee ees eee wee ema ane Jodie qooeft
aiidt erw vecatersureuesecane rreeerees Kiteyo ‘Vv uyof
Ce eR we ee em 6 ee. JapAéus Aiud yy
er re eee yueasies f MoIpUy
eee ee meee cere tees sasurys ‘W WMPeqIV

sees Trrtersresesess pagar oy MoIpUy
see trresressssesses suigqoy Aa[SoOM
eee ewes ee ee eres 83RY ‘f MaIpuy

Siarerb ace se arece bets “Tht SSO “g UeITIIM

ee eae siaZ0Y “xy jenures

Sites tare 55 Beer Sees trtseseees ssour “aT Ja9qoy
eee ee eee ce ete eee eens uepeag “VW WM
= . ste es Jaz0g [enturesg
. eee uoysog ‘Vo uM
seer en eee eens ams Tg TT Wey
“SULVAIYd

 

‘penuyju0y —AWIVAVD YAALNNIOA, VINVATASNNSG GNZ77—q ANWdIOD
484 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“GO8T ‘eT ABI “JapiC [essuan Aq pasieyosiq
‘WI9} JO uot eIIdxs ‘G9sT FZ PO passeyosiq
“WI9} JO uOoTyeIIdxs ‘Gost FZ 90 passeyosiq
“p9ST ‘9 ounf “BA “MA ‘PRPY
“s1OOW Ie9U ‘OSpryY Joquiry, ye YySsnqme ur Auausa Aq poy
"€98T ‘FT “PO “PW ‘puelsequinDd 4e paiq
‘uostid ussyynos &

UL Pep ‘POST ‘ST ARPT “VA ‘JoyIeL MON 38 uoroe ul Sursstpy:

“SO8T ‘eg “SnY passeyosiq
‘B98T FL “AON poesieyosiq
‘SOST ‘gt ABW NO posaisny
‘Gost ‘gt ABI JNO posodysnyL
"GO8T ‘8T ABI, JNO parosnyL
‘no-Jaysni je Jed
“Soy Ul Yuesqe ‘Post ‘eg Ain{ “eA ‘UMOJsUIvIy 1e popuNno”A
“GOST ‘BT AB] JNO pairdjsnyL
‘GO8T ‘BT ABW IO posdjsnyT
“GO8T ‘8T AB JNO pasaqsny
‘GOBT ‘8T AB], JNO paraisnpL
LPO ‘Aueduioy YUM YO possoysnyjy
‘LPO ‘Kuedwoy yyWM no passisnyy
‘LPO ‘Auedwoy YUM yno pasaisnyy
‘9st ‘G A[n{ pajsosaq
“COST ‘Eg ‘SnYy posieyssiq
‘@98T ‘eg “BnYy pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘8T Ae Ino possjsnyy
‘T ‘99q ‘epic jepads Aq pesieyosiq
‘SuUuVNaa

“PO8T
“POST
“POST

“P98T

“piosal ON

“proses ON

‘plosat ON

*psoosal ON

‘piodsal ON

‘ploosot ON
FOBT ‘G “ydas
FOBT ‘6E 20
POST ‘ET “PO
B98T ‘OT ‘sny
Bost ‘9g “sny
SO8T ‘9s ‘Bny
T98T ‘6T ‘any
T98T ‘6T ‘Sny
98T ‘og ‘any
Bost ‘og “Bny
gost ‘og “any
s98T ‘og “Sny
B98T ‘9g ‘Sny
s9sTt ‘9g “‘sny
B98T ‘OT ‘Ssny
Sost ‘F ‘uel
T98T ‘6T “sny
TOST ‘6T “Sny
TOST ‘6 “Sny
SOSt Fe ALW
T98T ‘€ ydas
T98T ‘6T “sny
POST ‘gE “ydas
FOBT ‘LT “3daSg

“NI WaALSOW dO ALVa

vi eeeeeeesees ygany IM
ywepeig “[ “V
“* 7" T9pstoD “MWA

tieeteesees yap[y spoUeL
treeeeeees <rqureq o8nET
treeeeeees gomeg ‘( sIma'T

tH8+ yooz “5 praed
"Te" soyvex “q Wer
eed soyex ‘FT sowel

tteeserees TUM ydesof
Those JaaBaM “W WOLey

teres Japaq AA “DWM

eee eee aM somes
‘* TACIM ‘FW sowel
* DOSTEM “d “A 49q08
oe ATU M “M Uyot
“"'"* SUIBITITAA some

 

* SUTRITTEAA Ue HIT,

eee eee eee JOpIOU MA. ‘g uyot

vteees puelAM “S sadsey

we eee eee VSIA penures

VWSIM exNT
ysaM uyol
ysjaM sewoyy
WSUM WHIM
© SOPIA PACT

** SIWIOOA URA WeyeIqy

ea ueulteaddy stmoy

ey Agumy, 319q0Y

JojAeT, 4419qG0Y
“SHLVAIN

‘panuyuoy — AUTVAVD YSSLNNTIOA, VINVATASNNAG ONZ77—q ANVdWOD
485

ROSTER OF COMPANY C.

“sgst ‘T ounf
‘nO patajsnul 'P9gT ‘T ‘d9q ‘pueg [e}USTISaY Jo Japesy
se pateyep ‘FOst ‘LT “sny ‘Jajsng [ejuswisay 0} pajowoig
‘stojdeo WoOdj leu "S "YW
adevosa 0} dwajje ue ur ‘EggT ‘TT ABW ‘S¥lfltiens Aq poy
“‘SOST ‘T auNf{ ‘Jno padojisnu ‘FOBT ‘UeISIIS 0} pajowIOIg
‘P98T
‘9 A[nf{ ‘uostid a[[tAuosiapuy Ul pelp ‘Post ‘F yore ‘poinjdes
‘eA ‘playatlooy, Jesu ‘F9st ‘9 vuN{ ‘uor}oe UL pay
‘9 °§ ‘uostid a[][IAuos
-lapuy Ul ‘FOBT ‘FZ [tidy ‘perp ‘Fost F YOIePT ‘eM Jo JauOSIIg
“GO8T
‘~ aunf 4no pasojsnm ‘gost ‘T ‘qaq “uvasiag 0} pajowoIg
‘GO8T ‘FS
Ae “No parajsnur ‘Fost ‘OZ Ye 4uess19g 0} paJowOoIg
“COST ‘T auNn{ no parojsnur ‘gggT ‘Avy ‘JueasiaS 0} pajouloIg
“GOST ‘T sunf{ ‘Jno patajsnuUl fjUeasIIG “UIOD 0} Pe}JoWOIg
‘aJeOYI}IIO SuoIsinsg uo ‘EggT ‘Fg [lady ‘passieyosiq
‘POST ‘FI yoreyy ‘pasreyosiq
“SOST ‘T
eaunf 4no patojsnut 'F98T ‘ST AeW ‘ueasiaSg 1ST 0} pajowosg
“S98T
9 [lady “tA "MM ‘al[fAsusing je pepunom ‘get  [lidy
Conus [eyusUIs.y pue YueusnerT IST 0} payouoig
‘eA CM ‘490ID MAN 3e Teydsoy_ ur ‘GOST T ‘qo ‘paiq
“GOST ‘T dunt ‘no patsisnyy
“GOST ‘T
aunf ‘pesseyosip !pggt ‘st Ae “UeUayNaI'T pug 0} paJomoIg
“cost ‘T
aunt ‘passeyosip 'F98T ‘oT ACT ‘yueueInery] 4ST 03 pejouoig
“GOST ‘T ounf yno poseqsnus ‘POST ‘T Gay “FA TM
‘oy[ashe1D ivou popunom *F98T ‘ST AP ‘ureydey 0} pejowmoig
“cost ‘Te A[nf{ ‘no posajsnur ‘FgsT ‘Lg dag “eA ‘asioq uou
-12A JUNO, 3 popunom ‘Fget ‘Gg yore ‘role 0} pajowosg

‘SsMavNaa

e98T

€98T
eOST

698T
698T

Z98T
Z98T
9ST.
698T
Z98T.
Z98T
Z98T.
Z98T
Z98T.
e98T.

- 698T

e98T
698T
B98T
S98T

ydasg

‘Wa
3das

‘ydas
‘ydas

‘ydasg
ydasg
ydas
ydas
ydasg
ydas
4dasS
ydasg
‘ydasg
‘QA
‘ydasg
ydaS
3dag
ydag

ydeg

“NI WaLSNW JO ALVG

ey qopsng 4309S tAo'T

Tereesreres terodi0g ‘ysnyy ‘K) 14990
mn sieieenie [esodioy ‘uosp[euog jenues
Bile past igh ee aveete yesod107 ‘STAR ‘§ UOULAL
jesodioy ‘YWUIS ‘Dd sowel

aaa [erodi05 ‘UTE, ‘"H weyeiqy

[esjodioy ‘sejumMOoIg ‘9g jenues

cies Jerodiog ‘Ssuossusy ‘Ss jJenures
Spun cy “* TelOd107 441eVMa}g seuOY J,
fe qyuessiag 4109S "Vy plaeg
queadsiag ‘UosIWel Yy Wer]
pee eee yueasiag ‘IWATO “T Wel] IE MA,

 

quRaBieg “YWeIqIey “Y Wer

* JuvaBIIS “Yous “AA UOdsTIIS
“T** JuBasieg ‘m0D ‘1ajuny ‘[ enysof
stress Jueasias “WW ‘OC ‘ewWog ydesof

eye jUvISIIG ‘PiC ‘suey ‘[ ydesol
‘+ yuBuaynaryT pug ‘YIM ‘Dd 9qoYy
“os Juevuajnary 3st ‘ANN OW ‘f qeeD

Sia etal a wre) w ore ureydey ‘yIOM ‘L 931095
“SNVUANV INWVN

‘AUTIVAVD YATLNNIOA, VINVATASNNAG GNZ7—D ANWdNOOD
 

‘cost ‘T 3
‘3 ae unf a yum Jno
‘gost ‘g auns ‘ 98t ‘ET aunt qr pasaysnyyy -
<a inf “Asjene) “oval * qnosisysnth 4 oe eae
< ‘6 AeW ‘parp ¢ ‘AM. 2219 ma yuauIsIyY pss O teins 298t.‘9 “3da eee sana:
S GOST ‘TE pO Tee ‘eget « N ‘Teydsoy is } pertejsues s Pe aig ace ee “++ gopray *
< ee orl ese We1ede5 61 4 ‘S98T LL 798t S  “qeq oe ee ee
: . “GOST ‘T 2 ULSI Pg paz0ur0 ea fe ata JT uyot
oO ‘GO8T ‘Te 20 és “COST ‘T oat oD ai yno pooeae Z98T ‘9 ‘ydas '"'* stequreyy uw
s GO8T ‘TE ‘3190 ‘A [eae ‘org qua uedui04y yim yno passisnyy POST ‘9S ‘Gaq CTIA
Ps cone Tn EAD sue eee ea bas Aes. Seti nana sroquiey9 “y 28
a t inf “eA “Ay ‘Bd ay pie yt in pesejsnyy POST ‘Ee “}dag CN ee "+ Aasdurey ea)
> gst ‘TE Ae RS aie ye ane pessisnyw Ae ae eres keene, Aasdure) panel
1 “F98T ‘ ‘sos ‘T eunf ‘Au yoeyap yim ig eee hire Ge HeyL ice wapoig “W Sura an
ra ost “ee “aad “eA “de puvjus Awe cure) “um ane Eoin Ce Cee ies eee Aaqqsieg "N FEeS|
pueyuss oD YEA ssn Tg. Seeseeelesueninaas eg “MU
a $98T ‘T au A) 38 ‘9014 Bu yno peseysn Ree, seer: seo atone ih sone ooevaq
a PI “G98T ‘T 2 Bf eae) BEE Ee Pe a e98T ‘9 nase Sopa eee ae. yous Iq sourel
W ‘yoo unf ‘<u qm yno WEST ‘ Gh auceeirenseceeas a ee Wey
[x] H 4 edu 3 Z98T ‘9° at aqua HIE
Ay pues ye [eqWdsoy 0) YIM yno coir ZO8T e hase tunes roewiel [uMorg “M udoser
‘ . mie nieeaar 2 3 g ‘ tebe e eee
Qa T aun “BA “NM. €98T ‘$3 “PO Ven Oo Ae pate Z98T ‘9 baa enegdy Tales rab that eae ae Sots. rere pelt ah
. ‘yoor Woy 3e : oe ree tier tae 1ouel
Za oe Ve Pee Gale) tee beausna erase ed “af uyo
ar Ae * ueduios ‘cost Dep er use fPeseine Sine te een a a uyof
‘ ‘ I Woe are Acuex cence ase ae yok
S T aun “en yy PW pie iequiun ae qno passisnyy Ce aueg a oan
(] , yooIg Man 7e £ yo pasojsnyy S98T ‘9 ‘ydas an yooiqysy we ydais
n ae A uedwo> yy1m yno be pcs, Wage ee g yqeiqy
I polp ¢ ‘ ee Pe cram uod
Be P ‘POST ‘F YoIeyy ‘poinyd ‘uostid 9 a Fe cians uate dae sone | ydasof
= + e {p98T “ey aur wen ae Gotten renee es {Ty sewoy yt
is eee "7+ surepy *
= Lanier ‘OT La parasnyy gost 9 ades a ae eee
‘sogt ‘ goer c annr me ‘paanjde See iSse! cpaearianus “
fH 981 ‘T aunt ‘ g ‘ nf ‘no > 29st ‘9 ° Ga eae ee JOUOZEM ‘
f{ no pas 98T ‘IT oun ‘ poestejsn T 9 ‘yda . NM ‘oyu
iE aisnur ‘PORT ‘T af yno parovente 98st ‘9 Gane Lista aie gsi eat Jay IVv aa premp oy
2 ‘SrAVWae ef wo soqeanee zee ‘9 dae ete Disa aes oe
. OEE ee PERE qu Wieq ‘“dinqu qey)
: iq hese Turse ‘ IOUT “S uYyOoy
ee 494s : yo
TUTLSAW 10 TLVa Jopsng pio ee ee
‘i urler
SINVY ONV SNVN HTM.

f A
487

ROSTER OF COMPANY C.

‘jNO-Iajsnu je Juasqe
‘GO8ST ‘g aunf{ ‘Aajeaey ‘O1g ‘JUDWISdY p4g 0} poisaysuviy
“GOST ‘TE “29OC ‘Areaeyn ‘O1g ‘JuawIsay psig YUM JNO pPatojsnyy
‘QDIAIIS BY} UL pd}IeVIJUOD SasvasIp JO ‘FORT ‘ET “AON ‘prtq
‘E98T ‘SZ “AON ‘HOI[VH [e1ousy-1ofep jo Jopio Aq pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘T aunf ‘Auedurod YyWM jNO parajsnyy
“Gost ‘T aunf ‘Auedwoy yy no poasajsnyy
“SOst ‘T aunf ‘Auedwo7y YUM 4nO pasajsnjy
‘SOST ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy YUM 4ynO parajsnyy
‘eg ‘UMO}SIO[ART, 38 ‘EQRT ‘8 ‘PO ‘palq
“SOST ‘OT Yorey ‘Ajnp uo deUIO}Og 9} SUIPIO} s[IYM pauMOIG.
“GOST ‘T oun{ ‘Aued
-Ul0)) YUM yNO patraysnul !FggT ‘ABIL “JalsIey 0} payowoig
“GOST ‘T aunf{ ‘no pais}
-Snul {gost ‘PZ ‘99q ‘sdayoeyMysng Aq pajored pue painjde
“SOgT ‘T ounf ‘Aueduroz
YUM yno pasojsnur ‘pasueyoxe ‘o][fAuossopuy pue 9s]
aT[Pg ye pauostidunt “€98T TT ‘ydag ‘playsioop je peinjdes
“gogt ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy) YUM ynNO posajsnypL
"SogT ‘IT aunf ‘Auedwoy yyWM NO poalajsnyL
“SOST ‘TE “O ‘Aseaey “O1g ‘UsUTIsIY pg aa yo posajsnypl
“S98T
‘Te AeW ‘no posojsnur ‘post ‘T ‘uel ‘tauoseMA 0} pajouloig
“S9St ‘T aunf{ ‘Aueduroy ym 4NO pasojsnyy
“gost ‘I aunf ‘Aueduioy y}WM 4nNO patojsnyy
‘PIN ‘puelsequiny ‘Jeydsoy ur ‘cost FT Aqnf ‘patq
"sogT ‘T ounf ‘Aueduioy yiIM jNO parajsnyL
“gost ‘T ounf ‘Aueduroy yum 4nO passysnyy
‘gost ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy yyWM 4NO pasojsnyy
“Gost ‘2g “sny “PA purjisquiny }e 4yno pataisnpy
“SOgT ‘T aunf ‘Aueduio7y 4M yno
Perojsnul 'FOsT ‘ZZ "3025 TTHH S.Jeysiq Jo a]}}eg Ul papunoMm
“cost ‘T ounf ‘Aueduroy yyWM yno petoysnyl

“‘SMaVNTa

P98T
P98T
s9st *
e98T
698T
C98T
o98T
698T
698T
698T

98T

698T

698T
e98T
POST
P98T

698T
698T
e98T
698T
POST
€98T
o98T
698T

e98T
69st

‘Gs
‘48

‘G24
‘Qe
yas
¥daS

BETS
ydas
3das
das
3daS
ydasg

ydaS
ydas

yds
ydasg
ydasg
"QA

*ydaS
3d3S
ydasg
yas

‘Sny

ydag
3dag
ydag

ydas
“ydas

“NI aLSOW 40 ALVa

ava acaauscaliectielve satay tre ele uolIay ‘g MoIpuy
bie aS Ra Se Bate BAGS Jayunyy ydesof
ees Ce ears ea er a eres | woysno}yy “mM uyoy
SERGE Haris’ Tieton eede a a wea Av0Y 19}09g
Ba htelin at visite a wosiapusH "V Meqoy
iY) Rreahebte ahever eave oe: . Aa[peayy Welle,
eke: Sty eit e Guseaaece * Apsepy "Mm a31095)
eee eae a aie ‘Ss WIL
of ge yea elope ere er ietenie: eval WWyIH preg

Bee ee ee ee Jaupiey uyof

Ce eee eee ee Joq[N ‘a ulmefueg

ey we eee ee Jan ydasor
se wee eee torte eeses TQUSLT preyory
pee eee vrersseees Terre gy +d jenuies

Be we enw eee eee ewes . Suimy ‘a uyof

ee ee eee te ne ee yoissy “"T Peyqorw,
ee ee ee ee ae apunqg auIOy MEPL
ot Spite s Mrmowiinly asa: we jet ening hae Ja]Moq a sewouy,
te eee we we eee ewww we Aaguejaq Wel]
ee ee eee eee [Jeu107 ‘Ww UWOSTIN

cee ee eee See ee eee AqIND ¢ y19q0y
ee eee ee a sulmuns ‘Ss praeq

eee ee ac iy surmuiny “y uyof

we eee ee eae uwaMo7 ‘H UWIeI IIMA
ee ee ay Stel) ‘q sewoyy

“SALVA

*‘penuyuoy)— AWIVAV.) YAALNN'TOA VINVATASNNAd ONZ7Z—D) ANVdINOO
488 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“GOST ‘TE “OC ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g uawisay
Pig YUM JNO Porajsnul ‘Fost ‘T "}daG ‘Jajsng 0} pojoMOIg
“GOST ‘TE “CE ‘Arpeaeg ‘o1g YuswIsey psig YUM Jno passisnyl
“SO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Areaeg ‘o1g ‘uaWI9y psig YUM JNO posejsnyy
‘sosT ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy YM Jno pasoaisnypy
‘gost ‘T aunf{ ‘Aueduroy YUM JNO posdisnjy
“OST ‘T ounf ‘Aueduioy YUM Jno pasojsny|{
“gost ‘T aunf ‘Auedwoyd YUM no pasojsnyy
‘Sogt ‘I aunf ‘no porojsnu ‘Pg9gT {e1odioy 0} psjowoig
‘gost ‘T ounf ‘Aueduioy yiWM Jno pasoisnyy
“GOST ‘T aunf ‘Auedwoy YUM nO pasajsn}pL
‘GOST ‘OT ACW “PW ‘purjsaquinyg je jno possisnyy
‘gost ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy YUM INO peareisny[
“OST ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy yiIM Jno peasoisny
“gost ‘T aunf ‘Aued
“WO YUM INO Patajsnul ‘gggT ‘aunf{ ‘rauUOSeAA 0} poJOMIOIG
‘PIN ‘puejisquiny je ‘cost ‘FT Ae ‘no pasojsnyT
“G98T ‘T aunf ‘Auedwoy yitM yno posejsnyy
‘COST ‘T ounf ‘Aued
-W0Z YUM NO pasajsnul F98T ‘g [lady ‘[e1od10y 0} pojowo1g
“gost ‘T sunf{ ‘Aueduroy yum jno poielsny
“SOst ‘IT aunf ‘Aueduioy YUM Jno posdjsnur fgggT ‘T
“qo ‘[etodi0y 0} payouroid ‘pajosed ‘pogt ‘gt yoseyy [yun
FS] Meg 3@ pauostidi ‘eget ‘TT ‘dag ‘pjayatooy ie painjdes
“SOsT ‘T eunf{ ‘Auedwioy YUM yno possisny{
“GO8T ‘TE "POE ‘Ayeaey ‘O1g JuamIsey pig YIM Jno posoIsny
“Auge
-SIP JO ‘o}eOYI}III Suoading uo ‘EggT ‘g Ye ‘pasreyosiq
‘cost ‘T aunf ‘Aueduroy yiM jno pesojsnur
‘POST ‘G [lady Gueasiasg ‘eogt ‘I YoIep ‘[erod1075 01 pojowoig
“sost ‘T oun ‘ued
-WO7) YIM JNO Paroysnur ‘gost ‘T Ae| Je1odioy 0} pejowoig
"SO8T ‘TE "9C ‘Arpeaey ‘Olg ‘JuaWIsay pig YUM jno pareisnpL

“SMuvVWaa

POST
P98T
post
698T
e98T
698T
698T
698T
e98T
698T
e98T
698T
e987

698T
698T
698T
698T
698T

e98T
e98T
€98T
698T
e98T

698T
P9B8T

“We
“a
qe
ydasg
ydasg
ydaS
4daS
ydasg
4das
gydag
gydag
ydas
ydas

SOriws Wo SSS SS

1dasg
7das
1das

COS

‘9 ydas
‘9 ydas

9 ydas
9 ‘ydas
ydas
‘9 ‘ydas
‘9 ‘ydasg

£28 "3d2g
88 Q2T

‘NI WALSOW 40 ALVG

“os puepie gow .L jenures
cress oureyoeyy “[ praeq

oe seen eee sees IP PUN uyof
. ewe wee ae ACTIN ‘H uyof

70" * [TRYOUT “MA 281095)

“roe. suunOy, PrIeyIY
ues ‘ vyol
* DTT ‘DO preapy
‘'* suvayy ‘[ MoIpuy

seers - TQAIYIAL ‘| wosyxsel[>)

“ULNA, Jezauaqy
peqop, somel
usIMAIP, Uyol
PURTPTOIW “A PI&qHpty
Tudo WM XPV
AYIEDIA We
uewysnoy yy qoorf
ueulysno'y ‘gq yaqoy

see e ee eee uusT ‘d prempy

‘8 JassryT janutay]

Br ahack arfoaths da. dehe Neto teoees query *G prempy

srreees JQUISKY YWIpIT

eee eee woe Ad]IM “a jenures

uoysuyof aq AruopT
sores oyun ET “AA OFeTTEAA
“SHLVATYE

*‘ponuljuo-)— AWIVAVD YAALNNTA VINVATASNNAd GNZ7—) ANVdNOO
489

ROSTER OF COMPANY C.

‘GOST ‘T aunf ‘Auedwoy YUM ynOo passisnyy e98T ‘9 “3ydas
‘E98T ‘9T “Gay ‘pajored pue painjdea 698T ‘9 "ydasg
‘uostid
-9IST e]9q 3& parp savy 0} pasoddns ‘Fost “p ‘uel ‘painjdes B98Tt ‘9 "ydas
“SO8T ‘TE “290 ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g ‘JUSTUISIY Pg YUM no passisnyy FOST ‘9% “Gay
‘SOST ‘I aunf{ ‘Auedwioy yyM 4no poiajsnyy 698T ‘9 “ydas
“S98T
ST ACW “PIN ‘puelisquiny }e JUsUIYIVJOP YUM jNO pParaisnypL 698T ‘eg ydas
“G98T
‘T aunf 4no pasajsnur fgggT ‘ounf wos Jajsuivay Aueduiosy 98st ‘9 ‘3dasg
“G98T ’
‘ET aun ‘Auedwoy YUM Jno pasojsnur ‘post ‘T “sny ‘yiIWSs
-OR[G Jewuatisoy 0} ‘E9st ‘T "ydeg ‘Joriey 0} pajowosg gost ‘g 3ydas
‘SO8T ‘T aunf ‘Auedwoy YUM no pasaysnyy Z98T ‘9 ‘ydas
‘Sost ‘Pg API “PIA ‘pueliequiny 3e Jno pasaysnyy POST ‘BT sny
“GOBT ‘OZ aunf “eA ‘M ‘YoeID MON 38 priq 98st ‘9 “3dag_
“POST ‘4G "dag “BA ‘aaed) SAaAI AA 7e UOT}Oe UI pally e9sTt ‘9 ‘ydag
‘SogsT ‘T ounf ‘Aueduioy YM Jno poasojsnyy B98T ‘9 “ydas
"Gost ‘T count
‘Aueduioy YM Jno pasajsnul ‘PggT ‘Te1od10yD 0} pajowoig B98T ‘ee ydas
“SOST ‘T aunf ‘Auedutoy YyyWM jNO pasojsnyy B98T ‘9 ‘ydes
“SOST ‘T aun{ ‘Aueduioy
yyM 4ynO pPasaysnur ‘FgsT ‘st aunf{ ‘[etodioy 0} pajowoig 9st ‘9 “ydas
“G98T
Te ‘PO ‘Aspeaeg ‘o1g ‘ueunsey pig YUM yno posojsnu
fq ‘0D 0} padiojsues ‘gggt 4 sunf ‘[e1od10y 0} pajomolg POST ‘FS “Gay
*jNO-Ja}snUI je JUaSqe ‘FOBT ‘sun{ ‘g AuedwIOs 0} PattajsuelyT FOBT ‘ES “Gay
‘FOST ‘OE “AON “BA ‘M ‘Singsurjiey ye jeydsoy ul paiq  F98T ‘TT ‘3ydas
“sost ‘eg APW “eg ‘YSingsiig 3e Jno poJojsnp FOBT ‘9S “aq «
‘SOsT ‘IT ounf ‘Aueduroy YUM 4nO poisjsnyy POST “246 ‘SnV
"GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aseaen ‘O1g ‘usuIsey psig YUM JNO poroajsnypL POST ‘ST “Gaq
“gost ‘T ounf ‘Aueduoy YUM 4nO poasojsnyy POST ‘TZ 3daS
‘SMUVNGa ‘NI YALSNW 40 ALVG

ey Aaidiys oT psreyony
ee eee Stee eee ee ee }ouuss ‘qd some

ee ee eee ne vee eee SIB3S We IMA
Pt ttrtee ere ssserseses qoag "9 janes
ee eee eee teen ae Aasuey ‘M ad1oar

Cee wwe eee t ree ences u0j}s[exY ‘H praeq

ee eee eee eee sees ‘rot Jazhy praeqg

Cr dTYOUY "M 931095)
at sbiahalt eels oats * spaeyory “ay WRITE AY
eee re "++ spaeyony “q januies
fete se Ce ee Ee ae ee 19}10g ysny
Be ee we ee ee eee ee ee aoueg AuayH
uosja}yeg uyot

 

eee wee ee ee ewe . JIAO “M ydasof
HGR Cees Ose Sad Ba erSs one Plevog,¢Q ‘¢ seuloyL

aie ene hanes itoiats HqSeN ‘q MEqoy

by Rib arcdii a feuaveta 8.6 “ht sTaAT ‘H wouwlojos
a “ Aydinyq PeyatW
Cee eee ee ere eee ee 2100, ysny

aie ag Se A cress STOW "EH preyory
see ee eee weet SUISIMSITAL 9 ydasof

Bier b aes sesh ecm Traterees ss Way goyYT Janues
Sie geld ee Fee oie as ‘+ pueyseqow ‘N praeq
“SALVATId

“panuljuor)—_ AWTVAV.) YAALNN'IOA VINVATASNNAd GNZ77—D) ANVdWNOO
490 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“p98 6 “"adag f ‘PN ‘puejioquiny 3e paiq

“G98T ‘eg ounf “eg ‘yIOX ie JNO passisny,

“GOST ‘OT [lady “Sea “MA ‘SInqsiejaq JIU YSIULIIYAS UL parry

"G98T ‘T sunf ‘Aueduioy YIM yno pesaisnyy
: “G98T ‘T eunf
Auedwoy yWM yno paseysnur “£98T 9 [lady “eA ‘arpa
7susing ye uote ur pepunom ‘POST ‘F YoIey ‘poinqdes

{s98T ‘T ‘qaq ueaSieg ‘cggt ‘T ‘uel Jerodioyj 0} pojowo1g
i : ‘P98T

@ Aqnf{ ‘uostid ayjiauosiapuy ur parp {poet ¥ ‘qayq ‘pamiden
‘s9sT ‘T aunf ‘Aued

“WO YUM yno pesaysnun : *S98T ‘T ‘qoy ‘[e1odi0y 0} pajoutosg

“S98T ‘T oun{ ‘Auedwiod yyM Jno pasoisny

‘S98T ‘T ounf ‘Aueduroy yim no pasajsnyy

‘S9sT ‘T eunf{ ‘Aueduroy yim Jno parajsnp

‘GO8T ‘TE “90 ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g JUIWIsIY P1g YIM Jno pessisny

‘GOST ‘T aunf ‘Auedui0> YUM Jno pasojsnypy

‘S98T ‘T ounf{ ‘Aueduroy yim yno Petoysn jl

"GOST ‘TE "WC ‘Arpeaey ‘OIg “UsTULsay prg uaa yno Pesoisn yl

‘eq ‘WOUSUIYSEMA 3e ‘F98T OL “PO ‘ped
“SOST ‘T aunt ‘Aued

“W107 YUM JNO pataisnur fsggt ‘T ‘Wa ‘jerod10) 0} pajowosg
“SOST ‘T aunf ‘Aued

“WO YUM JNO pasojsnur ‘post ‘T ‘uel ‘Ja,8ng 0} pajowoig

“SMUVWGE

P98T
POST
S98T
98T

e98T
@98T

e98T
898T
@98T
P98T
FOBT
698T
698T

- S98T

e98T
e98T
98T

- =
©

SSOSCOACOH
ae

on

a

‘9

‘Ie
‘qq
10

yas

ydasg
ydas

ydas
‘yds
yas
“Sny

"qa

ydas
ydas
‘IR
ydas

3das

ydas
“NI YALSOW 40 ALVad

trereerereeess gyoyroyieaM “M ‘09D

eee eee tenes peeyoiy sewoyy,
ee eww ere tee eee yIOM ‘Eg uyof

tet eeeeesssss uinqpoomM UeNIIA,

tereeeseees Tingpoom “YW somes

éeie Seaviel thor ee sa sah UOSTEM ‘HT jerueq

reteereeees gosureNIAA Janures

reseeeeesees OuAQ “T ULRIITM,

steer eee ec eee ou ¢ Seuloy T,
eee ce tee eee oe sewoyy aeesy

eee www oe uosdwoyy, “TI ydasof
see eee eens Jauiny, “a jenuesg
woe e eee eoe Sinquioyy Vv wepy
Pelee ers VB MOIS yaqoy
seme eee w ec ene yaeMa1S ny uyof

eee eee eae wee jABMIIS ‘H soumet

trttreseecreors rreig y ydasof
“SALVAIYd

‘ponuyjuo)— AUTVAVD YAALNNTIOA VINVATASNNAdG GNZZ—D ANVdINOO
491

ROSTER OF COMPANY D.

