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QL 737 eaBE2 University Library

“TiN
CATALOGUE

OF THE

CHIROPTERA

IN THE

COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

GEORGE EDWARD DOBSON,
M.A., M.B.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1878.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND VYRANCIS,

pha WI 4
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE

Turis Volume contains a complete account of all the species of Bats
known at present, 400 in number, of which 85 are desiderata in
the British Museum. In the year 1843, when the ‘List of
Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum’ was published
by order of the Trustees, 136 species represented by 418 specimens
were contained in the Museum; 2666 specimens are enumerated in
this Catalogue, an increase chiefly due to the indefatigable zeal of
the former Keeper of the Department, the late Dr. J. E. Gray, who
at various times devoted himself to a systematic study of some of

the families.

The present Catalogue probably contains only a fraction of
existing species: but it is hoped that it will be a stimulus to
collectors and students to pay more attention to this difficult and

obscure group of animals than has been the case hitherto.

The Trustees have fortunately secured for the preparation of this
Work the services of Mr. George Edward Dobson, M.A., who for

many years has made this branch his special study.

ALBERT GUNTHER,
Keeper of the Department of Zoology.

British Museum,
May 20th, 1878.
INTRODUCTION.

Tue total number of species described in the following pages is 400.
The descriptions, with very few exceptions, are original, and have
been taken directly from the types or from specimens which had
been compared with the types. During the past four years the
chief zoological museums on the continent of Europe were visited
from time to time by me, and the types of the species described by
Geoffroy, Temminck, Gervais, Peters, and Alph. Milne-Edwards
examined and compared; while previously I had the rare advantage
of seeing recent specimens of many species, and of studying their
habits, when travelling in South America and during a residence of
neatly four years in the East Indies, In the latter country the
large collection of the Indian Museum at Calcutta, so inaccessible by
reason of distance to most European zoologists, was examined, and
full descriptions of the species were subsequently published in my
‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera.’

As this is the first attempt to present in monographic form (not
being a compilation) a natural history of any of the Orders of Mam-
malia, it has been my object throughout, not only to render the
discrimination of the different species as easy as possible to those
not possessing any special knowledge of the subject, but also, by
full descriptions of the species, and by notes on their comparative
anatomy, habits, and relative position in the natural series, to make
this work as complete a systematic treatise on the Chiroptera as the
present state of our knowledge and the space at my disposal would
admit of.

The Classification adopted is the same as that propounded by me
in a paper published in 1875 in the ‘Annals and Magazine of
Natural History,’ and subsequently again set forth in the preface
to my ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ where the grounds
on which it is based are fully described and the relative affinities

6
vl INTRODUCTION.

of the genera discussed. In the Systematic Index the arrange-
ment of the Families, Genera, and Species according to this method
of classification may be seen; and notes on the natural position of
each genus and species will be found in most cases attached to the
definitions and descriptions throughout the work.

Instead, therefore, of reopening this subject, [think it preferable to
occupy the space remaining at my disposal with an account of the Com-
parative Anatomy and Geographical Distribution of the species.
In treating of the Comparative Anatomy I shall limit my remarks
especially to those parts of the body which present the greatest
variability in form, as a knowledge of the chief structural modifica-
tions, both external and internal, is all-important in systematically
arranging the species.

Of all the orders of Mammalia none are so well defined as the
Chiroptera: the presence of true wings at once distinguishes them ;
and this peculiarity is accompanied by other modifications of bodily
structure having relation to aerial locomotion. Thus, in direct con-
trast to all other mammals (in which locomotion is chiefly effected
by action from behind, and the hind limbs greatly preponderate in
size over the fore), in the Chiroptera the fore limbs, being the only
agents in propelling the body forward during flight, immensely
exceed the short and weak hinder extremities; the thorax giving
origin to the great muscles which sustain flight, and containing the
proportionately very large lungs and heart, is remarkably capacious,
and the ribs are flattened and close together; the shoulder-girdle
also is greatly developed in comparison with the weak pelvic bones.
Other structural modifications secondary to these are observable in
the form of the bony skeleton, in the integumentary system, in the
alimentary canal, and in other parts of the body, which I now pro-
ceed to describe under their several heads.

Ossrous System.

The bones entering into the formation of the skeleton in Chiro-
ptera are characterised by their slenderness, and by the great size of
the medullary canals in those forming the extremities. The verte-
bral column is short, and the vertebre differ very slightly in number
and form throughout the species. The general number of the
thoracico-lumbar vertebra is 17, whereof 12 are thoracic and 5
Tumbar. Occasionally species of the same family differ more from
each other in the number of vertebrae than species of very distinct
INTRODUCTION. vu

families; thus Phyllostoma hastatum has 13 thoracic vertebre,
while Artibeus perspicillatus has 12. The cervical vertebra are
very broad, but short from before backwards. With the exception
of the axis none of the cervical or thoracic vertebree develop spinous
processes, a characteristic feature in the osteology of the Order.
From the first thoracic to the last lumbar vertebra the spinal column
forms a single curve backwards, which is most pronounced in the
lumbar region. The bodies of the vertebre are very slightly mov-
able upon each other, and in many old individuals appear to become
partially anchylosed together. The caudal vertebre are simple
cylindrical bones without processes, and their number and length
is extremely variable even in closely allied species; the anterior
vertebre are generally united to the tuberosities of the ischia. In all
species of Megachiroptera (except in the very aberrant form Notopteris
macdonaldit) the tail is very short or absent; in Pteropus, in some
species of Epomophorus, and in Melonycteris there are no caudal
vertebree extending beyond the tuber ischii. In the Microchiroptera
the tail reaches its greatest development in the Vespertilionine
alliance *, in some genera of Vespertilionide (as in Kerivoula, Nata-
lus, and Miniopterus) exceeding the length of the head and body,
but the vertebrae rarely exceed 9 in number; in Nycteride the
caudal vertebre are very long in the genus Mycteris, very short and
concealed in the base of the interfemoral membrane in Megaderma.
In the Emballonurine alliance the tail is alone well developed in
the Molossi, in Rhinopoma, and in some of the insectivorous species
of Phyllostomide ; in most of the genera of Glossophage, in all the
frugivorous Stenodermata, and in the sanguivorous Desmodontes it is
externally invisible or altogether absent. This shows that thedevelop-
ment of the tail is correlated to the habits of the different species t.

In all Bats the presternum has a prominent keel for the attach-
ment of the anterior portion of the great pectoral muscle; the meso-
sternum has a slightly prominent keel in most species of Micro-
chiroptera, which reaches its greatest development in the Rhino-
lophide, especially in the genus T'rienops, where it is nearly as
deep as that of the presternumy{; the xiphisternum is moderately

* For definitions of the two alliances into which I have divided the families
of Microchiroptera see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 347 (1875), or Monogr.

Asiat, Chiropt. pp. 7, 8 (1876).
+ For remarks on the development of the interfemoral membrane, see infra,
p. xxviii.
+ See my paper ‘‘On the Osteology of Trienops persicus,” and accompanying
plate, in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xli. pp. 136-142, pl. vi. fig. 8 (1872).
b2
viil INTRODUCTION.

broad behind, terminating in a broad cartilaginous process. In the
Megachiroptera the segments of the mesosternum are distinct, in
most species of Microchiroptera they are anchylosed together in
adult individuals.

The ribs vary from 12 to 13 pairs ; in most species they are much
flattened and separated by very narrow intervals; in the Rhinolo-
phide they are exceedingly flattened, and in some species occasion-
ally found partially anchylosed together.

Of all parts of the osseous system the skull is most variable in
form. This variability evidently depends chiefly on the different
kinds of food used by different species, requiring special adaptation
in the manducatory apparatus, changes in the form of which leading
to very considerable modifications in the form of the skull. We
would expect, therefore, to find the skull most variable in the Phyl-
lostomide: (for the species of that family probably vary more in the
nature of their food than all the other species of Chiroptera) ; and
this is certainly the case. In two species of this family, Cheronyc-
teris mexicana and Centurio senex, we find the most extreme modi-
fications of the skull observable in Chiroptera, the length in pro-
portion to the breadth being as 30 to 11 in the former, and as 18
to 12 in the latter species (compare Plates XXVII. & XXVIII).
In the truly insectivorous families, the Rhinolophide and Vesper-
tilionide, the skull is least variable; and in some of the genera of
these families the difference between the species in this respect is
very slight.

The elevation of the brain-case above the face-line varies very
considerably in the different species of Vespertilionide, Emballonu-
ride, and Phyllostomide especially. In some genera, as in Furia,
Amorphocheilus, and Mormops, the crown of the head appears greatly
elevated, in consequence of the peculiar manner in which the facial
bones are bent upwards, so that the facial portion of the cranio-
facial axis is almost at right angles to the basicranial; in Minio-
pterus, Natalus,and Thyroptera the brain-case in much vaulted and
raised above the face-line, although the cranio-facial axis is almost
in the same plane throughout.

Postorbital processes of the frontal are wanting in most of the
species of Microchiroptera; they are either very short and obtuse or
not developed in Rhinolophide and Phyllostomide. In some species
of Vespertilionide (Vesperugo pachypus, e. g.) there are small blunt
processes. In most of the species of Nycteride the frontal bones are
greatly expanded laterally, forming triangular processes, the base of
INTRODUCTION. ix

which in Megaderma (as in Pteropodide) is perforated by a foramen
(Plate X. fig. 3a; Plate XI. fig. 2); in the Emballonuride postorbital
processes are scarcely developed in any of the genera except in those
included in the group Emballonure, where, in most of the species,
they are very long, and almost circumscribe the orbit. In Mega-
chiroptera, however, long postorbital processes, haying their bases
traversed by a foramen, are well developed in nearly all the species;
in the genus Pteropus, which includes the largest species of the
order, they reach their highest development, and in several of the
species there are corresponding processes from the zygomatic arches ;
but in Pteropus lewcopterus alone is the orbital ring complete (seo
p. 32 and Plate IV. fig. 1).

The nasal bones vary considerably in length and form. In the
Megachiroptera they reach their greatest length, extending so far in
front that the nasal opening is small and directed forwards (Plate IV.
fig. 1). In Microchiroptera (except in the group Gilossophage) the
nasals are generally short, especially in the leaf-nosed species of the
Vespertilionine alliance, where the nostrils open on the upper surface
of the muzzle; in the Rhinolophide they are raised in a vertical
direction, supporting the highly developed foliaceous cutaneous
appendages constituting the “ nose-leaf”’; in the Phyllostomide their
form varies most considerably—in Vampyri and Glossophage long
and narrow, in Stenodermata short and broad, or deficient, as in
Chiroderma, where a deep fissure extends backwards between the
orbits (Plate XXIX. fig. 3), or much elevated, increasing the thick-
ness of the muzzle in front, as in Pygoderma (Plate XXVIIL. fig. 4).

The greatest difference exists in the form and size of the pre-
maxillary bones, in some cases even in those of species belonging to
the same genus. In Pteropodide they are slender, but generally
united in the centre; in Rhinolophide they are quite rudimentary,
consisting of small osseous lamine projecting forwards from the
nasal cartilages ; in Wycteride they are cartilaginous in Megaderma
and small in Nycteris; in all the genera of Vespertilioncd@ they con-
sist of slender ununited bones supported by the upper maxillaries,
and separated by a wide space in front (Plate XIII. figs. 2a, 3;
Plate XIV. figs. 36,46; Plate XV. figs.55,66). In those genera of
Emballonuride which approach the Vespertilionide nearest in general
structure, the premaxillary bones are also very feebly developed, and
in one genus (Zaphozous) they are cartilaginous, as in Megaderma ;
nevertheless they are less widely separated in front, and in this
respect lead towards the more perfectly developed premaxille of such
x INTRODUCTION,

genera as Noctilio, Cheiromeles, Molossus, and Mystacina, in which
they are deeply united together, as in the allied family Phyllosto-
mide. In all the genera of the latter family (except Monophyllus,
Ischnoglossa, Phyllonycteris, Lonchoglossa, and Glossonycteris, of the
group Glossophage) the premaxillaries are well developed and united
in the centre (Plate XXIV. figs. 2, 6), reaching their culminating
point in the sanguiyorous group Desmodontes, where they support a
pair of enormous trenchant incisors (Plate XXX. fig. 76).

Zygomatic arches are well developed in Pteropodide (Plate IV.
fig. 1) and Rhinolophide; in the latter family they reach their
greatest size in Triwnops*; in Emballonuride and Phyllostomide
they are slender, and in several genera of the latter family (Carolla,
Phyllonycteris, Glossonycteris, and Cheronycteris) wanting. The
depth of the sagittal and occipital crests varies much in different
species, even in those of the same genus, and evidently depends
chiefly on the size of the muscles of mastication, which have their
origin from the sides of the skull, the development of these muscles
again depending on the nature of the food of the animal with which
the form and size of the teeth are correlated. Thus in Desmodus
rufus, which lives on the blood of animals, and in which the grind-
ing-teeth are rudimentary, the crown of the skull is quite smooth,
without trace of either occipital or sagittal crests.

In the Megachiroptera the bony palate is broad behind, produced
behind the last molars, and gradually narrowing backwards (PlateIV.
fig. 6); in Microchiroptera it is abruptly narrowed in a line with
the last molars, and produced backwards, forming the floor of the
posterior nares (Plate XIV. fig. 5a, Plate XXIV. fig. 3) ; or in some
genera of Phyllostomide (Stenoderma, Pygoderma, Ametrida) the
horizontal plates of the palate-bones are partially or wholly deficient,
and the palate is deeply cut as far forwards, in some species, as a
line drawn between the first upper molars (Plate XXVIII. figs. 2-4).
The two species included in the group Furie have been placed in
separate genera, chiefly on account of the different development of
the horizontal plate of the palate-bones, although otherwise very
closely allied (see pp. 356, 357), so that it is doubtful how far this
difference in structure can be regarded as a generic character.

The auditory bulle ossee vary considerably in the different species
in size, which appears to be correlated with that of the external
ear, though exceptions to this rule are not wanting, as, for instance,

* See my paper ‘On Osteology of Trienops persicus,” and plate, referred to
above, footnote, p. vil.
INTRODUCTION. x1

in Chalinolobus (Plate XIV. fig. 5a) and Miniopterus, where, al-
though the ear-conch is small, the bulla ossew are remarkably large.
The tympanic is thin-walled and very loosely connected with the
surrounding bones, and does not develop an external canal; the
spiral turns of the cochle are generally distinctly visible externally
through the very thin walls of the capsule, and in some species
number as many as four. In the Rhinolophide the auditory bulle
ossecee attain their greatest size (especially in the genus Rhinolophus,
where they nearly meet in the middle line, the intervening basi-
occipital bone being reduced to a narrow isthmus); and it is note-
worthy that in these Bats the tragus is not developed *.

Paroccipital processes are present in most of the genera; they
reach their greatest development in Megachiroptera, where they are
rather long and narrow; in Microchiroptera they are comparatively
much smaller, especially in the family Vespertilionida.

The shoulder-girdle varies very slightly in the different families,
having the same office to fill in all. The clavicle is always very
strong, long, and curved; the scapula large, oval-triangular in out-
line ; the postscapular fossa greatly exceeds the anterior fossa, and is
deeply concave for the origin of the large muscles arising therefrom ;
the spine of the scapula is well developed, with a large acromion ;
the coracoid is long and curved.

The humerus is long, but compared with the radius is scarcely
two thirds its length; the form of its upper extremity varies very
slightly ; the external and internal tuberosities are prominent, the
internal being the larger ; the pectoral ridge is enormously developed
for the insertion of the great pectoral muscle, and the inner side of
its base is marked by the groove for the deltoid tendon; the shaft
of the humerus is smooth and cylindrical; the distal extremity has,
in all species, a large entocondyloid tuberosity, which, in some
species (especially in the species of Rhinolophide) is very large, in
the genus Y'ricnops developing a long styloid process}; the articular
surface is marked by a deep sigmoid notch; there is no anconeal
fossa nor supracondylar foramen. The ulna is rudimentary ; its
proximal extremity, which articulates with but a small part of the
humerus posteriorly and externally, is anchylosed with the radius ;
immediately beyond the joint it is reduced to a very slender splint-
like bone more or less curved backwards and separated from the

* See remarks on the tragus, imfra, p. xix.
t See plate vi. figs. 4, 4a, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. pt. ii. (1872), referred to
above, in footnote, p. vil.
xi INTRODUCTION.

radius, with which it coalesces about the middle. In all species a
detached sesamoid bone exists in the tendon of the triceps muscle,
and is generally found in skeletons. The radius forms, with the
humerus, almost the whole elbow-joint; it is very long, in some
species (Phyllorhina commersonit and Ph. tricuspidata, e. g.) a8 long
as the head and body.

The proximal row of the carpus consists of a single bone (the
united scaphoid, lunar, and cuneiform bones), which, with the
extremity of the radius, forms the radiocarpal joint: in the distal
row the trapezium, trapezoid, and os magnum vary much in size in
the different families ; the unciform appears to be the most constant,
and the pisiform is generally very small. But the chief differences
in the bones of the carpus and their articulations are observable
between those of the Megachiroptera, in which the thumb and
second finger are so well developed, the latter generally with a
distinct claw, and the Microchiroptera, in which the same digits are
comparatively much smaller, and the second finger has a single
rudimentary phalanx only* unprovided with a claw. In the Mega-
chiroptera the trapezium is by far the largest bone in the distal row;
its inner surface is deeply grooved for articulation with the trochlear
extremity of the metacarpal bone of the thumb; its distal extremity
fills up the space between the base of the metacarpal bones of the
thumb and first finger, with which it articulates, while its proximal
end forms a rounded head, which is received into a deep depression
between the united scaphoid and lunar bones. The trapezoid is very
small and quadrate above, articulating with the outer portion only
of the second metacarpal bone; the os magnum is next in size to
the trapezoid, and the unciform is but slightly smaller than it; the
pisiform is very small, with a circular upper extremity. In the
Microchiroptera, even in the frugivorous species of Phyllostomide,
the trapezium is much smaller than either the os magnum or unci-
form, and does not much exceed the trapezoid in size, while its arti-
culation with the concave extremity of the metacarpal bone of the
thumb is very simple, and its proximal extremity is not received
into a deep concavity in the scapho-lunar bone; the trapezoid has a
long wedge-shaped distal process, which, with the end of the trape-
zium, is received into the space between the extremities of the first
and second metacarpal bones, the latter almost wholly articulating
with it; the unciform is as large as the os magnum, and the pisi-

* With the single exception of Rhinopoma, in which the index finger has two
small phalanges (vide infra, p. xiii.).
INTRODUCTION. xiii

form is much larger than in Megachiroptera. On the dorsal aspect
of the wrist, in Phyllostoma hastatum, there are three well-developed
sesamoid bones—one on the radial side, protecting the radiocarpal
joint internally, another covers the metacarpo-carpal joint of the
thumb, while the third and largest overlies the articulation of the
os magnum with the second and third metacarpal bones.

The manus is, in all the species, composed of five digits. The
first, fourth, and fifth respectively consist of a metacarpal bone and
two phalanges; in the second and third the number of phalanges is
different in certain families.

The first finger (or thumb) always terminates in a claw, which,
with the proximal phalanx, is most developed in Megachiroptera*
and in the frugivorous species of Phyllostomide. The second finger
reaches its highest development in Megachiroptera, consisting of a
metacarpal bone and three phalanges, the terminal phalanx being
provided with a claw (except in Honycteris, Notopteris, and Cepha-
lotes). In these three genera (which include only a single species
each) the third phalanx is short but quite distinct, and is included
in the wing-membrane. In nearly all the species of Microchiroptera,
on the other hand, there is asingle rudimentary phalanx only in the
second finger; and in Rhinopoma microphyllum alone are two pha-
langes found. The presence, therefore, of three phalanges in the
middle finger is characteristic of the Megachiropterat. In the Rhi-
nolophide there is no distinct phalanx in the second finger; a slight
thickening like a joint terminates the osseous portion of the meta-
carpal bone, but I have not been able to distinguish a true articular
surface. In the Nycteride, Vespertilionide (except Thyroptera), and
Phyllostomide there is a short but generally distinct phalanx ; in
Thyroptera (in other respects also a most anomalous genus, vide
infra, p. xiv) the second finger is represented by a rudimentary meta-
carpal bone only. In the Emballonuride, especially in the genera
in which the first phalanx of the third finger is folded (in repose)
forward upon the upper surface of the metacarpal bone, the second
finger is formed by the metacarpal alone; in Woctilio (which so

* The species of this Suborder, when feeding, grasp the fruit between the
claws of the thumb and second finger. These fingers are, to a certain extent,
opposable in these Bats, and this is evidently rendered possible by the different
form and mode of articulation of the trapezium and trapezoid bones, compared
with the same parts in Microchiroptera.

+ This character has been accidentally omitted from my definitions of the
Suborders at p. 2.
xiv INTRODUCTION.

closely approaches the Phyllostomide through Chilonycteris) there is
a very imperfect joint, with a slender bony phalanx about 0-15 inch
long, and in Rhinopoma (as above remarked) there are two distinct
phalanges. In the very remarkable genus Calops (Rhinolophide)
alone is the metacarpal bone of this finger longer than thatof the third.

The third or middle finger is by far the longest, and, except in
the Phyllostomide, has two phalanges, as in the fourth and fifth
fingers. In the Phyllostomide, and in the anomalous genera Thyro-
ptera and Mystacina, there is a third phalanx, which evidently cor-
responds to the cartilaginous extremity of the second phalanx in the
other families of Microchiroptera; for in some of the larger species
of Molossi there is an imperfect joint terminating the osseous portion
of the second phalanx of this finger, and in Molossus perotis (the
largest of that group) I have observed a distinct joint dividing this
bone into two. Compared with the fifth finger, this finger reaches
its greatest length in the Hmballonuride and Phyllostomide. In the
genera Taphozous and Diclidurus, and in the group Molossi, the me-
tacarpal bone equals or slightly exceeds the whole length of the fifth
finger. The metacarpal bone of the third finger is generally longer
than that of the fifth ; but in the genera Pteropus and Rhinolophus,
in the Nycteride, and in many of the genera of Phyllostomide it is
shorter than it.

While the metacarpal bones of the fourth and fifth fingers are
generally but slightly shorter, and in some cases exceed in length
that of the third finger, the phalanges of the same fingers vary
greatly in length in different families and in different species of the
same family. In Megachiroptera, as in the case of the other fingers
also, they reach their highest development, and equal, or even slightly
exceed, the proximal phalanx in length. In Microchiroptera they
are well developed in Rhinolophide and in Nycteride, considerably
shorter in proportion to the length of the metacarpals in Phyllosto-
mide, and least developed in Hmballonuride, especially in the group
Molossi and in the genera Taphozous and Diclidurus. In these
genera the terminal phalanx of the third finger is very short and its
distal third cartilaginous. As the antero-posterior diameter of the
wing depends on the length of the fourth and fifth fingers, and its
lateral extent on the third finger, this family is characterized by the
length and narrowness of the wings, which confers on the individuals
of each species the power of exceedingly rapid flight, contrasting re-
markably with the comparatively slow oar-like motion of the broad
wings of the species of Pteropodide.
INTRODUCTION. XV

In the genus 7’rienops alone a very peculiar short bony process
projects from the outer side of the proximal extremity of the ter-
minal phalanx of the fourth finger. (See p. 124, and plate in Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, referred to in footnote above.)

As might be expected from their aerial mode of locomotion, the
pelvic girdle of Chiroptera is very weak. The iliac bones are long
and narrow. In most species the pubic bones of opposite sides are
very loosely united in front in males, in females they are widely
separated ; in the Rhinolophide alone do these bones form a sym-
physis. The eminentia ileo-pectinea develops in all species a long pec-
tineal process ; in the subfamily Phyllorhinine alone this process is
united with a similar one proceeding backwards from the anterior
extremity of the ilium, bridging the space between, and forming a
large preacetabular foramen, larger than the obturator foramen
which is placed posterior and slightly inferior to it. (See plate vi.
figs. 7,8, 14, in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, referred to above.) This
form of the pelvis (first described and figured by the writer) appears
to be unique among mammals, and occurs in no other known species
of Bats.

The acetabulum is small and directed outwards and slightly up-
wards,and with this is related the peculiar position of the leg, which
is rotated outwards and upwards, so that when the animal is rest-
ing on the ground the knee is directed upwards as in a grasshopper.
In striking contrast with the great development of the anterior ex-
tremities, the posterior limbs are small and generally weak, the com-
bined length of the femur, tibia, and foot rarely equalling that of
the forearm alone. The femur is, like the humerus, slender and
cylindrical, with a small head and very short neck ; the trochanters
are prominent and nearly equal in size ; its form differs very slightly
throughout the species. The bones of the leg and foot are more
variable. In the subfamily Molossinew alone, in which the legs are
short and strong, is there a well-developed fibula. In all other
species this bone is either very slender or cartilaginous and liga-
mentous in its upper third, or reduced to a small bony process
above the heel, as in Megaderma, or altogether absent, as in
Nycteris.

The foot consists of a very short tarsus, and of long, slender,
laterally compressed toes, with much-curved claws; the os calcis
terminates (in nearly all the species) in a long cartilaginous process,
the caleanewm, which acts as a support to the posterior margin of
the interfemoral membrane, and is most developed in those species
Xvi INTRODUCTION.

in which the interfemoral is very large and the tail rudimentary or
perforating the membrane and appearing upon its upper surface, as
in most of the genera of Emballonuride, and in the groups Mor-
mopes and Vampyri of Phyllostomide.

The first toe is composed of a metacarpal bone, a proximal and an
ungual phalanx, and is slightly shorter than the other four toes,
which have each an additional phalanx, except in the subfamily
Phyllorhinine and in the anomalous genus Thyroptera, where all
the toes have the same number of phalanges as the first toe and are
equal to it in length. In the very remarkable genus Cheiromeles
the first toe is thumb-like and separated from the others; in the
Molossi the first and fifth toes are much thicker than-the interme-
diate toes.

Moscutar Sysrrm.

Few striking differences are observable in the muscular system of
the Chiroptera. As Dr. Macalister remarks, “a strong family like-
ness pervades the entire series; the differences are chiefly slight,
though often suggestive, varieties of detail”*. As the few differences
known are of little importance in their bearing on the systematic
arrangement of the species, it will be sufficient here to refer to the
principal work on the subject, of which the title is given in the foot-
note below.

Nervous System.

Witnout entering upon a general description of the nervous
system in Chiroptera, I purpose, under this head, to consider the
chief modifications in the organs of touch and hearing which have
so important relations to the systematic arrangement of the species,
and which probably reach the highest development among Mammals
in this Order.

In the Rhinolophide, Nycteride, and Phyllostomide peculiar folia-
ceous cutaneous expansions surround or extend backwards behind the
nasal apertures (see Plates VI., XI., XXX.). In no other species of
Mammals have analogous structures been found, and their functions
and homologies appear to be imperfectly understood.

A careful investigation of the structure, relative position, mode of
origin, and nervous supply of these processes leads me to believe that
they are delicate organs of an exalted sense of touch, analogous to

* “The Myology of the Chiroptera.” By Alexander Macalister, M.B., &c.
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1872, pp. 125-171, plates 13-16.
INTRODUCTION. xvii

but probably much more effective than the vibriss of other species,
supplementing in the animals in which they are developed the feeble
aid given by the small eyes in distinguishing objects approached in
rapid flight during the hours of darkness*.

In all species of Bats with nasal appendages there may be found
more or less well-developed glandular prominences on the sides of
the face between the eyes and the extremity of the muzzle. In some
genera they are small and concealed by the fur (as in Vespertilio and
Kerivoula), in others large and nearly naked, forming prominent
rounded elevations (as in Vesperugo, Plecotus, and Synotus), but in
all long and straight fine hairs arise from them, which are evidently
analogous and homologous to the vibrisse of the Felide and other
Mammals. In some specimens of Plecotus awritus these glands are
found unusually large, forming rounded prominences, raised slightly
above the margins of the naked crescentic depressions behind the
nostrils (Plate XI. fig. 9). These prominences in Plecotus (Corino-
rhinus) macrotis are greatly developed vertically, forming high conical
processes which, bending inwards over the nasal grooves, meet in
the centre above and behind the nostrils, concealing the grooves
beneath (Plate XI. fig. 8). In front the nasal apertures in this
species are margined by a narrow, flat, cutaneous ring. In Mycto-
philus (which is closely related to Plecotus and Synotus) the same
prominent glands of the muzzle have become united in the centre
above (evidence of their distinct origin being still afforded by the
presence of a longitudinal furrow above), while the cutaneous mar-
ginal rings surrounding the nasal apertures in P. macrotis are here
expanded and united together above and behind the nostrils, form-
ing a small nose-leaf, which is supported behind by the united
glandular prominences (Plate XI. fig. 7). In the much more highly
differentiated nasal processes of Megaderma, especially of M. spasma,
the homologies of these parts with the glandular prominences and
rudimentary nose-leaf of Vyctophilus may be easily recognised.

This, then, is evidently the mode in which the very complicated
nasal appendages of Rhinolophus and other genera have originated,
whence it follows that they are partly composed of the marginal in-

* Bats without nasal appendages are more properly crepuscular and matutinal
than nocturnal in their habits (see description of habits of Molossus obscurus,
p-412). The nose-leafed species fly much later, and this is probably one of the
reasons why they are less commonly shot on the wing. Mr. Tomes has noted
the much finer sense of touch possessed by a leaf-nosed Bat, as shown when
flying in company with a simple-nosed Bat in a confined space.
xvii INTRODUCTION.

tegument of the nostrils, partly of highly differentiated gland struc-
tures; and investigation of their minute structure confirms this
deduction*.

In all species of leaf-nosed Bats, and especially so in the Rhino-
lophide, in which the nasal appendages reach their highest develop-
ment, the superior maxillary division of the fifth nerve is of remark-
ably large calibre, as, indeed, the size of the infraorbital foramen
shows. ‘The nasal branch of this nerve, which is given off immedi-
ately beyond the infraorbital foramen, is by far the largest portion,
the palpebral and labial branches consisting of a few slender nerve-
fibres only. This branch passes forwards and upwards on the side
of the superior maxillary bone, but soon spreads out into numerous
filaments, which pass into the muscles and integument above and
into the base of the nose-leaf. The nerve supply of the nose-leaf is
further considerably augmented by the large nasal branch of the
ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve.

While the many foliations, elevations, and depressions which
vary the form of the nose-leaf also greatly increase the sensory
surface so abundantly supplied by the fifth nerve and in rapid
flight intensify the vibrations conveyed to it, the great number
of sweat- and oil-glands which enter into its structure perform an
important function, analogous to that of the glands of the auditory
canal in relation to the membrana tympani, in maintaining its sur-
face in a soft and highly sensitive condition.

The nasal appendages of Chiroptera, then, may be regarded as
performing the office of an organ of a very exalted sense of touch,
standing in the same relation to the nasal branches of the sensory
divisions of the fifth nerve as the aural apparatus to the auditory

* The minute anatomy of the nasal appendages of Rhinolophus hipposideros
(as regards their cutaneous, muscular, and glandular structures) has been well
worked out by Dr. Redtel (Zeitschr. fiir wissench. Zool. 1873, pp. 254-288,
pl. xiv.), who describes the extraordinary richness of these parts in glands,
which he divides into two classes—‘‘ Talgdriisen ” and ‘“ Schweissdriisen.” He
hazards, however, no opinion as to their mode of origin or functions.

t In the Rhinolophide and Nycteride, owing to the position of the nasal ori-
fices, which open so far back on the muzzle, the cup-shaped depression in which
they are placed evidently corresponds to the anterior part of the nasal fosse,
which in other animals is divided by a cartilaginous septum, covered in by in-
tegument, and supplied by the nasal branch of the ophthalmic division of the
fifth nerve; so that here we find this highly sensitive portion of the nose freely
exposed to the air, and undoubtedly constituting, in addition to the surround-
ing nasal appendages, an exquisitely sensitive organ of touch,
INTRODUCTION. xix

nerve; for, as the latter organ collects the waves of sound, so the
former receives impressions arising from vibrations communicated
to the air by approaching objects.

But although the sense of touch in the leaf-nosed Bats must evi-
dently be immensely increased by these nasal appendages, it should
not be lost sight of that this sense is extremely acute also in species
not provided with such special organs. In Spallanzani’s well-known
experiments, the Bats which succeeded in avoiding numerous threads
hung across the rooms in which, when deprived of sight, hearing,
and smell, they were permitted to fly about were not leaf-nosed
species; and the unerring flight of the simple-nosed Bats of this
country, even in the darkest places, has been observed by almost
every one. We must therefore seek for other sensory organs which
supplement the sense of vision. These undoubtedly exist in the
great extent and highly sensitive condition of the integument enter-
ing into the formation of the wing-membrane and ear-conch*. In
many of the species of Vespertilionide also the concave surface of
the large and delicately formed ear is dotted over by numerous
minute glandular elevations, from which small straight hairs, evi-
dently analogous to the vibrisse on the sides of the muzzle, arise
(see Plate XVII. fig. 7).

In no order of Mammals is the ear-conch so greatly developed or
so variable in form. In some of the species of the group Plecoti
the length of the ear nearly equals that of the head and body,
while in by far the greater number of the species of Microchiro-
ptera the ears are as long or nearly as long as the head, and in many
species they are united across the forehead. The form of the conch
is very characteristic in each of the families. In Nycteride, Ves-
pertilionide, Eimballonuride, and Phyllostomide the tragus is
greatly. developed, forming in some species a long projection ex-
tending nearly to the outer margin of the conch, and its shape is
generally characteristic in each species. Its office appears to be to
cause undulations in the waves of sound, and so intensify and pro-
long them. It is worthy of notice that in the truly insectivorous
Rhinolophide, where the tragus is not developed, the auditory bulle
ossee reach their greatest size and the highly sensitive nasal ap-
pendages their highest development; also in the group Molossi the

* See an excellent paper on the minute anatomy of the wing-membrane in
Chiroptera, by J. Schdbl, in Schultze’s ‘Archiv,’ vii. (1871) pp. 1-31, in which
the layers of integument, the hairs and their glands, the mode of termination
of the nerves, &ec. are carefully described.
xx INTRODUCTION.

ear-conch is divided by a prominent keel, and the antitragus is re-
markably large in those species in which the tragus is minute
(Plate XXI. figs. 2, 3). In the frugivorous Megachiroptera, as
might be expected, the form of the ear-conch is very simple and
but slightly variable in all the species, and there is no tragus.
Although the frugivorous and sanguivorous species of Phyllostomide
have a tragus, yet in them both it and the conch are remarkably
small and very similar in form, even in species otherwise differing
greatly in structure, contrasting strongly with the great develop-
ment of the same parts in the insectivorous species (compare Plates
XXIV. and XXX.). Widely, however, as the form of the ear-conch
differs in these groups, the common origin of all is shown by the
general similarity of the structure of the tragus and by the presence
of a peculiar ridge of integument passing obliquely upwards and
forwards from the base of its inner margin on the side of the head,
which is equally developed in the long-headed Glossophage and in
the short-skulled Stenodermata.

In all Bats the ears are extremely mobile, each moving indepen-
dently at the will of the animal. This I have observed even in the
frugivorous Pteropodide, in which the peculiar vibratory movements
noticed by Mr. Osburn in Artebeus perspicillatus (see p. 520 infra)
may also be seen when the animals are alarmed.

Derntat System.

The different forms of dentition observable in the Chiroptera will
be found very fully treated of in the definitions of the families and
genera and in the descriptions of the species, as in nearly all cases
the dental characters afford the most reliable guides in determining
their natural affinities and in their discrimination.

Of the 400 species described in the following pages, at least 300
are insectivorous, and, as might be expected from the nature of
their food, their molar teeth are of the insectivorous type, being
acutely tubercular, with usually well-developed W-shaped cusps.

; 4 1-1 $23: 355
The dental formula never exceeds inc. gO [p> PM. s,m. 5 =

38 teeth*, but is frequently less than that number, falling as low
as inc. = c. = pm. —, m. 5=20 teeth in the sanguivorous group
Desmodontes, the variability in the number of teeth in the insecti-
vorous species being confined chiefly to the incisors and premolars,

* See footuote, p. 509, for an instance of an apparent exception to this rule,
INTRODUCTION. Xxi

in the frugivorous to the posterior molars (see p. 16 and footnote,
also p. 512).

Among the Microchiroptera, in the family Phyllostomide alone
is there any marked departure from the insectivorous type of den-
tition, and there only in the limited groups Stenodermata (see
Plates XXVIII. and XXIX.) and Desmodontes (see pp. 445, 511,
545).

In the Megachiroptera, which are wholly frugivorous, the form
of the teeth is remarkably similar throughout the different species,
though their number is very variable. In all the species (except
Cynopterus latidens, Plate V. fig. 3) the molar teeth are longer than
broad, and their crowns are traversed by a longitudinal groove ;
while among the species of Microchiroptera, in Sturnira lilium
alone are the molar teeth somewhat similarly grooved (Plate
XXVIII. fig. 5).

The milk-dentition is much the same in all Bats. The teeth are
very slender and with acutely pointed recurved cusps, evidently
very effective in retaining a secure hold on the nipple of the mother
during flight. They are soon shed, but often coexist for a short
time with the permanent teeth, when the latter are considerably
elevated above the gum.

ALIMENTARY CANAL.

The opening of the mouth is anterior in most species, but in
many of the species of Emballonuride it resembles that of the
Insectivora in being inferior, the extremity of the nose being more
or less produced beyond the lower lip, so much so in Rhynchonyc-
teris naso (Plate XX. fig. 4) as to resemble that of the Shrew-mice.
In the Mycteride, and in the groups Mormopes and Desmodontes,
the lower lip projects slightly beyond the upper. In all the insec-
tivorous species the gape is wide, and the lips are fringed with
straight hairs and very expansible, especially in the Moloss:, in
many species of which they are marked by deep vertical wrinkles
(Plate XXII.). In Chalinolobus a small lobe projects horizontally
outwards from the lower Jip near the angle of the mouth, and adds
considerably to its width. In the Mormopes the lower lip is much
expanded in front and fringed with foliaceous cutaneous appendages,
which probably fulfil the same functions as the nasal processes in
the leaf-nosed Bats ; while in the remaining species of Phyllostomide
and in the Nycteride the same part is furnished with variously

c
XXli INTRODUCTION.

shaped wart-like elevations and grooves. In the long-tongued Glos-
sophage (Plate XXVII.) the groove in the centre of the lower
lip serves as a channel for the tongue, which can be thrust out be-
tween the lower canines without necessarily opening the mouth.
The form of the lips is exceedingly peculiar in Noctilio, and will
be found described at p. 395, and figured in Plate XX.

In the Megachiroptera the form of the lips is generally less vari-
uble, but in the genus Zpomophorus (the species of which live on juicy
fruits) they are exceedingly expansible, forming deep folds and
pouches especially in adult males, and in £. (Hypsignathus) mon-
strosus are most remarkably lobed in front. The nakedness of the
lips and complete absence of a fringe of hairs is very characteristic
of all fruit-eating Bats, and probably always distinguishes them
from the insectivorous species which they may resemble in the form
of their teeth and in other respects.

The inner margins of the lips in nearly all the frugivorous species,
whether belonging to the suborders Megachiroptera or Microchiro-
ptera, are fringed with numerous long conical papille.

In all Bats palatal ridges are more or less well-defined, but are
largest in Megachiroptera, and reach their highest development in
the genus Epomophorus, where their form and arrangement is
characteristic in each species (see p. 5, and Plate IT. figs. 1-6).

The cesophagus is narrow in all species, and especially so in the
sanguivorous Desmodontes. The stomach presents two principal
types of structure, which correspond respectively to the two great
divisions of the order, the Megachiroptera and the Microchiroptera.
In the former the pyloric portion is much produced and often folded
upon itself; in the latter the same part is very short and the pyloric
aperture close to the entrance of the cesophagus, the cardiac portion
being expanded into a simple globular or oval sac, or greatly elongated,
forming an intestiniform ceecum, as in the group Desmodontes.

The complex form of the stomach in the frugivorous Megachiro-
ptera is comparable to that of the Ruminantia, while the insecti-
vorous Microchiroptera resemble the Carnivora in the simple form
of the same organ.

In Pteropus the cwsophagus opens into a pyriform pouch, to the
left of which the cardiac portion is expanded longitudinally, but is
not contracted in the middle; behind, a constriction opposite the
entrance of the esophagus indicates externally the commencement
of the pyloric portion, which is immensely elongated, resembling a
large colon, and is folded to the left upon itself, so that externally
INTRODUCTION. Xxiil

the pyloric extremity is placed near the cesophagus; immediately
before terminating at the well-marked pylorus it forms a sacculated
expansion, the rounded cecal extremity of which lies externally
across its inferior surface. In the closely allied genera Cynopterus
and Cynonycteris the form of the stomach is very similar to that of
Pteropus, the chief difference being that the cardiac portion is not di-
stinctly separated by a notch externally, and the pyloric portion is
not expanded near its termination at the pylorus. In Cephalotes the
stomach is somewhat like Pteropus; the cardiac division is similarly
separated, but the pyloric is very long and folded twice upon itself,
and at its extremity near the pylorus is not expanded. In Epomo-
phorus (the species of which live on soft fruit) and in Harpyia the
form of the stomach is much simpler, the pyloric portion is not
nearly so long nor folded upon itself, as in Pteropus, and the cardiac
division is marked externally by a constriction on its left side. In
the long-tongued Macroglosst the stomach varies considerably in
form. In Honycteris the pyloric portion is much shorter and less
folded upon itself than in Pteropus, and on the whole resembles that
of Cynonycteris. In Notopteris it is quite differently shaped, and,
indeed, presents a form apparently unique. It is divisible exter-
nally into three portions—a cardiac, a central, and a pyloric. The
central portion, which extends backwards behind the other two, is
almost globular in form and communicates directly in front with the
cesophagus, on the left with the cardiac sac, and on the right with
the pyloric portion, of which the proximal half lies close to the right
side of the cesophagus, almost level with the cardiac portion, and
becoming bent on itself to the right terminates in the pylorus, im-
mediately beyond which the gall-duct enters the duodenum.

In the Microchiroptera (with the exception of the group Desmo-
dontes) the stomach is quite simple, and varies very slightly in the
different families. In many it seems like a simple expansion on one
side of the cesophagus, so closely together are the cesophageal and
pyloric orifices placed. In the frugivorous species of Artibeus it
somewhat approaches in structure some of the simpler forms met with
in Megachiroptera, as in Harpyia, and is similarly lined with deeply
reticulated mucous membrane; but the difference is still very
striking. The very aberrant form of stomach in the sanguivorous
Desmodontes is described at p. 548.

The intestinal canal varies considerably in length, but is generally
three or four times the length of the head and body. It is charac-
terised by remarkable uniformity in calibre from the pylorus to the

c2
XxXiv INTRODUCTION.

rectum, and by the absence of a cecum and of valves*. A small
caecum is said to exist in Rhinopoma, but I have not succeeded in
finding one in any of the individuals of the single species of that
genus examined by me; in Megaderma spasma, at a distance of
about three quarters of an inch from the anus, there is a small ceecum-
like appendage about one tenth of an inch in length, but I have not
been able to discover any opening in the intestine communicating
with it.

In all species of Chiroptera the liver is remarkably large ; the left
lateral lobe is always well developed, and in Microchiroptera occa-
sionally equals half the size of the whole organ. Except in the Desmo-
dontes, the right and left lateral fissures are very distinct, and often
extend almost to its attached border. The liver of the Megachiroptera
is easily distinguished from that of the Microchiroptera by the ill-
defined condition or absence of the Spigelian lobe, and, in some
genera, by the remarkably large size of the caudate lobe, for in the
Microchiroptera the Spigelian lobe is very large and lies in the tri-
angular space between the cesophagus and the pyloric end of the
stomach, while the caudate lobe is small, in most species forming a
ridge only.

In Pteropus the left and right central lobes are nearly equal and
are divided by a notch behind; the gall-bladder is contained in a
notch in the concave upper surface of the right central lobe; the
right and left lateral fissures extend almost to the attached margin
of the organ; the left lateral lobe is as large as the conjoined
central lobes, and greatly exceeds in superficial extent the right
lateral, which is irregularly quadrilateral and thick, and its concave
outer side is moulded on the right kidney ; the caudate lobe is very
large and tongue-shaped, and extends backwards as far as the poste-
rior margin of the right lateral lobe, having its outer concave side
applied to the inner convex surface of the kidney ; the Spigelian lobe
is very small and ill-defined. Cynopterus comes nearest to Ptero-
pus in the form of the liver; but the caudate lobe is even larger,
extending considerably behind the right lateral lobe, and having
part of its free extremity moulded round the posterior surface of the
kidney. In Cephalotes the caudate lobe is equally large, but the
gali-bladder lies in a concavity between the right central and the

* This accounts for the rapidity with which, in the frugivorous species at
least, the food eaten passes through the body, and explains how the astonishing
voracity of these animals is indulged in without inconvenience. (See a note on
the voracity of Cynopterus marginatus, p. 83.)
INTRODUCTION. XXV

left lateral lobes. In Cynonycteris the right central lobe is much
larger than the left; the gall-bladder lies in the left lateral fissure ;
the caudate lobe is not quarter the size of that in Cynopterus, and
extends upon scarcely one third of the inner surface of the kidneys.
In Harpyia, which externally appears most nearly related to Cyno-
pterus, the liver differs remarkably from that of all other genera of
Megachiroptera in the slight depth of its fissures: the right and left
lateral fissures do not extend halfway to the attached margin, and
but slightly exceed in depth the remarkably large notch between the
free margins of the central lobes ; the gall-bladder is contained in a
concavity in the walls of the right lateral fissure, and its extremity
is visible in the centre of the fissure on the convex surface of the
liver; the caudate lobe is represented by a ridge-like prominence,
and the right lateral lobe is considerably larger than the left, its
posterior inferior free margin forming a triangular acutely pointed
projection. In Epomophorus (E. monstrosus and E. macrocephalus)
the central lobes are not divided by a notch behind, the caudate
lobe is short and obtuse, and the gall-bladder lies on the concave
surface of the right central lobe. In Honycteris the right central
lobe much exceeds the left, and the gall-bladder is lodged in a cavity
in its outer side which enters the right lateral fissure; the caudate
lobe is represented by a ridge only; the right lateral lobe is very
large, with a deep concavity which contains half the kidney. In
Notopteris (which presents such a very remarkable form of stomach)
the liver on the whole resembles that of Eonycteris, but the gall-
bladder hangs back freely.

The form of the liver is generally more uniform in the different
species of Microchiroptera. It will therefore be sufficient to de-
scribe it in one or two characteristic genera in each family.

In Phyllorhina commersonii the left lateral lobe is equal to half
the whole organ in size; the left central lobe is very small, and
bounded behind and to the right by the right central, to the left by
the left lateral; the large gall-bladder is contained in a hollow
space between the adjacent edges of the central and left lateral
lobes ; the Spigelian lobe is distinct, free, and quadrate, but not
large ; caudate lobe very short. In Mycteris the Spigelian lobe is
very long and tongue-shaped, filling up the space between the
cesophagus and the pyloric extremity of the stomach. In Nycto-
philus the Spigelian lobe is also well developed and similar in shape ;
the caudate lobe very short; the gall-bladder lies between the right
central and the right lateral lobes. In Miniopterus the liver is very
XXVi INTRODUCTION,

deeply divided, and the posterior and right margin of the right
central lobe is produced backwards as a long attenuated process ;
the Spigelian lobe is rather small and pointed, the caudate extends
nearly to the middle of the kidney. In Vesperugo the Spigelian
lobe is very large and leaf-like. In Taphozous nudiventris the left
lateral lobe is also very large, the Spigelian lobe of remarkable size,
and the caudate lobe is moderately developed. In Rhynchonycteris
and in Emballonura the general form of the liver is similar to that
of Taphozous, the Spigelian lobe also very large, but the caudate is
indistinct. In Molossus the liver is generally similar to that of the
preceding genera, but the caudate lobe is better defined.

In the Phyllostomide the general form of the liver does not differ
much from that of the Emballonuride, except in the sanguivorous
group Desmodontes, in which, as first pointed out by Prof. Flower,
it differs not only from that of the other Bats, but also from that
‘of all Insectivora and Carnivora in being comparatively little
divided into lobes. The umbilical fissure is distinct, but the lateral
fissures are only notches in the free edge of the organ, imperfectly
marking off two small and nearly equal central lobes. The left
lateral lobe is large and crescentic, the right thick and rounded ;
but neither the Spigelian nor the caudate lobes are distinct, being
only indicated by a strong ridge on the under surface of the right
lateral lobe ”*.

In Carollia the left lateral lobe is larger than half the whole
organ, and its concave right margin is much overlapped by the left
central; the gall-bladder lies in a hollow on the right side of the
right central lobe ; the Spigelian lobe is well developed and tongue-
shaped ; the caudate very short. In the truly frugivorous genus
Artibeus the Spigelian lobe is remarkably small, and the caudate
indistinct.

Curangous System.

In extent, peculiar modifications, and sensitiveness the Cutaneous
System reaches its highest development in this Order. Asa sensory
organ its chief modifications in connection with the external ear,
and with the nasal and labial appendages, have been described under
the head of Nervous System. It remains therefore to consider its
relative development as an organ of flight, and the position and
form of the peculiar glandular structures into which it enters.

The extent and shape of the volar membranes depend mainly on
the form of the bones of the anterior extremities, and on the pre-

* Medical Times and Gazette, 1872, ii. p. 60.
INTRODUCTION. XXVii

sence or absence of the tail. Certain modifications of these mem-
branes, however, are met with which evidently do not depend upon
the skeleton, but are related to the habits of the animals, and to the
manuer in which the wing is folded in repose.

The volar membranes consist of :—(1) the “ antebrachial mem-
brane,” which extends from the point of the shoulder along the
humerus and more or less of the forearm to the base of the thumb,
the metacarpal bone of which is partially or wholly included in it ;
(2) the “‘ wing-membrane,” which is spread out between the greatly
elongated fingers, and extends along the sides 0? the body to the
posterior extremities, generally reaching to the feet; and (3) the
‘“‘interfemoral membrane,” the most variable of all, which is sup-
ported between the extremity of the body, the legs, and the calcanea.
(Vide Plates I., VI., XIII.)

The antebrachial and wing-membranes reach their highest deve-
lopment in those species which are fitted only for aerial locomotion,
and which when at rest hang head downwards suspended by the
claws of the hind feet, with the body enveloped in the wings. We
find these membranes therefore well developed in the Pteropodide,
in Nycteride especially, in most species of the Vespertilionide, and
in nearly all the Phyllostomidee except the group Desmodontes. In
Emballonuride, especially in the subfamily Molossine (the species
of which are, of all Bats, the most fitted for terrestrial progression),
the antebrachial membrane is reduced to the smallest size, and is
not developed along the forearm, leaving also the thumb quite free,
and the wing-membrane is very narrow and folded in repose com-
pletely under the forearm (see pp. 403, 444).

Owing to the peculiar manner in which the wing is folded in
nearly all the species of Emballonuride, the margin of the membrane
between the fourth and fifth fingers is deeply concave, and does not
extend to the end of the terminal phalanx of the fifth finger.

In all species of Megachiroptera the wing-membrane extends to
the backs of the feet, in some species to the backs of the first pha-
langes of the toes ; whereas in Microchiroptera (with the exception
of the genera Vampyrus and Lophostoma) it is attached to the sides
of the legs or feet, rarely to the bases of the calcanea. In most
species this membrane has its origin from the sides of the body more
or less removed from the spine; but in Notopteris and Cephalotes,
and in the single species Chilonycteris (Pteronotus) davyt, it arises
from the centre line of the back, to which it is connected by a short
and very slender longitudinal membranous process ; and while the
XXVill INTRODUCTION.

back beneath is well covered with fur, the overlying wing-membrane
is naked. In Pteropus melanopogon and its allies, and in Vespertilio
macrotarsus and V. pilosus, the membranes arise near the spine.

The development of the interfemoral membrane is evidently re-
lated to the nature of the food, as it reaches its greatest size in the
insectivorous, but in nearly all the frugivorous and sanguivorous
species is deeply cut out behind, or forms a narrow projection along
the legs. Thus it is well developed in the families Rhinolophide,
Nycteride, Vespertilionide, Emballonuride (except in Rhinopoma,
believed to be partially if not wholly frugivorous), and in the in-
sectivorous species of Phyllostomide ; while in the frugivorous and
sanguivorous species of the same family, and in the Megachiroptera,
it is very small or rudimentary.

In the insectivorous species it appears not only to aid their rapid
doubling motions when in pursuit of their insect prey by acting as
a rudder on the air (see p. 403), but also to assist them in the cap-
ture and retention of the larger insects, such as the smooth-bodied
Coleoptera, as it becomes, when pressed forwards by the tail upon
the abdomen, a very effective trap. Its small size in the frugivorous
and sanguivorous species which do not require it, to which, indeed, its
presence would be actually injurious as impeding their motions when
searching for food when suspended by their feet, is easily understood,
(See remarks on the interfemoral membrane of Molossi at p. 403, and
on that of one of the frugivorous species of Phyllostomide at p. 503.)

Odoriferous glands and pouches opening on the surface of the
outer skin are developed in many species, but in most cases more
so in males than in females, and so constitute very remarkable
secondary sexual characters. They are chiefly found in the highly
organized forms, as in the larger species of Megachiroptera, in the
subfamily Phyllorhinine (Rhinolophide), in the groups Vampyri and
Stenodermata (Phyllostomide), and in the family Emballonuride.
They may be classed as :—

1. Frontal pouches (Phyllorhina, p. 127, Pl. IX. fig. 3).

2. Gular glands and pouches (Taphozous, p. 378; Cheiromeles,
p. 405, Pl. XXI.; Molossus, p. 410, Pls. XXI., XXII. ; Phyllostoma,
p. 484).

3. Shoulder-pouches and glands (Zpomophorus, p. 5, Pl. IT. fig. 3 ;
Pteropus, p. 16; Cynonycteris, p. 74).

4. Thoracic glands (Ametrida, p. 531, Pl. XXX. fig. 2).

5. Pubic and anal glands and follicles (Rhinolophide, p. 99 ;
Megaderma, p. 154; Noctilio, p. 393; Eonycteris, p. 95).
INTRODUCTION. XXIxX

6. Wing-pouches (Saccopteryx, p. 369).

The form and relative development of these structures in male
and female will be found described under the head of each species
in which they occur.

Among the Microchiroptera the odoriferous secretions of these
glandular organs appear to act principally in bringing the sexes
together in the dark retreats in which they hide, as they are always
found most abundant during the rutting-season ; but in the large
Species of Megachiroptera, as in Pteropus, which roost in trees ex-
posed to the attacks of passing enemies, and in which they are also
developed in the female, but to a less extent, the strong musky
odour exhaled, and which fills the air in the neighbourhood of their
haunts, is evidently protective. (See also my paper “ On Secondary
Sexual Characters in Chiroptera,” P. Z. 8. 1873, pp. 241-252.)

GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The penis is pendulous in all Bats, and in many species provided
with a well-developed bone. Its form varies sometimes considerably
even in species of the same genus. Thus in Rhinolophus luctus the
glans penis is very large and cylindrical, and the urethra opens on
the upper surface at a distance of more than 0:2 inch from its distal
extremity, to which it extends forwards in an open groove; in most
other species of the genus the urethra opens at or near the ex-
tremity of the glans; also in Vesperugo, in the species of the sub-
genus Hesperoptenus the form of the penis (described at p. 241) is
quite different from that of other species of the genus. In Vespe-
rugo noctula and in Scotophilus pallidus there is a long and slender
bone. In WNoctilio the glans is long and conical, and the urethra
opens on its upper surface about 0:1 inch behind the conical extre-
mity, the orifice guarded above by a small fleshy process, from which
a groove runs backwards to the point of attachment of the prepuce.

In most species of Microchiroptera the prepuce projects consider-
ably beyond the glans, and its great development in Vesperugo
abramus is characteristic of that species (see p. 227).

In Megachiroptera, with few exceptions, the species have a broad
spatulate bone in the glans penis. This is especially well developed
in the genus Pteropus, in which it appears to form the greater part
of the glans. In Honycteris, although the glans seems fleshy, there
is a broad bone concealed within, and the opening of the urethra is
triangular. In Harpyia the penis bone is slender, more like that
in some of the Microchiroptera.
XXX INTRODUCTION.

In all species of Chiroptera the testes pass periodically into a
temporary scrotum formed out of the skin of the perineum (see
Plate XIII. fig. 1).

The preputium clitoridis is long in the species of the Emballo-
nurine alliance, and appears to reach the greatest development in
Noctilio (see p. 393), in which it is nearly as long as the penis of
the males. In the species also included in this alliance the open-
ing of the vulve is longitudinal; whereas in the Vespertilionine
alliance and in the Megachiroptera the vulve open transversely,
and the preputium clitoridis is short. In Cheiromeles torquatus and
in Noctilio leporinus the clitoris is perforated by the urethra.

The form of the uterus varies considerably in different genera,
and even in different species of the same genus.

In Megachiroptera the uterus is deeply divided into two cornua,
which extend almost to the os uteri. Externally the body of the
uterus appears to be nearly as long as the cornua; but this is due to
the union of the adjoining sides of the cornua forming a common
septum.

In Microchiroptera the cornua are very long in many species—
Megaderma spasma and Phyllorhina speoris, e.g., where the uterus
externally resembles that of the Megachiroptera; but I have not
found the internal septum carrying the cornua almost to the os uteri
as described above, and the body of the uterus is much longer. In
other species (Scotophilus temminckui, Miniopterus schreibersii, Tapho-
zous nudiventris, and Molossus abrasus, e. g.), the body of the uterus
is still longer, almost as long as the cornua. In Corinorhinus
macrotis the uterus is club-shaped, with two broad and short horns ;
while in the far-removed species Vesperugo serotinus and Artibeus
planirostris the uteri agree in their simple and undivided condition.

GEOGRAPHICAL D1sTRIBUTION.

Although most abundant in the tropics and in the warmer parts
of the temperate zones of both Hemispheres, representatives of the
order are to be found in every region where flying insects abound,
extending even to the confines of the Arctic Circle. No Bats have
been found in Iceland, in St. Helena, in the Galapagos Archi-
pelago*, or in Kerguelen Land, nor do they appear to inhabit any of

* Jn reply to my inquiries Mr. Darwin has very kindly given me the follow-
ing information :—“ With respect to Bats at the Galapagos, I would assuredly
have recorded their presence had any been seen. Of course it does not follow
from this that there are none; yet, as I never collected in any place with so
few insects, it is probable the Bats are really absent.”
INTRODUCTION. XXXI

the islands of the Low Archipelago, But they are present in most
other oceanic islands of any extent; few of the islands of the Pacific
west of the Low Archipelago are without some species of the frugi-
vorous Pteropodide, even the small Savage Island, south-east of the
Navigators’ group, being inhabited by Pteropus keraudrenii.

Of the six families into which the Chiroptera are divided, two
only (the Vespertilionide and Emballonuride) extend into both the
Eastern and Western Hemispheres ; and even of these the species of
the latter family inhabiting America are quite distinct from those of
the Old World, and the genera nearly so, Nyctinomus alone being
common to both; while of the sixteen genera of Vespertilionide,
two only (Vespertilio and Vesperugo) are generally distributed, and
one species alone (Vesperugo serotinus) is certainly known to inhabit
both the Old World and America *.

It is worthy of note that, of the single genus of Emballonuride
which is common to both Hemispheres, four species only out of
twenty-one inhabit America, and these are all closely related to one
another, and very far removed from any of the Old-World species.

Of the remaining families, the Pteropodide, Rhinolophide, and
Nycteride are strictly limited to the Old World, the Phyllostonide
to America.

The Eastern and Western Hemispheres are therefore, on the
whole, eminently distinct in their Chiropterous fauna; and it will
be found, when we come to examine the distribution of the genera
of each family, that each zoological region has its characteristic
species also.

The Pteropodide are distributed throughout the Ethiopian,
Oriental, and Australian Regions (except Tasmania and New
Zealand); but of the genera one only, Cynonycteris, extends
throughout all these Regions. Zpomophorus is strictly limited to
that part of the Ethiopian Region included within the continent of
Africa. OCynopterus is almost limited to the Oriental Region, a
single anomalous species, C. latidens (which differs widely from all
the other species in the form of its teeth), being found in the
Moluccas. Honycteris is, as yet, known from the Indo-Malayan
Subregion alone; Macroglossus has the only species of this family

* This fact has not been previously noticed. It has hitherto been generally
understood among zoologists that the American species of Bats were totally
distinct from those of the Old World. It is probable that Vesperugo abramus
and V. borealis also extend into America (see remarks on the distribution of
these species, infra, pp. 193, 208, 229).
XXXil INTRODUCTION.

common to both the Oriental and Australian Regions ; Notopteris
appears to be limited to the Polynesian Subregion; Harpyia and
Cephalotes are characteristic of the Austro-Malayan Subregion.

The distribution of the genus Pteropus (which includes more
than half the whole number of the species of Pteropodide) is more
remarkable than that of any of the other genera of Chiroptera, and
is comparable only to that of the Lemurs. The Comoro Islands in
the Mozambique Channel form its westward limit, thence the
species extend throughout the Malagasy Subregion, even to the
small hurricane-swept island of Rodriguez, and northwards through
the Amirantes and Seychelle Islands to India, where their westward
limit is found at the southern frontier of Baluchistan (see p. 52);
from India they extend eastwards throughout the Oriental and
Australian Regions (except Tasmania and New Zealand), inhabiting
Polynesia as far eastwards as Samoa and Savage Island (see p. 16).
Although 1000 miles of unbroken ocean divide the Seychelle Islands
from the Chagos group (the nearest intermediate land to India), the
Indian and Madagascar species (Pteropus medius and Pt. edwardsit)
are very closely allied; while, on the other hand, not a single
species crosses the narrow channel between the Great Comoro
Island and the African coast.

The Rhinolophide are limited to the tropical and warmer parts of
the temperate zones of the Eastern Hemisphere from Ireland to
Japan, from South Africa to New Ireland and Australia. No
species has as yet been recorded with certainty from any part of
the Polynesian Subregion, from Tasmania, or from New Zealand.
With the exception of Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, which extends
throughout the Ethiopian and warmer parts of the Palearctic
Regions, the species of this family inhabiting each of the zoological
regions comprised within the area of its distribution are distinct and
characteristic. No species of the subfamily Phyllorhinine extends
into the Palearctic Region; Celops is limited to the Oriental
Region, and Rhinonycteris to the Australian: these last two genera,
however, include but a single species each. The very remarkable
forms Phyllorhina commersonii and Ph. cyclops belong to the
Ethiopian Region, but the former species alone extends also into
the Malagasy Subregion.

The Nycteride are limited to the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions,
one species only passing slightly beyond the limits of the latter
Region (see p. 158), and none have as yet been found in the
Malagasy Subregion of the former. The Ethiopian species of the
INTRODUCTION. XXxXili

genus Megaderma are more closely related to each other than to the
Oriental species. The distribution of Nycteris is remarkable: six
species are limited to the Ethiopian Region, the seventh is found in
Java, and differs from all the rest in the large size of the second
lower premolar.

The general distribution of the Vespertilionide has been referred
to above. Of the sixteen genera, five (Antrozous, Atalapha, Nycti-
cgjus, Natalus, and Thyroptera) are peculiar to America, but these
represent nine species only. Wyctophilus and Chalinolobus (subgen.)
are limited to the Australian Region; Synotus, Otonycteris, and
Plecotus (subgen.) to the Palearctic. A second species of Plecotus
(the type of a well-defined subgenus Corinorhinus) is found in the
Nearctic Region only. Of the fifty species of Vesperugo, eleven
only inhabit the New World. Three species are especially remark-
able for their wide distribution. Vesperugo serotinus extends
throughout the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions, and
also into the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions of the New World.
Specimens of this species from Central America (see p. 193) are not
distinguishable from European examples. Vesperugo abramus is
recorded from all the zoological regions of the Eastern Hemisphere,
and I have seen a specimen said to be from the Straits of Juan da
Fuca, Vancouver’s Island, which I believe must be referred to this
species. Miniopterus schreibersii is widely distributed throughout
all the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere ; adult specimens
from Europe, South Africa, and Australia are not distinguishable.

Of the fourteen genera recognised, half (viz. Furia, Amorpho-
cheilus, Rhynchonycteris, Saccopteryx, Diclidurus, Noctilio, and
Molossus) are peculiar to the Neotropical Region. Of the remaining
half, Mystacina is limited to New Zealand, Coléwra to the Ethiopian
Region, Rhinopoma to Africa and India; Taphozous is represented
in all the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere; Emballonura
appears to be specially an insular genus, as the species extend
from Madagascar to the Malay Archipelago, and throughout the
larger islands of the Polynesian Subregion, though they have not
been found in any of the adjacent continents; while the species of
Nyctinomus are distributed throughout the tropical and warmer parts
of the temperate zones of both Hemispheres, except New Zealand and
Polynesia.

- The Neotropical genera of this family are, on the whole, more
closely related to each other than to any of the Old-World genera ;
nevertheless there are certain peculiar forms of limited distribution
XXXiV INTRODUCTION.

in the Eastern Hemisphere which seem to have their nearest allies
among Neotropical species. Thus the very remarkable species
Cheiromeles torquatus (Plate XXI. figs. 1, 1a), which has not been
found beyond the Indo-Malayan Subregion, appears to be more
closely related to some of the species of the Neotropical genus
Molossus than to any of the Old-World forms; and the same remark
applies to Nyctinomus australis (Plate XXII. fig. 9), which is
characteristic of the Australian Region.

The Phyllostomide are strictly limited to the Neotropical Region,
of which they are, therefore, eminently characteristic. No species,
except Trachyops cirrhosus (which has been found in Bermuda, and
is said to occur in South Carolina), extends beyond its limits.
Few, if any, of the species of this family, in the present state of our
knowledge, can be said to be characteristic of any of the subregions,
but certain species appear to be limited in their distribution within
the region. Thus, Mormops blainvillii is confined to the Antillean
Subregion, and Mormops megalophylla to the Mexican and Brazilian
Subregions. Artibeus perspicillatus inhabits the Antillean, Mexican,
and Brazilian Subregions, but Artibeus planirostris appears to be
limited to the Brazilian Subregion. Stenoderma achradophilum and
Stenoderma falcatum have not yet been found beyond the Antillean
Subregion, and Desmodus rufus and Diphylla ecaudata have not been
recorded from it; but this may be accounted for by the absence
of any of the larger warm-blooded animals on which these species
prey.

Of all the families of Chiroptera the Vespertilionide have not only
the widest geographical range, but also extend to higher latitudes
both north and south of the Equator. The northern limit of the
species appears to correspond to the isothermal of 32° or thereabouts.
Vesperugo borealis, according to Nilsson, extends to the northern
parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, probably as far as the limit of
the Arctic Circle ; and Blasius observed it in Northern Russia, where
it appears to occur even as far north as the neighbourhood of the
White Sea. Vesperugo (Lasionycterts) noctivagans has been taken
on the shores of James’s Bay (Hudson’s Bay); Vespertilio lucifugus
has been recorded from Lake Winnepeg, and Atalapha noveboracensis
from the Aleutian Islands; and Mr. Darwin (‘ Naturalist’s Voyage,’
p- 236) notices the presence of a Bat (probably Vesperugo magel-
lanicus) on the wind-swept island of Tierra del Fuego.

The Emballonuride have the next widest northern and southern
range, but they fall far short of the Vespertilionide in this respect.
INTRODUCTION. XXXV

Their northern limit corresponds very closely to the isothermal of
55°, A specimen of NVyctinomus cestonii in the British Museum is
said to have been sent from Jersey; but this is not quite certain, the
highest northern locality in Europe from which it has hitherto been
recorded being Switzerland, and in Asia, Amoy. Nyectinomus brasi-
liensis extends to Fort Lucas in California, and to Charleston in
South Carolina. In the Southern Hemisphere Mystacina tuberculata
occurs in New Zealand.

Among the remaining families which are limited either to the
Eastern or Western Hemispheres, the Rhinolophide have the highest
northern and southern range, two species extending into Southern
England, Northern Germany, and Japan, and southwards to the
Cape of Good Hope. The Pteropodide, Nycteride, and Phyllostomidee
scarcely extend beyond the tropical zones in both hemispheres.

In bringing this Introduction to a close, I take the opportunity
of acknowledging the very liberal manner in which I was permitted
to examine the valuable collections of the Leyden, Paris, Berlin,
and Stuttgart Museums, respectively under the care of Professors
Schlegel, Milne-Edwards, Peters, and Krauss, to whom my especial
thanks are due. At Leyden, Dr. Jentink very kindly personally as-
sisted me when examining the unequalled collection of Pteropodide ;
and at Berlin I had the great advantage of seeing the many rare
specimens of species described and noticed in the valuable papers
published during the past twenty-four years by Prof. Peters, to
whom we owe the first attempt to arrange scientifically many of
the genera of Chiroptera, more especially those of the leaf-nosed
Bats of both hemispheres. At Berlin also, through the great
liberality of Prof. Peters, I had the privilege of inspecting the
beautifully executed series of unpublished plates representing the
species of Chiroptera in the collection of the Royal Zoological
Museum and other rare species.

Among many friends who have kindly assisted me by the loan
of specimens, I am especially indebted to Mr. E. R. Alston, Dr. J.
Anderson, Mr. C. Barron, Mr. W. T. Blanford, Mr. J. A. Clarke,
Prof. W. H. Flower, Prof. A. H. Garrod, Messrs. Godman and Salvin,
Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen, Dr. P. L. Sclater, Mr. R. B. Sharpe,
Rey. 8. J. Whitmee, Mr. J. Wood-Mason, and to Drs. J. J. Lamprey
and T. W. Wright, of the Army Medical Department, who sent
me several yaluable specimens collected by them on the West coast
of Africa.
XXXV1 INTRODUCTION.

To Dr. Allman and to Prof. St. George Mivart, who obtained for
me from the Council of the Linnean Society the privilege of retain-
ing books from the Library of the Society for a longer time than
usually permitted, and to Dr. P. L Sclater, who lent me his valuable
collection of scientific papers, my most particular thanks are due,
for without this assistance the completion of the work must have
been greatly delayed.

Finally, my very grateful acknowldgments are due to Sir
William Mure Muir, K.C.B., M.D., for the opportunities he has so
kindly afforded me during the past seven years for continuing my
zoological work, of which this volume is the principal outcome.

G. E. D.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order CHIROPTER A.
Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA.
Family Preropopip2.

Group 1. Prmrort.

Page

I. Epomophorus ......,... 4
1. monstrosus.......... 6, 552
2. macrocephalus ...... 8, 552
3. gambianus............ 10
Sa. labiatus: yc. ciceee ccs Tl
4, franqueti ............ 12
Gs COMPBUS 1's. 5. cceies 34-4 goss 13
GB. pusillag esos ecciciove wrsa oie 14
2, Pteropuss vce eeisvecwere 15
Dstt paris! .5 ive dave cues ets 23
2.rubricollis ............ 24
3. dasymallus............ 25
4. formosus: ydese< veces 26
5. pselaphon ............ 26
GeVetul Us ise ieactee a 27
7. aneiteanus .........,- 29
8. molossinus ............ 30
9. poliocephalus.......... 31
10. leucopterus .......... 82
DPeraynerd: 6. icine cee atin ds 33
12. lombocensis .......... 34
13. samoensis .......,..35, 552
14. rodricensis ............ 36
15, brunneus ............ 37
16. personatus ..........4. . 38
17. capistratus............ 39
18. wallacei .............. 40
19. temminckii .......... 40
20. scapulatus ............ 41
21. MACKOLS:.pcwiaeas0wees 43
O25 GUISCUS: ~ os cajehi scam eles 44
23. melanopogon .......... 44
a. degener .........04- 45

B. aruensiS............ 45

y- neohibernicus ...... 46
24, chrysoproctus ........ 47

 

Page
25, pteronotus ............ 48
ABrOGUHS ov s5 sees cowie 49, 552
27. medius ........ ccc eee 61
28. edwardsii ............ 53
29, nicobaricus............ 54
30. livingstonii ........., 55
Ble BlOChO iw! siecaeocaneage oe 56
32. hypomelanus.......... 57
38. tuberculatus .......... 58
34, fuscus......... 0006. 59, 552
SO. COUN piveeincdictne ns 60
36. conspicillatus........., 61
SE OCUIATIS cereecs sone aes 62
88. keraudrenii ........ 63, 552
Gs INSU AIIS ssid oseiole ace 65
B. loochooensis ........ 65
39, macklotii ............ 66
a. celebensis .......... 67
40, caniceps ........ec sees 68
Al jube@tus: sisson vice sie <n 68
5. Cynonycteris ............ 70
1. amplexicaudata........ 7
2eIINOL yy-naesetenaears 73
3. brachyotis ............ 74
4. egyptiaca ............ 74
5. collavis .....2..00008. 75
6. torquata ....... cee e ees 76
7. straminea ............ at
8. dupreana .........06. 78
9. grandidieri............ 79
. Cynopterus..........0 00. 80
1, marginatus............ 81
2. scherzevl...... eee eee 84
8. melanocephalus........ 85
4. brachysoma .......... 85
5. latidens ........-0000. S
Gs JAP OT as issins heen sas
7. eoaulntis b did ueiilecdessa 87
a BLOT PIB sxeie diesen ne eelecn § 88
1. cephalotes ............ 88
QM OF sineshecorn we pes 89
. Cephalotes ............4. 91
De Peronil’ seatuack caccerasss ets 91
XXXVili

Group 2. MacroGLosst.

Page

7. Notopteris ..........65 92
1. macdonaldii.......... 93

8. Honycteris ............ 94
Vcepeleeas weccouce ean 94

9. Macroglossus .......... 95
A IWIN 2yeek agai aes 96

10. Melonycteris .......... 97
1. melanops .........0.. 97

Suborder II, MICROCHIROPTERA.
Family RHINOLOPHID&.

Subfam. I. RainoLoPHIN2.

1. Rhinolophus .......... 100
1. coelophyllus.......... 104
Qe \UCtus: zee ne ee eee 105
S<trifoliatus Js. caewa eens 106
Ae MiPatus. cs caskicecwas 8 107
5, philippinensis .....,.. 107
Gr euryous: ccwies esau 108
5 POATSODIL: saveatown cate 108
Se PULUS eon stay eeetent ateses 109
Oomacrotis: yaad eace a 110

10, megaphyllus ........ 110
a. truncatus........., 111
Bienes Reg bone aecstole 111

Vadisi on aces encores 112

12. andamanensis ........ 113

13. acuminatus .......... 113

Las peters id cnc ace cas 114

LOs minor® scacauceeracs 114

16. garoensis ............ 115

TGs OUryalerscwcs sca ve 116

TSL blasts acne eae acer cee 117

19. hipposideros.......... 117

20 Aandert. 4 Anak cen 118

21. ferrum-equinum ...... 119

D2 ClVOSUs: aes sg eenscen 120

23. capensis ............ 121

24, ethiops ............ 122

Subfam. II. PoyLuoruinin2.

2) THONO PS es aise koa 123
De Persicus: icwcaa een as 124
Ds OL Os coke Conse ec eee s 125

3. Rhinonycteris .......... 126
PP AUPANT A” 6 hehe corse ee 126

4, Phyllorhina.....,...... 127
strid ens sor ceteee ews ace 31
2. tricuspidata .......... 131
3. stoliczkana ....,..... 132
4.commersonii ......., 133
Be CY COPS jor seweh catia 134
Gxarmiseray sick decry § 135
Cleptophylla-ca ihe sccecaes 136

 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

8. diadema ........2005 137
is MOSONI 6 ssc earece eee 138

9. nicobarensis.......... 188
10. pygmeea ............ 189
VV Palig noses < eyes cxcdas 189
W2veafiva sy csete yp aaccwe 140
TS. galeritas nc sce cs es 141
14, COrnvING..aide aos ee 142
15. speoris .......... 143, 553
LGclarvatanens.se cysecco iis 146
LP SOWSCULB sc ract-ocern etna 146
SSO Ses, Scere aesraseceaccatee 146
19. coronata ......2.. 04s 147
20. calearata ........0.65 147
21 DICOlOP 24). 6a4 tee aera 148
Gi LulVii ao eee 149

B. aruensis .......... 150

y. amboinensis........ 150
22. megalotis............ 161
Ds COBlops sivas saraciinivcescies 152
De fright: 15 cemcnvcciteaed ee 152

Family NycTERip&.
Subfam. I. MegapERMINZ.

1. Megaderma ............ 154

Li AVIO) ceca oases 156

2. spasma........., 157, 553

GACOL- Sano aee ec nurc a ee 159

Bs FPONS ee Media ce nee 159
Subfam. II. Nycrrrinz.

2 ONVCters: s5-s. we ae eens 161

Ws hispid ass. 4 <clew-nevcoiies 162

a. Villosa ........ wane 163

2, grandis ......... eee 164

B.Javanlea ...cees cece 164

4, eethiopica............ 165

5. macrotis ....,....... 165

6. thebaica ............ 165

CCRPODSIS. “a. sgh sennaun e's 166

Family VESPERTILIONIDA,
Group 1. Puxcortt.

1, Antrozous.............. 170
De pallidige i wioeicio esc, 171
2. Nyctophilus..........., 171
1. timoriensis ....., 172, 553
3. Synotus ............,, 175
1. barbastellus ........., 176
2. darjelingensis ......., 177
Ae RICCOME explora ek 177
De AUT sods cecdatasuarntes 177
2.macrotis ............, 180
5. Otonycteris ............ 181

1, hemprichii ........., 182
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Group 2, VESPERTILIONES.

Page
. Vesperugo .........46. 183
Li cvelatus) 22.4: 4.501 seus conns 188
2. macrotus ............ 189
8. montanus............ 189
4, magellanicus ........ 190
6. cee SRR ens 191
sealant oes tade eee eens 192
B. PUSOUS: Male ecu tustiaeesc as 192
6. andersoni..,......... 195
Ps AU ATI aicracensie enc a teens , 196
8. platyrhinus .......... 196
9. Tae latenntaees 197
10. capensis ........000 198
11. megalurus .......... 199
12 Nasntisiessceve cceness 200
13. tenuipinnis .......... 200
14. pumilus ............ 201
15. grandidieri .......... 202
16. pronnanus Sis aah 203, 553
TZ DOTealis yc vais sine cokes 203
18. discolor..........+-65 204
TO Stratusiss. jada ec eerdaiess 206
20. pachyotis........--+- 206
21. albigularis .......... 207
22. pachypus .........-+- 208
28. noctula......ecesenes 212
a. lasiopterus .......-. 214
D4. lerslery isc .:5 vieete hr 215
25, stenopterus ......+-+- 216
26. imbricatus .......--- 217
27 WARUTUS sca ceases 218
DBs :afinis: a sacaanws ene 220
29. circumdatus........-- 221
$0. IndicUs: 6 ats sakeare sais 222
81. brachypterus ......-. 223
32. pipistrellus .......+-. 223
Bos, LENUIS: <s jsseecgs neue ears 226
34, abramus ......-+.000- 226
a. irretitus .,......-- 229
Sb. ahlil: “p cecodsai eset 230
86. maderensis ......-.-- 23
87, krofftii ....-360500- 0+ 282
38. pulcher........-.--+5 238
89. temminckii ........++ 333
40. annectens ......--+++5 234
Al. georgianus .......... 285
42. tylopus......-.+.0e6 236
AS. NANUS. ii se ve oe ences 237
44. noctivagans .......+-- 238
AB. COPD: - cscs eee eae 239
AG GK os sinkveeel ens cess 240
47. blanfordi ........+.+> 242
48. dormeri .....-eeeee 243
49. schliefenii ......+++- 244
50. parvulus ....6.--+ ees 245

 

 

7,

10.

11

XXXI1X

Page

Chalinolobus .......... 246
1. tuberculatus ........ 248
DQ. SPMUC. cc ns dee ew 250
OL POUW MIL ing arses: cneaias 250
4. nigrogriseus .......... 251
5. argentatus .......... 252
6. variegatus .......... 254
Ui POCDSIS: 54 sa:4) 65.5 wreceae 255
. Scotophilus ............ 256
1. temminckii ...... 258, 553
a. heathy sv. sie 31 260, 553

2. borbonicus .......... 260
Oi PUEAS a) 3 saree arate bore vela lene 261
4, emarginatus.......... 262
5. rueppellii ............ 263
G.(BVOVAL aiete ev cie-sarecesnress 263
Mees PAUIGUS Ves css a cosians-eiee: 264
8. ornatus..... cece sees 265
. Nycticejus ........00. 266
1. crepuscularis ........ 266
Atalapha ............6. 267
1, noveboracensis........ 269
@ ATAUtZi we s2sie Gece ae se 271

B. pfeifferi .......... 271

Ye VATA eee eee ees 271

DS CMCTOAMS narnieveerse selene 272
GE OTB YN a as waa austere ears 273

3. intermedia .......... 274
4, CQTOOID  ctie wee ceaance 275
DK OR A yicida scupreraeotoainns 276
s Harpiocephalus eves aacacaten 276
T.guillus’ 2 ox csedacnse cae 278
2 OUPAtUS ss cso. oer eee 279
B. QYISCUS vise eee eee eee 280
AWAY DLA) cark causes coats 281
5. cyclotis.. ce. cece eee 282
G. leucogaster .......... 283
. Ves espertilio Areas chee 284
1, pilosus ....0ce ees eees 289
2. macrotarsus.......... 290
3. hasseltii ......5..00 291
4, adversus .........04. 292
5. capaccinil..........4. 293
6. longipes ...........- 294
7. dascyneme ........-, 295
8, ferrugineus .......... 296
9. daubentonii.......... 297
10. megalopus .......... 298
1]. fimbriatus .......... 298
TQ. davidih sissy vies or 800
13, bocagil...........0-, 300
14, goudotii ........ 301, 553
15. nipalensis area shen acer 302
16, emarginatus ........ 303
a. desertorum ........ 304
VG. triOlor es eeccsvte cd aa 305
xl

18, Orelas: s iaceewd bene 3805
19. welwitschii .......... 306
20. nattereri .........66- 307
21. bechsteinii .......... 308
22 -MuUrinus: .. sise ecwnss 809
23. GIMCADUS sede sed ayert siete 310
24, murinoides .......... 310
95. chinensis..........-5 311
26. formosus ........006- 311
27. insularum .....,.... 313
28. montivagus.......... 315
29, mystacinus .......... 314
80. muricola ..........0. 316
31. australis ............ 317
BPs MILLAUS 0.9: bdes hee eee 318
33. nigricans ........ 319, 553
34, oxyotus .........04, 320
35. polythrix..........6. 321
36. chiloensis............ 322
Ol LOVIS sive east atened. a oes 323
BOs. OVOUS sriceuss tazeas oa os 324
39. subulatus..... Bee ar 324
40, carolii .........00008 B20
4]. albescens ............ 326
42, arsinoé..........000- 328
43, lucifugus ............ 328
18, Kerivoula ............ 33

DIG aRets eames scares 382

2. beanies eaten Heaters 384

Bo AAVICANE: eis gk eee ee 3385

4, hardwickii .......... 335

5. papillosa ............ 337

6. pellucida Bids tanl eat ctoer ht 337

Ts JABONM: scopes aes eteanss OOO

8. papuensis............ 339

OD) PBEOSA: pean eee 339
LO lan osasictvs.s sccucas bacon 340

Group 3. MINIOPTERI. -

14s Niaitalig® stvrewoeae 2a 341
J. stramineus .......... 342

2: LOPldUSe 5:9.c3si1e saree bees 344

15. Thyroptera ............ 345
1. tricolor.......... 345, 553

16. Miniopterus............ 347
1. schreibersii .......... 348

a, pusillus .......... 351

2; australis: i344 -0000s0 68 351

S. SCOTNUS: o4.6 iaceease 351

4 ASUS. acc dasiaraaees 352

, Family EMBALLONURID&.
Subfam. I. EMBALLONURINZ”.
Group 1, Fura.

Dee SHUT Atos aoe ae mena
Ui MOLT ENS sins ath stacees :

 

2.

~T

8.

10.

Th,

. Emballonura

. Coléura

. Rhynchonycteris

. Noctilio

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Amorphochilus
1. schnablii

Group 2, EMBALLONURZ.

a

Ce

1. semicaudata
2. monticola

3. atrata
4, nigrescens

eee eee ee
ee
eee eee eee

ee

1. seychellensis ........
2. afra

1. naso

. Saccopteryx............

Lvlepturacics occ eee
2, bilineata
3. canina

a. kappleri
4. leucoptera
5. plicata
6. calcarata
Cormura
1. brevirostris

wee weet rer nene

ee

ay

« Laphozous 2... es. eee

1, melanopogon ........
2D. theobald tic caca sen ssee
Bs BUBEPALIS! woud Soc mee
3a. flaviventris
4. perforatus
5. longimanus..........
a. leucopleurus ......
. mauritianus..........
. nudiventris ..........
u. kachhensis
. saccoleemus
. affinis
. peli

sw ee eee ee

Pewee meen ew ens

oom NO

Group 3. DicLipuRt.

Diclidurus
1. albus

Group 4. NocTILionEs.

J. leporinus............
a. mastivus

2. albiventer

Group 5. Rurwopomarta.
Rhinopoma ............
1. microphyllum........
Subfam. II. Morossinm.
Group 1. Motosst.
Cheiromeles ..........
1. torquatus............
18.

14. Mystacina

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Molossus .............. 407
1. temminckii.......... 408
2. planirostris .......... 408
3. tbevensmuelee dist ea eae 410
Bs UPUS osha lek nactavnts 410
a. obscurus .......... 412

§. MAsutus. ovsin vaca ews 414
Ga brasUss cea cece orcs 4165
7. perotis ........., 416, 553
8. glaucinus............ 417
9. bonariensis .......... 419
Nyctinomus............ 420
Ae AIGANUB 38, bas ucatanes 422
DQ COSUONI: Case nareaceais oe 423
3. egyptiacus ......... . 424
4, tragaius ..ciccs cece. 424
DB. plicatus: 4.06. 6.0s sees 425
6. bivittatus ........., 426
7. brachypterus ........ 426
8. pumilus ............ 427
9. limbatus ......05..0: 428
10. angolensis .......... 429
11. miarensis............ 430
LZ. MOPS visvevcsvavenee 431
13. johorensis .......... 432
14. australis ............ A8e
15. megalotis............ 434
16. macrotis ............ 435
Dip B TACs casi coe cg:aee a 436
18. brasiliensis .......... 437
19, norfolegnsis .........- 439
20. albiventer .......... 440
21, acetabulosus ........ 440

Group 2. MysTacinz&.

1. tuberculata

Family PHYLLOSTOMIDS.

Subfam. I. Losostominz.
Group MorMOPES.

. Chilonycteris .......... 447
1. macleayli............ 449
2. personata...........4. 451
De PSUlOtIse isa eipvesonvees 451
4, parnellii ............ 452
5. rubiginosa .......... 452
GC. Gavyl cick uses 453

. Mormops ......eeeeeeee 454
1. megalophylla ........ 455
2. blainvillii............ 456

Subfam. II. PHyLLosTominz.

3.

Group 1. VaMpPyYRI.

Lonchorhina
1. aurita

 

Page

4, Macrotus ic ccsscicecoes 463

1. waterhousii.......... 464

2. bocourtianus ........ 467

5. Macrophyllum.......... 468

1. neuwiedii............ 468

G.. VAMPyTUS bceesceeres 469

1. spectrum ............ 470

2. OUritus ss acisaenes ees 471

7. Lophostoma,........... 473

Ue bidens: cexsacre ee cove 473

2. brasiliense .........- 474

3. amblyotis............ 475

8. Schizostoma .......... 476

1. hirsutum .....00.c00 477

2. megalotis............ 478

3. minutum ............ 479

4. behnit aisiccicwasees 479

9. Trach yops: s/..iesec acces 481

1. cirrhosus'............ 481

10. Phylloderma .......... 482

Li stenopas vaccweavsictie's 483

11. Phyllostoma .......... 484

Te bastatums «i350 654:< 484

DeGiscolor™ 4 aesatewsseos 487

8. elongatum .......... 487

13. Tylostoma ....5.02600: 488

1. crenulatum .......... 489

2. longifolium .......... 490

Dees MAMON es a. ore acernea eer 491

Ly. benniettil 64 sca cies 491

14; Carolia: cxaeas cosas eae 492

1. brevicauda .......... 493

15. Rhinophylla............ 495

Lspumtlio. s.qn0ccse0% 495
Group 2. GLOSSOPHAG®.

16, Glossophaga .......... 499

DSSOTICING  gwceuece dices 499

17. Phyllonycteris.......... 501

Te pOeyle | sinndieneau seers 501

2. sezekorni............ 502

18. Monophyllus .......... 503

As POdIMANL 2 6% io r6.d sa rascet 504

19. Ischnoglossa .......... 505

Lenivali9 ios cecceise nes 505

20. Lonchoglossa .......... 506

1. caudifera ....0ceseee 506

De -WICGI: caw. gateaw areas 507

21, Glossonycteris.......... 508

1. geoffroyii.........56. 508

22, Cheeronycteris.......... 509

1. mexicana .........66. 510

2) IOINOL 4.6 0s ccesa olewee a 511

23. Artibeus

Group 3, STENODERMATA.

she sibas Neeson nets 514
1. planirostris .......... 515
xlii SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

 

Page Page
a. concolor ........6. 518 2, villosuim 4,056 4s oe ks 534
2; Dilobatus e.ccaccc ncaa 518 8:-pusillum: ois cae ce wats 535
3. perspicillatus ........ 519 4. bidens ...........46. 535
4, cinereus ............ 520 | 28. Pygoderma ............ 536
5. quadrivittatus........ 521 1. bilabiatum .......... 536
24, Vampyrops ....-...eees 522 | 29. Sturmira .......- eee 538
1: lineatus: syaisaaccaterys 522 Vda’, cscaasn te eves 5388
DQ helleri: pasascnsieyec0s 524 | 30. Brachyphylla .......... 540
Sc VIttAtUs) -iewe daca aan 524 1. cavernarum .......... 541
25. Stenoderma..........55 526 | 31. Centurio ..........000. 542
1. achradophilum ...... 527 L,j8ONOX: ans wives Seen 543
DVL 5) see arene eran 529
8 faleaiiy < oo civass 529 Group 4, DESMODONTES.
26. Ametrida ........0.8. 5380 | 32. Desmodus ............ 546
LGonturlo) esd ecancak 530 DC PULUS iiss nets areorns 547
27. Chiroderma.,.......... 581 | 38. Diphylla .............. 550
Ac isal yan Acc uccieuence ean 532 1. ecaudata .........5., 550
CATALOGUE

OF

CHIROPTERA.

CHIROPTERA.

Volant mammals, having their fore limbs specially
modified for flight. ‘lhe forearm consists of a rudi-
mentary ulna, a long curved radius, and a carpus of
six bones supporting a thumb and four greatly
elongated fingers, between which, the sides of the
body, and the hinder extremities, a thin expansion of
the integument (the wing-membrane) is spread out.
The knee is directed backwards, owing to the rotation
of the hind limb outwards by the wing-membrane ;
a peculiar elongated cartilaginous process (the calca-
neum), rarely rudimentary or absent, arising from the
inner side of the ankle-joint, is directed inwards, and
supports part of the posterior margin of an accessory
membrane of flight, extendingfrom the tail or posterior
extremity of the body to the hinder limbs (the inter-
femoral membrane). The mammary glands are thoracic
and generally postaxillary; the uterus simple or two-

B
2 CHIROPTERA.

horned; and the smooth cerebral hemispheres do not
extend backwards over the cerebellum.

The dental series consists of four kinds of teeth—
incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; and the
dental formula never exceeds,

4 | 1-1 33 a a
Ine. g © 7-7 PD- gop H- gp = 38 teeth.

Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA.

Crowns of the molar teeth smooth, marked with a longitudinal
furrow; bony palate continued behind the last molar, narrowing
slowly backwards; second finger* generally terminating in a claw ;
sides of the ear-conch forming a complete ring at the base ; pyloric
extremity of the stomach elongated.

Frugivorous.

Limited to the tropical and subtropical regions of the eastern
hemisphere.

Suborder II. MICROCHIROPTERA.

Crowns of the molar teeth acutely tubercular, marked by trans-
verse furrows; bony palate narrowing abruptly, not continued
laterally behind the last molar; second finger not terminated by a
claw ; outer and inner sides of the ear-conch commencing anteriorly
from separate points of origin; stomach simple, or with the cardiac
extremity more or less elongated.

Carnivorous, feeding principally upon insects ; rarely frugivorous.

Inhabiting the tropical and temperate regions of both hemi-
spheres.

* Tn accordance with the custom of the older zoologists and anatomists the
writer has, hitherto, in his published papers, used the term “thumb” to indi-
cate the first finger, denominating the succeeding fingers as “first,” “second,”
“third,” and “fourth” respectively. This custom he now abandons, adopting
instead the terminology of most modern writers on zoology and anatomy, in
which the thumb is counted as the first finger, as it has the advantage, not only

of being more generally used, but also of being absolutely required when treat-
ing of the homologies of the limbs.
PTEROPODIDE. 3

Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA.

Family PTEROPODIDAL.

The characters of the single Family are those of the Suborder.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Tongue moderate: molars well developed .. Group I. PTEROPI.

A. Tail very short or none, when present
quite free from the idtentoaintel aie
brane; second finger with a distinct
claw ; wings from the sides of the back ;
premaxillary bones united in front; fur
of the nape of the neck and shoulders
not differing from that of the back.

ae eee 2-2 J—1
Ine. 5 or 4, ¢ , pm. gy, M. 55.... 1. Epomopuorvs, p. 4.

3. Tail very short or none, when present
partly contained within the interfemo-
ral membrane.

a. Second finger with a distinct claw; pre-
maxillary bones united in front.
a’, Nostrils simple, their inner margins
alone projecting.
a’. Tail none; fur of the nape of the
neck and shoulders differing in
colour or quality from that of the

back.
a”. Ine. ‘, c. i. pm. =, m. pas . 2, PrEnopvs, p. 16.
b”. Tail distinct; fur of the nape of
the neck and shoulders not differ-

ing from that of the back.

4 1-1 3-38 28
ob. Inc. 4, ¢. >, pm. s=y, M. g—3 . 3. CyNonycreERIs, p. 70.
4 4 1-1 2-2
wa aa —
ec". Inc. 4 or 3 ¢ To, PM. 3=3
22
Me FH eee e veer ec enes 4, CYNOPTERUS, p. 80.

b'. Nostrils tubular, projecting abruptly
from the muzzle; tail distinct.
ae 2
ad". Ine. 3, c. — pm. = m. — . 5. Harpyia, p. 88.
b. Second finger without a claw; wings
from the spine; tail distinct; premax-

illary bones separate in front.
ay I 2 1-1 2—3 2-2 6. C 91
el. Inc. 3 ©. j=) PM. xy M. gg . 6. CEPHALOTES, p. 91.

BQ
4 PLEROPODIDS.

If, Tongue very long, muzzle narrow, elongated;
molars very narrow, scarcely raised above
CHE! PUM sare teste tented aeuiatcetueac Group II. MACROGLOSSI.
e. Second finger without a claw ; premaxillary
bones separate in front.
c'. Wings from the spine; tail long.
90 TET CE iego é
fi". Ine. = aCe om pm. =, m. 5—5- 7. NoroPreris, p. 92.
d'. Wings from the sides of the back ; tail
short.
2-2 | 1— 3 2-2
Qe ANG aa C i= pm. =, m. 5-3 8. Eonycrrris, p. 94.
d. Second finger with a distinct claw; pre-
maxillary bones united in front.
e'. Wings from the sides of the body.
ce". Tail short; wing-membrane from the
base of the fourth toe.
d am 3 2-2
hk". Ine. 5 u. — pm. = m. — .. 9, Macroarossus, p. 95.

ad". Tail none ; wing-membrane from the
base of the third toe.

—l 3—3,

an by ed 2-2 :
a", Ine. 4, € 7a pm. g=3, m. 33 .. 10, MRLONYCTERIS, p. 97.

1. EPOMOPHORUS.

Epomophorus, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1835, ii. p.88; Gray, Mag.
Zool. § Bot. ii. 1838, p. 504 ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 869.

Head long ; muzzle conical or thickened and obtuse in front; lips
very expansible, more or less largely developed and pendulous in
males; ears simple, separate, with (in all the known species) a tuft
of white hairs near the base of the anterior margins of the ear-
conch ; second finger with a well-developed claw ; metacarpal bone
of the middle finger equal to or shorter than the second finger ; wings
from the sides of the hairy back and from the base or back of the
second toe; tail very short, wholly separate from and inferior to
the short interfemoral membrane, or altogether absent.

Dentition. Ine. +t, Cc. = pm. = m. =

Upper incisors weak, unicuspidate, the outer pair often deciduous ;
premolars and molars feeble, narrow ; first upper premolar separated
by a wide space from the canine.

Skull very long and narrow; crown of the head less vaulted than
in any other genus of Pteropida, scarcely elevated above the muzzle;
cranio-facial axis horizontal ; occipital crest prominent ; postorbital
processes of the frontals short, not half circumscribing the orbits
behind; bony palate much vaulted behind, extending as far back as
a point opposite the centres of the zygomatic arches; premaxillary
bones united in front; all the bones very thin and translucent.

Range. That part of the Ethiopian Region included within the
continent of Africa.

* Inner upper incisors rudimentary, not visible in recent specimens.

one eet :
t > in adult individuals of EZ. comptus only.
1, EPOMOPHORUS. 5

The Bats of this genus are easily distinguished by their remark-
ably large and long head, very expansible lips, and by the invariable
white tuft of hair which adorns the margins of the ears in front
and behind in both males and females of every known species. The
males are larger than the females, and have longer and narrower
heads, and in most species are provided with peculiar glandular
pouches, which are situated in the integument of the side of the
neck near the point of the shoulder. ‘These pouches are rudimentary
or quite absent in females. Jn the males they are lined with a
glandular membrane, from which long coarse yellowish-white hairs
arise, which project by their extremities from the mouth of the sac,
and, when the pouches are everted, form conspicuous epaulet-like
tufts on the shoulders. In the single species, 2. monstrosus, in which
these shoulder-pouches are not developed, the males are distinguished
by most peculiar foliaceous processes of the integument of the front
of the muzzle, of which rudiments only occur in the females (seo
Plate I. figs. la & 2).

The fur is very similar in all the species, being rather short and
of a peculiar light yellowish or cinnamon-brown colour with a
greyish tinge ; the abdomen in many species with a large oval patch of
whitish hairs, and in eyery species, even in the aberrant and very
peculiar EZ. monstrosus, the bases of the outer and inner margins of
the ear are adorned with tufts of white hairs.

The Epomophori live on figs, and probably on other soft fruits,
the juicy contents of which their voluminous lips and capacious
mouths enable them to retain and swallow without loss while the
process of mastication is going on.

The different species agree so closely together in external form
and in the colour of the fur that it is extremely difficult to distinguish
them by characters derived from an examination of their external
structure. Fortunately we have, in the form and arrangement of
the palate-ridges, very reliable characters by which specimens pre-
served in alcohol may be at once determined, and these characters
are set forth in the synoptical Table at p. 7, and illustrated by the
figures on Plate IJ. In the case of dried skins the discrimination
of the species is attended with considerable difficulty ; but the form
of the ears, the presence or absence of the tail, and especially the
measurements of the bones of the extremities afford the most reliable
characters. E. labiatus has been described from dried skins, and the
only specimens known are skins also. Jt is therefore uncertain
whether it is a distinct species or a small variety only of some of
the larger species of the genus.

Synopsis of Subgenera.

I. Shoulder-pouches not developed in either

males or females; front of the muzzle with

rominent cutaneous foliaceous expansicns ;
molars with distinct external cusps ...... Hypri1gNnaruvs, p. 7.
6 1. PTEROPODIDA,

II. Shoulder-pouches well developed in males,
rudimentary or quite absent in females ; lips
pendulous and folded on the sides (espe-
cially in adult males), but without broad
cutaneous expansions in front ; molars with
smooth slightly grooved crowns without
CUSPS oe oige ole yea ete ere hs Hn gn eee whee en EpoMoPHorvs, p. 7.

Subgenus HypsienatTHus.

1. Epomophorus monstrosus.

Hypsignathus monstrosus, Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. 1861,
. 156; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 870; Gray, Catal. Mon-
Le and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 124 (1870).
Spyrocephalus labrosus, Murray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 8, pl. i.

Considerably larger than any other known species of the genus.
Head (in adult males) very large and cylindrical, the anterior ex-
tremity of the muzzle thick and obtuse: the distance from the eye
to the end of the nose slightly more than half the length of the
head ; on either side of the extremity of the muzzle (in adult males)
a very prominent, deep, semicircular fold of integument, continuous
above with the lower margin of the nostril, and below and behind
with the horizontal margin of the upper lip; front margin of the
upper lip papillate, fimbriated ; corresponding margin of the lower
lip similar, but thinner and divided by a V-shaped incision in the
centre. In females the muzzle is conical and much shorter, and its
upper surface scarcely elevated above the nasal apertures, the lower
margins of which are connected with the sides of the lower lip by
folds similar to those in the males, but very much less developed
(Plate I. figs. 1, la, 2).

The palate has three undivided straight transverse ridges, whereof
the first corresponds to the space between the canines and the first
premolars, the second to the second premolars, the third to the molars;
the fourth consists of two papille; the remaining ridges are indis-
tinct, arched forwards and finely toothed (Plate II. fig. 1).

In the adult male, on either side of the neck, a strong integumen-
tary band extends forwards from the point of origin of the ante-
brachial membrane to the side of the back of the head. These bands
are not developed in females, and they appear to be supports to the
head, which is so remarkably large in the adult male.

Ears shorter than the muzzle, triangular, attenuated in their
upper third, and subacutely pointed; the usual white patch of hairs
along the anterior and posterior margin of the ear-conch.

Interfemoral membrane 04 deep in the middle; no trace of a
tail; wings from the base of the second phalanx of the second toe.

Upper surface of the muzzle nearly naked in the male, in the
female covered with very short grey hairs; fur above and beneath
rather short, but dense and very soft, greyish slate-brown, paler be-
neath. About three fourths of the forearm is covered with short fur,
1. EPOMOPHORUS. 7.

and the fur of the back extends thickly upon the interfemoral mem-
brane, concealing its posterior margin in the centre, and the legs are
clothed as far as the ankles.

Upper incisors small, in a semicircle, separated from each other
and removed from the canines by a space on either side; lower in-
cisors in pairs, separated by a slight interval in the centre; the
third lower premolar and the first molar have each three cusps ex-
ternally, very distinct in the first molar especially ; the second and
last molars have two external cusps.

The adult female differs from the male not only in the smaller and
differently shaped head and in the absence of the neck-bands de-
scribed above, but also in being smaller in nearly all other dimen-
sions, as the following Table of measurements * shows :—

 

Ist ph.
2nd ph.
Ist ph.
2nd ph.

2nd finger, meta-
carp

4th finger, meta-
carp

’
’
”

eye from nose.
tibia.
foot.

ear.
forearm.
thumb.

”
’
”
’
”
”
=
’

Length, head.

 

1-6 | 1:25, 52/19 [36 | 2-45) 3-4 | 3-4 | 1-65 55] 21 13

oo
es

Adult ¢.

| Adult Q.| 27] 1:3] 1-1 | 47) 1-85) 3-4 | 235) 33 | 3:25) 1-60 ie 2:0 |1:3
“i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hab. Western Tropical Africa (Gambia, Calabar, Gaboon).

a. 2 ad. sk. Gambia. Purchased.
b. Q juv., al. W. Africa. Purchased.
ce. & ad., al. Old Calabar. A. Murray, Esq. [P.].

Type of Spyrocephalus labrosus, Murray.)
d. 2 imm.,al. " Reighbourtead of Cameroon Purchased.
Mountains. .
¢ imm., al. Elloby District, Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].

g

Subgenus EpomopHorvs.
Synopsis of the Species.

‘A. With transverse palate-ridges in front.
(Large Epomophori.)
a. Palate-ridges very prominent, no semicir-
cular toothed ridges behind; tail very
small but distinct.
a’. Muzzle very long and slender; the fifth
palate-ridge divided, with a lozenge-
shaped cell in the centre ....-.-++. 1. E. macrocephalus, p. 8.

 

* The measurements in all cases are in inches and decimal parts of an inch.
8 PTEROPODID.E.

b'. Muzzle shorter and broader, the fifth
palate-ridge simple, divided in the :
centre by a narrow incisor ........ 2. E. gambianus, p. 10.
b. Palate-ridges less prominent, with semi-
circular toothed ridges behind; no tail
externally.
c'. Muzzle shorter than in FE. gambzanus ;
the third palate-ridge developed on ;
the sides only ....... cece eee eee 3. E. franqueti, p. 12.
d'. Muzzle short; the third palate-ridge
complete, undivided ; upper incisors
(in adults) two only .............. 4, E. comptus, p. 13.
B. No transverse palate-ridges. (Small Epo-
mophori. )
e'. Muzzle much shorter and comparatively
broader than in any of the preceding
species ; palate with a longitudinal
-shaped groove ..........eee eee 5. E. pusillus, p. 14.

Two other species have been recognised, Epomophorus wahlbergii,
Sundevall, and £#. labsatus, Temminck (see p. 11). The former
appears to me to differ only from &. gambianus in the greater
hairiness of the extremities; the latter seems to be distinguished
chiefly by its smaller size. Both are represented as yet by dried
skins only, so that an examination of their palate-ridges is im-
possible.

2, Epomophorus macrocephalus.

Pteropus macrocephalus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 101; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Sduyeth. i. p. 867 (1844).

Pteropus megacephalus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. and Class. Quadrup.
p- 92 (1835).

Pteropus epomophorus, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 149.

Epomophorus whitei, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1835, vol. ii. p. 38,
pl. 6

Epomophorus macrocephalus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 50, 1861, p. 11,
figs. 1, la; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 869.

Head very long and narrow ; muzzle nearly half its length, much
longer than the ear ; the eye is less than half the distance from the
ear that it is from the end of the muzzle; nostrils rather prominent
and diverging, opening laterally with a wide emargination between ;
the upper lip rounded in front, divided infericrly by a narrow
shallow groove, which is not continuous with the emargination
between the nostrils above; sides of the lip much expanded and
folded in old males, with a prominent fleshy glandular (?) cushion
on each side, half internal, near the angle of the mouth. Ears
simple, oval, much longer than broad, rounded off above, the inner
margin convex to the tip, the outer margin similarly convex in
lower two thirds, flattened or slightly concave in upper third.

Shoulder-pouches large, well developed in adult males, rudi-
mentary in females and in young males.

Wing-membrane from the middle of the back of the first phalanx
of the second toe; interfemoral membrane very narrow in the
1. EPOMOPHORUS. 9

centre ; tail very short and feeble, quite free from the interfemoral
membrane, and concealed by the surrounding fur.

Above yellowish brown, with a slightly greyish tinge; paler
beneath ; the abdomen pale yellowish white ; a tuft of white hairs
along the lower third of the outer and inner margins of the ear.

Fur short, extending upon the humerus and fleshy part of the
forearm and upon the adjoining wing-membrane, but the ante-
brachial membrane is nearly naked; the greater part of the inter-
femoral is covered with short fur, which also extends along the legs
to the back of the feet, and short hairs are thinly spread over a
large part of the wing-membrane between the humerus and the leg.

Roof of the mouth much vaulted, especially posteriorly, with six
very prominent palate-ridges, which are characteristic of the species:
the first is straight, and is placed across the palate slightly behind
the canines ; the second is slightly arched forwards, and corresponds
to the first upper premolar; the third is close to the second, is more
arched, and commences opposite the second premolar, or opposite
the space between the first and second ; the fourth is separated by a
greater interval, and corresponds to the molar teeth, though it does
not extend as far as their bases laterally ; the fifth is placed at a
still greater distance behind, and is very peculiarly shaped, being
rhomboidal, hollowed out in the centre, and divided into two lateral
triangular halves by a narrow groove; the sixth ridge is simple,
divided in the centre, and placed at an equal distance behind
(Plate IT. fig. 2).

The head is much shorter in females, which are also slightly
smaller than the males in most measurements. In young males the
head is also longer than in young females of the same age, though
not in so marked a degree. In the following Table of comparative
measurements these differences are shown :—

 

eye from nose.
forearm.
second finger.
fourth finger.
tibia.

foot.

Di
»
”
’
?
’
’
’

Length, head and body.
head.
ear

 

Adult g.| 63 | 26 | 09 1:2 35 59 | 45 13 0°85
Adult 9. | 50] 2:3 0-9 1-0 33 57 43 1:25 | 0-85
Immat. @.| ... 19 08 08 2:8 ze iss 0-95 | 0°85

 

Immat. 2.) 38 | 1:65 | 08 0°65 | 2°8 47 3°65 | 1:05 | 0:85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hab. West Africa (Gambia, Guinea, Lagos). °
10 PTEROPODID.E.

E. macrocephalus may be at once distinguished by the very long
and narrow muzzle, nearly half the length of the whole head, and
by the peculiar form of the fifth palate-ridge.

a-d. fo ad. sks. Gambia.
ef. d& @ ad, al. West Africa, Mr. Argent’s collection.
gy. & ad, al. West Africa.

3. Epomophorus gambianus.

Pteropus gambianus, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 100.

? Pteropus wahlbergii, Sunderall, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Stockh. 1846, p. 118.

Epomophorus crypturus, Peters, Reise nach Mussambique, Sdugeth.
p. 26, pl. v. & pl. xiii. figs. 1-6.

Head very long, nearly as long as in #. macrocephalus, but
broader, and the length of the muzzle is comparatively less. Lips
very pendulous, with remarkably large cheek-pouches in adult
males (Plate LI. fig. 3). Ears oval, nearly as long as the muzzle
(in the $); outer and inner margin of the ear-conch almost equally
convex. Nostrils simple, their inner margins projecting slightly in
front, separated by a deep emargination, which also divides the
upper lip in front.

Shoulder-glands large, well developed in adult males, rudimentary
in females and in young males.

Wing-membrane, interfemoral membrane, and tail as in #. mucro-
cephalus.

Above yellowish brown, paler beneath; the abdomen in adult males
with greyish oval patch.

Fur of the back moderately long and dense, covering the short
interfemoral membrane behind and the wing-membrane along the
sides of the body, extending also thickly upon the fleshy part of the
forearms, and upon the legs to the backs of the feet.

Roof of the mouth much vaulted, as in #. macrocephalus, but
wider. Palate-ridges six, straight, very prominent: the first is
placed slightly behind the canines, and has a slightly triangular
projection in the centre of its posterior margin; the second and
third ridges are simple, undivided, and close together, the furrow
between them corresponds to a line drawn between the first pre-
molars ; the fourth is opposite the first molar, and is half divided by
a small incision in the centre; the fifth corresponds to the second or
last molars, and is divided by a narrow incision in the centre into
two half-ridges ; the sixth is behind the tooth-row at a considerable
distance, and is similarly divided (Plate II. fig. 3 a).

The muzzle is much shorter in females, which are also (as in EZ.
macrocephalus) slightly smaller than the males in most measure-
ments. In the following Table of comparative measurements, the
sizes of an adult male and female are contrasted :-——
1. EPOMOPHORUS. 11

 

Epomophorus gambianus. Ad. g. | Ad. Q.

 

Ot

sy. “EMMI Sa casa vans nsnnutiga seo eeueuiten codeocosn ea aeoraaea cone 1°55

or reser

 

 

bo
oe
a
ENON EES he On
AS EW EWS Ro DISH

 

 

 

 

Hab. Equatorial and Southern Africa, extending even as far
south as Port Elizabeth.

Specimens from the southern extremity of the African continent
have their extremities more densely clothed with hair. Hpomo-
phorus wahlbergit, Sundevall, was founded on an example from
Natal, which appears to differ from E. gambianus only in the
greater hairiness of the legs. Z. crypturus, Peters, was described
from a female specimen, probably not full-grown, which, to judge
from the description of the palate-ridges, appears to be identical
with this species.

A specimen of an apparently immature male (to judge from the
condition of the extremities of the finger-bones) from Benguela
(marked “@” in the collection) is even slightly larger than the adult
specimens from which the above measurements were taken, and the
shoulder-pouches are not well developed.

a. imm. sk. Gambia.

b. Q ad., al. Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].

e. 2 imm., al. Benguela, Angola. TF. F. Monteiro, Esq. [P.].
d. d imm, al. Benguela, Angola. F. F. Monteiro, Esq. [P. |.
e. o ad., al. Angola.

f. Q juv., al Angola. ; ;

g,h. & ad., al. Shupanga, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk et

2 9 imm., al. Dar-es-Salanus. Dr. Kirk [C.].

jk & & Q sks. Port Elizabeth.

lad. 8

3a. Epomophorus labiatus.

Pteropus labiatus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 83, pl. 389
1835-41) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 806 (1844), v.

. 608.
eehesata labiatum, Temminck, Esquiss, Zool.. sur la edte de Guiné,
p. 68

Pteropus schoénsis, Riippell, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 131 (vide Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p.:869).

Epomophorus labiatus, Tomes, P. ZS. 1861, p. 11; Peters, t.c.

Epomophorus anurus, Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Carol. Leop. Nat.-
Cur, xxiii. p. 12 (1864).
12 PTEROPODID.E.

The type of #. labiatus in the Leyden Museum appears to me to
be an example of an immature individual of a small variety of £.
gambianus. No trace of palate-ridges exist in the dried stuffed skin,
so that it is difficult to determine its relationship to £. gambianus
with certainty. In the colour and distribution of the fur, in the
form of the ears, and in the relative length of the bones of the ex-
tremities it agrees closely with that species.

The following are the measurements of the type :—

Length, head 1-7, ear 0!-72, eye from nostril 0"-75, forearm 2''-6,
thumb 1/-2; third finger—metacarp. 1!"8, Ist ph. 1!/-1, 2nd ph. 1'"6 ;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"7, Ist ph. 0/8, 2nd ph. 0-8 ; tibia 1'"1,
foot 0''-65.

Two skulls in the collection from Abyssinia and a skin evidently
belong to this form; one of the skulls affords the following mea-
surements :—

Extreme length 1-8, breadth across zygomatic arches 1-0; from
supraorbital foramen to end of nasals 0-9; length of bony palate
0-95, width of same 0!-5,

Hab, Abyssinia, Shoa.

a. ? ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.
b. skull of a.
e. skull of specimen from same locality.

4+. Epomophorus franqueti.

Epomophorus franqueti, Zomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 54, pl. 75.
Epomops franqueti, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p- 126 (1870).

Muzzle shorter than in 2. gambianus, but, as in that species,
longer in the male than in the female; ears as long as the muzzle
(in the adult male); ear-conch rounded off above, the upper third
of the outer margin faintly concave ; nostrils separated by a rather
wide and shallow emargination, which is continued downwards as a
small shallow groove dividing the upper lip in front ; shoulder-glands
in the male large, with very long yellowish-white hairs projecting
to a considerable distance, in the female quite absent; sides of the
lips expansible, but not to such an extent as in 4. gambianus.

Wing-membrane from the middle of the back of the first phalanx
of the second toe; interfemoral membrane wider in the centre than
in other species; no trace of a tail.

Above, cinnamon-brown ; beneath, similar, but paler, and the
abdomen has a very distinct oval patch of whitish hairs in the centre.
The fur extends outwards upon the membranes almost as far as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, covers the
interfemoral between the thigh to its posterior margin, and passes
downwards thinly upon the legs.

The palate-ridges are peculiar, but less developed than in any
other known species of the genus. The first two only are prominent
and undivided ; the remaining ridges are represented by small oval
1. EPOMOPHORUS. 13

elevations on each side and by ill-defined semicircular toothed lines,
as in Cynonycteris straminea. The first undivided ridge is straight,
and is placed immediately behind the canines; the second is similar,
and corresponds to the first premolars; the third is represented by
a large oval papilla on each side, opposite the middle back tooth ;
the fourth, fifth, and sixth by similar but much smaller and less
elevated papillee, succeeded by transverse semicircular toothed lines
behind (Plate II. fig. 4).

Upper incisors small, equally distant, the outer incisor on each side
faliing out im old indwiduals, so that the dentition then resembles
that of L. comptus; lower incisors also small and separated, un-
equally trifid; premolars and molars as in EB. gambianus.

The adult female is considorably smaller than the male; and
the following Table exhibits the relative proportions of an adult
male and female respectively :—

 

 

     
 

 

 

 

Epomophorus franqueti. Adult g.|Adult 9.

58

2:15

0°85

0°95

3°35
15
third finger, metacarpal 2°5
+ 55 a Ist ph. ...... 16
- 5 = Qnd ph......cccseeeceseeees sean 2:2

3 fifth finger, metacarpal..............::cceeeeeeeeeneeees é 2°45
a BS fer Usb iplie gustatiavece st secon tee seae pres 1:25 1-2
is 5 gi) EM PUI atc snschaa de Gorvosenmmerneeeencess 13 1-2
gp PADI weevettecasencosceesseevelsvecteeans set aesenieceneces 1-5 1-4
3 FOOL ace S SSF a ae EO SS be ea 09 0-9

 

 

Hab. West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Lagos, Gaboon).

This species is easily recognised by the very large size of the
shoulder-pouches and remarkable development of the hairs lining
them (in the adult male), as well as by the comparatively wide in-
terfemoral membrane, by the total absence of the tail, by the deci-
duous upper outer incisors, and by the peculiar form of the palate-
ridges.

a. @ ad., al. Sierra Leone. Purchased.
b. fo ad, al. Gaboon. k
c. 2 imm,, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

5. Epomophorus comptus.
Epomophorus comptus, Allen, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sct, Philad. 1861, p. 158.

Muzzle shorter than in Z. gambianus ; in adult females the ear is
considerably longer than the muzzle ; outer and inner margins of the
ear-conch equally convex in lower two thirds, the tip narrowly
rounded off, the upper third of the outer margin slightly concave
14 PTEROPODID.2.

beneath the tip; nostrils opening laterally, separated by a wide and
shallow emargination ; upper hp with a slight vertical groove.

Wings from the distal extremity of the first phalanx of the second
toe. Interfemoral membrane as in £&. yambianus; no trace of a
tail externally.

Fur (so far as can be determined from an inspection of specimens
preserved in alcohol) somewhat similar in colour and distribution to
that of £. gambicnis.

The palate has three straight undivided ridges in front, and four
or five ill-defined semicircular toothed ridges (as in Cynonyeteris
straminea) behind; the first undivided ridge is placed slightly behind
the canines, the s2cond between the single pair of upper premolars ;
the third between the first upper molars; while the first semicir-
cular ridge is divided, and corresponds to the last upper molars
(Plate IT. fig. 5).

Upper incisors, consisting (in the adult animal) of a single uni-
cuspidate pair only, placed in the centre of the premaxilla (Plate II.
fig. 5), and separated from each other by a slight interval (immature
individuals have small outer incisors placed near the larger inner
pair); lower incisors nearly equal in size, forming a straight row
across, the outer incisors equally bifid, the middle pair unequally
bifid, their outer cusps shortest.

Length (of an adult 2) about 5!°0, head 1-9, eye from tip of
nostril 0!"7, ear 0-95, forearm 3-4, thumb 1-45; third finger— »
metacarp. 2!-35, Ist ph. 1-55, Ond ph. S4; filth finger—m-eta- -
carp. 2!-3, Ist ph. 1-2, 2nd ph. 1/'2: tibia 1/3, foot 08.

Hab, West Africa (Lagos, Gaboon).

This species is undoubtedly closely allied to E. franqueti, with ©
which it agrees generally in structure, but is distinguished by the
presence of a single pair of upper incisors in the adult animal (in
E. franqueti the outer incisors are wanting in very old individuals .
only), by the form of the palate-ridges, and by the mode of Ae
ment of the wings to the toes. :

Males of this species have probably shoulder-glands similar “to
those of E. franquetz, to which it is most closely related; but I am
unable to describe them, as I have not yet had an opportunity of ex-
amining a male specimen.

a. 2 ad.sk., al. Elloby District, Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].

6. Epomophorus pusillus.

Epomophorus schoensis, Tomes, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 56, 1861, p. 12,
figs. 4, 4a.
Epomophorus pusillus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 870.

Much smaller than any other known species of the genus; the
length of the forearm scarcely more than half the length of that of
EL. macrocephalus.

Muzzle rather short, the eye (in the adult female) placed almost
midway between the ear and the end of the nose; ears nearly
2. PTEROPUS. 15

double the length of the muzzle, shaped as in EZ. gambianus ; nostrils
rather widely separated, the shallow emargination between them
continuous with a groove dividing the lower lip; lips thickened
near the extremity of the muzzle and folded near the angle of the
mouth.

Wings from the base of the second toe; tail extremely short and
thin *,

Fur yellowish brown above ; beneath, paler brown, the extremi-
ties of the hairs greyish. The wing-membrane is covered almost as
far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, also the
humerus and three fourths the forearm and the legs as far as the
ankles ; the feet are naked.

The palate is very peculiarly marked, and quite on a different
plan from that of any other species of the genus. A broad but shallow
Y-shaped groove is formed bythe union of two grooves, each com-
mencing opposite the single premolar on each side, and uniting in
the centre and continued backwards as a single central groove which
terminates in the vaulted roof of the palate behind. (Plate IT.
fig. 6.)

Length (of an adult @), head and body 2'-3, head 1!-2, eye from
tip of nostril 0-45, ear 0'-6, forearm 2'-0, thumb 0!-85; third
finger—metacarp. 1/35, Ist ph. 1-0, 2nd ph. 1/25; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1-25, Ist ph. 0'-65, 2nd ph. 0'"-7; tibia .0'-85, foot
0-55.

Hab. West Africa (Yoruba, Gambia, Lagos, Gaboon).

This and the preceding species approach the species of Cynonyctercs
and Cynopterus more closely than others in the shape of the head ;
indeed, dried skins appear at first sight to belong to species of these
genera.

a,b. 9 imm. & ad. sks. Abeokuta, Yoruba. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

ce. 9 ad, al. Lagos. Purchased.
d. 2 imm., al. Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
2. PTEROPUS.

Pteropus, Brisson, Quadrup. p. 153 (1756); Geoffroy, Ann. du
Muséum, xv. p. 90 (1810); Liliger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 118
(1811) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 821; Dobson, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 196; Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 15
1876).

een et Spectrum, Gray, Catal. Monkeys & Fruit-eating Bats,
pp. 100, 102 (1870).

Muzzle long, narrow, and cylindrical ; nostrils projecting by their
inner margins, the extremity of the muzzle deeply emarginate
between them ; upper lip with a vertical groove in front, bounded
laterally by rounded naked ridges; second finger with a distinct
claw ; metacarpal bone of the middle finger shorter than the second

* Hitherto I have found no male of this species among the different speci-

mens examined by me, and consequently I am unable to state whether shoulder-
pouches exist or not.
16 PCEROPODID.E.

finger; wing-membrane attached to the back of the first phalanx
of the second toe; tail none ; interfemoral membrane deeply emar-
ginate behind, in some species scarcely developed in the centre:
penis with a distinct bone.

sie 4 1—1 3—3 2—2
Dentition. Inc. 5, ¢. j=, PM. gy M. E>

1— 5-8

Upper incisors in a semicircular row, in a plane anterior to and
separated on each side from the canines; lower outer incisors close
to the canines, the inner pair generally separated by a slight interval
and smaller; first upper premolars generally very small and deci-
duous (larger than the middle lower incisorsin P#. leucopterus and
Pt. molossinus only).

Skull elongated, the cranio-facial axis almost in the same right
line, the brain-case but slightly vaulted and raised above the face-
line, with (in most species) a prominent sagittal crest ; facial portion
compressed ; cerebral cavity contracted in front; frontals small,
with long postorhital processes, the bases of which are pierced by a
foramen ; premaxillaries small, close together in front; bony palate
produced backwards behind the last molar almost as far as the
middle of the zygomatic arches; basioccipital wide between the
auditory bullc ossee ; paroccipital processes long.

Range. From the Comoro Islands in the Mozambique Channel to
the Navigators’ Islands in the Pacific Ocean, extending throughout
the Malagasy Subregion, the Oriental Region f, and the Australian
Region (except the Sandwich Islands, Ellice’s group, Gilbert’s group,
Tokelau, the Low Archipelago, and New Zealand).

Pt. edwardsii is found abundant in Madagascar, in the Seychelle
Islands, and in the Comoro Islands (the latter are scarcely 200
miles distant from the African coast), and yet not a single species of
this genus has been discovered in Africa (see remarks on the distri-
bution of the genus Preropus in the Introduction).

This genus includes the largest known species of Bats. In one
of the species, at least, the body attains a length of 12 inches, the
forearm of nearly 9 inches, and the outstretched wings measure
about 5 feet across. They are the only Bats in which the fur of the
back of the neck and shoulders differs conspicuously in colour and
quality from that of the back. In most of the species, also, a more
or less conspicuous tuft of thickened unctuous reddish-yellow hairs
(generally about half an inch in diameter) exists.on either side
of the neck near the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane,

 

* In a specimen of Pteropus medius from Nipal (in the collection) an addi-
tional last upper molar exists on both sides, so that the number of back teeth is
6—6
6—8"
Chiroptera, it appears evident that the three anterior teeth in each side of the
upper jaw in Pleropus should be considered premolars, in which case the
normal number of true mclars would be =

+ Pteropus pselaphon is found in Bonin Island, and Pt. dasymallus inhabits
Southern Japan (Kiousiou Island), which has been included doubtfully by
Mr. Wallace In the Palzarctic Region, and most probably really belongs to the
Oriental Region.

As the number of true molars never exceeds = in any other genus of
2. PTEROPUS. 17

more developed in the male than in the female, and corresponding to
the position of glands beneath. Theso glands secrete an oily sub-
stance on which the peculiar musky odour of the animals depends,
and which is remarkably abundant during the breeding-season.

The fur of the adult male, especially that covering the back of
the head and neck, appears to be always more brightly coloured,
and the differently coloured portions of the fur contrast much more
strongly together than in the female of the same age*. But
although the colour of the tippet in the female is darker or less
brilliantly coloured than that of the male, it is rarely as dark as
that of the fur of the back; and this difference in colour between
the fur of the neck and that of the back is, perhaps, due to “ pro-
tective mimicry ”’t.

The teeth of all the species agree in number and in general charac-
ters, but differ remarkably in certain species in relative development.
In most instances the premolars and molars are narrow, with an
external and internal cusp separated by a longitudinal groove, which
soon disappears with age (in some cases even before the animal
has attained maturity) by the internal cusp becoming worn down.
In Pt. leucopterus, Pt. aneiteanus, Pt. molossinus, and Pt. jubatus the
premolars and molars reach their greatest development, in the first-
named in general size, in the other three species in the presence of
additional basal cusps and ridges; while in Pt. scapulatus and Pt.
macrotis these teeth are reduced to the smallest size known in the
genus, so that they resemble closely those of the genus Macroglossus.
Such differences in the development of the teeth are evidently due
to corresponding differences in the nature of the food ; for we find
the molar teeth reduced to the most rudimentary condition in
those species of the family which are known to feed on pulpy
fruits, such as the long-tongued Macroglossi; these, it may be
remarked, are inhabitants of the tropical parts especially of the
regions through which the Pteropodide are distributed, where soft

* See the remarks on this in the writer’s paper, ‘On Secondary Sexual
Characters in the Chiroptera,” P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 241.

+ At first sight it might appear that this remarkable contrast of colours would
render the animal more conspicuous to passing enemies, and, consequently, more
subject to their attacks when hanging in an exposed position, as, for example,
from the branches of a lofty tree. But any one who has seen a colony of these
Bats suspended from the branches of a banyan tree or from a silk-cotton tree,
must have been struck with their resemblance to large ripe fruits; and this is
especially noticeable when they hang in clusters from the leaf-stalks of the
cocoanut-palm, where they may be easily mistaken for a bunch of ripe cocoa-
nuts. Hanging close together, each with his head bent forwards on the chest,
his body wrapped up in the ample folds of the large wings, and the back
turned outwards, the brightly-coloured neck and head are presented to the
view and resemble the extremity of a ripe cocoanut, with which the larger
species of this genus closely correspond in size. F

It is worthy of note that this remarkable contrast in colour between the fur
of the neck and back is much less developed in the snialler species of the genus,
and not at all in the comparatively aN, smaller species of the other genera of
this family, which, by their small size, are less easily seen, and are enabled to
hide themselves in places inaccessible to the larger species.

Cc
18 PTEROPODID.E.

fruits are always obtainable ; and there are also found the largest
species of the genus, while the smallest, and those provided with
long woolly hairs extending thickly upon the extremities appear to
be confined to the small wind-swept oceanic islands situated towards
the extreme northern or southern limit of the distribution of the
family.

So — are the number of species of this genus, and so closely
are they related to one another by different characters, that it is
extremely difficult to arrange them according to their natural
affinities or to divide the genus into sections. At first sight it
might appear possible to divide them according to the quality and
distribution of the fur, or by the form of the skull and teeth; but
the occurrence of such forms as Pteropus molossinus, which has the
quality of fur and ears characteristic of one section, the distribution of
fur of another, and the teeth of a third, or of Pt. poliocephalus, which
resembles one group of species in the quality and distribution of the
fur, while it agrees with a very different section in the development
of the ears and teeth, renders a natural arrangement of the species
in a linear series quite impossible.

The following Synopsis must therefore be considered chiefly as an
index to the species, the position of each species with regard to the
others not necessarily indicating its special affinities, which are
pointed out in the general description.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Fur soft and woolly; ears generally shorter than
a muzzle, more or less concealed by the long
ur,
a’. Legs densely clothed as far as the ankles or backs
of the feet with erect woolly hair (naked in
Pt. molossinus only).
a", Fur of the back nearly as long as that of the
neck; ears shorter than the muzzle.
a’. First upper premolar very small or deci-
duous; premolars and molars without pro-
minent cusps.
a‘, Ears very short, clothed with long hairs,
and concealed by the long fur of the
head ; legs clothed above and beneath.
1, Larger: forearm 62; ears narrow,
acutely pointed: 0a wiecdooneawneiotn Pt. vulgaris, p. 23.
2. Smaller: forearm 3-7; ears shorter, Tp. 24,
obtuse; fur exceedingly fine and soft. Pt. rubricollis
L'. Ears longer, half clothed, projecting ;
slightly beyond the fur of the head; legs
half naked beneath.
b°, Legs clothed as far as the ankles.
3. Collar not well defined, passing gra-
dually into the light-coloured fur of [p. 25.
the backs tiscuek auntie mak nee Pt. dasymallus, °
4. Collar very distinct, bright yellow or
yellowish white ..............., Pt. formosus, p.2€.
2, PTEROPUB.

ce’. Legs clothed to the base of the claws.
5. Collar scarcely distinguishable by
colour from the fur of the back ; fore-
BPO ses irene see ets ghdstiiacteve anes
6, Collar pale yellowish white above,
very distinct; forearm 64 ...,
6". First upper premolar persistent, as large as
one of the inner lower incisors; molars
acutely tubercular; third lower premolar
with an antero-internal broad projection.
ce’, Ears slightly shorter than the muzzle,
nearly naked; legs clothed to the ankles.

7. Collar bright reddish brown, shoulders
pale yellow; forearm 4"5..... arate:

ce". First upper premolar persistent, as large as

(or larger than) one of the lower outer in-

cisors; second lower premolar with an

antero-internal basal projection.

d‘, Ears scarcely longer than the fur of the
head, nearly naked ; legs naked.

8. Collar scarcely distinguishable by colour
from the fur of the back; shoulder-
glands with tufts of bright yellow
hairs; forearm 3'"5............006.

b". Fur of the back slightly appressed, unlike that
of the neck; ears as long or longer than the
muzzle.

ad". First upper premolar small or deciduous ;
molars rather narrow.

9. Ears much longer than the muzzle, attenu-
ated above and pointed; legs clothed
above and beneath ; forearm 6’"2......

e'". First upper premolar persistent, nearly equal
to one of the upper incisors in cross-sec-
tion; molars very broad and strong.

10, Ears as long as the muzzle, obtusely
pointed ; legs clothed, above, as far as
the ankles; fur and membranes very
pale-coloured ; forearm 6"............

b. Fur straight, rarely woolly on the legs; ears gene-
rally as long or longer than the muzzle,
b'. No premolar or molar with an anterior basal pro-
jection. .

b". First upper premolar persistent, as large as one
of the lower incisors,

o'". Fur of the back appressed, on the interfe-
moral and legs erect, woolly.

11. Ears shorter than the muzzle; the last
upper molar as large as one of the lower
outer incisors; fur ferruginous brown;
forearm 5B... cece eect eens eis

12. Ears slightly longer than the muzzle; the
last upper molar very small, scarcely as
large as one of the lower inner incisors ;
fur yellowish brown; foream 45 ...

c'. First upper premolar minute, generally deciduous.
ce", Fur of the back straight, directed backwards,

Dp.
. Pt. lombocensis,

19

p- 26.
Pt. pselaphon,

.. Pt, vetulus, p. 27.

[p- 29.
Pt. aneiteanus,

[p. 30.

Pt. molossinus,

[p. 31.
Pt. poliocephalus,

[p. 32.
Pt. leucopterus,

Pt. raynert, p. 83.

34.

o 2
20 PTEROPODIDZ.

scarcely appressed, on the interfemoral and
legs similar.
c‘, Wings from the sides of the back; general
colour of the fur and membranes brown.
18. Ears shorter than the muzzle; the con-
cave surface of the conch thinly clothed
with short hairs ; tibia covered almost to
the ankles; premolars and molars with [p. 35.
posterior basal projections; forearm 5”. Pt. samoensis,
14. Kars slightly longer than the muzzle, the
concave surface of the conch nearly
covered with soft fur, tibize half-clothed ;
premolars and molars with posterior basal _ [p. 86.
rojections; forearm 4’""9 .........0.. Ft. rodricensis,
15. Ears scarcely as long as the muzzle,
naked; tibie clothed almost to the
ankles; premolars and molars without
basal projections ; forearm 4"5........ Pt. brunneus, p.37.
d‘, Wings from the back near the spine; fur
pale-coloured, silky, generally with more
or less distinct facial streaks; legs clothed
to the ankles.
ad’, With distinct facial streaks.
a. Facial streaks black or dark brown.
16. Muzzle half surrounded by a black

streak behind the eyes; forearm [p. 38.
EG T sip. svareuorecostcnints aii auimlgneence aes Pt. personatus,
17. Muzzle completely surrounded by a
black streak behind the eyes; fore- [p. 89.
ATTA AS, Giese tira g ais wai aioe oe She Pt. capistratus,
B. Facial streaks white.
Te scerevecassysucieeoi cuces nce: &eseeael anata aera a 0G Pt. wallacet, p. 40.
y. No distinct facial streaks,
19. Ears as long as the muzzle; fore- [p.40.
MONA ae sco gees plover adeonvere nee .. Pt. temminckat,

a". Fur of the back short, closely appressed (in
adults) ; tibie naked or very thinly clothed
with a few scattered hairs.
e*, Molars very narrow, but slightly raised above
the gum; first upper premolar minute,
persistent.
20. Ears slightly longer than the muzzle; [p. 41.
molars exceedingly narrow; forearm 5"-4 Pt. scapulatus,
21. Ears much longer than the muzzle;
molars larger; forearm 5/"4 .......... Pt, macrotis, p.42.
J‘. Molars well developed ; first upper premolar
minute, generally deciduous.
J°. Wings from the back close to the spine ;
back generally clothed by a narrow longi-
tudinal line of short fur, or quite naked.
f°. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in
the centre, concealed by the fur.
a, Earsnotlongerthanthe muzzle, obtuse.
22. Smaller: forearm 4”-5 ; membranes

fale browm os ccaba cosy Gales Pt. griseus, p. 44.
23, ne forearm 7"; membranes {p. 44.
blac

sasvoitece aise ctteevereeeeeses Pt, melanopogon,
2. PTEROPUS. 21

g°. Interfemoral wider, not concealed by
the fur behind.
8. Ears longer than the muzzle, attenu-
ated above and acutely pointed.
24, Muzzle and ears shorter ; inter-
femoral less developed in the [p. 47.
centre ; forearm 6""5 ........ Pt. chrysoproctus,
25. Muzzle and ears much longer;
interfemoral 1 inch wide in the [p. 48.
centre ; forearm 72 ........ Pt. pteronotus,
g’. Wings from the sides of the back, which
is covered with short appressed fur.
A’, Premolars and molars without antero-
internal basal projections,
h’, Interfemoral membrane well deve-
loped in the centre, not concealed
by the fur.
A. Karsmuch longer than the muzzle,
attenuated and acutely pointed.
a. Face reddish brown. |
26. Larger: forearm 8-8; chest
and abdomen dark reddish
brown or black .......... Ft. edulis, p. 49.
27. Smaller: forearm 6/6;
chest and abdomen bright
bay or pale yellowish...... Pt, medius, p. 51.
8. Face black.
28. Smaller than Pt. medius ;
forearm 6”, wings nearer the
spine; premolars with a small [p. 53.
posterior basal projection .. Pt. edwardsi,
7°. Ears scarcely as long as the
muzzle, conical, obtusely point-
ed; forearm 6'"5. [p. 54,
Miia wsditee teevaerataraiaite are leseer oes ae Pt. nicobaricus,
~7, Interfemoral membrane narrow in
the centre, nearly concealed by
the long fur.
Jj’. Eyes surrounded by fur not dif-
fering in colour from that of the
adjacent parts of the face.
j°. Ears very broadly rounded off

above.

30. Fur deep black, with con-
spicuous yellow tufts over [p. 55.
oulier eas Saceatatares Pt. livingstonit,

k*®. Ears not longer than the

muzzle, conical, more or less
pointed. :

u. Last upper molar with a
nearly circular crown.

a’, First upper premolar de-
ciduous; premolars and
molars without posterior
basal projections.

31. Larger, forearm 7'';
breast and abdomen dark
brown or black,....... Lt. alecto, p. 56.
22 PTEROPODID.A,

82. Smaller, forearm 5'"4 ;
breast and abdomen yel-
lowish brown or pale [p. 57.
reddish yellow........ Pt. hypomelanus,
8'. First upper premolar per-
sistent; premolars and
molars with posterior
basal projections.
33. Fur reddish brown ; [p. 58.
forearm 4'"8.......... Pt. tuberculatus,
8. Last upper molar narrow,
much longer than broad,
placed obliquely in the
tooth-row.
84, Fur dark brown, back
greyish brown; forearm5'"7 Pt. fuscus, p. 59.
?, Ears much longer than the
muzzle, attenuated above and
acutely pointed.
35. Fur, except on the back of
the neck, very dark-coloured,
thighs clothed above and be-
neath; forearm 6"6 ...... Pt. gould, p. 60.
k°, Eyes surrounded by more or less
conspicuous rings of paler-co-

loured fur.
36. Ears longer than the muzzle ; [p. 61.
fOOATI Laie ie etre eerie haa wen eens Pt. conspicillatus,
37. Ears shorter than the muzzle;
forearm 535 wo. ccc ecw eee Pt. ocularis, p. 62.

#, The third upper premolar and first
molar with more or less distinct
antero-internal basal projections.

j'. Interfemoral membrane very narrow
in the centre, concealed by the fur.

a, First upper premolar nearly as
large as one of the inner lower

incisors.
388. Ears as long as the muzzle; [p- 63.
fovea 6! 75.6 aes ences apse Pt. keraudrenii,

8. First upper premolar deciduous.
39. Ears much longer than the
muzzle, acutely pointed; fur
covering the sides of the face
long and directed backwards; p. 66.
forearm (OD in cea wise eines Pt. macklotia,
40. Ears slightly longer than the
muzzle; fur of the sides of the
face not peculiar ; forearm 5'"3. Pt. caniceps, p. 68.
k". Interfemoral membrane nearly one
inch wide in the centre.
41. Ears slightly longer than the
muzzle, obtusely pointed, the third
upper premolar and first molar
with well-developed antero-inter-
nal basal projections; forearm 7-2. Dt. jubatus, p. 68.
2. PTEROPUS. 93

1. Pteropus vulgaris.
Pteropus vulgaris, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 92 (1810) ;
Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 182 (1827), ii. p. 74 (1835-41).
Spectrum vulgare, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 100 (1870).

Ears much shorter than the muzzle, almost concealed by the long
fur of the head, narrow, acutely pointed, clothed thinly in front and
behind by short hairs. Interfemoral membrane narrow, quite con-
cealed by the long fur behind.

Fur everywhere, except on the muzzle, long and woolly, extending
upon the sides of the muzzle in front of the eyes, thickly upon the
humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, and occupying a space three
and a half inches wide across the loins, extending also upon the legs
to the ankles, a few hairs covering the backs of the feet, and a band
of very short thinly spread hairs about half an inch wide is found
along the posterior margin of the wing-membrane from the foot
almost as far as the end of the last finger; beneath, the wings are
thickly covered with long fur between the humerus and the femur,
and a broad band of long fur extends outwards behind the elbow
along the forearm.

Face and crown of the head bright yellowish buff; back of the
head, neck, and shoulders bright bay or reddish brown, the fur
covering the middle of the back between the line of attachment of
the wings dark brown, that extending upon the wings and extre-
mities pale buff; under surface of the muzzle and sides of neck
yellowish buff or red; neck and anterior part of the chest black or
dark reddish brown; breast and abdomen dark reddish brown *,
pubis and hair covering the interfemoral membrane ycllowish brown
or buff.

Crowns of the lower incisors grooved or notched; first upper
premolar minute, deciduous; second and third upper and lower
premolars with small posterior and external basal cusps.

Length, head and body, about 9", ear 0'"8, eye from nostril 1",
forearm 6/2, thumb 2"-5, second finger 4'-5; third finger—metacarp.
4-1, 1st ph. 3-05, 2nd ph. 4-5; fifth finger—metacarp. 4!"2, 1st
ph. 2", 2nd ph. 2"; tibia 2/9, foot 1-8.

Hab, Madagascar (Tamatave), Bourbon, and Mauritius.

This species is at once distinguished from all other species of
Pteropus approaching its size by the remarkably short and very
acutely pointed ears, which are clothed on both surfaces. In no
other species is the fur covering the sides of the back so peculiarly
coloured, and in none (except Pt. mackloti’) are the sides of the face
clothed with equally long hair.

a, ad. sk. Purchased.
b. f ad. sk. Mauritius. H. Whitely, Esq. [P.].

* A specimen in the Leyden Museum, frora unknown locality, differs from all
others in having the terminal third of the hairs of the chest and abdomen
shining yellowish buff.
24 PPEROPODIDE.

2. Pteropus rubricollis.
Pteropus rubricollis, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 93 (1810);
Temminck, Monogr. Mammal, i. p. 183 (1827) ; Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1867, p. 3823.

Muzzle narrow and conical; ears very short, triangular, obtusely
pointed, quite concealed by the long fur covering the head; ear-
conch thickly clothed on both surfaces with rather long hairs, which
extend to the tip. Interfemoral membrane very narrow, concealed
by the long soft fur above and beneath,

Fur everywhere very long and dense, and remarkably soft, on the
back erect as on the neck, extending outwards thickly upon the
humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, and in a narrow line along
the distal half of the forearm almost as far as the carpus, also upon
the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the
ankle (when the legs are abducted), and upon the legs to the tarsus ;
beneath, the wing-membrane is similarly but not so thickly covered,
and the fur on the legs extends almost as far as the ankles.

Face and head and chin beneath dark brown, the extremities of
most of the hairs greyish or shining; «a perfect broad collar of light
yellowish fur surrounds the neck, reddish yellow on the nape and
shoulders, buff or pale yellow beneath ; back dark brown, many of
the hairs with shining extremities, as on the face; on the legs with
an olive tinge ; lower part of chest and abdomen dark brown, inter-
mixed with a few long shining hairs. In young individuals the
collar is not well marked, being generally similar in colour to the
fur of the head, but paler than that of the back.

Upper incisors rather short, obtusely conical ; lower inner incisors
separated, half the size of the outer incisors ; first upper premolar
deciduous ; premolars and molars small and narrow, with indistinct
internal cusps, and no basal ridges or projections.

Length, head and body about 6", head 1-9, ear 0'-45, forearm
3-7, thumb 1/4, second finger 2"'-8; third finger—metacarp. 2!-7,
Ist ph. 1-9, 2nd ph. 2-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'-9, 1st ph.
1-25, 2nd ph. 1-1; tibia 1-5, foot 125.
ae specimen in the collection of the Paris Museum has the forearm

Hab. Bourbon, Mauritius. Although associated in these islands
with Pt. vulgaris it has not been found in Madagascar, which the
latter species also inhabits (see P. Z. S. 1875, p. 63). M. Grandidier
mentioned to. the writer that he had never seen Pt. rubricollis during
his travels in that island.

This species is at once distinguished by its remarkably short ears,
which are densely clothed with long hairs, and wholly concealed by
the long fur of the head; also by the extreme softness of the fur
covering the body and extending upon the legs.

a, b. ad. sks. Mauritius. TH. Whitely, Esq. [P.].
e. ad. sk. ? Mauritius, J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. sk.

e. ad. sk, Leyden Mus.

fig. ad. sks, Purchased.
2, PLEROPUS. 25

3. Pteropus dasymallus.

Pteropus dasymallus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 180, pl. 10
(18: 7); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 323; Dobson, Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 16 (1876).

Spectrum dasymallum, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 101 (1870).

Ears shorter than the muzzle, rising but slightly above the fur of
the head, shaped somewhat like those of Cynopterus marginatus
(Plate IT]. fig. 2), the upper fourth of the outer margin slightly con-
cave, and of the inner margin convex; basal half of the ear-conch
thinly clothed with moderately long hairs; interfemoral membrane
very narrow behind, quite concealed in the centre by long fur.

Fur long and woolly on all parts except on the face, on the back
similar to the rest of the body ; head and face reddish brown; the
muzzle darker than the head; nape of neck, shoulders, and part of
the back pale buff or yellowish buff, not defined by a straight line,
passing rather irregularly into the light brown fur of the back;
beneath, a band of unicoloured pale buff fur covers the neck, inter-
rupted in the centre by a few dark brown hairs passing backwards
from the chin to the breast; breast and abdomen brown, the extre-
mities of many of the hairs shining yellow.

On the anterior extremities the fur extends densely, covering
three fourths of the forearm, and passing outwards upon the wing-
membrane almost as far as a line drawn from the distal fourth of
the humerus to the knee; the rump and short interfemoral, and the
legs to the ankles, are thickly covered with very long hair, while a
fringe of fine rather short hairs extends along the margin of the
wing-membrane from the ankle almost as far as the extremity of
the last finger; beneath the wing-membrane behind the forearm is
thickly covered with long hairs, but the lower half of the tibia is
naked.

Muzzle rather long and narrow; zygomatic arches not much
curved outwards; postorbital process of the frontal rather short and
slender, separated from the short ascending process of the zygomatic
arch by a wide interval ; upper incisors nearly equal, well developed ;
lower outer incisors about double the size of the inner incisors, which
are slightly separated from each other; first upper premolar deci-
duous, canine and second premolar separated by a rather wide space ;
lower premolars with basal ridges; last upper molar broadly oval,
larger than the last lower molar, which again exceeds the first
lower premolar. .

Length, forearm 5'-4, thumb 2'"7, first finger 4"; third finger—
metacarp. 3'"55 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 3''"6, Ist ph. 2"'-3, 2nd ph.
2-2 fifth finger—metacarp. 3!-8, Ist ph. 1-8, 2nd ph. 1/8; foot
18,

Hab. Japan (Kiousiou Island).

Japan. Purchased.
; eines se Sir E, Belcher [C.].
c. skull of a.
26 PTEROPODIDA.

4. Pteropus formosus.

Pteropus formosus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 198, pl. xxii. (not de-
scribed).

Ears scarcely longer than the fur, naked; muzzle as in Pt.
dasymallus ; interfemoral short, concealed by the fur.

Fur dark brown above and beneath, the extremities of many hairs
grey; neck in adult male bright yellow or white, with a slightly
yellowish tinge, very distinct from the surrounding dark-coloured
fur ; the collar divided beneath by a narrow but well-defined band of
black hairs extending backwards from the throat to the breast; in
the female the collar is marked only by the fur being somewhat paler
in colour round the neck. Fur everywhere (except on the muzzle)
long and soft, extending upon the forearms and upon the tibie to
the ankles, though not so densely as in Pt. dasymallus; beneath, the
thighs are covered and part of the tibie.

The above description has been taken by me from an inspection of
the only specimens of this species as yet obtained, which are still
living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. The ears
are much injured (as I have always observed to be the case in Bats
living in captivity), and a correct description cannot therefore be
made of them, but they appear to be quite naked, rounded, and
scarcely longer than the fur. Their size appears to correspond to
that of Pt. dasymallus, to which species they are evidently closely
allied; but the very distinct white collar (yellow when the specimens
were first obtained) in the male and the well-marked dark band
dividing it below distinguishes it from P¢. dasymallus. Other more
important differences may be discovered in the form of the ears and
in the dentition when more specimens are obtained, and I agree with
Mr. Sclater in considering the Formosan Pteropus distinct from the
Japanese Pt. dasymallus.

The type specimens now living in the gardens of the Zoological
Society appear to be about the size of Pt. dusymallus.

5. Pteropus pselaphon.

Pteropus pselaphon, Say, Zoolog. Journ. 1829, p. 457; Lemminch,
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 70 (1835-41).

Pteropus ursinus, Aitthitz, Temminck, op. cit, ii. p. 73.

Pselaphon ursinus, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 110 (1870).

Ears short, subacutely pointed, half concealed by the long fur of
the head, but broader at the basal third than in Pt. dasymallus, and
more attenuated towards their extremities, the basal half of the
ear-conch thinly clothed with moderately long hairs; head broad,
rather abruptly narrowed in front.

Posterior margin of the very narrow interfemoral membrane con-
cealed by the fur. Fur everywhere long and dense, dark reddish
brown throughout, some of the hairs of the back shining or greyish
yellow, and, in some specimens, those of the ventral surface also: the
fur of the back long, like that of the neck, extending thickly upon
2. PTEROPUS. 27

the legs to the backs of the feet, even to the base of the claws, and
upon the humerus and the muscular part of the forearm; beneath,
long hairs cover the wing-membrane between the anterior and pos-
terior extremities, and the legs almost as far as the ankles.

Upper incisors strong, close together ; lower outer incisors double
the size of the inner pair, inner incisors close together; canines sepa-
rated by a rather narrow space from the second premolar, which,
with the third premolar, has a posterior and external basal projec-
tion ; the first upper premolar minute, deciduous; last molar slightly
larger than the first lower premolar, which fills up the space between
the canine and second premolar; the second and third lower pre-
molars have external and posterior basal cusps; last molar about the
size of the first premolar.

Skull remarkably broad across zygomatic arches; muzzle short; a
process from the zygoma to meet the postorbital process of the frontal.

Pt. dasymallus has a longer and narrower skull, and the last upper
molar is nearly double the size of the first lower premolar.

Length, head and body 8"-5, eye from tip of nostril 1", ear 0'8,
forearm 5", thumb 2!-3, third finger 10", fifth finger 6!-5, tibia
2-3, foot 1-8.

Hab. Island of Bonin.

a. 3 ad. sk. Island of Bonin. Dr. J. Richardson [P.].
b. ad. sk. Island of Bonin. Zool. Soe. Coll.

ce. 2 ad. sk. Haslar Museum.

d, skull.

6. Pteropus vetulus.

Pteropus vetulus, Jowan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sct. Cherbourg, 1863, p. 90.
Pteropus ornatus, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 105
(1870).

Ears shorter than the muzzle, narrow, and subacutely pointed,
clothed with a few short hairs on both sides, nearly concealed by the
long fur, which is directed backwards.

In a young male (type of Ft. ornatus) the fur is bright ferruginous
brown. above and beneath; face buff; head ferruginous brown, many
of the hairs have their terminal half shining grey; back of neck and
shoulders pale buff, almost white; some of the hairs of the back
greyish as on the head. ;

In a female (type of the species) the face is brown, much mixed
with grey hairs, so that the prevailing colour is greyish; a white
streak, not well-defined in every specimen, extends on each side
above the eye, separated by a darker-coloured patch between on the
forehead ; top and back of the head pale brownish buff, the long fur
nearly concealing the ears; nape pale buff, the greater part of the
hairs almost white; back yellowish brown, with a streak of lighter-
coloured fur passing down the centre, varying much in breadth in
different individuals, in young specimens not discernible; chest and
abdomen bright yellowish brown.
28 PTEROPODID.

Fur long, everywhere very soft and dense, except on the anterior
extremities, where it extends thinly; the humerus is clothed with
appressed yellowish-brown fur, and a small patch of yellows fur
appears upon the forearm near the elbow; the legs are covered to
the ankles, the hairs passing on to the backs of the feet; on the
back the fur is directed backwards, but is not appressed. Beneath
a band of fur extends upon the wings almost as far as the carpus,
and the space between the humerus and femur is covered; three
fourths of the legs are clothed, but not so thickly as on the upper
surface.

Upper incisors strong, nearly equal, close together; first upper
premolar very small, to the outer side of the tooth-row in the centre
of the space between the canine and second premolar; molars well-
developed, the antepenultimate molar much exceeding the preceding
molar in antero-posterior diameter ; the last upper molar oval, slightly
larger than the corresponding tooth below; lower outer incisors
more than double the size of the inner incisors, which are separated
by a slight interval from each other; first lower premolar almost
filling up the space between the canine and second premolar; middle
premolars and molars with transverse basal ridges behind.

Length (of an adult 9 in the Paris Museum), head and body about
9", ear 0'-9, forearm 6'-4, thumb 2-3; third finger—metacarp.
4-1, Ist ph. 3", 2nd ph. 4-2; fifth finger—metacarp. 4-1, 1st
ph. 1!-85, 2nd ph. 1-6 ; foot 1-7.

Hab. New Caledonia; Loyalty Isles.

The museum has lately obtained from the Rev. 8. J. Whitmee a
specimen of a Pteropus from the Loyalty Isles, which, although
differing slightly in the form of the ears and in the colour of the fur,
can be regarded only as a local variety of this species. The ears are
shorter and broader than in P¢. vetwlus from New Caledonia; face
beneath the eyes and the inferior surface of the muzzle greyish fer-
ruginous ; upper surface of the muzzle greyer, a greyish streak above
each eye ; head pale yellowish brown in front, reddish brown bebind ;
neck and shoulders bright yellowish buff, the greater part of the
hairs bright buff; back yellowish brown along the middle, ferrugi-
nous brown on the sides ; the hairs on the forearm ferruginous, as in
specimens from New Caledonia; breast and abdomen bright yel-
lowish, pubis yellowish brown. Distribution of the fur as in other
specimens ; the thighs and legs densely covered above as far as backs
of feet, but the toes are naked; beneath, the thighs and the upper
parts of the tibie are thickly covered.

The upper incisors are not so strong as in New-Caledonia speci-
mens, and are separated by an interval from each other.

a. gd imm. New Caledonia (Port de France). Purchased.
(Type of Pteropus ornatus, Gray.)
6. Q Pad., al. Loyalty Isles (Lifw). Rey. S. J. Whitmee.
2. PTEROPUS. 29

7. Pteropus aneiteanus.

Spectrum anetianum, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 101 (1870).

Muzzle much shorter than in Pt. dasymallus ; ears slightly shorter
than the muzzle; the ear-conch almost naked, but more than half
concealed by the long fur of the neck and side of the head, inner
and outer margins equally slanting inwards above to form the
narrowly rounded tip. Interfemoral membrane scarcely developed
in the centre, quite concealed by the long woolly fur.

Face, head, chin, and throat dark brown, the extremities of the
hairs pale brown or shining; back of the head, nape, and collar
bright reddish brown; shoulders and anterior part of the back pale
yellow; back reddish brown, with paler extremities, becoming yel-
lowish brown posteriorly ; chest and abdomen dark brown, sides of
the body reddish brown.

Fur, above long and woolly ; on the back nearly as long as that
on the neck and shoulders, and not appressed, extending outwards
thickly upon the humerus and forearm, and, posteriorly, upon the
legs to the ankles, but leaving the feet naked, and densely clothing
the short interfemoral membrane; beneath the tibie are nearly naked.

Facial bones much shorter than in Pt. dasymallus (see Table,
p- 30), although the distance from the occipital crest to the supra-
orbital foramen is the same in both species; upper incisors nearly
equal; lower outer incisors more than double the size of the inner
incisors, which are not separated by a space in the centre; first
upper premolar as large as one of the inner lower incisors, persistent,
nearly filling up the space between the canine and second premolar
by its base; second upper premolar and third lower premolar with
a small antero-internal basal cusp, as in Pt. jubatus ; premolars and
molars (except first premolar and last molar) acutely tubercular (vide
Plate IV. fig. 2), moreso than in any other species of the genus, each
tooth with prominent external and internal cusps and a well-defined
cingulum, forming a small antero-internal basal cusp in front, a raised
ridge on the inner side of the tooth, and a transverse ridge behind ;
last upper molar not larger than one of the outer lower incisors, and
scarcely more than half the size of the first lower premolar, which
quite fills up the space between the canine and second premolar ;
last lower molar very small and circular, scarcely larger than one of
the middle lower incisors.

Length, head 2'-3, ear 0'-8, eye from tip of nostril 0'-8, forearm
4"-5, thumb 2", first finger 3!"4; second finger—metacarp. 3!"1,
Ist ph. 2-4, 2nd ph. 3-6; fourth finger—metacarp. 3'3, Ist ph.
1-6, 2nd ph. 1/65 ; tibia 2/2, caleaneum 0!'-4, foot 1-5.

Hab. New Hebrides (Aneiteum Island).

This species is at once distinguished by the very peculiar character
of its teeth, of which the premolars and molars are more acutely
tubercular than in any other species of the genus.

In the following Table the measurements of the skull of Pt.
anciteanus are compared with those of Pt. dasymallus and Pt. pse-
laphon :—
30 PTEROPODIDA.

 

Pt. dasy-| Pt. psela-| Pt.aneite-

 

    
 

mallus. | phon, anus.
Extreme length from occipital crest to end of; in. in. in.
Nasal: PONS Avsccdescausnsnrapeoccadeataae eee 2-45 2-45 22
Breadth across zygomatic arches ............44. 1:25 14 13

Length from supraorbital foramen to extremity
Of masal bones: c2iisscseseesasaauoese sss deeteees
From infraorbital foramen to extremity of
nasal hones: Leccvacreseuietesvs racecar eoeoeen es
Space occupied by last four upper molars......
Space occupied by last four lower molars ......

11 0:95 0°85
0°75 0°65 0:55

O7 0-7 0-6
08 0°83 0-7

 

 

 

a,b, 3 and 9 ad. sks. (type). Aneiteum Island. J. Maegillivray [C.].

c,d. & ad. sks. Aneiteum Island. F. M.Rayneyr, Esq.[P. }.
e. skull of a.

Kg @skulls. Aneiteum Island. J. Macgillivray [C.].
A. imm. skull. Aneiteum Island.

z, skull of e.

8. Pteropus molossinus.

Pteropus molossinus, Temminck, Lsquiss. Zool. sur la eéte de Guiné,
p- 62 (1853) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 332.

About the size of Pt. rubricollis, resembling Pt. pselaphon in the
colour and quality of the fur, but differing remarkably from both in
dentition and in the distribution of the fur.

Ears very narrow, small, and acutely pointed, scarcely longer
than the fur of the head, but nearly naked. Interfemoral membrane
narrow in the centre, concealed by the fur.

General colour of the fur dark reddish brown, with a few long grey
and shining hairs above and beneath; head and back of neck darker
than body, reddish between the eyes; a tuft of bright yellow hairs
over each shoulder-gland ; back and rump more reddish brown.

Fur soft, woolly, and erect; on back half erect, not appressed,
directed backwards ; scarcely any hairs extend upon the forearms or
legs above, and the membranes beneath are also nearly naked.

Muzzle rather short; zygomatic arches wide, without ascending
process ; upper incisors short, contiguous ; lower incisors in pairs,
separated by a space in the middle; the inner incisors very small,
scarcely one fourth the size of the outer incisors, and placed in front
of their inner and anterior sides; first upper premolar persistent,
acutely pointed, in the rather narrow space between the canine and
second premolar, which it half fills up, néarly as long as and in cross-
section equal to half the diameter of one of the outer upper incisors ;
second lower premolar large, with a small but well-defined antero-
internal basal cusp, both it and the corresponding tooth in the upper
jaw and the third lower premolar with small posterior basal cusps ;
last upper molar slightly larger than the last lower molar, which has
an oval crown, and scarcely more than half as large as the first
lower molar, which very nearly fills up the space between the canine
and second premolar.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body about
2. PTEROPUS. 31

7", head 2'-6, ear O'"4, eye from nose about 0-4, forearm 3/5,
thumb 1-4; third finger—metacarp. 2"-3, Ist ph. 1-6, 2nd ph. 2'"-5 ;
fifth finger—metacarp. 2/45, 1st ph. 1-05, 2nd ph, 1-15; tibia
1"-5, foot 1-2.

Hab. Unknown.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

The position of this very remarkable species in the genus is diffi-
cult to determine. While resembling the species allied to Pt. vulgaris
in the quality of the fur and in the short ears, it differs from them
altogether in the nakedness of the extremities, and agrees in dentition
most closely with Pt. aneiteanus and Pt. jubatus.

9. Pteropus poliocephalus.
Pteropus poliocephalus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 179 (1827).

Nearly as large as Pt. gouldii, and with similarly long and pointed
ears, but differing remarkably from that species, as well as from every
species of the genus of the same size, in the quality, colour, and dis-
tribution of the fur.

Ears much longer than the muzzle; the upper third of the ear-
conch narrow, subacutely pointed, and concave beneath the tip, which
is inclined outwards; the concave surface clothed with fine hairs.
Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre, concealed by the
fur.

Fur everywhere long and dense, extending thickly upon the face
and upon both sides of the legs, above to the ankles, beneath as fax
as the ends of the tibiz ; fur of the back directed posteriorly and
slightly appressed, occupying a space quite three inches wide across
the loins, short but dense on the arm and muscular part of the fore-
arm, on the legs and rump woolly; beneath, the whole membrane
between the humerus and the thighs is covered ; fur nearly two inches
wide behind the elbow.

Fur of the head grey with a yellowish tinge, the base of the hairs
dark brown or black; neck and shoulders and anterior part of the
breast bright reddish yellow; breast from shoulder to shoulder blackish
grey, some of the hairs with yellowish extremities; middle of the
lower part of the chest and abdomen black at the base, the terminal
third of the hairs shining yellowish grey; back greyish black,
many of the hairs with shining extremities; the fur covering the
interfemoral membranes and legs of the same colour as on the
abdomen.

Teeth rather narrow, like those of Pt. medius; the first lower
premolar smaller than the last molar, in the centre of the space
between the canine and second premolar; first upper premolar
minute, scarcely visible ; lower incisors small, the inner pair half the
size of the outer and slightly separated.

Length, head and body 8'-5, head 2'-8, ear from end of nostril
2"-3, eye from end of nostril 1-1, ear 1-45 x 0"-7, forearm 6!-2,
thumb 2-5 ; third finger— metacarp. 4", 1st ph. 3"-15, 2nd ph. 4-8 ;
32 PTEROPODIDS,

fifth finger—metacarp. 4", 1st ph. 1-75, 2nd ph. 1-85; tibia 2/85,
foot 2!'-4.
Hab. Australia.

a,b,c. gd and 9 ad.sk. Australia.

d. Q ad. sk. Clarence River, E. Aus-
tralia. ;
ef. 3 ad. sk. Australia. Dr. Merriman [P.].
g. ad. sk. Cape Upstart.
h. ad.sk, (Shot while feeding on the blossom of Eucalyptus.)
7, imm. sk, Australia. Purchased.
j. ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. /
k. Qimm. al. Port Stephens. Dr. G. Bennett [P.].
1. 2 ad. sk.
m,n 3 ad. sk. No history.

10. Pteropus leucopterus.

Pteropus leucopterus, Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de Guiné,
p. 60 (1853).

Spectrum leucopterum e¢ Pteropus chinensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys
and Fruit-cating Bats, pp. 102 & 111 (1870).

Ears as long as the muzzle, conical, with obtuse rounded-off
extremities, naked.

Wings from the sides of the batk, nearly two inches apart at
their origin ; interfemoral membrane very short in the middle, com-
pletely concealed by the dense woolly fur.

The whole of the fur and membranes aro of a pale colour ; above
pale buff, the base of the hairs slightly darker or uniform with the
extremities ; beneath, the fur is much shorter and pale brownish buff.
Membranes and ears pale brown throughout.

Above, the fur of the head and neck and that covering the rump
and legs is soft, very dense and woolly, but not long, that covering the
back slightly shorter and directed backwards, occupying a space about
three inches wide across the loms. Short appressed fur extends
outwards on the humerus, elbow, and three fourths the forearm, and
the legs to the ankles are thickly covered with erect woolly fur; be-
neath, the thighs and the proximal third of the tibice are covered,
and the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur and along
the forearm is thinly clothed.

The skull differs from that of any other known species of the
genus in the peculiar character of the teeth, and in the postorbital
process of the frontal being connected by bone (even in immature
individuals) with the zygomatic arch, so that the orbital ring is com-
plete in front. The upper incisors are very strong and close together,
each with a prominent projecting base behind, the outer incisors
considerably larger than the inner ones; lower inner incisors ex-
ceedingly small, not one sixth the size of the outer incisors, which
are as large in cross-section at their bases as the posterior lower
molars; the first upper premolar is much larger than in any other
species of Pteropus, more than half filling the space between the
canine and second premolar, and nearly equal to one of the middle
2. preroPvus. 383

upper incisors in cross section; the antepenultimate molar above is
smaller than the preceding tooth; the last molar has two blunt an-
terior cusps as in the other molar teeth, and equals or slightly exceeds
one of the outer incisors in cross section; the lower molars are deeply
grooved, and the sides of the groove forming the outer and inner
cusps are notched above; all the teeth remarkably broad and strong
(Plate IV. figs. 1, 1a, 16).

This very peculiar dentition has not been previously noticed. It,
no doubt, indicates some important difference in the food of this
species from that of most of the other species of the genus.

Length (of an old 9), head and body about 10", ear 1", forearm
6", thumb 2"'3, second finger 4; third finger—metacarp. 3!-8, 1st
ph. 2'-9, 2nd ph. 4!-3; fifth finger—metacarp. 4", Ist ph. 1-65,
2nd ph. 1'-8 ; tibia 2'-3, foot 1/8.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

a. 9 ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Purchased.

b. @ ad. sk. China? Mr. Fortune [C. ].
(Type of Pt. chinensis, Gray.)

e. skull of a.

11. Pteropus rayneri.

Pteropus rayneri, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 108
(1870).

Ears as in Pt. keraudrenii, shorter than the muzzle, narrowly
rounded off above.

Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre, concealed by
the fur.

Muzzle grey; face about the eyes and forehead brown with nu-
merous silvery grey hairs ; head reddish brown, extremities of several
hairs greyish or shining; nape of the neck and shoulders bright ferru-
ginous brown,duller beneath; fur of the back short, appressed, extend-
ing for about half an inch on the membranes on each side beyond their
line of origin from the back, dark reddish brown, extending also in a
thin line upon the humerus and upon the fleshy part of the forearm ;
rump and legs almost as far as the ankles covered with long, woolly,
yellow hairs, which completely conceal the narrow interfemoral
membrane in the middle; breast and upper part of abdomen of the
same colour as the back; abdomen and thighs as on the upper
surface.

Incisors and molars large, well developed, the latter without basal
cusps or ridges; lower outer incisors three times as large as the
inner ones ; first upper premolar nearly as large as one of the inner
lower incisors; second premolar not widely separated from the
canine ; first lower premolar nearly filling up the space between the
canine and second premolar, larger than the last upper molar; last
lower molars small, circular, about half the size of the outer lower
incisors; postorbital processes of the frontal scarcely more than
half circumscribing the orbit, no corresponding zygomatic process ;
facial bones rather short, as in Pt. aneiteanus, which, on the whole,

D
Jd PLEROPODIDAE.

this species closely resembles in the form of the skull, but differs as
remarkably in the form of the teeth.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult @), head and body about
8", head 2!-5, ear 0'"-9, eye from tip of nostril 0-9, forearm 5''3,
thumb 2-1, second finger 3/8 ; third finger—metacarp. 36, Ist ph.
2-7, Qnd ph. 4''-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3/8, Ist ph. 1/55, 2nd
ph. 1-4; tibia 2!-4, calcaneum 0!-65, foot 1!-6,

Hab. Solomon Islands (Guadalcanar, San Christoval).

a,b. Q ad. sk. (type). Guadaleanar Island. IF. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].
c,d. ¢ imm. sks. San Christoval. Voyage of the ‘ Herald.
e. skull. San Christoval. Voyage of the ‘ Herald.’

12. Pteropus lombocensis.

Pteropus macklotii, Gray (in part) (non Temminck), Catal. Monkeys
and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 110, var. ? (1870).

Much smaller than Pt, medius. Muzzle rather short ; ears slightly
longer than the muzzle, triangular above, with narrowly rounded-off
extremities ; the upper third of the outer margin slightly concave
beneath the tip ; the inferior half of the margin of the ear-conch in
front clothed with moderately long hairs (Plate ILI. fig. 4).

Wings about one inch apart at their origin from the sides of the
back ; interfemoral membrane very short in the middle, quite con-
cealed by the fur in that part.

Fur moderately long, fine and dense, scarcely extending upon the
humerus or forearm, but covering the upper surface of the legs almost
to the ankles ; on the back short, appressed, very different from the
straight erect fur covering the neck and rump.

General colour of the fur yellowish brown ; ears and membranes
dark brown; head and back darker yellowish brown; neck and
shoulders paler and brighter yellowish brown, the extremities of the
hairs shining ; chest and abdomen dull yellowish brown.

Upper incisors moderately strong, equal, the middle pair separated
slightly ; lower middle incisors close together, very small, not one
quarter the size of the outer incisors, which also considerably exceed
them in height; first upper premolar present in the type specimens
(which appear to be quite adult), in the outer side of the rather
narrow space between the canine and second premolar, and about as
large as one of the middle lower incisors; first lower premolar almost
filing up the space between the adjoining teeth; last upper and
lower molars extremely small, smaller than in any other known
species of the genus, with circular crowns, scarcely larger than the
small internal lower incisors ; the other molars and premolars as in
Pt. medius, but smaller (Plate IV. fig. 4).

Length (of an adult 31), head and body about 7", ears 0""-9, fore-
arm 4'5, thumb 1'-8, second finger 3-2; third finger—metacarp.
2'-9, Ist ph. 2'"1, 2nd ph. 3!-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3!-25, 1st
ph. 1-4, 2nd ph. 1-15; tibia 1-9, foot 1!-4.

Hab. Lombock Island.
2. PTERoPUs. 35

This species resembles Pt. raynert. generally in the provailing
brown colour of the fur and in its quality and distribution ; but is
easily distinguished by the much more pointed ears, by the naked
condition of the forearm, by the conspicuous radiating patches of hairs
over glands on the shoulders, by the yellow- not ferruginous-brown
colour of the fur covering the shoulders and the under surface of the
body, by the conspicuously smaller measurements, and especially by
the remarkably small size of the last upper molars, which in P?.
raynert are as large as the outer lower incisors.

a. o ad.sk. (type). Lombock Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. g ad. sk. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
e. skull of 8.

13. Pteropus samoensis.

Pteropus samoensis, Peale, United-States E-vplor. Exped. p. 20 (1848).

Pteropus nawaiensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and I’ruit-eating Bats,
p. 107 (1870).

Pteropus vitiensis, Gray, op. cit. p. 109. :

Pteropus whitmeei, diston, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 96, pl. xiv.

Ears slightly shorter than the muzzle, conical, narrowly rounded
off at the tip or subacutely pointed, the concave front surface of the
conch thinly clothed with short hairs.

Interfemoral membrane very narrow, quite concealed in the ©
centre by long fur.

Fur soft and dense, extending upon the sides of the face in front
of the eyes, covering the back for a breadth of two inches across the
loins, and thickly clothing the legs to the ankles. The fur of the
back is long and dense, and differs from that of the neck in being
directed backwards, but is not closely appressed.

Face, in front of and above and below the eyes, in the male dark
brown intermixed with some shining hairs, silvery on the muzzle
above; crown of the head bright yellow, neck reddish yellow, shoulders
as the head, back reddish brown ; beneath, the chin is dark brown,
the neck ferruginous brown, breast and abdomen reddish brown.
In the female the face is silvery white, intermixed with a few black
hairs; crown of the head shining buff, neck pale yellow, the shoul-
ders as the head; back brown, the extremities of many hairs shining
grey; beneath, the whole under surface is dark brown, more or less
mixed with silvery hairs, the sides of the neck yellow.

In a young female from Samoa, with forearm 23 inches long, the
hair covering the back and the hinder extremities almost to the
ankles is nearly as long and dense as in adult individuals. The head
is pale yellowish grey throughout, the grey colour predominating ;
the back of the neck dark reddish brown, the extremities of some
hairs bright silvery ; back dark brown, also with some silvery hairs.
Beneath, the neck is brighter reddish brown ; the breast and abdo-
men reddish brown with greyish extremities. ree

Upper incisors strong, slightly notched; lower nO separated

D
36 PTERUPODID-E.

by a narrow space in the middle, the inner half the size of the outer
incisors, all bifid; second upper premolar rather close to the canine ;
the first small premolar, in immature individuals, quite filling up the
space between the canine and second premolar, in adults often deci-
duous; premolars and molars broad, each with a posterior basal
ridge, forming a small projection externally; last upper molar
slightly larger than the first lower premolar; last lower molar about
the size of one of the outer incisors; the antepenultimate upper
molar with a very long antero-posterior diameter.

Length, head and body about 8", head 2"-5, ear 0'-85, eye from
end of nose 0-9, forearm 5", thumb 2", second finger 3-6; third
finger—metacarp. 3!'-25, Ist ph. 2/-4, 2nd ph. 3-8; fifth finger—
metacarp. 3!'-4, lst ph. 1-5, 2nd ph. 1-4; tibia 2"-1, foot 1-6.

Hab. Fiji Islands; Navigators’ Islands.

This species resembles Pt. keraudrenii (which inhabits the same
islands) in size, in the form of the ears, and, to a considerable extent,
in the colour of the fur; but may be at once distinguished by the
different quality of the fur of the back, and by the legs being well
covered almost to the ankles. This is as well seen in young speci-
mens as in old individuals*.

On the habits of this species see remarks by Rev. 8. J. Whitmee
in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society, 1874, p. 666.

a,b. Simm. & ad. sks. Ovalau Island, Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Pteropus vitiensis, Gray.)

c. 9 ad. sk. Nawai Island, Fiji. Voyage of the ‘ Herald,’
(Type of Pteropus nawaiensis, Gray.)

d. Q juv. sk. Samoa. Rev. 8S. J. Whitmee [P.].

e. 2 imm., al. Samoa. Purchased.

f. skull. Nawai, Fiji Islands.

g. skull of a.

14. Pteropus rodricensis.

Ears slightly longer than the muzzle, but projecting by their
upper third only from the long fur surrounding them; ear-conch
moderately broad in lower three fourths, very abruptly narrowed
above by flattening of the upper fourth of the inner margin and a
deep concavity of the corresponding part of the outer margin, ter-
minating in a narrow acute tip; more than two thirds of the
concave surface of the conch is well clothed with moderately long
hairs, the uppper fourth and the back of the ear naked or with a
few short hairs only (Plate ITI. fig. 1).

Fur long and dense, in quality intermediate between that of Pt.
edwardsii and Pt. vulgaris; that covering the back of the head, neck,
and shoulders very long, on the back shorter but not appressed, the
hairs directed backwards, extending thickly upon the wings almost
as far outwards as a line drawn from the proximal third of the

* The Rev. 8. J. Whitmee has presented to the British Museum a very young
specimen of this species and of Pt. keraudrenii from Samoa. These differ
remarkably in the colour and distribution of the fur, and at once show how
distinct the species are. (See description of Pteropus keraudreniti.)
2. prrroews. 37

humerus to the knee, upon the femur, knee, and adjoining. wing-
membrane along the proximal third of the tibie, about two thirds of
which are thickly covered with straight hairs directed backwards,
their distal thirds being nearly naked as well as the feet; and, al-
though the fur of the back extends upon the interfemoral mem-
brane, it does not conceal its posterior margin, and its lower third,
supported by the calcanea, is naked. Beneath, the antebrachial
membrane is covered with long thinly-spread hairs, and similar
hairs clothe the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur,
and extend outwards in a broad band behind the forearm. Face
reddish brown, with a few greyish or shining hairs; chin and throat
darker brown ; top of the head and nape reddish or yellowish brown,
passing into a band of bright yellow, which extends across the back
of the neck from shoulder to shoulder, and downwards on the sides
of the neck and thorax, limited by a longitudinal band of dark fur
passing backwards from the chin along the thorax to the abdomen,
which is clothed with dark brown fur, of which some hairs have
greyish or shining extremities; fur of the back behind the shoulders
dark brown, the extremities of the hairs more or less yellowish. In
the male the extremities of the hairs on the head and back are much
brighter-coloured than in the female.

First upper premolar deciduous; the second upper premolar and
the second and third lower, also the first and second upper molars
and the first lower, have each a small but distinct posterior basal
cusp; even the small first lower premolar has an indication of a
posterior basal cusp; last upper molar very small and circular, not
as large as the first lower premolar; last lower molar slightly larger
than the first lower premolar.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 7",
head 2"-2, ear 0-9, ear from tip of nostril 2", eye from tip of nostril
0"-8, forearm 4-9 ; thumb—metacarp. 0-35, ph. and claw 1-6;
third finger—metacarp. 3-3, lst ph. 2!°4, 2nd ph. 3!-55; fourth
finger—metacarp. 3!'"25, 1st ph. 2", 2nd ph. 1'°85; fifth finger—
metacarp. 3/35, 1st ph. 15, 2nd ph. 1!"45; tibia 2"-25, caleaneum
0-6, foot 1-15.

Hab. Island of Rodriguez.

a-d. 3 & Q juv. et ad., al. Rodriguez. Royal Society.
e. 9 ad. ve : Rodriguez. Royal Society.
f. ad. sk. Rodriguez. Royal Society.
g. skeleton. Rodriguez. Royal Society.

15. Pteropus brunneus.

Ears asin Pt. keraudrenii, but naked, scarcely as long as the muzzle,
triangular above, obtusely pointed (Plate ITI. fig. 6).

Interfemoral membrane very narrow behind, concealed by the fur
in the centre.

Fur rather short throughout, longer on the neck than on the back,
where it is directed backwards and slightly appressed, occupying a
38 PLTEROPODID.E.

space nearly two inches wide across the middle of the back; fore-
arm clothed with a few short hairs only, but the legs are covered
almost to the ankles; beneath, the thighs only are covered, and a
few fine erect hairs occupy the wing-membrane between the humerus
and femur and behind the forearm.

General colour yellowish brown: head yellowish brown, with a
few shining hairs, the base of the fur dark brown; breast and abdo-
men somewhat similar, but the base of the hairs not so dark as on
the upper surface; above, the neck is brighter yellowish brown ; the
back similar to the head.

The skull is differently shaped from that of Pt. semoensis, the
facial bones are longer, and the zygomatic arches less curved out-
wards; premaxillary bones more slender and incisors smaller ; first
upper premolar very small, in the narrow space between the canine
and second premolar; last upper molar as large as the first lower
premolar; remaining teeth as in Pt. medius, without basal projec-
tions or cusps.

Length (of the type specimen, a nearly adult ¢), head and body
about 8", head 2!-3, ear 0''-8, eye from tip of nostril 0-9, forearm
4''-5, thumb 1''-9, second finger 3'-4; third finger—metacarp. 31,
Ist ph. 2!-35, 2nd ph. 3-8; fifth finger—metacarp. 3!4, Ist ph.
1"-45, 2nd ph. 1"-5; tibia 2!"1, foot 15.

Hab. Percy Island, near east coast of Australia.

This species is distinguished from Pé. polvocephalus by the very
differently shaped ears, by the colour and quality of the fur, and by
its conspicuously smaller size; from Pt. swmoensis, which it probably
approaches most closely, by the naked ears, quite differently coloured
fur, and by the much broader premolars and molars without basal
projections, as well as by the very small size of the first upper pre-
molar; from P#. gouldi, which inhabits the same island, by the
quite differently shaped ears, by the colour and distribution of the
fur, and by its much smaller size.

a. & nearly ad. sk. (type). Percy Island. Captain Denham [C.].
b. skull of a.

16. Pteropus personatus.

Pteropus personatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 189; Gray,
(lero Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 111, with a woodcut
0).

Fars slightly longer than the muzzle, oval, rounded off above.

Interfemoral membrane narrow behind, concealed by the fur.
Face pale buff-white, marked by conspicuous well-defined brown
streaks: on each side a brown streak extends from the nostril to the
eye, where it divides, one half passing upwards and backwards
above the eye to the crown of the head (being separated from the
posterior half of the eyelid by a white patch), the other half passes
along the margins of the upper and lower eyelids, and reappears at
the posterior angle of the eye, behind which it extends for a short
distance, where it joins at right angles the commencement of a
2. PIBROPUS. 89

broad band, which passes directly downwards, and meets beneath
the jaws the corresponding band from the opposite side. Head and
neck yellowish white, the extremities of the hairs on the back of the
neck more or less bright yellow; back brownish grey, the extre-
mities of the hairs almost white ; beneath pale brown, the terminal
half of the hairs pale yellowish.

Fur everywhere very soft and dense (as in Pt. temminckii), though
not long, widely covering the loins, and extending thinly upon the
humerus and forearms, and upon the backs of the legs and the
adjoining wing-membrane to the ankles, and concealing the very
narrow interfemoral membrane in the middle.

Outer lower incisors much longer than the inner ones, which are
separated by an interval; molars. feeble, narrow, the internal cusp
scarcely developed ; first upper premolar closer to the canine than
to the second premolar, as large as one of the inner lower incisors ;
a wide space between the lower canine and second premolar, in the
anterior half of which the first lower premolar is placed; last lower
molar scarcely larger than one of the outer lower incisors.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body about 5'-5, head 1'-8, ear
0-7, eye from tip of nostril 0-7, forearm 3!'-6, thumb 1!'-6, second
finger 3"; third finger—metacarp. 2/7, lst ph. 2", 2nd ph. 2'-8 ;
fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-55, 1st ph. 1'-55, 2nd ph. 1-6; fifth
finger—metacarp. 2''-6, 1st. ph. 1/2, 2nd ph. 1-2; tibia 1/7, cal-
caneum 0!'-4, foot 1/25.

Hab. Ternate.

a,b. § & Q ad. sk, Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

e o ad. sk.
d. skull of e.

17. Pteropus capistratus.

Pteropus capistratus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 816 (with a
coloured plate) ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 116.

Closely allied to Pt. personatus, but distinguished immediately by
the different character of the facial streaks, and by its conspicuously
larger size. ae

Ears as in P?. personatus, as long as the muzzle, and similarly
rounded off at their extremities. Face pale yellowish white; be-
tween the eyes and the ears a black ring surrounds the muzzle,
meeting above on the forehead a black longitudinal streak, which
extends backwards from the nose between the eyes, and on either
side behind the angle of the mouth a similar black streak, which
passes downwards and backwards from the upper surface of the
muzzle in front of the eye, while a much smaller and narrower dark
line of fur extends forwards from the anterior and backwards from
the posterior commissure of the eyelids. -

The colour of the remaining parts of the fur is generally similar
to that of Pt. personatus, but the hairs are longer and extend even
more thickly upon the membranes and posterior cxtremities.
40 PreKOPUDIDE.

Teeth as in Pt. persunatus.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body about 7", head 2", ears
0-8, eye from nostril 0-8, forearm 4'-4, thumb 1'"8, second finger
3-25 ; third finger—metacarp. 2!'-85, Ist ph. 2'-3, 2nd ph. 3!"6 ;
fourth finger—metacarp. 2!-85, lst ph. 1-8, 2nd ph. 1-7; fifth
finger—metacarp. 3!'-1, Ist ph. 1/4, 2nd ph. 1/3; tibia 1-85,
foot 1/4.

Hab. New Ireland, Duke of York Island, and New Britain.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

a,b. @ ad. sks. Duke of York Island. Rey. G. Brown [C.]

18. Pteropus wallacei.

Pteropus wallacei, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866 (with a woodcut of the head) ;
Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats.

The only specimen of this species as yet obtained is an example
of avery young individual, in which the epiphyses of the finger-
bones are quite separate, and the permanent teeth have not appeared.
Dr. Peters believes it to be the young of Pt. personatus, and in the
absence of other equally immature specimens of that species I am
unable to confirm or reject his hypothesis. However, as the pecu-
liar markings of the fur of the face are very different from those of
Pt. personatus, I think it better to consider Pt. wallacei a distinct
species until the question can be decided by the inspection of
equally young specimens of Pt. personatus.

The face and crown of the head are reddish brown; a small
oblong patch of white hairs directed backwards appears above the
eye on each side; a narrow but very distinct streak of similarly
coloured fur extends along the centre of the muzzle as far back as
the space between the eyes, and a band of white hairs margins the
upper lip; the remainder of the fur is soft and woolly, and resembles
that of Pt. personatus in colour, quality, and distribution.

Hab. Macassar, Celebes.

a, imm. sk. (type). Macassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

19. Pteropus temminckii.

Pteropus griseus, Temminck (non Geoffroy), Monogr. Mammal. ii.
p-. 81 (1835-41) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 381);
Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 110.

Pteropus temminckii, Peters, 1. ¢.

Ears about as long as the muzzle, narrowly rounded off above,
naked ; the outer and inner margins of the conch converging almost
equally towards the tip. Wings from the back near the spine,
scarcely one third of an inch apart at their origin. Interfemoral
membrane very narrow in the middle, completely concealed by the
dense fur. The fur of the upper surface extends thinly and very
short upon the arm and forearm, but thickly clothes the thighs, and
passes along the tibie almost to the ankles; beneath, the thighs are
2. PrEROPUS. 41

also clothed, and fine long hairs extend upon the wing-membrane
between the humerus and femur and behind the forearm.

Fur everywhere soft, very dense and woolly, and moderately long,
even on the back, where it is directed backwards, occupying a space
nearly two inches wide across the loins. Above shining buff, the
basal two thirds of the hairs reddish brown; beneath dull buff, the
base of the hairs brownish; on the back of the neck the terminal
half of the hairs bright yellowish buff. On the whole, the fur on
the upper surface is like that of Pt. personatus without the black
streaks on the face. Membranes light reddish brown.

In the type specimen in the Leyden Museum the fur and mem-
branes are much paler throughout, the back silvery grey with a few
intermixed light brown hairs, head above and beneath pale buff,
back of neck yellowish buff, wings half an inch apart, but the fur
occupies a space two and a half inches wide across the loins.

Skull with a long and narrow facial portion ; zygomatic arches
moderately curved outwards, with a small ascending process ; den-
tition as in Pt. medius.

Length (of a not quite adult ¢), head and body about 6", ear
0"-75, eye from nose 0-75, forearm 3/8, thumb 1-55, second
finger 2/65; third finger—metacarp. 2!'5, 1st ph. 1/9, 2nd ph.
2"-8 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2!'-65, lst ph. 1-1, 2nd ph. 1"; tibia
1-6, foot 1'"1.

The type in the Leyden Museum is an example of a quite adult
individual. It has the forearm 4 inches long, so that the specimen
from which the above measurements have been taken is evidently
nearly full-grown.

Hab. Semao, Timor, Amboina, Ceram.

This species is easily distinguished by its soft and almost uni-
coloured pale buff silky fur, which, though not long, thickly covers
the back, and descends upon the legs almost to the ankles ; also by
its teeth, which are like those of Pt. medius, but smaller, and by its
smnall size.

a. imm. sk. Ceram. Purchased.
b. Pad. sk. Timor. Purchased.
c. skull of a.

20. Pteropus scapulatus.

Pteropus scapulatus, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1862, p. 574.
Pteropus elseyi, Gray, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 67; Catal. Monkeys and
Fruit-eating Bats, p. 108 (1870).

Ears narrow and subacutely pointed, longer than the muzzle,
naked, the upper third of the outer margin of the conch slightly
concave ; muzzle long and rather narrow, as in the group Macro-

lossi.
‘ Interfemoral narrow behind, but its posterior margin beneath is
not concealed by the fur ; wings about an inch apart at their origin
from the back.

General colour of the fur reddish or yellowish brown. Face and
under surface of muzzle dark brown with some greyish hairs, on the
42 PTEROPODID.

crown of the head the extremities of the hairs are yellowish brown ;
throat reddish brown, a much paler or yellowish-brown collar
surrounds the neck; on each shoulder (in adult males only) a tuft
of light buff-coloured hairs, and the fur of the antebrachial and
wing-membrane beneath is of the same pale colour; back, breast,
and abdomen dark reddish brown.

Fur of the back short and appressed, occupying a space in the
middle of the back about two inches wide, and short appressed hairs
appear upon the humerus and upon the fleshy part of the forearm,
also extending thinly outwards upon the legs almost as far as the
ankles. Beneath, the extremities are nearly naked, but the ante-
brachial membrane and the wiug-membrane between the humerus
and femur and along the forearm are covered with long woolly hair.

The types of Pt. elseyi, Gray, all appear to be immature indi-
viduals. In them the general colour of the fur is reddish or
yellowish brown throughout, the neck surrounded by a collar of
paler coloured fur, without any trace of white shoulder-tufts.

The dentition is very peculiar, the teeth resembling those of the
species of the genera Honycteris and Macroglossus. The canines are
remarkably long and slender, and deeply grooved longitudinally in
front ; all the teeth are very narrow and unicuspidate ; the central pair
of upper incisors are slightly separated, and a wide space exists
between the middle pair of lower incisors; the first small premolar
in both jaws is placed in the anterior half of the wide space between
the canine and second premolar; the last lower molar is scarcely as
large as the small lower outer incisor. The mandible is corre-
spondingly slender, and the symphysis menti very deep from before
backwards, as in the group Macroglossi (Plate IV. fig. 3).

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 9", head 2!'-6, ear
1-2, forearm 5!"4, thumb 2'-1, second finger 3-9, third finger
11-5, fifth finger 7", tibia 2!'-6.

Length (of one of the types of Pt. elseyi), head and body about
7", eye from nostril 0!-95, ear 1-05, forearm 5!"-3, thumb 2!-1,
second finger 3!-7; third finger—metacarp. 3!-6, 1st ph. 2'-7, 2nd
ph. 3-9; fifth finger—metacarp. 3-6, 1st ph. 1-65, 2nd ph. 1'"6 ;
tibia 2'-2, foot 1°75.

Hab. N.E. Australia (Cape York, Claremont River and Island).

Pt. scupulatus differs so much from all other species of this genus,
and resembles the long-tongued Macroglossi so closely in the form
of the skull and in dentition, that we should expect to find that it
feeds on similar fruits, and that the tongue is similarly lengthened
and provided with long brush-like papille. This, however, cannot be
determined from an examination of the specimens hitherto obtained,
which are dried skins from which the tongues have been removed.

a. Q ad.sk. N. Australian expedition. Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.].
(Type of Pteropus elseyt, Gray.) °

b. QP ad.sk. Claremont Island, N.E. Australia. Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.}.

c. 9 imm.sk. Claremont Island, N.E. Australia. Dr. J. R. Elsey IP

d. skull of a. ‘

e. imm, skull.
2, PrEROPUS. 43

21. Pteropus macrotis.

Pteropus macrotis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 327.
P Pteropus epularius, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,
1877, ii. p. 8

Ears long, narrow, and attenuated towards the subacute extre-
mities, much longer than the muzzle (Plate III. fig. 3).

Interfemoral membrane very narrow behind, concealed by the fur in
the centre; wings about half an inch apart at their origin from the back.

Sides of the face and under surface of lower jaw dark brown,
almost black ; crown of the head greyish yellow, the bases of the
hairs brown, a streak of the same light-coloured hairs extends
forwards upon the face between the eyes; back of the head, neck,
and shoulders bright pale straw-colour, as in Pt. keraudrenit; in
front of each shoulder an epaulet of longer and coarser yellow hairs
over glands, and the fur across the back of the neck between these
glands and around their posterior and superior sides is deeper straw-
colour; sides of the neck beneath and breast black, the black fur
surrounding anteriorly and inferiorly the bright-coloured tufts on
each side; abdomen and sides dark brown, the fur of the centre of
the abdomen shorter, and mixed with a few greyish hairs; back
behind shoulders dark brown.

Above and beneath, the forearms and legs are naked, and the
wing-membrane has only a few long scattered hairs beneath; the bases
of the ears in front and behind are alone clothed. Fur across the
middle of the back occupying a space about two inches wide.

First upper premolar minute, persistent, in the wide space be-
tween the canine and second premolar ; first lower premolar about
the same size as the last upper molar, all the teeth much smaller
and narrower than in any other species, except Pt. scapulatus.

The following measurements are taken from the skin of an adult
male preserved in alcohol, and are greater than those of the type
which I have examined, and believe to be an example of an
immature female.

Length, head 2/5, eye from tip of nostril 0'-85, ear 1'-45 x 0'"7,
humerus 4", forearm 5!-4, thumb 2", second finger 3'-5; third
finger—metacarp. 3!-3, lst ph. 2!'5, 2nd ph. 3-6; fourth finger—
metacarp. 3-25, lst ph. 2'-1, 2nd ph. 2'-1 ; fifth finger—metacarp.
3-45, Ist ph. 1!'-7, 2nd ph. 1""6; foot 15.

Hab. Aru Islands; Yule Island, New Guinea.

This species resembles Pt. alecto very closely in the colour of the
fur, but the ears are much longer and acutely pointed, like those of
Pt. medius, and the remarkably small size of the premolars and
molars not only at once distinguish it from that species, but from
every other species of the genus as yet known except Pt. scapulatus,
in which the teeth are even smaller. The large development of the
shoulder-tufts over glands is also noticeable, and this, as well as
other corresponding characters, lead us to believe that Pt. epularius,
P. Ramsay, from Katow, N. Guinea, is identical with this species.

a, of ad. sk., al. Yule Island, N. Guinea. Purchased.
44 PTEROPODIDZ.

22. Pteropus griseus.

Pteropus griseus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 94, pl. 6 (1810);
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 326.

Pteropus pallidus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 184 (1827)
(vide Peters, 1. c.).

Ears rather short, scarcely as long as the muzzle, narrowly rounded
off above, the upper third of the outer margin slightly flattened.
Wings close together, scarcely half an inch apart at their origin
from the back. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the middle,
concealed by the fur.

Head and neck bright yellow, muzzle slightly paler; back blackish
brown, mixed with many grey hairs; breast and abdomen greyish
yellow, the bases of the hairs black. Younger individuals are
darker throughout. Membranes pale brown.

Fur generally short, scarcely extending upon the extremities or
upon the wings, occupying a space about an inch wide across the
loins, where it is closely appressed.

Teeth as in Pt. medius.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 8", ear 1/1, fore-
arm 4"-5, third finger 9!'-5, fifth finger 6-2, tibia 2!-2, foot 1-5.

Hab. Timor; Banda; (? Sumatra, Malacca, Temm.).

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

23. Pteropus melanopogon.

Pteropus phaiops, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 65 (1885-41)
(excl. i. p. 178).

Pteropus melanopogon, Schlegel, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 330.

Eunycteris phaiops, Gray (in part), Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating
Bats, p. 118 (1870).

Ears shorter than the muzzle, triangular above, with a rounded-off
vertical angle. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre.
Wings from the back close to the spine, in old individuals naked across
the back *, or the fur reduced to a narrow longitudinal streak ; legs
and forearms naked.

Head brownish yellow, brighter yellow between the eyes and on
the crown of the head; throat and sides of throat dark brown; neck
and shoulders bright yellow, also under surface of neck and anterior
part of the breast; breast and abdomen pale yellowish buff, axilla
dark brown ; above, the line of fur along the spine dark brown
with a few greyish hairs. The female is darker throughout.

Skull and teeth as in Pt. medius, but the molars much larger.

(For measurements see Table, p. 47.)

Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion ; Celebes (Macassar); Bouru, Am-
boina, Ceram (Goram, Boano, Manavolka, Saparua, Peters).

b. 2 juv. et ad. sks. * Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
@ ad. sk. Ceram. Purchased.
© imm. sk, Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

* See remarks on this character at the bottom of next page.
2. PTEROPUS. 45

Var. a.
Pteropus degener, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 318.

Under the above name Dr. Peters has described the skin of an old
male received by the Berlin Museum from the Aru Islands, which
differs from all known specimens of Pt. melanopogon and its varieties
by the shortness of the ears. The face is clothed with short whitish
hairs ; crown of the head, neck, throat, breast, and abdomen bright
reddish yellow, at the base pale yellow; the whole back is naked,
on the rump a few greyish hairs alone appear; the woolly hair on
the ventral surface of the antebrachial and wing-membranes red-
dish yellow.

Total length about 15"; head 3/8, ear 0-87 x0"-6, forearm
7-75, tibia 3!-4, caleaneum 1'-05, foot 2!-4, skull 3!'-6.

This specimen appears to me to agree so closely with Pteropus
melanopogon in size, in the general colour of the fur, and in the
nakedness of the back that I really doubt whether it should be con-
sidered a variety, even, on account of the comparative shortness of
the ears, which, on the whole, according to the measurements given,
are scarcely one fifth of an inch shorter than in typical specimens of
Pt. melanopogon. The shortness of the ears may well be due, in
such an old individual, to a peculiar ulcerative process which often
attacks the margins of the ear-conch, causing gradual absorption.

Var. p.

Pteropus melanopogon, var. aruensis et keyensis, Schlegel, Peters, MB.
Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 380.

Ears as in the type of Pt. melanopogon; fur two inches wide across
the middle of the back; interfemoral membrane quite concealed in the
centre ; legs and forearms nearly naked ; head pale yellowish brown,
withafew intermixed dark-coloured hairs; neck bright reddish brown
above, dark brown on the sides and beneath; back silvery yellowish
grey ; breast and abdomen yellowish buff, paler posteriorly.

Female specimens are darker, bright reddish beneath, or reddish
brown intermixed with buff, and bright bay on the upper surface of
the neck; back brownish silvery grey.

From an inspection of the specimens named by Dr. Peters in the
Leyden Musem, the writer has satisfied himself that the skins from
the Key Islands are examples of the brighter-coloured males of this
variety.

These specimens, as well as those in the British Museum collec-
tion, have the back well covered, as described above, and the wings
appear to arise half an inch apart ; whereas in the typical examples
of Pt. melanopogon the wing-membrane appears to arise much closer
to the spine, and the back is quite naked and the fur reduced to a
mere line along the spine. These might seem to be quite sufficient
differences in structure to lead us to consider this form a distinct
species ; but the fur of the back evidently disappears with age, and
it is impossible in dried specimens to judge of the position of origin
46 PLEROPODID.E.

of the wings with much certainty, owing to the stretching undergone
by the skin in the drying process. The value of these characters
can only be determined by a large series of specimens preserved in
alcohol, which no museum as yet possesses.

(For measurements see Table, p. 47.)

a. 9 ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

Var. y.

Pteropus melanopogon, var. neohibernicus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1876, p. 317.

I have not seen the specimens described under this name by Dr.
Peters, who remarks that they agree so closely in the form of the
ears, in the proportional measurements of parts, in the development
of the volar membranes, in the fur, and in the form of the skull
with the typical examples of Pt. melanopogon from Celebes and
Amboina that it is impossible to separate them from that species.
They differ, however, in the colour of the fur, of which the follow-
ing description is given :—

In the male the face and forehead is dark reddish brown, nape of
the neck reddish, neck paler, back darker, breast and abdomen
lighter reddish brown. Hair covering the antebrachial and wing-
membranes along the sides of the body beneath reddish.

In the female the face is paler, more yellowish red, also the nape
of the neck, breast, and abdomen; neck and back still more yel-
lowish, palest posteriorly.

Ear 1-1, forearm 5",

The above measurements show that these specimens are much
smaller than typical examples of Pt. melanopogon, and they aro
therefore probably immature.

The collection possesses a specimen of a nearly adult male of
this species, which was obtained in Duke of York Island, near
the coast of New Ireland, whence came the types of Dr. Peters’s
variety described above. This specimen is very much larger, nearly
as large as full-grown specimens of Pt. melanopogon from Ceram,
but agrees so closely in other respects with the New-Ireland forms,
that I have no hesitation in placing it under the same name. It
differs, however, in having slightly shorter ears, and an index finger
exceeding in its proportional length not only that of every other
specimen of this species as yet known (see measurements below), but
also those of every species of the genus. This may, however, be an
individual peculiarity, and I hesitate, in the absence of other speci-
mens, to ascribe any value to it. The fur is dark reddish brown,
with a slightly greyish tinge, on the face, between the eyes, and
under the jaws; head, neck, shoulders, and the whole under surface
of the body bright reddish brown, with a yellowish tinge, the hairs
paler and more yellowish towards the base; on the back dark
brown, intermixed with bright sulphur-yellow, which replaces the
brown across the loins; interfemoral membrane with longer, dark
brown, almost black hairs.
2. PTEROPUS. 47

The wings arise close together from the sides of the back, and the
fur along the back is scarcely more than an inch in width at its widest
part.

The canine and second upper premolar are separated by a narrow
space, also in the lower jaw, where the first premolar nearly fills up
the space between.

In the following Table the measurements of the above-described
specimen are placed in the first column; in the second those of Pt.
melanopogon from Bouru Island; in the third those of Pt. melano-
pogon, var. aruensis; while in the fourth the few measurements of
Pt. degener given by Dr. Peters are exhibited :—

Er. If, TIT, IV.
Eengthvof head scccsceccascassvmsseanaeesteneesness 37 ch one 37
os GAM acai eee teneidentine nnestieiotsaser: 1:0 1:0 1-0 0-87
es TOPOABING 2c.ccuscecinsanccssarrcnworsere 70 775 7:3 UE
% second finger ssisvssccascn aeaess 56 5d 5:45 ss
% third finger, metacarp. ............ 475 5 51
= as steph. -giassaweaiaes 3°65 38 36
n re 2nd phe ss s.cncueewes 56 63 55
- fifth finger, metacarp................ 49 5°25 5:2
= i Vat phic nuesaees sears 24 2°5 2°25
is - Qnd phi.’ iceswseinae antes 21 2-4 2-0 6
i HIDIB -wscensiacdecnusesaesaveneueercessess 3:3 33 Pe 3:4
3 CRlCAN ONIN aceccnc<casencecobieanrnenes del za ise 1
LOOE: aricdaseigwansenganetosmoredesictones 2-4 ess e 24

a-d. 6 & Qimm. et ad.sks. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

24. Pteropus chrysoproctus.

Pteropus chrysoproctus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 67
(1835-41); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 331,
Pteropus argentatus, Gray, Voy. ‘Sulphur,’ Mammalia, p. 80 (1844).

Ears longer than the muzzle; general shape as in Pt. medius,
rather broader in the upper third and more abruptly narrowed and
subacutely pointed. Wings close together at origin from the sides
of the back, scarcely half an inch apart. Interfemoral membrane
short, but its free margin in the centre is not concealed by the fur.

The whole body, except half the back, is covered with bright
reddish-yellow fur, which is darker under the chin and on the chest
and abdomen; anterior half of the back reddish brown. In the
type of Pt. argentatus, Gray (a not full-grown male), the back is
darker brown, with a few intermixed yellowish hairs.

Although the wings are so close together at their origin, the fur
covering the middle of the back is nearly two inches in width and.
rather long.

Teeth as in Pt. medius, which this species also closely resembles
in the form of the skull.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 9", ear 1-2,
eye from tip of nostril 0'-8, forearm 6/-5, thumb 3!'1 ; third finger—
metacarp. 4-5, 1st ph. 3/6, 2nd ph. 5-4; fifth finger—metacarp.
4/8, Ist ph. 2'-1, 2nd ph. 2"; tibia 2"-9, foot 1"-8.
48 PTEROPODIDZ.

Hab. Amboina, Ceram, Goram, Pulo Pandjamb (Peters).

a. f imm., al. Moluccas. Sir E. Belcher [C. ]}.
(Ty e of Pteropus argentatus, Gray.
b. g ad. sk. atabello Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

25, Pteropus pteronotus.

Eunycteris phaiops, Gray (in part), Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating
Bats, p. 118 (1870).

Muzzle long and narrow; ears longer than the muzzle, abruptly
narrowed and attenuated in upper third. Interfemoral membrane
nearly one inch deep in the centre, where it forms an acute angle.
Wings arising close together, scarcely a quarter of an inch apart at
the spine, but the fur extends outwards upon them for more than
half an inch each side.

Colour of the fur like that of Pt. edulis; head reddish yellow,
under surface of the muzzle and throat dark reddish glistening brown;
back of the neck and shoulders bright yellow, brightest on the
shoulders ; back reddish brown; rump dark brown, with a few
shining yellowish hairs.

Fur generally short, much longer on the neck than anywhere
else, on the back occupying a space scarcely two inches wide; the ‘
humerus and forearm have a few very short hairs; the interfemoral
membrane is partially covered above, its posterior half naked ; tibize
naked above and beneath, the thighs covered almost as far as the
knees on both surfaces.

Teeth as in Pt. edulis, except that the upper incisors are more
slender and the minute first upper premolar is persistent; the lower
middle incisors are separated by an interval.

The following Table exhibits the relative measurements of this
species (No. I.) and of two specimens of Pt. chrysoproctus—the type
specimen (a dried skin), preserved in the Leyden Museum (No. IL.),
and the type of Pt. argentatus, Gray, preserved in alcohol (No. IIL.).

I. II. II.
Length, head and body, about ...............06ceee eee 9-0 85 7-5*
. Wea dy ceo ssivccaaccesa den sencseveananceecssenns 30 ae 24
hj OAT 2ecceuaawaiceackaces er ne Ueiteca aoe eae 15 12 1-2
£ eye from tip of nostril...............ccceeseee 1:2 0-8 08
*s POPEALI  secce ses. di aebacsews saaeeseneccouseseuns 72 6:5 52
i thumb: schesavev cesses vadlss teowannestacnarcasene 3-0 3:1 24
<5 SECON ANGOL....ciedeseccascaase vase aataaedeee 5-2 wee 39
a third finger, metacarp. ...............06..88 45 45 34
53 <3 Ast phitec ecdeosaes GS ccauds nae. 35 3-6 25
e QnA Phy secancnesorastarenctesaas 51 54 3:9
os fifth finger, MotaGarps sis cecerncrseter secede 4:75 48 36
; i Vet phot can tcccusectecvusaaesases 2:3 21 1:55
i - Quid Phi cvs vecaacours tu desneste' 2:3 2:0 1:55
; CUDA) paces doececwsatucutuawsciewseretiehs meets 35 2-9 23
3 CAlCANGUMN 5523s ccdeene vas eeaneoSioieosnvetoonas 13 es 0°75
i LO Ob eden sick we dantanneten eon iaktaanaeea bene 24 1:8 18

 

* Not full-grown.
2. PTEROPUS. 49

Comparison of the above measurements shows that while this

species exceeds Pt. chrysoproctus very considerably in the length of
the muzzle, ears, forearms, tibise, and feet, the latter has the bones
of the middle finger longer. This could not be the case if Pt. ptero-
notus represented only the more adult form of Pt. chrysoproctus, for,
in all Bats, while the ears and feet attain their full size when the
animal is still young, the bones of the wings are the last parts of
the body to reach their full length.
; This species, therefore, differs from Pt. chrysoproctus, to which it
is most nearly allied, in the greater length of the parts referred to
above, in the different colour of the fur, in the narrower and much
longer muzzle, in the presence of the small first upper premolar in
adult individuals, and in the remarkable development of the inter-
femoral membrane behind, which is equalled only by Pt. edulis from
the same locality.

a. 9 ad, al. Java. J. Bowring, Esq. [P.].

26. Pteropus edulis.

Pteropus edulis, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p.90 (1810) ; Temminck,
Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 172, ii. p. 58; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1867, p. 324; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 197, pl. xiv.
fig. 1 (ear); Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 2U (1876).

Pteropus javanicus, Desmarest, Mammatogie, p. 109 (1820).

Pteropus funereus, Temminck, 1. c. ii. p. 63 (1835-41),

Ears much longer than the muzzle, naked, acutely pointed; the
length of the ear-conch nearly double its greatest width, the upper
third of the outer margin concave beneath the tip.

Wings from the sides of the hairy back, quite 2 inches apart at
their lines of attachment; interfemoral membrane about an inch
deep in the middle, not concealed by the fur.

Back of the head, neck, and shoulders clothed with moderately
long and dense erect fur; from the shoulders backwards the fur is
short, closely appressed, and directed backwards, occupying a space
(in full-grown specimens) nearly 4 inches in width across the
middle of the back. The extremities are nearly naked; a narrow
line of very short fur passes outwards upon the wing-membrane
behind the humerus for about half its length, and a few short hairs
cover a narrow portion of the wing-membrane along the posterior
margin of the forearm. The thighs, and the interfemoral mem-
brane as-far as a line corresponding to the position of the semi-
circular band on its inferior surface, are thinly covered, the poste-
rior free margin of the membrane is quite naked. On the under
surface the wing-membrane is covered with thinly spread rather
long fur, which extends outwards as far as a line drawn from the
knee to a point about 1 inch posterior to the elbow, thence behind
the forearm for two thirds its length; the thighs are partially
covered, the legs and the interfemoral membrane are quite naked.

Colour of the fur variable, brighter in males than in females,
generally dark reddish brown on the face and under surface; head

E
50 PTEROPODID.&,

and nape of neck more or less bright bay ; back black, with several
greyish shining hairs. The colour of the fur of the head, nape of
neck, and shoulders varies from reddish brown to bright reddish
yellow, in some female specimens even dark reddish brown, as in
the type of Pt. pluto, Temminck, where the fur of the head and
body generally is deep black.

A specimen of an apparently adult female (with much-worn
teeth), from the Andaman Islands, given to the writer by Mr. Francis
Day (with forearm only 6'-5 long), has the fur very short through-
out, and the wings, interfemoral membrane, and extremities almost
devoid of hair; the head, under surface of the lower jaw, and throat
very dark reddish brown, with some intermixed greyish or shining
hairs; the back of the head, nape of neck, and shoulders reddish
yellow, the breast and abdomen reddish brown; upper and lower
incisors slender, cylindrical.

Skull with very prominent sagittal and occipital crests in old
individuals, in which, also, the ligamentous tissue connecting the
extremity of the long postorbital process with the corresponding
process from the zygomatic arch often becomes cartilaginous, so that
the orbit appears on a superficial examination to be completely
surrounded by bone; upper incisors close together, nearly equal
in size; lower incisors occupying the space between the canines,
the central pair not separated, scarcely more than half the size of
the outer incisors; first upper premolar very small, deciduous; the
second premolar widely separated from the canine; premolars and
molars, in both jaws, much longer than broad, without basal pro-
jections, their inner cusps feebly developed, quite disappearing in
full-grown individuals; last upper molar larger than the first lower
premolar, which stands in the centre of the space between the
canine and second premolar, and which, again, is larger than the
last lower molar.

(For measurements see Table, p. 55.)

Hab. Indo-Malayan Subregion, extending also into some of the
islands of the northern part of the Austro-Malayan Subregion.
(Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippine
Islands (Samar Island), Banda, Ternate, Timor.)

This is the largest known species of the genus, and therefore the
largest known species of the order; the forearm of full-grown in-
dividuals exceeds that of the next largest species (Pt. melanopogon,
Pt. jubatus, and Pt. medius) by at least 1 inch; the fully extended
wings measure quite 5 feet across. Skulls of immature animals of
Pt. edulis, with undeveloped sagittal crest, are larger than those of
old individuals of Pt. medius, which they closely resemble in other
respects. Young specimens of this species may generally be easily
distinguished by the much greater depth of the interfemoral mem-
brane in the centre than in any other species with similarly long
and pointed ears.

a. @ ad. sk. Java.
b-e, g & Q juv.,al. Isles of Kallam, Straitsof Secretary of State for
Malacca. India [P.].
2. PTEROPUS. 51

Ff. 2 juv., al. — Dinagut Island, Philippines. My. Everett [C.].

g. 3d imm,, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

4. 3 imm, sk. St. G. Mivart, Esq. [P.].
2 skull. Dr. T. Oldham [P.].

Jj» skull.

k, l. skulls. Zool. Soc. Coll.

m,n. skulls. M. Lidth de Jeude.

27. Pteropus medius.

Pteropus edwardsii, Geoffroy (in part), Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 92 (1810).

Pteropus medius, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 176 (1827) ;
Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1867, p. 325; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. 1873, p. 196, pl. xiv. fig. 1 (ear); Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 18 (1876).

Fesepue leucocephalus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1835,
p. 699,

Pteropus assamensis, M‘ Clelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 148.

Pteropus edwardsi, Jerdon (non Geoffr.), Mammals of India, p. 18
(1867); Hutton, Peters, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 691.

Pteropus kelaartii, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 104

(1870).

Very similar to the preceding species in the general form, but
distinguished by its conspicuously smaller size, proportionately
longer and broader ears, by the distribution and colour of the fur,
by the position of attachment of the wing-membrane, which arises
from the sides of the body comparatively closer to the spine, and by
the less development of the interfemoral membrane in the centre.

The fur of the body is longer than in Pt. edulis, especially on the
back and on the interfemoral membrane, and extends further along
the posterior extremities ; but on the wing-membrane beneath, be-
tween the anterior and posterior extremities, it is much shorter than
in that species.

Face and throat reddish brown; crown of the head brighter
reddish brown; nape of neck and shoulders varying from bright
reddish yellow to pale buff; back dark reddish brown (colour of
cocoanut-fibre), becoming lighter towards the rump; under surface
of neck, and the greater part of the breast and abdomen, varying
from bright bay to pale reddish yellow; sides of the body beneath
the wings and round the pubis dark reddish brown; on each side
of the neck a circular tuft of rigid unctuous hairs, of a reddish-
yellow colour, covering glands, as in Pt. edulis.

Teeth as in Pt. edulis; the skulls, also, of the two species are
scarcely distinguishable except by size, those of immature specimens
of Pt. edulis with bifid sagittal crest are considerably larger than
skulls of old individuals of this species. .

In one of the types of Pt. lewcocephalus, Hodgson, from Nipal,
there is an abnormal additional upper molar immediately behind
the third molar, about the size of one of the outer lower incisors, the
antepenultimate molar (the last molar in all other specimens) being

similar to the corresponding tooth in other examples of P¢. medius,
EQ
52 PTEROPODIDE,

The other specimens of Pt. leucocephalus do not differ in any other
respect from this one, and all agree in structure and in the general
colour of the fur (though the head, neck, and under surface are paler
than usual) with other examples of Pt. medius.

Specimens from Ceylon appear somewhat larger than those from
the peninsula of India; and the greater width of the intercanine
space, in an old individual from that locality, led Dr. Gray to make
it the type of Pt. kelaartii, which does not differ from specimens of
Pt. medius from that continent in any respect except size, the inter-
canine space being wider in proportion to its greater size.

(For measurements see Table, p. 55.)

Hab. Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Arracan, Burma. The west-
ward limit of this species in the peninsula of India corresponds
closely to the course of the river Indus *, whence it extends east-
wardly throughout every part of the peninsula south of the Punjab
and the Himalaya; its eastward limit appears to be Burmah, south
or east of which country it has not hitherto been found, its place being
taken in the Malay Peninsula and in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands by Pé. edulis, to which it is very closely allied.

Pt. medius is the only species of the genus as yet known to in-
habit the peninsula of India. Specimens from Kachh, Madras, and
Bengal exhibit on comparison no appreciable difference. Wherever
fruit is abundant these Bats (the “ Flying Foxes” of Europeans
resident in India) are to be found; and when food becomes scarce
in the neighbourhood of their accustomed haunts they often travel
great distances to obtain it, returning invariably to their sleeping-
places about sunrise. Thus Captain Hutton mentions that they make
nightly visits to the fruit-gardens of the Dehra Doon below Mussooreo
in the Himalayas from the middle of August to the end of September,
performing a journey of from 25 to 30 miles at the least.

a. 3 ad. sk, Pachora, Bombay.

b. 3 ad., al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.}.

c-e. ¢ ad. sks. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. tp'y

f. ad. sk. Assam,

g-j. Q ad. sks, India.

k,l. 2 ad. sks, P India.

m. fo ad. sk. India.

n. @ ad. sk. Ceylon. Captain J. Stevens [P.].
(Type of Pteropus kelaarti, Gray.)

o. @ ad. sk. Ceylon. Zool. Soc, Coll.

P,Y Q ad. sks. No history.

7. 3 skeleton.

s. imm, skeleton.

tv. skulls of c-e.

w-2. skulls. Bengal, General Hardwicke [P.].
a’. skull. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. re’)
o'. skull of 6. (with additional posterior upper molars).

* Dr. Bowman, H.M.’s Indian Army, informs the writer that he saw a colony
of this species m the second range of hills in Kelat, beyond the mouth of the
Indus, and that they extend as far north as the first pass, about sixty miles.
2, PTEROPUS. 53

¢, d@'. imm. & ad. skulls. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
e’. ad. skull of n.

J'. ad. skull. Zool. Soc. Coll.

7, h'. ad. skulls.

e. ad. skull.

28. Pteropus edwardsii.
Pteropus edwardsii, Geoffroy (in part), Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 92
(1810) ; Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 23.
Pteropus phaiops, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 178 (1827);
Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 392.

Slightly smaller than Pt. medius, but resembling that species
closely in the form of the head and ears, and generally in the colour
and distribution of the fur.

The ears are, however, considerably shorter, and the face and
under surface of the lower jaw are deep black, not reddish brown as
in Pt. medius ; crown of the head and nape pale reddish yellow to
pale buff, collar reddish yellow to pale yellow, chest and abdomen
varying from pale yellow to reddish yellow, the sides of the body
beneath the wings dark reddish brown, as in the preceding species;
back black, the hairs short and closely appressed and mixed with
more or less greyish hairs. In females the fur appears to be redder
and darker throughout.

The fur on the chest and abdomen appears to be longer, and that
on the face shorter than in Pt. medius; on the upper surface the
legs are clothed as far as the knees, the hairs thinning out towards
the knees; on the forearm the fur is thin and flat, as in the Indian
species.

The wings appear to arise closer to the spine than in Pt. medius,
and the fur clothing the back in this position occupies a narrower
space.

Teeth very similar to those of Pt. medius ; but in young specimens
the second and third premolars, in both jaws, have a small posterior
basal process, which, however, soon becomes worn away. I have not
been able to find any other important differences between the teeth of
these two species, which agree very closely in the shape and relative
measurements of their skulls, as the following Table shows :—

 

Pt. medius.| Pt. edwardsii.

 

me ho

Extreme length ........cc.cceseseccnecenecneenseseencees 2°
Breadth across zygomatic arches ............0seeeee 1:
From the postorbital foramen to the anterior ex-

tremity of the nasal bones ............6--seeeeseee ees
From the postorbital foramen to the occipital crest}
From the anteorbital foramento the anterior ex-

tremity of the nasals ............-..seereeeeceeeeeenes
Length of the bony palate .............-eeeereeerrteeee
Width of ditto...........:cccsccesenecneneeceeteecneeneeees
Space occupied by the last four upper molars......

ot

OVS

 

 

Bie: ete
Ome FI TS
SOO. ue
SIAwd Gn avy
maT

 
54 PTEROPODID%.

(For general measurements see p. 55.)
Hab. Seychelle Islands, Comoro Islands, Madagascar.

a 3d imm.,al. Seychelle Islands. Dr. E. P. Wright [C.].
b. Pimm. sk. Mohilla Island (Comoros). Dr. Kirk [C.].
ec. sk. Johanna Island (Comoros). Dr. Livingstone [P.].
d. 9 ad. sk. Johanna Island. John Barrow, Esq. [P.].
e. fo ad. sk. Johanna Island. Purchased.
F-k. imm. et Johanna Island. Purchased.
ad. sks,
1. ad. sk. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.
m,n. ad.sks. Madagascar. Purchased.
o,p. & ad. sks.
gq. skeleton. Madagascar. Purchased.
r. skull of J.
s. skull. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.
t. skull. Mohilla Island (Comoros). Dr. Kirk [C.].

29. Pteropus nicobaricus.

Pteropus nicobaricus, Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Wien. Akad. 1860, p. 389
(not described); Zelebor, Reise der Oster. Freg. Novara, Saugeth.
1868, p. 11; Dodson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 198, pl. xiv.
fig. 2 (ear); Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 17, fig. (head) (1876),

Pteropus melanotus, Blyth, Catal. Mammal. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
p. 20 (1863) (not described).

Pteropus condorensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 393.

About the size of Pt. medius, which it also resembles closely in
the form of the head and body, but is at once distinguished by the
much shorter and differently shaped ears. ar-conch rounded off
above, the upper third of its outer margin slightly flattened, not
concave, the lower two thirds convex; in full-grown individuals the
greatest diameter of the opening of the external ear, from the point
of junction of the outer and inner margins below to the tip of the
ear above, scarcely exceeds one inch.

The distribution of the fur is similar to that of Pt. medius; but
the hair on the wing-membrane is very much shorter.

In some male specimens the colour of the fur also corresponds to
a certain extent with that of Pt. medius; generally, however, the
lighter-coloured portions of fur on the nape of the neck, and on the
shoulders and chest, are of a deeper hue than in the latter species,
usually dark ferruginous red or chestnut; females and young males
are commonly intensely black throughout; in some female specimens
the position of the light-coloured tippet in the male is indicated by
a reddish tinge of the black hair.

The skull differs from that of Pt. medius in being shorter,
wider across the maxillary and nasal bones. The distance between
the small anterior upper premolars of opposite sides exceeds that in
Pt. medius by one tenth of an inch. The foramen ovale is divided
in the centre by a process of bone; in Pt. medius it is undivided. A
postorbital process of the zygomatic arch is present, though not so
well defined as in Pt. medius.

The mandible is shorter and its rami deeper than in Pt. medius:
the coronoid process is more developed vertically ; its posterior
2. PTEROPUS. 55

margin is nearly straight, not deeply concave; and its superior
angle is narrowly, not broadly, rounded off, as in the latter species.

The teeth are stouter in Pt. nicobaricus; but their general cha-
racters are the same in both species.

(For measurements see below.)

I have examined the type of Pt. condorensis, Ptrs., which is pre-
served in the collection of the Paris Museum. The unconsolidated
condition of the epiphyses of the finger-bones shows that the speci-
men is immature; and this explains why the last upper molar lies
almost quite behind the root of the zygomatic process, as described
by Dr. Peters. The head, neck, chest, and abdomen are dark red-
dish brown, the back and sides of the abdomen black, the fur of the
back with a few greyish or shining hairs. The ears appear rather
more rounded off than in specimens of Pt. nicobaricus from the An-
damans and Nicobars. On the whole I believe Pt. condorensis can
ouly be considered a local variety of this species.

Hab. Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; Java; Pulo Condor.

a.  imm. sk. Ross Island. R.G. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Esq. [P.].
b. ad., al. Nicobar Island. Indian Museum, Calcutta [E.].

The following Table exhibits the relative measurements of the
species of Pteropus described in the foregoing six pages :—

Pt. edulis. Pt. medius. Pt, edwardsii. Pi. ey

Length, head and body 9:0 87 90
ap EAA. ccc eesvesaccsareaeaes 31 29 30
ir MOAN ceaecscusecusssesesse 15 1:25 1:05
» eye to tip of nostril... 1:3 11 115
r forearm 66 61* 65
» thumb ... 27 25 28
, third finger 125 11:9 12°5
» fifth finger 85 81 85
» tibia ..... 30 27 30
ae) LOOBi ve ptas 23 2:0 20

 

30. Pteropus livingstonii.

Pteropus livingstonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p.66; Catal. Monkeys and
Fruit-eating Bats, p. 109 (1870).

Pteropus edwardsii, Peters (non Geoffroy), MB. Akad. Berl. 1867,
p. 825.

Ears quite different in shape from those of any other known
species of Pteropus; upper half of the ear-conch almost quite
circular, the outer and inner margins forming part of the same
semicircle above (Plate IIT. fig. 5).

Interfemoral membrane narrow behind, concealed by the fur. —

Head and upper and lower surface of the body intensely shining
black throughout, with the exception of a small tuft of long bright
yellow hairs on each shoulder, and a few long yellowish shining
hairs among the long fur covering the rump ; beneath, the posterior
part of the abdomen with a few intermixed reddish-yellow hairs.

* One specimen from Madagascar has the forearm 6:5 inches,
56 PTEROPODIDA,

The fur is altogether much longer and more woolly on the head,
neck, and shoulders, and inferior surface of the body than in Pt.
edwardsii. and across the back occupies a space nearly three inches
wide, leaving the anterior extremities nearly naked; but the thighs
are well covered, and a few hairs extend upon the tibia, while the
interfemoral is quite concealed by the long fur in the middle.

Teeth as in Pt. edwardsii ; lower incisors distinctly grooved.

The single type specimen, a skin in indifferent condition, affords
the following measurements only :—Length of ear 1':2, breadth of
ear 0'-8; length of third finger—metacarp. 4'’, st ph. 3'"5, 2nd ph.
5'-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 4", 1st ph. 2'3, 2nd ph. 2-3.

On the whole this species appears to correspond closely in size
with Pt. edwardsii, from which the shape of the ears and the quality,
colour, and distribution of the fur at once distinguish it.

Hab. Johanna Island, Comoro group.

a, ad, sk. (type). Johanna Island. Dr. Livingstone [P. ].

31. Pteropus alecto.

Pteropus alecto, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 75 (1885-41) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 329.

Pteropus aterrimus, Temminck, Coup d’eil Gén. sur les Poss. Néerland.
1, p. 333,

Pteropus chrysauchen, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1862, p. 576.

Pteropus mysolensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 105 (1870).

Ears shorter than the muzzle, conical, obtusely pointed, the outer
margin of the conch flatly emarginate in upper third.

Interfemoral membrane narrow in the centre, but the posterior
margin is visible through the fur; wings from the sides of the back,
about one and a half inch apart across the loins.

Face dark reddish, the crown of the head with numerous grey
hairs; nape of the neck and shoulders bright yellow, back like
crown of head; beneath, the reddish collar is continued round the
neck intermixed with black and yellowish-grey hairs; chin and
throat like head; breast and abdomen dark brown, almost black,
with some solitary grey hairs.

The fur scarcely extends upon the membranes or extremities
above ; beneath, the wing-membrane between the humerus and
femur is covered with dark brown woolly hair.

Teeth as in Pé. medius, but much larger in all dimensions; lower
incisors grooved, the inner incisors about half the size of the outer
ones, and separated in the centre; first upper premolar deciduous.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 9'°5, ear 1'-05, eye from
tip of nostril 1'°3, forearm 7’, thumb 2''8, second finger 5'"4;
third finger—metacarp. 4'''8, lst ph. 3-6, 2nd ph. 6”; fifth finger—
metacarp. 4'°9, lst ph. 2'°2, 2nd ph. 2'-2; tibia 3’, calcaneum
0"-9, foot 2'-2,

Hab. Celebes, Ternate, Gebeh, Morty, Batchian, Mysol, Ceram,
Pinou Island (Macluer Bay, N. Guinea).
2. PTEROPUS. 57

_ This species resembles Pt. nicobaricus in the colour of the fur and
in size, but the differently shaped ears and much larger premolars
and molars at once distinguish it.

a. 9 imm. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

6. S nearly ad. sk. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. tet

c,d. § & 9 imm.sk. —Batchian Island. Purchased.

e. o ad. sk. Batchian Island. Purchased.

FQ imm. sk, Mysol Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Pteropus mysolensis, Gray.)

g- 3 imm. sk. Ceram. A. R, Wallace, Esq. [C.].

32. Pteropus hypomelanus.

Pteropus hypomelanus, Zemminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de
Guné, p. 61 (1853); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 599
(1857); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 330.

Pteropus tricolor, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 108
(1870).

Ears about as long as the muzzle, obtusely pointed, rather broad,
in some specimens triangularly rounded off above; the inner and
outer sides of the basal half of the concave surface of the conch
with a tuft of rather long hairs; interfemoral membrane short,
about 0''3 deep in the centre, concealed: by the fur behind; wings
nearly one inch apart at their origin from the sides of the back.

The colour of the fur appears to vary considerably. In an
apparently adult female the face and crown of the head are silvery
grey, with some intermixed dark hairs ; sides of the face and under
surface of the muzzle reddish brown and grey mixed; back of the
head, neck above and beneath, and shoulders yellowish ; chest and
abdomen yellowish buff, sides of the body beneath the wings reddish
brown. Fur of the back very short, black-brown, with shining
extremities, slightly reddish brown on rump. This is the general
colour of specimens from Ternate.

A younger individual from Banda has the head and neck brownish
yellow, the head darker than the neck and with a greyish tinge,
shoulders passing into yellowish buff; back greyish brown; chest
and abdomen yellowish brown, paler in front and behind; fur
extending upon half the inner sides of the tibie.

A nearly adult male from Dinagat Island, 8.E. Philippines, in the
collection, has the face yellowish brown, with intermixed black
hairs; the crown of the head bright yellowish buff; the collar
ferruginous red; the shoulders as the crown of the head; the
throat black, the breast and abdomen as the shoulders ; the sides of
the body and thighs dark brown, back similar, paler behind ; hairs
of the back rather long, scarcely appressed ; the greater part of the
interfemoral clothed with long fur, which extends upon the inside
of the tibie halfway to the ankles.

In most specimens the forearms and legs are almost naked, and
the wing-membrane beneath is clothed with rather short fur between
+he humerus and femur and along the forearm.
58 PTEROPODID.E.

Skull and dentition very similar to that of Pt. medius (which this
species also resembles in the general colour of the fur), but the back
teeth are larger. Upper incisors well developed, close together, and
equal; in one specimen (in the Leyden Museum) the outer upper
incisors on each side are broader and shorter than the inner incisors
and bifid; inner lower incisors separated by a narrow space, about
one third the size of the outer incisors; no trace of the first upper
premolar; last molar about equal to the last lower molar, which
again is nearly equal to the first lower premolar, which occupies the
centre of the space between the canine and second premolar ; the
antepenultimate upper molar is narrow, but considerably exceeds in
antero-posterior diameter the preceding molar ; the last upper molar
has an almost circular crown, and is placed towards the inner side
of the tooth-row.

Postorbital process very long, nearly meeting the well-developed
corresponding process from the zygoma.

Length (of the type specimen), forearm 4'"7, thumb 2'*], second
finger 3'-4; third finger—metacarp. 3':2, 1st ph. 2’°35, 2nd ph.
3'-45 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 3-1, 1st ph. 1'°35, 2nd ph. 1'"25;
tibia 2", foot 1"°7.

Length (of an adult 9 from Philippine Islands), head and body
7''-5, head 2''6, ear 0'"95, eye from tip of nostril 1’, forearm 5'"-4,
thumb 2", second finger 3''"7 ; third finger—metacarp. 3''-4, 1st ph.
2"-6, 2nd ph. 4'"1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3'':7, Ist ph. 1°55, 2nd
ph. 1°65; tibia 2'15, foot 1'8.

Hab. Borneo *, Philippine Islands, Sangir Island, North Celebes,
Ternate, Banda, New Guinea.

This species resembles Pt. medius in the colour of the fur pro-
bably more closely than any other species except Pt. edwardsii from
Madagascar, but is at once distinguished by the differently shaped
and much shorter ears and by its conspicuously smaller size. The
premolar and molar teeth are much broader and altogether larger,
and the last upper molar is placed towards the inner side of the
tooth-row.

a-c. 9 juv.etim.& Dinagut Island, S.E. Mr. Everett [C.].

é ad., al. Philippines.
d. 9 ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll.
e. § ad., al. Philippine Is. (Luzon). Dr. Meyer [C.].
tig. & ad. sks. Sangir Island. Purchased.
A, ad, al. North Celebes. Dr. A. B, Meyer [C.].
% 2 imm. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. toy,

(Type of Pteropus tricolor, Gray.)
ew Guinea (south of Dr. P. Comrie [C.].
Huon Gulf).

J. @ ad. sk.

33. Pteropus tuberculatus.
Pteropus tuberculatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 893.

Ears shorter than the muzzle, their basal half externally clothed
* Vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 626.
2. PTEROPUS. 59

with hairs ; interfemoral membrane narrow, concealed in the middle
by the fur.

General colour of the fur reddish brown; muzzle and head pale
yellowish brown ; back reddish brown with paler extremities.

Distribution of the fur as in Pt. macklotit.

The incisors and the first lower premolar are much larger than
in Pt. macklotii, and the first upper premolar is not deciduous ; the
last upper molar is also much smaller, the antepenultimate molar
perceptibly narrower, and the second and third upper premolars
have each a posterior and external basal cusp.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 6!-5, head 2!'-2,
eye from nose 0!'-8, ear 0!-68 x 0"-48, forearm 4!-8, thumb 1/9;
third finger—metacarp. 3'-2, lst ph. 2!"5; Qnd ph. 4"; fifth finger
—metacarp. 3-5, 1st ph. 1-5, 2nd ph. 1-6; tibia 1-9, caleaneum
05, foot 1-7,

Hab. 2

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

The above is taken from the original description of the species by
Dr. Peters, as I have not yet seen the type, having unfortunately
overlooked it on each of my visits to the Paris Museum.

 

34. Pteropus fuscus.

Ears much shorter than the muzzle, oval, rounded off above, the
upper third of the outer margin flattened ; ear-conch almost naked.

Interfemoral membrane very short behind, concealed by the fur.
Sides of the face and under surface of the muzzle and throat black
or very dark brown ; crown of the head dark reddish brown; neck
and shoulders dark reddish or ferruginous brown, but slightly paler
than the head ; back dull greyish brown (almost the colour of a dead
leaf), contrasting with the deep reddish brown of other parts ; neck
beneath, breast, and abdomen dark brown, with some shining hairs ;
a darker-coloured patch of fur beneath the origin of the antehumeral
membrane on each side.

Fur rather short throughout, the fur of the neck slightly longer
than that of the breast and abdomen ; on the back short, appressed ;
above, the forearm and tibie are naked; beneath, the wing-mem-
brane between the humerus and femur is thinly covered, and a band
of fur extends outwards behind the forearm.

Teeth generally similar to those of Pt. hypomelanus, but larger,
and the posterior upper molar is quite differently shaped, being
oblong, its longitudinal greatly exceeding its transverse diameter,
and is placed obliquely in the tooth-row, its posterior margin di-
rected inwards and backwards ; inner lower incisors separated by
a narrow space, half the size of the outer incisors; first upper pre-
molar deciduous; first lower premolar in the centre of the space
between the canine and second premolar, and larger than the last
lower molar.

Length, head and body about 8", ear 0''8, eye from nostril 1",
length of lower tooth-row 1-3, forearm 5'-7, thumb 2!-4; third
60 PTEROPODID2.

finger—metacarp. 3'-8, lst ph. 2’-9, 2nd ph. 4"; fifth finger—
metacarp. 3!-9, Ist ph. 1-8, 2nd ph. 1-85; tibia 2-5, foot 2.
Hab. Celebes.

a. fo ad. sk. (type). Celebes. Purchased.

35. Pteropus gouldii.

Plone funereus, Gould (non Temminck), Mammals of Australa,
ii. pl. 80.
Piero gouldii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 703.

Ears long, narrow, and pointed, as in Pt. edulis; interfemoral
membrane very short behind, and concealed by the fur in the
middle.

Fur intensely black, intermixed with a few greyish or yellowish
hairs above and beneath ; the back of the head and neck alone dark
ferruginous brown. Some adult males have the neck almost bright
yellow; young males like females.

The humerus and fleshy part of the forearm are covered with very
short thinly spread fur; the fur occupies a space 3 inches wide
across the middle of the back, and the thighs are covered above and
beneath ; the wing-membrane, as far as a line drawn from the elbow
to the knee, is covered with long black fur, which also extends in a
line behind the forearm to the carpus.

The last upper and lower molars smaller than in P¢. edulis ; teeth
otherwise similar to those of that species.

Length, head and body 9", ear 1°35, forearm 6":6, thumb 2'"5,
second finger 46 ; third finger—metacarp. 44, 1st ph. 3'"3, 2nd ph.
5"; fifth finger—metacarp. 4'°7, Ist ph. 2-1, 2nd ph. 2"; tibia
3'°2, foot 21.

Hab. Australia (Cape York, Bet Island, Quail Island, Howick’s
group, Gould Island, Percy Island).

This species resembles the dark-coloured varieties of Pt. edulis,
but may be at once distinguished by its much smaller size, and espe-
cially by the narrowness of the interfemoral membrane in the middle,
where its posterior margin is quite concealed by the fur, also by the
the thighs being covered above and beneath.

Mr. Pierson Ramsay, who has lately had an opportunity of exa-
mining several well-preserved specimens of this species, remarks *
that ‘‘the males, as in this sex in Pt. conspicillatus, have the hair on
the nape stiff and unctuous; the females have not this peculiarity,
and the nape-band, instead of being stiff, compressed, and of a greasy
feeling, is soft and rather spreading; it varies from deep yellowish
red to very deep blackish tan-red.

“This species was observed in countless numbers towards dusk
flying from the mainland (Cape York) to islands in the straits, and
in the early part of the morning, at break of day, they returned on
their way to the scrubs. During the month of August many of

* Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1877, pt. ii. p. 8.
2. PTEROPUS. 61

the females shot had young of considerable size attached to the
breasts.”

a. 2 imm. sk. e). Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
b. 9 ad sk. ee aS
c,d. Simm. &ad.sk. Australia.

e,f. d imm. sks, N. Australia (Quail Island), Dr. Elsey [P.].

g-l. 3 & Q juv,, al. N. Australia (Quail Island). Dr. Elsey [P.].

m. 2 ad. sk. Howick’s group. Voy. ‘ Rattlesnake.’
nm. 3 imm. sk. Gould Island. Voy. ‘Fly.’

o. o ad. sk, Percy Island. Purchased.

p. skull,

36. Pteropus conspicillatus.

Pteropus conspicillatus, Gould, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p.109; Gould,
Mammals of Australia, iii. pl. 29 (1858).

Ears as in Pt. medius, but shorter, obtusely pointed, and more
abruptly narrowed above ; interfemoral membrane very narrow, quite
concealed by the fur in the centre.

Face and crown of the head black, with a ring of pale brownish-
yellow fur round each eye, extending slightly forwards on the
cheek ; back of the head, nape, and shoulders pale yellowish; chin,
throat, and neck black, with some yellow fur extending round from
the back of the neck ; breast and abdomen black, with a few shining
yellowish hairs ; back similar.

The fur is short, even on the neck above, and scarcely extends upon
the forearms or legs; on the back, across the loins, slightly more
than 2 inches wide.

Upper incisors strong; central lower incisors separated by a
space, each half the size of the outer incisor ; canine and second pre-
molar separated by a moderately wide space in both jaws; first
upper premolars deciduous ; premolars and molars as in Pt. medius ;
last upper molar larger than the first lower premolar, which is
slightly larger than the last molar.

Zygomatic arches much curved outwards; postorbital processes
of the frontal very long, almost circumscribing the orbit, and nearly
meeting the corresponding processes from the zygomatic arches.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body about
10”-12", ear 1:25, eye from tip of nostril 1-2, forearm 7”, thumb
2''-3, second finger 4'°6 ; third fnger—metacarp. 4''°3, 1st ph. 3'':3,
2nd ph. 5'"2 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 4''6, 1st ph. 2-1, 2nd ph. 2'"2 ;
tibia 3'"2, foot 2'°3.

Hab. Australia (Fitzroy Island; Rockingham Bay, Queensland) ;
Yule Island, New Guinea.

This species resembles Pt, gouldiz, but the light-coloured rings
round the eyes at once distinguish it. Mr. Pierson Ramsay (who
has lately had an opportunity of examining several specimens from
Rockingham Bay brought to the Sydney Museum) remarks * that the
“‘golouring of the orbits is more defined in some, paler in others ;

* Proc, Linn. Soc. N. §. Wales, 1877, pt. ii. p. 7.
62 PTEROPODID.E.

males with unctuous collar ; largest adults 184 inches long, forearm
7 inches.”

Mr. Macgillivray, who first discovered this species, gives the fol-
lowing notes on its habits in his Journal :—‘ On the wooded slope
of a hill on Fitzroy Island I one day fell in with this Bat in prodi-
gious numbers, looking while flying in the bright sunshine (so un-
usual’for a nocturnal animal) like a large flock of rooks. On close
approach a strong musky odour became apparent, and a loud inces-
sant chattering was heard. Many of the branches were bending
under their load of Bats, some in a state of inactivity, suspended by
their hind claws, others scrambling along among the boughs, and
taking to wing when disturbed.”

a. 3 ad. sk. Fitzroy Island, east coast Voy. of ‘ Rattlesnake.’
of Australia.
b. oS ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

(Figured and described by Gould.)
e. skull of a.

37. Pteropus ocularis.
Pteropus ocularis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 826.

Ears shorter than the muzzle, like those of Pt. griseus ; wings about
three quarters of an inch apart at their origin from the sides of the
back ; interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre.

Muzzle light reddish brown; eyes surrounded by broad light
reddish-brown rings, separated in the middle between the eyes by a
narrow dark brown stripe; crown of the head, chin, throat, and
abdomen dark brown, with some light yellowish hairs; nape and
sides of the neck reddish yellow, paler yellow at the shoulder-level,
separated by a well-defined line from the dark brown fur of the
back.

Fur short and appressed upon the forearm, extending more densely
upon the interfemoral membrane along the proximal half of the
tibiz ; beneath, the wing-membrane between the humerus and the
femur is covered with woolly fur, but both the anterior and posterior
limbs are naked.

The teeth in the single specimen known are so much changed
by age or disease that their original form cannot be described.

Length (of an old ¢), head and body about 10’, head about 2-65,
ear 0''°87 x 0'5, eye from the extremity of the muzzle 1", forearm
5°35, thumb 2''4; third finger—metacarp. 3'6, 1st ph. 2''-7, 2nd
ph. 4’; fourth finger—metacarp. 3'6, 1st ph. 2''-2, 2nd ph. 2'"1;
fifth finger—metacarp. 3'°75, 1st ph. 16, 2nd ph. 1''4; tibia 2'3,
calcaneum 0''°55, foot 2'"2.

Hab, Ceram.

This species is known only from a single specimen of an old male
in the collection of the Berlin Museum. In the colour of the fur,
and in the light-coloured rings around the eyes, it resembles Pt.
conspicillatus from Australia ; but it is very much smaller than that
species, and the ears are conspicuously shorter.
2. PTEROPDS. 63

38. Pteropus keraudrenii.

? Pteropus mariannus, Desmarest, Mammal. p. 547 (1822).

en eo ae Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de l’ Uranie, i. p. 51,
pl. i.

Pteropus keraudrenius, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 186 (1827) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sugeth. v. p. 600 (1857).

Pteropus tonganus e¢ vanicorensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de
l Astrolabe, i. p. 74, pls. 8 & 9 (1833).

Pteropus insularis, Hombron et Jacquinot, Voyage aw Péle Sud, pl. 5 ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 371.

Pteropus dussumierii, Geoffroy, Dict. Class. xv. p. 701.

Pteropus eee Maegilliwray, Peters, 1. c. 1867, p. 826.

Pteropus keraudrenii, Peters, J. c. p. 331.

Pteropus flavicollis e¢ geddiei et vitiensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and
Fruit-eating Bats, pp. 107, 109 (1870).

Ears rather narrow, conical, and obtusely pointed, very similar in
shape to those of Pt. samoensis, scarcely as long as the muzzle, half
the concave surface of the conch thinly clothed with soft hairs.

Interfemoral membrane narrow in the centre, concealed by the
fur; wings from the sides of the back.

Face in front of the ears shining yellowish brown intermixed with
black hairs ; crown of the head silvery grey; back of the head, neck,
and shoulders bright yellowish buff in male, pale buff in female ;
back black, intermixed with a few shining grey hairs, the dark
colour commencing abruptly, and contrasting strongly with the
bright-coloured fur of the neck; beneath, the chin and throat are
black, the neck bright reddish yellow intermixed with black,
breast and abdomen black, the extremities of many hairs shining
grey.

Fur moderately long and dense ; on the upper surface the anterior
extremities are nearly naked, but the thighs are covered ; the fur of
the back short, appressed, occupying a space across the loins about
two inches wide; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered rather
thickly by moderately long fur as far as a line drawn from the outer
third of the humerus to the knee, terminating abruptly; the thighs
are thickly covered, and some hairs extend upon the tibie.

The greater number of adult specimens of this species are distin-
guishable by the above characters, but in others, examples either of
not full-grown or very old individuals, with fur characteristic of
different seasons or of different localities, the colour, quality, and
distribution of the fur are slightly different ; and these differences
have chiefly led to the large number of synonyms which are brought
together in the above list.

In a young female specimen from Samoa the head, back, and under
surface are very dark brown (appearing quite black in alcohol), the
back of the head, neck, and shoulders pale reddish yellow ; the interfe-
moral membrane is about a quarter of an inch deep in the centre, where
it is clothed with long fur, which also extends laterally as far as a
line drawn between the middle of the tibie ; the tibie are almost
64 PTEROPODIDAR.

naked (as in the adult), a few hairs appearing on their proximal
third only *.

First upper premolar (in immature specimens) in the rather nar-
row space between the canine and the second premolar, nearly as
large as one of the middle lower incisors (in old individuals gene-
rally absent); last upper molar almost as large as the first lower
premolar, which nearly fills the space between the canine and second
premolar ; last lower molar scarcely as large as one of the outer
lower incisors; premolars and molars with well-developed internal
cusps and posterior transverse basal ridges, becoming worn down and
quite disappearing in old individuals; the third upper premolar
with a slight indication of an antero-internal basal-projection.

In a young specimen, still retaining some of the milk-teeth, the
first upper premolar is well developed, and quite as large as one of
the middle lower incisors.

Length (of an adult ¢ ), head and body 9:5, head 2’-75, ear 1”,
eye from nostril 1", forearm 5':7, thumb 2”-4, second finger 4”;
third finger—metacarp. 3’"8, lst ph. 2’'8, 2nd ph. 4'"2; fifth finger
—nmetacarp. 38, 1st ph. 1'°7, 2nd ph. 1'°7; tibia 2'-6, caleaneum
0-8, foot 1"°7.

(For comparative measurements of skull, see p. 66.

Hab. Polynesian Subregion (except the Sandwich Islands, Gil-
bert’s group, Ellice’s group, and the islands east of Samoa), appa-
rently generally distributed, extending from the Mariana Islands
to Savage Island, and from the New Hebrides to Samoa.

Adult specimens of Pt. keraudrenii may generally be easily distin-
guished from those of other species of the section to which it belongs
by the peculiarly light colour of the fur of the neck, which con-
trasts strongly with the dark-coloured fur of the back, by the blunt
conical ears, by the hairs extending slightly upon the legs, and by
the form of the teeth. In the bright-coloured patch of fur on the
crown of the head, and in the shape of the ears, it agrees closely
with Pt. jubatus, but its very much smaller size at once distinguishes
it. From Pt. samoensis, which is found in some of the islands
inhabited by this species, it is distinguished by the comparatively
longer ears and very different quality and distribution of the fur,
which, in that species, clothes the legs to the ankles. This character
not only at once distinguishes the adult animals, but also the
young.

a. ad. sk. Moala Island, Fiji. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C.].
b,c. 9 imm. & ad.sks. Moala Island, Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].

d,e. & ad. sks. _, Ovalau Island, Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].

(Type of Pteropus flavicollis, Gray.)

f. & ad. sk. Totoya Island, Fiji. F.M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].
gh. imm. & ad. sks. — Tariuni, Fiji. E. A. Liardet, Esq. tet
2 od ad., al. Fiji Islands. Godeftroy Museum.

Jk. S$ &Q ad, al. Samoa. Godeffroy Museum.

* With this contrast description of young of P¢. samoensis, from same
locality (see p. 35).
2. PTEROPUS. 65

2, 2 imm., al. Samoa, Navigators’ Is. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.].
m. f ad., al. Samoa, Navigators’Is, Rey. 8S. J. Whitmee fet
m. 2 imm., al. Samoa, Navigators’ Is, Purchased.
o. 2 imm., al. Savage Island. Dr. A. Giinther [P.].
p. & ad., al. Aneiteum, N. Hebrides. M‘Gillivray [C. }.
(Type of Pteropus geddiei, M‘G.)
qg. ad. sk, Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
7. imm. sk. Capt. Denham.
s. im. sk.
t. skull of e.
u. skull of r.
v. skull. Fiji Islands. Voy. of the ‘ Herald.’
Var. a.

Pteropus insularis, Hombron et Jacquinot, Voy. au Péle Sud, pl. v.;
Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1869, p. 391.

Quite similar to Pt. keraudrenii in the form of the ears, in the
quality and distribution of the fur, in the form of the skull, and in
dentition, but much smaller and slightly different in colour.

In a male and female from the Pelew Islands the fur of the neck
in the male is bright yellow above, pale yellow on the sides, and
divided in front by a band of dark hairs passing backwards from the
throat to the breast; in the female the upper surface of the neck is
pale buff, and the inferior surface black, the pale-coloured fur not
extending beyond the sides of the neck.

Length (of an adult male), ear 0'9, forearm 5'2 thumb 2'"1,
third finger 10", fifth finger 6'°9, tibia 2''3, foot 1'"7.

Hab. Caroline Islands.

a. & ad. sk. Yap, Pelew Islands. §Godeffroy Museum.

b. 2 ad., al. Pelew Islands. Godetfroy Museum.

e. fo ad., al. Pelew Islands. Godeffroy Museum.

d,e. g6 ad.& Qim.sks, Pelew Islands. Godeffroy Museum.

ft 2 imm. sk. Mackenzie Island. Godeffroy Museum.
Var. f.

Pteropus loochooensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 106 (1870).

Ears shorter than in Pt. keraudreni, but in shape similar to those
in that species; the tibiee are also comparatively much shorter, and
the measurements of the skull different. Externally this variety
resembles Pé. keraudrenii closely.

An old female has the fur of the face pale greyish yellow inter-
mixed with some brown hairs, especially on the sides in front of
the ears; neck and anterior part of the breast pale yellow; the re-
mainder of the breast and abdomen brown, with many intermixed
greyish-yellow hairs. Young males have fur like specimens of Pt.
keraudrenti from Fiji and other islands.

When skulls of Pt. keraudrenti and of this variety of the same

F
66 PTEROPODID.E.

length are compared together, the distance from the postorbital fora-
men to the extremity of the nasal bones in the former is found to be
considerably less than in the latter, while the distance from the
postorbital foramen to the supraoccipital crest is much greater; the
zygomatic arches in Pt. loochooensis are also less curved outwards,
and there is no ascending process; dentition nearly similar in both,
but in this species the canine is separated by a greater interval from
the second premolar, and the last upper molar is larger, being equal
to, if not larger than, the first lower premolar; the last lower molar
is smaller than the first premolar, but larger than one of the outer
lower incisors.

The following are the comparative measurements of the skulls of
Pt. keraudrenit and of this variety :—

 

 

Pt. kerau- | Pt. loochoo-
drenii, ensis,
Hixtreme Lenpthi, 21. csveseccsernssinaieessaasedsecoosastqecsoacns 2-45 2°45
From postorbital foramen to the anterior extremity
Of the nasal Dons i... fendicc<cos snc ssdecdasterserevessans 0-95 1-05
From postorbital foramen to the occipital crest ...... 1:55 14
From the anteorbital foramen to the extremity of the
MASAIS; 5. scsaacetuuddaesnssarnadadevsssenesenagnessesesiats 06 0-7
Length of the bony palate .........ceccceeeceeeeseeee eee lel 115

 

 

 

Length (of an old 2), head and body about 0'9, ear 0-85, fore-
arm 5'°75, thumb 2'-25, second finger 4'"-1 ; third finger—metacarp.
3'-6, Ist ph. 2-75, 2nd ph. 4"; fifth finger—metacarp. 3”-75, 1st
ph. 1'°7, 2nd ph. 1"9; tibia 2’-3.

Hab. Loochoo Islands.

a, 6. imm. ¢ & ad. 9 sks. (type). Loochoo Islands. = Purchased.
ce. skull of a.

39. Pteropus macklotii.

Pteropus macklotii, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 69, pl. 36.
fig. 5 (head); ? Cassin, United States Explor. Exped, viii. (2nd ed.
1858) p.10; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 333.

? Pteropus vociferus, Peale, J. c. (1st ed. 1848) p. 19; Cassin, le. p. 11.

Pteropus floresii, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 106
(1870).

Ears much longer than the muzzle, narrow, and obtusely pointed,
naked ; interfemoral membrane very short, and concealed in the
centre by the fur.

Face brown, the hairs with bright yellow extremities ; the brown
colour more marked on the inferior surface of the muzzle and on
the throat; crown of the head and neck bright yellow; across the
shoulders brownish yellow, with shining extremities; on the back
and arms bright ferruginous yellow; rump reddish yellow, with
some shining or greyish hairs; chest and abdomen dark brown, most
of the hairs with shining yellow extremities ; pubis reddish yellow.
In old individuals the colour of the fur is brighter throughout.
2. PYEROPUS. 67

Hair covering the sides of the face peculiar, long, ard directed
backwards towards the ears; on the back and arms closely appressed ;
fur of the back occupying a space more than two inches wide across
the loins; wings one inch apart at their origin from the sides of the
back ; legs nearly naked; beneath, the antebrachial membrane and
the wings between the humerus and femur and along the forearm
are covered with woolly hair.

Upper incisors of peculiar shape, long, narrow and acutely pointed,
separated by slight intervals from each other; lower outer incisors
about twice the diameter of the inner ones and much longer; inner
incisors close together in front ; all the lower incisors in young indi-
viduals bifid; no trace of first upper premolar; third upper premolar
with an antero-internal basal process as in P?. jubatus, last molar with
an antero-external cusp, and larger than the first lower premolar,
which stands in the centre of the space between the canine and second
premolar; last lower molar about the size of the first premolar.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 9”, ear 1'*25,
eye from tip of nostril 1°05, forearm 5’:2, thumb 2':4, third
finger—metacarp. 3'°7, lst ph. 2'-7, 2nd ph. 4'"1; fifth finger—
metacarp. 37, Ist ph. 1'65, 2nd ph. 1'"6; tibia 2'"3, foot 1'°8.

(For measurements of skull, see p. 70.)

Hab. Flores, Timor, Batchian.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

This species is easily distinguished by the long ears (which, in
proportion to the size of the animal, are probably longer than in any
other species of the genus) and peculiarly long fur on the sides of
the face. The dentition is also very characteristic, and the presence
of a small antero-internal basal cusp in the third upper premolar
connects it with Pt. jubatus.

a. fo ad. sk. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
6. So imm. sk. Timor. Purchased.
e. & ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(Type of Pt. florestz, Gray.)

Var. a.
Pteropus celebensis, Schlegel, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 333,

Smaller than Pt. macklotii, but generally similar to it in the
colour and distribution of the fur, and in the long ears, which are,
however, comparatively broader, and the antero-internal basal pro-
cess of the third upper premolar is not so much developed; the
incisors are similar in both species.

Fur of face and head rather long, yellowish buff; neck similar,
but brighter yellow; shoulders bright buff; chin and throat brown,
with some shining hairs; neck, chest, and abdomen bright yellowish
buff; back dark yellowish brown; fur of humerus very short,
appressed, none or very little on the forearms ; legs naked ; distri-
bution of the fur on the membranes beneath similar to that of Pt.
macklotii, but the hairs are shorter.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about se ear 1'"1,

¥F
68 PTEROPODIDE.

eye from tip of nostril 0"-9, forearm 5", thumb 2'"2; third finger—
metacarp. 3'°4, Ist ph. 2'"4, 2nd ph. 39; fifth finger—metacarp.
3'-5, Ist ph. 1/45, 2nd ph. 1°45; foot 15.

(For measurements of skull, see p. 70.)

Hab. Celebes.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

40. Pteropus caniceps.

een caniceps, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 107
eee affinis, Gray, . c. p. 108.

Fars longer than the muzzle, triangular above, and obtusely
pointed, naked; muzzle moderately long ; interfemoral membrane
very short behind, concealed by the fur.

Head greyish brown, intermixed with dark brown or black hairs,
the extremities of most of the hairs shining; neck and shoulders
bright yellowish buff; back shining yellowish grey, intermixed with
black or dark brown hairs; beneath, the neck is darker than above ;
breast and abdomen buff, the centre of the breast with a patch of
greyish shining hairs.

Above, the anterior extremities are almost naked; the back is
covered for a space of about 2 inches wide, and the thighs are
thinly clothed, but the legs and feet are naked ; distribution of the
fur beneath as in Pt. macklotir.

The teeth on the whole resemble those of Pt. macklotii; but the
upper incisors are broader and shorter; the third upper premolar
has a slight indication of an antero-internal cusp.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 8”, head
2'-5, ear 1", forearm 5'"3, thumb 2'"2, second finger 3-9, third
finger—metacarp. 3'°5, 1st ph. 2-6, 2nd ph. 4'"1; fifth finger—
metacarp. 3'°65, 1st ph. 155, 2nd ph.1""5; tibia 2"-2, foot 1°65.

Hab. Batchian Island.

Pt. caniceps, described by Dr. Gray from a single specimen, is
probably a hybrid between Pt. hypomelanus and Pt. macklotii. It
resembles the former in the general colour of the fur, but differs
from it in the longer ears, very differently coloured fur of the back
and of the sides of the breast and abdomen, and in the teeth; while
it agrees with the latter species in the form of the ears and in the
presence of a small antero-internal cusp in the third upper premolar.

a, ad. sk. (type). Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. imm. sk. Jilolo Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fet
(Type of Pteropus affinis, Gray.)

41. Pteropus jubatus.

Pteropus jubatus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, iv. p. i, pl. 16 (1881) ;

Ponidick, Monon. Mammal tp: 6l (86212 Tae al
Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 695; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867 P- 382 ;
Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 105 (187 6) ; Dob-
son, Monogr. Astat. Chiropt. p. 21 (1876). ;
2, PTEROPUS. 69

Pteropus pyrrocephalus, Meyen, Nov. Act. Soc. Ces. Leop.-Car. Nat.
Cur. xvi. p. 604.
Acerodon cabstne Jourdan, F. Cuvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. viii. p. 876.

Ears shorter than in Pt. medius, triangular in upper third, ex-
tremities narrowly rounded off or subacute; upper third of the
outer margin of the ear-conch flattened.

Interfemoral nearly 1 inch wide in the centre, not concealed by
the fur ; wings less than 1 inch apart at their origin from the sides
of the back, but the fur, though very short, occupies a space nearly
3 inches wide in this position; legs naked, or with a few scattered
hairs only.

Face dark brown or black; on the crown of the head varying
from pale golden yellow to bright silvery greyish with a yellowish
tinge passing into the reddish yellow of the neck; in adult males
the red collar extends round the under surface of the neck, in
females it ends on the sides of the neck, or there is a slight tinge
only of red in the dark fur of the throat and neck beneath; back
dark reddish brown, the extremities of the hairs slightly grizzled,
especially posteriorly; breast and abdomen deep reddish brown,
intermixed with greyish hairs.

Upper incisors conical; the central incisors close together, and
separated from the outer incisors on each side by a small space;
first upper premolar closer to the canine than to the second pre-
molar in the young, deciduous in adults; third upper premolar and
first molar with prominent antero-internal basa Jcusps (Plate IV.
fig. 6); last upper molar about one third the size of the antepenul-
timate molar; outer lower incisors more than double the size of the
inner incisors, which are bifid; first lower premolar about the size
of the last molar, in the centre of the space between the canine and
second premolar.

Length, head and body 10", head 3'"3, ear 1':25, eye to tip of
nostril 1:2, forearm 72, thumb 32, third finger 14'"5, fifth
finger 9'':2, tibia 3”:3, foot 2'°1, caleaneum 1”, interfemoral mem-
brane in the centre 07.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

This species probably occupies the next place to Pt. edulis in
point of size. From Pé. edulis, and from other species externally
similar, it is at once distinguished by its very peculiar teeth, which
are better developed than in any other species of the genus; the
third upper premolar and the first molar have distinct antero-
internal cusps, the presence of which led M. Jourdan to constitute
it the type of a genus Acerodon. Antero-internal cusps also occur
in the corresponding teeth of Pt. keraudrenii, Pt. macklotiw, and Pt.
molossinus (see description of teeth of these species); but none of
these species approach Pt. jubatus in size, and in none is this antero-
internal cusp so much developed.

The following are the measurements of a skull of an adult male
of this species in the collection, and also those of skulls of the types
of Pt. macklotit, Temminck, and Pt. celebensis, Peters, in the collec-

tion of the Leyden Museum :—
70 PTEROPODIDE.

 

 

 

 

 

. Pt, mack- | Pt. cele-
Pt. jubatus.| ~ “7o4i3, Binats
Extreme length from occipital crest to end
Of nasal bOneS ..........cseeseeseen neon tees 3-2 2-6 ies
Breadth across zygomatic arches ......... 18 1:45 13
Length from supraorbital foramen to ex-
tremity of nasals ....6......:seceeseeeeee ee 1:55 1:25 11
From infraorbital foramen to extremity
Ole masals:ycses.ccae ws de ean semana ssees 1-05 0°85 07
Space occupied by last four upper molars} 0°95 06 0°55
Space occupied by last four lower molars 11 0°75 0°65
a,b. 3 imm., al. Luzon. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
e,d. 2 ad., al. Luzon. Dr. A. B, Meyer [C.].
e. @ ad., al. Dinagut Island. Mr. Everett [C.].
f-h. 3, ,and sk. in al. Mindanao. Purchased.
2% od ad, sk. Mindanao. Dr. Steere [C.].
J 9 ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.].
k. 9 ad. sk. Haslar Coll.
1. skull of e.

m. skull of h.

3. CYNONYCTERIS.

? Eleutherura *, Gray, Voy. Sudphur, Mammalia, p. 29 (1844).

Cynonycteris, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Séiugeth. p. 25 (1852) ;
id. MB, Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 865; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
1878, p. 202; 7d. Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. 2 29 (1876).

Xantharpyia e¢ Eleutherura, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 64; Catal.
Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, pp. 115, 116 (1870).

Muzzle long and conical; nostrils projecting by their inner
margins ; upper lip with a wide groove in front, with sloping, not
elevated, margins } ; index finger with.a distinct claw ; metacarpal
bone of the middle finger as long as or longer than the index finger ;
wings from the sides of the hairy back and from the base of the
second toe; tail short, distinct, partially included in the narrow
interfemoral membrane.

Dentition. Inc. i C. = pm. = m. —

Skull and teeth very similar to those of Pteropus, but the sagittal
crest is less developed, the postorbital processes are much shorter,
and the cranio-facial axis is nearly horizontal ; the first upper pre-
molar and the last upper and lower molars are comparatively much
larger.

The very close affinity of this genus with Cynopterus is shown in
the occurrence of a transitional form, Cynonycteris grandidiert,

Peters, from Africa, which has the external form of Cynopterus,

* T reject this name in favour of Cynonycteris, subsequently proposed by Dr.
Peters, because, although Pteropus hottenttotus (= Cynenyeteris collaris, Mlig.) is
named by Dr. Gray as the type of his genus, nevertheless the short definition of
Eleutherura is altogether incorrect, and may have been founded on a specimen
of a species very different from C. collaris, and belonging to a different genus.

+ Except in C. grandidieri.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 71

short muzzle and similar upper lip, and the dentition of Cyno-
nycteris ; but the last molar in the upper and last two molars in the
lower jaw are quite rudimentary, and scarcely perceptible without
removing the gum. It is therefore very questionable whether
Cynonycteris can be considered more than a subgenus of Cynopterus.

Range. From Africa and Madagascar, through Southern Asia
Minor (Palestine, coasts of the Persian Gulf), India, Ceylon, Burma,
Siam, Malay Peninsula, and the islands of the Malay Archipelago as
far eastwards as New Ireland.

Unlike the arboreal habits of the species of the closely allied
genus Pteropus, some of the species of this genus are occasionally
found inhabiting caves; a colony of C. amplewicaudata was dis-
covered by Mr. W. T. Blanford in the Nimakdun salt-caves in Kishm
Island, and C. egyptiaca was found in a cave in the Wady Kern,
Central Palestine, by Canon Tristram, and, according to Geoffroy
and Temminck, inhabits the chambers of the Great Pyramid and
other deserted buildings in Egypt. It is probable, however, that
these species inhabit caves and trees indifferently as they find them
convenient ; and I believe that individuals that have lived in caves
may be distinguished at once by their short fur from those habitually
dwelling in trees.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Upper lip with a wide groove in front, with
sloping, not elevated margins ; molars well
developed.
A. Wings from the sides of the back.
a. Neck (in ¢) with some long coarse
hairs beneath scarcely forming a collar.
b. First upper premolar persistent ; ears
longer than the muzzle.
b'. The first upper premolar in the centre
of the space between the canine and
second premolar ; muzzle long.
bY. Thumh longer than the tibia .. 4. C. egyptiaca, p. 74.
ce". Thumb shorter than the tibia.
ce", Legs nearly naked ; forearm [p. 72.
SUBS aciedee ecw natemenes 1. C. amplexicaudata,
d'", Legs hairy ; forearm 3'"8.... 5. C. collaris, p. 75.
c'. The first upper premolar closely
wedged in between the canine and
second premolar; muzzle short.
d", Thumb shorter than the tibia.
ée". Legs naked ; forearm 2""8,... 2. C. minor, p. 73.
c. First upper premolar deciduous; ear i
not exceeding the muzzle in length.. 3. C. brachyotis, p. 74.
b. Neck (in ¢) with a broad collar in front,
terminating by an abrupt well-defined
margin. ee
e'. Thumb equal to the tibia in
length ; forearm 2'"3 ......-. 6. C. torquata, p. 76.
B. Wings from the back near the spine.
a. Muzzle long and narrow, fur occupying
a narrow space across the loins.
72 PTEROPODIDZ.

a’. Fur bright yellowish on the sides of

the back and on the extremities... 7. C. straminea, p. 77.

b'. Fur pale greyish brown .........- 8. C. dupreana, p. 78.
II. Upper lip with a narrow groove in front,
with elevated rounded margins, as in

Pteropus and Cynopterus.
a. Muzzle short; molars small, scarcely ae
raised above the level of the gum .. 9. C. grandidieri, p. 79.

1. Cynonycteris amplexicaudata.

Pteropus amplexicaudatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 96 (1810) ;
Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 200 (1827).

Pteropus leschenaultii, Desmar. Mammal. p. 110 (1821); Blyth,
Catal. Mammal. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 21 (1863).

Pteropus pyrivorus, Hodgson, Journ. Astat. Soc. Beng. 1835, p. 700.

Pteropus seminudus, Kelaart, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beny. 1852, p. 346.

Cynonycteris amplexicaudata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 865;
Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p.154; Jown. Asrat. Soc. Beng.
1873, p. 202, pl. xiv. fig. 8 (ear); Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 29 (1876).

Eleutherura marginata, infumata, philippinensis, Gray, Catal, Monkeys
and Fruit-eating Bats, pp. 118, 119 (1870).

Cynonycteris infuscata, Peters, J. c. 1873, p. 487.

Head long, triangular; upper lip with a wide groove directly con-
tinuous with the emargination between the nostrils, the edges of the
grooves smooth, not thickened as in Pteropus and Cynopterus ; ears
moderate, triangular, rounded at the tip, the upper half of the outer
margin straight, the lower half convex.

Posteriorly the ears are naked, except at their bases, anteriorly
the conch is clothed with a few very short fine hairs. The fur of
the body extends upon the humerus and upon the fleshy part of the
forearm, the remaining part to the carpus has only a few very fine
hairs. The portion of the back and wing-membrane covered with
fur across the loins is not more than an inch in breadth. The inter-
femoral membrane is densely covered with hair at the root of the
tail, and on either side as far as lines drawn from the knee-joints to -
the base of the free portion of the tail; the remaining portion, the
legs, and a considerable part of the wing-membrane beyond are
clothed with short thinly spread fur, which extends along the wing-
membrane and legs to the back of the feet. Beneath, the ante-
humeral membrane is clothed with rather long, thinly spread fur,
and the wing-membrane is similarly covered as far as a line drawn
from the knee to a point about half an inch posterior to the elbow,
whence the fur extends outwards posterior to the forearm to the
carpus. The interfemoral membrane, the legs, and the feet are
covered with a few very short hairs. Fur short, varying in colour
from dark olive or smoky brown to reddish or yellowish brown.
First upper premolars minute, equally distant from the canine and
second premolar ; second premolar exceeding lower canine in vertical
extent; first lower premolar small, less than half the size of the
second premolar; second premolar nearly equal to lower canine in
vertical extent.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 73

(For measurements, see p. 79.)

Hab. From the Persian Gulf to the Philippine Islands ; Bengal,
Southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Celebes, Amboyna, Timor, Aru
Islands.

The habits of this species are thus noticed by Mr. B. H.
Hodgson :—‘ The Pteropt never appear in the central hilly region
of Nipal save in the autumn, when they come in large bodies to
plunder the ripe fruit in the gardens. The lesser species is a
perfect pest from the havoc it makes among the ripe pears. Hence
I have called it pyrivorus. These animals are never seen in Central
Nipal save at midnight, at which time they come to feed, and
necessarily from a very considerable distance. In the plains it is
noted of them that they will travel 30 or 40 miles, and as many
back, in the course of a single night, in order to procure food.”

a. @ ad. sk. India. Captain Boys [C.].
(Eleutherura margmata, Gray.)
be. fd ad, al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Pteropus pyrivorus, Hodgson.)
d. fo sk. Himalayas.
(Type of Cynopterus affinis, Gray.)
ej. sks. Leyden Museum.
k. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
(Type of Pteropus seminudus, Kelaart.)
l, fo ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
m. ad. sk. Lao Mountains. Mr. Mouhot [C.].
n. 9 ad. sk, Sumatra. Mr. Turner [C.].
o. fo ad. sk. Philippine Islands.
(Type of Eleutherura philippinensis, Gray.)
p. Q ad, al. Philippine Islands. Zoolog. Soc. Coll.
g. 3o ad. sk, Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Eleutherura infumata, Gray.)
r. 2 imm. sk. Timor, Purchased.
8. 2 ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
t, skull. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
uw. skull of a.

2. Cynonycteris minor.

Cynonycteris minor, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 2038,
pl. xiv. fig. 9; Monogr. Astat. Chiropt. p. 82, fig. (ear).

Ears smaller and proportionally narrower than in C. amplewi-
caudata, muzzle shorter.

The minute first upper premolar is closely wedged in between the
canine and second premolar ; in C. ampleaicaudata it is separated by
a narrow interval from both these teeth.

The distribution of the fur is somewhat similar to that of the pre-
ceding species, but the hair is much shorter on the wing-membrane,
and almost absent from the backs of the tibi, from the adjoining
portions of wing-membrane, and from the feet.

Length, head and body 3'°7, tail 0-45, head 1°55, ear 0'68 x
0-35, ear to tip of nostril 1'°3, eye to tip of nostril 0-45, forearm
74 PTEROPODIDE.

2'-8, thumb 0-9, third finger 4-4, fifth finger 3'3, tibia 1-05,
foot 0'°75.

Hab. Java.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

8. Cynonycteris brachyotis.
Cynonycteris brachyotis, Dobson, P, Z. S. 1877, p. 116.

Resembles C. minor, Dobson, in size and in the nakedness of the
extremities, but may be at once distinguished by the much shorter
ears, longer muzzle, and deciduous first upper premolars.

Ears short, oval, rounded off above; a prominent thickened lobule
at the base of the outer margin of the ear-conch ; muzzle long and
narrow, as in C’. amplexicaudata (Plate V. fig. 3) ; males with shoul-
der-glands concealed by tufts of thickened yellow hairs, as in Pteropus.

Fur short, dark brown above, with greyish tips; beneath light
greyish brown. On the upper surface, the back of the neck, pos-
teriorly, and the shoulders are very thinly covered, almost naked,
and the fur of the body searcely extends upon the membranes ; the
tibie and feet and adjacent interfemoral membrane are naked ;
beneath, a broad band of fur extends outwards behind the elbow and
forearm, lessening in width towards the carpus.

First upper premolar very small in immature individuals, deci-
duous in adults ; remaining teeth as in C. ampleaicaudata.

In the following Table the relative measurements of this species
and of C. minor are given :—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2 &
el jal. l2l8l les
ls Bla la le E
So Lee le boas |e
2\/S12/8/3/4/3 (8/8
a
te s 2 a Es = 3 S
oO
A
COP GCNYOUIS sce savsicncancenssr 1:5 | 0°55) 0°55) 2°85) 0-9 | 4°5 | 3:4 | 1:15) 0-7
ON GANOP= scvncneccssioveecnnter 1:55} 0°45] 0°68] 2-8 | 0-9 | 4:4 | 3-3 | 1-05) 0°75
Hab. New Ireland.
a. imm., sk. New Ireland. Rev. G. Brown (e :
b,c. ad. sks. (type). New Ireland. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

4. Cynonycteris egyptiaca.

Pteropus egyptiacus, Geoffroy, Descript. de l Egypte, ii. pp. 135, 136,
pl. iii. fig. 8 (1812).

Pteropus geoffroyi, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal, i. p. 197, pl. xv.
figs. 14, 15 (1827).
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 75

Cynonycteris egyptiaca, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 865.
Eleutherura xgyptiaca, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats,
p. 117 (1870).

Very like C. ampleaicaudata, but the muzzle is comparatively
thicker and less pointed in front, the thumb longer, and the tibiz
shorter ; the interfemoral membrane also is more thickly covered,
and a distinct band of fur extends on the wing-membrane along the
outer side of the tibia.

On the upper surface the greater part of the interfemoral mem-
brane is clothed with soft fur, which descends upon the tibie and
upon the adjoining wing-membrane to the backs of the feet; the
antebrachial membrane is nearly naked, and the fleshy part of the
forearm is clothed with short hairs only ; beneath, the antebrachial
is covered with soft fur, and a broad band of very short fine fur
extends outwards behind the forearm to the carpus.

In the following columns are given the measurements of skulls of
C. egyptiaca and C. amplexicaudata respectively :—

From supraoccipital crest to end of nasals ...............6.. 1-75 16
Breadth across zygomatic arches ............:sseseeeseeesenees 1-15 0-92
From postorbital foramen to end of nasals,............00..5 0°85 0-72
Length of bony palato..........ccsossccrevscrtersesscersnensanses 0-9 0-75
(For general measurements see Table, p. 79.)
Hab. Egypt, Abyssinia, Palestine.
a,b. 2 ad. sks. Egypt. J. Burton, Esq. [P].
C, d. 6& G@ ad.sks. Egypt. Dr. Turnbull Christie [P.].
e. ad. sk, Abyssinia, Captain Harris [C.].
fig. & ad, al. Wady Kern, Central Canon Tristram [C. ].
Palestine.
h,t. skulls. Egypt. Dr. Turnbull Christie [P.].

5. Cynonycteris collaris.

Pteropus collaris, [dliger, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1815, p. 84; Lichten-
stein, Verz. Doubl. Berl. 1823, p. 3.

Pteropus leachii, Smith, Zoolog. Journal, iv. p. 483 (1829) ; Illustr.
S. ar Zoology, Mammal. pl. 48; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal.
ii. p. 88.

Pisce: us hottentottus, Temminck, 1. ce. p. 87; Victorin, Zoolog. Capland,
in Vetensk. Akad. Handi. Stockholm, 1858.

P Eleutherura hottenttota, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammal. p. 29 (1844).

Cynonycteris collaris, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth.
p. 25 (1852) ; MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 865.

Eleutherura unicolor et collaris, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-
eating Bats, pp. 117, 118 (1870).

Corresponds closely in general form with the preceding species ;
but the crown of the head appears to be more depressed, the thumb
is shorter, the distribution of the fur slightly different, and the
measurements greater throughout. i:

Fur dark brown or yellowish brown above and beneath. Sides of
the lower jaw and inferior surface of the muzzle clothed with straight,
76 PTEROPODIDA.

rather coarse hairs, which are much longer (in adult males) on the
sides and inferior surface of the neck and of a deep yellow colour.
About half the forearm is clothed with rather short hair; the wing-
membranes are naked, except along the sides of the body; the in-
terfemoral is covered as far as the notch in the centre behind, the
remainder and the tibizee with a few short hairs; feet covered with
short hairs. Beneath, the antebrachial is thinly covered ; the wing-
membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the
knee, and a deep band of fur passes outwards behind the elbow and
the forearm to the carpus, decreasing in width outwards; a small
patch of very short fur appears upon the metacarpal of the thumb.

Palate-ridges as in C. egyptiaca, except that the third posterior
divided ridge, represented by two oval papille, is absent.

(For measurements see Table, p. 79.)

Hab, Equatorial and Southern Africa (West Africa, Gaboon ; East
Africa, Natal; South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.)

a. © ad. bk. Gaboon. Purchased.
(Type of Eleutherura unicolor, Gray.)
b So ad.,al. Natal. Purchased.
e. 9 ad. sk. Port Natal.
df. & imm. & ad., al. Cape Town. Trustees of S, Afr. Mu-
seum [ P.].
g. & ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.
A. 9 ad., al. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.}.
# imm. ¢ sk. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
j. skull of e.
k. skull. South Africa, G. H. Ford, Esq. [P.].

6. Cynonycteris torquata.

Cynopterus collaris, Gray (non Geoffroy), Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-
eating Bats, p. 123 (1870).

Slightly more than half the size of C. collaris. The head also
is comparatively broader and shorter, and the crown of the skull
more elevated above the face-line.

The male has the under surface of the neck clothed with remark-
ably long, densely set yellow hairs, which extend outward upon the
shoulders and backwards upon the breast, terminating abruptly,
forming a broad well-defined ruff, very distinct from the short fur
of the body (Plate V. fig. 2).

Above, half the forearm is covered with short hairs, and the wing-
membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus
to the knee; nearly the whole of the interfemoral is thickly
covered, but the lower third of the tibia and the legs are quite
naked. Beneath, a few fine hairs appear upon the antebrachial
membrane and upon the wing-membrane between the humerus and
the femur and behind the elbow, but no band of fur passes out-
wards behind the forearm to the carpus.

Above, reddish brown, head paler; beneath, pale brown except
the ruff, which is bright reddish yellow.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 77

Upper incisors arranged in an angular series between the canines ;
last lower premolar placed on the commencement of the ascending
ramus of the jaw, so that, although much smaller, its crown is
higher than that of the antepenultimate molar.

In the following columns are given the measurements of an adult

male (a dried specimen) and of a younger male (the type, preserved
in alcohol) :—

Length, head and body ........ccccccscessssescccreevessseseeres 3:5
Gy | tA eciaesasvanvacnadde4cnsecsseadecsay stennicrcontenSeomeree 0°35
3 PGA Ce Sercenseteciec Wiis os Aan lel oatrus eee oe eased 1:3

Distance of the eye from the nostril .................0ceseeees oe 0°45

Biength. Cars. iovecncidvcouserecdeterta ni gecaieimasecseeoenaaetees 06 06
s POLE ATI: We eee cutee ae einer noone ea aaa EE 2:3 2:15
pk. (UN UIMD 2 auescs.sciee essen ureseesecenntes uns wesaceaeecueaene 0°85 0°85
ss Second fneers aiiisarertase ee cseuimeaeceedeeess Sossee eas 1-7 15
» third finger, metacarpal...............csscceeeceueeeeees 1:55 1:35
im > Tat: phalans saiaisessevesdeceunecuveess 1:05 1:0
45 $5 De itn teenie as tearen ee ton Sates 1:55 1-4
ef fifth finger, metacarpal ..............cceeeeseeeeseeenees 15 1:35
ii “4 Ist: phalanx: ascccscavicssucessexiwarerees 0-7 0°65
ae 3 Dn fap ease Ghee anc ciannteaae nian 0°85 0-7
ig) REDIB Sa ipecve succes is cuidece seed owseieqacescnon dees coevsee wees 0:85 0-8
sae LOOU weceuaeee cies pivoacecues: be esa anak uaoneneene outers 05 0:5
Hab. Africa (Angola).

a. (type) ¢, al. (not full-grown). = Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray.

b. vs Pe) sk, Africa. Sir J, Richardson.

7. Cynonycteris straminea,

Pteropus stramineus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 95 (1810) ;
Temminck, Monogr. Mammai.i. p. 195 (1827), ii. p. 84 (1835-41).

Xantharpyia straminea, Gray, List of Mammal. Brit. Mus. p. 38
(1843); Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 116 (1870).

Pachysoma straminea, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 44.

Pterocyon paleaceus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 423.

P Pteropus mollipilosus, Alen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scr. Philad. 1861,

. 159.

Piscean stramineus, Peters, Jornal de Scien. Math. Phys. « Natur.
Lisboa, no. x. 1870,

Cynonycteris straminea, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866.

Considerably larger than C. collaris, with a longer and narrower
head, and with fur quite different in quality, colour, and distribu-
tion from that of any other species of the genus. The wings also
arise from the sides of the back closer to the spine.

The fur of the head and neck is, as in Pteropus, different in length
and in colour from that of the back. Above, the face in front of
the eyes and the ears are nearly naked; the head and neck are
covered with rather short erect fur, which, however, is longer than
that of the back, which is closely appressed, and occupies a space
scarcely one and a half inch wide across the loins ; the humerus and
three fourths of the forearm are clothed with short appressed fur,
78 PTEROPODIDE.

and the interfemoral membrane and the legs to the ankles are covered
with longer hair; on the ventral surface the fur is very short, the
antebrachial membrane is covered with short straight hairs, and
similar fur clothes the wing-membrane between the humerus and
femur, and extends outwards behind the elbow and forearm to the
carpus, becoming narrower as it passes outwards.

Head and nape of neck greyish yellow; fur of the back brownish
or greyish yellow along the middle, bright straw-yellow on the sides ;
anterior and posterior extremities also bright straw-yellow above.
This peculiar bright yellow colour is different from that of any other
Bat, and at once distinguishes the species.

Skull and teeth similar in general characters to those of C. collaris,
but the skull is proportionally longer, and the brain-case less vaulted.
Upper incisors small, unicuspidate, separated from each other;
lower incisors equal, close together, canine and second premolars in
both jaws separated by a wide space, in the anterior half of which
the first premolar is placed.

(For measurements see Table, p. 79.)

Hab. Africa (West Africa, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Gaboon; East
Africa, White Nile, Senegal, Senaar, Abyssinia, Zanzibar).

a. 6 old, al. Sierra Leone. P. L. Strachan, Esq. [P.].

b. 3 ad. sk. Gambia.

e. fo ad, al. as District,Ga- H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
oon.

dad. & imm,, al. Gaboon. Purchased.

e,f. d imm. & 2 ad.,al. West Africa. A. Murray, Esq. [P.].

g. & ad, al. Zanzibav. Dr. Kirk [C.].

A. ad. sk. Africa.

a 2 ad. sk.

Jj, &. imm. & ad. sks. Senegal. Purchased.

7. 2 imm. sk. Whydah. My. Fraser [C.].

m, Q ad. sk. Senaar. Mr. Parreys [C.].

n. Q ad. sk. — Shillinglaw, Esq. [P.].

o. ad. sk.

p. ad. sk.

q. skull. Senaar. Mr. Parreys [C.].

r. skull of m.

8. Cynonycteris dupreana.

Pteropus dupreanus, Pollen, Schlegel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 419.
Cynonycteris dupreana, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866.

Apparently similar to C. straminea in structure, but larger, and
differing in the colour of the fur, which closely resembles that of
the lighter-coloured specimens of C. collaris.

Above, pale yellowish or greyish brown, paler on the neck;
beneath similar, but paler and dull buff-brown on the sides. The
fur also is thinner on the legs and feet.

(For measurements see p. 79.)

Hab, Madagascar (Nossi-Bé).

a. @ ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 79

C. amplexi- C. egyp- C.col- C. stra- C. du-

caudata. tiaca. laris, minea. ean.
Length, head and body ............ 5-0 48 55 65 aT i
iis RtAMN a cet wmsaiee eee 0-7 06 08 0-5 0-7
ai adsense. cee seoatetscctes 1-65 16 18 2:35 2-4
» eye from nostril ......... 06 06 0°75 0:95 10
fr OAT ws ocnasedonsen eee saradcs 075 0-8 0°85 11 1-2
ju> MOPORLM ice coehesae steers 3:35 3-2 3:8 4:8 i
sp) CORUM Bete eaicsocs 1:0 1:35 1:2 15 17
» third finger, metacarpal 2:1 2:0 2°3 29 33
5 ia Ist phalanx 1-4 14 16 21 24
- - 2nd, 1:85 18 2-5 3°25 34
* fifth finger, metacarpal 1:9 19 2:25 28 3-2
+ 5 Ist phalanx 1:0 10 1:2 1:3 15
a i 2nd: -s; 1-0 0°95 11 1-4 1:45
wy < PDIA scree hand eiareseemennns 15 1:25 1:55 19 20
Sie OOM aac seserdoesenacerscen: 0°85 0:98 10 1:2 14

9. Cynonycteris grandidieri.
Cynonycteris grandidieri, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 394.

Head short and broad; nostrils and upper lip as in Cynopterus
marginatus ; ears longer than the muzzle, lower half of the inner
margin of the ear-conch thickened, upper half convex, upper fourth
of the outer margin flattened beneath the tip, a small acute projec-
tion near the termination of the outer margin below.

Wings from the outer toe as in Cynopterus; tail very short,
scarcely exceeding the interfemoral membrane.

The last two molars in both jaws quite rudimentary, especially
in the lower Jaw, where they can scarcely be seen without cutting
down upon them, the other teeth as C. amplexicaudata.

Fur of the back rather long and dense, much longer than that
of the under surface; legs clothed with a few fine hairs. Above
brownish yellow, paler beneath.

The pectoral teats (in the single male specimen) are so large that
at first sight the specimen from which this description is taken
appears to be a female. I have found a similar development of the
mamme in a male specimen of Cynopterus marginatus from Ceylon,
referred to under the description of that species. It is probable
that where two young are born at a single birth, the male relieves
the female of the charge of one (as the weight of two might render
flight difficult or impossible), and at the same time performs the
office of a nurse. It is well known that many species of Bats have
occasionally two young at a birth, but I have never found a mother
with more than one clinging to her body. The size of the pectoral
teats in many male specimens (though in none yet observed by me
so large as in this species and in the other case referred to above)
lead me to think that instances of the male performing the office of
nurse are probably not uncommon among Bats.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 3), head and body 3'°3,
tail 0-35, head 1'-2, eye from end of nose 0'4, ear 0'"7, forearm
2"-5, thumb 0'°8; third finger—metacarp. 15, 1st ph. 1", 2nd ph.
80 PTEROPODID®.

1-55; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"4, 1st ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 0°85;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°5, 1st ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 0'"75 ; tibia 0'°85,
foot 0'°6.

Hab. Zanzibar.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

In external form this Bat is a Cynopterus. In fact no zoologist
could during life say that it belonged to the genus Cynonycteris.
Remembering the presence of an additional upper molar in a spe-
cimen of Pteropus medius from Nipal (vide p. 51), I would at once
consider the additional teeth of no importance, and place this species
in the genus Cynopterus. But the antepenultimate molars are also
small, so that it seems that they are the rudimentary condition of
previously well-developed teeth. Is this form, then, an example of
a species of Cynonycteris passing into Cynopterus, or can it be a
hybrid ?

4. CYNOPTERUS.

Cynopterus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. p. 39 (1825); Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866; Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-
eating Bats, 1870, p. 121; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1873,
p. 200; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. 1876, p. 23.

Pachysoma, Js. Geoffroy, Dict. Class. Hist, Nat. p. 705 (1828).

Muzzle much shorter than in Cynonycteris, and comparatively
thicker ; nostrils projecting, deeply emarginate between ; upper lip
with a narrow vertical groove in front bounded laterally by naked
prominences as in Pteropus; index finger with a distinct claw;
metacarpal bone of the middle finger longer than the index finger;
wings from the sides of the hairy back and from the first toe; tail
short, distinct (except in Megerops).

Dentition. Inc. 5 or s. Cc. = pm. =, m. =

General form of the teeth as in Cynonycteris, but less in number
than in that genus, the last upper and last two lower molars being
absent *.

Range. The Oriental Region; one species only found slightly
beyond the limits of this region, in Morty Island (Jilolo).

This genus appears to be most closely allied to Pteropus, even
more so than Cynonycteris, which agrees with that genus in the
dental formula. The form of the nostrils and of the narrow groove
on the upper lip, bounded by naked, raised, prominent margins, are
quite similar to the same parts in Pteropus; while in Cynonycteris
the groove on the upper lip is deep and wide, with slanting sides.
The absence of a tail in one of the species C. (Megarops) ecaudatus,
gives further indication of its natural affinities.