‘SosT ‘Fe Avy ‘Aueduioy YUM 4nO passisnyy

‘SOgT ‘Fe Avy ‘Auedwioy YUM Jno pasojsnpy

"SOST ‘Fe AV ‘Auedwoy YUM yno podsosjsnjy

“e9st ‘Aitiqesip Joy pasieyosiq

“Gost ‘Fg Ae ‘Aueduloy YUM Jno pasajsnfL

‘cost ‘Fe Avy ‘Aueduroy yWM Jno podissisnjy

“sost ‘bg ABW ‘Aueduioy YUM Jno pasoyjsnyy

“sosT ‘Fo ABW ‘Auedwoy YM Jno passisnyy

“SOST ‘bg AB ‘Auedwioy YUM JNO pajajsnyL

“sosT ‘Fg ABW ‘Auedwoy YUM nO pasajsnyy

‘gost ‘bg ABW ‘Auedwoy YUM jnO passisnyy

‘cost ‘Fg ABW ‘Auedwoy YUM nO pasaisnj{

‘sost ‘pg Ae ‘Auedwo7y yUM no passisnyl

“SOSL ‘Fg Ae ‘Auedwioy YIM NO pasaisny{
‘POST “6 190 ‘uostid a{]IAuos

-1apuy Ul pap ‘Pest ‘OL ABW ‘dey s9ATy sOT Je poinides
‘Sost ‘Fe Avy ‘Aueduroy

YUM Jno pasojsnul ‘FOBT ‘L “Jdag “UvasIIg IST 01 Pa}oWOIg

“SosT ‘bg Ae ‘Aueduroy yWM yO podtaisnyy
‘sOST ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduioy YUM
yno paieajsnul {gggt ‘uel ‘pasuvyoxe fey ‘aj[fAuosiapuy ye

pouosiidunt {Fost ‘T ‘qaq “tA ‘AQ ‘UO}SsuUl[Ing Jesu painjde)
“gost ‘Fe ACW

‘passeyosip {Fost ‘8 Ain “eA ‘As19q 8 sodieH ye papunopr

‘SOST Fe AR ‘posieyosiq

‘QOAIIS SULINP PIIq
“GOST ‘FS

Ae; ‘pesreyosip ‘9st ‘2 “das Yuesdiasg JST WOI, paJoUloIg
“S9sT ‘Fe Ae

‘pesseyosip {F9st ‘2 ‘Jdag “ueuajnaIyT pug wWoIy pa}JoWOIg
“SOST ‘LT yore]

‘pasieyosip ‘ff9st ‘2 ‘3dag “UvUajnary 4sT Wolf pajomo1g

‘ ‘POST ‘SZ ‘qa ‘pasreyosicy

“‘SMUV Waa

e98T ‘9

B9st ‘
698T
698T
698T
698T
698T
e98T
e98T
698T
698T
e98T
698T
e98T

e98T
698T
698T
cost
698T
e98T
e98T
698T
698T

98T
e98T

Ces

aon nn nn
ra

CHCSSSSSSOSSSS

cs

cS

ydas
"das
3dag
3d3S
. das
¥daS
yds
ydasg
4dasg
ydas
7daS
7dasg

"296

ydasg
3d9S
1daS
4dasg
ydas
3das
3dasg
ydas
ydasg
ydas
3dasg

*ydas
‘NI YALSOW 40 TLva

treeeeees Joysteay ‘Yonolg “MM yepy

"ots" Jopppes ‘step, yeuol
treseeseess youeg Buoy saydoysay)

srrsseerceess Toney ‘syaayS Well AA
treeeesess JorBng ‘uTeToOPL ‘gq Jenures
ewes ‘c+ sapBng ‘oseig “We
srrtseess Teqodio7 {0}INS "g WITT
Bae Seve Bie [e1od105 ‘SHUM ‘SV some
treseees Terods05 [MxepL “WY qooes
trreeeseeess Teiodi07 ‘B391D “g SIT
ircolietie a ciopeeces 6 oe [e1odi07 ‘uewlyny snihs

. [e1od10D ‘[Jamog ‘D Jopuexely
"589s TeJod107 ‘youAsT “MM seUIOyT
ste ARsoatore [erod.107) ‘I0[ ACL, "T ulmefueg

 

 

see ene quea3ias ‘PITA “H IOWA

“'' Jueasiag ‘uospieysy ‘dQ uaydais
ee wRISIIS ‘UulOoY 'N uyof

“JuRasiag ‘WeYyIpDIM "HH Wey
ia eae quvesiag “YWweiq(ey j1Iqoy
"th JuBvasIag ‘WO ‘IapAuS “JW preg
“yuRasIas ‘WC ‘sunpmepy “H woepry

‘yuRuatnary pug ‘1ajsaSay ‘W oeesy
serses JueuaMaryT Ist ‘OSeID "Xa
eee ewww er ser eens ureyde7) ‘sAI¥ ysny

rorereeees urpidey Bunogz “P Adareyy
“MNVaONV INVN

-Auedwoy ay) jo sraquiau Joyjo pue ‘uioH ‘N ‘f “tepAug “WW “qd _Jueasiag Aq
pesoidde pue pamaiaar uaaq sey uaAld aiay sajsor oY ‘eg ‘Sinqswsepy 3 plosar uo jou st Aueduros sty} jo [Jor yno-1ajsnu [eyo ayy,

‘AUIVAVD YASLNNTIOA VINVATASNNSG ON77—Q ANVWdNOD
492 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“SosTt ‘pg ABW ‘Aueduroy yiWM Jno posaysnyT
"G98T ‘pe AeW ‘Auedwoy yyM jno pasajsny
"GOST ‘pe Ae ‘Auedwoy yWM 4no pasajsny
‘S98T ‘TS OC ‘Aqeaed) ‘O1g pig YUM yO poasaysnyp_
“‘S98T ‘T eunf “1apiO [erauey
Aq passeyosip ‘poet ‘g aunt “eA “MA ‘Wowparg ie papunop,
"G98T ‘TE “OQ ‘Areaey ‘O1g pss YUM JNO posaysnyy
“Gost ‘pe Ae ‘Aueduroy YIM Jno passjsnyy
“G98T ‘bg Ae ‘Auedwoy yiWM Ino possjsnp
7 ‘GOST ‘be ABW ‘Aueduroy YiWM Jno posoysnyy
‘GOST ‘Fo ACL ‘Aueduio7 YUM Jno patajsnyy
“GO8T ‘Fg AeW ‘Auedwoy yiWM jno posajsnW
“S9Ost ‘be Ae ‘Aueduioy yWM Jno possjsnyL
“GO8T ‘FZ AeW ‘Auedwoy YIM INO posojsnyy
“GOST ‘be At ‘Auedwoy yiM yno pasaysnyy
"G98T ‘TE 90 ‘Areaey ‘o1g psig YIM Jno pasojsnyy
“GOST ‘EL ACW ‘IapscC [etlauar Aq posseyosig
"GOST ‘Fe ACT ‘Aueduio7 YIM Jno passisnpy
“G98T ‘be ACW ‘Aueduroy yyM yno posaysny
“AYCACD ‘OG PIE YPM JNO posaysnyT
“GOST ‘6T ouNf ‘IapiO [esauar Aq passeyosiq
‘POST ‘FB A[N[ ‘UMOYSUIAay JO ae 3e Por
“GOST ‘Fe ACW ‘Aueduroy YUM Jno posaisnyT
"G98T ‘be AeW ‘Aueduroy YUM yno posaysnyT
‘S98 ‘be Ae ‘Aueduroy YM Jno posoisnyL
"686'TT
DARI 'F98T ‘8 “AON “BD ‘B[[IAUOSIOpuy 4e poIp ‘peinjdes
"GO8T ‘BT AW “Iapig [eiauan Aq posseyosiq
‘g98T ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduroy YHA yO posoisnyy
“Gost ‘pe Ae ‘Aueduroy y}rIM yno posajsnyy
“S98T ‘ST eunf ‘Iapig [ereuar Aq pasieyosiq
“G98T ‘TE “90 ‘Aqeaey ‘O1g psg YIM Jno passisny
“SO8T ‘be Avy ‘Auedwoy yim Jno perajsnp

“SMUVNGL

e98T
e98T
o98T
PORT

698T
P98t
698T
698T
698T
698T
o98T
698T
698T
698T
P98t
e98T
698T
698T
P98T
€98T
698T
€98T
698T
698T

698T
P98T
698T
698T
698T
FOBT
698T

-~

TOO
mm

no

PSSOSSCSOO ST WS

pps 6 |

COPS aH
aod

‘

oD
Rr

FT
‘9

ydasg
yas
ydaS

‘Qa

dag

‘qa

ydasg
ydaS
ydaSg
ydas
ydaS
"das
*ydas
yas

‘qa

ydaS
ydas
¥d9S

‘qa
‘qa

‘ydas

q2q

yas
ydaSg

-ydas
“sny
yas
ydasg
ydasg

‘qa

‘ydasg
‘NI YALSNW 40 TLva

Gy tia SaaS eS aaae aus ‘o) staeq Apauuay

 

eee praeq 'N some
angeq Aruay
“** Uapeig ‘gq some

sae bnew wee Ayoysneq “M ‘oan

* qpeqdwed ‘q dynyg
eee eae 4207) “T uyof
* PIOJMEID “PL some
Projymeiy YY jenures
“* plojmeiy psreyorny

ee ey uoaely “a ydasot

“'h* O8BIDN ‘DQ Aud

Pe eee eee eee eee ne o8ely ai sewoy lL

ypuoy “M jatueq
aes BM Nab os tae. CS) Caaf See Rea Ge ypuoy) ‘Vv zaqef
eh: What dee Rea RS PPuoy ‘*) WRIT
Bos ai SE ar ee ee SiS secianion oy ie aie HWpuoy ‘S wos
sneer eee eens W1eID “ saouesy
ayes asthe: Bad Geranesee bose, areas wielce Jo.xeg “I snisy
BA ar chod a <ondeuse iat eveyattes SO aoe he Jouueg assaf
Se ewww we ce mee ee rene Jamog Ss 331095)

Jamog "MM d0u01MeT

SaGeaST Latate ek avelaen ee Teawsiug ozuopy
Niclas ae Sole tects yeyyMY pasyy

a as yang ‘a ueyjeuol
Be ee eee ee wee twee royeg ¢ SsIMa’T

“"'* Queq “7 ydasof

Segoe es 98 Sa HES Beer ee, 6 Suoljsusiy somef

suoljsuiy ‘vy assaf

ee beh Sob <ecSsiatly aiesider anata Bb doU[Y “FT oeesy

Suolsuiy YY “xIV
“SHLVAINE

‘ponuljuo’)— AWTVAVD) YAALNN'IOA, VINVATASNNAd GN77—q ANVdNOO
493

‘ROSTER OF COMPANY D.

“cost ‘be Ae ‘Auedwoy YY 4nO pdiojsnyy
‘GOST ‘6 UN ‘IapIG [eIoUeDy Aq pasieyosiq
"soglT ‘Fe Avy ‘Aueduroy YUM 4nO patajsnyy
"cost ‘Fg Ae ‘Aueduioy YYW 4nO pdtoJsny]
‘sost ‘Fe Avy ‘Aueduroy YUM nO Patojsn]
‘cost ‘pg Ae ‘Aueduioy YUM nO posojsnyy
“SO8T ‘TE “29C ‘Arpeaeg ‘O1g pig YUM Jno Pois}snyy
‘uostid ulayynos
Ul pap {Post ‘OT ‘uel “eA “MM ‘UO WuUTINg Jesu pein}ded
“cost ‘pg Ae ‘Aueduroy YM Jno pdasosnjy
‘sogT ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduroy YUM JNO potoysnyy
‘cost ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduioy YM
yno porejsnur ‘pggT ‘gt aunf{ “eA ‘SinqyouAT je papuno\y
“gost ‘pe Avy ‘Aueduioy YM yNO poiojsnjy
“PIN ‘OrtAAre[D ‘Teydsoy Areyyrur ur perd

“GOST ‘TE “290 ‘Areaey “‘OIg pjE
‘cost ‘eg Ae ‘Aueduiosy
“cost ‘bg Avy ‘Aueduroy
‘cost ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduroy
“g98T ‘bg Avy ‘AueduioD
‘OST ‘TE PO ‘Ayeaey ‘o1g pig
‘sost ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduro+y
‘cost ‘pg Ae ‘Auedurosy

*B98T ‘9 “AON “D'S
ye uostid ul parp {pg9gT ‘I ‘qay “eA ‘UO SuUTIng Jesu peanydesy

“gost ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduros
‘cost ‘$g Avy ‘Aueduro7)
“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aseaeg “O1g prg
‘cost ‘Fe Avy ‘Auvduroy
‘sogt ‘$e Avy ‘Aueduro7
‘cost ‘be Ae ‘Aueduroy
“gost ‘$e Av ‘Aueduro7)
‘gost ‘be Ae ‘Aueduioy

“SHUVN GA

qq
ata
yum
qm
qm
qm
qm
qm

qm
qm
yim
yam
yum
yam
yim
yum

yno
no
yno
no
yno
yno
yno
yno

‘Qouatlopy

no
yjno
yno
qno
yno
no
yno
yno

.

698T
698T
698T
698T
698T
@98T
P98T

C98T
e98T
@98T

S98T
e98T
e98T
FOBT
698T
e98T
698T
e98T
POST
698T
698T

e98T
698T
698T
POST
e98T
e98T
698T
698T
98T

eee

womnnownowowo

cos
xd

cS pesss pecs

SR Nm mt mn

wmonmnnonotowwo

an

4das
ydaS
ydaS
ydas
ydas
*3daS
“Gea

ydaS
3daS
ydas

ydas
ydasg
ydasg
“Ie
yd9S
ydasg
3dag
ydas
Gea
3d9S
ydasg

ydas
ydasg
ydasg
‘Qe
dag
3d3S
1d3S
¥d3S
3daS

“NI WALSOW JO ALVa

Re Gand eefeitded sax aie ORG vet levaee supe 1939g

Se eee eee ee ee eee ual[an'T sapiey)
eee eee eee eee eeee uayjen’y ‘f soouedgy

De te em ee we ee ee eee heres) gary WEIL
Pe ew ee eee ee Aalay ULUIIdIJ
ee eee ee I1gayf uoysn yy

Fite esse ee eeeeeseeeeeees oumy got

Silainvietn elects teeseeees aay aBs0an
Be ase eens ttteeeeeresreees Turayp 881005)

sme em ee ee eee eee tee ne uyof ‘Ss ydasof

anaes ec sZutuusl ydasot
See eee eee eee eee s3uruuef <a uyof
sear steel eteyananese wostyoin Ey 9 WIT [ILA
eens Dette eee eee eee eee nee WH DeeST
seem eee ewww trees QUIOTT ‘S WRIT
ee ee ee uloOFT TaoT
eee mee eee een wens SaujOL] ‘H MoIpuy
De eee eee wee eee ee SUTYMEPT “M uyot
ee ry uO}IWe TT Maipuy
ee uoyIWe Ly ydasof
Pee ee mee wee mee wees uewesns qooef

ish alst eas coteta wa gan Gu teagtnars ssex) ‘J, uyot
We eeeeeeeeeeeeesess rguapsey) URI

See ee ee ee we ee we wee SUIOOID) ‘g some [
PEGE eS SORTS RNS Cg STAN OTT
a ey pAéoly “a ule fue g
ray . usyxIUs, 7 ‘Vv SUI
ee ahBeq "M 33.1095)

Kh MAGES treseerees gut “M 331005)
treseeeeseeeeseueees ona Derseqas

"SHLVAIYd

‘panuyjuo— AWIVAVD YFALNN'IOA, VINVATASNNAG GNZZ—Q ANVdNOO ~
494 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY,

‘Sost ‘pe Ae ‘Aueduioy yzWM 4nO poasajsnyy
‘POST ‘TT “3dag “BA ‘a[frasayseq 3 ayyeq Ur party
“Gost ‘pg Ae ‘Aueduioy YUM JNO patojsn jy
‘Gost ‘$e Ae ‘Auedwoy yiWM JNO pasajsny
‘POST ‘USWIBIY JoyJOUe 0} Pestiojsuely
‘p¢ Av ‘Auedwoy yUM nO Pasajsnyy
“sost ‘be Ae ‘Aueduroy yzM 4NO posoisnyy

“SO8T ‘be Ae ‘Aueduroy YIM yNO pasojsnyL

“GO8T ‘TS "39Q ‘Arpeaeo ‘O1g p4s€ YUM yno posajsnyy
“GOST ‘bs Ab ‘Aueduroy yyWM nO poassysnyy

“S98T

‘BA UOWWuI[IY ‘A19}9WIaD [eUOTeN ul paling ‘P9gT ‘9 ounf ‘paiq
"G98T ‘TE “390 ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g YUusTIZeY psg YM

yno
“G98T ‘TE “OC fAspeaey ‘O1g psig YM yno
“GOST ‘Fe ACW ‘Aueduo7 yyIM yno
“Gost ‘Fg Ae ‘Auedusioy YIM 4yno
"G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aapeaed ‘org psig YM yno
"SO8T ‘Fe Ae] ‘Auedwoy YUM yno pasaysnyy
“GOST ‘bg ACW ‘Aueduioy YM yno patojsny
‘POST ‘ee A[nf “eA ‘UMO}SUJaY ye aS1eyo Arpeaes ur par[ry
“G9ST ‘pe Ae ‘Aueduioy YM ynO possysny
‘G9O8L ‘be ABW ‘Aueduioy YUM JNO pasaisnyy
“GO8T ‘be Ae ‘Aueduioy YUM Jno posojsnyy
“‘So8T ‘pg Ae ‘Aueduioy YM Jno pasajsnyq
“S98T ‘pe Ae ‘Aueduioy YUM jno passisny
‘89st ‘AjTIGesip Joy peBsreyosiq
‘G98T ‘TE “OQ ‘Ayeaey ‘o1g pig YIM JNO posJojsnyy
‘GOST ‘Fe Ae ‘Aueduso>y YIM jno poasoysnyy
“G98T ‘TE “PHO ‘Aapeaeg ‘o1g pig YUM Jno posajsny_
“GO8T ‘be Ae ‘Aueduroy YUM jno peasaysnyy
‘wostid Wolf UsINjaI Jaye ‘stljodeuuy 3e [eydsoy A1e}
“HI UL Pap ‘PORT ‘T “qoq “®A ‘MA “UOUIIng Jesu pomjdea
“S98T ‘be Av ‘Aueduioy yiWM nO patsisnyy
“Gost ‘be Avy ‘Aueduioy yiWM jyno paraisnyy
: ‘POST ‘9
aunf “eA ‘playaiooy, seu ‘Q8plkyT Jaquiry, 3e UOT}De UL PaT[tyy

“SMUVWaa

pate}snyj
Parajsnyy
parajsnyy
peseisny
pasaysnyy

69st
98st
98st
9st
e98T
698T
698T
o98T
P98T
698T
o98T
P98Tt
P98T
698T
698T
P98T
698T
e98T
98st
98T
e98t
98st
98st
698T
698T
P98t
698T
post
698T

C98T
e98T
69st

698T

‘9 ‘3dag

sow sCCCsssSS [SST TSS SSS SS

COS

‘9

ydasg
ydasg
ydag
¥d9S
yas
ydasg
“Ie
ydaS
yd3S
“qa
‘Te
ydasg
das
“ea
ydas
33S
¥d3S
yas
ydasg
3d3S
‘y¥dasg

yds
4d3S

‘qa

"yd3S

‘Qa
yas

ydasg
ydas
ydasg
¥daS
‘NI WALSAW 40 ALva

ee sunox ‘W uyoft
eee eee eee eee eee A2TIM seyday
eee ee wee Wey say M Ss some
Tpe4YM 'N sowel
8" OUUM “d WRT

tereeeeeeeess ou “EL [anures

Sbigieie,e gohiatele laces ai “VY PlAeq
* SUM "H Weil
eee eee JojAeL Vv yyyyisy)
oe en ee ofA ‘d uyof
quuig uyol
ajdwes ‘q 281095
* JapAusg "W Aqua
ey AJaatys Wei
Jasioquayeys ‘gq uyot
Si afasihyess ssoy “q 19q0y
sias0y “"Y ydesol
we ee eee ere eee SdAdIY ‘Ss uyot
daysasay “Yy uyol
sea setesees Laney ‘W some
aAg JO[ARL
TeMog “D Weqy
uosie}jeg 44eM93S
“* sdypyd ‘W sewef
verses! DON seumoyy.

a ee eas oe MOIPAN qooet

UOWIN “OD WRIT
8) BRIPIOOW “HWM
PISOW H WIT

Teyoun “f ees]
uIeIDOW “H seuoyy,

trtteresr est pnorgapy same

uoVIO[ ‘'S wWepy
“SALVA

‘panuyjuo— AWIVAVD YATLNN'IOA, VINVATASNNAG ON7Z7—qQ ANWdINOD
ROSTER OF COMPANY E.

495

“G9O8T ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yim yno pesrsisnyy
“gost ‘6t A[nf ‘Auedwoy yywM yno passjsnpl
GO8T ‘TE Yosey, ‘8389Y1}I99 suoasInS uO pasieyosiq
‘gost ‘6T Ajnf ‘Auedwi0Dd .yztM jno pasajsnyy
‘gost ‘6t Ajnf ‘Aueduiod YUM yno parajsnp
‘POST ‘BT 3dag “eA ‘AA ‘Bingsunsep, ospig
2U0}S }@ pepunom ‘get ‘eT Alf ‘Auedwoy yiM yno pasajsnyy
‘gost ‘et Ajnf{ ‘Aueduroy yim Jno possysnypL
‘P9O8T ‘g “3dag ‘4odeq s,uosusydajs ye
pepunom ATWYSs Ssost ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy yyM yno pasaysnyy
“SO8T ‘6 Ane
‘Be}S PeUOIsSsIWIWOD-UOU day} JO JUSTTYIeJIP & YM 4nO
Ppatejsnur igggt ‘sg Ae ‘ueasiag “wW0s “Bay 0} peyouloig
"GOST ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy yim Jno Ppaseisn yy
“SOST ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduiosy YM 3NO potojsnyy
"G98T ‘6L A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YIM Jno posejsnp
‘POST “6L ‘3das “EA
‘JaISOYOUIAA 3e pepunom A]YSIYs Ssogt “eT A[nf{ ‘Aueduro7y
YUM JNO pasoysnul fgggt “6 aunf ‘uBISIVg JsT WOT pajoulolg
“‘poroysnu you ynq ‘Gost ‘6g Ye ‘JUeUaINaTT IsT pauors
-SIMIMIOD ‘FORT ‘Gg A[nf “VA ‘MM ‘Sinqsuriep je pepunom
pue ‘gt Ajnf ‘SinqsaaTy Jesu papunom AyjYsYs ‘gost ‘gs
aunf ‘pausisal ‘gost ‘T [lidy Yueasiag js—T Woy pojowoIg
“e98T ‘ST “qoq ‘poustsay
‘POST ‘8ST ‘dag “eA ‘MA ‘Sinqgsurjieyy ye papunom ‘fcggt
Te ‘PO Woy a}ep 0} ‘ArpeaeD ‘O1g Pig WoIZ passreyosip
‘G9sT ‘6 aunf ‘urejdey 0} ‘eget ‘T [lidy Jueusjnery 3st 07
'E98T ‘ET Gay “UeuaNary] pug 0} JURADIIG JST WOIJ pajowoIg
"SOST ‘8ST Woe, ‘1apso [ersads
Aq pasieyosip feggt ‘T [lady ‘yueuaynery Js—T Woly pojowoIg
“E98T ‘T [lady ‘pousisay
“‘SHUVNGa

698T
698T
698T
698T
e98T

-698T
e98T

698T
698T
98T

e98T
698T

e98T

G98T
698T

o98Tt

e98T
698T

“NI WaALSNW 40 ALva

‘ST
‘ST

20
0
DO
pO
PO

0
pO

~~po
pO
po

0
pO

‘po

0
Po

pO

0
pO

eee eee see eae [etod107 ‘QyoR ‘Ss uyoft
. [e1odi0y ‘19y9eIG J910g
yutasiag ‘uURWIOT seesT
REESE SORES * yuRIBIIS ‘A1uay “Yq sowel
"tress queasiag ‘ay AA 140qG0y4

stttssess queasiag “ig ‘euueyeg uyof
quRIBIIC ‘UdyoRINI, uyol

Barciteeian "*'* JuRasiag ‘uosqoy 231005)

‘* JURaBIIg ‘WOD ‘SWRI ‘H plaeq
“"1* JUBIBIOG “WOD ‘URZIue_y sewoyy,
"77 JuResIIg “WG ‘sjdeay ‘Ww assaf
“tretesss yupasiasg IST Jen, “q sour

"15" Jueua Mary pug ‘ejdaaz wozwTD

""** JuBUDINETT pug ‘Uosqry ‘g sowel
“* JueuaynaIyT pug ‘shay “FT “S 340qQ0y

“th ureydey ‘apféog xia.

“tttcs* ulegdey ‘uMmorssey) "A somel
sores ureydey ‘Fauayowy “MQ WOU
“ANVa ONV IWVN

‘AYIVAVD YAFINATOA VINVATASNNIg GNZ77—A ANVdWOD
496 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘GOST ‘61 A[n{ ‘Auedwoy yWM yno pairaysnyy
‘POST ‘9 oun[ “eA “MM ‘Pleyetoo; seou SOSpry Joquiry 1
Pepunom Ajartaaes fcogt ‘et A[nf{ ‘Auedwoy yim jno paJaisnpl
“GOST ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yiWM 4nO pasaisnyL
“GOST “6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwoy YM jno pasajsnypy
‘PO8T ‘TS “AON [1
“@A "M ‘U0}SulLIng
'Gost ‘6L Ajnf ‘Aueduioy YUM nO paraisnyl
‘e98T ‘9 lady “eA ‘MQ ‘UO VSUTLIng
‘GOST ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YUM JNO pasoisnyy

-un JauOstid @ Sem pue ‘eggT F “SnYy
ieau painjdes

Jesu painjdes

‘Gost ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy YIM jno peasJoysnyy

‘Gost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduioy yWM jno parsisnyy
“GOST ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy YUM JNO pasoisnyy
‘GOST ‘et Ajn{ ‘Auedwo* ys no pesejsnjy
‘sost ‘“6T Ajnf ‘Aueduo) YUM JNO pasJoIsnyy

"S98T ‘08 KEW “BA “M 994 MON Fe prt

‘POST ‘8 APT “BA “M ‘PlPYerOO[ Je8U per]

“GOST ‘Z auNnf{ ‘I9pig [eIoUeND Aq posieyosiq.

“sosTt ‘OT APW ‘JepiC [esisuey Aq pasieyosiq

“GOST ‘or Ae “apig [eisuar) Aq pasieyosiq,

“SoST ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduioy yim jno poseisny

"S98T ‘6T Aqnf ‘Aueduroy yiIM jno poasojsnyy
‘POST ‘62 Bny * ‘eA "M ‘UMO}S}IIeD Ievau painjdes

-31 pue painjdes ! ‘GOST ‘6r A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy YUM JNO pais}snyy
“E98 “LT APW
‘dexy) Sinqsoeysoyy Ivau uosqis) JuUBUdINIIT YIM poor

-ed pue poinjdes ‘cogt ‘er A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy yim Ino posoisnyy
‘W19}] JO uoTeIIdxe je

‘GOST ‘82 (DO ‘Aleaey ‘o1g UsTIISeY pie YUM JNO paroisnyy
“S98T ‘9 [LIdy “tA ‘MM
‘uo|Ssuljing iIe9u poinjdes fgogt ‘6 “AON ‘[[IPT sdurnis ye

pepunom ATiYSIs fsogt ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy YUM Jno pasoisny{

“SMUVWAL

B98T ‘ET

B98T ‘ET
B98T ‘ET
B98T ‘ET

B98T ‘ET
S98t ‘ST

@98T ‘eT
B98T ‘ET
B98T ‘ST
B98T ‘ET
B98T ‘ET
S98T ‘ST
Z98T ‘ST
S98T ‘ST
S98T ‘ST
B98T ‘ET
B98L ‘ST
B98T ‘ET

@98T ‘ST

B98T ‘ST
S98T ‘6T

i

S98T ‘ST

pO

po
po
po

po
po

po
pO
pO
pO
pO
0
pO
pO
pO
26
pO
po

po

po
po

pO

“NI YWALSOW 40 ALVA

PebS4 thibceeweammed eas walTy spuery

iteetaiata none +er+ee wosaypty janes
eee wee eee uosayoiy uyol
‘++ wosiapuy weyeiqy

“tte soury JUs0ULA

eee ce mw ee ee eee souy MoIpUuy
“SHLVALIad

rrsteeeeeees gorppeg j09g "y ydasof
sane * qyussp eg ‘sant 931095)
sans * YAS yoe ‘sajn'] uyof
iis Beye vos rmie aeaetlars oie qoyang ‘uosqoy Aud
Fie eR ee sap3ng ‘IayDSIOLL, “q Sayreyg
oe SRY Bo ee eta a yesod107 ‘uewlns uoley

“++ Terods0F ‘ITY AA WRITE,
Siler eld e as ete erod1075 ‘SIOATL wey
ai vayietierie wi" [erodio7) ‘preuoqow MoIpuy
Seta en ste jetodio7 ‘aullyIoay “Z yslIYyD
bere ew ee ene yerod107) *I9110g “ay eva A

Sh aheae AS . yetod107 ‘ADT Ma N “f yqoouy
O pigerg alia eared Sy [erod105 ‘ephatT uyoft

 

 

‘+++ Jerodio7 ‘Kaureay *S sourel

e+++ Terod10’) ‘ssazy “ET wert

eee eee ene erod1074 ys janures
“MNVU ANV IWVN

‘panuyuo— XYIWAVD YISLNN'IOA VINVATASNNAG GNZ77—Y ANVdNOO
497

ROSTER OF COMPANY E.