* The rudimentary condition of these teeth in the transitional form Cynonye-
teris grandidiert shows that this is the correct view of the homologies of the
teeth in Cynopterus.
4. CYNOPTERUS. SL

Synopsis of the Subgenera and Species.
a. Tail distinct.

a'. Incisors 4 sydacaiseta epi eiy sae win ermate aca Sie Subgenus CynorrTErus.
a", Molars narrow, much longer than broad ;
upper incisors nearly equal.
a", Base of the outer margin of the ear-
conch straight or faintly convex.
a‘, Ears nearly double the length of the
muzzle, margined very distinctly .
Wath Wit! osc oinsd-o55 eta eee vais 1. C. marginatus, p. 81.
b*, Ears not much longer than the muzzle,
no white margin.
a’, Fur of the head scarcely differing
in colour from that covering the
back; ears narrow; forearm 2’7. 2. C. scherzeri, p. 84.
b°, Fur of the head black, contrasting
with the much lighter-coloured
fur of the body; ears oval; fore-

SPT evel sate eastern eta oeal se 3. C. melanocephalus,
b'", Base of the outer margin of the ear- p. 85.
conch forming a distinct rounded pro-
jection.

e*, Ears not much longer than the muzzle,:
no white margin; forearm 2’-2.... 4. C. brachysoma, p.85.
6", Molars very broad; upper incisors nearly
equal.
d*, Earsnot much longer than the muzzle.
ce’, Fur of the head dark brown, of the
body reddish brown ; forearm 2”’8. 5. C. latidens, p. 86.

DB ANCB6 oy ives eigen senaeees Subgenus Prenocuirvs.

ec", Molars as in C. marginatus; inner upper
incisors much longer than the outer

ones; forearm 3'"1 . 1... ccc eee eee eae 6. C. jagorit, p. 87.
b. Tail none.
e. Incisors 4 Se RN er aE ERT Subgenus Mze rors,
e*, Ears as in C. melanocephalus; fore-

BPM 2 Foe eds yeaah a aces eae 7. C. ecaudatus, p. 87.

a cers
Tail distinct : incisors 3. Subgenus CyNOPTERUS.

1. Cynopterus marginatus.

Pteropus marginatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xiv. p. 97; Temm. Monogr.
Mammal. i. p. 202, pl. xiv. ;

Cynopterus marginatus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. ? 39 (1825) ;
Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice, p. 28 (1852); Blyth, ibid. p. 37 ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866; Jerdon, Mamm. of India,
p. 20 (1867); Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p, 122
(1870); Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 200, pl. xiv. fig. 4 (ear) ;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 24. ;

Pteropus titthezcheilus, Temm. 1. ¢. 1. _ 198,

Pachysoma diardii et duyaucellii, Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. Hist. Nat.
xiv. p. 705; Temminck, |. c. ii. pp. 95, 96.

Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Is. Geoff. l. c.; Temminck, 1. e. p. 92.

@
82 PTEROPODIDE.

Pteropus pyrivorus, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 36.

Cynopterus horsfieldii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1848) ;
Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 30 (1851).

Pachysoma luzoniense, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 708.

Eleutherura marginata, Gray, P. ZS. 1866, p. 64.

Fars large, rounded at the tip, with a slight but distinct concavity
of the outer margin immediately beneath the tip; both the outer
and inner margins of the ear-conch are bordered with white; the
white border along the inner margin is one twelfth of an inch wide,
and contrasts strongly with the dark brown colour of the ear; the
outer margin terminates below without forming a lobe at the base.
Nostrils projecting, with a deep emargination intervening. The
upper lip marked in the centre, as in Pteropus, with a narrow ver-
tical groove, bounded laterally by naked prominences continuous
with the integument of the nostrils.

Ears naked posteriorly, except at their bases; anteriorly a few
hairs appear upon the conch along the outer side of the white border
of the inner margin, and, similarly, along the inner side of the white
border of the outer margin. On the upper surface the fur extends
upon the wing-membrane nearly as far as a line joining the elbow-
and knee-joints, also thinly upon the humerus, the femur, and
proximal end of the tibia; beneath, the antebrachial membrane is
covered with moderately long, thinly spread hairs, and the wing-
membrane is clothed to about the same extent as upon the upper
surface, the hairs also passing outwards in a narrow band posterior
to the forearm. The colour of the fur is extremely variable—dark
brown, reddish brown, snuff-brown, or olive-brown, sometimes with
a bluish tinge throughout. The fur of the male is distinguished
from that of the female, especially during the rutting-season, by a
collar of stiff radiating reddish-yellow hairs, the coarseness and
colour of which appear to depend upon the presence of glands on
the sides and on the inferior surface of the neck, similar to those on
the shoulders of most species of Pteropus.

Upper incisors close together, short, equal in length, placed in a
straight line in the space between the canines, from which a slight
interval separates them on each side; lower incisors somewhat
smaller, forming a slightly arched row, the outer incisors on each
side separated as above by a small space from the canine*. First
upper premolar minute, in the centre of the space between the
canine and second premolar, and slightly to the outer side of the
tooth-row ; second premolar nearly equal to the lower canine in
vertical extent.

Length (of an adult ¢ recently killed), head and body 4'4, tail
0"-4, head 15, ear 1" x 0"5, ear from tip of nostril 1-2, eye from
tip of nostril 0-5, forearm 3", third finger 5”, fifth finger 3”-7,
thumb 1'"1, tibia 1'1, foot 0'°7.

* In old individuals the lower inner incisors are occasionally found wanting,

and their place partially occupied by the outer incisors (see Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 25).
4. cYNorrervs. 83

Hab, India generally, from the Himalaya to Cape Comorin;
Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Arracan, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam,
Sumatra, Java, Billiton Island, Borneo, Philippine Islands.

This Bat is very common in India, and extremely destructive to
fruit of all kinds, especially to guavas, plantains, and mangoes. To
a specimen of this Bat, obtained by me at Calcutta, uninjured, I
gave a ripe banana, which, with the skin removed, weighed exactly
two ounces. The animal immediately, as if famished with hunger,
fell upon the fruit, seizing it between the thumbs and the index
fingers, and took large mouthfuls out of it, opening the mouth to
the fullest extent with extreme voracity. In the space of three
hours the whole fruit was consumed. Next morning the Bat was
killed, and found to weigh one ounce, half the weight of the food
eaten in three hours! Indeed the animal when eating seemed to
be a kind of living mill, the food passing from it almost as fast as
devoured, and apparently unaltered, eating being performed alone
for the sake of the pleasure of eating. This will give some idea of
the amount of destruction these Bats are capable of producing
among ripe fruits. ‘In Nipal this Bat is a perfect pest, from the
havoc it makes among the ripe pears and guavas. Mr. Hodgson says
they are only seen in Nipal about midnight, when they come to feed
from very considerable distances. In the plains it is noted of them
that they will travel from thirty to forty miles, and as many back,
in the course of a single night, in order to procure food ” *.

One of the specimens in the collection, an adult male, from Ceylon,
has well-developed mamme, the teats being as large as in any
female during lactation. I have observed an abnormally large size
of the mamme in some male specimens of other species of Bats
also, and think it probable that where two are born at the same
birth, the male may relieve the female of the charge of one of the
young ones, and act to it as a nurse. This supposition is
strengthened by the consideration that the weight of two young ones
would seriously affect the flight of the female (wide anted, p. 79).

a-e. 6 &Pimm. et ad. India. Se oee of State for India
7. ad. sk. India. Leyden Museum.
gy. & ad, al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
(Eleutherura ellioti, Gray.)
h. fo ad., al. Madras. T. E. J. Boileau, Esq. [P.}.
a,j. ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
(Eleutherura ellioti, Gray, P type.)
hk. Q ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
1. 2 ad, al. Ceylon. Purchased.
(With foetus i utero.)
m. & ad, al. Ceylon. Purchased.

(With well-developed mammez.)
n, 0. ad. sks. (one inal,). Pinang.
p. & ad. sk. Pinang.

 

* Hutton, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 693.
a2
8+ PTEROPODID H.

gq. @ ad. sk. Malacca.
rv. ad. sks. Malacca.
w. ad. sk. Sumatra.

(Labelled “Type of Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Geoft.””)
z-a'. 6 & Qad. sks. Java. E. India House Coll,
b'. 2 imm., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.
e'. fo ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll.

d',e'. 2 juv. etad.,al. Philippine Islands.
f-h'. 9 ad. sks.

a, ad. sk.

j. ad. sk.

ki-n'. 3 & & ad., al. Sir A. Smith.

o'. fo ad, al. Lieut. Strickland.

p'. & imm,, al.

qg’. ad. sk. St.George Mivart,Esq.[P.].
r', s'. ad. sks,

t’. ad. skeleton. Sumatra. Purchased,

w', ad, skeleton, Java. Purchased.

v', imm. skeleton. ? Java. Purchased.

w'. imm. skeleton. India. East India House Coll.
z'. skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased.

y'. skeleton.

2. Cynopterus scherzeri.

Pachysoma scherzeri, Fitzinger, Sitzungs. Wien. Akad. 1860, p. 389
(nom. nudum).

Cynopterus marginatus, var. Pachysoma scherzeri, Zelebor, Reise der
ster. Freg. ‘ Novara, Sdugeth. p. 11 (1868).

Cynopterus scherzeri, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 26, fig. (ear).

This species, like Pt. nicobaricus, was named but not described by
Fitzinger ; and Zelebor regards it as a variety of C. marginatus. It
is at once distinguished from that species by its small and narrow
ears, which are also not margined with white. When adult speci-
mens of C. marginatus and of this species are compared together,
the difference in the size and shape of the ears is very striking.

The muzzle is thicker in front and the colour of the fur much
darker than in any specimen of C. marginatus.

Length (of an adult @ preserved in alcohol), head and body 3’7,
tail 0°55, head 1'3, ear 0'°63 x 0'"32, eye to tap of nostril 0'45,
forearm 2'"7, thumb 1", third finger 4°75, fifth finger 3’-5, tibia 1",
foot 0'6.

Hab. Car-Nicobar Island ; found beneath the leaves of the cocoa-
nut palms.

Zelebor mentions that the ears of the specimens obtained at Car-
Nicobar are margined with white ; but I have been unable to detect
even the slightest trace of a white border in the ears of several spe-
cimens from the same locality examined by me. Therefore either
Zelebor has been mistaken, or the white bordering of the ears is not
a constant character in this species, or I have wrongly identified
the species here described with C. scherzeri. But, although it is
quite impossible to identify the species here described with that
obtained during the ‘ Novara’ Expedition at Car-Nicobar Island from
4, CYNOPTERUS. 85

Zelebor’s description (which consists merely of some unimportant
remarks on the colours of the fur, wing-membranes, and eyes), yet,
as the animals which furnished the above description were taken
not only at the same island, Car-Nicobar, but also from the same
place on that island, namely from the leaves of the cocoa-nut palms,
I think it highly probable that they belong to the same species, and
accordingly, to avoid the possibility of introducing a fresh synonym,
I have retained Fitzinger’s name.

a. @ ad., al. Car-Nicobar Island. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
(With fetus in utero.)

3. Cynopterus melanocephalus,

Pteropus melanocephalus, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. i. p. 190, pl. xii.
Cynopterus melanocephalus, Peters, MB. Akad. Bak 1867, p. 867;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 27 (1876).

Ears small, oval; nostrils projecting considerably, deeply emar-
ginate between. Fur above extending to the wing-membranes as
far as a line drawn between the elbow and the knee; beneath
almost confined to the body. Head black; shoulders and back pale
reddish buff at the base of the hairs, the extremities light reddish
brown; beneath pale buff throughout. The colour of the hair on
the upper surface appears in the type specimen considerably faded.

Teeth as in C. marginatus ; last lower molar very small, much
smaller than upper one.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 28, ear 0'°4, eye
from tip of nostril 0:25, forearm 1'°7, thumb 0'"6, third finger 3”,
fifth finger 2-2, tibia 0'6, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Java.

The type in the Leyden Museum is the only specimen of this the
smallest species of Cynopterus yet obtained.

4. Cynopterus brachysoma.
Cyne pre brachysoma, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 260; 1873,
p- 202, pl. xiv. fig.7; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 27, tig. (ear).

Ears slightly longer than the muzzle, broadly rounded off above,
the upper third of the outer margin straight or even slightly convex;
the presence of a rounded lobe at the base of the outer margin at
once distinguishes this species.

Body very short and thick. Fur slaty blue, with a greyish or
silvery tinge, the tip of the hairs sooty brown. The fur of the back
is continuous with that of the abdomen through the notch in the
interfemoral membrane, and completely conceals the short and
slender tail. Above, the fur of the back extends upon the wing-
membrane as far as a line drawn between the elbow- and knee-
joints, covering it with long hair, also upon the humerus, half the
length of the forearm, the femur, and proximal end of the tibia.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'"9,
tail 0'"25, head 1'"25, eye to tip of nostril 0-4, ear 0'°6 x 0'-35,
86 PTEROPODIDE.

forearm 2':2, third finger 4”, fifth finger 3”, thumb 0'9, tibia 0'"8,
foot 0'°5.

Hab. Southern Andaman Islands.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

5. Cynopterus latidens.

Ears small, oval, rounded off above, naked, not margined with
white ; muzzle rather short and obtuse.

Tail very short, quite concealed by the long fur surrounding it.

Fur of the head in front of and above the eyes very dark brown,
almost black ; crown of the head behind the eyes dark brown; back
and neck reddish brown, the greater part of the hairs to the base
greyish; beneath, greyish brown throughout.

The fur of the body is moderately long and very dense, extending
outwards upon the humerus, which it covers altogether, and passes
round the elbow to the fleshy part of the forearm; also upon the
wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee,
and upon the legs and adjoining membranes as far as the metatarsus,
the hairs being rather long and moderately dense ; interfemoral mem-
brane very short in the centre, and thickly covered above and be-
neath with close fur, which conceals its posterior margin and the
very short tail.

The teeth differ remarkably from those of every other known
species of Cynopterus in their large size and great width (Plate V.
fig. 1). The transverse and longitudinal diameters of each molar
tooth are nearly equal; the first upper true molar has a very
large external cusp; the last lower molar is very small, with a
circular crown, equal to the first lower premolar in cross section,
but scarcely one third the diameter of the antepenultimate molar ;
the lower canines are close together, their projecting cingulums
being separated posteriorly by a narrow space. Some of the lower
incisors are evidently deciduous, for in the specimen (the only
example of this species as yet obtained) from which this descrip-
tion is taken three incisors occupy the whole space between the
canines.

Length, ear 0'"6, forearm 2-8, thumb 1”; third finger—meta-
carp. 2", Ist ph. 15, 2nd ph. 1-9; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-9,
1st ph. 0’°9, 2nd ph. 0'"9 ; foot 0'°65.

Hab. Morty Island, Malay Archipelago.

This species is at once distinguished by the very peculiar form of
the molar teeth, which are not only different from those of every
known species of Cynopterus, but also from those of every species of
the suborder. Molar teeth of a somewhat similar form occur only
in certain species of the group Stenodermata (of the widely sepa-

rated family Phyllostomide), which are also frugivorous in their
habits.

a. & ad. sk. (type). Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
4, CYNOPTERUS. 87

Tail distinct : incisors ‘ > upper middle incisors longer than the outer ones.
Subgenus Prenocuivs.
Ptenochirus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 707.

6. Cynopterus jagorii.
Pachysoma (Ptenochirus) jagorii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861,
p. 707 ; dd. lc. 1871, p. 867.
Cynopterus jagorii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 28 (1876).

Ears like those of O. marginatus, but shorter and not margined
with white; the outer margin also is less concave in upper third.

The fur of the body extends slightly upon the wing-membrane ;
but the under surface of the forearm is nearly naked. Fur above
dark brown ; beneath, a paler shade of the same colour.

Outer upper incisors less than half the size of the inner ones ;
lower incisors two, not much crowded, bifid; first upper premolar
very small, in the narrow space between the canine and the large
second premolar, but on the outer side (not outside) of the tooth-
row ; first lower premolar not so small, and in the centre of the
tooth-row.

In all other respects, in the form of the head, muzzle, and body,
&e., similar to C. marginatus.

Length, head and body 4”, tail 0’°5, ear 0'7 x 0'"4, forearm 3'-1,
thumb 1"-2, third finger 5’°2, fifth finger 3-8, tibia 1-2, foot 0'-75.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Luzon).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

; So 4
Tail none ; incisors 3. Subgenus Mrezrops.

Megeera, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 359.
Megerops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 867.

7. Cynopterus ecaudatus.

Pachysoma ecaudatum, Temm. J. c. ii. p. 94.

Megvera ecaudata, Temm. lc. p.859; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth.
v. p. 611

Megzerops ecaudatus, Peters, 1. c. p. 868.
Cynopterus ecaudatus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 29 (1876).

Head and muzzle as in C. marginatus; apertures of nostrils rather
wide, opening sublaterally ; ears small, oval, very similar in relative
size and shape to those of C. melanocephalus.

Fur yellowish brown throughout, extending broadly upon the
wing-membrane across the loins as far outwards as a line drawn
from the elbow- to the knee-joint; beneath, the fur is almost con-
fined to the body.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 3'"8, ear
0'-5, eye from tip of nostril 0-4, forearm 2’"1, thumb 0-8, third
finger 3'"8, fifth finger 2'-8, tibia 0°75, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Sumatra.

The only specimen of this species yet obtained is preserved in the
Leyden Museum.
88 PTEROPODIDE.

5. HARPYIA.

Harpyia, Iliger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 118 (1811); Temminck,
Monogr. Mamma. ii. p. 98 (1835-41) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 64;
Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 20; Peters, MB.

Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 868.
Cephalotes, Geoffroy (in part), Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 107 (1810).
Uronycteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 262.

Muzzle short, obtuse, and very thick; nostrils tubular, projecting
abruptly for a considerable distance from the upper extremity of the
muzzle ; index finger with a large claw; wings from the sides of
the body and from the base of the second toe; tail short, half con-
tained in the interfemoral membrane.

Dentition. Inc. 4, CG. i, pm. 7 m. —

Premaxillary bones well developed, united in front; facial bones
much elevated above the margin of the jaw; lower canines close
together.

This genus is at once distinguished by the peculiar tubular
nostrils and by the dentition, which resembles that of no other
genus. Although thus separated from all other genera of Pteropo-
dide, it is evidently most closely related to Cynopterus, in which the
nostrils of some species and especially of some individuals are much
elongated, and the outer incisors in both jaws are sometimes very
small or deciduous.

Range, Austro-Malayan subregion.

1. Harpyia cephalotes.

Yee cephalotes, Pallas, Spicileg. Zoolog. iii. p. 10, figs. 1, 2
1767).

Giants allasii, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 107 (1810).
Harpyia pallasii, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 101, pl. xl.
figs. 1-5 (1835-41) ; Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 504 (1888).
Harpyia cephalotes, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 370 (1844) ;

Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 868.
Cynopterus (Uronycteris) albiventer, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 262.

Muzzle short, thick, and obtuse, the eye placed midway between
the ear and the extremity of the muzzle; nostrils in the form of
cylindrical tubes projecting abruptly from the -extremity of the
muzzle high above the margin of the upper lip, with slightly dilated
notched apertures ; upper lip very deep, divided by a narrow groove
which is continuous with the emargination between the bases of the
nasal tubes. Eyes large, placed high up on the sides of the face.
Ears oval, longer than the muzzle, the outer and inner margins of
the ear-conch convex, the summit rounded off, no lobule at the base
of the outer margin.

Base of the first phalanx of the thumb contained within the wing-
membrane ; index finger with a large claw. Wing-membrane from
the sides of the body and from the base of the second toe ; inter-
femoral membrane much deeper and tail longer than in Cyno-
pterus.
5. HARPYIA. 89

Integument of the body and wings dark brown, with several cir-
cular unequal white spots on the forearms and fingers, and a few
on the wing-membrane.

Fur, above, reddish brown with an ashy tinge; beneath, dull yel-
lowish white ; a darker-coloured, almost black, streak, generally very
narrow, but in some specimens increasing considerably in width
posteriorly, extends from between the shoulders to the base of the
interfemoral- membrane.

Skull rather short; premaxillary bones well developed and united
in front, the extremities of the nasal:bones much elevated above the
margin of the jaw; frontal bones slightly grooved mesially in front,
elevated laterally, considerably raised above the nasals in front;
postorbital processes short, their bases not perforated by a foramen
as in Cynopterus.

Upper incisors well developed, filling up the space between the
canines ; each tooth is broadly conical, with a small external cusp ;
canines thick but not acute, with a second obtuse projection on the
outer side near the extremity ; first upper premolar minute, with a
flattened crown, scarcely as high as the cingulum of the canine, in
the narrow space between the canine and the second premolar, which
is equal to about one half the canine; first molar with an oblique
crown, slightly smaller than the second premolar, and equal to the
second molar in cross section ; lower canines close together in front ;
first lower premolar very small, with a flattened crown, having a
small external cusp; second premolar three fourths the size of the
canine, and much larger than the third, which equals the first
molar in cross section; last lower molar scarcely more than half the
size of the antepenultimate molar, with a flat, oblong, rectangular
crown.

(For measurements, see p. 90.)

Hab. Celebes, Timor; Amboina; Gilolo; Morty Island; Cape
York, N. Australia.

The original description of this species by Pallas leaves little to
be desired. It contains also an excellent account of the visceral
anatomy, illustrated by several figures.

a. imm, sk., inal. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
6. oad. sk. Amboina. Purchased.

e. ad. sk. Cape York, N. Australia. Purchased.

d. skull of 8.

2. Harpyia major.
Harpyia major, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 187, figs. 1-3.

Much larger than H. cephalotes, Pallas, but with shorter ears,
longer nasal tubes, and much paler-coloured fur, differing also in the
form of the skull and of some of the teeth.

Fur, above, pale buff, the base of the hairs on the back dark ; ex-
tremities of the hairs on'the head and about the ears yellow ; on the
back the greater part pale buff ; a dark vertebral line, as in H. cepha-
90 PTEROPODID.E.

lotes, extends from a point between the shoulders to the tail; be-
neath, dull yellowish buff throughout.

Upper canine on each side with a prominent external cusp ; last
lower molar with a circular crown. In 4. cephalotes the upper
canine has a blunt, ill-defined external projection, and the crown of
the last lower molar is oval or quadrilateral.

The skull in this species is also very much larger and differently
shaped. The frontal bone is deeply grooved between the postorbital
processes, and the nasal bones terminate at such a height above the
premaxilla as to be on the same level with the floor of the groove
behind them. The zygomatic arch is more than twice as thick as
in H. cephalotes, and the postorbital processes of the frontal are
longer.

Hab. New Guinea (south of Huon Gulf); Duke of York Island,
New Ireland ; New Georgia, Solomon Islands.

a. imm. sk, New Guinea, south of Huon Gulf. Dr. Comrie [C.].

b. ad. sk. (type). Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown[C.].
ce. imm. sk, Duke of York Island. Rey. G. Brown [C. }.
d. ? ad. sk. New Georgia.

e. skull of 8.

f. skull of d.

The following Table exhibits the measurements of the type of this
species, of another immature specimen with the epiphyses of the
finger-bones unconsolidated, and of a perfectly adult specimen of H.
cephalotes from Timor :—

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

Al. major | H. major | H. cepha-
(ad.). (imm.). | lotes (ad.).
Length, head and body, about ............ 45 4:2 3°5
gpa UBL Shatee Br cpacwsatecaccaacoesnacr esses 0-9 0-9 07
go NEA” 2h rai. do vwoerargeewsuen convenes 1:55 15 1:3
e COT. swicinantadssnecueeett <osuneeseesdees 0°55 0-55 06
Wea SHOROATM a es cei acn nase sh ane omantacate 3-1 2:95 2-4 *
gx, thumbed, cease wubeaichasewagattaces 13 1:3 09
ay, ‘Becondfinger' 30k weuesev eco 2:2 2°0 16
», third finger, metacarp............. 2°15 19 16
4 pao.  etyphoxssctacnerss 165 155 1:25
49 » 2nd ph.... 23 2°1 17
» fifth ,,  metacarp.... 2-0 1:85 16
i se. | det phiaeeendevcccc. 10 0:95 0-75
i. % Re OND nc td sngeaesores 1:2 1:05 0°85
ge) HAD eaves ectecuer Ants ssewes nese adeee 12 11 0:85
gy NCALOANOUIMN ccccct sev, dean ecesscwdorace 0°45 0-4 0:3
si. MOObraewexdsussueewansvaresmeemevins 07 07 05

 

* I find that this is the constant length of the forearm of all perfectly adult
specimens of H. cephalotes from the Malay Archipelago.
6. CEPHALOTES. 91

6. CEPHALOTES.

Cephalotes, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 99 (1810); Temminck,
onogr. Mammal. ii. p. 103 (1835-41) ; ete P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 64;

Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 871; Gray, Catal. Monkeys and
Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 119.

Hypoderma, Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat. v. p. 15; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 872 (1844).

Xantharpyia, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 80 (1844) (vide
Peters, 1. c.).

Muzzle obtusely conical, as short as in Cynopterus ; nostrils
simple, rather wide apart, opening sublaterally, with a wide shallow
emargination between; ears simple, separate; index finger without
a claw; wings from the spine ; wing-membrane attached to the base
of the second toe ; tail short, as in Cynonycteris.

Dentition. Inc. z, c. =, pm. =, m. =.

This genus, represented by a single species only, appears to be
most nearly allied to Pteropus, which it resembles in the form of the
skull and of the molar teeth. It is, however, widely separated from
all the genera of this group by the ununited condition of the pre-
maxillary bones, and by the absence of a claw on the index finger.

Range. Austro-Malayan subregion.

1. Cephalotes peronii.

Pteropus palliatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 99 (1810).

Cephalotes peronii, Geoffroy, /.c. p. 104, pl. vii. ; Temminck, Monogr.
Mammal. ii. p. 106, pl. xxxv. fig. 7, pl. xxxvi. figs. 24-29 (1835-
41); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 871; Gray, Catal. Monkeys
and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 119.

Hypoderma peronii, Is. Geoffroy, Dict. Class. d Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 708

(1828).

Hypoderma moluccensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de 0 Astrolabe, i.
p. 86, pl. xi.

Xantharpyia amplexicaudata, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 30
(1844).

Muzzle short, obtusely conical; the eye is nearer to the extremity
of the nose than to the ear; ears narrow, subacutely pointed, longer
than the muzzle ; outer margin of the ear-conch concave immediately
beneath the tip, then convex; inner margin convex in the middle,
straight in upper third; nostrils as in Pteropus but not so promi-
nent, separated by a wider space and opening more laterally; be-
neath, the centre of the upper lip is occupied by a naked raised and
flattened cushion not divided by a vertical groove.

Index finger as long as the metacarpal bone of the middle finger,
the terminal phalanx ending in a small curved process resembling a
blunt nail.

Wing-membrane from the base of the second toe, and from the
central line of the back, with which it is connected by a longitudinal
very thin process of the integument. The wings are quite naked
above, but the back covered by them is well clothed with hair.
92 PTEROPODIDX.

Fur everywhere short; dark brown on the head, paler brown
on the neck and shoulders ; beneath, dull yellowish or greyish
brown.

Above, the fur covering the shoulders terminates abruptly at about
the posterior angle of the scapula, corresponding to the commence-
ment of the wing-membrane ; a few hairs appear upon the base of
the interfemoral membrane, but the remainder of the membranes
and the anterior and posterior extremities are naked; beneath, a
band of rather long fur extends outwards behind the forearm towards
the carpus.

General form of the skull similar to that of Pteropus, but the
muzzle is much shorter, and the postorbital processes of the frontal
scarcely more developed than in Cynonycteris; premaxillary bones
slender, not united in the centre, each supporting a single incisor
with a broad cutting-edge ; lower incisors two, slender, in the narrow
space between the canines; first upper premolar about two thirds
the size of the canine, separated from it by a narrow interval; first
upper molar once and a half the second premolar in cross sec-
tion; second molar small, but exceeding the last lower molar in
cross section ; lower premolars and molars very similar to those in
Pt. jubatus, with prominent antero-internal basal cusps, but the first
lower premolar fills up the space between the canine and second
premolar.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body 65, tail 1'°3, head 2”,
ear 1”, eye from nose 0'"7, forearm 5'"3, thumb 1-5, third finger—
metacarp. 3’°1, Ist ph. 2°35, 2nd ph. 3'"4; fourth finger—meta-
carp. 2'-8, 1st ph. 2'"15, 2nd ph. 2''3 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2’:8,
1st ph. 1'°7, 2nd ph. 1'°8; tibia 23, foot 1-2.

Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion (Celebes, Timor, Amboina; Bouru;
Ceram, Samar, Banda, Batchian, Ternate ; Duke of York Island, New
Treland ; San Cristoval Island, Solomon Islands).

a, 6. 9 ad. sk. Celebes.

ce. d ad. sk. Timor. Purchased.

d, ad. sk. Amboina. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
e. 9 ad., al. Amboina. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.}.
f. Q imm., al. Amboina. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
g. & ad. sk. Bouru.

ht 3 Qad. sk. Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Jj 2 juv. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. tet
k. Q imm. sk. Duke of York Island. Rey. G. Brown [C.].
lo juv., al. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown Fe :

m. 2 imm. sk. San Cristoval Island. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].
n. skull of e.

o. skull of a very large individual. Purchased.

7. NOTOPTERIS.

Notopteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 36; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867,
p. 872.

Muzzle narrow, cylindrical, and pointed ; nostrils not prominent,
opening sublaterally, the extremity of the nose scarcely emarginate
7. NOTOPTERIS. 93

between ; ears simple, separate ; index finger without a claw ; wings
from the central line of the back precisely as in Cephalotes, and from
the metacarpal bone of the second toe ; tail long, far exceeding the
short interfemoral membrane.

Dentition. Ine. =, C. i= pm. = m. —

Tongue very long and attenuated.

This genus, represented by a single species only, is distinguished
from all the known genera of this family by the remarkable length

of the tail, and the very peculiar dentition described further on.

1. Notopteris macdonaldii.
Notopteris macdonaldii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 38, pl. Ixvii.

Head long, abruptly narrowed in front of the eyes, forming a very
narrow, cylindrical, pointed muzzle ; nasal apertures semilunate,
opening sublaterally ; the margins of the nostrils not prominent,
almost level with the surrounding surface of the muzzle, the end of
the muzzle marked by a very slight groove in front between the
nostrils ; ears as long as the muzzle, oval, very similar to those of
Cephalotes peronii in shape, but comparatively broader, with a pro-
minent thickened lobule at the base of the outer margin of the ear-
conch, separated posteriorly by an angular notch ; eyes large, much
nearer to the ears than to the extremity of the muzzle; “iris dark
hazel” (Dr. Macdonald).

Thumb rather short, the first phalanx free from the antebrachial
membrane ; index finger equal to the metacarpal bone of the middle
finger in length, without a claw; tail nearly as long as the forearm,
the base only connected with the short interfemoral membrane ; cal-
canea short, very feeble ; wings from the base of the metacarpal bone
of the second toe, and from the centre line of the back, precisely as
in Cephalotes peronii; the back apparently naked, as in that species,
from the inferior angle of the scapula backwards, but really well
covered with hair and concealed by the naked wing-membrane.

Muzzle nearly naked, the sides with a few long, erect, straight
hairs ; wing-membranes naked above or with a few scattered hairs
only.

re above, pale reddish brown, with a few greyish or shining
hairs ; beneath, paler.

Skull narrow, smooth, without ridges or crests ; postorbital pro-
cesses of the frontal very short; zygomatic arches slender; pre-
maxillary bones slender, not united in front, each with a small outer
incisor, and a rudimentary inner incisor not appearing above the
alveolus, so that in recent specimens there appears to be but a single
upper incisor on each side; a single minute lower incisor on each
side close to the canine; upper canines large, longitudinally grooved
in front. ;

Premolars very different in form from those in any other species
of Pteropodide. First upper premolar close to the canine, separated
by a slight interval from the next tooth, larger than any of the suc-
94 PTEROPODINA.

ceeding teeth, chisel-shaped, with two roots; second premolar
smaller, but larger than the first molar, which also exceeds the second
and last molar; in the lower jaw the teeth are somewhat larger, but
similarly proportioned.

Tongue very long, much attenuated in anterior third, and armed
with recurved papille near the tip.

Length (of an adult g), head and body 4”, tail 2'3, head 15,
eye from nose 0'"6, ear 0'°6, forearm 2-6, thumb 0°85, third
finger 5':3, fifth finger 3'°6, tibia 1-35, calcaneum 0°25, foot
0'"85.

Hab. Fiji Islands; Aneiteum Island.

a,b. 6 & 9 ad. sk. Viti Levu, Fiji. Dr. J. D. Macdonald [C.}.
(Figured in P. Z. 8. 1859. Type of the species.)

ce. do ad., al. Aneiteum Island.

d, e. skulls. Viti Levu, Fiji.

8. EONYCTERIS.

Eonycteris, Dobson, Journ, Asiat. Soc, Beng. 1873, p. 204; Monogr.
Asiatic Chiropt. p. 82 (1876).

Muzzle long, cylindrical; nostrils scarcely projecting, simple, sepa-
rate; upper lip with a shallow vertical groove in front; index finger
without a claw; thumb short, part of terminal phalanx included in
the wing-membrane; metacarpal bone of second finger equal to the
index finger in length; wings from the sides of the hairy back;
wing-membrane from the base of the first toe; tail short, distinct,
the base contained in the narrow interfemoral membrane.

1—1 2-2 3—3
To pm. 329) Me ss

Dentition. Inc. C. ss
First upper premolar small; all the molars narrow and very
slightly elevated above the gum, as in Macroglossus; tongue very

long and armed with long recurved papillse as in that genus.

1. Eonycteris spelxa.

Macroglossus speleeus, Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1871, p.106; 7.4. 8S. B.
1871, p. 261, pl. x. figs. 8 & 4.
Eonycteris spelea, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 204, pl. xiv. fig. 10.

Head long; muzzle narrow, cylindrical, abruptly narrowed in
front of the eyes; nostrils not prominent, with an intervening emar-
gination, which also passes down to the lip; ears conical, with
rounded tips.

Wings ample, from the sides of the hairy back; wing-membrane
attached to the back of the foot, and extending to the base of the
outer toe; thumb rather short, terminal phalanx longest, with its
base included in the membrane ; index finger of three phalanges, the
terminal phalanx very short and wholly contained within the wing-
membrane, not ending in a claw.

Body clothed with very short and thinly spread fur of a uniform
9. MACROGLOSSUS. 95

dark brown colour. The fur of the head extends upon the face as
far as the inner canthuses of the eyes, leaving the remaining portions
naked ; from the back it passes on to the humerus and forearm, cover-
ing half the length of the latter; behind, on each side, it covers a
triangular portion of the interfemoral membrane, bounded laterally
by the femur, and posteriorly by a line drawn from the knee-joint
to the base of the free portion of the tail; beneath, the whole sur-
face of the antebrachial membrane is covered with short hairs ; late-
rally, the fur of the sides extends upon the wing-membrane as far
as a line drawn between the elbow- and knee-joints, also outwards
along the posterior margin of the forearm to the carpus, occupying a
space varying in width from one inch behind the elbow to half an
inch or less at the middle of the forearm; the under surface of the
humerus and femur and half the length of the forearm are also
hairy.

Tail about half an inch in length, half contained in the narrow
interfemoral membrane as in C'ynonycteris. On each side of and a
little behind the anal opening two small, subcutaneous, gland-like
bodies are placed.

These bodies are kidney-shaped, their convex margins directed out-
wards; and they are found in both male and female. In males in
whom the testes have descended, one of these postanal glands forms
on each side the posterior boundary of the temporary scrotum, which,
in this situation only, is quite naked and covered by very thin
skin.

The tongue is very long, pointed, and protrusible ; in spirit speci-
mens it can be drawn from the mouth for nearly half an inch with-
out using any forcible extension ; the anterior half of its surface is
thickly covered with soft recurved papilla, which increase very much
in length towards the tip.

The teeth are very similar to those of Mucroglossus minimus,
except the first upper premolar, which is minute. The upper incisors
are arranged triangularly ; they are very small, scarcely raised above
the level of the gum, and are separated from each other by regular
intervals.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 4'"'5, tail 0-55, head 155.
ear 0°75 x 0''-45, ear to tip of nose 1'"35, eye to tip of nose 0'°55,
forearm 2'°85, thumb 0:85, first finger 1’:8, third finger 4'9,
fourth finger 38, fifth finger 3:3, tibia 1''"2, foot 0°75.

Hab. Burma (Farm Caves, Moulmein).

a, ad., al. Moulmein. Calcutta Museum [el
db, skull. Burma. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].

9. MACROGLOSSUS.

Macroglossus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. p. 40 (1825); Temm.
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 96 (1835-41); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.
1866, p. 64; Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1867, p.870 ;
Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1878, p. 204; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 34
(1876).
96 PTEROPODIDE.

Muzzle cylindrical, very long and narrow ; nostrils not projecting ;
upper lip not grooved in front; tongue very long aud attenuated ;
ears simple, separate ; index finger with a distinct claw ; metacarpal
bone of second finger equal to or longer than index finger; wings
from the sides, their points of attachment separated by a consider-
able interval from the spine; wing-membrane from the base of the
fourth toe; tail very short.

Dentition. Inc. 5 c. = pm. = m. e Upper incisors in a

triangular series ; molars very small and weak.

1. Macroglossus minimus.

Pteropus minimus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 97 (1810).

Pteropus rostratus, Horsfield, Zool. Research. i Java (1825).

Macroglossus minimus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 191, ii.
p: 96 (1835-41) ; Horsfield, Cat. Mammal. Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 29
(1851); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 64; Peters, Monatsb.
Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1867, p. 871; Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Fruit-
eating Bats, 1870, p.115; Dobson, J..A. S. B.1873, p. 205 ; Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. pp. 34, 35, fig.

Macroglossa minima, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 504 (1838).

Ears scarcely more than half the length of the head, narrow,
rounded at the tip; face abruptly narrowed in front of the eyes;
muzzle very long, narrow, and cylindrical; nostrils not prominent,
the slight groove between them not passing down to the upper lip;
lower jaw projecting slightly beyond the upper jaw in front; eyes
large; tongue very long, attenuated in its terminal third, covered
with numerous long brush-like papilla, capable of being protruded
to a considerable distance from the mouth.

Interfemoral membrane very narrow, reduced to a scarcely per-
ceptible band at the root of the tail, which in most specimens is so
small as to be quite concealed by the fur.

Fur reddish brown, and much longer than in most of the species
of Pteropodide.

Upper incisors in a triangular series, very small, scarcely raised
above the level of the gum, each tooth separated from the next by
an interval, which is widest between the two central teeth. Upper
premolars nearly equal in size, with single subacute cusps slanting
forwards, each premolar separated by a considerable interval from
the next. Molars with very narrow horizontal crowns, scarcely
raised above the level of the gum.

Length (of an adult @ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2:3,
tail 0'"3, head 1”, ear to tip of nostril 0'"8, eye to tip of nostril
0-4, ear 0'°6 x 0°35, forearm 1°55, thumb 0'°6, third finger
3", fifth finger 2'°2, tibia 0'°6, foot 0°35.

Hab. From the Himalaya (Darjiling) through Burma to the Malay
Archipelago and North and West Australia. Probably distributed
throughout all the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and extending
as far east as New Ireland.
10. MELONYCTERIS. 97

a. 2 ad. sk. Java.

b. ad. sk, Java.

e. ¢ imm. sk. Java. General Hardwicke [P.]}.
d. & ad. sk. Java. E. I. Company [P.].

e. ad. sk. Mysol Island.

FO ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll.

9h. 3 and 2 ad.,al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll.

2, J. ad. sks. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

ky, b. ie ae @ ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

m. skull.

10. MELONYCTERIS.
Melonycteris*, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 119.

Muzzle long, narrow, cylindrical; nostrils projecting slightly ;
upper lip with a vertical groove bounded laterally by naked raised
edges, as in Pteropus and Cynopterus; index finger with a distinct
claw ; metacarpal bone of middle finger as long as the index finger ;
wing-membrane from the sides of the body and from the dorsal sur-
face of the base of the middle toe; tail none.

Dentition. Inc. a CG. >) PM. 35, M. 55.

First upper and lower premolars very small, close to the base of
the canines ; molars close together, very narrow, scarcely elevated
above the gum.

Tongue very long and narrow, as in Macroglossus.

This genus is most closely related to Macroglossus, with which it
agrees in the general form of the skull and in the mode of attach-
ment of the wing-membrane to the sides of the body, but is dis-
tinguished by the very different position and size of the first pre-
molars, by the origin of the wing-membrane from the middle toe
instead of from the base of the fourth, and by the form of the ex-
tremity of the muzzle.

1. Melonycteris melanops.

Melonycteris' melanops, Dobson, P. Z. S. June 1877, p. 119, figs, 4-7
and pl. xvii.

Pharssts (Cheiropteruges) alboscapulatus, Pierson Ramsay, Proc.
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, July 1877, p. 17.

Slightly smaller than Honycteris spelea, Dobson, which it resembles
closely in the external form of the muzzle; nostrils as in Cynonyc-
teris ampleaicaudata, but scarcely so prominent, separated by a deep
groove which passes down to the upper lip, where it becomes narrower
and is margined as in Cynopterus by raised naked edges; tongue
very long, much attenuated in terminal fourth, armed with long re-
curved brush-like papille ; ears about as long as the muzzle, oval,
rounded off above, the outer and inner margins of the ear-conch
equally convex, so that the ear attains its greatest width in the

iddle. ; ;
‘s Interfemoral membrane very short behind ; no trace of a tail in

* pndoy, tree-fruit ; vukrepis, a bat.
H
98 PTEROPODIDE.

either of the specimens. Wing-membrane from the base of the
middle toe, or from the space between the second and middle toe,
and from the sides of the body.

Fur moderately short, but very dense, extending thickly upon the
wing-membrane as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to
the knee, and more thinly for a considerable distance beyond, and
also covering the short interfemoral membrane and the legs.

Above, bright reddish yellow, the base of the hairs dark; on each
shoulder, at the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane, a
small patch of white hairs; crown of the head greyish yellow, the
base of the hairs dark brown; a large patch round each eye dark
brown, almost black; anterior half of the muzzle pale buff, a narrow
streak of the same colour passing backwards between the eyes; the
whole under surface of the body dark brown, almost black, the ex-
tremities of the hairs greyish ; the fur on the sides of the body longer,
and the terminal half of the hairs brownish buff.

Upper incisors small, forming a semicircle in front and separated
from the canines by a wide space on either side, central incisors
somewhat larger than the outer ones and converging slightly ; lower
incisors very small, in pairs separated by a space between; upper
canines remarkably long and strong, deeply grooved anteriorly by a
longitudinal furrow ; first upper premolar exceedingly small, and so
close to the canine as to appear to be a small basal projection from
that tooth; second premolar larger than any of the other teeth
(except the canines), in the centre of the wide space between the
canine and first molar; third premolar shaped like the second pre-
molar, but much smaller and close to the first molar ; molars very
narrow, scarcely raised above the gum; first lower premolar larger
than the corresponding tooth in the upper jaw, but still very small
and similarly placed close to the canine, and separated from the
second premolar by a wide space equal to the distance between the
lower canines; second lower premolar scarcely larger than the third
and separated from it by a wide space; third premolar close to the
first molar ; molars close together, very narrow, their roots and those
of the other teeth in both jaws visible through the exceedingly thin
translucent alveoli.

The molar teeth in this species appear to be proportionately smaller
than in any other known species of Megachiroptera, while the canines
are long and stronger.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 4”, head 1'4, eye from
nose 0°55, ear 0'°6, forearm 2'-4, thumb 0°85, first finger 1'"9 ;
second finger—metacarp. 1'°85, 1st ph. 1'-35, 2nd ph. 1-9; fourth
finger—metacarp. 19, lst ph. 08, 2nd ph. 0"°8; tibia 1'-05, cal-
caneum 03, foot and claws 0’°7.

Hab. Duke of York Island, New Ireland.

a. & ad. sk. (type). Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.].
(Figured in P. Z. 8. 1877, pl. xvii.)

b. 9 ad. sk. (in alcohol), Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

ce, skull of &. (Teeth figured in P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 120.)
RHINOLOPHIDE, 99

Suborder I. MICROCHIROPTERA.

Family RHINOLOPHID 2.

Rhinolophide, Gray (in part), P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81; Dobson, Ann.
(sre Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 846 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 86
).

Bats with well-developed foliaceous cutaneous appendages sur-
rounding the nasal apertures, which are situated in a depression on
the upper surface of the muzzle; with large, generally separated
ears, Without a tragus; with two phalanges in the middle finger,
and an imperfect index finger without a phalanx; and with rudi-
mentary premaxillary bones suspended from the nasal cartilages.
The dental formula never exceeds

2 1—1 2—2 3—3 ¢
Inc. 5, ¢. 5, pm. 55, m. 5, =32 teeth.

The number of premolars varies from ss to = or —. The upper
incisors are quite rudimentary, placed at the extremities of the
slender premaxillary bones in the centre of the space between
the canines, and separated by an interval; the first upper. pre-
molar is minute; the molars are well developed, with acute W-
shaped cusps.

The very complicated nasal appendages consist of three parts, the
homologies of which may generally be easily traced throughout the
different genera and species :—(1) the horizontal nose-leaf, generally
horseshoe-shaped, which more or less covers the sides and anterior
extremity of the muzzle, and includes within its inner margin the
nasal apertures, between or behind which a central process or ridge
(2), the central nose-leaf or sella, is placed; while more posteriorly
(3) the terminal or posterior nose-leaf arises vertically, or extends
backwards between the ears.

The skull is large; and the nasal bones, which support the large
nasal cutaneous appendages, are much expanded vertically and late-
rally. Tibia long and straight; fibula rudimentary. Females with
two nipple-shaped appendages slightly in front of the pubis. Tail
distinct, produced to the posterior margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane.

These Bats are readily distinguished by the form of their nasal
appendages, and by their rudimentary premaxillary bones support-
ing two minuto, usually bilobed incisors; their molars are acutely
tubercular, and enable them to crush with ease the hard cases of

H2
100 RHINOLOPHID.Z.

insects, especially Coleoptera, which, from remains found in their
stomachs, seem to constitute a very large proportion of their food.

From whatever point of their structure they may be considered,
the Rhinolophide are evidently the most highly organized of insec-
tivorous Bats. In them the osseous and cutaneous systems reach
the most perfect development. Compared with theirs the bones of
the extremities and the volar membranes of other Bats appear
coarsely formed, and even their teeth seem less perfectly fitted to
crush the hard bodies of insects. The very complicated nasal mem-
branes, which evidently act as delicate organs of special perception
akin to the sense of touch, here reach their highest development in
Chiroptera ; and the differences in their form afford valuable cha-
racters in enabling us to distinguish the different species which
agree together remarkably in dentition, and in the form and relative
lengths of the bones of their extremities, as well as in the colour
and distribution of their fur, which rarely extends upon the mem-
branes.

In their habits they appear to differ from other insectivorous Bats
without nasal appendages, inhabiting the same regions, by coming
out later in the evening, or when the sun has completely gone below
the horizon. This peculiarity is probably connected with their pos-
session of special organs of touch in the complicated nose-leaf, and
delicately formed ears and membranes, which may permit them to
commence and continue their hunt for insect prey at a time when
other Bats have retired to their sleeping-places.

Hab. Temperate and tropical parts of the eastern hemisphere,
from Ireland to New Ireland. As yet no species has been recorded,
with certainty, from any part of the Polynesian Subregion.

Subfam. I. RHINOLOPHIN A.

First toe with two, remaining toes with three joints each ; ilio-
pectineal spine not connected by bone with the antero-inferior sur-
face of the ilium.

1..RHINOLOPHUS.

Rhinolophus, Geoffroy, Desm. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 1808, xix.
. 383; Bonaparte, Saygio di una distrib. anim. vertebr. 1831, p. 16;
eters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 803; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 37 (1876).
Aquias, Phyllotis, Rhinolophus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81.

Nose-leaf very complicated, consisting of three distinct portions
—anterior, central, and posterior; the anterior horizontal portion
is horseshoe-shaped, usually angularly emarginate in front, contain-
ing within its circumference the nasal orifices and the central erect
nasal process ; the posterior nose-leaf is triangular, erect, with cells
on its anterior surface ; the central process rises between and behind
the nasal orifices, is flattened anteriorly, and posteriorly sends back-
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 101

wards a vertical, laterally compressed process, which is either con-
nected with the front surface of the posterior nose-leaf or free.
Base of the outer side of the ear expanded, forming a large anti-
tragus. Wings very large; metacarpal bone of fourth finger ex-
ceeding that of second in length. Basioccipital very narrow between
the auditory bulle, in most species linear ; cochlee prominent, deeply
grooved externally; foramen rotundum united with sphenoidal
fissure.
ess 2 ia is i

es. Inc. pc i= pm. = m. =.

Second lower premolar generally minute and placed outside the
tooth-row ; first upper premolar minute, pointed, standing in the
tooth-row or lying in the outer angle between the closely approxi-
mated canine and second large premolar.

Range. Temperate and tropical parts of the eastern hemisphere
—from Ireland to Japan, from South Africa to Australia, New
Guinea and New Ireland.

in temperate regions the species hibernate in dry and warm
hiding-places during the winter, not venturing abroad while any
cold remains ; in tropical and subtropical countries they are fond of
frequenting hill-ranges; and many of the species are clothed with
remarkably long and dense fur.

Synopsis of the Species.

A., Second upper premolar separated from the
“canine by a rather wide space, in the centre
of which the first small premolar is placed ;
second lower premolar small, but distinctly
visible, placed in the outer angle between
the adjoming premolars, or (rarely) stand-

ing in the tooth-row.

a. Central nose-leaf or sella not united with
the terminal portion of the nose-leaf, the
posterior extremity of the connecting
process being received into a concavity
in the front surface of the terminal lancet-
shaped leaf.

1. Antitragus large, separated posteriorly
by a deep angular notch; forearm
DBS Bice rete les ervey ds nh pty eeu sates A ior acvee eae a Rh, celophyllus, p. 104.

6. Central nose-leaf or sella united posteriorly
by a laterally flattened band (the poste-
reor connecting-process) with the upper
and front surface of the base of the ter-
minal nose-leaf.

2’. Horizontal portion of the sella expanded,

much wider than the base of its vertical

rocess.
b". Sides of the base of the sella folded
inwards and backwards.

2. Summit of the vertical process of

the sella broadly rounded off or
truncated ; forearm 2""9........ Rh. luctus, p. 105,
102 RHINOLOPHIDZ.

8. Summit of the vertical process of
the sella narrowly rounded off or
subacute; forearm 2” ..........

ce". Sides of the base of the sella turned
upwards, forming acup-shaped cavity
above and between the nasal ori-
fices.

4, Antitragus separated posteriorly by
a shallow notch; lower lip with
a single groove; forearm 2-25 ..

5. Antitragus separated by a deep an-
gular groove ; lower lip with three
grooves; forearm 1°85 ........

da": Sides of the base of the sella forming
rather long triangular projections.

6. Horseshoe-shapedmembranedivided
in front by a longitudinal groove
with raised edges; forearm 2’"2..

ec’. Horizontal portion of the sella not ex-
panded, scarcely wider than the base
of its vertical process.

e". Upper margin of the posterior con-
necting-process of the sella conjoined
with the summit of the vertical pro-
cess at the same level, not exceeding
it posteriorly in height.

7. Vertical process of the sella nar-
rowed abruptly about the middle
and rounded off above; lower lip
with a single vertical groove ;
POn Garni a isOes nike cesheusates Siete cra

8. Sides of the vertical process of the
sella straight, summit triangular ;
lower lip with three grooves;
forearm, 27° Ti stv ae ss

J". Upper margin of the posterior con-
necting-process exceeding the sum-
mit of the anterior vertical process
in height.

Jf". Upper margin of the posterior con-
necting-process forming a low
rounded projection, slightly ex-
ceeding the summit of the vertical
process of the sella in height.

a. Vertical process of the sella broad,
as broad as the horizontal por-
tion above the nostrils.

9. Ears longer than the head ;
forearm I!6 ..cg neve eco

8. Vertical process of the sella nar-
rower than the horizontal por-
tion.

a’. Ears as long as the head.
10, Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf
broad, concealing the muz-
a ; forearm 1'°9, thumb
ie

Eh. trifoliatus, p. 106.

Eh, mitratus, p. 107.

Rh. philippinensis, p. 107.

Rh, euryotis, p. 108.

Rh. pearsonii, p. 108.

Rh. rufus, p. 109.

Rh, macrotis, p. 110.

Rh.

megaphyllus, p. 110.
]. RHINOLOPHUS. 103

8'. Kars shorter than the head.
12. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf
broad, concealing the muz-
zle; forearm 2-05, thumb
QUAD a iraveacrs wean e eases Rh, andamanensis, p. 118.
11. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf
leaving the sides of the
muzzle uncovered ; forearm
2'"-1, thumb 0"35 «1... Rh, affinis, p. 112.
gy". Upper margin of the posterior con-
necting-process forming a more or
less acute projection, exceeding
considerably the summit of the
vertical process of the sella in
height.
y- Sides of the vertical process of the
sella parallel, summit broadly
rounded off.
y'. Antitragus separated poste-
riorly by a deep angular notch.
y'. Terminal process of the pos-
terior nose-leaf short and
narrow.
13. Wings from the metatarsi
or from base of the toes ;
forearm 19 .......... Rh, acuminatus, p. 113.
14. Wings from the ankles;
forearm 2" .......... Eh, peters, p. 114.
15. Wings from the ankles ;
forearm 15 .......... Eh. minor, p. 114.
5". Terminal process of the pos-
terior nose-leaf broad,
forming an equilateral tri-

angle.
16. Wings from the ankles;
forearm 1'"3......... . Rh. garoensis, p. 115.

6’. Antitragus separated poste-
riorly by a shallow notch.
17. Wings from the tibiz above
the ankles; forearm 1'-8.. Rh, euryale, p. 116.
Sides of the vertical process of the
sella converging upwards.
e'. Antitragus separated poste—
riorly by a shallow notch.
18. Wings from the ankles;
forearm 18's 6356 e65.605.6 Rh. blasii, p. 117.
¢’. Antitragus separated poste-
tiorly by a deep angular

notch,
19. Wings from the ankles; i
forearm 1'"5 1... .... eee Rh. hipposideros, p. 117.

e. Sides of the vertical process of the
sella concave.
y'. Antitragus separated poste-
riorly by a shallow notch.
20. Wings from the ankles or
tibie; forearm 1'"7...,.. Rh. landeri, p. 118.
104 RHINOLOPHID.&.

B. Second upper premolar close to the canine,
the first small premolar either quite exter-
nal to the tooth-row or wedged in between
the canine and second premolar; second
lower premolar very small, generally with
difficulty distinguished, always external to
the tooth-row *.
n'. Ears not attenuated near
their extremities ; first up-
per premolar wedged in be-
tween thecanineand second
premolar, or half external.
22. Ears much shorter than
the head ; forearm 1"-75 Rh. clivosus, p. 120.
23. Ears as long or longer
than the head; forearm
CON, deksace state conliaoaerae Rh. capensis, p. 121.
6". Ears attenuated near their
extremities; first ae
premolar quite external to
the tooth-row.
24. Ears shorter than the
head, obtusely pointed ;
horeshoe-shaped _nose-
leaf broad, concealing the
muzzle; forearm 2'-2.. Rh. ethiops, p. 122.
21. Ears shorter than the
head, very acutely point-
ed; horseshoe small, not
concealing the sides of
the muzzle; forearm
BQO & asvetia (Meteo Rh. ferrum-equinum,

p. 119.

1. Rhinolophus celophyllus.

Rhinolophus ceelophyllus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 426, pl. xxiv.;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 53 (1876).

Ears large, with narrow acute tips projecting outwards; anti-
tragus separated by an angular emargination from the outer margin
of the ear; horseshoe well developed; horizontal margins of central
nose-leaf triangular, small; erect portion rather short, with parallel
sides and rounded summit meeting the connecting vertical process
at the same level; this process is thick and long, its posterior por-
tion is not connected with the posterior terminal leaf, but is received
into an opening in its front surface; the posterior leaf is shortly
triangular in outline, formed of very thick integument, and its sur-
face is marked by a crucial aperture leading into a deep cavity lined
with hairs; the lower part of this aperture receives the posterior
extremity of the connecting nose-leaf (Plate VII. fig. 1). ‘The sur-
face of the terminal leaf is covered with rather long hairs, its inferior

* Although this division occurs here, necessitated by dental characters, the
synoptical table is carried on from above, as if it were not present, in order to
show the connexion of the species in other respects.
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 105

surface is convex and rests on the forehead, which is naked in this
situation. Chin marked with three small vertical grooves.

Wings from the ankles or from the tibize a short distance above.

Interfemoral membrane narrow, concave or straight behind ; tip
of tail projecting.

The second upper premolar is separated from the canines by a
space, in the midst of which the small first premolar stands; the
second lower premolar is minute and external to the tooth-row.

Fur, above white at the base, with brown extremities, beneath
pale brownish white.

Length, head and body 2", tail 0':8, ear 0’:8, forearm 1'°85,
thumb 0'"3, third finger 2''8, fifth finger 2’-2, tibia 0'"85, foot 0'°4,
nose-leaf 0'°5 x O"-4.

Hab. Moulmein; Tsagine, Upper Burma.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

a. ad., al. Tsagine, Upper Burma. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

2. Rhinolophus luctus.

Rhinolophus luctus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 24, pl. xxx. ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 804; Dobson, Monogr. Asiatic
Chiroptera, p. 39 (1876).

Rhinolophus luctus, var. rufus, Eydoux et Gervais, Voy. Favor.
Zoologie, 2° part. (1839).

Rhinolophus morio, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 257.

Rhinolophus perniger, Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. r 414,
xiii. p. 484; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. I. Comp. (1851).

Aquias luctus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 17; td. 1866, p. 81.

This fine species, by far the largest of the genus yet discovered,
is distinguished not only by its size but also by the great develop-
ment and peculiar form of the nasal appendages (Plate VII. fig. 2).

The base of the sella is expanded on either side, forming a long
lobe, almost equal in size and similar in shape to the vertical pro-
cess ; this lobe is twisted on its base so as to lie with its upper sur-
face partly on the central process of the sella, partly on the horse-
shoe-shaped nose-leaf. The horseshoe-shaped horizontal nose-leaf
is very large, projecting in front and on either side beyond the
upper lip. The posterior nose-leat is developed in proportion to the
other parts, and extends backwards between the ears. The lower
lip is divided by a single deep vertical groove. The acutely pointed
ears are enormous, even in proportion to the size of the animal, and
the leaf-like antitragus is separated from the outer margin of the
ear by a very deep angular incision.

The Uy enemas is greatly developed, and attached to the
base of the outer toe; the interfemoral membrane is large, tri-
angular behind, and the tail is wholly contained within it. —

The fur of the body is very long and dense, usually of a jet-black
colour, with grey tips, which suggested the specific name “ luctus ; #
the colour, however, as in other Rhinolopha, varies considerably
according to age, Sex, and locality; and specimens have been ob-
106 RHINOLOPHIDE.

tained presenting every shade between reddish brown and intense
black.

Length (of an adult ? ), head and body 3”°55, tail 2'"-6, head 1-45,
nose-leaf 1'"3 x 0°65, ear 165, antitragus 0-7, forearm 2-95, thumb
0-45; third finger—metacarp. 2", lst ph. 1", 2nd ph. 1-7; fifth
finger—metacarp. 2-25, 1st ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 1-05; tibia 15,
foot 0'°9.

Hab. India (Western Ghats; Himalaya—Nipal, Masuri, Darjeel-
ing, Sikkim; Khasia Hills); Ceylon; Java; Sumatra; Borneo;
Philippine Islands.

This species appears to be restricted to the highlands of the
countries inhabited by it. In the Himalaya the late Capt. T. Hutton
found it at an elevation of 5500 feet. (For notes on habits of Rh.
luctus, see my ‘ Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ pp. 40, 41).

a. Q ad., al. India. E. I. Company [P.].
b& 2 imm.,al. Ceylon.
c. ad. sk. Malacca.

3. Rhinolophus trifoliatus.

Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 27,
pl. 31; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. vy. p. 663; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 41 (1876).

Aquias trifoliata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 17; 1866, p. 81.

Very similar to #. luctus in structure and even in the colour and
length of the fur; distinguished by its smaller size and by the sub-
acute summit of the anteriorly flattened vertical process of the
central nose-leaf, which in R&R. luctus is truncate (Plate VII. fig. 3).
The free edge of the interfemoral membrane is straight; and the
tip of the tail abruptly projects.

Length, head and body 23, tail 1"3, ear 1”, nose-leaf 0'"75 x
0"-45, forearm 2”, thumb 0'3, third finger 3'°15, fifth finger 2''85,
tibia 0'°95, foot 0'°5.

Hab. India (eastern coast), Java, Borneo.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

Rhinolophus luctus and R. trifoliatus were placed by Dr. J. E.
Gray in a separate subgenus Aquias—on insufficient grounds how-
ever; for the form of the nose-leaf in these species differs only in
the greater development of its parts, not in any important structure,
from that of most species of this genus. As well might they have
been separated on account of the remarkable length of the fur of
the body.

On the same principle the subgenus Phyllotis, Gray, was formed
for the reception of Rhinolophus philippinensis, Waterhouse (vide
ee p- 107), with which #. mitratus, Blyth, should necessarily be
placed.

a. 3 ad., al. North Borneo.
6. ad. sk. N.W. Borneo.
e fo ad, al. Matang. Purchased.

d. ad. sk. No history.
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 107

4. Rhinolophus mitratus.

Rhinolophus mitratus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 483,
xxii. p. 409; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 42, figs. a, b (1876).

Ears large, with a broad well-developed antitragus separated from
the outer margin by a shallow angular notch; anterior vertical pro-
cess of the sella short, rounded off above, the posterior connecting-
process supporting its base only ; horizontal hase of the sella between
the nostrils much expanded, the expanded sides turned upwards
forming a deep cup-shaped cavity; terminal nose-leaf triangular,
acutely pointed, extending backwards between the ears. Lower
lip with a single groove.

Fur above brown, paler at the base; beneath a lighter shade of
the same colour.

Length, head and body 2'4, tail 1'"6, ear (anteriorly) 1”, fore-
arm 2-25, third finger 3’-4, fifth finger 2’-8, tibia 1”, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Peninsula of India (Chaibésa).

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species resembles the next very closely in the form of the
central nose-leaf, but it may be readily distinguished by the much
shorter and broader terminal portion of the nose-leaf, by the form
of the outer margin of the ear, by the single groove in the lower
lip, and also by its greater size. :

5. Rhinolophus philippinensis.

Rhinolophus philippinensis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 68; Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 805; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 48 (1876).

Phyllotis philippensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81.

Ears large, subacute, the upper third of the outer margin slightly
concave; antitragus large and deep; horizontal horseshoe-shaped
nose-leaf broad, concealing the muzzle; base of the central leaf ex-
panded, with turned-up edges, forming a deep cup between and
above the nostrils; vertical process of the central leaf broad, not
diminishing in width upwards, truncate above; posterior vertical
connecting-process convex on upper margin, not so high as the
summit of the central leaf; posterior nose-leaf long, narrow, and
acute (Plate WIT. figs. 4,4). Lower lip with three grooves. _

Wings to the ankles. Interfemoral membranes square behind,
extreme tip of tail alone projecting.

Fur above and beneath dark brown, slightly paler beneath.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol, the type), head and
body 1-95, tail 1"-1, ear 1”, antitragus 0'°5 x 0'"3, forearm 1-85,
thumb 0':32, third finger 2-7, fifth finger 2'"1, tibia 0°85, foot
0'°35.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

a. o ad., al. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.
108 RHINOLOPHID.E.

6. Rhinolophus euryotis.

Rhinolophus euryotis, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 26, pl. 29.
fio. 5, pl. 32. figs. 13, 14, 15; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 305.

Ears large, very similar to those of Rh. affinis, but less acute,
and the outer margin more deeply concave immediately beneath the
tip; nose-leaf broad, the horizontal leaf concealing the muzzle, and
even projecting slightly beyond it, divided in front by a longitudinal
groove with raised edges, which is bounded behind and separated
from the commencement of the horizontal base of the sella by a
short erect projection (Plate VI. fig. 1a); base of the sella with a
triangular lappet on either side concealing the nostrils, the erect
process expanded above, with strongly convex sides and rounded
summit, scarcely exceeded in height by the rounded upper margin
of the connecting-process ; terminal leaf acute, but its extremity not
attenuated. Lower lip with three grooves.

Tail very short ; interfemoral membrane square or concave be-
hind; last rudimentary caudal vertebra projecting. Wings from
the lower end of the tibia near the ankles ; feet very long (Plate VI.
fig, 1)*.

Fur light brown above, buffy brown beneath.

First upper premolar in the outer side of the space between the
canine and second premolar ; lower incisors trifid, not crowded.

Length, head and body 2’:4, tail 0'°7, ear 0'"9, forearm 2'2,
thumb 0'°35 ; third finger—metacarp. 1-55, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph.
1-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°6, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0'°6;
calcaneum 1", foot 0'°5,

Hab. Amboina; Aru Islands.

a, ad. sk., in al. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. ad. sk. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.).

7. Rhinolophus pearsonii.

Rhinolophus pearsonii, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E.I. Comp.
i769" p. 338; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 43, figs. a, b

Ana ie larvatus, A. Milne-Edwards, Mammif. du Tibet, pp. 248,
249, pl. xxxvii. fig. i., xxxvii®. fig. i. (1872).

Rhinolophus yunanensis, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 336.

Ears large, acutely pointed: outer margin deeply hollowed out
beneath the tip; antitragus long, separated from the outer margin
of the ear by an acute angular notch. Nose-leaf large; horseshoe
broad, projecting laterally and in front beyond the upper lip so as
to completely conceal] the muzzle when viewed from above ; base of
the sella between the nostrils moderately broad, the vertical portion
maintaining the same width for half its height, then abruptly nar-
rowing and rounded off above, meeting at the same level (as in Rh.

* T have had the figure of this species drawn full size, with nose-leaf
enlarged, as the figure given by Temminck is very imperfect, and a thorough
knowledge of its characters is necessary in order to understand the synoptical
table at p. 102. antfea.
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 109

rufus) the upper margin of the connecting process, which does not
rise above it ; terminal leaf short and broadly triangular, sides slightly
convex, almost straight. Lower lip with a single groove.

Wings remarkably wide ; wing-membrane from the ankle. Tail
short and contained, except the extreme tip, within the interfemoral
membrane, the posterior free margin of which is concave.

Fur uniformly dark brown above and beneath, very long and dense.

Length, head and body 2’°7, tail 0-9, head 1”, ear 1", anti-
tragus 0':4, nose-leaf 0':7x0'-45, forearm 2':2, thumb 0/35,
third finger 33, fifth finger 3”, tibia 1”, foot 0'°5.

Hab. India (Masuri, Darjiling, Khasia and Garo hills, Tupai
Mukh), Tibet, Yunan (Hotha).

This Bat (easily recognised by the great length of its fur, in
which it resembles [h. luctus) appears to be an inhabitant of very
elevated hill-countries, extending from the N.W. Himalaya, Tibet,
and Assam to the mountain-tracts lying between Burma and China.

The type has lain for many years in the collection of the East-
India House, packed away among other objects of natural history,
until very recently, quite inaccessible to any one. This, and the
very imperfect description by Mr. Horsfield, have led to other names
being applied to this very well-marked species, which I immediately
recognised on examining the type.

8. Rhinolophus rufus.

Rhinolophus rufus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 710; Dobson.
Monogr. Asiat, Chiropt. p. 44 (1876).

Rhinolophus euryotis, Peters (non Temminck), l.c. 1861, p. 710.

Rhinolophus arcuatus, Peters, J. c. 1871, p. 305.

Ears large, as long as the head, very acute; antitragus separated
from the outer margin by a deep acute-angled emargination. Nose-
leaf large, the horseshoe concealing the muzzle, deeply divided in
front; the central erect process of the sella rather broad, with
parallel sides and rounded summit, meeting the superior margin of
the posterior connecting process (which is not raised above it) at the
same level. Lower lip with three grooves.

Wing-membrane from the tarsus.

Fur reddish brown or dark brown above and beneath, moderately
long and dense.

Length, head and body 3”, tail 1", head 1”, ear 1”, nose-leaf
0-8 x 0'-5, forearm 2'"1, third finger 3’-2, fifth finger 2'°7, tibia
11, foot 05.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Luzon).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

Rh. arcuatus, Peters, differs from Rh. rufus in size only, and is pro-
bably a local form of the same, as Scotophilus luteus, Blyth, and Se.
temminckti, Horsf.

This species resembles 2h. pearsonw closely in size and in the
form of the nose-leaf, but may be at once distinguished by the
110 RHINOLOPHID.&.

additional grooves in the lower lip, and by the very different quality
of the fur, which is not longer than in Rh. ferrum-equinum.

a, ad. sk., in al. Manilla. J. Gould, Esq. tp 2
6. ad. sk. Manilla. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
ce. f imm,, al. Philippine Islands.

(Labelled Riinolophus arcuatus, Peters.)

9. Rhinolophus macrotis.

Rhinolophus macrotis (Hodgson), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 485;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 45, figs. a, b (1876).

Ears very large in proportion to the size of the animal, subacutely
pointed ; outer margin slightly concave immediately beneath the tip,
then convex, separated below from the well-developed antitragus
by a moderately deep notch; nose-leaf large, horseshoe portion con-
cealing the upper lip, as in Rh. luctus; anterior flat surface of the
central leaf broad, maintaining the same breadth from the horizontal
part between the nostrils to its rounded termination above ; upper
edge of the posterior vertical process obtusely conical, equalling or
scarcely exceeding in height the anterior process; terminal process
of the posterior nose-leaf ovate, subacutely pointed.

‘Wing-membrane from the ankles ; interfemoral membrane square
or slightly triangular behind; extreme tip of tail free.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'°7,
tail 0'"8, head 0°75, ear 0'°85 x 0':55, antitragus 0':25, nose-
leaf 0-5 x0'"3, forearm 1'°6, third finger 2'-2, fifth finger 2”,
thumb 0'°25, tibia 0'°7, foot 0'°35.

Hab. Himalaya (Nipal, Masuri).

The ears and nasal membranes are in this small species larger in
proportion to the size of the animal than in any other species of the
genus.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

a. 3 ad, al. Nipal. ? B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

10. Rhinolophus megaphyllus.

Rhinolophus megaphyllus, Gray, P. ZS. 1834, p. 62; Append. to
Grey’s Journal of two Expeditions in Australia, p. 405; Gould,
Mammals of Australia, iii. pl. 33 (1853); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1871, p. 307.

Ears equal to the head in length, subacutely pointed; the extre-
mity of the ear not attenuated, outer margin concave for a short
distance beneath the tip, then slightly convex; antitragus large,
separated by a deep notch. Horseshoe-shaped membrane broad,
concealing the muzzle, with a small notch in front, behind which a
slightly raised narrow ridge extends backwards to the base of the
sella; anterior vertical process of the sella slightly narrowed above
the middle, rounded off above; summit of the connecting-process
rounded, scarcely exceeding the anterior vertical process, and clothed
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 111

with a few short hairs; sides of the terminal process of the pos-
terior leaf concave. Lower lip with three grooves. Wings from
the metatarsus. Interfemoral membrane square behind or slightly
convex ; tail scarcely projecting.

First upper premolar in the centre of the rather wide space
between the canine and second premolar, larger than in most other
species of the genus, and slightly internal; second lower premolar
minute, in the tooth-row.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2”, tail 1”, head 0'°8, ear
0'°8, nose-leaf 0'°65 x 0'"35, forearm 1'°9, thumb 0'"3, third finger
75, fourth finger 2'35, fifth finger 2-45, tibia 0'°8, foot 0':35.

Hab. N.E. Australia (Peak Downs, Moreton Bay, Richmond River,
Clarence River).

This species is closely allied to RA. affinis, and is evidently its
Australian representative. It is, however, easily distinguished by
the shape of the ears, the inner margin of the ear-conch maintains
its convexity from the base to the tip, which is consequently not so
acute nor so clearly defined as in Rh. affinis, in which the terminal
one sixth of the inner margin is flattened; by the greater size of
the horseshoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf, which quite conceals
the muzzle and is distinctly notched in front; and by the attachment
of the wing-membrane to the metatarsus instead of to the ankle as
in RA, affins.

a. ad. sk. e). (Figured in Voy. ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror.’)
b. ad. sk. la } ieee G. Bennett, Esq. [P.].
ec. fo ad, al. Peak Downs, Queensland. Godeffroy Museum.
d. 9 ad., al. Gayndah, Queensland. Godeffroy Museum.
e. ad. sk, Moreton Bay. Purchased.
f. ad. sk. Clarence River, N.S. Wales. Purchased.
g. ad, sk. Richmond River, N.S. Wales.
Var. a.

Rhinolophus truncatus, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 307.

Slightly smaller than specimens of 2h. megaphyllus from Australia,
and the summit of the vertical process of the sella is truncated, not
rounded off.

Length, ear 0"-7, forearm 1'-7, third finger 2"-6, fifth finger 2':2,
tibia 0-7, foot 0°35.

Hab. Batchian Island.

a, b,c. ad. sks. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

Var. £.

About the size of the preceding, or even smaller, and the summit
of the vertical process of the sella is broadly rounded off, much
broader than the base, and not exceeded in height by the low
rounded crest of the connecting-process. Wings from the ankles.
112 RHINOLOPHID &.

Hab. North Celebes ; Goram Island.

a, b. Y ad. sks. Menado, N. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
ce. ad, sk, Goram Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.

11. Rhinolophus affinis.

Rhinolophus affinis, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (1824);
Temminck, Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 31 (1835) ; Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1871, p. 806; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 47 (1876).

Rhinolophus rouxii, Temminck, l.c. p. 80a et 6.

Rhinolophus rubidus e¢ cinerascens, Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice,
p. 18 (1852).

Ears somewhat shorter than the head, acute, the outer margin
not deeply hollowed out beneath the tip ; antitragus large, separated
by a deep angular incision. Horizontal horseshoe-shaped membrane
moderate, not extending so far in front or laterally as to conceal
the sides of the muzzle when viewed from above, yet larger than in
Eh. ferrum-equinum ; vertical front surface of the sella maintaining
the same width upwards, rounded off above, exceeded in height by
the summit of the laterally flattened connecting-process, which
forms a rounded-off angle from which a few hairs arise; terminal
nose-leaf rather short, the subacute triangular terminal process with
slightly concave sides (Plate VII. fig. 5). Lower lip with three
distinct grooves.

Wing-membrane from the tarsus or ankle, or from the tibia
higher up. Interfemoral membrane square or slightly angular
behind; tail wholly included, or projecting by the extreme tip.

Fur variable in colour, greyish brown or reddish brown or even
golden orange-brown, the hairs darker towards their extremities.
Rh. cinerascens, fulvidus, et rubidus, Kelaart, were founded on these
differences in the colour of the fur.

Length, head and body 2'°3, tail 0:9, head 0'-95, ear 0'-75,
antitragus 028, nuse-leaf 0'°55 x 0'"35, forearm 2”-1, thumb 0'"35,
third finger 3'°25, fifth finger 2'"7, tibia 0'°95, foot 0'°48.

Hab. Peninsula of India, from the Himalaya to Cape Comorin
(inhabiting hill-tracts) ; Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Type in the collection of the Museum of the E.I. Comp. at South
Kensington.

a. ad. sk. India. Purchased.

b. ad. sk. eT gs

ce. 9 ad., al. arjiling. . Blyth, Esq. [P.].

d. . ad., al. Nipal. B. Heise, Tay [P.].

e-g. ad. sks. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart | P.].

h. @ ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
(Labelled Rhinolophus ceylonicus.)

a. fo ad, al. Ceylon. Purchased.

jk 3 & ad, al. Ceylon. Purchased.

1. d ad., al. Ceylon.

m, ad. sk. Pinang. Dr. Cantor [P.].

n, fo ad, al. Sumatra,
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 113

0, p. ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

qr. S&O ad., al. Borneo, L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
8, t. ad. sk. Parzudalki Coll.
u,v. fo ad., al.

w. ad. sk. No history.

a. skull. India. Capt. Boys.

y. skull of w.

z. skeleton. Ceylon.

12. Rhinolophus andamanensis.

Rhinolophus andamanensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872,
p- 8387; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 46, fig. a (1876).

Like Rh. affinis generally ; but the anterior horizontal horseshoe-
shaped membrane is very broad, completely concealing the muzzle
when viewed from above, as in Rh. pearsonii; the posterior terminal
leaf is also much longer, produced backwards between the ears, and
a concave on the sides as in Rh. affinis. The thumb is also much

onger.

Fur bright reddish brown above and beneath.

Length (of an adult ¢, the type), head and body 2'"5, tail 0’-9,
head 1:05, ear 0'"85, nose-leaf 0"°75 x 0'"45, forearm 2'-05, thumb
0"-45, third finger 3'"2, fifth finger 25, tibia 1", foot 0'5.

Hab. Southern Andaman Island.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

13. Rhinolophus acuminatus.

Rhinolophus acuminatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 308;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 51 (1876).

Ears somewhat shorter than the head, acute though not attenuated
at the tip; antitragus large, separated by a deep angular incision.
Horizontal horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf not so broad as the muzzle ;
vertical part of the sella maintaining almost the same breadth
upwards and rounded off above, exceeded considerably in height by
the upper margin of the posterior connecting-process, produced into
an acute point as in Rh. euryale, though not so long; posterior ter-
minal leaf short, terminal process consisting of a short narrow pro-
jection. Lower lip with three vertical grooves.

Wings from the metatarsus almost from the base of the toes. In-
terfemoral membrane deeply concave behind ; tail wholly contained
within the membrane.

Fur dark brown above, paler beneath. .

Length, head and body 2'"1, tail 0-9, ear 0-7, antitragus 0":25,
forearm 1-9, thumb 0'°3, third finger 2"-7, fifth finger 24, tibia
0'"8, foot 0'-4, nose-leaf 0'"5 x 0'"32.

Hab. Java. .
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
1l4 RIINOLOPHID.%.

14. Rhinolophus petersii.

Rhinolophus petersii, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 337 ;
Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 49, figs. a, b (1876).

Ears acutely pointed, with an emargination immediately beneath
the tip; antitragus large, separated from the outer margin by a deep
angular incision. Nose-leaf as in Ah. acuminatus, except the upper
border of the posterior connecting-process, which is much less acute.
Lower lip with three vertical grooves.

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane slightly tri-
angular behind ; extremity of the tail free, projecting abruptly one
tenth of an inch beyond the membrane.

Fur dark brown above, greyish brown beneath.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2-5,
tail 1”, ear 0'"75, antitragus 0'"3, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°4, third
finger 2”-8, fifth finger 2’-5, tibia 0’-9, foot 0-5, nose-leaf 0'-55
x 0°35,

Hab. Unknown.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

A specimen in the collection labelled ‘‘ Gold Coast, Dr. A. Smith,”
is apparently not distinguishable from this species. It agrees with
it in external structure and differs but slightly in measurements :—
Length, head and body 2'"2, tail 0'-9, ear 0'"65, forearm 1°85,
thumb 03; third finger—metacarp. 1'-35, 1st ph. 0°55, 2nd ph.
0-85; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-33, Ist ph. 0:45, 2nd ph. 0'°55;
tibia 0°85, foot 0'°45, nose-leaf 0:5 x 0"3.

15. Rhinolophus minor.

Rhinolophus minor, Horsfield, Zoolog. Researches in Java (1824) ;
Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 35 (1835-41) ; Dobson, Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 50 (1876).

Rhinolophus cornutus, Temminek, 1. ¢. p. 37.

Rhinolophus borneensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 709.

Ears slightly shorter than the head, subacutely pointed, concave
for a short distance beneath the tip; antitragus large, separated by
a deep angular notch ; horizontal nose-leaf as in Rh. affinis ; vertical
process of the sella maintaining the same width upwards, its summit
rounded off, much exceeded in height by the upper margin of the
posterior connecting-process, which forms an acute projection ; pos-
terior nose-leaf small, terminating in a short narrow process. Lower
lip with three vertical grooves.

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane square or slightly
concave behind ; tip of the tail scarcely projecting. Fur light brown
above, greyish brown beneath.

In the type specimen the second lower premolar stands in the
tooth-row, and is visible without the aid of a lens. In other spe-
cimens, which differ in no other respect from the type, I have found
this tooth external to the tooth-row, as in most species of this genus,
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 115

while other specimens agree with the type in having the second lower
premolar in the tooth-row. In one specimen I have observed this
tooth partially external. I therefore regard this character as a
variable one, in this species at least.

The upper margin of the posterior connecting-process of the sella
is more acute in some specimens of this species than in others; and
the form of the posterior free margin of the interfemoral membrane
varies, as in Rh. affinis, also, from being slightly concave to square,
or even to a slight angularity.

The following Table exhibits, in the first column, the measure-
ments of the type specimen, a dried skin; in the second, those of an
adult female from Burma, with the second lower premolar half ex-
ternal; in the third, those of an adult male, with the second lower
premolar very small and quite external to the tooth-row :—

 

I. Il. Til.
Length, head and body ace 16 15
» tail 07 07
” 0-7 0-68
” 0°55 0:53
si, MOBE“lOAfy oi. savsescasecssonseactasiaereeceteesveceeeses 0-45 0°43
Breadth, nosd-leal: vs coccacessxcwensnadvssnsoresscveonenusacs’ she 0°26 0°25
Length, forearm .........ccccescessscrseeecerrencenstonsscaeees 1-45 1:45 1:43
ae - hum boscevenctascavesdes sevaseaisecsestisceavssverdecess 0-2 0-2 02 |
» third finger, metacarpal .......:..seeeeereeereer ees 10 10 1:05
55 + Ist phalanx .........:sseeeeeeeeeeeee es 0-4 0:42 0-42
ss is Ond. 45. - > avhveeegescsmececesimeeces 06 0-6 0-6
» fifth finger, metacarpal ........-:.sseeeseeeeeeeee 1:05 1:0 1-05
i * Ist phalanx ...........cceeeeeeeeeeeeee 0:35 0:35 0°35
5 3 DNAs 55 wa dvGsca'seateenyerademsncied 0-4 0-4 0-4
es tibia: cecijaccancanethaascicuhavanvasouceteseesectotes or6 06 06 06
Bn, UkOObs =. aces casccaveiaiearerleseascarcnesesesenscwareeenate 0°25 0-25 0-25

Hab. Peninsula of India, Yunan, Burma, Siam, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Japan.

Rhinolophus pusillus, Temminck, is not a synonym of this species
(as stated in my Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera), but of Rh.
hipposideros, as I have determined by direct comparison of the types
of this species and of Rh. pusillus in the Leyden Museum.

a. 9 ad., al. Malabar coast, India. Purchased.
4. ad. sk. India. Purchased.
ec. ad. sk. Siam. Purchased.
d,e. d ad., al.

F Q ad., al.

g. skull of 8.

16. Rhinolophus garoensis.

Rhinolophus garoensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 337 ;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 48, figs. u, b, e (1876).

Ears acutely pointed, with a large antitragus as in Fh, affinis.
Anterior vertical process of the sella maintaining the same breadth
upwards and rounded-off above, considerably exceeded in height by

72
116 RHINOLOPHID.E.

the upper edge of the connecting-process, which develops a long
acutely pointed projection; terminal portion of the posterior leaf
broad, with straight sides, forming almost an equilateral triangle.

Wing-membrane from the ankles ; interfemoral membrane square
behind ; extreme tip of the tail free.

The second lower premolar stands in the tooth-row, and, although
much smaller than the first premolar, is not minute.

The type of this species was obtained by Major H. H. Godwin-
Austen in the Garo hills; and the following measurements show it to
be probably the smallest known species of the genus :—Length, head
and body 15, tail 0-7, head 0’-6, ear 0'°5, antitragus 0':2, nose-
leaf 0-4 x 02, forearm 1'°3, thumb 0'"2, third finger 2”, fifth
finger 17, tibia 0'°6, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Garo hills, Assam ; Himalaya (Masuri).

This small species is closely allied to Rh. minor, Horsfield, from
which the broad terminal portion of the nose-leaf, not emarginate
on the sides, distinguishes it.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

17. Rhinolophus euryale.

Rhinolophus euryale, Blasius, Archiv fiir Naturg. i. p. 49; Fauna
Deutschl. p. 35 (1855) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 308;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 51 (1876).

Ears acutely pointed but not attenuated at the tip; the antitragus
shallow, separated from the outer margin by an obtuse angular notch,
as in Rh. ferrum-equinum; nose-leaf small; sides of the vertical
portion of the sella straight, summit rounded, considerably ex-
ceeded in height by the upper margin of the connecting leaf, which
develops a long narrow acutely pointed process; posterior terminal
leaf moderately long, concave on the sides towards the subacute
extremity (Plate VII. figs. 6, 6 a).

Interfemoral membrane square behind ; the extreme tip of the tail
projecting. Wings from the tibie above the ankles.

Above dark reddish brown, beneath light brown.

Length, head and body 2”, tail 09, ear 0:8, forearm 1'8, thumb
0":3, third finger 2'"8, fifth finger 2-1, tibia 0-75, foot 0':35, nose-
leaf 0"°5 x 0'28.

Hab. Europe (south of the Alps); Asia Minor (Syria); Northern
Africa.

a,b. 6 & 9 ad, al. Monti Pisan. Marquis Doria.

ec. G ad., al. Liguria. Lord Lilford [P.}.

d. f ad., al. Southern Europe.

e. ad. sk. Syria. Dr. Staudinger [C.].
J §. ad, al. Lake of Galilee. Canon Tristram [C. }.
g. & ad, al. Euphrates valley. Col. Chesney ee
h. 3 ad., al. Parzudaki Coll.

t. 3 skeleton. Liguria. Lord Lilford [P. }.
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 117

18. Rhinolophus blasii.

Rhinolophus clivosus, Blasius (non Cretzschmar), Fauna Deutschl.
p. 33, figs. 10, 11 (1857),

Rhinolophus blasii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 17, and 1871,
p. 809; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 51 (1876).

Ears shorter than the head, acutely pointed, slightly attenuated
towards the tips, but much less so than in Ra. ferrum-equinum ;
antitragus separated from the outer margin by a very shallow emar-
gination. Horizontal horseshoe-shaped membrane small, leaving
the front and sides of the muzzle uncovered; vertical process of
the sella short, abruptly narrowed at half its height, and termi-
nating in a subacute point, its upper half thus presenting a trian-
gular surface anteriorly ; upper margin of the posterior connecting-
process forming a long narrow acutely pointed projection, extending
high above the summit of the vertical process of the sella; ter-
minal nose-leaf moderately large, sides of the terminal triangular
process slightly concave (Plate VII. fig. 7). Lower lip with a single
groove. Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane square
behind ; extreme tip of tail projecting.

Fur reddish brown above, light greyish brown beneath.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'°9,
tail 1”, ear 0'°7, antitragus 0'-3, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0'°28; third
finger—metacarp. 1'"15, 1st ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'°25, Ist ph. 0’-4, 2nd ph. 0-5; tibia 0':75, foot
0"35.

Hab. Europe (south of the Alps); Northern Africa; Asia Minor
(Palestine).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

a-c. 6 & 9 ad.,al. Cave of Adullam, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.].
d. skeleton. Cave of Adullam, Palestine. Canon Tristram |C.

19. Rhinolophus hipposideros.

Noctilio hipposideros, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. p. 1194 (1801).

Vespertilio hippocrepis, Hermann, Observ. Zoolog. p. 18 (1804).

Rhinolophus bihastatus, Geoffroy, Descript. de Egypte, ii. p. 132
(1812).

Abeclea pusillus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 35 (1835-
41)*

Rhinolophus hipposideros, Blasius, Fuuna Deutschl. 1857; Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1871 ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 52
(1876). i

Rhinolophus minimus, Heuglin, Séiugeth. N. Ost-Afrika’s, p.6 (1861).

Ears nearly as long as the head, very acutely pointed ; outer mar-
gin of the conch deeply concave beneath the tip ; antitragus separated

* The types of Rhinolophus pusillus, Temm., in the collection of the Leyden
Museum are, undoubtedly, examples of this species.
118 RHINOLOPHIDZ.

by a deep angular notch. Horizontal horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf
not concealing the sides of the muzzle, finely crenate along its outer
free margin; vertical process of the sella long, diminishing gradually
in width from the base upwards, its anterior surface thus presenting
the form of an isosceles triangle with a narrowly rounded-off vertical
angle; the upper edge of the posterior connecting-process forms a
narrow subacute projection, scarcely exceeding the summit of the
anterior process of the sella; posterior nose-leaf long, its terminal
process shaped like the vertical process of the sella (Plate VII. fig. 8).
Lower lip with a single vertical groove.

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane angular behind,
the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.

Fur light brown above, beneath light greyish brown.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'°55,
tail 1°15, head 0'-65, ear 0-6, forearm 1'°5, third finger 2'"2, fifth
finger 2”, tibia 0'*7, foot 03, nose-leaf 0'°5 x 0'"3.

Hab. Palearctic Region ; Southern and Middle Europe (Dalmatia,
Italy, Southern Russia, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, France,
Southern England, Ireland); N.E, Africa; Asia Minor (Caucasus
range); and, if the “habitat” Java given by Temminck for 2h.
pusillus be correct, extending also into, and perhaps throughout, the
Oriental Region.

a. 2 ad., al. Devonshire. Mus. Leach.

b,c. 3 & 9 ad, al. Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.].

d, ad. sk. St. Gothard.

e-g 35 & 9 ad., al. Sicily. Purchased.

h, ad. sk. St. Mauria. M. O. Galliard [P.].

a 9 ad., al. Tangiers. Mr. Fraser’s Collection.
J & ad., al. Purchased.

kl. Q ad., al. No history.

m,n. 3 ad., al. No history.

o. 2 ad., al. Zool. Soc. Coll.

p,q. skulls. England. Mr. Yarrell’s Collection.
r. skull. Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.}.

s. skull of d.

t-v, skulls. No locality. Old Collection.

20. Rhinolophus landeri.

Rhinolophus landeri, Martin, P. Z. 8.1887, p.101; Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1871, p. 308.

Ears shorter than the head, not attenuated at their extremities,
the inner margin of the ear-conch convex to the tip ; antitragus short,
evenly convex, separated posteriorly by avery shallow notch; nose-
leaf about the same size as in Fh. affinis, the horizontal leaf broader
than in Rh. euryale, but not concealing the muzzle; vertical process
of the sella slightly narrowed in the centre, broader and rounded-off
above, exceeded in height by the upper margin of the posterior con-
necting-process, which forms an angular elevation more or less acute,
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 119

but much broader at its base and much shorter than in Rh. euryale;
posterior leaf rather short and acutely pointed (Plate VII. fig. 9).

Wings from the ankles or from the tibia close to the ankle-joint.
Interfemoral membrane short, slightly triangular behind.

Fur varying from deep ferruginous brown, above and beneath, to
sulphur or pale yellowish brown.

The first upper premolar blunt, in the tooth-row, but closely ap-
pressed between the canine and second premolar.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 1’"6, tail 0-85,
ear 0'-65, nose-leaf 0'-45 x 0'-28, forearm 1'-7, thumb 0'-28; third
finger—metacarp. 1-15, 1st ph. 0'-5, 2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'2, 1st ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0-55; tibia 0'-65, foot 0'"3.

Hab. Africa (Fernando-Po Island, Gaboon, Damara Land).

a. & ad., al. (type). Fernando Po. Zool. Soc. Coll.
6. 2 ad., al. Elloby district, Gaboon. H. A. Ansell, Esq.
ec. 2 ad., al. Dr. Livingstone [C.].

21. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum.

Vespertilio ferrum-equinum, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 174 (1775) ; Ercleb.
Syst. Reg. Anim. p. 154 (1777); Gm, Lin. p. 50 (1788).

Rhinolophus unihastatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xx. p. 257.

Rhinolophus geoffroyi, Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 433.

Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Leach, Zool. Miscell. iii. p. 2 ; Jenyns,
Brit. Verteb. p.19; Bell, British Quadrup. p. 68 (wdct.) (1837) ;
Blasius, Fauna Deutsch, p. 31 (1857) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1871, p. 310; Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 208; Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 53 (1876).

Rhinolophus nippon, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 30 a (1835-41),

Rhinolophus tragatus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. p. 699.

Rhinolophus fumigatus, Riippell, Mus. Senckenberg. iii. p. 132 (vide
Peters, l. c. 1871, p. 3811); Peters, C. v. der Decken Reis, in Africa,
Stugeth. pl. 2. fig. 3.

Rhinolophus deckenii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 705.

Ears slightly shorter than the head, very acutely pointed and
attenuated towards the tip, the outer margin of the ear-conch deeply
concave in its upper third, the inner margin slightly concave in its
upper fourth; antitragus not much developed, separated posteriorly
by a shallow obtuse-angled notch. Nose-leaf rather small, the
horseshoe-shaped portion not concealing the sides of the muzzle;
vertical process of the sella narrow, concave on the sides, rounded-
off above, the summit as broad as the base, narrowest in the centre,
exceeded considerably in height behind by the superior margin of the
posterior connecting-process, which, viewed laterally, is obtusely
conical, and is clothed with a few fine straight hairs ; triangular ter-
minal portion of the posterior leaf emarginate on the sides towards the
apex, forming a narrow acutely pointed process (Plate VII. fig. 10).

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane slightly tri-
angular behind; tip of the tail free; calcanea well developed.

Fur, above, reddish brown with a greyish tinge; beneath pale
grcy, almost white.
120 RHINOLOPHIDX.

Second upper premolar close to the canine; first premolar minute
and quite external to the tooth-row; second lower premolar not
discernible in some specimens, in others always detected with difti-
culty, even with the aid of a lens, lying in the outer angle between
the closely approximated first and third premolars.

Length, head and body 2'"35, tail 1°55, head 1”, ear 0-9, nose-
leaf 0'°6 x 0°35, forearm 2'°25, thumb 0-32; third finger—meta-
carp. 1-55, lst ph. 0'"75, 2nd ph. 1°35; fourth finger—metacarp.
1-6, 1st ph. 0'"45, 2nd ph. 08; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-65, 1st
ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'°7; tibia 0'°9, foot 0°55.

Hab. Europe, Africa, Asia. In Europe extending as far north as
Southern England, and the Harz Mountains in Germany; in Africa
probably generally distributed ; in Asia found in the Himalaya and
in Japan. It has therefore by far the widest distribution of any
species of the genus. In tropical countries it appears to be more or
less confined to the elevated tablelands.

Rh. ferrum-equinum is easily distinguished by the peculiarly
attenuated and very acutely pointed extremities of the ears, by the
form of the erect process of the sella, which is slightly expanded
above and beneath, and by the position of the first upper pre-
molar outside the tooth-row. The length of the ear varies slightly.

a. 3 ad., al. Tubingen. Dr. Giinther [P.].

b © ad, al. Turin.

c,d. f ad, al. Sicily. Purchased.

e. ad. sk. Europe. Leyden Museum.

Sig. ad. sks. Syria.

h,t. @ ad., al. Lake of Galilee. Canon Tristram [C.].

y-l. @ ad., al. Euphrates valley. Col. Chesney [C. ].

m-o. 6 & Qad., al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
p. & ad., al. Darjiling, India.

g. ad. sk. India. Capt. Boys.

r,s. 9 ad., al. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.}.

t. ad. sk. Japan.

u. 2 ad., al. Gaboon. Purchased.

v. o ad., al. Port Natal. Rey. H. Callaway [P.].
w. & imm., al. King William’s Town. Lieut. Trevelyan [P.].

a. ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope.

y. © ad,, al. Haslar Collection.

z. o ad., al. No history.

a’, b!. ad., sk.

c'-p'. skulls. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1.

(Labelled Rhinolophus tragatus, Hodgs.)
q. skull of o.
r. skull of a’.

22. Rhinolophus clivosus.

Rhinolophus clivosus, Riippell, Atlas, Reise nord-ost Afrika, p. 47
(1824); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 16, 1871, p. 311.

Ears considerably shorter than the head, acutely pointed; inner
margin of the car-conch convex throughout, but less convex above,
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 121

tip not attenuated ; antitragus separated by an obtuse notch, short,
evenly convex; nose-leaf not concealing the muzzle, divided by a
simple notch in front ; horizontal plate of the sella with semicircular
sides much broader than the vertical process, which is slightly nar-
rower in the middle and similar to that in Rh. ferrum-equinum, its
summit rounded-off above, considerably surpassed in height by the
crest of the connecting-process, which forms an acute thickened pro-
jection ; terminal leaf rather short and acute; horseshoe-shaped
nose-leaf not concealing the sides of the muzzle.

Wings from the tibiz slightly above the ankles; last small caudal
vertebree projecting.

Fur sulphur-brown above, beneath canary-colour.

First upper premolar in the tooth-row in immature specimens; in
adults closely wedged in between the adjoining teeth.

Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 1'"75, tail 0-95, head 0'"8,
ear 0'65, nose-leaf 0':45 x 0'"28, forearm 1-75, thumb 0-3; third
finger—metacarp. 1-2, Ist ph. 0"-55, 2nd ph.1"; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1':3, 1st ph. 0'"28, 2nd ph. 0'°65 ; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-25, Ist ph. 0°38, 2nd ph. 0'°55 ; tibia 0'7, foot 0”°4,

Hab. N.E. Africa (Kordofan).

This species is very closely allied to Rh. landeri and to Rh.
ferrwn-equinum. It is distinguished from the former by the form
of the upper margin of the posterior connecting-process of the sella,
by the smaller size of the horseshoe-shaped membrane, and by its
larger feet; from the latter by the form of the ears and of the upper
margin of the same connecting-process, by the position of the

first upper premolar in the tooth-row, and by its conspicuously
smaller size.

a 3 & 2 imm,, al. Kordofan. Dr. Riippell [C.].
b. 9 ad., al. ? Europe. Dr. Heckel [P.].
ec. ad. sk. North Africa. Frankfort Museum.

23. Rhinolophus capensis.

Rhinolophus capensis, Lichtenstein, Verz. Zool. Mus. Berl, p. 4 (1823)

Keys. § Blas. Wieym. Archiv, v. p. 828 (1889) ; Peters, MB, Akad.
Berl. 1871, p. 310.

Rhinolophus geoffroyii, Smith, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 433 (1829).

Rhinolophus clivosus, Smith (non Riippell), African Zoology, part i.
Mammalia, p. 23 (1834).

Rhinolophus auritus, Victorin, Sundevall, Vetensk. Akad. Handl.
Stockholm, p. 18 (1858) (vide Peters, 1. c.).

Ears as long as the head, broad, subacutely pointed, not attenuated
near the tips as in Rh. ferrum-equinum; the inner margin of the
ear-conch convex in its upper third, the outer margin concave for
a short distance immediately beneath the tip, then convex ; the anti-
tragus separated by a very shallow notch; horizontal horseshoe-
shaped membrane not concealing the muzzle though covering it
anteriorly, the remaining parts of the nose-leaf similar to those in
Rh. ferrum-equinum (Plate VII. fig. 11).
122 RUINOLOPHID.

Interfemoral membrane short, straight along free margin; tip of
the tail very slightly projecting. Wing-membrane from the tarsus.

Fur as in Rh. ferrum-equinum.

First upper premolar minute, in the very narrow space between
the canine and second premolar, half external.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”-15,
tail 0'-85, head 0-9, ear 0'"9, nose-leaf 0°55 x 0'"3, forearm 1'9,
thumb 0':3; third finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph.
1-1; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"5, Ist ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0'°65 ;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0':45, 2nd ph. 0'"55; tibia
0"-75, foot 0”°45.

Hab. South Africa (Zanzibar, Cape Colony).

This species resembles Rh. ferrum-equinum very closely in the
form of its nose-leaf, but may be at once distinguished by the very
different form of the ears, and by the position of the first minute
upper premolar.

a, b,c. 2 ad., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [P.].

d-n. 6 & Qad.,al. Cape Town. Trustees S. African Mus. [P.].
o, p. ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope.

q. skull of e.

r, skeleton. Cape Town. Trustees 8, African Mus. [P.].

24. Rhinolophus ethiops.
Rhinolophus eethiops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1868, p. 637.

Resembles Rh. ferrum-equinum closely in size and in the general
form of the ears; the ear-conch, however, is less attenuated above
and quite obtusely pointed, and the nasal cutaneous appendages are
much larger; horseshoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf broad, con-
cealing the muzzle laterally and in front when viewed from above;
central erect part of the sella as in Rh. ferrum-equinum, but the
posterior connecting band is more broadly rounded off above and
scarcely rises above the level of the extremity of the sella; sides of
the terminal lancet-shaped leaf straight, not emarginate (Plate VII.
fig. 12); lower lip divided by a single vertical groove.

Wings from the ankles or tarsi; interfemoral membrane straight
behind, between the extremities of the extended calcanea; last
caudal vertebra projecting.

Colour and distribution of the fur and dentition as in Rh. ferrum-
equinum.

Length, head and body 2'"4, tail 1"-2, head 0-95, ear 0'9, nose~
leaf 0°65 x 0'"4, forearm 2'°2, thumb 0-3; third finger—meta-
carp. 1-5, 1st ph. 0'°645, 2nd ph. 1°38; fourth finger—metacarp.
1-55, 1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0'"8; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-55,
Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"55; tibia 0'"9, foot 05.

Hab. West Africa (Benguela, Otjimbingue).

a. 9 ad, al. Benguela, Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
b. f ad., al. Benguela, Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray tp ;
ce, d. ad., al. Benguela, Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.}.
e. 9 imm., al. Benguela, Angola. F. F, Monteiro fp ;
2. TRLENOPS. 123

Subfam. II. PHYLLORHININ®.

Toes equal, of two phalanges each ; ilio-pectineal spine united by
a bony isthmus with a process derived from the antero-inferior
surface of the ilium, forming a, large preacetabular foramen *.

Synopsis of Genera.

a. Horizontal anterior nose-leaf horse-
shoe-shaped; metacarpal bone of
index finger equal to or scarcely ex-
ceeding the metacarpal of the third
finger in length.
a", Centre of the upper surface of the
horseshoe supporting the base of a
horizontal crest extending back-
wards between and above the nasal
apertures.
a", Outer margin of the ear com-
mencing near the posterior
commissure of the eyelids.... 2. TRLmNops, p. 123.
6". Outer margin of the ear com-
mencing at a point distant
from and on a much lower
level than the eye .......... 3. Rainonycreris, p. 126.
6”, Centre of the upper surface of the
horseshoe uncovered; no horizon-
tal crest extending backwards be-
tween and above the nasal aper-
CULES fies ar serene Pe teane ee siete 4, PHYLLORHINA, p. 127.
b. Horizontal anterior nose-leaf lobate;
metacarpal bone of the index finger
very long, extending to the first pha-
lanx of the middle finger.......... 5. Castors, p. 152.

2. TRIANOPS.
Trizenops, Dobson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. (1871) p. 455.

Nose-leaf horseshoe-shaped in front, tridentate behind; horseshoe-
shaped portion consisting of two laminz, of which the overlying one

* The bridge thus formed between the spinous process of the eminentia ilio-
pectinea and the antero-inferior spine of the ilium forms the inferior boundary
of a large foramen, larger than the obturator opening, which lies behind and in
a plane slightly inferior to it. This foramen occurs only in the species of Bats
included in this subfamily, and has not yet been observed in any other species
of mammal. ‘The osseous connecting arch forming its inferior boundary evi-
dently greatly strengthens the pelvis (which is so remarkably weak in all Bats) ;
but we do not yet know whether there be any corresponding difference in the
habits of the animals possessing this peculiar structure which may require addi-
tional strength in the pelvis.

The Bats of this subfamily are also remarkably characterized by the equal
124 RHINOLOPHID..

is deeply emarginate in front, with the sides of the emargination
turned upwards and supporting the base of a longitudinal horizontal
crest, extending backwards between and above the nasal apertures ;
hinder erect portion of the nose-leaf with one cell in the centre of
its base, the entrance to which is guarded by a lanceolate process,
with cells on the sides of its front surface, and one on each side
behind immediately above the eye. Ears without a distinct anti-
tragus, as in Phyllorhina, the outer margin of the ear-conch arising

from the posterior commissure of the eyelids.
a. 2. 1-1 22 3—3
Dentition. Ine. 7, ¢. »=, pm. =, m. 3.

First upper premolar minute.

1. Triznops persicus.

Trienops persicus, Dobson, Journ. Astat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 455, pl.

xxviil.; td. “On the Osteology of,” l.c. xli. 1872, pp. 136-142,

L. vi. figs. 1-14; «d. Monograph Asiat. Chiropt. p. 56, fig. a (head),
fig. 6 (wing).

Head long; muzzle broad, obtuse, flattened laterally ; ears nearly
as broad as long, funnel-shaped, with acutely pointed tips; the outer
margin commences in a narrow fold of skin arising from the pos-
terior angle of the eyelids, which, passing backwards and slightly
downwards for about 0-1 inch, rises abruptly to a height of 0-2 inch,
forming the outer side of the external ear; the inner margin is
convex forwards, and rises to about the same height; at a short
distance behind it is interrupted by a sudden emargination, which is
succeeded by a triangular elevation of the rim of the ear, forming
the tip, which projects outwards owing to the concavity of the outer
side of this triangle.

The nasal appendages are very complicated, and difficult to de-
scribe. Their form will be better understood by an examination of
Plate VIII. fig. 1, in which the very peculiar shape of the ear is also
well shown.

The terminal phalanx of the fourth finger presents a remarkable
form, which has not been noticed in any other species of Bat. From
the outer side of the proximal extremity of that bone a small pro-
cess arises, with an inclination forwards and outwards, and termi-
nates by an obtuse point in the wing-membrane, in which it is
included (see fig. } in Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt., referred to above).
The distal extremity of the same phalanx is very shortly bifid, as in
most Rhinolophine Bats; but the terminal phalanx of the fifth
finger ends in a single point.

Wing-membrane attached to the tibia a short distance above the

 

number of phalanges in the toes, differing in this respect from all other species
of Chiroptera except the very remarkable Thyroptera tricolor, a Bat possessing
peculiar accessory clinging organs—suctorial disks attached to the thumbs and
feet.
2. TRIENOPS. 125

ankle; feet long, slender; toes equal in length, armed with long and
strong claws; tail included in the interfemoral membrane, the
extreme tip alone free.

On the upper surface the fur is very pale buff, almost white, with
light sepia tips, darkest on the back of the neck, along the anterior
margin of the scapule, and between the shoulders; towards the root
of the tail of a yellowish tinge throughout; beneath, wholly very pale
buff or dirty yellowish white, cutaneous system of the same colour.
The fur is everywhere long and dense; in front it covers the posterior
surface of the hinder nose-leaf, exceeding in length the height of the
trident-shaped crest. Behind, the fur of the back extends on to the
base of the interfemoral membrane nearly as far as the end of the
second caudal vertebra; on the wing-membrane its extent is very
limited; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with hair nearly
as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle
of the femur, but the humerus and femur are completely naked
beyond the body; the distribution of fur on the under surface of the
interfemoral membrane is similar to that above.

The anterior upper premolar is minute with a flattened crown,
and is placed outside the line of teeth; the upper and lower inci-
sors are bilobed; the upper canines have large cusps at their bases
posteriorly.

Length, head and body 2’:25, tail 1':2, head 0:85, ear 0°45,
forearm 2”, thumb 0-28, second finger 1'-65; third finger—meta-
carp. 1-6, 1st ph. 0:5, 2nd ph. 0'°7; fourth finger—metacarp.
1:45, 1st ph. 0'°4, 2nd ph. 0°35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1''-1, 1st
ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0'°4; tibia 0-65, caleaneum 0'°45, foot 0’:35.

Hab. Shiraz, Persia, at an elevation of about 4750 feet.

a. 9 ad., al. Shiraz, Persia. Indian Museum, Calcutta [E.].

2. Triswnops afer.
Trieenops afer, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 918, fig. 2 (head).

Resembles 7’. persicus closely in general structure and in size, but
distinguished by the form of the inner margin of the ear-conch and
of the lanceolate process in the centre of the nose-leaf, also by the
darker colour of the fur. In 7. persicus the inner margin of the
ear-conch is abruptly emarginate about the middle, and the angle
thus formed is obtuse; in this species the inner margin is also
abruptly emarginate, but the angle formed at the commencement of
the emargination is deeply right-angled; the central lanceolate
process of the nose-leaf, which in T. persicus is unicuspidate and
very acutely pointed, in 7. afer is bifid, and terminates in two pro-
jections, whereof the anterior is shorter.

The terminal phalanx of the fourth finger develops a bony process
similar to that in 7. persrcus.

Hab. East Africa (Mombaga).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
126 RHINOLOPHID.2&.

3. RHINONYCTERIS.

Rhinonicteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 16.
Rhinonycteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81.

Nose-leaf horseshoe-shaped in front, the horizontal membrane
consisting of two lamin, whereof the overlying one is deeply
emarginate in front, the sides of the emargination bent up, and
supporting (as in TZrienops) the anterior portion of a small flat
horizontal longitudinal process, which ends behind and between the
deeply sunken nasal orifices; from the centre of the base of the
horseshoe behind the nostrils a pointed process projects forwards,
behind it is the opening of a deep central cell, which is bounded on
each side by a longitudinal cell, beyond which and above the eye are
two smaller cells; immediately behind the central cell is the longi-
tudinal opening of a depression, which is evidently homologous with
the frontal sac of many species of the genus Phyllorhina.

Ears separate, without a distinct antitragus; the outer margin of
the ear-conch arising behind and below the eye. No process from
the proximal extremity of the second phalanx of the third finger ;
toes equal, each of two phalanges.

a Bp] 2-2 3-3
Dentition. Inc. D Cc. icp pm. a> m. 33°

This genus is evidently intermediate between Triwnops and
Phyllorhina, though it agrees more closely with the former than

with the latter.

1. Rhinonycteris aurantia.
Rhinolophus aurantius, Gray, Eyre’s Central Australia, i. p. 405,
pl. 1. fig. 1 (1845); Gould, Mammals of Australia, iii. pl. 35.
Rhinonicteris aurantius, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 16.
Rhinonycteris aurantius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81.
Phyllorhina aurantia, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 318.

Head long; muzzle thick, obtuse, flattened laterally ; ears shorter
than the head, with acutely pointed tips ; the outer margin of the
conch commences at a short distance behind and below the eye, is
convex in lower half, and straight beneath the tip, which does not
project outwards, inner margin regularly convex, slightly flattened
near the tip. Nose-leaf broad, overhanging the muzzle, the sides of
the horseshoe with a slight notch, succeeded by a small rounded
projection in the centre of each side. From the centre of the base
of the horseshoe a small subacutely pointed process, about one tenth
of an inch long, projects forwards and upwards; behind the central
cell the frontal glandular sac is bounded by walls of very thick
integument, covered with hairs (Plate VIII. fig. 2).

Front margins of the upper and lower lips fringed with small
warts. No pubic appendages in females, as in Rhinolophus.

Wings from the distal extremity of the tibia or from the ankles ;
toes equal, each of two phalanges; calcanea feeble, interfemoral
shortly triangular behind, the extreme tip of the tail projecting.

Fur, above and beneath, bright golden yellow.
4. PHYLLORHINA. 127

_ Lower incisors trifid, placed transverse to the direction of the
jaws. Upper canines with a small but very distinct posterior cusp ;
first upper premolar extremely small, not raised above the level of
the gum, and scarcely visible without the aid of a lens, in the outer
angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body 1-85, tail 11, ear
0"-55 x 035, nose-leaf 0'-35 x 0'"3; third finger—metacarp. 1'"4,
1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'°6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1':25, 1st ph.
0'-4, 2nd ph. 0'°3; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°05, 1st ph. 0'"5,
2nd ph. 0'°35; tibia 0''-6, foot 0'-3.

Hab. Australia (Port Essington, Victoria).

a, ad. 3, al. (type). Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.].
b. ad. 9, al. North Australia. N.-Australian Expedition.
c,d. ad. sks. Victoria. Earl of Derby iP).

4, PHYLLORHINA.

Phyllorrhina, Bonaparte, Saggio di una distrib. anim. vertebr. 1831,
.16; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 312; Dobson, J. A. S. B.
872, p. 141; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 58 (1876).

Hipposiderus, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1834, p. 53.

Hipposideros e¢ Asellia, Gray, Mag. Zool. §& Bot. ii, (1838), pp. 492-3.

Macronycteris, Gloionycteris, Rhinophylla, Speorifera, Chrysonyc-

teris, Phyllorhina et Asellia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, pp. 81, 82.

Nose-leaf complicated, consisting of three portions, anterior, pos-
terior, and intermediate ; the anterior horseshoe-shaped, as in Rhz-
nolophus, though not similarly emarginate in front; the posterior
erect, with a convex, lobed, or incised free edge, concave in front,
the concavity simple or divided by narrow vertical ridges into shallow
cells ; the intermediate portion (evidently homologous with the sella in
Rhinolophus), forming the posterior boundary of the depression at the
bottom of which the nasal orifices are placed, is usually broadly cor-
diform with the base upwards, the sides thickened, the centre with or
without a projecting point or narrow longitudinal ridge in front.

These are the characters of the nasal appendages in by far the
greater number of the species of this genus, which is also distin-
guished from Rhinolophus by the form of the ear-conch, by the
absence of the large leaf-like antitragus, and, more particularly, by
the presence of two joints only in all the toes, by the number and
character of the teeth, and by the much greater width of the base of
the skull between the auditory bulle.

Many species are provided with a peculiar frontal sac behind the
nose-leaf, which the animal can evert at pleasure like the finger of a
glove; the sides of this sac secrete a waxy substance like that con-
tained in the gular pouches of Taphozous; its extremity supports a
pencil of straight hairs, of which the ends only project when the sac
is inverted.

Dentition. Inc. 5, c. j= pm. oa" m. —

1-1

*
Pm. 5-3

in Ph, tridens and in Ph. megalotis.
128 RBINOLOPHID.E.

First upper premolar minute, blunt, in the outer angle between
the canine and second premolar, rarely deciduous.

Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Malayana, Aus-
tralia, and Africa.

The species of this genus are, unlike Rhinolophus, inhabitants of
the plains and low hill-ranges of the warmer regions of the conti-
nents and islands of the eastern hemisphere lying within the tropical
and subtropical zones. The largest Asiatic species, Phyllorhina
armugera, Hodgs., appears to be the most northerly, having been ob-
tained by Mr. Swinhoe at Amoy, in China, and by the late Captain
T. Hutton at Mussooree, in the Himalaya, at an elevation of 5500
feet; P. bicolor is also said to have been taken by Capt. Hutton at
the same elevation ; but these are exceptions among the great number
of species of this genus.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Upper margin of the terminal erect portion of
the nose-leaf tridentate; no frontal glan-
dular sac. (Subgen. Asellia, Gray).

a. Processes of the terminal nose-leaf thick-
ened; extremity of the tail projecting

 

considerably. :
1. Premolars = (in adults); ears broad;
forearm 176: so.casn ong seas eves Ph. tridens, p. 181.
2. Premolars 3 ears narrow ; forearm
HUG seueresehe arauara ears verncate oat ater statiieseca sass Ph. tricusprdata, p. 131.

6. Processes of the terminal erect nose-leaf not
thickened ; extremity of the tail project-
ing slightly.
3. Premolars i, ears broad; forearm 1'"5 Ph. stoliczkana, p. 182.

II. Upper margin of the terminal erect nose-leaf
undivided ; with or without a frontal sac.
(Subgen. Phyllorhina.)

2—2
a, Ears separate ; premolars 5—5.

a', With secondary cutaneous leaflets on the
sides of the muzzle external to the horse-
shoe.

a", With a large frontal glandular sac
opening longitudinally behind the
nose-leaf; ears narrow, attenuated
upwards; interfemoral membrane
short.

4. Terminal erect nose-leaf with a cen-
tral club-shaped process, and a
similar process from the centre of
the sella beneath ; forearm 2''45 . Ph. cyclops, p. 184.
5. No processes from the nose-leaf ;
forearm 40°45 i ccotecewaenaays Ph. commersonit, p. 183.

6". Frontal glandular sac opening trans-
versely or none ; ears broad, not atte-
nuated above; interfemoral membrane
well developed.
4. PHYLLORHINA.

e''. Terminal erect leaf narrower than
the horseshoe.
ce’. Frontal glandular sac well deve-
loped.

6. Upper margin of the erect leaf
sinuate, front surface with
three rominent vertical
ridges; forearm 3'"8 ......

7. Upper margin of the erect leaf
convex or straight, vertical
ridges in front not well de
fined; forearm 2'-45 .....,

a'". The terminal erect leaf wider than
the horseshoe.
d‘, No frontal sae.

a. Front concave surface of the
terminal erect leaf divided by
one or more vertical ridges.

a', With three secondary leaflets
external to the horseshoe.

8. Wings from the ankles;
forearm 3'"4 ..........
9. Wings from the metatar-
sus; forearm 2'"6......

8'. With two secondary leaflets

external to the horseshoe.
10. Wings from the tarsus:
forearm 1'"45 ........

8. Front concave surface of the
terminal leaf not divided by
vertical ridges.

B'. With two secondary leaflets
external to the horseshoe.

11. Wings from the ankles:
forearm 1'"95 ....... i
e‘, Frontal sac distinct in males.

8. Front concave surfare of the
terminal leai’ not divided by
vertical ridges.

B'. With two secondary leaflets
external to the horseshoe.

12, Wings from the tarsus:
forearm 1'"85 ...... a

y. Front concave surface of the
terminal leaf divided by three
more or less distinct vertical
ridges.

y'. With two secondary leaflets
external to the horseshoe ;
thumb and foot very small.

y''. Wings from the tarsus or
metatarsus,

13. Horseshoe as wide in
front as in the middle ;
forearm 1''75; calca-
neum 0'°3 .... eee aes

129

Ph, armigera, p. 135.

Ph, leptophylla, p. 136.

Ph, diadema, p. 187.

Ph, nicobarensis, p. 138.

Ph. pygmea, p. 139.

Ph. fuliginosa, p. 139.

Ph, caffra, p. 140.

Ph, galerita, p. 141.

K
130 RHINOLOPHIDA.

14, Horseshoe much nar-
rower in front than be-
hind; forearm 1'°75;
calcaneum 0'"45 ...

6’. With three secondary leaflets
external to the horseshoe;
thumb and foot moderately
large.

15. Ears much shorter than
the head ; lower third of
the outer margin of the
ear-conch with an acute
spine-like projection; last
osseous caudal vertebra
projecting abruptly ; fore-
BTM eda Wea ave es

16. Ears nearly as long as the
head; no spine-like pro-
jection from the margin
of the ear-conch; tail
almost wholly contained
within the wing-mem-
brane; forearm 2'°45 ..

b'. No secondary cutaneous leaflets on the
sides of the muzzle external to the
horseshoe.

6". Frontal glandular sac distinct in males,
opening transversely.

6. Front concave surface of the ter-
minal erect leaf not divided by ver-
tical ridges.

3’. Upper margin of the erect nose-
leaf thin.

17. Ears as long as the head ; ear-
conch with a spine-like pro-
jection, as in Ph. speoris; fore-
BID Bisson, wh Welter akan

18, Ears shorter than the head ; no
spine-like projection from the
margin of the ear-conch ; fore-
SUITU LD eiacsas neve wuss eeteneve a aioe

e'. Upper margin of the erect nose-
leaf thickened, as in Ph. dia-
dema.

19. Ears shorter than the head,
rounded off above; forearm
SUE Beyer nchehe ie aor te cietaie ares

e. Front concave surface of the erect
leaf divided by three more or less
distinct vertical ridges.

20. Ears triangular, obtusely pointed ;
calcaneum much longer than the
foot; forearm 2" ............

21. Ears ovate, broadly rounded off
above; calcaneum not longer than
the foot; forearm 1'"55

eee

. Ph, cervina, p. 142.

Ph. speoris, p. 143.

Ph. larvata, p. 146.

Ph. obscura, p. 146.

Ph. doria, p. 146.

Ph. coronata, p. 147.

Ph, calcarata, p. 147.

Ph. bicolor, p. 148,
4, PHYLLORHINA. 131

6, Ears united by a low band; premolars = ;

22. Ears ovate (as in Ph. bicolor, var.
fulva) ; calcaneum shorter than -
the foot; forearm 1'"4........ Ph. megalotis, p. 161.

1. Phyllorhina tridens.
Rhinolophus tridens, Geoffroy, Descr. de ? Egypte, ii. p. 180 (1812).

Asellia tridens, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 82.
Phyllorhina tridens, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 314.

Ears nearly as long as the head, subacutely pointed; lower two
thirds of the inner and outer margins of the ear-conch almost equally
convex, the outer margin concave immediately beneath the tip, the
remaining part convex; upper margin of the transverse erect nose-
leaf divided into three thickened projections, the concave front
surface beneath divided by three longitudinal bands ; sella cordate,
prominent; horseshoe-shaped membrane circular and raised in front,
not divided ; two secondary leaves on the sides of the muzzle parallel
to the horseshoe (Plate VIII. fig. 3).

Wings from the lower third of the tibi ; interfemoral membrane
short, square behind; the last osseous caudal vertebra and half the
antepenultimate vertebra free.

Fur, above, pale yellowish white with brown extremities; beneath,
wholly yellowish white or pure white.

The first minute upper premolar deciduous.

Length, head and body 2”, tail 0'"75, head 0"°7, ear 0-65 x 0'"5,
forearm 1-75, thumb 0'°3; third finger—metacarp. 1°15, 1st ph.
0”:5, 2nd ph. 0'"6; fifth finger—metacarp. 0'°9, 1st ph. 0'°4, 2nd
ph. 0'°3; tibia 0°65, foot 0°35.

Hab. Africa (Egypt, Zanzibar).

a-c. ad. sk. Egypt. Dr. Turnbull Christie [P.].
df. 3 ad., al. Egypt. Mr. Lefevre [P.].

g. Qad., al. Egypt. A. Christy, Esq. [P.].

h-o. 3 ad., al. Egypt. Rev. O. P. Cambridge [P.].
p. fo ad., al. Thebes. W. H. Flower, Esq. [P.].
g. ad. sk, Egypt.

r,s. 2 ad., al. Egypt. — Burton, Esq. [P.].

t,u. S&Qad.,al. Africa.

v Jf ad., al. — Burton, Esq. [P.].

w. ad., al, (No history.)

x. ad. sk. Upper Nile region.

y. ad. sk. Assuan.

s. ad. sk. Parzudaki Coll.

a'-d'. skulls. Egypt. Dr. T. Christie [P.].

e'. skeleton. Thebes. W. H. Flower, Esq. [P.].
f'. skull of x.

2. Phyllorhina tricuspidata.

Rhinolophas tricuspidatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 20,
pl. xxix. fig. 4, pl. xxxii. figs. 11 & 12.
Phyllorhina tricuspidata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1871, p. 314;
Tilers, Monogr. Asiat, Chiropt. p. 59 (1876). ‘
ee
132 RHINOLUPHIDA,

Ears shorter than the head, narrow and subacutely pointed ;
more than half the outer margin of the ear-conch is deeply but not
abruptly concave beneath the tip, inner margin almost straight in
lower two thirds, convex in upper third; upper margin of the trans-
verse terminal nose-leaf thickened, divided by two vertical incisions
into a narrow central acutely-pointed process and a triangular por-
tion on either side; front margin of the transverse leaf concave and
divided into cells by three vertical ridges as in other species; on
each side of the horseshoe-shaped leaf two small leaflets, and a
single one in front (Plate VIII. fig. 4).

Wing-membrane from the ankles or tarsus; posterior margin of
the interfemoral membrane straight; projecting portion of the tail
nearly as long as the thumb.

First upper premolar minute, in the tooth-row.

Fur reddish brown or reddish yellow above and beneath, the
bases of the hairs paler.

Length, head and body 1'"5, tail 0'"85, free from membrane 0°15,
head 0:6, ear 0'°5, forearm 1:6, thumb 0-22; third finger—
metacarp. l'-1, Ist. ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'°5; fifth finger—metacarp.
1”, Ist ph. 0’-4, 2nd ph. 0'°3; tibia 05, foot 0'-25.

Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion (Morty Island, Batchian, Am-
boyna; New Ireland).

This species, which is probably the smallest of the genus except
Ph. pygmea, has, for the size of its body, the longest forearm. In
every other known species (except Ph. commersonii from the Ethio-
pian Region) the forearm is shorter than the head and body; in
this species it is longer.

a, ad. sk., in al. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b-e, ad. sks. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. bet
Ff. ad. sk. New Ireland. Rey. G. Brown [C.].

3. Phyllorhina stoliczkana.

Asellia stoliczkana, Dobson, P. A. S. B. May, 1871, p.106; J. 4.8. B.
1871, p. 263, pl. xx. fig. 1.

Phyllorhina trifida, Peters, P. Z. 8. June 1871, p. 513; MB. Akad.
Berl. 1871, p. 315.

Phyllorkina stoliczkana, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 61, figs.
a, b (1876).

Ears nearly as broad as long, with acutely pointed tips; outer
margin deeply concave beneath the tip, then very convex, almost
meeting the inner margin at the base. Front edge of the horse-
shoe portion of the nose-leaf raised, bent up in the middle, and
separated from the lip by an underlying fold of membrane; on
each side of the horseshoe a double fold of membrane; upper trans-
verse nose-leaf large, erect, not thickened as in P. tricuspidata ;
upper portion or crest convex in front, overhanging the concave
base, which is divided into four cells by three prominent vertical
ridges ; the form of the crest is that of an isosceles triangle with
4. PHYLLORHINA. 133

an obtuse vertical angle; the apex of this triangle is divided into
three points by two narrow perpendicular incisions, extending half-
way to the base, the extremities of which are attached to the mem-
brane forming the horseshoe by a vertical band on either side
(Plate VIII. fig. 5).

Wing-membrane attached to the lower part of the ankles; tail of
six caudal vertebre, the last two free.

Fur long and silky, above bicoloured, pure white at the base and
for two thirds its length, the remaining portion purplish brown ;
beneath dirty white throughout.

Length, head and body 1'-6, tail 1-2, head 0'°6, ear 0'"4 x 0'85,
forearm 1-5, thumb 0'-2, third finger 2’-6, fifth finger 1''-8, tibia
0"-68, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Pinang.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

4. Phyllorhina commersonii.

Rhinolophus commersonii, Geoffroy, Annal. du Muséum, xx. p. 263,
pl. 5 (1818).

Rhinolophus gigas, Wagner, Wieym. Archiv, 1845, p. 148; Suppl.
Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 650 (1855).

Phyllorbina vittata, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 32, pl. 6,
pl. 18. figs. 7-13; Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de Guiné,
p. 72 (1853).

Macronycteris gigas, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 82.

Phyllorhina commersonii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 318.

Kars narrow, attenuated towards their extremities, which are
very narrowly rounded off; inner margin of the conch slightly con-
vex in lower, straight in upper half, outer side shortly emarginate
immediately beneath the tip, becoming gradually convex downwards
(Plate IX. fig. 2) ; head very long, and thick in front ; nose-leaf com-
paratively small, not equalling the muzzle in width ; transverse leaf
as wide as the horizontal leaf, short, upper margin straight, concave,
front surface divided by a central vertical ridge, with an ill-defined
ridge on each side; sides of the muzzle with four erect longitudinal
leaflets ; immediately behind the nose-leaf, and in a line between
the eyes, the longitudinal opening of a large frontal glandular sac.

Forearm as long as the head and body; wings from the ankles ;
interfemoral membrane short, straight or concave behind; the last
caudal vertebra, or the last and half the antepenultimate vertebra,
free.

Fur everywhere short and limited to the body. Above, on the
head and neck and anterior part of the neck light brown with
greyish extremities, a more or less broad band of the same colour
on each shoulder confluent in the centre of the back and extending
to the root of the tail; along the sides of the body grey, approaching
pure white in some specimens ; beneath white, except a patch of
hrown on each shoulder, and the fur along the centre of the chest
134 RHINOLOPHID A.

aud abdomen has a dark shade. Some specimens have the fur of a
reddish tinge throughout.

First upper premolar minute, external, scarcely raised above the
level of the gum; canines remarkably long and strong, proportion-
ally much larger than in any other species of the genus.

Length, head and body 4'""4, tail 1"°7, head 1°6, ear 1'"2 x 0'"7,
nose-leaf 0'"5 x 0-45, forearm 4°45, thumb 0'"75; third finger—
metacarp. 3”, lst ph. 1'-45, 2nd ph. 1-85; fourth finger—metacarp.
2'-85, Ist ph. 1°15, 2nd ph. 0'-75; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'°75,
Ist ph. 1-15, 2nd ph. 0°75; tibia 1'-6, caleaneum 0’°85, foot 0'"9.

Hab. Ethiopian region (Gambia, Angola, Zanzibar, Cape Delgado
Islands, Madagascar).

This, the largest species of the family, is widely distributed
throughout the Ethiopian region, from the west coast of Africa to
Madagascar. It varies considerably in size, the length of the fore-
arm in some adult individuals attaining a length of nearly 43 inches,
while in others it is an inch less.

a. @ ad., al. Gambia. Earl of Derby [P.].
b. oad, al. Benguela. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
ec, ad. sk, Angola.

d. 9 ad., al. Zanzibar. Purchased.

e. d ad, al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [P.].

f. oad, al. Africa. Mr. Brandt’s Coll.
g. ad. sk. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.

A. 9 ad, al. Madagascar. Purchased.

a f ad., al. No history.

j. ad. sk. Purchased

k. skeleton. Benguela. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

5. Phyllorhina cyclops.

Phyllorhina cyclops, Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la edte de Guiné,
p. 75 (1853).

Kars nearly as long as the head, attenuated in their upper thirds
and subacutely pointed, very similar in shape to those of Ph. com-
mersonit (Plate IX. fig. 1); the nose-leaf is peculiar and characteristic,
though in general structure agreeing with that of most of the species
of the genus (Plate IX. figs. 1a, 14); from the centre of the base of
the sella a club-shaped process about one tenth of an inch long is
directed forwards (fig. 16), and a similar but more slender and some-
what longer process projects vertically upwards from the centre of
the upper margin of the transverse erect nose-leaf, its base being
continuous with the central ridge dividing the concave front surface
of this part of the nose-leaf, which is divided by three ridges into
four cells altogether, as in Ph. speoris, and is narrower than the
horizontal horseshoe-shaped portion, which projects considerably
beyond the muzzle in front, and, laterally, conceals two secondary
leaflets on the sides of the muzzle; the margins of the eyelids are
very prominent, and on the forehead a large frontal sac with a lon-
gitudinal aperture is found in the male, as in PA. commersonii.
4. PHYLLORHINA. 135

Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus; interfemoral mem-
brane small, angularly emarginate behind, the end of the tail pro-
jecting.

Fur dark brown above and beneath.

Teeth as in Ph. commersonit.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2'8, tail 0°85, head 1’""1,
ear 1"-15, nose-leaf 0'°5 x 0'"5, forearm 2':45, thumb 0°45; third
finger—metacarp. 1°85, 1st ph. 0'"7, 2nd ph. 1°05; fourth finger
—metacarp. 1°85, 1st ph. 0'"45, 2nd ph. 07-55; fifth finger—meta-
carp. 1"°7, 1st ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0-5; tibia 1°15, calcaneum 0'6,
foot 0'°65.

Hab. West Africa.

This very remarkable species, at once distinguished by the pecu-
liar club-shaped processes projecting from the nose-leaf, is evidently
closely allied to Ph. commersonit, inhabiting the same zoological
region, with which it agrees in the form of the ears, in the structure
and position of the frontal glandular sac, and in the general form of
the teeth.

a. ¢ ad., al. Cameroon Mountains. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. W. Africa, Dr. Giinther [P.].

6. Phyllorhina armigera.

Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. p. 699
(1835); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 657 (1855).

Hipposideros armiger, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1844, p. 346 ;
Sarde, Mammals of India, p. 27 (1867).

Hipposideros diadema, Cantor (non Geoffroy), Journ, Asiat. Soc.
Beng. 1846, p. 181.

Gloionycteris armigera, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 82.

Phyllorhina swinhoei, Peters, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 616.

Phyllorhina armigera, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 317; Dobson,
P. ZS. 1878, p. 242; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 64, figs. a, b
(heads of ¢ & Q) (1876),

The hinder erect nose-leaf narrow, not so broad as the horseshoe ;
upper edge sinuate, slightly elevated in the centre and at either
extremity ; vertical ridges beneath well developed, prominent, en-
closing moderately deep cells. The wart-like elevations on each
side above the eyes, so constant in the species of the genus, are, in
this species, usually greatly developed, forming large, thickened,
longitudinal elevations, extending forwards on each side of the
posterior erect nose-leaf, and backwards towards the frontal sac.
Tn old males the development of these elevations is very great, and
they form posteriorly the raised boundaries of a triangular fleshy
naked space on the forehead, at the apex of which the large frontal
sac is placed (Plate IX. fig. 3). These parts are not so well deve-
loped in young males and females; in the latter they appear as
comparatively small longitudinal wart-like bodies covered with
straight hairs, and in them also the frontal sac is small and placed
close behind the posterior erect nose-leaf. On either side of the
muzzle four erect longitudinal leaflets.
136 RHINOLOPHIDA,

Wing-membrane attached to the tibia a short distance above the
ankle-joint; tail long, last vertebra generally half free; inter-
femoral membrane triangular behind.

Colour of the fur variable; in a large specimen from Darjeeling
dark brown, somewhat paler at the base; in two females from
Nipal, on the dorsal surface the fur is tricoloured—at the base, for
rather more than one third its length, pale sepia, then a band of
grey for the same extent, the remaining portion of the hair dark sepia
with paler tips; beneath, at the base and for half their length, of a
shade intermediate between that of the upper and lower thirds of
the hairs on the upper surface, the remaining portions to the tips of
a lighter shade of the same colour.

This is the largest Asiatic species of the genus yet discovered ;
the fully expanded wings measure nearly two feet across the body
from tip to tip.

Length (of an adult 3, the type), head and body 4'"2, tail 2’-1,
head 1'"4, ear (anteriorly) 1°15, forearm 3'"8, thumb 05, third
finger 5”, fifth finger 4”, tibia 1'':6, foot 0'-7.

Hab. Himalaya (Masuri, Darjeeling, Nipal, Khasia Hills); Ceylon;
China (Amoy).

(For notes on the habits of this species, see ‘ Monograph of the
Asiatic Chiroptera,’ referred to above.)

a,b. § & 2 ad.,al. (types). Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

pe oe Nips B, Hs Hodgson, Ean, [ed

d. 2 imm., al. Khasia Hills. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].

e. imm. sk. China. Mr. Fortune [C. ].

f. ad. sk. China. Mr. Fortune [C.].

g. ad. sk. China. J. kk. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

A-j. ad. sks. China (Amoy). R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
(Types of Phyllorhina swinhoei, Ptrs.)

k,l. ad. sk. Pinang. Dr. Cantor [P.].

m. skull of ¢.

7. Phyllorhina leptophylla.

Phyllorhina leptophylla, Dobson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1874,
p. 234; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 66 (1876).

Ears_rather large, nearly as long as the head, broad and triangu-
lar, with subacute tips; the outer margin of the ear-conch slightly
concave beneath the tip; upper transverse portion of the nose-leaf
small, its upper edge simple, thin, narrower than the horseshoe-
shaped part, the vertical ridges dividing its front surface discernible
at the base only; horseshoe with a small notch in the centre of its
front free edge; on the sides of the muzzle external to the horseshoe
three small leaflets ; frontal sac small, placed at some distance be-
hind the nose-leaf.

Wings from the tibie near the ankles; interfemoral membrane
triangular behind, the extremity of the tail projecting.

Fur and integuments dark brown throughout.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'°5,
4. PHYLLORHINA. 137

tail 1°65, ear 0'9, forearm 2'°45, thumb 0''4, third finger 3°55,
fifth finger 2-85, tibia 1”, caleaneum 0'-7, foot 0°45.

Hab. Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal.

This species may be at once distinguished from Ph. armigera by
its considerably smaller size, by the structure of the transverse por-
tions of the nose-leaf, and by the incised free edge of the horseshoe.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

8. Phyllorhina diadema.

Rhinolophus diadema, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. xx. p. 263.
Rhinolophus nobilis, Horsfield, Zool. Research. in Java.
Rhinolophus griseus, Meyen, Nova Acta Acad. xvi. 2, p. 608.
Hien diadema et nobilis, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii.
inpocidena nobilis, Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. xv. p. 182.
Hipposideros lankadiva, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan. p. 19.
Phy llowhine diadema, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 815; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 61 (1876).

The hinder erect nose-leaf equals the horseshoe and slightly ex-
ceeds the sella in width, its free margin forming a segment of the
circumference of a circle, with a small blunt projection in the centre,
and three vertical ridges on its concave front surface; sella large,
with a prominent ridge in the centre, forming a small projection
above, and one smaller on each side; sides of the muzzle with pro-
minent vertical leaves, three on each side; no frontal pore. Lars
moderate, acutely pointed, concave beneath the tip (Plate IX. fig. 4).

Wings from the ankles ; interfemoral membrane large, triangular
behind ; last caudal vertebra free.

Fur, above, pale shining buff for two thirds the length of the hair,
the remaining portion chocolate or reddish brown, with ashy ex-
tremities ; beneath, light greyish or buffy brown throughout.

Length, head and body 3'°4, tail 2'-3, ear 1" x 0'"8, nose-leaf
0-45 x 0'-35, forearm 3'°4, third finger 4"°7, fifth finger 3'°7,
tibia 1’-45, foot 0'°6.

Hab. Peninsula of India generally, from the Himalaya to Southern
India; Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Timor, Batchian
Island, Amboyna, Aru Islands, Philippine Islands.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

a. @ ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
db. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
ce. ad. sk. Pinang. E. I. House Collection.
d,e. ad. sks. Java. Purchased.
f. ad. sk. Java. Leyden Museum.
gy. ad. sk. Borneo. Sir J. Brooke [P.].
h. 3 ad., al. Philippine Islands.
i,j Q ad., al Philippine Islands.
k. 2 ad., al. Philippine Islands. Purchased.
1. ad. sk. Purchased.
m. ad. sk. A. R, Wallace, Esq. [C.].
n. ad. sk. No history.
o, ad. sk. Timor. Purchased.
Purchased.

p. skeleton.
138 RHINOLOPHID,

? Var. a.

Phyllorhina masoni, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 838 ;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 62, fig. (head), 1876.

The concave front surface of the erect nose-leaf divided into two
cells only by a single central vertical ridge. From the under surface
of the symphysis of the mandible a small conical bony process
projects downwards, about equal to the lower canine tooth in ver-
tical extent, and covered by the integument.

Length, head and body 3"-65, tail 1-65, ear 11, forearm 3'"35,
thumb 06, third finger 5”, fifth finger 3'"9, tibia 1'-35, foot 0'-65.

Hab. Moulmein, Burma.

Such are the characters of a single specimen, an adult male, pre-
served in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Together
with the absence of the vertical ridges dividing the front surface of
the erect nose-leaf on either side of the central ridge is associated
a slight difference in the relative measurements of the bones of the
extremities, and the occurrence of the peculiar process from the
mandible described above. In other respects, however, this speci-
men agrees so closely with typical examples of Ph. diadema that I
now believe the differences in structure exhibited by it are, probably,
individual peculiarities only.

9. Phyllorhina nicobarensis.

Phyllorhina nicobarensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng. 1871,
p. 262, pl. xx. fig. 2; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 68, figs. a, 6
(head and nose-leaf) (1876).

Ears large, acutely pointed, outer margin slightly concave beneath
the tip; no frontal sac behind the nose-leaf; upper margin of the
transverse leaf simple, forming an arc of a circle, folded back and
overhanging the concave front surface, which is divided into two
cells only by a single central vertical ridge; in front the margin of
the horseshoe has three small points.

Wing-membrane from the base of the metacarpal bone of the
outer toe ; tail of six vertebra, the last free:

Fur, above, light brown at the base, then greyish brown, with
light brown extremities ; beneath pale brownish grey.

Length, head and body 3”, head 1'1, tail 1'"7, ear 0-9, forearm
2"-6, third finger 3”°7, fifth finger 2"-8, tibia 1", foot 0'°45.

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. .

This species resembles Ph. diadema generally, but is at once
distinguished by the erect nose-leaf being divided in front by a
single vertical ridge only, by the different attachment of the wing-
membranes to the hinder extremities, and by its much smaller
size.
4. PHYLLORHINA. 139

10. Phyllorhina pygmza.

Rhinolophus pygmaeus, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 67.
Phyllorhina pygmea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 82; Peters, Monatsb.

(ste) Berl, 1871, p. 317; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 68

Ears oval, with short subacute tips, inclined outwards, the outer
margin shortly but conspicuously concave in the upper fourth;
nose-leaf large, upper margin of the transverse terminal portion
regularly convex, forming an arc of a circle, its front surface with
three well-marked vertical ridges (Plate IX. fig. 5); horseshoe
projecting by its free margin beyond the upper lip; two vertical
leaves on each side; terminal leaf wider than the sella in front; no
frontal pore.

Thumb very small. Wings to the tarsus. Interfemoral mem-
brane slightly triangular behind; last caudal vertebra free.

The posterior margin of the cingulum of the canine develops a
distinct cusp, and also the anterior margin of the second premolar.

Length, head and body 1'4, tail 0'°95, ear 0'°5 x 0'"'4, nose-
leaf 0-3 x 0'"25, forearm 1'°45, thumb 0'°15, third finger 2”,
fifth finger 1'5, tibia 0':5, foot 0'"25.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

a. Q ad., al. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll.

11. Phyllorhina fuliginosa.

Phyllorhina fuliginosa, Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de
Guiné, p. 77 (1853) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 324.

Ears much shorter than the head; basal half of the inner margin
of the conch exceedingly convex, so as to approach close to the erect
nose-leaf, upper half slightly convex, tip subacute, slightly inclined
outwards, upper third of the outer margin concave, lower two thirds
convex, antitragus semicircular without projection (Plate IX. fig. 6) ;
nose-leaf small, horseshoe-shaped membrane very narrow in front
of the nasal apertures; on each side two secondary leaflets ; pos-
terior erect leaf short with a slightly convex free margin, its
concave front surface not divided by distinct vertical ridges, but in
some specimens there is a faint indication of a central ridge, with
an ill-defined ridge near the outer margin of the leaf on either side ;
no frontal glandular sac, but the forehead, in the position corre-
sponding to the usual place of the sac in other species, is naked.

Thumb as long as the foot without the claws; wings from the
ankles; tail long, the extremity projecting slightly beyond the
triangular interfemoral membrane. ;

Fur varying considerably in colour: in some specimens. dark
brown or even black, the base of the hairs much paler, almost
white, beneath paler throughout ; in others the hairs are bright
orange or reddish yellow above and beneath. The specific name
has therefore been ill-chosen.
140 RHINOLOPHID.

Length, head and body 2”, tail 1’:2, head 0'°8, ear 0'°6 x 0''-55,
forearm 1'95, thumb 0'35; third finger—metacarp. 1'-4, lst ph.
0'-7, 2nd ph. 0'"8 ; fifth finger 2’':2, tibia 0':85, caleaneum 0'-38,
foot 0'':4,

Hab. West Africa (Old Calabar ; Fernando Po).

a. ¢ ad, al. Fernando Po. Purchased.
b @ ad., al. Old Calabar. A. Muwray, Esq. [P.].
ce, d. ad. sks. Purchased.

12. Phyllorhina caffra.

Rhinolophus caffer, Sundevall, Gifvers. Akad. Forh. Stockholm, iii.
p- 118 (1846) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 655 (1855).

Phyllorhina gracilis e¢ caffra, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, pp. 36
-39, pls. 7, 8.

Phyllorhina caffra, Temmunck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la cote de Giuiné,
p. 78 (1853) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 325.

Phyllorhina bicornis, Heuglin, Beitr. Fauna Nordost-Afrika’s, p. 7
1861).

In size and in the form of the nose-leaf closely corresponding
with Ph. fuliginosa, but at once distinguished by the much smaller
thumb and foot, by the different form of the ears, and, especially, by
the presence of a distinct frontal glandular sac.

Ears slightly shorter than in Ph. fuliginosa, but the inner margin
of the conch is similarly strongly convex in its lower half: in its
upper half, however, it is less convex than in that species, and,
owing to this and to the greater convexity of the lower two thirds
of the outer margin, the subacutely pointed tip does not project
outwards, but is directed almost vertically upwards ; at the com-
mencement of the antitragus at the lower third of the outer margin
a small but distinct acutely pointed projection.

As in Ph. fuliginosa, the nose-leaf is very narrow in front of the
nostrils, and there are two secondary leaflets on either side; but the
erect leaf, though very similar in outline, is somewhat larger, and
its concave front surface has no trace of vertical dividing ridges.

Frontal glandular sac small in the male; its position very in-
distinctly marked in the female.

Thumb short, the metacarpal bone considerably longer than the
first phalanx, and wholly inclosed in the antebrachial membrane ;
wings from the ankles or from the tarsi; interfemoral membrane
large, the last caudal vertebra quite free, projecting abruptly from
the straight posterior margin of the membrane ; feet very small, but
slightly longer than the thumb. .

Fur, above, greyish brown, the extremities of the hairs darker ;
beneath, paler. The inner side of the ear-conch clothed with hairs ;
in some specimens the whole concave surface of the conch is more
or less covered.

Length (of an adult @ ), head and body 2”, tail 1'°2, head 0''-8,
ear 0°55 xX 0'"55, forearm 1'°85, thumb 0'°25; third finger—
metacarp. 1°35, Ist ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0'"65; fifth finger—metacarp.
4. PHYLLORUINA. 141

ae Ist. ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0:8, caleaneum 0'°4, foot
at 8.

A specimen in the collection from Dar-es-Salam is considerably
larger than most examples of this species, having the forearm 2",
the metacarpal bone of the third finger 1-45, and the tibia 0'''85 ;
the ears and nose-leat appear smaller, and the former are more
covered with hair.

Hab. Africa (Abyssinia, Zanzibar, Cape Delgade, Tete, Port Natal,
Damara country, Benguela, Angola, Gaboon, Cameroon Mountains).
Probably generally distributed throughout the tropical regions of
that continent.

 

a, ad. sk, Cameroon Mountains. Mrs. Burton [P.].

b. ad. Q, al. Elloby District, Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
ec} ad. @, al. Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. iP
d, ad. g, al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
e-g. imm. 6, al. Angola, Dr. J. E. Gray [P.}.
A-l. ad. 6 & G,al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
m, ad. ¢, al. Angola. Mr. Rich (C.].

n. ad. sk. West Africa.

o. ad. Q, al. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
p. ad. sk. Port Natal. Stockholm Museum.
g. ad. ¢, al. Zanzibar. Purchased.

r-v. ad. 6 & Q,al. East Africa. Dr. Kirk (C.}.

w, x. ad. 9, al. East Africa. Dr. Livingstone [C.].
y. ad. 6 skin inal. Dar-es-Salam. Purchased.

z. ad. ¢, al. Zool. Soc. Coll.

a'. skull. Zool. Soc. Coll.

b'. skull. East Africa. Dr. Kirk (C.].

13. Phylorhina galerita.

Hipposideros galeritus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1846, p. 183.

Phyllorhina labuanensis, Tomes, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 5388; Peters, MB.
Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 321.

Phyllorhina longicauda, Peters, J. c. 1861, p. 708; 1871, p. 321.

Phyllorhina brachyota, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 237.

Phyllorhina galerita, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 69 (1876).

Ears very similar in shape and in size to those of Ph. caffra,
with which this species also agrees closely in general measurements.
It is, however, at once distinguished by the very different develop-
ment of the nose-leaf, which is much larger, and resembles that of
the well-known species Ph. speoris.

The horseshoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf is well developed,
and extends as far forwards in front of the nasal apertures as the
upper extremity of the muzzle; it is nearly as wide in front as be-
hind the nasal apertures, and its anterior free margin is undivided ;
on either side two secondary leaflets as in Ph. caffra; sella large,
but exceeded in width by the transverse erect leaf behind, which is
also well developed, the sides nearly as high as the centre, so that
its upper margin is almost straight; its concave front surface is
divided by three very well-defined vertical ridges into four cells.
Frontal glandular sac distinct but small, not larger than in the
preceding species : in the female very indistinctly marked. Thumb
142 RHINOLOPHIDA.

and foot small, as in Ph. caffra; wings from the metatarsi*; inter-
femoral membrane large, triangular behind; extremity of the tail
projecting slightly.

Fur, above, light brown at base, the terminal third of the hairs
dark reddish brown, the extreme tips paler; beneath similar but
somewhat paler. The fur on the shoulders and along the spine
darker. Ears and wing- and interfemoral membranes very dark
brown. Specimens in colourless alcohol appear very dark brown
throughout. A specimen from Sarawak has the fur bright ferru-
ginous.

The inner side of the ear-conch along the inner margin is thickly
covered with hair, and the back of the ear, except a small por-
tion below the tip and along the upper half of the outer margin, is
covered. '

The second upper premolar is separated from the canine by a wide
interval than usual in this genus; in the midst of this space, but
rather to the outside, the small, scarcely distinguishable first pre-
molar is placed.

Length, head and body 2", tail 14, ear 0'"55 x 0°55, forearm 1'-75,
thumb 0:25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°35, Ist ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph.
0-8; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°15, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"5; tibia
0'-72, caleaneum 0'°3, foot 0'°3.

Hab, Peninsula of India (Deccan) ; Pinang; Java; Labuan.

This species appears to vary in the size of the nose-leaf, in the
length of the tail, and in the place of origin of the wing-membrane
from the hinder extremities. Thus, although not differing in struc-
ture, the nasal membranes in the type specimen from Pinang appear
much larger than in specimens from other localities (which agree
with it almost exactly in general measurements), and the type of
Ph, longicauda, Ptrs., from Java has the tail considerably longer.
Intermediate forms, however, occur, such as those described as Ph.
labuanensis, Tomes, from Labuan Island, and Ph. brachyota, Dobson,
from Central India.

a. ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. ].
(Labelled “ Phyllorhina labuanensis” by Tomes.)

ce. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P. ].
d. 9 ad., al. Lingasugir, Dekkan. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].

14. Phyllorhina cervina.

Rhinolophus cervinus, Gould, Mammals of Australia, iii, pl. xxxiv.
(1858).
Phyllorhina cervina, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 321 (excl.
syn.).
In general form and size very similar to Ph. galerita, but distin-
guished by the much smaller and narrower nose-leaf, by the larger

* In the type specimen the wings appear to arise from the ankles ; but this

may have been caused by shrinking of the membrane in the drying-process. The

oint of attachment of the wing-membrane to the legs and feet varies so much
in this genus that it cannot be depended upon in distinguishing species.
4. PHYLLOREINA, 143

frontal glandular sac, which equals in size that of Ph. speoris, and
by the much greater length of the calcaneum.

Ears about the same size and very similar in general outline to
those of Ph. caffra and Ph. galerita, but the small projection at the
commencement of the lower third of the outer margin of the ear-
conch is as acutely pointed as in Ph. speoris, with which this species
also agrees in the large size and structure of the frontal sac; the
horseshoe-shaped part of the nose-leaf is much narrowed in front of
the nasal apertures, in Ph. galerita it is almost as broad in front as
behind; in other respects the nasal appendages agree in these
species, and there are also two secondary leaflets external to the
horseshoe (Plate IX, fig. 7).

Thumbs and feet as in Ph. galerite; wing-membrane extending
to the tarsus ; interfemoral membrane moderate, triangular behind ;
last caudal vertebra long and half free.

Fur reddish brown, darker above, paler beneath; the extremities
of the hairs on the back darker than their bases.

Length, head and body 2", tail 1-1, head 0-7, ear 0:55, forearm
1°75, thumb 0:25; third finger—metacarp. 1':25, 1st ph. 0'°6,
2nd ph. 0"-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-05, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph.
0-4; tibia 0°65, caleaneum 0'°45, foot 0'°3.

The above measurements are taken from an apparently adult male
from New Guinea. The type, a dried skin, from Albany Island, Cape
York, is slightly larger.

Hab. Australia (Albany Island, Cape York); Aru Islands; Waigiou
Island ; New Guinea.

This species agrees with the preceding species and with Ph. caffra
in the shape of the ears and in the small size of the thumb and foot.
While resembling Ph. caffra in the small development of the horse-
shoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf, it corrésponds more closely
with Ph. speoris in the large size and form of the frontal sac.

a. 2 ad. sk. (type). Albany Island. Voy. of the ‘ Rattlesnake.’
b. & ad. sk. in al. Cape York.

ce-g. 6 & @ ad, al. New Guinea. Mrs. Stanley [P.].

A. ad. sk. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

a, ad. sk. Waigiou Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

15. Phyllorhina speoris.

Vespertilio speoris, Schneider, Schreber, Sdugeth. pl. 59 B (1826).

Rhinolophus dukbunensis, Sykes, Cat. Mamm. of Dukhun, 1831, p. 4.

Hipposideros apiculatus et penicillatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot.
18s, ii. p. 492.

Rhinolophus speoris, Elliot, Madras Jown. Sei. x. p. 7 (1839).

Hipposideros speoris, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1844, p. 489.

Hipposideros speoris e¢ templetonii, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan.

alte
ePhyllorbina speoris, var. taitiensis, Zelebor, Novara Sdugeth. 1868,
p. 13

Phyllorhina speoris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 320; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 67, figs. a,b (nose-leaf) (1876).
144 RHINOLOPHIDZ.

Slightly larger than any of the four preceding species, and with
longer and narrower ears, owing to the less convexity of their inner
margins; upper third of the inner margin of the ear-conch slightly
convex, almost straight, tip narrowly rounded-off or subacutely
pointed, not projecting outwards ; upper third of the outer margin
equally concave, lower two thirds convex, with a small but very
distinct spine-like projection at the commencement of the lower
third; horseshoe-shaped horizontal nose-leaf narrow, with three
parallel leaflets on the muzzle on each side; transverse terminal leaf
broader than the sella, upper margin regularly convex, front concave
surface with three very distinct vertical ridges, whereof the centre
one is longest; a large frontal sac in male, with a transverse aper-
ture and swollen margins, in female much smaller (see figures in
‘Monograph Asiatic Chiroptera,’ referred to above).

Wing-membrane from the tibia near the ankle; interfemoral short,
square behind; the last osseous caudal vertebra and half the ante-
penultimate vertebra free.

Fur, above, brown, white at the base; beneath, similar but
paler. The shade of brown varies considerably in different indi-
viduals.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2-4, tail 0'"85, tail free
from membrane 0'°12, head 0'"85, ear 0°:7 x 0'"5, forearm 2'°05,
thumb 0'°3, third finger 2':75, fifth finger 2':25, tibia 0-9, cal-
caneum 0'"5, foot 0’°38.

Hab. The Orieutal Region (Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Burma,
Java, and probably the other islands of the Malay archipelago in the
Indo-Malayan Subregion).

If this species be really an inhabitant of the island of Tahiti, as
the name given by Zelebor implies, it has by far the widest geo-
graphical distribution of any species of the genus.

 

a,b. ad. sks. India.
ec. 9 ad., al. Lingasugiir, Dec- G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
can, India.
d-h. ad. sks. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
2. f ad., al. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot | P, ].
J. Q ad., al. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot | P. }.
k-qg. 3 & Q juv. & ad, al. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.]}.
r—u, ad. sks. Trincomalee. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
(Types of Hipposideros aureus, Kelaart.)

v. ad. sk. India. Purchased.
w-a'. 6 & 2 ad, al. India. Sir A. Smith [P.].
o',c¢. djuv.& 2 ad.,al. India. Purchased.
d-f'. ad. sks. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].

(Types of Hipposideros templetonti, Kelaart. )
g',h'. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
vey. 6 & QP ad. al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming’s Coll.
k'-m'. ad. sk. Java. E. I. House Coll.
n'-p'. 3 & 2 ad., al. Sir A. Smith [P.].
gy’. ad. sk.
r'. ad. sk.

s'-u', skulls. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
4. PHYLLORHINA. 145

16. Phyllorhina larvata.

Rhinolophus larvatus, vulgaris, insignis e¢ deformis, Horsfeld, Zoolog.
Poin. in Java (1824). . 2 : ee ?
een insignis, Temminck, Monog. Mammal. ii. p. 74.
Hipposideros insignis, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 492.
Hipposideros vulgaris, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 488.
Hipposideros larvatus, Blyth, Cat. Mammal. Mus. As, Soc. p. 26.
Se vulgaris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p: ag,
Phyllorhina larvata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 820; Dobson,
Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 68, figs. a, b (nose-leaf) (1876).

Ears conspicuously larger than in Ph. speoris, nearly as long as
the head, but otherwise very similar in general form to those of that
species ; the nose-leaf is also similar, but the upper margin of the
transverse terminal leaf is less convex, and the front edge of the
horseshoe is divided by a small notch; the frontal sac is well deve-
loped in adult males, as in Ph. speorts, but in adult females is com-
paratively much smaller, its place in dried skins being indicated only
by a pencil of dark hairs (see figures referred to above in ‘ Monogr.
Asiatic Chiroptera’). Some male specimens have the wart-like glan-
dular eminences on each side of the transverse terminal leaf greatly
developed, resembling closely the same parts in Ph. armigera,
Hodgs. (Plate IX. fig. 8).

Wings from the ankle-joint, or from the tibia a little higher
up; interfemoral membrane triangular behind; extreme tip of tail
tree.

The colour of the fur is extremely variable, according to locality
and season; and the species has received almost as many different
names as the specimens obtained have presented different colours.
Generally reddish brown, the base of the hairs paler.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3”, tail 1-5, head 1'-1,
ear 0:95 x 0'"8, forearm 2'-45, thumb 0'°35, third finger 3'"4, fifth
finger 2''-6, tibia 1”, caleaneum 0'-65, foot 0'-48.

Hab. Eastern Bengal (Khasia Hills, Sylhet; Goalparah, Arra-
can) ; Burma (Penang, Prome, Tenasserim) ; Siam ; Java; Philippine
Islands.

This species is closely allied to Ph. speoris; but is at once distin-
guished by its large ears, by the absence of the spine-like projection
at the lower third of the outer margin of the conch, by the notch in the
front margin of the nose-leaf, by the tail being almost wholly con-
tained within the interfemoral membrane, which is triangular be-
hind, and by its conspicuously larger size.

. ad. sk. India. E. I. Company.
5. 3 ad, al. Siam. Mr. Mouhot [C.].
e. fo ad., al. Purchased.

d. ad. sk. Java.
e. ad. sk. Manilla.
f. skeleton. Purchased.

The species in the following section are at once distinguished from

all the preceding by the absence of secondary leaflets on the sides of
L
146 RHINOLOPHID&.

the muzzle external to the horseshoe, and by the simple form of the
horseshoe, which is generally longer than broad, and has a very
distinct ridge passing backwards from the centre of its front surface
between the nasal apertures; the ears are also well developed, and
the inner margin of the ear-conch more evenly convex throughout
from the base to the tip.

17. Phyllorhina obscura.

Phyllorhina obscura, Peters, ALB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p.709, and 1871,
p. 826; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 73 (1876).

Ears as long as the head, much longer than broad; inner margin
of the ear-conch almost evenly convex from the base to the tip,
which is short and subacutely pointed and inclined slightly out-
wards owing to the concavity which occupies the upper fourth of
the outer margin, and commences rather abruptly beneath the tip;
lower three fourths of the outer margin convex, at the commence-
ment of the lower third a small well-defined projection, not so long
or acutely pointed as in Ph. speoris. Nose-leaf well developed, the
erect leaf large, wider than the sella, with a regularly convex upper
margin and a concave front surface undivided by vertical ridges ;
horseshoe slightly wider than long, with an unnotched free front
margin; no secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe; in males
a well-developed frontal sac, which is quite rudimentary in females.

Wings from the metatarsi; calcaneum nearly as long as the foot ;
tail projecting abruptly (as in PA. speoris) for more than one tenth
of an inch beyond the free margin of the interfemoral membrane,
which is straight behind between the extended calcanea.

Fur dark brown above, the base of the hairs very pale brown,
almost white, then dark brown succeeded by light brown, the ex-
tremities dark brown; beneath, paler brown throughout; integu-
ment and ears dark brown.

Length (of an adult 2 from Dinagut Island, Philippines), head
and body 2”, tail 1”, free from membrane 0°15, head 0'"75, ear
0°75 x 0'"55, nose-leaf 0:3 x 0:25, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0'°3;
third finger—metacarp. 1°3, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0:7; fifth finger
—metacarp. 1°25, 1st ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph, 0'-45; tibia 0'-75, cal-
caneum 0'°35, foot 0'°4.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Mindanao, Dinagut Island).

a-d. 6 & 9 imm. et ad., al. Dinagut Island, Surigao. | Purchased.

18. Phyllorhina dorie.

Phyllorhina doris, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1861; Dobson, Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 73 (1876).
Ears slightly shorter than the head; inner and outer margins of

the ear-conch equally convex in their upper thirds, so that the ear
is evenly rounded off above without a distinct tip. Transverse erect
4. PHYLLORHINA. 147

portion of the nose-leaf thin, its slightly concave front surface un-
divided by vertical ridges; no secondary leaflets external to the
horseshoe. Frontal sac small but distinct, close to the posterior
margin of the base of the erect nose-leaf.

Wings from the metatarsi; interfemoral membrane straight
behind ; the extremity of the tail projecting 0'°15.

Fur reddish brown throughout.

Length, head and body 1'°8, tail 0'"8, head 06, ear 0-52, nose-
leaf 0'"17 x 0""16, forearm 1:3, thumb 0'°18, third finger 2'1,
fifth finger 17, tibia 0-6, foot 0'-26.

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).

This small species resembles the well known Ph. bicolor very
closely, and is mainly distinguished from it by the undivided front
surface of the erect portion of the nose-leaf.

19. Phyllorhina coronata.

Phyllorhina coronata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 827 ; Dobson,
Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 72 (1876).

Ears considerably shorter than the head; ear-conch rounded off
above, with a slight flattening of the upper third of the outer
margin. General form of the erect portion of the nose-leaf as in
Ph. diadema, the upper free margin being thickened and raised in
the centre, but its concave front surface is quite undivided by ver-
tical ridges, and its sides are without connecting bands; no trace of
secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. Frontal sac distinct.

Wings from the tarsi; the extreme tip of the tail free.

Above brown, paler at the base of the hairs; beneath yellowish
brown.

Length (of the type, a not full-grown @ specimen), head and
body 2”-7, tail 1'"3, head 0'°85, ear 0'°6, nose-leaf 0'32 x 0'"28,
forearm 1°85, thumb 0'°38 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'-3, Ist. ph.
0-75, 2nd ph. 0-76; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°38, 1st. ph. 0°86,
2nd ph. 0'°52; tibia 0"°7, caleaneum 0'52, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Mindanao, Philippine Islands.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

20. Phyllorhina calcarata.
Phyllorhina calcarata, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 122, fig. 8.

Ears as long as the head, triangular, with obtuse extremities ;
inner margin of the ear-conch very convex in lower half, almost
straight above; outer margin slightly concave immediately beneath
the tip, then straight. Nose-leaf simple in front, no secondary
leaflets on the sides of the muzzle; horizontal leaf narrow like that
of Ph. bicolor; the transverse terminal leaf as in Ph. larvata,
broader than the sella, with three short ill-defined vertical ridges
dividing its concave front surface; a small frontal pore behind the
transverse nose-leaf. :
148 RHINOLOPHTD.%.

First phalanx of the thumb as long as the metacarpal bone.
Wings from the tarsi. Calcaneum remarkably long and strong,
comparatively longer than in any other known species of the genus,
exceeding half the tibia in length. Tail long, projecting one tenth of
an inch beyond the interfemoral membrane.

Fur long and dense; above dark brown, the base of the hairs
much paler, especially on the anterior half of the body; beneath
orange-brown.

Length, head and body 2":5, tail 1'-4, head 0'-85, ear 0'"85,
nose-leaf 0'-3x0':22, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°35; third finger—
metacarp. 1'°3, Ist. ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger—metacarp.
1'-45, Ist. ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0'-65; tibia 0'"9, caleaneum 06,
foot 0"4,

A young specimen of this species from the same locality, with
the epiphyses of the finger-bones quite ununited, has the forearm
1-7 long, and the foot and the caleaneum are nearly as long as in
the adult example from which the above description was taken ;
the fur is almost wholly dark brown above (though paler on the
anterior half of the body than behind, as in the adult animal), and
light greyish brown beneath.

Hab. Duke of York Island, New Ireland.

a. ad. sk,, in al. (type). Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

21. Phyllorhina bicolor.

Rhinolophus bicolor, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 18 (1885-41).

Phyllorhina antricola, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 769.

Phylorhina bicolor, Peters, 1. c. 1871, p. 323; Dobson, Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 70 (1876).

(See synonymy ats ii ae )

Ears large, oval; the lower half of the inner margin of the ear-
conch very convex, the summit rounded off broadly, the upper third
of the outer margin straight (Plate IX. fig. 9).

Horseshoe small, square, scarcely as wide as the transverse ter-
minal leaf, the concave front surface of which is divided into four
cells by three distinct vertical ridges; no secondary leaflets external
to the horseshoe; frontal glandular sac well developed, rudimentary
in females, its position with difficulty determined in some, especially
in immature females.

Wing-membrane extending to the ankles or tarsus; interfemoral
membrane slightly angular behind, the extremity of the tail project-
ing, generally about one third of the last osseous caudal vertebra
free.

Fur very variable in colour, in some specimens reddish chestnut,
the base of the hairs and for three fourths their length pale reddish
white; beneath similar but paler: in others the extremities of the
hairs are dark reddish brown, and the basal three fourths almost
pure white, while the fur beneath is pale yellowish white.

(For measurements see Table, p. 150.)
4, PHYLLORHINA. 149

Hab. The Oriental Region. Typical examples have been found
chiefly in the Indo-Malayan Subregion (Nicobar Islands, Java,
Borneo, Philippine Islands). Two of the varieties (Ph. amboinensis
and Ph. aruensis) extend into the northern parts of the Australian
Region.

Ph. bicolor appears to vary considerably, not only in the colour of
the fur, but also in the size of the ears and in the position of attach-
ment of the wing-membrane to the posterior extremities. In the
typical Ph. bicolor the ears are as long as the head; in the form
described as Phyllorhina fulva, Gray, they reach their greatest de-
velopment, and are considerably longer than the head; in Ph. am-
bownensis, Peters, they are shorter. Between these, however, s0
many intermediate forms are found that it appears quite impossible
to recognise more than one species. Ph. fulva and the intermediate
forms are therefore considered varieties of Ph. bicolor.

Var. a (Phyllorhina fulva).

EES) fulvus et murinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 492

Rhinolophus murinus et fulgens, Elliot, Catal. Mammals South Mah-
ratta Country, p. 8 (1840).

Hipposideros fulvus, murinus, atratus, Kelaart, Prodi. Faune Zey-
lanice, pp. 15, 16 (1852).

Hipposideros cineraceus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Beng. xxii. p. 410;
Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 28 (1867).

-Phyllorhina aurita, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, pl. 76.

Chrysonycteris fulva, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 82.

Phyllorhina fulva, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 822; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 71 (1876).

Ears longer than the head, with a very slight flattening of the
upper third of the outer margin beneath the broadly rounded-off ex-
tremity of the conch (Plate IX. fig. 10).

Thumb and feet slightly longer than in typical specimens of Ph.
hicolor, and the extremity of the tail appears to project more. In
other respects quite similar to Ph. bicolor.

In some specimens of this variety the fur is brilliant golden
yellow, the brightness of the colour probably unequalled by that
of any other species of mammal; in others (by far the greater
number) the colour of the fur is white, with dark-coloured extre-
mities. The conditions under which this remarkable difference in
colour occurs are not yet understood; but it most probably takes
place during the rutting-season, and may be analogous to the breed-
ing-plumage of birds.

(For measurements see Table, p. 150).

Hab. The continental parts of the Oriental Region; India, Ceylon,
Burma, China (Amoy).

It is probable that typical examples of Ph, bicolor, with ears as
long as the head, are contined to the insular parts of the Oriental
Region, their representatives in the adjoining continent being the

large-eared Ph. fulua,
150 RHINOLOPHID&.

Var. B (Phyllorhina aruensis).

Hipposideros aruensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 107.
Hipposideros albanensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 220.

Ears intermediate in size between those of typical examples of
Ph. bicolor and Ph. fulva, the outer margin of the ear-conch flattened
in the upper third, as in PA. bicolor.

Fur, above, very dark brown, almost black on the surface, the
basal three fourths of the hairs pale greyish; beneath, greyish
brown, slightly darker towards the extremities of the hairs.

(For measurements see Table below.)

Hab. Albany Island, Cape York; Aru Islands.

Var. y (Phyllorhina amboinensis).

Phyllorhina amboinensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 323;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 72 (1876).

Phyllorhina micropus (Hutton), Peters, l.c. 1872, p. 256; P. ZS.
1872, p. 703.

Ears shorter than the head, smaller than in any of the previously
described forms; the frontal sac appears to be quite absent in the
female ; the interfemoral membrane is also less triangular behind,
and the extremity of the tail projects more. However, the three
specimens of this form agree so closely in all other respects with
Ph. bicolor, that it is impossible to consider them as representatives
of a distinct species (Plate IX. fig. 11).

(For measurements see Table below.)

flab. Amboina; peninsula of India.

In the following Table the measurements of Ph. bicolor and its
varieties are compared. It may be seen that a regular gradation
exists in the size of the ears from Ph. amboinensis to Ph. fulva.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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bo a = s 3 5 .
Ph. amboinensis...| 1°7 0-95! 0-65 0°6 | 1°4 | 2°2 | 1:8 |0°65/0°25| 9 | Deccan, India.
Ph. bicolor ......... 18 }1+2 |0°7 | O°7 | 1°55) 2-4 | 1-95|0°7 |0°3 | 9 | Nicobar Islands.
Ph. aruensis ...... sae ne see | OB} 15 | 2°4 ]2°0 | 0°65] 0°28) g | Albany Islands,
PR. JUlodscrccsveseer 1°75) pore 0-9 | 1°55] 2°3 | 1:9 |0°65 a é | Upper Burma.

(Phyllorhina bicolor.)

a. 3 ad, al. Pinang. E. I. House Collection.
b. © ad, al. Nicobar Islands. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].

c. ad, sk, Singapore. A.R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
4, PHYLLORHINA,. 151

d. ad. sk. Singapore, Purchased,
e. ad. sk, Java. Leyden Museum.
J. @ ad, al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.
g. ad. sk.
(Ph, amboinensis.)
kh. S ad, al. Lingasugur, Deccan. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}.
en (Ph. aruensis.)
% dimm.sk. (type). Aru Islands. A. R, Wallace, Esq, [C.].
Jj. & ad. sk. Albany Island, Cape York. C. Coxen, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Hipposideros albanensis, Gray.)
(Ph. fulva.)
k. Q ad, al. Scinde. G, E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].
i. ad. sk. Bombay. Dr. Leith Ea
m. ad. sk. (type). Madras, Sir Walter Elliot [P.]
m,o. 2 ad., al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
p. & ad, al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming’s Coll.
gq. 3d ad, al. Upper Burma. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
vr, ad. sk. Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].

22. Phyllorhina megalotis.
Phyllorhina megalotis, Heuglin, Beitr. Fauna Sdugeth. N.O.-Afrika,
p. 8 (1861); Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 329.

Slightly smaller than Ph. bicolor, which it resembles very closely
in general appearance. The ears are the same length as in the
long-eared variety of that species, similarly oval and rounded off
above, but they are comparatively narrower and closer together ;
their inner margins are more regularly convex from the base
upwards, and their inner sides are united posteriorly by a distinct
band, about one tenth of an inch in height. In the only specimen
as yet discovered the nasal membranes have been completely de-
stroyed; but I have no doubt they are generally similar to those of
Ph, bicolor, as this species evidently belongs to the same section of
the genus.

Thumb short, the first phalanx shorter than the metacarpal bone.
Wings from the ankles. Tail and interfemoral membrane as in
Ph. bicolor, the extremity of the tail projecting slightly more than in
that species.

Fur, above, white at the base, the terminal third dark brown;
beneath, dull buffy white: on the whole, the colour of the fur is
very similar to that of most specimens of Ph. bicolor.

Upper incisors very small, lower incisors trifid; upper canines
much curved forwards, each tooth with a small internal and
anterior basal cusp, aud a projection near the middle of its posterior
concave margin ; no minute upper premolar; the teeth, therefore,
agree in number with those of Ph. tridens.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 15, tail 1-1, head 0'"6,
ear 082 x 0-6, forearm 1-4, thumb 0'"2; third finger—metacarp.
0-95, Ist ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 06 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-02,
1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0-3; fifth finger—metacarp. 1", 1st ph. 0'°45,
2nd ph. 0'"38 ; tibia 0-6, foot 0°28, calcaneum 0°24.

Hab. North-east Africa (Bogos Land).
152 RHINOLOPHID.E.

Type in the collection of the Stuttgart Museum.

Through the kindness of Dr. Krauss, Director of the Royal
Zoological Museum at Stuttgart, I have been enabled to examine
the type of this most interesting species, which differs from all
other species of the genus in the very distinct union of the ears.
But in Ph. fulva, which it resembles most closely, a very low band
may be traced across the forehead from the base of one ear to the
other. The difference, therefore, between these species, in this
respect at least, is evidently one of degree only.

5. COHLOPS.

Coelops, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 251 (1848) ; Peters, Wiegm. Archiv,
ii. p. 117 ee) MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 644, and 1871, p. 380;
Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 141; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 74
(1876).

The horizontal nose-leaf, corresponding to the horseshoe in Rhi-
nolophus and Phyllorhina, is deeply emarginate on the sides and in
front, the anterior lappets covering the bases of two long depending
leaflets; a sella behind the nostrils somewhat similar to that in
Phyllorhina, and behind this a transverse concave-fronted erect
terminal leaf supporting a heart-shaped projection in the centre.
Ears separate. Metacarpal bone of thumb very long, phalanx
short; index finger very long, extending beyond the extremity of
the first phalanx of the middle finger; toes, as in Phyllorhina, of
two phalanges each ; tail and calcanea short, interfemoral membrane
deeply eee

Dentition. Ine. } a 5 C. i pm. — m. =.

The general form of the skull and teeth is very similar to that of
Phyllorhina. The base of the skull is almost quite similar, and the
nasal bones are similarly developed. This genus, therefore, though
presenting such remarkable differences in the form of the nasal ap-
pendages, stands most nearly related to Phyllorhina.

1. Celops frithii.

Ceelops frithii, Blyth, 1. c.; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 381;
Dobson, l. c.

Ceelops bernsteinii, Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, ii. p. 117 (1862); MB.
Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 645.

Kars funnel-shaped, as in the genus Kerivoulu (Vespertilionide) ;
the outer side of the ear-conch nearly as deep as the inner, the
whole surface of the conch thickly clothed with fine hairs. The
nasal appendages as described above; the sides of the horizontal
membranes almost concealed by long fine hairs, with which the face
is thickly covered; behind the terminal transverse leaf a circular
frontal pore, quite similar to that found in some species of Phyllo-
rhina (Plate VITI. fig. 6).

Thumb included in the wing-membrane almost to the base of
NYCTERIDZ. 153

the claw. Wings to the tarsus close to the ankles; feet very
slender, toes with strong claws; calcanea and tail very short; the
interfemoral membrane deeply angularly emarginate on a line with
the knee-joints.

Fur shining brown above and beneath, the bases of the hairs
much paler.

First upper premolar minute, in the tooth-row; caniite with a
prominent talon behind and a smaller one in front, near its summit.

Length (of an adult ¢ in the collection of the Leyden Museum),
head and body 1'"7, interfemoral membrane in the middle 03, ear
0":52, forearm 1'-6, index finger 1”°7; third finger—metacarp.
1-2, 1st ph. 0'"3, 2nd ph. 1"; fourth finger—metacarp. 1''-25, 1st
ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0'-48; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°35, 1st ph.
0-4, 2nd ph. 0°55 tibia 0'°65, foot 035,

Hab. Bengal Sandarbans ; Java.

The only specimens of this very remarkable species yet obtained
are the type, a skin in bad condition in the collection of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, and an adult male (the type of C. bernsteinii,
Peters) preserved in alcobol in the Leyden Museum. I have
examined both specimens, and have no hesitation in referring them
to the same species.

Family NYCTERID®.

Megadermata, Peters (in part), MB. Akad. Berl, 1865, p. 256.

Rhinolophide, Gray (in part), P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 81-83.

Nycteride, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.1875, xvi. p.347 ; Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 75 (1876).

Bats with distinct cutaneous appendages margining the apertures
of the nostrils, which are situated on the upper surface of the
muzzle; with large united ears, with well-developed tragi; with
pectoral, not axillary mamme; with two phalanges in the middle
finger, whereof the first is extended (in repose) in a line with the
metacarpal bone, and with or without a short phalanx in the
index finger; with long tibie, but the fibule rudimentary or
absent. ae

Premaxillary bones cartilaginous or small ; upper incisors absent,
or very small in the centre of the space between the canines ; molars
well developed, with acute W-shaped cusps.

Range. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions*.

* One species, Megaderma spasma, extends slightly beyond the limits of the
Oriental Region (as defined by Mr. Wallace), being found in Celebes and in Ter-
nate, and Nycteris thebaica occurs as far north as Hgypt.
154 NYCTERIDZE.

Subfam. I. MEGADERMIN.

Nostrils at the bottom of a concavity near the extremity of the
muzzle, concealed by the base of an erect cutaneous process; tail
very short, in the base of the large interfemoral membrane; pre-
maxillaris cartilaginous.

1. MEGADERMA.

Megaderma, Geoffroy, Annal. du Mus. xv. oe 197 (1810); Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 192; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 75 (1876).

Megaderma et Lavia, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838) ;
P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 83.

Muzzle cylindrical, elongated ; nostrils in a slight depression at
the extremity of the upper surface of the muzzle, surrounded by a
naked cutaneous expansion, which forms a vertical process poste-
riorly, and anteriorly is attached to or projects slightly beyond the
extremity of the muzzle; lower lip projecting slightly beyond the
upper; ears large, conjoined by part of their inner margins; tragus
long, bifid; wings ample, cutaneous system greatly developed
throughout ; a single very short bony phalanx in the index finger ;
fourth and fifth metacarpal bones progressively longer than the
third ; tibia very long; toes nearly equal in length ; outer or first
toe with two, the remaining toes with three phalanges each; cal-
caneum distinct; tail very short (of four or five very small but
distinct vertebre), not discernible except in skeletons ; interfemoral
membrane large, concave behind; a pair of pubal appendages as in
Lhinolophus.

Dentition. Inc. 2 qc = — pm. 5 ia or = m. =

The first upper premolar ral or absent; last molar less than
half the antepenultimate molar. Skull much narrowed in front, so
that the posterior molars of opposite sides are much further apart
than the canines; bony palate not extending backwards beyond the
last molar ; zygomatic arches very wide; frontal bones flattened and
slightly expanded laterally ; the base of the postorbital process per-
forated by a small foramen ; the infraorbital foramen converted into
a long canal, opening anteriorly near the second premolar.

Range. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, one species extending also
into part of the Australian Region.

This genus includes a few species of Bats of very peculiar aspect,
presenting in their general conformation scarcely any affinities with
the species of any other genus. The absence of upper incisors, the
cylindrical narrow muzzle, the very peculiar nose-leaf and immense
connate ears with large bifid tragi, the refharkably large eyes (more
like those of the frugivorous Bats), and the apparent absence of the
tail, at once distinguish the genus.

The colour of the fur and membranes (a light slaty blue) is also
very characteristic, and scarcely varies in the different specics. The
1. MEGADERMA. 155

presence near the pubis of a pair of peculiar teat-like appendages
connects this genus with the Rhinolophide.

Mr. Blyth has shown* that one species at least of the genus (i.
lyre) occasionally feeds on other than insect prey, as he had taken
a specimen in the act of sucking the blood, while flying, from a
smaller species of Bat, which it afterwards devoured. The very
peculiarly shaped, elongated, narrow muzzle, and large ‘trenchant
canines, with acutely pointed basal cusps, of this and of the other
species of Megaderma, and the projecting mandible, so different from
all insectivorous Bats, naturally lead us to suspect corresponding
differences in habits. It is highly probable that all the species of
this genus do not confine themselves to insect prey alone, but also
feed, when they can, upon the smaller species of Bats and other
small mammals. I have examined the stomachs and intestines of a
great number of specimens of M. lyra, but have invariably found them
either quite empty or partially filled with pultaceous matter, in which
I have not been able to distinguish the remains of insects; but
Hodgson found insects in the stomachs of specimens of this species
which he obtained in Nipal, and Jerdon states that it has also been
known to eat frogs and fish.

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.
(See Plate X.)

J. Premolars 3 frontal bones slightly flattened,
with or without small postorbital processes.
(Oriental Region.)
a. Base of the central longitudinal crest of the
nose-leaf expanded above, cordiform ; no post-
orbital processes. (Subgen. Megaderma, Pts.) 2. M. spasma, p.157.
b. Base of the central longitudinal crest of the nose-
leaf circular ; postorbital processes small. (Sub-
gen. Lyroderma, Ptrs.) .. cece cence eens 1. M. lyra, p. 156.

II. Premolars Ps ; frontal bones much flattened, with

more or less large postorbital processes. (Ethio-
pian Region.)
c. Base of the central longitudinal crest of the nose-
leaf expanded, cordiform; frontal bones con-
siderably flattened and grooved, with well-
developed postorbital processes. (Subgen.
Cardioderma, Ptys.) .. ccc cece eee eee ene 3. DM. cor, p. 159.
d. Base of the central longitudinal process irregu-
larly quadrate; centre of the anterior margin
of the horizontal leaf bent upwards, forming a
prominent eae in front; frontal bones
much flattened and grooved, with large post-
orbital processes. (Subgen. Lavia, Gray).... 4. M. frons, p. 159.

As the above Synoptical Table shows, the species inhabiting tho

* Ina paper “On the Sanguivorous and Predaceous Habits of the Bats of
the Genus Megaderma,” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi. pp, 255, 256. Vide my
“Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ p. 77 (1876).
156 NYCTERID &.

Ethiopian Region differ from those of the Oriental in the absence of
the minute first upper premolar, and in the shape of the frontal and
nasal bones. Prof. Peters has pointed out* that, although M. cor
resembles M. spasma in the form of the nose-leaf, yet it is closely
connected with M. frons, not only by the absence of the first upper
premolar, but also in the greatly flattened and expanded frontal and
nasal bones, terminating laterally in broad postorbital processes as
in the genus Wycteris. MM. frons is readily distinguished externally
from all the other known species of the genus by the much greater
size of the nose-leaf and its free front margin.

1. Megaderma lyra.

Megaderma lyra, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 190 (1810) ; Blain-
ville, Ostéographie (1839); Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi.
(1842), p. 254, xiii. p. 480 (1844), xx. p. 156 (1851); Wagner,
Suppl. ‘Stiugeth. v. p. 641 (1855) ; Dobe A, s B. 1872, p. 208 ;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 78 (1876), figs. a,b; Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl, 1872, p. 195.

bites (Megaderma) carnatica, Elhot, Madras Journ. Sct. x. p.5
(1889

Megaderma spectrum, Wagner in Iigel’s Kashmir, p. 570 (1844);
Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 641 (1855).

Megaderma schistacea, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 889 (1847).

Muzzle long and cylindrical, the lower jaw projecting beyond the
upper. Ears considerably longer than the head, conjoined for nearly
half the length of the inner margin, oval, broadly rounded-off above,
outer and inner margins slightly convex, the outer margin termina-
ting abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and the angle
of the mouth; tragus very large, bifid, the posterior portion long,
narrow, and acutely pointed, tapering towards the tip, the anterior
part scarcely half the length, broad, with rounded summit con-
tinuous with its convex anterior margin. Nose-leaf long, narrow,
truncate above, with straight not converging sides; its horizontal base
circular, with a free margin, forming a concave disk above the ex-
tremity of the muzzle, with the openings of the nostrils at the bottom
of the concavity ; its anterior surface with a prominent central lon-
gitudinal ridge, corresponding to a deep groove on the posterior sur-
face of the leaf, expanded below into a circular disk, the margins of
which conceal the nasal apertures. The projecting lip has a promi-
nent triangular naked space in front, divided by a longitudinal
groove (Plate X. fig. 2).

Wing-membrane from the back of the foot, attached close to the
base of the outer toe, or from the space between the outer toe and
the second toe; interfemoral membrane large, square behind; cal-
caneum short, feeble; the very short tail concealed within the base of
the interfemoral membrane.

Fur long and straight, of a peculiar slaty blue colour, paler on the
ventral surface.

* MB. Akad. Berl. 1873, p. 488.
1. MEGADERMA. 157

The membranes are almost naked, but the fur of the body extends
upon the humerus and muscular part of the forearm very densely.

First upper premolar very small and internal, partially covered by
the expanded cingulum of the large second premolar, which has a
distinct anterior and. posterior basal cusp ; the upper canine, on each
side, has a very distinct acutely pointed internal basal cusp, which
appears in recent specimens like an incisor, and also a large but less
acute posterior cusp. The four lower incisors are equal in vertical
extent, bifid, and, although close together, not crowded.

Frontal bones flattened and slightly expanded laterally, with very
short postorbital processes (Plate X. fig. 2a).

Dentition. Inc. 5, c. = pm. — m. —.

Length, head and body 3'°4, ear 1'*7, tragus 0:7, nose-leaf 0'-55,
forearm 2'°7, third finger 4'°7, fifth finger 3'"1, tibia 1'°4, foot
0"-65.

A specimen in the writer’s collection, sent from Mangalore, Mala-
bar coast of India, by Dr. A. F. Dobson, has the terminal third of the fur
above pale greyish brown, beneath almost white ; ears, nose-leaf, and
membrane of the same pale colour. That this is not due to age is
shown by the unworn condition of the teeth. It is also slightly
smaller than adult specimens of M. lyra from other parts of India,
but does not differ from them structurally so far as can beseen. The
following are the measurements of this specimen :—

Length, head and body 3':2, head 1'2, ear 1'"55, tragus 0’"7,
nose-leaf 0’'-55, forearm 2''5; third finger—metacarp. 1'°75, 1st ph.
1-1, 2nd ph. 2”; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-9, 1st ph. 06, 2nd
ph. 0''85; fifth finger—metacarp. 2"-15, 1st ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 0°65;
tibia 1'-25, caleaneum 0°45, foot 0'°65.

Hab. Peninsula of India (from Kashmir to Cape Comorin) ;

Ceylon.

a. ad. sk. Nipal, Himalayas. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
b. fo ad., al. India. General Hardwicke [P.].
ec. ad. sk, Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.].

d-f. ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
gr. 3 ad., al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. {il
am. ad. sk. Java? E. I. Company [P.].

n. ad. sk. Old Collection.

o, ad. sk.

p. ad. sk. ,

q. 2 ad, al. Old Collection.

rz. skull. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. iP
y-c'. skulls. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].

d'. skeleton.

2. Megaderma spasma.

Vespertilio spasma, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 32; Schreber, Sdu-
gethiere, i. p. 158, pl. xlviii. (1775).

Megaderma spasma, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. p. 195 (1810) ; Cantor,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1846, p. 179; Blyth, Append, Kelaart’s
158 NYCTERID.A.

Prodr, Faune Zeylanice, p. 38 (1852) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1872, p. 193; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 79 (1876).
Megaderma trifolium, Geoffroy, 1. c. p. 193; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb,
Stiugeth. i. p. 415 (1844), v. p. 642 (1855).
Megaderma philippinensis, Waterhouse, P. Z.S. 1843, p. 69.
Megaderma horsfieldii, Blyth, Catal. Mammal, Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
p. 23 (1863).

Smaller than I. lyra, which it resembles in the form of the
muzzle and ears; the posterior portion of the tragus is, however,
longer and more attenuated upwards, and more acutely pointed ; the
nose-leaf is shorter, with convex sides, but the anterior concave disk
is considerably larger, its external margin is thickened and adherent
to the muzzle beneath, and the base of the narrow longitudinal pro-
cess is cordate (Plate X. fig. 1).

Thumb and wings quite similar to those of M. lyra; but the inter-
femoral membrane is deeper, the calcanea stronger, and the wing-
membrane does not extend so far down upon the foot. Colour and
distribution of the fur as in WM. lyra.

First upper premolar larger than in M. lyra; in other respects the
teeth are similar in both species.

The skull differs much from that of JZ. lyra and from the other
species of the genus in the narrow unexpanded frontals, and in the
complete absence of postorbital processes ; the mesopterygoid fossa
is divided longitudinally by a very well-marked ridge (Plate X.
figs. la, 15).

Length, head and body 3'°4, ear 1'"3, tragus 0:8, forearm 2'"3,
thumb 0:6, third finger 4", fifth finger 3'"1, tibia 1:25, foot
0"6.

Hab. Malay Peninsula (Malacca) ; Siam; Philippine Islands, Ter-
nate, Celebes, Sumatra, Java, ? Ceylon.

This is the only species of the genus extending into the Australian
Region, but it has been found only in those parts of that region
adjoining the Oriental Region, the avifauna of which shows a large
admixture of species from Java and Borneo with Australian forms.
The occurrence of this species in Ceylon is doubtful, for no specimens
from that locality are found in any of themuseums. Mr. Blyth has,
however, stated that he had compared specimens from Ceylon with
those from Malacca and Java*; and his short description of the
form of the nose-leaf certainly agrees with the characters of M.
spasm,

a. f ad, al. Ceylon ? Purchased.
b. ad. sk. Pinang.

ce. ad. sk. Singapur.

d. & ad., al. Siam. Purchased.
e. ad. sk, Java. Purchased.
f-A. ad. sk. Java.

 

* The specimens from Malacca and Java referred to by Mr. Blyth (Kelaart,
Prodr. Faun Zeylanicex,| pp. 36, 38) are still preserved in the collection of the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, and are undoubtedly referable to this species.
I. MEGADERMA. 159

« d ad,, al. Borneo. L. L, Dillwyn, Esq. [P.].
J & ad, al. North Celebes. Purchased.

ke S ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.

1. f ad., al. Luzon. Dr. Meyer [C.].

m,n. 3 juy.& 9 ad.,al. Philippine Islands.

o. ad. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace [C.].

p-t. ad. sk.

E. I. House Coll.

u. 9 ad, al. Sir A. Smith [P.].
v. ad. sk. No history.

w. skeleton. Java, Purchased.

x. skull of n.

3. Megaderma cor.
Megaderma cor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 194.

Nose-leaf generally similar to that of MW. spasma, but the front
margin is longer, and the terminal leaf is rounded above, not trun-
cated as in that species, and clothed with fine hairs as in M. frons.
Ears somewhat longer than in M. spasma, but similar in general
form. The tragus is peculiar: the anterior lobe quadrate, not broadly
sickle-shaped and terminating above in a point, but the upper margin
is concave and separated from the outer convex margin by a small
projection only.

The foot is much larger, and the caleaneum shorter than in M.
spasma.

Colour of the fur as in MW. lyra. Muzzle and chin clothed with
rather long stiff hairs.
Frontal bones flattened and grooved, with well-developed post-

orbital processes, resembling in this respect I. frons rather than
M. spasma.

Dentition. Inc. 3 Cc. = pm. i m. —

Length, head and body 3'°2, head 1’1, ear 1°55, tragus 0'"7,
nose-leaf 0'°55 x 0'"28, forearm 2”, thumb 06, third finger 36,
fifth finger 2'-8, tibia 1'"1, caleaneum 0'"3, foot 07.

Hab. Africa (Abyssinia ; Mombaga).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum. The above has
been taken from Dr. Peters’s original description of this species,

founded on a single adult male specimen, which I have not seen.

4, Megaderma frons.

Megaderma frons, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 192 (1810)
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 414 (1844), v. p. 648 (1853) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1859, p. 228, 1872, p. 196.

Lavia frons, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838).

Muzzle as in M. lyra, but more obtuse in front, and the lower
lip has no naked prominences separated by a longitudinal groove.
Ears very large, larger than in any of the other species of the
genus, united by a deep band; tragus longer than the head, taper-
ing evenly to a very fine point, the anterior lobe not half its length,
160 NYCLERID®.

but nearly equal to it in breadth, also acutely pointed and clothed
with soft hair. Nose-leaf very large, nearly as long as the head,
slightly convex on the sides, abruptly truncated above, the anterior
portion with an expanded thin free margin, forming a narrow, but
considerably elevated, fold in the centre; nostrils, as in the other
species, at the bottom of a deep concavity, concealed by the ex-
panded base of a central longitudinal crest, somewhat similar in
shape to that of MZ. lyra, but much larger. The posterior erect
portion of the leaf covered with fine hairs (Plate X. fig. 3).

Fur above and beneath deep slate-blue.

Wing-membrane from the back of the foot irom the space be-
tween the bases of the first and second toes ; interfemoral membrane
and caleaneum as in M, lyra.

Frontal bones deeply grooved, much flattened and expanded late-
rally, forming large postorbital processes as in the genus Nycteris
(Plate X. fig. 3a). The cartilaginous premaxillary bones more
developed than in any of the other species (fig. 3d).

Length, head and body 2'"6, interfemoral membrane 18, head 1”,
ear 1'-65, nose-leaf 0'°9, tragus 1-05, forearm 2’-2, thumb 0'°45,
third finger 4’""1, fifth finger 3”, tibia 0’-6, foot 0'"6.

Hab. Tropical parts of West and East Africa, from the coast of
Guinea to Abyssinia and Zanzibar.

The only information we possess on the habits of this species
(which differs so remarkably in structure from all the other species
of this genus) is contained in the following note by Capt. J. H.
Speke :—‘*‘ This Bat was shot flying at Meninga. They were nume-
rous, but rose singly from the ground, and alighted sometimes in
the bushes, sometimes again in the grass” *.

This appears to indicate that M. frons hunts for its prey by day
as well as by night; and the large size of the eyes in this as well
as in the other species of Megaderma leads us to consider this very
probable. Mr. Blyth has shown that W. lyra feeds on grasshoppers
and small Bats (and probably on other small animals); and the
individuals of M. frons observed by Capt. Speke may have been
engaged in hunting for grasshoppers and small mammals among the

long grass.
a-d. ad. sk. Gambia.

e. ad. sk, Clan Nil (?). Purchased.
Sf. 6 ad., al. Khartoum. Purchased.
gh. 2 (uv. et ad.) al.  W. Africa. Mr. Fraser’s Collection.
t Je o ad., al. Dar-es-Salam. Dr. Kirk [C.].
. sk.
1, skeleton. Purchased.
m. skull of 7.
a. skull. Cape Coast Castle.  F. Williams, Esq. [P.].

 

* P. Z, 8. 1864, p. 99.
2. NYCTERIS. 161

Subfam. II. NYCTERINA.

Nostrils at the anterior extremity of a deep longitudinal facial
groove; tail long, produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral
membrane.

2. NYCTERIS.

Nycteris, Geoffroy, Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xv. p. 501
(1803) ; Descript. de ? Egypte, ii. p. 113 (1812); Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1870, p. 900.

Nycteris e¢ Petalia, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 494 (1838).

Nyeteris, et Nycterops et Pelatia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 83.

Muzzle cylindrical as in Megaderma, but shorter, and the lower
lip has a wart in front, with two much larger naked prominences
below ; the lower lip also slightly projects beyond the upper; face
deeply grooved longitudinally, the sharp-edged groove extending
from the nostrils (which are on the upper surface of the muzzle near
its extremity) to the lower band connecting the bases of the ears ;
the posterior half of this groove is wider and more depressed than
the anterior, and its floor is divided by a very slightly elevated,
narrow, longitudinal ridge ; the sides of the depression are margined
as far back as the eyes by small horizontal cutaneous appendages ;
ears large, united by a low band, which in some species is scarcely
developed ; eyes small.

Index finger consisting of the metacarpal bone alone; fourth and
fifth metacarpal bones longer than the third; wings ample, from the
base of the toes; tail long, the terminal caudal vertebra -formed ;
no fibula; mamme pectoral, not axillary.

Dentition. Inc. > Cc. = pm. = m. —

Upper incisors small, chisel-shaped, bifid or trifid, equal in ver-
tical extent, and close together in the centre of the space between
the canines (Plate XI. fig. 1, incisors of Nycteris hispida) ; second
lower premolar smaller than the first, often minute and internal to
the tooth-row. The frontal bones greatly expanded and flattened,
much more so than in Megaderma, and grooved by a deep depression
(Plate XI. fig. 2, skull of Nycteris javanica).

Range. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions (in the latter Region as
yet recorded from the Malay Peninsula and Java only). Mycteris
thebaica extends slightly beyond the limits of the Ethiopian Region.

Although the species of this genus differ very considerably from
those of the genus Megaderma in the form of the nose-leaf and in
the great length of the tail, the affinity of the two genera is shown
by the peculiar form of the frontal bones, which are almost similarly
grooved and expanded (though in a less degree) in Megaderma frons
as in the species of Nycteris, also by the form and structure of the
ears, and by the great development of the integumentary system.

In general structure Nycteris approaches the Hhinolophide more

M

 
162 NYCTERID.E.

closely than Megaderma, and even agrees with the species of the
genus Ehinolophus in the small size of the second lower premolar,
and in the general form of the molar teeth. The position and size
of the second lower premolar has been used to distinguish the species ;
but, as I have shown in the genus Rhinolophus (p. 114), this character
cannot be relied upon except when taken in connection with other
peculiarities of structure. The form of the tragus, the size of the
ears, and the dental characters must be considered together in
distinguishing the species of this genus, which, unlike those of
Megaderma and Rhinolophus, show no appreciable differences in the
form of the cutaneous nasal appendages.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. The tragus reaches its greatest width opposite
the base of its inner margin.
«. Inner margin of the tragus concave.
a’, a incisors trifid; ears scarcely longer
than the head.
a", Second lower premolar minute, in the
tooth-row; forearm 1} inch .... ... 1. NV. hispida, p. 162.
b". Second lower premolar one third the
size of the first ; forearm 23 inches .. 2. N. grandis, p. 164.
b'. Upper incisors bifid; ears cousiderably
longer than the head.
ce. Second lower premolar two thirds the

size of the first, in the tooth-row .... 3. M. javanica, p. 164.
ad’, Second lower premolar minute, half ®
internal to the tooth-row .......... 4, N. ethiopica, p. 165.

B. Tragus expanded above, reaching its greatest
width opposite the middle of its inner mar-
in; ears much longer than the head.
b, Inner margin of the tragus straight.
c’, Upper incisors bifid.
e”. Second lower premolar minute, half in-
ternal to the tooth-row ............ 5. N. macrotis, p. 165.
c. Inner margin of the tragus convex.
d’, pee incisors bifid.

Ff’. Second lower premolar minute, quite
internal to the tooth-row .......... 6. N. thebaica, p. 165.
g'". Second lower premolar minute, in the
tooth-row..........-. deere Hae 7. N. capensis, p. 166.

1. Nycteris hispida.

Vespertilio hispidus, Schreber, Sdugeth. i. p. 169, pl. lvi. (1775).

Nycteris daubentonii, Geoffroy, Descr. de ? Egypte, p. 118 (1812)
(vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 901).

Rhinolophus martini, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 25.

Nycteris poensis, Gray (nomen nudum), Catal. Mammal. Brit. Mus.
p. 24 (1843).

Nycterops pilosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 83,

Nycteris hispida, Peters, /.c. pl. figs. 1, 2.
2, NYCTERIS. 163

Ears slightly longer than the head, oval, rounded off above ; inner
and outer margins of the ear-conch convex, at the base of the outer
margin a small erect lobe; tragus small, curved inwards and for-
wards, narrowed above, extremity rounded, inner margin concave.
The surface of the ear-conch is thickly studded with glandular ele-
vations from which small hairs arise, and the tragus is covered with
long hairs. On the face the posterior cutaneous leaflets margining
the longitudinal groove are covered with hair, which also conceals
the deep frontal cavity. The sides of the muzzle in front are covered
with erect hairs. The fur of the back extends thickly upon the
humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, and upon the wing-mem-
brane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; the an-
terior one third of the interfemoral membrane is thinly covered.

Fur and integuments dark brown or black, the extremities of the
hairs paler.

Upper incisors short, broad, and trifid; lower incisors trifid,
slightly crowded; the single upper premolar large and close to the
canine; the second lower premolar minute, in the tooth-row, vary-
ing slightly in size.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 1'8, tail 1'-85, head 0’-7,
ear 0-85, tragus 0'°25x0'-14, forearm 1'°6, thumb 0'°4, third
finger 2''-9, fifth finger 22, tibia 0''8, foot 0'-35.

Hab. That part of the Ethiopian Region which is included within
the continent of Africa.

a 6 &Qad,al. Northern Africa. Purchased.
6 Q ad.,al. Khartoum. F, Petherick, Esq. [C.].
ec. ad. sk, Fernando Po Island. Capt. E. Downes, R.N. [P.].
(Type of Nycteris poensis, Gray.)
d. @ ad., al. Fernando Po Island. Zool. Soe, Coll.
e. @ ad., al. Old Calabar. Dr. J. A. Smith tet
f. o ad., al. Old Calabar. Dr. J. A. Smith [P.].
g. & ad., al. Old Calabar. Purchased.
hk. & ad., al. Lagos. Purchased.
7. gd imm,, al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
j- Q ad., al. Zanzibar. Dr, Kirk [P.].
k. 2 ad., al. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].
. @ ad., al. No history.
Var. a.

Nycteris villosa, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Stiugeth. p. 48,
pl. xi. (1852); MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 902, pl. fig. 3 (teeth).

Distinguished from N. hispida, according to Dr. Peters, by the
more extended distribution of the fur upon the volar membranes,
and by the greater size of the second lower premolar.

Hab. South-east Africa (Inhambane).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

M2
164 NYCTERTD 45.

2. Nycteris grandis.
Nycteris grandis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 358; 1870, p. 906.

Considerably larger than any other known species of the genus,
but in the form of the ears and tragus, in the trifid upper incisors,
and even in the colour and distribution of the fur agreeing with
N. hispida. The lower jaw projects to a greater extent than even
in VV. javanica, and the second lower premolar, though not so large
as in that species, is nearly one third the size of the first premolar,
and is not crushed in between the adjoining teeth, but stands in the
centre of the tooth-row.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 2'-8, tail 2’-9, head 1",
ear 12, tragus 0-3 x0'"14, forearm 2-25, thumb 0-7; third
finger—metacarp. 1'°7, Ist ph. 1-15, 2nd ph. 1'-4; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1-9, Ist ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0°65; tibia 1'-25, cal-
caneum 09, foot 0'°56,.

Hab. West Africa (Accra, Gold Coast; coast of Guinea).

a. fo ad, al. Purchased.
3. Nycteris javanica.

Nycteris javanicus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xx. p. 20 (1813).

Petalia javanica, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 494 (1838).

Nycteris javanica, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 906, figs. 9, 9 a
(tragus and teeth) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chir opt. p. 81 (1877).

Ears as in the preceding species, but proportionately larger ; tragus
also similar, slightly broader. The lower jaw projects beyond the
upper, and the second lower premolar is nearly two thirds the size of
the first, and stands in the centre of the tooth-row. Upper incisors
bifid.

The fur of the body extends to a less distance outwards upon the
membranes than in WV. hispida. The colour varies, but appears to
be generally bright reddish brown above, and a paler shade of the
same beneath.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body 2'"3, tail 2'°45, head
0'"85, ear 1'"1, tragus 0':25x0'"14, forearm 1:8, thumb 06,
third finger 8”, fifth finger 2-7, tibia 0'°95, calcaneum 0°75,
foot 0°45,

Hab. Java; Malay Peninsula (Malacca”).

Nycteris javanica is the only species of the genus as yet discovered
beyond the limits of the continent of Africa. It is distinguished
from all the other species by the large size of the second lower
premolar, and by the bright reddish-brown colour of the fur.

a. ad. sk, Java. Leyden Museum.

b,c. ad. sks. Java, Purchased.

d. imm. sk. Java. E. I. House Collection.
e. ad. sk. Timor. Purchased.

FQ, al. Purchased.

g. skull of e.

A. skeleton. Purchased.

 

* “This locality depends on the authority of Mr. Blyth (vide Catal. Mammal.
Mus. As. Soc. Beng. 1863, p. 28).
2. NYCTERIS. 165

4. Nycteris wthiopica.

Ears as in .V. javanica, but the tragus is narrower and more
curved inwards (Plate XI. fig. 3).

Fur, above, brown, paler at the base of the hairs; beneath, the
chest and abdomen vary in colour from yellowish white to pure
snow-white.

Upper incisors bifid; the second lower premolar as large as in J.
hispida, standing in the tooth-row, but drawn half inwards.

Length, ear 1-15, thumb 0-6; third finger—metacarp. 1'4,
Ist ph. 1”, 2nd ph. 1-15; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-5, Ist ph.
0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-55, Ist ph. 0°55,
2nd ph. 0'"6; tibia 0'"85, foot 0'"45.

Hab. N.E. Africa (Kordofan ; Senaar).

a. ad. sk. (type). Kordofan. Purchased.
6, c. ad. sk. Kordofan. Purchased.
d. ad..sk. Senaar. Purchased.

e. skull of d.

5. Nycteris macrotis.
Nycteris macrotis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 80 (1876).

Ears much longer than the head; tragus (Plate XI. fig. 4) quite
different in shape from that of any other species; the outer margin
convex, reaching its greatest convexity opposite the base of the
inner margin, the convexity very slightly diminishing upwards:
inner margin perfectly straight.

Fur, above, dark brown ; beneath, greyish brown.

Second lower premolar minute, half internal to the tooth-row.

Length, head and body 2'°25, tail 2-4, head 0:85, ear 1'4,
tragus 0'-3 x 0'"18, forearm 1:9, thumb 0'"5, third finger 3’-6,
fifth finger 2'8, tibia 0'-95, calcaneum 0-75, foot 04.

Hab. West Africa (Sierra Leone).

a. § ad., al. (type). Sierra Leone. Purchased.
b. ¢ ad., al. No history.

6. Nycteris thebaica.

Nycteris thebaicus, Geoffroy, Descr. de 0 Egypte, ii. p. 119, pl. i. no. 2
1812).

N Gare oe Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 128 (1820). ;

Nycteris thebaica et albiventer, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i.
pp. 438, 489 (1844).

Nycteris thebaica, Wagner, op. cit. v. p. 645 (1855); Peters, MB.
Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 903.

Nycteris labiata, Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur.
xxix. p. 5 (1861) (vide Peters, J. ¢.).

Nycteris angolensis, Peters, 1. c.

Ears much longer than the head, but shorter than in the pre-
ceding species; tragus expanded above, reaching its greatest: width
166 NYCTERID&.

about the middle of its inner margin; outer margin convex in its
upper half, the inner margin similarly convex throughout (Plate XI.
fig. 5). (The form of the tragus is therefore quite different from
that of any of the previously described species.)

Fur varying in colour from dusky brown above and greyish
brown beneath to pale reddish brown on the upper surface, with
the whole breast and abdomen pure white.

Second lower premolar minute, quite internal to the tooth-row.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 2”, tail 2’:2, head 0'"8,
ear 1-2, tragus 0'-3x0"-18, forearm 1°75, thumb 05, third
finger 3-45, fifth finger 2°55, tibia 0-9, caleaneum 0:65, foot
0" +4.

Hab. Africa (Egypt, Abyssinia, Angola).

Dr. Peters distinguishes his NV. angolensis from this species by the
darker colour of the fur, and by the greater size of the second small
premolar. The first character is extremely variable, and I believe
(from an examination of many specimens of different species of the
genus) that the size and position of the second small premolar vary
within certain limits, as in the closely allied genus Rhinolophus, to
an extent, however, sufficiently great to render the comparatively
larger size of this tooth in N. angolensis of little importance when
considered as a distinguishing character. I have therefore included
that form as a synonym of J. thebarea.

The next (?) species is closely related to this, and is distinguished
only by its longer ears and by the position of the second lower
premolar.

a, ad. sk. Egypt.
b. 2 ad., al. No history.

7. Nycteris capensis.

Nycteris capensis et affinis, Sineth, Zoological Jowrnal, 1829, p. 433.

Nycteris discolor, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. p. 440, v. p. 646
(vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 904).

Nycteris fuliginosa, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 46,
pl. x. (1852); MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 906, fig. 8.

Nycteris capensis, Smith, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 904, fig. 6.

Nycteris damarensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 905, fig. 7.

Fars longer than in NV. thebaica, almost as long as in NV. macrotis ;
tragus quite similar in shape.

Fur generally similar in colour to that of IV. thebaica, but speci- -
mens from certain localities (as NV. fuliginosa, Peters, from Zanzibar)
are much darker throughout.

The second lower premolar is minute, and stands in the tooth-
row, or is partially drawn inwards.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2", tail 2'-3, head 0°75,
ear 1-35, tragus 0'*3x0'-18, forearm 1'-8, thumb 0:5, third
finger 3'-2, fifth finger 2'°5, tibia 0'-95, calcaneum 0''6, foot 04.

Hab. South Africa (Damara Country, Kaffraria, Natal, Zanzibar,
Zambesi).

Dr. Peters distinguishes NV. fuliginosa from N. capensis by its
VESPERTILIONID &. 167

smaller tragus, and by the larger size of the second lower premolar.
I have compared specimens of NV. fuliginosa collected by Dr. Peters
and by Dr. Kirk with those of NV. capensis, and fail to discover any
difference of sufficient importance to lead me to consider them
specifically distinct. I have also examined the type of Wycteris
damarensis, and find that it differs from specimens of WV. capensis in
its slightly larger ears, somewhat larger second lower premolar, and
white under surface. These differences are probably due to the
combined effects of age and locality. NV. capensis may turn out
hereafter, when a sufficient number of specimens are available for
comparison, to be a variety only of IV. thebaica.

a. ad. sk, (type). South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].
d. ad. sk. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
ev. ad. sk. South Africa (Damara Land). Purchased.
(Type of NV. damarensis (Gray), Peters.)
d. @ ad, al. River Zambesi. Dr. Peters [C.].
(N. fuliginosa, Peters.)
e. o ad., al. East Africa. Dr. Kirk [P.].

Family VESPERTILIONID.

Vespertiliones, Peters *, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 258.
Vespertilionidse, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 347;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 82 (1876) t.

Bats with nostrils opening by simple crescentic or circular aper-
tures at the extremity of the muzzle, not surrounded or margined by
distinct foliaceous cutaneous appendagest; with moderately deve-
loped, generally separate ears with comparatively large tragi; with
two phalanges in the middle finger, of which the first is extended
(in repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone; with rather short
legs and rudimentary fibule; with a long tail (in some genera
longer than the head and body) contained in and produced to the
hinder margin of the large interfemoral membrane.

Skull of moderate size; nasal and frontal bones not much ex-
tended laterally nor vertically, nor furrowed by deep depressions, as
in Nycteride. The number of incisors varies from cam to m rarely

2 1-1, 33 pe eee el 2-2"
(in Antrozous only) =; premolars 5, or 5, or 5-5, rarely 7

The upper incisors are small, separated by a wide space in the
centre, and placed in pairs or singly near the canines. Where the
upper premolars exceed one in number on each side, the anterior
remolars are generally minute, and often placed more or less
internal to the tooth-line. The molars are well developed, with
acute W-shaped cusps.

* Add the genus Nyctophilus.

+ Vespertilionide, Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xvii. p. 89), includes

nera belonging to very distinct families.

a A rudimentary nose-leaf in Nyctophilus.
168 VESPERTILIONIDA,

The Vespertilionide are easily distinguished from other Bats by
their simple nostrils terminating the conical moderately elongated
muzzle, by the long tail produced to the hinder margin of the large
interfemoral membrane, and by the upper incisors, which are sepa-
rated by a wide space and placed near the canines.
minute; and the inner margins of the ears arise from the sides of

the head, not from the forehead.

Distribution. Generally distributed throughout the temperate and

tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Synopsis of the Genera.

- A. Crown of the head flat or slightly raised
above the face-line; upper incisors
close to the canines.

a. Nostrils margined behind by rudimen-
tary nose-leaves, or by grooves on
the upper surface of the muzzle;
ears generally very large ; forehead
PLOOVEd. oi. iva cs asveewewastiney

a’. A small or rudimentary nose-leaf

above the nasal apertures ; inci-
itl int
sors = or -.

: 1-1 ;
a", Incisors —-; margins of the

nasal apertures continuous with

the rim of a small disk above ;

ears separate ... cee cece eee

bd". Incisors =; a small nose-leaf

above and behind the nasal

apertures ; ears united ......

_ b'. No nose-leaf; nostrils in front of

=a grooves on the upper surface of
the muzzle; ears very large.

3 2-2 :
ce". Incisors =-; ears united.

2-2 :
ce", Premolars 5-5; outer margin
of the ear-conch carried for-
wards above the mouth and
in front of the eye ..,.....

2—2 ‘
d''. Premolars s—3; outer margin

of the ear-conch terminating
near the angle of the mouth .

d", Incigors i, ears separate.
1-1 :
e''. Premolars 5—5; outer margin
of the ear-conch terminating
near the angle of the mouth.
b, Nostrils simple, opening by cre-
scentic or circular apertures at the

extremity of the muzzle; ears
generally moderate; forehead not

PTOOVOD, esis. aca eaineca site Mere wes Group II, VESPERTILIONES.

b', The outer margin of the ear-conch

Group I. PLECOTI.

1, ANTROZzOUS, p. 170.

2. NycToPHILvs, p. 171.

3. Synortvus, p. 175.

4, PLecotvs, p. 177.

5, OTonycTERIS, p. 18].

Their eyes are
VESPERTILIONIDE. 169

commences near the angle of the
mouth ; ears generally shorter
than the head, triangular or rhom-
boidal in outline; tragus curved
inwards orstraight; muzzlenearly
naked in front of the eyes, with
well-developed glandular emi-
nences ; upper premolars not ex-
ceeding 2—2, the first premolar
minute or absent.

b". Premaxillary bones moderately
developed, occupying half the
space between the canines;
upper inner incisors bifid, sepa-
rated from the canines by a

- 28 1-1
space; inc.—4-, rarely ——

a. No lobular projection from the
lower lip near the angle of
the mouth; tibise short.... 6. VEsPERUGO, p. 183.

B. A distinct lobular projection
near the angle of the mouth ;
tibia long. sce eis. Ges 7. CHALINOLOBUS, p. 246.

ce’. Premaxillary bones very narrow,
slender ; upper incisors unicus-
pidate, close to the canines;
inc. =.

y. The first lower premolar small,
crushed in between the canine
and second premolar; mem-
branes thick, nearly naked.. 8. ScoroPHILus, p. 256.

~ 8. The first lower premolar not

crushed in between theadjoin-
ing teeth; membranes thin.
goals fac straight, outer mar-
gin convex; interfemoral
membrane nearly naked.. 9. NycricEsvus, p. 266.
B'. Tragus curved inwards,
outer margin strongly an-
gular below; interfemoral
membrane more or less
completely covered with
hair eects ow. (ae coe as 10, ATALAPHA, p. 267.
c’. The outer margin of the ear-conch
commences abruptly nearly oppo-
site the base of the inner margin
of the tragus; ears generally as
long or longer than the head,
narrow, thin; tragus long and
narrow, straight or curved out-
wards; muzzle narrow and hairy
in front; upper premolars gene-
rally 3—8, the first premolar well
developed.
nh". Nostrils tubular, projecting con-

siderably beyond the extremity
of the muzzle; premolars = . 11, HarprocerHarus, p. 276.
170 VESPERTILIONID S&S.

a". Nostrils simple, scarcely project-
ing ; premolars 5-5.
a”, Nasal apertures crescentic; first
and second upper premolars
much smaller than the third 12. VEspERTILI0, p. 284.
j''. Nasal apertures circular ; first
and second upper premolars
nearly equal to the third.... 18, Kertvovuta, p. 330.

B. Crown of the head greatly elevated
above the face-line ; upper incisors
separated from the canines, and also
an fronts ata wepaenera ss aeons Group III. MINIOPTERI.
a. Premolars —
a', Base of thumbs and soles of feet

SIMPLE satin raver os eee one 14, NaTALuvs, p. 341.
b'. Base of thumbs and soles of feet
with adhesive disks .......... 15, THYROPTERA, p. 345.
6, Premolars = Geman srala a hierestes 16. MinrorTERUS, p. 347.

1. ANTROZOUS.

Antrozous, Allen, Proc. Philad, Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 247; Monogr.
Bats N. America, 1864, p. 66.

Muzzle cylindrical, margins of the nasal apertures continuous with
the rim of a small disk terminating the muzzle above; ears sepa-
rate, tragus long, attenuated upwards; crown of the head very
slightly elevated above the face-line; tail contained in and produced
to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane, no postcalcaneal
lobe.

Incisors — the upper incisors close to the canines ; premolars

=> the single upper premolar large, close to the canine; the first

lower premolar small, crushed in between the canine and second
premolar.

Range. Nearctic Region (Californian and Rocky Mountain sub-
regions).

This genus is represented by a single species of very peculiar
physiognomy, resembling, in the form of the muzzle, the Bats of the
genus Megaderma, and differing from all other species of Vesperti-
hionide in having four lower incisors only. The skeleton, however,
is very similar to that of the species of Nyctophilus and Scotophilus,
and differs only in the greater development of the fibula. The skull
rather resembles that of Scotophilus, but the facial bones are much
more prolonged beyond the infraorbital foramen; as in Scotophilus,
the supraoccipital crest is the highest point of the skull; the bony
palate extends to the middle of the zygomata; the tympanic bulle
are large, but leave a small portion of the cochleze uncovered ; the
basioccipital is rather wide between the cochlez, and is not marked
by any excavations (Plate XI. fig. 6c).
2. NYCTOPHILUS. 171

1. Antrozous pallidus.

Vespertilio pallidus, Leconte, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, p. 43.
Antrozous pallidus, Allen, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 247 ;
Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 68, figs. 65-67 (1864).

Muzzle cylindrical, shortly conical in front, the extremity trun-
cated and terminated by a small, not well-defined disk, bounded
above by a very slightly raised ridge (Plate XI. fig. 6) continuous
with the outer and upper margins of the nasal apertures, which are
directed forwards ; ears longer than the head, triangular above, but
the tips are obtuse and the outer and inner margins convex ; base
of the inner margin of the ear-conch very convex, outer margin
terminating abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and
the angle of the mouth; tragus long, attenuated upwards towards
its subacute tip, inner margin straight, outer convex, with a slightly
irregular margin below, straight in upper half.

Tail long, of eight vertebra, the last free or half-free; feet mode-
rately large ; wings from the base of the toes.

The muzzle is nearly naked in front of the eyes, and the fur
scarcely extends upon the wing- or interfemoral membranes.

Fur, above, pale yellowish brown, the base of the hairs pale buff ;
beneath, pale buff.

Upper incisors unicuspidate, well developed (Plate XI. fig. 65) ;
lower incisors trifid ; last upper molar very narrow, forming a trans-
verse plate only (Plate XI. fig. 6a).

Length, head and body 2''4, tail 18, free from membrane 0'1,
head 0''-85, ear 1" x 0'"55, tragus 0'-55, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°38 ;
third finger—metacarp. 1'°75, 1st ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0'-85; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'°6, Ist ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0'°85,
calcaneum 0’-55, foot 0'°33.

Hab. Western North-America (Texas, Oregon, California, N.
Mexico).

a. Qad., al. Mammoth Valley, California. Dr. Brown [C.]. |
b. 9 ad., al. California. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
c. skeleton. California. Smithsonian Institute [P.

2. NYCTOPHILUS.

Nyctophilus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 78 (1822); Temminck,
‘Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 47 (1835-41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Sdiugeth. v. p. 649 (1855); Tomes, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 26.

Barbastellus, Gray, Zoolog. Miscell. 1831, p. 88.

Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle
narrow, very similar in general shape to that of Plecotus; nostrils
at the extremity of the muzzle in the front margin of a fleshy emi-
nence, their upper margins continuous with the base of a small
cordate nose-leaf; ears large, oval, conjoined by a band arising from
the forehead between the eyes; tragus short, triangular, in outline
somewhat similar to that of Synotus; eyes large. Wings from the
base of the toes; tail almost wholly contained within the inter-

femoral membrane.
172 VESPERTILIONID.®.

Dentition. Inc. a c. = pm. = m. =.

Upper incisors unicuspidate and close to the canines.

(For general description of skeleton see p. 173.)

Range. The Australian Region (except New Zealand).

The fleshy disk behind the small nose-leaf in this genus is evi-
dently formed by the union of the greatly enlarged glandular emi-
nences which in every species of the family are more or less de-
veloped. The different stages of development may be traced through
Plecotus and Corinorhinus. The enlarged glands rising slightly
above the outer margins of the grooves behind the nasal apertures
in Plecotus are so greatly enlarged in the closely allied subgenus
Corinorhinus as, in many individuals, to meet by their inner and
superior margins in the centre (see Plate XI. figs. 8 & 9). The
line of union is still indicated in Nyctophilus by a narrow longi-
tudinal groove on the upper and anterior surface of the fleshy emi-
nence on the muzzle (Plate XI. fig. 7).

The single species on which this genus is founded evidently takes
the place of Plecotus auwritus in the Australian Region. Mr. Tomes
has described four species, distinguishing them principally by size,
by the greater or lesser development of the bony ridges of the skull,
and by the colour of the fur; but these differences appear to me to
depend chiefly upon age and locality, and do not seem of sufficient
importance to warrant separation into distinct species.

1. Nyctophilus timoriensis.

Vespertilio timoriensis, Geoffroy, Ann.du Muséum, viii. p. 200 (1806) ;
Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 253 (1835-41).

Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 73 (1822) ;
Temminck, 1. c. p. 47, pl. 84; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Saugeth. v.
p. 649 (1855).

Nyctophilus geoffroyi, timoriensis, gouldi, unicolor, Tomes, P. Z. 8.
1858, pp. 29-387.

Ears large, oval, longer than the head, similar to those of Plecotus
auritus in shape but proportionately smaller, and connected by a
much deeper band on the forehead, and the concave surface of the
conch is marked by numerous parallel horizontal lines; the inner
side of the ear is in the form of an isosceles triangle with a broad
base, half the inner margin slopes forwards and upwards, the other
half upwards and backwards, the tip rounded off, the upper third of
the outer margin straight, sloping outwards, becoming convex in
lower two thirds, and terminating in a wart placed close to the
angle of the mouth; the broad band connecting the ears extends
upwards on each side as far as the middle of.their inner margins ;
tragus rather short, triangular, subacute, the inner and outer mar-
gins convex, at the junction of the upper and middle third of the
outer margin a small blunt thickened elevation behind, at the base
a small lobe. The glandular elevation behind the short nose-leaf, in
the front of which the nostrils open, is grooved in the centre by a
2. NYCTOPHILUS, 173
small longitudinal sulcus, more defined in some specimens than in
others, and especially large in immature animals (Plate XI. fig. 7).
The small nose-leaf scarcely exceeds the diameter of the nasal aper-
ture in height ; its general shape is broadly cordate, the broad ex-
tremity upwards and free, the front surface marked by a depression
above each nasal opening.

In the form of the extremities and of the wing- and interfemoral
membranes very similar to Plecotus awritus, the antebrachial mem-
brane less developed, however.

Wings from the base of the toes; extreme tip of the tail free;
calcaneum about three fourths the length of the tibia, with a small
postcalcaneal lobe about the centre.

Muzzle very thinly covered with short hairs; the inner side of
the ear-conch clothed with afew soft hairs, more thickly ranged
along the semicircular ridge, near the inner margin of the ear,
wing-membranes naked, except along the sides of the body.

Fur remarkably similar to that of Plecotus auritus in colour and
quality, and, as in that species, variable in shade. In most speci-
mens the hairs on the upper surface are bicoloured, nearly black at
the base, the terminal half light or dark brown; beneath, similar
at the base, but the extremities of the hairs much paler than on
the upper surface, very pale brown or even white.

In the type of WV. unicolor, Tomes, the fur is dark olive-brown
throughout on the upper surface, but this may be due to the spe-
cimen being immature; other specimens from Tasmania agree in
the colour of the fur with those from Australia.

The skeleton closely resembles that of Antrozous pallidus and
Plecotus auritus. The tympanic bulle ossez are as large as in
Plecotus, and almost wholly conceal the cochlea; the bony palate
extends as far backwards as the middle of the zygomatic arch ;
muzzle very short in front of the infraorbital foramen ; nasal and
frontal bones flattened, slightly concave ; sagittal and occipital crests
not prominent, more or less developed acccording to the age and
size of the specimens.

The dentition is almost precisely similar to that of Scotophilus
temminckii, the same shaped incisors close to the canines, the same
narrow last molar, the first lower premolar small and similarly
crushed in between the canine and second premolar. The ulna and
fibula are reduced to thin fibro-cartilaginous threads; tail of seven
vertebra.

Length (of an adult 9 from Port Essington), head and body 2",
tail 1-8, head 0:8, ear 1” x 0'"6, tragus 0'"3 x 0"-15, forearm 1'8,
thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 1-55, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph.
0-9; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-5, lst ph. 0’°45, 2nd ph. 0'35;
tibia 08, foot 0'°35.

The above measurements are taken from the largest specimen ex-
amined by the writer. Other specimens are often considerably
smaller, and the length of forearm appears to vary, in adult indi-
viduals, from 1”-6 to 1"°8, the ears from 095 to 1".
174 VESPERTILIONID2.

Hub. The Australian Region; from the island of Timor to Tas-
mania, from West Australia to the Fiji Islands.

NV. timoriensis, as above remarked, appears to vary in size, in the
colour of the fur, and in the development of the glandular pro-
minence behind the small nose-leaf. It is difficult with so few well-
preserved specimens to say whether these differences are due to age
or sex, or whether they are characters of distinct races of this
species. In the smaller specimens the sagittal and occipital ridges
are scarcely developed, and in them also the transverse striz of the
ear-conch appear less well marked, the groove along the centre of
the glandular elevation behind the nose-leaf better defined, and the
fur of the under surface of the body paler in colour. This might
seem to be sufficient to separate the smaller specimens into a distinct
species, as Tomes has done; but so many intermediate forms unite
them to the larger examples that it is impossible to say to which
species some of the specimens should be referred were this attempted
to be carried out.

The depth of the sulci of the ear-conch, on which so much stress
is laid by Tomes as a diagnostic character, appears to depend
altogether on either age or the manner of preservation. Young
animals have the transverse lines much less distinct, and they are
always especially well marked in specimens which have been pre-
served in strong alcohol. In all other species of Bats the depth of
the cranial ridges increases with age, in some cases to a very re-
markable extent, and in this species there is evidently no exception
to the rule.

At furthest, should the characters described by Tomes prove to
be permanent at all ages, they could only be considered indicative
of different races of WV. timoriensis, for the resemblances in all other
respects are too close to allow separation into distinct species.

a. f ad., al. Islands of Torres Straits. Purchased.
. sk. Albany Island, Cape York.
c-e. ¢ & 9 ad. al. Cape York. Purchased.
f. & ad., al. North-Australian Expedi- Dr. J. R. Elsey [C.].
tion.
gh. && QP ad. al. Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.].
a. & ad., al. Port Essington. Mr. Allen {C.].
je sk.* W. Australia. Voy. ‘Erebus’ and
‘Terror.’
k-o. sks. W. Australia.
ip. & ad., al. W. Australia.
q. 2 imm., al. (Labelled “ Nyctophilus
leachii, Gray.”)
r. 2 ad., al. Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased.
8. sk Moreton Bay.
(Type of Nyctophilus gouldii, Tomes.)
t. 2 imm,, al. Rockhampton.
u. sk. Perth, W. Australia.
v, w. sk. King George’s Sound.

 

* Figured in Voyage of ‘Erebus’ and ‘ Terror.’
3. SYNOTUS, 175

wv. 3 sk. King George’s Sound. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [C.].
y. sk. King George’s Sound. Panties ee
z. sk, Adelaide, 8. Australia.
a’, imm. sk, Swan River. Capt. G. Gre LF.
o'. 2 imm., al. Swan River. Lieut. J. &. Roe [P.].
ec’. d ad., al. N.S. Wales. Purchased.
@'. sk, Australia. Purchased.
e’", f',g'. sks. Australia. Sir T. L. Mitchell [P.].
hi, sk. P Australia, Haslar Collection.
v. $? ad, al, Gipps Land. Purchased.
J. 3 ad., al. Tasmania. R. Gunn, Esq. [P.].
kK’. 2 imm,, al. Tasmania. Dr. Milligan (Eo)
!. g imm., al. (Labelled “Islands of the Pacific.”)
(Type of Barbastellus pacificus, Gray.)

m'. 2 imm., al. Fiji Islands.

3. SYNOTUS.

Barbastellus, Gray *, Mag. Zool. § Bot. 1838, p. 494; Jerdon, Mammals
of India, p. 47.

Synotus, Keys. §! Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. p.55; Wiegm. Archiv, 1839,
p. 805; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 85 (1876).

Crown of the head distinctly elevated above the short and obtuse
muzzle. Nostrils opening on the upper surface at the extremity of
the muzzle, in front of a naked space, bounded laterally by the
raised edges of the very prominent sides of the face ; anteriorly the
upper lip is divided on each side by a deep groove passing down
from the nostril, and the intervening space between and below the
nostrils is prominent and rounded (Plate XI. fig. 10). Inner
margins of the ears uniting on the forehead slightly in front
of the eyes ; the outer margin is also carried forwards in front of the
eyes, terminating on the face above the upper lip, so that the eye is
contained within the external ear; tragus triangular above and
attenuated towards the tip. Feet slender, with long toes. Tail
nearly as long or longer than the body. Skull considerably vaulted

behind the short muzzle.
se 2-2 1-1 2-2 3-8
Dentition. Ine. =, ¢. i>, pm. 55, Mm. 53

Range. The Palearctic Region.

* Although this genus was defined by Dr. J. E. Gray under the name Barba-
stellus before the term Synotys was used by Keyserling and Blasius, yet I agree
with Prof. Peters that the latter name should be retained, because the former
had been used many years previously to denote a genus very different from
Synotus. In 1831 the genus Barbastellus was defined, having for its type
Barbastellus pacificus, Gray. In 1838, or Bonen? earlier, Dr. Gray discovered
that B. pacificus was a synonym of Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Leach ey and, in
his ‘“‘ Revision of the Genera of Bats,” published in the Mag. Zool, & Bot. 1838,
he transferred the term Barbastellus to another genus, which he then defined,
and named as its type Vespertilio barbastellus, Schreb. But the name Barba-
stellus having once been applied to denote a certain genus, cannot be transferred
from that genus to another (although the genus in question has been previously
defined and named), but must remain as a synonym,
176 VESPERTILIONIDA.

1. Synotus barbastellus.

Vespertilio barbastellus, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 168, pl. 55 (1775);
Geoff. Ann. du Muséum, viii. p. 196 (1806) ; Montagu, Linn. Trans.
1808, p.71; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Siéugeth. i. p. 486 (1844), v.
p. 718 (1855) ; Zemm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 202, pl. 48 (1885-41).

Vespertilio leucomelas, Riippell, Atlas, p. 73 (1825).

Barbastellus daubentonii, Bell, Brit. Quadrup. Hs 63 (1837).

Barbastellus communis, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 494
(1838).

Synotus barbastellus, Keys. § Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. p. 55 (1889).

Ears broad, as long as the head, laid forwards the tips extend
to a point midway between the eye and the end of the muzzle;
inner margins conjoined on the forehead by a low vertical band,
projecting in front slightly beyond the eye; outer margin ter-
minating abruptly between the eye and the upper lip, and at a
point slightly in front of the eye, so that a line drawn from the
most anterior part of the inner margin to the termination of the
outer margin, above the mouth, passes in front of the eye; the inner
margin is regularly convex and slants much backwards, the tip
shortly truncated ; the outer margin is concave beneath the tip,
with a small well-defined circular projecting lobe at the junction of
the upper and middle thirds, beneath this straight to the outer end
of the terminal lobe. Tragus very broad opposite the base of the
inner margin, suddenly narrowed from without inwards opposite
the middle of the straight inner margin, attenuated thence upwards
to the tip, which is subacutely pointed ; the extremity of the tragus
reaches as high as the small circular lobe projecting from the outer
margin of the ear.

Wings to the base of the toes; toes more than half the length of
the foot ; postcalcaneal lobe narrow; calcaneum extending half the
distance between the foot and end of tail; tail as long as the head
and body, projecting slightly beyond the membranes.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends as far as a line
drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint; on the
interfemoral long, extending backwards triangularly as far as half
the length of the tail; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered so
far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and the interfe-
moral is clothed with long white hairs to a somewhat less extent
than upon the upper surface. Fur, above and beneath, intensely
black, the tips indistinctly greyish, the light shade more apparent
beneath. On the base of the interfemoral beneath the hairs are
white.

Upper incisors sloping inwards and forwards; upper inner inci-
sors long, with a second cusp near the extremity posteriorly and
externally; immediately posterior and external to this cusp the small
unicuspidate acutely-pointed outer incisor is placed. The first
upper premolar minute, in the inner angle between the closely ap-
proximated canine and second premolar. First lower premolar
scarcely more than half the vertical height of the second premolar,
and in transverse diameter not half its size.
4. PLECOTUS. 177

Length (of an adult g preserved in alcohol), head and body 1” 8,
tail 18, head 0-65, ear 0-7, tragus 0-35, thumb 0'°3, third
finger 3'"1, fifth finger 2-3, tibia 0'°75, foot 0'"3.

Hab. Middle and Southern Europe and Northern Africa and
Arabia (England, France, Germany, Southern Sweden, Poland,
Middle and Southern Russia, Spain, Italy, Arabia Petraa). Pro-
bably extending throughout the temperate regions of Asia and
Northern Africa.

a. 2 ad., al. Epping Forest. H. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
6. 9 ad., al. Cheshire. ye
c-h. 3 & 9 ad, al. Darmsdorf, Silesia. Dr. Giinther [P.].

2, ad. sk. Europe.

Jj. ad. sk.

2. Synotus darjelingensis.
Plecotus darjelingensis, Hodgson, Horsfield, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
1855, xvi. p. 103.

Barbastellus darjelinensis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 85.
Synotus dargelinensis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 86 (1876).

The ears, laid forwards, extend nearly one tenth of an inch
beyond the end of the muzzle; in general shape quite similar to
those of S. barbastellus, but the outer margin has no projecting
lobe at the junction of its upper and middle third, and is uninter-
rupted by any abrupt projection trom the tip to its termination
above the mouth; the tip is broadly rounded off, not truncated.
Tragus, as in S. barbastellus, triangular, less attenuated above.
Muzzle and nostrils quite similar to the European species, but the
prominence between the nostrils in front is covered by short hairs,
and the inner side of the ear-conch, along the inner margin, is
covered with a band of moderately long hairs, extending more than
halfway to the tip.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”,
tail 1'"8, head 0'"65, ear 0'-75, tragus 0'-35, forearm 1'°6, thumb
0'-28, third finger 2''9, fifth finger 2':2, tibia 0'°8, foot 0'-3.

Hab. India (Darjiling, Khasia hills, Sikhim, Masuri, Simla) ;
Yarkand.

a. & ad., al. Darjiling. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
b. ad. sk. India, Capt. Boys.
4. PLECOTUS.

Plecotus, Geoffroy, Descr.del’ Egypte, ii. p. 112 (1812); Keys. & Blas.
Wiegm. oe 1839, p. 306; Blasius, Fauna Deutschlands, p. 38
(1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 83 (1876).

Crown of the head elevated above the face-line; nostrils opening
at the extremity of the muzzle, on the upper surface, in front of
more or less deep grooves; ears very large, united above the fore-
head, the outer margin of the ear-conch ending abruptly near the
angle of the mouth, the inner margin with a more or less promi-

N
178 VESPERTILIONID&.

nent rounded projection directed inwards above the base; tragus
very large, tapering upwards, with a lobe at the base of its outer
margin, rounded, and placed half horizontally.
2h ie
6? I-71? 3—9 + 53

Skull considerably vaulted; bones forming the brain-case very
thin ; occipital and sagittal crests scarcely developed.

Range. Palearctic and Nearctic Regions.

Dentition. Ine.

Subgenus I. Pxrzcortvs.

Nostrils in front of naked semilunate grooves on the upper surface of
the muzzle. (Palearctic Region.)

1. Plecotus auritus.

Vespertilio auritus, Z. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 47; Schreb. Stdugeth. (1775),
p. 168, pl. 50; Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus, viii. p. 197 (1806); Des-
marest, Mammalogre, p. 144 (1820).

Vespertilio otus, Bore, Is’s, 1825, p. 1206.

Vespertilia cornutus, Fuber, Isis, 1826, p. 515.

Vespertilio brevimanus, Jenyns, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi. p. 55 (1828).

Plecotus auritus, Geoffroy, Descript. del Eyypte, p. 118 (1812); Keys.
§& Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 306; Blasius, Fauna Deutsch.
oe (woodcut), pp. 87-41 (1857) ; Kinahan, Proc. Nat.-Hist. Soc.

ublin, ii. p. 154 (1859); Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 84
(1876).

iene egyptiacus, Is. Geoff. Guérin’s Mag. Zool.

Plecotus peronii, Ls. Geoff. 1. c.

Plecotus christii, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 495 (1888).

Plecotus bonapartii, Gray, J. c.

Plecotus homochrous, Hodgson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, xvi.
p- 103,

Head slightly raised above the face-line. ars very large, nearly
as long as the forearm, conjoined by a low band across the forehead
at the bases of their inner margins, regularly oval and rounded
above, no emargination or concavity in upper third of the outer
margin; the outer margin terminates behind the angle of the
mouth, from which it is separated by a small wart; the inner
margin develops, at a short distance above the base, a rounded pro-
minent lobe directed inwards towards and almost touching its fellow
of the opposite side; tragus very long and subacutely pointed, inner
margin slightly convex, outer correspondingly concave in upper,
convex in lower half, with a rounded lobule slightly above the base,
directed downwards and outwards. A large wart above the eye.
The nostrils at the anterior extremities of deep well-defined lunate
depressions margined by raised rounded edges (Plate XI. fig. 9).

Wings from the base of the toes; antebrachial membrane wide,
anterior margin free throughout; feet slender, caleaneum extending
less than half the distance between the foot and end of the tail;
no postcalcaneal lobe; the last osseous caudal vertebra generally
quite free.
+. PLECOTUS. 179

: Fur, above and beneath, dark at the base; on the upper surface

light shining brown, beneath pale ashy or dirty white. The colour
of the extremities of the fur, above and beneath, appears to vary
sometimes considerably, according to age and locality ; young indi-
viduals, and probably females also, are much darker than adult
males. Specimens are occasionally found with a reddish tinge on
the dorsal surface. Examples from Northern Africa and sandy
districts in the neighbourhood of the Mediterranean and Caspian
seas are much paler in colour throughout than those from moister
countries. This I have frequently observed in specimens of Bats
brought from desert regions.

Upper incisors parallel on each side; the inner long and un-
equally bifid, the smaller cusp external; the outer incisor scarcely
half the length of the inner incisor, unicuspidate, not equalling the
outer small cusp of the inner incisor in vertical extent, and scarcely
one quarter its size; the second premolar exceeds the canine in
transverse section, and is but slightly less than it in vertical ex-
tent; last upper molar about equal to half the antepenultimate
molar; second lower premolar about two thirds the vertical extent
of the first premolar, but scarcely half its transverse diameter ;
third premolar longer than the second premolar, but less than the
first molar.

Length, head and body 1'"8, tail 1'""8, head 0'°65, ear 1"-4 x 0'"65,
tragus 0'°6 x 0'"2, forearm 1'5, third finger 2-65, fifth finger 21,
tibia 0:7, caleaneum 0-7, foot 0'°35.

Hab. The Palearctic Region, extending from Ireland through
Europe and North Africa to the Himalaya, and probably generally
distributed throughout the temperate parts of Asia.

Plecotus homochrovs, Hodgson, from the Himalaya, can only be
distinguished by the slightly greater length of the ears and short-
ness of the thumbs. I believe it cannot be considered more than a
variety of Pl. awritus.

a. 2 ad., al. London.
b-i. ¢ & 9 ad., al. Devonshire. Zool. Soc. Coll.
je & ad, al. England.
k. 3 ad, al. England. ;
1, m. ad. sks. England. Old Collection.
n, 0. ad. sks. Bonchurch, I. of Wight Rev. C. A. Bury [P.1}.
pg 9_ad.,al. Co. Longford, Ireland. G.E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].
r, & ad., al. Darmsdorf, Silesia. Dr. Giinther. |
s. ad. sk. St. Mauria. M. Leon Galliard [P.].
t, ad. sk. St. Gothard. Mr. Brandt’s Coll.
wu. @ imm., al. Sicily. Purchased.
v-x. ad. sks. Europe. Leyden Museum.
y. ad. sk. Malta. Lord Arthur Hay [P.].
gc. @ ad., al. Egypt. Rev. O. P. Cambridge [P.].
d. & ad., al. Egypt. — Wilkinson, Esq. [P.].
e’. ad. sk. N. Africa. 7 Dr. Christie [P.].
(Type of Plecotus christit, Gray.) ,

fi. fo ad. Cs of Adullam, Pales- Canon Tristram [C.].
. tine.

© ad., al. Nipal. (Lype of Pleevtus homochrous, \Lodgson).
. ; wn2
180 VESPERTILIONID A.

c,d’. 3 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
e’, ad. sk. Haslar Hospital.
J. ad. sk.

g'-k'. $ & §, al. No history.

. skull. Darmsdorf. Dr. Giinther [P.].
m’, skull. M. Lidth de Jeude.
n'. skull.

o’. skull, No history.

p'. skeleton. Switzerland.

q’. skeleton. No history.

Subgenus IT. Cortnorninvs.

Nostrils in front of narrow grooves concealed by the greatly enlarged
glandular prominences arising from the sides of the muzzle. \ (Nearctic
Region.)

2. Plecotus macrotis.

Plecotus macrotis, Leconte, Cuvier, Anim. Kingd. (M‘Murtrie ed.),
App. p. 431 (1831).

Plecotus lecontii e¢ townsendi, Cooper, Ann. Lye. New York, 1837,
pp. 72, 73.

Synotus macrotis et townsendi, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 63
(1864).

Corinorhinus macrotis et townsendi, Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1865, p. 173.

Ears very long, about three fourths the length of the forearm,
conjoined at the bases only, more narrowed towards the tip than in
Pl, auritus, and rather shortly rounded off; above the base of the
inner margin a slight blunt projection, or rather convexity, repre-
sents the position of the well-defined projecting lobe in that
species: the outer margin is faintly concave in the upper one fifth
beneath the tip, then gradually convex, again broadly and slightly
concave opposite the lower third of the tragus, ending in a convex
lobe behind the angle of the mouth, from which it is separated by
a very distinct wart; tragus long, rather narrow, and subacutely
pointed.

The glandular prominences between the nostrils and eyes are
greatly developed in a vertical direction, and curve inwards over the
grooves on the face behind the nasal apertures, so as to cover them
and meet together above the muzzle (Plate XI. fig. 8); the nasal
apertures are fringed with a narrow horizontal membrane of a paler
colour than the surrounding integument. The depth of the upper
lip is much greater in front than in Plecotus awritus, and more
resembles that in Synotus barbastellus.

Wings to the metatarsus close to the base of the toes; calcaneum
weak, termination not defined, the extreme tip of the tail alone pro-
jecting ; feet slender, no prominent callous tubercle near the ankle
on the sole. The antebrachial membrane much less broad than in
Pl. auritus, but its anterior margin is free throughout.

The fur of the head does not extend in front of the ears, and the
face is nearly naked, except along the upper lip; the ear-conch has
a fringe of fine hairs on the inner margin. Above, the wing-mem-
5. OTONYCTERIS. 181

brane is covered thinly as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the knee-joint ; beneath, to the same extent, but more
densely; the interfemoral membrane is naked on both surfaces,
except about the root of the tail.

Above dark brown; beneath similar, with paler extremities.

Dentition similar to that of Pl. auritus; the outer upper incisors
are comparatively shorter; the first and second lower premolars very
small, slender, and acutcly pointed.

Length (of an adult ? preserved in spirit), head and body 2",
tail 1'""8, head 0"-75, ear 1/35 x 0'-85, tragus 0’°6 x 0'"17, forearm
1-7, thumb 0-35, third finger 2'-7, fourth finger 2-3, fifth finger
2'-2, tibia 0'-75, caleaneum 0'°75, foot 0'-45.

Hab, North America (Vancouver's Island, Utah, Missouri, Missis-
sippi, Alabama, S. Carolina, Florida).

Pl. townsendi is said by Allen to differ from Pl. macrotis in being
larger, in the face being broader and more elongate, and in the
greater development of the glandular eminences on the sides of the
muzzle. These differences appear to me to be due to age, Pl. town-
sendi representing the perfectly adult condition of the species, in
which the glands of the muzzle are more developed. I find that the
size of the glandular eminences varies considerably in different spe-
cimens even from the same locality.

This species agrees with Pl. auritus in dentition and in general
form, the chief differences being the great development of the glan-
dular eminences on the sides of the muzzle (Plate XI. fig. 8) and
the less prominent lobe on the inner margin of the ear above its
base; and these characters have been used by Allen as distinguishing
marks of his genus Corinorhinus. But in some specimens of Pl. au-
ritus the glands on the sides of the muzzle form rounded prominences
rising slightly above the margins of the naked crescentic depressions
behind the nostrils. It is easy to conceive these prominences becom-
ing so large as to bend over and conceal the grooves, and this is
what we find in Pl. macrotis. I cannot therefore consider this
species as the type of a genus distinct from Plecotus.

a 9 ad, al, Vancouver’s Island. Purchased.

5. OTONYCTERIS.
Otonycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1859, p. 222.

Crown of the head scarcely raised above the face-line; nostrils
opening at the extremity of the muzzle by crescentic apertures con-
tinuous with small grooves on the upper surface of the muzzle, much
less defined than in Plecotus; ears very large, separate; tragus as in
Plecotus. be na a

Dentition. Inc. ie C. [p> pm. se M- 5s.

Teeth like those of Nyctophilus. Skull very flat, slanting equally
from the occipital crest to the extremity of the nasals.
182 VESPERTILIONID..

1. Otonycteris hemprichii.
Otonycteris hemprichii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1859, p. 222.

Ears very large, much longer than the head, oval, rounded off
above; lower third of the inner margin of the ear-conch strongly
convex, but not forming a projection as in Plecotus auritus ; upper
two thirds slightly convex, outer margin straight in upper third,
then strongly convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus,
terminating near the angle of the mouth; tragus very similar to that
of Plecotus auritus.

Wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum without a distinct
postcalcaneal lobe; tail long, of eight vertebre, half the last osseous
vertebra free; the fourth and fifth fingers terminating in T-shaped
cartilaginous processes.

Fur rather long and dense, scarcely extending upon any part of
the membranes or extremities, and leaving the muzzle in front of
the eyes nearly naked; above pale sepia, the basal two thirds of the
hairs very pale buff, almost white; beneath pale buff or dirty white
throughout; ears and membranes pale brown.

Upper incisors unicuspidate, close to the canines, each with a
prominent external basal process; the single upper premolar large,
close to the canine, last upper molar consisting of a narrow trans-
verse plate; the lower incisors are peculiar, each tooth is flattened
laterally, so that its long diameter in cross section is at right angles
to the semicircular line in which the teeth are placed between the
canines ; first lower premolar scarcely half the size of the second,
which exceeds the canine in cross section at its base, and nearly
equals it in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body about 3”, tail 2'-3, head
1'"1, ear 145, tragus 0'"6, forearm 2'-6, thumb 0'"5; third finger—
metacarp. 2'""4, Ist ph. 0-9, 2nd ph.1":2; fourth finger—metacarp.
2'3, Ist ph. 0-65, 2nd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'-3, 1st
ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0°45; tibia 1-1, foot 0'°5.

Hab. N.E. Africa; N.W. Himalayas (Gilgit, 5000 feet).

Otonycteris hemprichii resembles Plecotus awritus very closely in
general external structure. The proportional lengths of the bones
of the extremities, the form of the ear-conch and tragus, and the
structure and mode of attachment of the volar membranes are very
similar in both species, which differ, however, very considerably in
the shape of the skull, in dentition, and in the shape and extent of
the grooves behind the nasal apertures.

The only specimens of this species yet obtained are the type in
the Berlin Museum from the collections of MM. Hemprich and
Ehrenberg, made in Africa, and a well-preserved skin of an adult
female in this Museum, which was brought by Captain J. Biddulph
from Gilgit. From the latter specimen (which Prof. Peters has
very kindly compared with the type) the above description has been
taken.

a, ad. sk. Gilgit. Captain J. Biddulph [P.].
6, VESPERUGO. 183

6. VESPERUGO.

Vesperugo, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1889, p. 812; Fauna
Deutschl. p. 49 (1857).

Muzzle generally very broad and obtuse, the glandular prominences
between the eyes and the nostrils well developed, increasing the
width of the face; crown of the head flat, or very slightly raised
above the face-line; nostrils opening sublaterally by simple cres-
centic apertures on the front surface of the naked extremity of the
muzzle; ears separate, generally much shorter than the head, broad
and triangular, the outer margin extending forwards beyond the
base of the tragus, the internal basal lobe rounded ; tragus generally
short and obtuse, the outer margin more or less convex, the inner
margin straight or concave. Tail less than the length of the head
and body; the calcaneum generally supports on its posterior margin
a small rounded cutaneous lobe (the postcaleaneal lobe), which, in
this genus and in the closely allied genus Chalinolobus, reaches its
greatest development; feet short and broad; membranes thin.

send 2-9 . =
Dentition. Inc. a in the subgenera Scotozous and Rhogeéssa

1-1, 2-2 1-1 : ; ;
3 pm. 55 or 5, or (in the subgenus Lusionycteris only)

. Upper incisors in pairs separated by a wide interval; the

outer upper incisors on each side parallel, and close to the longer
inner one, often minute, rarely absent; first upper premolar minute
or absent; first lower premolar in the tooth-row, not crushed in
between the adjoining teeth; its summit directed slightly outwards.

The Bats of this genus are generally easily distinguished by their
comparatively thickly formed bodies, by their flat broad heads and
obtuse muzzles, the thickness of which is increased in front by the
rounded glandular elevations, by their short, broad, and triangular,
obtusely pointed ears, by their obtuse and usually slightly incurved
tragus, by their short legs, and by the presence in most species of a
well developed postcalcaneal lobule (seo Plate XIII. fig. 1). This
lobule (which is supported by a cartilaginous process derived from
the calcaneum) probably acts as a kind of adhesive disk in securing
the animal’s grasp when climbing over smooth surfaces.

Some of the species, however, in their external form closely
resemble those of other genera, while others, although corresponding
with the typical forms of the genus in general external structure,
yet differ in the number of their teeth. Thus V. (Vesperus) velatus
resembles Plecotus auritus so very closely in the form. of the ear-
conch and tragus that it has been made the type of a genus
Histiotus by Gervais; and V. annectens agrees so remarkably in
general form with the species of Vespertilio that it can only be
distinguished by its dental characters ; while V. (Rhogeéssa) parvulus
and V. (Scotozous) dormeri correspond rather with the genera
Nycticejus and Scotophilus in dentition, although they evidently
belong in their aggregate characters to this genus.

This genus probably contains the greatest number of individuals

a
184 VESPERTILIONID&.

among the genera of Chiroptera. The common Bats of all countries,
especially of those lying within the temperate and subtropical
regions of the northern hemisphere, generally belong to it. The
characters of the species often vary considerably within certain
bounds; and specimens of the same species, even from the same
locality, occasionally present differences which lead to their being
regarded as examples of distinct species.

The colour of the fur is generally dark brown or black, the
extremities of the hairs of a paler colour on the upper surface and
ashy or whitish beneath.

Range. Generally distributed throughout all regions of the earth,
but more common in the temperate and subtropical regions of the
eastern hemisphere. The species of this genus have also the most
northerly range, and one, Vesperugo borealis, has been found close
to the limits of the Arctic Circle.

Synopsis of Subgenera.

i 2~2
A. Incisors saat

a, Outer upper incisors well developed, or
if small, yet distinct; no bone in

the penis.
a'. Lower premolars 2—2.
a". Upper premolars 1—1 ........ 1. VESPERUS, p. 184.
6". Upper premolars 2—2 ........ 2. VESPERUGO, p. 209.
b’. Lower premolars 83—3 .......... 3. LasionyCTERIS, p. 238.

b. Outer upper incisors very small, scarcely
raised above the gum, occasionally
posterior to the tooth-row; penis
with a distinct bone.

ce’. Premolars = Si acauera ove niecer Rah eter 4, HESPEROPTENDS, p. 239,
B. Incisors .

ad", Premolars SS sii ee gature den vied 5. RHoGEESSA, p. 246.

e", Premolars pm Blasierehscm amen: 6. Scorozous, p. 243.

Ine. z the outer incisors generally much shorter than the inner ones, and

: : 1—1

wn a plane anterior to them; pm. s=5, the upper premolar large, close
to the canine: postcalcaneal lobe narrow: wings from the base of the
toes ; the last, or the two last caudal vertebre generally free. Hab.
Eastern and western hemispheres. Subgen. VESPERUS.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Thumbs and soles of the feet simple,
without adhesive cushions.

a. Ears longer than the head, auditory

bulle ossee very large.

a’, Tragus long, attenuated upwards

and inclined outwards, reaching its

greatest width below the middle of
6. VESPERUGO. 185

its outer margin, inner margin
convex *.
a’. Ears very much longer than the
head, united across the forehead
by a distinct band.
a". Kars triangular ; inner margin
of the ear-conch very convex
in the lower third.
au. Ears more than one third
longer than the head, united
by a deep band; the last
two caudal vertebra free;
forenvim 2 seis eka cote, 1. V. velatus, p. 188.
b . Ears oval; inner margin of the
ear-conch moderately convex
throughout.
8. Ears nearly double the length
of the head, united by a
deep band; the last and the
antepenultimate caudal ver-
tebree free; forearm 1'"8 .. 2. V. macrotus, p. 189.
y. Ears about one third longer
than the head, united by a
low band ; tail and forearm
as in the preceding species.. 3. V. montanus, p. 189.
bo”. Ears scarcely longer than the
head, not united.
ON Sedo sesores shat tvanoig: ocd -oge eo .. 4, V. magellanicus, p. 190.
b. Ears shorter than the head; auditory
bulle osse@ moderate.
b'. Tragus moderately long, reaching its
greatest width slightly above the
base of its inner margin; postcal-
caneal lobe very narrow or absent.
6". Inner upper incisors with a small
external cusp or projection near
their extremities, disappearing as
the teeth become worn.
b'’. Outer upper incisors minute,
close to and slightly in front
of the inner incisors; one or
more caudal vertebre quite
free from the interfemoral
membrane.
a. The ears laid forwards extend
more than midway between
the eyes and the end of the
muzzle ; last two caudal
vertebre free; forearm 2'"25 5. V. serotinus, p. 191.
8. The ears laid forwards extend
slightly beyond the eyes;
last caudal vertebra free ;
forearm 2'"15............ 6. V. andersont, p. 195.
y. The ears laid forwards extend
almost as far as the end of

* Genus Histiotus, Gervais.
186 VESPERTILIONIDZ,

the muzzle; the last caudal

vertebra and half the ante-

enultimate vertebra free;

oieara PAO ec ass.Grsesionee

ce". Outer upper incisors minute,

close to and quite external to

the inner incisors; half the
last caudal vertebra free.

c', Muzzle broad and flattened in
front, nostrils opening by
oblique slits.

6. Ears much shorter than the
head; forearm 1/°35....

d', Muzzle as in V. serotinus;
ears much shorter than the
head.

e. Smaller; forearm1"15 ..

¢. Larger; forearm 1"-4-1'6 .

ce”. Inner upper incisors unicuspidate.

a’. Outer upper incisors as in
V. minutus.

7. The ears laid forwards extend
slightly beyond the eyes;
last caudal vertebra free ;
forearm ys ees aeot wees

e’’. Outer upper. incisors as in
V. serotinus.

6. The ears laid forwards extend
more than midway between
the eyes and the extremity
of the muzzle, which pro-
jects far beyond the lower
lip; fur white beneath ;
forearm. W406 .b scone secon

ec’. Tragus rather short, reaching its
greatest width about the middle of
its inner margin, not curved in-
wards, inner margin straight ; post-
calcaneal lobe distinct.

a, Inner upper incisor on each side
with a distinct external second
cusp at or near its extremity.

d'". Outer upper incisors very short,
unicuspidate; tail almost
wholly included in the inter-
femoral membrane; ears
much shorter than the head.

«. Wing-membranes and fur be-

neath pure white; forearm1'"15

x. Wing-membranes and fur

brown; forearm 1"2........

e'". Outer upper incisor on each
side nearly as long as the
outer cusp of the inner inci-
sor; lower incisors in the di-
rection of the jaws; ears much
shorter than the head.

7. V. hilarw, p. 196.

8. V. platyrhinus, p. 196.

9. V. minutus, p. 197.
10. V. capensis, p. 108.

ll. V. megalurus, p. 199.

12. V. nasutus, p. 200.

13. V. tenuipinnis, p. 200.
14. V, pumilus, p. 201.
6. VESPERUGO.

». Half the last caudal vertebra
free; forearm 1-25 ......

p. The last two caudal vertebra
free; forearm 1'"6........

f'". Outer upper incisors on each
side longer than the outer
cusp of the inner incisor;
lower incisors at right angles
to the direction of the jaws ;
ears much shorter than the
head.

v. The last two caudal vertebree
free; forearm 1'"5........

d'. Tragus rather short, erpanded above,
reaching its greatest width
slightly above the middle of its
inner margin, not curved inwards,
inner margin straight; postcal-
caneal lobe distinct.

e”. Inner upper incisor on each side
with a distinct external second
cusp.

g'". Outer upper incisor on each side
nearly as long as the outer
cusp of the inner incisor.

g’. Ears shorter than the head,
the last osseous caudal ver-
tebra quite free.

é. Fur yellowish white on the
upper surface; forearm1'-6

h'’, Outer upper incisors minute.

h*, Ears very nearly as long as
the head; the last rudimen-
tary caudal vertebra alone
free.

o. Ears oval; fur deep black ;
forearm: U0 siccecneisccese

e'. Tragus short, expanded above and

curved inwards.

f". Inner upper incisor on each side
with a distinct external second
cusp at or near its extremity.

2". Outer upper incisor on each
side very short, unicuspidate,
scarcely exceeding the cingu-
lum of the inner incisor in
vertical extent.

a. Outer margin of the ear-conch
terminating near the angle
of the mouth; fur brown
above and beneath; forearm
PEG aon w erste tenn in wnncereawiers

p. Outer margin of the ear-conch
terminating beneath the
lower jaw ; chin and throat
pure white ; forearm 166 .

187

15. V. grandidiert, p. 202.

16. V. propinguus, p. 208.

17. V. borealis, p. 208.

18. V. discolor, p. 204.

19. V. atratus, p. 206.

20. V. pachyotis, p. 206.

21. V. albigularis, p. 207.
188 VESPERTILIONID%,

B. Base of the thumbs and soles of the feet
with broad adhesive cushions.
co. Crown of the head remarkably
flattened ; ears shorter than
the head; tragus as in V.
minutus; forearm 1'"1.,.... 22. V. pachypus, p. 208.

1. Vesperugo velatus.

Plecotus velatus, Is. Geoffr. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1824, p. 446; Guérin,
Mag. Zool. pl. ii. (1882); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 717
(1855).

Vespertilio velatus, Temminck, Monogr, Mammal. ii. p. 240 (1835-41).

Histiotus velatus, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
p. 77 (1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1875, p. 787.

Ears very large, triangular, united at their bases posteriorly, as
in Plecotus; base of the inner margin of the ear-conch straight,
rounded at junction with the ascending portion, forming a broadly
rounded slightly projecting lobe, which almost touches the corre-
sponding part of the opposite ear, ascending inner margin straight or
faintly convex, tip of the ear rounded, upper one fourth of the outer
margin slightly concave, remaining portion slightly convex ; tragus
as in Plecotus auritus, subacutely pointed and inclined outwards, inner
margin regularly and slightly convex, upper half of the outer margin
concave, lower half convex, a distinct rounded lobule at the base;
nostrils simple, rather close together at the extremity of the muzzle;
face bluntly conical; crown of the head not raised above the face-
line; thumb short, with a strongly curved claw.

Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe small, shal-
low ; last two caudal vertebre free.

Fur, above and beneath, dark brown, the extremities of the hairs
slightly paler beneath.

Teeth very similar to those of Vesperugo (Vesperus) serotinus.
The inner upper incisor on each side long and slightly notched near
the extremity, the outer incisor very short and close to the base of
the inner incisor ; lower incisors trifid, placed at right angles to the
direction of the jaws; the single upper premolar close to the canine;
first lower premolar in the tooth-row, nearly three fourths the size
of the second premolar.

Length, head and body 2"-4, tail 2'4, head 0:8, ear 12,
tragus 0'-55, forearm 2”, thumb 0:4; third finger—metacarp. 1-75,
Ist ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 1"; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"7, 1st ph.
0-55, 2nd ph. 0-5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°7, 1st ph. 0'°5.
2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0'°8, foot 0'°45.

(The above measurements have been taken from an adult female
specimen preserved in the Berlin Museum; the type in the Paris
Museum is slightly smaller, and has a forearm 1"'8 long.)

Hab. Brazil.
6. VESPERUGO. 189

2. Vesperugo macrotus.

Nycticejus macrotus, Poeppig, Reise in Chili, i. p. 451 (1847),
Vespertilio velatus, Gay, Hust. Chile, Zoolog. i. p. 40, pl. i. figs.
2, 2a (1847),
Vespertilio velatus, Philippi, Wiegm. Archiv, 1861, p. 289.
enous macrotus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1875, p.788, pl. figs.
é.

Ears much larger than in V. velatus and the ear-conch is quite
differently shaped, the inner margin being regularly convex, not ex-
panded at the base, the extremity broadly rounded off, the upper
third of the outer margin straight or faintly concave, the lower two
thirds slightly convex. On the whole the form of the ear is not
unlike that of Vespertilio murinus. The ears are united, as in the
preceding species, by a distinct band. Tragus as in V. velatus,
slightly longer, and with a smaller lobule at the base of the outer
margin.

Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe very narrow ;
the last caudal vertebra free.

Fur, above, dark brown, with paler extremities ; beneath similar,
with greyish or ashy tips.

Teeth very similar to those of V. velatus.

Length, head and body 2'-2, tail 1'°7, nead 0"-8, ear 1-45,
tragus 0"-6, forearm 1-9, thumb 0""4 ; third finger—metacarp. 1-8,
Ist ph. 0'-6, 2nd ph. 0-95; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-75, 1st
ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0""6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-7, Ist ph. 0'-46,
2nd ph. 0'°4; tibia 0'"8, foot 0°45. :

(The above description is founded on the descriptions referred to
in the synonymy, as I have not yet had an opportunity of examining
any specimens of this species.)

Hab. Chili.

3. Vesperugo montanus.

Vespertilio montanus, Philippi, Wiegm. Archiv, 1861, p. 289.

Vesperus segethii, Peters, LB. Akad. Berl. 1864, p. 383.

Vesperus montanus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1875, p. 789, pl. fig. 3
(ear).

Very similar to V. macrotus in general structure, but the ears are
conspicuously shorter and the inner side of the ear-conch more
convex at the base and less convex above ; the low band connecting
the inner sides of the ears does not rise to any appreciable extent
above the integument of the forehead; laid forwards the extremities
of the ears extend quite half an inch beyond the end of the muzzle ;
inner margin of the tragus straight, the upper third of the outer
margin slightly concave.

Wings from the base of the toes ; postcalcaneal lobe very narrow ;
calcanea as long as the tibie, their acute extremities conspicuously
projecting beyond the interfemoral membrane ; the last caudal ver-
tebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra projecting.
190 VESPERTILIONIDE.

The face in front of the ears is almost completely naked, along
the margin of the upper lip some fine straight hairs form a fringe.
The wing and interfemoral membranes are also devoid of fur, which
appears to be strictly confined to the body.

Fur, above, dark brown, with light brown extremities ; beneath
similar, with ashy, almost white, extremities, which cause the fur
on the ventral surface to appear whitish throughout.

Upper incisors very like those of V. serotinus, the inner in-
cisors long, stout, and bifid, more than twice the transverse diame-
ter of the small outer incisors, which lie close to their bases and
slightly in front, as in V. serotinus; lower incisors indistinctly
trifid and crowded ; first lower premolar about half the size of the
second.

Length (of an adult @), head and body 2'2, tail 1'°8, head 0'°75,
ear 12, tragus 0'°5, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0°32; third finger—
metacarp. 1-55, 1st ph. 0:55, 2nd ph. 0""8; fourth finger —meta-
carp. 1'°5, Ist ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0'°45; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-45, 1st ph, 0'"45, 2nd ph. 0-35; tibia 0'°75, foot 0'°35,

Hab. Neotropical Region (Bolivia, Peru, Chili, Mendoga).

a, b. ad. sks. Bolivia. Purchased.
e. imm. sk. Huasampilla, Peru (9000 feet). Purchased.
d, ad. sk. East coast of Peru.

e, f. ad. sks. Chili. Purchased.
g,h. ad. sks. Chili. Purchased.
t ad. 9, al. Chili. Purchased.
jy ad. 9, al. Mendoga. Purchased.
k. ad. sk. ; Purchased.
i. skull of a.

4. Vesperugo magellanicus.
Vespertilio magellanicus, Phikippi, Wiegm. Archiv, 1866, p. 113.
Vespertilio capucinus, Philippi, lc. p. 114.
Vesperus magellanicus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1875, p. 793, pl.
figs. 4, 5.

Distinguished from V. montanus by the much smaller ears, which
scarcely exceed the head in length, and by its slightly smaller size.

Length (of the type of V. capucinus, according to Peters), head
and body 2'2, tail 1'8, head 0-76, ear 0''-8, forearm 1'’-7, thumb
0":35 ; third finger—metacarp. 1:6, lst ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'°85;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1:6, lst ph. 0'-48, 2nd ph. 0'-48; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'58, 1st ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0'"35; tibia 0'°7,
foot 0'"4, caleaneum 0'°73.

Hab. Straits of Magellan.

The types of V. magellanicus and V.capucinus have been ex-
amined by Dr. Peters. That of the former is a stuffed skin of an
immature Q, of the latter the stuffed skin of an apparently adult 3.
In both the tails are wanting. The length of the ears may have
been considerably reduced by the drying process used to preserve
the skins; and this form is probably really more closely allied to
V.montanus than appears from an examination of a badly preserved
skin.
6. VESPERUGO. 191

5. Vesperugo serotinus.

Vespertilio serotinus, Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 167, pl. 53 (1775); G@mel.
Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 48 (1788); Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau Naturk.
Ba. iv. p. 45 (1819) ; Desmar. Mammal. p. 137 (1820); Cuv. Regne
Anim. p. 121 (1829) ; Bonap. Fauna Ital. f. xxi. (1832) ; Bell, Brit.
Quadr. p. 34, wdet. (1837),

Vespertilio noctula, Geoff. Aun. du Muséum, viii. p. 193, pl. (1806).

Vespertilio murinus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 121.

Vespertilio isabellinus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 205.

Scotophilus serotinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii.p. 497 (1838) ; Mac-
gilivray, British Quadrup. (Nat. Libr. ser.) p. 108 (1838) ; Jerdon,
Mammals of India, p. 34 (1867).

Vesperugo (Vesperus) serotinus, Keys. §- Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839,
p. 312; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Siugeth. v. p. 732 (1855) ; Blasius,
Fauna Deutschl. p. 76 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 108, fig. a (head), 1876.

Vespertilio turcomanus, Eversmann, Bullet. de Moscou, 1840, p. 21.

Scotophilus pachyomus, Tomes, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 50.

Vespertilio (Vesperus) mirza, Filippi, Viaggio in Persia, p. 342 (1865).

Vesperus botte, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 406.

Vesperus shiraziensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 459.

Head flat, almost level with the face-line; muzzle thick, conical ;
glandular prominences less developed than in the species of the sub-
genus Vesperugo; nostrils opening sublaterally, separated by a nar-
row slightly concave space. Lars slightly shorter than the head ;
laid forwards the tips extend more than midway between the eye
and the end of the nose; inner basal lobe rounded, lower third of
inner margin very convex forwards, the upper two thirds faintly
convex, broadly rounded at the tip; the upper half of the outer
margin straight, then convex, emarginate opposite the base of the
tragus, and terminating in a convex lobe ending on a level with the
angle of the mouth directly below the posterior angle of the eye.
Tragus about twice as long as broad, reaching its greatest width
slightly above the base of the inner margin, then lessening in width
to the tip, which is obtusely pointed; inner margin straight or
faintly concave.

Thumb with a small callosity at the base. Wings from the
metatarsus close to the base of the toes. Postcalcaneal lobe shal-
low. Last two caudal vertebre free, the projecting portion of the
tail nearly as long as the thumb.

The face is covered with very short fur; but the upper lip is
fringed with straight hairs, which also cover the chin, radiating
outwards from a small central wart beneath.

The fur of the back is moderately long, and scarcely extends upon
the wing-membrane, except in the immediate vicinity of the sides
of the body and on the interfemoral membrane at the root of the
tail; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered to a greater extent,
and fine thinly spread hairs pass out along the posterior margin of
the humerus and forearm to the carpus; the fur of the abdomen
scarcely extends to the interfemoral membrane, but very fine, almost
invisible hairs arise from the transverse dotted lines with which it

is marked.
192 VESPERTILIONIDE.

Above dark smoke-brown, with paler brown tips; beneath yel-
lowish brown throughout ; ears and membranes dark brown. This
is the general colour of the fur of European specimens ; but those
from the dry sandy countries of Northern Africa and Asia Minor
are pale buff-brown or straw-colour above, and even paler beneath.
Specimens from the Gaboon are dark brown above, and white or
pale yellowish white beneath.

Upper inner incisors long and strong, bifid at their extremities,
the cusps equal in length ; outer incisors very short, scarcely more
than one third of the length of the inner incisors, and lying against
the outer and anterior side of their bases. Lower incisors trifid,
crowded. The first lower premolar about half the vertical extent
of the second, and about half its transverse diameter.

The following Table exhibits the measurements of full-grown ex-
amples of this species from each of the great continents :—

 

 

a
& é
3 gg
= g| ee oe
Aq g ec | oc og
= ; 2/s/a/4/4] eg

V. serotinus. Blalsila|] Pie aS ala|/¢ie4
2/8/2/c/s/8/S/S |B s/8 fs
a
op a o a . a
a 2 a 3 3 3 z 2 a = a] s
o
4

4 |

1. Old é with worn teeth. sek 28 21 |0°95/0°85 0°35 |2°1 | 0-4 | 3°B  2°6 |0°85 |U-48 0-3

sylvania.............

2. Adult 9 ars p. 192). ort 2-9 |2-25|1:0 |0-85|0°35|2:15 0-41 3°8 | 2°6 [0°85 lo-5 (0-25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

boon, Africa ...........eeceeeees
3. Ad.Q. Shiraz, Persia............ 2°55 |205|0°95|0°85 [0°35 |2-0 | 0-4 | 3:3 | 2°5 [0-9 los 0-25
4, Ad. S. Guatemala, Central? 2-7 |2-15/0-9 |0°8 |0-35/2°15| ... |3°6 27 [0-9 |o-45 0-8
AMETICA.... ec eeceeeeteee cere f | |

 

 

 

Var. a.

This form, from the Gaboon in W. Africa, differs from all pre-
viously described examples of V. serotinus in having the fur of the
under surface of the body pale yellowish white, contrasting strongly
with the dark brown hair covering the back. In all other respects
the specimens in the collection agree with those of the Serotine
from Europe.

For measurements see Table above (No. 2).

Var. 8. (Vesperus fuscus.)

Vespertilio fuscus, Pal. de Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s Museum Philad. p. 14
(1796) (vide Allen, Monogr. Bats N. Amer. 1864, p. 81) ; Leconte,
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philad. 1855, p. 437.

Vespertilio carolinensis, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, viii. p. 198 (1806) ;

esmar. Mammal. p. 136 (1820); Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii.
p. 287 (1835-41) ; Leconte, Cuv. Anim. Kingd. (M‘Murtrie ed.),
p. 481 (1831) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1856, p. 484; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth. p. 758 (1855).
6. VESPERUGO. 193

Vespertilio phaiops, Rafinesgue, Amer. Month. Mag. 1817, p. 445;

agner, Suppl. Schr. Sdugeth. v. p. 756; Leconte, Proc. Acad. N.
Sct. 1855, p. 437.

Eptesicus melanops, Rafinesque, Ann. of Nature, 1820, p. 2.
Vespertilio ursinus, Temminck, 1. ¢. p. 285 ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Sdugeth. v. p. 756 (1855).
Scotophilus cubensis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1839, iv. p.7.
Vespertilio dutertreeus, Gervais, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. de Vile

de Cuba, Mammif. p. 6, Atlas, t. ii. (1840); Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1861, p. 151.

Scoto ee MacLeayii, Gray, List Mammal. Brit. Museum, 1848,
p- 30.

Scotophilus ursinus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 278.

Scotophilus carolinensis e¢ fuscus, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America,
pp. 28-32 (1864).

Scotophilus fuscus, J. A, Allen, Bullet. Mus. Comp. Anat. Philad.
No. 8, p. 208 (1869), -

This variety of V. serotinus from the New World has hitherto
been distinguished as a distinct species under the name of V. fuscus.
It differs from European specimens of the Serotine, and from those
from Central America, in being smaller, the forearm apparently never
exceeding 1"°8 and.the foot 0'-4; also in the somewhat deeper
emargination in the upper half of the outer margin of the ear.

My discovery of specimens of the Serotine (perfectly indistin-
guishable from European examples) among a collection made by
Mr. Salvin in Guatemala, while interesting as the first recognition
of an Old-World species of Bat in America, led me to examine more
closely the specimens of V. fuscus preserved in the different museums ;
and I am satified that, at most, they can be considered to represent a
variety only of the Serotine. The following Table exhibits measure-
ments of full-grown examples of this variety from different locali-
ties :—

 

 

a . a
3 els E
a 2 | & 3
a) ie aie et les
3|.|4 ee
S$lalgigl/slsele2] 3 2/8
2e/il/S/S/3s/B/8IiS asses lseslg
a

to}. : rales Pall Pears
vo

eI

North America. Presented By t) 9.4 1-9 |o-15| 0-7 | 08 |1°8 | 0°8 | 3:1 | 22 0-75] 0-4 |ad.9

California. Presented by J. H. i
Gurney, Esq. .......--..s000eeeee

Cuba. (Type of Scotophilus cu- '
bensis, Y=) sn casseverscerveerese

2:2 | 19 10°15 | 0°7 [0°32 1-75 | 0°3 | 3°O [2°15 ]0°75 | 0-4 jad.

 

 

 

23 11:85 0°15 | 0°7 [0°33 | 1°7 | 0°3 | 3°1 | 2°2 |0°75 | 0-4 Jad. 9
hans 0°7 |0°33 pee 3°15 | 2°2 0°75 | 0°4 |ad.g

Hab. The Palexarctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Nearctic, and Neotropical
Regions. Inthe Palearctic Region generally distributed from Southern
: 0

Cuba. (Type of Scotophilus : .
macleayit, GLAY.) see. sevens i 2318

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
194 VESPERTILIONID.

England to Siberia, and from Northern Germany to Northern Africa,
extending through Arabia and Asia Minor to India, where it in-
habits the valleys of the Himalayas. In the Ethiopian Region found
as far south as the Gaboon, probably passing along the line of hills
extending down the western side of Africa to the Cameroon moun-
tains. In the New World apparently generally distributed from
Lake Winnipeg to Central America, and throughout the West-Indian
islands.

a-e. ad. sks. England. Old Collection.

J. ad. sk. Tintagle Castle, Old Collection.
Cornwall.

g,h. ad. sk. Isle of Wight. — Bond, Esq. [P.].

z% Q ad., al. Isle of Wight. Rev. C. Bury [P.].

j. ad. sk. Europe.

k. Q ad., al. Europe. Leyden Museum [P.].

l. dad, al. Moravia.

m. 9 ad., al. Tubingen. Zool. Soc. Coll.

n. Jd ad., al. Tibingen. Dr. Giinther [P.].

o 2 ad, al. Silesia.

p-t. bad. al. Transylvania. Messrs. Danford & Brown [P.].

u-w. 6& Qad,al. Isar-fakir, Central OC. G. Danford, Esq. [P.].
Asia Minor.

wv. 9 ad., al. Shiraz. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
y. ad. sk. India.
z. ad. sk. India. Capt. Boys [C.].
(Type of Seotophilus pachyomus, Tomes.)
a, 3 ad., al. Zool. Soc. Coll.
b-g'. 6 & G, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
h'. Sd imm,, al.
'. © ad., al.

jy’. ad. sk. (Labelled V. turcomanus.) —P Asia Minor.
ki. ad. sk.

l’, foetus, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
m', ad., al. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
n'. ad. sk. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C. |
o'. skull of e'.

Var. @.

a-d. 6& 9 ad.,al. Gaboon, W.Afriea. Purchased.
Var. B. (V. fuscus.}

a. ad. sk. North America.
b. ad. sk. New York. Purchased.
« dad, al Monterey, Cali- J. H. Gurney, Esq.
fornia.
d. S$ ad., al. Cuba. J.S. Macleay [P.].
(Type ot Seotophilus maeleayit, Gray.)
e. Qad.,a. uba.
(Type of Seotophilus cubensis, Gray.)
f. Q ad, al. Gubs. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}-
(Vespertiiio dutertrcus, Gervais.)
g. ad. sk. Barbados.
h. Q ad., al. ?N. America. Smithsonian Institute.

(Scotophilus carolinensis (Geoffroy), Allen.)
t. ad. sk,
6. VESPERUGO. 195

6. Vesperugo andersoni.

Vesperus andersoni, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 211.
Vesperugo andersoni, Dodson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 110, figs.
a, b, ¢ (1876).

Head broad and flat; muzzle thick ; nostrils opening sublaterally,
without intervening emargination ; ears moderate, with rounded
tips, inner Margin convex, with a small lobe at the base, outer edge
with a shallow but wide emargination beneath the tip, then convex,
and again emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating
by forming a small lobe midway between the base of the tragus and
the angle of the mouth; tragus obtusely pointed, broadest slightly
below the middle, inner margin straight, outer margin with a small
rounded lobe at the base, succeeded by a shallow emargination, then
convex upwards to its junction with the inner margin.

Toes longer than half the whole foot. Tail of eight vertebree, the
last vertebra free.

The fur of the head and body is moderately long and dense; an-
teriorly it passes forwards upon the face in front of the eyes as far
as the commencement of the glandular prominences of the upper
lip, from which only a few long hairs arise; the portion of the
face about the eye and in front of the base of the inner margin of
the ear is also naked; but the space between the base of the tragus
and the angle of the mouth is covered with long hair. In front the
ears are naked, except where a few very short hairs appear on the
upper and inner sides of the conch; posteriorly the fur of the head
encroaches on their bases, but more than one half of their posterior
surfaces is completely naked. On the upper surface the fur of the
back extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from
the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of the humerus to
the middle of the femur; posteriorly it extends as far only as the
root of the tail; and the interfemoral membrane has but a few very
fine hairs dusted over its anterior surface as far as the end of the
second caudal vertebra. Beneath, the distribution of the fur on the
wing-membranes is similar to that on the upper surface, but some-
what more extended; a line of fine thinly spread hairs passes out
along the posterior margin of the humerus and forearm to the
carpus; posteriorly, the fur of the abdomen covers the root of the
tail only, and three fourths of the surface of the interfemoral mem-
brane is occupied by a few thinly spread, very fine, minute hairs.

Fur, above, dark brown with greyish tips; beneath, light greyish
brown for two thirds the length of the hairs, the remaining portion
ashy.

Dentition as in V. serotinus.

Length, head and body 2'"6, tail 1’-9, head 0°95, ear 0"*75,
tragus 0'-3x 0"1, forearm 2-15, thumb 0-35, third finger 3-6,
fifth finger 2-6, tibia 0'-83, caleaneum 0'-7, foot 0-4,

Hab. Momein, Yunan.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

This species resembles V. serotinus generally, but he compara-

o
196 VESPERTILIONIDE.

tively smaller and narrower ears at once distinguish it. Added to
this, the extremity of the tail does not project by the last two ver-
tebree as in V. serotinus, the last caudal vertebra being alone free,
and the foot is smaller. The differences in the distribution of the
fyr are described above.

7. Vesperugo hilarii.
Vespertilio hilarii, Is. Geoffroy, Ann. des Sci. Nat, iti. p. 441 (1824).
Vespertilio derasus, Burmeister, Fauna Brasiliens, p. 77 (1854).
Vesperus hilarii, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. vy. p. 757 (1855).

Fars like those of the Serotine, but the concavity occupying the
upper half of the outer margin of the ear-conch is conspicuously
deeper, and the tragus is longer and narrower; laid forwards, the
extremities of the ears extend nearly to the end of the nose; the
face in front of the eyes is nearly naked, and the labial glands are
more developed than in any other species of the genus.

Wings from the base of the toes : postcalcaneal lobe shallow ; last
caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free.

Fur dark brown above and beneath, the extremities of the hairs
paler; beneath, the terminal third of the hairs are paler than on the
upper surface.

Teeth as in the preceding species.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2'"15, tail 1-65, ear 0'"7,
tragus 0'"3, forearm 1°45, thumb 0:3, third finger 2”:65, fifth
finger 1-9, tibia 0'"55, foot 0'-35.

Length (of the type specimen), tail 1-7, forearm 1-45, thumb
0”-3, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0'°6.

Hab. Neotropical Region (Brazil, Rio Janeiro, Port Alegre).

a, ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

b, ad. sk. Rio Janeiro. Earl of Derby [P.].
e. ad. sk, Earl of Derby [P.].
d. ad. sk. No history.

8. Vesperugo platyrhinus.
Vesperugo (Vesperus) platyrhinus, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Mist.
1875, xvi. p. 262.

Muzzle broad and obtuse; glandular prominences large, smoothly
rounded; nostrils opening near the margin of the upper lip, on a
level with the rounded extremity of the muzzle, not emarginate be-
tween. The front of the muzzle is evenly bevelled off from the
summit of the glandular elevations to the margin of the upper lip;
and the nasal apertures are narrow, appearing as small oblique slits
in the front of the muzzle (Plate XII. fig. 1, head, enlarged). Ears
and tragus as in V. kuhliz.

Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe small but
distinct ; last caudal vertebra half free.

Fur, above, dark brown; paler towards the tip; beneath, similar,
the extremities of a lighter colour than on the upper surface.

Upper incisors long, faintly bifid at the extremities; outer inci-
sors very short, scarcely equalling the cingulum of the inner ones ;
6. VESPERUGO, 197

lower incisors crowded, trifid; the single upper premolar very close
to the canine.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 18, tail 1:4, head 0-7,
ear 0'-55, tragus 0:25, forearm 1-35, third finger 2'-15, fifth
finger 1-65, tibia 0-45, foot 0-25.

Hab. Unknown.

_ This very peculiar species of Vesperugo resembles V. kuhlii in
size and in general form; but the absence of the first minute upper
premolar and the shape of the muzzle at once distinguish it. The
shape of the muzzle is so peculiar as to lead me to suspect it may
be an individual peculiarity. As the specimen from which the de-
scription is taken is well preserved in alcohol, this flattening of the
front of the muzzle and extremities of the nostrils is not due to im-
perfect preservation.

a. 9 ad., al. (type). M. Lidth de Jeude.

9. Vesperugo minutus.
Vespertilio minuta, Temminck, Monogr, Mammal. ii. p. 209 (1835-
41

? Vespertilio hesperida *, Temminck, lc. p. 211.

Vespertilio minutus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth.i. p. 521 (1844).
? Vespertilio subtilis, Swdevall, ifvers. Akad. Forhandl. 1846, p. 119.
Vesperus minutus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Siiugeth. v. p. 747 (1855).
Scotophilus minutus, Z'omes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 33.

Head scarcely raised above the face-line. Ears moderately long,
inner margin above the basal lobe slightly convex to the tip, which
is shortly rounded off; nearly the upper half of the outer margin
concave, the lower convex, slightly emarginate opposite the base of
the tragus, and terminating midway between the posterior margin
of the tragus and the angle of the mouth in a distinct lobe. The
tragus reaches its greatest width slightly below the middle of its
inner margin ; at the base of the outer margin is a small triangular
lobe, succeeded by a shallow concavity, above which the tragus
reaches its greatest width, and the outer margin then curves in-
wards and slightly upwards to form the narrow rounded extremity,
which is slightly curved inwards owing to the concavity of the upper
third of the inner margin. The glandular prominences between the
nostrils and the eyes are well developed and smoothly rounded, and
the nostrils do not project.

Wing-membranes to the base of the toes ; postcalcaneal lobes very
narrow or absent; the extreme tip of the tail alone free; feet rather
large and thick.

Above and beneath, the hair of the body extends upon the wing-
membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to
the knee-joint; the base of the interfemoral about the root of the
tail is alone covered. Beneath, a few fine hairs arise from the trans-

* The type of Vespertilio hesperida, Temm., is not now to be found in the
collection of the Leyden Museum.
198 VESPERTILIONID

verse lines on the base of the interfemoral membrane, and are prin-
cipally placed along the tail.

Fur, above, dark brown at the base, with light brown tips; be-
neath, dark brown, with paler or ashy extremities.

Upper inner incisors long and indistinctly bifid at their extremi-
ties ; outer incisor, on each side, very short, unicuspidate, scarcely
as long as the cingulum of the inner incisor and parallel to it, not
sloping inwards. Lower incisors crowded; first lower premolar
about one third the size of the second premolar and acutely pointed.

Length (of an adult 6, in sprits), head and body 1’°8, tail 1'°2,
ear 0-55, tragus 0-23 x 0-1, forearm 1'-15, thumb 0'°22, third
finger 2”, fifth finger 15, tibia 0'°4, foot 0:28.

Hab. Africa (South of the Sahara) ; Madagascar.

This species is easily recognised by the very short forearm and
wings in comparison to the length of the body.

a, ad. d, al. Angola, Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

6. ad. sk. South Africa. Stockholm Museum [P.].
ce, d. ad. sk. South Africa, Sir Andrew Smith [P.}.
e, f. ad. sk. ? South Africa. Sir Andrew Smith [P.].
g,h. ad. d, al. Madagascar. Rev. W. Ellis [P.].

z. ad., al. Mahanora, Madagascar. Purchased.

Jj. dad, al. Anzahamaru, Madagascar. Mr. Crossley [C.].

k, skull of 6.

1. skull of ec.

10. Vesperugo capensis.

Vespertilio capensis, Smith, Zoological Journal, ii. p. 435; South
African Quarter. Journ. v. p. 1 (1832).
Vespertilio minutus, Smith (non Tomes), Illustr. Zoology S. Africa,
. 51 (1848).
Wesuenice (Vesperus) smithii, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v.
p. 747 (1855).
Scotophilus capensis, Tomes, P. ZS. 1861, p. 36,

Resembles V. minutus very closely in the form of the head and
and ears, but much larger, immature individuals with unconsolidated
epiphyses of the finger-bones being larger than perfectly adult spe-
cimens of that species.

Ears shorter than the head, triangular, with rounded tips ; outer
side of the conch with a shallow emargination in the upper half,
commencing abruptly so that the tip projects outwards, then slightly
convex to termination midway between the base of the tragus and
the angle of the mouth; tragus with a straight inner margin and a
regularly convex outer margin.

Wings from the base of the claws; the extreme tip of the tail
projecting ; postcalcaneal lobe narrow.

Above, reddish brown, with paler extremities ; beneath similar,
but paler. The distribution of the fur generally similar to that of
V. minutus, but extending further upon the interfemoral membrane
above and beneath.

Inner upper incisor long, developing a second small cusp near its
6. VESPERUGO., 199

extremity ; outer incisor very short, close to the base of the inner
incisor and in a plane slightly anterior to it ; lower incisor at right
angles to the direction of the jaws, overlapping, trilobate ; the single
upper premolar long, close to the canine; first lower premolar
scarcely half the length of the second premolar.

Length, head and body 21, tail 1-6, ear 0:55, tragus 0':25,
forearm 1'-4, thumb 0'°25, third finger 2”"5, fifth finger 1'-8, tibia
0":5, foot 03.

The above are the dimensions of the largest specimen in the
collection, which does not appear quite full-grown. In Tomes’s
measurements of this species the length of the forearm is given as
1-55, and that of the tibia as 0’"65.

Hab. South Africa (Port Natal; Cape of Good Hope).

a-c. ad. sks, Cape of Good Hope. M. Jourdan [C.].

d. ad. sk, Cape of Good Hope, Sir A. Smith [P.],

¢f. $&Qimm.,al. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.],

g- 3d imm,., al. Cape of Good Hope. Mr. Argent ([C.].

A. 3 imm,, al. Port Natal. Rey. F. Callaway [P.].

2. OP ad., al. King Williamstown. Lieut. H. Trevelyan [P.].
J» 2 imm., al.

k. sk, ? South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

11. Vesperugo megalurus.

Vespertilio megalurus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 206
(1835-41).