“Gost ‘6T A[nf ‘Auedwioy yWM JNO patajsnyy
“GOST ‘BE AC “Iepio [eisuey Aq pasieyosiq
*‘jNO-Ja}snu ye JUasqy

*19}e] SABP Maj & pajored pue Fgst ‘T ‘qoyq “eA ‘MA ‘UOIUT]
-iIng Je peimydes ‘cost FZ Ae ‘apso~ [ereuer Aq posreyosiq
‘NO-JaJsnu je juIsqYy
"GOST ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduioy yyM no posoisnyp
"GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Areaey ‘o1g usuIsey psrg YUM yno poJojsnp
"€98T ‘OT ‘AON “PI ‘puepsoquiny ye posiq
“e98T ‘OT “Sny “eq ‘TITH Jesuiy ‘owoy sty ye petq
“GOST ‘Gg ACI “IOpIO [eiousry Aq posseyosiq
“Gost “6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy YIM Jno peasaisnyy

‘POST ‘9 aun “eA “MA ‘Pleyerooy Jesu ‘aspry s030q
“UIT 38 popunom ‘cost ‘et Ajnf ‘Aueduroy yWM Jno paisaisnyy
"SOST ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy YUM Iino pasaisnjw

‘9VV‘OT ‘ON Avis fPO8T ‘Z 190 ‘Uostid al[IAuosiepuy
Ur PIP ‘F9sT ‘OT ABW “BA ‘MA “dey Jaarny jsoT je poinides

: ‘[e1odio7 JO yuel YUM
‘GOST ‘TE DO ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g “uswIsey pig YIM Ino posoisnyL
“GO8T ‘TE “290 ‘Areaey ‘o1g uUsTITSay pg YIM JNO posJojsnyy
“GOST ‘ST “dny ‘9}e9UI1}199 SuoasInG uO pessieyosiq.
“SO8T ‘TE 290 ‘Ar[eaeD ‘O1g YuUSWITSaYy psig YIM JNO posoisny
“gost “6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy yWM nO pairsisny
sost ‘et A[nf ‘Aueduroy yWM Jno posrsisny
“S98T ‘6 aUNf{ ‘“I9piQ [eIeuer Aq pasreyosiq
“S98T ‘6L A[nf ‘Aueduioy YUM JNO pososnyy
“ost “6T Atnf{ ‘Aueduioy YUM nO poJeisny{
“SosTt ‘6t A[nf ‘Aueduroy YM Jno pdssisnyT
“Sost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yiIM Ino polJoysnyy
“Sost ‘et A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yiM INO peotsjsnyL
“g9ST ‘6L A[n{ ‘Aueduioy YIM Jno poioisny
“gost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduioy YUM jno posaisny
‘gost ‘6 uN ‘“I9pPiC [eleuern Aq pesieysIsiq

“‘SaMuavWga

698T
698T
98ST

PO8T
698T
698T
P98T
e98T
98T
e98T
e98T

s98T
698T

P98T

POST
POST
post
p98Tt
698T
e98T
S98T
698T
e98T
S98T
98st
C98T
S98T
e98T
98T

‘ST
‘TT
9

‘eT
‘ST
‘ST
‘ST
‘eT
‘eT
‘eT
‘eI
‘eT
‘ST.
‘ST

0
‘qe

“Gea
pO
pO
‘uel
6
pO
pO
pO

po
pO

‘qq

‘qq
‘qaq
‘qq
‘qq
a
ac
So
we
ae
a6
pO
20
~po
a
oe

“NI YaALSOW 40 dLva

 

be ee see eee

UOSyIIPUTTT UlpyUeIy
eee eres ee Arua yeon
** wospleuog aIpeyjoyH

ee ey owseseq ‘H ‘HH TM

 

Bw we we wee sone

“c'* OUWlIesagq Wei

ee ueloq uyot
treteees maARIy some

wee eercce UdAPI7) pared

see

‘Trt yaeyd praeq

eee ee eee yonol) “Vv uyof

‘* waatIy ‘[ ruqy

srees USARID ‘AA UTOL
“Tee* Temple) jenueg

vee’ saakg *y swu0IDf

‘cos euueyog ‘S praeq

"'* WaMog "(A ad10er)
wae ee uamog “a ‘fuag
°° Jayxeg “MM seme
eee ee eens pséog some
slpitesig es ehess siohg. praeq
steers suing psreyony

eeenee "a ‘sjA0g uyof

tos! ypeig panures
“* af ‘euueyag uyof
“"e"* euueyag sapreyqy
“"''* euueyog jenues
‘* euuRyog Jopuexs[y
see eens yoo “mM qooet,
ee eeesese royeg qoset

“SULVAIYd

‘panuyjuo—AWIVAVD YAALNNIOA VINVATASNNAG ONZZ—A ANVdNOD
498 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘UIN}aI JOU PIP PUL EBT UI 9AVIT YOIS UO aWOY JIMA B98T ‘ET 320 SNe ee she eons Rashes ‘+ ppeuoqoy ‘Ss uot

- "GOST ‘Pe Ae ‘epic [eiauary Aq pasieyosiq POST ‘OZ “Sny vrteecsesessess Qay OK YW Jopuexsly
‘Terodioy jo yuer 4M

‘G98T ‘TE “OQ ‘Arjeaey ‘o1g ‘ueWSey psig YM Jno pasajsnp, F98T ‘6T Qqoocuct BoA eats JoysI[eDIW sewmoyy

"Gost ‘Z ounf ‘Iepig [esauar Aq pasieyosiq 9st “ET “PQ cht sree sss OIBIQORT "A 381095)

“s9sT “6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy yim yno pasajsnp, s98T ‘et “PQ --°°° tit Sree ‘* aIn[QIW ‘Vv ydasof

“SOST cad Ae ‘12P1O [eteues) Aq’ pasieyosiq POST ‘oz ‘any se eee es seme ca wene sees SUL Arua

‘GOBT ‘TE ~po ‘Aapeaey ‘og ‘{uoTUISay Plg YM JNO pasajsnjy FOBT ‘ee EY tees oie orn eae ees Joye ydasof

‘COST ‘6L Ayn[ ‘Aueduro7 qq yno pesaisny, 98T EL po i es rary JINN ‘Vv Wa

“SOST 6L Aqn( ‘Aueduio7) quia yno pesaisny 98T ‘SL Po See eee maw tre reer renee eyoueyy “mM Wa

‘GOST ‘6L Ayn ‘Aueduioy Yq yno perajsnjy ZO8T EL ‘po ee ee ay POW ‘H seuloy J,

‘SOST ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwo7 YUM jNO patajsnypl SOBE EL IQs. Meee ers ei SoA Yeruosol

. ‘“S98T ‘Se [lady ‘ayeoyIWI09 suoasing uO passeyosiq SOSE “El JIOQ. Pts teieere neon de uuny, “Y Jenures

“SOT 61 Aqn{ ‘Aueduro7 Uy no pesaisny Z98T SL po ete eee eee seen IPyPuUyL We

“GOST ‘6. Ajn{ ‘Aueduio7) YM jno pesesnyy Z98T ‘EL ‘PO Bee eee eee ee eee wees uaployw qooef

‘Petp pue E98T UL 9AB3] YSIS UO VUIOY JUIAA =BOBT ‘ET PQ ree UdplOW Weqoy

“COST ‘61 Ajn[ ‘Aueduio7 yim yno petoysnyy 2981 ‘EL ‘po Pe ee eee ee eee ene . Jaye janues

“SO8T oC aunt ‘Tapio [e4auar Aq passreyosiq S98T 1 ‘Po Be ee ee we ew ee umouryy uyoft

“GOST ‘6L Ayn ‘Aueduio7) qyiM yno Ppetojsnyy B98T SL ‘po Be ee te ewe Jasulpayl snoie yl

"E9ST °8¢ aunf “BA "M ‘yaodg MIN 3e prtq S98 EL Po ee ene eee wee wee JaabaT Arua

“COST 8L AeW ‘I9PIO [e1euan Aq pesieyosiq S98T ‘EL ‘PO Be ee ew we pieuay “A ‘fuag

“G98T ‘TE “POC ‘Areaed ‘o1g uawisey pig YUM yno pasoisny, ORE OS MAONP Se t R eee snee ayquiy MoIpuy

“SO8T 6L A[nf ‘Aueduwio7) YM jno Ppetoysny Z98T "CL po RD? C2 Eee RS Se we! oe suleayy some

“GOST FL Ain ‘IIPIO [e41auar Aq pasieyosiq S98T CL ‘Po Ce T4eryt ‘W uyot

“G98T ‘6 A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YM 4MO pataisnfL VOsT “EL “PQ crc uopiof" etmap10+)

“GOST ‘6L Ajnf ‘Aueduioy yy yjno Pesoisn yy 298T eT Po ee ee eee ee ae er ee | uopiof ‘d uyof

“CORT ‘61 Ajn( ‘Aueduioy yy ae pesojsnyy Z98T ‘eT po eee ee ee ae See ee ew ee eee souot }AIqGOY
‘ATBARD

‘O1g Pig 'G98T “6 “Bny ‘a}eoyIII0 suoasing Aq pasieyosiq POST ‘82 ‘“Gaq oot A ROERE CM EISCR ‘* uouey uyot

‘yno-1a4snu 3e quasqy 98T EL ‘Po Fe ee ee we eee eee YOIUa yy “a ‘fuag

“SOST ‘61 Aqnt ‘Aueduro7 yqn yno pereqsnyy Z98T ‘EL ‘Po NEE Efe. Seeibite ai. Fanaa ae eae uel] TET Aud

“GOST ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YIM yno pasajsnp B98T “ET “PQ ccc BR UOSYIIpusTT prempy

“GO8T ‘6 oun ‘IapIO [eIouary Aq passeyosiq V9sl ‘ET PO cocci UOSYIIPUsT] STII

“‘SMUV Waa ‘NI YALSOW 40 ALVa “SHLVAINd

*ponuljuo-)— XYTVWAVD YAALNNTIOA VINVATASNNGg GNZ7— 4A ANVdWOD
499

ROSTER OF COMPANY E.,

“S9O8T ‘be ABW ‘lapiO [eiausy Aq passeyosiq:

“gost ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduioy YyWM ynO pasajsnyy
“g98T ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yyM ynOo poasazsnjy
“GOST ‘6L A[n{ ‘Aueduioy YM JNO pasojsnyjy
‘sost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Auedutoy YM Jno pataysnyy

“ay Apne
‘dey siayotug 38 paalooa1 punom wloly ‘pogT ‘og A[nf ‘pad
'SO8T ‘TE “390 ‘Aleaey ‘Og ‘JUSUNISdY pslg 4M JNO posojsnyy
‘W19} JO UOT}eIIGxXa 4e
‘GOST ‘€@ “PO ‘ArpeaeD ‘OIG uawWIsey pig Wosy pasieyssiq
‘POST ‘OL ‘uel ‘a}eoYT}I99 SuoIsInG Aq pasieyosig
‘POST ‘FT ounf{ “py ‘puejsequing je paiq
‘9 aunf{ ‘aspry Joquiry je paarsdar
spunom woul ‘F98T ‘OT ounf “eA “AA ‘Playetooy Jeau paiq
‘aygndg [e4euas
jO ainjded ay} JuaAaId 0} Sulé1} afiyM Ap aures 3y}
paalsoas Spunom Woy ‘FOBT ‘GZ POC “BA ‘IajsayoulM 3e priq
‘SOST ‘Z oUN{ ‘“JaPIO [eJauay Aq pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘6L A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy yWM ynO posojsnyy
“SO8T ‘6T A[n{ ‘Auedwoy YIM MO poJaisnyy
“COST ‘L ‘uel “2A ‘M ‘AaumoY ye palty ATTeWeppoy
“GOST ‘Z auNn{ “JapIO [eleuay AQ pasieyosiq
“Gost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YM ynOo Posajsnyy
‘POST ‘OS ‘URL “FA "M ‘4921 MON 3 priq
‘Aueduioy JO yNO-Jaj}snul ye ‘Ysaste Ul ‘Juasqy
‘e98T ‘G Yorepy ‘9}edYI}I00 SuOadinS uO pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘g-oun{ ‘IapIC [eJauay Aq passzeyosig
“SosT ‘et A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yyZM yNO pasojsnyy
‘SuuV Wau

b9O8T
6981
698T
@98T
98T

P98T
P98T

698T
e98t
o98T

698T
698T

e98T
698T

“698T

B98T
698T
e98T
698T
698T
698T
o98T
e98T

‘ST
‘ST
‘SL
‘ST
‘eT
‘eT
‘eT
‘ST
‘ST
‘FZ
“ET
‘eT

‘Qe

‘PO
pO
‘po
po

sey

‘Gea

po
DO
pO

po

po
pO
pO
po
pO
po
‘po
pO
pO
pO
pO
20

“NI WaLSOW 40 FLV

ed sunoz Jajyag
"Tht SWRITIM “W somes

 

 

 

dajsniy, uyof

“"** uosdmoyy ‘dQ uyof

* a[daay ‘MM sewoyy

Seoiesve-cueua aie Siapues uyoft
shets dayoeig uyol

stresses BING yoMopaLy

quas penues
Aauuing “q péog

"** ypu “g somes

ee eg ‘gg WRNTM
Bieta Aone 4p 3,08 Japdéus -uyof

sTht** uBATTINS jenuwes

“sess ueurng “pL uyot

“88 som “A SapseYD
eens qqoy “M aB10a5)
‘'* gOsUIgOY [[eyssepy

tt88 ypoTfog “S yooug

teeeeeeees Tang uyof
teeeeees yoxSarg 4uRID
tetereees quay ‘Seurcya
“*95* HIGIO “MM 2835005)

“SHLVAINd

“panuypuod — AIVAVD YaAaALNN'TOA VINVATASNNAd GNZ7— A ANVdNOOD
500 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“G98T ‘TE "PO ‘Aaeaeg ‘o1g ueuTsey psg “D ‘0D YUM
yno patojsnut Spainydes fcogt ‘tT Ae ‘Te1odioDy 03 pajowoig
‘GOST ‘Gg ARI “ueasias ‘WC ‘8ey 0} pejowoig
‘POST ‘6g ACW ‘Premaig jeydsoy 0} pajyouloig
“$981 ‘LT [dy
‘Q}BOYI}IOD SUOIBING UO PasiVYySIp ‘POST ‘“6T “30 ‘papunoM
“G98T ‘6T A[nf ‘Aued
-W107) YUM yO patoajsnur ‘gost ‘T aun{ ‘e1od10D 0} pajowoig
“Ssost ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy yUM Ino pease.
-SnUur ‘g9gt ‘eg ‘sny “eA ‘Ppleyetooyy ie9u papunom A]iWYSYS
“SO8T ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YIM ynO poaseisnNy[
“GOST ‘61 A[n{ ‘Auedutoy YM no
pessisnur 'Fggt ‘g ‘deg “eA Yodsq suosuaacis Je papunom
‘WI9} JO uoTjesdxa ‘cggT
$3 PO pesseyosip ‘post ‘Tt ABW ‘[e1odi0oy wor pejouroirg
"G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Ayeaey ‘olg pig ‘DH ‘0D YUM NO posroysnyy
“G98T ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduioy yuM Jno poaraisnyy
‘Sost ‘6T Ayn ‘Aueduio7) YUM Jno posJojsnyy
‘POST ‘OT ‘99q “BA ‘puouIyorY ‘uostIg 9ST
aq 3 pap “eA ‘playeatooy_ Jesu ‘eggt  3deg ‘pammides
‘SOST ‘6L A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yiWM
yno pasojsnur igogt “AT Avy “ueuajnery pug pouorssruu07
“S98T ‘TE “POC ‘Aaeaey ‘O1g pig YIM JNO posojsnur
‘T ABW jnoge saull uoluE, payoeer fer) ‘aT[IAUOsIapuy
07 AWM UO 'D ‘N UI ures} wor padeosa ‘fggt ‘qudy
Tan es] e]eq 3e pouostidut fggsT ‘dag “eA ‘play
-dIOOW Jeau painjdes ‘Fggt ‘2 ‘99q quessiag WOI] pojowoIg
‘POBT “62 “AON ‘“IOPIO [e4laues Aq pasieyosip ‘pomiden
“S9O8T ‘OT
Ae passeyosip fpogt ‘2 ‘dag GueaBieg 3ST WO} psjJouMoIg
“9st ‘6r A[n{ ‘Aueduroy YUM
no poasojsnt p9gt ‘9g ABI ‘JUBUDINIIT IST WO, poJomOIg
‘POST ‘GZ “Gay pesreyosiq

“SHavVWaa

“AUTWAVD) YASINNTIOA VINVATASNNGd ONZ7Z7—4

€98T
6981
@98T
98T
698T

698T
98T

698T
698T
FOBT
698T
698T
698T

e98T

698T
S98T

698T

698T
698T

"NI daLSOW AO ALVa

ST
ST

"AON

pO
peQ

Ayn f
20

po
pO

0
pO

“IRI

‘pO
‘po

‘po
po

pO
pO

pO

po
96

[e1odioy ‘poomisys uo
yueasiesg WsaAq “yy penwues
quessisg ‘ppog “], Janwes

‘'* JueaSiag “aysTy “YT Arre_

yuessies ‘pieuieg ‘g jenures

yueasiag ‘ASIAA "J qooel
yuvasiag ‘uosuyof 331095)

quRasIasg ‘1IOOJ{ *S 1907

steteess queasiag “poppeig ‘N uyoft
"te Juvasiag ‘zjulIg jarueq
"+ JuRaBIIS “WIOD ‘ueWMIAeD “4 Janes

“7s queasies ‘WO ‘yeoq ‘Hf [enues

queasias 3ST Jay ‘H Aeaey

‘tr+* queuaynary pug ‘aspay Wer

jueusjnary pug ‘uossep “q ‘fuag
“‘JuRUsNaIT pug “1g ‘puowmwepT “yp

vretss quemoqnery IST reyst~AA praeq

vsreess ureqidey ‘Kuueq “AQ ulmefueg
seseeerreees urpidey ieg ‘[ moipuy

“INVU ANV INVN

ANVdNOO
501

ROSTER OF COMPANY F.

"G98T ‘g oun[ ‘IapIQ [eles Aq passieyosig POST ‘GS ‘Gayot sTrrsrsessess toned *y jenures
“COST ‘6I Ayne ‘Aueduio7) YyyIM yno pesojsnypy Z98T FT pO eee Ce a ae eae ae at eo er ee ueMoy SBIIS
‘GO8T ‘6L Apnt ‘Aueduioy yuan jno pesojsnyy ZO8L FL ‘pO PERC Ree eee eee oulsWNnIy Japuexs[ Vy
‘Mo-s9}snwW 3e JUasqy POST “VS GOq ett * yre[D “gq uTUelueg
“COST “Te ‘po ‘AI[BACD ‘Oo1g p4g ‘y ‘09 yy qno pero}snjy POST "1S ‘qay Ce ee eee eee ewe sew ene Aemeuosy £ assaf
‘POST ‘BS ‘qaq “eg “od UOPSUIYSE MM Ul ped Z98T FL ‘PO oe ee we oe tte eee ee ae we . uopetig praecy
: “S98T
TZ ‘29q@ “BA ‘puowyony ‘UOSsIIg aS] ITP ul Perp ‘painydesd S98T FT po we w eee eee eee eee wae eee Aa[peig some
“cOBT ‘OF ARI ‘Tapio [etoues &q pesieyosiq Z98L ‘FT JOO. HH ae ee tee cease ying wep
"GOST ‘SL Ajnt ‘Aueduiosy quan yno persisny S98T FL ‘PO A Te ES Bh Ga ta gi es AG Sa eee eee qieg jenures
“GOST ‘6L A[nt ‘Aueduro7) yy yno Perojsnyy Z98T FL po TEP Re eee eee Ee Bee Joyxelg_ Aaspury
“GOST 8 ‘any ‘19PIO [e@tauas Aq pasreyosiq ZORT FL Do 6 ieee oe ee eee DE Rae weysuryong ‘a ‘f
‘uMOoUyUN a}ep ‘19P1O [e1sads Aq pasieyosiq POST ‘LT ‘gay Ss ET SRE ELE eet he ie rig WeLITAA,
“SOST ‘Te ‘PO ‘AITBARD ‘O1g “39 pig ‘Dy ‘oD qian yno peteysnyfy POST ‘UL “‘qaq PEE Be Ee oe eee re oe et Oe Oe Bee: uMOIg uyo[
‘COST ‘Te po ‘Aapeaesy ‘O1g “Ba p4g ‘yy 09 qyiM yno pera snl POST T “qa eee ee re ee ee ewe eae + 6k ee we eg) e. yueig uyort
“COST "Te ‘po ‘AIpeaey ‘Old “Bd pig ‘Ky ‘09 quia yno Ppestaysnyjy €98T ‘og ‘AON C2 AES OPM Wie Oe eee ee aa yug WITT
‘Tor yno-sJajsnur uo 1ON S98L FL ‘po fee erence cnae eo re seee ploury 'N uyof
‘uela}J0A SGoRgT ‘TE
po ‘AIT eARD ‘O1g quaulseay pig v9) 09D qua }no peraisny, POST ‘02g qa ee ee ee ee cc ee rane uosdwoyy, Jrepouis
“SALVATad
“GOST ‘6L Ayne ‘Aueduio7 ya yno peseisny S98T FT po eee ee eee oe Jase g ‘ueweley soprey)
“UII9} JO uoTJeIIdxa ‘cost ‘FZ “190 ‘passeyosiq 698T ‘FT WO ctttteee YWusyse[g Gorey uensayy
“GOST ‘6 A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy yim yno pesoysnyy COST FI PQ crt tt Jajsng ‘audkeg -s uOWO[OS
‘POST ‘OE “BnYy “eA (M ‘A[[AAIIOg 3e uOT}Oe UT parry COST ‘6 “FR crt [e41od10y ‘uojJI0{ 419qG0y
“LOPS
aAeIs “FOBT ‘TZ “ydag “eH ‘a[[IAuOsJapuy ye perp ‘painjdes B98T FT “90 “ttt ss Tetodioy ‘yar ue, Wer TAA,
“gost ‘8T A[nf ‘Aueduro> YM yno persisnyy B98T ‘FT “PO ST Eo ene [etod10D ‘siamosg ‘{ Moipuy
‘GOST “6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy YIM Jno pasajsnfy esl FT “PO ccctee Tetodsoy ‘yoouq “> as1opoayy,
‘UII9} Jo uor}eIdxa
‘SO8T ‘FS 19O ‘paszeyosip ‘gost ‘t Avy ‘[erod105 0} pojowo1rg 98T ‘FT “PO “tt s* [etodioy “af ‘puowmepy “7 xy)
“GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Asjeaey ‘og YuawIsey pig ‘ny
‘OD YUM YNO pasoysnur f¢eggT ‘T 3dag ‘esod10>y 0} poajowosg POST ‘9B “Gag oct [etodi07 ‘UapulquayuLy jarueq
“G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Ayeaey “O1g psig ‘5 ‘OD YUM yNO pataisny, FOBT 6 “Ie wreeessesssss Tetodioy ‘Kapyow, uyol
‘SMUVNGE ‘NI YALSNW 40 FLVa “MNVU CONV AWVN

“panuyjuoD—AYTWAV) YAALNNTOA VINVATASNNAG ONZZ7—J ANWdANOD
502 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“YJOI JNO-Ja}snur uO JON

“S98T ‘OT “AON “BA ‘puour
“YOY ‘WOSTIg eS] a[e9q 3 pap fggst ‘eI ‘3deg ‘poinydeg

“S98T ‘61 A[nf ‘Auedurosy 43M JNO patojsnU f1eM Jo asojo

ye pasesjer f1eak e& uty} d1OW IO} “eX ‘aT[IAUOSIOpuy
ye uayy “V[S] Jeg 38 pouostidun ‘eggt  3deg ‘painiden
“GOST ‘TE “IC ‘Arpeaey ‘org psg ‘5 ‘0D YA ynO pasojsnpy
“GO8T ‘TE “IO ‘ArpeaeD ‘O1g prg ‘D ‘0D YUM JNO posaqsnypT
“$98T ‘TE “OO ‘Arpeaed ‘org pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM nO pososn
“GOST ‘TE “IOC ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g psig “DH ‘0D YA yNO posdisnyy
“G98T ‘TE “WO ‘Aypeaey ‘o1g prg “5 ‘0D YUM Jno poarzaysny,
“GO8T ‘TE “WO ‘Alpeaey ‘o1g pig ‘9 ‘0D YUM Jno posaisnyy
“$98T ‘TS°"390 ‘Arpeaed ‘org pig ‘5 0D YIM Ino passisny,
“GOST ‘Te ARI ‘JoprcC [elauar Aq pasieyosiq
‘J[O1 JNO-Ja}snwW uo JON

et
‘uoyuy Ty ‘Aloyouray [euoneN ur poring ‘Fst ‘2g sunt paid
"GOST ‘6t A[nf ‘Auedwo> ym yno passisnur ©

‘pasueyoxe pue payosed Says] ayjag ye pauosiidun {painjdes
“S98T ‘6 A[nf ‘Auedmoy yywM Jno poJojsnyy

“S98T ‘TE “19O ‘Al[eaARD “OIG “UsTUISEY pig YW
jno paiejsnul !pasueyoxe fa[s~ a[jaq 3e Jouostid {painjdes
"S98T ‘TE “W9O ‘Ar[eAeD ‘O1g Pig ‘DN “0D YUM Jno poassqsnyy

“POST “ES “D9q “BA ‘PuoUIySTY ‘uOSstIg 2S] [eq 3 perp
SBA ‘Pleyeroow j1eeu ‘gost ‘gg ‘Sny ‘poinjdes pue papunop
[OI JnNo-Jajsnur uO ION
‘POST ‘98 [tidy “ex ‘al[Auossapuy 1e pop {poinydes
‘S9O8T ‘6T A[nf ‘Auedusoy YIM yno poasoisny
“S9O8T ‘6 A[nf{ ‘Aueduros YIM yno passisnyT

“UBIDIVA SORT ‘TE
‘po ‘Areaeg ‘o1g ‘usuns8sy pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM Jno pasdysnyy
“S98T ‘TE “9Q 23ep 0} pasieyosIq
‘POST ‘9 [Udy “ey ‘oT[IAUOSrepuy je poIp {poimjdes

‘Suv WaE

 

Z98l FT po Ste teneteeeeeeeeees UIpIeET urwefuag
Z98T Si ‘po 8 Ray Gave 8s ala ea eRe ae qouseyy ‘qT uM
298 FL po trrseeeeceseceeees TUBTTepT ‘gq janures
POST ‘ST ‘qaq Boy Suanecseet evens ve dove Se eevee soysnyy seuoy T,
FORT ‘92 ‘qaq tiny esi Wana aa iepid eas aileties erie ae. + sousep] janwes
F9SL ‘92 ‘qag. crt SoecHlals ee OKs scenes Key praeq
FOST ‘E tqoy., (eos Sad ei aes peayssurllopy sO
F9ST ‘ST ‘qa Seas eee eeecnne peoyssurpjopy 7 wes
FORT ‘6T Gag FP Oertsatt dresses URULPIET [AVY
F98L ‘9 “qaq oie: Sata Trrereesesees uumsuaypoH “G
Z98L ‘FL O@o fore eer eauinsy £ uaydays
ZO8L ‘BL 9G “SPPRAe erates oe eaaee JoWIey VuaIIaT
ie eRe eee eieser,” — saeacae shee aveme CA argue plese8z31J Janues
298L FT po ahah’ ga at Baller Guia ash, SB OMUR Bie (e Sah-9 20 s19MO]T UYOL
Z98L ‘FL pO Serer eee ere eer ee aazelg “A une
POST ‘ST Gay. (Settee Peet eet oor) noqyng uyof
FOBT ‘Z “pea Oe eeereietaninticte ss ake aves UIOYIWIIy stay
Z98l FL RIO) “ett hie ees eee eee VOUT Moipuy
298L ‘FT SQ. retreats ee cece ees seq ydasof
298L ‘FT OQ “Aes Be Hite payesaie * suseq J9}0g
ZO8l FL OQ) faker h eb ented $}30q IPATIOL
Z98l FT ‘PO PSH AEE Ge eee DRO ET ay JO4S9ATAS
Gost ‘s wet serine) . ‘++ Iestuag peueq
POST te ‘uel ee ewes ee ry . peoysiesy uospnf{
29st. $I OQ. eee a a Teqdmes praeq
“NI WALSNW 40 FLVa “SHLVAIYL

‘panuyjuo— ANTVAVD YAILNNTIOA, VINVATASNNSG ONZZ7—4 ANVdWIOO
503

ROSTER OF COMPANY F.