Vesperugo (Vesperus) megalurus, Wagner, Suppl. Schred. Séiugeth. v.
p. 747 (1855).

About the size of V. serotinus. Ears shorter than the head, as in
V. capensis ; tragus as in the Serotine, slightly narrower ; head flat ;
muzzle nearly naked ; tail long, the last caudal vertebra quite free ;
no trace of a postcalcaneal lobe; wings from the base of the toes.
Fur moderately long and woolly, much faded in the single type
specimen, but apparently similar to that of the Serotine.

Skull like that of V. serotenus, but the teeth are very different.
The inner upper incisor long, acutely pointed, and unicuspidate, the
outer incisor very small, with a short, slender, single cusp arising
from the broad base which lies between the inner incisor and the
canine, not slightly in front of the outer side of the inner incisor as
in V. serotinus; the single upper premolar close to the canine, last
upper molar equal to half antepenultimate molar. Lower incisors
as in V. serotinus. The first lower premolar smaller and more
crushed in between the canine and the second premolar, and
elevated by its base above the bases of the other teeth. Base of the
skull as in V. serotinus, but the tympanic bull are larger. axe

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2 6, tail 2",
head 0:85, ear 0-6, tragus 0’-3, forearm 2 » thumb O'-4; third
finger—metacarp. 1-7, Ist ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0 "85 3 fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'°65, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0'°8, foot 0-45.

Hab. South Africa (Kaffraria).

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
200 VESPERTILIONID.E.

V. megalurus has characters common to both Vesperugo and
Scotophilus, resembling the species of the latter genus in the form
of the inner upper incisors, which are long and unicuspidate, and in
the position of the first lower premolar, also in the absence of a
postcalcaneal lobe. In all other respects it agrees with the species
of Vesperugo (subgen. Vesperus), to which genus it undoubtedly
belongs.

12. Vesperugo nasutus.
Vesperugo nasutus, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1877, p. 311.

Head flat, muzzle conical, the extremity projecting considerably
beyond the lower lip in front, as in the species of the genus Nycti-
nomus, terminated by the margins of the nostrils, which open sub-
laterally ; ears shorter than the head, triangular, with rounded-off
tips ; the inner margin of the conch commences above the eye, and
does not form a distinct rounded lobe at its base, but is straight
almost from the base to the tip of the ear, the outer margin is also
straight, and terminates rather abruptly midway beneath the tragus
and the angle of the mouth; tragus much longer than broad,
directed slightly inwards, reaching its greatest width below the
middle of its inner margin, outer margin convex, with an ill-defined
lobe near the base, inner margin slightly concave, tip subacutely
pointed.

Tail almost wholly contained in the interfemoral membrane, the
last rudimentary caudal vertebra alone free ; no postcalcaneal lobe;
wings from the base of the toes.

Fur short; above, pale yellowish brown; beneath, pale buff,
almost white; membranes light brown, traversed by numerous
white reticulations.

The face is nearly naked in front of the eyes; a few hairs fringe
the lips and the under surface of the projecting extremity of the
muzzle; the wing and interfemoral membranes are almost naked.

Upper inner incisors moderately long and unicuspidate, outer
incisors very short, but slightly exceeding the cingulum of the inner
incisors in vertical extent; lower incisors trifid, crowded, placed
across the direction of the jaws ; the single upper premolar close to
the canine, as in V. serotinus, the first lower premolar not half the
second in vertical extent, with a prominent internal and anterior
basal cusp.

Length, head and body 1'°8, tail 1-7, head 0-68, ear 0'°6,
tragus 0:25, forearm 1-45, thumb 0’°25; third finger—metacarp.
1"-3, Ist ph. 0'°48, 2nd ph. 0'°7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°3,
Ist ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0"-4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-3, Ist ph.
0'-28, 2nd ph. 028; tibia 0':55, foot 0'-28.

Hab. Shikarpur, Scinde. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

13. Vesperugo tenuipinnis.
Vesperus tenuipinnis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 263.

Muzzle broad, obtuse ; glandular prominences well developed on
6. VESPERUGO, 201

the sides of the face, increasing the width of the muzzle. Ears
shorter than the head, triangular, rounded at the tips; outer margin
straight, without emargination. Tragus small, and broadly rounded
off at the tip, attaining its greatest breadth about the middle of
inner margin; outer margin convex, inner straight or slightly
concave, above the base of the outer margin a very distinct acutely
angular lobule.

Wings to the base of the claws; postcalcaneal lobe close to the
ankles, triangular; tail wholly included, except the extreme tip,
within the interfemoral membrane.

Wing and interfemoral membranes pure white; ears dark brown ;
fur on the upper surface dark brown, the forearm, legs, and tail of
the same colour; beneath, pure white, the base of the fur dark, the
humerus, forearm, and legs white; feet, above and beneath, dark
brown.

Muzzle in front of the eyes nearly naked. On the upper and
lower surfaces the fur extends for a short distance only upon the
wing-membranes. Above, the base of the interfemoral only is
clothed ; beneath, it is covered with very short hair, as in V. imbri-
catus.

Outer incisors very small and acutely pointed, placed at the outer
and anterior side of the base of the inner incisors, which are nearly
twice their length, and have a small prominent external cusp;
lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in spirits), head and body 15,
tail 1'-05, head 055, ear 0'°45, tragus 0°18, forearm 1'°15, thumb
0-2, third finger 1'"9, fifth finger 1':4, tibia 0'-45, foot 0'25,

Hab. Lagos, West coast of Africa; Gaboon.

a. ad. sk. Lagos. Purchased.

14. Vesperugo pumilus.
Scotophilus pumilus, Gray, Append. Grey’s Austr. Journ. p. 406,

The face is concave between the anterior margins of the inner
sides of the ears; the muzzle not very obtuse, but the glandular
prominences so developed upwards as to cause a shallow furrow
between them on the muzzle. Ears short and very funnel-shaped,
owing to the great convexity of the middle third of the outer
margin; inner margin very convex forwards in its lower two
thirds ; upper third of the outer margin very concave, owing to the
convexity of the middle third, tips short and narrowly rounded-of ;
tragus rather broad, maintaining the same breadth from the base to
a point opposite the upper third of the inner margin, where the
outer margin curves inwards to join the inner margin ; at the base
of the outer margin a very shallow triangular lobe, not succeeded by
an emargination, inner margin straight (Plate XII. fig. 2).

Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe long, and
convex behind (less distinct in young individuals) ; tip of tail free.

Above black, the extreme points of the hairs ashy or greyish ;
202 VESPERTILIONID.%.

beneath black, the terminal] one fifth of the hair white or pale ash-
colour, so that the under surface has a greyish appearance.

Inner incisors long and bifid, both cusps nearly equal; outer
incisors short, placed in a plane slightly anterior, their unicuspidate
extremities directed inwards, so as to lie against the outer side of
the inner incisors ; lower incisors crowded and trifid ; first lower
premolar about half the vertical extent of the second premolar; the
single upper premolar very close to the canine.

Length (of a Q with fetus in utero), head and body 1'"5, tail
1"-35, ear 0'"48, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1":2, thumb 02, third finger
2", fifth finger 1'°5, tibia 0'°45, foot 01:22.

Hab. Australia and Tasmania. In Australia from Cape York to
the Murray River and West Australia, probably generally distributed.

a. § ad,al. Cape York, N. Australia.

6. ad. sk. (type). Australia. (Figured in ‘ Voy. Erebus and Terror.’)
ce. & ad., al. Australia. Purchased.

d. & ad, al. Australia.

e, f. ad. sks. Yarrundi, Australia.

g. ad. sk, . Perth, W. Australia. Mr. Gould [C.].

A. ad, sk. West Australia. Myr. Gould [C.].

wm f & @ ad.,al. King George’s Sound. Dr. Richardson [P.].
o,p. & ad., al. Murray River.

g-s. 6 & 9, ad, al. Tasmania. R. Gunn, Esq. [P.].
t. ad. sk. Tasmania. R. Gunn, Esq. | P.].

15. Vesperugo grandidieri.

Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
1876, xviii. p. 500.

Head, ears, and tragus very similar to those of Vesperuguv abramus,
Temm. Ears short, rounded off above; outer margin of the ear-
conch straight or faintly concave in upper two thirds, emarginate
opposite the base of the tragus, terminuting in a small rounded lobe
midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth:
crown of the head scarcely elevated above the face-line; nasal
apertures separated widely, opening forwards, their margins not
projecting.

Wing-membrane from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe
very shallow ; half the last caudal vertebra free.

Fur short on both surfaces, scarcely extending upon the mem-
branes ; reddish brown above, paler beneath.

Upper inner incisors bicuspidate, the shorter outer cusp nearly
equalled in vertical extent by the unicuspidate outer incisor ; lower
incisors trifid, not crowded; the single upper premolar close to the
canine.

Length, head and body 1"°75, tail 14, ear 0'°5, tragus 0'"22x
0'-08, forearm 1°25, thumb 0'°28; third finger—metacarp. 12,
Ist ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0-55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-1, 1st ph.
0'-28, 2nd ph. 02; tibia 0"°5, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Zanzibar.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
6. VESPERUGO. 203

16. Vesperugo propinquus.
Vesperugo propinquus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 262.

Ears triangular, rounded-off above; the ear-conch thickened
along the inner margin, flatly emarginate about the middle of the
outer side, and at the base with a rim directed inwards, but without
emargination. Tragus quite similar to that of V. borealis, but quite
straight on the inner side, broadest at the middle, and at the base of
the outer margin with a tooth-like lobe.

Wings from the base of the toes; the last two caudal vertebrae
free ; postcalcaneal lobe very distinct.

The fur of the body extends outwards upon the wings as far as a
line drawn from the end of the proximal third of the humerus to
the knee, and not quite to the middle of the interfemoral membrane ;
beneath, the membranes are less covered, and the fur of the
abdomen extends only upon the base of the interfemoral.

Fur reddish above, the hairs dark brown at their bases ; beneath
paler, the tips of the hairs being more reddish yellow.

The first upper incisor has two cusps; the second incisor is
smaller in cross section, and has a single cusp slightly shorter than
the second cusp of the first incisor. The single upper premolar is
large. The two lower premolars are very pointed; the first one
third smaller and shorter than the second, which is not quite as
high as the first true molar. The lower incisors are distinctly tri-
lobed, and placed parallel to the direction of the jaws; the third is
much longer than broad.

Length, head and body 2'*4, tail 1'°8, ear 0'°6, tragus 0:23,
forearm 1-6, thumb 0'°36, third finger 2'°7, fifth finger 2", tibia

"7, foot 0°35.

Hab. Central America (Ysabel de Guatemala).

The above description has been taken from Dr, Peters’s original
notes on the species, of which I have not seen the type. It appears
to be very closely allied to V. borealis ; and when a large series of
specimens have been compared with an equally large number of V.
borealis from Europe, it may be found that V. propinquus is really
but a variety of V. borealis.

Dr. Peters remarks that it is closely allied to V. borealis, from
which it is distinguished by the form of the ears and teeth.

17. Vesperugo borealis.

Vespertilio kublii, Ni/sson (non Natterer), Illum. Fig. Scandin. Fauna,
haft 17. pl. 34 (1836). ; 2

Vespertilio borealis, Nilsson, Ilhum. Fig. Scand. Fauna, haft 19. pl.
36 (1838); Lilljeborg, Sver. Norges Ryggradsdjur, i. p. 129 (1874).

Vesperugo nilssoni, Keys. §& Blas. Wiegm. Archi (1839), 315;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 498, v. p. 733; Blasius,
Fauna Deutschl. p. 70, figs. 47, 48 (1857).

Vesperugo borealis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 105 (1876).

Fars triangular, with broadly rounded tips; the outer margin
straight, terminating close to and on a level with the angle of the
204 VESPERTILIONIDE.

mouth; the inner margin with a rounded basal lobe, the ascending
part very convex in lower third, then sloping upwards and back-
wards. Tragus expanded above and slightly curved inwards ; the
outer margin has an acute triangular lobe at the base; above this it
increases in convexity, and the tragus reaches its greatest width
about the middle of its outcr margin ; the inner margin is straight
below and slightly concave above.

Wings to the base of the toes; thumbs and feet rather short; a
distinct but shallow postcalcaneal lobe; the last two caudal vertebree
free.

Fur, above, very dark brown, with yellowish-brown extremities ;
beneath, similar, with ashy tips.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wing-
membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to
the knee; beneath, similar; the base of the interfemoral, above and
beneath, is alone clothed. ;

Inner upper incisors bifid ; outer incisors as long as the outer cusp
of the inner incisors, and equal to the latter in cross section at the
base ; lower incisers crowded, placed at right angles to the direction
of the jaws, trifid, the incisors next the canines rounded above and
higher than the rest ; first lower premolar small, not half the size of
the second premolar, which equals or nearly equals the canine in
vertical extent.

The outer upper incisors, generally minute in the subgenus Ves-
perus, appear to reach their greatest development in this species.

Length, head and body 2", tail 1*7, head 0'"65, ear 0'°55, tragus
0"-2, forearm 1'°5, third finger 2-5, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0'-7, foot
0"°35.

Hab. The northern part of the Palearctic Region. In Europe
extending from the Scandinavian Peninsula (where, according to
Nilsson, it is found as far north as the Arctic Circle), through
Russia to the Ural Mountains, and southwards to the Harz Moun-
tains. As yet not recorded from the British Isles. In Asia in-
habiting the Altai Mountains and Northern China, extending as far
south as the northern slopes of the Himalayas, a single specimen
having been obtained by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka at Kizil.

a. f ad., al. China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [1].
b. ad. sk. Purchased.

18. Vesperugo discolor.

Vespertilio discolor, Natterer, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Wetter. Ann.
iv. (1819); Desm. Mamm. p. 189 (1820); Bell, Brit. Quadrup.
p. 21, woodeut ; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 173 (1841).

Vespertilio serotina, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 128.

Scotophilus discolor, Gray, May. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 297.

Vesperugo (Vesperus) discolor, Keys. & Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. p. 60 ;
ces Deutschi. p.73, figs. 49 & 50 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 106 (1876).

Vesperus discolor, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Siéugeth. v. p. 733 (1855).

Head broad and flat; muzzle obtuse, the glandular prominences
6. VESPERUGO. 205

moderately developed, not causing a depression on the face above ;
end of nose and upper lip slightly projecting beyond the lower
lip; inner basal lobe of ear-conch rounded, not very convex for-
wards; inner margin of ear regularly convex to the tip; rather
more than the upper third of the outer margin is straight or slightly
concave, a narrow portion of the edge about the middle is folded
backwards, then emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and
terminating in a long and deep, but not prominent lobe behind the
angle of the mouth, from which it is separated by a wart; tragus
narrow opposite the base of the inner margin, expanded above, the
outer margin attaining its greatest convexity slightly above the
middle of the inner margin, which is straight or slightly convex
above, at the base of the outer margin a triangular lobule.

Wings from the base of the toes, which are three fourths the
length of the whole foot. Calcaneum margined posteriorly by a
narrow lobe. The last caudal vertebra and part of the antepenulti-
mate vertebra free.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wing-
membrane almost as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the knee-joint, on the interfemoral membrane as far
as the end of the fourth caudal vertebra. Beneath, the wing-mem-
brane is similarly covered ; but almost the whole interfemoral mem-
brane is covered with fine hairs, which abound principally along
the tail.

Fur, above, dark brown, the terminal fourth of the hairs shining
yellowish white ; beneath, dark brown, the terminal fourth of the
hairs ashy.

Upper inner incisors long, bifid, the outer cusp shorter than the
inner, and placed slightly posterior; the outer incisors unicuspi-
date and short, not equalling the outer cusp of the inner incisor in
vertical extent. Lower incisors slightly crowded, but not overlap-
ping. First lower premolar about half the height of the second.

Length, head and body 1'-95, tail 17, ear 0'-6, tragus 0°25,
forearm 1-6, thumb 0:28, third finger 2'°5, fifth finger 2”, tibia
0'°7, foot 0'°33.

Hab. The Palearctic Region. In Europe extending from England
through Southern Sweden and Russia to the Ural Mountains, and
southwards through France, Germany, and Italy, chiefly found,
however, in the mountain tracts of these countries. In Asia
recorded as yet from Western Siberia (Barnaul) and Eastern Tur-
kestan (Kizil) only.

a. do ad. sk. Plymouth. W. E. Leach, M.D. [P.].
b-e. imm. & ad. sks. France. M. Lefevre.

f. imm. sk. Switzerland.

g. ad. sk. Sweden. Stockholm Museum.

h. fo ad., al. Purchased.

a,j. ad. sks. Purchased.

k. skull of a.
206 VESPERTILIONID £.

19. Vesperugo atratus.

Nycticejus atratus, Blyth, Cat. Mammal. Mus. As. Soc, Beng. no. 96 ;
Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p. 38 (1867).

Vesperus atratus, Dobson, ee As. Soc. Beng. Sept. 1871, p. 212;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 107, figs. a, b (1876).

The head is broad and slightly elevated above the face; muzzle
obtuse ; glandular prominences largely developed, causing a heart-
shaped depression above, behind the nostrils. Ears large, oval,
with rounded tips, which, in the natural position of the ears, appear
acute, owing to a longitudinal folding of the outer side of the conch
on the inner, commencing at and almost bisecting the tip, as in the
species of Kerivoula; inner margin convex; outer slightly hollowed
beneath the tip, succeeded by a triangular emargination opposite
the base of the tragus, and terminating in a rounded lobe, the
summit of which is marked by a small triangular notch; tragus
with a small rounded lobe at the outer side of its base, expanded
above, convex externally and above, inner margin slightly concave.

Wings from the base of the toes; last rudimentary caudal ver-
tebra free.

Fur rather long and dense, and (so far as can be determined from
an examination of specimens in alcohol) intensely black throughout.

Inner upper incisors very long and slightly bifid at the extremity ;
outer incisors minute, scarcely raised above the level of the gum,
and close to the base of the inner incisors.

Length (of an adult ? preserved in alcohol), head and body 19,
tail 1-8, head 06, ear 0'°6, tragus 0:23, forearm 1'-7, third
finger 2'9, fifth finger 2”, thumb 0'°2, tibia 0'°6, caleaneum 05,
foot 03.

Hab. Himalaya (Darjiling). Type in the collection of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.

20. Vesperugo pachyotis.

Vesperugo (Vesperus) pachyotis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871,
p- 218; Monogr. Asrat. Chiropt. p. 104, figs. a-c (head and teeth)
(1876).

Head flat; muzzle very broad and short, glandular prominences
much developed ; immediately behind them a furrow extends from
the anterior corner of one eye to that of the other, beyond which the
fur of the head does not pass. Ears triangular above, with rounded
tips; outer side straight, without emargination; lower portion of
the ear (from below the level of the tip of the tragus to the termi-
nation of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth) very thick
and fleshy ; tragus short, expanded above and curved inwards.

Wing-membrane from the base of the toes. Fur, above, dark
brown throughout; beneath, a lighter shade of brown.

Teeth very small; inner incisors bifid at their extremities, much
larger and longer than the outer ones.

Length (of an adult g preserved in alcohol), head and body 22,
tail 1-6, head 0"-7, ear 0-55 x0'"4, tragus 0'°18 x 0'"1, forearm
6. VESPERUGO. 207

1"-6, third finger 27, fifth finger 1’°7, thumb 0-25, tibia 0':65,
foot 0"°35.

Hab. Khasia Hills, Assam. Type in the collection of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.

This species is readily distinguished by the peculiar thickness of
the lower half of the outer side of the ear-conch, which appears, as
it were, excavated out of the thick integument of the neck. The
tragus is short, rounded off broadly above and curved inwards as in
V.noctula; but the minute upper premolar, so constant in V. noctula,
is absent, and the wing-membrane extends to the base of the toes.

In the form of the ears and muzzle especially, and generally in
the whole conformation, this species appears to belong to the sub-
genus Vesperugo; but the absence of the first minute upper premolar
relegates it to Vesperus. Nothing could illustrate better the arti-
ficial character of these subgenera, which, however, are convenient
in determining the species.

21. Vesperugo albigularis.

Vesperugo (Marsipoleemus) albigularis, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1872,
p- 260.

Ears very broad and broadly rounded off above; the lower half of
the outer margin of the ear-conch broadly folded backwards, as in
V. noctula, separated in front from the angle of the mouth by a
wart, but terminating below and internal to it under the lower jaw by
a small internal prolongation; tragus broad above, attaining its
greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, which is
slightly concave, narrowest opposite the base of the inner margin, a
prominent triangular lobe at the base of the outer margin. Nos-
trils rather wide apart, opening sublaterally; muzzle broad and
obtuse ; crown of the head scarcely elevated ahove the face-line.

Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe long and
narrow; last caudal vertebra free.

Fur dark brown above, the extreme tips hoary, as in V. noctiva-
gans, paler beneath, the chin and throat, as far back as a line con-
necting the posterior margins of the ears, pure whate.

Upper inner incisors long and broad and slightly bifid at their
extremities ; outer incisors very short, scarcely exceeding the cingu-
lum of the inner ones in vertical extent; the single upper premolar
close to the canine; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws ;
first lower premolar half the size of the second, which exceeds the
molars in vertical extent.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 3), head and body 2’"35,
tail 1-5, head 0'"7, ear 0'"65 x 0'"4, tragus 0°25 x 0-13, forearm
1-65, thumb 0:35, third finger 2'-75, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0'°6,
foot 0°35.

Hab. Mexico. Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

This species may be at once distinguished from all other species
of Vespertilionide by the very peculiar manner in which the outer
208 VESPERTILIONID.&.

margin of the ear-conch terminates under the jaw, which has caused
the describer, Dr. Peters, to make it the type of a new subgenus,
Marsipolemus. In the prolongation of the ear-conch, in the form
of the tragus, and in dentition it resembles the African species of
Chalinolobus.

22. Vesperugo pachypus.
Vespertilio pachypus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 217, pl. 54.
gs. 4-6

Vesperus pachypus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 741 (1855) ;
Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 212.

Scotophilus fulvidus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxviii. p. 293.

Tylonycteris pachypus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 704.

Tylonycteris meyeri, Peters, J. c. p. 705.

Vesperugo pachypus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 115 (1876).

Crown of the head very flat, not raised above the broad and flat-
tened muzzle; nostrils not projecting, directed forwards and slightly
downwards. Ears shorter than the head, triangular, with rather
broadly rounded tips; outer margin straight, terminating towards the
angle of the mouth in a small lobe separated by a shallow notch;
tragus short, slightly narrowed upwards and rounded off above,
reaching its greatest width opposite the base of the inner margin ;
at the base of the outer margin a small triangular lobule.

Under surface of the base of the thumbs and soles of the feet with
broad fleshy pads. In some specimens the pad extends along the
inferior surface of the thumb almost to the base of the claw, which
is very small and acutely pointed, as in V. noctula. On the foot the
fleshy sole forms almost a circular disk, especially towards the toes,
under which its round margin projects slightly. The toes are short,
not exceeding half the foot in length, and are armed with short
claws.

Wings rather short; wing-membranes from the base of the toes.
Tail projecting by the extreme tip only ; calcaneum short and feeble.

Fur fine and very dense, moderately long, scarcely extending upon
the membranes; above generally bright reddish brown, paler be-
neath.

Upper incisors short, the second and shorter outer cusp of the
inner incisor exceeding very slightly in vertical extent the unicus-
pidate outer incisor; lower incisors trifid, not crowded.

Length, head and body 1°75, tail 1'°3, ear 0':48, tragus 0'"2,
forearm 1"*1, thumb 0°22, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1'°4, tibia
0"°45, foot 0°25. d

Hab. Oriental Region; Peninsula of India (Darjiling); Tenasse-
rim Province; Andaman Islands; Sumatra, Java, Philippine Islands.

In this species, as in V. tylopus also, the fleshy footpads without
doubt enable the animal to cling to the under surfaces of large leaves
and fruits—perhaps not so effectively, however, as the much more
highly specialized pedunculated sucking-disks of Thyroptera tricolor
from the American continent enable that animal to adhere to smooth
surfaces as securely as a fly.
G6. VESPERUGO. 209

This species has been made by Dr. Peters the type of a new
genus, T'ylonycteris, distinguished by the large cushions on the base
of the thumbs and soles of the feet, by the shortness of the thumbs
and smallness of the thumb-nail, and by the remarkable flatness of
the skull. The discovery by the writer (subsequently to the publi-
cation of the definition of this new genus) of similar adhesive
cushions in other species of the genus Vesperugo not closely related
to this species, renders this character of very little importance in a
generic sense, especially as some of these species are evidently most
closely allied in all other respects to species which have not a trace
of these foot-pads (e.g. V. blanfordi); and the shortness of the
thumbs and thumb-nail is, proportionally, as much pronounced in
V. noctula, while the flatness of the skull appears to be nearly as
well marked in V. nasutus.

a, b. ad. sks. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. a
c. @ ad, al. Darjiling. G. E. Dobson, MLB [E.].
d. ad. sk. Purchased.

e. 2 imm., al. Luzon. Dr. Meyer [C.].

J. skeleton. ? Java. Purchased.

 

Ine. 2s pm, = the first upper premolar minute, internal to the tooth-row ;
‘the second premolar close to the canine or separated by a narrow interval,
through which the first premolar is rarely visible from without ; ears
short, triangular, not exceeding the head in length, the outer margin of
the conch carried forward to the angle of the mouth; tragus shorter and
broader than in Vesperus; postcalcaneal lobe generally well developed.
Hab. Eastern Hemisphere, one species only extending into the
Western Hemisphere. Subgenus VESPERUGO.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Thumb and feet simple, without adhesive cushions.
a. Wings from the ankles or from the tibia
higher up.
a’. Tragus expanded above and curved inwards,
reaching its greatest width above the middle
of its inner margin.
a’. Inner margin of the tragus deeply con-
cave.
a”, Wings from the ankles; the extreme
tip of the tail alone projecting from the
interfemoral membrane; postcalcaneal
lobe well developed.
«, Fur unicoloured above; upper outer
incisors double the size of the inner
incisors in cross section at the base ;
lower incisors at right angles to the
direction of the jaws; forearm 2” to Lp.
DUI Lin eh enh ele gte tena auamenins NCO Ara 23. V. oekata:
8. Fur bicoloured above; upper outer
incisors equal to the inner incisors

212.
210

VESPERTILIONIDZE,

in cross section at the base; lower

incisors in the direction of the jaws ;

forearm 1"°8 1.1... cee eee eee eee

b'", Wings from the tibie ; the extreme tip

of the tail alone projecting; postcal-
caneal lobe well developed. _

y. Fur unicoloured ; incisors as in V. noc-
tula; forearm 1'"55.... 0.0.0.0 ee

b', Tragus not expanded above, reaching its
greatest width about the middle of its
inner margin.

b". Inner margin of the tragus deeply concave.

ce". Wings from the base of the toes; the

extreme tip of the tail alone free ; post-
calcaneal lobe small.

6. Tragus crescent-shaped ; apc outer
incisors half the length of the inner
incisors, but less than half their
transverse diameter at the base;
Forearm 35 scsi weea Gale hoa

c. Inner margin of the tragus straight or
faintly concave.
da, Wings from the base of the toes; last
osseous caudal vertebra free.

d', Outer upper incisors as long as (or
slightly longer than) the outer cusp
of the inner incisor; postcalcaneal
lobe small.

e. Outer margin of the ear convex in
lower half, concave above; fur
above deep black; forearm 1'-35
LOA Groin ieee Ret tree aes

¢ Outer margin of the ear straight ;
fur above brown; forearm 1''55. .

e*. Outer upper incisors very short, as in
V. serotinus ; no postcalcaneal lobe.

n. Fur above deep black, the extremi-
ties of some hairs bright ferrugi-
nous; forearm 15 ............

J‘. Upper incisors as in V. noctula; post-
calcaneal lobe well developed.

6. Fur dark reddish brown above and
beneath ; lower incisors in the
up eerce of the jaws; forearm

DSC ven asanerana ea aaaertias a NTE

c'. The tragus reaches its greatest width slightly
above the base of its inner margin.

e". Wings from the tarsi; extremity of the
tail scarcely projecting.

g*. Outer upper incisor on each side not
equalling the outer cusp of the inner
incisor in vertical extent, and con-
siderably less than it in cross section.

«. Wings very short; the first upper
oe visible from without ;
orearmcliG 3 iiss shine oy bensien

24, V leisleri,p.215.

[p. 216.
25. V. stenopterus,

[p. 217.
26. V. imbricatus,

[p. 218.
27. V. maurus,

28.V. affinis, p. 220.

[p. 221.
29. V. circumdatus,

p. 222.
30. V. indicus,

[p. 228.
31. V. brachypterus,
6. VESPERUGO.

f'. Wings from the base of the toes.
aa". Postcaleaneal lobe distinct, generally
well developed.

g'. Outer upper incisor on each side not
equalling the outer cusp of the inner
incisor in vertical-extent.

x. Outer margin of the ear-conch
deeply concave above; forearm
DZ si sacle nen accelerates 32
A. Outer margin of the ear-conch
straight or faintly concave above;
forearm 16 aia, ersaiataree ser wen 83
hk‘. Outer upper incisor slightly exceeding
the outer cusp of the inner incisor in
vertical extent.
p. Outer margin of the ear-conch
straight; forearm 1-35 ........ 34
2‘, Outer upper incisors minute.
2°. Tragus obtuse, inner margin straight.

v. Upper third of the outer margin
of the ear-conch slightly con-
cave; tail much shorter than
the head and body; interfemoral
and part of the wing-membrane
behind margined with white ;

211

[p. 228.
. V. pipistrellus,

. VP. tenuis, p. 226.

[p. 226.
. V. abramus,

forearm 1°35 10... . 2. eae 35, V. kuhlii, p. 230.

&. Upper third of the outer margin
of the ear-conch deeply emar-
pinate; tail as long as the
head and body; no white mar-
gin to the membranes; forearm

[p. 231.

Wee eee eee eens BO, V, maderensis,

jy. Tragus attenuated ease acutely
pointed, and curved inwards.
v. Postealcaneal lobe narrow; fore-
arm 10% sasha ste snnr stefan ie 37
5b'". No postcalcaneal lobe.
Jj*. Outer upper incisors minute,
a. Lower incisors in the direction of
the jaws; forearm 1"°35........ 88
p. Lower incisors at right angles to
the direction of the jaws; forearm

LEP Binaceesarerevetcekotonel soars renin seienass 39.

i, Outer upper incisors as long or nearly
as long as the inner incisors.

a. Outer upper incisor on each side

parallel and close to the inner in-

cisor ; extreme tip of the tail pro-

jecting; forearm 18 .......... 40.

z. Outer upper incisor on each side
directed vertically downwards, se-
parated from the inner incisor,
which is inclined inwards; the
last osseous caudal vertebra quite
free; forearm 1/°35............ 41.

. Vi krefftii, p.232.

[p. 233,
. V. puleher,

[p. 233.
V. temnunekii,

[p. 234.
V. annectens,

[p- 235.
V. georquanns,

p2

“a
212 VESPERTILIONID 2,

B. Base of the thumbs and soles of the feet with
adhesive cushions; outer margin of the ear-
conch terminating in a very distinct lobe.

¢. Outer margin of the ear-conch ter-
minating in a round lobe; tragus
with a small tooth-lke projection
at the base; outer incisors very

short; forearm 1"-2............ 42. V. tylopus, p. 236.
x. Outer margin of the ear-conch ter-
minating in a square lobe; tragus
without a projection at the base;
outer incisors nearly as long as the

inner ones; forearm 1'"2........ 43. V.nanus, p. 237.

23. Vesperugo noctula.

Vespertilio noctula, Schreber, Sdugeth. i. p. 166, pl. 52 (1775) ; Gmel.
Linn. Syst. Reg. Anim. i. p. 146 (1788) ; Desmarest, Mammalogie
(1820), p. 186; Temm. Monogr, Mamm. ii. p.-169 (1885-41) ;
Jenyns, Brit. Vertebr. p. 23; Bonap. Fauna Ital. fase. xxi. (1837) ;
Bell's Brit. Quadrup. p. 12, wact. (1837); De Sélys-Longch. Faune
Belge, 1842.

Vespertilio magnus, Berkenhout, Synop. Nat. Hist. Gt. Brit. § Irel.
p. li (1789).

Vespertilio altivolans, White, Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789).

Vespertilio serotinus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 194 (1806).

Vespertilio proterus, Kuhl, Wetter. Ann. iv. p. 41 (1817).

Vespertilio labiata, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. p.700 (1835).

Scotophilus noctula, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 497 (1838).

Vesperugo noctula, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1889, p. 317; Wa-
belth. Europ. p.46; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p.728 (1855) ;
Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 53, wdet. p. 54 (1857); Lilljeborg,
Sver. Norges Ryggradsdjur, p. 134 (1874) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 88 (1876).

Vespertilio macuanus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 61
(1852).

Noctulinia noctula, Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p. 86 (1867).

Head broad and very flat, the labial glandular prominences well
developed, adding much to the breadth of the muzzle; posteriorly
the raised rounded edge of these prominences forms the anterior
margin of a deep furrow, beyond which the long hair covering the
head does not pass. Nostrils placed rather widely apart, with a
slightly concave intervening space, their inner edges scarcely pro-
jecting. ars nearly as broad as long; the base of the inner margin
very convex forwards, the ascending part straight, the tip very
broadly rounded off, the outer margin convex and reflected back-
wards, forming in front of the tragus a thickened convex lobe ter-
minating close to the angle of the mouth. Tragus short and curved
inwards above; at the base of the outer margin a small triangular
projection succeeded by a concavity ; and above this the outer margin
becomes very convex, the inner margin correspondingly concave.

Thumb short, with a short but acutely-pointed claw ; at the base of
the phalanx asmall callosity. Feet thick; toes short, about half the
6. VESPERUGO. 213

length of the foot. Wing-membranes attached to the ankles. Post-
calcaneal lobe large, semicircular, placed on the calcaneum at a dis-
tance from the tibia equal to the breadth of the foot. The last rudi-
mentary caudal vertebra free.

Fur, above and beneath, bright yellowish brown, the hairs paler
towards their bases.

Above, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as
far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-
jomt; the wing-membrane is covered nearly as far as a line drawn
from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint; the interfemoral
membrane is clothed nearly as far back as the middle of the tibia;
in front the inner side of the ear is covered with short fine hairs,
which also appear upon the tragus, and a few upon the reflected
outer margin of the conch; beneath, the wing-membrane is rather
thickly clothed as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-
joint ; and a broad band of fine short hairs passes outwards behind
the forearm to the carpus*. On the interfemoral membrane the fur
extends slightly further than upon the upper surface, but is much
shorter.

Inner upper incisor on each side unicuspidate in old individuals,
but in those just adult there is a second small cusp placed externally
and posteriorly near the extremity of the tooth; the outer incisor
short, its summit directed inwards towards the inner incisor, its base
nearly double the transverse diameter of that tooth, grooved and
hollowed out on the outer side so as to receive in the closed position
of the jaws the summit of the cusp of the lower canine (Plate XIII.
fig. 2a); lower incisors crowded, overlapping. First upper premolar
very small, in the inner angle between the closely approximated canine
and second premolar; last upper molar triangular in cross section,
equal to half the antepenultimate molar in diameter from before
backwards; the second lower premolar slightly higher than the first,
and about half the size of the canine (Plate XIII. fig. 2).

Hab. Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions, extending from
England to Japan, and from the Scandinavian Peninsula to Southern
Africa. In Europe generally distributed; in Asia extending from
Western Turkestan along the Himalayas and other mountain-ranges
to Ceylon, and through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Java;
in Africa recorded from the northern parts and from Mozambique,
it is probably widely distributed throughout the high lands of that
continent.

The distribution of this species is therefore very wide, and only
exceeded by that of the Serotine (V. serotinus).

(For measurements, see Table, p. 216.)

a. 9. ad., al. Cambridgeshire. Rev. L. Jenyns [P.].
b. 9 ad, al. Stuttgart. Dr. Giinther i ;
c,d. 2 ad., al. Spain. Lord Lilford [P. }.
e. skeleton. England. Purchased.

 

* See an excellent representation of this distribution of the fur upon the
wing-membrane of V. lasiopterus in Schreber, Siugethiere, i. pl. lviii. B.
214 VESPERTILIONIDE.

f-t. ad. sks. Europe.

J. ad. sk, Algiers. Purchased.

k. & ad, al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Vespertilio labiata, Hodgson.)

l, ad. sk. Ceylon. Zool. Soc. Coll.

m. ad. sk. Singapore. Purchased.

(Noctulinia malaccensis, Gray.)

np 6 & & ad., al.* Chefoo, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C. ]-

q-u. 6& @ al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
x,y. 9 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
z-d', skulls. Stuttgart. Dr. Giinther [P.].
e'. skeleton. Stuttgart. Dr. Giinther [P.].
J’. skull of j.

g'. skull. England. Mr. Yarrell’s Coll.
A’. skull. No history.

7’. skeleton. West Africa. Purchased.

Var. a (Vesperugo lasiopterus).

Vespertilio lasiopterus, Schreber, Stiugethiere, pl. lviii. B (1775).

Vespertilio molossus, Temm. Monogr. Mamma. ii. p. 269 (1840).

Vesperugo molossus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Séugeth. v. p. 788 (1855) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 639; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 90 (1876).

In form and colour of the fur almost quite similar to V. noctula, but
differing remarkably in its much greater size and in the extent of
hair upon the wings. Ears and tragus precisely as in /. noctula, but
very much larger, and the upper half of the surface of the eonch and
the flattened and reflected external margin thickly covered with erect
hairs; the glandular prominences of the muzzle are greatly deve-
loped, and are covered with long straight hairs, which also extend
along the lips (Plate XII. fig. 4).

The fur of the abdomen extends upon the wing-membrane very
densely as far as a line drawn from the knee to the elbow, and thence
outwards posterior to the forearm to the proximal fourth of the me-
tacarpal bone of the third finger; along the fifth metacarpal bone
the wing-membrane is covered for nearly one inch in breadth;
above and beneath, the interfemoral membrane is densely covered

* These specimens from Chefoo, although undoubtedly referable to this
species, differ from all other specimens I have ever seen in the following
respects :—The outer margin of the ear is very slightly folded backwards, the
tragus is larger, and the triangular lobe at the base of its outer margin very
acute. The prominences between the nostrils and eyes are much less developed,
and the inner margins of the nasal apertures project. Foot smaller and much
more slender; the postcalcaneal lobe triangular, not rounded behind. Fur
very dark brown, with shining tips throughout. Lower incisors smooth, not
trifid.

The completely ossified condition of the extremities of the finger-bones, and
the development of the pectoral teats, as well as the slightly worn condition of
the teeth, show that the specimens are quite adult.

Length, head and body 2'8, tail 2”, head 0-85, ear 0'65, tragus 0'"25,
breadth of tragus 0'"2, length of forearm 2”, thumb 0’°28, third finger 3’"65,
fifth finger 2", tibia 0'"75, foot 0'"4.
6. VESPERUGO. 215

with hair as far as the ond of the third caudal vertebra; above, the
Wwing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the knee to
the middle of the humerus.

Teeth as in V. noctula; the small first upper premolar often
absent.

Hab. Japan; China.

There can be little doubt that the excellent full-sized figures in
Schreber’s work, referred to above, were taken from this variety of
the Noctule. They correspond in all respects in measurements, and
could never have been intended to represent the common form of
V. noctula, which, indeed, is drawn of the natural size in plate li.

(For comparative measurements of V. noctula, V. lasiopterus, and
of V. leisleri, see Table, p. 216.)

a. fo ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

24, Vesperugo leisleri.

ven leisleri, Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk. 1819, Bd. i.
p. 47.
Vesperugo leisleri, Keys. & Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. p. 46; Fauna
eutschlands, p. 56, figs. 385, 86 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Astat.
Chiropt. p. 91 (1877).

Very similar to V. noctula, appearing on a superficial examination
to be but a small form of that species. It is, however, easily dis-
tinguished by the colour of the fur and by the relative size of the
inner and outer upper incisors.

In V. noctula the fur is unicoloured above and beneath, or the
colour of the hairs is slightly paler towards their bases, while in this
species the terminal one fourth of the hairs above is bright yellowish
brown, beneath light brown, the basal three fourths of the fur on
both surfaces dark brown. The outer incisor, also, in this species is
equal to the inner incisor in cross section at its base, but in V. noc-
tula it is double the size of the same tooth at its base. The lower
incisors stand in the direction of the jaws, in V. noctula they are
crowded and parallel.

Hab. Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, probably gene-
rally distributed throughout the warmer parts of the Palearctic
Region. Recorded from Ireland, England, France, Germany,
Middle Russia, and the Ural, extending also from Madeira and
the Azores through the Alps and other mountain-ranges to the
Himalayas.

a,b. 6 & Qad,al. Co. Armagh, Ireland. R. M. Barrington, Esq. [P.].

ce. ad. sk, Warwickshire, R. F. Tomes, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. sk. England. W. E. Leach, M.D. [P.].
e ¢o ad., al. Azores. F, Godman, Esq. ri

f. ad sk. Madeira. A. Hally, Esq. [P.].

g. skull of c.
216 VESPERTILIONID&.

Table showing comparative measurements of Vesperugo leisleri,
V. noctula, and V. lasiopterus.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

3

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sil. isl |B 218/14] 4].

S|2/2/8/2/8/2/8/8/2/8

ss

eo! || ac) see yas ‘ Sele !

B00] es) og || oR so) aohe Baik) dates,

ao

4
V. leisleri ....... esis 2°3/ 1:65) 0°7/0°6 | 0-2 | 15/025) 2°7| 1:8} 0°65 03
V. noctula ......c.c0- 3:0|}2-0 | 0:9} 0°75 0:25] 2:0; 0°3 | 3:7} 2:1] 0°75) 0-45
V. lasiopterus ...... 3-9 | 2-45) 11/09 |0°3 | 28/035 47} 3:0) 0-9 | 06

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25, Vesperugo stenopterus.

Vesperugo stenopterus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 470; Monogr, Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 91 (1876).

Crown of the head very slightly elevated, almost level with the
face-line; muzzle broad and flat; labial glandular prominences
largely developed, the upper lip symmetrically thickened. Ears
short, triangular; the distance between the base of the inner margin
and the termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth,
directly in a line below the eye, is equal to the distance from the
base of the inner margin to the summit of the ear; integument form-
ing the conch very thick, especially the lower half of the outer side ;
tragus short, broad above, narrow opposite the base of the inner
margin, with a triangular lobe at the base of the outer margin.

Thumb rather long; feet wholly free from the wing-membrane,
which is attached to the tibia a short distance above the ankle;
postcalcaneal lobe small; termination of calcaneum indistinct; tip
of tail free (Plate XIII. fig. 1).

Fur very short, dark brown throughout; integument and mem-
branes dark brown or black.

The muzzle in front of the eyes, both above and beneath, is almos
naked; the ear-conch has some short hairs upon the upper portiort
On the dorsal surface the base of the interfemoral alone is covered,
and the fur of the body extends upon the interfemoral membrane
along the sides of the body only; beneath, the antebrachial mem-
brane has a few hairs; the wing-membrane is covered as far as a
line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and a band of short
hairs passes outwards to the carpus posterior to the forearm; the
legs and feet appear quite naked.
6. VESPERUGO. 217

Upper inner incisor, on each side, directed very obliquely for-
wards, with a second cusp placed posteriorly and externally near its
extremity ; outer incisor small, triangular, unicuspidate, parallel
and close to the outer side of the base of the inner incisor, the
cingulum of which it but slightly exceeds in vertical extent; second
premolar separated hy a narrow space (wider in immature speci-
mens), through which with difficulty the small internal first pre-
molar may be seen ; lower incisors crowded in immature specimens*,
the sides overlapping; in adults placed in the direction of the jaws,
the central and the middle incisor on each side very broad in trans-
verse and narrow in antero-posterior diameter, trifid; the outer
incisors conspicuously larger than the others, and much exceeding
them in antero-posterior diameter t; lower premolars equal in vertical
extent, but the first is in cross section at the base nearly twice
the diameter of the second.

Length, head and body 2''°35, tail 1-7, head 0''-75, ear 0'°6 x
0'"4, tragus 0':23x0'"15, forearm 1'55, thumb 0'°32; third
finger—metacarp. 1'°5, Ist ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'"7; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1'48, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"3; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-3, Ist ph. 0':28, 2nd ph. 0'':2; tibia 0:55, foot 0°45.

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).

In this species the fourth and fifth fingers, compared with the
third, are relatively shorter than in any other species of the genus ;
and as the wing-membrane extends only to the distal third of the
tibia, the wings are remarkably narrow.

a. ¢ ad., al. (type). Sarawak. Mr. Everett [C.].
b. gd imm,, al. Sarawak. Mr. Everett [C.

26. Vesperugo imbricatus.

Vespertilio imbricatus, Horsfield, Zoolog. Researches in Java (1824).

Vespertilio macrotis, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 218 (1835—
41).

Vesperugo imbricatus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 93 (1876).

Ears as long as the head or slightly longer, broadly rounded off
above; the basal lobe of the inner margin rounded, the ascending
portion slightly convex ; the upper third of the outer margin flat-
tened, the middle third slightly convex, faintly emarginate opposite
the base of the tragus, and terminating close to the angle of the
mouth in a distinct lobe. The tragus is peculiarly shaped and
characteristic of this species; in general form regularly cresceut-
shaped, with a large triangular projection at the base of its outer
margin; the inner margin is regularly and rather deeply concave,

* The original description of the teeth of this species was taken from an
immature specimen in the collection. Ae a

+ Blasius (Fauna Deutschlands) makes use of the position of the lower inci-
sors in the jaw as one of the most important characters in distinguishing
species. The different arrangement, however, of these teeth in immature and
adult. specimens of /. stenopterus, noted above, throws much doubt on the
walue of this character in other species.
218 VESPERTILIONID,

the outer margin correspondingly convex, meeting the inner margin
at an acute point directed inwards, forming the superior cornu of
the crescent. The tragus reaches its greatest width slightly below
the middle of the inner margin. Glandular prominences between
the eyes and nostrils well developed, causing a slight hollow on the
muzzle above. ;

Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe small, indi-
stinct; tip of tail projecting; toes rather more than half the length
of the foot, armed with feeble claws.

The distribution of the fur upon the wing- and interfemoral
membranes is similar to that in V. abramus.

Above dark brown; beneath similar, with slightly ashy tips.

Upper inner incisors long, bifid, slanting considerably inwards ;
outer incisors unicuspidate, acutely pointed, half the length of the
inner incisors, but less than half their transverse diameter.

Lower incisors slightly crowded, equal in size, and distinctly tri-
fid. Second upper premolar very close to the canine; first upper
premolar very small, its summit scarcely elevated above the gum,
crushed in between the canine and second premolar, and not visible
from without. First lower premolar acutely pointed, equal to three
fourths the second premolar ; second premolar nearly equal to the
canine in vertical extent.

Length (of a 2 specimen in alcohol), head and body 1’°8, tail
1-5, head 0°55, ear 0':6, tragus 0:22 012, forearm 1'':35,
thumb 0:28, third finger 2'3, fifth finger 1-75, tibia 0''-55, foot
0"-25.

Hab. Malay Peninsula (Malacca) ; Java.

a. ad. sk., in al. Malacca.
b. oad, al. Purchased.

27. Vesperugo maurus.

Vesperugo maurus, Blasius, Wiegm. Archiv, 1853, p. 35; Fauna
Deutschl. p. 67, figs. 43, 44 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 99, figs. a, 6 (1876).

Scotophilus darwini, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 70.

Vesperugo mordax, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1866, p. 402.

Vesperugo pulveratus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 617.

Pipistrellus austenianus, Dobson, P. A, S. B. 1871, p. 213.

Muzzle broad and flat above, the glandular prominences on each
side well developed, increasing the width of the muzzle; nasal ori-
fices opening almost on a level with the front surface of the muzzle,
without intervening emargination. Ears broad, triangular, broadly
rounded off above; the outer margin straight above for nearly half
its length, then slightly convex to the base, terminating midway
between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth ina
small lobe; tragus broad, reaching its greatest breadth above the
middle of the inner margin, at the base of the outer margin a distinct
triangular lobule, succeeded above, immediately below the middle
6. VESPERUGO. 219

of the outer margin, by a second but very small projection, indistinct
m some specimens ; inner margin straight, outer margin parallel to
the inner margin, conyex above.

Toes about half the length of the whole foot; last caudal ver-
tebra free, or the last and half the antepenultimate vertebra free,
fe eed in the smaller specimens of this species from higher lati-
des.

The fur of the body is rather long and dense. In front it ex-
tends forwards upon the face as far as a line drawn between the
eyes ; behind, it projects over the base of the interfemoral mem-
brane, but does not extend upon it; laterally it covers a very nar-
row portion of the wing-membrane, above and beneath, along the
sides of the body. The interfemoral membrane is naked above,
with the exception of a few fine and almost invisible hairs placed
along the first and second vertebra ; beneath, it is covered for more
than two thirds its extent with short greyish hairs, thickest at the
root of the tail.

Above and beneath deep black or very dark brown, the extreme
tips of the hairs on the posterior half of the back greyish, so that
the fur here appears minutely powdered over with white; beneath,
the tips of all the hairs are greyish. Cutaneous system black; the
nose, ears, and naked glandular prominences of the upper lip are
intensely black.

Upper incisors nearly equal in length; the inner incisor on each
side bifid, its outer and shorter cusp directed slightly backwards,
and in a plane posterior to the outer incisor, which equals or some-
what exceeds it in vertical extent; lower incisors crowded, over-
lapping ; first upper premolar small, quite internal to the tooth-row,
in the small northern forms not visible, but in the larger animals
from Southern Asia visible from without; second premolar close to
the canine.

Length, head and body 1'"9, tail 1'"3, tail free from membrane
0-12, ear 0-62, tragus 0':23, forearm- 1°35, thumb 0'°25, third
finger 2''-2, fifth finger 1'-6, tibia 0’°55, foot 0'°3.

Specimens from India and Java are conspicuously larger, and
have forearms and tails 1-6 long; the extremities of the tails also
do not project so much as in the smaller examples of this species
from higher latitudes. (See my remarks on this species in Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 101.)

Hab. The Palearctic and Oriental Regions, extending from the
Canary Islands (Palma, Teneriffe) and Middle Europe (Switzerland,
the Tyrol) to China (Pekin, Amoy, Cochin China), India (Khasia
Hills), and the Malay Archipelago (Java).

: d., al. Palma. Rev. R. T. Lowe [P.].
ony eee (Type of Scotophilus darwint, Tomes.
b. dad, al. Teneriffe. Cambridge Museum.
ce. ad. sk. Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].

(Type of Vesperugo pulveratus, Peters.)
d. skull. Deccan, India.
220 VESPERTILIONID.E,

28. Vesperugo affinis,

Pipistrellus affinis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 218.
Vesperugo affinis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 102, tigs, a, b
(1876).

Head flat ; glands of the upper lip so developed as to cause a deep
depression between them on the face behind the nostrils. Measured
from behind, the ears are as broad as long; their inner margins are
convex, and the tips broadly rounded; the outer margin of the ear
extends from the tip to its termination near the angle of the mouth
without emargination, and without forming a lobe of any kind; from
the angle of the mouth it is separated by a small wart covered with
long hairs. The tragus is of the shape so common in the species of
this subgenus; its inner margin is straight, its outer convex upwards;
and at its base the usual small triangular lobe is placed. The
nostrils open sublaterally ; and in the centre of the slightly emargi-
nate space between them a narrow ridge passes down to the upper
lip, as in the greater number of species of the section of the genus
to which this belongs.

The wing-membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe, which
is shorter than the others. The tail is long, of nine vertebre, the
last free. The feet are small, the toes slender and almost naked.

Above, the fur of the head extends upon the face, above the eyes,
as far as the glandular prominences of the upper lip; the remaining
parts of the face are almost naked; anteriorly the ear-conch has a
few fine scattered hairs ; posteriorly about half the posterior surface
from the base upwards is densely covered. The distribution of the
fur upon the wing-membranes is very limited on the upper surface,
being confined to a narrow space along the sides of the body;
beneath, its extent is greater, and a few fine greyish hairs are ranged
along parallel lines nearly as far outwards as a line joining the elbow-
and knee-joints. The fur of the body does not extend upon the in-
terfemoral membrane, which has but a few almost invisible hairs
scattered over the anterior half of the upper surface, and is covered
beneath by very fine short greyish hairs, arising from the dots on the
transverse dotted lines.

On the upper surface chocolate-brown, lighter on the head and
neck ; beneath, dark brown, with light brown or ashy tips; on the
pubes and along the thighs dirty white or very pale buff.

Incisors nearly equal in vertical extent ; outer incisors acutely
pointed ; first upper premolar minute, acutely pointed, placed inside
the line of teeth and not distinguishable from without.

The single specimen, an adult female preserved in spirit, from
which the above description is taken was obtained by Dr. Anderson
at an elevation of about 4500 feet, at Bhamo, Yunan.

Length, head and body 19, tail 1-65, head 0"-75, ear 0'°6,
tragus 0'°25, forearm 1'°55, thumb 0:25, third finger 2-8, fifth
finger 2”, tibia 0'"6, foot 03.

Hab. Bhamo, Yunan.

This species is closely allied to 7”. maurus, which it resembles in
6. VESPERUGO. 221

dentition aud in the free last caudal vertebra; but it is readily dis-
tinguished by the straight outer margin of the ear-conch, by the
colour and distribution of the fur, and by the large number of caudal
vertebrae.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,

29. Vesperugo circumdatus.

Vespertilio circumdatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 214
(1835-41).

Vesperugo circumdatus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 738
(1855).

Ears shorter than the bead, obtuse, rounded off above; the inner
margin of the conch very convex in the lower half, straight in
upper, upper third of the outer margin concave beneath the obtuse
extremity, then convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus,
terminating in a convex lobe, the upper margin of which is not
notched; the tragus reaches its greatest width about the middle of
its inner margin, then sloping inwards to form with the inner
margin an acute angle; inner margin slightly concave, a rounded
lobule at the base of the outer margin; nostrils scarcely projecting,
opening sublaterally with a concave space between.

Wings from the base of the toes; no postcalcaneal lobe; half the
last caudal vertebra free.

The fur is very peculiar and characteristic of the species. Above,
intensely black, the extremities of some of the hairs bright ferrugi-
nous, more apparent by reflected light; beneath, dull black; the ex-
tremities of most of the hairs shining greyish or ashy; fur very long
and very dense, extending upon the face in front of the eyes, leaving
the terminal third of the muzzle half naked; the base of the ears
behind covered, a small tuft of hairs in front of the base of the
tragus. Wings almost naked, no band of hairs posterior to the fore-
arm; the basal third of the upper surface of the interfemoral mem-
brane with rather short black hairs; legs naked.

Integument black. Temminck mentions that the black ears are
margined by white, but I have not observed the white border in the
type in the Leyden Museum ; it is probably more apparent in recent
specimens. : ; ta

Upper incisors like those of the Serotine; the inner incisors long
and strong, faintly bifid at their extremities; the outer incisor on
each side very small, close to the outer and anterior part of the base
of the inner incisor, with a weak oblique cusp ; first upper premolar
very small, in the inner angle between the closely approximated
canine and second premolar; lower incisors at right angles to the
direction of the jaws. ;

Skull slightly vaulted and raised above the face-line ; a rather
deep longitudinal groove in the frontal, with prominent but short
and blunt postorbital processes. :

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2’°4, tail
222 VESPERTILIONID.E.

13, ear 0'°5, tragus 0'"22, forearm 1:5, thumb 0'"2, third finger
3”, fifth finger 1'-85, tibia 0'°5, foot 0"-4.

Hab. Peninsula of India; Java.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

V. circwndatus may be at once distinguished from all the nearly
allied species of this genus by the intensely black colour of the fur,
similar black fur being present in a few other species only of Ves-
pertilionide.

a. ad. sk. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

30. Vesperugo indicus.

About the size of large specimens of V. maurus, which it resem-
bles also in the form of the head and ears.

Fars short, triangular; the outer margin of the ear-conch straight
almost from the tip to its termination at a short distance behind the
angle of the mouth ; tragus broad, with a straight inner and almost
evenly convex outer margin, at the base of which there is a distinct
triangular lobe; muzzle broad in front, the margins of the nostrils
scarcely projecting.

Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe well deve-
loped, semicircular; the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.

Fur dark reddish brown above and beneath, the extremities of the
fur beneath slightly paler. The wing and interfemoral are clothed
only along the sides of the body. Ears and membranes dark brown
or black.

The upper incisors are very similar to those of V. noctula; the
inner incisor on each side is bifid at its extremity, and is exceeded
in cross section at the base by the outer incisor, which has an
oblique internal cusp not equalling the outer cusp of the inner in-
cisor in vertical extent; the outer side of the outer incisor is hol-
lowed out to receive the extremity of the lower canine when the
jaws are closed; first upper premolar quite internal to the tooth-
row, not visible from without; the second upper premolar almost
touching the canine; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws.

Length (of an adult ¢ ), head and body 2'"1, tail 1-7, head 0-65,
ear 0'"6, tragus 0°25, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0'"28, third finger 2"-7,
fifth finger 1'9, tibia 0'55, foot 0'-35.

Hab. India (Mangalore, Malabar coast; Madras).

Two specimens of this species, an adult and an immature male,
were sent to the writer from Mangalore by Dr. A. F. Dobson. The
immature specimen still retains the milk dentition, but the forearm
measures 1:3 inch, more than that of adult individuals of V.
abramus from the same locality.

V. ceylonicus, Kelaart (Prodr. Faun Zeylanice, p. 22), may be
identical with this species, as the description and most of the mea-
suremonts correspond closely; but the outer upper incisors are
described as having two or three cusps, and the length of the tibia
6. VESPERUGO. 223

is given as 0°7 inch. As the type appears to have been lost, it
18 now impossible to recognise Kelaart’s species with certainty.

a. $ imm,, al. Mangalore. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
b. ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].

31. Vesperugo brachypterus.

eis brachypterus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 215,
pl. 53. figs. 5,6; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 744.
Vesperugo brachypterus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 92 (1877).

Head flat ; muzzle broad, obtuse; glandular prominences smooth,
rounded, naked; ears triangular, rounded off evenly above, the
outer margin straight, the distance between the bases of the inner
and the outer margins less than the distance between the base of
the inner margin and the summit of the ear; the tragus reaches its
greatest breadth opposite the base of its inner margin, thence nar-
rower upwards and inwards, obtusely pointed and inclined inwards.

Wing-membrane from the ankle or tarsus; extremity of the tail
scarcely projecting.

Fur short, on the upper surface scarcely extending to the mem-
branes; beneath, covering the wing-membrane thinly as far as a
line drawn from the elbow to the distal third of thefemur. Above,
dark brown; beneath, reddish brown with a yellowish tinge.

Inner upper incisors long, with a second cusp placed posteriorly
and externally ; outer incisor on each side not equal in length to
the outer cusp of the inner incisor, and in transverse section in the
middle not equal to one third the inner incisor; lower incisors next
canines larger than the others, middle incisors slightly overlapped by
the outer edges of the inner incisors; first lower premolar slightly
longer, and in transverse diameter nearly double the second, also
nearly equal to the lower canine in vertical extent ; second upper
premolar separated from the canine by a rather wide'space, through
which the small internal first premolar is distinctly<visible.

Length, head and body 2’1, tail 1-2, head 0"-7,ear 0'"-55, base
of the inner margin to summit of ear-conch 0°33, tragus 0'"2, fore-
arm 1-5, thumb 0'"3, tibia 0'"55, foot 0-4.

The above measurements have been taken from a specimen in the
Berlin Museum, which does not appear quite adult; the measure-
ments of the short wings have therefore been omitted.

Hab. Java, Sumatra, Banca.

32. Vesperugo pipistrellus.

Vespertilio pipistrellus, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 167, pl. 54 (1775);
Eraleb. Syst. Regne Anim. p. 148 (1777); Gmel. Linn. Syst.
Natur. p. 48 (1788); Geoffroy, Descript. de V Egypte, ii, p. 116
(1812); Kuhl, Wetter. Ann. iv. p.53 (1817 ); Desmarest, Mammal,
p- 189 (1820) ; Jenyns, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 163; Bell's Brit.
Quadr. p. 31 (1887); Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Temminck, Monogr.
Mami. ii. p. 194, pl. 48 (1840). ,

Vespertilio pygmezeus, Leach, Zool. Journ. i. p. 560 (1825); Bell,
British Quadrupeds, p. 31 (with a woodcut) iss).
224 VESPERTILIONID.A.

Scotophilus murinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 497 (1888).

Vespertilio lacteus, Temminck, l. c. p. 245.

Vesperugo pipistrellus, Keys. & Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 321;
Wirbelth. Europ. p. 49 (1840); Fauna Deutschl. p. 61, figs. 39,
40 (1857); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. p. 730 (1855) ; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 95 (1876).

Kerivoula grisea, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Mist. x. p. 258 (1842).

Muzzle obtuse, glandular prominences well developed, causing a
considerable depression between them and the crown of the head,
not easily perceived, however, in the living animal, owing to the
length of the fur in this situation; the nostrils open almost directly
forwards. Lars broadly triangular, rounded at the tips; a concavity,
occupying rather more than one third of the upper part of the outer
margin, commences beneath the broadly rounded summit of the ear;
the outer side then becomes abruptly convex, again slightly concave
opposite the base of the tragus, and terminates in a convexity which
supports about the middle a small rounded lobe directed upwards.
The tragus is rounded off towards the inner margin above, the outer
margin convex and sloping inwards in its upper third, the inner
margin straight or slightly concave ; the outer margin has a trian-
gular lobule above the base, not succeeded by an emargination, and
then becomes parallel to the inner margin.

Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe
well developed, rounded, placed on the caleaneum at a distance
from the end of the tibia equal to half the length of the foot; last
rudimentary caudal vertebra free.

The head and face, as far as the glandular prominences of the
muzzle, are densely covered with hair; in front the muzzle is
clothed with short fur, interspersed with a few long straight hairs.
The body is densely covered with rather long fur, black at the base
and for half the length of the hairs, the remaining half light brown,
or, in specimens inhabiting sandy districts, ashy, causing the fur to
appear almost white throughout; beneath, about three fourths of
the length of the hairs is black, the remaining part to the tips more
or less ashy, sometimes with a yellowish or canary-colour tinge,
especially during the breeding-season; in others the colour of the
fur beneath scarcely differs from that above.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends thickly upon
the wing-membrane as far as a line joining the middle of the
humerus and the knee-joint ; on the interfemoral it extends nearly
as far as a line drawn between the ankles when the tail and inter-
femoral membrane are extended; beneath, the wing-membrane is
covered as far as a line joining the elbow- and knee-joints ; the fur
of the body passes upon the interfemoral at the root of the tail
only and along the inner sides of the thighs, about half the remain-
ing portion is covered with very fine short hairs, extending prin-
cipally along the tail.

The upper incisor on each side is long and bifid, the lesser cusp
external ; the outer incisor as long or slightly longer than the outer
cusp of the inner incisor in fully adult individuals; in older specimens
GO. VESPERUGO, 225

the point becomes worn or the inner incisor grows longer, and it is
then slightly or considerably shorter. The length of this incisor,
however, is variable within a short compass; and I have found it in
the same individual shorter than the outer cusp of the inner incisor
on one side of the mouth, and longer than it on the other. Lower
incisors very slightly crowded, in the direction of the jaws. The
second upper premolar is separated by a small space from the canine,
and through this interval the summit of the small internal first
premolar is visible, which is larger than in V. abramus.

Length, head and body 1-65, tail 1:4, head 0'°55, ear 0°45,
tragus 0'"22, forearm 1-25, thumb 0'°22, third finger 2’1, fifth
finger 1':55, tibia 0'°45, foot 0'-22.

Hab. The Palearctic Region, apparently generally distributed.

V. lacteus, Temminck, which I have identified with this species,
was founded on two specimens from an unknown locality, which
the describer thought was probably South America, as they were
discovered in a coliection made in that region. These specimens,
which are preserved in the collection of the Leyden Museum, agree
in all respects in structure and in the colour of the fur with speci-
mens of V. pipistrellus from the sandy deserts of Eastern Turkestan ;
and it is probable that this species has always very pale-coloured
fur when inhabiting dry sandy districts, as has been observed under
similar conditions in other species of Bats, as in V. kuhlii and V.
serotinus. The same remarks apply to Kerivoula grisea, Gray (also
from unknown locality), which I cannot distinguish from this
species.

a. Q juv.,al. Surbiton. Dr. Giinther [P. }.

b. & ad., al. England. Purchased.

ec. ad., al. Netley, Hampshire. G.E. Dobson, M.B.[P.].

d. imm. sk. Dartmoor. W. E. Leach, M.D.|P. |.
(Type of Vespertilio pygmaeus, Leach.)

e. fo ad., al. Co. Longford, Ireland. G.E. Dobson, M.B.{P.].

J. ad. sk. Europe. Leyden Museum [P.].

g. ad. sk. Hamburg. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

A-k. 6 & Gad.,al. Bonn. Dr. Giinther pt

Lm. 6 & Q ad.,al. Tibingen. Dr. Giinther [ P. ].

n,o. & ad., al. Berlin. Dr. Giinther [P.].

p. & ad., al. Transylvania. Messrs. Danford &

gq. & ad, al. Sicily. Browne [P.].

r. o juyv., al. Sicily. ,

s,t. 6&Qad., al. Malta. eee Feilden Ok

u. ad. sk. Madeira. O. Blewitt, Esq. [P.}.

vw. bd & Pad. ? Gaboon. Purchased.

z-a'. 6&P ad., al. No history.

b'. ad. sk. Zool. Soe. Coll.

ce. 9 ad, al. Purchased.

d’. © ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

e’. ad. sk.

Si. Q juv,, al. ; ; :

g. & imm., al. (Type of Kerivoula grisea, Gray.

A’, skull. England. Mr. Yarrell’s Collection.

v,7'. skulls. Berlin. Dr. Giinther [P.].

k'-n'. skeletons. England. Purchased.

Q
226 VESPERTILIONID &.

33. Vesperugo tenuis.

Vespertilio tenuis, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 229, pl. 57. figs. 5-7
(1835-41).

Vesperugo tenuis, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 740 (1856) ;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 98 (1876).

Ears smaller than those of V. pipistrellus ; tragus rather broad
and short, attaining its greatest breadth slightly below the middle
of the inner margin; muzzle broad and conical, nearly naked.

Feet rather large ; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal
lobe distinct, not deep ; extreme tip of the tail projecting.

Upper inner incisors sloping considerably inwards and forwards,
bifid at the extremity, the outer incisor on each side slender and
shorter than the outer cusp of the inner incisor; lower incisors not
crowded, in the direction of the jaw; second upper premolar sepa-
rated by a small interval from the canine; the first small internal
premolar almost concealed by the canine.

Length, head and body 1'65, tail 1”, head 0'°55, ear 0°42,
tragus 0''18, forearm 1°15, thumb 0°28, third finger 2”, fifth
finger 1'-5, tibia 0'"5, foot 0''-25.

Hab. Sumatra, Java, Bornco.

34. Vesperugo abramus.

Vespertilio imbricatus, Temm. (non Horsfield) Monogr. Mammal. ii.
p. 216, pl. 54; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stéiugeth. v. p. 738 (1855).
Vespertilio abramus, Temm. l. c. p. 232, pl. 58; Wagner, l.c. p. 739.

Scotophilus javanicus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 498 (1838).

Scotophilus coromandra, Gray, J. ¢.

Vesperugo nathusii, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 320;
Blasius, Fauna Deutschlands, p. 58, figs. 37, 88 (1857).

Vespertilio coromandelicus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. p. 159 (1855),

Vesperugo blythii, Wagner, op. cit. p. 742 (1855).

Scotophilus coromandelicus, Horsfield, A. § M. N. H. 1855, p. 5.

Scotophilus pumiloides, Tomes, P. ZS. 1857, p. 51.

Vespertilio coromandelicus, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 539.

Pipistrellus coromandelicus, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 461.

VeRpeneS ae et micropus (Hutton), Peters, P. Z. S. 1872,

. 107, 708.
Maerase abramus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat, Chiroptera, p.97 (1876).

Muzzle obtuse, more so than in PV. pipistrellus, glandular pro-
minences on the sides large, rounded, adding more to the width
than to the depth of the muzzle, and causing a furrow between
them and the crown of the head. Lars triangular, as in V. pipis-
trellus; but the outer margin is straight or very slightly concave,
and the tragus is somewhat shorter, and its inner margin rather
more concave.

Feet small: wing-membrane attached to the base of the toes;
postcalcaneal lobe distinct, rounded ; last rudimentary caudal ver-
tebra free.

The head, and face between the eyes, are densely covered with
moderately long fur, while the space in front of the ears, about the
6. VESPERUGO. 29

eyes, and the extremity of the muzzle generally are almost naked.
Laterally, the fur of the body covers only the proximal third of the
humerus and half the femur, and its extent upon the wing-mem-
brane is limited to a narrow portion along the sides of the body;
beneath, the humerus and femur are similarly covered, but a wider
portion of wing-membrane is occupied, the fur extending as far as
a line drawn from the elbow to the knec-joint. The upper surface
of the interfemoral is covered as far as the end of the third caudal
vertebra ; beneath, the fur of the abdomen covers the root of the
tail only, the remaining portion is clothed with very short thinly
spread hair.

Above, dark brown, the hair tipped with light yellowish brown,
on the head, face, and neck wholly yellowish brown ; beneath, soot-
brown, the extremities of the hairs much paler than upon the upper
surface.

Upper inner incisors long and bifid, the external cusp placed
slightly posteriorly ; the outer incisor on each side slightly exceeding
the outer cusp of the inner incisor in length. Lower incisors not
crowded. The second upper premolar separated by a slight interval
from the canine, through which the summit of the small first pre-
molar may he seen.

Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1''8,
tail 1-5, head 0'65, ear 0'°5, tragus 0'°23, forearm 1'°35, thumb
0''-25, third finger 2''-45, fifth finger 1'-75, tibia 0'"5, foot 0'-3.

Hab. Apparently generally distributed throughout the Oriental
Region, extending from India through Burma and China to Southern
Japan and the islands of the Malay Archipelago, also to the
northern part of the Australian Region (Celebes, New Guinea,
North Australia). Found during the summer months in the Pale-
arctic Region throughout Middle Europe (Blasius) from the Rhine to
Southern Russia, and from Northern Germany to the Mediterranean,
even extending into Sweden (Nilsson).

This species was long known as Vesperugo imbricatus; but the
type of that species is (as I have satisfied myself hy direct com-
parison of the type specimen in the Museum of the East India
Company) an example of the same species described by Temminck
under the name of V. macrotis, which consequently becomes a
synonym of V. imbricatus. From Blasius’s descriptions and figures
of V. nathusii, I have no hesitation in referring it to this species,
which evidently migrates northward during the summer months, as
it has never been taken in Europe in winter. ;

V. abramus is probably the most common species of Bat in the
Oriental Region, where it takes the place of our Pipistrelle (Vv.
pipistrellus). From that species it is easily distinguished by the
absence of the deep emargination in the upper half of the outer side
of the ear, by the relative lengths of the upper incisors, by its
somewhat larger size, and by the extraordinary length of the penis,
which, in proportion to the size of the animal, is much greater than
in any other species of Bat. This appears to be mainly due to the

great development of the prepuce. :
a
228 VESPERTILIONID 2.

ab 3 & 9 ad, al. China. Rev. G. Vachell [P.].
ce. ad. sk. China. John Gould, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Vespertilio pumiloides, Tomes.)
d. & ad.sk. China. John Gould, Esq. [C.].
e. fo ad, al. Chefoo. R. Swinhoe, Esq. te ;
fig && & ad, al. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
hyi. 2 ad, al. Camboja. M. Mouhot Pol
jy oad, al. Hong Kong. J. Bowring, Esq te ;
k. fo ad, al. ? China. J. Bowring, Esq. [C. }.
l. Q ad., al. ? China. J. Bowring, Esq. [C.].
m,n. & ad. sk. Japan. Purchased,
o. ad. sk. Japan.
DP, q- ad. sks. India. E. 1. Company [P.].
r, ad. sk. ? Calcutta (with MS. note from Blyth).
s. ad. sk. ? India. Capt. Tytler [P.].
t-d'. 6 & Q im.etad.,al. Nipal. B. LH. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Labelled Scotophilus fuliginosus, Flodgson.)
ef. 9 ad., al. Darjiling. FE. Blyth, Esq. [P.].
gv. 6 & @ ad, al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
Jj. imm. sk. Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.].
k',U. $&Q juy. etad.,al. Ceylon. Purchased.
m'. 9 ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
n', 3 imm., al, Ceylon. Purchased.
o'”. @ imm.,, al. Ceylon. Purchased.
p'. & imm., al, Car-Nicobar Island. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].
q'-s'. 6 & Q juv,, al. Ceylon. Purchased.
v,u'’. 3 imm.,, al. Singapore. Dr. Meyer [C.].
v'. ad, sk. ? Java. E. I. Company [P.]. °
tw’, ad. sk, ? Java. (Labelled “ Lowo-manir.”).
w'. do ad., al. Philippine Islands. H. G. Veitch, Esq. [P.].
y'. 3d ad., al. North Celebes. Dr. Meyer [C.].
(Var. differing slightly in the form and position of upper incisors.)
z'. ad. sk. Macassar.

(Labelled Scotophilus nitidus, Tomes, ? type.)
a",b", 6 & & ad, al. New Guinea, south Dr. Comrie [C.].
of Huon Gulf.

c',d". 6 & P ad, al. Australia. Earl of Derby.

e"'. f& ad, al. Zanzibar.

f". ad. sk. Purchased.

g’. imm. sk. Zool. Soe. Coll.

A”, Q imm., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
2”, ad. sk. Purchased.

J’. Q imm., al. Old Collection.

ki’, 0". 9 ad., al. Purchased.

m". skeleton. Formosa.

 

VESPERUGO UESPERUS.

Scotophilus hesperus, Allen, Monogr. Bats of North America, p. 43, figs. 38,
39 (head and ear) (1864).

The following is Dr. Allen’s description of this species, the type of which I
have not seen, and of which no specimens, so far as I know, have been received
in any of the European Museums :—

“ Diminutive. Head small, flat; face blunt and stout, not hairy. Tragus
short, blunt, slightly concave on inner, convex on outer border, causing it to
incurve. Thumb small; nail dull and minute; foot very small; wing-mem-
brane attached to base of toes. Interfemoral membrane ample. A small ex-
calcaneal lobe of membrane, the termination of caleaneum blending with the
membrane. The tip of the tail is not exserted. Body rather slender.
6. VESPERUGO. 229

Var. a.

Vespertilio irretitus, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 481 (1842),

Vespertilio meyeni, Waterhouse, P. Z.'S. 1845, p. 7; Ann. & Mag.
at. Hist. xvi. p. 53.

Vesperugo irretitus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 98 (1876).

Ear-conch as in typical specimens of V. abramus, but the tragus
is more narrowed above, slightly smaller, and the lobule near the
base of its outer margin is less distinct. The head is also distinctly
broader, and more elevated above the face-line, and this breadth of
the head causes the muzzle to appear triangular; the glandular
prominences are well developed, but occupy chiefly the sides of the
muzzle and the upper lip, which is considerably thickened, and do not
cause a depression on the upper surface.

Thumb and feet considerably larger than in V. abramus ; post-
calcaneal lobe narrower and longer, commencing close to the feet.

Incisors as in typical specimens of 7’. abramus, but the first
upper premolar is longer, and placed quite internal to the canine, so
that, although the second premolar is separated from the canine by
a small space, the first premolar can scarcely be seen from without.

Length, head and body 1'':55, tail 1-2, head 0'"55, ear 0''-48,
tragus 0''-22, forearm 13, thumb 0'':3, third finger 2”, fifth finger
1''5, tibia 0'°45, foot 0'28,

Hab. Chusan, east coast of China; Philippine Islands.

a,b. 6 &  ad., al. (type). Chusan. Dr. Cantor [P.].
og. 6 & Pad, al, Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll:
(Types of Vespertilio meyeni, Waterhouse.)

 

‘<The fur is somewhat scanty; it is thickest on the back, where it is of an
obscure dirty grey, blending in some individuals to a brownish colour, that in
front being thinner and of a lighter hue. The main bulk of the fur is of a
dark plumbeous, the above-mentioned colours constituting the tips only.

“‘ Upper Jaw.—The incisors, both central and lateral, unicuspid and of equal
length ; the canines moderately developed; the first premolar is very small,
wedged in between the canine and the second premolar, which is large, as in
other species of Scotophilus (Vesperugo) ; the molars as usual.

“ Lower Jaw.—The incisors and canines not peculiar; the premolars two in
number ; the first is small and is unicuspid, the second larger with an obscure
basal cusp. ‘The skull is eminently Scotophiloid, being flat and broad.

“Length, head and body 1-35, tail 1”, forearm 1’"1, tibia 0'-45, third finger
1-7, ear (posteriorly) 0'"3. ;

“This Bat resembles the S. pipistrellus of Europe in the contour of the head,
the shape of the ear and tragus, the smallness and shape of the thumb and nail,
the character of the interfemoral membrane, and in the style of colouring.
The greater part of the fur in both is of dark plumbeous, the tip alone being of
a hue at variance with it. These tips in 9S. hesperus are brownish grey and
fawn, in S. pipistrellus being a rich olive-brown.” ;

The above description agrees very well with a specimen of a Bat from the
Straits of Juan da Fuca (Vancouver's Island), which is preserved in the collec-
tion of the Haslar Museum near Portsmouth, and which appears to me to be
identical with V. abramus; but I hesitate to accord to the latter species 80 wide
a distribution on the evidence of a single species, though it is highly probable
that, as the Serotine is found also in America, this species, which has so wide a
distribution in the eastern hemisphere, may also extend into the New World,
230 VESPERTILIONID&.

35. Vesperugo kuhlii.

Vespertilio kuhlii, Natt. in Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Wetterau. Ann.
iv. p. 58 (1817) ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 140 (1820); Temm.
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 196 (1835-41).

Vespertilio marginatus, Riippell, Atlas, Voy. Egypt, p. 74 (1826);
Temm. 1. c. p. 20], pl. 52.

Vespertilio albolimbatus, Kuster, Isis, 1835, p. 75.

Romicia calcarata, Gray, Mag. Zool. §& Bot. ii. p. 495,

Vespertilio vispipistrellus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. fasc. xx.

Vesperugo kuhlii, Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 63, figs. 41, 42 (1857) ;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 94, fig. a (1876),

Nycticejus canus, Blyth, Cat. Mammal. Mus, As. Soe. Beng. p. 32;
Jerdon, Mammals of India.

Scotophilus lobatus, Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p, 85 (1867).
Vesperugo leucotis, Dobson, J. A. S, B. 1872, p. 212.

Ears larger than in V. abramus, triangular; base of the inner
margin very convex forwards, tip of the ear obtusely rounded off,
outer margin flatly emarginate above for more than one third its
length, causing the tip to project slightly, the lower two thirds
slightly convex, the edge reflected backwards, terminating at a -
short distance behind the angle of the mouth. Tragus larger than
in V. abramus, attaining its greatest breadth slightly below the
middle of the inner margin; the triangular lobule above the base of
the outer margin is succeeded by a slight concavity, above which
the outer margin reaches its greatest convexity ; the inner margin
is straight, and the tip is obtusely rounded off from without in-
wards.

Wings from the base of the toes; feet small; caleaneum very
long; postcalcaneal lobe distinct, rounded; extreme tip of tail
free. The posterior edge of the interfemoral and wing-membranes
generally margined with white; membranes and ears dark.

On the upper surface the fur extends upon the wing-membrane
as far as a linedrawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-
joint ; posteriorly, about one third of the interfemoral membrane is
covered. Beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered nearly as
far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and half the sur-
face of the interfemoral is clothed with short fine hairs arising from
the transverse dotted lines.

Above, black for three fourths the length of the fur, the terminal
one fourth light yellowish brown or dun-colour ; beneath, black for
the same extent, the extremities ashy, becoming almost white on
the abdomen and pubes. (This is the colour of the fur in specimens
from Southern Europe.)

In specimens from the sandy regions of Baluchistan and Northern
India (V. leucotis, Dobson), the ears, sides of face about the eyes,
interfemoral membrane, antebrachial membrane, and the wing-
membrane near the sides of the body are white, very translucent,
and the remaining part of the wing-membrane is traversed by very
distinct white reticulations. In them the glandular prominences
on the sides of the muzzle are greatly developed in a vertical direction
6. VESPERUGO. 231

fe as to cause a considerable depression between them on the
ace.

Inner upper incisors long and acutely pointed; outer incisors very
short, scarcely one fourth the length of the inner incisors ; the first
upper premolar very small, in the angle between the closely approx-
imated second premolar and the canine; lower incisors trifid and
slightly crowded.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1°75,
tail 1”-5, ear 0'°55, tragus 0':25, forearm 1'°35, thumb 0'*25, third
finger 24, fifth finger 1'-7, tibia 0':45, foot 0-28.

Hab. Southern Europe—countries south of the Pyrenees and the
Alps; Northern Africa; Southern Asia—Palestine, Persia, Balu-

chistan, India; probably generally distributed throughout these
countries.

a. @ ad, al. Silesia. Dr. Giinther.

bc. fb & QP ad, al. Silesia. Dr. Giinther.

d. & ad, al. Silesia. Dr. Giinther.

6 3 ad., al, Sicily. M. Parzudaki [C.].

Sig. ad. sks. Algiers. Purchased.

ht & & @ ad,al. Tunis. Mr. Fraser [C.].

Jy he Tripoli. Purchased.

in 6 & 2 ad.,al. Palestine. Rey. H. B. Tristram [C. ].
0, p. & & Q ad.,al. Karwan, S.E. Persia. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
qr. 3d & Q ad., al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
s. 9 ad., al. Madras. Sir A. Smith [P.

t. ad. sk. India. General Hardwicke [C.].
u. & ad, al, Lingasugur, 8S. India. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].
v. fo ad., al. Affghanistan. Dr. Horsfield [P.}.

w. 2 ad., al. Senafi. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
xv. d ad.,al. M. Parzudaki (C.}.

y. Q ad., al. Haslar Museum.

z. ¢o ad., al. (Type of Romicia calcarata, Gray.)

a’. 3 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

b,c’. dimm.et ad.,al. Old Collection.

d'. skull. India. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].

36. Vesperugo maderensis.

Ears and tragus generally like those of V. kuhlii, but the outer
margin of the ear-conch is much more deeply emarginate above,
and the middle third consequently more abruptly convex (Plate XII.
fig. 5, ear, double natural size).

Postcaleaneal lobe distinct, placed on the calecaneum about the
length of the foot from the ankle; extremity of the tail free; wings
from the base of the toes; feet small.

Fur, above, dark brown with light brown extremities to the hairs ;
beneath, the hairs are dull black with yellowish-brown tips. No
trace of a white margin to the membranes. ;

On the upper surface the fur extends upon the wings almost as
far as a line drawn from the proximal third of the humerus to the
knee, and upon the base of the interfemoral membrane ; beneath,
the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the
232 VESPERTILIONID.Z.

elbow to the knee; fur longer on the ventral than on the dorsal
surface.

Inner upper incisor on each side very slender, long, and unicus-
pidate, the outer incisor very small and_close to its base; lower
incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaw; second upper
premolar separated by a narrow space from the canine, through
which the summit of the minute first premolar can in some speci-
mens be seen.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'6, tail 1'5, head 0°55,
ear 0'"5, tragus 0':22, forearm 1'3, thumb 0':22, second finger
2"-25, fourth finger 1-6, tibia 0''45, foot 0'°25.

(Three specimens (from Palma and Madeira) have been examined
and measured by me and found to agree in all respects.)

Hab. Madeira and Canary Isles.

This species is closely allied to V. kuhlit, but may be at once dis-
tinguished by the much shorter body and longer tail, by the very
deep emargination on the outer side of the ear, and by the complete
absence of the white margin to the membranes.

a. Q ad., al. (type). Madeira. W. S. MacGillivray [C.]-
6. 3 ad., al. Palma.

37. Vesperugo krefftii.

Noctulinia tasmanensis, Gray, List of Mammal. Brit. Mus. p. 194
(not described) (1843).
_ Vesperugo krefftii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 404.

Ears shorter than the head, laid forwards their extremities do
not reach halfway between the eyes and the end of the nose; ear-
conch triangular, inner margin very convex in lower half, the tip
rounded off ‘and distinct, owing to a deep and abrupt emargination
which occupies the upper third of the outer margin, middle third
convex above, then straight, lower third terminating abruptly with-
out forming a lobe; tragus narrow in upper third, acutely pointed
and curved inwards, a distinct acutely triangular lobe at the base of
the outer margin.

Wings from the base of the toes or from the metatarsus ; the small
cartilagmous extremity of the tail alone free; postcalcaneal lobe
very shallow, as in the Serotine.

Face in front of the ears nearly naked, glandular prominences
with a few long hairs; wing-membrane naked except along the
sides of the body, under surface of the interfemoral with short fine
hairs. Above, dark reddish brown, paler beneath ; the base of the
hairs on both surfaces very dark brown, almost black.

Upper outer incisor on each side extremely small, about equal to
the cingulum of the inner incisor in vertical extent; inner incisors
unicuspidate, long and strong; first upper premolar minute, in the
inner angle between the canine and the closely approximated
second premolar; lower incisors transverse, placed at right angles
to the direction of the jaws; first lower premolar about one third
the vertical extent of the second.
: 6. VESPERUGO. 233

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2), head and body 2'"4,
tail 2", head 0'"85, ear 0’-75, tragus 0''3, forearm 1'-9, thumb
0"-4, third finger 3°35, fifth finger 2’-3, tibia 0'"8, foot 0’4.

Hab. Australia (New South Wales); Tasmania.

a. ad. sk. Tasmania.
(Type of Noctukinia tasmanensis, Gray.)

38. Vesperugo pulcher.
Vesperugo pulcher, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 471.

Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line ; muzzle
shaped more like that of some species of Vespertilio (V. emargi-
natus, e. g.), and the glandular prominences between the nostrils
and eyes less developed than in most species of Vesperugo. Ears
about four fifths the length of the head, the ascending inner margin
straight or faintly convex, the upper half of the outer margin
slightly concave, terminating in a line directly below the eye, but
on a lower level than the angle of the mouth; tragus nearly half
the length of the ear, shaped like that. of V. serotinus (Plate XII.
fig. 6).

Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane festooned with di-
stinct papille arranged like the teeth of a comb (Plate XII. fig. 6, a).

Fur above sienna-brown, with shining tips, beheath wholly pure
white; the dark-coloured fur of the back does not pass beyond a
line connecting the angle of the mouth (when the head is extended)
and the under surface of the humerus. Interfemoral, antebrachial,
and wing-membranes between the humerus and femur white; the
remaining parts of the wing-membrane pale brown.

Inner upper incisor long, with a second cusp on its outer side
near the extremity. Outer incisor short, lying close to the base of
the inner incisor. Second premolar in the upper jaw separated
from the canine by a short interval, through which the small first
premolar is distinctly visible from without. Lower incisors not
crowded.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”,
tail 1’°6, head 0’°7, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1°35, thumb
0-28, third finger 2'"6, fifth finger 19, tibia 0-52, foot 03.

Hab. §.E. Africa (Zanzibar).

Type in the collection of the British Museum.

a. 3 ad., al. (type). Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [P.].

39. Vesperugo temminckii.

Vespertilio temminckii, Cretzschmar, Riippell, Atlas Reise nérdl.
Afrika, Zoolog. p. 17, fol. 6 (1826).
vecrentitte riippellii, Fischer, Synop. Mammal. p. 108.
Vesperugo riippellii, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. vy. p. 745 (1855).
Vespertilio (Alobus) temminckii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867,
p. 707.
Considerably smaller than V. pulcher, and the muzzle compara-
234 VESPERTILIONID &.

tively broader and more obtuse in front; tragus also more expanded
and rounded off above, and the upper half of its inner margin is
distinctly concave.

Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane with a few ill-
defined papille.

Fur, above, dark brown with paler extremities; beneath, pale
yellowish white. Membranes as in the preceding species.

Inner upper incisor long, with a second well-defined external
cusp partially distinct from the cingulum downwards ; outer incisor
very small, not distinguishable with the naked eye, close to the
outer and anterior side of the inner incisor; lower incisors placed
at right angles to the direction of the jaws, slightly overlapping ;
first upper premolar very small, not visible from without.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'8,
tail 1'"3, head 0'"6, ear 0'°53, tragus 0'°2, forearm 1:15, thumb
0"-23, third finger 2''15, fifth finger 1°55, tibia 0-4, foot 0'-23.

Hab. N.E. Africa (Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia).

The above description has been taken from a well-preserved
specimen in the collection of the Museum of the Army Medical De-
partment at Netley, which I have compared with the type of the
species,

40. Vesperugo annectens.

Pipistrellus annectens, Dobson, Proc. Asiat, Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 213.
Vesperugo annectens, Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 116, figs.
a, 6 (1876).

Head slightly elevated; face hairy ; glandular prominences of
the upper lip small; ears pointed, with rounded tips, outer margin
deeply hollowed out immediately below the tip, then convex, again
slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating by
forming a small rounded lobe; tragus long, subacutely pointed, inner
margin almost straight, outer slightly convex, with a small rounded
lobe at the base.

Extreme tip of tail free ; no membranous lobe on posterior margin
of calcaneum.

Fur, so far as can be ascertained from the inspection of a specimen
in spirit, above dark brown with paler tips ; beneath brown, reddish
towards the tip.

The fur of the head extends upon every part of the face, except
the nostrils, forming a thick fringe along the margin of the upper
lip; the parts beneath the eyes and the glandular prominences are
not so densely covered as the remaining portions.

On the wing-membrane the fur of the body extends, above and
beneath, nearly as far as a line drawn between the middle of the
humerus and the knee-joint ; the remaining portions of membrane
are quite naked. The interfemoral membrane is covered above at
the root of the tail and beneath to a similar extent.

Upper incisors nearly equal; of the pair on each side the inner
incisor is slightly notched at its extremity ; canines small, scarcely
6. VESPERUGO. 235

exceeding the second premolar in the upper jaw in vertical extent; in
the lower jaw the second premolar slightly exceeds the canine ; first
upper premolar minute, placed slightly inside the tooth-row, but
distinctly visible from without.

Length, head and body 2”, tail 1-6, head 0-75, ear 0-6, tragus
0"3 x 0'"07, forearm 1-8, thumb 0'"3, third finger 3”, fifth finger
2'-1, tibia 0"-75, calcanoum 0'"7, foot 0/3

Hab. Naga Hills, Assam.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

41. Vesperugo georgianus.

Vespertilio georgianus, F. Cuv. Nowv. Ann. du Musée, p. 16 (1832) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Sdugeth. i. p. 531, v. p. 750 (1855) ; Le-
conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855, p. 436.

Scotophilus georgianus, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. Amer. p. 85 (1864).

Ears like those of V. temminckii, but narrower above, and the
tragus resembles that of the preceding species, tapering towards the
tip, which is subacutely pointed; at the base of the outer margin a
triangular lobe is placed, succeeded by an emargination, immediately
above which the tragus reaches its greatest width, thence it quickly
lessens towards the subacute tip; the inner margin is straight, the
outer convex opposite the base of the inner margin and straight in
its upper third (Plate XII. fig. 7). The glandular prominences on the
muzzle are moderately developed.

Thumb large: tibia long; feet very large, the toes more than
half the length of the foot; no postcalcaneal lobe ; last vertebra of
tail quite free.

Above, dark brown at the base of the hairs, the terminal third
of the hair light yellowish brown ; beneath similar, but of a lighter
shade.

The fur of the back extends upon the basal half of the interfemoral
membrane, and long hairs clothe the leg as far as the ankle; be-
neath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from
the elbow to the knee-joint; the base of the interfemoral mem-
brane is clothed with long hair, and the rest of the surface with
short hairs occurring more densely along the tail.

The upper incisors are more like those found in the genus Vesper-
tilio; the inner incisor is directed inwards, and has a cusp on its
posterior and outer surface ; the outer incisor is directed vertically
downwards, is unicuspidate, and about three fourths the length of
the inner one. The incisors are thus directed differently, and are
separated by a considerable interval at their extremities, as in Ves-
pertilio mystacinus, V. adversus, and other species of that genus.
The canine is separated by a rather wide interval from the second
premolar, through which the small first premolar is distinctly visible
from without, and is much larger than in either V. pipistrellus or
V. abramus. The lower incisors are not crowded ; the first lower
premolar is less than half the size of the second premolar.
236 VESPERTILIONIDZE.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirits), head and body 1':7,
tail 1-6, tail free from membrane 0'"15, head 0'"58, ear 0'55,
tragus 0'-23, forearm 1'°35, thumb 0:35, third finger 2'':45, fifth
finger 1-8, tibia 0''-6, foot 0°38.

Hab. North America.

a. Q not quite ad., al. Zool. Soc. Collection.
b. 2 ad., al. Smithsonian Institute.
c. 9 ad, al. Smithsonian Institute.

42, Vesperugo tylopus.

Vesperugo (Glischropus) tylopus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 473;
Monogr. Asiat. Charopt. p. 114 (1876).

Muzzle broad and evenly rounded in front ; nostrils opening on a
level with the glandular prominences on each side, and without in-
tervening emargination ; glands of the upper lip greatly developed,
forming smooth, almost naked prominences, causing a furrow along
the centre of the face behind the nostrils. Ears triangular, nar-
rowed above, with rounded tips, the ascending part of the inner
margin very faintly convex, nearly straight; the upper third of the
outer margin straight, succeeded by a considerable convexity, caus-
ing the upper third to appear concave, then distinctly angularly
emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a
well-defined lobe midway between the base of the tragus and the
angle of the mouth, but on a lower level than the mouth. This
angular emargination and round terminal lobe are even better-
defined than in V. nanus. Tragus faintly concave along the inner
margin, outer margin slightly convex, tip obtusely rounded off; a
minute very acutely pointed projection slightly above the base of the
outer margin (Plate XII. fig. 8, head, double natural size).

Thumb rather long; the whole of the lower surface of the basal
half occupied by a naked rounded callosity of a pale yellow colour
(in alcohol), with transverse wrinkles ; the sole of the foot is simi-
larly formed, but the surface is flat or slightly concave. The light
yellow colour of the callosities or elastic and adhesive pads of the
thumbs and feet contrasts remarkably with the very dark colour of
the integument of the surrounding parts. :

Postcalcaneal lobe distinct ; extreme tip of tail projecting. Inner
upper incisors long, bifid, the smaller cusp placed posteriorly and
externally near the extremity; outer incisors very short, but in
cross section equal to the inner ones, placed in a plane slightly an-
terior, the single cusp sloping inwards and lying against the cingulum
of the inner incisors. Lower incisors trifid, not crowded. First
upper premolar internal, but visible from without.

Length, head and body 1'°55, tail 15, head 0'°55, ear 0'°5,
tragus 0'-2, forearm 1':2, thumb 0'':26, third finger 2''-4, fifth finger
1'65, tibia 0-55, foot 0':26.

Hab. North Borneo.

a. 9 ad.,, al. (type). North Borneo. Purchased.
6. VEBPERTAO. 237

43. Vesperugo nanus.

Vespertilio nanus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 63 (1852).

Vesperugo nauus et pusillulus, Peters, Jorn. Scien. Math.-Phys. Nat.
Lisboa, 1870, p. 124.

Vesperugo (Glischropus) nanus, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 472.

Resembles V. pipistrellus in the general form of the muzzle and
in size; but the ears are much narrower, and their outer margin
distinctly angularly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, ter-
minating in a sharply defined, projecting square lobule; the inner
margin is regularly slightly convex from the base to the tip, which
is shortly rounded off; the upper half of the outer margin distinctly
concave. Tragus without triangular lobule or projection at the
base, narrowest opposite the base, broadest opposite the upper fifth
ot the inner margin, the outer margin sloping inwards above to join
the inner margin, and form with it a narrow terminal projection
curved slightly inwards (Plate XII. fig. 9, head, double natural size).

Base of the thumb swollen, rounded, the surface marked with deep
wrinkles ; the sole of the foot similarly swollen and wrinkled, but
flat, or slightly concave as in Tylonycteris pachypus ; toes short, about
half the length of the whole foot. Postcalcaneal lobe distinct,
rounded, placed on the calcaneum at a distance equal to about three
fourths the length of the foot from the end of the tibia. Tail as
long as the head and body, the extreme tip projecting. Above dark
brown or black, with shining tips; beneath brown or black at the
base, with ashy extremities.

Upper incisors nearly equal in length, inner incisors bifid at
extremities, outer unicuspidate. Lower incisors distinctly trifid, and
not crowded. Second upper premolar separated from the canine by
a narrow interval, through which the small first is visible from
without.

Length, head and body 1'''6, tail 1-6, head 0'-55, ear 0''-45, tragus
0-22, forearm 1'2, thumb 0'22, third finger 2':25, fifth finger
1"-65, tibia 0''°5, foot 0'°22.

Hab. The Ethiopian Region. Apparently generally distributed
throughout Africa south of the Sahara and Madagascar,

Previous to the publication of my description of V. tylopus, and
additional notes on this species, the only Bat in which similar
peculiarities in the structure of the sole of the foot and ball of the
thumb had been noticed was V. (Vesperus) pachypus (vide anted,
p. 208). The peculiar formation of these parts evidently enables
these species to cling to the under surfaces of large leaves and fruits
(see my paper “On peculiar Structures in the Feet of certain Species
of Mammals &c.,” P. Z.8. 1876, pp. 526-534, pl. lv.).

b. d imm., al. West Africa, Mr. Argent’s Collection.
os aa Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk (P.J.
d. 2 ade al. Mossambique. Dr. Peters's ollection.
e. ad. sk. P South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].
2 ad., al. East London, British Lieut. Trevelyan [P. ].

Caffraria.
238 VESPERTILIONIDE.

2-2 a Se :

Ine, > pm. 3=3 ; wings from the base of the toes ; interfemoral mem-
brane hairy above. Hab. Nearctic Region. Subgen. Lasronyc-
TERIS.

44, Vesperugo noctivagans.

Vespertilio noctivagans, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom, ed. M‘Murtrie,
vol. i. App. p. 431, June 1831; Cooper, Annals Lye. New York,
1837, p. 59; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 754 (1855).

Vespertilio auduboni, Harlan, Amer, Month, Journ. Nov. 183],

. 220.

Vinnettilic pulverulentus, Zemm. Monogr. Mamma ii. p. 235 (1840).

Scotophilus noctivagans, Allen, Bats of N. America, p. 39 (1864).

Lasionycteris noctivagans, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 648.

The extremity of the muzzle as far back as the angle of the
mouth is nearly naked; glandular prominences large, causing the
muzzle to appear very broad; nostrils separated by a rather wide
interval, which is slightly concave. ars nearly as broad as long,
broadly rounded off above, with a straight outer margin reflected
backwards as in V. noctula, and terminating close to the angle of the
mouth ; the basal lobe of the inner margin has a small rounded pro-
jection at its commencement behind, which projects backwards and
appears to lie normally against the anterior and outer flat surface of
the tragus, the inner margin of which lies in the angle between this
projection and the ear-conch. ‘The tragus is broad, and reaches its
preatest width opposite the middle of the inner margin; the inner
margin is straight, the outer has a small lobe at the base, succeeded
above by a concavity, above which the outer margin becomes very
convex (Plate XII. fig. 10, ear, slightly enlarged).

Wings from the base of the toes ; feet rather small; termination
of calcaneum indistinct, no postcalcaneal lobe; tip of tail pro-
jecting.

Fur, above, dark brown at the base, becoming very gradually
lighter towards the extremities of the hairs, the terminal one fourth
of which is silvery white, more conspicuous on the back; the head
is brown throughout. Beneath, the fur of the neck is similar to that
of the head, and that of the abdomen to the back. The membranes
are almost black, the integument of the body and ears dark brown ;
the inner basal lobe of the ear is white, and this appears to be a
constant character in this species.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wing-
membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to
the ankle-joint ; the interfemoral membrane is covered for four fifths
its extent, a triangular terminal portion behind, containing the last
three vertebree of the tail, being alone naked; beneath, the fur does
not extend so far upon the membranes; the wing-membrane is
covered thinly as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus and
the knee-joint, and the interfemoral has a few minute hairs only on
the part contained between the posterior limbs.

The upper incisors are similar to those of V. pipistrellus; the
inner ones with a second smaller cusp placed posteriorly and exter-
6. VESPERUGO. 239

nally, about one third shorter than the principal cusp; the outer
incisor unicuspidate and equal in length to the outer cusp of the
inner incisor. Lower incisors very distinctly trifid, placed rather
across the direction of the jaws, but not crowded. The first upper
premolar minute and placed internally, but may be seen from with-
out, broad at the base and shortly conical; the second premolar
longer than the succeeding molar ; last molar two thirds the size of
antepenultimate molar. First lower premolar small, but the second
is scarcely half its size and slightly internal to it; the third premolar
exceeds the succeeding molar in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult ¢, in spirits), head and body 2'°25, tail 1'°7,
head 0°75, ear 0'°65, tragus 0':28 x 0’"12, forearm 1'°65, thumb
0":22, third finger 2''8, fifth finger 1-95, tibia 0'°7, foot 0'"3.

This species is at once distinguished by the hairiness of the inter-
femoral membrane, and by the additional premolar in the lower jaw.
These differences, though very charactcristic of the species, are not
sufficient to warrant its separation from Vesperugo, with the species
of which it otherwise presents in the aggregate of its natural cha-
racters close generic affinities. It may, however, be regarded as the
type of a subgenus, Lasionycteris, Ptrs.

Hab. North America, from Hudson’s Bay (James Bay) to Cali-
fornia, probably generally distributed between the 55th and 30th paral-
lels N. latitude. (See list of localities given by Allen, J. c. p. 142.)

This species has probably the highest northern range among the
Bats of America.

a. ad. sk. Malden, Canada. Dr. P. W. Maclagan [P.].
b. ad. 9, al. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
e, ad. sk. No history.

Inc. ah pm. i; outer upper incisors very small, scarcely raised above
the gum, generally posterior to the tooth-row ; penis with a distinct
bone ; postcaleaneal lobe well developed ; wings from the base of the toes.

Hab. Oriental Region. Subgen. HespERoPrEnvs, Ptrs.

Synopsis of the Species.

a, Outer upper incisors in the tooth-row.
a. Base of the thumbs simple, without adhe-
sive cushions; forearm 14, tibia 0’"7.. 45. V. dorve, p. 239.
b. Outer upper incisors quite posterior to the
tooth-row.
b'. Base of the thumbs simple, without adhe- peer
sive cushions; forearm ae ae nie , 46. V. tickelli, p. 240.
c'. Base of the thumbs with broad adhesive ,
cushions; forearm 11, tibia 0'"45 .... 47. V, blanfordi, p. 242.

45. Vesperugo dorie.

Vesperus (Hesperoptenus) doris, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1868,
p. 626.
240 VESPERTILIONIDE.

Vesperugo (Vesperus) doriz, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 112
(1876).

Ears quadrilateral, rounded, not emarginate, the outer margin
terminating in a distinct lobe near the angle of the mouth; tragus
rounded at the tip and curved inwards, reaching its greatest width
immediately below the middle of the inner margin. A small lobule
at the base of the outer margin. Metacarpal bones of the fingers
nearly equal in length.

Wing-membrane from the base of the toes ; tail wholly included
within the interfemoral membrane ; postcalcaneal lobe distinct.

Penis with a small but distinct bone.

Fur light brown, somewhat darker at the base of the hairs.

Inner upper incisors long and unicuspidate ; the outer incisor on
each side very small, scarcely rising above the surface of the gum.

Lower incisors crowded.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2", tail 1-6, head 0'°6,
ear 0'°6 x 0°48, tragus 0:26, forearm 1':4, thumb 0:28, third
finger 3”, fifth finger 1’-9, tibia 0'°7, caleaneum 0'"6, foot 0°25,

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). = -

This species was made the type of a new subgenus, Hesperoptenus,
by Dr. Peters, on account of the extremely small size of the inner
upper incisors, the presence of a distinct bone in the penis, and other
characters, in which it differs from all the preceding species of the
subgenus Vesperus. I have not seen the type specimen ; but I think
it is closely allied to V. tickelli and to V. blanfordi, which also have
a distinct bone in the penis, and in which also the external upper
incisor on each side is not only small, but is placed posterior to the
canine and inner incisor.

Type in the collection of the Marquis Doria.

46. Vesperugo tickelli.

Nycticejus tickelli, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xx. p. 157.

Nycticejus isabellinus, Horsfield, Catal. Mammal, Mus, E. Ind. Com-
pany (1851),

vere tickelli, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 118, figs. a, b
(1876).

Head broad and flat; muzzle obtuse; glands of upper lip well
developed ; nostrils without intervening emargination, scarcely raised
beyond the level of lip; lower lip with a simple naked space in
front; ears moderate, rounded above, outer side straight or very
slightly convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and
terminating in a'small rounded lobe, in front of which, and between
it and the angle of the mouth, a small wart is placed; tragus lunate,
outer margin very convex, inner slightly concave, rising from a nar-
row base, with the usual small rounded lobe at the outer side (Plate
XII. fig. 3, ear, enlarged).

Tail long, last vertebra free; postcalcaneal lobe distinct; feet
short.
6. VESPERUGO. 241

_The fur of the head extends forwards upon the face to a greater
distance and in greater amount than in other species of this genus.
The face is covered rather densely with fur as far as the commence-
ment of the nostrils ; a narrow space above the eyes, the sides of the
face in front of the ears, and the glandular prominences of the
upper lip are thinly clothed with short thinly spread hairs. The
posterior and inner surface of the ear is densely covered with short
fur. Laterally, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-mem-
brane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the
knee-joint, and thence backwards to the ankles along the outer side
of the tibia; posteriorly the upper surface of the interfemoral mem-
brane is densely covered at the root of the tail, and the fur extends
backwards as far as a line drawn between the ankle-joints, becom-
ing shorter and more thinly spread ; the tibia is clothed with short
dense fur, which also clothes the back of the foot, extending to the
base of the claws. Beneath, the fur of the body extends thickly
upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow-
to the knee-joint, and also posterior to the forearm, in a band
nearly half an inch wide, to the carpus. The interfemoral mem-
brane is thickly covered at its base, the fur quickly thinning out
backwards into a few very short hairs occupying almost half its
surface.

Fur pale straw-brown above, the bases of the hairs pale brown
or buff; beneath pale buff.

The penis is very peculiarly shaped. As in V. dorie, it has a
distinct, bone, and also a large saccular prepuce with a horizontal
horseshoe-shaped opening.

Viewed anteriorly the upper incisors appear to be two in number
only, and resemble those in the genus Scotophilus (p. 256), being
unicuspidate and placed near the canines. In the angle behind the
inner incisor and canine on each side the short outer incisor is
placed, the summit of which is but slightly raised above the gum,
and, seen through the small interval between the bases of the inner
incisor and canine, appears as if it were a posterior basal cusp of
the inner incisor. Lower incisors placed across the direction of the
jaws, but not much crowded.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2-65,
tail 2", ear 0'-75, tragus 0'-35 x 0'"15, forearm 2-2, thumb 0'"42,
third finger 4'-2, fifth finger 2-9, tibia 0'-9, foot 0'45, calcaneum
0-9.

Hab. Peninsula of India (Chaibasa, Jashpur, Sirguja); Ceylon.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

a, b. ad. sks. Nusserabad, India. He Sine Collection.
c,d. 6 & 9 ad., al. Ceylon. urchased,
ao ae A Ceylon. Dr. Thwaites [P. ].
. ad. sk. :
é ae Bombay. Dr. Leith tp ,
}. skeleton. India. Dr. Leith P|
Y42 VESPERTILIONIDZ.

47, Vesperugo blanfordi.

Vesperugo (Hesperoptenus) blanfordi, Dobson, Jow'n. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, 1877, p. 312.

Head very flat and broad; muzzle obtusely conical; nostrils
opening widely apart by semilunate apertures, the margins of which
are level with the extremity of the muzzle; ears short, triangular
in outline, with broadly rounded-off tips; upper half of the outer
margin of the ear-conch straight, then convex, slightly concave
opposite the base of the tragus, terminating abruptly in a deep lobe
closer to the angle of the mouth than to the base of the tragus ;
tragus narrowest opposite the base of its inner margin, expanded
above and curved inwards. Thumb short, with a very acute claw ;
a broad adhesive cushion occupies the base of the inferior surface of
the metacarpal bone, and extends outwards and backwards upon the
base of the metacarpal of the second finger.

Feet very small, the sole of the foot apparently adhesive, but not
expanded as in V. pachypus; postcaleaneal lobe remarkably large
(probably proportionately larger than in any other species of Bat)
and broader than the foot, with a central cartilaginous prop; the
extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.

Fur dark reddish brown above, slightly paler beneath.

Penis with a distinct bone, in shape quite similar to that of V.
tickelli, and with a similar prepuce.

Dentition almost quite similar to that of V. tickelli, the outer
upper incisors are even smaller and placed more behind the inner
incisors ; the inner incisors unicuspidate and very acutely pointed ;
lower incisors trifid and placed in the direction of the jaws; the
single upper premolar close to the canine; the first lower premolar
with « very short and obtuse cusp, the second equals three fourths
the canine in vertical extent.

Length, head and body 1°75, tail 1'"1, head 0'"6, ear 0'°45, tragus
0-18, forearm 1-1, thumb 0'°15; third finger—metacarp. 1", 1st
ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0'"6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1", Ist ph. 0°53,
2nd ph. 0-28; fifth finger—metacarp. 0'-95, 1st ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph.
0-22; tibia 0'-45, foot 025.

Hab. Tenasserim.

This species is about the size of Vesperugo minutus, Temm., from
South Africa, and is therefore one of the smallest species of the
genus. It is not half the size of V. tickelli, with which it agrees
in other respects so closely. Its resemblance to that species in the
position of the upper outer incisors and in the form of the penis,
which has a distinct bone, is very remarkable. The single type
specimen (an adult male in excellent preservation) was sent to me
by Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S., and is now in the collection of the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
6. VESPERUGO. 243

The next subgenus approaches Scotophilus in the single pair of
unicuspidate upper incisors placed close to the canines, but in all
other characters agrees with Vesperugo. The first lower premolar
is not crushed in between the adjoining teeth, as in the species of
Scotophilus, but is slightly inclined outwards in the manner so cha-
racteristic of Vesperugo.

Ine. om ‘pm. 7, the single upper incisor, on each side, close to the canine,
as in Scotophilus ; premolars and molars as in the Subgenus Vespe-
rugo; first minute upper premolar deciduous; the two central lower
incisors larger than the other incisors; postcalcaneal lobe distinct.
Hab. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions. Subgenus Scorozous.

48. Vesperugo dormeri.

Scotozous dormeri, Dvbson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 373.
Vesperugo dormeri, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 118 (1876).

Crown of the head scarcely raised above the face-line, glands
between the nostrils and eyes well developed, but not causing a
depression between them on the muzzle; nostrils opening sublate-
rally, the space between divided in the centre by a narrow vertical
ridge passing downwards to the lip as in Vesperugo pipistrellus :
ears shorter than the head, triangular, with rounded tips ; upper
third of the outer margin of the ear faintly concave, then gradually
convex, again slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and
terminating in a rounded lobe below the eye, on a level with the
angle of the mouth. Tragus with a small triangular lobe near the
base of the outer margin; outer and inner margins parallel as far
as the upper third of the outer margin, where the outer margin
slopes suddenly upwards and inwards, meeting the inner margin at
an angle.

Thumb armed with a strongly curved claw; postcalcaneal lobe
distinct, triangular ; tip of tail projecting ; wings from the base of
the toes ; foot rather large, first toe nearly equal to the others in
length. :

Fur above brown, the extreme tips ashy; beneath darker brown,
the terminal third of the hairs white.

A single large and acutely pointed unicuspidate incisor on each
side above, direeted forwards and inwards ; this tooth almost touches
the canine by its base ; but its summit is closer to its fellow of the
opposite side, owing to its direction inwards ; from the outer side
of its cingulum a very small spur projects. Second upper premolar
large, equal to three fourths the canine in vertical extent, and
placed close to it; in the small triangular space inside, between it
and the canine, a minute premolar may be seen with the aid of a
lens, not visible from without. Posterior upper molar equal to half
the antepenultimate molar. Lower incisors crowded; middle inci-
sors slightly larger than the others, all distinctly trifid ; lower
canines without a cusp from inner margin of cingulum. First
lower premolar shorter than the second premolar, but eee aes

R
244 VESPERTILIONIDH.

diameter rather greater, nearer by its summit to the second pre-
molar than to the canine.

Length, head and body 1'"5, tail 1-15, head 06, ear 045,
tragus 0':18, forearm 1'-25, thumb 0':25, third finger 1’'-85, fifth
finger 1'-4, tibia 0'°4, foot 0'°28.

The above are the measurements of the type, an immature speci-
men ; two skins in the collection from Berar appear to be examples
of full-grown individuals, and afford the following measurements :—
forearm 1'°4, third finger 2"°7, fifth finger 1:85, tibia 0'°45, foot ~
0"°3.

Hab. Southern India (Bellary Hills).

a. imm., al. (type). Bellary Hills, Madras. Hon. J. Dormer [P.].

b,c. ad. sks. Chanda, S.E. Berar. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
. Ug’ Stets pllus
oF sa 49. Vesperngo schliefenii.
pf Nycticejus schliefenii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1859, p. 224.

Vesperugo schliefenii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 118 (1876).

Head as in V. dormeri, Ears broadly rounded off above; base
of the inner margin of the ear-conch rounded, ascending portion
slightly convex, becoming more convex in upper third ; outer margin
straight in upper half, thickened in lower half, and reflected out-
wards and backwards as far as a point opposite the base of the
tragus, where an emargination occurs, succeeded by a convexity
forming a terminal long lobule separated by a wart from the angle
of the mouth. Tragus short, broad, curved forwards and inwards,
reaching its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin,
at the base of the outer margin a distinct triangular lobule.

Thumb moderate, with a small claw. Wings from the base of
the toes; postcalcaneal lobe large and rounded; extremity of the
tail projecting slightly.

Fur short ; above, chestnut or light reddish brown ; beneath, dirty
buff. Face nearly naked ; wings naked except at their origin from
the sides of the body; a few hairs only appear on the inferior
surface of the interfemoral membrane along the basal third of
the tail.

Upper incisors much shorter than in V. dormeri, each with an
external basal cusp ; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws.

In one specimen (in the Paris Museum) I found the first upper
premolar present on one side only ; in another, both premolars were
present.

Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 1”:9, tail 1'°4, head 0-65,
ear 0':5, tragus 0'"18, forearm 1'35, thumb 0”-23, third finger 2'4,
fifth finger 1'°7, tibia 0-45, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Africa (Egypt; Abyssinia; W. Africa).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

a. d imm., al. (? var.*). West Africa, Purchased.

 

* Without first upper premolarz, and with the lower incisors at right angles
to the direction of the jaws.
6. VESPERUGO. 245

= eam

Inc. =, pm. 533 the single upper incisor, on each side, close to the canine ;
outer lower incisors cylindrical, much narrower than the inner and
middle pair; first lower premolar well developed ; postcalcaneal lobe
distinct, Hab. Central America. Subgenus RHoeEissa*.

50. Vesperugo parvulus.

Rhogeéssa parvula ef tumida, Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1866, pp. 285-6.

Head very slightly raised above the face-line; nasal apertures
circular, directed forwards and slightly downwards; ears nearly
as long as the head, much longer than broad; ear-conch narrowed
in upper third and rounded off above, the lower four fifths of the
inner margin is slightly but regularly convex, the upper fifth
straight, the upper third of the outer margin hollowed out beneath
the shortly rounded tip, the lower two thirds regularly convex to
the termination about midway between the tragus and the angle
of the mouth; tragus rather long and subacutely pointed ; at the
base of the outer margin a distinct rounded small lobe succeeded by
an emargination, above which the tragus opposite the base of its
inner margin suddenly attains its greatest width, the outer margin
sloping thence upwards and inwards to the subacute tip.

Feet small, wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe
shallow; tip of the tail free.

Fur, above, pale yellow, with chestnut-brown extremities ; be-
neath paler. On both surfaces the fur of the body extends out-
wards to about the same extent upon the wing-membrane, as far as
a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of
the femur; the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is nearly
naked, beneath it has a few very fine and short hairs; the feet are
naked ; the inner side of the concave surface of the ear-conch along
the inner margin is clothed with a few hairs; on the face the space
in front of the ears, about the eyes, and the labial glands are nearly
naked or clothed with a few long straight hairs only.

Upper incisors close to the canines, long and slender, the summit
slightly notched, the notch disappearing as the tooth becomes worn
down; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws; central and
middle incisors bifid or trifid; outer incisors much narrower, almost
cylindrical, obtuse ; posterior upper molar half the size of the ante-
penultimate molar ; first lower premolar three fourths the second in
vertical extent, but nearly equal to it in cross section at the base,
separated above by a considerable space from the canine owing to
the backward projecting cingulum of the latter tooth. ‘

Length (of ap adult 9, with fatus in utero), head and body 1'6,
tail 1’-4, head 0'-55, ear 0°53, tragus 0'-28, forearm 1'-15, thumb
0"-2, third finger 2'"1, fifth finger 155, tibia 0'"46, foot 0'°25.

* Rhogeéssa, Allen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, Pp. 285). In consti-
tuting this (?) genus, Mr. Allen remarks that the typical species is allied to the
Noctilionids (= Emballonuride). I am quite unable to perceive any characters
which ally it to any of the species of that family.
246 VESPERTILIONID&.

Hab. Mexico (Tres Marias, Mirador) ; Honduras ; Costa Rica.

Although this species has the dental formula of Nycticejus, it, in
all other respects, evidently belongs to the genus Vesperugo. ‘This
is especially shown by the notched upper incisors, the form of the
ears and tragus, and the distinct postcalcaneal lobe.

LT have no doubt that Rhogeéssa parvula and R. tumida, Allen, are
the same species. The describer mentions no distinguishing cha-
racter of sufficient importance. R. twmida was evidently described
from a more fully-grown specimen than those from which the ori-
ginal description of A. parvula was taken.

This species must not be confounded with Vespertilio parvulus,
Temminck, which is a true Vespertilio, and, in my opinion, identical
with Vespertilio nigricans, Wied (see p. 319).

a,b. 2 ad., al. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.].
c,d. ® ad, al. Costa Rica. Purchased.

7. CHALINOLOBUS.

Chalinolobus, Peters, MB. Akad. Beri. 1866, p. 679, and 1867, p. 480
(note); Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 382.

Muzzle broad, generally very short and obtuse; nostrils opening
sublaterally, forming a prominent flattened central ridge on the upper
surface of the muzzle, separated from the well-developed glandular
prominences by a distinct groove on either side. Ears short and
broad, rhomboidal or ovoid; the outer margin prolonged forwards
towards the angle of the mouth ; tragus expanded above and curved
inwards. Lower lip with a distinet fleshy lobule placed near the
angle of the mouth and projecting horizontally outwards. Wings to
the base of the toes; tail generally nearly as long as the head and
body.

Dentition. Ine. =» © Toys BM. Fy OF ge, M.S

Upper incisors unequal; the inner incisors on each side long and
unicuspidate ; outer incisors short, scarcely equalling in vertical ex-
tent the cingulum of the inner incisors; in species having two upper
premolars the first is very small, placed in the inner angle between
the canine and closely approximated second premolar, and visible only
with the aid of a lens.

This genus closely resembles Vesperugo in general characters, but
is readily distinguished by the lobe projecting from the lower lip on
either side near the angle of the mouth, by the unicuspidate upper
inner incisors, by the remarkable obtuseness of the muzzle and
shortness of the head, by the prominent nostrils separated by distinct
grooves from the well-defined glandular elevations, by the much
longer and more slender tibie, and, in most species, by the pecu-
liarly thin membranes traversed by remarkably distinct reticulations
and parallel lines.

The form of the ear-conch and tragus, the short broad muzzle,
the long tail generally wholly contained within the wing-membrane,

2—2 1—1 2—2 1—1l 8—3
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 247

and the shortness of the first phalanx of the longest finger, in some
species, connect it with Miniopterus.

Range. Australian and Ethiopian Regions.

Chalinolobus may be considered intermediate between Vesperugo
and Mintopterus, though it is evidently more closely allied to the
former, and may be similarly divided into subgenera. These sub-
genera, however, similarly artificially based upon the presence or
absence of the minute first upper premolar, separate the species into
two very natural groups distinguished by other more important cha-
racters and inhabiting respectively a great continent.

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.

; 2-2 :
I. Premolars 5, first upper premolar minute. CHALINOLOBUS.

Hab. Austvalia, Tasmania, and New Zea-
land,

a. Internal basal lobe of the ear not form-
ing a distinct lobule at the base project-
ing backwards.

a’. With a transverse cutaneous process
on the face between the eyes ; fore-

STING ke erieste Cele eraser ait meta 2. Ch. signifer, p. 250.
6’. Nocutaneous process on the face; fore-
BTML OO dare ier aera anaes 1. Ch. tuberculatus, p. 248,

&. Internal basal lobe of the ear forming a
distinct lobule at the base, projecting
backwards.
ce’, Outer margin of the ear terminating
in front in a pendent lobule; fore-
arm 1'"8 in adults............., 3. Ch. gouldit, p. 250.
d'. Outer margin of the ear terminating
ina horizontal lobule; forearm 1':35
IO ACUILS cca eterna m einen ods 4. Ch. nigrogriseus, p. 251,

IL. Premolars 3 the single upper premolar
large, close to the canine ............ GLAUCONYCTERIS *,
Hab. Southern and Equatorial Africa,

a. Wing-membranes brown, unicoloured.

a'. Internal basal lobe of the ear com-
mencing in a short obtuse lobule ;
lower incisors in the direction of
the jaw; forearm 1"-65.......... 7. Ch. poensis, p. 255,

6. Wing-membranes dusky white, traversed
by well-defined reticulations.

b'. Internal basal lobe of the ear com-
mencing in a long narrow lobule
projecting backwards; lower inci-
sors in te direction of the jaw;
forearm: ll!t7 sess tesis ine tha dati

c'. Internal basal lobe of the ear com-
mencing in a short obtuse lobule ;
lower incisors at right angles to the
direction of the jaw; forearm 155. 6. Ch. variegatus, p. 254.

5. Ch. argentatus, p. 252.

* Glauconycteris, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 333.
248 VESVERTILIONID2.

In the species included under the first section (subgenus Chalino-
lobus) the tragus reaches its greatest width above the middle of the
inner margin, as in Vesperugo noctula; and there is either no
lobule near the base of the outer margin, or its position is occu-
pied by a slight convexity. In the species included under the se-
cond section (subgenus G'lauconycteris) there is a, distinct, acutely
pointed, triangular lobule near the base of the outer margin of the
tragus, which reaches its greatest width about the middle of the inner
margin. In Chalinolobus the fur is generally dark (black or dark
brown) and the head and shoulders are darker than the rest of the
body; while in Glauconycleris the surface of the fur is generally
light grey or cream-colour, and the head and shoulders are lighter
than the parts behind. In Glauconycteris also the skull is shorter,
and the brain-case has much thinner, almost transparent walls, and
is much more elevated above the face-line (see skull of Ch. poensis,
Pl. XIV. fig. 6). In all the species of the genus Chalinolobus the
auditory bulle are remarkably large, although the external ears are
proportionately smaller than in any other genus of Vespertilionide
(Plate XIV. fig. 6a, base of skull of Ch. poensis, double natural
size).

2-2
Premolars 5-3. Subgenus CHALINOLOBUs.

1. Chalinolobus tuberculatus.

Vespertilio tuberculatus, Forster, Descript. Animal, in itinere ad
Maris Australis Terras per annos 1772-74, §c., p. 62 (1844), ed.
Lichtenstein.

Scotophilus morio (in part), Gray, App. Girey’s Narrat. Two Exped.
p. 405 (1841).

Scotophilus tuberculatus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 135, pl. liii. (bad) ;
Hutton, Trans. New-Zealand Institute, iv. p. 185 (1871).

? Scotophilus microdon, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 68.

Chalinolobus tuberculatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679, and
1867, p. 480 (note); Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 383.

Head scarcely raised above the face-line; ears small, scarcely
higher than the fur of the head, rounded off above; the concavity
of the ear-conch marked with four or five distinct horizontal plice ;
the inner margin commencing without forming a lobule; the upper
third of the outer margin flattened, the middle third convex, then
emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a
prominent lobule, which is separated from the angle of the mouth
by a wart; tragus narrow opposite the base of its inner margin,
expanded above, reaching its greatest width about the middle of
the concave inner margin, at the base of the outer margin a small
indistinct .convexity (Plate XIV. fig. 1). Nostrils opening sub-
laterally and slightly downwards, the margins of the nasal apertures
sharply cut and projecting above, separated by a rather wide con-
cave space having a small ridge in the centre; the conjoined nasal
tubes forming a prominent flattened ridge on the muzzle above,
which is separated by a yery distinct groove on each side from the
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 249

well-defined glandular eminences. Lower lip with a rounded hori-
eo — on each side near the angle of the mouth (Plate XIV.
g. La),

Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe well deve-
loped, circular, prominent, supported internally, on the side next
the tail, by a cartilaginous prop, the curved extremity of which
forms its posterior margin ; tail wholly contained within the inter-
femoral membrane.

Fur dark brown, almost black, on the head and anterior half of
the back, passing into dark chestnut-brown posteriorly ; beneath
similar, but slightly paler ; the colour of the hairs on both surfaces
the same from the base to the tip. On the body the fur is rather
long and dense. The face is covered with a few hairs only in front
of the eyes; the wing-membrane on the upper surface is clothed as
far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus almost as far
outwards as the knee-joint, beneath as far as a line drawn from
the elbow to the knee, and a few hairs appear along the oblique
lines behind the forearm; the base of the interfemoral between the
thighs is alone covered.

Inner upper incisors long, with a short cusp near their extre-
mities ; outer incisors very short and unicuspidate, scarcely exceed-
ing the cingulum of the inner incisors in length; lower incisors
trifid, in the direction of the jaw; first upper premolar minute, con-
cealed in the inner angle between the canine and the closely approxi-
mated second premolar, and not visible from without.

Length (of an adult @ ), head and body 1'8, tail 1"°7, head 0"°58,
ear 0'°45, tragus 0°16, forearm 1'°55, thumb 0'"25, third finger
2"-7, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0’-7, foot 0"'3.

Hab. §.E. Australia; New Zealand.

In the long description of this species by Mr. R. F. Tomes, occu-
pying three pages of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’
taken from specimens “in spirit and in skin” (as the describer re-
marks), no notice is taken of the most important characters, such
as the lobes of the upper lip and the very large postcalcaneal lobe,
and in the coloured plate accompanying the description these parts
are not shown. The form of the tragus is also wrongly described,
and the dental formula is incorrectly stated. No better proof could
be afforded that mere length of description is not sufficient to cha-
racterize a species.

a Q ad., al. New Zealand.

b,c. ad. sk. New Zealand.

d, ad. sk.,in al. New Zealand. Wellington Museum [E.].
ad. sk. Tasmania.

(Type of Scotophilus morio, Gray.)
ad. sk. Sydney.
imm., al. Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased.

é.

f. ad. sk., in al, South Australia.

q:

i. ad. sk. (Figured and described in ‘ Voy. Erebus and Terror.’)
250 VESPERTILIONIDA,

2. Chalinolobus signifer.

a le signifer, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, xvii.
p. 289.

Ears and nostrils as in Ch. tuberculatus; but behind the nostrils
on the face, between and slightly in front of the eyes, an erect
transverse process (like the transverse nose-leaf in Phyllorhina, but
smaller and not concave in front) is placed. This process com-
mences on each side at a short distance from the eye, and its free
upper margin is regularly convex (Plate XIV. figs. 2, 2a).

Wings from the base of the toes ; tail wholly contained within the
interfemoral membrane ; postcalcaneal lobe well developed, nearly
as large as, and similar in shape to, that of C. tuberculatus.

In the colour and distribution of the fur, the single specimen yet
discovered (an adult male preserved in alcohol) appears to agree
closely with C. tuberculatus, which it also resembles in the form and
position of the teeth.

Length, head and body 1-95, tail 1°75, head 0"-55, ear 0'-4,
tragus 0'°18, forearm 1-4, thumb 025, third finger 2-5, fifth
finger 1-9, tibia 0'-6, foot 0'"3.

Hab. Queensland, E. Australia (Peak Downs).

a. fd ad., al. (type). Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased.

3. Chalinolobus gouldii.

Scotophilus gouldii, Gray, Appendix to Grey’s Journ. of two Expedi-
tions of Discovery in Australia, p. 405.
Chalinolobus gouldii, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 383.

Head short, crown of the head very slightly raised above the
face-line ; muzzle broad, obtuse ; glandular prominences on the sides
much developed, adding to the breadth of the muzzle in front;
nostrils prominent above, separated on each side by a small sulcus
from the glandular prominences. Lars similar in general outline
to those of Miniopterus schreibersit ; inner margin of the ear very
convex forwards in lower half, then sloping almost horizontally
backwards to the tip, the position of which is determined only by a
slight flattening of the upper third of the outer margin ; the lower
two thirds of the outer margin is slightly convex, and terminates in
a conspicuous lappet of skin hanging vertically downwards, placed
at a short distance behind the angle of the mouth. Tragus broad
above, reaching its greatest breadth above the middle of the inner
margin; the outer margin has a slight convexity near the base,
above it a concavity from which the tragus expands considerably
outwards, so that the superior part of the outer margin nearly
equals the whole inner margin in length; the inner margin is
straight or slightly concave. Lower lip with a distinct fleshy lobe,
as in C. tuberculatus (Plate XIV. fig. 4, head, double natural size).

Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe
rounded, well developed, at a distance equal to the breadth of the
foot from the end of the tibia; extreme tip of the tail projecting
(Plate XIV. fig. 4a).
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 251

On the dorsal surface the fur extends upon the wing-membrane
as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee,
and the base of the interfemoral is occupied by a triangular patch
of moderately long hairs. Beneath, the hair extends more densely
somewhat beyond a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint,
a few hairs passing outwards behind the elbow and posterior to the
forearm and carpus, ranged along part of the oblique parallel lines
traversing the wing-membrane from the forearm backwards, as in
Vesperugo noctula. The fur covering the head, neck, and shoulders
is black, with a very faint reddish tinge; posterior to the point
of origin of the antebrachial membrane the fur is dark at the base,
the terminal half of the hairs yellowish brown, at the base of the
tail and upon the interfemoral membrane yellowish brown through-
out. Beneath, on the breast, the bases of the hairs dark, the
terminal half reddish or ashy, on the abdomen the extremities of
the hairs yellowish white, while on the sides of the body and on
the wing- and interfemoral membranes the fur is pale yellowish-
white throughout.

Inner incisors unicuspidate and long; outer incisors very short,
close to the outer and anterior sides of the bases of the inner inci-
sors (Plate XIV. fig. 40). Lower incisors trifid, crowded. First upper
premolar exceedingly small, so minute as to be seen only with the aid
of alens, wedged in between the inner parts of the contiguous edges
of the bases of the canine and second premolar, as in V. noctula ;
the second premolar is closely approximated externally to the canine,
and the minute first premolar cannot be seen from without. The
first lower premolar equals half the second in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'4,
tail 2-2, head 0:75, ear 0-6 x 0'"45, tragus 0'°28 x 0-15, fore-
arm 1-8, thumb 03, third finger 3'""3, fifth finger 215, tibia 0-75,
foot 0:35. Metacarpal bones of the third and fourth fingers nearly
equal in length, that of the fifth finger one tenth of an inch shorter.

Hab. Australia (Queensland ; New South Wales ; Victoria; South
Australia); Tasmania.

a. imm., al. Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased.

b. G ad., al. Clarence River, N. 8. Wales. Purchased.

ec. ad. sk. Sydney. Mr. Gould [C.}.

d. 3 ad, al. Gippsland. Purchased.

e. ad. sk. Tasmania. Lieut. A Smith [P.].
f. ad. sk. Yarrundi, N. 8. Wales.

g. ad. sk. New South Wales. ;

h, ad. sk. Tasmania. R. Maitland, Esq.[P.].

4, Chalinolobus nigrogriseus.

Scotophilus nigrogriseus, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, vol. iii. pl. 44.
Scotophilus picatus, Gould, op. cit. vol. iv.
Chalinolobus nigrogriseus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 386.

Head short, slightly elevated above the face-line ; muzzle broad,
shortly conical ; nostrils prominent on the upper surface of the
252 VESPERTILIONIDE.

muzzle, projecting slightly by their inner margins in front, opening
sublaterally, emarginate between, and closer together than in other
species of this genus (Plate XIV. fig. 3a). Ears very rhomboidal
in outline; the outer and upper angle, forming the tip, rounded off;
the lower half of the outer margin slightly reflected backwards at
the edge; emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and termi-
nating in a distinct rounded lobe close to the angle of the mouth,
not hanging vertically downwards at its termination as in C. gouldit
(fig. 3); tragus expanded outwards above, reaching its greatest
width above the middle of the inner margin, the breadth of the
summit equal to the length of the inner margin, which is straight
or slightly concave. On the whole, the form of the tragus is very
similar to that of C. gouldzi.

Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe rounded, well
developed, about the breadth of the foot from the tibia; last rudi-
mentary joint of tail free.

Above deep black, the tips with a slight brownish or greyish
tinge; beneath similar, the tips ashy and generally of a lighter shade
on the pubes and along the sides of the body.

Distribution of the fur and dentition quite similar to those in
Ch. gouldii.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 175,
tail 1'"35, head 0°55, ear 0'"5, tragus 0'°2 x 0'"12, forearm 1°35,
thumb 0°28, third finger 2'-6, fifth finger 1'"7, tibia 0°55, foot
0":28.

Hab. Australia, northern and eastern coasts, Port Essington,
Moreton Bay, New South Wales.

a, ad. sk. Port Essington. Mr. Gould [C.].
b,c fo ad., al. Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.].
d. & ad. sk. Moreton Bay. Mr. Gould [C. j.

e. ad. sk. Yarrundi, N.S. Wales. | Labelled Scotophilus picatus,
f. imm. sk. Australia. Gould.

1-1
Premolars 5-3. Subgenus GLAUCONYCTERIS.

5. Chalinolobus argentatus.
Chalinolobus argentatus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 385.

The crown of the head is abruptly elevated above the face-line as
in Miniopterus, but to a much less extent; muzzle short, very obtuse
in front, broad and flattened above; nasal apertures wide apart in
front, separated by a slightly concave space, opening sublaterally,
bounded laterally by the front margins of the labial glandular pro-
minences, which are separated from the nostrils above by a sulcus on
each side, as in the other species of this genus. Beneath, on each
side of the chin, below the under lip, a smooth broad rounded ele-
vation exists, separated from its fellow of the opposite side by the
small naked space on the lip in front of the lower incisors. These
elevated sides of the chin are covered with short hairs and enclose a
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 253

hollow space between. Lars very like those in Miniopterus, short
and rather sloped backwards ; the inner margin commences in a long
lobule directed backwards ; the margin of the ear is almost regularly
convex all round from the commencement of the inner margin to a
point in the outer margin opposite the base of the tragus, where it
becomes slightly emarginated, and immediately beyond abruptly
convex, forming a short erect lobe connected by a low band with a
wart in front at the angle of the mouth, which is continuous with a
horizontal lappet of thickened skin extending forwards along the
lower lip almost as far as a point opposite the lower canine. With
this lappet of the lower lip the outer margin of the ear is thus
directly continuous. Tragus semilunate, the inner margin slightly
concave, the outer regularly convex, at the base a rather large
equilateral triangular lobule very acutely pointed (Plate XIV. fig. 5,
head, double natural size).

First phalanx of longest finger short, intermediate in length be-
tween that of Miniopterus and that of Vesperugo; terminal phalanx
very long, flexed forwards on the under surface of the first phalanx
in repose, in this position it extends nearly to the middle of the
metacarpal bone. Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; cal-
caneum long and straight, extending more than half the distance
between the ankle and the tip of the tail (Plate XIV. fig. 5 a).

Tail as long as the head and body, wholly contained within the
interfemoral membrane.

The ears and the face are nearly naked, a few short hairs only
appearing on the glandularsprominences between the eyes and nos-
trils; the fur of the body above and beneath extends upon the wing-
membranes as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus
to the middle of the femur; the interfemoral membrane above and
beneath is quite naked, except where a small triangular patch of
hair appears at the root of the tail.

The fur is tricoloured, the basal third of the hairs black, the
middle third white, and the terminal third a beautiful dark silvery
grey. This is the arrangement of the colours about the middle of
the body ; but the grey is more prevalent towards and on the head,
while the dark shades prevail slightly over the grey towards the
tail.

The integument of the ears and face pearly white; wing- and
interfemoral membranes dusky white, translucent, traversed by well-
defined reticulations and parallel lines.

The teeth are very peculiar. The inner upper incisors very long,
remarkably slender and acute; the outer incisor on each side fills
up the space between the inner incisor and the canine by its broad
base; but its unicuspidate vertically directed summit is very short, and
scarcely exceeds the cingulum of the inner incisor (Plate XIV. fig. 56).
The canines are extremely long and slender, and are directed almost
vertically downwards and slightly outwards ; the lower canines are
also very slender, but scarcely more than half the length of the
upper ones. The upper premolar is very acute and close to the
canine; the posterior upper molar little more than half the size of
254 VESPERTILIONIDZE.

the second molar. The Jower incisors are distinctly trifid, some
even appearing to have a fourth lobe; they are not crowded, and
form a regular semicircle across the wide space between the canines,
The lower premolars are also, like the canines, very slender and
acutely pointed, the first premolar scarcely half the size of the
second.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”,
tail 2”, head 0'°55, ear 05, tragus 0':22x0'"1, forearm 1'°7,
thumb 0'°25, second finger 17; third finger—metacarp. 1'7, 1st
ph. 3-6, 2nd ph. 1':3; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-55,, Ist ph.
0-45, 2nd ph. 0'"5 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"35, Ist ph. 0'"4, 2nd
ph. 0'"3; tibia 0°72, foot 0-3.

Hab, Cameroon Mountains, western equatorial Africa.

This species has a general resemblance to Miniopterus schreibersit
in the shape of the head and ears, in the shortness of the first pha-
lanx and great length of the terminal phalanx of the longest finger,
in the long and slender tail wholly contained within the interfemoral
membrane; added to which the grey colour of the fur and cor-
responding size would cause specimens of this species to be readily
confounded, on a superficial examination, with specimens of the
European grey-coloured M. schreibersiz.

w. 9 ad., al. (type). | Cameroon Mountains, W. Africa. Purchased.

6. Chalinolobus variegatus.

Scotophilus variegatus, Tomes, P. Z. 8.1861, p. 36.
Chalinolobus variegatus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 888.

Closely allied to C. argentatus, which it resembles in general form,
in size, and in the colour of the fur. It is, however, readily distin-
guished by the shortness of the lobule at the base of the inner side
of the ear-conch, and by the lower incisors, which are crowded
between the canines and placed at right angles to the direction of
the jaw. The teeth are similar to those of C. poensis, not slender
and extremely acute as in C. argentatus; and this condition is pre-
sent in immature specimens also, so that the comparative bluntness
of the teeth is not due to age. The head is also longer, the ears
larger, and the face is covered with hair to within a short distance
from the end of the nose. The lobes of the lower lip are smaller,
and the under surface of the lower jaw not raised on the sides a8 in ~
C. argentatus.

The caleaneum is quite similar to that of C. argentatus ; and there
is no postcalcaneal lobe. I have examined the type specimen of
this species, and find that the postcalcaneal lobe described by Tomes
has been produced by distortion in drying.

Length (of a ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'9, tail 18,
head 0''-65, ear 0'6, tragus 0'22, forearm 1'"55, thumb 0'"3, third
finger—metacarp. 1'-4, Ist ph. 0:6, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0'-3; tibia 0-7, foot 03.

Hah, Otjoro, 8.W. Africa.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
7. CHALINOLOBUS, 255

7. Chalinolobus poensis.

Kerivoula poensis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, 1842, p. 258.
bai (Hesperoptenus) kraussii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868,
638.

Chalinolobus poensis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 887.

Smaller than Ch. variegatus, but with similarly shaped head and
ears ; tragus more curved inwards and the lobule at its base less
acute; lobes of the lower lip much less developed.

Thumbs and feet as in the preceding species, and similarly black
at the extremities, with black claws. Postcalcaneal lobule long and
narrow, slightly narrower near the ankle, so that the outline is tri-
angular, the apex of the triangle about the middle, and formed by
the extremity of a small cartilaginous prop. Tail contained within
the interfemoral membrane, the extreme tip alone projecting.

Fur, above, dark at the base of the hairs, then dull white, the ter-
minal third reddish brown, the extreme tip greyish; the surface of
the fur on the head and neck paler than on the back; beneath
similar, but with greyish yellow extremities.

Wing- and interfemoral membranes brown, not traversed by
strongly marked venations as in the two preceding species. Integu-
ment of the ears and face white.

The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as
a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the
femur, and upon the interfemoral triangularly as far as the end ot
the third caudal vertebra. Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered
as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and a few
thinly-spread hairs are ranged in short parallel rows on the mem-
brane posterior to the elbow and forearm.

Teeth similar to those of C. argentatus, but not so slender, and
the upper incisors are more inclined outwards; the first lower pre-
molar is scarcely larger than one of the outer upper incisors. Skull
scarcely differing in shape from that of Ch. argentatus (Plate XIV.
figs. 6, 6a).

“Length (ot av adult 9 *), head and body 1:8, tail 19, head 0°55,
ear 0'"5, tragus 0'-2x0'"12, forearm 1:65, thumb 0:25; third
finger—metacarp. 1'6, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0-95; fourth finger
—metacarp. 1'°4, Ist ph. 0'°45, 2nd ph. 0°45; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'"3, 1st ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0°35; tibia 0'°65, foot 0'"3.

Hab. W. Africa (Yoruba, Guinea; Fernando Po).

Through the kindness of Dr. Krauss, Director of the Stuttgart
Museum, I have been enabled to compare the type of Vesperus
kraussii, Ptrs., with that of Kerivoula poensis, Gray,= Chalinolobus
poensis, Dobson, and find not the least appreciable difference except
in size and colour, the Fernando Po specimen being slightly smaller
and paler in the colour of the fur. The figures of the skull of this

* The type of Tesperus kraussii, Ptrs. For measurements of the typo of Keri-
voula poensis, Gray (type of this species), see P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 388,
256 VESPERTILIONID&.

species, referred to above, have been taken from the Stuttgart
Museum specimen.

a. Pad. sk. (in al.) (type). Fernando Po. T. Thomson, Esq. R.N, [P.].

8. SCOTOPHILUS.

Scotophilus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p.71 (1822) ; Peters, MB.
Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 369; Monogr.
Asiat. Chiropt. p. 119 (1876).

Nycticejus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 148 (1835-41);
Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 65 (1852); Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xx. p. 157 (1851); Jerdon, Mammals of
India, p. 37 (1867).

Muzzle short, obtusely conical, smoothly rounded off, naked;
nostrils close together, opening by simple lunate apertures in front
or sublaterally, their inner margins projecting; ears longer than
broad, generally considerably shorter than the head, with rounded
tips, the outer margin terminating behind the angle of the mouth
in a distinct convex lobe; tragus tapering, generally subacutely
pointed and curved inwards.

Tail shorter than the head and body, contained, except the ter-
minal rudimentary vertebra, within the interfemoral membrane;
calcaneum weak ; wings attached or close to the base of the toes.
Fur generally short and nearly confined to the body; wing- and in-
terfemoral membranes very thick and leathery.

Skull thick, with prominent crests; occipital and sagittal crests
often forming at their junction behind a thick projecting process,
from which the skull slopes evenly downwards and forwards to the
end-of the nasal bones in front; occiput concave, with prominent
occipital crest ; facial bones much shortened in front of infraorbital
foramina, which are large and well defined ; the bony palate very
narrow behind last upper molar, extending backwards as far as the
middle of the zygomatic arches ; basioccipital between cochleze
broad ; cochlez partially concealed by the tympanic bulle; paroc-
cipital and mastoid processes well developed, prominent (Plate XV.
figs. 5-56, 6-66).

Dentition. Inc. >, ¢. =, pm. 3, m. =.

An additional external incisor, on each side above, in the young.
Upper incisors long, unicuspidate, acute, close to the canines by
their bases; upper premolar large, exceeding the molars in ver-
tical extent, and quite close to the canine; last upper molar con-
sisting of a transverse plate only ; first lower premolar small,
crushed in between the canine and second premolar, which exceeds
the molars in vertical extent. All the molar teeth very strong, with
acute cusps.

Range. The Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions.

This genus, though difficult to define, and approaching Vesperugo,
Keys. & Blas., in many points, especially through certain species of
that genus, contains a very natural group of Bats of very wide dis-

Es =
8. sCcOTOPHILUS. 257

tribution (as above described) throughout the tropical and subtro-
pical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. They are distinguished
specially by possessing a single pair of upper incisors separated by a
wide space and placed close to the canines; by the small transverse
first lower premolar crushed in between the approximated canine
and second premolar, yet standing in the tooth-row ; and, generally,
by their short, conical; fiaket-mruzzle, and rather short and narrow
ears, by their heavy bodies and strong limbs with remarkably thick
and nearly naked leathery membranes, and by their short fur,
generally olive- or chestnut-brown above, and yellowish or reddish-
white beneath.

Owing to the wide distribution and variableness in size and colour
of the species of this genus, many different names have been given
to the same species ; and this variableness and a close external resem-
blance between different species inhabiting distant countries has
caused considerable difficulty in determining species from descriptions
either very imperfect or based upon general characters only, such as
the colour of the fur and measurements.

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.

A. Internal basal lobe of the ear angular, in-
ferior margin straight, forming with the
ascending margin almost a right angle ;
tragus with a narrow prominent ridge
ae across its front surface from the
pase of its inner margin.........+.... Subgen. ScoropHiLvs.
a. Upper incisors close to canines; pre-
maxillary bones very narrow, leaving
a wide space between them in front,
nasal opening very large.
a’. Cingulum of the upper incisors very
narrow.
a. Forearm 2'-3—2'""45 .........0.. 1. Se. temminckit, p. 258.
b’. Cingulum of the upper incisors form-
ing a broad horizontal shoulder be-

hind.
B. Forearm 2" ......cee ee cere enone 2. Se. borbonicus, p. 260.
y- Forearm 34 0.0... cece ees 8. Se. gigas, p. 261.

B. Internal basal lobes of the ear convex,
evenly rounded ; front surface of the
tragus smooth ....... sees eee eee Subgen. ScoTEInvs.
a, Ears nearly as long as the head, internal
basal lobe commencing in a long lo-
bule projecting backwards; forearm :
Dee er Ge tresses cosh ee siess louse alate a! yeh nhs 4, Se. emarginatus, p. 262.
b. Ears much shorter than the head, inter-
nal hasal lobe commencing in a short
lobule.
a’. Cingulum of the upper incisors with
a small cusp posteriorly ; forearm
Oe 5. Se. rueppellia, p. 268.

gh Pike Roe ag See Re a ee ae ay ae ce

s
258 VESPERTILIONID.

b'. Cingulum of the upper incisors with-
out a posterior cusp.
u. Lower incisors at right angles to
the direction of the jaws; forearm
PED fiers lest enatcis Ser create eeustareare seks 6. Se. greyit, p. 263.
8. Lower incisors at right angles to
the direction of the jaws; forearm
DEAS Taye aa sncsivee ays avatar helen eects 7. Se. pallidus, p. 264.
ce. Upper incisors separated from the canines
by a short space ; premaxillary bones
more developed ; nasal opening small. Subgen. ScoroManes.
e’. Cingulum of the upper incisors with
a distinct cusp posteriorly; forearm
DBD econ tata aann ataLare sean ares ehh OES 8. Se. ornatus, p. 265.

1. Scotophilus temminckii.

? Scotophilus kuhlii, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 71 (1822).

Vespertilio temminckii, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (1824).

Vespertilio belangeri e¢ noctulinus, Is. Geoff., Bélang. Voy. aux Indes
Orient. (1834) pp. 87 & 92, pl. 3.

Vespertilio castaneus, Gray, Ilustr. Indian Zool.

Scotophilus temminckii, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 497; Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 370;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 120, figs. a, b.

Nycticejus temminckii, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 149 ; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. B 541 (1841), v. p. 764 (1855) ; Cantor,
J. A.S. B. 1846, xv. p. 185; Blyth, J..A.S. B. 1851, p. 157; Hors-
Jield, Cat. Mamm., Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 87 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mamm.
Mus. As. Soe. Beng. p. 31 (1863).

Nycticejus luteus, Blyth, J..A. S..B.xx. p. 157, xxi. p. 346; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 765 (1855).

Nycticejus flaveolus, Blyth, Horsfieldin Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. I. Comp.
p. 87 (1851).

Muzzle thick, obtusely conical; head slightly raised above the face-
line; glandular prominences between the eyes and nose small, not
causing a depression on the muzzle above. ars short, narrow, and
rounded at the tips; the inner basal lobe square below, the horizon-
tal part of its margin straight, forming a right angle with the
ascending portion, the lower half of the ascending part of the inner
margin straight or even faintly concave, the upper half convex, the
tip not projecting outwards; from the summit of the ear the outer
margin slants slightly outwards and downwards for ashort distance,
then becomes straight and slightly reflected outwards as far as a
point opposite the base of the tragus, where it is deeply emarginate,
and beyond which it terminates in a very convex short lobe.
Tragus narrow, attenuated towards the tip, acutely pointed, much
curved forwards and inwards ; the lower third of the outer margin
straight, with a distinct small horizontal lobule at the base, the
upper two thirds convex ; inner margin concave; from the base of
the inner margin a narrow prominent ridge passes outwards and
slightly upwards across the anterior surface of the tragus to the
outer margin.
8. SCOTOPHILUS. 259

Wing-membrane attached to the side of the foot near the base
of the toes ; postcalcaneal lobe narrow; extremity of the tail pro-
jecting.

On the upper surface the fur of the body is almost wholly con-
fined to the body, scarcely extending in any direction upon the wing-
membrane ; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with fine hairs
as far as a line drawn from the elbow- to the knee-joint ; the inter-
femoral is naked, except where a few scattered hairs appear at the
base of the tail.

The colour of the fur varies very much in different individuals,
and according to season and age. It appears to vary, however,
within certain limits. Generally dark olive-brown above, and
reddish or yellowish-white beneath ; in some specimens deep chest-
nut throughout, or the inferior surface is bright chestnut or rich
canary-colour.

In fully adult and aged animals the skull is thick, with prominent
crests ; the occipital and sagittal crests form at their junction a thick
projecting process, from which the skull slopes evenly downwards
and forwards to the end of the nasal bones in front (Plate XX.
figs. 6, 6a) ; occiput concave, with prominent occipital crest ; facial
bones much shortened in front of the infraorbital foramina, which
are large and well defined; the bony palate very narrow behind the
last molar, extending backwards as far as the middle of the zygo-
matic arches ; basioccipital between cochlez broad ; cochlee partially
concealed by the tympanic bulle ; paroccipital and mastoid processes
well developed, prominent.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3'"1, tail 2-1, head 1”,
ear 0'°65, tragus 0'°38x0'"1, forearm 2'°3, thumb 0°38, third
finger 3°65, fifth finger 25, tibia 0'-9, foot 0'°45.

Specimens of this species vary as much in length as they do in
colour. Those from the islands of the Malay Archipelago are gene-
rally smaller than those from the continent of Asia.

Hab. The Oriental Region (Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Burma,
Southern China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippine Islands).

a. o juv,, al. No locality.
(Type of Scotophilus kuhlit, Leach.)
b. f imm., al. Affghanistan. Dr. Horsfield [P.].

(Labelled Scotophilus fulvus. )

e. ad. sk. Barrackpore, Bengal.

d, & ad., al. Barrackpore, Bengal.

e. ad. sk. Calcutta. General Hardwicke fol
Ao &&Qad,al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, roy [P.].
h-k. ad. sks. India. Captain Boys [C.].

Ln. ad. sks. India. Mr. Bartlett [C.].

o-u, ad. sks. India House Collection.
v. ad. sk. India. ;

w. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].

x, fo ad., al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming.

y. d ad., al Ceylon.

2. ¢ ad. sk Pinang.

a'-c'. o & 9 ad., al.

Tenasserim Province.

Dr. Th. Cantor [P.}.
Dr, Oldham [P.
52
260 VESPERTILIONID-E,

d'. ad. sk. Java. Dr. R. K. Greville [P.].
e'. ad. sk. Java.

f'. ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
g'. dad, al. Negros. “Purchased.

hy’, 6& GQ ad.,al. Erumango. Mr. Cuming [C.].

ki-m'. Q ad., al. Philippine Islands. Mr. eae C.].

n’. g ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Collection.
o'-q'. 6 & @ ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
n. Sad, al. Zool, Soc. Collection.

s'. ® ad., al. Sir A. Smith [P.].

#. @ ad,, al. Sir E. Belcher [C.].

uw. d imm., al.

vv", skulls.

y',s'. skeletons.

Var. a.

Scotophilus heathii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 122, fig.
(1876).
Nycticejus heathii, Horsfield, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 113.

In general form and size very similar to Sc. temminckii, but in all
measurements longer; the forearm, thumb, and tail are relatively
longer, and the crown of the head appears less elevated above the
face-line. The muzzle also seems more conical, owing to the greater
breadth and more rounded form of the face.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3’*2, tail 25, head 1’"1,
ear 0°75 x 0'"5, tragus 0°38 x 0'"1, forearm 2'°45, thumb 0°45,
third finger 4", fifth finger 2°75, tibia 1", foot 05.

Hab. Peninsula of India (Coromandel and Malabar coasts ; Rajan-
pur, Punjab frontier); Ceylon. :

a. Q ad., al, India. General Hardwicke [C.].
b & ad., al. India. General Hardwicke [C. }.
ec. ad. sk. Captain Boys [C.].

d. 2 ad., al. No history.

e. skull, Captain Boys [C.].

f. skull of a,

2. Scotophilus borbonicus.

? Vespertilio nigrita, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 171, pl. 58 (1775).
Vespertilio borbonicus, Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 201, pl. 46 (1800).
Nycticejus leucogaster, Cretzschmar, Riippell, Atlas, Reise nérdl.
Afrika, Zoolog. (1826), p.71, pl. 28a; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii.
p. 153 (1840); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i, p.543.
Vespertilio dinganii, Snuth, S. African Quart. Journ. 1832, p. 27.
Scotophilus dinganii, Smith, Illustr. S. African Zoologg, pl. 53.
Nycticejus dinganii, Wagner, op. cit. v. p. 769 (1855).
Nycticejus planirostris et viridis, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique,
Sdugeth. pp. 65-67 (1852); Wagner, l.c. pp. 769, 770.
Seotophilus borbenicus, Peters, C. von der Decken, Reisen im dquat.
Ost-Afrika, p. 7 (1869) ; Dobson, P. Z. S, 1875, p. 370.

Resembles Sc. temminchii very closely in general form, but may
be distinguished by the following characters :—The ear is slightly
8. scoTOPHILUS. 261

longer compared with the length of the head, and the terminal lobe
at the base of the outer margin smaller; the outer margin is straight
from a point opposite the base of the tragus to the tip, not curved
inwards and upwards to meet the inner margin as in Sc. temminckii ;
the tragus is conspicuously larger, and the transverse ridge on its
anterior surface much less defined. The thumb is much shorter.

The fur of the body is longer, and extendsefurther upon the
Wing-membranes than in Se. temminckii, especially beneath, where
fine hairs thinly cover the basal half of the interfemoral mem-
brane.

Above olive-brown, pale yellowish-white beneath.

The cingulum of the upper incisor on each side is greatly deve-
loped in a horizontal plane backwards and outwards, forming a
broad shoulder on this side of the tooth, slightly raised above the
level of the gum. Lower incisors indistinctly trifid, and slightly
crowded. Lower premolars as in Se. temminckii.

Length (of an adult preserved in spirits), head and body 2’°7,
tail 2'°2, head 0'°85, ear 0'°7, tragus 0'-35, forearm 2”, thumb
0':3, third finger 3-6, fifth finger 2'4, tibia 0:8, foot 0'°4.

Hab. Ethiopian Region (apparently generally distributed, from
Senegambia and Nubia to Angola, Kaffraria, Natal, Mozambique,
Cape Colony, Isle of Bourbon).

a, ad, sk. North Africa. Mr. Fraser [C.].

6. 9 ad., al. West Coast of Africa. Captain Speke [P.].

ce. o ad.,al. Abyssinia. Purchased.

d. & ad.,al. Angola.

e. 2 imm., al. Zanzibar. Purchased.

f. & ads, al. King William’s Town. Lieut. H. Trevelyan [P. ].

g. ad. sk, South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
(Se. dinganit, Smith.)

A. ad. sk. Mr. Bartlett [C.}.

z. skull of e.

Jj» skull of fF.

3. Scotophilus gigas.
Scotophilus gigas, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 122,

Ear-conch and tragus like those of S. borbonicus, Geoffr. ; but the
internal basal lobe of the ear is more rounded and its inferior
horizontal margin is straight, not in the least degree concave; the
upper third of the outer margin of the conch is slightly but
distinctly concave; and the tragus has the narrow ridge, proceeding
from the base of its inner margin across its front margin, as well
developed as in S. temminckit.

Wings to the metatarsus near the base of the tocs; last two
caudal vertebrz and half the third last vertebra free.

Fur above deep chestnut, beneath yellowish white. The fur on
the upper surface is short and does not extend anywhere upon the
membranes, terminating by a well-defined line, and not extending
posteriorly as far as the root of the tail ; beneath, the wing-
membrane is thinly covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow
to the knee-joint, and a band of fur passes outwards, posterior to
262 VESPERTILIONID.&.

the forearm, to the carpus, as in Vesperugo noctula. The face in
front of the eyes is nearly naked.

Upper incisors with a posterior horizontal expansion of the
cingulum, as in Sc. borbonicus ; lower incisors crowded. The other
teeth as in Se. temminckit.

Length, head and body 4''6, tail 3'"6, free from membrane 0':35,
head 1''-45, ear 0'€9, tragus 0°45, forearm 3'°4, thumb 0'"7; third
finger—metacarp. 32, 1st ph. 1°2, 2nd ph. 1°35; fifth finger—
metacarp. 2''9, lst ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0'"6 ; tibia 1':4, foot 0'°75.

Hab. West Africa (Lagos).

a Q ad, al. Lagos. Purchased.

4. Scotophilus emarginatus.

Nycticejus emarginatus, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 211.
Scotophilus emarginatus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 123,
figs. a, 6 (1876).

Head broad and flat; muzzle thick and obtusely conical; glands
of the upper lip largely developed, forming rounded prominences
between the nostrils and eyes; nostrils opening level with inter-
vening space; ears large, with broadly rounded tips ; inner margin
of the ear-conch convex, with a rounded lobe at the base directed
backwards and slightly outwards, passing in front of the inner
margin of the tragus and resting on part of its anterior surface ;
outer side abruptly flatly emarginate beneath the tip, causing it to
project outwards, again angularly emarginate opposite the base of
the tragus, terminating in a rounded lobe with a wart in front
between it and the angle of the mouth; tragus moderately long,
slightly curved inwards and obtusely pointed, maintaining almost
the same breadth from the base to within a short distance from the
tip, where it suddenly diminishes in width.

Thumb long, armed with a large and strong claw ; terminal pha-
lanx about twice as long as basal. Tail of nine vertebre, the last free.

The wing-membranes are completely devoid of hair, except in the
immediate neighbourhood of the sides of the body, above and beneath ;
behind the fur of the back extends upon the interfemoral membrane,
covering about half its surface, rather densely at the root of the tail,
but quickly thinning out into a few short scattered hairs, which
also extend on the backs of the tibiz to the feet ; beneath, the mem-
brane is naked, except at the root of the tail, where a few scattered
hairs occur.

The body is clothed with short close fur, above tricoloured, at the
base dark ferruginous brown, then buff, the tips light yellowish brown ;
beneath dark ferruginous brown at base, the remaining portion buff.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'":9,
tail 2':2, head 0':95, ear 0:85, tragus 0'"3x0'"1, forearm 2'"2,
thumb 0:45, third finger 3'°7, fifth finger 2'°8, tibia 0''85,
calcaneum 0''°8, foot 0°55.

Hab. India, precise locality unknown.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
8. SCOTOPHILUS. 263

5. Scotophilus rueppellii.

Nycticejus riippellii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 18.
Scotophilus rueppellii, Dodsen, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 371.

Ears about the same length as in Se. temminckii; the internal
basal lobe short, rounded ; lower half of the inner margin of the ear
regularly convex, upper half straight; tip obtusely rounded, outer
margin commencing abruptly by a small concavity beneath the tip,
causing it to project slightly outwards, then slightly convex down-
wards, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating
in a convex lobe. Tragus shorter, subacutely pointed, and less
curved inwards and forwards than in Se. temminckit, the lobule at
the base of the outer margin succeeded by a shallow emargination,
terminated above, slightly below the middle of the outer margin, by
a prominent tooth, above which the margin becomes slightly convex ;
inner margin straight. below, slightly concave in upper third; no
transverse ridge on the outer surface of the tragus (Plate XV.
fig. 2).

Fur similar in distribution to that of Se. temminckit, but some-
what longer and of a darker shade. Some specimens are very dark
brown above, the extreme tips slightly ashy; beneath dark brown,
the terminal one fourth of the hairs ashy. In others the fur has a
chestnut tinge throughout.

The cingulum of each upper incisor develops a minute cusp

posteriorly and externally. The lower incisors are more crowded
between the canines than in Sc. temminckti, forming by their
arrangement an acute angle.
Length (of an old 2 with worn teeth), head and body 2''8, tail
1-9, head 0-9, ear 0'"7, tragus 0'"3, forearm 2", thumb 0'"4, third
finger 3'"5, fifth finger 2'"25, foot 0'-48.

Hab. Australia (Sydney, New South Wales).

a. Q ad., al. Port Jackson, Australia. Purchased.
b. & ad., al. Sydney. Purchased.

6. Scotophilus greyii.
Scotophilus greyii, Gray, List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the
British Museum, 1843 (not described); Voy.‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror,’
1844, pl. 20 (not described) ; Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 372.
Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle
flat above, rather broad, glandular prominences on the sides of the
face moderately developed: ears short, triangular, shortly rounded
off above; basal lobe of inner margin rounded, ascending portion
slightly. convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and
terminating in a distinct rounded lobe. Tragus broad, obtuse, with
a triangular lobule near the base ; inner margin straight, outer
straight below, sloping inwards above from a point opposite the
middle of the inner margin (Plate XV. fig. 4).
Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe small, but
distinct, rounded, placed on the calcaneum at a distance from the
ankle equal to the breadth of the foot ; last caudal vertcbra free.
264 VESPERTILIONIDZ.

Above chestnut-brown throughout ; beneath similar, the extreme
points of the hairs ashy.

On both surfaces the fur of the body is short: the face in front
of the eyes is nearly naked, and the wing- and interfemoral mem-
branes are clothed with a few thinly spread hairs along the sides of
the body only.

Upper incisors close to base of canines, inclined forwards and
inwards ; lower incisors not crowded, indistinctly lobed; lower
canines without internal basal cusp; first lower premolar small
and blunt, crushed in between the canine and second premolar and
pushed slightly inwards ; posterior upper molar equal to half ante-
penultimate molar.

Length (of an adult male specimen, the type), head and body

"75, tail 12, head 0'"6, ear 0'"5, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1'2;
third finger—metacarp. 1'"2, Ist ph. 0-53, 2nd ph. 0°65; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'"2, lst ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0'"2; tibia 0''45,
foot 0°25 *.

Hab. Australia (Port Essington, Liverpool Range).

a. & ad., al. (type). Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.].
b-d. ad. sks, Port Essington.
e. ad, sk. Liverpool Range.

7. Scotophilus pallidus.
Scotophilus pallidus, Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 186 (1876).

Head and muzzle as in Se. temminchii. Ears shorter than the
head, the internal basal lobe convex, evenly rounded ; the ascending
inner margin slightly convex; tip rather broadly rounded off; the.
outer margin straight for half its length, concave opposite the base
of the tragus and terminating in a convex lobe; tragus moderately
long, and rounded at the tip, not attenuated above, anterior surface
smooth, inner margin straight or faintly concave, outer slightly
convex, a prominent triangular lobule near its base (Plate XV. fig. 3).

Wings from the base of the toes ; caleaneum weak : postcalcaneal
lobule long and very narrow ; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.

Fur, above, light chestnut-brown; beneath, brownish buff; the
base of the hairs on both surfaces pale buff. In some specimens,
the fur is pale buff throughout, and the integument of the body and
the volar membranes are of the same light colour.

Dentition as in Se. temminchii.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”,
tail 1'-4, head 0'°7, ear 0°55, tragus 0'"23, forearm 1'°4, thumb
0-25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph. 0':45, 2nd ph. 0'°7;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0'°35, 2nd ph. 0'°2; tibia
0':48, foot 0'°28.,

Hab. Peninsula of India (Mian Mir, near Lahore ; Scinde).

Type in the collection of the Indam Museum, Calcutta.

a. imm, 6, al. ? India. Purchased.

* In my Monograph of the genus Scofophilus in P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 372, the
measurements of a different species were accidentally given instead of the above.
8. scororHILus. 265

8. Scotophilus ornatus.

Nycticejus ornatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p.517.
Scotophilus ornatus, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 371; Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 124, figs. a,b (1876).

Muzzle broad and obtuse; glandular prominences of the upper
lip well developed, seminude, bounded behind by a deep groove
passing backwards and outwards on either side from the nostrils ; in
front of these grooves the long hair covering the head does not pass ;
ears moderate, triangular, with broadly rounded tips, outer side with
a slight concavity beneath the tip, then convex, again emarginate
opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a broadly rounded
lobe ; the small wart near the termination of the outer margin is not
so well defined as in other species of the genus, and in some specimens
is either absent or very small; tragus long, slightly narrowed above
the small triangular lobe at the base, then somewhat expanded and
again narrowed towards the tip, which is rounded off or subacutely
pointed, with a faint concavity immediately beneath on the inner
margin. Tail long; last vertebra free.

Fur light isabelline brown, remarkably pied with white spots ; on
the top of the head a small longitudinal patch of pure white ; from
the back of the head for two thirds the length of the spine a narrow
band of white extends; at the base of the ears posteriorly a patch
of white; on each side of the body two white patches, one in front
of, the other behind the head of the humerus ; on the under surface
a band of white round the neck connects the spots behind each ear,
this is succeeded by a band of isabelline brown, followed by a band of
white and succeeded by pale brown, which extends to the root of the
tail. In a young specimen the general colour is dark isabelline
brown, and the narrow band of the same colour round the neck on
the under surface is succeeded by glistening silvery white fur,
which, becoming greyish posteriorly, extends over the whole ventral
surface, interrupted only by a small patch of isabelline brown, on
each side, immediately beneath the head of the humerus.

The position of the white patches is generally very constant ; but
their size varies, being greatest apparently in individuals of a pale
rusty red colour; and these I have always found to be males ; the
females have much darker fur, and the white spots and bands are
of less size and are occasionally altogether absent in some places.

Tf the skull of S. ornatus be compared with that of a full-
grown specimen of S. temminckit, the following differences may be
observed :—

In S. temminckii the superior angle of the occipital crest forms
with the sagittal crest a prominent projection ; in S. ornatus this

rojection is small, the sagittal crest is more developed in front, and
the postorbital processes are larger. The frontal in S. ornatus is
grooved in the centre; in S. temmincktt it forms a plane surface.
In S. ornatus the premaxillary bones are much more developed, and
the nasal opening is not half the size of that in S. temminckii ; the
incisors also are placed at the inner side of the premaxillaries, and
266 VESPERTILIONID.©.

separated from the canines by a space. In S. ornatus the bony
palate is much broader behind the last molars, and does nob extend
so far backwards (Plate XV. fig. 6 a).

In the upper jaw the teeth (with the exception of the incisors,
which are separated from the canines, and have an acute short pos-
terior cusp) are very similar in both species; in the lower jaw the
first premolar is less crushed in between the canine and second
premolar than in any other species of the genus; it is, however,
similarly flattened from before backwards, and has two short cusps
arising internally from the cingulum which are not found in the
other species (fig. 6 6).

Length, head and body 3'"1, tail 2':5, head 0’°9, ear 0°95 x
0"-55, tragus 0'°4 x 0""1, forearm 2:35, thumb 0'"5, third finger
4'-2, fifth finger 3”, tibia 0'-9, calcaneum 0'"9, foot 0'°5.

Hab. India (Darjiling, Khasia hills); Burma (Ponsee and Ka-
khyan hills) ; Yunan (Mantin and Sanda valley).

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

a. f ad., al. Darjiling. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E. ].

9. NYCTICEJUS.

Nycticejus, Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, xxviii. p. 417 (1819);
Allen, Monogr. Bats of North America, p. 11 (1864).

Head and ears as in Vesperugo; crown of the head scarcely
elevated above the face-line ; wings from the base of the toes; post-
calcaneal lobule indistinct.

se 1, 1-1 1-1 3-3

Dentition. Inc. an Cc. =p pm. 5-9? m. 33°

Upper incisors close to the canines ; the first lower premolar not
crushed in between the canine and second premolar as in Scoto-
philus ; last upper molar equal to half the antepenultimate molar.

Range. The Nearctic Region (Alleghany and Rocky Mountain

Subregions).
hicicthiate
1. Nycticejus erepuseularis.

Nycticejus crepuscularis, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingd. (ed. M‘Murtrie)
i. p. 432 (1831) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1855, p. 433 ; Allen,
Monogr. Bats N. America (1864), p. 12, figs. 9-11.

Vespertilio creeks, F. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 18 (1882),

Venere enobarbus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 247,
pl. 58. fig. 4 (1835-41), wde Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866,
p. 681.

Vesperus cubanus, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 681.

Head flat; muzzle broad; glandular prominences between the
eyes and nostrils large, causing a depression on the face between
and behind them. Ears triangular, internal basal lobe rounded,
ascending part of inner margin faintly convex; outer margin
straight, slightly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, termi-
nating without forming a lobe in front, separated from the angle of
the mouth by a small wart. Tragus rather short, inner margin
10. aranarna. 267

straight, outer margin straight below with a distinct triangular
lobule, sloping inwards to form the tip from a point slightly above
the middle of the inner margin. ;

Wings from the base of the toes; toes slightly more than half the
length of the foot; postcalcaneal lobe small, indistinct ; calcaneum
weak, termination indistinct; the last caudal vertebra quite free.

The fur is rather short; the face in front of the eyes is nearly
naked, and the wing-membranes are covered only along the sides of
the body ; a triangular patch of hair extends from the back upon the
upper surface of the interfemoral.

Above brown, with yellowish-brown tips; beneath similar, with
paler or ashy extremities.

The upper incisors are acutely pointed, separated by a narrow
interval from the canines, directed forwards and slightly inwards.
Space between the canines, both in the upper and lower jaws, very
wide, much wider than in the Old-World Scotophili. Lower incisors
distinctly trifid and crowded. The canines develop no internal basal
cusp. First lower premolar small, in the tooth-row, not crushed in
between the canine and second premolar, acutely pointed, about half
the vertical height, but not half the transverse diameter of the
second premolar. Posterior upper molar equal to half the second
molar.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirits), head and body 2”,
tail 1-4, head 0'65, ear 0'-55, tragus 0'"22, thumb 0":3, forearm
1-4, third finger 2'5, fifth finger 1'°75, tibia 0'45, foot 0'28.

Hab. North America; from New York to the Rocky Mountains,
and southwards to New Orleans and to the West-Indian Islands
(Cuba).

a. ad. sk. No locality or donor.
b. ad. Q, al. Georgia, N. America.
ce, ad. sk. Central America.

10. ATALAPHA.

Atalapha, Rafinesque, Précis des découvertes et travaua somiologiques,
p. 12 (1814); Desm. Mamm. p. 146 (1820); Gervais, Hist. Nat.
Mammif. i. p. 214 (1854); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 907.

Scotophilus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 498 (1838).

Lasiurus, Gray, List Mammalia Brit. Mus. (1843); Tomes, P. Z. 8.
1857, p. 34; Allen, Bats of N. America, p. 14 (1864).

Muzzle obtuse, the broad extremity of the nose projects slightly
beyond the lower lip; nostrils simple, opening sublaterally in front
by lunate apertures, and rather widely separated ; head scarcely
raised above the face-line; ears generally broad and rhomboidal, the
outer side prolonged forwards and ending in a lobular projection
near the angle of the mouth; tragus narrow at the base and much
expanded above, the upper half suddenly curved inwards so that its
general shape is that of a reversed L; this peculiar shape of the
tragus is very characteristic of the genus.
268 VESPERTILIONID&.

Interfemoral membrane more or less densely covered with hair on its
upper surface. In some species the whole of the upper surface of
the interfemoral is densely clothed with fur, which also extends
upon the wing-membrane for a considerable distance, and passes
outwards in-a broad band behind the forearm to the carpus (see
Plate XVI. fig. 1).

Dentition. Ine. = C. =, pm. 5; eae 5 OE > m. —

Upper incisors unicuspidate and acutely pointed, close to the
canine on each side, directed forwards and inwards. In the species
with two upper premolars the first premolar is very small, and is
placed in the inner angle between the closely approximated canine
and second premolar. Skull broad and flat, frontal bone slightly
grooved (Plate XVI. fig. 1a).

Range. The Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, from Canada to
Southern Chili.

The species of this genus with a single upper premolar agree in
the number of their teeth with Vycticejus, and also with Scotophilus,
which is limited to the Eastern Hemisphere, but are easily recognised
by the peculiar form of the ears and especially of the tragus, and by
the distribution of the fur.

The relative development of the minute first upper premolar has
been used to distinguish some forms; but itis evident that, in a genus
where this tooth is altogether absent in certain species, its relative
size in those species which possess it can scarcely be considered of
sufficient importance to lead to the formation of new species.

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.

I. Premolars —; the whole upper surface
of the interfemoral membrane clothed
AWA GD NAPs uc ans eave untae ound coon japee ATALAPHA.
a. Forearm quite naked; furreddish ashy 1. A. noveboracensis, p, 269.
6. Forearm with a small patch of hairs
near the elbow ; fur generally brown-
ish By Se aamesvers waves rae 2. A. cinerea, p. 272.

II. Premolars == ; the posterior half or third
of the iniecemoral membrane naked .. Subgen. DAsypTERvs*.
e. The posterior third of the interfemoral

naked.
a’, Tragus obtuse, curved inwards; fur
Olive-brown ......ecceceeeeees 3. A. intermedia, p. 274.
b'. Tragus subacute, straight, the ti
only curved inwards; fur bright ce
GBD i ssscruet verses wraetierevois cre cunmisin 4, A. egregia, p. 275.
d. The posterior half of the interfemoral
naked,
c'. Tragus subacute, curved inwards;
fur pale yellowish brown........ 5. A. ega, p. 276.

 

* Dasypierus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 904.
10. aranapna, 269

2—2
Premolars a3; Subgen. ATALAPHA.

1. Atalapha noveboracensis.

? Vespertilio lasiurus, Schreber, Stiugethiere, i. pl. 1xii.B (1775); Geoffr.
ae . Mus. viii. p. 200 (1806) ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 142
(1820).

Vespertilio noveboracensis, Erzleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. p. 155 (1777) ;
Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist, i. p.50 (1826) ; Cooper, Ann. Lyc. Nat.
Hist. New York, iv. p. 57 (1837); Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1855, p. 482.

Vespertilio rubellus, P. de Beauvois, Catal. Peale’s Mus. Philad. viii.
p- 204 (1796) [vide Allen, Bats of North America, p. 16 (1864)].

? Vespertilio villosissimus, Geoffroy, J. c. p. 204 (1806).

Atalapha americana, Rayinesque, Précis des découvertes, §c. p. 12

1814).

Vv erie tesselatus, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. May. iv. p. 445
(1817).

? Vespertilio bonariensis, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, i. p. 187 (1829).

Vespertilio blosseivillii, Lesson et Garnet, Bullet. de Sci. Nat. viii.

. 95; Gervais, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. de Vile de Cuba,
amnuf. p. 32, pl. i. (1838).

Nycticejus noveboracensis, M‘Murtrie, Append. Cuv. Anim. Kingd.
(New York, 1831) p. 432.

Nycticejus lasiurus e¢ noveboracensis, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal.
ii. pp. 156, 158 (1835-41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth, i.
p. 545 (1844), v. p. 771 (1855). . :

Lasiurus rufus, Gray, List of Mammals Coll. Brit. Mus. p.82 (18438).

Lasiurus noveboracensis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 34; Allen, lc.

. 16.
arn noveboracensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 908.

Muzzle broad, obtuse, glands of the upper lip much developed,
adding to the width of the lip, which consequently projects laterally
and in front beyond the lower lip; end of nose broad, faintly con-
cave between the nostrils, which are rather widely separated and
open laterally, their inner edges not projecting. Ear short and
broad, the horizontal portion of the inner margin forms almost a
right angle with the ascending front portion, which attains its
greatest convexity about the middle; tip broadly rounded; outer
margin straight or slightly concave beneath, then reflected backwards
and terminating in a rather large convex lobe (of which the front
margin is marked by an angular emargination) close to the angle of
the mouth, from which a small wart separates it. Tragus broad in
the middle, with a rather narrow obtuse extremity curved inwards ;
the lower half of the inner margin straight, the upper half concave,
at the base of the outer margin a triangular lobe, from which the
outer margin slopes outwards, attaining its greatest width slightly
below the middle of the suse margin, then slopes upwards and in-

ing an angle below.
ie aoa base of the toes. No postcalcaneal lobe. The
extreme tip of the tail projecting.
270 VESPERTILIONINE.

The face (except the labial prominences) and the head are thickly
covered with fur, which is almost as long as the ears. On the wing-
membrane the fur on the upper surface extends very densely as far
as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the base of the
toes (when the legs are extended outwards as when flying); the
interfemoral membrane to the extreme posterior edge, beyond which
a fringe of long hairs projects, the legs, and the back of the feet are
almost as thickly covered as the body of the animal. Beneath, the
fur extends upon the wing-membrane behind the humerus and fore-
arm as far as a line drawn from the extended knee to the junction
of the proximal and middle thirds of the fifth metacarpal bone;
occupying also the angle between the fifth and fourth fingers, and
extending backwards upon the membrane in a narrow line for three
fourths the length of the metacarpal of the longest finger. A small
tuft of white hairs appears above at the base of the thumb, and a
line of short hairs extends backwards on the proximal half of the
dorsum of the metacarpal bone of the fifth finger ; the forearm is
quite naked.

Above, pale straw-colour at the base and for three fourths the
length of the hairs, the extremities bright reddish chestnut (or
brownish red in specimens from the northern parts of N. America),
minutely tipped with grey, so that the surface of the fur appears
dusted with a fine ash; on the interfemoral membrane bright chest-
nut throughout. Beneath, on the neck similar to the upper surface
but paler ; on the chest and abdomen black at the base, with reddish-
yellow extremities ; below the point of origin from the shoulder of
the antebrachial membrane a patch of pure white exists on either
side, connected across the chest by broad irregular, and occasionally
very indistinct, bands of white.

The ears, the antebrachial membrane, and that part of the wing-
membrane covered by hair beneath is of the same tint as the fur of
the body, and the same bright colour prevails along the fingers.
The rest of the membranes dark brown or black, dotted with small
yellow points.

The first upper premolar minute, in the angle between the canine
and second premolar; middle lower incisors largest and trifid, the
others smaller and smooth.

Length, head and body 2", tail 18, ear 0-5, tragus 0'°3, fore-
arm 1-5, thumb 0°35, third finger 3''1, fifth finger 1'9, tibia
0'-75, foot 0°35.

Hab. Generally distributed throughout the Nearctic Region from
Canada to Texas: represented in the Neotropical Region by three
or more varieties described below.

The following have been described as distinct species :—
10. ATALAPHA. 271

Var. a (Atalapha frantzti).
Atalapha frantzii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 908.

This, which may be considered the tropical form of A. novebora-
censis, differs from typical specimens in the slightly smaller size of
the ears, the shorter and more pointed tragus, the naked margin of
the interfemoral membrane, and the shorter fur on the wing-mem-
brane behind the forearm. The extremities of the hairs on the
upper surface are brighter red, and scarcely (in some specimens not)
tipped with grey.

The measurements agree very closely with those of specimens of
A. noveboracensis from North America ; the metacarpal bone of the
sali finger and the tibia appear to be proportionately slightly

onger.

Hab, Central America (Guatemala ; Costa Rica); Brazil; Chili.

Var. 6 (Atalapha pfeifferi).
Atalapha pfeifferi, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 152.

Slightly larger than the preceding form, which it resembles in the
colour and distribution of the fur, which also thinly covers the inter-
femoral membrane posteriorly. It is chiefly distinguished by the
larger size of the small first upper premolar.

Length, head and body 2':1, tail 1°75, head 0-65, ear 0'"5,
tragus 0’"3, forearm 1-75, third finger 3''15, fifth finger 2'"15,
tibia 0'°8, caleaneum 0'°8, foot 0'"35.

Hab. Cuba.

Var. y (Atalapha varia).

Nycticejus varius, Poeppig, Reise in Chile, i. p. 451 (1836).
Atalapha varia, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 909.

This form is distinguished from A. noveboracensis by the much
larger size of the first upper premolar, and by the uniform black
colour of the wing-membranes. Neither of these characters are, in
my opinion, sufficient in this family to found a species upon. The
size of the first upper premolar is very variable, and the intermediate
condition of this tooth is seen in the preceding variety. The yellow
spaces along the finger and the dots observed in the wing-mem-
branes of A. nove oracensis are not always present in specimens from
N. America.

Length (of an adult ¢ in the collection of the Berlin Museum),
head and body 2", tail 2”, ear 0''5, tragus 0’-28, forearm 1''-6,
thumb 0'-35, third finger 3"-1, fourth finger 2'5, fifth finger 2”,
tibia 0'°75, foot 0°33.

Hab, Peru, Chili.

a,b. ad. sk. Canada. VL. W. Malagan, Esq. [P. ].

. ad. sk. New York. — Drummond, Esq. [P.].
e a a : New York. Purchased. :
272 VESPERTILIONID.E.

f. 3 ad., al. New York. Purchased.

g. Q ad., al. New York.

h-j. ad. sk. North America. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

k. & ad, al. North America. Dr. J. Green | P.].

1.  ad., al. St. Louis. Smithsonian Institute tp :

mn 6 & 9 ad,al. St. Louis. Smithsonian Institute [P.].

o. ad. sk. No history.

PY M. Lidth de Jeude [C.}.
Var. a (A. frantzi?, Peters).

», ad. sk. Duefias, Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

s. 9 ad, al. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

t,u. o ad., al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

v. ad. sk. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].

w, a. ad, sk. Brazil.

y. ad. sk. Chili. Purchased.

z do ad., al. Mendoca. Purchased.

a’. ad. sk.

b'. skull of 0.

ec’. skull of w.

2. Atalapha cinerea.

Vespertilio cinereus, Palisot de Beauvois, Catal. Peale’s Mus. Philad.
1796 (vide Allen, Bats of N. America, p. 21).

Vespertilio pruinosus, Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount. p. 67 (1823) ;
Cooper, Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. p. 54 (1837).

Scotophilus pruinosus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 498 (1838).

Nycticejus pruinosus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 154 (1835-
41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. p. 544 (1844), v. p. 770

1855).

ia pruinosus, Gray, List of Mammalia in Coll. Brit. Mus.
(1843); Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 37.

Lasiurus cinereus, H. Allen, l.c.; J. A. Allen, Mammals of Massa-
chusetts, p. 208.

Atalapha cinerea, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 910.

The muzzle, nostrils, and ears are very similar in shape to those
of A. noveboracensis, except that the inner margin of the ear is
more evenly rounded, and the terminal lobe of the outer margin
near the angle of the mouth is not incised in front. The tragus
attains its greatest width opposite the base of the inner margin,
forming there an acute angular projection, or elbow; at the base of
the outer margin a small rounded lobe, the outer margin then slopes
outwards to this angle, from which it slopes upwards and inwards
to the tip; about four fifths of the inner margin is straight, then
slightly convex above, causing the rounded tip to project inwards.

Wings to the base of the toes; extreme tip of tail projecting.

The distribution of the fur upon the wing-membranes is very
similar to that of A. noveboracensis ; but the interfemoral membrane,
though completely covered, is not clothed quite so densely behind
as in that species. A very small patch of short white hairs occurs
on the back of the forearm, near the elbow; this is not found in
A. noveboracensis, and affords an easy method of distinguishing spe-
10, aTALAPH.. 273

cimens of not quite adult A. cinerea, which resemble the former
species closely. The concavity of the ear-conch and the tragus are
clothed with soft hairs.

Above, on the back, black or very dark brown at the base, then
half the hair is pale yellowish white, succeeded by a dark band, the
extreme points white. Towards the head the upper black band
becomes paler, and disappears almost altogether on the face ; behind,
the light yellow band becomes deeper in colour, passing into dark
pute on the interfemoral membrane, the hairs still tipped with
white.

Beneath, the fur under the neck wants the terminal black and
white bands; these reappear on the chest, but the pale yellow band
is narrower than on the back, and disappears altogether on the
abdomen, being replaced by dark brown.

The lower incisors are all equal, trifid, and slightly crowded ; the
first upper premolar extremely minute, in the centre of the angle
between the canine and second premolar.

Var. a (Atalapha gray?).

Lasiurus grayi, Tomes, P. Z, 8. 1857, p. 40.
Atalapha grayi e¢ pallescens, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 910.

This is the South-American form of A. cinerea, from which it
differs only in the less convexity of the inner side of the ear-conch
(Plate XVII. fig. 2), in being slightly smaller, and in the colour of
the fur, the second band next the extremity of the hairs being
reddish, not black or dark reddish brown as in A. cinerea. The
wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes; and Mr. Tomes’s
statement that they “extend a little way beyond the extremity of
the tibia, but do not reach halfway along the foot,” has been founded
on an imperfect examination of the types. In the dried specimen
marked as the type the membranes have shrunk very much, and
appear, in this condition, as if they were attached near the end of
the tibia; when moistened, however, the true position of their at-
tachment is shown. I do not think the differences described above
are sufficient to separate this form from South America as a distinct
species from A. cinerea. Allen has remarked that the bright red
varieties of A. noveboracensis are found in the warmer latitudes of
America, while the greyish chocolate and dark red varieties occur
in the northern parts of the country. In the same manner 4.
cinerea appears to me to be represented in South America (whence
the types of A. grayi have come) by a variety slightly smaller, and
having the second brownish chocolate band replaced by bright red-
dish brown. ;

Length (of an adult ? of A. cinerea from California), head and
body 2'-9, tail 2'-85, head 0-8, ear 0'-7xX0":5, forearm 2’°1,
thumb 0-52, third finger 42, fifth finger 2-5, tibia 0-9, caleaneum
0"-6, foot 0'°46.

Hab. North and South Amorica, from Nova Scotia to Chili.

T
=
i+ VESPERTILIONID_E.

Distribution probably similar to that of A. noveboracensis and its
varieties.

a. ad. sk. North America. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
b. 2 ad., al. Monterey, California. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].
ce. 9 ad., al. Nebraska. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
d. ad. sk. Malden, Canada. P. W. Maclagan, Esq. | P.].
e,f. imm. sks.
gy. 3d ad., al. Lieut. Strickland [P.].
h, ad. sk. Juan da Fuca. Sir J. Richardson [P. ].
a. skull of 2.
Var. a (Atalapha gray).

Jj. oad, al. Cuba. W.S. Macleay, Esq. [P.].
k. imm. sk. Bolivia. Purchased.
l. Q ad., al. Chili. Purchased.
m, @ ad., al. Chili.

(Type of Lasiurus grayi, Tomes.)
n. imm. sk. Chili. Purchased.
v. ad. sk. No history. Purchased.
p. ad. sk.

1-1
Premolars s~5. Subgenus DasypTErvs.

3. Atalapha intermedia.

Lasiurus intermedius, Allen, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 146;
Monogr. of Bats of North Amer. 1864, p. 25, figs. 21, 22.
Atalapha intermedia, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 912.

The muzzle is narrower and the head apparently less elevated than
in either A. cinerea or A. noveboracensis; the nostrils are also not
so widely separated, and, owing to the less development of the
glandular prominences of the upper lip, project more. The ears are
very differently shaped from those in either of these species; they
are much longer than broad, and there is a distinct tip (Plate XVI.
fig. 3). The inner margin commences in a large rounded lobe, the
posterior part of which is narrow and rounded and projects back-
wards; about one third of the inner margin above the base is
straight, then regularly and slightly convex to the tip. The outer
margin is nearly straight from the tip to the terminal lobe, inter-
rupted only by a slight but distinct emargination immediately
beneath the tip; the terminal lobe commences opposite the front
margin of the tragus, and projects considerably outwards, being
much larger than in either A. cinerea or A. noveboracensis. The
tragus is much broader in the upper third than in A. cinerea, more
obtuse at the tip and less curved inwards.

Wings from the base of the toes; thumbs and feet moderate.

The fur of the body extends upon the membranes as in <A. cinerea,
but to a less extent. Scarcely more than half the upper surface of
the interfemoral is covered. A narrow portion of the wing-mem-
brane external to the legs is covered, and the short close fur reap-
pears on the toes. Inferiorly a band of short fur passes outwards
posterior to the forearm to the carpus.
10. ATALAPHA. 275

Length, head and body 8", tail 2-5, ear 0'°7, tragus 0'"3, fore-
arm 2-1, thumb 0-45, third finger 4”, fifth finger 2"-3, tibia 0"-9,
foot 0'-4.

Hab, Texas; Mexico.

a. o ad., al. Texas. Smithsonian Institute [P.].

4. Atalapha egregia.
Atalapha egregia, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 912.

Muzzle conical, and narrower than in the preceding species ; end
of nose prominent; glands on the sides of the muzzle between the
eyes and nostrils forming rounded elevations not engaging the lip;
ears rhomboidal, but longer than broad; upper third of the outer
margin of the conch straight, middle slightly convex, deeply emar-
ginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a rather deep
lobe, whereof the front margin is faintly concave; inner margin of
the tragus straight, except immediately beneath the subacute tip
which bends inwards, outer margin forming a strongly projecting
angle nearly opposite the base of the inner margin.

Wings from the metatarsus, close to the base of the toes ; a nar-
now but distinct postcalcaneal lobule; extremity of the tail not
projecting.

Wing-membrane naked above, except a small patch of short hairs
at the base of the thumb and near the elbow; beneath, a narrow
band of fur extends outwards behind the forearm, and a few hairs
appear in the angles between the fifth and fourth, and fourth and
third fingers; the antebrachial membrane is covered with a few
hairs only. The fur of the back extends rather thickly upon the
wings as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the
knee; behind, more than three fourths of the interfemoral is covered,
also the legs and feet and the adjoining wing-membrane are clothed
with short hair. Beneath, the wings are similarly clothed, but the
base of the interfemoral, as far as the end of the second caudal
vertebra, is alone covered.

Above, dark at the base of the hairs, then light buff, the extre-
mities red; beneath, the basal half is dark brown, the terminal half
brilliant red; the fur clothing the interfemoral membrane and the
posterior extremities bright red throughout. Wing-membranes
black, slightly paler along the thumb, the index and the middle
fingers.

Tongth (of an adult ¢), head and body 2'45, tail 2’3, head 0-8,
ear 07x05, tragus 0-35, forearm 1-9, thumb 0-48; third
finger—metacarp. 2-15, 1st ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 1-1; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1-9, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-65, Ist ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0'"8, foot 04,

Hab. Brazil (Sta. Catherina). :

' Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum,

This is the most brilliantly coloured species of the genus. It is
2
276 VESPERTILIONID.2.

at once distinguished by the form of the tragus and the colour of
the fur.

5. Atalapha ega.

Nycticejus ega, Gervais, Expédition du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
p. 73, pl. xiv. figs. 1, 1 ele (1855).

Lasiurus caudatus et aga, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 42, 43.

Atalapha ega et caudata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 914.

Head and muzzle as in A. noveboracensis; ears rhomboidal, the
inner margin of the ear-conch very convex, outer margin straight
or slightly concave immediately beneath the tip for nearly half its
length, then convex, deeply emarginate opposite the base of the
tragus, terminating near the angle of the mouth in a prominent
rounded lobe; tragus as in A. noveboracensis but larger, the outer
margin forming a strongly projecting angle opposite the base of the
inner margin, thence convex upwards to the tip, which is subacute
and directed forwards and inwards, inner margin concave upwards.

Wings from the base of the toes; a small but distinct postcalca-
neal lobe; tail wholly included within the interfemoral membrane.

On the upper surface the fur extends almost as far outwards as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, upon half
the interfemoral, thinly upon the legs, and reappearing on the backs
of the toes; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line
joining the elbow and the knee, and a broad band of fine thinly-
spread hairs passes outwards behind the forearm to the carpus and
to the angle between the third and the last finger.

Above, dark brown at the base, then buff, the extremities yellowish
buff; beneath, similar but paler.

Lower incisors trifid, placed at right angles to the direction of the
jaws; first lower premolar scarcely one third the size of the second
premolar, which is flattened from before backwards.

Length, head and body about 2”-1, tail 2”, head 0”-6, ear 0-6 x
0-45, tragus 0'°32, forearm 17, thumb 0'°35, third finger 3'"5,
fifth finger 2’"2, tibia 0'"7, foot 0'°33.

Hab. Brazil (Pernambuco, Ega); Chili.

a. ad. sk. Ega, Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq. ae
b. ad. sk. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Lasiurus caudatus, Tomes.)

e. skull of a,

11. HARPIOCEPHALUS.

Murina et Harpiocephalus, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259
1842),
‘ce Z Harpyiocephalus, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser.
xvii. p. 90 (1866).
Murina, Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1873, p. 109; Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.
1875, xvi. p. 349.
Harpiocephalus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt, p. 150 (1876).
1]. HARPIOCEPHALUS. 277

Muzzle elongated, conical; nostrils prominent, tubular, produced
beyond the upper lip, opening laterally or sublaterally, emarginate
between; crown of the head scarcely raised above the face-line ;
ears thin, generally covered with glandular papille; tragus long,
attenuated towards the tip, and inclined outwards; thumb very
large, with a large strongly curved claw; wings broad, from the
base of the toes or attached along the outer toe as far as the base
of the claw; interfemoral membrane very hairy, or half-covered
above. Skull thick, not vaulted; coronoid process of the mandible
much developed vertically.

Dentition, Ine. =, C. i pm. =. m. =

Upper incisors on each side parallel, stout, and blunt; posterior
upper molar small or consisting of a thin transverse lamina of bone,
and sometimes absent in the adult.

The peculiarly shaped elongated tubular nostrils are at once cha-
racteristic of this genus. In no other genus of Bats, except Hurpyia
(Pteropodide) is this peculiar elongation of the nostril beyond the
muzzle found. In the different species the form and direction of
the nasal tubes vary within short limits, but the general characters
are the same.

Har piocephalus is evidently more closely allied to Kerivoula than
to any other genus, and appears to occupy a position with regard to
that genus similar to that occupied by Vesperugo with regard to
Vespertilio.

Range. From the Himalayas to the Malay archipelago, inhabiting
hill tracts.

Synopsis of the Subgenera and Species.

I. First upper premolar much smaller than the

BECOME Weare c crus dts ra lesen tons ata wlescsens Subg. Murina.
a. Upper third of the outer margin of the
ear-conch concave; forearm 1°35 .... 1... swillus, p. 278.

b. Upper third of the outer margin of the
ear-conch convex or straight; forearm

LOAD oe rg sis esate ws orerag: ontnaierh, mareetacia as 2. H. auratus, p. 279.
II. First upper premolar equal to or nearly
equal to the second ............ eee eee Subg. HarPlocEPHALUs.

c. Upper third of the outer margin of the
ear-conch concave.
a'. Ears narrow, pointed; forearm 13 .. 3. H. griseus, p. 280.
b'. Ears broadly rounded off above; fore-
ATID ee reaes tor vag Sree oie ite ee oe catacesetan 4, H. harpia, p. 281.
d. Upper third of the outer margin of the
ear-conch convex or straight.
c'. No spur near the base of the inner mar-
gin of the ear-conch; first upper pre-
molar equal to the second; forearm i
Pe Bi ooo) aidate gare tre, binaeseeiye oe tear aes 5. H. cyclotis, p. 282.

d’. A distinct horizontal spur-like projec-
tion near the base of the inner margin
of the ear-conch; first upper premolar
smaller than the second; forearm 1"°3, 6, ZZ. leucogaster, p. 283.
278 VESPERTILIONIDE.

1. Harpiocephalus suillus.

Vespertilio suillus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 224 (1839).

Vesperugo suillus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 741.

Harpiocephalus suillus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 152
(1876).

Muzzle narrow, elongated; nostrils very prominent, consisting
of two diverging tubes with an emargination between, opening
laterally ; viewed from below, the projecting nostrils resemble in
shape a small hour-glass placed horizontally at the extremity of the
muzzle. ars moderate, shorter than the head, rounded off at the
tips; the upper third of the outer margin angularly emarginate as
in Vespertilio emarginatus, the middle third commencing by a very
abrupt convexity, then slightly concave opposite the middle of the
tragus, and terminating in a convex lobe slightly in front of the
base of the tragus. Tragus moderately long, attenuated above and
slightly curved outwards; a small pointed lobule at the base of the
outer margin, succeeded by a slight emargination, immediately above
which the tragus attains its greatest width; inner margin slightly
convex from the base upwards; outer margin straight below, upper
half concave, causing the extremity to incline outwards ; tip sub-
acutely pointed.

Wings from the sides of the outer toes, extending almost as far
as the claws; extreme tip of the tail projecting; calcanea distinct,
extending halfway between the ankle-joint and the extremity of
the tail, ending abruptly.

The long fur ends in front between the eyes; but the face is
clothed with short fur, which leaves the tubular nostrils alone
naked. The wing-membranes on the upper surface are covered as
far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-
joint; the interfemoral membrane is naked, except at the base
between the thighs. Beneath, the membranes are even less covered
than on the upper surface. Fur moderately long; above light
greyish brown, the extremities dark brown; beneath light greyish
brown throughout.

The upper incisors on each side are nearly equal in size, stout,
and obtusely pointed, lying close together by their whole length,
the base of the outer incisor close to the canine; the outer inciser
is, if any thing, longer, with a distinct cingulum, from which a small
blunt cusp projects outwards and touches the canine. The first
premolar is small, scarcely one third the bulk of the second pre-
molar, which very nearly equals the canine in vertical extent, and
exceeds it considerably in cross section; the last molar is a simple
transverse plate. In the lower jaw the incisors are trifid and
slightly crowded, those next the canines longest; the canines are
very short; the first and second premolars are shorter than the
canine, and the first premolar is slightly less than the second in
vertical extent.

Length, head and body 2”, tail 1’°3, head 0’7, ear 0’°53, tragus
ll. HARPIOCEPHALUS. 279

0'-3, forearm 1-35, third finger 2'-45, fifth finger 1-9, thumb
0'-35, tibia 0-65, caleaneum 0'°45, foot 0':3.
Hab. Malayan Archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Flores).

a. ad, sk, Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. ].

2. Harpiocephalus auratus.

Murina aurata, Alph. Milne-Edwards, Mammif. du Tibet, p. 250,
pl. xxxvii®. fig. 1, and pl. xxxvii‘. fig. 2 (1872).
Harpiocephalus auratus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p.153 (1876).

Head and muzzle as in H. suillus; but the nostrils are differently
shaped. Lach nostril forms a distinct tube directed sublaterally,
with a circular aperture marked by a very small notch on the outer
and upper margin. ‘The central part of the upper lip is cut off by
a small but distinct groove beneath each nostril, the centre is con-
cave, the sides project and support the base of the nasal tube on
each side. Lars small, almost regularly oval; the inner margin of
the conch evenly convex, the outer margin similarly convex in the
upper two thirds, the lower third slightly flattened opposite the
base of the tragus, and terminating in a small but very distinct
rounded lobe. Tragus very acutely pointed, tapering, slightly curved
outwards ; lower fourth of outer margin straight, sloping slightly
outwards, with a rounded projection opposite the base of the inner
margin, and a second point slightly higher up, where the tragus
attains its greatest breadth (Plate XVII. fig. 1, ear, enlarged 23).

Thumb very long, armed with a large strong claw. Wings to the
base of the claws. Interfemoral membrane large; last caudal ver-
tebra and half antepenultimate vertebra free.

The whole body is thickly covered with hair; both surfaces of the
ear-conch are clothed, the inner surface less densely ; the fur on the
muzzle is short; but the short fur extends almost to the ends of the
nasal tubes, and between them a few hairs pass down to the lip.
Upon the wing-membrane the fur is thin but long, extending as far
as a line drawn from the elbow to a point on the free margin of the
membrane nearly half an inch from the ankle; the back of the
forearm, as far as the base of the claw of the thumb, is covered with
short golden-yellow fur, which also extends upon the third finger
as far as the end of its second phalanx, and upon half the metacarpal
bone of the fifth finger; the interfemoral membrane is covered
with very long hair, which forms a dense fringe along its free
margin, extending also upon the legs and backs of the feet, and
projecting beyond the extremities of the toes. Beneath, the wing-
membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the
knee; and the whole interfemoral membrane is clothed with short

ight silvery hairs.
ae ee on the upper surface black, with bright golden-yellow ex-
tremities, more distinct in the middle of the back ; beneath black,
the extremities of the hairs silvery white, the white being most
conspicuous beneath the lower jaw and upon the neck and pubis.
280 VESPERTILIONID-E.

Outer upper incisors considerably larger than the inner ones.
First upper premolar much smaller than the second, but not
minute; second premolar long and pointed, exceeding the canine
both in cross section and in vertical aspect; last molar a narrow
transverse lamina. Lower incisors small, equal, and trilobate.
Lower canine scarcely exceeding the first premolar in vertical ex-
tent; second premolar not equal to the first molar vertically.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'4,
tail 1'"2, head 0-6, ear 0'-45 x 03, tragus 0':26, forearm 1'°1,
thumb 0°35, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1'°6, tibia 0''°5, foot 0-26,
calcaneum 0-45,

Hab. Thibet. Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

This very interesting species, which possesses the dentition of one
section of the genus and the form of ears peculiar to the other, has
been well described by M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards ; and the de-
scription is accompanied by an excellent plate. There is nothing
more striking than the form of the nostrils, which are quite dif-
ferent from those of any other species of Bat.

3. Harpiocephalus griseus.

Murina grisea (Hutton), Peters, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 711; td. MB. Akad.
Berl, 1872, p. 258.

Harpiocephalus griseus, Dobson, Monogr. <Asiat. Chiropt. p. 164
(1876).

Head and muzzle as in A. suillus. Ears small, narrow, and
pointed, the tip narrowly rounded off; outer margin of the conch
as in H. suillus, the upper third angularly emarginate, the middle
third abruptly convex, the lower third straight, ending opposite the
base of the tragus; tragus acutely pointed, moderately long and
slightly curved outwards.

Thumb long, with a strong claw; the last (small) vertebra of the
tail free; wings from the base of the toes.

The interfemoral membrane is densely covered above with rather
long hair, which, however, thins out towards the posterior margin ;
and a few rather short fine hairs only appear upon the feet.

Fur, above, dark brown with yellowish-brown extremities ;
beneath, similar, but the extreme points of the hairs are ashy.

Upper incisors large, with acute summits, almost equal to the
canine in vertical extent; inner incisors somewhat larger than the
outer, with a second, blunt, posterior cusp arising from the cingulum;
upper premolars equal to each other and also to the canines in ver-
tical extent; the second premolar slightly exceeds the first in the
antero-posterior diameter of its base; last upper molar nearly equal
to half the antepenultimate molar. The vertical cusp of the lower

* Capt. Hutton’s remarks on the habits of H. leucogaster were appended to
the description of this species in my ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera.’
This mistake arose from transposition of one of the sheets of the MS. when in
the printer’s hands, and the error was not perceived by me in time to make the
necessary correction.
11. HARPIOCEPHALUS. 281

canine is very short, scarcely exceeding the blunt cusp of the cin-
gulum projecting in front; lower premolars equal, thick and blunt,
larger than the canines, but not equal in vertical extent to the
anterior cusp of the first molar.

Length, head and body 1'°4, tail 1-1, ear 0'-45 x 0'"3, tragus
0-26, forearm 1''-3, thumb 0'"-35, third finger 2''-4, fifth finger 1'8,
tibia 0"°45, caleaneum 0-45, foot 0':33.

Hab. Jeripanee, N.W. Himalaya; elevation 5500 feet. Type in
the Museum of the E. I. Comp. at South Kensington.

4. Harpiocephalus harpia.

Vespertilio harpia, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 219, pl. 55
(1839).

Vesperugo harpia, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm Archiv, vi. (1840) p. 2;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 740 (1855).

Harpiocephalus rufus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259 (1842).

Noctulinia lasyura, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 1847, p. 896.

Lasiurus pearsonii, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E.-Ind. Co. p. 36
(1851); Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xx. p. 524; Jerdon, Mamm. of India,
p. 40 (1867).

Vespertilio pearsonii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 87; Blyth, Cat. Mamm.
Mus. A. § Beng. 1873, p. 109.

Murina harpia, Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1873, p. 109.

Harpiocephalus harpia, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 155, figs. a,
b, ¢ (skull) (1876).

Muzzle rather short, obtusely conical ; end of nose projecting con-
siderably beyond the lip, consisting of diverging tubular nostrils
opening laterally with a slight emargination between as in WH.
suillus ; ear-conch nearly as broad as long, broadly rounded at the
tip; outer side flatly emarginate beneath the tip, then slightly
convex, again emarginate opposite the base of the inner margin,
terminating in a small lobe at a short distance in front of the base
of the tragus; inner margin very convex forwards about the junc-
tion of its lower and middle thirds, slightly convex and almost hori-
zontal in upper two thirds; tragus with a very small lobe at base
of outer margin, attaining its greatest width opposite the base of
the inner margin, thence narrowing towards the tip, which is sub-
acutely pointed ; inner margin straight or very slightly convex,
outer convex below, slightly concave above (Plate XVII. fig. 2).

Thumb long, the distal phalanx very long, armed with a large
claw. Terminal phalanges of fourth and fifth fingers bifid at their
extremities. Wings from the base of the toes. ;

The face is very thinly covered with hair; the inner side of the
ear-conch is thinly clothed with very short fine hair. On the wing-
membrane the fur extends somewhat beyond a line drawn from the
middle of the humerus to the outer toe when the limbs are extended
as in flight; the whole of the upper surface of the interfemoral
membrane is clothed with long thinly spread hairs, which also cover
the legs and the wing-membrane for a short distance beyond, ex-
tending also more densely upon the calcanea and backs of the feet,
282 VESPERTILIONID.

and projecting beyond the toes. The backs of the forearms are
covered with a few short hairs. Beneath, the wing-membrane is
covered with fine hairs as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the
knee-joint ; the interfemoral has a few very short hairs, chiefly
along the tail.

Outer upper incisor shorter than the inner one, and wedged in
between it and the canine; upper premolars well developed and
nearly equal; posterior or third molar small, deciduous, less than
one quarter the size of the second molar, and generally absent in
adult animals; third lower molar much smaller than the second,
but elevated slightly above it by its position on the root of the
ascending ramus of the jaw.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'"5,
tail 2”, head 0:95, ear 0’°7 x 0'"5, tragus 0'"4, forearm 2”, thumb
0":6, third finger 3'°8, fifth finger 3”, tibia 0'°85, calcaneum 0-7,
foot 0''-4.

Hab. Himalaya (Darjiling; Khasia hills); Sumatra; Java; Am-
boina. Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

(For description of the skull and dentition of this species, and
remarks on its food &c., see ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera’
referred to above.) .

a. 9 ad., al. Malabar coast. Purchased.
6, ad. sk. Amboina. Purchased.

5. Harpiocephalus cyclotis.

Murina cyclotis, Dobson, P. A. S. B. Dec. 1872, p. 210; J. A. S. B.
1873, pt. ii. p. 206, pl. xiv.

Harpiocephalus cyclotis, Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 158,
figs. a, 6, ¢ (skull) (1876).

Muzzle and nostrils as in H. harpia,Temm. The ears are nearly
as wide as long, and almost quite circular—the only interruption to
the regular convexity of the external margin being a very faint
flattening of the upper and outer portion, and a slight convexity
opposite the base of the tragus (Plate XVII. fig. 3, head, enlarged).
The tragus is shaped like that of H. swillus, but is considerably
longer, and tapers to a much finer point.

Wing-membrane attached along the whole length of the outer
toe to the base of the claw; feet small, toes of nearly equal length ;
extreme tip of tail alone free.

The upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is covered with
hair, which is most dense at the root of the tail, along the tibiz,
and on the calcanea; it also extends across the tibia to the wing-
membrane. The backs of the feet are thickly covered with hair
which exceeds the toes in length.

On the upper surface the fur is bicoloured, dark brown at the
base, with bright ferruginous tips; beneath paler brown throughout.

The upper incisors are long and slender; the outer incisor is
shorter than the inner, and almost touches the canine at its base,
but is widely separated from it at its extremity: at the outer side
1]. HARPIOCEPHALtS. 283

of its base a small cusp projects outwards, as in H. suillus. The
first premolar is scarcely equal to half the canine in vertical ex-
tent, but is nearly equal to the second premolar; the second molar
is equal to the first: but the third is very narrow, forming a simple
bony lamina as wide as the preceding molar, but less than half its
antero-posterior diameter. In the lower jaw the last’ molar is
smaller than the preceding one, but possesses the same number of
cusps ; the other molars and premolars present about the same rela-
tive proportions as in the upper jaw.

On the whole the teeth are similar to those in H. harpia, agree-
ing in this respect with H. griseus and H. leucogaster, but differing
remarkably from H. suillus and H. auratus, in which the first upper
premolar is much smaller than the second, which equals the canine
in vertical extent.

Length, head and body 1"°7, tail 1-5, head 0’"7, ear 0’°6, tragus
0-35, forearm 1'°3; thumb—metacarp. 0'"1, ph. 0'"2; third finger
—metacarp. 12, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"7; fifth finger—metacarp.
1'-25, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0:35; tibia 0’°6, calceaneum 0:5,
foot 0'°3.

Hab. Himalaya (Darjiling); Ceylon. Type in the Indian Mu-
seum, Calcutta.

(For description and figure of the skull of this species, see
‘Monograph Asiat. Chiroptera’ referred to above.)

a, 2 imm., al. Ceylon. Purchased.

6. Harpiocephalus leucogaster.

Murina leucogaster, Alph. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii.
Bull. p. 91 (1871); Mammif. du Tibet, p. 250, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2,
pl. xxxvii‘. fig. 3 (1872).

Harpyiocephalus huttonii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 257;
P. ZS. 1872, P. 711. ;

Harpiocephalus leucogaster, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 167
(1876).

Head, muzzle, and nostrils as in H. cyclotis; ears also very similar
put larger, and near the base of the inner side of the ear-conch,
opposite the posterior angle of the eye, a small but distinct spur-
like process projects abruptly forwards from the convex margin
(Plate XVII. fig. 4, head, enlarged).

Fur long and dense. Above brown, greyish at the base; beneath,
the throat, chest, and abdomen are whitish, the sides of the body
light brown. Distribution of the fur as in H. cyclotis.

Outer upper incisors longer than the inner ones ; first upper pre-
molar about three fourths the size of the second premolar, and in a
plane slightly internal to the canine and second premolar ; other
teeth as in H. cyclotis. Coe

This species resembles H. cyclotis in size, n the general form of
the ears, and in the distribution of the fur. It is easily distinguished,
however, by the presence of the small projecting tooth on the inner
margin of the ear-conch, near its base, by the relatively small size
of the first upper premolar, and by the colour of the fur, which,
284 VESPERTILIONID.

though by no means a reliable character in Chiroptera, appears to
be quite constant in these species, the bright ferruginous red fur of
H. cyclotis contrasting strongly with the plain brown fur of JZ.
leucogaster.

Length, head and body 1-9, tail 1-5, head 0'°75, ear 0"-7,
tragus 0'°35, forearm 1":3, thumb 0'°35, third finger 2’-5, fifth
finger 1-9, tibia 0'-6, foot 0'3.

Hab. North-western Himalaya; Thibet.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

wu. fo ad.,al. Thibet. G. E. Dobson, MB, [E.].

12. VESPERTILIO.
Vespertilio, Keys. & Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 306; Fauna
eutschl, p. 78 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 126
(1876).

Muzzle long; glandular prominences between the nostrils and
eyes small, scarcely increasing the width of the face; nostrils
opening sublaterally by simple crescentic apertures, crown of the
head vaulted, slightly elevated above the face-line; ears separate,
oval, longer than broad, generally equalling at least, often exceed-
ing, the length of the head; the internal basal lobe angular, the
external margin of the ear-conch terminating opposite the base of
the tragus or very slightly in front of it; tragus long, generally
acute, and attenuated upwards.

Tail less than (or very rarely equal to) the length of the head and
body ; postcalcaneal lobe absent or very small. Face hairy.

Incisors =; the upper incisors nearly equal, in pairs on either

side close to the canines; the cusp of the outer incisor directed
vertically downwards or curved slightly outwards, that of the
inner incisor directed slightly forwards and inwards, so that
these teeth appear to diverge from each other; lower outer
incisors much larger than the inner incisors; premolars = the
first and second upper premolars very small, the second always
smaller than the first, often minute and more or less internal to the
tooth-row ; the first and second lower premolars smaller than the

third, the second considerably smaller than the first ; molars = the

last upper molar rather less than half the antepenultimate molar.
Range. Temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres.
This genus, which has probably-the widest distribution among
the genera of Chiroptera, is easily recognised by the large number of
teeth and the peculiar character of the incisors, wherein all the
species agree and differ from those of the nearly allied genus
Kerivoula. The long and narrow muzzle thickly covered with hair,
the simple crescentic nasal apertures, the oval elongated ear and
narrow attenuated tragus, the slender and rather long extremities,
the thin, almost naked, membranes, the peculiar dentition referred
to above, and the quality and distribution of the fur are characters
in which most of the species agree together, while the few points in
12. VESPERTILIO. 285

which they differ are so slight that it is very difficult to write in
few words a description by which it may be possible to recognise
with certainty a given species.

Most of the species appear to be dwellers in woods, some (of the
subgenus Leuconoé especially) either habitually or occasionally live
in caves or under the roofs of houses. The position of attachment
of the wings to the hinder extremities and the size of the foot
appear to be connected with the nature of their dwelling-places,
the inhabitants of caves having larger feet more or less free from
the membranes, while those living in woods have much smaller feet
inclosed in the wing-membrane to the base of the toes.

Compared with the species of Vesperugo, these Bats, as might be
expected from their more delicate organization, extend to a much
less degree into the colder latitudes, and in countries where the
species of both genera hibernate they leave their sleeping-places at
a much later period in the year.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Feet very large ; wing-membrane from the tibia
or ankle, rarely from the side of the foot;
interfemoral membrane forming a very acute
angle in the centre of its free margin behind ;
tail projecting by the last vertebra or by the
last two vertebree from the membrane; cal-
caneum very long, extending at least three
fourths the distance between the ankle and the
GAM ovals sO ale nike leis eenaiuls eve go aceeiaaiaeln els Subgen. Lrvconoi.
«. Wings from the sides of the back near the spine.
a’. Wings from the middle of the tibie; the
second lower premolar minute, quite in-
ternal to the tooth-row.
a. Tragus short, straight, and obtusely
pointed; fur long; forearm 2'"1 .. 1. V. pilosus, p. 289.
o'. Wings from the ankles; the second lower
premolar in the tooth-row.
B. Tragus moderately long, subacute ; [ p. 290.
fur very short; forearm 1"8...... 2. V. macrotarsus,
b. Wings from the sides of the body.
ce’. Wings from the ankles.
c". The second lower premolar minute, quite
internal to the tooth-row. ;
. Tragus straight ; fur very short; fore-
‘ ne . Bahia i a tcae cae 3. V. hasseltit, p. 291,
d', The second lower premolar stands in the
tooth-row, or, partially only, internal.
c'", The second upper premolar quite inter-
nal to the toot aie 4 wt rp. 299
6. Tragus straight ; fur moderately long; 292:
Freee TCBR eee ee re
d'". The second upper premolar stands in
the tooth-row, or, with the first pre-
molar, is drawn partially inwards.
«. Tragus inclined outwards above, inner [p. 293,
margin convex; forearm 1'-45.... 5. V. capaceznii,
286 VESPERTILIONID.

¢. Tragus straight, inner margin straight;
forearm 1'°45 wi... cee eee eee 6. V. longipes, p. 294.
n. Tragus inclined inwards, obtuse, inner
margin slightly concave; forearm [p. 295.
MU Bo ah cost duc, wiatedsl yi Sdisatavataehem earns 7. V. dasyeneme,
d’, Wings from the tarsi.
e”. The first and second upper premolars
internal to the tooth-row, the third
pene separated by a narrow space
rom the canine. [p. 296.
6. Tragus straight,subacute; forearm 1-8. 8. V. ferrugineus,
e'. Wings from the metatarsi.
e"'. The second lower premolar stands in the
tooth-row or is partially drawn inwards.
ff". The second upper premolar stands in
the tooth-row, or, with the first, is
partially drawn inwards.
« The ear laid forwards does not extend
beyond the end of the muzzle ; fore- [p. 297.
STI LAD iia iaioce, sinifeeresoueweake 9. V. daubentonii,
x. The ear laid forwards extends one
tenth of an inch beyond the end of [p. 298.
muzzle; forearm 1'°45 .......... 10. V. megalopus,
g'". The second upper premolar internal to
the tooth-row.
A. The ear laid forwards does not ex-
tend beyond the end of the muzzle ;
tragus inclined outwards; forearm [p. 298.
SLY Dice Resuacecaic eas fauaion hoster cay ete sace Gael taes 11. V. fimbriatus,
JS. Wings from the base of the toes *.
'. The second premolar in both jaws inter-
nal to the tooth-row.
h'". The ear laid forwards extends exactly
to the end of the muzzle.
p. Fur moderately long; last two caudal
vertebree projecting ; forearm 1-25 12. V. davidii, p. 300.
vy. Fur very short; the last osseous
caudal vertebra alone projecting;
fOveaIMNT Le BO. es vases Wie ace a ence nis 13. VF. bocagiz, p. 300.

II. Feet moderate ; wing-membrane from the base
of the toes, rarely from the metatarsus ; inter-
femoral membrane forming an obtuse angle in
the centre of its free margin behind; tail
wholly contained in the membrane or project-
ing by its extreme tip only; calcaneum extend-
ing about halfway between the ankle and the
tails races iee ose a a tenvecebe meeti care a jure are Subg. VESPERTILIO.

A. Old-World Species +.
a. Tragus attenuated above, acutely pointed,
and curved outwards.

* The two species contained in this section would, perhaps, be more correctly
classed with those of the next section, where they should occupy a place next
V. mystacinus, to which they are closely related; but the comparatively large
size of the feet and projecting caudal vertebra render their position here
necessary in order to fall in with the general plan of arrangement of the species.

+ This division is made only for convenience, as, owing to the large number
12. VESPERTILIO. 287

«', Wings from the metatarsus; fur of the
neck and shoulders much longer than
that of the rest of the body.
a. Fars nearly as long as the head; the
outer margin of the ear-conch deep-
ly concave above; terminal third of
the hairs beneath pale brown; fore-
BUTE De sea ceiea vaste ¥ reeirasehoraun 14. V. goudotit, p.301.
b’. Wings from the base of the toes; fur of
the neck and shoulders scarcely longer
than that of the rest of the body.
6". Ears shorter than the head.
8. Ears much shorter than the head;
outer side of the ear-conch deepl
concave above; terminal half of the
hairs beneath pure white; forearm [p. 802.
DED o/s sate carevs es varavorene latecesa eon eieterea 15. V. nipalensis,
y. Ears much shorter than the head;
outer side of the ear-conch slightly
concave above; terminal third of
the hairs beneath pale reddish
brown; forearm 19 ............ 17. TV’ tricolor, p. 305.
6. Ears nearly as long as the head; outer
side of the ear-conch deeply angu-
larly emarginate above; terminal
third of the hairs beneath pale red- [p. 308.
dish brown; forearm 1-58 ...... 16. V. emarginatus,
ce. Ears as long or longer than the head ;
outer side of the ear-conch flatly emar-
ginate above.
e'". Ears as long as the head.
e. Forearm 1/5 ......... veers 18, V, oreias, p. 305.
ad". Ears longer than the head.
d', Posterior margin of the interfe-
moral membrane fringed; tail as
long as the head and body.
¢. Wing-membranes variegated with

orange and black; forearm . 306.
DOD ak etaraia: iste ketters at sa els 60 19. V. welwitschit,

n. Wing-membranes unicoloured ;
forearm 1'"45 ...... Naar: 20. V. natterert, p.307.

e’. Posterior margin of the interfe-
moral membrane naked; tail
shorter than the head and body.

6. Wing-membranes unicoloured ; [p. 808.
forearm 1°55 2... ..... 0000, 21. V. bechstemnit,
b. Tragus straight*, subacutely or obtusely
ointed.

b’. Wings from the base of the toes.
b". Outer side of the ear-conch flatly emar-
ginate above.
b'", Wing-membranes unicoloured.

 

of species, and the slight leading differences observable among them, it is
extremely difficult to arrange them all in a single synoptical table.
* Curved outwards above in I’. australis only, vide p. 317.
288 VESPERTILIONID-£.

v*, Terminal half of the hairs beneath

white.
t. Ears longer than the head; fore-
AIM 2) 38 Saket asns arene oe 22, V.murinus,p.309,
x. Ears shorter than the head; fore-
SPN OD ces scale nkera ae oaereev ens 23. V. africanus,
ce. Hairs black or dark brown beneath, [p. 310,
the extreme tips greyish.
r. Ears broad, slightly shorter than [p. 310.
the head; forearm 21 ...... 24. V. ‘ianicueee
p. Ears narrow, much shorter than [p. 811.
the head; forearm 2'"5 ...... 25. V. chinensis,

ce", Wing- -membranes variegated with
orange and black.

v. Ears slightly shorter than the [p. 811.
head; forearm 1-9.......... 26. V. formosus,
ce". Outer side of the ear deeply concave
above.

d", Second upper premolar quite inter-
nal to the tooth-row.
&. Ears shorter than the head ; lower
two thirds of the outer margin
of the ear-conch strongly and [p. 313.
abruptly convex ; forearm 1’"4.27. V. insularum,
e"'. Second upper premolar in the tooth-
row, or with the first premolar
drawn partially inwards.
e‘. No postcalcaneal lobule.
vo. Ears shorter than the head ; outer
margin of the ear-conch slight-
ly convex in the lower half; [p. 313.
forearm LO. iii aceae ise aes 28. V. montivagus,
a. Ears as long as the head; outer
margin of the ear-conch strong-

ly convex in lower half; fore- [p. 314.
ATM MDS sis sentra sensieteseacoes 29. V. mystacinus,
J’. Postcalcaneal lobe distinct ; muzzle
obtuse.
p. Tragus straight or slightly in-
clined inwards ; fur long ; fore- fp. 316,
arr 2 0 conte takaa.s aie iatte sete 30. V. muricola,
o. Tragus inclined outwards above ;
fur short; forearm 1'°55...... 31. V.australis,p.317.

B. New-World Species.
a. Feet small; tail wholly included in the inter-
femoral membrane or the extreme tip alone
projecting.
a’. Ears as long as the head; muzzle slender,
pointed ; thumb shorter than the foot .. 32. V. nitidus, p. 318.
W'. Ears shorter than the head ; muzzle ob-
tuse ; thumb moderate, as long as the [p. 319.
foot; forearm 1/°35..............++.. 30» Vi nigricans,
c'. Ears as long as the head; muzzle obtuse ;
thumb longer than the foot; face very
hairy; forearm1"6 .......... wo... 84 V. oxyotus, p.320,
12. VESPFRTILIO. 289

b, Feet rather large; last rudimentary caudal
vertebra free.
a’, Fur very dense and woolly, covering the
whole muzzle. Ears shorter than the [p.
head; forearm 155 wo... cece eee 35. V. polythriz,
b’. Fur straight, moderately dense, not ex-
tending thickly upon the muzzle.
a", Ears as long as the head; tragus
straight ; a small postcalcaneal lobule; :
posterior margin of the interfemoral [p. 822.
naked; forearm 1'-45.............. 36. V. chiloensis,
b". Ears longer than the head; tragus in-
clined outwards; no postcalcaneal lo-
bule; posterior margin of the interfe-
moral fringed ; forearm 15 ........ 387. V. levis, p. 323.
ce. Feet rather large; last osseous caudal ver-
tebra free or half free.
a’. Tragus long, inclined outwards.
ce’. Wings from the base of the toes.
ce’. Ears longer than the head.
a. The extremity of the ear laid for-
wards extends about 035 beyond
the end of the muzzle.......... 38. V. evotis, p. 824.
8. The extremity of the ear extends
O""1 beyond the end of the [p. 324.
MiUZZ16 oe arias vp eee news 39. V. subulatus,
d'. Wings from the tarsus or metatarsus.
d'". Ears as long as the head.
y. The extremity of the ear laid for-
wards extends to the end of the
MUZZIO cele oi cieesa ean 40. V. carolit, p. 325.
4‘, Tragus moderately long, straight.
e''", Wings from the metatarsus or base of
the toes.
e'". Ears shorter than the head.
6. The extremity of the ear laid for-
wards does not extend so far as
the end of the muzzle.
5'. The first and second upper pre-
molars internal to the tooth-
row; forearm 1'-75.......... 41. V.albescens,p,326.
e'. The first and second premolars
in the tooth-row ; forearm 1'"35 42. V. arsinoé, p.328.
«. The extremity of the ear laid for-
wards extends to the end of the [p. 828.
muzzle; forearm 1’"4.......... 43. V. lucifugus,

321.

Subgenus Lrvcono#.

1. Vespertilio pilosus.
Vespertilio (Leuconoé) pilosus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1869, p. 403.
Ears long, narrow, and shortly rounded off above; inner margin
of the ear-conch straight above and below, concave in the middle,
outer margin straight, slightly concave opposite the base of the
tragus, and terminating in a short rounded lobe; tragus rather
oo
290 VESPERTILIONIDE,

short and straight, obtusely pointed, inner margin straight, outer
margin convex in lower three fourths, straight above.

Wings from the middle of the tibiee, and from the sides of the
back almost as close to the spine as in V. macrotarsus from the Phi-
lippine Islands. Interfemoral membrane triangular behind, last
caudal vertebra free ; caleaneum weak, concave behind.

Feet remarkably large, proportionally larger than in any other
known species of the genus; the outer toe much shorter than the
others.

Fur long and dense, extending thinly upon the upper surface of
the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the fourth caudal
vertebra, and upon the legs to the ankles. Above, dark brown, with
paler extremities ; beneath, a lighter shade of the same colour.

First and second upper premolars minute, internal to the tooth-
row, but distinctly visible from without, the second very much
smaller than the first ; second lower premolar very small and quite
internal, in the angle between the closely approximated first and
third premolar.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2), head and body 2'°4,
tail 1”-9, ear 0'-8, tragus 0'-3, forearm 2'"1, thumb 0-45, third
finger 3-5, fifth finger 2"-8, tibia 0''-8, foot 0'°7.

Hab. South America (Montevideo).

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

2. Vespertilio macrotarsus.
Vespertilio macrotarsus, Waterhouse, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi.
p. 51 (1845); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 740 (1855) ;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 130 (1876).

Ears slightly longer than the head; laid forwards their extre-
mities extend exactly to the end of the nose; inner margin of the
conch straight in the lower ascending portion for about one third
its length, then regularly convex, with a slight flattening in the
upper third; the outer margin forms a straight line without inter-
ruption as far as a point opposite the base of the tragus, terminating
in a small lobe opposite the base of the inner margin. Tragus
straight and very acutely pointed; inner margin straight; lobe at
base of outer margin small, succeeded by an emargination, above
which the tragus reaches its greatest width (Plate XVIII. fig. 1
ear, enlarged).

Wings to the ankles; feet very large, the claws of an intensely
black colour, contrasting with the prevailing light brownish hue of
the integuments. Calcaneum very long, extending to within a very
short distance of the tail. The wing-membranes are attached to the
sides of the back at a distance of about a quarter of an inch from
the spine on each side; and the surface covered by hairs across the
loins is scarcely more than half an inch in width.

Fur above dark brown, with paler tips; beneath, canary-colour,
the bases of the hairs dark. The fur is everywhere very short, and
scarcely extends to either the wing- or interfemoral membrane.

>
12. VESPPRTILIO. 291

Dentition as in V. capaceinii. The second lower premolar scarcely
more than half the height and less than one third the size of the
first premolar.

This species is at once distinguished by the attachment of the
wing-membranes and by the intensely black colour of the claws.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2, preserved in alcohol),
head and body 2”2, tail 2’-1, head 0'"75, ear 0°78, tragus 0'°35,
forearm 1’’-8, thumb 0'°35, third finger 3'°6, fifth finger 2'°4, tibia
0':7, caleaneum 0'-9, foot 0°55.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

a. 2 ad., al. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Collection.

3. Vespertilio hasseltii.

Vespertilio hasseltii, Temi. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 225 (1835-41) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 18; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 126 (1876).

Vesperugo hasseltil, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. p. 512 (1840),
y. p. 740 (1855).

Trilatitus hasseltii, Gray, dan. § Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 258 (1842).

Fars shorter than the head, and rather narrow ; laid forwards the
extremities reach very little further than half the distance between
the eye and the end of the nose; they are shaped almost precisely
similar to those of V. macrotarsus ; the tips are broadly rounded,
the outer margin forms a straight line from the tip to a point oppo-
site the base of the tragus, where it is interrupted by a fold of the
conch passing outwards to form the posterior margin of the small
lobe, in which the outer margin of the ear ends slightly in front of
the inner margin (Plate XVIII. fig. 5, ear, enlarged). Tragus
moderately long, narrow, and tapering to an acute point; the inner
margin straight, the outer slightly convex, with a triangular lobe at
the base ; it is not so much attenuated towards the tip nor so acutely
pointed as in V. macrotarsus.

Wings from the ankles ; feet very long and slender; interfemoral
membrane large, acutely angular behind. Fur very short above and
beneath; the muzzle in front of the eyes almost naked. The fur
of the body scarcely extends upon the wing-membranes, except at
their origin from the sides of the body; upon the interfemoral it
extends slightly further back than a line drawn between the knee-
joints. Beneath, the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far
as a line drawn from the elbow-joint to the commencement of the
distal third of the femur ; upon the interfemoral its extent is similar
to that on the upper surface, but about half the surface of the mem-
brane is covered thinly with minute hairs; tibia and feet (except at
base of claws) quite naked on both surfaces.

Fur, above, dark at the base, with brown tips; beneath, dark
brown or black, with white extremities.

The second premolar in both jaws is extremely small, and with
difficulty seen even with a lens; it is placed in the pa between

U
292 VESPERTILIONID A.

the first and third premolars, and in vertical extent does not equal
the cingulum of either tooth ; the lower incisors are slightly crowded.

Length (of an adult 2 pr eserved in alcohol), head and body 2")
tail 1 8, head 0'°65, ear 0°°6, tragus 0'-25, forearm 1'"6, third
finger 2"-6, fifth finger 2" , tibia 0": 65, foot 0'45,

This species, as Dr. Peters has remarked, was long considered
to belong to the genus Vesperugo, the extremely small second
premolar in both jaws having escaped notice. Although the second
upper premolar is very small in every species of Vespertilio, and
in some quite internal, yet in no other species 1s the second lower
premolar quite internal, placed in the angle between the closely
approximated first and third premolars, and not sufficiently large to
fill that angle.

Hab. Malay peninsula; Siam; Sumatra; Java.

a. ad. sk, Java. Purchased:
b. 2 ad., al. Burma. Secretary of State for India [P.].

4. Vespertilio adversus.

Vespertilio adversus, Horsfield, Zoological Researches in Java (1824) ;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 128 (1876).

Vespertilio horstieldi, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 226 (1835-
41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Stiugeth. v. p. 7387 (1855) ; Dobson,
le.

Vespertilio macellus, Temminck, 1. c. p. 230.
Vespertilio macropus, G'ould, Mammals of Australia, iii, (1854).

The ear laid forward extends to the end of the nose; the inner
margin of the ear-conch is very similar in shape to that of V.
dasycneme, but there is a slight flattening in its upper third; the
extremity is broadly triangular, with a rounded-off vertical angle ;
the upper half of the outer margin is straight, not at all concave,
and the lower half very slightly convex, terminating opposite the
base of the inner margin; tragus very similar in shape to that of
V. daubentonii, but somewhat longer and narrower towards the tip,
the inner margin straight, the outer slightly convex, attaining its
greatest width slightly below the middle of the inner margin
(Plate XVIII. fig. 4, ear, enlarged). :

Wings from the ankles; calcaneum very long, extending more
than three fourths the length of the posterior margin of the inter-
femoral on each side.

The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as
a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of
the femur; the base of the interfemoral between the thighs only is
covered, and a few long hairs appear on the backs of the toes.
Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with a few fine hairs as
far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, but the interfemoral
is as naked as upon the upper surface. The face is more hairy than
in most of the species of this subgenus.

The first upper premolar occupies the space between the canine
and the third premolar; the second upper premolar is extremely
12. VESPERTILIO. 293

small, placed quite inside, in the angle between the first and third
premolars, and is not visible from without; the second lower pre-
molar is about half the vertical height of the first, but not equal to
one third its transverse diameter, and stands in the tooth-row.

The following Table exhibits the measurements—(I.) of the type,
(II.) of the type of Vespertilio macropus, Gould*, and (III.) of an
adult 2 specimen preserved in alcohol.

 

 

 
 

 

I II III.
Length, head and body .......cccceecseeeseeeueecseneeee aes 1-9 21
ve EGLO dccantsececcaster tens care wuss manseweaionoecens ous 15 1:75
PP ead Ao iiwed sanstsshceckeveveudeuveneenr seers ouss oe 0°65 0°65
Fe CA re Hanae stone saeoaaee ere rena ee eanis MOTE 0°65 0-6 0-6
5 CPACUS! Srecstenidnescassssunededesasersiseesssns 0°26 0-28 0-3
se sTOPCRTIO ccc ccane souare eu case weaeoenee settee ers 15 15 1:55
7s PHumMb! soc sost ee ecc vce seuvaessesensaencesecocces 0-35 0°33 0:35
5 third! finger css i..scevaseivseeoasenessessnsseaes 2°65 2°75 29
5 filth fin Gers cic. sais davesaeanadaotsaasecnancninn 2-0 1:95 2-05
5 LDA: casssorsereceneeindiesb saves es se sseanscemans 0-6 0°65 0°68
PA LOOGs acca careee aaa nach eueutesent ee oyaenewsaee 0-48 0°48 0-48

 

 

 

 

 

Hab. Siam; Java; Borneo; Gerontalo, Celebes ; Australia (Port
Essington ; Brisbane; Swan River; South Australia).

a,b. 2, al. (nearly Siam. W. H. Newman, Esq. [P.}.
adult).
ce. ad. sk. North Australia. Purchased.
d. 3 ad., al. Port Essington. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.].
e. 2 ad.,, al. Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.].
f. ad. sk., in al. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
: (Type of Vespertilio macropus, Gould.)
g. dad, al. Australia. Earl of Derby [P.}.
h,t. ad. sks. Swan River, Australia, Sir G. Grey LP.
J, k. ad, sks. South Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.j.

5. Vespertilio capaccinii.

Vespertilio capaccinii, Bonap. Fauna Italica, 1832, fase, xx.; Temm.
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 189 (1839-41) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 129 (1876).

 

* T have directly compared the types of V. adversus, Horsf., and of V. ma-
cropus, Gould (the former from Java, the latter from North Australia), and am
quite unable to discover any difference. Both agree in dentition, in the form
of the head and ears, and in all other respects; so that I am obliged to con-
sider the Australian specimens as belonging to the same species as Horsfield’s
type from Java, and consequently assign to this species a wider distribution
than I could have expected, seeing that the Bats of the Australian Region are
almost altogether distinct from those of the Oriental.

I have also examined the types of V. macellus, Temminck (preserved in the
Leyden Museum), and find that this species from Borneo is also undoubtedly
the same as V’. adversus, Horsf., with which it agrees in all external characters
as well as in the peculiar position of the second upper premolar. As Dr. Peters
has remarked (MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p- 680), there are some skulls in the
Leyden Museum, labelled Vespertilio macellus in Temminck’s handwriting, which
undoubtedly belong to the species described by Temminck under the name Ves-
pertilio macrotis (= Vespertilio (Vesperugo) imbricatus, Horsfield).
294 VESPERTILIONIDZE,

Vespertilio megapodius, Temm. 1. c. p. 189. :
Vespertilio macrodactylus, Temm. l. c. p. 231 (vide Peters, in MB.
Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679).

Ears slightly shorter than the head; laid forwards their extremi-
ties reach the end of the nose; upper third of the inner margin
straight, tip shortly rounded off; outer margin flattened beneath
the tip, becoming convex opposite the summit of the tragus, and
ending abruptly opposite the base of its inner margin. Tragus long
and very acutely pointed, the lower half of the inner margin straight,
the upper half convex, corresponding to a distinct concavity of the
upper third of the outer margin, which gives to the upper part of
the tragus an outward inclination; at the base of the outer margin
a distinct, small, rounded lobe, above which the outer margin becomes
strongly convex (Plate XVIII. fig. 3, ear, enlarged).

The wing-membrane is attached to the tibia a short distance above
the ankle; caleaneum reaching three fourths the distance from the
ankle to the tail.

On the upper surface the wing-membrane is covered with soft fur
as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the tips of the toes when
the foot is drawn outwards and forwards; the legs and interfemoral
membrane are clothed with similar fur as far as a line drawn between
the ankles; beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line
drawn between the elbow- and knee-joints, and the interfemoral as
far as a line extending between the ankles; the hairs also cross the
tibia and occupy the angle of the wing-membrane contained between
its posterior margin and the tibic.

Fur, above, black at the base, with light brown tips; beneath,
black with white extremities.

The first and second upper premolars are slightly drawn inwards ;
the second premolar minute, not half the size of the first premolar,
and scarcely equalling in vertical extent the cingulum of the third
premolar; the second lower premolar is almost equal to the first in
vertical extent, but is not half its transverse diameter; the third
lower premolar is almost equal to the canine in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”,
tail 1:5, tail free from membrane 0:15, head 0°65, ear 0'°6,
tragus 0’°3, forearm 1'-6, thumb 0:3, third finger 27°55, fifth
finger 2”, tibia 0'"7, caleaneum 0'°55, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Southern Europe (Italy); Philippine Islands; Japan.

V. capaceinit is at once distinguished from all other species of
this section by its very acutely pointed, outward curved tragus.

a. Q ad, al. Turin. Prof. Bonetti [P.].
& @ ad, al. No history.

6. Vespertilio longipes.

Vespertilio macropus, Dobson (non Gould), Proc. As. Soc. Beng.
1872, p. 209.

Vespertilio longipes, Dobson, 1. v. 1878, p. 110; Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 151 (1876),
12, VESPERTILIO. 295

Crown of the head rather abruptly and considerably raised above
the face-line; muzzle narrow and pointed, with slightly projecting
nostrils opening sublaterally, with an intervening emargination.
The shape of the head and muzzle is similar to that of Kerivoulu
hardwickii, Ears as long as the head, narrow, tapering, with
rounded-off tips ; immediately beneath the tip about half the outer
margin is hollowed out, the remaining lower half convex. Tragus
very long and slender, slightly tapering towards the tip, which
is rounded off (Plate XIX. fig. 1, ear, enlarged).

Wings from the ankles. Feet very large, about one fourth the
length of the head and body; toes more than half the length of the
whole foot, claws remarkably long and strong; the outer toe con-
siderably shorter than the others, and with a somewhat larger claw.

Fur above black; beneath black, with whitish tips. The face is
very hairy, and the upper lip is clothed with long straight hairs.
The wing-membrane on the upper surface is covered with hair as
far as a line connecting the junction of the proximal and middle
thirds of the humerus with the knee-joint ; from the knee the hairs
pass backwards along the tibia to the back of the foot. The base of
the interfemoral membrane, a little further back than a line joining
the knee-joints, is covered, the remainder naked. Beneath, the
wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the elbow to
the knee-joint, and half the interfemoral membrane has a few thinly
spread hairs scattered over its surface.

The first and second upper premolars are very small, and (in the
type specimens) not distinguishable without the aid of a lens.

The second upper premolar is but slightly internal to the first; in
the lower jaw both premolars stand in the tooth-row. Lower
canine very small, not equal to the first molar in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body
1-75, tail 1°45, head 0'°6, ear 0'6, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1'45,
third finger 2:3, fifth finger 1°85, thumb 0'°3, tibia 0'6, foot
0"4,

Hab. Caves of Bhima Devi, Kashmir (elevation about 6000 feet),
where the type specimens were obtained by Captain W. G. Murray.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

a. g ad.,al. Caves of Bhima Devi, Kashmir. Calcutta Museum [E.].

7. Vespertilio dasycneme.

Vespertilio dasyeneme, Bote, Isis, 1825, p. 1200; Wagner, Suppl.
Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 757 (1855); Blasius, Fauna Deutsch. p. 103,
figs. 69, a & b (1857); Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 129

1876).
Vespertitio limnophilus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 176
(18839).

Fars shorter than the head, laid forwards the extremities do not
reach to the end of the nose; inner margin of the ear-conch straight
in its lower third, then regularly convex to the tip, which is obtusely
296 VESPERTILIONID.E.

rounded off; the outer margin is straight or slightly concave be-
neath the tip for about one third of its length, becoming gradually
convex, and terminating abruptly opposite the base of the inner
margin. The tragus terminates in an obtuse rounded point; the
inner margin is slightly concave, the outer convex.

Thumb armed with a very large claw. Wings from the distal
extremity of the tibia; the point of origin of the wing-membrane
is very sharply defined. The calcaneum extends rather more than
halfway between the ankle and the tail.

Fur, above, dark at the base, the hairs with ight brown extre-
mities ; beneath, black at the base, the extremities white.

Both the first and second upper premolars are drawn inwards,
owing to the proximity of the third large premolar to the canine;
the second premolar is extremely small, and more internal than the
first. The lower incisors are not crowded; the second lower pre-
molar is about half the size of the first premolar; the first premolar
is less than the canine in vertical extent.

Length, head and body 2’'4, tail 2", head 0:75, ear 0-6, tragus
0-3 x 0'-09, forearm 1:8, thumb 0':35, third finger 3'°1, fifth
finger 2'°4, tibia 08, caleaneum 0°65, foot 0-4.

Hab. From Southern England to the Altai Mountains, probably
generally distributed throughout the temperate regions of Europe
and Asia. On the continent of Europe it is recorded from the
Netherlands, France, Denmark, Prussia, Hungary, and Italy.

V. dasycneme is readily distinguished from all other species of
this section by the form of the tragus, which resembles that of some
of the species of the subgenus Vesperus (Vesperugo), and by the
less amount of hair on the face.

a. & ad., al. Galicia. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].

8. Vespertilio ferrugineus.

Vespertilio ferrugineus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 239, pl.
58. fig. 2.

Ears shorter than the head, laid forwards the extremities reach
almost to the end of the muzzle; inner margin of the ear-conch
straight m lower and upper thirds and convex in the middle, the
outer margin concave in upper half, so that the rather narrowly
rounded-off tip projects outwards, then convex, emarginate opposite
the base of the tragus and terminating in asmall lobe; inner margin
of the tragus straight, outer margin slightly convex, not attenuated
above, subacutely pointed.

Wings from the ankles or tarsus ; interfemoral membrane acutely
angular behind, not fringed; last caudal vertebra free.

Fur moderately long on the upper surface, short beneath; above
dark brown, the terminal third of the hairs light yellowish or fer-
ruginous brown; beneath dark brown with greyish extremities,
causing the whole under surface to appear ashy; ears and mem-
branes brown.
12. VESPERTILIO. 297

Upper incisors nearly equal; first and second upper premolars
on the inner side of the tooth-row, second premolar very small,
third separated by a narrow space from the canine; first and second
lower premolars in the tooth-row.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2'°4,. tail
1'°8, ear 0'°65, tragus 0':28, forearm 1'-8, thumb 0°35, third
finger—metacarp. 1'°6, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0'"8; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'°55, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0’*75, foot 0°45.

Hab. Surinam.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

9. Vespertilio daubentonii.

Vespertilio daubentonii, Levsler, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wet-
terau, Gesellsch. Naturk. p. 51 (1819); Bonap. Fauna Italica, fasc.
xxi. (1835); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. p. 186 (1835-41) ;
Bell, Brit. Quadrup. p. 47, fig. (1837); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Sdugeth. i. p. 493 (1844), v. p. 726 (1855); Blaseus, Fauna
Deutschl. p. 98, figs. 66, 67 ; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 132
(1876).

Vespertilio zedilis, Jenyns, dnn. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 73.

Vespertilio volgensis, Lversmann, Bullet. de Moscou, i. p. 24 (1840).

Head very slightly raised above the face-line; ears moderately
long, laid forwards the tips extend quite to the extremity of the
muzzle, the inner margin forms a regular are of a circle from the
base to the tip; the tip is shortly rounded off; and the upper third
of the outer margin is flat or concave, owing to the abrupt convexity
of the succeeding middle third; tragus about half the length of the
ear, the extremity straight, not curved outwards; the inner margin
is straight, the outer has a very distinct triangular rounded lobe at
the base, then becomes regularly slightly convex upwards, reaching
its greatest width about the middle, and terminating in an acute point.

Wings from the metatarsi; caleaneum extending more than three
fourths the distance between the ankle and the tail.

The face is sparingly covered with hair in front of the ears. The
small labial glands are thinly clothed by some long straight hairs.
On the dorsal surface the base of the interfemoral membrane as far
as a line drawn between the centres of the tibia is covered; the
tibiz and the remaining part of the interfemoral naked.

Above, the hairs are dark at the base, with reddish-brown extre-
mities; beneath, similar at the base, but with white extremities.

The upper incisors are equal in size, and have strongly diverging
cusps ; the second upper premolar stands in the tooth-row, is very
small, not one third the size of the first premolar, and its summit
very slightly exceeds the cingulum of the first molar. ,

Length (of an adult 3 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'9,
tail 17, head 0'-65, ear 0-55, tragus 0'-28, forearm 1-45, thumb
0-35, third finger 2’"4, fifth finger 1"'9, tibia 0"-6, foot 0"-4.

Hab. From Ireland to the Altai Mountains; from Finland to
298 VESPERTILIONID.E.

Sicily ; from the Altai Mountains to Tenasserim*. Probably gene-
rally distributed throughout Europe and the temperate regions of Asia
north of the Himalaya; attaining the most northerly range of all
the species of the genus. Found as far north as Banffshire in Scot-
land.

a. ad. sk. England.

b. ad., al. Epping Forest. F. Doubleday, Esq. poe
c. ad. sk. Essex. J. A. Tawell, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. o, al. Northampton. Rev. L. Jenyns [P. ].

e. ad. sk. Warwickshire. R. F. Tomes, Esq. [P.].
f. ad. sk. Devonshire. Dr. W. E. Leach [P.].

h, i. ad. sks, Scotland. J. MacGillivray, Esq. [P.].
J, k ad. sks, Sweden. Stockholm Museum [P.].
i, ad. sk. Poland. Purchased.

m,n. ad. sks. Altai Mountains.

o. 2 imm., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [P.].

10. Vespertilio megalopus.
Vespertilio megalopus, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 261.

Very similar to V. daubentonit: but the ears are longer, much
narrower and more acute, and, laid forwards, the tips pass beyond
the end of the nose at least one tenth of an inch; the inner margin,
instead of forming a regular arc from the base to the tip, is flattened
along the upper third, and the narrow extremity of the ear is sharply
rounded off. The tragus is also longer and narrower, and quite ob-
tuse; the upper third of the inner margin is slightly concave ; but
the extremity is not directed inwards (Plate XVIII. fig. 2, ear, en-
larged).

The wing-membrane does not extend so far down on the foot as
in V. daubentonii ; and the second upper premolar is slightly drawn
inwards. In other respects, in general form and in the colour and
distribution of the fur, this species closely resembles V. daubentonii,
of which it may be considered the African representative.

Length (of a male specimen preserved in alcohol), head and body
1"-65, tail 1'°6, head 0'°6, ear 0”-55, tragus 0'"3, forearm 1':45,
thumb 0:35, third finger 23, fifth finger 1'-9, tibia 0'-6, foot
0-4.

Hab. Western Equatorial Africa (Gaboon).

a, ¢ ad., al. (type). Gaboon. Purchased.
b. ¢ ad, al. Gaboon. Purchased.

11. Vespertilio fimbriatus.
Vespertilio fimbriatus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 617. no. 2; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 144 (1876).
Vespertilio laniger, Peter's, 7. c. no. 3.
Ears remarkably narrow; the upper half of the ear-conch trian-
gular, the outer margin slightly concave in upper half, convex below,
terminating opposite the base of the tragus without forming a lobe;

* Two en lately obtained by Mr. Limborg at Ashown in Tenasserim
agree in all respects with specimens of this species from England.
12. VESPER'TILIO. 299

tragus about half the length of the inner margin of the ear, narrow
and acutely pointed, outer margin convex immediately above the
base, then concave, inner margin correspondingly convex. Face
narrow and densely clothed with woolly hair. Wings from the
metatarsi; feet rather large; tail (in the type specimen, a dried
skin) wholly included within the interfemoral membrane.

Fur, above, black with brown tips; beneath, black with ashy tips.
On the upper surface the fur extends to the membranes along the
sides of the body only; beneath, a few fine hairs cover the wing-
membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint ;
the interfemoral membrane is nearly naked, except where a few fine
thinly spread hairs fringe the posterior free margin.

The canine and third premolar are rather close, so that the small
first and second premolars are drawn inwards, the second more than
the first.

Length (of the type specimen, a dried skin), head and body about
1-6, tail about 1", ear 06, tragus 0''-28, forearm 15, thumb 0'"3,
third finger 2-6, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0’-6, foot 0''-4.

Such are the characters of the type specimen, from Amoy, a dried
skin in a very imperfect state of preservation.

A specimen in alcohol, in the collection of the Paris Museum,
from Cochin China, appears to be referable to this species; but, as it
differs apparently * in some important points from the Amoy spe-
cimens, I give the following description :—

Ears narrow, laid forwards the tips do not extend to the end of
the nose; inner margin of the ear-conch straight in lower third,
convex in middle third, straight in upper third, tips shortly rounded
off; outer margin straight almost from the tip to its termination
below, the slight convexity of the lower part commencing below the
middle, and not forming any lobular projection; tragus rather short,
and shaped as in V. daubentoni, the outer margin convex, the
inner straight.

Wings from the tarsi; last caudal vertebra free; interfemoral
membrane triangular behind ; termination of calcaneum indistinct.

Fur, above, dark, extremities of the hairs greyish; beneath, simi-
lar, the terminal third of the hairs lighter than on the upper surface.

The canine and third premolar are separated by a rather small
interval, and the second minute premolar is quite internal; in the
lower jaw the second premolar stands in the tooth-row.

Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 19, tail ee head 0'-65,
ear 0'-6, tragus 0:27, forearm 1-35, thumb 1'25, third finger
2"-6, fifth finger 1”-9, tibia 055, foot 0'"-4.

Hab. China (Amoy) ; ? Cochin China.

: Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
s a his : (type) Anan, R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
ct. a Ga sk. Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [ P.}.

* The differences in the dried skins may be mainly the result of imperfect

tion.
EE eps of 1”. laniger, Peters.
300 VESPERTILIONID.E.

13. Vespertilio davidii.

Vespertilio davidii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 402; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 132 (1876).

Muzzle and ears as in V. daubentonii ; laid forwards the extremity
of the ear extends exactly to the end of the muzzle; the outer mar-
gin of the ear-conch terminates in a small distinct round lobe.
Tragus long, subacute, attenuated in upper third; inner margin
straight, lower two thirds of outer margin convex, upper one third
straight; a distinct lobule at the base.

Wings from the base of the toes; feet rather large ; toes nearly
equal in length ; last two caudal vertebre free ; the calcaneum ex-
tends somewhat more than half the distance between the ankle and
the tail.

Fur, above, dark, with light-brown tips; beneath, similar, with
grey or ashy extremities. Above and beneath, the wing- and inter-
femoral membranes are covered along the sides of the body only.

The second upper premolar is very small, and placed internally
in the angle between the closely approximated first and third pre-
molars ; in the lower jaw the second premolar is also very small and
internal, but the first and third premolars are separated by a small
interval.

This species is very like V. daubentonii ; but the outer margin of
the ear is less concave in its upper half, and the lower half is less
convex; it is also distinguished by the position of the second pre-
molar (which, as described above, is internal to the tooth-row in
both jaws), by the projecting caudal vertebra, and by the attach-
ment of the wing-membrane, which extends quite to the base of
the toes.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 1'7, tail 1'°3,
head 0°58, ear 0'°56 x 0'"3, tragus 0°28, forearm 1'-25, thumb
0-28, third finger 1’'°7, fifth finger 1'-4, tibia 0'°5, calcaneum
0''-58, foot 0'°33.

Hab, Pekin, China.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

13. Vespertilio bocagii.

Vespertilio bocagii, Peters, Jorn. de Sci. Math.-Phys. e Nat. Lisboa,
1870, no, 10.

The crown of the head is slightly, but rather abruptly, elevated
above the face-line, the muzzle rather short, and the glandular pro-
minences small. Ears shorter than the head, laid forward the tips
extend exactly to the end of the nose ; in general shape very similar
to those of V. mystacinus, but the tip is more directed outwards and
the lower half of the outer margin less convex. The tragus is also
like that of 1. mystacinus, but is proportionately shorter, narrower,
and more acutely pointed, and the lobe at the base of the outer
margin is triangular, not rounded (Plate XVIII. fig. 6, ear, double
natural size; tragus rather too broad).
12. VESPERTILIO. 301

Wings from the base of the toes; caleaneum terminating in a
distinct small projection ; last caudal vertebra quite free ; feet rather
broad and flat.

The face in front of the eyes is very thinly covered, and the lips
scarcely fringed except with a few fine hairs; the inner surface of
the ear-conch is thinly covered with short hairs arising from small
glandular papille ; the wing-membranes above and beneath are
almost naked, the fur of the body extending upon them along the
sides of the body only ; on the upper surface the base of the inter-
femoral is covered, beneath naked but thickly dotted over with
small white elevations.

Fur very short above and beneath. On the dorsal surface bright
ferruginous red, dark or black at the base; beneath, dark with ashy
extremities.

Dentition quite similar to that of V. mystacinus.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1-65, tail 15, head
0''6, ear 0'°5, tragus 0°25, forearm 1'°35, thumb 0'°3, third finger
2'"5, fifth finger 1'9, tibia 0'°55, caleaneum 0'°45, foot 0'°35.

Hab. West Africa.

This species is readily distinguished by its very narrow but
straight tragus, with a convex outer margin, and the shortness and
bright-red colour of the fur on the dorsal surface, together with its
size and shape of the ears, in which it resembles V. mystacinus.

a. f ad., al. West Africa. Captain Burton [P.].

Subgenus VESPERTILIO.

14. Vespertilio goudotii.

Vespertilio goudotii, Smith, African Zoology, p. 132 (1834).
Vespertilio madagascariensis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 89.
? Vespertilio sylvicola *, Grandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1870, p. 49.

Ears large, nearly as long as the head, rounded at the tips, with
a deep angular emargination occupying the upper third of the outer
margin, the remaining two thirds strongly convex and terminating
in a small lobe (Plate XIX. fig. 6); tragus moderate, on the
inner side convex, so that the acutely pointed attenuated extremity
inclines outwards, externally convex below, and slightly concave in
the upper third, at the base a well-defined horizontal lobule. Nos-
trils prominent, opening downwards and outwards, separated by a
shallow emargination above and in front. Crown of the head
vaulted behind the slender muzzle.

Feet rather large ; the wing-membrane terminates at the end of
the tarsus; the extreme tip of the tail free.

Above, dull chestnut, the base of the hairs dusky ; beneath, the
extremities of the hairs are pale brown or slightly ashy, dull black
or dark brown at the base.

* The type of this species has been lost, and the description is insufficient.
302 VESPERTILIONID 2.

The face and upper lip are densely covered with long hair, the ex-
tremity of the nose alone naked; the body is covered with long fine
fur, but the wing-membranes are nearly naked. The fur of the head,
neck, and shoulders longer than that of the back, which extends for a
short distance upon the interfemoral membrane and terminates
abruptly, leaving the rest of the membrane quite naked; beneath,
afew very fine and short hairs spring from the transverse dotted
lines.

Upper incisors rather long and nearly equal; outer incisors unicuspi-
date and vertical in direction ; inner incisors in a plane anterior to the
outer ones, and directed forwards and inwards; second upper pre-
molars very small, drawn inwards, and not distinguishable without
alens. In the lower jaw the second premolar is about half the size
of the first, but much larger than the corresponding tooth above ; it
also lies slightly internal to the first premolar.

Length (of a dried specimen), head and body 1'5, tail 15, ear
0"-65, tragus 0-3, forearm 1":5, thumb 0:28, third finger 2:8,
fifth finger 2'"1, tibia 0'"6, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Madagascar.

a, b. ad. sk. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.

15. Vespertilio nipalensis.

Vespertilio nipalensis, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 214;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 142, figs. a,b (1876).

Crown of the head almost level with the face-line ; muzzle narrow,
appearing somewhat broader near its extremity, owing to the small
glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils ; nostrils open-
ing sublaterally without intervening emargination. Ears shorter
than the head, narrow, and pointed ; outer margin of the ear-conch
deeply hollowed out immediately beneath the-tip, which projects out-
wards considerably ; the lower half of the outer margin is slightly
convex, and terminates a short distance in front of the base of the
tragus, not forming any lobe or anterior projection; tragus long,
narrow, and pointed, curved slightly outwards ; at the base, on the
outer margin, a small lobule is placed, which in this species appears
unusually long.

Wing-membrane from the base of the toes ; toes long, about two
thirds the length of the whole foot.

The fur of the head and back is long and dense, bicoloured, from
the base upwards black with brown tips; beneath, the hairs are
black for two thirds their length, the remaining portion to the tip
pure white. The whole under surface of specimens dried from spirit
appears white, and the dark portions of the hairs are not perceived
till the fur is raised. Between the eyes, and as far as the slight
glandular prominences of the muzzle, the face is covered with very
long dense fur of the same quality as that on the back of the head ;
in front of the base of the ear and about the eye the fur is very
12. VESPERTILIO, 303

short and thin; and the same kind of fur also clothes the glandular
prominences, interspersed with long straight hairs. On the upper sur-
face the wing-membranes are clothed along the sides of the body only ;
beneath they are covered as far as a line drawn between the middle
of the humerus and femur; behind about half the upper surface of
the interfemoral membrane is clothed with a few short thinly spread
hairs ; the under surface is similarly covered, but the hairs extend
further back along the tail.

The canines in both jaws are very short, in the lower jaw resem-
bling premolars; the first and second premolars are minute, and in
the upper jaw scarcely distinguishable without the aid of a lens.

Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1°65,
tail 1°35, head 0':6, ear 0'°48, tragus 0':25, forearm 1'°35, thumb
0":25, third finger 2''3, fifth finger 175, tibia 0'°6, foot 0'°3, cal-
caneum ('"6.

Hab, Katmandu, Nipal.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

16. Vespertilio emarginatus.

Vespertilio emarginatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. viii. p. 198 ;
Macgillivray, Natural. Library, vii. p. 96 (1888) ; De Selys-Long-
champs, Fauna Belge (1842); Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 142 (1876).

? Vespertilio epichrysus, Temminck, Monogr, Mamm. ii. p. 208
(1835-41).

Vespertilio mystacinus, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 310.

Vespertilio ciliatus, Blastus, Wiegm. Archiv, 1853, p. 288; Fauna
Deutschl. p. 91, figs. 62, 63 (1857).

Crown of the head very slightly raised above the face-line ; muzzle
long, sloping evenly downwards on the sides to the margin of the
upper lip; extremity of nose projecting slightly. ars nearly as
long as the head; laid forwards the tips extend to the end of the
nose ; the horizontal margin of the internal basal lobe forms a
right angle with the ascending margin, which in its lower fourth is
straight, and then slightly convex to the tip; the tip is shortly
rounded off ; beneath it the upper third of the outer margin is deeply
emarginate (but the tip scarcely projects outwards), then very
abruptly convex, and terminating in a small lobe curved inwards.
Tragus long, narrow above and acutely pointed, reaching nearly to
the edge of the emarginate portion of the outer margin of the conch ;
the inner margin slightly convex; the outer margin convex below,
with a small lobe at the base, concave above, so that the tragus is
directed outwards. ;

Wings to the base of the claws ; extreme tip of the tail free.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends thinly upon the
wing-membranes as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the knee-joint; upon the interfemoral as far as a line
drawn from one tibia to the other; also upon the legs as far as the
ankles, and upon the toes very sparingly ; the posterior margin of
304 VESPERTILIONID.

the interfemoral is fringed by a few short fine hairs. Beneath, the
wing-membrane is covered with very few fine hairs ranged along
the transverse lines as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the
knee, and the interfemoral has a patch of thinly spread hairs about
the root of the tail. The face is rather thickly covered with short
hairs; the margin of the upper lip is fringed with long hairs, and
the chin is similarly covered; the ear-conch is clothed internally
with short hairs arising from papille, as in Keriwoula, but the
integument of the ears is rather thicker than in the species of that
genus.

Fur, above, dark brown at the base, then light brown with reddish-
brown tips; beneath, similar, with much lighter-coloured extremities.
Ears and membranes reddish brown.

The first upper premolar stands in the tooth-row, is about half
the vertical height of the third premolar, and the bases of these teeth
nearly touch ; the second premolar is very small, not one third the
size of the first premolar, and is crushed inwards; the first lower
premolar is somewhat more than half the vertical height of the
canine; the second premolar is scarcely two thirds the size of the
first; and the third premolar exceeds the first molar in vertical
extent.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirit), head and body 1”-75,
tail 1'65, head 0'-75, ear 0"-75, tragus 0°35, forearm 1'-58, thumb
0"-35, third finger 2-55, fourth finger 2"°1, fifth finger 2'"1, tibia
0°75, foot 0''-38.

Hab, Middle and Southern Europe, extending from France and
Rhenish Prussia to Italy.

Var. a (Vespertilio desertorum).

Vespertilio desertorum, Dobson, Blanford, Ann. § M. N. H, 1875,
xvi. p. 809; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 144 (1876); Blan-
ford, Eastern Per sid, ii. p. 20, with woodcut of head (1877).

Similar to V. emarginatus in structure, but distinguished by its
greater size, much lighter colour of the fur and membranes, and
especially by the upper incisors, which are parallel and close
together.

‘Caleaneum distinct, terminating in a well-marked small project-
ing lappet of skin; ears very thin ; glandular papille distinct.

F ur, above and beneath, very light-coloured; ears and inter-
femoral membranes pale yellowish white ; wing-membranes dusky
white.

The fur on the back is tricoloured, dark at the base, then pale
straw-coloured, the extremities very light reddish brown ; beneath,
dark at the base of the hairs, the extremities very pale straw-colour.

Length (of an adult 9 preserved in spirit), head and body 2’1
head 0°75, tail 1-6, ear 0'':65, tragus 0-35, forearm 1-75, thumb
0'°35, third finger QI" 8, fourth finger OM: 25, fifth finger 2"°35,
tibia 0": 8, calcaneum 0!" 5, foot 0-45.

Hab. Baluchistan.
12. VESPERTILIO. 305

This appears to be the representative of V. emarginatus in Balu-
chistan and surrounding countries. The above described well-marked
characters (derived from an examination of several specimens pre-
served in alcohol), though apparently constant, do not, in my opi-
nion, justify complete separation as a species distinct from the
European form.

a,b. 2 ad., al. fax, Baluchistan. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

17. Vespertilio tricolor.

Vespertilio tricolor, Temminck, Monogr, Mammal. ii. p. 207 (1835-
41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 745 (1855).

Resembles V. emarginatus closely in genoral form, and even in.
the quality, colour, and distribution of the fur; but is easily distin-
guished by its greater size and conspicuously shorter ears, which are
much less abruptly convex in the lower two thirds of the outer
margin ; the tragus is also much curved outwards, and the extremity
of the tail does not project.

In general form the skull differs considerably from that of V.
emarginatus, being proportionally much broader in front, and the
brain-case less vaulted and raised above the facial bones. In V.
emarginatus the inner incisor is quite equal to the outer; in this
species it is conspicuously larger and the posterior cusp longer ; the
first upper premolar also occupies the whole space between the
canine and third premolar, and the second premolar is quite internal ;
in V. emarginatus the second premolar is half internal and quite
visible in the space between the first and third premolars.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2'°5, tail
1"-8, head 08, ear 0'°55, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1-9; third finger—
metacarp. 18, 1st ph. 0'°7, 2nd ph. 0':85; fourth finger—meta-
carp. 1°75, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'7,
Ist ph. 0"°5, 2nd ph. 0'"5 ; tibia 0'8, foot 0°43.

Hab. South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum,

18. Vespertilio oreias.

Vespertilio oreias, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 270 (18385-
1841).

Ears apparently as long as the head ; the inner margin of the ear-
conch straight in its lower, convex in its middle and upper thirds ;
the upper half of the outer margin flatly emarginate, then convex,
but not abruptly so as in V. emarginatus: tragus much attenuated,
almost as much as in Kerivoula, and inclined slightly outwards ; the.
outer margin slightly concave above, the inner slightly convex.

Wings from the base of the toes ; feet rather small; half the last
caudal vertebra free.

Fur rather long and dense, extending densely upon the face

x
306 VESPERTILIONID AS.

nearly to the end of the muzzle; ears naked or with a few fine hairs
only.

hore dark brown, with yellowish-brown extremities ; bencath
similar, the tips of the hairs pale yellow.

Upper incisors equal; both the upper premolars stand in the
tooth-row.

. Length (of the type specimen), ear 0'65, tragus 0'°35, forearm
('-5, third finger 2'3, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0'"7, foot 0'"3.

Hab. Singapore.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

Dr. Peters has identified V. oreias with V. emarginatus. It is
undoubtedly closely allied to that species, but the form of the ear is
quite different ; both the upper premolars stand in the tooth-row,
and the fur is bicoloured and much darker than in V. emarginatus.

19. Vespertilio welwitschii.
Scotophilus welwitschii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 211, pl. xxiv.

Head moderately elevated ; muzzle broad, shaped like that of V.
natterert, sloping evenly down to the upper lip; ears long and nar-
row, laid forwards the tips extend slightly beyond the end of the
nose; lower third of inner margin of the ear straight, upper two
thirds convex to the tip, as in V. murinus ; tip shortly rounded off and
projecting externally, owing to an abrupt emargination of the outer
margin causing the upper part of the ear to appear narrow, below
this the outer margin is faintly convex, very slightly concave oppo-
site the middle third of the tragus, then again convex to its termi-
nation opposite the base of the inner margin ; on the inner surface
of the external basal lobe a small vertical lobe, as in V. murinus.
Tragus long, attenuated in its upper third, and acutely pointed ;
upper two thirds of its inner margin slightly convex ; at the base of
the outer margin a very distinct rounded lobe, above which the outer
margin becomes convex and reaches its greatest width slightly above
the base of the inner margin (Plate XIX. fig. 3, ear, enlarged).

Wings from the metatarsi close to base of toes. Feet slender;
ealcaneum long, extending three fourths the distance between the
foot and the tip of the tail, terminating in a small projection.
Tail wholly included except the extreme tip, equal to the head and
body in length.

The wing-membranes are variegated with orange and black, as in
V. formosus, but, in addition, the upper surface of the interfemoral
membrane, which in that species is wholly orange, is, in V. wel-
witschii, margined behind by a black band and dotted over with small
black dots, which also appear upon the orange-coloured portion of
the wings between the humerus and the femur, and on the forearm
and legs.

The head is covered with long hair ; in front of the eyes the face is
rather thickly covered with short hairs, and the margin of the upper
lip is fringed. The wing-membranes are nearly naked, and the fur
of the back extends upon the interfemoral at the base of the tail
12, VESPERTILIO. 307

only. Posteriorly the free margin of the interfemoral between the
ends of the calcanea is fringed with fine straight hairs.

Above, dark at the base for about one fourth the length of the
hairs, then pale straw-colour, extremities reddish ; beneath, the very
base only is dark, the remainder of the hairs dull straw-colour.

Dentition quite similar to that of V. murinus.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2''*4,
tail 2'-4, head 0':8, ear 1", tragus 0’':4, forearm 2'°05, thumb 0':35,
third finger 4’, fifth finger 2'"7, tibia 0'°85, foot 0''5.

Hab. Angola, West Africa.

a. & ad., al. (type). Angola. Dr. Welwitsch [C.1.

20. Vespertilio nattereri.

Vespertilio nattereri, Kuhl, Deutsch. Fledermduse, Annal. Wetter.
Gesellsch. Naturk. Bd. i. p. 33 (1819); Zemm. Monogr. Mamm. ii.
p. 185; Bell, Brit. Quadrup. p. 42 (1837); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Sdugeth. v. p. 723 (1855); Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 88 (1857).

Head considerably raised above the face-line ; muzzle broad, sides
not prominent, evenly sloping down to the edge of the upper lip.
Ears long, laid forwards they extend at least one tenth of an inch be-
yond the end of the nose; in general shape oval, with evenly rounded
extremities, the convexity of the ear interrupted in the upper third
of the outer margin only by slight flattening; the inner margin is
regularly convex from the base to the tip; near the termination of
the outer margin a small vertically placed outer lobe (the antitragus)
is well marked in this species. The tragus is very long, quite three
fourths the diameter of the ear-conch, narrow and subacutely pointed,
the inner margin slightly convex, the outer correspondingly concave ;
at the base of the outer margin a distinct horizontal lobe succeeded
by an emargination, immediately above which, opposite the base of
the inner margin, the tragus suddenly attains its greatest width.

Wings from the base of the toes or close to them; calcaneum long ;
tip of tail projecting; the portion of membrane between the end of
the caleaneum and the tail is fringed with short stiff hairs. This
fringe of hairs readily distinguishes the species. Fur very long and
dense; above dark brown, with light reddish-brown tips; beneath
darker at the base, the terminal third of the hairs white.

First and second premolars small, the second about half the first
in vertical extent, but scarcely one third its bulk and slightly in-
ternal to it. In the lower jaw the second premolar is very slender,
about half the height of the first premolar, and, though standing in
the tooth-row, placed in a plane distinctly internal to the first pre-
molar, which slants slightly outwards.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1-65,
tail 1-65, head 0':65, ear 0'"7, tragus 0'-4, forearm 1-45, thumb
0"-3, third finger 2''-6, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0'6, calcaneum 0-85,
foot 0'°35.

Hab. Middle Europe, from Ireland to the Ural Mountains, and
from Southern Sweden to the Alps. :

x2
308 VESPERTILIONIDZ.

This species appears to connect the genera Vespertilio and Keri-
voula, agreeing with the species of the former genus in detention
and, slightly, in the form of the ears; while the form of the head,
the semitransparent ears marked with glandular papille, the great
length of the tail, the long calcanea curved backwards, and fringed
interfemoral membrane connect it closely with the species of Kerwvoula.

a, 6. ad. sk. England.

e. 2 ad., al. England. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

d. 9 ad., al. England. H. Douhledar, sq. [P.].
ef. é& Qad,al. England. Purchased.

g-k. 9 ad, al. England. Lord Lilford [P.]}.

4, ad. sk. New Forest. F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
m,n. ad. sk, Warwickshire. R. F. Tomes, Es [P.].
o. © ad., al Inverary. Duke of Argy

p. ad., al. Co. Longford, Ireland. G. E. Dope iL B. By
q. 2 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [

ru do & 2 ad., al.
vz. d & Q juv. etad. Zool. Soe. Coll.

21. Vespertilio bechsteinii.

Vespertilio bechsteinii, Leisler, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wetterau.
Gesellsch. Naturk. Ba. i. p. 80 (1819) ; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii.
p. 184 (1835-41); Bell, Brit. Quadrup. yp. p. 40, fig. (1837); Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Siiugeth. v. p. 723 (1855) ; Blasius, Fauna Deutschl.
p. 85, figs. 58, 59 (1857).

Ears narrow, much longer than the head; outer margin of the
ear-conch very slightly flattened beneath the tip, the remaining por-
tion as far as the base of the tragus convex, then slightly emarginate,
and terminating m a convex lobe: tragus long, attenuated, and
curved outwards above ; upper half of the inner margin convex, outer
margin correspondingly concave above (Plate XVIII. fig. 12, ear, en-
larged).

Wings from the base of the toes; the last rudimentary caudal
vertebra free.

Fur, above and beneath, dark brown at the base; the extremities
of the hairs above light reddish, beneath white. Distribution of the
fur as in V. murinus.

Length (of an adult specimen), head and body 2”, tail 1-5, head
0'-75, ear 0'"95, tragus 0'-48, forearm 1'°55, second finger 2''-7,
fourth finger 2'"1, tibia 0'-8, foot and claws 0'°35.

Hab. Europe (from Southern England to Southern Russia, and
from Sweden to the Alps).

V. bechsteinit resembles V. murinus in general form, but is readily
distinguished from that species by the proportionally much longer
ears, by the very different form of the tragus, by the wing-membrane
extending quite to the base of the toes, and also by its considerably
smnaller size.

a. ad. sk. Hampshire.
b-f. 3 & @ juv., al. New Forest, F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
g. ad. sk. Europe. Leyden Museum [P.].

hk. do imm,, al.

No history.
12. VESPERTILIO. 309

22. Vespertilio murinus.

Vespertilio murinus, Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p.165, pl. li. (1775) ; Geoffroy,
Ann. du Muséum, viii. p. 191; Bonap. Fauna Italica, fasc. xxi.
(1831) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 177 (1835-41); Bell,
Brit. Quadr. p. 37, fig. (1837); De Selys-Longchamps, Fauna Belge
(1843); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. p. 490, v. p.723 ; Blasius,
Fauna Deutschl. p. 82, figs. 56, 57 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat,
Chiropt. pp. 137, 139, fig. 6 (ear) (1876).

Vespertilio myotis, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. p.1154; Kuhl, Deutsch.
Federm. Ann. Wetter. Gesellsch. Naturk. p. 36 (1819).

Vespertilio blythii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 68.

Myotis murinus, Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 46 (1867).

Head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle conical;
nostrils close together in front; ears large, laid forwards the tips
extend about one tenth of an inch beyond the end of the muzzle;
horizontal basal lobe angular in front, the horizontal margin
joining the ascending part of the inner margin under a right angle;
the lower fourth of the inner margin is straight, the remaining
portion regularly convex to the tip, which is rounded off; outer
margin concave beneath the tip, straight or faintly convex about the
middle, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a
convex lobe opposite the base of the inner margin: tragus long,
narrow, and subacutely pointed ; inner margin straight, outer mar-
gin with an obliquely placed rounded lobe at the base, above which
it becomes convex, and the tragus reaches its greatest width oppo-
site the junction of the lower and middle thirds of its inner margin;
the convexity of the outer margin rapidly lessening upwards, so that
it is straight in its upper half, not curved outwards (Plate XVIII.
fig. 10, ear, enlarged).

Wings from the metatarsi near the base of the toes; tail wholly
contained, except the last rudimentary vertebra, within the inter-
femoral membrane.

Fur, above, light reddish or smoke-brown; beneath, dirty white ;
the base of the hairs, above and beneath, dark.

_ The second upper premolar is scarcely half the first, both in ver-
tical extent and in cross section; it is generally much pressed inwards
in the angle between the first and third premolars.

Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'':8,

‘tail 2-1, head 1", ear 1'"1, tragus 045, forearm 2°35, thumb 0'°5,
third finger 3''-9, fifth finger 3”, tibia 1", foot 0"°5.

Hab. Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, and Abyssinia, apparently
almost limited to the Palearctic Region, and not extending further
north than Southern England and Denmark.

a. ad. sk. England.

b. ad. sk. France.

ec. ad. sk. St. Maurice, France.

d. ad. sk, Moravia. Purchased.

e. ad. sk. Hamburg. Dr, J. E. Gray [P.].
f,g. & ad., al. Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.].
A, ad. sk. St. Gothard.

i,j. do ad., al. Seville, Spain. Lord Lilford [P.].
310 VESPERTILIONID.E.

k. 2 ad, al. Sicily.

l. © ad., al. Sicily. St. George Mivart [P.].

m. ad. sk. Algiers. Verreaux Coll.

n. 9 ad., al. Tangiers. Purchased.

0, p.  ad,, al. Tunis. Purchased.

qg. 2 imm., al. Tunis. Purchased.

r, 8. ad. sk. El Jeen. Purchased.

t. 9, ad, al. Abyssinia. Purchased.

wu. ad. sk, India. Warwick Coll.
(Type of V. blythiz, Tomes.)

». skull of s.

w, v. skulls. Lake of Constance. Dr. Giinther [P. }.

23. Vespertilio africanus.

Ves ae). africanus, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 260
(1875).

Ears shorter than the head; laid forwards the tips do not reach
to the end of the muzzle; tragus straight, acutely pointed (Plate
XVIII. fig. 11, ear, enlarged). Glands on the side of the muzzle
forming a conspicuous rounded elevation on either side between the
eye and nostril.

Fur, above, dark at the base, with greyish extremities ; beneath,
the basal half of the hairs is dark, the terminal half white.

Distribution of the fur and dentition as in V. murinus.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'5,
tail 2-3, head 0-9, ear 0°85, tragus 0'°4x0"1, forearm 2'"2,
thumb 0'45, third finger 3'"*7, fifth finger 3’, tibia 1'-05, foot 0°45.

Hab. Western Equatorial Africa (Gaboon).

This species is very closely allied to V. murinus, but is at once
distinguished by the much shorter ears, acutely pointed tragus, and
great development of the glands of the muzzle. The wing-membrane
also does not extend so far outwards along the foot as in V. murinus,
and the inner side of the ear-conch is less hairy.

a. od ad., al. (type). Gaboon, West Africa. Purchased.

24. Vespertilio murinoides.

Vespertilio murinoides, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1878, p. 205 ;
Monogr, Asiat, Chiropt. p. 189, fig. a (1876).

Ears slightly shorter than the head; general form of the ear-
conch triangular, with narrow rounded tips ; the inner margin very
faintly convex, almost straight in its upper third; the outer margin
concave beneath the tip, the remaining portion convex, with a faint
concavity opposite the base of the tragus.

In Vespertilio murinus the inner margin of the ear is strongly
convex from the base to the tip, the concavity of the outer margin
beneath the tip is very feeble, and there is a distinct emargination,
almost angular, opposite the base of the tragus, succeeded by a well-
developed terminal lobe; the general form of the ear, moreover, is
oval, not triangular.

The tragus is slender and acutely pointed, with a quadrangular
12. vesPERTILIO. 311

lobe at the base of the outer margin. In V. murinus the tragus is
subacutely pointed, and the lobe at its base is remarkably small.

Fur dark brown above, with light-brown tips ; beneath, dark
brown, almost black, with greyish tips.

The first upper premolar is very small, scarcely visible from without,
and not much larger than the second. In V. murinus this tooth is
distinctly visible from without, and is much larger than the second
premolar.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'°5,
tail 2"-1, head 09, ear 0:85, tragus 0''-4, forearm 2'"1, thumb
0"-4, third finger 3''4, fifth finger 28, tibia 0'-9, caleaneum 0’9
foot 0'°5.

Hab, N.W. Himalaya (Chamba), at an elevation of 3000 feet.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

’

25. Vespertilio chinensis,

ee chinensis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 52; Dobson, Monogr.
stat. Chiropt. p. 139 (1876).

Muzzle long; nostrils prominent, opening sublaterally ; crown of
the head very slightly raised above the face-line; ears narrow,
tapering, tip narrowly rounded off; outer margin straight above,
faintly convex opposite the middle of the tragus and thence down-
wards to its termination: tragus attenuated towards the tip, inner
margin straight or faintly concave, outer margin convex below,
straight above, attaining its greatest convexity slightly below the
middle of the inner margin. (Plate XIX. fig. 2, ear, double
natural size).

Fur dark brown above, the extreme tips paler; beneath similar,
but with paler greyish-brown tips on the chest and abdomen, darker
along the sides of the body.

First and second upper premolars very small, the first acutely
pointed, the second internal to it and the third premolar. The pre-
molar and molar series in both jaws very similar to that of V.murinus.
_ Length, head and body about 3”°7, tail about 2-1, head 1”, ear
0'-7, tragus 0'"3, forearm 2'-5, thumb 0''-5, third finger 4”, fifth
finger 2'':2, tibia 1’’, foot 0'°55.

This is the largest species of Vespertilio yet discovered.

Hab. China.

a. ad. sk. (type) China. Mr. Fortune [C.].

26. Vespertilio formosus.

Vespertilio formosus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. iv. p. 700 (1835); P. Z. 8.
1836, p. 46; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 736 (1855) ;
Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 82, pl. lx. ; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat, Chiropt.
p. 140 (1876).

Kerivoula formosa, Gray, List of Mammals in Coll. Brit. Mus. p. 27

1843).

veqerttio rufo-pictus, Waterhouse, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist, xvi. p. 54

(1845); Tomes, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 85.
312 VESPERTILIONID.E.

Vespertilio (Kerivoula) formosa, Horsfield, Cat. Mammal. Mus. E. I.
‘omp. p. 41 (1851).
Kerivoula ‘pallida, Blyth, Catal. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 34
(1863).
Murina formosa, Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 42 (1867).
Vespertilio auratus, Dobson, J. A. 8. B. xl. p. 186, pl. x. (1871).

Head very slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle conical,
not concave between the crown of the head and anterior extremities
of the nasal bones; extremity of the nose projecting slightly beyond
the upper lip, with a very shallow concavity between the nostrils,
which open sublaterally. Ears ovate, with rounded tips directed
outwards; the outer margin is abruptly and irregularly concave
beneath the tip for about one third its length, then gradually convex
and terminating opposite the basal lobe of the inner margin in a
small lobe: tragus long, narrow, and obtusely pointed ; inner margin
straight, outer margin curved outwards at the base for about one
third of its length, then ascending straight, equally inclined to the
inner margin; on the curve at the base a very small lobule is
placed.

Wing-membrane very broad, attached to the base of the toes,
remarkably variegated with orange and rich brown-black. The
portions of dark-coloured membrane are triangular in form, and
occupy the spaces between the second and third and third and
fourth fingers, and also the space included between the fourth
finger and a line drawn between the carpus and the ankle. All the
remaining portions of membrane, including the ears and interfemoral
membrane, are orange. The orange-colour extends in narrow lines
along each side of the fingers (the bones of which are of the same
hue), and is dispersed over the dark triangular spaces in dots and
streaks.

The fur of the head extends upon the face, forming a fringe along
the margin of the upper lip; from the back it extends upon the
humerus and antehumeral membrane, covering half the extent of
the latter; on the wing-membrane it is confined to a narrow space
along the sides of the body and terminates rather abruptly; behind,
it passes on to the interfemoral membrane, covering nearly half its
surface, and, leaving the posterior half of the interfemoral and
calcanea bare, reappears on the back of the toes. Beneath, the fur
of the thorax extends along the humerus tq the elbow-joint, and as
far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint the wing-mem-
brane is covered with a few scattered hairs; behind, the fur of the
abdomen extends upon the interfemoral membrane, rather densely
at the root of the tail, but quickly thins out into a few very short
scattered hairs, which extend over half its surface.

Dentition quite similar to that of V. murinus; the second upper
premolar very small, and in many specimens difficult to distinguish
even with the aid of a lens.

Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2’°4,
tail 1"-9, head 0’8, ear 0'’-7, tragus 0-35, forearm 1'"9, third finger
3''3, fifth finger 2'-9, thumb 0-45, tibia 0'9, foot 0-4.
12. vEsPERTILIO. 313

Hub. Himalaya (Nipal, Darjiling); India (Chaibasa) ; Khasia
hills; China (Shanghai, Kiang, Amoy) ; Island of Formosa.

a. ad. sk.* Northern China. Purchased.

b. ad. sk. China. Myr. Fortune [C.].

c,d. 9 ad., al. Island of Formosa. RB. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

é. d_ad., al. (type). Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
J. ad. sk. P India. Dr. Falconer [P.].

27. Vespertilio insularum.

Ears slightly shorter than the head; inner margin of the ear-
conch straight, or even slightly concave in the upper third, the tip
narrowly but obtusely rounded off; the outer margin straight for
nearly half its length beneath the tip, then abruptly and strongly
convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating
in a very distinct small lobe: tragus rather long, straight, and sub-
acutely pointed ; the inner margin quite straight, the outer straight
in the upper, convex in the lower half, with a round horizontal lobe
at the base not succeeded by an emargination above (Plate XVIII.
fig. 7, ear, enlarged).

Wings from the base of the toes; feet small and slender; cal-
caneum extending halfway between the ankle and the extremity of
the tail; the last rudimentary caudal vertebra alone free.

Fur, above and beneath, black with light brown extremities ; the
tips of the hairs beneath paler than on the dorsal surface, extending
slightly upon the membranes.

First and second upper premolars very small and internal to the
tooth-row; the second lower premolar about three fourths the size
of the first.

Length, head and body 1'°6, tail 1-5, head 0-65, ear 0'°6,
tragus 0-3, forearm 1-4, thumb 0:25, third finger 2'"3, fifth
finger 1-8, tibia 0’°65, caleaneum 09, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Navigators’ Islands.

This is the only species of the family Vespertilionide as yet
obtained in Polynesia. It resembles V. mystacinus perhaps more
closely than any other species, but is distinguished by its greater
size, much more deeply emarginate ears and longer tragus, and by
other characters enumerated in the description.

a, ad., al. (type). Navigators’ Islands. Mr. Schmeltz [C.].

28. Vespertilio montivagus.
Vespertilio montivagus, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1874,
p. 2387; Monogr. Asiat, Chiropt. p. 186, figs. a, 6, e (1876).

Crown of the head slightly elevated; muzzle thick and obtuse.
Ears narrow, tapering, with rounded tips; outer side flatly emarginate
immediately beneath the tip for about quarter its length, then
slightly convex, and, lower down, opposite the base of the tragus,
with a small emargination, terminating beyond this in a small
rounded lobe; inner margin convex for two thirds its length, then

* Specimen figured in P. Z. S. 1858, p. 82, pl. 1x.
314 YESPERTILIONID.

forming a straight line to the tip: tragus moderately long, acutely
pointed ; inner margin straight, outer slightly convex upwards, with a
small rounded lobe at the base (Plate XIX. fig. 4, head, enlarged).

Tail wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane. Wings
from the base of the toes.

Fur, above, dark brown, the extreme tips paler and shining ;
beneath, much darker, almost black for three fourths the length of
the hairs, the remaining portion ashy. Above the face is densely
covered, the long hairs concealing the eyes, but the anterior half
of the muzzle is nearly naked; on each side of the muzzle two or
three small glandular wart-like elevations may be seen through
the hairs. The ears are quite naked anteriorly, posteriorly their
bases only are covered. On the wing-membrane the fur of the
back extends as far as a line drawn from the junction of the
proximal and middle thirds of the humerus to the commencement
of the distal third of the femur; on the interfemoral membrane it
ceases abruptly at the end of the second caudal vertebra. Beneath,
the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn
from the elbow to the knee-joint; the interfemoral membrane is
covered at the root of the tail, and three fourths of the remaining
part is very thinly clothed with the short hairs arising from the
transverse dotted lines.

Incisors on each side parallel and acutely pointed; inner incisors
longest, with a small acutely pointed talon near their extremities
on the outer side. In the lower jaw the second premolar is small,
but distinctly visible, standing in the tooth-row ; in the upper jaw
the space between the canine and third premolar is small, and the
second premolar is very minute, placed interiorly, in the angle
between the first and third premolar, and with difficulty distin-
guishable even with the aid of a lens.

Length, head and body 1°8, tail 1”-6, head 0°65, ear 0:58,
tragus 0:25, forearm 1'"5, thumb 0'"25, third finger 2’°7, fifth
finger 1":9, tibia 0''°6, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Hotha, Yunan.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum.

a. ad., al. Hotha, Yunan. Calcutta Museum [E. ].

29. Vespertilio mystacinus.

Vespertilio mystacinus, Leisler, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wet-
terau. Naturk. iv. p. 55 (1819); Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 140
(1820) ; Bell, Brit. Quadrup. p. 50 (1837), wdet.; MacGillivray,
Brit. Quadrup. (Nat. Inbr.) pp. 63,90 (1888); Temminck, Monogr.
Mammal. ii. p. 191 (1835-41) ; Keys. §& Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839,
p- 310; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 725 (1855) ; Blasius,
Fauna Deutschi. p. 96, figs. 64, 65 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat.
Chiropt. p. 133 (1876).