“GOST ‘6 A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yWM jnO palajsnyy
‘SO8T ‘TE PO ‘Aajeaey “‘O1g psig “5 ‘0D YUM JNO pataysnyy
‘][OI JnNO-Ja}snuI UO JON
‘SO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g prg ‘5 ‘0D YUM yO pasoaysnyL
‘GOST ‘TS 29C ‘Arjeaey “O1g Pilg “4 ‘OD YUM YO Patojsn]L
‘][OI jNO-Ja}snuI UO JON
‘P98T
‘St ‘qoq “eA ‘PuOCWYITY ‘UOSTIg IIS[T a][agq }e pop ‘poinjdey
“LOL P FAIS [FORT ‘68 A[N[ “BD ‘[[LAUOSIapuy 3e paip ‘painydey
“‘P98T
“eA ‘puowWyIYy ‘UOstIg IIS] I3]9q 3e pap ‘painydey
SOST ‘ST “Gay ‘9}e804I}199 SuoasIng uO padsieyosiq
‘sost ‘6 Ajn{ ‘Auedwioy YUM JNO patojsny_
‘gost ‘or Ain ‘Aued
“WOD YUM Ino pereyjsnur {pasueyoxs 193k] pue S98T ‘Tlady
ur parored SaIS] 1a pue Aqqry ur “eA “PuOUIy I ye
pauostidurr Sg9st ‘F ‘dag ‘painides ‘gost ‘ez “3ny “BSpuno yy
‘WI19} JO UOTIeIIdxXd ‘Gost FZ O ‘pesseyosiq

‘BI 09q

“SOST ‘TE “WO ‘As[eaey “O1g pig ‘5 ‘OF YA JNO paroysnypL
"GOST ‘TE 90 ‘Arjeaey ‘olg pig a ‘O7) YIM Jno possisttyy
“CO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM JNO paiojsnypT
; ‘NO-IajsnuUI ye jJUISqY

'866°S PARIS 'COsT ‘GST ‘qo “eA ‘elIpuexa[y ie paid

‘S681 ‘6 PUN[ ‘Ia=pIC [e1auer) Aq pasieYyosIq

y ‘gost ‘er A[nf ‘Aueduroy YIM JNO porsjsnyy
“SOSt ‘6L A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yy NO potojsnyL

“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aipeaed ‘O1g Pig “5D “OD YIM ynO pasoysny
“G98T ‘Te “PO ‘Areaed ‘org psg ‘D ‘0D YM JNO pasojsny[
“G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Arjeaed ‘o1g psg “ ‘0D YUM JNO pasojsnyjy

‘]JO1 JnO-1a}snuUI UO JON

"98ST ‘OT ‘AON “eA “PuOoTYSIY ‘BIST e]egq 3 perp ‘paanjdez

"SOST ‘g aunf{ ‘Iapig [e1auay Aq pasreyosiq:

“$98T ‘Te “90 ‘Aajeaey “O1g Pig ‘DH “0D YUM nO posajsnyT
“‘SwUaV Waa

B98T ‘

98st
698T
P98T
P98T
698T

Z98T |

e98T

Z9sT ‘

p98T
e98T

e98T
698T
POST
P98T
POST
P98T
P98T
POST
e98t
e98T
post
p9st
P98T
e98T
e98T
POST
S98T

FT
FT
$B
‘9¢
‘8g
‘Gg
as
“0Z
FT
FT
0Z
‘gz
‘Gg
FT
FT
“63
a

‘qq
aaa
‘qa
‘qeq
8G

pO
26

‘qq
aoe

pO
‘DO
‘a
Qe
‘qoq
‘PA
DT
“Qe
‘PO
DO
“GT
‘DPA
‘PA
pO
DO
“PA
Ain

“NI WaALSOW JO ALVG

* Wetg "y uyof
enbeg “( Wellin
Pleuoqoy, ‘Vv sowef
PIevoqoW “W “Y9etZ
VH IW “[ sereyD
Aydin, ulyseyy

"* a100W [qV
"+ @IOOW “DH [eBoy

‘  Yysiey ‘gq ueyeEN
xu uyof

See ee ee ee eee wInsas1e yl ‘Ss ‘see

12 298 2 E80 ee . Suruueyy “MM uyot
: JaSuUIUOT "MM *095)

j dslapnniescecauahn oe DPW Wet
serqHen ‘d UnseN
agp ware taies 5! gI00T “M UYOof
see tee wea awry] “( pg
sree Buoy wresydy
ee ueso7y Tleysse yy
ep ae yoooey sepiy

yueyT seed

“es Suoy ueusoy
eR wee ee ee oe Adda£q ‘Vv preq
ee ee wee ner cone suoT 9 penures
see eae se ee eee ueulyney asi1o0ar
a Wy we eee suryuol Wel
Ce SUIeT uyoft
iia kes seeees uraaT ‘g pameg

“SHLVAIYd

‘panuyjuo— AWIVAVD YAALNN'IOA, VINVATASNNAG GNZ77Z—4 ANVdANOD
504. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘gost ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduioy yyWM YO pasazsnpL
‘sost ‘6p A[n{ ‘Auedwioy yyM no pasajsny
‘ynO-Jaysnw ye “YIS ‘uasqy
“GOBT ‘TE “OC ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g pre “QOD YM JNO poasajsnyy
“GOST ‘TE ‘OQ ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g preg “4D ‘0D YUM JNO pasajsnypy
‘JO JnNo-rajsnur uO JON
“POST ‘8S ‘AON ‘piooe4
[elang ‘798T ‘FT “AON “D ‘N ‘Aanqsies ye paip ‘fpoinydeg
‘Srey
aaeis {post ‘Te An TED ‘a][AuOssopuy ye pap ‘painjydes
“S98T ‘6 “Go,J ‘apso [eloadg Aq pasaeyosiq
‘gost ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduwo7y aya yo parajsnyp[
“GOST ‘6T Ajnf ‘Aueduioy YM yo pesoysnur ‘POST ‘YOIe YL
‘pasueyoxs fa[s] af[eg 3e@ pauostidur ‘eggt ‘TT ‘deg ‘peinjdey
"Ur19} JO
uoljesdxe ‘Gost ‘ZO ‘pasreyosip ¢ ‘€98T ‘gg “sny ‘papunopp
"S98T ‘TE 29O ‘Arjeaey ‘O1g pig 2 ‘OD YM yNO posoisny
"SO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g psg “5 ‘0D YUM NO Posajsnyy
“GOST ‘TE PO ‘Aapeaey) ‘O1g pie “5 0D YUM NO porsisnyy
“GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Aspeaey “‘O1g pag ‘5 ‘0D YIM Jno possisnypy
"S98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g Pre ‘5 ‘0D YUM JNO pPotoisny,
‘NO-Jojsnul je Juasqy
‘GOST ‘ee API ‘IOpiO [es1ouey Aq passeyosiq
‘cost ‘6t A[n{ ‘Aueduioy yWM ynOo pasojsnyL
“G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Asyeaey ‘o1g pasg ‘5 ‘0D YIM JNO pasoysnyL
‘POST ‘TS “Bny “eA ‘a[[lAAII9g ye UOT}Ie UT
Ppoataoo1 spunom jo ‘poet ‘eg ‘ydag “py SJoox Apues je pag
‘UMOUYUN 94ep ‘Pap ‘Post ‘eg yosreyL ‘painjdesd
‘POBT ‘86 “Ides “PW ‘puejsequing 3 peiq
“GOST ‘OT A[nf{ “I9piC [es1auar Aq pasieyosiq
‘POST ‘ST aunt ‘urejdeyy 0} pojowo1g
“S98T
‘et A[nf ‘Auedwmoy yim yno pasajsnus fegeT ‘ge ‘Bny ‘popunom

“SHAVING

e98T
698T
Pp9st
P98T
POST
e98T

FOBT

B98T *

e98T

C98T-

e98T

698T
PO8T
PORT
b9BT
P98t
PO8T
€98T
e98T
698T
698T

P98T
698T
e98T
698T
698T

698T

po

‘~O
‘qa
‘qa
‘qe
wn

‘qa

‘PO
‘PO
‘po

po

‘PO
‘Pa
‘Pal
‘day
‘Wa
“Qt
Ayn
0
0
pO

‘qa
ee
cS
oO
=o

0

“NI WaALSNW 40 ALva

a oe uapsesay, yreyIIAq
i dieyy, welt
tere ee wee eee eee wena xeniy uyof
ee eee ee AIqLh ‘H some
i es * uosdwoyy, ‘q ‘I
i ee er ed adeys sImo'T

Tee teeeeeeseeereeees yoRTIOS UNURIT

eee eee Pee me em ww ew ae 09S ‘( moipuy
i i ay uewyns ydesof -

ee ee eee sete Jaysnys “mM semoyL
i ee Jaysns <9 Arua]

ee ee ee ee ee wee rene SUOTS yanures
ee ee tee eee trreeessseees oMtnic praeq
ee ee ee ee bee eae uouueys “f snis9
Cre ee ee Jaaeys ‘a 331005)
ere rer a eee ee uosduns E: uosiayel
a zynys aay
ey vrtees preufay ‘9 qooef
ey spjousay “H 331005)

ce eee B38 “A Weyl
aie esta eevee Sica on a bw eves bs ay'8 Ssoy snydasof

eee ee ee eee wee eee ene weg uossayal
‘+ Auuag ‘Mm uyol
ee ee wee een ewes ed adog ‘H{ taoT

Ce etd "'N uyof
Cee em ew meme ene wane uosse}1eg sewoyy,

Sarai ay Siee Serereeeeees Tea oq Amaze
“SALVATad

‘panuyuod— AYIVAVD YIALNN'TOA, VINVATASNNAG ON77—] ANVdWOO
505

ROSTER OF COMPANY F.

“ELE JARIS
‘qd 10] ‘9g uoljdes “eA ‘“WejaTJUYy ‘Ado}atIaD jeuoTJeN
ul paling ‘79st ‘Tg ‘sny “eA ‘aT[IAAtIag ye uorj}Ie UT
PeAlada1 SpunoM Jo “POST FT ‘dag “PI ‘YooH Apues 43e paiq
‘SO8LT ‘FI ounf ‘IapiC [e1suay Aq passzeyosiq
‘E98T ‘98 “Gay ‘apro [eredsg Aq pasreyosiq
“cogt ‘6T A[nf ‘Auedwoy YUM jnO patojsnyy
‘cost ‘61 A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy YUM 3NO podtoajsnyfy
‘sOST ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy YUM jnNO parsjsnyy
‘GOBT ‘TE 39Q ‘ArpeAeD ‘O1g Pre ‘DH ‘0D YUM JNO patoisnyy
“GOBT ‘TE “90 ‘Aa[eAeD ‘O1g ‘UOWIIsay P4g ‘5 ‘0D YA JNO
pesajsnur ‘gost ‘T ‘Jdag “tA ‘ay[lAsuapie~A Ivau ‘papuno AA,
“SOSTt ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduroy YM
yno pasajsnur {eA ‘playarooyy Jesu ‘eggt ‘Lg “sny ‘papunoM
‘SOST ‘GT Ajnf{ ‘Aueduto7)
YUM 4NO posiojsnur ‘gggt “F 3dag “eA ‘pljayar1ooW }e papunoMm
‘sost ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy YIM JNO pato}snyy

“SHuvVNaat

POST
P98T
e98T
698T
698T
698T
POst

POST
698T

698T
e98T

“NI YaILSOW JO ALVa

$1
$T

‘DPA
“Get
pO
po
pO
0
‘uel

‘uel
pO

0
pO

Pest: GTA, ydasof

“7 "* UOSTIAA Ydasol

“55s TOS}eAA SOWIE
* HUM °C pszegory
* UOSTIAA ‘[ Janures
“''* WOSTIAA [anuIes

Scene ee ay uyot
YUYURA “JL 331095)
ene e eee AI qooef

‘t+ Jajsnay, panures
** uosdwoyy, 319q0yf

“SALVATad

‘panuyuoy—AWIVAVD YAILNNIOA, VINVATASNNAG ON7Z7—J ANWdWNOD
“GOST ‘TE “9O ‘Areaey ‘O1g pse ‘D ‘OD YUM yno pasaisnw POST ‘FS “GAT * yetodsoy ‘ydjopuey * WeqIy

“GOST ‘TE "390 ‘AapeaeD ‘OJg pag ‘5 ‘0D YUM MO padajsnyy sost ‘2s ‘PQ TT [etodioy ‘yooppesg ‘N uyoft
‘SogT ‘02 ACW ‘JepIO [eteuesy Aq pasreyosiq  @98T ‘OS “AON "ct quessiag ‘Auuaqg “a jenures
“Gost ‘T aun ‘Jap4iO [eleuer Aq possreyosiq 29st ‘ee PO yurasieg ‘uIqing ‘g WRITTIM
‘GOST ‘61 ‘Sny ‘IepsiQ [eteuery Aq pasieyosiq POST ‘9S “Je “TT stores qupesieg ‘AjuIND “[ uyof
“GOST ‘TE PO ‘Ayeaey ‘o1g YuewIsesy pase ‘5 “0D
YM yno pasojsnu fggst ‘T ‘ydeg ‘etodioy wiosy pojowmolg P98 “LAT “Gog Tee a aac yuRasiag ‘YWWS [[eO°W
“GORT ‘TE PO ‘Arpeaeg ‘o1g “JuswIsey preg “DN ‘0D
YM: jNO pasoysnul 'ggsT ‘T ydag feiodioy wo pejomoig POST ‘F. “Gay PS Ie yuvssiag Wemog “"H some
"GOBT ‘TE "PO ‘Aspeaeg ‘O1g pig “D 0D YUM YNO patojsnY ssl ‘6s PQ yueIZIIG ‘UIMIOD seuUIOyL
“GOST ‘TE “PC ‘Aapeaey) ‘O1g Pig “ °0D YUM JNO poestojsnyy @98T ‘9 “AON “t+ JuBasIag "UIOD ‘09S seMOyL
‘cost ‘6— A[nf{ ‘Auedwoy yyWM nO pasajsnpy gost ‘62 PO CC qyueesiesg “WO ‘AynyY ‘9D uyol
"GOST ‘TE
po ‘Aseaeg ‘og pre “5 ‘0D YUM Yno potoysnur ‘paimyded Z98St ‘T ‘290q “++ queasIag OC ‘teAou9]31015 “[ “Vv
“G98T
‘6, Ajn[ ‘Auedusoy YM NO pateysnu ‘FORT ‘OT Ae ‘papuno A g9Bt ‘26 PO CCC “+ JuvasIIg IST ‘AWeT Weil
~ “G98T ‘Te “WO ‘Asye ; :
-AG) ‘OIG WusWIs2ey pre ‘DN ‘0D YUM Jno patojsnul ‘poinjden FOBT ‘FS “G24 ‘t++ yupaSieg 1sT ‘Aapysieg “gq A1uopT
“GOST ‘TE “39O ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g “usuTTsey pre ‘W ‘OD
YW Jno pasejsnul fgggt ‘6 suNn[ ‘uRaTIaS IST Woy pajowmosg Bost ‘Z ‘}dasg ‘++ yuRuaynary pug Ysolg "HE Wei]

“GOST ‘6g ABW ‘JapsO [ero
-adg Aq posieyosip ‘gogt ‘gg ‘uel Quessiag WoIy pajour
-o1d ‘post ‘eg deg “eA (M ‘as1OWq UOUIaA “IJ Je pepunom Z98T ‘b ‘3ydas ‘+++ Jueuaynery pug ‘sqqny ‘Dd seme
“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aaeaen ‘O1g ‘usuIs9y pse :
x) 0D YUM JNO potojsnur Scost ‘og ‘uel ‘ueusynary ysT 0}

SPOT ‘4 ‘Jdeg ‘ueUeyNer] pug 0} JURAaBIVS }ST WOT pojoulolg s98T ‘TS PO "°° queue Mary 3ST ‘Tapfigy ueA ‘+ ‘f
‘POST ‘TE ‘99d ‘Japio yerseds
Aq pesieyosip eA ‘ay[lAcitog ye ‘Fost ‘Tg ‘sny ‘popuno~jA @98T ‘9 “AON TC” yueuanary 3st ‘YWUIS ‘gq Yue

“GOST ‘TE "PO ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g ua
Bd pre “5 0D YUM yNO pesojsnur ‘post “ET dag “eA
‘aenbodo 3 popunom ‘cogt ‘el yorey ‘[euojod “ynory pue

oreW, ‘Aq ‘P9BT ‘LT ‘Wdeg “JuRUeINATT pug WoIy pajowoIg gost TT PO ct ureydey ‘199d ‘4 Wey]
*eQ8T ‘g yas ‘posreyosiq Z98T 6g ‘po ewes eee ureydey ‘ys “A *XOTV
‘SMuVWaa ‘NI UALSAW 40 TLVa ‘MNVa GNV FAVN

506 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘AWIVAVD UAFLNNTOA VINVATASNNEG GNZ77—D ANVdNOO
507

ROSTER OF COMPANY G.

‘G9O8T ‘TE “390O ‘ATeAeD ‘OIG pig “5 ‘0D YUM JNO posojsnyy
"G98T ‘TE FOO ‘Asyjeaed ‘O1g psig “ ‘OD YUM jnO pasoisnyy
"G98T ‘TE “OQ ‘Areaey “O1g pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM JNO pasajsnyT

‘sdioy ‘say ‘WA ‘UOTeyWeg pug ‘AuedwWOD YI0g 0} passoysuesy,

‘POST ‘FL eunf “es ‘ayjiAuosiapuy je perp ‘paimjdey
‘POST BB “AON “DN ‘Aanqsies ye palp ‘paimydey
‘POST ‘T “AON “Bg “OD UOWUIYSeMA UI poIq

“e9st ‘4@ ‘uel “PW ‘puejioquind 4e paiq

“GOST ‘T eunf ‘IapiO [Biauey uo pasieyosiq

“SO8T ‘BT ABIL ‘a}edY4III99 SuoasiIng uo pasieyosiq
“898T ‘OF “9O ‘e}edYIWI99 S,uOasing uO pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘ST ACW ‘Jopig [eisusy Aq pasieyosiq

“Gost ‘6 A[nf ‘Aueduioy yWM yno posojsnpL
‘nNO-Ja}snW ye JuasqY

‘POST ‘OT ACW ‘WOr}De Ul SuIssIyy

“S98T ‘ET “290 ‘uorDe UI SUISSII

‘POST ‘T “Gay “RA “AA ‘UOBUlLINg Je UOT}e UI BuIssIP,
"GOST ‘TE “OC ‘Ayeaey ‘Og pie ‘5 ‘0D YUM Jno pasajsnyL
"GO8T ‘Gg ACW “kD ‘o][IAUOSIapuy }e pop ‘peinjdes
“GOST ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy YIM ynNO pesoisny_

“GOST ‘6 A[nf ‘Aueduioy yywM JNO possisnyy
"G98T ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Aueduioy yyM Jno possysnyy
“GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Aspeaey “O1g psg ‘D “0D YIM JNO posdysny,
“S98T ‘TE “PO ‘Arpeaey) ‘olg psig ‘D “OD YIM yno pasojsnyy
‘POST ‘OT ounf “ex ‘a][IAUOSIapuy ye pop ‘poinjydey
"G98T ‘T eunf ‘Iapig [e1auay Aq passieyrsiql
“GOST ‘FZ ACW ‘JapiC [esiauar) Aq passieyosiq
“G98T ‘6 AeW ‘Iapig [eseuay Aq pasieyosiq
"G98T ‘6L A[n{ ‘Auedwoy yWM yO pasoisnyT
“GO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey ‘o1g ‘uewIsay
PIE YUM jNO Potoysntu igggt ‘T ‘Wdag ‘[e1od10D 0} pejou01g
*G98T ‘TE “OC ‘ArpeaeD “org pig ‘5 ‘0D YIM JNO pasaysnyy

‘SMUVWaAd

“‘panuyjuo— AWIVAVD YAALNNTOA VINVATASNNAd GNZ77—D) KNVdINOD

98T
Post
vost
POST
S98T
v98t
o98T
698T
P98T
698T
698T
698T
e98T
P98t
698T
698T
o98T
POST
698T
e98T

698T
698T
698T
698T
69st
P98T
698T
698T
s98T

PORT
v98T

‘8s
‘LB
‘LS
>

BS
‘Ts
‘BS
‘9

‘98
‘8s
‘BS
‘8S
‘BS
+S
‘8S
‘BS
rad
‘GZ
‘BS
‘8

8s
8s
8s
‘9

6s
‘6L
‘8B
‘8s
8s

‘LT
%

pO

‘Gan

‘qe
uel
pO
‘idy
pO

“AON
‘ony

pO
pO
pO
pO
‘Idy
pO
po
pO
“Gay
pO
‘pO

‘pO
pO
‘po

“AON

pO

ydasg

"pO
pO
pO

‘qa
‘qed

“NI AdLSOW 40 FLva

Treereeeeeees Gonosy “EH WNIT
Tit Gaysipey “S wostysyy
rs Aemeuoy "mM Woqy
Trtttteserssseees UUMOIg PLAeC
ttt 399 SeMONT.
eg aiia Gale tote treseeeees gueg yoqoy
ae eee eee ste ielg sowmel
“* ypoppeag “Ss usydeis
uapog simay
Jauuag 384095)
Iq YsJopssy
Teyiteg Yoitepet7
“* Jamalg jIqoy
* aueg sowef
“""* yooppeig uoatisg
eee ae ee ed aueg some
“Tres TQuuag STMaT
pueysg ‘mM sourel
snoury sawef
** UO}XY sIMoTyT
“SALVAIYd
JIPPRS “YIBplIy seweuy
YMUUSPIE “IOAeM serve
“to"* YWUsyelg ‘sursaq uyof
vrs Japsng ‘Aapyyug uyof
"* [etodiog ‘A}eag praeq

 

“cre "* Tetodioy ‘qeysieyl “y uyot

srtttesss Telodio7+ propmely “Vy [qv

“** [erodio+ ‘uosisiey “EE ‘WA
"tttts* Telodiog ‘sunjnN jenues

""'* Terods07 ‘aouuepy "H Asuna
“too Jetodsoy. sqmeyn " uyof
“MNva ONY JWVN
GO8T ‘Te “WO ‘Areaey ‘Og pig ‘DH ‘0D YIM INO parsisnyy
“G9O8T ‘TE “19C ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM JNO passisnyy

“S98T
“SO8T
“S98T

“S98T
“G9O8T
“S98T

508 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘INO-1a}snUI Je JUNSqY
‘PORT ‘ST “39O “eg “erydjapeliyg 38 paid
‘e98T ‘F ‘sny ‘uoIjOe UL SuIssip[

“GO8T ‘TE ‘OC ‘Aapeaey “Olg pig ‘DH ‘0D YIM JNO posasnyL

“SO8T ‘TE

‘Po ‘Ayeaeg ‘O1g pre ‘5 ‘0D YUM Jno pasoysnur fpoimjydey

“GOST ‘6g ABI “ePIC [eleuar Aq pasieyosiq
"GOST ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy YUM no posoisnyy
“SO8T ‘eT A[N[ ‘IapiO [esauan Aq posieyosiq

“GOBT ‘TE "OC ‘Aaeaed ‘olg pig ‘5 ‘0D YM INO passysnyy

“SOST ‘T ounf{ ‘“Iapicg [eiauerN Aq pasieyosiq
“S98T ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy YIM yno poseisnyy

“G98T ‘TE "IO ‘Aapeaeg ‘org pag ‘9 ‘0D YIM JNO pasaysnyy

‘nO-Ja}snu je JUaSqY
‘yieg uwopnoyT ‘Arazauray

[euoHeN UL poling ‘p9sT ‘T “AON “PI ‘esOueg ie poiq

“GOST ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduioy YUM Jno poJojsnyy
‘NO-JoysnuI ye Juesqy
‘NO-JaysNU ye Jussqy

‘Te ‘WO ‘Alpeaeg ‘olg pig “5 '0D YIM JNO pasaysnyy
TE “PO ‘Areaed ‘o1g pig ‘5 ‘0D YM Jno posaysnyy
TE PO ‘Arpeae) ‘o1g pig “5 ‘07 YUM JNO possysnyy

‘NO-I9}ISNU Je Ysoie ul uesqy

“GOST ‘ST ABI “apIC [eisuey Aq pesseyosiq
“g98T ‘6T A[nf ‘Aueduiod YM Ino paso}snpL
"S98T ‘6T A[nf ‘Auedwioy YIM jno pososnyW
‘noO-JojsnuUI je JUEsSqYy

‘SO8T ‘4 ‘sny “apicg [eisusy Aq poeSieyssiq

‘Ts ‘OQ ‘Areaey ‘og pig ‘5 *0D YIM INO posoisnT
Te “PO ‘Areaey ‘olg pig ‘5 °0D YIM INO pasoisnyT
TE ‘190 ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g psig “5 ‘0D YIM JNO posdjsn}T

“SUVA

€98T
p98t
P9sT
POST
e98T
P98T

698T
e98T
e98T
898T
PO8T
post
698T
POST
POST

PO8Tt
698T
POST
e98T
POST
P98T
S98T
698T
698T
C98T
e98T
POST
@98T
POST
POST
e98T

‘8s
‘$3
‘LB
‘et
8s
‘sé

8S
8s
BB
‘9

$T
‘0g
‘Be
“6
Ge

6¢
‘Bs
“Bz
‘9

LS
$B
8B
8S
‘9

‘8s
8S
8

‘0g
‘6T
“63
‘8s

‘qa

‘qa
3G
‘qa

pO
pO
pO

“AON

‘qq

‘sny

‘Gag
‘qaq

‘qa
ae

“Ie
‘AON

‘qag
‘qaq
ae
oe

“AON

pO
pO
‘idy
0
“Goa
“qe
PO

“NI WALSNW 40 TLV

we ee ween er uoysuyof MIIPUY

Pjeyuy snoweuy
* uowumey uyof

Pe ee Aapsey H Wey IM
ey uspieyy uesloyy

Jowwep jenures

uapiey somel
“* 90%) WeITTM

boa E CR BS RTE aS ST aS. IEys®4) uesloWw

pAoly “W sewel

es ALT UIRLIE AA,
eee ee ee eee eee eee : wees pieoq petueq

‘t+ gfdureAqjeq "MM ‘09845

 

 

‘+ UIAIG seuIOyy,
weaq ‘[ yeIpeqo

Sess AuMO([ ‘S Moipuy

UOSTINIC PIEYULM

‘c+ AJaUOd uyol

uOSsIy.IGT SEWOYT,
se ee ee wee Teanqd “a uyof

“ staeq ‘M uyot

“Tt? sraeq “Yq “q janures

sete eee eee 49q]07) 981095)

sreteees yoIsny semoyy
srt gaydoysty) “MM ‘5

eee soyd

ojsIiy) wourolog

sree Tgysoyy) “y penures

eens Arey uyof
HID “M 3841095)

"th" PIOFMBID “AA 981005)

weysuluuny “Yl
“SHLVAINA

‘panuyjuo>)— XWIVAVD YIFLNNIOA, VINVATASNNSG ON77—D ANVdNOO
509

ROSTER OF COMPANY G.

“S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“S98T

“S9O8T
“GO8T
“S98T

‘Te
‘Te
‘TS
‘Te

‘Te
‘TS
‘TS

“Gost ‘og ABW ‘Iapsic— [esauey Aq pasieyosig,

“SO8T ‘6g ABW ‘Iapio [etauay Aq pasieyosiq—

pO
pO
pa
pO

‘Aqpeaey *
‘AITBARD *
‘AIBARD *
‘AI[BACD *

‘yno-Joysnul je Jussqy

O1g Pp4sg ‘9 0D YUM JNO pasosnyy
Olg pig ‘5 ‘0D YHA jnO pasajsnpy
Olg pie ‘5 ‘0D YUM jno posaisnyy
Olg pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM JNO Posdjsnyy

IO} pajunosse JON
‘IO} pojun0sse JON

‘post ‘9 [lidy “py ‘stjodeuuy 3e paid
‘GOST ‘6 A[nf{ ‘Auedwoy yyWM Jno pasoysny

‘jNO-Jajsnul je Juasqy
‘jNO-Jajsnu je Juesqy

“S98T ‘bg A[n{ “tapio [etauay Aq passeyosiq.

‘PO ‘Aryearg “oO1g pig ‘ “0D YUM jNO pasajsnyy
‘PO ‘Aryeaey ‘o1g pag ‘“D 0D YIM jno posajsny
PO ‘Aayeaey ‘o1g pig 4 0D YUM Jno posoisnyy

‘G98T ‘6 aunf ‘IapiO [eisuaxy Aq pasieyosiq
“S98T ‘6T A[nf ‘Auedwioy yWM 4yno poasazsnyy
“gost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Auedwoy y}IM yno pasoisny,
‘S98T ‘b “Sny ‘UOI}De UI SuIssiy
‘POST ‘G dag “eA odaq s,uosuaaays }e pal[Ty
“S98T ‘ZZ ‘99q “BA ‘Bingsiajog 3e priq

“S98T
“S98T
“SO8T
“S98T

‘— aunt
‘T sunt
‘TT sunt
‘T oun

‘IapIOQ [ejeuer Aq passeyosic[
‘IPpIOQ [eIeuey Aq passeyosiq
‘JapiOQ [eleuery Aq pasieyosiq
‘IIPIO [e1auarn Aq passieyosiq.

“gost “6T A[nf ‘Aueduroy yA jyno pesojsnpy
“sosT ‘6T A[n{ ‘Auedwoy yWM Jno poaseysnp

“S98T ‘TE PO ‘Aleaey ‘OIG Pie “5 -0D YM JNO pasaqsnyy

‘G98T ‘IT ounf{ ‘IapigC [eieuer Aq pasieyosiq
“S98T ‘T eunf{ ‘1ap4g [eiauer Aq pasieyosiq
‘P98T ‘OT “Sny ‘Uor}e Ul BuIssIpy

“SMuvNgGa

POST
698T
Post
P9O8Tt
PO8T
P9O8T
698T
POST
post
C98T
e98T
P9O8T
POST
POST
e98T
698T
o98T
POST
o98T
e98T
e98T
P98T
698T
698T
POST
P98T
POST
e98T
o98T
e98t
Post
Post
POST

“NI YaLSOW 40 FLva

‘8S
‘BS
‘9
‘LB
‘98
‘eT

‘qq
an
qd
‘qa
‘Qa
‘qa
0

‘any

‘qu
pO
20
‘idy
aidy
idy
pO
pO
6

‘re

an
oo
qa
an
6

“Sny
‘sny
“Sny

‘pO
pO

“AON
‘sny
‘Sny

‘qa

 

ee eee eee eee ee ee JouyHny a810a4)
$e eee es tresses ee Tovosr ney
Bee eee ene ydneyioy pjsy
treseeees Yosiqoy UraTeS
ee wee eee ewes dA ‘Vv uyof
“c's ulyuey ‘E ydasof
wom ee ewe wee ee eee spjoudsay uyof

. wees dadig "mM uyof
See ee ‘* JeBulsusg "M 991005)

a a ay sdyptyg snqunjo>

asivag ‘J, sowmel
see ee Seen shia. A0uqIeD OW [eewyst
see we ewe eae AIUIeDJIW yoougq
39}}099WW wo JUIN)
AZUPILDIPL 2310045)
ee eam ema ne AsuyIeyoW uyof
UysnelHoW Weyl AA
see eee Ce Aydin, uyof

. “"** guojey, uoley
gtedten ets trtseeesees garom qooet
AoreW WWD
eTHIT (OM weyyen
doyseouey ydaso(
estieien b bideeieshe ete gaqseouey WRIT
see ee eee eee wae ewe Jasurury uyof
eee wena eee Jasurury "mM as10ar)
scree s aeurey Army
mayfeT souy
see twee ee pAoyT assaf
ATOM WRTIEM,

vcr ss woysuyol WRIT
wee ewe we uojsuyor ‘¢ soure
se nee ee eene uoysuyol “M 331095)

“SALVA

‘panuyuod—XAWIWAVD YIALNNTOA, VINVATASNNAG GNZ7Z—D ANVdWNOD
510 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘POST ‘TS “Sny “VA ‘ay[Acisog 3e pel[ry
"G98T ‘8g ouNnf ‘IapIC [e1auaD Aq passeyIsIq
“gost ‘9 ouNnf ‘Iapig [erouar) Aq possieyosiq
"GOST ‘6T A[nf ‘Auedwioy YIM Jno posoisnyT
“G98T ‘6T Ajnf ‘Aueduroy YUM 4no posojsnyy
“gost ‘6T A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy yum yno parojsnyy
"GO8T ‘TE "390 ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g pig ‘D5 ‘0D YA JNO poarojsn
*‘NO-Jaysnw Je Ysaiie ut ‘uasqy
“GOST ‘TE “39O ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g pig ‘H “0D YUNA INO parojsny
‘1O} peyunosse JON
‘P9O8T ‘6 “AON “OD ‘N ‘Aingsijes ye parp ‘peinqdes
“O9T‘G FARIS ‘FORT ‘6 ‘SnY “ed ‘a[[IAuOsiopuy Je pop ‘painjdes
"SO8T ‘Pe ACW “apIC [eiauay Aq pesseyosiq
“g98T ‘T ounf ‘Iapig [eiausy Aq passeyosiq
“cost ‘6T A[n{ ‘Aueduroy yWM no posajsnpT
"GOST ‘6 A[nf{ ‘Auedwioy yim ynO palojsnyy
“GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Areaey ‘o1g Y}IM JNO pasajsnur fpaimydey
“S98T ‘TE “OO ‘Ayeaey ‘o1g pig ‘5 ‘0D YUM JNO poresnyy
‘jnNO-Jaysnu je Jussqy
‘eq ‘Sinqsuaas}s Jeau paras
-o1 SpunoM jo ‘gst ‘T aunf “eA “AA ‘Sinqsunsep ie poiq

‘SMUVWA

Post
698T
698T
698T
98T

e98T.