Vespertilio siligorensis, Hodgson, Horsfield, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist.
1853, p. 102.

Muzzle narrow ; skull vaulted, not much elevated above the face-
line; glandular prominences on the face small. ars as long as the
12. VESPERTILIO. 315

head ; laid forwards the tips extend slightly beyond the end of the
nose; internal basal lobe angular, the horizontal margin forming,
with the ascending anterior margin, a right angle; lower third of
inner margin of the conch faintly convex, middle third more strongly
convex, upper third straight, tip rounded off; upper third of the
outer margin deeply concave, lower half abruptly convex, with a
distinct lobe at the base, separated by a slight emargination opposite
the base of the tragus. Tragus narrowed above and subacutely
pointed ; inner margin straight or faintly concave ; outer margin
with a distinct rounded half-horizontal lobule at the base, succeeded
by a concavity, above which and slightly above the base of the inner
margin the tragus reaches its greatest width, thence upwards de-
creasingly convex to the tip (Plate XVIII. fig. 9, ear, enlarged).

Wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum terminating in a
‘small projecting tooth ; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.

Fur above dark brown, with pale reddish-brown tips; beneath
dark brown, the extremities of the hairs ashy.

The small glandular prominences of the face are clothed with
long hairs ; and the upper lip has a fringe of fine straight hairs.

The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the
femur, and upon the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of
the third caudal vertebra; beneath, the distribution of hair upon
the wings is similar, but the interfemoral is covered only at the root
of the tail.

The upper incisors are equal in vertical extent, their extremities
strongly diverging. Both upper premolars are drawn inwards ; the
second very small, about half the size of the first, and about half its
vertical extent; lower incisors next the canines much larger than
the others.

Length, head and body 15, tail 1''-4, head 0'°55, ear 0-55,
tragus 0'-3, forearm 1''-25, thumb 0'"25, third finger 2'-1, fifth
finger 1''-6, tibia 0°55, foot 0'28.

Some specimens give somewhat larger measurements than these.

Hab. Palearctic Region: Europe (from Finland to Spain ; from
Ireland to Middle Russia); in Asia hitherto found in Syria, at
Pekin, and in the Himalayas only.

a. & ad., al. England.

fs Isle of Wight. Rev. C. A. Bury [P.].

d, ad. sk. Hastings.

e. ad. sk. Stratford-on-Avon. R. F. Tomes, Esq. [P.]

f. ad. sk. Sweden. Stockholm Museum [P.].

g. ad. sk Rio de la Luna, Spain. .

h,i. o & & ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].

j,k. & ad, al.

1. 9 imm., al. Pekin.

m. 9 ad., al. wa ae Faq. (P.]
imm. & 9 ad.,al, Nipal. . H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

a ae nae rclaad. Mr. Yarrell’s Coll.

q. skull. Stratford-on-Avon, R. F. Tomes, Esq.
316 VESPERTILIONID.EZ.

30. Vespertilio muricola.

Vespertilio adversus, Temminck (non Horsfield), Monogr. Mammal.
ii. p. 221; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 899; 1868, p. 626,

Vespertilio tralatitius, Zemm. (non Horsf.) 1. c. p. 228.

Vespertilio muricola, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. p. 908; Gray, Cut. |
Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 26; td. List of Mammalia and Birds
of Nepaul presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum,
1846; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 134 (1876).

Kerivoula trilatitoides, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1843, p. 27
(nomen nudum) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 399).

Vespertilio caliginosus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 73.

Vespertilio ater, Bernstein, Peters, 1. c. 1866, p. 18.

Vespertilic (Pternopterus) lobipes, Peter's, 1. c. 1867, p. 706.

Vespertilio blanfordi, Dodson, P. A. S. B. 1871, p. 214.

Vespertilio moupinensis, Alph. Milne-Edwards, Mammif. du Tibet,
p. 255, pl. xxxvii*. fig. 2, pl. xxxvii% fig. 4 (1872).

Muzzle very similar to that of V. mystacinus in shape, but more
obtuse in front, owing to the greater development of the glands of
the muzzle, which are also less covered with hair; the outer margin
of the ear is deeply concave beneath the tip, but the emargination
does not extend so far down as in that species. Laid forwards the
extremities of the ears scarcely extend beyond the end of the muzzle;
internal basal lobe of the ear-conch angular, the ascending anterior
margin straight immediately above the base, then faintly concave
for a short distance, the middle third convex, the upper third straight,
the tip narrowly round off; the outer margin deeply concave in
the upper third, then abruptly convex, slightly emarginate opposite
the base of the tragus, and terminating in a short, internally con-
cave and marginally convex lobe. Tragus subacutely pointed ; inner
margin slightly concave, giving the tragus an inclination forwards
and inwards; outer margin with a very distinct lobe at the base,
succeeded by an angular emargination, above which the greatest
breadth is soon attained, thence decreasingly convex to the tip
(Plate XVIII. fig. 8, ear, enlarged) *.

Wings to the base of the toes; a small and rather variable post-
calcaneal lobe; extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.

The distribution of the fur upon the wing-membranes is similar
to that of V. mystacinus. On the lower surface of the interfemoral
fine hairs arise from the transverse dotted lines on the greater part
of its surface.

Above, black, the extreme tips of the hairs light yellowish brown ;
on the head and face black, with shining tips; beneath, black, with
ashy extremities; specimens in colourless alcohol appear intensely
black throughout.

The upper incisors on each side scarcely diverge so much as in
V. mystacinus ; the second shorter cusp of the inner incisor distinct,
and placed rather near the base; second upper premolar slightly

* A specimen in the Leyden Museum from Sumatra has the upper third of
the ear-conch remarkably narrow, and the tragus is also correspondingly
attenuated. In other respects it does not differ from other exampies of this
species.
12. VESPERTILIO. 317

internal to the tooth-row, very small, and scarcely distinguishable
without the aid of a lens.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 9), head and body 1°75,
tail 1"5, ear 0'°55, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1:35, thumb 0:23, third
finger 2'-25, fifth finger 1'-7, tibia 0'"6, foot 0’°3.

Hab. Himalaya (Sikhim ; Lichung, 8000 feet; Simla ; Dalhousie),
Tibet, India (Chutia-Nagpur), Arracan (Akyab), Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Amboyna, and probably all the
islands of the Malay Archipelago within the Oriental Region.

 

a. 9 ad., al. (type). Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. pt

b. fo ad, al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P*].

e,d. 6 & Q ad. Himalayas. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
( Vespertilio blanfordi, Dobson.)

ef. d& 9 ad, al. Singapur. Purchased.

g. fo ad., al. Siam. Mr. Mouhot [C.].

h-q. 3 & Q ad., al. Borneo. Purchased.

r,s. gjuv.& 9 ad.,al. Borneo. Sir E. Belcher.

t. ad, al. Java. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].

u,v. ad. sk. Menado, N.Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

to. ad. sk. Solor Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

x. ad. sk, (Labelled “ Vespertilio tralatitius, Tomes.”)

y. ad. sk. (Type of Vespertitio trilatitoides, Gray.)

31. Vespertilio australis.

Slightly larger than V. muricola, which it resembles in the
form of the muzzle and in the presence of a distinct postcalcaneal
lobe; ears as in V. mystacinus, but the tragus is curved slightly
outwards above, and its narrow extremity is rounded off. Tail
nearly as long as the head and body, the extreme tip alone pro-
jecting ; a narrow but distinct postcalcaneal lobe ; wings from the
base of the toes.

Fur remarkably short and dense, extending forwards upon the
face in front of the eyes, but covering only a small portion of the
wings along the sides of the body and the base of the large inter-
femoral membrane ; beneath, the wing- and interfemoral membranes
are scarcely more covered than upon the upper surface.

Above, brown, slightly paler towards the extremities of the hairs ;
beneath, the basal two thirds of the hairs are dark brown, almost
black, the terminal third light brown.

Upper incisors nearly equal in cross section ; the first and second
upper premolars in the tooth-row, the second very small, but quite
visible from without.

Length, head and body about 18, tail 1-5, ear 0"-6, tragus
0''-28, forearm 1'°55, thumb 0-28; third finger—metacarp. 14,
1st ph. 0-48, 2nd ph. 0°75 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°4, lst ph.
0-35, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0'°6, foot 0'-32.

Hab. Australia (New South Wales).

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

This species may be at once distinguished from all closely allied
species by the peculiar shortness of the fur, and by the outward
318 VESPERTILIONID2.

curvature of the tragus. The shape of the tragus agrees with that
of the species of the group of which V. emarginatus may be con-
sidered typical ; but the form of the ear-conch, the presence of a
postcalcaneal lobe, and other characters induce me to place it next
V. muricola.

New-World Species.

V. mystacinus may be considered typical of all the known New-
World species of this subgenus, which differ from one another very
slightly, V. evotis and V. polythria being the only forms which may
be said to stand by themselves, and even these resemble V. mysta-
cinus in many respects.

Moreover there appears to be a strong tendency to variability
within certain limits, so that certain individuals of a species often
depart considerably in the form of the ears, in the colour of the fur,
and in other respects from the type of that species.

The discrimination of the American species is therefore very
difficult, and this difficulty is much increased by the small number
of specimens available for examination in museums (see remarks at
end of this genus, p. 329).

32. Vespertilio nitidus.

Vespertilio nitidus, Allen, Proc. Acad. Sei. Philad. 1862, p. 247;
Monogr. Bats of N. America (1864), p. 60.

Ears very similar in shape to those of V. mystacinus, the outer
margin similarly deeply angularly emarginate, the only difference,
apparently, being that the inner margin is more convex in its middle
third, and the ear is thus proportionately wider. Muzzle long and
narrow, depressed as in V. mystacinus between the inner margin of
the ears ; the crown of the head slightly and abruptly vaulted behind
(Plate XIX. fig. 7, ear, enlarged).

Thumb very short, with a feeble claw. Feet small; wings to
the base of the toes; calcaneum long, ending in a small projecting
lobule. The extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.

Fur long and dense, extending thickly upon the face to within a
short distance from the end of the muzzle, but covering the wing-.
membrane along the sides of the body only. The fur of the back
extends backwards upon the base of the interfemoral to the end of
the third caudal vertebra, and laterally in a band, very thinly, in-
ternal to the tibia on each side almost to the ankle. Beneath, the
wing-membrane is clothed to a slightly greater extent than on the
upper surface, and about three fourths of the surface of the inter-
femoral is dotted with short, fine, thinly spread hairs ranged along
the transverse dotted lines.

Fur, above, dark with reddish-brown tips ; beneath, similar, with
ashy extremities, the light-coloured extremities of the hairs con-
trasting strongly with their dark bases.

Dentition quite the same as in V. mystacinus,
12. VESPERTILIO. 319

Length (of an app. adult ¢ preserved in spirit), head and body
1-5, tail 1-4, head 0'-58, ear 0':58, tragus 0-26, forearm 1-2
thumb 0°18, third finger 2", fifth finger 1-5, tibia 0'"-5, foot 0'"25.

This species appears to be the representative of V. mystacinus in
North America, agreeing with that species in size, in the shape of
the head and ears, and in dentition, but distinguished from it by
the remarkably short thumb and smaller feet.

Hab. North America west of the Rocky Mountains ; California ;
Texas.

?

a,b. f ad., al. N. America. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
ec. ad. sk, Mexico. Purchased.

33. Vespertilio nigricans.
Vespertilio nigricans, Wied, Beitr. Naturgesch Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 266
(1826).

Vespertilio parvulus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 246
(1835-41).

About the same size as V. nitiddus, but with smaller ears, shorter
muzzle, a larger thumb, and much darker fur. Crown of the head
abruptly and rather considerably raised above the face-line. Ears
shorter than the head, and narrow; laid forwards the tips do not
quite extend as far as the end of the nose; internal basal lobe
slightly rounded, its horizontal margin meeting the ascending inner
margin of the ear at a right angle; middle third of the inner margin
convex, upper third straight; tip shortly rounded off, projecting
outwards, owing to the deep and abrupt concavity beneath occupy-
ing rather more than one third of the outer margin; middle third
of outer margin abruptly convex, then flatly emarginate opposite
the base of the tragus; lower third terminating in a distinct convex
lobe. Tragus much attenuated im upper one fourth and acutely
pointed ; inner margin slightly concave ; outer convex, very faintly so
in upper part; a very distinct rounded lobule at the base of the outer
margin, succeeded by an emargination, shortly above which the tragus
reaches its greatest width (Plate XIX. fig. 9, ear, enlarged).

Thumb moderate, with a well-developed claw; feet small; wings
to the base of the toes. Tail wholly included within the inter-
femoral membrane. Termination of calcaneum indistinct.

On the upper surface the face is nearly naked about the eyes and
in front of the ears, but the glandular prominences between the eyes
and the nostrils are covered with long straight hairs ; the fur of the
back extends to a very limited degree upon the wings, and upon the
interfemoral triangularly as far as the end of the third caudal ver-
tebra; the sides of the membrane close to the legs are quite naked.
Beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered almost as far as a
line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint ; the fur of the abdomen
extends but to the root of the tail, the remainder of the interfemoral
is covered thinly with very fine, almost invisible hairs. Above, very
dark brown, slightly reddish brown towards the extremities of the
hairs; beneath similar, the extremities paler.
320 VESPERTILIONIDE.

The following Table shows the relative measurements of three
specimens preserved in alcohol.

 

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Ecuador............ 1:6 | 1:35} 0°6|0°5 | 0:25) 13 | 0:25) 2-2 | 1-65) 0°55) 0-25) 2
West Indies ...... 1:8?) 1-4 | 06/05 | 0:25 1:3 | 0-25) 2-2 | 1-65} 0-55) 0-25) 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The specimens from Ecuador and the West Indies have the head
apparently less elevated, and the internal basal lobe of the ear more
rounded than in the specimen from Brazil, from which the above
description has been taken, otherwise they resemble it very closely.

Hab. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.

I have examined the type of Vespertilio parvulus, Temminck, in
the Leyden Museum, and believe it to be identical with V. nigricans,
Wied. The above description has been taken from a specimen in
alcohol which I had compared directly with the type.

a. 9 ad., al. West Indies.

b. d imm., al. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.).

ce. 9 ad., al. Venezuela. Mr. Fraser [C.].

d. ad. sk. Bogota, Columbia.

e. 2 ad, al. Ecuador. Mr. Bollaert [C.].

f. ad. sk. Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
g- Q ad., al. Interior of Brazil. Purchased.

A. imm, sk. Rio de Janeiro. Voy. of the ‘ Rattlesnake.’
t-k. ad. sks. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].

1, ad. sk. Zool. Soe. Coll.

34. Vespertilio oxyotus.
Vespertilio oxyotus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 20.

The following is a translation of Dr. Peters’s description of this
species, which is represented by a single specimen in the collection
of the Munich Museum :—

The ears have four to five indistinct transverse folds, and laid
forwards their extremities extend beyond the end of the muzzle,
The upper third of the inner margin of the ear-conch is slightly
concave, the outer margin is also concave above and towards the
middle, so that, although the extremity is rounded off, the ear ap-
pears pointed. Tragus half as long as the ear, very acutely pointed,
12. VESPERTILIO. 321

inner margin straight, outer margin slightly concave above, indi-
stinctly toothed above, the rounded lobule at the base convex, not
attenuated. Nostrils separated by a space equal in width to double
their transverse diameter. The whole face, as far as the naked ex-
tremity of the nose, thickly covered with hair.

The two upper incisors on each side are separated from the canines
by a space equal to the transverse diameter of the base of the outer
incisor. The inner incisor is half as thick again as the outer, and
has a small basal cusp externally and posteriorly; the first and
second upper premolars stand in the tooth-row.

Wings from the base of the toes; metacarpal bone of the fifth
finger slightly longer than that of the fourth; above, the wing-
membrane along the sides of the body and the basal fourth of the
interfemoral is clothed with hair; beneath, the wing-membrane is
similarly but less densely covered as far as a line drawn from the
elbow to the second fourth of the tibia. Tail as long as the head
and body, of eleven vertebrae, whereof the last very short one pro-
jects. Sole of the foot broad and without transverse elevations.
The cartilaginous calcaneum extends halfway between the heel and
the extremity of the tail, and has a narrow cutaneous margin behind
its basal half.

Fur uniform dark brown above; beneath, the base of the hairs
is dark brown, the extremities brownish white.

Length, head and body 1'8, tail 1/'-8, head 0'-65, ear 0'-65 x 0'"3,
tragus 0'°3, forearm 1-6, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp.
1-4, Ist. ph. 0°46, 2nd ph. 0'-65; fifth finger—metacarp. 13,
1st ph. 0°37, 2nd ph. 032; tibia 0'-65, foot 0'°24.

Hab. South America (Chimborazo, at 9000 to 10000 feet).

Dr. Peters remarks that, “from the above description, this species
may be readily distinguished from its allies V. subulatus, ywma-
nensis, and affinis. In none of these species are the ears so pointed,
and in none has the tragus this form. V. affinis, which resembles
it most in the colour of the fur, has quite a different tragus. Of
the hitherto described South-American species, V. polythrix, Is.
Geoffr., which I have not sufficiently compared with it, may stand
nearest to it.”

35. Vespertilio polythrix.

Vespertilio polythrix, Is. Geoffroy, Annal. des Sci. Natur. t. iii, p. 443
(1824); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 248 (1835-41) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 585, v. p. 758 (1844-55).

Ears as in V. mystacinus, but narrower above, and the lower half
of the outer margin is less convex; the tragus is slightly curved
outwards above, the muzzle is thicker and shorter, and the distance
between the orbits greater.

Wings from the base of the toes or close thereto; extreme tip of
the tail projecting.

Fur not long, but peculiarly dense and woolly, extending as
thickly upon the muzzle as upon the crown of the head, and leaving

Y
322 VESPERTILIONID&.

the extremity of the nose alone uncovered. On the upper surface
the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the
middle of the humerus to the knee-joint, terminating by a well-
defined margin; and the interfemoral in a similar manner about as
far as the end of the third caudal vertebra; beneath, the wing-
membrane is clothed as far as the elbow, but the interfemoral is
naked except at the root of the tail.

Fur above deep brownish chestnut; beneath similar, with a
greyish tinge; the base of the hairs on both surfaces dark.

Second upper premolar slightly internal.

Length, head and body about 2”, tail 1'3, ear 0’"6, tragus 0'"25,
forearm 1°55, thumb 0-25, third finger 2''4, fifth finger 19,
tibia 0°65, foot 0'-35.

Hab. Brazil.

This species is at once distinguished by its very peculiar dense woolly
fur, which covers the face as thickly as the other parts of the body.

a, ad, sk. Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
b. ad. sk. Brazil. Mr. Brandt [C.].
ce. ad. sk. Earl of Derby [P.].

36. Vespertilio chiloensis.

Vespertiliv chiloénsis, Waterh. Zool. ‘ Beagle, i. p. 5; Wagner, Suppl.
Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 537, v. p. 753.

Muzzle narrow and conical; glandular prominences between the
eyes and nostrils forming raised ridges enclosing a triangular con-
cave space on the face behind the nostrils. Ears long, laid forwards
the tips extend to the end of the muzzle or slightly beyond it;
internal basal lobe angular in front, its horizontal margin joining
the ascending inner margin of the ear slightly under a right angle ;
lower third of inner margin straight, middle third convex, upper
third straight, tip of ear shortly rounded off; upper half of the outer
margin deeply concave, lower half convex, emarginate opposite the
base of the tragus, terminating beyond this and opposite base of
inner margin in a small convex lobe. Tragus moderately long and
subacute; inner margin straight; at the base of the outer margin a
rounded lobe, placed obliquely, from which the outer margin curves
slightly outwards and upwards, and attains its greatest convexity
slightly above the base of the inner margin, thence decreasingly
convex upwards, and straight in its upper third.

Wings to the base of the toes; a narrow but distinct postcal-
caneal lobule; calcaneum terminating in a small projecting tooth;
last rudimentary vertebra of tail free ; tail as long as the head and
body.

The sides of the face are covered with a few long hairs, and the
mouth is margined by a dense fringe of fine straight hairs. The
fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane on the upper
surface as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to
the knee, upon the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the
third caudal vertebra in the centre, and, laterally, as far as the end
12. VESPERTILIO. 823

of the proximal third of the tibia. Beneath, the fur extends thinly
as far as a line drawn between the elbow- and knee-joints, but the
base only of the interfemoral membrane has a few short fine hairs.

Above dark brown at the base, becoming lighter towards the
extremities ; beneath black at the base of the hairs, the terminal
third ashy.

The dentition is quite similar to that of V. mystacinus. Length
(of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'6, tail 1'65,
head 0’"6, ear 0-6, tragus 0:3, forearm 1-45, thumb 0':25, third
finger 23, fifth finger 1'-8, tibia 0-65, foot 0-35.

Hab. South America: Chili; Isle of Chiloe ; Mendoca.

This species resembles V. mystacinus in the form of the ear-conch
and tragus and in the colour of the fur. It is distinguished by its
larger size, proportionately much longer tail (which equals the com-
bined length of the head and body), less convexity of lower half of
outer margin of the ear, and prominent ridges on the sides of the
muzzle formed by the glandular prominences.

a. im. d, al. Chili. Purchased.
6, ce. imm. sks. Chili. Purchased '
d. ad. 9, al. Mendoga, S. America. Purchased.

37. Vespertilio levis.

Vespertilio levis, Is. Geoffroy, Ann. des Sci. Natur. t. iii. p. 444
(1824).

Muzzle rather broad, but not short, the sides of the face from the
eye to the nose and to the margin of the lip smooth ; crown of the
head slightly and somewhat abruptly vaulted above the face-line ;
ears longer than the head, laid forwards the extremities project
about one tenth of an inch beyond the end of the muzzle; hori-
zontal portion of the internal basal lobe of the ear-conch short,
joining the ascending portion under a right angle ; lower one third
of the ascending part of the inner margin straight or slightly con-
cave, middle third convex, upper third straight, the tip very nar-
rowly rounded off; nearly the upper half of the outer margin
unevenly concave beneath the tip, which projects very slightly out-
wards, becoming gradually convex in the lower half, forming near
its termination a very distinct small convex lobe ; tragus moderately
long, attenuated in its upper third, and slightly inclined outwards
(Plate XIX. fig. 6, head, enlarged).

Wings from the base of the toes; caleaneum terminating in a
small projecting lobule; free margin of the interfemoral membrane
between the ends of the calcanea fimbriated as in V. natterert, and
fringed with a few very fine short hairs ; tip of the tail projecting.

Teeth as in VY. mystacinus.

Length (of a ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1"-85, tail
0'-6, head 0'°65, ear 0'"7, tragus 0':3, forearm 15, thumb 03,
third finger 2'-4, fifth finger 19, tibia 0"-6, caleaneum 0-7, foot
0-35.

x2
324 VESPERTILIONID&.

Hub. 8. America (Brazil, Uruguay).
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

a. J ad., al. Uruguay. Thomas Havers, Esq. [P.].

38. Vespertilio evotis.

Vespertilio evotis, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 48, figs. 42, 43
(1864).

Ears very large, laid forwards they extend 0:35 beyond the end
of the muzzle; the inner margin of the ear-conch is regularly con-
vex, the tip shortly rounded off, the outer margin slightly concave
in upper third, then convex, emarginate opposite the: base of the
tragus, and terminating in a distinct rounded lobe: tragus very long,
acutely pointed, tapering from the middle upwards, and inclined
outwards; inner margin convex, outer margin convex in lower half,
concave above.

Wings from the base of the toes; last caudal vertebra and half
the antepenultimate vertebra free.

The fur of the body extends very slightly upon the membranes.
The inferior surface of the interfemoral membrane has a few fine
hairs at the base of the tail only.

Fur above dark at the base, the extremities of the hairs light
yellowish brown; beneath also dark at the base, but the extremities
are white.

Second upper premolar in the tooth-row nearer to the first than
to the third premolar, from which it is separated by a slight interval ;
first and second lower premolars similar ; lower incisors crowded.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'-7, tail 1-6, head 0'7,
ear 0'-85, tragus 0':45, forearm 1'-45, thumb 0-35; third finger—
metacarp. 1'':3, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0-7; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-15, 1st ph. 0’-35, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0-65, foot 033.

Hab. North America west of the Rocky Mountains.

a, ad. sk. California. Purchased.
b. 2 ad., al. East Oregon. H. N. Moseley, Esq. [P.].
(Found amongst rocks on Deschutes River, near Camp Polk.)

39. Vespertilio subulatus.

Vespertilio subulatus, Say, Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains,
ii. p. 65 (1823) ; Cooper, Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. p. 61 (1837) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 532, v. p. 750; Leconte,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855, p. 436; Allen, Monogr. Bats
N. America, V; 51, tigs. 45, 46 (1864).

? Vespertilio californicus, Bachman, Journ. Acad, Philad. Nat. Sci.
1842, p. 436; Peale, United States Expl. Exped. p. 3 (1858).

Ears broad, nearly as long as the head ; inner margin of the ear-
conch regularly and rather strongly convex, the basal lobe short,
angular, and narrowly rounded off at the angle, the tip broadly
rounded off, not projecting outwards, the upper half of the outer
margin straight, becoming convex about the middle, terminating in
12. VESPERTILIO. 325

front of the base of the tragus in a very distinct small thickened
lobe ; tragus long, attenuated, and acutely pointed, outer margin
slightly concave above, inner margin correspondingly convex, so that
the tragus inclines outwards (Plate XIX. fig. 10, ear, enlarged).

Feet large; wings from the base of the toes ; caleaneum short, the
last caudal vertebra free.

Above black, the hairs with light brownish-yellow extremities ;
beneath dark at the base, the terminal one fourth of the hairs yel-
lowish white.

Above and beneath the fur of the body extends upon the wing-
membranes nearly as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the knee-joint; above, the base of the interfemoral only
is covered; beneath, a few fine hairs appear on the proximal half
chiefly along the tail.

Teeth as in V. mystacinus.

Length, head and body 1"-7, tail 1"-4, head 0":6, ear 0"-65, tragus
0":33, forearm 1":35, thumb 0"-3, third finger 2"-2, fifth finger 1"-8,
tibia 0"-6, foot 0:35.

Other specimens vary in being slightly larger or slightly smaller.

Hab. North (and probably Central) America; according to Allen,
not found west of the Rocky Mountains.

This species approaches V. mystacinus, but not so closely as V.
nitidus. The ears are larger, and the outer margin of the ear-conch
not deeply emarginate above ; the feet are also larger, and the last
caudal vertebra is free.

a, ad. sk. Malden, Canada. P. W. Maclagan, Esq. [P.].
6. dad., al. North America. Zool. Soc. Collection.

e. ad. sk., in al. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
d. skull of a.

40. Vespertilio carolii.
Vespertilio carolii, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p, 237 (1835-41).

Head scarcely elevated above the face-line; glandular promi-
nences between the eyes and nostrils rather more developed upwards
than in most species of the genus, resembling in this respect V.
levis ; they do not add to the breadth of the muzzle, nor cause a
concavity between them on the face ; extremity of the muzzle pro-
jecting slightly beyond the lower lip in front. Ears somewhat
shorter than the head ; laid forwards the tips extend exactly as far
as the end of the nose; the internal basal lobe acute in front, the
horizontal margin joining the ascending margin slightly under a
right angle; the inner margin of the ear regularly convex from the
base upwards, except quite near the tip, where it is straight; tip
obtusely rounded off, projecting slightly outwards ; beneath the tip
.nearly half the outer margin is slightly concave, then convex,
distinctly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating
in a small convex lobe. The shape of the ear is similar to that of
V. mystacinus, but the lower half of the outer margin is less con-

vex. Tragus narrow, attenuated in its upper third, which inclines
326 VESPERTILIONID&.

slightly outwards ; inner margin straight below, slightly convex
above; outer margin with a distinct horizontal lobule at its base,
then convex, attaining its greatest convexity slightly above the base
of the inner margin; upper third concave.

Wings to the metatarsus ; feet large and strong; interfemoral
membrane acutely angular behind as in V. capaccini; last caudal
vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free; calcaneum
long, extending three fourths the distance between the ankle and
tip of the tail.

Above, the fur extends upon the wing-membranes as far as a line
drawn from the middle of the humerus almost as far as the knee-
joint ; the base only of the interfemoral is covered, and a few hairs
appear on the backs of the toes. Beneath, the wing-membrane is
clothed to a slightly greater extent, and the greater part of the
interfemoral, especially along the tail and inside the legs on each
side, is covered with fine short whitish hairs.

Above dark brown, with sienna-brown tips ; beneath black, with
whitish extremities.

Length, head and body 1°8, tail 1"°3, ear 0"-5, tragus 0’-28, fore-
arm 1"-3, thumb 0"-25, third finger 2" (metacarp. 1'"15), fifth finger
1-7 (metacarp. 1'"1), tibia 0'°6, foot 0-35.

Hab. North America.

a. ad. sk. N.W. America.

41. Vespertilio albescens.

Vespertilio albescens, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 204; Temminck,
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 244 (1840) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1866, p. 19).

Vesperti io leucogaster, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. ii. p. 271 (1825).

Vespertilio nubilus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 584 (1844).

Muzzle rather long and thick; crown of the head scarcely
elevated. Ears shorter than the head; laid forwards the tips do
not reach to the end of the muzzle; the horizontal margin of the
inner basal lobe of the ear straight, forming a right angle with the
ascending portion of the outer margin, which is straight for nearly
two thirds its length, then slants upwards and backwards; tip very
narrowly rounded off; the upper half of the outer side flatly
emarginate, so that the upper third of the ear is abruptly narrowed,
but the tip does not project outwards ; lower half gradually convex,
with avery faint angular emargination opposite the base of the
tragus terminating in a small, slightly convex lobe. Tragus long
and subacutely pointed, attaining its greatest width slightly below
the middle of the inner margin ; the outer margin convex upwards
for two thirds its length, then faintly concave; inner margin corre-
spondingly convex above. Although the inner margin is more
convex than straight, the tragus is scarcely inclined outwards,
and in some specimens (as in that from which the accompanying
illustration of the form of the ear was taken) the inner margin is
concave, and the tragus consequently inclined inwards. (Plate XIX.
fig. 8, ear, enlarged.)
12. VESPERTILIO. 327

Wings from the metatarsi close to the base of the toes; feet
rather large; toes scarcely more than half the length of the feet;
calcaneum feeble, termination indistinct; tail as long as the head
and body ; the last rudimentary caudal vertebra and half the ante-
penultimate vertebra free. ;

Above dark brown, the extremities of the hairs on the shoulders
and back shining yellowish; beneath similar, with ashy ex-
tremities.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the mem-
branes along the sides of the body only, and upon the base of the
interfemoral between the thighs; beneath, it extends thinly upon
the wings nearly as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee,
and the interfemoral is covered with long hair about the root of the
tail, and half the remainder with very short fine hairs.

The upper canine and third premolar are separated by a narrow
interval, and in the adult animal the first and second small premolars
are quite internal to the tooth-row; the third premolar is large and
exceeds the molars considerably in vertical extent ; the lower pre-
molars are also small, but they stand in the tooth-row; the third
premolar nearly equals the canine in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult ? preserved in spirits), head and body 1'7,
tail 1-8, head 0'7, ear 0’-6, tragus 0':3, forearm 1'-75, thumb
0"-28, third finger 2'"7, fifth finger 2''-1, tibia 0’-7, foot 0'-35.

This species is distinguished especially by its peculiarly thick, not
broad muzzle, by the great length of the forearm in comparison to
the length of the body, and (in fully adult specimens) by the
narrow space between the canine and third premolar and consequent
displacement inwards of both the first and second minute upper
premolars.

Hab. Ecuador; Central America (Guatemala) ; Brazil (banks of
the Mucuri River).

The above description has been taken from a specimen which
agrees in all respects with the type of this species, and also with
the types of V. lewcogaster, Wied, in the Leyden Museum. The ex-
tremity of the tail is described by the Prince of Neuwied as but half
a line free; but in the types it varies from this length to one and a
half lines, the last caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate
vertebra being free in one specimen. In the specimens preserved in
alcohol in the British Museum, which I have identified with this
species, the length of the free portion of the tail varies considerably.
The extremely small size and internal position of the second upper
premolar (in adult specimens) no doubt caused the Prince of Neu-
weid to overlook it.

a. @ ad., al. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser’s Coll.
b. 3 juv., al. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser’s Coll.
c-h. 3 & 2 sks., inal. Cuidad Vieja,Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
2, ad, sk. N. America (?). Mr. Drumond [P.}.
jy. SP ad., al. Tehuantepec. Mr. Boucard [C.].

(Smaller, and with tragus more ineurved.)
328 VESPERTILIONIDE.

42. Vespertilio arsinoe.

Vespertilio arsinoé, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 247 (1885-
1841).

Appears to be quite intermediate between V. nigricans and V.
albescens, resembling the former in the shape of its ears and in size,
the latter in the form of the tragus, in the larger feet, free extre-
mity of the tail, and in the peculiar colour of the fur. Ears shorter
than the head; laid forwards their extremities do not reach the end
of the muzzle; inner margin of the conch convex, outer margin
concave in upper half, becoming gradually convex in the lower half;
tip rounded off, slightly projecting outwards: tragus rather short
and straight, subacutely pointed, not attenuated towards the tip.

Wings from the base of the toes; feet intermediate in size be-
tween those of V. nigricans and V. albescens; calcaneum termi-
nating in a projecting tooth; the last osseous caudal vertebra free.

Fur very similar in surface colour to that of V. albescens, but
darker above, the hairs being almost black, the extreme tips on the
shoulders and back shining yellowish; beneath, dark brown or
black at the base and for three fourths the length of the hairs, the
terminal fourth of the hairs on the chest and abdomen, and the ter-
minal half of the fur about the pubis and thighs, ashy.

Both the first and second upper premolars stand in the tooth-row,
and the second is visible from without.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 1”°7, tail
1-3, ear 0'-5, tragus 0-25, forearm 17:35, thumb 0'°28, third
finger—metacarp. 1'-25, 1st ph. 0'°48, 2nd ph. 0'"7 ; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'-15, 1st ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 025; tibia 0'°6, foot
03.

Hab. Surinam. Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

43. Vespertilio lucifugus.

Vespertilio lucifugus, Leconte, Cuvier, Anim. Kingd. (ed. M‘Murtrie),
i. Append. p. 481 (1831); Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 55,
figs. 51, 52 (1864),

Vespertilio brevirostris, Wied, Verz. beobach. Stugeth. N.-America,
p. 19 (1862).

Vespertilio affinis e¢ yumanensis, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America,
pp. 53 & 58, figs. 49, 55 (1864).

Head slightly and abruptly elevated, forehead depressed; glan-
dular prominences of the sides of the face rather largely developed
laterally, causing the muzzle to appear obtuse in front. Lars
shorter than the head; laid forwards the tips extend within a short
distance from the end of the muzzle; lower third of the inner
margin faintly concave, the upper two thirds convex, the tip evenly
rounded off continuously with the convexity of the inner margin ;
upper third of the outer margin slightly concave, the tip scarcely
projecting, the middle third becoming gradually and very slightly
convex. Tragus rather short and acutely pointed; inner margin
12. VESPERTILIO. 329

straight, outer slightly convex below, attaining its greatest convexity
slightly above the base of the inner margin; the upper third straight,
slanting to the tip. (Plate XIX. fig. 11, ear, enlarged.)

Wing-membranes from the metatarsus close to the base of the
toes; feet rather large. Interfemoral membrane between the ends
of the calcanea acutely angular; last vertebra and half the ante-
penultimate vertebra of the tail free.

Above, the fur of the back extends to a short distance only upon
the wing-membranes, and upon the interfemoral as far as the end of
the second caudal vertebra, Beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly
covered as far as from the elbow to the knee; and the greater part
of the interfemoral has short fine hairs scattered over it.

Fur, above and beneath black or dark brown at the base, pale
brown above, the terminal third of the hairs beneath ashy. Fars,
wing-membranes, and integuments dark brown throughout.

The dentition presents no peculiarities.

Length, head and body 1-65, tail 1-5, head 0-65, ear 0°55,
tragus 0°25, forearm 1:4, thumb 0'-28, third finger 2'-6, fifth
finger 1”-9, tibia 0'°55, foot 0'°35.

Other specimens give slightly larger or smaller measurements ;
the above have been taken from a 2 with fetus in utero.

Hab. Nearctic and Neotropical Regions ; according to Allen, uni-
versally distributed throughout the United States.

Iam unable to find in Dr. Allen’s descriptions of V. affinis and
V. yumanensis any characters sufficient to distinguish them from V.
lucifugus. The internal basal lobe of the ear, said by Dr. Allen to
be obtuse in V. lucifugus, does not differ sufficiently in the speci-
mens of this species, received by the British Museum from the
Smithsonian Institute, from that of the other species of the genus to
permit of its shape being used as a distinguishing character.

a. & ad., al. Newfoundland. H. Reeks, Esq. [P.].
b,c. ad. sk. North America (lat. 49°, long. 119°).

d. @ ad., al. Lake Winnipeg. Sir J. Richardson [P.}.
e. 2 ad., al. North America. Smithsonian Institute.
f. & ad., al. America. f Mr. Douglass’s Coll.
g. & ad, al. Interior of Brazil. Purchased.

ht. 6 & & ad., al. America. Zool. Soc. [P.].

In the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phi-
ladelphia for August 1866, Dr. H. Allen has described eight (?) new
species of this genus from tropical America, arranging them into
two groups, thus :—

u. Interfemoral membrane relatively small; each joint of tail a third
shorter than each of 8; terminal joint of tail exserted. Colour of
membranes and auricle blackish. 1. V. mundus; 2. V. concinnus ;
3. V. exiguus; 4. V. obscurus. on : :

8. Interfemoral membrane relatively large; each joint of tail a third
longer than each of a; terminal joint not exserted (a small tip of
cartilage may be exserted); colour of membranes and ear light
brown, excepting V evilis. 5. V. agilis; 6. V. volans; 7. V. eviks ;
8. V. tenuidorsalis.
330 VESPERTILIONID.&.

Dr. Allen remarks that he was obliged to describe these spe-
cies without having had an opportunity of examining the types
of the species described by European zoologists from the same
region. It is therefore very probable that most, if not all of the
above are synonymic terms; but I find it quite impossible to say
from the descriptions of what species they are synonyms, or
whether some or all should be recognised as new. In most of the
descriptions the leading characters are derived from the colours of
the fur, which appear to be scarcely less variable in this genus
than in other genera of Chiroptera, and therefore cannot be depended
upon in distinguishing species.

13. KERIVOULA.

Kerivoula, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 258 (1842);
Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 822; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 145 (1876).

Muzzle narrow, elongated; skull very concave between the nasal
bones and the vertex, so that the crown of the head appears con-
siderably vaulted; glandular prominences between the eyes and
nostrils very small, indistinct, the upper surface of the muzzle
sloping down evenly, laterally and in front, to the margin of the lip ;
aperture of nostril completely circular, opening sublaterally close to
the margin of the upper lip; mouth wide, upper and lower lips pro-
jecting slightly, the upper lip and the angle of the mouth thickly
fringed with long hairs: ears funnel-shaped owing to the great con-
vexity of their outer margins, diaphanous, studded with glandular
papile from which minute hairs arise; the outer margin termina-
ting very abruptly by a deep lobe not separated from the outer side
of the ear, and not carried forwards to the angle of the mouth;
tragus extremely long and narrow and very acutely pointed, straight
or slightly curved outwards: integumentary system largely deve-
loped; anterior margin of the deep antebrachial membrane free
throughout; wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum long and
strong, curved backwards, no postcalcaneal lobe; posterior margin
of the interfemoral membrane more or less fringed with hairs;
tail as long as or longer than the head and body, wholly contained
within the interfemoral membrane.

Dentition. Ine. =, c. 3, pm. =, m. a

Upper incisors parallel, not divergent as in Vespertilio; the outer
incisor always shorter than the inner one, sometimes minute; second
upper premolar slightly smaller than the third, never minute as in
Vespertilio; second lower premolar equal to or slightly larger than
the first, and nearly or quite equal to the third.

This genus includes some of the most delicately formed and most
truly insectivorous, tropical, forest-haunting Bats. They are distin-
13. KERIVOULA. 331

guished from Vespertilio (with which they agree in the number of
the teeth) not by any single character, but by a series of characters
which they closely resemble each other and differ from all other
orms.

Range. Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions (Austro-
Malayan Subregion).

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Outer margin of the tragus without a lobule
at the base, but with a more or less distinct
process opposite the base of the inner mar-
gin, not succeeded by an emargination im-
mediately above or beneath.

a’. Outer upper incisors equal to or exceeding
half the length of the inner incisors;
inner incisors with a postero-external

ou
a", Wing-membranes_ variegated with
orange and black.
a'". Margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane with a well-developed comb-
like fringe.
a. Ears shorter than the head; ‘fur
orange; forearm 1-4 ........... 1. K. picta, p. 332.
6". Wing-membranes unicoloured.
a'". Margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane with a well-developed comb-
like fringe.
B. Ears shorter than the head; fur
brown; forearm 1''3 or slightly
DOVE: arsre ghawiorwievayeypacere-ino nee whi 2. K. brunnea, p. 334.
oo”. Margin of the interfemoral with a
few fine hairs.
y. Ears as long as the head; fur grey-
ish brown; forearm 11........ 3. K. africana, p 335.
b'. Outer upper incisors short, sometimes mi-
nute, never equalling half the length of
the inner incisors; inner incisors with or
without a small basal cusp posteriorly.
6”, Wing-membranes unicoloured.
ce", Margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane naked. ©
6. Ears shorter than the head; outer
upper incisors nearly half the
length of the inner incisors (in
immature individuals) ; fur darker
at the base, paler at the extremi-
ties; forearm 1'"4_ ..,......... 4. K. hardwicku, p. 3365.
d'", Margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane fringed with short rather stiff
hairs.
€. Ears shorter than the head; outer
upper incisors minute ; fur darker
332 VESPERTILIONIDE.

at the extremities than at the
base; forearm 17 .........0.. 5. K. papillosa, p. 387.
¢. Ears longer than the head; outer
incisors as in K. papillosa; fore-
APIDOS sds syo-naelee besltiies 6. K. pellucida, p. 387.
b. Outer margin of the tragus with a distinct
lobule at the base as in Vespertilio, suc-
ceeded immediately above, opposite the
base of the inner margin, by an emargi-
nation.
b’. Outer upper incisor on each side minute,
scarcely exceeding the cingulum of the
inner incisor in vertical extent.
b". Wing-membranes unicoloured.
bo. Margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane naked; forearms and thumbs
also naked.
n. Ears shorter than the head, outer
margin of the ear-conch with a
second small concavity about the
middle; fur as in K. hardwicki;
forearm 1°55 6... eee eee 7. K. jagorit, p. 388.
ce'". Margin of the interfemoral fringed ;
forearms, thumbs, and tibize clothed
with short ee hairs.
6. Margin of the interfemoral with a
few fine hairs; ears as long as the
head; fur brown, with shining
yellow extremities ; forearm 1'-45 8. K. papuensis, p. 339.
t. Margin of the interfemoral with
short bristly hairs; ears shorter
than the head; fur tricoloured,
with bronze-yellow extremities;
forearm’ 1!'"45 5. sahaeseseecoveresiis 9. K. erosa, p. 389,
c', Outer upper incisors nearly as long as the
inner incisors; inner incisors with a
small posterior basal cusp.
d'", Margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane with a comb-like fringe, as in
K. picta; forearms, thumbs, and
tibie clothed with short appressed

hairs.
x. Ears shorter than the head; fore-
BT de! Osis woe siaeterns weeee. LO, K. lanosa, p. 340.

1. Kerivoula picta.

Vespertilio pictum, Pallas, Spicil. Zoolog. fase. iii. p. 7.

Vespertilio pictus, Schreb. Saugeth.i. p. 170 (1775); Gmel. Linn. Syst:
Natur. p. 49 (1788); Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 199 (1806) ;
Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 141 (1820); Horsf. Zool. Research. Java
(1825); Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 228 (1835-41) ; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 736.

Veveane kirivoula, F. Cuvier, Nouv. Annal. du Muséum, t. i. p. 9
(1882).

Kerivoula picta, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 258 (1842) ;
13. KERIVOULA. 333

Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice, p. 25 (1852); Tomes, P. Z. S.
1858, p. 825; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 146 (1876).

Vespertilio (Kirivoula) pictus, Horsfeld, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E.I.
Comp. p. 40 (1851).

Ears moderate; laid forwards the tips reach midway between the
eyes and the end of the muzzle; inner side very convex forwards; the
lower half of the inner margin sloping forwards and upwards so as to
overhang the eye, the upper half upwards and backwards to the tip,
which is short and subacute; immediately beneath the tip the outer
margin is shortly but deeply concave, the remaining four fifths of the
outer side of the conch much expanded outwards and forwards, and
terminating abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and
the angle of the mouth by a sudden inward curvature of the outer
margin. Tragus very long and straight, extending almost as high
as the base of the emargination on the outer side of the ear beneath
the tip; inner margin straight; no lobe at base of outer margin,
but a distinct tooth-like projection opposite the base of the inner
margin, from which the outer margin slopes straight upwards to the
very acute tip.

Thumb short ; wings to the base of the toes. Fur above deep
orange; beneath paler. The ears, antebrachial, and interfemoral
membranes of the same deep orange colour; the wing-membrane
between the humerus and the posterior limb, the free margin of
the membrane between the foot and the fifth finger, along the
posterior side of the forearm, and on both sides of each finger, deep
orange; the remaining parts deep black with scattered orange dots,
especially on the membrane between the metacarpal bones of the
third and fourth fingers. Both the inner and outer surfaces of the
ear-conch are thickly covered with small papille from which fine
hairs arise. A dense tuft of long hairs springs from the angle of
the mouth, and extends half the length of the upper lip; face naked
directly in front of the eyes and for a space around the eyes. On
the upper surface the wing-membrane is thinly covered with long
hairs as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the
knee-joint ; the same kind of hairs extend upon the thighs and tibie
and cover the interfemoral thinly as far as a line drawn between the
ankles; the backs of the feet to the base of the claws are densely
covered with short fine orange-coloured fur, which also forms a
thick short fringe along the posterior margin of the calcanea and
interfemoral membrane.

Inner upper incisors long, in vertical extent nearly equal to three
fourths of the canine, acutely pointed, with a small second basal
cusp posteriorly and externally ; outer incisor unicuspidate, slanting
slightly inwards and forwards towards the posterior cusp of the
inner incisor, which it nearly or quite equals in vertical extent.
First and second upper premolars distinct, the second slightly in-
ternal and separated from the third by a small space. Lower in-
cisors not crowded, distinctly trifid. Lower premolars nearly equal

in size.
334 VESPERTILIONID&.

Length, head and body 1'°55, tail 1-6, head 0'°65, ear 0'°6,
tragus 0:3, forearm 1'"4, thumb 0°22, third finger 2’-9, fifth
finger 2'1, tibia 0'-55, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Peninsula of India; Ceylon; Burma; Sumatra; Java. Pro-
bably distributed generally throughout the Oriental Region.

The very peculiar markings of the membranes of K. picta at once
distinguishes it from all other known species of the genus, but it
also differs in the much narrower and more pointed muzzle, and in
the form and position of the upper inner incisors, which are remark-
ably large, much curved forwards, and are placed so much in front
of the canines that the outer incisors lie almost directly behind
them.

a. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart.

6 fo ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.

e-e, ad. sk. Java. E.I. House Collection.
f. o ad., al. Java. J. Bowring, Esq.

g-k. ad. sks. E.I. House Collection.
4. 9 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
m, n. imm., sks. No history.

o. skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased.

2. Kerivoula brunnea.

Ears slightly shorter than the head, laid forwards the extremities
do not extend quite to the end of the muzzle; ear-conch very simi-
lar in outline to that of K. picta; tragus with a slight indication of
a lobe at the base of the outer margin, which, however, is not suc-
ceeded by an emargination, and the projection opposite the base of
the inner margin is obtuse.

Fur, above, yellowish brown, the basal half of the hairs very dark
brown or black; beneath paler or greyish brown, the base of the
hairs also dark-coloured ; very long and dense, covering nearly half
the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane, and extending
along the legs to the backs of the feet; the posterior margin of the
interfemoral membrane has a comb-like fringe of curved hairs of
equal length, asin K. picta and K. lanosa. Membranes dark brown.

Upper incisors nearly equal in length and in cross section, the
inner incisor on each side with a small postero-external basal cusp
visible from the front; of the lower incisors the outer on each side
has a blunt cusp rising considerably above the others; second upper
premolar slightly smaller than the first, with a more oblique cusp
inclined forwards.

Length (of a not full-grown ¢), head and body 1'"5, tail 1-9,
head 0°55, ear 0'°5, tragus 0°35, forearm 1'°3, thumb 0'°25;
third finger—metacarp. 1:25, Ist ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0':8; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1:2, 1st ph. 0”:4, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0'-55,
foot 0'3.

Hab. Uncertain.

This species is at once distinguished by the very dark colour of
its fur, by the comb-like fringe along the interfemoral membrane
behind, and by the large size of the upper outer incisors.
13. KERIVOULA. 335

The type specimen has suffered from long soaking in weak alcohol,
which has denuded it of much of its fur, and it is possible that the
anterior extremities may have had short hairs clothing them as in

K. lanosa, especially as some hairs are found still adhering to the
outer margin of one wing.

a. 3 (not full-grown), al. Madras or South Africa, Sir A. Smith [P.].

3. Kerivoula africana.

Ears and tragus almost quite similar to those of K. hardwickii,
but longer than the head; thumb shorter; wings from the base of
the toes.

The fur extends upon the base only of the interfemoral membrane
and along the legs to the backs of the feet ; a few fine hairs extend
along the calcanea and margin of the interfemoral membrane, but
not so thickly as to form a fringe. The face is nearly naked between
the eyes, but long hairs arise from the glandular eminences in front,
and also form a fringe along the margin of the lips.

On the upper surface the fur is dark brown at the base, the ex-
tremities greyish brown; beneath similar, but paler.

Inner upper incisor on each side long, with a distinct outer cusp ;
outer incisor unicuspidate, exceeding the outer cusp of the inner
incisor, and nearly equalling that tooth in vertical extent. First
upper premolar smaller than the third and equal to the second pre-
molar ; lower premolars equal.

Length (of the type, a ¢, preserved in alcohol), head and body
1-35, tail 1-35, head 0’°5, ear 0:5, tragus 0'°3, forearm 11,
thumb 0:2, third finger 2’-15, fifth finger 1:6, tibia 0°45, cal-
caneum 0'"5, foot 0°25.

Hab. East coast of Africa (Zanzibar).

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

This is the smallest species of Kerivoula as yet described. It re-
sembles K. hardwickti very closely in general form, but may be at
once distinguished by the upper incisors.

4. Kerivoula hardwickii.

Vespertilio hardwickii, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (1825) ;
Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 222 (1841); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Sdugeth. v. p. 736 (1855) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat, Chiropt. p. 148,
figs. a, b, ¢ tig76),

Kerivoula hardwickii, Gray, A. & M. N. H. x. p. 258 (1842).

Kerivoula fusca, Dobson, P, A. S. B. 1871, p. 215.

About the same size as K. picta, from which it is at once distin-
guished by the almost uniform colour of the fur and membranes.
Ears larger than those of that species; laid forwards the tips extend
nearly to the end of the muzzle; the inner margin forms almost a
regular arc of a small circle from the base to the tip; the tips are
rounded, and immediately beneath them is a short but deep con-
cavity occupying the upper fourth of the outer margin ; below this
336 VESPERTILIONID&.

the outer side of the conch becomes much expanded, and projects
forwards anteriorly even more than in K. picta, the outer margin
curving inwards and backwards towards the base of the tragus to
its termination. Tragus very long (extending in some specimens
quite to the edge of the emargination below the tip on the outer
side of the ear) and much attenuated; the inner margin straight ;
the outer with a small projecting tooth opposite the base of the
inner margin, where the tragus reaches its greatest width, above
this slightly convex, the upper two thirds faintly concave. Conch
covered with glandular papille and small hairs arising from them,
as in K. picta. (Plate XVII. fig. 6.)

Thumb large, armed with a strong claw (much larger than in K.
picta). Wings to the base of the toes, or between the base of the
toes and the claws. Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrano
with numerous small conical projections, not distinct in dried skins.
On the upper surface the membranes are almost naked; a few long
scattered hairs appear upon the interfemoral membrane and upon
the backs of the legs; but the feet are almost naked, and the inter-
femoral has a few short straight hairs along its posterior margin,
not densely fringed as in A. picta. Beneath, a few thinly spread
hairs appear upon the wing-membrane between the humerus and
femur; but the integument is nearly quite naked. Chin and throat
clothed with remarkably long and dense fur.

Fur, above and beneath, dark at the base and for half its length,
the terminal half shining greyish brown.

The upper inner incisors have no second posterior cusp, but an
indistinct tubercle on their outer sides near their summits; the
outer incisors, which are about half their length, lie close to them,
and have a small external basal cusp. First upper premolar equal
to the third in vertical extent, but less than it in cross section;
second premolar about one third smaller, close between the first and
third premolar, not separated from the third premolar by an interval.
Lower premolars equal in size and equal to the first molar in verti-
cal extent.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 15, tail 1’°7, head
0-6, ear 0'°5, forearm 1'°4, thumb 0°33; third finger—metacarp.
1-4, 1st ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'°85; fifth finger—metacarp. 135,
1st ph. 0°38, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0°65, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Peninsula of India (Sibsagar, Assam; Shillong, Khasia
Hills); Camboja; Java; Borneo; Duke of York Island.

Type in the collection of the E. I. Comp. at South Kensington.

A specimen from Duke of York Island differs from typical exam-
ples of this species from the Oriental Region in being slightly larger,
the forearm measuring quite 1} inch, and in having no trace of a
tubercle on the outer side of the upper outer incisors. In all other
respects it is not distinguishable from Indian specimens of this species.

a, b. imm. et ad. sks. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c-e. 6 & 2 @ ad, al. Camboja.

FQ ad., al. North Borneo. Purchased.

g. Q ad, al. Duke of York Island.

h. @ ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
13. KERIVOULA. 337

5. Kerivoula papillosa.

Vespertilio papillosus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 220 (18385
-41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Scugeth. v. p. 736 (1855).
Kerivoula papillosa, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 150 (1876).

Fars very similar in shape to those of K. hardwickii, but the an-
terior part of the outer side of the conch does not project so far for-
wards ; the tragus has also a small tooth on its outer margin, which
in its lower half is regularly slightly convex ; laid forwards the tips
of the ears extend to the end of the muzzle.

The upper lip has a dense fringe of hair extending almost as far
as the nasal apertures on each side.

Wings from the base of the claws; thumbs and feet large, armed
with very large and strong claws; free edge of the interfemoral
membrane margined with small papille and short hairs.

Fur, above, light shining brown, with darker tips ; beneath paler.

The upper inner incisors are comparatively shorter than in K.
hardwickit, the outer incisors scarcely visible. Dentition in other
respects similar to that of K. hardwickit.

The following measurements have been taken by me from the
type specimen preserved in the Leyden Museum :—

Length, head and body 2’:2, tail 2-2, ear 0'°-65, forearm 1'°7,
third finger 3''°6, fifth finger 26, tibia 0’-9, caleaneum 0'°8, foot
O”-4,

The above measurements show that this species much exceeds in
size all the preceding.

Hab. Java.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

This species is closely related to K. hardwichu, from which it is
chiefly distinguished by its very much greater size, by the smallness
of the outer upper incisors, and by the colour of the fur.

a, nearly ad. sk., in al. No history.

6. Kerivoula pellucida.

Vespertilio pellucidus, Waterhouse, P.Z.S. 1845, p. 6; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth. v. p. 742 (1855).

Kerivoula hardwickii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 329.

Kerivoula pellucida, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 149 (1876).

About the size of K. hardwickit, but the ears are conspicuously
much larger, laid forwards the tips extend one fifth of an inch be-
yond the end of the nose; the inner margin is regularly convex
from the base to the tip, the most anterior part of the convexity
of the inner margin projects forwards almost as far as the end of
the muzzle; the upper third of the outer margin is occupied by a
broad obtusely angular emargination, very different from the short
concavity beneath the tip in K. hardwickit; the lower two thirds
of the outer margin is much expanded, and similar to the same part
of the ear in K. picta. Tragus similar in shape to that of A. hard-

z
338 VESPERTILIONID.2&.

wickit, but not so much attenuated, nor, proportionately to the si.
of the ear, so long; the projection on the outer margin, opposite the
base of the inner margin, is also very slight and obtuse (Plate
XVII. fig. 7).

Wings to the base of the toes; posterior margin of the inter-
femoral fringed with short hairs, but not papillated.

Distribution of the fur upon the wing- and interfemoral mem-
branes as in A. hardwichit.

Upper inner incisors unicuspidate, very long and slender; outer
incisor on each side very short, less than one third the inner incisor
in vertical extent, broad at the base, its summit sloping inwards
towards and lying against the base of the inner incisor. Lower in-
cisors slightly crowded; the two central incisors with four distinct
cusps each, those on each side with three, whilst those next the
canines have a small cusp on their inner sides only. Upper pre-
molars as in A. hardwickii; lower premolars equal, and nearly equal
to the first molar in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'65,
tail 2", head 0”°6, ear 0'°7, tragus 0°35, forearm 1':25, thumb 0'°3,
third finger 2''9, fifth finger 2", tibia 07, foot 0'°3.

Hab, Philippine Islands.

This species was united by Mr. Tomes with A. hardwickti, but
the very much longer and quite differently shaped ears at once dis-
tinguish it.

a, 6. Q juv. et ad., al. (type) Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.

7. Kerivoula jagorii.

Vespertilio (Kerivoula) jagorii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 399;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 185 (1876).

Ears as in K. hardwickii; but there is a second slight concavity
about the middle of the outer margin; inner margin very convex,
projecting beyond the eye: tragus rather broad below, tapering to
an acute point and curved outwards; immediately above the base a
deep but narrow horizontal slit opposite the base of the inner
margin. Nostrils close together, the extremity of the muzzle pro-
jecting.

: Tip of the tail projecting slightly; margin of the interfemoral
membrane not fringed with hairs; wing-membrane from the base
of the toes. Fur similar in colour to that of K. hardwickii.

Upper inner incisor long and unicuspidate; outer incisor very
short, not half the length of the inner incisor; upper premolars
nearly equal in vertical extent.

Length, head and body 1'95, tail 1-9, head 0'-75, ear 0'°6,
tragus 0'-4, forearm 1°55, thumb 0'"37, third finger 3'"2, fifth
finger 2°25, tibia 0°65, foot 0'°35.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Samar Island).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
13. KERIVOULA. 339

8. Kerivoula papuensis.

Slightly larger than K. lanosa; ears as in K. hardwickii; no second
emargination on the outer side of the ear-conch, but the tragus has
a distinct rounded lobe at the base of its outer margin, which is
succeeded by a horizontal notch opposite the base of its inner margin,
not so deep as in A. jagorit.

Fur, above, dark brown, the terminal fourth of the hairs shining
yellow ; beneath, paler brown, the extreme tips shining grey. On
the upper surface the humerus is naked in its distal half, but the
forearm is clothed with short appressed golden-yellow hairs, which
also cover the thumb to the base of the claw and extend outwards
along the second finger and upon the distal half of the middle finger;
the wing- and interfemoral membranes are nearly naked, but the tail
and the feet are clothed like the forearm, and a few hairs appear
upon the legs ; the posterior margin of the interfemoral has a few
fine hairs forming a thin fringe; beneath, the membranes and ex-
tremities are almost quite naked.

Upper inner incisors long and unicuspidate, outer incisors on each
side very short, scarcely exceeding the cingulum of the inner inci-
sor; all the lower incisors trifid and at right angles to the direction
of the jaws; the incisors near the canines nearly as wide as the
others, very different in shape from those of A. hardwickit; first
upper premolar exceeding the second in vertical extent, but rather
less than it in cross section at the base, and as long or nearly as
Jong as the third premolar, which exceeds both teeth in transverse
diameter.

Length, head and body about 1'8, tail 1'"8, head 0'"7, ear 0'"65,
tragus 0':4, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0'"35; third finger—metacarp.
1-45, 1st ph. 0-65, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger—metacarp. 1’-4, 1st
ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0°65, foot 0'°35.

Hab. New Guinea.

a. ad. sk. (type). Port Moresby, New Guinea. Rev. W. Y. Turner, a

9. Kerivoula @rosa.
Kerivoula zrosa, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 333.

Ears rounded above, with a shallow emargination occupying the
upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch ; tragus long, taper-
ing, and acutely pointed. ;

Face moderately hairy; the side of the face, between the eye and
the ear, and the chin nearly naked. The fur of the back does not
extend upon the membranes, but the upper surfaces of the legs, feet,
and heel-cartilages, of the tail, forearms, thumbs, and index fingers,
and of the two terminal phalanges of the longest fingers are more or
less clothed with short appressed shining hairs, thickest on the fore-
arms and tail. The margin of the interfemoral membrane between

the extremities of the calcanea and tail is sparingly furnished with
zZ2
340 VESPERTILIONID-Y.

short bristly hairs, very unlike the thick comb-like fringe of XK.
lanosa.

The fur of all the upper parts is long, thick, and curly, and nearly
uniform in colour over the whole of the back, varying only in becom-
ing a little darker behind. The hairs are dark grey-brown at their
bases and for three fourths their length, succeeded by yellowish
brown, then by umber-brown, their extremities bronze-yellow, and
this latter colour only prevails in the short hairs covering the extre-
mities. Beneath, the fur is dark sepia-brown, tipped with brownish
bronze.

Upper inner incisors long and pointed; outer incisors very small,
scarcely visible without the aid of a lens. Upper canines long,
strong, and angular ; first upper premolar also long and acutely
pointed.

Length, head and body about 2”, tail 1-7, head 0-7, ear 0'"¢,
tragus 0'°35, forearm 1:45, thumb 0:35, third finger 2-85, fifth
finger 2’"1, tibia 0'°6, foot 0°35,

Hab. South Africa, eastern coast.

This species is known only from Mr. Tomes’s description, from
which the above has been taken.

10. Kerivoula lanosa.

Vespertilio lanosus, Smith, Illustr. Zoology S. Africa, pl. 50.
Kerivoula lanosa, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 331.

? Kerivoula argentata, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 32.
Nycticejus nidicola, Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 650.

Ears quite similar to those of K. picta, with the following excep-
tions :—The outer margin, in addition to the concavity beneath the
tip, has a very small but distinct notch about the middle, and at the
base internally, between the termination of the outer margin and the
tragus, a small fleshy tooth-like elevation is placed, concealing the
lobe at the base of the tragus (Plate XVII. figs. 5, 5 a).

Tragus long, tapering, and very acutely pointed, as in K. picta,
but a small circular lobe exists at the base of the outer margin, suc-
ceeded by an emargination which is bounded above by a projection
from which the outer margin slopes evenly to the tip.

Fur, above, dark brown at the base, then yellowish brown with
reddish-brown tips ; beneath, very pale yellowish brown or dirty
white.

On the upper surface the wing-membrane is covered with long
thinly-spread hairs as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the knee; the forearm and the thumb are covered with
very short shining yellow hairs ; about half the interfemoral mem-
brane is clothed with long hairs, which also extend along the legs
to the backs of the feet, where, however, they become short and are
more densely set; the remaining half of the interfemoral is quite
naked, but the posterior margin of the caleaneum and margin of the
interfemoral membrane on each side of the tail are edged with closely
14. NAYALUS., 341

set straight parallel short hairs, forming a comb-like fringe. Be-
neath, the wing-membrane is clothed with very fine rather long hairs
as far as a line joining the elbow- and knee-joints ; the remainder of
the membrane is naked, except where a few very short, almost invi-
sible hairs arise from the transverse dotted lines.

Upper incisors slender and very acutely pointed ; the inner incisors
not so much curved forwards as in K. picta, with a minute basal
cusp posteriorly not visible from without; outer incisor unicuspi-
date, nearly as long as the inner incisor ; first,and second upper pre-
molars smaller in proportion to the other teeth than in other species
ot the genus, the second premolar less than the first in cross section
at the base.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'°7, tail 2", head 0'-65,
ear 0"'5, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1'-4, thumb 0'°35, third finger 3'"2,
fifth finger 2'2, tibia 0’-6, caleaneum 0'"8, foot 0'°35.

Ha). 8.E. Africa (Shupanga, near the Zambesi River ; east coast
of Cape Colony).

Dr. Kirk found a colony of this species inhabiting the hanging
nests of Weaver-birds at Shupanga.

a,b,c. G6 & 2 ad., al. Shupanga, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.].
(Type of Nycticejus nidicola, Kirk:)

Under the name of Kerivoula argentata Mr. Tomes has described
(P. Z. S. 1861, p. 32) a species from Otjoro, 8.W. Africa, which,
judging from the description, appears to be an example of an old
individual of K. lanosa or, at most, a local variety of that species.
The ears and tragus, the distribution of the fur and the teeth, are
quite as in K. lanosa, the only differences being that the single spe-
cimen on which Mr. Tomes has founded his species has the forearm
one tenth of an inch longer, and the extreme tips of the fur are of
a “shining and silvery white.”

14. NATALUS.
Natalus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 496 (1838) ; Tomes, P. ZS.
1856, p. 176.
Nyctiellus, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 84
1855).
Sete Gervais, Comptes Rendus de 0 Acad. des Sciences, 1856,
p: 547.

Muzzle elongated, the crown of the head considerably elevated
above the concave forehead ; upper surface of the muzzle sloping
down evenly on all sides to the margin of the lip; nasal apertures
oval, close together, opening near the margin of the lip; lower lip
broad, reflected outwards in front; ears funnel-shaped, the surface
of the conch studded with glandular papilla as in Kerwoula, the
outer margin terminating abruptly between the tragus and the
angle of the mouth ; tragus short, more or less triangular in outline ;
thumb very short, nearly wholly enclosed in the antebrachial mem-
342 VESPERTILIONIDE,

brane; wing- and interfemoral membranes much developed, with
numerous dotted lines; wing-membranes from the inferior surface
of the lower end of the tibia and from the base of the calcaneum ;
tail very long, wholly enclosed in the interfemoral membrane;
calcanea convex backwards as in Kerivoula ; no postcalcaneal lobe.

Dentition. Inc. =. C. = pm. =, m. =.

Upper incisors in pairs, separated from the canines and also in
front, the inner incisors diverging slightly from the outer ones as
in Vespertilio; first and second premolars in both jaws well deve-
loped.

ae Neotropical Region (Antillean, Mexican, and Brazilian
Subregions).

This genus is evidently the representative of Kerivoula in the New
World. In the general form of the head and ears, of the wing- and
interfemoral membranes, and even in the teeth, it approaches that
genus closely ; but the much greater elevation of the crown of the
head, the remarkable shortness of the thumb, the peculiar form of
the tragus, the mode of attachment of the wing-membrane to the
hinder extremities, and the position and form of the upper incisors
distinguish it at once from all other genera of Vespertilionide, and
even indicate its affinity to some of the genera of Emballonuride.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Tragus broad at the base, narrow and pointed

above; forearm 175. .... 0... cece eee ee 1. MN. stramineus, p. 342.
b. Tragus narrow opposite the base of its inner

margin, expanded above; forearm 1'"05 .. 2. M. lepidus, p. 344.

1. Natalus stramineus.

Natalus stramineus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 496 (1838); Tomes,
P, Z, 8. 1856, p. 178, pl. xlii.

? Vespertilio splendidus, Wagner, Wiegm. Arehiv, 1845, p. 148;
Abhandl. Munch. Akad. v. p. 208.

Head long, forehead concave, so that the crown of the head ap-
pears to be considerably raised above the face-lie; nostrils forming
a rounded ridge along the centre of the upper surface of the muzzle
in front, from which the sides of the face slope evenly down towards
the upper lip on each side; nasal apertures close together, oval,
opening downwards and forwards; lower lip broad, reflected out-
wards in front, with a central groove and a broad naked horizontal
cushion on each side occupying a space extending outwards and back-
wards slightly beyond the lower canine. Ears shorter than the head,
funnel-shaped ; inner margin of the ear-conch very convex, project-
ing forwards more than halfway between the eye and the extremity
of the muzzle; at the junction of the outer and inner margins a short
triangular elevation narrowly rounded off forms the tip, outer margin
ending abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and the angle
~ 14. naratus. 343

of the mouth: tragus broad at the base, abruptly narrowed above
and acutely pointed, the upper half twisted inwards and forwards,
so that more than half the inner margin is directed forwards ;
lower half of the outer margin very convex, the front and outer
surface clothed with a few long straight hairs (Plate XVII. fig. 8).

Thumb very short, with a feeble claw, nearly wholly enclosed in
the antebrachial membrane; tibia remarkably long and slender ;
caleaneum convex backwards as in Kerivoula, very long, termination
indistinct ; tail much longer than the head and body, the extreme
tip alone projecting ; wing-membrane attached across the end of the
tibia and ankle-joint to the interfemoral membrane and base of the
calcaneum ; membranes exceedingly thin, almost transparent, tra-
versed by numerous dotted lines.

Fur, above, light brownish yellow; beneath, similar but paler.
Membranes nearly naked ; a few very fine short hairs extend along
the tail and form a fringe along the free margin of the interfemoral
membrane; on the face long hairs extend from the ears forwards
below the eyes to the small glands on the sides of the muzzle, form-
ing a deep fringe along the upper lip.

Upper incisors short, in pairs, separated from the canines and also
in front, placed in a line across the space between the canines ; outer
incisor, on each side, exceeding the inner in cross section at the base,
but equal to it in vertical extent, both incisors unicuspidate ; lower
incisors minute, not crowded, placed in the direction of the jaws;
first and second upper premolars about three fourths the size of the
third premolar, the second premolar nearer to the first than to the
third ; lower premolars equal in size, and in vertical extent equal-
ling the first molar.

(For measurements, see Table on next page.)

Hab. Brazil; Central America.

a. & ad., al. Brazil.
b. ad. sk. South America.

Var. u.

In a specimen from Dueiias, Guatemala, collected by Mr. Salvin,
the ears are smaller and less pointed, the muzzle narrower, and the
wings attached to the tibiz higher up than in the typical example
of NV. stramineus. The wing-membrane becomes adherent to the
under surface of the tibia at the commencement of the distal third
of the tibia, and a band then extends across a much wider angle to
the calcaneum ; the colour of the fur is also much darker, being dark
reddish-brown above, slightly paler beneath, the extreme tip of the
hairs somewhat ashy. The measurements are also different, as may
be seen in the Table on next page; but in the absence of other spe-
cimens, I hesitate to describe it as the type of a distinct species.

a. g ad., al Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
E al.
3b44 VESPERTILIONID E.

 

 

  

N. stra-
mineus. Var:
Length, head and body ...........:sscccssesteseesscevences 1-75 19
Be Ciba R a Ales Roney sclge ects eae edia yh pear ey 1:95 1-9
as, AMAL Aaa vorodreeinsay ireeceu enue selvyensurecsecnuus 0-7 0-7
RE. MBAR io accd eeeaee SUSIE dees ETE aI 0-6 0°55
py. MEPABUBE: c.ch sos stenceateesscencose czas eeeun sur odeas 018 0°18
ger MOKGATMI: 2525 -m ey ceedusetecenannoaneeceerecepocneees 15 16
jy BUND since ser ons odaee caenonsasaeosasatesecesen O15 0-2
» third finger, metacarpal ..........0 eee 13 1:35
5 a A ebiphalanse sss s:etceacaoesncsasce 06 0°55
: ren Soa a ere 0-95 1-0
« fourth ,, metacarpal csicsassesesseccsssess 1:25 1°35
i i » Let phalanx .............c:ceeeseeee 0°38 0°35
‘ aT eae incl Cent Cn fie tea eee 0-4 0-5
a bith: <3: “Mmebicatpaliccccccesce-ceeccseesses 1:25 145
ns ‘5 - Vat) phalans.« cccsecsvesveisveceseses 0-4 0:4
- a ies GEDO cau 0 awtbanenenueeionace ues 0-4 0-4
spe MMbAD Laie. csesdtstscnedatinestercaemmeven.cecesaneueewe 0-75 0-8
Hy. LOOtesecsasssieseanonacsacwasanaer acwaroracevesautenies 0°35 0-4

 

 

 

 

 

2. Natalus lepidus.

Vespertilio lepidus, Gervais, Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. de Vile de Cuba,
p. 22, a i. figs. 1-4 (1838).
Vespertilio barbatus, Gundlach, Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 356.
Nyctiellus lepidus, Gervais, Zupéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
, 84 (1855),
Rese macrurum, Gervais, Comptes Rendus de UV Acad. des
Sciences, 1856, p. 547.

Considerably smaller than WV. straminea, but with similarly shaped
muzzle and ears. The inner side of the ear-conch is very convex
forwards, reaching more than halfway between the eye and the end
of the muzzle; the tip is shortly rounded off, and the upper half of
the outer margin is deeply concave, the lower half convex: tragus
in form like an equilateral triangle with the base uppermost, its nar-
rowest portion being opposite the base of its inner margin, its
broadest above; the upper and inner angle projects inwards so that
the inner margin of the tragus is concave above; the front surface
is very concave.

Thumb very short ; wings attached higher up than in WV. strami-
neus to the inner sides of the inferior surface of the tibia; cal-
caneum feeble, termination not distinct. Fur as in NV. stramineus,
but darker.

Outer upper incisors on each side separated by a considerable space
from the canine, blunt, directed almost vertically downwards ; inner
incisor slanting much inwards so as to approach very closely its
fellow of the opposite side; lower incisors extremely small, in the
direction of the jaws; first upper premolar very small, the second
more than double its size, but not half the size of the third premolar,
from which it is separated by a wide interval above, owing to the
15. THYROPTERA. 345

projecting cingulum of the latter tooth; first lower premolar about
half the size of the second, which equals the third in vertical
extent.

Length, forearm 1-05, thumb 0-12, third finger 2", fifth finger
1-25, tibia 0",

Hab. Cuba.

15. THYROPTERA.

Thyroptera, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bresil. p. 61 (1823).
Hyonycteris, Lichtenstein et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1854, p. 335;
Tomes, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 178.

Muzzle elongated, slender ; crown of the head considerably ele-
vated above the concave forehead; nasal apertures circular, rather
wide apart ; ears funnel-shaped, the outer margin terminating be-
tween the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth; base of the
thumbs and soles of the feet (in the single species) with hollow suctorial
disks; second finger rudimentary; middle finger with three phalanges ;
wings from the base of the claws; toes equal, of two phalanges each ;
tail produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane
and beyond it.

Dentition. Ine. , c. = pm. —> m. =.

Upper incisors in pairs, as in Vesperugo, but separated from the
canines as well as in front; premolars well developed in both jaws,
as in Natalus.

Range. The Neotropical Region (Brazilian Subregion).

1. Thyroptera tricolor.

Thyroptera tricolor, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Bresil. p. 61, pl. xxxvi.
fig. 1x. (1823) ; Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, pp. 531-4, pl. lv. figs. 4-6
(thumb, foot, and calcaneum). .
Thyroptera bicolor, Cantraine, Bull. de 0 Acad. Bruvell. xii. p. 489
1845).

ie eens discifera, Lichtenstein et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1854,
. 835.

H Seayelees discifera et albiventer, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 179.

Ears shorter than the head, funnel-shaped, with short subacute
tips; inner margin of the ear-conch convex, much less so than the
outer, which in its lower two thirds is strongly convex, ending
abruptly about midway between the base of the tragus and the
angle of the mouth, but on a lower level, its upper third deeply
concave: tragus short, with a prominent lobule opposite the base of
its inner margin directed forwards, abruptly narrowed in upper
third, very acutely pointed and curved inwards. The extremity of
the muzzle projects, and the space between the nasal orifices is
occupied by a deep pit, bounded by a rounded fleshy process above
and beneath ; lower lip with a central triangular naked cushion cut

off by a groove on either side.
346 VESPERTILIONID A.

Thumb with a well-developed claw; and on its inferior surface,
from the base of the first phalanx, and from the sides of the
metacarpo-phalangeal joint, corresponding to the position of the ball
of the thumb in other Bats, arises by a short peduncle a circular
hollow suctorial disk about one tenth of an inch in diameter. On
the sole of the foot a similar but considerably smaller disk is placed,
not in the same relative position, however, as on the thumb, for it
covers the metatarsal bones, not the bases of the first phalanges of
the toes *.

The rudimentary metacarpal bone, which alone represents the
second finger, is scarcely one third the length of the metacarpal of
middle finger, and is fibro-cartilaginous; the first phalanx of the
middle finger exceeds the combined lengths of the second and third
phalanges ; tibie very long, considerably longer than the femur;
foot small, completely rotated outwards and forwards by the wing-
membrane, which extends quite to the base of the claws; toes
equal in length, united together by a membrane as far as the claws,
which are much curved; calcaneum longer than the foot, and very
strong, with two cartilaginous projections behind at right angles to
its long axis, which evidently assist the animal when climbing in
an upward direction (see fig. 6 in plate accompanying my paper
referred to below) ; tail produced beyond the interfemoral membrane
to a distance nearly equal to the length of the caleaneum.

Fur moderately long and dense, forming a thick fringe along the
margin of the upper lip towards the angle of the mouth, but the
wing- and interfemoral membranes above and beneath are almost
naked. Above, reddish brown; beneath, the greater part of the
breast and abdomen are pale yellowish white ; the under surface of
the muzzle, the neck, and the sides of the body reddish brown ;
membranes dark brown.

Upper incisors short, in pairs, separated from the canines and
also in front; inner incisor on each side directed slightly forwards
and inwards, with a second postero-external cusp, outer incisor
unicuspidate, as long or slightly longer than the outer cusp of the
inner incisor and parallel to it; upper canines small, scarcely
longer than the second premolar ; first upper premolar smaller than
the second, but well developed; third premolar very large, shaped
like a molar, with a broad internal basal process; lower incisors
small, in the direction of the jaws; lower canines very small;
lower premolars well developed, nearly equal in size, the first
slightly smaller than the others.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'7, tail 1”, free from
membrane 03, head 0°65, ear 0':5, tragus 0'°18, forearm 1'°5,
thumb 0'°2; third finger—metacarp. 1'-4, 1st ph. 0’-6, 2nd ph.
0'-25 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"°4, Ist ph. 0°38, 2nd ph. 03;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"2, lst ph. 0'"4, 2nd ph. 0'°35; tibia
0''-7, caleaneum 0°33, foot 0'22.

Hab. Brazil.

* For figures and description of the minute anatomy of these adhesive disks,
see my paper in P. Z. 8. 1876, pp. 581-534.
-

16. MINIOPTERUS. 347

This very remarkable species, the single representative of the
genus Thyroptera, is not only peculiar among all the species of
Chiroptera in possessing such highly specialized climbing organs as
the adhesive disks described above, but also in the structure of the
wings and in the feet agrees with none of the species of the family
to which it belongs, resembling instead, in the presence of three
phalanges in the middle finger, the species of the very far-removed
family Phyllostomide, while in the equal number of phalanges in
the toes it corresponds alone with the species of the subfamily
Phyllorhinine (Rhinolophide).

a. ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons. Mr. Bartlett [C.}.

b, es 3 fh aiiye et Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons. Mr. Bartlett ot
ad., al.

d. gad,al. Cayenne. M. Taczanowski (C.].

16. MINIOPTERUS.

Miniopterus, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, fasc. xxi. (1837); Gray, Mag.
Zool. & Bot. 1838, p.497 ; Keys. & Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 4;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth, p. 735 (1855) ; Blasius, Fauna
Deutschl. p. 45 (1857) ; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 117; Dobson,
Monogr, Asiat, Chiropt. p. 160 (1876).

Crown of the head abruptly and considerably raised above the
face-line; ears separate, rhomboidal, the outer margin carried
forwards to the angle of the mouth; tragus lke that in Vesperugo ;
nostrils simple, opening sublaterally by lunate apertures, the ex-
tremity of the nose separated from the upper lip on either side in
front and beneath by a narrow groove; muzzle broad, with well
developed glandular prominences ; the first phalana of the second or
longest finger very short, less than one third the length of the
terminal phalanx, and but slightly longer than the first phalanx of
the fourth finger, the second or terminal phalanx of the same finger
very long, flexed forwards in repose on the under surface of the
metacarpal bone, and reaching in that position beyond the middle of
the bone; wings to the ankles or to the tibie, attached to the
inferior surface, and continuous with a band of integument passing
across the ankle to the interfemoral membrane covering the cal-
caneum ; feet long, slender, toes nearly equal in length; tazl as long
as the head and body, wholly contained within the interfemoral

membrane.
oe 2-2 | 1-1 2-2 3-3
Dentition. Inc. =, ¢. Fy, Pm. xy, M- s

Skull greatly vaulted, the vertex as high or higher than the
occiput, and separated from it by a slight transverse concavity ;
base of the skull broad, basioccipital laterally grooved; cochlex
partially concealed by the tympanic bull ; the bony palate ex-
tending very slightly behind the anterior roots of the zygoma ; pre-
maxillaries more developed than in cither Vespertilio or Vesperugo ;
upper incisors short, weak, in pairs on each side, separated from the

canines by a space.
348 VESPERTILIONID.E.

Range. Generally distributed throughout the Eastern Hemisphere
on both sides of the equator, not extending, however, into the
colder regions of the temperate zones.

The species of this genus are so very closely allied that almost
the only differences noticeable are size, relative lengths of parts, and
distribution of the fur.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. No lobule or projection above the base of
the outer margin of the tragus.
a'. Interfemoral membrane nearly naked.... 1. M. schreibersii, p. 348.
b'. Half the interfemoral membrane clothed.
a, Wing-membrane external to the tibiz
naked ; muzzle longer.............. 2. M. austrahs, p. 351.
6". Wing-membrane with a band of fur ex-
tending from the elbow to the ankle;

muzzlo:shorter secs a cuweeien 4% « 3. DL. seotinus, p. 351.
b. A distinct triangular projection above the
base of the outer margin of the tragus.... 4. MM. tristis, p. 352.

1. Miniopterus schreibersii.

Vespertilio schreibersii, Natterer,in Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Wetterau.
Ann, iv. p. 41 (1819); Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 138 (1820) ;
Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 174 (1835-41).

Vespertilio natalensis, Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. 1831.

Vespertilio fuliginosa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iv. p. 700 (1835).

Miniopterus ursinii, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica (1837).

Vespertilio orsinii, et blepotis, et dasythrix, Temmunck, l. c. pp. 179,
212, 268 (1835-41).

Trilatitus blepotis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 258.

Vespertilio eschscholtzil, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 121.

Miniopterus schreibersii, Keys. et Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. p. 44;
Blasius, Fauna Deutschi. p. 46, figs. 28, 29 (head and ear) (1857) ;
Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 160 (1876).

Miniopterus schreibersii, e¢ blepotis, et tibialis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 126.

Muzzle rather short, glandular prominences well developed, in-
creasing the width of the face; margin of the eye prominent; a
deep horizontal groove on the side of the face parallel to the, mouth,
below the eye; ears much shorter than the head; the inner margin
of the ear very convex forwards, projecting in front of the eye, then
curving almost horizontally backwards to the tip, the position of
which is determined only by a slight flattening of the upper third of
the outer margin; outer margin straight above, emarginate opposite
the base of the tragus, and terminating rather abruptly in a mode-
rately deep square-ended lobe close to the angle of the mouth.
Tragus rather more than twice as long as broad, maintaining the
the same breadth upwards, and obtusely rounded off above; the
inner margin slightly concave above, the outer margin correspondingly
convex in its upper third, and straight in its lower two thirds,
parallel to the inner margin; above the base a slight convexity
appears in most specimens, but no indication of a distinct lobule, as

in Vesperugo.
16. MINIOPTERUS. 349

Thumb moderate; terminal phalanx of longest finger flexed
forwards, in repose, on the under surface of the metacarpal, reaching
as far as the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of that
bone ; wings to the ankles, or to the extremity of the tibia; feet
long and slender, the outer toe (corresponding to the hallux, or
inner toe, in other five-toed mammals) nearly on a level with the
extremities of the other toes ; tail slightly longer than the head and
body, wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane ; no post-
calcaneal lobe.

The face in front of the eyes is covered with short fur inter-
spersed with longer hairs arising from the glandular prominences on
the sides of the muzzle; on the wing-membrane the fur extends as
far as a line drawn from the end of the proximal third of the
humerus to the middle of the femur, and upon the interfemoral to a
very small extent, about as far as the end of the first caudal
vertebra. Beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line
drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; the inter-
femoral has a few long hairs about the root of the tail, but about
half the surface of the membrane is covered with a very fine pubes-
cence; a band of fine short hairs passes outwards on the wing-
membrane behind the forearm to the carpus.

The colour of the fur varies very considerably. In European
specimens it is generally light greyish all over, or sometimes reddish,
the basal half of the hairs dark greyish brown. In specimens from
Northern Africa, inhabiting dry sandy regions, the fur is light grey
all over, while those from South Africa are much darker, the
extremities of the hairs generally reddish grey. In the European
and North-African specimens with pale fur, the ears and inter-
femoral membrane are white and the integument generally of a pale
whitish colour, the wing-membranes light greyish brown. In the
darker-coloured specimens, especially in those from South Africa,
the ears and integuments are dark brown.

The inner upper incisor, on each side, is but slightly longer than
the outer incisor, and slants inwards and forwards, on its outer side
near the base a small blunt cusp; the outer incisor unicuspidate,
blunt, and slanting less inwards than the inner one. Canines
moderately long and straight, with a horizontal slightly raised
cingulum, without a second cusp or basal projection. First upper
premolar unicuspidate, with a small narrow acutely pointed cusp
and a broad cingulum, more developed posteriorly, touching the
cingulum of the second premolar, which is also horizontally ex-
panded, but in an anterior direction ; a wide space 1s thus caused
between the summits of the canine and second premolar, and the
extremity of the first premolar is much closer to the canine than to
the second premolar; the whole tooth is also slightly pushed
inwards. The last molar is somewhat more than half the antero-
posterior diameter of the second premolar. In the lower jaw the
four front incisors are nearly equal in size and are trilobed, those
next the canines larger, with rounded summits, and a single furrow
on the inner side cutting off a low blunt cusp. ‘The cingulum of the
350 VESPERTILIONIDE.

lower canines is horizontal behind, directed upwards, forwards, and
inwards in front, forming a small blunt projection above the inner
incisor. The first and second lower premolars are small and nearly
equal, less than half the size of the third premolar.

(For measurements see p. 352.)

Hab. Southern Europe and Asia, Africa, Madagascar, and Aus-
tralia. In Europe inhabiting Spain, Switzerland, Lower Austria,
Italy, and Sicily; in Asia, Syria, India, Ceylon, Burma, Southern
China (Amoy), Japan, Philippine Islands ; extending through the
Malay Archipelago to Australia; probably generally distributed
throughout Africa and Madagascar.

Although so widely separated, specimens of this species from
Europe and Australia differ to no appreciable extent, except in the
colour of the fur. This difference in colour evidently depends upon
the latitude of the country inhabited, as examples from colder
countries have fur of a much paler shade than those from warmer
regions.

a,b. 3 & Q,ad., al. Seville. Lord Lilford [P.].
ch. 3 & Q,ad., al. Spezia. Marquis Doria [P.]}.
az fo ad, al. Sicily.
j,k. ad. sk. Algiers. M. Parzudaki [C.].
Z, ad. sk. Algiers. Purchased.
m. o ad., al. King William's Town. H. Trevelyan, Esq. [P.].
n. skull. Cape of Good Hope. 4G. Ford, Esq. [P. }.
v. 2 ad., al. Madagascar. Purchased.
p,q. ad. sks. Madagascar. Purchased.
r—v. ad. sks. Japan. Purchased.
w. ad. sk. Japan. Purchased.
a-z. 2 ad. sks. Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe, ee
a',b'. 6 & 9 ad.,al. Tsagine, Upper Burma. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
c,d’. § ad., al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming [C.].
e. ad. sk. Java.
fig. & ad., al. Philippine Islands.
kh’. Q ad., al. Philippine Islands.
7. ¢ imm,, al. Luzon, Philippine Islands.
J. Q ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.
kK. 9 ad, al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll.
(Type of Vespertilio eschscholtzii, Waterh.)
l’. © ad., al. Philippine Islands. Purchased.
m', 9 ad., al. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C. ].
n'. ad. sk. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
o',p'. & ad., al. Islds. of Torres Straits. Rev. J. Macfarlane [C.].
q'. ad. sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].
r'. ad. sk. Australia.
s',t'. ad. sks. New South Wales. Earl of Derby [P.].
u,v. ¢d & Qad.,al. New South Wales. Purchased.
w'. 9 ad, al. Clarence River. Purchased. (C.}.
a', ad. sk. New Guinea. Rev. W. Y. Turner, M.D.
y'. ad. sk. Sir A. Smith [P.].
a’, ad. sk. Stockholm Museum.
a". ad. sk. M. Parzudaki (C. ].
b". ad. sk.
ec". skull of h.

da". skull of 2.
16. MINIOPTERUS. 351

Var. a.

Miniopterus pusillus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 162 (1876).
Miniopterus australis, Tomes (in part), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 125.

Quite similar in structure to I. schreibersii, but considerably
smaller, and the distribution of the fur is slightly different. In
perfectly adult specimens the length of the head does not exceed
0"-6 inch and that of the forearm 1-6. (See Table of measurements
at p. 352.)

On the upper surface the fur extends upon the interfemoral mem-
brane as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra ; in other respects
the distribution is similar to that of A/. schreibersit.

Fur intensely black throughout, the extreme tips of the hairs
sometimes greyish.

(For measurements see next page.)

Hab. India (Madras) ; Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; Philippine
Islands (Erumango).

a. 9 ad, al. Madras, Sir A. Smith [P.}.
b-d. fg ad., al. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.].

2. Miniopterus australis.
Miniopterus australis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 125.

About the same size as the small form of M. schreibersit (AL. pu-
sillus), but differing in the greater length of the muzzle and in the
distribution of the fur. The interfemoral membrane is clothed as
far back as a line drawn from one ankle to the other; the tibize are
also covered with fine hairs, and a small patch of short fur appears
upon the wing-membrane between the elbow and forearm.

Above, dark reddish brown throughout; beneath, darker brown
at the base of the hairs, the extremities greyish.

(For measurements see next page.)

Hab. Australia; Loyalty Islands.

a-d. 8& 9 ad., al. (types). Loyalty Islands. Sir G. Grey [P.].
e. 9 ad., al. Lifu, Loyalty Islands. Rev. S. J. we
.].

8. Miniopterus scotinus.

Miniopterus scotinus, Sundevall, Ofvers. Vetensh. Akad. Forhandl. 1846,

. 119; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 127; Peters, C. von der Decken,
Geeta. in dquat. Ost-Africa, Stiugeth. p. 7, pl. iil. (1869).
Miniopterus minor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 885.

Much smaller than M. schreibersii ; about the size of M. australis,
from which it is distinguished by the shorter head and by the dis-
tribution of the fur. :

On the upper surface a distinct band of short hairs extends back-
wards from the elbow to the ankle, while inside the space between
the outer half of the humerus and the tibia, and knee is almost
quite naked ; half the interfemoral membrane is clothed with short,
352 VESPERTILIONIDE.

thinly spread fur, which also extends in a band on each side internal
to the legs to the base of the caleaneum.

Above bright reddish brown or dark brown, almost black, the
lower surface always paler.

(For measurements see below.)

Hab, 8.E. Africa; Madagascar.

a, ad. sk. Port Natal. Stockholm Museum.
b-e. ad. sks. Manavimena, Madagascar. Purchased.
tig. ad. sk. Manavimaity, Madagascar. Purchased.

4. Miniopterus tristis.

Vespertilio tristis, Waterhouse, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 50
(1845); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 743 (1855).
Miniopterus tristis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 124.

In general form and in the very black colour of the fur closely
resembling the dark-coloured examples of M. schreibersii, found also
in the same country. The muzzle, however, is comparatively shorter,
broader, and more obtuse; the outer margin of the tragus has a
distinct triangular lobule near the base, which, taken with the very
much larger size of the animal, at once distinguishes the species.

The fur is very dark brown throughout, which, when moistened
in spirit, appears intensely black.

The distribution of the fur is similar to that in M. schretbersit.

(For measurements see below.)

Hab. Philippine Islands.

a. 9 ad. sp. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Collection.

The following are the measurements of the different species and
varieties of this genus :—

 

 

 

 

” ” (N. 8. Wales) .|2:2 0-5 0°22 |1°75 j0°3 | 3°5 |0°45 |2°4 |2°0 [0-75 j0-38

zs ae
} a 3 .
2 Big] 2s
4 Sia ]a |
8 < a g a |a eB |. g
reed ge fre ee Ls g mi [cemte' | ee ey | eke |
gia/s}ele2]s 3/6/2/2/8/3
a/S8/2/o 8/8 /8/SlslSlaeisis
€
Beep igs) Seed ceell) ok MN eteeilleeee Perse eet nse tee | es ts
o
H
ae
IM. schreibersii (Spain) ......... 20 es 0°5 |0°23 1-75 0°83 | 3°5 [0-45 2°55 |2°1 10°75 Jor
+O (Madagascar) ./2°2 |2 ale 0°55 |0°25 |1°9 [0°83 | 3°6 |0°45| ... |2°L ]0°75 [038
es i (Burma) ...,..|2°3 sete 0°53 |0°23 |2°0 [0°3 | 3°8 [0-45 | ... |2°2510°8 |Or4

i

» » Var. pusillus1},. , ¥ “6 lo “0 |o- 3 . ‘
Cte ees bs pare 0'4 |0°2 |1°6 |0°2 | 3:0 |0°38) ... |1°85]0°6 [0's

 

M. australis (LoyaltyIslands)|1°7 1-7 . 65 0°45 |0°2 |1°6 |0°2 | 3-1 0-4 (22 [1-75 106 to-33
; |
AL. scotinus (Madagascar).. .../1°75 1°75 ‘0: 6 10°4 |0°2 |1°5 {0°25 | 2:8 t 38) ... |1°7 10°55 0°33
|

joe pe 03 [2°] ee 41 ius 29 2°2 10°75 jose

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

M. tristis (Philippines)......... 24 26

 

 

 

 

 
EMBALLONURID. 353

Family EMBALLONURIDA.

Brachyura et Molossi, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 257.

Noctilionide e¢ Vespertilionide (in part), Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat.
Hist, 1866, xvii. p. 89.

Emballonuridee, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 847;
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 164 (1876).

Bats with nostrils opening by simple or valvular apertures at the
projecting extremity of the muzzle, not surrounded or margined by
distinct cutaneous foliaceous appendages*; with generally large,
often united ears, arising by their inner margins from the sides of
the forehead, with short, occasionally minute tragi, usually ex-
panded above, with two phalanges in the middle finger, of which
the first is folded (in repose) forwards on the upper surface of the
metacarpal bonet; with the tail partially free, either perforating
the interfemoral membrane and appearing upon its upper surface,
or produced far beyond its posterior margin.

The number of the teeth varies so much that no general dental
formula can be given. The upper incisors are, in most genera,
large, are separated from the canines and also in front, and have
their extremities directed slightly forwards and inwards; molars
well developed, with very distinct W-shaped cusps.

The Emballonuride are generally easily distinguished by the
peculiar form of the muzzle, which is obliquely truncated, the nos-
trils projecting more or less in front beyond the lower lip{; by the
manner in which the first phalanx of the middle finger is folded (in
repose); by the tail, which either perforates the interfemoral mem-
brane or is produced far beyond it; and by the upper incisors,
which are generally a single pair separated from the canines and
also in front.

Distribution. Generally distributed throughout the tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres; rarely extending north
or south of the thirtieth parallels of latitude.

Subfam. I. EMBALLONURIN &.

Tail slender, perforating the interfemoral membrane and appear-
ing upon its. upper surface, or terminating in it; legs long, fibulee
very slender ; upper incisors weak.

* The nostrils open on the front surface of a fleshy prominence resembling
a small nose-leaf in Rhinopoma.

+ Except in Noctilio and in Mystacina. In the Jattor genus, represented by
a single species only, the first phalanx of the middie finger is folded forwards
on the ihr surface of the metacarpal bone.

+ Except in Taphozous and in Diclidurus, 3
aA
354 EMBALLONURIDE.

Synopsis of Groups and Genera.

I. Tail shorter than the large interfemoral
membrane ; index finger formed by the
metacarpal alone. ;

A. First phalanx of the middle finger
folded (in repose) on the dorsal sur-
face of the metacarpal bone.

a, Tail terminating in the interfemoral
membrane,

a'. Crown of the head greatly elevated
above the face-line ; thumb and
first phalanx of the middle finger

ca oad 2-2
very short; inc. 3, pm. 3-3 ..

a", Nasal apertures oval, close toge-
ther in front ; bony palate not
produced backwards behind the
last molar cc. ceicciseva ayes

b". Nasal apertures triangular,
widely separated; bony palate
produced as far back as the
middle of the zygomatic arches.

b. Tail perforating the centre of the large
interfemoral membrane, and appear-
ing upon its upper surface.

b'. Part of the tail included in the
basal half of the interfemoral
membrane, which it perforates
simply.

6", Crown cf the head slightly ele-
vated above the face-line ;
thumb and first phalanx of the
middle finger moderately long;

 

2-2
premolars 55.1... cece eee

6", Lower incisors 6; premaxil-
laries osseous; upper incisors
persistent.

u. No pouch in the antebra-
chial membrane.
a’. Upper incisors 2—2,

a". Extremity of the muz-
zle more or less pro-
duced beyond the
lower lip; forehead
Hab A erueois amino

B'. Upper incisors 1—1,

B". Extremity of the muz-
zle broad, slightly
produced beyond the
lower lip; forehead
CONCAVE: 46 hiss

y"'. Extremity of the muz-
zle narrow, much pro-
duced beyond the
lower lip; forehead
Nate sia dersatanecee

Group FURLA:.

1. Furia, p. 356.

2, AMORPHOCHILUS, p. 357,

Group EMBALLONUR,

3. EMBALLONURA, p. 359.

4, CoL#uRA, p. 364.

[p. 366,
5, RHYNCHONYCTERIS,
EMBALLONURID. 355

8. Antebrachial membrane
with a pouch opening on
its upper surface.
y'. Upper incisors 1—1.
6". Extremity of the muz-
zle more or less pro-
duced beyond the
lower lip; forehead
AAG scat yShnet lc crss ee 6. SACCOPTERYX, p. 369.
e''. Lower incisors 4; pre-
maxillaries cartilaginous;
gas incisors deciduous.
'. hay incisors 1—1.
«". Extremity of the muz-
zle not produced _be-
yond the lower lip;
forehead deeply con-
CAVOiike ceunais ... 7, TapHozous, p. 378.
c'. Part of the tail suspended in a fold
derived from the inferior surface
of the basal half of the inter-
femoral membrane, the terminal
portion perforating the bottom of
a pouch formed in the centre of
the membrane.
«'. Crown of the head slightly ele-
vated above the face-line ;
thumb very short; extremity of
the muzzle not produced beyond
the lower lip; forehead deeply
GODCAVES 6525 ale ais anita erantieraian Group DICLIDURI.
e''. Incisors a pm. = arate 8. DicirpuRvS, p. 390.
B. First phalanx of the middle finger
extended (in repose) in a line with
the metacarpal bone; premaxillaries
united ; upper incisors strong ...... Group NOCTILIONES.
u. Upper middle incisors close together
in the centre of the space between
the canines; ears very narrow; chin
with transverse cutaneous ridges ;

inc. 5, PID gag) fos el aioe ane oes 9. Nocr1x10, p. 393.

IL. Tail much longer than the short inter-
femoral membrane; index finger with
two phalanges. ;
C. First phalanx of the middle finger in-
completely folded (in repose) on the
dorsal surface of the zeae bone ;
illaries united ; incisors ver,
ee Nova wee Y Group RHINOPOMATA.

a. Upper incisors small, very slender,

iverging outwards; ears united; a

small nose-leaf behind the valvular

1-1
nostrils; inc. i pM. HB cee 10. Rurvopoma, p. 399.

DR 2
356 EMBALLONURIDE.

Group FURL.
Furie, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1877, p. 185.

Ears arising separately by their inner margins from the sides of
the forehead; outer margin of the ear-conch terminating abruptly
near the base of the tragus; tragus short, triangular; muzzle very
obtuse; nostrils opening anteriorly by oval or triangular apertures ;
thumb very short, inclosed in the antebrachial membrane to the
base of the very feeble claw ; tail terminating in the centre of the
large interfemoral membrane, not perforating it or appearing upon
its upper surface.

Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line, even more
so than in Miniopterus ; no postorbital processes ; horizontal plate
of the maxillary bones produced forwards as a slender pointed pro-
cess terminating between the premaxillaries.

Dentition. Inc. 2, C. i pm. — m. —.

Range. The Neotropical Region (Brazilian and Chilian Sub-
regions).

1. FURIA.

Furia, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. xvi. p. 150.
Furipterus, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, i. (1832-41).

Muzzle obtuse in front, its superior front margin not elevated
above the nostrils ; nasal apertures oval, close together ; bony palate
terminating behind in a line with the posterior molars.

Ztange. Brazilian Subregion.

1. Furia horrens.

Furia horrens, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. xvi. p. 150; Temmincek,
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 264 (1835-41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Stiugeth. i. p. 549 (1849); Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,

Zoologie, p. 70, pl. xi. fig. 2, xiv. figs. 6, Ga-Gc (skull and teeth)
(1855).

Furipterus horrens, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica (1832-41).

Furipterus horrens e¢ csrulescens, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 176,
pl. xii.

Ears rounded and very broad, like those of Kerivoula papillosa,
the inner margin of the ear-conch so convex as to extend forwards
in a line with the end of the muzzle, the side of the ear concealing
the eye; upper third of the outer margin slightly concave, lower
two thirds convex, terminating abruptly ; tragus very peculiar, tri-
angular, rising from a narrow base, above which it immediately
expands, forming the base of the triangle whereof the outer and
superior angles are narrow and long, the inner angle short and
thickened ; concave surface of the ear-conch with numerous glan-
dular elevations (as in Kerivoula), from which small hairs arise ;
upper and lower lips very thick, fringed with long hairs. Nostrils
opening close together by oval apertures directed downwards and
2. AMORPHOCHILUS. 357

forwards, the extremity of the muzzle almost concealed by the long
hairs fringing the sides. Thumb exceedingly short, contained to
the base of the very small claw within the antebrachial membrane ;
first phalanx of the middle finger very short, not equal to the first
phalanx of the third finger in length, partially flexed (in repose)
upon the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone.

Wings from the tarsus; feet small; claws long and strongly
curved ; near the base of the claw on the plantar surface of the
fifth toe a small wart is placed; calcaneum as long as the tibia ;
interfemoral membrane very large, as long as the head and body ;
tail terminating in the membrane opposite the ankles.

Fur long and dense, extending upon the wing-membrane along
the sides of the body only, and leaving the remainder of the wings,
the arm-bones, and the tibie naked; also upon the interfemoral
above as far as the end of the second caudal vertebra; beneath,
thinly covering the greater part with fine thinly spread hairs ranged
along the transverse lines. The sides of the muzzle to the very end
of the nose are densely covered, and the long thick fur quite con-
ceals the angles of the mouth ; the chin is similarly covered.

Above and beneath slate-blue, darker towards the extremities of
the hairs above, paler beneath.

Upper incisors in pairs, separated in the middle, but removed
from the canines on either side by a wider space, very short, the
inner incisor slightly larger than the outer one, and with a small
second external basal cusp, the pair of incisors on each side directed
inwards and forwards ; lower incisors very small, trifid, not crowded ;
upper canines with a small anterior and larger posterior basal cusp ;
first upper premolar in the centre of the space between the canine
and second premolar, unicuspidate, and inclined slightly forwards ;
second upper premolar with an anterior and internal basal pro-
jection; last upper molar three fourths antepenultimate molar ;
lower canines very small and slender, nearly equalled by the second
premolar in vertical extent, and exceeded by it in cross section ;
first lower premolar like the corresponding tooth above, but smaller ;
molars with five acutely pointed cusps, last molar smaller, with
four.

(For measurements see p. 358.)

Hab. South America (Surinam, Brazil).

a. 9 ad., al. Surinam. Berlin Museum [E.},

2. AMORPHOCHILUS.
Amorphochilus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1877, p. 185.

Muzzle very obtuse in front, its superior front margin forming a
fleshy prominence above the nostrils : nasal apertures triangular,
widely separated ; bony palate produced backwards as far as a line
corresponding to the centres of the zygomatic arches.

Range. Chilian Subregion.
358 EMBALLONURIDZE.

1. Amorphochilus schnablii.

Amorphochilus schnablii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1877, pp. 185-87,
pl. figs. 1-10.

Ears rounded, almost as broad as high, extending to the extremity
of the muzzle; outer margin of the ear-couch slightly emarginate
below; tragus as in F/. horrens, broadly triangular, arising from a
narrower base, the outer angle of the triangle acutely pointed, the
shorter inner and the longer superior angle rounded off. The small
eyes are almost concealed by the ears. The upper lip is high, and
its upper front extremity projects beyond the lower lip. The almost
triangular nasal apertures are placed in the front surface of a fleshy
disk, like the extremity of a pig’s snout, the upper rim of which, as
in a pig, 1s raised above the muzzle. Whilst the nasal apertures in
Furia are separated only by a narrow partition, in this species the
partition is very broad. At the angle of the mouth a peg-like lappet
is placed, which also appears in Furia, though less developed; on
each side of the lower lip a second lappet with its extremity inclined
inwards; and in the middle of the inferior surface of the muzzle
another lappet, which sends forth on either side a cutaneous ridge
directed outwards and backwards. In the middle of the margin of
the lower lip a broad, smooth, triangular pad. Palate-ridges nine.

Wings as in Furta. The transverse lines on the interfemoral
membrane clothed with short hairs, and the tail terminates at the
eighth of these lines; the wing-membrane along the sides of the
body is covered as far as a line corresponding to the middle of the
humerus.

Fur dark brown: the hairs of the back paler in the middle, the
shorter hairs beneath paler at their extremities.

Teeth as in Furia horrens.

The following are the measurements of adult 9 specimens of (I.)
Furia horrens and (11.) of Amorphochilus schnablii respectively :—

  
 
 
 

A TI.
Length, head and body ............ccccesseeeecsesseceeeteteesees 15 15
say CHAII CcasanbneG ancaka nee sina asuasesuamenl Nn anata mee tae tes 11 0-9
eee LOA. sctsrratenarcsivsces nation pales utburantomean tears wemaboramneiie 0:55 0:55
spe SNOB ses tesiea chase dentan ee con uaese nests camnine Sune nereesaine 0°45 0-43
m GVA CUBS sei sw sions eeasiaNeeesmacaias saamadewaan sbsre nese 0-12 0712
. POPEATIN: pcan nesiiscrrcnetenene salen loess weve sesame tenreeninn 14 1°35
4, thiamlbss¢ casevenviesevess s ao COT 0-08
= third finger, metacarpal. 1:35 1:29
- i 1st phalanx .... “ise, OD 0-16
¥ bh PNG 9 sas Lo wak eh akeeeedagenoceac mas eemay 0-9 0-9
m fourth finger, metacarpal ................ceceeeeeeee ees 1:2 1:15
re a Ustsphalanx 5.5. cs icsscasiseonsesviecses 0:25 0:24
a 7 ONC 33h cehcvegcdueaesacnesreceieuetent 0-35 0-4
3 fifth finger, meevornel Ris ti aeaaRey xe seanausicame kuna’ 11 11
- 4 Tptiphalanx << itievsausstecocedesenase aves 0°45 0-4
2 5 QNde ay. seenceweonoevearauaruacicanene 018 0:28
Ps BUD aides saan ord cen hice ane orem on emer ees aan 0-5 06
ie “HOO bere cntdenns doen nthe chi enter ace take Randy eite 28 ae axe 0:25 0:27 *

 

* The above description of Amorphochilus schnablii has been translated by me
3. EMBALLONURA. 359

Comparison of the above measurements shows how very closely
A, schnablii agrees with I’. horrens in size ; the differences are indeed
so slight that if the measurements of the specimens had been made
by the same person, it is probable they might have been almost
identical. This remarkably close correspondence in size and (as far
as I can judge from the excellent figures and description) absolute
agreement in dental characters, as well as in the form of the ear
and tragus, renders it very doubtful whether, even with the appa-
rently great structural differences in the form of the extremity of the
muzzle and of the bony palate, we should consider this species the
type of a genus distinct from Furia.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru.

Group EMBALLONURA.

Ears arising by their inner margins from the sides of the forehead ;
outer margin of the ear-conch terminating in a lobe carried for-
wards towards the angle of the mouth; tragus longer than broad,
generally expanded above; nostrils opening close together at the
extremity of the conical muzzle; thumb and first phalanx of the
middle finger moderately long ; tail perforating the large interfe-
moral membrane about its centre and appearing upon its upper
surface.

Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line ; postorbital
processes distinct, generally very long.

Range. Tropical and Subtropical Regions of both hemispheres.

3. EMBALLONURA.
Emballonura, Temminck (in part), Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur.
Gesch. p. 22 (1839) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 479 ; Dobson,
Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 164 (1876).

Centronycteris, Gray, Voyage of the ‘Sulphur,’ Mammata, p. 238
(1844) (not Mag. Zool. § Bot. 1838, p. 99, vide infra, p. 377).

Ears arising separately from the sides of the forehead; outer
margin of the ear-conch terminating in a long lobe behind the
angle of the mouth below the eye; tragus longer than broad, gene-
rally slightly expanded above; apertures of the nostrils circular or
oblique ; wings from the ankles or tarsi; antebrachial membrane
without a pouch; interfemoral membrane large, extending much
beyond the point at which it is pierced by the tail, and having its
posterior free margin supported by long calcanea. ;

Nasal bones slightly convex ; muzzle broad and flat above, in-
creasing in width in front of the postorbital processes.

 

from the recently published original description of the species described by
Dr. Peters from a single specimen, which I have not yet had an opportunity of

examining.
360 EMBALLONURIDZ.

Dentition. Ine. =, Cc. a pm. —, m. =.

Upper incisors in pairs, separated from the canines and also in the
middle,

Range. From Madagascar to the Navigators’ Islands; no species
has as yet been discovered in the continents of Asia or Australia.

Synopsis of the Subgenera and Species.

I. Nostrils close together in front, opening by
circular apertures directed forwards ; upper
lip projecting more~or less beyond the
lower in front ; lower incisors separated on
each side from the camines............6. Subg. EMBALLONURA.
a. Inner margin of the tragus concave.
a, Calcaneum shorter than the tibia;
wings from the ankles; forearm 17. 1. E. semicaudata, p. 360.
6. Inner margin of the tragus convex.
B. Caleaneum shorter than the tibia;
wings from the feet; forearm 14 .. 2. E. monticola, p. 361.
y. Calcaneum longer than the tibia ; wings
from the ankles; forearm 1'"5 ...... 3. £. atrata, p. 862.

II. Nostrils widely separated, opening by ellip-
tical apertures placed obliquely; upper lip
not projecting in front; lower incisors
filling up the space between the canines .. Subg. Mosia.
b. Inner margin of the tragus convex.
6. Caleaneum shorter than the tibia;
wings from the base of the toes; fore-
Br DAD sed stats wars a wibsneheiaie yee 4. E. nigrescens, p. 363.

1. Emballonura semicaudata.

Vespertilio semicaudatus, Peale, United States Expl. Exp., Mammalia,
p. 28, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1848).

Emballonura semicaudata, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 698
(1855) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 480.

Emballonura fuliginosa, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 77.

Muzzle pointed in front, its extremity projecting considerably
beyond the lower lip; nostrils close together, separated by a narrow
groove opening almost directly forwards; lower lip not grooved,
but the chin is divided by a vertical furrow in the middle; ears
shorter than the head, their inner margins arising from the fore-
head above the eye; lower half of the inner margin of the ear-
conch slightly convex, upper half straight, tip narrowly rounded off;
outer margin concave in upper one sixth immediately beneath the
tip, then straight to a point opposite the base of the tragus, where
it is slightly emarginate, terminating in a convex lobe; tragus
somewhat expanded above and slightly curved inwards, lower two
thirds of the outer margin straight, upper third convex, tip broadly
rounded off, inner margin concave.
3. EMBALLONURA. 361

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral very large; calcaneum
nearly as long as the tibia; last caudal vertebra alone projecting.

Upper incisors in pairs in the centre of each half of the space be-
tween the canines, equal in size and in vertical extent, unicuspidate,
with oblique cusps directed downwards and slightly inwards ; lower
incisors very small, trifid, not crowded, the outer tooth on either side
separated from the canine by a space ; first upper premolar scarcely
raised above the gum, in the centre of the space between the canine
and second premolar and rather to the outer side of the tooth-row ;
upper canine with small anterior and posterior basal cusps; first
lower premolar scarcely half the size of the second, triangular, with
a small anterior and posterior basal cusp; last upper molar nearly
three fourths the antepenultimate molar.

Length, head and body 1'"8, tail 0-6, head 0'°7, ear 0'°6, tragus
0-18, forearm 1-7, thumb 0:28, third finger—metacarp. 1'°6, first
ph. 0'°5, second ph. 0:8; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"3, first ph.
0"-4, second ph. 0'':35 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-25, first ph. 0'"42,
second ph. 0':2, tibia 0”:7, caleaneum 0'"6, foot 0'°3.

A female specimen in the collection, from unknown locality, ob-
tained during the voyage of the ‘ Sulphur,’ has the forearm 1/85,
but the ears and calcanea are slightly shorter than in other
specimens.

Hab. Polynesian Subregion (Pelew Islands, New Hebrides, Fiji
Islands, Navigators’ Islands).

a. 9 ad, al. Fiji Islands. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C.].

b. ad. sk. Talend cf Ovaleu; Fil, Ue, HMC Rapaee [bf
(Type of Emballonuru fuliginosa, Tomes.)

c-e. f ad, al. Island of Ngai, Fiji. Lords of the Admiralty Ul

SF. Q ad, al. Samoa. Rev. 8. J. Whitmee [P.].

g & ad, al. Voy. of the ‘Sulphur.’ Sir E. Belcher [C.].
(Type of Centronycteris calcarata, Gray (non Wied).)

A. skull. New Hebrides. Voyage of the ‘ Herald.’

2. skull. Viti Levi, Fiji. Voyage of the ‘ Herald.’

Jj. skull. Island of Ngai, Fiji. Voyage of the ‘ Herald.’

2. Emballonura monticola.

Emballonura monticola, Temminck, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. voor
Natur. Gesch. v. p. 25, pl. ii. figs. 1, 2 (1889); Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1867, p. 480; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 165

1876).

Verpertiio (Nycticejus) alecto, Eydoux et Gervais, Voy. ‘ Favorite,’
2¢ part. Zoology, p. 7 (1889).

Emballonura discolor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 711.

Muzzle obtuse in front, the extremity projecting slightly beyond
the lower lip; centre of the upper lip with a small, naked, trian-
gular projection below and between the nostrils; nasal apertures
circular, directed forwards and downwards. Eyes large, rather
prominent. Ears narrow, slanting backwards, the inner margins
arising from a point above the eye, straight in the upper half; tip
362 EMBALLONURIDE,

of the ear narrowly rounded off; upper third of the outer margin
slightly concave, then slightly convex, emarginate opposite the base
of the tragus, terminating in a rounded lobe midway between the
base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth: tragus narrow,
maintaining the same breadth to the tip, which is rounded off;
inner margin slightly convex, outer slightly concave.

Wing-membrane from the tarsus. Feet small; toes nearly equal.
Last two vertebre of the tail projecting on the upper surface of the
interfemoral membrane. Interfemoral membrane large, convex be-
hind ; calcaneum very long.

Upper incisors slender, nearly equal in vertical extent, the inner
one on each side slightly longer, in pairs, separated from the canines
by a space, and also in the middle; lower incisors not crowded ;
first upper premolar minute, in the centre of the space between the
canine and the second premolar ; first lower premolar small, half
the vertical height of the second, but nearly equal to it in cross
section.

Length, head and body 15, tail 0'-5, head 0'°55, ear 0'°5,
tragus 0"°18, forearm 1-4, thumb 0'°2; third finger—metacarp.
1-2, first ph. 0'°3, second ph. 0”°6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1",
first ph. 0'°3, second ph. 0°28; fifth finger—metacarp. 0'°9, first
ph. 0:3, second ph. 0-2; tibia 0":45, caleaneum 0'':4, foot 0'-22.

Hab. Indo-Malayan Subregion (Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Philip-
pine Islands).

a, @ ad., al. Luzon, Philippine Islands. Dr. Peters [P. |.

3. Emballonura atrata.
Emballonura atrata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1874, p. 693.

Ears long, slightly shorter than the head, pointed, outer margin
ewarginate above, with fourteen transverse folds; tragus expanded
above, almost hatchet-shaped.

Thumb longer than in any of the other species of the genus, being
one fifth the length of the forearm.

Wings from the distal extremity of the tibia. Tail and calca-
neum longer than the tibia.

The fur of the back is longer than that of the ventral surface,
but on both surfaces slate-grey at the base, at the extremities black.
As the dark-coloured extremities are longer on the upper than on
the ventral surface, the hair of the back appears greyish black, while
that of the abdomen is dark grey.

The second upper premolar with well-developed anterior and pos-
terior secondary cusps.

This species is at once distinguished from Z. monticola and E.
semicaudata by its smaller size, which but slightly exceeds that of
E. nigrescens. It agrees with the latter in the form of the tragus,
and with #. monticola in the length of the ears. In the position of
attachment of the wing-membrane to the end of the tibia it re-
3. EMBALLONURA. 363

sembles H. semicaudata, while it differs from all other known species
of the genus in the relatively great length of the calcanea and tail,
and in the greater development of the second upper premolars.

Length, head and body 1-8, tail 0'-7, head 0'"6, ear 0'55,
tragus 0-17, forearm 1-5, thumb 0':3; third finger—metacarp.
1-4, first ph. 0':6, second ph. 0'"8 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1”,
first ph. 04, second ph. 0-37; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-05, first
ph. 0-34, second ph. 0'-3, tibia 0-6, caleaneum 0'63, foot 0-28.

Hab. Madagascar.

Type, an adult 9, from the interior of Madagascar, in the collec-
tion of the Berlin Museum.

The above description of this species (of which I have not yet
seen the type) is translated from the original description lately
published by Dr. Peters.

4, Emballonura nigrescens.

Mosia nigrescens, Gray, Voyage of the ‘ Sulphur,’ p. 23 (1844).
Emballonura nigrescens, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 480 ; Dob-
son, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 165 (1876).

Smaller than any of the preceding species, and at once distin-
guished from them by the very different form of the muzzle and
nostrils. Ears shorter than the head, comparatively broader than
in E. monticola and more obtuse, rounded off above; tragus much
longer than broad, slightly broader above, rounded at the tip and
curved outwards ; inner margin convex, outer correspondingly con-
cave (Plate XX. fig. 1, ear, double natural size) ; muzzle rather short
and obtuse, the upper lip not projecting beyond the lower one, the
forehead concave between the eyes; nostrils rather wide apart, open-
ing by obliquely placed elliptical apertures, whereof the margins do
not project; eyes prominent, with a groove on the face beneath
each.

Feet small; wings from the base of the toes; caleaneum three
fourths the length of the tibia.

Fur, above, dark brown at the terminal fourth, paler towards the
base; beneath paler brown throughout, scarcely extending upon the
membranes or extremities, which are dark brown or black.

Upper incisors small, acutely pointed, unicuspidate, close together,
directed inwards and forwards, the inner incisor slightly shorter
than the outer one; lower incisors not crowded, filling up the space
in a semicircular row between the canines; first upper premolar
very small, scarcely raised above the gum, in the space between the
canine and second premolar but closer to the canine. :

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 1-55, tail 0"-5, head 0'55,
ear 0'°5, tragus 0°15, forearm 145, thumb 0-2; third finger—
metacarp. 1°25, 1st ph. 0':38, 2nd ph. 0-6; fourth finger—meta-
carp. 0-98, Ist ph. 0'°3, 2nd ph. 0'-3; fifth finger—metacarp.
0-95, 1st ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0°22; tibia 0''5, caleaneum 0'"4, foot
0""22,
364 EMBALLONURIDE.

Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion (Ternate ; Amboina; Duke of
York Island, New Ireland).

a. ¢ imm., al. (type). | Amboina. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
b. f ad., al. Duke of York Island. = Rev. G. Brown [C.].
4. COLEURA.

Coléura, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 479.

Ears as in Emballonura ; tragus longer than broad, slightly nar-
rower above; wings from the ankles or tarsus; antebrachial mem-
brane without a pouch; interfemoral membrane very large; tail
short, projecting on the upper surface by the last caudal vertebra.

Nasal bones concave, frontal depressed ; postorbital processes of
the frontal long and slender ; premaxillaries not united in front.

Dentition. Ine. , C. — pm. =, m. =.

Lower incisors not separated by an interval on each side from the
canines. Upper incisors equally distant from the canines and from
each other.

The bony palate does not extend so far back as in Emballonura,
and the basisphenoid is much more deeply excavated, almost as
deeply as in Taphozous. Owing to the concavity of the frontal
bones, the crown of the head appears much more elevated above the
face-line than in Emballonura.

Range. South-east Africa (Zanzibar; Mozambique) to the Sey-
chelle Islands and, probably, to Madagascar and other islands of the
Malagasy Subregion.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Lower lip with a distinct median groove in

front ; muzzle obtusely conical; ears nar-

rowly rounded off above; forearm 2'2 ;

tibia OOO aise ss erstustaer eater tree ee + ws 1. C. seychellensis, p. 364.
b. Lower lip not divided by a groove in front ;

muzzle acutely conical; ears broadly

rounded off above; forearm 19; tibia

Gres ati arco sir pieiare signaeaene Sis ere sis 2. C. afra, p. 365.

1. Coleura seychellensis.
Coléura seychellensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 367.

Ears much shorter than the head, their inner margins arising
from the sides of the forehead at a short distance above and be-
hind the eyes; inner margin of the ear-conch straight, tip nar-
rowly rounded off; outer margin slightly convex, with a shallow
emargination opposite the tragus, terminating midway between the
base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth; tragus much longer
than broad, inner and outer margins straight, parallel, the tragus
maintaining the same width upwards, abruptly and shortly rounded
off at the tip, a small projection on the outer side opposite the base
4, cOLRURA. 365

of the inner margin. Crown of the head slightly but abruptly
raised above the flattened forehead; muzzle flat and broad above,
the extremity projecting slightly beyond the lower lip, the nasal
tubes not much raised above the muzzle; lower lip with a very
distinct median groove, as in Taphozous (Plate XX. fig. 2).

Wings from the ankles; tibie very long; calcaneum about three
fourths the length of the tibia; interfemoral very deep, tail pro-
jecting on its upper surface by the last caudal vertebra only.

Fur, above and beneath, dark brown, limited in a remarkable
manner to the body, scarcely extending in any direction upon the
wings, and leaving the interfemoral membrane altogether naked on
its upper surface. ;

Upper incisors unicuspidate, small and weak, separated at their
bases, their cusps converging and rather close together at their ex-
tremities ; first upper premolar very small, in the tooth-row, scarcely
raised above the gum, and almost invisible without the aid of a lens ;
lower incisors trifid, the central pair on each side slightly overlapping
the others.

(The measurements are given at p. 366, where they are compared
with those of the next species.)

Hab. Seychelle Islands ; Zanzibar.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

a. 3 ad, al.* Seychelle Islands, Dr. E. P. Wright [C.].
b @ ad, al. Zanzibar. Capt. J. E. Parish [P.

2. Coleura afra.

Emballonura afra, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Stéuyeth. p. 51,
pls. xii., xiii. figs. 18, 19 (1852).
Coléura afra, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 479.

About the size of C. seychellensis ; the ears the same length as in
that species, but conspicuously wider above and more broadly rounded
off ; the form of the muzzle also quite different, viewed from beneath
it appears acutely conical, the summit of the cone formed by the
very prominent nostrils, which are also raised considerably above
the surface of the muzzle, the extremity of which projects much
beyond the lower lip; the lower lip is not divided by a median
groove (Plate XX. fig. 3). ne

Wings from the ankles; calcaneum nearly as long as the tibia;
tibia and interfemoral membrane much shorter than in C. seychel-
lensis.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends outwards upon
the wing-membrane almost as far as a line drawn from the middle
of the humerus to the distal third of the femur, and upon the inter-
femoral as far as the point of exit of the tail; beneath, the distri-
bution of the hair is similar ; a fringe of hairs, longer than in C.
seychellensis, margins the upper lip. |

Upper incisors as In C. seychellensis, but separated by a much

* One of the specimens from which the type of the species was taken.
“366 EMBALLONURIDE.

wider interval, each placed in the centre of the space between the
canine and the middle of the intercanine space; first upper pre-
molar larger, nearly equal to the cingulum of the canine in vertical
extent and visible to the naked eye; lower incisors not crowded.

Hab. Mozambique.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

In the following Table the measurements of this species are con-
trasted with those of C. seychellensis :—
C. seychellensis.

    
  
 

Length, head and body ............c.csscnecoossersceese : 2:35
Gat. ULL. ca waccrs cen ousactmiunree ceetelon er sawrctuewica paticentes ; 0°65
gg: Od? ce ceeracsssennes eer 0°85
ss ear .... 0°65
a LPAGUA 5: cienni ahs meavaseen peauemarecineanecrsune : 02
os fOTEAaLN esis shen ekessunceetsadccutnsastseeie : 2-2
TUM Ds dec daenguseanen es see eacseasmesaee wag ines re 0-4
3 third finger, metacarpal 1:75

06

5 3 Ist phalanx ;
aoe OM oy svscleiamoeaekaueees . 0°85

i fourth finger, metacarpal 1:35
¥ 7 4s Ist phalanx 05
’ ” ” 2nd ” 0:3
‘5 fifth finger, metacarpal.............c.cseee sees 1:2
5 s sy) dst phalane .cccctccaneerescess : 05
= ei een SONG) Shs. elute ben se eecan § 0:25
spe Unblbl@txese.ceecs Nacesbotiessceseseeeooetcimeeneate ; 0:95
5 CACANCUMD: «: weacosrerenarencaets 0°55
33 LOGE aiiasmranten wus semasn assume shceanalnadetes 0:45
a.  ad., al.# Mozambique. Dr. Peters [C.].

5. RHYNCHONYCTERIS.

Proboscidea, Spix, Simian. et Vespertil. Bresil. p. 62 (1828).
Rhynchonycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 477.

Ears separate, ear-conch very narrow and attenuated above, with
a rounded very distinct antitragus ; tragus much longer than broad,
rounded off above, slightly inclined inwards; upper extremity of the
muzzle very much pointed and produced beyond the lower lip, nos-
trils opening by horizontal oval apertures ; no sac in the antebrachial
membrane; wings from the ankles; caleaneum considerably longer
than the tibia; premaxillary bones much expanded at their bases ;
facial bones mesially concave; anterior margin of the orbit in the
same vertical line with the first small premolar; dental formula as
in Saccoptery2.

Range. Neotropical Region (Mexican and Brazilian Subregions).

This genus, which is represented by a single species only, appears
to connect the group Hmballonure with the group Noctiliones, re-
sembling the genus Noctilio very closely in the form of the ear-
conch, of the nasal apertures, and of the lower lip, and having
almost the same geographical range.

* One of the specimens from which the type of the species was taken.
5. RHYNCIONYCTERIS. 367
»

1. Rhynchonycteris naso.

Vespertilio naso, Wied, Schinz, Thierreich, Bd. i. p. 179 (1821);
Beitr, sur Naturgesch. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 274 (1826).

eae saxatilis e¢ rivalis, Spix, op. cit. p. 62, pl. xxxv. fig. viii.

Emballonura lineata, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 297 (1835-
41), vide Peters, 1. c. p. 478.

Rhynchonycteris naso, Peters, 1. c.

Ears shorter than the head, very narrow above and subacutely
pointed; inner margin of the ear-conch arising above the eye,
slightly convex below, straight or faintly concave above to the tip,
outer margin abruptly concave immediately beneath the tip, becoming
slightly convex about the middle, with an acute emargination op-
posite the tragus, cutting off a well-defined circular antitragus,
beyond which it terminates on a level with the angle of the mouth,
but much nearer to the base of the tragus; tragus much longer than
broad, slightly inclined forwards, rounded off narrowly above, the
outer and inner margins slightly convex, no distinct lobule at the
base of the outer margin. Upper extremity of the muzzle produced
far beyond the canines and the lower lip (Plate XX. fig. 4), conical,
pointed, terminated by the slightly projecting inner margins of the
nasal apertures, which form long ovals placed horizontally, opening
sublaterally, separated by a slightly concave space not equal in
width to half the diameter of one nostril; lower lip with two pro-
minent naked pendulous papille.

Caleanea much longer than the tibia, nearly equal to half the
length of the forearm, their extremities projecting more than one
tenth of an inch beyond the membrane; wing-membrane extending
to the ankles or tarsus.

Above, dark brown, the extremities of the hairs greyish ; beneath,
dark brown at the base, the extremities grey, so that the whole
under surface appears white.

The muzzle in front of the eyes is covered with short fur and a
few long hairs, the inner side of the ear-conch is clothed with some
greyish hairs; the antebrachial membrane is thinly covered with
some short grey hairs, which are most abundant near the forearm,
while similar hairs, arranged in small tufts, form a band on the
wing-membrane along the forearm almost to the carpus; the fur
of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn
from the distal third of the humerus to the knee, beyond this be-
coming very short and arranged in tufts along the oblique lines with
which the membrane is marked; the interfemoral membrane is
thinly covered with moderately long fur as far as a line connecting
the ankles when the limbs are extended ; beneath, the antebrachial
membrane is naked, and the wing-membrane is clothed with soft
grey fur as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the distal third
of the humerus, beyond which it does not extend ; nearly the whole
of the inferior surface of the interfemoral is thinly covered with

very short hairs.
368 EMBALLONURID..

Upper incisors very small and feeble, closer to each other than to
the canines ; lower incisors also very small, trifid, and in the direc-
tion of the jaws; upper canines with a prominent internal basal
cusp; first upper premolar small, with an anterior basal cusp, close
to the base of the canine, and removed from the second premolar
by a space; in the lower jaw the premolars are similarly placed,
but the second is narrow and long, and the anterior basal cusp is
scarcely visible.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'°65, tail 055, head
0"-6, ear 0'5, tragus 0'"15, forearm 1'-4, thumb 0°25; third finger
—metacarp. 1'°35, Ist ph. 0'°45, 2nd ph. 0-6; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1'"1, Ist ph. 0':3, 2nd ph. 0':25; fifth finger—metacarp.
1", Ist ph. 0-3, 2nd ph. 0'"2; tibia 0'°5, calcancum 0'-68, foot
0'-25.

Hab. Guatemala, Honduras, British Guiana; Surinam; Brazil;
Peruvian Amazons.

This very remarkable small species, so easily distinguished by the
great length of the extremity of the muzzle and by its narrow ears,
is abundant in the vicinity of streams throughout the tropical parts
of Central and South America. It is commonly found during day,
resting on the vertical faces of rocks or on the underside of the
slanting trunks of trees growing on the banks of rivers, so that the
names used by Spix to designate the species, Proboscidea saxatilis et
rivalis, are very appropriate. Its manner of resting on such smooth
surfaces was first noticed by the writer when travelling in British
Guiana in 1873. On the margin of a wide drain leading to the sea
from some sugar-plantations, a square-cut post of the exceedingly
hard “ green-heart” wood had been driven obliquely into the ground,
so that one side slightly overhung the water. To this smooth side
a colony of about twelve individuals of Rh. naso were clinging, head
downwards, with anterior and posterior extremities separated out-
wards, and the interfemoral membrane laid flat against the surface
of the wood, so that they looked like so many pinned specimens of
the genus Papilio, the separated legs resembling the tail-like pro-
jections from the posterior margins of the wings of these insects.
So flatly did they adhere to the smooth surface of the wood, and so
well did the greyish fur of their bodies and the small tufts of greyish
hairs on the antebrachial membrane and on the wing-membrane on
the outer side of the forearm counterfeit the weathered surface of
the wood, that it was some time before the little colony could be
distinguished by those to whom its hiding-place was pointed out.

As the shades of evening approach, even before the sun has
touched the horizon, Rh. naso may be seen flitting rapidly along
the streams, no doubt in search of small insects which either hover
close to, or rest upon, the surface of the smooth water, the capture
of which its projecting upper lip and downward direction of the
opening of the mouth are peculiarly adapted to effect.

a. 2 ad., al. Honduras.
b. & ad., al. Ysabel de Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
6. sACCOPTERYX. 369

ce. 2 ad, al. Demerara. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
d. 3 ad., al. Surinam. Dr. Peters ae

e. fo ad., al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.].

fa. 6 & 9 ad,, al. Upper Amazons. My. Bartlett [C.1.

J, k. ad. sks. Lake of Haulhaja, Santa Mr. Bartlett [C.].

Cruz, Peruvian Amazons.
4,m. 9 ad., al.

6. SACCOPTERYX.

Saccopteryx, Ilhger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 121 (1811).

Taphozous, Geoffroy (in part), Descript. de Egypte, ii. p. 126 (1812).

Taphozous e¢ Urocryptus, Zemminck (in part), Monogr. Mammal. ti.
pp. 294, 300 (1835-41).

Saccopteryx, Peropteryx, Cormura, Balantiopteryx, Centronycteris,
Peters, MB. Akud. Berl, 1867, pp. 471-476, and 1872, p. 701.

Ear-conch very similar in general outline to that of Emballonura,
but the tragus is pever expanded above, generally slightly narrowed
at the upper third; forehead flat or slightly concave; extremity of
the muzzle projecting more or less beyond the lower lip, terminated
by the circular nasal apertures, which are close together; ante-
brachial membrane with a pouch opening on its upper surface, well
developed in males, rudimentary or absent in females; wings from
the ankles or from the sides of the feet as far as the metatarsus ;
interfemoral membrane and tail as in Lmballonura.

Dentition. Inc. a e, a pm. = m. =.

Upper incisors feeble, unicuspidate, closer to each other than to
the canines. .

Range. Neotropical Region (Mexican and Brazilian Subregions),

The peculiar glandular sac in the antebrachial portion of the
wing-membrane in the species of this genus, first noticed by Schreber
in S. leptura*, has been subsequently described by Dr. J. E. Gray t
and by Hr. Reinhardtt; and Dr. Peters has divided the genus
Saccopteryx into several genera, mainly distinguished by the posi-
tion of this sac, which in different species occupies different parts of
the membrane.

The wing-sac is developed only in the male; in the female it is
quite rudimentary, its position being indicated only by two small
folds of skin, scarcely raised above the surface of the membrane,
which correspond to the margins of the mouth of the sac in the
male. In the adult males of the different species a valvular longi-
tudinal opening is found on the upper surface of the antebrachial
membrane. This opening leads into a small pouch (in some species
large enough to hold a pea), which projects abruptly from the under
surface of the membrane. The interior of this pouch is lined by a
glandular membrane, which secretes an unctuous substance of a
reddish colour, with a strong ammoniacal odour. In some species

* See p. 371 and footnote.
+ ine & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 279. + Lc. 1849, p. 386,

23
370 EMBALLONURID.

the lining membrane is deeply wrinkled. The mouth of the sac is
formed by two raised edges, whereof one is higher than the other,
and when the wing is at rest lies over the other and closes the sac;
but when the wing is extended the margins of the aperture are
separated and the sac opened.

Reinhardt, who examined many specimens of Saccopteryx canina,
both living and recently killed, remarks that the bag is provided
with particular muscles, on the contraction of which it must open;
for in the alar membrane are seen fine muscular fibres which run
from the edges of the aperture in a direction parallel with the outer
edge of the alar membrane, partly towards the body, partly towards
the thumb.

The development of this alar glandular sac (peculiar to this genus)
in males only indicates that it is a secondary sexual character, ana-
logous to the throat-pouches of Taphozous, the frontal sacs of Phyl-
lorhina, and other glandular organs found in the males only of many
species of Chiroptera*, all of which secrete an oily substance of
strong odour, which is probably of use in attracting the females.

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.

a. Wing-sac opening along the forearm on
the outer side of the antebrachial mem-
brane; ears narrowed above, emarginate
externally, tragus abruptly truncated
above; wings from the tibie or from
the ankles; premaxillary bones without
internal oblique process, facial bones
flattened ; anterior margin of the orbit
in a vertical line with the second upper
Sasa ind eriecstngixte Siominele eteaieee & Sube. SaccopTEryxf.
«. No longitudinal streaks on the fur of the
back; forearm about 1'"4 .......... 1. S. leptura, p. 371.
8. Two longitudinal streaks on the fur of
the back ; forearm about 1"8 ...... 2. S. bilineata, p. 372.
b. Wing-sac opening near the anterior mar-
gin of the antebrachial membrane, aper-
ture directed outwards; ears triangular,
rounded, close together or united by a
band across the face; tragus rounded off
above ; wings from the tibia or from the
tarsus; premaxillary bones with an in-
ternal oblique process; facial bones me-
sially hollowed, laterally expanded above
in front of the orbits; anterior margin of
the orbit in the same vertical line with

the middle of the second premolar .... Subg. PERoPTERYxf.
. Ears separate ; wings from the distal end
of the tibie; forearm 18 .,........ 3. S. canina, p. 373.

 

* See my paper “On Secondary Sexual Characters in Chiroptera,” in P. Z.8.
1873, pp. 241-252.
t Genus Saccopteryx, Ptrs. /. ¢, t Genus Peropteryx, Ptrs. /.c.
6, SACCOPTERYX. 371

8. Ears united ; wings from the tarsus; fore-
_ arm 1-7. (Subg. Peronymus, Pts.) .. 4. S. leucoptera, p. 374.

¢. Wing-sac opening in the centre of the ante-
brachial membrane, the aperture directed
inwards; in other respects as in subg.

POPES unio eee eo he Ay Subs. BALANTIOPTERYX*.
e. The posterior edge of the wing-mem-
brane margined with white; forearm

sah OG aL arti avan erga alah sasttl ota ay 5. S. plicata, p. 376.

d. Wing-sac opening on the inner side of the
antebrachial membrane near the shoulder;
ears separate; wings from the base of
the toes; premaxillary bones very small;
facial bones flattened above, witha longi-

tudinal central groove................ Subg. Cenrronycreris.
¢. Ears slightly longer than the head; fore-
arm 175 .......... econ te sc thee 6. S, calearata, p. 376.

1. Saccopteryx leptura.

Vespertilio lepturus, Schreber, Stiugeth. i. p. 178, pl. 57 (1775).

Saccopteryx lepturus, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 121 (1811);
Krauss, Erichson’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch. 1846, p. 178, fig. 6.

Saccopteryx leptura, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 471.

Head scarcely raised above the face-line: eyes large; nose promi-
nent, raised above the muzzle and projecting slightly in front, with
a narrow but distinct groove above between the nostrils; nasal aper-
tures opening close together in front, directed forwards, downwards,
and slightly outwards; extremity of the muzzle projecting slightly
beyond the lower lip; lower lip with a vertical groove in front,
Ears narrow, somewhat shorter than the head; inner margin of the
ear-conch arising slightly above the eye, convex in lower, straight
in upper two thirds, tip narrowly rounded off, outer margin deeply
concave in upper one third, then convex, slightly concave opposite
the base of the tragus, terminating midway between the base of the
tragus and the angle of the mouth in a slightly convex lobe; tragus
longer than broad, inner margin straight or slightly concave, outer
margin with an indistinct triangular lobe above the base, then
straight, slightly convex above, with small, rounded, bead-like pro-
jections, tip rounded off.

Antebrachial membrane in male with a deep pouch, the mouth of
which extends along the forearm from a point near the anterior and
outer margin of the membrane backwards and inwards towards the
elbow, 0'"3 inch in lengtht; in the female this sac is quite rudi-
mentary. The interior of the sac is lined with a glandular membrane,
which is deeply wrinkled, and contains an unctuous substance.

Wings from the ankles or tarsi; interfemoral membrane very
large, extending, when expanded, to a considerable distance beyond
the feet; calcaneum as long as the tibia.

* Genus Balantiopteryz, Ptrs. . c.
t+ See an grecllent Repeaseataiion of this sac, viewed from the under surface

of the antebrachial membrane, in Schreber, Siugethiere, i. bons
<~B
372 EMBALLONURTDA,

Fur dark brown or black above, the extreme tips of the hairs
greyish ; beneath, similar but paler.

On the upper surface the wing-membrane is densely covered as far
as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the knee,
the fur terminating by a sharply defined margin; on the interfemoral
as far as the extremity of the tail, the femur and part of the tibia
being also covered; the feet are naked. Beneath, the wing-mem-
brane is similarly covered, but the fur is finer and less densely
spread; the whole of the interfemoral is clothed with short fine
hairs.

Upper incisors very slender and acutely pointed; one incisor on
each side in the centre of the space between the canine and the
middle line; lower incisors trifid, in the direction of the jaws; upper
canine with an acute basal cusp in front and behind, separated from
the second premolar by a rather wide space, in the anterior part of
which, close to the base of the canine and slightly external, the first
minute premolar is placed; second premolar large, with an anterior
basal cusp ; first lower premolar triangular, short, with a blunt basal
cusp projecting from the cingulum in front and behind,

Length, head and body 1’55, tail 0-6, head 0'55, ear 0'"5, tragus
0-12, forearm 1”°4, thumb 0":23; third finger—metacarp. 1:35,
Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 07; fourth finger—metacarp. 1’*2, 1st ph.
0"-3, 2nd ph. 0-35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1’-15, Ist ph. 0:32,
2nd ph. 0:22; tibia 0'-6, calcaneum 0'':6, foot 0'°28.

Hab. Surinam ; Brazil (Para, Santarem).

a. fo ad, al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.].
b. fo ad., al. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
ce fo ad, al. Santarem. Mr. Wickham [C. ].

2. Saccopteryx bilineata.

Urocryptus bilineatus, Temminck, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur-
a p. 33, figs. 3, 4 (1889); Monogr. Mammal. ii, p. 801 (18385-
41).

Bublomre bilineata, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Sdugeth. v. p. 694

Ov).

She a bilineata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 471.

In the form of the head and ears, and in the position and structure
of the wing-sac very similar to the preceding species, from which,
however, it is distinguished by its much greater size and by the
presence of two white longitudinal streaks on the back.

The sac in the antebrachial membrane is remarkably large (in male
specimens), its mouth occupying a space on the upper surface of the
membrane along the second quarter of the forearm, being 0'45 inch
long, leading into a deep sac, the concavity of which is marked with
numerous longitudinal wrinkles; in females the sac is present in
the same position, but is very small, and the longitudinal wrinkles
are absent.

Wings from the tarsus; caleaneum and interfemoral membrane
as in S, leptura.
6. SACCOPTERYX. 373

Fur, above, dark brown, with two longitudinal streaks of white
along the centre of the back ; beneath, brown, the extreme tips ashy.
Distribution as in the preceding species.

The teeth are quite similar to those of S. leptura.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2", tail 0'"8, ear 0'°7,
tragus 0'-2, forearm 1’-85, thumb 0"-33; third finger—metacarp.
1"-7, 1st ph. 0'-6, 2nd ph. 0-95; fifth finger 2’"1, tibia 0'"9,
foot 0"-4.

Hab. Surinam.

It appears to me very doubtful whether this can be considered a
species distinct from S. leptura. It is more probably a large variety
of that species with more distinct white lines along the back, for
even in typical examples of S, leptura two faint white lines can be
occasionally traced. I am, however, unable to settle this question
owing to insufficiency of material to work upon, and therefore prefer
for the present to Tecognise two species in accordance with the
views of other zoologists, and especially in deference to those of Prof.
Peters, who has worked out this group with great care.

a. 2 ad. sk. Forest, Santa Lucia, Pacific O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
coast of Guatemala.

b. 9 ad. sks. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

e-g. dimm. & ad. sks. Bogota. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.).

A. Q, Pad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

3. Saccopteryx canina.

Vespertilio caninus, Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. Ba. ii. p- 262
1826). j

mab eae canina, Temminck, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natur-
gesch. p. 29 (1839): Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 298 (1841) ; Wagner,
Abhandl. Minch. Akad. v. p. 151, pl. iii. figs. 5 (head), 6 & 7 (wing-
sac); Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, Sdiugeth. R 63 (1854),

Emballonura macrotis, Wagner, Wregm. Archiv, 1843, p.367 ; Abhandl.
Minch. Akad. v. p. 189, pl. iti. figs. 8-10 (vide Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1867, p. 472). '

ates nee Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
p. 66, pl. xv. fig. 2 (teeth) (1855).