FOBT
e98T
PO8T
FO8T
P98T
698T
S98T
P98T
e98T
S98T
P98T
FOBT
POST

98T

“Qe
‘pO
6
po
po
PO
‘Ie
pO
“Gt
‘sny

yas

"pO
pO

ydas

196
6
“Ie
‘qaq
“Qe

po

“NI YALSOW 40 TLva

De ence nee eee eens yS9M prlaeq
Sidessehcdi-bd eieere, SabieKean “** SUIRITIIAA WOUTO[OS
eee ieee cepa be 2p Miele eit ww hal ae) Siar Jaye AA some
A vibiiee tr ds esisdns id teria ae sereretey ene aee 7 Japulm uyot
Mtdie ted ao Be RS Sb eee OS saaqeM ydesof
Sh elie eee Gi gre a Beat, JOyeM “EL stmoy

Se ee ee eee nee S19}}0 MA. yen
ee ey seen sao 381095)

Ce me ee we wt ee ee IOjARL ydasof
eee we ww wee ae setreressssess nag uyof
PEE OER Oe EET Tie . ysneqe[sS 381095)
ee IaUuls uyoft
Ne i eae s ee es
- ysneqes prempy

eee ree scenes ypous uyof
i ee ee ed yywws wowojos

[VER a taser tees sa7eqS “gq OATIO

ee ee me eee eee see yyuis “a assaf
scene wee eee wee eee one ayy ulqie yl

stet eres eeeeeeeseseeeeees TOW PrlARd
“SHLVATYd

‘panuyjuo— AWIVAVD YASLNN'IOA, VINVATASNNAd ONZ77—D ANVdWNOO
511

ROSTER OF COMPANY H.

“GOST ‘TE “3290 ‘Ar[eaeD ‘O1g ‘uaWIseY Pie YUM JNO pPasojsn
‘SOST ‘6T A[n{ ‘Iapsio [ese
-uar) Aq pasieyosiqy ‘F98T ‘6T 9O ‘49019 Jepad je painjyded
“SOST ‘6T A[n{ ‘Iapic— [eisuarn Aq pasieyosiq
“SOST ‘61 A[N{ “tapigC [es9uay Aq pasieyosiq
“SOST ‘TE 19QC ‘Arjeaey ‘olg ‘JuawIsay psig YUM JNO posojsnjy
“CORT ‘TE “POC ‘Areaey ‘Olg JuswIgay pig YUM JNO patoysnyL
“COST ‘TE “290 ‘Areaey ‘O1g ‘JuaWIsay Pig YUM JNO poatojsnjy
GOST ‘TE “POC ‘Areaey ‘o1g ‘Juawrsey pig YUM JNO potojsny
‘SO8T ‘TE “O ‘Aseaey ‘o1g ‘Juausay pig YUM
yno parsjsnur ‘F9gT ‘gt ‘ydag “eA ‘“Sinqsunse; }e poainjdes
‘GOST ‘6T A[nf{ “Ispi— jeleusery Aq pasieyosiq
“SOST ‘6T A[N[ ‘IapiO [esauer Aq pasieyosiq
“GOST ‘6T A[N[ ‘IapiD [ereuey Aq passeyosiq
“GOST ‘TE “29C ‘AqeaeD ‘O1g uaullsay pig YUM JNO posojsnyy
"SORT ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g ‘UsWISSyY pig YUM JNO PasoisnypL
"GO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g uawissay psig YUM JNO pearojsnpl
‘GOST ‘BT ‘Sny ‘“Iepig [eisuey Aq passeyosiq
‘POST ‘Te “Sny “BA ‘o[fAssog ye parity
‘cost ‘6T A[nf ‘tapiO [e1suesy Aq pasieyosiq
*SOST ‘6 A[nf{ ‘Iapiq [eleuar Aq pasieyosiq
‘POST ‘LZ “Wdag “eA ‘B10
UOUIIA “TJ 38 PadAla.II SpunomM JO} ‘OZ ‘99q ‘padieyosIp
{perejsnur jou ‘79st ‘eg A[nf{ “ueuaInaIT ysT PoeuorsstuW0+D
“SOST ‘TE "POC ‘AreaRDy ‘O1g ‘usUIIsay pig
YM NO posoysnur [GOST ‘8T YoIe “URISIAS WOIZ po}JoUOIg
"SOBT ‘TS “PO ‘Alpeaey ‘org ‘uaw1sey
pie YUM JNO Patojsnu Sgogt ‘BT YoIepY “UvUaNIIT 3ST
0} {Gost ‘8g ‘Ue ‘UeUZINeTIT pug 0} JURASIAG WOT} pejowoIg
‘POST ‘eg A[n[{ ‘pasreyosiq.
‘Sost ‘g aunf{ ‘1apio [erads
Aq pesieyosip 'P9St ‘Vs ‘99q “UBUSINaI] pug WoIy pajouolg
‘POST ‘8 A[nf ‘posreyosiq
‘SWavVNGa :

FORT

P98T
P98T
F98T
POST
post
FOBT
POST

P98T
P98T
PO8T
F98T
P98T
POST
F98T
€98T
POST
FOBT
POST

POST

FOBT

POST

$98T

$98t
POST

“NI WALSOW AO FIV

‘OT
‘9%

‘9%
‘93

‘qq
‘qaq
‘qq

G2
‘qt

sewer re rece J2]ppes ‘uosuyof qooet

eae * jerodiosy ‘uewALIay ‘D 3231005)
see enews eee ae [es1odi07j ‘SPITM. 93109)
‘reeess rerodioy Yoysieapusy ‘ uyofl
tresses Tertodi0y BoeyeMm “WY prempy
selaenie ees je1odio7) ‘urejiaquieyy qooef
scene eae yerod107 ‘ATTeIS "Vv UWIELIIM,
ES ear ‘+ Jetodi07 ‘Jauu0d deeSsT

tretees perodioy ‘1aiemoys ‘gq VOUS
awe cwces yueadies ‘OTN Wel [IMA
Pr ae ee ry . URIS IIS ‘I2A0OH] diy

trrereetss qupasiag ‘U0}a.J UOWIS
trereees qupasiag ‘Aa “q qooes
aa a queasiag ‘Iauu0d sImo'yT
qurasiag ‘SPM “OD WHIM
‘+ quRaZIag ‘WOD ‘Iadea_R “AA 3d1094)
shes queasies ‘WO ‘arueqoW simoy
‘7+ queasiag ‘WO ‘uekig ‘Aisa
weer rere wane yueeZ1es 1ST ‘ueo[S uyoft

‘rots queasiag ist ‘Ayeag “ J9qoy
“fo Juetanery pug ‘souery “4 plaeq
ccc tt quvuoqnery 4ST ‘WOstIIOP “YSe AA
“+7 yuvuaMery IST I04qGVY “VY PPV

totecessss ureidey ‘ueuMmep + uyof
eee Rete ureydey ‘AyJOL "HL seryqeyy

“ANVa aGNV INVN

‘AUTVAVD UASLNNIOA VINVATASNNGd ON77—H ANWdWNOO
512 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“GO8T ‘TE 390Q ‘Aspeaes

‘O1g ‘QuauNsey pig YUM Ino pasojsnur ‘peimjdes {ye10ds05

‘W193 JO uoreIIdxa ‘Gost ‘b “39Q ‘passeyosiq
‘nNO-Jojsnu ye Juasqy
“G98T ‘TE “OC ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g uawiey pre YM INO pasoysnyy
'G98T ‘TE ‘90 ‘a}ep 0} pasieyosiq
“G98T ‘BT ‘PO “eprog Tepeds Aq pesseyosiq
“SO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Aqeaen ‘org ‘VUIUIIBaY psig YM jno Petazsnjl
‘G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g ‘JuauITsay pig yIM Jno pasojsnyy
"G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Ayeaey) ‘o1g Yuausey pre yy Jno pesoysnyy
‘NO-JajsnUW ze JUasqY
‘eA ‘UOVSUIIY ‘AJa}aUIID [euOMeN
Ur paling ‘F98T ‘Ig sunf{ “D ‘q ‘ueuau0}g duey 4e paiq
‘POST ‘2g “SNY “BA ‘UMOJSITIeYD Je OTe UT paTry
“GO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey ‘o1g usuNSey pre yM Jno pesteysn yy
“G98T ‘g eunf “IapiO [e1suey Aq passieyssiq
“S98T ‘TE "PO Asyeaey ‘o1g ‘uaw18axy prg yim Jno pasaysnyy
‘S98T ‘TE “PO ‘Arjeaey ‘o1g Yusu3ey preg yy no poetaysnypl
“$98T ‘TE “FO ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g ‘JuawISey pig YM
jNO Potajsnt 'F9OST ‘BT ‘dag “eA ‘SinqsuljieW je painjdey
‘GOST ‘@T ‘SnVy ‘1opiO [esiauay Aq passieyosiq
‘GO8T ‘4 “Sny “IapiO [esouay Aq posseyosiq
"G98T ‘TE “OC ‘Aqeaey “O1g GuauLsey Pig YIM yo Perojsnyy
‘GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey ‘o1g YuswIZsy pie yUM yno posoisnyy
"GO8T ‘TE “90 ‘Ayeaey ‘O1g YuawiSay pie ym yno pasojsnyy
"298T ‘TE “WO ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g uaeusey pig ym jno pess}sny
‘IOJ payunosse JON
S98T FI “Sny ‘1opig [eseuay Aq posseyosiq
"SO8T ‘TE PO ‘Aseaey ‘o1g ‘uausay pag yWM yno pasaisnyy
‘G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aleaey) ‘o1g uswsey psig yA Jno pesaisnpy

"G98T ‘6T A[n{ ‘reps— [essueD Aq posseyosiq
“SuuvVWaa

POST

9st
P98T
P98T
P98T
PO8T
GO8T
POST
POST
P9O8T
PO8T

POST
P9B8T
P9B8T
POBT
POST
FO8T

€98T
POST
S98T
P98T
FOBT
PORT
POST
POST
POST
POST
POST

POST

“NI WaALSOW dO dLva

‘qa

‘Wa
5
‘qq
‘qa
‘qa
qu
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa

Ge
‘Wea
“Qt
‘uel
‘Ge
Ge

Aqne
‘G2
aidy
‘Q2H
“Qe
‘Qe
“G27

‘any

‘day
‘qa
‘qa

‘WA

 

eee eee eae surydoy “a somes

eee we ea ee yonoy "M a810a5)
Opes JaAOOP “MA 381095
Riatnaan meme: “+ JaquIN praeq
een e ee ee Sulpzey uyof
Detdticsasaes YouIey sepoystn
Ce yleyqas uyof

Psitsee84* IG OIE” SOMTY
PH W weyeiqy
"7" woud “vy uyof
vote ysty qooer

reeeeee sees yaery “a UFeITTEAY

ee ee ee eee . ysleD wosowe[

oor eee ulqioy) ‘gq wWeyeiqy
enews tedoo7 ‘Z jenwes
aPaiaL 6, Siete cee are wee [Moly uyot
Sue 3 es Dae yipies ‘V prempy

eee ce eae ysneqeyD seuoy ],
Sane we eee Aa[spegq ‘S ydasof
a aay meyuog PIOgULAA
Beem ecw mace ew eee queg I9}9g
see ee oe yseyyoelg “M uyof
eee eee ee Aatieg ‘L Wel [IA
ee meee ee uoweg “Vv some

Ce ee ere eee suepy Jopuexs[y

tee Se eee meee a1V panures
ras . siohy qoort

see ee SuOIsuIy ‘H ‘UIA
“SHLVAINA
* Jariegq “asraoqpyory “xeTy

“MNVa CONV GANVN

“‘Panuyjuo)— AWIVAVD YAFLNNTOA VINVATASNNA ON7Z7—H ANWdWOD
513

ROSTER OF COMPANY H.

“GOST ‘TE 90 ‘Aseaey ‘o1g ‘uaWIsIy pie YM JNO paraisnyy
"GO8T ‘TE “F9O ‘Aajeaey ‘O1g ‘JuaWIssy psig YUM
yno portajsnut 'F98T ‘6T “3dag “eA ‘Ja}sayouIAA 3e poinides

“S98T ‘TS “PO
“S98T ‘TE “PO

“S98T ‘TS ‘PO
“S98T ‘TE ‘PO

‘yooID) MON
“S98T ‘TE “PO
“S98T ‘TE “PO

“S9O8T
“S98T

Te "PO
TE “PO

“S9O8T
“S9O8T
“S98T
“G98T
“S98T

TE PO
TE “PO
TE "PO
TE PO
Te PO

“S98T ‘TE DO

“S98T
“S98T

Te PO
Te "PO

“G98T ‘TE “PO

‘AIVARD ‘OLg
‘AIeACD ‘O1g

‘AIBARD ‘OIG
‘AICABD ‘OIG

ye perp ‘Post
‘AIeACD) ‘O1g
‘AIeACD ‘O1g

‘AICACD “O1g
‘AIeACD) ‘O1g

‘JUeUIISay Pig YUM JNO patoaysnyy
‘UeUISey ple YUM JNO poasojsnyy
‘ynoO-Jaysnur je Juasqy

JUsTUIBaY PIE YUM ynO poataysnyy
qUsUIsay Pig YUM JNO posaysnyy

“GOST ‘IT ounf{ “eA “M

6 -PO “tA ‘AeinT }e poinjdey
‘JUSWIIBIY P4lE YUM JNO Podsajsnyl
‘quouiday pig YM jno pdsojsnyl
‘IO} pa}uNnosoe JON

‘NO-Jajsnul je Jussqy

UIUIISAY Pig YM JNO pasaisnyy
‘JUSUILBIY PIE YM Jno poisisnpL

‘GOST ‘ge A[N[ ‘TapiC¢ [elas Aq pasieyosiq
‘GOST ‘g ouN[ ‘Tapio [eIauer Aq poesseyosiq:

‘AIBARD “O1g
‘ATeAey) ‘O1g
‘AIeACD ‘O1g
‘AIBARD ‘O1g
‘Aqeaey ‘01g

‘ATBARD ‘Og

yno
yno
yno
yno
qyno

Queulseay pig YUM
Quoullsay psig yy
Y\UaWIISay pg YM
‘UaWIISdYy pag yiIM
‘quaUIsey pig YIM

peroysnyy
perojsnyy
porsisnyy
persisnyy
perojsnyy

‘jNO-Jajsnw je juesqy
‘JUSUIIZIY PIE YM 4NO paiaisnj

‘W19} Jo uoT}eIIdxe ‘Gost ‘F 19CQ ‘pasieyosiq
‘POST ‘LT ‘3dag “PW ‘puejiequiny je paiq
“GOST ‘Sg A[N[ ‘JapiO [esisuary Aq pasieyosiq

‘AIBARD ‘OIg ‘UdWIISIY pig YM INO possisnypL
‘AWARD ‘OLG ‘Wususey Pig YUM NO parsjsnW

‘AeARD ‘OIG UsUIISIY Psg YM Jno possjsnyy
“‘SmaVNTa

POST FS

€98T ‘6
F981
FOBT
FO8T
FO8T
FOBT

‘Gs
‘FS
‘bS
‘96

‘LS
$S
$s

FO8T
FOBT
POST
$98T
FOBT
F98T
€98T ‘9T
FO8T ‘OT
POST ‘T

FOST ‘T

FOSL ‘SZ
FOST ‘FS
FOSL ‘FS
FORT ‘9Z
FOBT ‘SZ
POST ‘9B
FO8T ‘92
FOBT ‘E
FOBT ‘92
G98T ‘s

POST ‘FS
FOST ‘LS
FOSL ‘FZ
FOST ‘LS

‘96
‘OT

‘NI WaLSOW 40 FLVa

‘9

6g °

Get
Qh
“Ga
‘Qe
‘G4
“Qe
“Qe
‘Qt
“Gea
“Gea
pO
QA
‘Idy
‘Pa
QT
“PA
“A

ysny ‘gq uaydais

yung ‘gq uyof
Satya “H sowef
see eee srtsteesees esse Tassny 3d10ar)
sulstelss bie dehene alevadaltl Cae vives suosieg “q uyot
aig ‘H A1luay
ee INO qo

cd AguieyoW Ss 094)
“"* Ul[T@NOJL WOstqiC,
AOAVOW [224s
mutae ce dae See arena da aaa woo; weit
HOTA, Weary
SeIqyeyy Wert AA
uOSIIIOW, SUBTT
e100 281095)
atIooW “T goors.
Ste eae Re ewe QOTBIT MONTE
Ae eee me we we te ew oe Aa yrepq ‘Ww uyof
Eee EE OTF WOE RHO Ee & Aelinyy some
PIT “D 349q0%
trrtttresesssess gyrumsaassayy 231005

pete * AaYyseyT seuoyy,
uoyseT Aapseg
yovay janues
seony urmeluag
wee ee eee wee eee ewe twee eee uley qooe
* uayluy sayreys
* Apsuuay uyol
UOspnH “M PreyIy
shaky PS dain id BS aes Bas JH “M prempy
“"' JaypeH “AL uosiiiey

“SALVATA

‘panuyjuo—AWIVAVD YASTLNNIOA, VINVATASNNAd GNZ77—H ANWdWOD
514 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

"S9sT ‘9 auN[ ‘IapIC [e1auar Aq poesseyosiq

‘POST ‘LUZ “das “eA ‘adiIOq UOUIIA “I 18 papunom

“GO8T ‘TE “90

"S9ST ‘TE "PO
“GOST ‘TE PO
“S98T ‘TE “PO

“S98T ‘TE "PO
‘sO8T ‘TE “PO
“SOST ‘TE "PO
“s9BT ‘TE “PO
‘S98T ‘TE “PO
“S98T ‘TE ‘PO

‘AIBARD ‘OIG “UaWIsey pig YM JNO peasojsnyL
, Wo-Ja}snur ye Juasqy

‘piooal ON

‘ ‘nNo-Jajsnu je JuIsSqYy

‘ACARD ‘O1g “UsWIZeY pig YUM JNO pasoisnyL
‘jnO-Jaysnur ye “Yors uasqy

‘ACARD ‘O1g “UsWILSey pig YIM yNO posojsny[
‘AAR ‘OIG ‘UsWIZeY pig YUM Jno peasojsnj
“GOST ‘ST Ae ‘“IapiC [eiauer Aq pasieyosiq
"GO8T ‘68 “SnY ‘Iapig [eisuar) Aq passeyosiq.
‘AITBACD ‘OIG ‘WUSUTIZOY PsE YIM yO posdjsnyjT
‘ACARD ‘OI USWIISeY Pig YIM Jno posoisnyL
‘AIBACD ‘OIG “JUSUIISOY Pig YIM JNO posoysnj
‘ATeAeD ‘OIG UsWISeY Pig YIM JNO poJoysnyy
‘AI[BACD ‘OIG ‘WUSUIZEY PJE YIM JNO posaysnyj[
‘AI[BARD ‘OIG ‘WIUTISeYy pig YIM Jno posejsnyy

“TSG BALIZ “WY OT ‘QZ UOTIDVS ‘WIeJaTIUY ‘AroJoUIED [BUOTIEN
Ur peling ‘Post ‘TE Ainf{ “py ‘Yorsepety ie spunom jo pric

“G98 ‘TS “PO
-SNU SP98T ‘8
“G98T ‘TE “PO

“S98T ‘TE ‘PO

‘S98T ‘TE "DO

“S98T ‘TE “9O
“S98T ‘TE "90
"GOST ‘TE “90

‘Aeaey “O1g YusuTIsey pig YIM nO pose}

‘PO “tA ‘UOsyIel 1I 1¥ poinjdeo pue popunopA,

‘ACARD ‘OIG YusUISSY Psg YM Jno pasroisnyy
‘POBT ‘48 “dag ‘eSioqy uouIOA ‘IJ Je popunopA
‘AITBACD ‘OIG ‘UdUIZIY Pg YIM JNO posojsny
‘piooa1 ON

“OST ‘6T eunf{ ‘19pio [eaUey Aq passieyosiq
POST ‘BT ‘Jdag “eA ‘Sinqsuniep, ye peimjdey
‘AIVACD ‘O1g ‘JusUTIsSeY pig YIM JNO paiaisnyy
*piosal ON

‘AeaRy ‘O1g UsUIZaY Pig YIM INO posoisny
‘AIeAeD ‘O1g UsUIISaY Pig YIM Jno posojsn
‘AITBACD ‘OIG ‘WUSUIZeY Psg YIM Ino poiojsnyw

“Sav Waa

5S
98
“68

‘AD.T
‘QA
‘Pu

‘NI WALSNWMIO TLV

 

Sunox "H sewel
BunoX 'S 0a)
sunox uyof

* URUIISIAA YOLapaty
DdETIEM “WV Prempy
iauseM uayde}s
uosyem Uyot
dITWIITeM [anuUes
IIUsSeAA UOSTITY
SPIIM JeysaapsS
yAeWYM 12220
UOSTIM “T [anWeS
we veeaiMisiel B dualiakahiavaadidveneneceuanetais HI@AA SPIT
“* SUITE Woop
SOM "MM uyot
ZIM 931095)
ee eee eee eee eee eens . WIM ydesof
ee DSIDABIT UNIV,

 

  

auoIpsys Jejeg
ee ee eee eee d[SIIS g uOULS
Cr oe IO[AeS uyo[
. sew eee we [2819S jaeydey
shin ¢ wcaysine WG devgelaben alors + “sayeys serqoy,
4 REBT AT ® eee eee ere ee wWOSsUTIS uyot

susydais “LL ‘¢
JITINIS “AM 094)
“7 vores Jayms wierd ay
. ee ee eee ewww eee a ae Jaquds ec) uyoft
oe ee mee ewe m ene eee ee soe Japyds Aii9g
Assmey “y Asso
Assmey uyof

“SHLVATad

 

‘panuyjuoy— XYIVAVD YASLNN'IOA VINVATASNNAd ONZ77—H ANVdWOD
515

ROSTER OF COMPANY I.

‘NO-IaJsNul je ‘VdIAJas paysejep uo Yuaesqy
“GOST ‘TE Po ‘AYCACD) “O1g ‘JUsUIISaYy
PJ€ YIM Jno patojsnur fcggT ‘FL “ydag “Ja[ppes 0} peJowoIg
POST ‘9B “99d “BA (M-‘YaeID MAN 7® pag
“GO8T ‘TE OC ‘Ayeaey ‘o1g uauIsey pig YUM Ino pessysny[
‘umouyuUN ayep ‘1a,3ng JeryD 0} psjouo1g
‘uMOUyUN 93ep “D "N ‘Aingsi[eg je parp ‘painjdes
‘S98T ‘9g [lady ‘a}edyT}199 SuoesIng uO posieyIsiq
“S98T ‘TE “19CE ‘Areaey ‘O1g UsTIZaY pig YUM jno possisnyy
“SO8ST ‘TE "NOE ‘Arjeaey ‘Olg ‘yuawmIsey pig yWM
yno passjsnul 'F9gT ‘6T 39C ‘9]}}eg YaeID Jepay je painjden
‘SOST ‘TE “POC ‘Ayeaey ‘O1g YUM JNO posojsnu ‘pomjdey
“SO8T ‘TE “29E ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g ‘USTILSaY P1g YUM JNO patajsnypL
“GOST ‘TE “90 ‘Areaey ‘o1g “uatISey pig YUM INO posJajsnyL
“GOST ‘TE 290Q ‘Aseaey ‘o1g ustIsay pig YUM JNO posojsnfy
“SO8T ‘TE “29C ‘Arpeaey ‘Olg UsTUIZAaY pig YUM INO posojsnyl
‘sosTt ‘sg Ae ‘IapigQ [eleuer Aq pasieyosiq
‘URId}9A SGO8T ‘eg A[N{ ‘Japig [elausy
Aq pasieyosip ‘sos ‘g yorep 0} ‘POST ‘9g Wdag WoIy IdUOSTIG
“COST ‘TE “ICE ‘ArpBARD ‘O1g ‘JUdUTISIY pig YIM JNO posJoysnyL
“SOST ‘TE “IC ‘Arpeaeyd “O1g ‘JuaUIIsayY Pie YIM Jno porasnyL
“UBIDJIA {GO8T ‘TE “9O ‘Areaey ‘O1g psg YUM JNO pasaysnyL
“SOST ‘TE “29C ‘As[BARD ‘OIG “USUIISIY Pig YIM INO PorJeIsnyL
“SOST ‘TE “290 ‘Areaey ‘o1g “uewIsay pie yyaA yno peJajsnyl
“GOST ‘TE “DO ‘AreaeD ‘O1g ‘UsWISeY pie YUM
yno pasaysnur ‘FOBT ‘ST “JdaG ‘“UvaSIBS IST WoT, psjoulOIg
GOST ‘TS “29C ‘ArTeARD ‘Og “UaUTIsEyY pre YIM
no paiajsnur {ggg ‘sT ounf ‘1ofep-JuvesIeg WoI pojouoIg
“GOST ‘9 [lady ‘1apig¢g [eredg Aq passeyosiq
*‘S9ST ‘Te “90O ‘Aqeaeg ‘O1g ‘uauIsey pig YM
yno palajsnul ‘cost “6 suNnf{ UeUd]NeTT IST WO pojowoIg
"SOST ‘6¢ AB “I9PIO [epadg Aq posieyIsiq,
“SuUV Waa

e9sT ‘6g cunt

FOBT ‘es “Gay
POST ‘Te “sny
e9st ‘6g aunf
e9st ‘oT Anf
e9st ‘oT Ane
e9st ‘or Alnf
sg9st ‘IT Ajnf

POST ‘ES “Gey
e9st ‘ot Aynf
POST ‘BT ‘Gag
e9st ‘TE Aynf
POST ‘BT “qeq
e9st ‘or Ane
S9st ‘IT Apne

e9st ‘IT Aqnf
e9st ‘ot Ajnf
e9st ‘9T Arne
s9sT ‘ot Ayn{
gost ‘TT Apne
gost ‘ot Ajnf

e9st ‘2 Arne

gost ‘21 Ame
e9st “6g ount

POST ‘G “Gay
F98T ‘b "qay
"NI UFLSNW AO TLva

trrtreeees qgnaeg ‘mousy I jenwues

ttreseeess Jorppeg ‘suing "HE Well]
treresesess UyUIsyoelg ‘yoog Weyl
a ec os YyWwsyoelg ‘Ysnequaxiy “DL
aia Bisa eee Ja[sng ‘19}I0g ‘FZ WelylM
seen ee [e1odioy ‘ueseayg yeweyoez7
sgt ares [esodiog ‘1ajIng “Sg weyeiqy
VET CREE NG [e1odioy ‘sawieig ‘g uyof

see en eee yetodi0y ‘sym ‘qd oeesy
nevae eee [e1od107 ‘uojsuyo ft MoIpuy
srssee sees Telodio0y ‘pare °S WRIT
eA fanas Yo chy see [e1odi05 ‘xo9 ‘Y spuely
vos terenaiaee ce a eae ye10od105 ‘2109 ‘WW Sstssed
a asia Sea sen eee ye10d107 ‘guoiy ‘d preg

ead ciuseets yuvesieg ‘syuey ‘YE Welly

aw awiaes yueasias ‘PITTA "gq WelyTM
oe Seles OS sees queesies ‘xoq] “Ty Ulloyy

ere erste a yueasies ‘OTT ‘Vv uyot
ere Waa pceiaue ie: queed19¢ ‘ajddiyy ad10ar)

‘"yuRIBIaS "MOD 4youUOg “y sewoyy
vrrteses Jueesias ‘WO Suoy uowy

“++ quevasisg JsT ‘AJauUOD “]T, semoyy

ane in queusjnary pug ‘puey “y Weqoy
“ct '* juRuaIneryT pug ‘suepy "H ‘WAM

eee ee ae ureydes ‘puelisq psojyues. 2)
srotsesss ureqidey ‘suofk] ‘FE seuoyy

“MNVaUANV INVN

‘AUTVAVD YSALNNIOA, VINVATASNNG ANZZ—I ANVdINOO
516 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘PO8T ‘0g [lady “eA ‘M ‘SIngsuljiey, je psig
"GOST ‘$e ACW ‘apiC [etauan Aq passeyposiq
“G98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aqpeaeg “o1g ‘uswisay pig
YUM NO posajsnul 'F9gt ‘“6T "PO ‘YaeID Jepay jo seg
ye painjdes ‘post ‘Te ‘sny “eA ‘sanqsunsey je papunom
‘GOST ‘TE “OC ‘Aaeaey ‘O1g ‘JuawIssy pig YM Jno pasoisny_
GOST ‘TE ‘9O ‘Aaeaey ‘o1g
‘JUSTUISIY PlE YUM JNO Poatoysnw ‘pggT ‘6g ydag ‘paanjden
“gost ‘oe A[N[ ‘1apioE [e1suey Aq passeyosiq
‘GO8T ‘TE “FOC ‘Aseaey ‘O1g ‘JuUaWIssy Pig YIM JNO potoisnpL
‘JNO-Jo}sNUL ze ‘BdTAIVS Ppayoejap uo “uasqy
‘UBIOJIA $G98T ‘TE “JOO ‘Aapeaed ‘O1g psig YUM jno petoysnyl
"GO8T ‘TE PO ‘Kryeaey ‘oig ‘JusWIsay psig YIM Jno posoisnpl
. ‘GO8T ‘4g aUN{ ‘Iap4IC [e1auas
Aq pasieyosip ‘Gost ‘6 yore 0} “FOBT ‘¢¢ deg wor JauOoslig
“GO8T ‘TE "FOC ‘Aspeaeg ‘org ‘yUsUTISaY Pig YUM NO peatojsnpyL
“G9O8T ‘TE ‘9OC ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g ‘UsMISaY pig UUM Jno poasosn]T
“GO8T ‘TE “390 ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g ‘WusUIIseyY pig YIM ynO pasoisnyL
‘NO-ja}snu ye Juasqy
‘gost ‘4 A[n{ “@A “M ‘Y92ID MON 32 paid
“G98T ‘TE “10 ‘Arjeaey ‘O1g ‘JUaUITSayY Pig YUM jnO posaisny
‘URIDJIA $G98T ‘TE “FO ‘Aseaey ‘og pie YUM NO postoisnpy
UBIOJOA 'G98T ‘TE “POC ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g Pig YUM JNO pasojsnyy
“GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Aayeaey ‘O1g ‘uoWIsIy PlE YUM JNO pasaysnyl
“GOST, ‘TE "OC ‘Arpeaey ‘oig ‘JuswIsay pig YUM Jno pesajsnj[
“G98T ‘TE ‘FOC ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g usTIsay psig YIM INO pasojsnyL
“G98T ‘TE PO ‘Areaey ‘og ‘JUIUIIS3ay Pig YIM INO parssnyl
“S9O8T ‘TE “POC ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g ‘JusuISay pig YIM Jno possysnyy
“GO8T ‘ZT 320 ‘piemays [eydsoZY 0} pajowoig
“GOST ‘9% ABI ‘J9piC [e1auay Aq passeyosiq
‘NO-Ja}snw 4e ‘ad1Atas payoejap uo “uasqy
“GO8T ‘TE "POC ‘Aapeaey ‘o1g ‘JuawIssy pig YIM JNO posoisny;

“SaauvWaa

PORT
PORT

€98T
€98T

€98T
€98T
€98T
€98T
€98T
P98T

€98T

> $98T

€98T
€98T
PO8T
P98T
S98T
€98T
POST
98T
€98T
€98T
6981
F98T

POST.

POST
€98T
698T

‘TL
‘OT
0
‘6

0
‘TT
‘ST
‘ST
‘6
63
‘TL
‘Gg
‘OL
‘TE
‘6
%

‘Qa
3dag

Ayn(
Aqne

Ajnf
Aint
Ainf
Aqnf
Ajnf-
“qey

aun
‘idy
Ayn
Ajn{
‘Qt
“qe
‘Ie
Ayn
‘Gen
Ainf
aun
auny
Aint
qe
“QT
‘Suny
aunt
“Qe

“NI YaALSNW AO ALVa

Se Re gn eats wad ees ees TOAST 9 Arua yy
ee ee eee PESTS MeN, Taso yeresy
cee ee i yung We

‘+ ABBE JOT

ss5 gouozapq “M095
Leuitasendbsneealaanbaress suoyeq “YY WEIL,

“co UeWy” uyot

ee ee ee se eee ysnequoysneq ‘ad

ee ee tee eee eee uapsig “ry uljsey
sn ee ewe eee ee ee eee dejunqg uljiey

eee we me meee wer ene JaystuoIyy) Aasioq

uojysefJeyy uyoL

“*** Jadood praeg

Japoy "9g janures
“"* umolg somef

" pysreg yeyng

eee ee eee eee uewyonog ‘H uyof

ueluMog Wel]
7+ Agpyurtg qo

Siwbiawaoneaate ueWyeg “JW uerstayD

“* yoag “]T Arquazy

peas evens hase yong “W uensy)

dajaeg “H same
amq@pPeld “A OD
‘ts MoUSY plaeqg
* sotty “T 4stqyD
MoUsY ‘Dd Jetued
suepy May}eW

“SALV Ald

‘penuyuoy— XWIVAVD YAALNNIOA, VINVATASNNA GNZZ—I ANVWdNOD
517

ROSTER OF COMPANY I.

‘POST ‘9g “Jdag “eA ‘dey suMolg 4e pal

"9ggG aAeIs

‘qT 3Ol ‘9% uotpas “py ‘Wejsjuy ‘Atajawiady [euoTIeN
Ul paling !UOT}DB UL Padlao.aI spunom jo “FggT ‘Fg A[N[ ‘paid
‘UBId}IA fSO8T ‘TE “"9O ‘Aajeaed “O1g pig YUM JNO pasoisnyy

“SOST ‘LT YOsey, ‘97 e9YI}199 SuoaSing uo pesieyosiq
“COST ‘TE “190 ‘AreaeD “O1g ‘JuaUNIsay pig YUM JNO poasaisnyl
“SOBT ‘TE “290C ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g ‘usWISay Pig YM NO paraisnyy
“SOST ‘TE “POC ‘Areaey ‘O1g “UdUTISay pg YUM JNO poassisnyy
“SOST ‘TE 29OC ‘Aqeaey ‘O1g USUIISaY pig YUM jnNO patosny
“SOST ‘TE “POC ‘Areaey ‘O1g Juawisay pre YUM Jno passisnyy
‘SOST ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g ‘UdWIISaYy pig YUM JNO pasoisny
“COST ‘TE “29O ‘Aqeaey ‘O1g “UaWISey pig yIM Jno paraysnyy
“SOST ‘TE “IC ‘As[eARD ‘OIG UsTUISaYy pig YUM INO Pposojsnyy

‘NO-IajsnuU je Juasqy
‘NO-Jaysnu ye jUuIsSqY

‘eA ‘UOVSUT[IY ‘A1sjauIN_ [euol}
-eN Ul paling ‘F98T ‘sg aunf “DQ ‘q ‘uOWUIYSeAA 1e prIiq
‘“SOST ‘9g auNf[ ‘IapIGQ [e1ousy Aq pasieyosicy
“GOST ‘FZ ARI ‘I9PIO [esrsuery Aq paSieyosiq
‘nO-Jajsnu je “YOIS Gusesqy

“COST ‘TE “190C ‘Ar[BARD “OIG UdsUIIS9dY Pig YIM INO potJoIsnyy
‘SOBT ‘TE PO ‘Asyeaey ‘O1g Yuswis3ay pig YUM JNO posojsnypl
‘SOST ‘TE “PO ‘ArpeaeyD ‘OL G YuUsIsaY pig YIM INO patJojsnyL
‘UBIDJIA [COST ‘TE “PO ‘Aleaey “O1g pig YUM JNO pasoisnyy
‘uRlayaA fGQ8T ‘TE "9O ‘As[eaeD ‘OIG Pig YM INO paioisnyy
“SOST ‘TE “390 ‘AITBACD ‘OIg “UIUIISIY pig YM JNO poasojsnyL
“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘AICARD ‘OIg uaWIsey pig YUM Jno poaioisnyy
“SOST ‘TE PO ‘Aqyeaey “O1g ‘usUIs9dy psig YUM JNO parosnyy
“GOST ‘TE “29C ‘ArTeAeD ‘O1g ‘USUILS9Y Psg YIM JNO paroisnyy
“nNO-1ajsnur je JUasqe ‘ueID}IA
“SOST ‘TE "PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g usuIIsay pig YIM JNO pate}

-snur ‘79st “2g A[n{ “eA ‘e810 uoulap JuNO|W ie pepunoMm
“‘SHaVWaa

€98T

§98T
€98T
POST
€98T
F98T
FOBT
€98T
F98T
€98T
9st
S98T
S9O8T
P98T

FO8E
€98T
FOBT
£981
POST
POST
POST
€98T
€98T
POST
§98T
€98T
F98T
S981

€98T

“NI WALSNW 40 ALVa

aunt

‘qoq
Aint

Ayn

ey

* ule Jenures

eee e neo ne apa Arua zy

Sa Janures
SuoT some
Sima] AluazyT
* ueusepury “AA uyol
fiactieyhancle ysunory uURYy
ystno'y “V Wer
SuO'yT IeeST
wees eee eae suo'T uepno'y
“*'* poossuaary “J ‘seyd
sree AWORT “f werstayD
sale Sonate UMEET WerTIT A,
weer eens . WWSBUIyOy qooef

geaetetar date pleyyeH uo
“** UOSXIFT “AA 381005
see eee eee PrPeyiey aB1005)
saysny ‘AA 09S
“* UBUIYOIFT JaysaapAS
ee oe UMP TT ydesof
Jaysdiop{ 381005)
eee eee . yonoy ‘Vv 931095)
ee ree eee ae sAeTyT We ILM
trereees Drouyepy fanures
fete PRP WITT
a Suryseyy Weyl
see eee fain seuloyL
ean nee ean Jastay uewy SILL

sewer ee ene qqnin AdAIe PY
“SALVA

‘panuyuo}— XWIVAVD YAALNNIOA, VINVATASNNEG GNZ7Z—] ANWdWNOO
518 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘G98T ‘TE *

“GOST ‘TE
“GO8T ‘TE
“GOBT ‘TE
“GO8T ‘TE
“GO8T ‘TE
“GOBT ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GOBT ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GO8T ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE

“HEIOJOA

“GOST ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GOB8T ‘TE
“GO8T ‘TE

pO
po
po
pO
pO
pO
6
pO
pO
pO
pO
pea

“S98T

396
36
PO.

VO ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g uowB9y pig YIM Jno pasaysnyy

“G98T ‘PZ AP ‘“Iapig [eave Aq pasieyosiq
‘UMOUAUN a}ep ‘jno pasaysnyy
‘nO-Ja}snWU 72 JUasqY
‘MO-Jaysnu ye JUaSqY
“GOST ‘be ACWW ‘“IapsO [esauey Aq passeyosiq
‘G98L ‘IL ‘Sny ‘IapiC [eisuaen Aq passeyosiqg

‘AlpeAeD
‘AIpeAR)
‘AITBARD
‘Apeaey
‘AIBAR
‘Ayeaey
‘AIeAR)
‘Aapeaey *
‘Arpeaey
‘AIRBAGS
‘Arpeaey
‘Alpeaey

‘Og ‘JUsUISIY pre YM
‘O1g ‘UsMIBEeY PIE YM
‘OIg ‘WusWIsay pre YM
‘O1g ‘UaUIIZIy pre YIM
‘O1g ‘WUSWISaY pre YUM
‘O1g ‘UaWIsaY Pig YM
‘O1g Quswsey psig YM

O1g ‘UeUIseY Prg YM

‘O1g ‘JUSTIA Psg YM
‘OLg ‘UaWISIyY pre YIM
‘O1g ‘USWIZayY psig YIM
‘OIg ‘UsUIsey pre YIM

yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
no
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno

pesaisny,
peseisnyy
pesaisnyy
pereisnyy
paseysnyy
Ppesa}snjy
pesejsnjy
Posaisnyy
pesejsnyy
Pesaisnyy
pesaysnyl
pereysnyl

‘ST Yoiey, poyep ‘“Iapso jermads Aq pasieyosiq
‘G98T ‘Te [lady ‘Iapicg [eteds Aq paSieyosiq
“GOBT ‘FZ ACW ‘JapIO [esisuery Aq passeyosiq

*S98T ‘TE “PO ‘Aleaey ‘o1g pig YUM nO peasaysnyL

“GO8T ‘PZ ACI ‘IopiIO [etsuay Aq poassieyosiq

‘PO ‘Areae) ‘o1g uewIsey pig YM

‘AITBARYD *
‘ATTeARD *
‘ATBARY *
‘AI[AC *

o1g YusewIsey pig yUM
o1g uawMIsey pig UM
o1g ‘WUaUTsey pig yim
O1g ‘JuaUIsaYy pig YUM

‘uMOUyUN ajep

yno
yno
no
yno
yno

‘no

pesaisn
pereisny
peseisnyy

pessisnyy

peseisny
persisny

‘) ‘q ‘wo uryse ‘ye jeydsoy ut paq
‘qNo-saysnu 3e juasqY
‘S98T ‘Ts “PO ‘pasieyosiq

“SHUVN Ga

€98T

- P98T

e98t
post
POST
p98t
P98t
PO8T
S98T
S98T
POST
FOBT
P98T
€98T
S98T
€98T
€98T
€98T
€98T
€98T
€98T
PO8T
P98T
P98T
€98T
€98T
P98T
F98T
S98T
€98T
POST
S98T
€98T

‘L
‘Te
‘OL
‘5
%

‘Te *

‘93
‘ST
¥

‘g

TT
+
P

‘BS
‘OL
‘OT
‘BS
‘OT
‘OT
‘OT
6

‘

‘TE
6

‘Ts
TL
‘ST
6S
‘OT
‘ST
TT
‘OT

Be:
6

‘sny

Ainf
Ayn
‘Qa
Ql
An{
4Ainf
“G94
Aqn[
Ainf

“NI YALSOW AO ALVa

ee ed adeTTeM. ‘H skey

pussumMoy, uostiiey

JOPMOIS “M UOSjaN
‘++ aoaedg yermaslal

See ee ee mw ee we suaydajs jenures

 

paeddays soumel
ae Ae sig jeeydey

ee ee ee eee eee IojAes ft maIpuy
Cee me we cee Peagiseresatatens a[pids uoyleg
ee ee ee ee ee et ee ew nee yy S yq@S
Be ee ee ee eee ee ee wee sedis uyof

saccade raaias bi Buaco 5a Ga Rene ote IaJOYS 1A8y

seer yyws “J uyof
‘17 gapkug “f seng

Pe pee eee eee ayes “a uyof

 

SISWIWIG SeWOy Ty,
pe ee Jajsuodg uyof

‘ yYOLIIog “JT AvImMO'T

na ae MS a aa Be eae ueisays ‘H uyoft
ee te we ee ee tne sopssny uyof

De wwe ee ee wees sojsany 381005
Fe Me ew a ee Hee aw aS. [eta preg
SCE PS GAME PA Soe CAE we pwuny souef

eS aseg Auoywy

ee ee me wee eee tee eee s19}0g uyot

Shes TPMOg Worl

seb qeilers vy Shela eAlaneeles quesesyg wera,

syseg jenures

dalctdl ned nome eI NaG ae eee purjon enysof
pene oaetuarsccaee PURTADOW “MM

“ uRIoyqgoW jenwes

a AdIMOW ydasof

** WOSIIIO, (L, uyOoL
“SHLVATad

‘penuljuoy— AYTVAVD YAFLNNIOA, VINVATASNNAG GN7Z—] ANVdWOD
519

ROSTER OF COMPANY I.

“GOST ‘6T “SNY ‘IOpIO [ereuer Aq pasieyosiq
"GOST ‘Lg ouN[ ‘IapigQ [ereuer)
Aq peSieyosip ‘gost ‘4 “qeq oF $98T ‘LL PO Wor Jsuosiig
us ‘WRIOJOA
‘cost ‘Te “PO ‘Aspeaey ‘org “WuawIsey Pie YUM jno potsjisn|W
“GOST ‘TE ‘PO ‘Asyeaey) “O1g ‘JUoMISoY pig YM yno posojsnW

“SaUuVW Ga

POST ‘ZT “F294
FORT ‘L “Gat

e9st ‘oT Ane
e9st ‘6 Aynt

“NI YALSOW 40 ALVa

** WOSTEMA “M Byol
" STTRAA WRITE

SWRI “H uyolt
JIyVUMOPULM ‘Sel

“SHLVATYd

‘panuyju0—AWIVAVS) YAALNNTOA, VINVATASNNAd ONZ7Z7—] ANWdINOOD
520 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘POST ‘TS “‘Sny “VA ‘AT[IAAIIOg 18 Poh
‘pos “98 An “eq ‘surqeD yuIng Je poy Ayjeyueppoy
‘G98T ‘TE “DO ‘Asyeaey ‘olg uewis.sy
Pl SI '0D YUM yO pasoisnur fgggt ‘9 "3dag ‘[erod105
0} pajowoid ‘post ‘gg “Bny “eA ‘UMOJSeTIeYD 1e pepunoAA
“G98T ‘TE PO “Ae ‘O1g “Say preg SY OD YUM INO parojsnyL
G98T ‘TE PO “AbD “OIg “B2Y Pls ST ‘OD YUM JNO pasoisny
GO8T ‘TE “FO “ACD ‘OIg “Bay prs Sy 0D YUM yO PotJaisnyy
“G98T ‘TE ‘PO “APD “OIg “Say Pls ST OD YIM Jno possisny
"G98T ‘TE “WO “AbD “OIg “B2Y Prg SY OD YM Jno poasojsnyT
“GOST ‘TE “PO “ACD ‘OIg “Say preg ‘OD YM NO pasaisnyy
“GO8T ‘TE ‘PIO “ACD ‘OIG “B2Y pie SJ ‘0D YUM yno posofsnypy
"G98T ‘0G A[N[ ‘Jueasiag “PW ‘GH ‘Bey 0} pajowoig
"G98T ‘PL Ayn ‘taprcQ [erauey
Aq poesieyosip ‘post ‘Tg “Sny “eA ‘ay[lAdis9g ye papunom
“G9O8T ‘TE ‘9O ‘Aypeaen ‘o1g ‘JuseuIsey pre ST
‘OD YUM JNO poraysnur ‘eget ‘9 ‘jdag Yuevadiag 0} pejowoIg

“G98T ‘TE “POC “APD “OIg “S2Y Pre J OD YIM yO paraisnpy
“GOST ‘TE “PO “ABD ‘OIg “Say ple ST ‘OD YUM JNO passisny
“G98T ‘TE “IO CARD ‘OIg “Say pis OD YUM Ino pasaysnyy
“G98T ‘TE “POC “ACD ‘OIg “BAY pie SY “OD YUM ynO posrajsny

"G98T ‘TE “WO “Abd “OIg “Say pis “SY 0D YIM Ino posayisnyT
“GO8T ‘TE “IO “ACD ‘OIg “B2Y Pie SY OD YUM yO posaisnp,
'G98T ‘TE “OC ‘Aapeaey ‘oO1g ‘uswWIBeYy pig ‘yy ‘0D
YIM JNO pesoysnu ‘gggt ‘9 Wdag uasieg IsT 01 pajowo1g
“S$98T ‘TE “PO
‘AITBARD ‘O1g YustIsay pie SZ ‘OD YUM yNO poisjsnu
‘pertejsnt jou ‘gost ‘e~T aunt ‘Jueuanely Is~T poeuorsstwuut07
“ost ‘g cunt
‘pesieyosip ‘FOS ‘98 ‘Gay ‘JueUayMaIyT pug wos poyowoIg
“S98T ‘TE 90 ‘Alpeaey ‘og ‘usuIsay pig “yy 0D YIM ynO
Perojsnu 'F9gT ‘8T ‘Jdasg “eA “MA ‘Binqsurieyy je popunorp

“SUV NAT

P98T
p98t

P98T
98T
P98T
P98T
POST
POST
POST
P98T
P98T

POST
P98T
FOBT
P98T
P98T
POST
PO8t
FOBT

P98T

P98t
€98T

F98T

‘93

oo
a

‘qa
‘qa

‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
‘qd
‘qaq
‘qa
‘qa
‘qa
qa
‘qaa
‘qaq
‘qa
‘qd

‘qq

‘qq
Anf
“qe

“NI WALSOW 40 TLV

uaydateiengate [e1odioy ‘ayqes) "We WeITIIM
ae [e1odi07 ‘sajéog ‘[ 149q0y

Jetodio7y ‘uesOM ‘AM 281095
vrttesess Tejodioy ‘Aapyong “J qooef
[etodioy “asaley “YE AIuay
[es1odioy ‘uosispuy ‘S Moipuy
voreesseess Teiodio) WITT WY PP
Ce [e1odi05 ‘4ORIS YW uyoft

[e1odioyj ‘uospieyory ‘q uyof
[estodioy ‘Aajyong "Y Aruay
qURISIIS YWeryey “MM janues

quRsBIeg uezued “JA sowef

re quessi19g ‘Sty[ID ‘W uyof
LE AA CRE queasies uIndy "H uwost[y
srrtsrsss JUBasSIIS AOID “Y WRIT
Soin as quees19g “PleuoqoW “M PPY
yueasiag ‘Ysnequsysneq "HM
quevasiag “WOD ‘UOSIqIIg ‘OC Aliag
“+ queasiag ‘WO ‘9xD9q ‘q Aue

Shona "* JuRaSieg IST ‘SITTIN “y praeqd

“+ yuRustNaryT pug “eieys “q welyytA

queuanary 4st ‘sostaq uyol

scree ureqdey Suriog ‘y uyof
“INV ONV INVN

‘AWIVAVD YATLNN TOA, VINVATASNNAG INZ77—Y ANWdIWOO
521

ROSTER OF COMPANY K.

‘COST ‘TE ‘po “AeD ‘o1g “Say pie esi 09 qq yno pasaysnyy F9ST ‘9g ‘qaq betwee ne nne eee ewee Alseq ‘H uyol

“GOST ‘Te ‘po “aed ‘Old "3d ple SM ‘oD ya yjno peroisnyl POST ‘9g “‘qayq a Oe SG a eR OES Oe |S SURAT Kk jeyesy
"COST ‘Te ‘po “Aaey ‘O1g “Say p4g YM yno poereisn py POST ‘Cg ‘qaq He we ee ee wee eee ewww oe SplemMpy ydasoft
“GOST Te po “aey ‘Old “Say pte YI ‘oD yy }no poesoisnfy POL ‘92 ‘qaq ee ee eee ewes Jayoaq praeq
“GOST ‘Te po “ARey ‘Old “Ba psig SY ‘OZ yyo yno Poersisnyy POST ‘BT ‘qaq eee ewe eee wwe eee eee ee ajéoq snijausto7y
“CO8T Te ‘po “aed ‘O1g “Bd pag Vv ‘oy yy yno petoysnyy POST ‘BT ‘qayq ee eee ee ew ew ewes eee ajsA0q WEL ITAA
‘SOST ‘61 API ‘APIO [etauar Aq posseyosiq POST ‘ST “Gay ROR caseeee srrreeees TeMOD JanUIeS
*jno-13}Ssnul ze ‘yDIs \uosqy POST ‘LS ‘qayq sem me rer en nee eae wees yoo) ‘W ydasof
“COST ‘Te ‘po “ARy ‘O1g “ZI pss Xv ‘oy Ya yno poestezsnpl POST ‘og “qay eee ee ee ee ee ew ee TIAOUMOI) ‘H OM
“COST Te ‘po “aey ‘o1g ©39y pig IS ‘oD YM yno pesojsn fy POST ‘eg ‘qo ee ee ee ee oe woe ynujysoyy ‘W uyof
“GOST ‘Ts ‘po “Ae ‘O1g “Sd pte vw ‘od yin yjno Peso}sn yy POST BL ‘qo 14 AE DOE DAS? Bees eas Treyoyny "M uyof
‘COST Te ‘po “aRey ‘O1g “Za pig WI ‘oD YIM yjno peraisn jy POST ‘BL ‘qa CERES BEE OOS ee Ee woe Jasusaz[y wepy
“GOST ‘Te po “Aey ‘old “39 pag wv ‘09 qyM jno pesaysnyy POST ‘Sg ‘qoyq Bem me mew emer cre sene snijautoy “T Dp
“SO8T Te po “aey ‘O1g “Za pas I ‘oD yy yno pesoysnyy POST ‘og ‘qoq 2 Se Oe Eee Oe ee RSE [944109 ‘d yoy
‘jno-iajsnu ye JUSsSqY POST ‘9S “Gaq rt Joupsesuing sitMmoy]
“COST ‘og AeW ‘I2PIO [eteuey Aq pesseyosiq FORT ‘6L ‘ydasg Be ee ee we wee org “Mm 931005)
“COST ‘Te ‘~pO “Aey ‘O1g “Bd pig wv ‘oD YIM yno poesoysnyy POST “Ve ‘qayq eee ee ee ee eee uewMmog ‘H qosef
“GOST TE po “ary ‘O1g “Z2y] pig sl ‘oD quia qyno pereisnyyy POST ‘eg ‘qoq Seep RS RTE BURNS Aiee erate sa ueueyong WRI IL AA
“GOST ‘Te po “aey ‘old “Bay pig Ww 09 quia yno pestsisnyy POST ‘og "qo. eet ee Ree ees seLieg ‘a uruefuag
"GO8T ‘TE “PO ‘Aseaey “‘O1g ‘Juousey pag “yop yUM
yno posojsnu ‘Post ‘ee “Ssny “eA ‘UMO}SaTIeYD 1e papunoAA POST ‘9S “Gaq ooccttttttts SESH RBIS RY 8 * Jayeg ‘{[ Moaipuy
“GOST “Te pO “aey ‘o1g “BI pte wv ‘o9 yy jno paraisnyy PORT OL “qayq ee ee ee ee eee uleg 381095)
“GOST ee ‘po “aed ‘O1g “Sd pig wy ‘od YIM yno patoysnyy FOST ‘ag ‘qaq ee ee ee ewe ew ee dJauog “A UWIAA
“CORT Te ‘po “aey ‘O1g “Bd Pig SI ‘O79 GUM yno pato}snyy FOST ‘Gg “qo ee ee ee ee youseg “a ydasof
‘Jho-19]snur 42 Juasqy POST ‘BT “Gage apc atieideile Vavauislign aire te asoiqury qooet
“SHLVAIYa
“GO8T ‘TE 90 “AD ‘OIG “Say Pre “WY OD YUM Jno poatojsnfL POST ‘ES “Gey crtrressseess Jorreg Suoysiq sowel
"SO8T ‘TE “PO “ACD “OIg “S9y pag ‘I ‘OD YUM JNO patoaisnyy POST ‘LS “GQaqoocctt ttt ‘** Jarppes ‘suang a}SaapAS
“SOT ‘TE “PO “ALD ‘O1g “B2Y Pre “SY OD YUM Jno posojsnyy POST ‘LS “Gay corr UpUsyoe[gG Uossapuy Aruszy
“GOST ‘TE “PO “ACD “OIG “S2y pag “Y '0D YM Jno pasajsnypy POST ‘9S “Gaq oo cccttttst Japsng ‘QAOID) ‘qd jenwes
"GOST ‘TE “9O “ABD ‘OIG “Say ple ST “0D YUM YNO posojsnpy F9ST ‘BT “Gag octet ccrrtss Jopsng ‘uazyoIIy uyol
‘OLE ARIS ‘C 30] ‘9g UOT}ES ‘UIRJaTJUY ‘A1a}OUII_) : et
[euoneN Ur poling ‘F9sT ‘T “Sny “pI ‘YooH Apues 32 por POST ‘9s ‘qeq = “tt + pesodsoD “Hoiyzedysry “q ‘se
: ‘SauVNGa ‘NI WaALSNW 40 TLva ‘INV ONV TAVN

‘panuyuoy—AWIVAVD YAALNNIOA, VINVATASNNA ON77—3 ANWdWOD
‘SO8T UT AeW ‘12p1O [eseuer fq pesieyosiq POST "og ‘qaq wee re eee wee eee UeIpPIID°7W ‘H UM
; “SO8T ‘TE “FO “ABD ‘OIG “S9Y Pig SW ‘0D YUM ‘
NO posJojsnur {pogT ‘eZ -Bny “eA ‘UMOJSI[IeYD Je papunopA FOBT ‘BE “Gaq cree t Auuryow ydesof

‘Ino-IO9}snUI 31 quasqy FORT BT qaq er ea SBIyIe YL y Aue

‘GOST ‘Te ‘po “Aey ‘o1g “BOY pie SI 09) yy no poseysnyr POST 92g "qo Ce lTeysse Kw sopreyy

“COST ‘Te po “aey ‘olg “3oy pie yl ‘oD yIM qno persisnyy FO8T ‘eg "qaq ete eae twee tenes ACIINI ‘H souef

“GOST BT AW ‘PIO [e1euer) Aq poesieyosiq POST ‘ST qoq ee ew ee ew en eee scene oe SIpia'T yerutese

“SOST Te ‘po “Ae ‘old “Bay pig cl 09 YyIM yjno paraisnyy POST “6 yas sence a ec IoZulsv] ‘Oo a31095)
‘POST ‘TZ “Sny “eA ‘o[[IAAIIog Je JouOSIId usdye}

£cggt ‘TE po “Aey Old “BOY pig I 709 qua yno persisnyfr POST ‘92 ‘Qt ee ee ueZoT sowef

"GOST Te po “AR) ‘O1g “Boy pig I "0D qq yno pessisnyy POST 62 qa ee apAT ‘Vv WIE,

“SORT ‘Te po “ae ‘Olg “Boy pig v 707) qua qno poersqsnyAy $O8T 92 ‘qa tree ee eee eens seen spay ‘Ss uaqneay

‘no-Jajsnu 4e yuasqy F98T ‘og qaq sre eeereceeseccorecs UBUTIONIT g ‘Vv

“GO8T ‘TE “POC “AD ‘O1g “Bay PE M ‘OD YUM JNO passisnfy F98T ‘ST “Gey tresses eseeeeeoercrcces UUM spuely
‘G98T ‘TE ‘PO

‘Asjeaey ‘O1g ‘yUsUTPsSy Pig a ‘OD YUM Jno pdiajsnur
{parajsnur jou fgggt ‘st ounf ‘ueuajnery pug pouorssiuu0y F98T ‘98 “G24 seer ee reece ececess peayury ‘qd pred

S98T ‘TE PO “ACD ‘OIg “SIY pss ST OD YUM JNO pasojsnyy POST ‘92 “GQaq oc " srrsesersss sommel SBTIS
‘jno-. 4I9}Ssnur 1e juesqy eee 7. a ee eS ee ee Se eS eS | ae he. S1aquasy “f sewoyy
“G98T ‘L3 “90O “TOPIC lige?) Aq pasieyosip

‘sd107) OAIOSOY UeIIIIA ‘USWITSIY YIOT ‘F) “OD 0} patajsuesy POST ‘OS “GAG cc serssesess Vgsy “xy [anes
“GOST ‘TE “29O “APD “OIG “Zo pis J ‘OD YUM jno parsisnypL POST ‘96 “GQaq ccc trotseeees Sraquasy somel
‘no-1ajsnu 71e quesqy POST "12 "qoq Se ee eee sees uewsnofyT “a ‘WM

“SO8T ‘Te ‘po “aes ‘O1g “39Y pig yl 09 UTM. yno pessisny POST 12 q2auT see eee tee wwe ewe eee SITET Wel,
“COST Te DO “aey ‘olg “Bay pig I “oD ya qjno pereysnyq POST ‘og qou7 see ee eae rr SHOE] "Dy uyof
“SO8T Te ‘po “ARd ‘O1g “329 pig WT ‘09 Wy qjno peraisnyy POST ‘og ‘qaq er eee reer enn wee 19H ‘H uyo[
“COST Te po “ARBy) ‘O1g “Bd pig VS 09 qi yno peraisn jy POST 12 ‘qayq ee 197997] “a some
“GOST ‘Te ‘po “AD ‘O1g “Bd pig I ‘09 yy qyno persisnyy POST OL “qa see ee ee twee ee te eee eee eee yonoy, DeesT
‘SOST *t9 po “Aey ‘O1g “ZY pig wT ‘o7d qin yno persisnyy POST BL “qay ee ee ee ew ee ee eee eon eee yruexy WY ‘xolTV
“SOT Te ‘pO “aed ‘old “ZY pig SI "07 qv yno porojsn fl POST 8T ‘qT eee eee teem eee wwe ese ees eee ayxOH soure
"GOST ‘Og ABI ‘IOPAC [e1ousy Aq pasieyosic¢ POST ‘6T “3daS vrrseesesrecess UemIpoor “y ulmelueg

“COST “76 ‘po “ARd ‘o1g “39 pig I ‘oD yA yno perojsnyy POST Le ‘qayq eee w ewe enon ee a“ eee ee He1yay “( uyot
"GOST Te ‘Po “ARBy ‘O1g “B27 pig WI ‘od quia yno peroisn yy POST 9¢ “qa sewer ee ee eee ees tee eee seoe I9jsery Jpg

"SMUVWaa "NI WALSOW 40 ALVa “SALVATId

‘panuyjuo — XUTVAWD) YAIFLNN'IOA, VINVATASNNGd GNZZ7—3Y ANVdWOO

522 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.
523

ROSTER OF COMPANY K.

‘NO-Ja]snuUI je JUESqY
‘SO8T ‘TE “29O “ABD ‘OIG “Bay pss ST “OD YUM Jno pessisnyT
“SO8T ‘TE "WO “CARD ‘OIg “Say pis ‘OD YHA NO Ppatoysnyy
‘cost “6 auNn{ ‘19piC [elouss) Aq pasieyosiq
‘NO-Ia]snuI Je JUEsSqYy

“GOST ‘SZ “Gaz “DN
‘AINQSI[eS 3e Pap ‘POST ‘6T “das “eA ‘JaIsayIUTAA }e painjded
‘NO-JajsnU 1e ‘YIIs “UasqYy
‘ynO-Jajsnul je ‘YoIs ‘Juasqy
"GOST ‘TE PO “ABD ‘Og “Boy ple OD YUM JNO possjsnyy
‘GOST ‘TE PO “CARD “OIg “Bay pjg ‘OD YUM yno parajsny
"G98T ‘TE “PO “ABD ‘O1g “Soy pig ‘OD YIM ynO perajsny
"GO8T ‘TE “PO “ACD ‘OIg “Say PlE ‘OD YUM JNO patoysnyy
"GOST ‘TE “PO “ABD ‘OIg “Sy plE ‘OD YUM Jno paitajsnyy
"GOST ‘TE “PO “AbD ‘OIG “Say pie 0} YIM JNO poseisnyy
‘GO8T ‘TE 39O “ABD ‘OIG “B2Y pg ‘OD YUM JNO poass}snyy
“GO8T ‘TE 39O “ALD “OIG “Say pig ‘OD YUM Jno paseysn pl
“SOBT ‘TE “WO “Ae ‘O1g “Say psg OD) YUM Jno pasaqsn fl
“SO8T ‘TE “PO “AeD ‘O1g “Say ple 07) YUM Jno possisnyT
"SOBL ‘TE “PO “ABD ‘O1g “Say pis ‘O7) YUM JNO poasaisnyy
"GOST ‘TE “IO “AD ‘OIg “SOY pis ‘OD YM yno paseisnyL
“GOST ‘TE “PO “ACD ‘OIg “S2Y Pre ym no pasaisnyq
7 “Sost ‘g A[nf{ ‘IapiO |esousery Aq pasieyosiq
"G98T ‘TE “PO “ABD ‘OIG “Sy pss “MH OD YUM Jno passisnw
‘SOST ‘TE "PO “AeD “O1g “Say Pig “OD YUM Jno posojsnjT
"COST ‘TE “PO CARD ‘OIg “Say pss SY OD YA Jno posoaysnyy
"SO8T ‘TE 9O “ACD ‘OLg “Soy pie “SY ‘OD YM Jno possisnjy

“SHUV Na

MPA Pra Pa dard rdrd
8

MM
3
O

POST
POBT
$98T
PO8T
P98T

P98T
POST
PO8T
2O8T
F98T
P98T
POST
FOBT
POST
P98T
POST
pOst
P98T
P98T
POST
P98T
POST
F9ST
F98T
post
POST

‘LS
‘92
6S
‘92
‘8s

‘ST
‘ST
‘Gs
‘sé
‘ST
‘92
‘92
‘ST
‘ST
‘81
‘LS
8s
‘ST
‘ST
‘ST
68
‘og
‘81
‘LS
98
‘13

"4
‘qd
‘qq
‘qaq
‘qq

"qaq
‘qaq
‘qed
a
‘qaq
‘qd
‘qa
‘qq
‘qq
‘qa
‘qaq
‘qed
‘qq
‘qq
‘qaq
‘qed
‘qeq
"qq
‘qq
"qa
‘qed
“NI FaLSOW 40 ALva

ee uuo MA [neg
eee eee eee WOSTL AA “( uyof

Poteet esses eee eeeees TaNTB AA TAL ULM

 

waa esau, Snesterscarans JojseT Alua yy

tresses ganeys “M sapzey)

wee ewe wee Tews ‘aA snisfoly
eee we we ee SI3MOS adiIoar)
Peieeen eon Tess oe
ee ewe ee eee 4S1199S assaf
canna SPleryS sepuexary
BPS “W ydesol
ee ee ee ee AaTIWS f uyot
CREASE SENS RS PreMa1S uyot
wee eee wee daddys weyeiqy
ROD Re ee rayeysS 331035)
eee ee eee whee spieyorny uyof
EE ae _ FOsuIqo yy WITT AA

. . . eee eee Ae Houpy
Ancor aoriiay wees
SPR yet Asuey ‘d uosyoe

 

teseeeeees rouuOpmg “WH

srteeses TENT YP YTepety

ie ay ieirgy eos Jeera wWeYypIaN as1oaxn

AguyenQI “Ss uyot

wees Ay UeDP ‘Y uly

‘T+ preuogowW “y Heqoy
*SALVATad

‘panuyjuo— AWIVAVD YIFLNN TOA, VINYATASNNAd GNZ7—Y ANVdIWNOO
524. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“S98T

“S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“G9O8T
“S98T
“S98T
“SORT
“S98T
“S98T

GO8T
“S98T
“S9OST
“G98T
“GORT
“SOBL
"S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“GO8T

TS PO ‘Aaeaey

‘Te "PO ‘Arpeaey
‘Te PO ‘Arpeaey
Te PO ‘Areaey
‘TS “PO ‘Aspeaey
‘Te "PO ‘Aapeaey
‘Te “PO ‘Areary
‘Te “PO ‘Aapeaea
‘Te “Po ‘Arpeaea
‘Te ‘pO ‘Arpeaey
‘Te “PO ‘Arpeaed
‘Te ‘POC ‘Aaypears
‘Te ‘PO ‘Areaey
Te “PO ‘Aryeaey
TE ‘POC ‘Asypeary
‘TE ‘PO ‘Aseaey
‘TE PO ‘Aayeaey
‘Te ‘PO ‘Aayeaey
‘TE “WO ‘Aspeaey
‘TE "POC ‘Arpearsy
‘Te "PO ‘Aspeaey
TE “PO ‘KAspeaey

‘og

‘01g
‘01g
‘O1g
‘01g
‘O1g
“O1g
‘o1g
‘01g
‘01g
‘01g
‘O1g
‘O1g
‘01g
01g
‘01g
01g
‘o1g
‘o1g
‘01g
‘o1g
‘o1g

‘\UsMIsay pre

qUsWUIBay psg
‘JUSUTIZ9Yy psg
‘WUSIUIBaY pag
‘\UaeUIsaYy pig
qusuIs9y pig
‘UoTUISIY pig
‘JUSTUIBIY psig
quoullsay pig
‘UaWIIBaY pig
‘JUSTUIBaYy pig
‘UIWIBIYy pig
‘JUIUIISIY psg
‘USWUIBaYy pag
‘qUoTUIZaYy pag
‘\UsTIIB9y p4g
‘JUIWISIY pg
‘UsUTIsay pig
‘\UaUILsay pig
quaullsay pig
‘JUSTULB9Y pag
‘{USUTTBaYy pig

yea

yam
yim
qua
yaa
qm
yim
yim
qa
qa
yyim
qu
yam
qyim
yy
yim
yy
yy
yytan
yar
yim
yytm

yno

yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno

‘1O} payunosse ON
pesaysn yy

passysnyy
pesejsnyy
peroisnyy
Passqsnyy
pesoisnyy
pessisnyy
pesojsnyy
pasejsnyy
possisnyy
pessysnyy
peseysnyy
persysnyy
persjsn fy
pesoysnyy
peseysnyqy
peseisnyy
pareisnyy
pasaisny
pesaisny
peseisny
posaysnyy

‘S98T ‘TE PO ‘Ayeaey ‘o1g Juaumey pig “T ‘0D
YUM 4NO potojsnul ‘gost ‘6 oun JURISBIICS IST WoOJj pajowmolg
‘S98t ‘F ounf ‘Iapig [emads Aq
pesieyosip {Fost ‘eg ‘29q ‘piemais [eydsoy wo pajowoig
‘P98T ‘Og “Sny ‘pasieyosiq
“S98T ‘TE “19O ‘Aaeaey ‘org uousey pig YM ynNO pase}
“SUI 'P98T ‘43 ‘Idag “eA “MA ‘e810 UOUIZA ‘I 3e painjdes
"G98T ‘TE 290 ‘AIeARD ‘O1g ‘JuawUIsay pig qin
yo poiojsnur 'p9gT ‘Gg An “@A ‘UMOj}sSaTIeYD 12 popuno Mm

“SHUVWAL

PORT
P98T

F98T

P98T

‘Ga

"NI YALSOW 4O ALVa

eomeoe

a!

vosiTy “Y uyol
Bey ayoetoe Riecpay oa mousy WeIyIM,
“SALVAIYd

“ t* Jaieg Ysneqiesg yoepei7

“*' Ja[ppeg ‘aypeyy “vy sowel
yusyse[g ‘sadooy “y jenuies
aod Jepsng “taqnig wei AA
wee ewe wae qj ang 4S ysouly
"* Je1odioy ‘peoisyy ‘GO uyof
OES [e1odioy ‘paaig a8i0e5)

[e1odioy ‘sa8uyjeyey jenuiay

e10di0y ‘yoo0sog °S ulyueIy
[e1odioy ‘saz1g sewer
“* Jetodioy ‘sresnys “5 uyof
[etodi0y ‘YQ YyVeIAS

eae [e1odioy ‘aasuiddyy “y sowel

queaBIAG ‘aIesey ‘gq “Yd
yuessiag ‘slapues Auoyuy

ch dale ea ee yueasiag ‘dooys yeimo.ial

jueesiag ‘Uue, Jenues
JURISIIS ‘BuIpIaaRAA “TULA,

“77 JURaSIAG “WOD ‘190015 “Y WITT
"7" JuReBIIS “WG ‘uosiapuy iwaqoy

yUBIZIVS 4ST ‘A[JaAeg prempy

yueusNsIT pug ‘Ying “AA ydesof

‘* JuBuoINaryT 4st ‘neasao1oW “T ‘sey

urejdey ‘Youary -q sewoyy
“MNVY CNV GWVN

‘RUTWAVD YAALNATOA, VINVATASNNA GNZ77—T ANWdINOD
525

ROSTER OF COMPANY L.

“S98T
“GO8T
“S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“S9O8T
“G98T
“S98T
“S98T

“S9O8T
“S98T
“GOST
“G98T
“S98T
“G98T
“S98T
“S98T
“g98T

‘TE
‘TE
‘TS

‘Te .

‘TS
‘Te
‘TS
‘Te
‘Te

‘TE
‘Ts
‘Te
‘Te
‘TE
‘Te
‘Te
‘Te
‘Te

‘a WU

“S98T
“S98T
“S9O8T
“G98T
“S98T
“S98T
“GOST
“S98T

‘TS
‘TS
‘TS
‘TE
‘TE
‘Te
‘Te
‘TE

OQ
po
pO

96
26
pO
pO
6

pO
peo
pO
pO
pO
0
pO
pO
pO

pO
pO
pO
pO
pO
0
pO
pO

‘ABARD ‘O1g
‘Aleaey “O1g
‘AIVARD ‘O1g
‘AIBA ‘O1G
‘ATCA “‘O1g
‘AITBACD ‘O1g
‘AI[VARD ‘OIG
‘AICACD) ‘O1g
‘ACARD ‘OIG

JUITULBIY PIE YM
quelTsay pig yUM
qusULseay pig 4M
‘\usullsay pig YUM
Yuaewissay pig YM
‘qUITUISIY Pig YUM
‘UsUIISay pig YUM
\usUIsay pig YUM
‘quaUIISIy Pg YUM

yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
no

persisnyy
peseysnyy
pereysnyy
pessisny
pesrsisny
persisnyl
pes1sdjsnyy
pesejsnyy
persisnyy

“SOST ‘Fg ACW “apiO [eiausey Aq pasieyosiqy
‘jno-1ajsnur je JUEsSqY

‘AIBARD ‘O1g

‘JUsUIISaY psg YM

‘AICARD ‘O1g “uUsUITSay pig yIM

‘AIBARD) ‘O1g

‘AITVARD *
‘AITBARD *
‘AI[BACD *
‘AT[BARD *
‘AI[EAB *
‘AITBARD *

‘AATBARD)
‘AIeAe)
‘AITVARD
‘AI[BARD)
‘AI[BARD
‘AI[TBARD
‘AI[BABD
‘AqeAeD

‘01g
‘O1g
‘o1g
‘01g: Wueusay preg YUM
‘o1g
‘O1g
01g
01g

\usUlIsay pig YUM
quolwuisey pig 4M
‘UIUISaY Pig YMA
UeTL89y P4g YIM
YUOTUIS3IyY pPsg YM
‘JUSSI Pg YM
‘UsWIISaYy P4g YUM

o1g
o1g
olg
o1g
o1g
org

yno
yno
jno
qyno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno

perlsisnyy
pesoisnyy
pereisn yl
persisny
pertejsnyy
pesaisn yy
pessjsnyy
peroisnyy
persjsny

‘eg ‘BSinqsAjjax ‘Arojoured
peting ‘Fost ‘¢ 3dag “pyy ‘sodsurel[iAA Je pauMoIg
“S98T FB “G24
‘sdi0Z dAlasay URIDJaA “UITUIBAY ISTS ‘HY ‘OD 0} passojsuery
‘Ul1a} JO uoT}eIIdxa ‘GgBsT ‘L 390 ‘pasieyosiq

‘JUITUISIY PIE YM
quaUIsay P4g YM
‘JUOWUISeY Pg Yara

‘JUAWUISIY pig YUM
‘\USTULS3X] PIE YUM
uaWIsay pig YIM
‘uaWIssy pig yUM

“SHAVWAN

yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno

persisn yl
pereisny
persisnyl
pesoisnyy
pereisny
pessisn yl
persisny
pers}sn yw

FOBT
POST
p98Tt
POST
P98T
FOBT
POST
P9BT
POST
POST
PORT
P98T
POST
p98T
p98T
post
p98t
POST
POST
P98T

p9sT

POST
POST
P98T
POST
P98T
POST
POST
POST
p98Tt
S98T

“NI YALSNW AO ALVG

‘ST
‘g

‘ST
‘g

‘ST
‘LS
“Gg
‘ST

‘G94
“dA
‘uel
‘uel
‘uel
“G21
‘G24
‘Pa
“99°F
‘sny
“GT
QT
Qe
Q
“Gea
DO
“eq

“Qt
‘uel

‘qa

‘Gea
pO
“qT
‘uel
‘uel
‘uel
‘uel
‘WA
“QT
“Ie

uopioy ‘Vy seumoyyL
eee ey ee ee yreqry 93.1005)
ysory ‘d pied
Got ee HOD We
Suipjany uyof
Toppey Weim
‘+ AIuIOy AUI_
Agsuyq 1910g
Aa[suq StMo’T
wee news PrPuyng ‘g some
‘+ LING “YY s1oposay T,
wee eee ae adnq "y 931095)

eee ee ee wwe settee eee £410 19}9g

“h MoIq uyot
eee ee ones STAeq af; dig
sttsess ostaeg ‘f AuapyT
* sutmuns ‘y ydesof
wyoystyD ‘gq uyof
WD “VV “A prepay

JaseaIDN “MM plareqg

s33lig ‘ Arsaqhkeyy

sees Jayxegq pseyony
rttrrsseess yorSOg ssoy
ueuIMog ‘Wy Yyermlaiof
siakg pieMpy
“ srokq ‘Ww uyof
"* Jaatag awolof
“ Weuueg “G “Y We
ree eae oe erg ‘d diiqg

JaAvag “Ni auaIeID
“*' epmog “Ss jenures

“SaLVATad

‘panuyjuoy— AWIVAVD YIALNNIOA, VINVATASNNAG GNZ77—T ANWdWNOO
526 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

‘SOST ‘Te po ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g quaUIsayy pig yy yno pasaysnyjy PORT 62 ‘qT cy SUNS ‘H qooet

‘GOST ‘Te po ‘AI[BARD) ‘og ‘JUSUITZ9Y pig yin yno pesajsnyq POST ‘8g ‘Gay een we ewww econ seca wns asnoulsg plaeqg
“SOgT ‘Te po ‘AIBA 01g ‘JuIWIZAYy pig yy yno poraysnyL POST ‘12 ‘qaq aia wea yyWus jatueg
“GO8T ‘TE “39 ‘AspeaeD ‘O1g “uaWIBIY pig YUM JNO padasnpL FOST ‘G “URG ccrcr recs rrteeeeeee yNWwS ‘g sewoyy
“GOST ‘Te ‘po ‘Aapeaey ‘O1g UdUIIZ9 YT pag qua jyno pessisnyy SO8T ‘BL ‘el i ed YyWUS 9d uyof
"g98T ‘os ABW ‘IopiO [eiouer Aq pesseyosiq F98T FZ PO he Tiga s) £8 ev * wos}iasqoy “y janues

‘SOST ‘Te po ‘Arpeaen ‘O1g ‘JUdUIIS9x psg yy jno pesajsnyy POST 5g ‘qa es wee speoyy yeresy
“GOST ‘Te po ‘AIeARD ‘O1g ‘UIWIISIY pag qq yno pesejsny POST ‘og ‘gay wee eee Se Aah ae eee JPR ‘Ss Aqua yy
“998T ‘TE OQ ‘Ksyeaey ‘O1g ‘yuousoy Psg yim ynO pasaisnfL POST ‘Gg “URL “cre: neste stress oSeay uleyeiqy
‘JnNO-1a}snu 3e quesqy 98L F ‘qaq tale Bu BERLE ala Wid gle eler'en le: o¥la . [[2“og -uyof

“998T ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaey ‘org ‘WUIUTIZIY Pig YIM JNO pasaysnPY POST ‘G ‘“UeL cc ee AaNegoy Wer
“GOST Te Po ‘AI[BARD ‘O1g \uow1say pig yim yno pesroqsnyy POST ‘p ‘qa ee eee tee wee ee eae ule To ‘a UM

"869 BAIS “FT 10] ‘9g uot}IIS “PI

‘WepUYy ‘AsejeuaD [euoTeN Ul paling ‘umouyun azep ‘ped e98t ‘eg An oct carne ie ueyseoy, [eeyorpy
“COST ‘Te ‘po ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g ‘uaWIZay pig qm yno pesojsny POST ‘OL ‘ues Dee ee wre ere ere cae uaMoy ulaeq
“G98T ‘TE “39 ‘Arjeaed ‘org ‘JuawIssy pag YM NO pasoisnYL FOST ‘SZ ‘qaq “ccrcrcer tee “''* UTIeT "MA 381005)
‘GOST ‘Te po ‘Arjeaey ‘o1g quawi1s.9y pig Yq yno paereisnyy POST ‘BS ‘q2ayq ee ew ee wee eww ew eens JT “mM qooee
"GOST ‘Te po ‘Area ‘O1g GusUILBay pag ya yno pareisnyl P98L LUZ ‘qa wees ad seceee STILL aeesy
“GOST Te po ‘AIPAC ‘o1g ‘uowIsay pig quia jno pessysny FOBT UL Goq Swe meee ee eee ere ne oe Saye yl SsIMo'T
“GO8T ‘TE “390Q ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g ‘VuowIgsy psig 4M yno peteysnyy POST ‘G ‘uel PASE aH e feria “oh DOTA “OQ eeyorpy
“GOST ‘Te ‘Po ‘AIBACD ‘o1g ‘UOUTIZ yy pie qu yno peiajsn yl FO8T ‘g ‘uel seas i rary uleyy ‘Yy “T “fy “M f
‘GOST ‘TE po ‘Arpeaey ‘01g JuUaUZayY pig qua yno pess}snyj POST ‘61 ‘q2ayq Bee ee ree ee ree wens IPA ‘Vv plemMpy
“G98T ‘TE 39 ‘Areaed ‘o1g ‘uowsey pig yIM Jno pasaysnWL FOBT “F “Gag ccc tte * Aylaaey sapieyy
“G98T ‘Te “9 ‘Arjeaed ‘o1g uowsey pig YIM Jno paraisnME FORT ‘ES “qaq “cc tttet PERSE SRE JaBUIZWT] peily
“SOST ‘Te Po ‘Arpeaesy ‘01g UaUIIZ.y pig quia jno peseisnyy POST ‘og qoq eee ry Aepry ‘( penwes
“G98T “O& AC ‘IepiQ [esouey Aq passeyosiq  F98T ‘SZ ‘Gaz steers eseceseces JastlaquayloH “VM

‘G98T ‘TE 39QO ‘Aspeaey ‘o1g “WUsUNIy psig yA nO pasajsnyy FOBT ‘GZ “qaq eG ENE ES ANE SOL “MA 381095)
‘GOST ‘Te ‘PO ‘Aapeaey) ‘o1g quowlisay pig yy yno peseysnyq GOST CT “Ie ee ce eee ee ae wee uo ye FT *xoTV
"G98T ‘TE “39Q ‘Aspeaed ‘org ‘wauBsy pig YUM INO pasojsnL POST FI uel corte SEY uoyIWMeY “[ sewoyy
“SO8T ‘TE “390 ‘ArjeaeD) ‘O1g ‘JuaWIZIy pig YIM yno passjsnL FOBT ‘Ez ‘gy oct De screen eee uewyiey “) uyot
“G98T ‘TE PO ‘Aryeaey ‘O1g ‘USUIBEY psg YUM jno pasaisnyE FOBT ‘ee ‘qaq apie ean erste ne Jouuey ‘ seurel
"GOST ‘be ABI ‘JOpIO [eiaued Aq pasieyosiq POST ‘GZ BNY ee surquInIn “AA uyot

‘jnNo-JajsnuI 4e quesqy F98T ‘g ‘uel Dee maw we wae eee weyein “M uyof

‘SMUVNGa ‘NI YALSAW 40 TLva “SALVATaE

*peanuijuo")— AWIVAV.) YAALNN'TIOA, VINVATASNNAG GN¢@7—T ANVdINOO
527

ROSTER OF COMPANY L.

GO8T ‘TE PO ‘ArpearD
“SOST ‘TE “OO ‘Aspeaey
"GOST ‘TS “OC ‘Arpeaeg
"SOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeard
“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey)
"GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aapears
"GOST ‘TE “390C ‘Arpeaey
"GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Areaeg
“GO8T ‘TE “OC ‘Aspeaesy
“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aapeaed

“GOBT ‘TE “390 ‘Aspeaeg
"SOST ‘TE “PO ‘Areaey
“GOST ‘TE “PO ‘Aapeaed
"GOBT ‘TE “CO ‘Aspeaeg
"SOBT ‘TE “PO ‘Aspeaeg

‘Olg ‘usuNsay pre YM
‘O1g ‘UsTISeyY pre YM
‘O1g ‘uawIdgay pie YM
‘O1g “UsTIIsay pig YM
‘O1g ‘uaa pig YUM
‘O1g uelIsey pig YUM
‘O1lg ‘UsTUISay pig YUM
‘O1lg ‘UsIISaY pig YUM
‘O1g usuIsay pig YUM
‘O1g ‘UsUIsay Pig YUM

yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno
yno

peseysnyy
peraysnyjy
peraysny
peseysnyy
peseisny
peseisny
pessjsnyy
peseysnyr
peseisny
pereisnyy

“p98 ‘at Ataf “PI Piseperg ye priq
‘FOBT ‘OT “PO “RA Jekoy JOLT 32 pay ATTewweprnsy
“COST ‘FZ ABI ‘J9PIO [eiauer Aq pasieyosiq

‘Olg ‘uaUIsay pig yy
‘o1g ‘JuaWIsay Pig YUM
‘O1g ‘ueWIsey pie yy
‘O1g WsWIIssy Psg YM
‘O1g USWUISay ple YUM

“saav Wad

qo
yno
qyno
_yjno
qno

peseysnyy
persyisnyy
pessysnyy
pessisnyw
peroisnyy

$98T
FOBT
PORT
POST
V98T
POST
POST
PORT
POST
PORT
PORT
POST
POST
POST
98ST
PORT
pO8T
P98T

“NI WALSAW 40 FLV

€e
‘ST
‘GT.
y

¥

‘92
‘8S
‘LB
“6
‘g

BS
0

‘BL .

‘02
‘g
g ec
%
‘92

“Ga
‘Ga

te ewe www ne rosea x jenures

eee eee HIM “a qosef

Troteesess TOSTIM "ET somef

WIIAM CEE TPIT

“TT Qo0BT]eAA UWeIIET
""* JQUOSEMA WITT
“T"" TQUOBEAA PIAeq:

trteeeeeeees stage “HT OAL

eee wees LOM ydesof

bie ee * sARAM “q “WAL

‘nosdwmoyy “yw
steers Aouney WH
see qywsg ‘g soumet
TeHCYS “A We
** sjodg "H WwerylM
“5 aps “EH “UIA,
“* 9u0}S sell
eee eee 1223S “M uyot
“SALVAIUd

*panuljuo)— AWTVAV.) YAALNN'TIOA VINVATASNNGd UNZ7—T ANWdINOO
528 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“GOST ‘TE °

"GO8T ‘TE "PC ‘Arpeaea

“S98T
“S98T

“G98T
“G98T
“S98T
“998T
“S98T
“g98T
“G98T
“S98T
“98ST
“S98T

“S98T
“S$98T
‘S98T
“S98T
“S98T
“S98T

“S98T

‘olg

Te PO ‘Aapeaey ‘org

‘Ts

‘Ts
‘Te
‘Te
‘Te
‘TE
‘Te
‘Te
‘Te
‘Te
‘TS

‘Te
‘Te
‘TE
‘TS
‘TE
‘Te

‘TS

‘TE “PO

‘Po ‘Aryeaed

POE ‘Arpeaey
‘Po ‘Aryeaey
‘po ‘Arpeaey
‘po ‘Arpeaeg
‘po ‘Arpeaey
‘Po ‘Arpeaeg
‘Po ‘Arpeary
‘po ‘Arpeaed
‘PO ‘Aryeaey
‘po ‘Arpeaey

‘po ‘Arpeaeg
‘po ‘Arpeary

‘po ‘Arpeaey

‘po ‘Arpeaesy
‘Po ‘Arpearey
‘PO ‘Aspeaeg

‘o1g

‘O1g
‘O1g
‘01g
‘o1g
‘O1g
‘o1g
‘O1g
‘o1g
‘O1g
‘O1g

‘o1g
‘O1g
‘o1g
‘o1g
‘o1g
‘o1g

PO ‘Aayeaey ‘olg YuewiSey pag YM

quolUIsay pig YM
\uoWIsay psg YM
‘quoWIsay pre YUM

JuITUIBaY p4g YM
‘USUIISaYy p4rg YIM
JusWIssy Pre YM
qusIsay pre YM
‘UETUIBaY pig YM
qUaTUIsdy pse YUM
‘qUaWIIday prg YM
JusWIsIy pig YM
usuIs9ay Pre YM
JusUIIsaYy pg YUM

‘UOUIISIyY Pg YIM
‘UIWUISIY Pig YUM
‘UIWIISIY Psg YM
‘UOWIIS9aY psig YUM
YuasTIISay Pig YM
‘qUaWIIS9IYy pre YUM

‘POST ‘08 ‘Idag “eg ‘YIOX ye paiq

yno paseysnyy
jno peJsoisny
yno pesajsny
yno pesajsny
jno posoysnyy
yno pasoysnyy
yno posoysnyy
yno passysnyy
yno poasoysnyy
jno peseisnypy
yno pesoysny
jno pasoqsnyy
yo poaisysnyjy
no paseysnyy
yo paseysnyq
yno persqsny
yno poseysny
yno paseysnyt
yno parsysnyl
yno perssqsnyt

“G9O8T ‘OS A[nf{ ‘a}eo4T}199 SuoCasInG UO pasieyIsIq

‘PO ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g ‘juawisey pig YUM Jno peasaisnypl

“S98T

‘ACARD ‘OIG YUSsTUISAaY pig YILM ynO pasoysnur
‘petejsnur jou gggt ‘Et aun{ “uUeUuaineTT pug PeuorIsstuu07)

“S98T

‘g ounf ‘pousisor ‘Fogt ‘6g ‘qaq “UeUaInel] pug 0} pejouoIg
“SOBT ‘TE “190C ‘Aspeaey ‘org ‘juawIseyYy pag YUM
yno potojsnur ‘F98T “6% ‘qay Gueuajnaly pug wWoJy pajowmoig
“GOST ‘ST AC ‘passeyosIp ‘FORT ‘6T “190 “BA ‘YaeID Iepay
ye poinjdes ‘post ‘68 ‘qayq “UeUaIneI]T js—T WoIy poJowOIg
“SMUVINAa

PORT
post
§98T
Post

pOBT
P98T
Pp9st
€98T
P98t
P98T
p9st
POST
P98T
POST
P98T
P98T
P98T
P98T
P98T
PO8T
S98T
€98T
€98T

§98T

€98T

€98T

€98T

Aqn{
Aqnf
Aqnf
Aqof
Aqnf
Aqnf

“NI YALSOW 40 TLVva

eee ere eer ere tree ee sIamMog ‘H Arua yy
ed a uewyjog ‘a ad10a4)
see eee re Jepiog uyot
see eee eee en ee eee uosiapuy “f UM
"‘SHLVAINA
‘ret grey ‘ayjog uyof
SREY BENE yuwsyoelg ‘taddely jared
ey eae sopsng ‘Asuey uyof
vrretees Jgsng ‘Suoijsuliy “MA 1409S
AE Jesodi07) ‘Sreig “MM 331005)
DRE A ka yesodi07 ‘saqey) “mM uyot
we eee eww ee je1odi07) ‘ATOIW 2) j19qG0Y
rere ines Jesodioy ‘uoyieg uesi0j
reseseeees Terodioy ‘Aaysy ‘g AaTseM

 

srrseesess Terodioy ‘aféoq “5 sniieqd
“tress quepagieg ‘ysneqei[y “y Alay
ES PPE qurasieg ‘uosysef ‘f ye
Nea qurasiag ‘Ysneqsnens WH
Pons yuesssj9g ‘IO[ART "J Wey
Sees qurasiasg ‘1eaApooy ‘PW [eeyII
PITS jurs8ieg ‘uouUuRy ‘ Weqoy

yursSIeg ‘wI07 ‘UOsUIqOY janules
vrsts queasies ‘W °C ‘Sunox ‘y ja0f
ey yurssi9s ‘J CO) ‘sae ‘gq sowmef

‘tet queasieg IST ‘SunoZ ‘N 381005)
‘*queuoner]T pug ‘douesey “Y jorueqd

‘+ quBUoInery Ist ‘oIesUIYA UMOIg ‘[

ee ureydesz ‘uUynysy “UTVARI
“MNVU CONV INVN

‘AUTIVAVD YAALNATIOA, VINVATASNNEG GN77—W ANWdINOO
529

“ROSTER OF COMPANY M.

“GOST
“SO8T
“G9O8T
“G9O8T
“S9Ost

“S98T
“GO8T
“SO8T
“S98T

“GOST
“SO8T
“S9O8T
“GO8T

“S9O8T
“G9O8T
“S9O8T
“SO8T

“SO8T

“S98T
“S9O8T
“S98T
“SORT
“S9O8T

‘PO ‘Aleaey “O1g ‘JUsuIIsaY P4g YM JNO patojsn
‘PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g Yuswissy Pig YUM Jno posojsnyy
pO ‘Aleaey) ‘o1g ‘uauIsey Pig YM JNO potojsn[
‘PO ‘Aqeaeg “O1g usuissy Pig YIM JNO potJoIsn[

‘PO ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g ‘JuauIsay PIE YUM JNO pataysnyAy

‘no-Jajsnu je JusqY

‘PO ‘Aqyeaey ‘O1g ‘UasWISIyY PE YM jNO patsyisnyy
‘po ‘Kaeaey ‘o1g ‘uawisay pig YUM JNO poteysnyy
‘POC ‘Aaeaey ‘o1g ‘UsWIIsay p4g YUM JNO potojsnpy
‘PO ‘Aaeaeg ‘o1g Juswisay pig YUM Jno pastoisnpy

‘uMOUyUN o}ep ‘pad

‘PoC ‘Areaeg ‘orig ‘usurissay pig YUM JNO pasojsni
PO ‘Aeaey ‘o1g usWIseyY Pig YUM Jno pasojsny
‘PO ‘Aseaey ‘Og YuswWIsIyY Pig YIM Jno patojsnyy
PO ‘Aleae) ‘O1g YUIUIsIY Pig YUM JNO pasojsny

“COST ‘OG API ‘IOPIO [eqleuary Aq passeyosiq

‘PO ‘AreAeD ‘O1g ‘JUSTUISIY PIE YUM JNO potsisn]l
PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g ‘UsIsIYy PE YM JNO pstojsn}[
‘DO ‘Areae) ‘o1g usWIsey pig YUM JNO Potaysn]l
‘PO ‘Aleae) ‘O1g uUsWIseYy Pig YM JNO potojsn}l

‘POST ‘¢ “Sny “pW ‘siyodeuuy ie psd
‘UMOUYUN a}ep ‘Japig [e1suey Aq passreyosiq
‘COST ‘Fg ABI “Jepig [esiauar Aq pasieyosiq.
‘COST ‘FZ ALI “JOPIO [esisuay Aq pasieyosiq

‘pO ‘Arpeaey “O1g ‘uaUIsIy ple YUM yno poioysnyy

‘nO-Jaysnur ye jussqy
‘COST ‘FZ ACW ‘I9pIQ [eiauery Aq pasieyosiq
‘cOgt ‘Fg ABW ‘IePIO [eteusy Aq passeyosiq

‘PO ‘Ayeaeg “O1g Jusuisey pie YUM Jno potoysnjy
IOC ‘Arpeaey ‘o1g UIWILSay Pie YUM Jno posioisnypl
‘POC ‘Areaey “O1g UsIISIY Pig YM Jno petoysn]y
PO ‘Ayjeaey “O1g usuissy pig YM Jno pesoysnfy
‘PO ‘Areaey) ‘O1g usWIsey Pig YUM Jno potoysn]L

“SMUVWAL

POST
F98T
F98T
POST
POST
F98T
F98T
P98T
POST
F98T
POST
POST
F98T
POST
9st
F98T
F98T
FORT
F98T
298T
POST
$98T
$98T
$98T
F98T
POST
F98T
F98T
S98T
FOST
P98T
FOST
POST

“NI WALSOW 40 ALVa

‘0g
‘9
‘1S
‘OT
‘OL
‘BS
‘LS
‘gS

LB
‘9
‘LB
Bs
LS
‘6

TI
‘es
rd
8s
0
TL
‘Ss
‘LS
‘FS
“LT
‘eZ
“8s
Fe
9%
‘FT
xitd
‘Es
‘ST
‘OT

‘qa
“Qe
‘uel
Qed
Qe
qT
‘uel
“Wy
‘uel
“D4
“qe
“491
‘uel
“Gea
Ainf
Ge
“GoT
“ot
G27
Ant
G9
‘qe

3dasg

‘qq
‘qq
‘qaq

4dasg
ydag
“Ie

‘qed

‘qaq

‘uel
“Ga

ste eee eae teeeeeseesess WURBET "Sg 1095
ee ee ee ee ee ee uoxIyy Aliog
eee eee eee eee tee ueuuey ‘a UA
tence ere eens Aq3ty oa IIOpOUUIO0?)
ese eee he hee mh ee Aqsip 'N sodse
SNS Oe a Eee hse SOUITID +S pratq
Srila: Raa Oa a Oa eae ew eS w adin WRIT,
ee qqiy praeq
Fe ee eee we ee a1OW ID “M uyof
Se ee ee ee ete ee ee uygIy }aqoy
ce) eqn "M uyof
Pee et eee te eee A2TMOyy “1 pseyory

"+ S[aoy “H praeq

ossataris Botta atone alia cacayata raZioqpeyaq uyot

er ey JaB1aqayoy pracy
Create MANE Bee Bae eS Sea Suoysiq a aeesy

ee Suoysiq “7 uoulo[oS
rr i ee eae Zuoysiq ‘a praeq

Aylaysnog ‘Vy ‘035

Se mee eee eee eee uewsiq }19q0%
Cc oe yseD uoyueq

rr . uostyn uyof
ee Arm) weyeiqy

tosses gginag “Puyol

seen ee ee ee ee ee sayrey) “( sewouy,

 

ass * rayeg ydasof
‘* Zulimog semoyy
uinqyse[g sesoy
"77" Q1PPlg “S qooef
Tt apqeyiog diy

“'1* Wamog ‘S jerueg

verses Jakog pared

“') JomeyyIog jarueq

“SaLVAINd

‘panuyjuo.— AYTVAVD YAALNN'TOA, VINVATASNNGd GN77—W ANVdINOO
530 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

“GOST ‘TE
‘GORT ‘TE

GOBT ‘TE
“eOgt ‘TE
“GO8T ‘TS

“GO8T ‘TE
“GOST ‘TES
“GO8T ‘TE

“SOBT ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“SO8T ‘TE
“SO8T ‘TS
“SOBT. ‘TE
“GOBT ‘TE
“SO8T. ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“GOBT ‘TE
“GOST ‘TE
“SORT ‘TE

‘PO ‘Aaeaey ‘O1g ‘yuawIsey pig YUM JNO pPosojsnypL

‘UMOUYUN d}ep ‘d}BdJI}I99 SuOasInG uo pasieyosiq

‘PO ‘Alpeaey “O1g USUISEY pig YPM yO pasojsnf

“GOST ‘be AC “apioO [essuary Aq pasieyosiq

‘PO ‘Arpeaey ‘O1g YUsWISaYy P4g YUM yO potojsn}l
‘PO ‘Areaed ‘O1g ‘JudWIIsaY psig YM JNO Patoqsny]L

‘pO ‘Aspeaey ‘O1g Yusulrssy psg YUM NO patoysnjy
‘NO-Jo}snU 4B JUIsSqy

‘umMOUyUN 9jep ‘y Auedwoy 0} paisajsuesy
‘UMOUAUN d}ep {9}edYT}I9O Ss uUOaBING UO passieYyosiq

OE ‘Areaey ‘Olg ‘usuIIs9dY psig YM JNO poaJaysnf[
‘PO ‘Aqeaey ‘o1g “uswIsay pig YM JNO paraisnypy
‘PO ‘Areaey ‘olg ‘Juswisay pig YUM Jno podsjsnyy

“GOST ‘Fe ACW ‘J9PIOC [ersuer Aq pesseyosiq
‘Gost ‘Fe AR ‘apio [etauarn Aq pasieyosic[
‘SOST ‘FT “Sny ‘Iapig [eiouay Aq passeyosiq

‘PO ‘Aqeaey ‘O1lg uswIsey pig YIM JNO patoisnyy
"PO ‘Aqyeaey ‘O1g “uswISay psig YUM JNO Patojsny{

‘PO ‘Ayeaey O1g Yuswuisey pig YUM yno possyisny[

‘PO ‘Areaey ‘o1g ‘uawi1say pig YUM Jno passisnpl
‘PO ‘Areaey ‘O1g uawIssy pig YUM NO PataisnpL
‘PO ‘Aqeaey) ‘O1g uowIsey pig YIM JNO PoiojsnyL
PO ‘Areaey) O1g “USTISSY Psg YM JNO posoisny

‘PO ‘Aqyeae) ‘O1g “usw1ssy Pie YIM JNO posojsnyy
‘PO ‘Areaey) ‘O1g uautisay pig YM JNO pasajsnyy
‘POC ‘Arpeaey) ‘O1g YuaWIsaY P4g YM jNO pasaysnyl
POC ‘Areaey) ‘O1g ‘UaWIssy Psg YUM JNO pasajsnyW
‘PO ‘Aayeaey ‘o1g Yuawissy psg ym jno patoyjsnypL

‘9Z9 DALIS “7 JOT ‘9g UOI}DIS ‘WeJsT]UY ‘Ata}auIaZ)
[euorenN ur peting ‘post ‘g ounf “py_ ‘puejiequing je poaiq

“sogt ‘Gg ACI ‘IapIC [e1suay Aq passieyosiq
‘COST ‘Fe ARI ‘JOPIC [e1ousy Aq pasieyosicqy
‘UMOUAUN 9}ep ‘pasieyosip A[qeiouoysiq

“SMUVWAL

post
€98T
S98T
P9O8T
S98T
POST
POST
P98T
Post
POST
P98T
P98T
FOBT
P98T
FOBT
PO8T
P98T
POST
POST
€98T
FOBT
PORT
FOBT
POST
P98T
P98T
FOBT
POST

P9B8T
POST
P98t
POST

‘9¢
‘9¢
‘Lh

68
‘LS
“GS
8s
‘Gg
‘Sg
‘ST
FS
‘bs
BS
‘LS
‘LS
‘LB
‘TT
‘LS
‘LS
‘Gs
‘Se
‘SS
‘98
‘LS
‘92

‘98
‘96
‘6

‘8B

“Get
4yn{
‘uel

ydasg
“Ie

29d
“Get
‘uel
‘GA
‘Pt
“Gf
‘G27
‘Qa

ydas
ydasg

Get
2h
‘WA
“Qh
Ayn
‘uel
‘Gal
‘WA
‘WA
“Gey
“Qe
‘uel
“Wf

“‘W
“Qe
‘sny
“A
‘NI YALSAW 40 ALVa

Se ee he eee ee ee eee 32gd0 piempy
see ee eee Se ee eee wee ee ATION ydasof

ee i ee A2]99N ‘Ss uyof

a ur

TMP W “HUM

eremleNoW “T ‘SOUL

aqejoW Prempy

ee eee eee ee ee ee [esou0yoW ‘any

sMmoyyey 319qG0y

ee ee ee ee ee twee XIUI[NYL uyot
ee ee ee wee trrseesesse*s UOT, UyOL
rs . HoTPW *M. dasjeg

a1OO|, uosyosel
PITW “A qooef
ouey “f wer

ee ed uopuo’T ‘H soure (

* JooT ueyyeuol
‘ IyOT yemewy
“'* TyOT yersof
ee eae 41yo'.[ uyof

ey uosIwwey sowmet

sul

 

I9UID [PCY
veo S SHoppeyL

JUYSIIIey 931085

* JIppoy qooel
uosyoef janures

‘ sowuef nN uyot

* souof ueyieN

See mee ee eee cee ee souot H well]
Pee ar ere ae Rede Fa apa SOUT “Mm UreIT [TAA

ian bs MAPA Oe a ra eter Ue yoys

Japuay ‘q uyoft

ee ee eee eee ee . uOXIE] “EH presse f

sImpaH “5 uyof
“SHLVAINL

*panuyjuoy— AWIVAVD UAAILNNTOA VINVATASNNAg ONZ77Z—II ANVdNOO
531

ROSTER OF COMPANY M.

“SO8T ‘TE “PO
‘SO8T ‘TE “PO
“SO8T ‘TE “290
“SO8T ‘TE “PO
‘SO8T ‘TE “PO
“S98T ‘TE PO

‘ynO-Joysnw je Jussqy
‘UMOUAUN a}ep ‘FT ‘0D 0} potsojsuery,
“SOST ‘Pg AVP ‘IapIO [e1suaey Aq pasieyosiq
‘AICACD ‘OLG ‘usWIsdy Psg YUM JNO pasJa}snyy
‘AIBARD ‘O1g “USUISIY PE YUM JNO paiajsnyA
‘AIBACD ‘O1g ‘UdWIISIY P1g YUM JNO podoysnyy
‘AIVARD “O1g “USTIISEY P41g YUM jNO posojsnyy
‘AIeAR) “O1g ‘JuUdTISIY PIE YM JNO poso}snyy
‘AIVARD “O1g ‘USTUISEY P41g YM yNO Pearoisnyy
: ‘nO-1a}snw je Juesqy

‘SO8T ‘LT “AON ‘JapiO [e1auey Aq pasieyo

-sIp {sdioD ‘say ‘JoA ‘JuUaUIsay pugs ‘y “OD 0} patsojsuesy

"g98T ‘TE PO
“GOST ‘TE “PO
“G98T ‘TE “PO
"S98T ‘TE “PO
“g98T ‘TE “DO
"G98T ‘IE “PO
"S98T ‘TE “PO
“S9ST ‘TE “220
"S9O8T ‘TE 20
“g98T ‘TE PO

"SosT ‘TE PO
“9st ‘TE 90
“sogT ‘TE “PO

S9st ‘TE “PO
“SOST ‘TE 220
‘cost ‘TE PO

‘umOUyUN a3}ep ‘g Aueduos 0} PaiiajsueIy
‘SO8T ‘6T “SnNY ‘JapiO [eleuan Aq passieyosiq
‘SOST ‘OT “SnYy ‘IspiIO [eleuay Aq posieyosig

‘AleAeD ‘O1g “UsUIISdY pig YIM jnO Posa}snyy
‘AIVARD ‘OIG ‘UsWUIsaYy Pig YM JNO pastajsnyy
‘AIARD ‘OIG UsUIsay Pg YUM 4NO paroisnypy
‘AIeARD ‘Og ‘JUsWISaY Pig YUM Jno pass}snfy
‘AIVARD ‘OIG ‘UaWITSey Pilg YUM JNO Para}snypL
‘Ayeaey ‘O1g uaswisay pig YUM Jno posaysnyL
‘AIVAVD ‘O1g ‘usWIsay pig YUM Jno porszsnyy
‘AIVAV) ‘O1g ‘UsWIssY Pg YUM JNO posojsnyfy
‘Aqeaey) “O1g ‘UswWIsey psig YA JNO posojsn]y
‘AVARD ‘OIg ‘JUsUITsaY Pg YUM yno pataysnyy
“sosT ‘Fg ABW ‘I9PIO [e1suary Aq pasieyosiq
‘SosT ‘Fe ARI ‘I9pIO [esouay Aq passieyosiq.
‘ACARD ‘OIg “uss ay plg YUM INO posayisnyjy
‘AyeaeD) ‘O1g “UaWIsey Pig YAM JNO pasojsnyy
‘Aeaey) ‘O1g uUsuIsey Pig YWM Jno pasojsnyy
‘cost ‘FZ AVI ‘IapIO [e1susey Aq pasieyosiq
‘Kyeaey) ‘O1g ‘uUswWIsey Pig yWM JNO paiajsnpy
‘Kyeaey) ‘O1g Guaulrseay pig YUM Jno poatoisnyy
‘Areaey ‘OLg ‘UsuIsay PsE YUM JNO podiojsnyy
‘gost ‘Le “Gey “eq ‘“erydjepeyyg ie pad

“‘SMUVNAY :

e98T
POST
POST
P98T
79ST
' $98T
POST
POST
FO8T
€98T

F98T
P98T
F98T
POST
P98T
F9O8T
POST
F98T
FOBT
POST
€98T
yOBt
FOBT
POST
POST
P98T
FOBT
POST
P98T
POST
P98T
S98T
POST
PORT

“NI YALSOW 10 ALVa

‘GZ
8S
8g
“LB
‘OT
‘8s
rd
‘8S
‘91

9
‘Gg
‘9%
‘eT
‘es
“LT
‘ST
"83
‘gé
‘9

‘OT
02
BS
03
“g

02
‘Gg
‘LS
‘0
‘9%
‘GZ
“UT
‘LS
‘g

“qe

yas
BETS

‘qq
‘qed
‘qag

ydag

‘qq

‘Ie

‘qeq
‘a

 

trrtteeeeeeeees soyeurmopurm -ydasof
teterereeerseeeees ornate [anUIEs

tee tees teers Tg

se wee eee ee s

* USPM 'O 42410
yeUMopurm ‘Cd “f
" yoReM “Vy uyoL
* ppeysury uyol

see [asua MA uyoft

“'* TaSUdAA SISOJT
emoyy “{ Wein

wane 14s ‘s ydasoe

adoms ‘nN ydoasof
dadiiejyg. qooet
‘* uosdung souret

‘tt) Zy7eMS MoIpUuYy

‘+++ 390g -UOSTIM,
Japaays (pL .sowel
aoaeds ‘AA. 331005)
+ ddnys wera
“* WeS "S ydesof
adoMs *M 2d1035)
“ttt ayeuag sellq
" Jappwyg Jpg
eee Aajeig oeesy
* preyexods "H “Ay
awe zjUuIy uyof
soe ewes ssnyy <9 ‘(
"' stxspoy sowel
‘tts atddry oeesyT
* spy "TY somef
ones ddIIg ‘g uyof
Jasiaquayog uyof
“* Hered sewmoyy
"7 Hee "q uyof

“1 O09 Jenuemy

“SALVATYd

*‘panuyuo) — XYIWAV) WaaLNOTIOA, VINVATASNNA aN¢@7Z—_W ANVdWNOO
532. TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

APPENDIX.
THE REGIMENTAL FLAG.

More than two hundred regiments of volunteer soldiers from
Pennsylvania entered the United States Army during the War for
the Union. It was the custom of the State to present each regiment
with a flag when it entered the service. These flags, carried through
the storms of battle and of the elements for three and four years,
have in most cases been returned to the State’ and are now stored in
the Flag Room of the Capitol Building at Harrisburg.

As stated in a previous chapter, the Twenty-second Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry was organized right at the front in February, 1864,
by the consolidation of a number of independent companies, most of
whom had entered the service in 1861 and 1862. This regiment
was thus overlooked and received no flag from the State at the
time of its organization, as did the others.

In the year 1899, the attention of the State Legislature was
called to this oversight, when that body promptly passed the fol-
lowing Act:

“‘ Whereas, The authorities of the State of Pennsylvania did
present United States flags to the various regiments of the State
serving in the War of the Rebellion, which they carried on their
march and battle-fields, and when the ‘War was over, deposited with
the- State as War relics,

“ And whereas, The Twenty-second Pennsylvania Cavalry Vol-
unteers, originally organized and: known as the Ringgold Battalion,
never received any such token of regard and confidence,

“THEREFORE BE IT ENACTED, ETC., That the Adjutant General
of Pennsylvania be authorized and required to purchase a United
States flag and present the same to the survivors. of -the Twenty-
second Pennsylvania Cavalry Volunteers Ringgold: Battalion. Said
flag shall have properly inscribed thereon the names of the fol-
lowing battles in which the regiment participated, -viz:: * Rich
Mountain, Romney, Moorfield, Blue’s Gap, Falling Waters, Ataris:
burg, Bunkers’ Hill, Stephenson’s Depot, Charlestown, Halltown,
Opequan, Snicker’s Gap, Ashby’s Gap, Kernstown, Newtown,
Cedar Creek, Fisher’s’ Hill, Mt. Jackson, ‘Piedmont, . Strasburg,
Lexington and Wytheville.

“That the sum of one hundred dollars, or so nineh thereof as
may be necessary, is specifically appropriated for the purchase of
said flag: Provided, That. after the flag shall have been presented
to the survivors of the said Twenty-second Pennsylvania Cavalry

* The list of battles inscribed on the flag is very erroneous and incomplete, as the
careful reader of the history will discover. A correct list will be found on another page.
‘e061 ‘NOINNAA NMOLMOINAGCANA LV SNVYALAA NOITVLLVA CGIODONIA

 

 

 

 

 

u
uu]

a fe -
; Fe aay a ®, = b
a ae =e! as bs ~

= »’ ya de PR ae
=) ie eels Dye
io ee ee ~~
wae rr % 2
~%

 

  

77

Audet

[iis
ae ||

|

|

j

|

PT!

hay |
APPENDIX. 533

Volunteers, they shall place the same for preservation, in the Flag
Room of the State of Pennsylvania in the City of Harrisburg.
“ Approved the 28th day of April, A. D., 1899.
“Witttam A. STONE.”

At the annual reunion of the Twenty-second Pennsylvania
Ringgold Cavalry Association, held at Monongahela, Pa., August
17, 1899, Adjutant-General Thomas J. Stewart, on behalf of the
State, presented this regimental flag to the Association. The pre-
sentation took place at the camp fire meeting in the Opera House
in the presence of a large assembly of veterans and citizens. General
Stewart’s eloquent and brilliant address aroused the assembly to
high state of patriotic enthusiasm. The flag was received by a
brief and appropriate response, immediately after which, a schoolgirl
of ten years, in a most beautiful and forceful style and all aglow
with the spirit of the occasion, recited the following:

TRIBUTE TO THE AMERICAN FLAG.

“When Freedom from her mountain-height,
Unfurled her standard to the air,
She tore the azure robe of night,
And set the stars of glory there.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
The milky baldric of the skies,
And striped its pure celestial white
With streakings of the morning light;
Then from his mansion in the sun,
She called her eagle bearer down,
And gave into his mighty hand
The symbol of her chosen land.

“Majestic monarch of the cloud,
Who rear’st aloft thy regal form,
To hear the tempest trumping loud,
And see the lightning glances driven,
When strive the warriors of the storm,
And rolls the thunder drum of heaven—
Child of the sun, to thee ’tis given
To guard the banner of the free,
To hover in the sulphur-smoke,
To ward away the battle-stroke,
And bid its blendings shine afar
Like rainbows on the cloud of war,

, The harbingers of victory.

“Flag of the brave, thy folds shall fly,
The sign of hope and triumph high.
When speaks the signal-trumpet tone,
And the long line comes gleaming on—
Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,
Has dimmed the glistening bayonet,
Each soldier’s eye shall brightly turn
To where thy sky-born glories burn;
And, as his springing steps advance,
534 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Catch war and vengeance from the glance.
And when the cannon’s mouthings loud
Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud,
And gory sabres rise and fall,

Like shoots of flame on midnight’s pall;
Then shall thy meteor glances glow,

And cowering foes shall fall beneath

Each gallant arm that strikes below

That lovely messenger of death.

“Flag of the seas! on ocean’s wave
Thy stars shall glitter o’er the brave;
When death, careering on the gale,
Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail,
And frighted waves rush wildly back
Before the broadsides reeling rack,
Each dying wanderer of the sea
Shall look at once to heaven and thee,
And smile to see thy splendors fly
In triumph o’er his closing eye.

“Flag of the free heart’s hope and home!

By angel hands to valor given,

The stars have lit the welkin dome,

And all thy hues were born in heaven.

Forever float that standard sheet!

Where breathes the foe, but falls before us,

With Freedom’s soil beneath our feet,

And Freedom’s banner streaming o’er us!”
SE en oe The appropriateness of the selection
REI » to the occasion and the graceful elo-

quence and patriotic fervor of the young

~
|

speaker, captivated the audience, who

    

gave her a rousing ovation at the close
of the recital; as the applause subsided,
a comrade mounted a chair and in a fit-
ting, speech offered a resolution, that the
fair young speaker, Amanda Jane Mc-
Nulty, a veteran captain’s daughter, be
elected the Daughter of the Regiment.
The resolution was voted with unani-
mous acclaim, ’mid great enthusiasm.
(Miss Amanda J. McNulty is now, 1911,
Mrs. E. M. Snider, of Uniontown, Pa.)

Amanda Jane McNulty.
=< APPENDIX. 535

PRISONERS OF WAR.

It was our intention to give a list of the men who were cap-
tured and suffered imprisonment at Richmond and in Confederate
prisons farther south, and to give with each name the time and cir-
cumstance of capture, also the places and duration of imprisonment,
but we have been unable to secure anything like an accurate list or
the necessary information. A number of men were captured and
served long imprisonment, of which no mention whatever is made
in the official rosters; many others are simply reported “ captured,”
with no further information. A number were captured who were
never heard of afterward; some are reported as “missing in
action,” who were no doubt captured and died.

The loss in captured, especially in the seven old companies, was
very heavy. Most of the captures were made from small squads
sent out to reconnoiter, or as train-guards, mail-guards or carriers
of dispatches. The service required of the seven old companies in
the mountains, previous to the organization of the regiment, was
hazardous and was largely by small detachments who were liable
to be cut off and run down at any bend in the road, by a superior
force concealed in the brush. In the earlier period of the war, the
men thus captured were generally paroled after surrendering their
horses and arms, but later the captured were generally sent off to
Richmond, where after a few months’ imprisonment, some were
exchanged, but the majority were then sent, either to Anderson-
ville, Georgia, or to Salisbury, North Carolina, where many of them
sickened and died from exposure and starvation; but few of our
men ever returned from those prisons. From the rosters here
given, we find eighty names of prisoners. Of these, at least forty
died in Southern prisons. Companies A and F suffered the great-
est loss in prisoners, the former losing twenty-two men, and the lat-
ter twenty, as reported in the rosters; the actual number no doubt
exceeded these figures.

Lieut. B. F. Hassan, of Company F, the circumstance of whose
capture is given in a former chapter (see pages 134 and 135), is the
only one of these prisoners who made his escape after having been
carried South. In a booklet published some years ago, he gives a
graphic account of his thrilling experience as a fugitive prisoner
in the heart of the Confederacy.

On the fourth of September, 1863, while on a scouting expe-
dition as sergeant in command of a small force consisting of William
536 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

Jenkins, Abel Moore, John Manning, Samuel Hallam and John
Penny, he and his whole party were captured, placed in Libby
Prison, taken from there to Belle Island, where he was confined
about six months and there exposed to the terrible severities of the’
cold winter of ’63-4. One morning in March, ’64, he and about 300°
other prisoners were placed in box or cattle cars and started for
Andersonville, Ga. Reaching a point in North Carolina not far
from Raleigh, he, with four other prisoners, overpowered: the
guards in the middle of the night and sprang from the moving.
train. The subsequent flight through trackless. forests by night
and concealment by day is described in the booklet referred to, in
which he says: “ We were evidently on an ascending grade. On
visiting the point since the war, I found this to be the case. Of:
course, the difference in speed was not very great, but it was no-
ticeable. We had agreed upon a signal, but this change in the
speed of the train took its place, and that this was the supreme
moment, flashed upon all of us at once. I was in the act of look-
ing around to see if the thought had occurred to the other boys,
when crash went the lantern, and amidst the oaths and execrations
of the struggling guards, who were shouting to each other to kill
the g— d— Yankees, and the din which such a proceeding would
naturally bring about, we sprang out of the car into the darkness.
Our plans were carried out perfectly, etc.”

- ‘After encountering many obstacles, often aided by black peo-
ple, at one time nursed for days and nights through a malarial fever
by a faithful negro slave, and overcoming difficulties that would:
seem almost insurmountable, he reached the Union picket post at:
Red Hill, N. C., some three or four miles south of the bridge which
crosses the Pamlico River at Washington in that State. Referring:
to his approach to the picket-post, he says: “It was just breaking
day when I reached the back door of Mr. Kennerly’s house. (Mr. °
Kennerly was a Presbyterian minister and loyal to the Union. .-To
his house, which stood a short distance from the picket-post, the
fugitive was directed.) My summons was soon answered by the
gentleman himself. I was anxious to make an end to my wander-
ings that morning. I inquired the way to the picket-post. He
looked at me suspiciously, and said I could follow the road. I told
him I did not want to be seen; that I hoped the Union forces still
occupied the town. At this he glanced me over and seemed to get
a revelation. He took me by the arm and drew me inside the door
and exclaimed: ‘Oh! you are a refugee. Come in. How in the
APPENDIX. 537

world did you get through? They have been fighting around here
for several days. We have not been in bed for three nights. Did
you come through underground?’ And so on, excitedly plying
me with questions—sometimes answering, himself, without allow-
ing me opportunity to explain. By refugee is meant a native of
the country who might be fleeing from home and endeavoring to get
into the Union lines. After getting into the room in presence of
his wife, she joined him in expressions of wonder at my success in
evading the enemy and expressed sympathy for my distressed con-
dition. The table on which were some cold meat and a plate of
biscuit, was standing in the middle of the room. I refused their
kind invitation to sit down and contented myself by accepting a
couple of biscuit which I pocketed and hurried away.

“He told me where the pickets would probably be found,
and pointed out how I could get to the road near them by follow-
ing a by-path through the forest, and cautioned me to be very care-
ful because they had been fighting over on the other side for several
days and it was possible the Confederates might have taken the
town. If they had, of course their pickets would be at the post.
Keeping close to the fence, cautiously creeping along, all the while
carefully examining the territory in front of me, I came to the road.
It was not full daylight and the fog and mists obstructed the
‘view. Dodging around fence corners and getting a position.so that
T could look down the road, I discovered a couple of hundred yards
away, a blue-coated sentinel pacing back and forth. Keeping trees
and fence in range between us, I stealthily crept nearer. Was that
sentinel a Yankee? was the first thing to be settled satisfactorily.
I looked intently. His coat, his cap, his every movement was care-
‘fully noted. Yes, surely. The guards. at the reserve post began
to move about. They were back perhaps a couple of hundred yards
beyond the picket or outpost. As it grew lighter, a fair view of
them was caught. The glorious blue. There can be no mistake.
With difficulty I kept from shouting for the Union and the old
flag. Stepping out into the road I threw up my hands in token of
surrender and marched toward the sentinel. When I arrived within
a few steps of him, he brought down his gun and commanded me
to halt. I took the knife from my belt and threw it at his feet and
told him I was otherwise unarmed and would be glad to come in.
He called for the Sergeant of the guard. When the officer came
forward I was admitted within the lines. Of course, an explana-
tion was given. That I had been ‘ through the mill,’ as well as the
5388 TWENTY-SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY.

swamps, my external appearance bore testimony. Pantaloons in
ribbons below the knees, partly barefooted, the little flesh left on
my limbs scratched, poisoned and swollen from having been com-
pelled so often to wade through water, I was the picture of the
direst distress. But the haven was reached at last. The imagi-
nation must be left to picture my feelings. Any attempt to describe
them would result in utter failure to do the subject justice. With
gratitude to God and those kind and faithful people who were in-
strumental in making the journey a success, I felt the extremest
sensations of joy.”

SOME WAR RELICS

J. Shan. Margerum, of Company F,
whose portrait is here given, was an en-
thusiastic collector of war relics and
curios, and gathered a very interesting
collection, which be kept on exhibition
in his store in Washington, -Pa., for
many years. Many of these were sou-
venirs of occasions when detachments of
the Ringgold Battalion were participants
in the blood-letting. Since Comrade
Margerum’s death, the collection has
been turned over to the Washington
(Pa.) Historical Society, in whose
museum these interesting relics of the
dark days of the “sixties” may be
found.

 

Shan. Margerum.