Peropteryx canina, Peter's, i.e. p, 472.

Head and muzzle as in S. leptura, except that the nose is not so
prominent above the face, although the extremity of the muzzle pro-
jects to a greater extent beyond the lower lip. Ears as long as the
head, much broader than in S. leptura; the inner margin of the ear-
conch arises abruptly from the face above the anterior angle of the
eye, from which it is separated by a prominent wart, straight or
slightly concave in its lower third, then convex, succeeded _by a
slight concavity, becoming again convex towards the tip, which is
rounded off; outer margin straight or slightly convex from the tip
to a point opposite the base of the inner margin of the tragus, where
a well-marked emargination occurs, then forming a large slightly

lobe, which terminates abruptly midway between the base
Bates ene and the angle of the mouth, but on a lower level: tragus
374 EMBALLONURID&.

as in S. leptwra, except that there is no triangular lobe above the
base of the outer margin, and the extremity is narrower above.

Antebrachial pouch in the centre of the anterior half of the upper
surface of the membrane; aperture directed outwards, commencing
at the anterior free margin and extending backwards towards the
elbow-joint as far as the centre of the membrane; the sac much
smaller than in VS. leptura, scarcely projecting on the inferior surface
of the membrane, and its cavity is not marked with such deep pli-
cations of the lining membrane; in the female the position of the
mouth is alone marked by a slight reduplication of the membrane.

Wings from the ankles; calcaneum and interfemoral membrane
as in S. leptura; the last caudal vertebra projecting on the upper
surface of the membrane.

Fur dark brown above, paler beneath, not extending upon the
membranes so far or so densely as in S. leptura.

Length, head and body 2", tail 0'"6, head 0"*7, ear 0":7, tragus
0-2, forearm 1:8, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 1'°55, Ist
ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0-95; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph.
0:35, 2nd ph. 0:35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-2, Ist ph. 0'°45,
2nd ph. 0':25; tibia 0-75, foot 0'-35.

Hab. Central America (Guatemala, Coban); Venezuela; British
Guiana; Brazil (Atacamis),

a,b. 2 ad., al. Coban, Central America, O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

ec. 9 ad. sk, Atacamis, Capt. Kellett and Comm.
Wood [P.].

d-e. 2 ad., al. Haslar Hospital Coll.

f. skeleton. Haslar Hospital Coll.

Var. a. (Saccopteryx kapplert.)
Peropteryx kappleri, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 473.

I have examined the type of Peropteryx kappleri, Ptrs., which is
preserved in the Berlin Museum, and can find no difference, except
in size, between it and S. canina.

As the differences in size consist in the greater length of the ex-
tremities (see below), it appears to me to be either an old individual
(as Dr. Peters suspects) or a local variety.

Length, head and body 2'1, tail 0-6, ear 0'"7, tragus 0''2,
forearm 2", thumb 0''3; third finger—metacarp. 1°75, 1st ph.
0'-55, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger 2'"-1, tibia 0'°8, foot 0'4.

Hab, Surinam,

4. Saccopteryx leucoptera.

Peropteryx leucoptera, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 474.
Peropteryx (Peronymus) leucoptera*, Peters, J. c. 1868, p. 145.
Ears united across the face by a low band about one tenth of an
inch high in the centre ; inner margin of the ear-conch straight,

* Made the type of a new subgenus, Peronymus, by Peters, on account of the
united condition of the ears, and the position of attachment of the wings to
the feet.
6. SACCOPTERYX. 375

outer margin convex above, concave opposite the base of the tragus,
and terminating in a large slightly convex lobe, as in S. canina ;
tragus with straight sides and broadly rounded-off extremity, the
outer and upper margins irregularly toothed. Muzzle and nostrils
as in the preceding species.

Wing-sac as in S. canina; wings from the tarsus or metatarsus ;
free margin of the interfemoral membrane straight behind between
the extremities of the calcanea.

Fur dark brown above, slightly paler beneath ; wing-membrano,
between the body and a line drawn from the elbow to the knee,
white, translucent, with small black dots corresponding to the
position of hairs, the remaining parts of the integuments dark
brown. On the upper surface the wing-membrane is thinly covered
as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee,
and the interfemoral as far as the point of exit of the tail; beneath,
as far as a line drawn from the proximal third of the humerus to
the junction of the thigh with the body ; the under surface of inter-
femoral clothed with short fine hairs.

Dentition as in the preceding species.

Length, head and body 2”, tail 0'"5, ear 0':65, tragus 0'"2, fore-
arm 1"-7, thumb 0'"3, third finger—metacarp. 15, 1st ph. 0°45,
2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger 1'°8, tibia 0'"6, foot 0'-35.

Hab. Surinam.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

 

The following genus has been founded on the Emballonura brevirostris of
Wagner, the type of which consists of a single badly-preserved female specimen
in the Vienna Museum, from which it is impossible to determine whether a
wing-sac exists or not.

CORMURA.

Cormura, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 475.

CorMURA BREVIROSTRIS.

Emballonura brevirostris, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 867; Abhandl.
Miinch, Akad. v. p. 187; Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 696 (1855).
Cormura brevirostris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 475, pl. figs. 1, 18.

Fars much shorter than the head ; ear-conch triangular, with broadly rounded-
off vertical angle ; inner margin faintly convex; outer margin straight, emarginate
opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a convex lobe midway be-
tween the tragus and the angle of the mouth: tragus erect, maintaining almost
the same breadth from the base of the inner margin to the tip, which 1s abruptly
truncated; outer margin with a small lobe near the base.

Wings from the metatarsus ; caleaneum shorter than the tibia.

Above reddish brown, with paler extremities, beneath similar, but paler ; the
hair at the base of the ears and on the middle of the occiput whitish, and that
of the shoulders near the spine pure white at the base. — :

The skull is much shorter in the facial portion than in any of the preceding
species, the frontal bones are less flattened, and the crown of the head more
elevated. The teeth are also larger, and in consequence of this, and of the
shortness of the facial portion of the skull, the small first upper premolar almost
fills up the space between the oro are = second premolar; upper incisors

lower incisors trilobate.
iar es ee 1'"9, tail 0'"3, ear 0'"37, forearm 1'"8, thumb 0-23;
third finger—metacarp. 155, Ist ph. 0''55, 2nd ph. 0'"9; fifth finger 2",
376 EMBALLONURID-E.

5. Saccopteryx plicata.
Balantiopteryx plicata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 476.

Nostrils more like those of Taphozous than the preceding species ;
apertures directed slightly outwards, no furrow or groove between
them above. Inner margin of the ear-conch straight, tip shortly
rounded off ; outer margin straight or slightly convex, scarcely con-
cave opposite the base of the tragus, terminating on a level with the
angle of the mouth directly below the posterior margin of the eye:
tragus straight, outer margin slightly convex, with a projecting
tooth near its base; inner margin straight, tip narrowly rounded off
or obtusely pointed.

Wing-sac in the centre of the antebrachial membrane, opening
directed inwards and upwards; quite rudimentary in females.

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane concave between
the extremities of the calcanea.

Fur dark brown above, paler beneath ; volar membranes dark
brown, the wing-membrane margined with a narrow white line ex-
tending from the ankles to the extremity of the fourth finger.
Above, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far
as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third
of the femur, and fine short hairs clothe the upper surface of the
interfemoral as far as the end of the tail, and on the inferior sur-
face are arranged along the transverse lines with which it is marked.

Teeth as in S. canina.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body 1'8,
tail 0'°7, ear 0''-55, tragus 0:2, forearm 1"'-7, thumb 0'"28 ; third
finger—metacarp. 1’'-4, lst ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0:65; fifth finger
1'7, tibia 0'°7, foot 0°35.

Hab. Costa Rica (Puntarenas).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

6. Saccopteryx calcarata.

Vespertilio calcaratus, Wied, Schinz, Thierreich,i.p. 180 (1821); Wied,
Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 269 (1826).

Centronycteris calcarata, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 499 (1838)
(not Voy. of the ‘ Sulphur’); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 478,
1872, p. 702.

Ears somewhat longer than the head, narrowed above; outer
margin of the ear-conch with two emarginations, a larger one in

 

tibia 0'6, foot 0'°3, skull 0'-6, tooth-row 0'"25, distance between the upper

canines 0''-12.
Hab. Brazil.
The above description is taken from Dr. Peters’s notes on the type of this

species, which is preserved in the Vienna Museum. The type consists of a single
badly-preserved female specimen, so that it is quite uncertain whether a wing
sac exists in the male or uot. As this species, however, agrees in most respects
with the species of the genus Saccopteryx, I prefer to consider it a member of
that genus.
6. SACCOPTERYX. 377

the upper half, and a smaller above the slightly developed anti-
tragus. Tragus with two slight emarginations on its outer side,
and abruptly truncated above, about double as high as broad, main-
taining almost the same width upwards. Nasal apertures obliquely
oval, directed forwards, opening close to the margin of the upper
lip, separated one from the other by a space equal to the width of
one nostril; upper lip with a central small wart-like prominence
lying directly beneath the space between the nostrils ; muzzle rather
broad and gradually flattened; lower lip with a raised naked space
in front divided by a vertical groove.

Wings from the base of the toes ; antebrachial membrane with a
small flattened elevation (in the female) on the side near the
shoulder.

Fur reddish brown above, paler beneath, the hairs dark brown at
the base ; volar membranes dark brown.

Above, the wing-membrane is clothed as far outwards as a line
drawn from the proximal third of the humerus to the same part of
the femur; the interfemoral membrane is covered as far as the end
of the tail, beneath more thinly; but almost the whole surface is
covered with short stiff hairs arranged along the transverse lines.

Premaxillary bones very small; frontal bones flattened, with a
central longitudinal groove: auditory bulle ossee large, approxi-
mated.

Dental formula as in Saccopterye.

Length, head and body 2'"2, tail 0"-8, head 0-75, ear 8", tragus
0-23, forearm 1°75, thumb 0-26; third finger—metacarp. 2",
lst ph. 0-85, 2nd ph. 1-3; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"-65, 1st
ph. 0-42, 2nd ph. 0'-44; fifth finger—metacarp. 15, 1st ph. 0"44,
Qnd ph. 0'"3 ; tibia 0'"7, caleaneum 0'65, foot 03.

Hab. Brazil (Rio do Espirito Santo); Peru.

The above is taken from Dr. Peters’s description of a female spe-
cimen of this species from Peru, which he had compared with the
type of Vespertilio calcaratus, Wied*, also a female specimen and in
bad condition. These are the only specimens of this species as yet
obtained, and it is therefore impossible to say to what extent a
wing-sac exists in the male; but the flattened elevation on the
inner side of the antebrachial membrane in the female (described
above) is evidently the rudiment of the wing-sac, which I believe
will be found in the male.

Dr. Peters, considering this species the type of a distinct genus,
remarks, that in the form of the ears and tragus, and in the general
structure of the skull, it approaches the section of which Sacco-
pteryx leptura is typical, whilst in the much broader mesopterygoid
fossa, and the weaker zygomatic arches, it is more closely related
to Peronymus [Saccopteryx (Peropterya) leucoptera] and to hyn-
chonycteris.

y (Voyage of the ‘Sulphur 1844, p. 69),=

teris calcarata, Gra ; f :
Lae Sai ie as the specimen in the collection hows (vide

Emballonura semicaudata, Wied,
antea, p. 361).
378 EMBALLONURIDE.

7. TAPHOZOUS.

Taphozous, Geoffroy, Descript. de 1 Egypte, ii. p. 126 (1812) ; Tem-
minck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 277 (excl. ee lepturus,
Geoffr. et Temm. ), 1835-41 ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 546;
td. Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 166 (1876).

Muzzle very conical, broad behind, very narrow in front, termi-
nated by the slightly projecting inner margins of the valvular
nostrils. Crown of the head very slightly raised above the face-
line ; a deep frontal excavation between the eyes; ears separate,
the inner margin of the conch arising by a short band from the
side of the frontal concavity, the outer margin of the conch com-
mencing in a small lobe close to the angle of the mouth, but on a
lower level; tragus short, narrowest opposite the base of its inner
margin, expanded above ; lower lip as long or slightly longer than
the upper lip, terminating in front in two small triangular naked
spaces separated by a more or less deep groove; eyes rather large,
a distinct horizontal groove on the face beneath; thumb with a
small but very acute claw; first phalanx of middle finger folded (in
repose) on dorsum of metacarpal bone; foot long and slender, the
outer toe as long as the middle toe, the inner toe shortest; tail
perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing on its upper
surface, capable of oa Bareilly withdrawn.

Dentition. Inc. *, = icp pm. = m. —

Premaxillaries ie supporting a pair of small weak in-
cisors, often absent in seiait ciate ; canines rather close together,
much curyed forwards, separated from the second premolar by a
wide space, in which the first minute premolar scarcely appears
above the level of the gum; second upper premolar exceeding the
molars in vertical extent ; last molar consisting of a narrow trans-
verse bony lamina; mesopterygoid fossa very narrow, the pterygoid
plates terminating in long hamular processes ; immediately behind,
the basisphenoid is deeply excavated on either side of a narrow longi-
tudinal bony ridge which connects the roof of the mesopterygoid
fossa with the basioccipital, the excavations forming corresponding
elevations on the floor of the brain-case ; postorbital processes very
long, connected ‘by ligament with the zygoma, and thus completely
circumscribing the orbit.

Most of the species of this genus have a peculiar glandular sac
placed between the angles of the lower jaw—a sexual character ;
for, while always more developed in males than in females, in some
species while distinct in the male it is quite absent in the female.
The width of the opening of the sac is nearly equal to half the
distance between the angles of the jaw; and the direction of the
opening is anterior. This open gular sac is quite absent in both
sexes in 7’. melanopogon, but about its usual position the openings
of small pores may be seen, the secretion exuding from which pro-
bably causes the hairs in this situation to grow very long, forming
the black beard found in many male specimens of this species.

 
7. TAPHOZOUS. 379

In the greater number of species, also, a small band of integu-
ment passes from the inferior surface of the forearm near its distal
extremity to the proximal extremity of the fifth metacarpal bone,
forming with the wing-membrane a small pouch—the radio-meta-
carpal pouch.

Range. Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions. One spe-
cies extends into Egypt and Palestine, and none have as yet been
found eastward of New Guinea or Australia.

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.

I, Radio-metacarpal pouch distinct ; lower lip
scarcely grooved ......-.eee cece eens Subg. TapHozovus.
a. Radio-metacarpal pouch well developed.
a'. No gular sac in male or female,
a". Fur of the back extending upon
part of the wing- and interfemoral
membranes; extremity of tail
thickened; forearm 2'"5........ 1. T. melanopogon, p. 380.
bo". Fur of the back very narrow across ,
loins, not extending upon the
membranes ; extremity of tail not
thickened; forearm3" ........ 2. T. theobaldi, p. 381.
b’. Gular sac present in males, rudi-
mentary or absent in females.
ce’. Gular sac quite absent in females,
throat hairy beneath.
a". Ears as long or longer than the

head; forearm 27 .......... 3. T. australis, p. 382.
o’”. Ears shorter than the head ;
forearm 2'"4... 6. 6c cece eee ee 4, T. perforatus, p. 383.

d". Gular sac rudimentary in females,
throat naked beneath.
-". Fur brown above and beneath ;
forearm 2°45 wo... cee eee ees 5. T. longimanus, p. 384.
d'", Fur brown above and beneath:
neck; chest and abdomen pure
white; forearm 24 ........ 6. T. mauritianus, p. 3886.
b. Radio-metacarpal pouch small ; fur very
short, not extending to membranes;
forearm 2°95 oo c cece ce eee eens 7. T. nudiventris, p. 387.

II. No radio-metacarpal pouch ; lower lip di-
vided in the centre of its upper surface
and in front by a deep narrow groove .. Subg. TapHonyciERIs.
a. Ears broadly rounded off above; inner
margin smooth, slightly convex above ;
forearm three inches or less.
a'. Gular sac developed (but smaller) in
female also; fur dark brown above
and beneath ..... +--+ rere r eres 8. T. saccolemus, p. 388.
b’. Gular sac rudimentary in female, the
margins alone developed ; fur brown
above, pure white beneath ........ 9. T. affinis, p. 389.
b. Ears triangular, narrowly rounded off
above ; inner margin papillate ; forearm
three and a half inches at least...... 10. T. pelt, p. 390.
380 EMBALLONURIDZ.

I. Radio-metacarpal pouch distinct ; lower lip scarcely grooved.
Subgenus 1. TarHozovus.

1. Taphozous melanopogon.

Taphozous melanopogon, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 287 (1835-
41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 687; Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 180; Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Aug.
1872, p. 153; P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 549, fig. 2; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
p. 167 (1876).

Taphozous bicolor, Temm. J. ec. p. 290.

Taphozous philippinensis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 9.

No gular pouch ; the openings of small pores appearing beneath
the fur covering the inferior surface of the lower jaw between its
angles; in some male specimens the hair in this situation is very
long, forming a dense black beard*. Radio-metacarpal pouch large.

Wings from the tibiee above the ankles.

The fur of the head extends upon the face as far as a line joining
the inner corners of the eyes; the inner side of the ear-conch is
covered with a few hairs ; posteriorly the ears are clothed at their
bases, naked above except where a row of fine hairs fringe the outer
margin.

On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wing-
membrane about one third the length of the humerus and femur,
the remainder of the wing- and antebrachial membranes are quite
naked ; posteriorly the interfemoral is covered thinly almost as far
as the point where the tail perforates it; inferiorly, the fur of the
body extends outwards upon the wing-membrane as far as a line
joining the middle of the humerus and femur; beyond this, as in
other species, a band of very short fine hair extends along the
posterior margin of the forearm to the carpus; the feet are naked,
except where a few hairs arise at the base of the claws on the backs
of the terminal phalanges of the toes.

Above, the fur is white at the base, then dark brown, the extreme
tips slightly greyish ; beneath, white at the base, then paler brown
than on the upper surface, the extreme tips greyish. In some
specimens the white at the base of the hairs beneath is not well
marked.

The black beard is not always developed in the males; its deve-
lopment seems to depend on certain conditions as yet not known ;
probably it appears periodically during the rutting-season. In five
male specimens in the Indian Museum this beard is well developed,
while out of over one hundred specimens received by M. Milne-
Edwards from Cochin China, examined by me in the Paris Museum,
two only possessed the beard.

The females of this species (in which neither the black beard nor
pore-openings are developed) resemble those of 7’. longimanus ; they
are readily distinguished, however, by the absence of the rudi-
mentary gular sac, and by the under surface of the lower jaw being

* Sce figure in P. Z. S. referred to above.
7. TAPHOZOUS. 381

well clothed with hair, by the larger ears, and especially by the
tail, which is thickened and somewhat laterally compressed towards
the tip, though in every other species of the genus it tapers slightly
towards its extremity, and also by the colour of the fur.

Length, head and body 3'"1, tail 1”, ear 0:85, tragus 0''-23, fore-
arm 2"-5, thumb 0:35; third finger—metacarp. 2-2, 1st. ph. 0'8,
2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger 2"-1, tibia 0"-9, foot 0-5.

Hab. India (Lower Bengal, Madras, Malabar coast) ; Burma ;
Pinang; Pulo Tickus; Cochin China; J ava; Borneo; Philippine
Islands.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

a. ad. sk. Caves of Kennara,Ma- East India Comp. [P.].
; labar coast of India.

b,c. Simm.etad.jal. Tenasserim Province. Dr. Oldham [P.].
(The older male specimen with well-developed black beard.)

d. ad. sk. Pinang. East India Comp. [P.].

e. ad. sk. Pulo Tickus, * Dr. Cantor [C.].

f. fo ad., al. Cochin China. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
gh. 3 ad., al. Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq. P :
in $&Qad.,al. Borneo? Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
o-g. 6& Gad. al. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.}.

r-u. 6& 9 ad. al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Goll.

(Types of Taphozous philippinensis, Waterhouse. )
v, ad. sk. Purchased.

2. Taphozous theobaldi.

Taphozous theobaldi, Dubson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Aug. 1872,
p. 152; P. Z. S, 1875, p. 550; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 168
(1876).

Gular sac absent in both sexes. Inner margin of the ear papil-
late ; ears larger than in any of the species of Taphozous. Radio-
metacarpal pouch well developed, larger than in 7’. melanopogon.

Wings from the tibie above the ankles.

The fur of the head extends upon the face as far as a line drawn
between the inner corners of the eyes, the remainder of the muzzle
is nearly naked; ear-conch naked, except where a few hairs clothe
the basal portion of its inner surface ; posteriorly the ears are naked
except at the base and along their outer margins.

On the upper surface the wing- and interfemoral membranes are
quite naked, the fur being strictly limited to the body; laterally
the limit of the fur upon the back is defined by a well-marked line,
convex inwards in the lumbar region; in 7. melanopogon and in T.
nudiventris the line of fur is convex outwards in the same situation ;
so that in this species the space ocsupied by fur in the lumbar region
is narrower than in any of the other species, and appears to depend
on the position of attachment of the wing-membrane. The tail has
but three or four long, very fine hairs.

Inferiorly, the chin is naked as far as the anterior prolongation
of the external margin of the ears ; the fur of the body extends upon
the wing-membrane as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus
382 EMBALLONURID&,

and femur; from this a band of fine hairs extends outwards to the
carpus; the interfemoral membrane is naked; the backs of the toes
are covered with very short hairs.

Upper incisors very short and blunt.

Length, head and body 3"35, tail 1°35, head 1-15, ear (ante-
riorly) 1"-1, tragus 028, forearm 3”, thumb 0"-45, third finger 4"-7,
fifth finger 2"-5, tibia 1""15, caleaneum 0"-9, foot 0:65.

Hab. Tenasserim Province.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

3. Taphozous australis.

Taphozous australis, Gould, Mammals of Australia (1853); Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 690; Dobson, P. Z. 8S, 1875, p. 550,

A distinct but rather small throat-sac in males, in females quite
absent, the chin being covered with hairs in the position occupied by
the throat-sac in the males. Ears large, as long as the head, inner
margin of the ear-conch papillate ; no lobule at the base of the tragus.
Radio-metacarpal pouch well developed.

Wings from the ankles or tarsus. Tail slender.

The face is everywhere covered with hair, which in front of the
frontal depression is very short. The fur of the back extends for a
short distance upon the wing-membrane, and upon the interfemoral
as far as the point perforated by the tail; the remaining part has a
few short hairs. Beneath, the wing-membrane is densely covered
as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee,
the limit of the fur being strictly defined as in 7’. melanopogon. As
in other species, a band of fur passes outwards behind the forearm
to the carpus.

Fur above and beneath pure white at the base, the remaining
three fourths of the hairs above dark brown, and terminal half
beneath paler brown. The fur of the body rather long and dense.

Length, head and body 3”, tail 1""3, ear 0"-95, tragus 0”:28, fore-
arm 2"-7, thumb 0''4; third finger—metacarp. 2’°5, 1st ph. 0:8,
Qnd ph. 11; fifth finger 2'°45, tibia 1"-05, calcaneum 0'"8, foot
0"-45.

Hab. Australia, from Cape York to King George’s Sound; New
Guinea.

a, dad, al. New Guinea. Mrs. Stanley [P.].
b,c. ad. sks. Albany Island, Cape York. Voy. of ‘ Rattlesnake.’
d. Q ad., al. (type). King George’s Sound. Dr. Richardson [P.].

3a. Taphozous flaviventris.

Taphozous flaviventris (Gowd), Peters, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 480.

Taphozous australis, var. flaviventris, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 551.

? Taphozous hargravei, Pierson-Ramsay, Proc. Linn, Soc, New South
Wales, 1876, p. 81.

I have not had an opportunity of examining the single specimen
on which this species was founded, and the following description
7. TAPHOZOUS. 383

by Dr. Peters is not sufficient to permit me to include it in the
synopsis of the species :—

‘* Above black-brown; beneath pale ochraceous yellow; hair uni-
color, the hairs on the belly whitish at the base; wings blackish,
at the posterior margin whitish. Male with a large fossa between
the hinder parts of the branches of the lower jaw; ears rounded,
externally slightly emarginate; tragus as long as high, securiform ;
wings on the dorsal side naked, on the underside, above and below
the arm-bones, woolly; femora on the dorsal side naked, on the
ventral side covered with a thin woolly fur, which descends on the
base of the interfemoral membrane. Also the point of the tail
shows some hair.

“Total length, about 0-130 metre, length of head 0-035, ear 0-018,
breadth of ear 0-011, length of tail 0-025, forearm 0-075, first finger
0-014, second finger 0-074, third finger 0-144, fourth finger 0-087,
fifth finger 0-072, tibia 0-028, foot (with claws) 0:016, spur 0-033.

“This species, represented by a single male, submitted to my ex-
amination by Mr. Gould, is, although nearly related to 7’. australis,
Gould, different in colour and in its superior size.”

Hab. Australia.

Taphozous hargravei, Pierson-Ramsay, appears to be identical
with this species. The measurements agree very closely, and the
‘only difference of importance is the stated absence of the gular sac,
which, however, the describer seems to be not thoroughly certain
of, as the skin from which the description was taken was in bad
condition.

4, Taphozous perforatus.

Taphozous perforatus, Geoffroy, Descript. de Egypte, ii. p. 126;
Lemm. Monogr. Mamma. ii. p. 281; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth.
v. p. 684; Dobson, P. Z, 8. 1875, p. 551.

Gular sac in males large, in females quite absent, chin hairy be-
neath; ears shorter than the head, inner margin faintly papillate.
Radio-metacarpal pouch well developed.

Wings from the tibia, about a quarter of an inch above the ankles.
Extremity of the tail attenuated.

Fur short, dark brown above and beneath, extending on both sur-
faces of the wing-membrane from the middle of the humerus to the
middle of the femur, on the interfemoral membrane as far as the
point perforated by the tail. de ; ,

Length, head and body 2'-95, tail 0'-95, ear 0'°7, tragus 0"-28,
forearm 2:4, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 2"-2, Ist ph.
0-7, 2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger 2”, tibia 0-9, foot 0'°45.

Hab. Egypt.

Type ‘dhe collection of the Paris Museum.

a, b,c. ad. sks. West Africa. Purchased.
384 EMBALLONURID.2.

5. Taphozous longimanus.

Taphozous longimanus, Hardwicke, Linn. Transact. xiv. p. 525 (1824);
Temm. Monogr. Mamm. as 289; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
x. p. 974; Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice, p. 12; Wagner, Suppl.
Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 688; Horsfield, Catal. Mammal. Mus. E. I.
Comp. p. 41; Dobson, Proc, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Aug. 1872, p. 153;
P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 55; id. Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 170, tigs. a, b

1876).

phon fulvidus e¢ brevicaudus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
X. p. dio.

laphoeous cantori, zd. xi. 784.

The gular sac is large and well-developed, though not so large as
in 7’. saccolemus ; in the female it is represented by a rudimentary
fold of skin and nakedness of the integument in the same situation *.
Radio-metacarpal pouch moderately developed. Inner margin of ear
smooth, not papillate; ears about same size as in J’. saccolemus.

‘Wings from the ankles.

The fur of the head extends upon the face slightly in front of the
eyes ; the muzzle is almost quite naked ; the inner side of the ear-
conch is rather thickly covered with moderately long fine hair ; pos-
teriorly the ear is almost naked, but a few fine hairs are ranged along
the outer margin; the tragus is quite naked. On the upper surface
the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a
line joining the middle of the humerus and femur; posteriorly the
interfemoral membrane is covered as far as the point of exit of the
tail, along which some long fine hairs extend; the remainder of the
interfemoral membrane is clothed with very short, almost invisible
fur, which extends along the tibie to the feet, becoming longer on
the terminal phalanges of the toes.

Beneath, the fur in front of the gular pouch, under the chin, is
very short, and the skin there almost naked; the antebrachial mem-
brane is covered with longer fur than upon the upper surface; on
the wing-membrane the fur of the body extends more densely and
further outwards than on the upper surface, being limited by a line
joining the distal and middle thirds of the humerus and femur, but
a narrow band of hairs extends outwards to the carpus; posteriorly
the interfemoral membrane is naked, except at the root of the tail.

Fur varying from reddish brown to black, above and beneath, the
bases of the hairs whitish.

Upper incisors small and very slender in some individuals, in the
greater number of specimens absent.

Length, head and body 3"1, tail 1-15, head 0:95, ear (an-
teriorly) 0'°8, tragus 0°25, forearm 2':45, thumb 0'"3, third finger
4'"2, fifth finger 2-15, tibia 0-95, calcaneum 0''85, foot 0°45.

Hab. Indian Peninsula; Ceylon; Burmah.

Abundant about Calcutta and in all the southern parts of the
Indian Peninsula; not yet recorded from Northern India, nor from
the Himalaya.

The colour of the fur varies very much. Among a large collection

* See figures in ‘Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.’ referred to above.
7. TAPHOZOUS. 385

of specimens taken at the same place, one may be found with reddish-
brown fur, the others blacker. In all cases, however, the base of the
fur is whitish, and the darker-coloured individuals are generally
females. This species very closely resembles 7’. perforatus, Geoff.,
and may yet be shown to be a variety only of that species. The
number of well-preserved specimens of the latter species in the
Museums at present is not sufficient to decide the question.

a,b. 3 ad, al. India.

oe-f. ad. sks. Caleutta.

gh. S& Qad.,al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P. ].
7 fo ad., al. Tenasserim Province. Dr. Oldham [P.].

Jj. ad. sk. Malacca. A. Charlton, Esq. [P.].
k. skeleton. India. Dr. Leith [P.]}.

1, skeleton.

m. skull. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].

Var. a.
Taphozous longimanus, var. leucopleurus.

A single specimen in the collection, obtained by Mr. Wallace in
Flores, resembles 7. longimanus from India and Burmah closely in
general structure and in measurements, but differs slightly in the
colour, quality, and distribution of the fur.

The fur is rather long, especially about the neck and upon the
under surface of the wing-membrane between the humerus and
femur. On the upper surface the posterior half of the antebrachial
membrane is clothed with moderately long brown fur, and a small
patch of very short hairs appears behind the elbow; the wings are
clothed as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to
the distal third of the femur near the knee; very short, almost in-
visible hairs extend along the tibiez to the feet, and a few long
hairs spring from the base of the claws; beneath, the fur of the
antebrachial membrane is longer, but occupies the anterior half of
the membrane, and the wing-membrane is thickly clothed as far
as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the middle
of the femur; a band of thinly spread fur (longer than in other
species) passes outwards behind the forearm, increasing in width
until, at the fifth metacarpal, it extends along almost half its
length. ;

Above, pale greyish brown at the base of the hairs and for three
fourths their length, the terminal third dark brown, tipped with
paler greyish brown ; beneath, similar, but the terminal third of the
hairs is paler than on the upper surface, the long fur on the wings
between the humerus and femur white. ;

Length, head and body 2'"9, tail "1, ear 0-8, thumb 0"-3,
forearm 2'"3; third finger—metacarp. 2-3, Ist ph. 09, 2nd ph.
1"; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"8, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0°35
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°35, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'4; tibia 0'-9,
foot 0'°5.

Hab. Flores, Malay Archipelago.

a. ad. sk. Flores. A.R. mee Esq. [C.].
c
386 EMBALLONURIDE.

6. Taphozous mauritianus.

Taphozous mauritianus, Geoffroy, Descript. de 1 Egypte, ii. p. 127;
Lemm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 291; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb.
Sdugeth. v. p. 685; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 653.

Taphozous leucopterus, Tem. l.c. p. 284 (vide Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1869, p. 402) ; Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p.
56, pl. xiii. fig. 20 (1852).

Inner margin of the ear indistinctly papillate; tragus naked, with
a distinct angular projection near the base of its outer margin.
Gular sac distinct in males, rudimentary in females, the throat being
naked only in the position of the sac. Radio-metacarpal pouch
smaller than in 7’. longimanus.

Wings from the ankles. Fect small.

On the upper surface the face in front of the eyes is covered
with short hairs, and the fur of the back extends upon the inter-
femoral membrane slightly beyond the point of perforation by the
tail; beneath, the distribution of fur upon the membrane is similar,
but the interfemoral is very thinly covered.

Fur, above, from the base for three fourths its length light buff-
brown, then dark brown with grey extremities ; beneath, similar on
shoulders and sides of the thorax and neck behind the ears as far
back as the origin of the antehumeral membrane, the neck behind
the gular pouch and the remainder of the chest and abdomen pure
white.

On the upper surface the wing-membrane as far outwards as a
line drawn from the ankle to the elbow and also the antehumeral
and interfemoral membranes are brown; the remaining part of the
wing-membrane white, except a small ill-defined patch of brown
inside the first phalanx of the longest finger; beneath, all the mem-
branes are white.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3'"1, tail 1”, ear (ante-
riorly) 0'"8, tragus 0''25, forearm 2'"4, thumb 03; third finger—
metacarp. 2'':25, lst ph. 0’-9, 2nd ph. 1”; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-35, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0-85, foot 0-45.

Hab. Ethiopian Region; Africa (eastern and western coasts),
Madagascar, Bourbon and Mauritius islands.

The species is easily distinguished by the peculiar speckled ap-
pearance of the fur, which is quite different from that of any other
known species of the genus, also by the white colour of the greater
portion of the membranes.

a. 2 ad., al, West Africa. Mr. Fraser [C. ].
& fg ad, al. West Africa. Purchased.

ec. ad. ak, West Africa. Purchased.

d. 9 ad. al. Lagos. Purchased.

e. ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.

fF Q ad, al. Africa.

g. ad. sk. Africa.

A,z. ad. sks, Bourbon.

jk S$ & Q ad., al. Purchased.
7. TAPHOZOUS. 387

7. Taphozous nudiventris.

Taphozous nudiventris, Cretzschmar, in Riipp. Atlas Reise nérdl.
Afrika, Stéiugeth. p. 70, fig. 27 6 (1826); Temminck, Monogr. Mam-
mal. ii. p. 280; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 684 ; Dobson,
P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 553; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 171 (1876).

A small gular sac in males, rudimentary in females, Ear-conch
papillate along inner margin. Radio-metacarpal pouch very small.

Wings from the tibie above the ankles.

In front, the fur of the head does not extend upon the face beyond
the frontal depression, and the muzzle is nearly naked; ear-conch with
a few fine hairs only on its inner side; tragus naked. The fur of
the back is limited laterally and posteriorly by a well-defined line,
beyond which the finest hair does not pass; it does not extend upon
the wing-membrane or upon the interfemoral; and the humerus,
forearm, and antebrachial membrane are quite naked; posteriorly
its termination is separated from the point of exit of the tail by a
considerable interval, about three quarters of an inch. A few very
long hairs, almost as long as in the species of Molossus, arise from
the backs of the toes. Beneath, the throat is nearly naked; the
wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the middle
of the humerus towards the pubis, and a band of fine hairs extends
outwards posterior to the forearm to the carpus; the lower part of
the abdomen, the legs, and the interfemoral membrane are quite
naked.

In this species large collections of fat surrounding the root of the
tail and extending between the thighs are found in many specimens,
especially in those taken during the hibernating season. This ap-
pears to be a provision for sustaining life during the cold season,
and would seem to indicate that this is the most northerly species
of the genus; for I have not observed similar deposits of fat in
the body of any of the other species, which all inhabit tropical or
subtropical regions. The only other species of Bat in which simi-
larly large deposits of fat are found is Rhinopoma microphyllum,
which inhabits the same countries. ea 3

Length (of an adult ?), head and body 3''-7, tail 1'6, ear 0'85,
tragus 0':25, forearm 2'-95, thumb 0'-45 ; third finger—meta-
carp. 2-55, Ist ph. 11, 2nd ph. 1-2; fifth finger 2''8, tibia
12, foot 0'°6. i c oes

Hab. Africa (North Africa, Egypt, Nubia, Gambia) ; Asia Minor
(Palestine, Euphrates).

a. 2 ad, al. North Africa.

b. ad. sk. ee

. ad. sk. Africa.

a. = ad., al, ? Africa. Purchased.

e-g. 6 &Qad,al. Palestine. Rev. H, B. Tristram [C.].

h-j. ad. sks. Expedition to the Euphrates,
1850.

k. Q ad., al. M. Parzudaki [C. ].

i. ad. sk. 202
388 EMBALLONURID&E.

Var. a.

Taphozous kachhensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 221.
Taphozous nudiventris, subsp. kachhensis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875,
p. 553; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 172 (1876).

Very similar to 7. nudiventris in general form and in the distribu-
tion of the fur, but distinguished by the absence of the gular sac in
both male and female; in the male the usual position of the sac is
indicated by a small semicircular fold of skin and nakedness of the in-
tegument; in the female the surface is smooth. The measurements
are also slightly different; but the general resemblance to 7’. nudt-
ventris is so close that I hesitate to class it as a distinct species.

Length (of an adult 9), head and body 3’'°6, tail 1°25, ear 0'"9,
tragus 0°25, forearm 2''95, thumb 0''45; third finger—meta-
carp. 2'°7, lst ph. 1-1, 2nd ph. 1'"3; fifth finger 2'°7, tibia 1'"1,
foot 0°65,

Hab. Kachh, N.W. India.

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

II. No radio-metacarpal pouch; lower lip divided in the centre of tts upper
surface and in front by a deep narrow groove.
Subgenus 2. TAPHONYCTERIS.

8. Taphozous saccolemus.

Taphozous saccolaimus, Temminck, Monogr. Mamunal. ii. p. 285,
pl. 60; Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 554; Monogr. Aseat. Chiropt.
p. 172 (1876).

Taphozous crassus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 491.

Taphozous pulcher, Elliot, 1c. p. 492.

Ears shorter than the head; tragus concave on outer surface,
upper margin regularly convex, margined posteriorly by a fringe of
fine hairs; inner margin of the ear-conch smooth, not papillate.
Gular sac well developed in both male and female, but much larger
in the male; lower lip with a deep narrow groove in the centre of its
upper surface and in front. No radio-metacarpal pouch.

Wings from the ankles.

On the upper surface the fur of the body scarcely extends upon the
wing-membrane, the line of attachment of which seems to limit its
extent; posteriorly the fur terminates, as on the sides, in a well-de-
fined line limited by the root of the tail; the interfemoral membrane
and the legs are quite naked, the feet are also naked, thus differing
from the greater number of, if not from all, the species of the genus.
Beneath, the chin and sides of the gular sac are covered with very
short hair, the thorax and abdomen with moderately long fur, as on
the upper surface; the antebrachial membrane has a few fine hairs ;
and the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line joining the middle
of the humerus and the femur, a line of fur passing outwards to the
carpus and occupying a considerable triangular patch of membrane
there between the forearm and fifth metacarpal bone.

Fur, above, white at the base, the greater part of the hairs dark
7. TAPHOZOUS. 389

brown, the surface mottled with small irregular white patches ; be-
neath, reddish brown.

Length, head and body 3'5, tail 1-3, ear 0'"8, tragus 0''-23,
thumb 0':5; third finger—metacarp. 2-75, 1st ph. 1'"15, 2nd ph.
1'"2; fifth finger 2’-65, tibia 1-2, foot 0'-65.

Hab. Lower Bengal (Sylhet) ; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra; Java.

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

a, b. ad. sks. India.

e-e. f ad, al. Ceylon. Dr. Thwaites [P.].
Ff. & ad, al. Singapore.

g-t. ad. sks. Java. Purchased.

j. & ad, al. Purchased.

k. skeleton. Purchased.

9. Taphozous affinis.

Taphozous affinis, Dobson, Ann. § May. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 282;
P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 555 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 173 (1876).

Ears shorter than the head; inner margin of the ear-conch not
papillate; tragus rather short, almost quite circular above, outer
surface concave. Lower lip with a deep narrow groove in the
centre of its upper surface and in front (Plate XX. fig. 5). Male
with a large gular sac, as large as in 7’. saccolemus, rudimentary in
the female, the margins of the sac alone developed. No radio-
metacarpal pouch.

Wings from the ankles.

Distribution of the fur as in 7. saccolemus. Above black, the
bases of the hairs white; beneath wholly pure silky white. The
integument of the back is white; the antebrachial and interfemoral
membranes, and that portion of the wing-membrane between the
forearm and third finger, white, while that portion of the wing-
membrane between the third and first fingers is black mottled with
white along the third finger; beneath, the wing-membrane is pure
white from the sides of the body outwards as far as the third finger,
beyond which it is coloured as the corresponding part above.

This species is closely allied to 7. saccolemus, resembling it in its
general structure and in measurements. It is at once distinguished
by the pure whiteness of the fur of the thorax and abdomen and of
the wing-membrane (the same in the four specimens preserved in
spirit, from which the original description was made), which in 7’. sac-
coleemus is always some shade of brown. Structurally it is distin-
guished by the complete absence of a gular sac in the females ; for
in T. saccolemus a sac exists in the females also, though much less
developed than in the males. The margins of a gular sac are well
defined in this species; but no cavity exists.

Length, head and body 3'-4, tail 1'-1, ear 0'°9, tragus 0'°25,
forearm 2”-9, thumb 0'-5; third finger—metacarp. 2'8, Ist ph.
1/'-2, 2nd ph. 1:2; fifth finger 2'-5, tibia 1”, foot 0'"°6.

Hab, Labuan Island ; Sumatra.
390 EMBALLONURID&.

Mr. E. C. Buxton (in a note accompanying a specimen of this
species) remarks :—‘ This Bat was killed at Telok Betony, in Su-
matra, in the summer of 1876. There was an old hollow cocoa-nut
stump in the garden, and about twenty of these Bats lived in it.
At night, or rather early in the morning, they used to hang at the
top of the verandah in company with several other kinds; and I
found that they were all fruit-eaters, as there was a great deal of
fruit refuse under them.”

Although this does not prove that 7’. affinis occasionally feeds on
fruits, as it is possible that the “ other kinds” referred to may have
been wholly the producers of the refuse found on the floor of the
verandah, yet it appears probable that not only this species but also
the other species of the genus may sometimes or habitually vary
their insect food with fruit; for many of the American Bats, and
especially the species of the closely allied genus Noctilio, with well-
developed insectivorous dentition, are known to feed occasionally, if
not for the greater part, on fruit.

a-c. 6 & Qad,al. (type). Labuan. Purchased.
d. ad. sk. Sumatra. E. C. Buxton, Es at
e. ad. sk. East India Hea | eli

10. Taphozous peli.

Taphozous peli, Temmunck, Esquiss. zoolog. sur le céte de Giuiné, p. 82
(1853) ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 556.

Ears proportionally smaller and more triangular than in any of
the other species, upper half of the inner margin of the ear-conch
papillate; tragus rather short, evenly rounded above as in 7. sacco-
lemus. Lower lip with a deep narrow groove (Plate XX. fig. 6,
head). Gular sac very large in males, rudimentary (the margins
only defined) in females. No radio-metacarpal pouch.

Fur of the body short, not extending to the membranes ; distri-
bution similar to that of 7. nudiventris.

Above, dark reddish brown; beneath, a slightly paler shade of the
same colour.

Length, head and body 4'"2, tail 1'°2, ear 1”, tragus 0'°3,
forearm 3'°5, thumb 0'-6; third finger—metacarp. 3'':3, 1st ph.
1-45, 2nd ph. 1"°45; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'':1, 1st ph. 08,
2nd ph. 0'-45; tibia 1'3, foot 0'"8.

Hab. Africa (Gold Coast, Cameroon Mountains, East Africa).

Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.

This is by far the largest species of the genus.

a,b. 6 & 2 ad., al. Cameroon Mountains. Purchased.
8. picLipuRvs. 391

Group DICLIDURI.

8. DICLIDURUS.

Diclidurus, Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1629; Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil.
Ba. ii. p, 239 (1826).

Head and ears very similar to those of Taphozous, the forehead
with a deep concavity ; nostrils opening by wide horizontal valvular
apertures ; eyes remarkably large; sides of the muzzle not grooved,
as in Taphozous; thumb very short, with a rudimentary claw, and
almost wholly contained within the wing-membrane, as in Furia;
the greater part of the tail inferior to the interfemoral membrane,
and enclosed in a process derived from its inferior surface, its
extremity contained in a pouch formed in the centre of the mem-
brane, which it perforates.

- 1-1 1-1 2~2 3-3
Dentition. Inc. >? Cc. Top pm. 5? m. 33°

Upper incisors separated from the canines and also in front; the
first upper premolar minute.

Range. Neotropical Region (Mexican and Brazilian Subregions).

1. Diclidurus albus.

Diclidurus albus, Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1630; Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil.
Bad. ii. p. 242, pl. i. figs. av (skull and teeth) (1826).

Diclidurus freyreissii, Wied, Abbild. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. pl. xvi. ;
Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 502 (1888).

Ears much shorter than the head, rounded off above; outer
margin of the ear-conch straight, not emarginate, terminating ab-
ruptly below the eye on a lower level than the angle of the mouth:
tragus short and rather broad, maintaining the same breadth from
the base of the inner margin upwards; superior margin straight,
equal in length to the inner margin ; outer margin straight, without
lobule or emarginution (Plate XX. fig. 7).

The very short terminal phalanx of the thumb ends in a subacute
point, the termination of a rudimentary claw. At its terminal third
the tail becomes included in the interfemoral membrane, which
forms a pouch in the centre of its inferior surface; the extremity of
the tail perforates the centre of this pouch, and the whole pouch is
folded transversely upon itsclf, and by its posterior and upper
surface upon the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane ; the
sides of this pouch are strengthened by a band passing upwards
and outwards towards the knee (Plate XX. fig. 7a).

Wings from the ankles or tarsi; caleancum nearly as long as the
tibia; feet slender, toes equal in length; as if to compensate for
the want of a claw on the thumb, the foot-claws are much curved
and exceedingly sharp.

Fur, above and beneath, dark at the base, the greater part of the
hairs to the tip yellowish or creamy whito ; integumentary system

white throughout.
392 EMBALLONURID.F&.

Upper incisors slender, very acutely pointed, with a second
external and much shorter cusp, the tooth on each side directed
forwards and inwards; lower incisors trifid, placed across the
direction of the jaws, the two central incisors separated by a slight
interval. First upper premolar minute, acutely pointed, in the
centre of the rather wide space between the canine and second pre-
molar; first lower premolar about three fourths the size of the
second premolar.

(For measurements see below.)

Hab. Central and South America.

According to the Prince of Neuwied, the type of this species was
found between the large leaves of the Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nuci-
fera) near the estuary of the Rio Pardo in Brazil.

a. ad. sk. South America. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
& 9 ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].

2. Diclidurus scutatus.
Diclidurus scutattis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 400.

When examining the collection in the Paris Museum, I unfortu-
nately overlooked the type of this species, which is described by Dr.
Peters as much smaller, but with a longer tibia and calcaneum, and
with a quite differently formed pouch in the interfemoral membrane.
The colour of the fur is similar, and, with the above-named ex-
ceptions, the measurements exhibit the same proportion. The
species must therefore be very closely allied.

The following are the measurements of this species and of D.
albus respectively :—

D. scutatus. D. albus.

 

Length, head and body ...........ccceeeeceuceeeeeceesec ens 2-2 25
ah. | ball cadernaiecseniacoduman neianeasesse pees taareuoriees 08 0-9
sj MCA, desrvactoc unaided oxutecteobeuss saresaueeebarecsess a 08
Bi, HOBIE side nonce we wens ncaderensac ae aconsictlessetumnen sss a 0-7
gy ATAGUS 2 oe ackucccasssspeemedanasseee tessenemreccearce ite 0:22
so) PROPOATM ~ sasccdacdcecs ssshees ete nenut sooamaucenes 2-0 2-4
gt, obhim Digavacomatescomees ton suaeaeneemeewaeses ioase 0-2 0°22
» third finger, metacarpal ...............::..00085 1:95 23
af i 3) db phalanx: vntusestacaronanueevat 0°35 O4
a“ 55 Se Gee” Oy getereamnaomceaatinns 0-93 11
» fourth finger, metacarpal.................:00068 15 18
5 Ss 3, «kat phalanx sicsscsises cs cccanee 0-4 0°55
Fs _ ge SON 28. eC cauchceenencmentoiens 0°35 0-4
» fifth finger, metacarpal ............::-eeeeeeeeeeee 12 14
“ ps a vkstiphalanx:...sc0.tteasess.sosseos 06 O7
5 ee op SBN 5X Scere aleaausencanserais 0:23 0:3
se et eipcc ies elatss oa t-ar ae aan Seiauisatne 0-9 0-75
wp CALGATIOUINY sis haes tected nea reae ey nenevousleeetinine 08 0°65

PO OE nice cc Sa eset een ea, aE ae OS ER eee 0:35 04

Hab. South America, Type in the Paris Museum.
9, NOCTILTO. 393

Group NOCTILIONES.

9. NOCTILIO.

Noctilio, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 88 (1776); Geoffroy, De-
script. de l Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812); Spir, Simear. et Vespert.
Bresil, p. 57 (1823) ; Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 499 (1838);
Burmeister, There Brasiliens, p. 58 (1854).

Celeeno, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. p. 70 (1822).

Ears arising separately from the sides of the head, the outer margin
terminating in a distinct antitragus in front of the base of the tragus ;
tragus longer than broad, with prominent tooth-like processes ;
apertures of the nostrils oval, close together, the extremity of
the nose projecting beyond the lower lip; chin with raised cuta-
neous ridges ; third finger very long, the first phalanx extended (in
repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone ; general form of the wing
very similar to that of Emballonura; interfemoral membrane large,
extended in the expanded condition far beyond the short tail, which
perforates its basal third and appears upon its upper surface ; in the
perineum (in the two species known), corresponding to the position
of the testicles, a large follicular glandular organ, with a corrugated
lining membrane, is placed on either side of the base of the penis
(vide infrd, p. 396); females with a remarkably long clitoris, but
without glandular follicles.

Dentition. Inc. . c. = pi... 1m. =.

Upper inner incisors unicuspidate, moderately long, in the centre
of the space between the canines; outer incisor on each side very
small and in a plane posterior to the inner incisor; premolars and
molars with very acute cusps, the W-shaped cusps of the upper molars
projecting externally far beyond the lower molars when the jaws are
closed ; frontal bones small, flattened, no postorbital processes ; nasal
aperture small, directed forwards; premaxillary bones slender, united
in the centre; skull rather short and broad, with prominent mastoid
and paroccipital processes ; auditory bulle ossee large, separated by
a narrow and short basioccipital.

Range. The tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.

This genus, as I have previously remarked (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
1875, xvi. p. 352), connects the subfamily Hmballonurine with the
Phyllostonude through the Lobostomine. Its affinities with Chilo-
nycteris, and the genera allied thereto, are shown by the presence of
a small incisor on each side external to the large central upper in-
cisors, by the development of the mastoid and paroccipital processes,
by the short first phalanx of the middle finger, which is not flexed
upwards (in repose) on the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone (as
in other species of Hmballonuride), and by the erect cutaneous ridges
on the chin, and especially by the form of the nostrils and ears and
by the microscopical characters of the fur.

In habits also the species resemble those of the Phyllostomide.
Their food appears to be of a mixed character, probably chiefly con-

1—1 3—3
394 EMBALLONURIDE.

sisting of insects (the Prince of Neuwied found insect-remains in
the stomach of NV. dorsatus*; and individuals of the same variety
obtained by Mr. Gosse in Jamaica fed eagerly on cockroaches +), but
occasionally of other small animals, as minute Crustaceat; also of
some fruits (Linnzus, in his original description of NV. leporinus,
remarks, “‘ victitans fructibus arborum”’); and in the intestines of
specimens of the same species received by me from British Guiana I
found the seeds of some fruit, perhaps of Morus tinctoria. Tschudi
(‘ Fauna Peruana,’ p. 77) remarks :—‘‘ They (Noctilio unicolor et
affinis) live in hollow trees, and feed on bectles, which we always
found in their stomachs.”

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Larger; forearm in adults at least 3 inches

long ; foot 1"; upper molars touching by the

extremities only of their external cusps, with
narrow spaces between the adjacent teeth.. 1. N. leporinus, p. 394.

6. Smaller; forearm in adults not exceeding 2/5

in length; foot 0'-6; upper molars closely

approximated together without intervening
SPACER ty cs 5:2, Menctes te, Nor agiaes horse yeet conga teers 2. N. albiventer, p. 398.

1. Noctilio leporinus.

Vespertilio leporinus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 82; Schreber,

Sdugethiere, p. 162, Dis lx. (1775).

Noctilio americanus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 88 (1776).
Celeeno brooksiana, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 70 (1822).
Noctilio rufus, Spex, Simiar. et Vespert. Bresil. p. 57, pl. xxv. fig.

(1823) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 570).

Noctilio unicolor, Geoffroy, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. p. 228
(1826) ; Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 76 (1844-46); Blainville,
Ostéographie, pl. 8 (skull).

Noctilio leporinus, D’Orbigny et Gervais, Voyage dans TAmérique
Mérid., Mammif. p. 12, pl. 9. figs. 1-4; Peters, lc. pl. tigs. 1-16
(skull).

(For additional synonymy see p. 396.)

Ears about one fifth shorter than the head, very narrow and
pointed ; ear-conch attenuated in upper fourth, both the inner and
outer margins concave above, the latter more so, and the very nar-
rowly rounded-off tip inclines slightly outwards ; lower three fourths
of the inner margin evenly convex, the base arising abruptly from
the side of the head ; corresponding portion of the outer margin
faintly convex or straight, abruptly emarginate opposite the tragus,
beyond which it is reflected outwards, forming a well-defined rounded
antitragus, from the base of which in front a raised ridge extends
forwards along the side of the face to the angle of the mouth; tragus
much longer than broad, inclined outwards, the outer and superior
margins with five prominent projections like the teeth of a comb.
Crown of the head slightly elevated. Muzzle conical, the prominent

* Beitr. zur Naturg. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 228.
t Vide p. 596, infra. { Pide p. 397, infra.
9, NOCTILIO. 395

extremity of the nose projecting beyond the lower lip ; nostrils close
together ; nasal apertures oval, directed forwards and slightly out-
wards, terminating the muzzle, the projecting nose overhanging the
upper lip, which has a prominent elevation in the centre beneath
directly in front of the upper incisor teeth; sides of the upper lip
pendulous, with a convex margin; lower lip folded outwards on the
sides to allow room for the very long upper canines, at the angles of
the mouth enclosing the upper lip; centre of the lower lip forming a
naked prominence in front of the lower incisors ; chin and under sur-
face of the lower jaw with several prominent ridges, whereof the
most anterior is a small triangular, anteriorly concave, lappet, from
the back of which two small erect ridges extend backwards and out-
wards ; more posteriorly a slightly raised cutaneous ridge, correspond-
ing to the position of the rami of the lower jaw, includes a prominent
wart in front, and forms externally the internal boundary of a
space occupied by corrugated skin (see Plate XXI. fig. 9, head of
N. albiventer).

Thumb rather short, with a very acutely pointed claw; wings
from the distal third of the tibia and from the sides of the back close
to the spine; interfemoral membrane very large, extending far be-
yond the short tail when expanded in flight, but in repose folded up
very completely beneath it; feet remarkably large and strong, armed
with extremely acute and much curved claws.

Fur bright reddish yellow above and beneath, the fur of the under
surface slightly paler in colour. On both surfaces the hair is
short and does not extend to the membranes, on the back across
the loins it scarcely occupies a space three quarters of an inch in
width.

Central upper incisors touching by their inner sides, but separated
at their bases and at their extremities; outer incisor on each side
very small, scarcely raised above the gum, its summit hardly as high
as the cingulum of the inner incisor, close to the posterior and ex-
ternal sides of which it is placed, being separated from the canine
by a wide space; upper canines remarkably long, pushing the lower
lip downwards before them, their outer margins are convex, their
inner concave ; the single upper premolar close to the canine ; molars
touching by their adjacent external cusps, but separated by narrow
spaces at their bases ; last molar equal to half the antepenultimate
molar; lower incisors small, bifid, filling up the narrow space he-
tween the canines; the two lower premolars are placed obliquely
across the jaw, and crushed in between the canine and the first
molar; the first is about the size of one of the lower incisors, is
placed in the inner angle between the canine and the second pre-
molar, and is not visible from without ; the second is nearly equal to
half the first molar, and its long diameter is directed inwards and
backwards ; the three molars then follow in regular succession, placed
at right angles to the direction of the mandible, their very acute
cusps received into the spaces between the upper molars and between
their cusps, so that in the closed condition of the jaws the lower
tooth-row is almost completely hidden.
396 EMBALLONURIDX.

(For measurements see Table, p. 399.)

Hab. Brazilian Subregion and Peru.

This species varies considerably in size according to locality, and
in a less degree in the colour of the fur.

a, fo ad., al. Demerara. Purchased.
& oad, al. British Guiana. Purchased.
ce. fo ad., al. Coast of South America, Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
de. 3 ad., al. No history.
i. fad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
g. do ad., al. Mr. Brandt [C.].
Var. a.

Vespertilio mastivus, Dahl, Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet Kjo-
benhavn, 1797, iv. 1, p. 182, pl. 7 (vide Peters, J. c.).

Noctilio dorsatus, Wied, 1. c. p. 218; Blainville, Ostéographie, pl. iv.
(skeleton), pl. xiv. (teeth).

Noctilio mastivus, Gosse, P.Z.S. June 1847; Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. xx. p. 424 (1847).

Noctilio leporinus, Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 60 (1854).

About the size of NV. leporinus, or probably larger ; distinguished
by a well-defined narrow line of fur of a pale yellow colour extend-
ing along the spine from the head to the tail; the fur of the under
surface appears also to be of a paler colour than in WV. leporinus.

The following notes by Mr. Gosse were derived from an exami-
nation of the living animal :—“ Colour varying ; upper parts yellow-
brown, more or less bright; a well-defined narrow line of palo
fulvous runs medially down the back from the kead to the tail ;
under parts pale fawn, bright fulvous or orange ; face purplish; the
muzzle and chin are much corrugated; face warty; the ears fall
into elegant curves. The volar membranes are delicately thin,
transparent, and glossy; studded with minute, white, papillary
glands, which for the most part follow the course of the blood-
vessels, but are largest and most numerous in the vicinity of the
trunk. The membranes being attached along each side of the spine,
with an interval in the middle of the back of but seven tenths of an
inch, the body is, to a great extent, free. The wing, when at rest,
has but a single fold, the ultimate joint of the second and third
fingers being brought back upon the penultimate. The reproductive
organs are large and prominent. At the base of the penis are two
follicles, secreting a dark brown substance, dry and lumpy, but
friable between the fingers, most insufferably musky, the odour from
which is strongly diffused by the animal during life” *.

(For measurements see Table, p. 399.)

Hab. Antillean and Brazilian Subregions.

The habits of this variety were studied by Mr. Gosse during his
sojourn in Jamaica. Of some specimens obtained alive from the
interior of a hollow cotton-tree, he remarks (J.c. p. 426) :—“I
presented to one a large cockroach, which he seized greedily and

* P.Z.8. June 1847.
9. NoctILto. 397

munched up, moving the jaws only vertically. The eating was
attended with a loud and very harsh cranching of the teeth, not
produced by crushing the horny parts of the insect, for it was
equally perceptible when munching a bit of soft flesh. The jaws
moved rapidly, but yet the mastication was a long operation, for it
appeared to me to be performed almost wholly by the canines. As
the insect was progressively masticated, portions were allowed to
fall into the cheek-pouches (the one being pretty well filled before
the other was used), which when full hung down on each side of
the lower jaw to the depth of three or four lines, like distended
bags, displaying a warted surface. When the whole of one cock-
roach had been masticated, and deposited in the pouches, it would
take another, which was gradually disposed of in the same re-
ceptacles ; then, after a few moments intermission, by a contortion
of the jaw, aided by the motion of the muscles of the pouch, a
portion was returned to the mouth, and again masticated. This
was repeated till all was swallowed, and the pouches appeared
empty and contracted up out of sight. Small portions of the muscle
of a bird, which were presented to one, he chewed up and deposited
in the pouches; but after being regurgitated, and a second time
masticated, they were expelled instead of being swallowed. The
process of eating seemed an awkward one; it was a rapid succession
of choppings with the long canines, through which the tongue was
thrust about so nimbly that it appeared a wonder it was not im-
paled perpetually.

“In order to rest like other Bats, they crawled upwards and
backwards by means of the hind feet, seeking the greatest elevation
they could attain which afforded a hold for the claws. They were
social, though both were males; usually hanging side by side, or some-
times with the leg of one crossing the leg of the other, or even one
upon the other. Sometimes they brought their faces together, and
licked each other’s open mouths in a singular manner; and this
appeared grateful to them.”

The following note accompanied some specimens obtained by Mr.
Fraser in Ecuador :—“‘ Esmeraldas, Nov. 1859. Skimming the bank
of the river, every now and then making a dash along, and actually
striking the water, catching the minute shrimps as they pass up
stream. He had a very offensive fishy smell.”

a-c. ad. sks. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. be. :
d. g ad.al. Mount Edgecombe, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.}.
e. 9 ad, al. Island of St. Thomas. Capt. Sawyer [P. ].

f. gd ad.,al. Island of Grenada. Purchased.

g. Q ad, al. : Zool. Soc. Coll.

hk. @ ad.,al. Province of Tachira, Venezuela. Purchased,

t. 6 ad., al. Q M. Lidth de Jeude.
j,k. ad. sks. — Interior of Brazil. Old Collection.

i ad. sk. ? Brazil. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
m. ad. sk. Haslar Hospital.
oe Zool. Soc. Coll,

x, skeleton. Ecuador. Mr. Bollaert [C.].
398 EMBALLONURID.©,

2. Noctilio albiventer.
Noctilio albiventer, Spix, Stmiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 58, figs. 2&3
(1823) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 570, pl. figs. 2, 2 a.
Noctilio affinis, D’Orbigny et Gervais, 1. c. p. 11, pl. 10. fig. 1.
Noctilio leporinus, Gervais, Expédition du Comte de Castelnau, Zovlogie,
pl. 12. fig. 66 (skull) (vide Peters, J.c.),

Much smaller than N. leporinus, and with a comparatively much
shorter foot, the muzzle is also comparatively shorter, the fur
slightly different in colour, and, as pointed out by Dr. Peters, the
skull shows important differences by which this species can be alone
distinguished. In other respects, in the form of the ear-conch and
tragus, in the very peculiarly shaped extremity of the muzzle, in the
cutaneous ridges on the chin and beneath the lower jaw (Plate XX.
fig. 9), and in the number and general shape of the tecth, this
species resembles IV. leporinus very closely, so closely that on a
superficial examination it would, most probably, be confounded with
not fully grown specimens of that species. Indeed, externally, the
only character by which this species may be at once distinguished is
found in the conspicuously shorter foot, which is scarcely more than
half the length of that in WV. leporinus, although the forearm in
adult specimens is not more than an inch shorter than in that
species.

Fur bright reddish yellow above, with or without a spinal line as
in JV. leporinus; beneath, pale yellowish white, slightly darker on
the sides.

Incisors, canines, and premolars as in NV. leporinus, but the upper
molars are close together by their bases, and the antero-internal
cusps of the lower molars are consequently much less developed in a
vertical direction than in that species, where space exists between
the bases of the upper molars to receive them when the jaws are
closed.

The skull differs greatly from that of NV. leporinus in the remark-
able development of the sagittal crest and of the mastoid and par-
occipital processes. The sagittal crest in the centre is nearly one
tenth of an inch in height, and at its union behind with the
superior angle of the occipital crest forms a large protuberance,
which projects backwards and overhangs the concave supraoccipital.
In XW. leporinus the sagittal crest is well developed, but not quarter
the height of that in this species, and the occipital protuberance is
small, and does not overhang the supraoccipital.

(For measurements see Table, p. 399.)

The above description is taken from an adult male, preserved in
alcohol, which, in measurements and in general characters, agrees
with the type of WV. albiventer, Spix, as described by Peters. The
fur is, however, unicoloured above, without dorsal white stripe, and
the infraorbital foramen is placed in the same relative position as
in WV. leporinus, or even slightly higher up, not level with the zygo-
matic arch as in the type of NV. albiventer. This, therefore, may be
an example of the variety described as N. ruber by Rengger
(Sdugeth. Paraguay, p. 95), which agrees in size with Spix’s type,
10. RHINOPOMA. 399

but differs in the absence of the dorsal stripe, and is therefore, as
Dr. Peters remarks, to N. albiventer as N. unicolor to N. dorsatus.

a, b. Pimm, sks. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C. ].
(With very distinct dorsal streak.)
e. ¢ ad., al. (without dorsal streak). M. Lidth de Jeude.

d,e. skulls of a, 6 (with sagittal crest not more developed
j than in N. leporinus).
J. skull of ¢ (with greatly developed sagittal crest described above). -

The following Table exhibits :—in the first column the measure-
‘ments of an adult male specimen of NV. leporinus from Venezuela,
with distinct dorsal streak; in the second, those of a smaller but
adult male of the same species, without dorsal streak, from Deme-
rara; in the third, those of an adult male of N. albiventer without
dorsal streak, from the collection of M. Lidth de Jeude.

Noctilio leporinus. N. albiventer.

 
  

Length, head and body, about .. ............... 40 3:25 27
- Gail eoue ao st Uoeciw te sd cucu wade cosy eaten ee 11 1:2 0-9
rs Oa Sarhce es eat aeaA OL ees 1:25 1:2 10
5 CARS ial ea vausunessugii neds va thse chaaeneanlies 1-0 0:95 0:85
‘3 GLAQUS: 25>. c oa se fue aiags cea yseaeeenanseiese 0-25 0:25 0:25
i POPCATIN: oe ois foe vor ys ecieawatecnsssaueeanes 35 3°25 2-5
ee thumbs <cvsessvesovsnanesoracaeeds sees 0°48 0-45 04
e third finger, metacarpal .. . 30 2:8 215
- aA 1st phalanx .. 0-9 0:85 0:53
es 5 QOnd- 5, waxes 29 27 21
» fourth finger, metacarpal........ » dl 29 2:2
i. Ist phalanx ............ 0°55 0:55 0°33
i - Qn 3550 Gardecevers 15 1-45 2:05
iy fifth finger, metacarpal ............... 2:95 2°75 2°15
.; i Ist phalanx ............... 0-7 07 0-43
‘ 7 Qn 44) Swacsagese ees . O04 03 O15
3 PIDLB tac deas-easacae te riaca cee eo unsaecieotae es 1:45 0-9
s CAICANIOUDD c5cosicscscscadsscaseuset cesses 16 14
a FOE. Hei oossikod sonlow seauati ee ocak oe coaeay aba 11 06

Group RHINOPOMATA.

10. RHINOPOMA.

Rhinopoma, Geoffroy, Descript. de ! Egypte, ii. p. 1238 (1812); Gray
P. 2 8. 1866, p.823 Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 174 (1876).

Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line ; muzzle
thick, obtuse, the superior extremity projecting; nostrils valvular,
in the front surface of a fleshy prominence at the anterior extremity
ofthe muzzle; ears united across the forehead, which is deeply concave
between the eyes, as in Tuphozous; tragus distinct ; indew finger
with two phalanges; tail slender, produced considerably beyond the
truncated interfemoral membrane. ea

Dentition. Inc. 4, c. = pm. — m. 5-3

Upper incisors rudimentary, suspended from the small premaxil-
lary bones, which are united in the centre, and connected laterally by
400 EMBALLONURID.&.

slender processes, as in Emballonura, with the maxillary bones. Nasal
bones much expanded laterally and vertically, while, posteriorly,
the frontal bones are depressed, forming a shallow concavity in the
forehead.

Range. From Egypt through Asia Minor to India and Burma.

Dr. Peters remarks that this genus, through the presence of two
phalanges in the index-finger, the development of the feet, and the
form of the intermaxillary bones, comes most closely, of all genera
of Insectivorous Bats, to the Pteropine Bats.

1. Rhinopoma microphyllum.
Rhinopoma microphyllus, Geoffroy, Descript. de I’ Egypte, ii. p. 123.
Rhinopoma microphyllum, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 444
(1844) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 174 (1876).
Rhinopoma hardwickii, Gray, Zoolog. Miscell. p. 87 (1831); Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 492; Catal. Mamm. of Burma, p.
18 (1875) ; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 211, figs.a-c.
Vespertilio (Rhinopoma) hardwickii, Elliot, Catal. Mammals South
Mahratta Country, p. 6, Madras (1840).
? Rhinopoma lepsianum, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1859, p. 222.

Extremity of the muzzle thick, obtuse, obliquely truncated, pro-
jecting considerably beyond the lower lip; nasal apertures consist-
ing of transverse valvular slits; nose-leaf very small, upper margin
convex, witha small raphe passing downwards between the nostrils ;
forehead with a deep circular concavity between the eyes, from
which a narrow groove passes forwards along the centre of the
muzzle to the base of the nose-leaf. Ears shorter than the head;
laid forwards the tips do not reach as far as the posterior margin of
the nose-leaf; inner and outer margins slightly convex, the outer
margin straight for a short distance immediately beneath the tip,
extremity rounded off; the lower third of the inner margin of the
conch connected by a deep band arising immediately behind the
frontal depression ; outer margin ending between the base of the
tragus and the angle of the mouth, not forming a separate lobule
near its termination: tragus longer than wide, reaching its greatest
width about the middle of the inner margin; extremity obtuse, in-
distinctly and irregularly toothed, inner margin straight or slightly
concave, outer margin convex; at the base a triangular lobule.

First phalanx of the middle finger imperfectly flexed backwards
(in repose) upon the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone.

Tibia very long and straight, fibula very slender; feet long and
slender, the first toe equal to the middle toe in length, as in Tapho-
zous ; wing-membrane from the lower third of the tibia; calcaneum
feeble ; interfemoral membrane very short, perforated close to its
concave free margin by the long slender tail, which is produced
beyond it to a distance equal to the length of the forearm.

The face is almost quite naked; the margin of the upper lip is
fringed with a few fine hairs, which are most dense on the truncated
extremity of the muzzle, margining the upper edge of a triangular
slightly concave space intervening between the margin of the upper
10, RHINOPOMA. 401

lip and the end of the muzzle above. On the back the fur is very
short, and strictly limited to it, not extending upon the wing- or
interfemoral membrane, and leaving a considerable portion of the
posterior part of the back naked. The skin of this part and of the
Wings near the body is covered with transverse and longitudinal
wrinkles, as in Taphozous nudiventris and in Cheiromeles torquatus.
The distribution of the fur bencath is somewhat similar; but a few
fine hairs appear upon the wing-membrane near the body and upon
the wings and forearm; the remainder of the wings is quite naked.
The extremity of the tail has a few long hairs, as in Taphozous, and
also the backs of the terminal phalanges of the fect.

The nasal bones are much expanded laterally, forming round
prominent projections above the infraorbital foramen on each side ;
immediately behind the frontal is slightly concave; there are no
postorbital processes; zygomatic arches extremely slender; bony
palate very short, scarcely extending in the middle line as far back
as the last molar; roof of the mesopterygoid fossa continuous with
the basisphenoid and the basioccipital.

Premaxillary bones very slender, forming a commissure in the
middle line, each bone supporting on its outer side an extremely
slender incisor, which is directed outwards and downwards towards
the canine of the same side. The single upper premolar exceeds
the molars in vertical extent, with a second vertical basal cusp on
its outer and anterior side; last upper molar less than half the ante-
penultimate molar.

The Asiatic representatives of this species differ from the African
in their shorter fur, which does not anywhere extend upon the
membranes, and in their much shorter tail and longer thumb. In
all other respects they agree so closely together that I am unable to
consider them distinct species. In the following Table the mea-
suremetts of two perfectly adult specimens, one from Africa (the
type of the species, preserved in the Paris Museum), the other from
Kachh, in India, are compared :—

Egypt. India.
3:0 30

  

Length, head and body............:::ceeseeeesteeeeeeeeseeeaeeeees
oe SGALLY coup avues cng odaneiee very eens eaeanomwacemanesoutuseeneny 26 2°35
7 4, free from membrane .......60...ceeceee eee ereeee es 2:25, 1°65
Ayn» aNiOALs js nvos seavaecteeeessieten ciate ssckeereneseseureuen teh tee 10 10
ie MGAB Ulu rcuenyuaatanes esusiee tere leosmentartieayetee tes ts 0°85 0°85
»  forearm....... ce 27, 26
sao (SHUMD? Sascha aasactessasetusearaat sds .. O-4 0-5
» third finger, metacarpal ..............::seceeeereenseee es 1:9 18
ay ogg Lat phalanx ....0:.csessereseseccesseesees 0-4 0°45
53 ss BS AONE: © see « Co unetas Maegerneamousecmenene 08 08
, fourth finger, metacarpal .............:eeeeeeeeseeeees 1-45 1:45
rs " a Ist phalanx ............cesecnneeeseeenees 0°45 06
4 * As Dida Gil, “Sai eseectn ant Ceuvaatoes nee 0-4 0-45
, fifth finger, metacarpal ...............:.e eee 16 17
- 5 yy Ast phalank ...... ..cccceeeeereeeeeeeeeeees 0-45 0°45
; : 5, 2nd Wen | Wbiumane eared causasanmeseumesne 0-4 0-4
Ce bie ea eaeee ene ei 11 1-05
Se ecg is oe aD ree 0-6 0G
402 EMBALLONURID.E.

Specimens brought by the late Dr. Stoliczka from Kachh (N.W.
India) and now in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
have large deposits of fat about the base of the tail, as in Taphozous
nudiventris (which inhabits the same countries). They were ob-
tained during the winter, and it is probable that the fat in this
position is laid up on the approach of the hibernating season.

Hab, Atrica (Egypt, Kordofan); Asia Minor (Palestine); Indian
Peninsula generally ; Burma.

a-d. ad. sks. Egypt.
e. ¢ ad., al. Egypt. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.].
f. ad. sk. Arashkool. Purchased.
g, h. ad, sks. Kordofan. Purchased.
it. 3 & 9 ad, al. ue Quarantaria, Pa- Rev. H. B. Tristram [C.].
estine.
m. § ad., al. India. General Hardwicke [P. ].
(Type of Rhinopoma hardwichit.)
n. 9 ad, al. ndia. General Hardwicke [P.].
v. fo ad, al. India.
p. & ad, al. India.
gr. fd ad, al. Allahabad, India. Secretary of State for
India [P.].
s-u. ad. sks. Nusserabad.
v. ad. sk. Nusserabad. Purchased.
w. ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
a, ad. sk. Calcutta.
y,% dim. & Sad.,al. M. Parzudaki [C.}.
a’, ad. sk. Capt. Fitzroy fs :
b'-d'. ad. sks.
e'-g'. skulls. Kashmir. Prof. Oldham [P.}.
h’. skull. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot tet
av, skull. India. Sir Walter Elliot | P.].

Subfam. II. MOLOSSIN A.

Tail thick, produced far beyond the posterior margin of the inter-
femoral membrane *, which is movable upon it; antebrachial mem-
brane very small; legs short and strong, with well-developed fibule ;
feet large, the first toe (and often the fifth also) much larger than
the others ; upper incisors strong.

This Subfamily includes all the species of Emballonuride with short
and strong legs and broad feet—whereof the first toe (and in most spe-
cies the fifth also) is much thicker than the others and furnished with
long curved hairs,—with well-developed callosities at the base of the
thumbs, and with a single pair of large upper incisors occupying
the centre of the space between the canines.

The feet in all the species are free from the wing-membrane,
which folds up very perfectly under the forearm and legs; and the
narrow and, in some cases, rudimentary antebrachial membrane
does not extend beyond the proximal half of the forearm; the inter-

* Except in Mystacina.
MOLOSSI, 403

femoral membrane is retractile, being movable backwards and for-
wards along the tail, or (in Mystacina only, see p. 443) can be very
completely folded up upon itself and hidden away like the wings.

The strength of the anterior and posterior limbs, the development
of the callosities at the base of the thumbs, the large flat feet with
thickened outer and inner toes, the freedom of the forearms, thumbs,
and feet from the yolar membranes, which are very perfectly folded
away (in repose), indicate collectively that the species of this Sub-
family are, of all Bats, most fitted for terrestrial progression; and
this induction is confirmed by those who have observed their habits.
(See notes on the habits of ‘Molossus obscurus, M. glaucinus, and
Nyctinomus brasiliensis.)

Group MOLOSSI.

Ears large and broad, generally united; tragus small; muzzle
broad, obtuse, obliquely truncated; nostrils opening by circular
apertures, their projecting margins terminating the muzzle in front;
first phalanx of the middle finger folded (in repose) on the back of
the metacarpal bone; legs very short and strong; feet broad, the
outer and inner toes much thickened and larger than the others, and
furnished with long curved prehensile hairs; tail thick, produced
far beyond the posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane ;
brain-case thick, flat, and broad.

In all the species the upper lip is very thick, and often deeply
furrowed by vertical wrinkles, evidence of its great expansibility.
The wings are very narrow, and the middle finger very long, its
metacarpal bone in most species slightly exceeding the total length
of the last finger. The first phalanx of the middle finger is short,
less than half the length of the metacarpal bone, on the dorsal surface
of which it is folded forwards in repose. The interfemoral membrane
sheaths the base of the tail, and is movable at the will of the animal
backwards or forwards upon it, thus increasing or diminishing its
surface.

The great length and narrowness of the wings indicate rapid flight ;
and the power possessed by these Bats of varying the extent of surface
of the interfemoral membrane must confer upon them great dexterity
in quickly changing the direction of their flight, as when obliged to
double in pursuing their swiftly flying insect prey; while the ex-
tremely expansible lips evidently aid them especially in capturing
during rapid flight, and in maintaining their hold on, the large
round-bodied Coleoptera. Of all Bats the Moloss: appear especially
suited by their peculiar conformation for capturing the most rapidly
flying insects, which, no doubt, form the greater portion of their
food. Their large and very strong acutely tubercular teeth would
enable them to crush with ease the hard armour of the larger Coleo-

tera.
: (For remarks on habits &e., see notes under descriptions of
species.)

©

2n2
404 EMBALLONURIDE.

Range. The tropical, subtropical, and warmer parts of the tem-
perate regions of both hemispheres.

Synopsis of the Genera of Molossi.

a, First toe much larger and thicker than the
other toes and separable from them ; ears
quite separate.
a'. Premaxillary bones united; upper inci-
sors very strong, close together in front 11, CumrromeE ss, p. 405.
b. First and fifth toes much thicker than the
other toes; ears united or close together
by their inner margins.
b’. Premaaxillary bones united ; upper inci-
sors close together in front .......... 12. Moxossvs, p. 407.
ce’. Premaxillary bones separate, or united by
cartilage only ; upper incisors separate
IN MONG ca New win enna Tees tne 13. Nyctrvomvs, p. 420.

The genus Cheiromeles is represented by a single species only,
which, as I have previously remarked*, appears to be more closely
allied to Molossus, which is restricted to America, than to Nyctino-
mus, of which several species inhabit the same countries with it.

The genera Molossus and Nyctinomus are very closely allied, some
species, as Molossus glaucinus, Wagner, and M. bonariensis, Peters,
forming the connecting links between them. Nevertheless I retain
these genera distinct, as they are convenient for grouping the species,
and partly correspond to their geographical distribution, the species
of Molossus being limited to America, while those of Nyctinomus
are found in both hemispheres.

These genera have been divided into several subgenera, which
depend on slight differences in dentition and in the form of the ear-
conch and tragus. But so many perfectly intermediate forms exist
that it is impossible to subdivide Molossus and Nyctinomus, which,
indeed, as I have remarked above, may come to be regarded here-
after as subgenera only. Thus JM. (Promops) abrasus resembles WM.
rufus (the representative of the subgenus Molossus) closely in the
form of the tragus and in the obtuse not obliquely truncated muzzle;
and M. (Promops) nasutus, relegated to the subgenus Promops on
account of its dentition, in all other respects is much more closely
allied to M. rufus, with which it agrees in the peculiar form of the
antitragus and tragus, and even in the distribution of the fur; while
M. rufus, which differs from every other species in dentition, shows
its close affinity to the representatives of the subgenus Myopterus in
the perfectly similar form of its antitragus and in the shape of its
muzzle.

The subgenus Mormopterus is distinguished from Nyctinomus by
the absence of the first minute upper incisor, and by the distinctly
separate ears; but NV. norfolcensis, Gray, is quite intermediate, agree-
ing with Nyctinomus in dentition, and in other respects with Mor-

* “Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ p. 177.
11. CHEIROMELEs. 405

mopterus ; and the discovery of NV. albiventer, Dobson (described fur-
ther on), adds another intermediate form *.

11. CHEIROMELES.

Cheiromeles, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (1824) ; Temminch,
Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 345; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.
1876, p.177; id. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 704.

Ears separate, as in Taphozous ; extremity of the muzzle project-
ing considerably beyond the lower jaw ; lips smooth, not grooved by
vertical wrinkles ; first toe much larger than the others, and separ-
able from them.

“.° 2 1—l 1—1 3—3
Dentition. Ine. 5, ¢. joie PM. = 5; Mm.

Premaxillary bones well developed, conjoined, supporting two
strong incisors.
Range. Indo-Malayan Subregion.

1. Cheiromeles torquatus.

Cheiromeles torquatus, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (1824).
Dysopes cheiropus, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 218, pl. xvii.
Cheiromeles caudatus, Temm. J. ¢. ii. p. 348, pl. xvi.

Ears shorter than the head, triangular, with narrowly rounded
tips ; the inner margin of the ear-conch papillate along upper half
as in some species of T'uphozous ; antitragus distinct, rounded ; tragus
very small, the inner margin not developed, the outer with a small
projection near the base. Muzzle long, obliquely truncated, the
extremity projecting very considerably beyond the lower jaw. An
enormous gular sac extends round half the neck beneath. Into this
sack the oily secretion of glands situated between the internal ori-
gins of the pectoral muscles is discharged, in males by a series of

 

* The following is a synopsis of the characters of these subgenera :—

Gen. Motossvs.
a. Ears more or less united.

2—

a’, Premolars — ; upper incisors with diverging

summits, and with their broad bases close to

theiGanine sy ose jodiee ss sewsesesasossereaesecuondus Promops, Gervais.
bo’. Premolars = upper incisors parallel by

their inner margins, their bases close to the

CANINES obsess Peeves cease ee eiucsasbariaee eta esalne Molossus (Geoffr.), Ptrs.
6, Ears distinctly separate; upper incisors with
diverging summits, their bases removed from
the canines by a diastema ...............00000088 Myopterus, Geoffr.
Gen. Nycrinomus.
«. Hars very close or united together ; upper lip
deeply grooved by vertical wrinkles; premolars
= A oahu cali ae Maw ee dae aeas Haaa aha hen aaa ane Nyctinomus(Geoffr.), Ptrs.
Ears distinctly separate; upper lip slightly

wrinkled; premolars FB crete tee eeee cere Mormopterus, Ptrs.
406 EMBALLONURIDE.

small pores collected in two circular slightly elevated patches, in
females by a single large orifice (Plate XXI. figs. 1, 1a).

First toe very thick, with long curved hairs on the outer side.
This toe is separated from the others like a thumb, and is probably
opposable to them. Wing-membrane from the middle of the tibia
and from the sides of the back near the spine. A deep axillary pouch
is formed, in both male and female, by an extension of a fold of skin,
derived from the thick integument covering the breast and sides of
the body, to the inferior surface of the humerus, and, longitudinally,
to the femur. In the anterior part of this pouch, on the side of the
body, behind the axilla, the mamma is placed.

Tail very thick and long, projecting more than half its length be-
yond the short interfemoral membrane.

Integument very thick and almost quite naked, with strong pli-
cations along lines of flexure and extension ; the back is quite naked,
but a collar of very short thinly spread hairs nearly surrounds the
neck.

Upper incisors strong, placed close together, their extremities con-
verging inwards; the single upper premolar large and tricuspidate ;
first lower premolar minute, wedged in in the space between the
canine and second premolar, which are close together ; the last upper
molar less than half the size of the second molar.

Length, head and body 5'3, tail 2-6, head 1'°8, ear 1'-2, tragus
0-15, forearm 31, thumb 0:8, third finger 7”, fourth finger 5-6,
fifth finger 3'-1, tibia 1'°4, foot 105.

Hab. Malay Peninsula (Pinang; Singapore); Sumatra; Java ;
Borneo.

This most remarkable species, the only known representative of
the genus, differs altogether from all the species of this group inha-
biting the Eastern Hemisphere, and appears to be most closely allied
to some of the species of the genus Molossus, which is limited to
America. In no species of Bat is the gular glandular apparatus so
greatly developed and so different in structure according to sex, and
in none also is the integument of the body so remarkably thickened
and devoid of hair. The nursing-pouches are also peculiar to this
species, and are probably absolutely necessary for the preservation of
the young, which could scarcely otherwise succeed in maintaining
its hold on the naked body of the mother during flight. It is inte-
resting to find these pouches developed in both male and female; for
their presence in the former suggests the idea that, where two young
are born together, the male may relieve the female of the charge of
one of them, as I have shown is most probably the case in Cyno-
nycteris grandidiert and in Cynopterus marginatus (vide anted,
pp. 79 & 83).

a, ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Mr. H. Low [C.1.

6. ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased.

c. § ad., al. Borneo. Lords of the Admiralty.
d. 3g ad., al. Borneo. Purchased.

e. skull of 6.

f. skeleton. Bornco. Sir Io. Belcher [C.].
12. Moxossus. 407

12. MOLOSSUS.
Molossus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vi. (1805) p. 154; Peters, MB.
Akad. "Berl vats, oe earn
Dysopes, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. (1811) p. 122.

Ears close together or united at the bases of their inner margins ;
tragus very short, sometimes minute; extremity of the muzzle
broad, obtuse, or very obliquely truncated ; lips smooth or with very
indistinct vertical wrinkles ; first and fifth toes much thicker than
the others, the ba of all the toes with long curved hairs.

Dentition. Inc. 5 or 7, c. =, pm. 4 or 22, mS.

Premaxillary bones well developed, united ; upper incisors strong,
their cusps close together in front.

Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of America.

Synopsis of the Species.

I, Muzzle rounded in front; lips smooth, not
wrinkled ; tragus triangular or linear.
a. Antitragus circular, as high as long.
a’, Tragus triangular, with a broad base ;
inner margins of the ears arising from
the forehead by separate points of
origin; inc. 5, pm. =
a’, Ears obtusely pointed.
a. Centre of breast and abdomen
pale yellowish brown; furearm
USD Rene a stale teatro tastes 1. ML. temmunehii, p. 408.
b". Ears rounded off above.
B. Centre of breast and abdomen
white; forearm 1""35........ 2. M. planirostris, p. 408.
y. Centre of breast and abdomen
not different from sides; fore-
arnt Wed) ses atta cise 38 3. DL. brachymeles, p. 410.
b’. Tragus linear, subacutely pointed ;
inner margins of the ears arising
from the same point, or very close
together.
ce". Inc. 5, pm. — the first lower pre-
molar half internal to the tooth-
row, partially concealed by the
much larger second premolar.
8. Fur very short; forearm 1"-7-
OS tah oedvnrenepy cate tenet fe onetera 4, M. rufus, p. 410.
a", Ine. 5, pm. =; the first lower pre-
molar in the tooth-row.
«. Fur moderately long; forearm
DE ae creiavale-oi608 shows jaieve! mise e« 6. M. nasutus, p, 414.
b. Antitragus half-oval or half-cordate,
longer than high, tragus linear ; inc. >
2-2
¢. Forearm 2'-45 0... eee eee 6. M. abrasus, p. 414,
408 EMBALLONURID.E.

II. Muzzle very obliquely truncated, its supe-
rior and external front margins formed
by the sharply cut cartilaginous rims of
the nostrils ; ie smooth or very slightly
wrinkled; tragus quadrate; inc. 7, pm.
2-2
2-2:
a. Ears longer than the head; gular sac
large; first upper premolar external.
n. Forearm 20 os. seescec see 7. M. perotis, p. 416.
b. Ears shorter than the head; gular sac
small; first upper premolar in the
tooth-row.
6. Upper lip smooth ; forearm 2-35. 8. M. glaucinus, p. 417.
«. Upper lip slightly wrinkled; fore-
BTM LS: Gcivaiwaissausraccerak: 9. M. bonariensis, p. 419.

2 1-1 i
Ine. 5, pm. 33; ears separate ; tragus triangular.
(Subgenus Myoprerus, Geoff.)

1. Molossus temminckii.

Dysopes temminckii, Lund, Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 72
(1854).

Molossus (Molossops) temminckii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866,
p- 575.

Molossus temniinckii, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 707.

Ears rather small, pointed, their inner margins arising from the
forehead by separate points of origin; antitragus circular; tragus
short and obtuse, with a broad base. Extremity of the nose slightly
prominent, broad, and flat, with an obtuse projection between the
nasal orifices, but without arched ridges above them ; lips smooth,
with a few straight hairs.

Fur, above, reddish brown at the extremities, the base of the hairs
yellowish white ; beneath, similar, but paler. Integument and mem-
branes dark throughout.

Calcanea very long, reaching almost to the tail.

Length, head and body 15, tail 1”, tail free from membrane
0'-5, forearm 1'°2, caleaneum 0°65.

Hab. Brazil (Lagoa Santa).

The above description has been taken from the original descrip-
tion by Burmeister, as I have not seen the type.

2. Molossus planirostris.

ee (Molossops) planirostiis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865,
p. 975.
Molossus planirostris, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 707.

Ears much shorter than the head, their inner margins arising from
the sides of the superior surface of the face above and in front of the
12. Motossus. 409

eyes, their points of origin widely separate ; upper three fourths of
inner and outer margin regularly convex, forming almost an arc of a
circle ; keel of the car-conch very slightly developed: tragus short,
triangular, with a broad base, acutely pointed, inner margin straight ;
antitragus large and round, very similar in shape and size to that of
il. rufus (p. 410), but its base is somewhat broader: muzzle flat,
smooth and naked above, extremity obtuse, not obliquely truncated ;
the margins of the nasal apertures not prominent, placed high above
the margin of the upper lip; lips smooth, not wrinkled. A distinct,
but not large, gular sac in male, rudimentary or absent in female.

Wings from the distal third of the tibie.

Fur very short ; above, dark brown, the bases of the hairs white ;
beneath, along the sides of the body, brown; the chin, neck, and a
broad longitudinal band on the chest and abdomen yellowish white.
The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane above and
beneath, nearly as far outwards as a line drawn from the middle of
the humerus to the middle of the femur, the remainder of the mem-
brane nearly naked ; a few fine hairs appear behind the distal half
of the forearm on the upper surface, and clothe the proximal third
of the fifth metacarpal bone; beneath, the wings are quite naked
except along the sides of the body.

Upper incisors long, the centres of their inner sides close together,
their bases and summits separated ; lower middle incisors slender,
with grooved crowns; outer incisors very small, between the middle
incisors and the canines, and not grooved. First upper premolar
large, close to the canine, with a large anterior and internal basal
cusp, and a smaller cusp posterior and external ; lower canines, on
each side, with a small internal basal cusp which nearly touches its
fellow of the opposite side.

Length (of an adult g), head and body 2:3, tail 1'"2, tail free
from membrane 0'4, head 0':85, ear 0'''6, tragus 0°15 x 0""1, fore-
arm 1°35, thumb 0:25; third finger—metacarp. 1°35, 1st ph.
0-6, 2nd ph. 0-65; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°25, Ist ph. 05,
2nd ph. 0'-2; fifth finger—metacarp. 0'°85, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph.
0''-15 ; tibia 0''4, foot 0’'-3.

Hab. Brazil (Buenos Ayres; Barra do Rio Negro); British Guiana
(Berbice).

a, & ad., al. Berbice. Purchased.
6. ad. sk. River Cupari, Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C.].

The next species is probably identical with Myopterus daubentonit,
Geoffroy (Descr. de I’Egypte, ii. p. 113), with which it agrees very
closely in the length of its skull, the only remnant of the type of
that species, which therefore cannot be accurately determined. Of
this skull Prof. Peters (MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 402) has given
the following measurements :—“ Length 0-85, width across zygo-
matic arches 0’5, length of upper tooth-row (not including incisors)
(":32, length of lower tooth-row 0°35.”
410 EMBALLONURIDE.

3. Molossus brachymeles.
Molossus (Molossops) brachymeles, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866,
575.

Molossus brachymeles, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 708.

Appears to differ from the preceding species only in being con-
spicuously larger, in the different colour of the fur of the under sur-
face, and in its slightly different distribution.

Fur, above, dark brown, the base of the hairs paler; beneath,
reddish brown. The antebrachial membrane is covered with a small
patch of fur along the forearm; and the wing-membrane between
the metacarpal bones of the last two fingers and the forearm.
Beneath, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane
along the sides of the body only; the remaining parts are quite
naked.

Total length 4", head 0'-9, ear 0’-6, forearm 1-7, middle finger
3'"4, tibia 0'°5, foot 0°46.

Hab. Peru.

The above is taken from Prof. Peters’s description of the only
specimen known, a stuffed skin, preserved in the Neuchatel Mu-
seum.

2 1-1 .
Ine. 5, pm. 55; ears close together; tragus linear.
(Subgenus Moxossvs, Ptrs.)

4. Molossus rufus.

Molossus rufus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vi. (1805) p. 154; Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl, 1865, p. 575 ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 709.
Molossus ursinus, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil, (1823) p. 58, pl.
xxv. fig. 4; Peters, J. c. 1865, p. 588, pl. figs. 3, 8¢ (skull).
Dysopes alecto, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 231.
Dysopes holosericeus e¢ albus, Natt. Wagner, Wieym. Archiv, 18438,
p. 868 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 22).
Dysopes ursinus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 709 (1855).
Ears much shorter than the head, their inner margins arising
close together, slightly in front of a line drawn between the eyes,
from a point on the forehead, from which a sharp ridge passes for-
wards on the face to the nose ; outer and inner margins of the ear-
conch convex, forming almost a regular semicircle; antitragus cir-
cular, arising by a narrow base, from which it expands equally
anteriorly and posteriorly ; tragus minute, linear, acutely pointed ;
extremity of the muzzle obtuse, rounded, projecting beyond the lower
jaw; the nasal apertures directed forwards and slightly outwards,
separated by a considerable interval (which is covered with short,
erect hairs dilated at their extremities) from the margin of the lip,
beyond which the extremity of the nose scarcely projects ; lips thick,
smooth, without wrinkles.
In the male the opening of a large glandular sac directed forwards
is found opposite the anterior extremity of the sternum; in the
female this sac is much smaller.
12. mMoLossvs. 411

Wings from the ankles.

Fur very short ; deep reddish brown above and beneath. The
face and ears are nearly naked. On the upper surface the wing-
membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the middle of the femur, and short fur extends upon half
the antebrachial membrane, and behind the distal two thirds of the
forearm to the carpus, covering also the angle between the fourth and
fifth metacarpal bones ; behind, the base of the interfemoral mem-
brane also is covered. Beneath, the fur of the body extends upon
the wing-membrane almost as far outwards as a line drawn from the
elbow to the knee; and a band passes outwards behind the elbow,
becoming gradually wider towards the carpus till it occupies a space
there extending from the forearm to the middle of the metacarpal
bone of the fifth finger, beyond which it passes and occupies the
angle between it and the metacarpal of the fourth finger, being
limited in its extent outwards by the muscular band extending to
the wing-membrane in this position; a small space between the
proximal extremity of the fifth metacarpal and the short muscular
band, extending from the end of the forearm to the wing-membrane,
is naked.

Upper incisors moderately long and acutely pointed, converging
inwards and forwards, their bases touching the canines, their inner
sides approximated, at the outer side of the base of each tooth a
small blunt projection from the cingulum, which touches the canines ;
the single upper premolar large and close to the canine; lower
incisors two, bifid, in front of the closely approximated canines,
which have each a broad internal basal cusp; first lower premolar
scarcely half the size of the second, which it lies so close to as to be
with difficulty distinguished in recent specimens as a separate tooth,
its outer and posterior side is partially covered by the obliquely di-
rected cingulum of the second premolar; last upper molar narrow,
less than half the size of the antepenultimate molar.

Length (of an adult g), head and body 3'"5, tail 2”, head 12,
ear 0'°65, tragus 0’-1, forearm 2'°1, thumb 0"-4; third finger—
metacarp. 2”, Ist ph. 1°05, 2nd ph. 1-15; fourth finger—metacarp.
1-95, Ist ph. 0-9, 2nd ph. 0-2; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"3, 1st
ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph. 0°25; tibia 0-7, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Mainland of Tropical America (Rio de Janeiro; Pernambuco;
Para; Rio Negro; Dutch Guiana; Oaxaca).

a,b. 6 & 9 ad, al. Oaxaca, Mexico. Purchased.

ec. 9 ad,, al. Choctan. Purchased.

d. 3 ad., al. Pernambuco. J.P.G. Smith, Esq. [P.]-
e. 2 ad., al. Brazil. ;

fig- Q@ ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

A. skeleton. Brazil.
412 EMBALLONURID.

Var. a (Molossus obscurus).

Molossus obscurus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vi. p. 154 (1805) ; Gervais,
Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 58, pl. xii. fig. 5 (skull)
(1857); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 575 ; Dobson, P. Z. 8.1876,

710.

Megs longicaudatus, Geoffroy, I. c.

Molossus acuticaudatus, Desm. Mammal. p. 116 (1820) (vide Peters,
1. c. 1869, p. 402).

Dysopes velox, Natt., Temminck, Monog. Mammal. i. p. 234 (1827) ;

agner, Suppl. Schreb, Sdugeth, i. p. 476 (1844), v. p. 712 (1855) ;
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, Th. i. p. 71 (1854).

Molossus velox, Gray, Mag. Zool. §& Bot. ii. (1838) p. 501.

Molossus fuliginosus, Gray, 7. ¢.

Molossus tropidorhynchus, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 5.

Dysopes olivaceo-fuscus, Natt., Wagner, Abh. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 202
(1844) (vide Peters, J. c. 1866, p. 22).

Dysopes fumarius, Burmeister, lc. p. 71.

Molossus fumarius, Gosse (non Spix'), Nat. Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 292
(1851); Osburn, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 79.

Quite similar to MW. rufus in structure, but much smaller, the
forearm constantly measuring 1’7 or less, as compared with 2’1.
The fur covering the wing-membrane between the humerus and
forearm extends somewhat further outwards, and the upper incisors
are closer together. Colour variable, from intense brown to fulvous,
rather lighter beneath; ears and all membranes black. The female
does not differ in size or colour from the male (Gosse), but may be at
once distinguished by the small size of the gular gland. It will pro-
bably be found hereafter, when a sufficiently large number of speci-
mens are available for examination, that the above-named differences
are unimportant, and that the only real difference consists in size.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2”:7, tail 1-6, head 0'-85,
ear 0'°55, tragus 0°08, forearm 1°65, thumb 0:3; third finger
—metacarp. 1-6, Ist. ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 0-6; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1°55, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0-15; fifth finger—
metacarp. 095, Ist. ph. 048, 2nd ph. 02; tibia 0'°55, foot
O"4.

Hab. Tropical America and its islands, apparently generally dis-
tributed. Found in Peru at an elevation of 9000 feet.

The habits of this variety (which are probably generally similar
to those of the larger form of this species) have been observed in
Jamaica by Mr. P. H. Gosse and Mr. W. Osburn (vide references in
synonymy above). It inhabits the hollow trunks of palms and
other trees, and also the roofs of houses. Mr. Gosse remarks that
it is more active on the ground than any other species. On the least
touch it ran, or rather crawled, about with such agility that it was
not easy to seize it. When running it rests on the wrists, elevating
the front of the body considerably. The males congregate together.
This is probably the case in all species of Bats, the males approach-
ing the females during the breeding-season only. Mr. Osburn
notices that during the breeding-season the gular glands in the male
are humid and swollen, opening on pressure like two lips ; and a very
12. MOLOssUs. 413

active circulation is visible through the internal skin when this is
opened, giving the appearance of inflammation. He also found that
the males and females live apart, even when inhabiting the same
tree. In the hollow trunk of a palm two colonies were discovered,
one consisting of from 150 to 200 individuals exclusively males,

while the other was composed of females, with a male here and
there among them.

a,b.  & 9 ad., al. Cuba. W. S. Macleay, Esq.
P.}.
o-g. 6 & 9 ad, al. Hayti. J. Hearne, Esq. [P. ].
h, i. ad. sks. Jamaica. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
J, k. ad. sks. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
l-g. d ad., al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [ C.}.
r fo ad., al. Mt. Edgecombe, Ja- P. H. Gosse, Esq. te .
maica.
s. 9 ad., al. Jamaica. J. Bell, Esq. [P.}.
(Type of Molossus fuliginosus, Gray.)
t. d ad., al. Isle of St. Thomas. Capt. Sawyer [P.}.
u. 3 ad, al. Isle of St. Lucia. Miss R. Alexander | P.].
vw. d& Pad,al. «. Isle of Grenada. Purchased.
x. fd ad., al. Trinidad. Purchased.
y. ad. sk. VeraPaz,Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
z. 9 ad., al. South America. Sir R.Schomburgk [P.}.
a’. oad, al. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk | P. ].
bc’. dad, al. British Guiana. Purchased.
d’. 3 ad., al. South America. Mr. Brandt [C.].
e’. 9 ad., al. Surinam. Purchased.
fh. d & @ ad., al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.].

v—n’. imm. & ad. sks. Pernambuco. J.P.G.Smith, Esq. [P.].
o', p'. ad. sks. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
(Labelled Molossus fulvus, Gray.)
qt. 6 & 2 ad., al. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P. ].
u'. 9 ad., al. Portobello. epee the Admiralty
v'—a". ad. sks. Bahia. Comte deCastelnau | P. ].
y'. Q imm., al. Santarem, Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C].

s'. @ ad, al. Upper Amazons. Purchased.
a". f ad., al. Brazil. (MM. velov, Gray.)
b". f ad. sk. Brazil. Mrs. Parker [P.].
ce’. 9 ad., al. Ecuador. — Bollaert, Esq. [P.].
d". 9 ad., al. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C. ].
e". 9 ad., al. Huasampilla, Peru Purchased.
(9000 feet).
fi-h". ad. sks. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].
7’, ad. sk. St. George Mivart, Esq.
jy’. ad. sk. [P.].
k'j,l'. & & Q ad, al. Mr. Fraser [C. ].
m'-o". § & juv. etad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].

p',g' €& Q ad, al.
r,s". fo ad,, al.

t''-y"'. ad. sks. Earl of Derby [P.].
w"', ad. sk. Bermuda. T. Cottle, Esq. [P.].
zl", y'. skulls. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]-

eb’, skulls of f'-A".
c'’. skeleton. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Exq. [C.].
414 EMBALLONURID.E.

2 2-2 : :
Ine. 5, pm. 55; ears united; tragus linear or quadrate.
(Subgenus PRomops, Gervais.)

5. Molossus nasutus.

Molossus nasutus, Spia, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 58, pl. xxv.
fig. vii. (1823); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 578, pl. figs.
4, 4c (skull); Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 711.

Molossus fumarius, Spiz, J. c. figs. v. and vi.

Promops ursinus, Gervars (non Spiz), Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, Mammif. p. 59, pl. xii. figs, 8, 38. a (dentition) (1855).

Ears much shorter than the head ; laid forwards the inner margin
of the conch extends slightly further than halfway between the eye
and end of the muzzle; inner margins less than one tenth of an
inch apart at their bases, uniting on the muzzle in a prominent
rounded ridge, which ends abruptly at a short distance behind and
above the nostrils; inner and outer margins of the ear-conch con-
tinuous, forming almost an arc of a circle; ear-keel short, thickened,
but not expanded beneath, clothed posteriorly with short hairs; an-
titragus circular, with a narrow base, as in MZ. rufus, but thickened
and expanded above and posteriorly, so that its very convex superior
and posterior margin projects backwards considerably beyond its
base; tragus very small, asin M. rufus, with a minute projection
at the outer side of its base; muzzle very obtuse in front, nearly
vertically truncated; nostrils directed forwards and slightly out-
wards, connected above by an ill-defined ridge, which does not ex-
tend downwards between them; the wide space between the nostrils
and the margin of the upper lip occupied by a quadrilateral patch
of thickly spread short hairs, the sides of the muzzle almost naked.
A large gular sac in male, as in M. rufus (Plate XXI. fig. 2).

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane deep, including
quite three fourths of the tail.

Fur moderately long, but conspicuously longer than in M. rufus ;
dark brown above, paler beneath; the base of the hairs whitish on
both surfaces. On the upper surface a band of short fur, commencing
in a narrow line at the beginning of the middle third of the fore-
arm, increases in width outwards so as to cover the proximal third
of the fifth metacarpal bone and the fourth of the fourth metacarpal,
occupying also the portion of wing-membrane between; beneath,
the wing-membrane, between the humerus and femur, is thickly
covered, and a band of fur 0'"3 wide extends outwards behind the
forearm to the fifth metacarpal bone and to the wing-membrane
beyond it, covering half the bone.

Upper ‘incisors touching by their inner margins, their summits
slightly separated ; the broad base of each tooth nearly fills up the
interval between the canine and the centre of the intercanine
space, and develops externally a small basal cusp which touches the
cingulum of the canine; lower incisors very small, in the space in
front of the projecting cingula of the closely approximated lower
canines, the middle pair bifid, the outer incisors very small and
12. motossus. 415

between them and the canines; first upper premolar minute,
quite external to the tooth-row ; the second premolar much exceed-
ing the molars in vertical extent, and close to the canine; first
lower premolar about one third the size of the second, standing in
the tooth-row.

Length (of an adult ¢$'), head and body 3'"1, tail 2'-1, free from
membrane 0"*7, head 09, ear 06, tragus 0°08 x 0-02, forearm
2", thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 2'-05, 1st. ph. 0'"95, 2nd
ph. 0-95 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 2”, 1st ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 015;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°2, Ist. ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'°22; tibia 0'"7,
foot 0-4.

Hab. Brazil; Central America (Guatemala).

This species is quite intermediate between MZ. rufus (subg. Mo-
lossus) and M. abrasus (subg. Promops), agreeing with the former
in the form of the ear and even in the distribution of the fur, with
the latter in the form and number of the teeth.

a. J ad, al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

6. Molossus abrasus.

? Molossus ater, Geoffroy, Annal. du Mus. vi. p. 153 (1805).

Dysopes abrasus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 232 (1827) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. i. p. 475 (1844).

Dysopes longimanus, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 367.

Dysopes leucopleura, Wagner, l.c.; Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens,

. 73 (1854).

Moloeans ct Feters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 574; Dobson,

P. ZS. 1876, p. 712.

Ears much shorter than the head, but conspicuously larger than
in M. rufus, united by their bases only on the muzzle at a point
equally distant from the anterior commissure of the eyelids and the
nostrils; outer and inner margins of the ear regularly convex,
forming together almost a perfect arc of a circle; antitragus half-
cordate, with a broad base, separated behind by a deep notch; keel
of the ear-conch well-developed, thickened, and expanded externally
in lower half (Plate XXI. fig. 3); tragus minute, linear, subacutely
pointed, slightly larger than in M. rufus, but with a broad base.

Muzzle obtuse; nasal apertures directed forwards and slightly
outwards, the end of the nose scarcely projecting beyond the margin
of the upper lip, which is separated from the margin of the nostrils
by a space less wide than in M. rufus; the external margins of the
nostrils more prominent than in that species, and continued
upwards and inwards above the nasal apertures and downwards
between them in a conjoined ridge to the margin of the lip;
the upper margin of the nasal disk thus formed on each side is
finely and evenly toothed, and the internasal ridge covered with
short spoon-shaped hairs, similar to those forming a broad patch
between the nostrils and upper lip in MZ. rufus, but strictly limited
to this ridge ; the margin of the upper lip in front is fringed with
straight hairs.
416 EMBALLONURIDA.

Wings from the ankles or from the tibie slightly higher up. Gular
sac distinct in males, rudimentary in females (Plate XXI. fig. 3).

Fur short, and intensely black above and beneath. The muzzle
in front of the ears is nearly naked, also the inferior surface of the
lower jaw. The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane
above almost as far asa line drawn from the middle of the humerus
to the knee-joint; beneath, as far as a line drawn from the middle
of the humerus to the middle of the femur; a small patch of fur
appears on the upper surface of the antebrachial membrane near the
forearm, and the base of the interfemoral is covered, but the re-
mainder of the membranes are naked.

Upper incisors close together, parallel ; lower incisors very small,
bifid, the outer incisor on each side concealed between the middle
incisor and the base of the canine; inner basal cusps of the lower
canines almost touching behind the incisors, as in M. rufus. First
upper premolar very small, scarcely raised above the gum, and
scarcely visible without the aid of a lens, in the small space between
the canine and second premolar, but close to the outer margin of
that space; in another specimen this small premolar is larger and
outside the tooth-row, though a narrow space still intervenes be-
tween the canine and the second premolar.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 3''-25, tail 1'’'8, tail free
from membrane 0'"9, head 1'°15, ear 0'°8, tragus 0'"12, forearm
2"-45, thumb 0'-45; third finger—metacarp. 2:4, first ph. 1'-1,
second ph. 1'°3; fourth finger—metacarp. 2''°3, first ph. 0'"9,
second ph. 0'':4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1" 2, first ph. 0’°8, second
ph. 0'°35; tibia 0-7, foot 0'4.

Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso ; Barra do Rio Negro) ; Surinam ; Peru.

This species at first sight resembles M. rufus, with which it
nearly agrees in size and colour; but the very different form of the
antitragus and muzzle at once distinguish it.

a. 9 ad., al. Coban. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

b. ad. sk. Central America. Purchased.

ce. ad. sk. Demerara. Sir R.Schomburgk (P.].
de. 6 & 9 ad., al. Surinam. Purchased.

f. ad. sk. Cayenne.

‘g. Q ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
h. Q ad, al. -

i. skeleton. Coban, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.}.

7. Molossus perotis.

Dysopes perotis, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. ii. (1825) p. 227;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 478, v. p. 708; Burmeister,
Thiere Brasiliens, p. 68 (1854).

Dysopes rufus, Temm. (non Geoffr.), Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 280

a 35-41).
Dysopes (Molossus) gigas, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1864, p. 381.

Molossus (Promops) perotis, Peters, 1. ce. 1865, p. 574.
Molossus perotis, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1876, p- 7 1.
Ears very large, united in front; laid forwards they extend
beyond the extremity of the nose; the outer and inner margins of
12. MoLossus. 417

the ear-conch regularly circular; antitragus much longer than high,
convex, separated posteriorly by an angular notch; tragus quadrate
with rounded angles, no prominent lobule at the base of the outer
margin; keel of the ear-conch well developed, thickened and
flattened externally.

Muzzle very obliquely truncated, the extremity of the nose pro-
jecting much beyond the retracted upper lip, which is also concealed
by a fringe of short hairs; nasal apertures directed forwards and
downwards; the cartilaginous sharply cut edges of the nostrils
projecting laterally and above, terminating the muzzle in front;
sides of the face behind the eyes in front of the ears much flattened,
in front of the eyes prominent, convex, concealing the eyes when
viewed anteriorly ; lips smooth, without vertical wrinkles; sides of
the lips very thick, the outer edge exceeding the inner in length,
fringed with short fine hairs.

Gular sac large in male, rudimentary in female.

Wings from the lower end of the tibia.

Fur above reddish brown, paler, almost buff, at the base of the
hairs; beneath much paler.

On the upper surface the wing-membrane is covered as far as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; and a band
of fur extends from the commencement of the middle third of the
forearm along its posterior margin to the metacarpal bone of the
fourth finger, covering one third of its length, and passing across it
to the angle between it and the metacarpal of the third finger; be-
neath, the wing-membrane external to the humerus is naked.

First upper premolar minute, in the outer angle between the
canine and second premolar ; lower incisors crowded, bifid.

Length, head and body about 5”, tail 2''8, ear 1-5, tragus
0’-2x0'"1, forearm 2'-9, thumb 0':45; third finger—metacarp.
3", lst ph. 1-35, 2nd ph. 1'"6; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'9,
Ist ph. 1-15, 2nd ph. 0'°25; fifth finger—metacarp. 1''-65, 1st
ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 0'35; foot 0'-65.

Hab. Brazil (Lagoa Santa, Parahyba, Barra do Rio Negro) ;
Bolivia.

a. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. Bolivia. My. Bridges [C. ].
c. skull of 0.

8. Molossus glaucinus.

Dysopes glaucinus, Natt., Wagner, Wregm. Archiv, 1843, p. 368;
Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 710 (1855); Burmeister, Thiere
Brasiliens, p.73 (1854); Peters, MB, Akad, Berl. 1866, Bp 22,

Molossus ferox, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p.149; Peters, lc.

1865, p. 574.
Molossus glaucinus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 714, fig. 2.

In the form of the muzzle and ears very similar to the preceding
species, but the ears are comparatively much smaller; laid forwards
the inner margin of the ear-conch reaches to within one tenth of an

25
418 EMBALLONURID.E.

inch from the extremity of the muzzle; inner margins of the ears
united by their bases on the muzzle at a point nearer to the extre-
mity of the nose than to the anterior commissure of the eyelids ;
outer and inner margins of the conch regularly convex; antitragus
separated by a deep and narrow emargination, commencing anteriorly
in a plane slightly above the angle of the mouth; tragus small,
quadrate, superior margin straight, outer and inner margins concave,
no projecting lobule at the base of the outer margin; keel of the
ear-conch as in M. perotis, terminating posteriorly and inferiorly in
a deep and thick flattened ridge, which is in the same perpendicular
line with, and almost touches, the antitragus.

A small gular sac in male, rudimentary in female; opening directed
downwards and slightly forwards.

Wings from the ankles.

Distribution of fur upon the wing-membranes as in MV. perotis.
Above, light brown at the base of the hairs, then chestnut-brown,
the extreme tips greyish, so that the upper surface appears alto-
gether grey; beneath similarly coloured, but much paler.

Upper and lower incisors as in MV. perotis; the first upper pre-
molar scarcely elevated above the gum, in the centre of the space
between the canine and second premolar.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 3'"1, tail 2’-15, tail free
from membrane 1”, head 1'2, ear 0-9, tragus 0'"12, forearm 2'°35,
thumb 0-35; third finger—metacarp. 2’°35, lst ph. 1", 2nd ph.
1-2; fourth finger—metacarp. 2-25, 1st ph. 0:85, 2nd ph. 0:3;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-2, Ist ph. 0'°75, 2nd ph. 0°35; tibia
0'8, foot 0°5.

Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso) ; Surinam; Jamaica; Cuba.

This is the Chestnut Mastiff Bat of Gosse*, by whom its habits
have been observed in Jamaica. He remarks :—“ Soon after sunset
we hear the scrambling of little claws along the plaster (in the loft
above) gradually tending towards the point where the hole under
the eaves is situated..... I judge that they crawl along one after
another in a straight line to the outlet, in parties... .. The family
assured me that, after the Mastiff Bats had emerged a few hours,
they invariably returned into the hole again; and they several
times directed my attention to them when returning. They return
between & and 9 o’clock, and issue forth again before the morning
twilight.

“ When handled its impatience of confinement is manifested by a
continuous schreeching, not very loud, but excessively harsh and
shrill. The ears are commonly so pendent as completely to cover
the eyes; but they are occasionally retracted so as to expose the
eyes, especially if the face be touched. There is a gland on the
throat with an orifice capable of admitting a small. straw; it emits
a very rank odour. This orifice is manifest in the female no less
than in the male; but I could not detect any odour from it in the
former, even though irritated by the insertion of the head of a
pin.”

* ‘A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’ p. 159 (1851).
12. Moxossvs. 419

a, f ad,, al. Jamaica. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}.
b. 9 ad., al. Jamaica, P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(The Chestnut Mastiff Bat referred to by Gosse, op. cit.)
e fo ad., al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Red Mastiff Bat of Gosse, op. cit.)
d. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
. ad. sk. Jamaica. Mr. Cuming [C. ].
J. ad. sk. Ecuador. M. Delabrée Bonaparte.
g. 3d ad, sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].
h. skull of g.

9. Molossus bonariensis.

Promops bonariensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1874, p. 232, pl.
Molossus bonariensis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 715.

Ears united by a deeper band than in WM. glaucinus; ear-conch as
broad as high; antitragus broader than high, convex ; tragus quad-
rate, as in the preceding species; muzzle obliquely truncated; ex-
tremity of the nose almost double as broad as the base of the anti-
tragus; upper lip with a few shallow vertical wrinkles.

Wing-membrane from the ankles.

Fur rather short, somewhat shorter above than beneath. Beneath,
the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the
middle of the humerus to the knee; a few short hairs extend along
the posterior margin of the forearm; above, the outer half of the
antebrachial membrane is covered with short woolly hairs, and a
band of similar hairs passes outwards behind the forearm, becoming
gradually so broad as to cover almost half the metacarpal bone of
the last finger. Above, reddish brown, the base of the hairs whitish ;
paler beneath, the extremities of the hairs brownish white.

The skull agrees in size with that of M. nasutus, Spix; but the
facial portion is much longer and the brain-case wider than in
that species. Upper incisor on each side with a short outer basal
cusp, and separated from the canine by a slight interval ; first upper
small premolar in the space between the canine and second pre-
molar.

Length, head and body 3”, tail 1:4, tail free from membrane
0-65, head 1”, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'°12, forearm 1''8, thumb 0'°34 ;
third finger—metacarp. 1'-8, lst ph. 0”°7, 2nd ph. 0:65; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1-7, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 02; fifth finger—
metacarp. 0'°65, 1st ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0-15; tibia 0'-55, foot
0'"-44.

Hab. Buenos Ayres.

I have not seen the single specimen (as yet obtained) of this
recently described species. I have therefore been obliged to trans-
late Prof. Peters’s original description, which is accompanied by an

excellent plate.

2En2
420 EMBALLONURID.&.

13. NYCTINOMUS.

Nyctinomus, Geoffroy, Descript. de Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812);
Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java; Gray, May. Zool. & Bot. ii.
(1838) p. 500; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 573; Dobson,
P. ZS. 1876, p. 716.

Dinops, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. de’ Lett, p. 230 (1825) ; Bullet. des Scien.
Nat. viii. p. 286 (1826).

Dysopes, Cretzschmar (non Illiger), Riippell, Atlas Reise nérdl.
Afrika, Zoolog. (1826) p. 69; Temminck (in part), Monogr.
Mammal. i. p. 226 (1835-41),

Ears united on the muzzle, or close together by the bases of their
inner margins; tragus short, quadrate or rounded off above, never
linear; extremity of the muzzle broad, very obliquely truncated,
projecting considerably beyond the lower lip, terminated by the
sharply cut margin of the nostrils ; upper lip very expansible, gene-
rally deeply grooved with vertical wrinkles; wings and feet as in
Molossus.

2 aT 2-2 it 3-3

o8 2
Dentition. Inc. 3 or 5, ¢. =; PM. sy OT 55, M. 5-5.

Premaxillary bones separate in front, or conjoined by cartilage
only ; upper incisors close to the canines by their bases, separate in
front, their cusps converging inwards and forwards.

Range. Generally distributed throughout the tropical and warmer
parts of the temperate zones of both hemispheres.

Synopsis of the Species.

2-2
I. Premolars 5—.

a. Integument of the ears thick, opaque; keel of
the ear-conch thickened in lower third ; anti-
tragus separated by a deep notch.
a’. Lips smooth ; inner margins of the ears
arising from the muzzle by distinct points
of origin ; tragus broad, rounded off above.
a, Antitragus irregularly quadrate ; fore- [p. 422.
arm 2"5 ; lower incisors 4...-.... 1. M. africanus,
b'. Lips furrowed by deep vertical wrinkles.
a". Ears separate or conjoined at the bases of
their inner margins only; tragus broad,
rounded off above.
a". Ears conjoined at the bases of their
inner margins; gular sac distinct in ¢.
8. Antitragus obliquely _ triangular,

rounded; forearm 24; lower in- [p. 423.
CISOTS2 Bio isa coving aces titre aw Score oere ent 2. N. cestonit,
b'". Ears separate; no gular sac.
y. Antitragus half-oval. [p. 424.
a’. Forearm 1"-95; lower incisors 4.. 3. NW. eyyptiacus,
B'. Forearm 2"; lower incisors6.... 4. NW. tragatus,

b”. Ears conjoined by a more or less deep [p. 424.
band; tragus small; no gular sac.
13. Nycrinomus. 421

c". Ears conjoined at the bases of their
inner margins.
a. Fur unicoloured; wings from the [p. 425.
lower end of the tibie; forearm 1'"95 5. NV. plicatus,
8. Fur greyish on the surface; wings
from the middle of the tibise ; fore- [p. 426.
BPMN Om oe ine sales era sin en eres 6. N. bivittatus,
d"', Ears conjoined by a deep band in front.
a, The first upper premolar stands in the

tooth-row.
a’. Lower third of the ear-keel much
thickened and flattened externally; [p. 426.
forearm 1-85 .......... 0000 7. N. brachypterus,

8'. Lower third of the ear-keel slightly
thickened, not flattened externally.
a’. Fur of the chest and abdomen [p. 427.
uniform in colour; forearm 15 8. N. pumilus,
8". Fur of the lower halt of the
chest and the abdomen white; [p. 428.
forearm 1'5......... 0 eee ees 9. N. limbatus,
8. The first upper premolar external to
the tooth-row,
y’. Lower third of the ear-keel slightly
thickened, not flattened externally. [p. 429.
y'. Tragus quadrate; forearm 1'°85 10. N. angolensis,
6’. Lower third of the ear-keel much
thickened and flattened externally.
6". Tragus narrow, much longer than
broad, rounded off above; fore- [p. 430.
ARM DAG Shea eaters eaesce 11. MN. miarensis,
«". Tragus quadrate ; forearm 1""8., 12. N. mops, p. 431.
e’”. Ears conjoined by a very deep band
anteriorly, and, posteriorly, by a second [p. 432.
low band ; forearm 1'"9............ 13. N. johorensis,
b. Integument of the ears thin, translucent; keel
of the ear-conch slender, deep, bent back-
wards on itself.
a’. Antitragus separated by a deep notch ; lower
incisors 4.
a". Muzzle thick, not concave in front of the
eyes; upper lip with vertical wrinkles.

a'", Ears separate; a large gular sac; fore- [p. 483.
AIM 2 ODi at ios ciate soso nenuetn coyote 14. N. australis,
6", Ears united by a low band near the
extremity of the muzzle; no gular [p. 434.
sac; forearm 2'"35 ......... eee eee 15. N. megalotis,

6”. Muzzle concave between the eyes and the
extremity of the nose; upper lip furrowed
by deep oblique wrinkles ; no gular sac.

ec", Ears united by a deep band, antitragus [p. 435.
much longer than high; forearm 2'"2. 16. NV. macrotis,

d, Ears united by a low band, antitragus [p. 436.
as high as long; forearm 18 ...... 17. N. gracilis,

b', Antitragus separated by a very shallow
notch ; lower incisors 6.
ce". Muzzle flat in front of the ears; upper
lips with vertical wrinkles.
ee °
422 EMBALLONURIDS.

e”, Ears separate.

a. Tragus quadrate, broad above; fore- [p. 437.
arn lle 8 ste sis vicoaiae ner areas 18. NW. brasieensis,

B. Tragus triangular, narrow above; fore- [p. 489.
APM LIOR cca ay eraiee oe aranat nase aes te 19. NV. norfolcensis,

1-1
II. Premolars 5-5.
ce’, Antitragus separated by a very shallow notch ;
lower incisors 6,
d”, Muzzle flat or rounded off above; upper
f Dee ill-defined vertical wrinkles.
‘“, Ears separate; tragus triangular,
rounded OF above. . oe
a. Ear broad above, upper third of the [p. 440.
inner margin straight ; forearm 1-45 20. W. albcventer,
8. Ear narrow above, upper third of the
inner margin deeply concave; fore- [p. 440,
MIMS PBB sea tigress eee tia ee 21. N. acetabulosus,

Premolars a3 ; ears united or close together. (Subg. Nycrinomvs, Ptrs.)

1. Nyctinomus africanus.

Nyctinomus africanus, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, xvii.
p. 348; P. Z. S, 1876, p. 719.

Ears large, their inner margins arising from perfectly distinct
points of origin, though close together; outer and inner margins of
the ear-conch regularly convex, forming an arc of a circle; anti-
tragus irregularly quadrilateral, with a broad base, separated pos-
teriorly by a moderately deep notch, upper margin straight or even
slightly concave ; tragus broad, evenly rounded off above; keel of the
ear very prominent, thickened and flattened externally in lower third
(Plate XXII. fig. 1).

Fur bright orange-chestnut, above and beneath. The fur of the
body extends upon the wing-membrane above almost as far as a line
drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and upon the
base of the interfemoral membrane, the remainder of the upper
surface is naked ; beneath, the fur scarcely extends so far outwards
upon the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur as upon
the upper surface, but a narrow band of short hairs passes outwards
behind the posterior margin of the forearm to the carpus.

Lower incisors four, not crowded ; first upper premolar very short
and blunt, but occupying by its base the whole space between the
canine and second premolar.

Length, head and body 3'°4, tail 2”:4, tail free from membrane
15, head 1:2, ear 1”, tragus 0:3 x 0'"15, forearm 2'°5, thumb
O"-4; third finger—metacarp. 2'-4, 1st ph. 1-1, 2nd ph. 1'"3;
fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-15, 1st ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 0-35; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1-25, Ist ph. 0’°75, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0'°75,
foot 0'°45.

Hab. South Africa (Transvaal Republic).

a, ad. sk.,al. (type). Transvaal, South Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
13. nycrinomus. 423

2. Nyctinomus cestonii.

Dinops cestonii, Savi, Nuov. Gorn. de’ Letter, p. 230 (1825); Bullet.
des Sci. Nat. viii. p. 286 (1826); Temminck, Monogr, Mammal. i.
p. 262 (1835-41).

Dysopes riippellii, Temm. Ul. c. ii. p. 224.

Dysopes midas, Sundevall, Siockh. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1842, p. 207.
Dysopes cestonii, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 7023 vay.
nigrogriseus, Schneider, Nuov. Mém. Soc. Helvét. xxiv. 1871, p. 9.
Ny eenon ae Blyth, Catal. Mamm, Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng.

p. 29 (1863).
Nyctinomus (Dysopes) ventralis, Heuglin, Nov. Acta Acad. Leop.-
Carol. 1861, p. 11.

Dysopes (Molossus) riippellii, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 619.

Nyctinomus cestonii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 180, fig.
(head) (1876); P. Z. S. 1876, p. 719.

Ears united by the bases of their inner margins on the muzzlo at
a short distance from the extremity of the nose, their round superior
and internal margins projecting slightly beyond the end of the
muzzle; general form of the ear-conch and tragus as in preceding
species, but the tragus is proportionately larger, and the antitragus
is obliquely triangular and separated posteriorly by a deep notch.
Upper lips very thick, with well-marked vertical wrinkles. Males
with a small glandular gular sac, opening in the centre of the
inferior surface of the neck, slightly in front of the anterior ex-
tremity of the sternum, by a circular orifice concealed by the fur.

Wings from the distal third of the tibia.

Fur, above, reddish brown with an orange tinge, the extreme
tips of the hairs greyish; beneath, similar, but paler. The wing-
membrane on the upper surface is covered as far as a linc drawn
from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and the base of the
interfemoral membrane; the antebrachial membrane is clothed with
short fur; the forearm, legs, and remainder of the wings naked.
Beneath, the fur extends outwards to a less distance, ending by an
abrupt well-defined straight margin ; the antebrachial membrane is
naked. The lower margin of the upper lip is fringed with fine
hairs, the face is almost naked; a few short hairs form an arch on
the inner side of the ear-conch, and the cutaneous band connecting
the inner sides of the ears with the muzzle is clothed with erect
hairs.

First upper premolar minute, acutely pointed, in the centre of the
space between the canine and second large premolar ; lower central
pair of incisors in front of next two, which touch the small incisors
on each side next the canines, but do not overlap them,

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 3'4, tail 2", tail free
from membrane 1'"1, head 1'°3, ear 1'°2, tragus 0'°25 x 0'"20,
forearm 2'-4, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 2"-4, Ist ph.
0'-95, 2nd ph. 1-25; fourth finger—metacarp. 2"-2, lst ph. 0'"8,
2nd ph. 0'"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1"-3, Ist ph. 0-7, 2nd ph.
0'-3; tibia 0°75, foot 0'"4.

Hab. Europe (Madeira ; Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, Greece) : Afnea
(Egypt, Nubia); Asia (Amoy, China).
424 EMBALLONURIDA.

a. ad. sk. Jersey ?. J. F, Snow, Esq. [ P.].
b. 3 ad, al. Italy. Prof. Savi [P.].

ce. f ad, al. Sicily. M. Parzudaki [C. ].
de. 6&9 ad., al. Sicily.

Ff. Q ad,, al. Greece. Mr. Parreys [C. ].

g. ad, sk. Purchased.

3. Nyctinomus egyptiacus.

Nyctinomus egyptiacus, Geoffroy,Descr. de l’ Egypte, ii. p. 128, pl. ii.

(1812); Dobson, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 721,

Dysopes geottroyi, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 226 (1835-41) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 469 (1844), v. p. 703 (1855),

Much smaller than NV. africanus. Ears quite separate, but close
together by the bases of their inner margins; outer and inner
margins of the ear-conch evenly convex, forming almost an arc of a
circle above; antitragus half-oval, separated by a deep notch pos-
teriorly ; tragus broad and rounded off above, as in the preceding
species. Lips with vertical wrinkles. No gular sac in male or
female.

‘Wing-membrane from the lower part of the tibie near the ankles.

Fur, deep smoke-brown above, paler beneath. Distribution of
hair on the membranes as in WN. cestoniz, except on the antebrachial
membrane, which is nearly naked.

Length (of the type, an adult ¢ specimen preserved in alcohol),
head and body 2'"6, tail 1'-6, tail free from membrane 0':9, head
0'-95, ear 0'°9, tragus 0'°23 x 0'"15, forearm 1:95, thumb 0°28 ;
third finger—metacarp. 1'"9, lst ph. 0'°75, 2nd ph. 0'°8; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1-8, lst ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0-4; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'°15, Ist ph. 0'°55, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0'"5, foot 0'°35.

Hab. Africa (Egypt).

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

4. Nyctinomus tragatus.

Nyctinomus tragatus, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 148; Monogr.
Asiatic Chiroptera, p. 181 (1876); P. Z. S. 1876, p. 721.

This species resembles NV. egyptiacus very closely, but is larger,
and has always six lower incisors. That this is not due to age (as
the young have generally six lower incisors, even in species in which
four is the normal number in the adult animal) is shown by the
relative measurements of this species and NV. egyptiacus, and by the
presence in every specimen (as yet examined) of this species of six
lower incisors. (Plate XXII. fig. 2, ear.)

Length, head and body 2'"9, tail 17, tail free from membrane
0'-85, ear 0'"9, tragus 0"°23 x 0'"15, forearm 2", third finger 3’"6,
fifth finger 1'-9, tibia 0'"6, foot 0'°35.

Hab. Peninsula of India (Rajanpur, N.W. Frontier; Jashpur,
near Chutia Nagpur; Calcutta).

Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
13. Nycrromus. 425

a. 9 ad., al. Malabar coast, India, Purchased.

b. ad. sk. Nusserabad, India. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.].
c. ad. sk, M. Parzudaki [C.].

d. ad. sk. Purchased.

5. Nyctinomus plicatus.

Vespertilio plicatus, Buchanan-Hamilton, Trans. Linn. Soe. v. p. 261,
fig. (1800).

Nyasb) bengalensis, Geoffroy, Descr. de PEgypte, ii. p. 180

Nyctinomus tenuis ef dilatatus, Horsfield, Zoology. Research. in Java
(1825) ; Cantor, J..A. 8. B. xv. p. 179.

Dysopes murinus, Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool. (figured), 1830.

Dysopes plicatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mamunal. i, p. 223 (1835-41).

Dysopes tenuis, Temminck, l. c. p. 228.

Nyctinomus plicatus, Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 33 (1867);
Dobson, J. A.S. B. 1874, p. 143; Monogr. Asiat. bi
(1876); P. Z, S. 1876, p. 721.

ropt, p. 182

About the same size as NV. egyptiacus, but the ears are united by
a low band in front, which forms an obtuse, slightly elevated,
angular projection on the muzzle, and the tragus is very small,
quadrate, the superior margin slightly concave, the outer margin
with a small projection at the base; margin of the ear-conch evenly
and broadly rounded off above; antitragus half-oval, separated pos-
teriorly by a deep notch. Upper lip very thick, deeply grooved by
vertical wrinkles. No gular sac in male or female.

Wing-membrane from the lower end of the tibia.

Fur very dense and soft; above bluish black or smoke-black,
beneath somewhat paler.

First upper premolar small, in the space between the canine and
second premolar.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2’:9, tail 17, tail free
from membrane 1'"1, head 1”, ear 0'"9, tragus 0'°1 x 0':03, fore-
arm 1-95, third finger 3'°9, fifth finger 17, tibia 0'°7, foot 0°35.

Hab. Peninsula of India (Calcutta; Ludiana; Agra; Madras) ;
Sumatra; Java; Borneo; Malay Peninsula (Singapore); Philippine
Islands.

a. 6 ad., al. (type). India. Dr. Buchanan-Hamilton.
b. 9 ad., al. India.

c. ad. sk. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
d,e. & & 9 ad., al. Java. Mr. Brandt [C.].

f-h. ad. sks. Java. E. India Company [P.].
a-k. ad. sks. Java. Purchased.

l. ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

m, ad. sk. Malay Peninsula.

n. ad. sk. Singapore. Purchased.

o. 2 imm. ad., al. Philippine Islands. | Mr. Cuming [C.].

p. & ad., al. Sir A. ee,

gq. 6 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
yr. dad, al. Purchased.

s,t. 2 ad, al.
426 EMBALLONURID HX.

wu. fb ad., al. India. General Hardwicke [C. ].
v, skull.
w, xv. skeletons. Purchased.

6. Nyctinomus bivittatus.

Nyctinomous bivittatus, Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol.
Nat. Cur. 1861, p. 18; Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 722.

Ears conjoined by a low band, very slightly raised above the
muzzle; tragus very small, quadrate; upper lip grooved by vertical
wrinkles. No gular sac in male or female. Base of the thumb
with a remarkably large circular callous pad. Wings from the
middle of the tibia. Fur above umber-brown, the extremities of
the hairs conspicuously tipped with grey, especially on the top of
the head, where either side is streaked with grey, and on the
shoulders and middle of the back spotted over with the same
colour; beneath similar, but paler. Distribution of the fur and
dentition as in NV. plicatus.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 4), head and body 27,
tail 1-6, tail free frem membrane 1'°15, head 1”, ear 0'"8, tragus
0'*1, forearm 1'°9, thumb 0'"35, third finger 3'8, fifth finger 1'°8,
tibia 0'°6, foot 0-4.

Hab. N.E. Africa (Bogos Land).

Type in the collection of the Stuttgart Museum*.

This species is very closely allied to WV. plicatus, of which it may
be considered the African representative.

7. Nyctinomus brachypterus.

Dysopes brachypterus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Séugeth.
p. 59, pl. xv. fig. 1 (1852); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v
p. 704 (1855),

Nyctinomus brachypterus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 722.

Ears much shorter than the head, conjoined by a deep band on
the muzzle as far forward as a point corresponding to the position
of the upper incisors beneath ; outer and inner margins continuous,
evenly convex above, the inner margin with three minute horny
points; antitragus well developed, separated by a deep notch, quad-
rangular, with shortly rounded angles, the length of its base but
slightly exceeding the depth of its anterior margin; tragus small,
quadrate, its superior margin directed upwards and inwards, a small
projection at the base of its outer margin; keel of the ear-conch
large, thickened, expanded, and flattened externally in its lower
third; extremity of the nose projecting very much, the distance
from the anterior margin of the nostril to the margin of the upper
lip exceeding the diameter of the base of the antitragus; upper lip
with vertical wrinkles (Plate XXII. fig. 3).

Wings from the middle of the tibiae. No gular sac in male or female.

* The writer desires to express again bis obligations to Dr. Krauss for the
opportunity afforded him of examining the type of this species.
13. NYCTINOMUS. 427

Fur very short above and beneath; dark brown above, the base of
the hairs whitish ; beneath dirty yellowish white, the sides of the
body brown.

The first upper premolar stands in the tooth-row and fills up the
narrow space between the canine and second premolar; lower in-
cisors very small, not occupying all the space in front of the canines.

Length (of an adult 9 specimen), head and body 2'-25, tail 1-25,
tail free from membrane 0-8, head 0-9, ear 0'"7, tragus 0'*1 x
0'-03, forearm 1-35, thumb 03; third finger—metacarp. 1'35,
Ist ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0:7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-3, 1st ph.
O"-45, 2nd ph. 0'°35; fifth finger—metacarp, 0’:8, Ist ph. 0/35,
2nd ph. 0"°15; tibia 0°45, foot 0'°3.

Hab. Africa (Sierra Leone ; Mozambique).

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

a, b. 9 ad, al. Sierra Leone. Zool. Soc. Coll.
e. ad, sk, Sierra Leone. J. Brown, Esq. [P.].

8. Nyctinomus pumilus.

Dysopes pumilus, Cretzsch. Riippell, Atlas Reise nordl. Afrika, Zoolog.
p. 69, pl. xxvii. (1826); Temminck, Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 354
(1885-41) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Siugeth. i. p. 470 (1844), v.
p- 704 (1855).

Nyctinomus pumilus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 723.

Ears shorter than the head, united upon the muzzle (as in the
preceding species), but by a deeper band; outer and inner margins
of the ear-conch continuous, evenly rounded above, the inner mar-
gin with three minute horny points; antitragus half-oval, arising
abruptly from a point behind and on the same level with the angle
of the mouth, directly below the posterior commissure of the eye-
lids, separated posteriorly by a narrow moderately deep notch ;
tragus small, quadrate, superior margin straight, parallel to the
base of the tragus; keel of the ear-conch small, straight, not ex-
panded in lower third; extremity of the muzzle not projecting as
much as in the preceding species, the distance from the anterior
margin of the nostril to the margin of the upper lip not ex-
ceeding the length of the base of the antitragus; upper lip very
expansible, with deep vertical wrinkles. No gular sac in male or
female.

Wings from the distal third of the tibia.

Fur rather short, but longer than in the preceding species ; above,
whitish at the base, then dark brown to the tips of the hairs; be-
neath, less white at the base of the hairs, but slightly greyish at
the tips.

Distribution of the fur upon the wing-membrane as in J. cestonii ;
a narrow band of short hairs behind the anterior two thirds of the
forearm on the upper surface.

In the male a thick tuft of long hairs arises from the back of the
deep band connecting the ears; in the female this hair is not longer
than on the adjoining inner sides of the backs of the ears.
428 EMBALLONURID&.

Lower incisors very small, crowded ; first upper premolar minute,
witb an acute cusp, in the centre of the space between the canine
and second premolar.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2'°1, tail 1'25, tail free
from membrane 0:75, head 0'°8, ear 0'°65, tragus 0':1 x 0'08,
forearm 1'-5, thumb 0''3 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'*4, 1st ph. 0-6,
2nd ph. 0'"7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-35, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph.
0-4; fifth finger—metacarp. 0'°85, Ist ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0'"2;
tibia 0'5, foot 0'"25.

Hab. Africa (Abyssinia; Nubia; Egypt).

a, ad. sk. North Africa.
b. ad. sk. Fernando Po. Capt. E. Downes, R.N.
c. dad, al. Gambia. Purchased.

The Collection also includes a dried skin and skull of an indivi-
dual from the Cataract of the Nile, which appears to be intermediate
between this species and WV. limbatus; but it is considerably larger
than either, and the colour of the fur and the dentition are slightly
different. The form of the muzzle, however, is so much distorted
by the removal of the skull that I hesitate to describe.it as the type
of a new species.

Ears circular, united by a deep band, the upper margin of which
is convex, and probably in the recent specimen much larger than in
NV. pumilus ; tragus as in that species, but the antitragus has a much
broader base and is altogether larger.

Fur very short, both above and beneath ; above dark brown, the
extreme tips of the hairs slightly greyish; beneath paler, with a
broad longitudinal patch of white extending from the middle of the
breast, or slightly more forwards, as far back as the pubis ; wing-
membrane whitish.

Wings from the middle of the tibia, or slightly lower down.

The first upper premolar fills up the space between the canine and
second premolar; lower incisors 4, not crowded, in a row between
the canines.

Length, ear 07, tragus 0'"15 x 0'"1, forearm 1°65, thumb 0'°3 ;
third finger—metacarp. 16, 1st ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 1’; fourth finger
—metacarp. 1''5, Ist ph. 0'°55, 2nd ph. 0'°5; fifth finger—meta-
carp. 0-95, 1st ph. 0'-5, 2nd ph. 0:2; tibia 0'"5, foot 0-35.

a. 9 ad. sk. Cataract of the Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
b. skull of a.

9. Nyctinomus limbatus.

Dysopes limbatus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. i. p. 56
(1852).

Nyctinomus leucogaster, Grandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1869, p. 337.

Nyctinomus limbatus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 724.

Distinguishable from WV. pumilus only by the different colour of
the fur of the ventral surface and of the wing-membrane, and by
13. NYCTINOMUS. 429

the slightly broader tragus. In every other respect it agrees so
perfectly in structure and measurements with that species that I can
scarcely consider it specifically distinct.

Fur above dark brown, also the shoulders, throat, and upper part
of the breast; the remaining parts of the ventral surface pale yel-
lowish white, and the wing-, antebrachial, and inferior surface of
the interfemoral membrane of the same colour. In immature indi-
viduals the white colour of the ventral surface is not so much ex-
tended, but appears as a more or less broad patch on the abdomen,
increasing in extent according to age.

Hab. Africa, south of the equator (Zanzibar, Mozambique, Angola);
Madagascar.

This appears to be the southern representative of NV. pumilus.

a. dad, al. W. Africa. Mr. Fraser [C.].
b-e. $& 9 ad, al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
Ft. Q ad., al. Dar-es-Salam. Dr. Kirk (.].

g- Qad., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Fouts | als
A,t. 3 ad., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [C.).

J» 2 imm., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [C.].

k. fo ad., al. Zanzibar. Purchased.

1. 2 imm., al. Mozambique. Dr. Peters [C.].

10. Nyctinomus angolensis.

Nyctinomus angolensis, Peters, Jorn. Scien. Mathem. Phys. e Natur.
Lisboa, No. x. 1870; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 724.

Ears much shorter and more triangular than in any of the spe-
cies previously described, conjoined on the muzzle by a very deep
band, as in WV. pumilus; the antitragus and keel of the ear-conch
as in that species ; integuments of the ears thick; tragus very small,
quadrate, superior margin directed upwards and outwards; upper
lip remarkably thick in front, so that the extremity of the nose does
not project much beyond its margin, its sides grooved by vertical
furrows (Plate XXII. fig. 4).

No gular sac in male or female.

Thumb long ; feet large ; wing-membrane from the middle of the
tibie.

Fur, above and beneath, very short. Above, white at the base, ter-
minal three fourths of the hairs deepreddish brown; beneath yellowish
white or pale reddish yellow ; the shoulders, sides of the neck, chest,
and abdomen reddish brown. On the upper surface the membranes
are almost quite naked ; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered
with very short, fine, pale yellowish-white hairs as far outwards as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and similar
short fur appears upon the interfemoral membrane. ;

The first upper premolar very small, scarcely visible without the
aid of a lens, in the outer angle between the closely approximated
canine and second premolar ; sometimes deciduous. Lower incisors

crowded. r ene, ’
Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 2"-9, tail 1”-8, tail free
430 EMBALLONURID.E.

from membrane 0''-95, head 1”-05, ear 0-75, tragus 0'':1 x 0'':03,
forearm 1''-85, thumb 0-45 ; third finger—metacarp. 1''-85, Ist ph.
0"-85, 2nd ph. 1'-25; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-8, 1st ph. 0'"7,
2nd ph. 0'-65; fifth finger—metacarp. 1':2, lst ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph.
0''-22; tibia 0"-65, foot 0"-4, =

Hab. Africa, south of the equator (Angola; Quenza River) ;
Madagascar (Mahanora).

a. 9 ad., al. Quenza River, S.W. Africa. Purchased.
b,c. GS ad., al. Mahanora, Madagascar. Purchased.

11. Nyctinomus miarensis.

Nyctinomus miarensis, Girandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1869, p. 337 ;
Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 725.
Nyctinomus unicolor, Grandidier, 1. c. 1870, p. 49*.

About the same size as NV. cestonti. Ears shorter than the head,
united on the muzzle by a band about 0'15 high in the centre, at
a distance of 0:2 behind the extremity of the nose; ear-conch
broadly rounded off above, the outer and inner margins continuous;
antitragus longer than high, irregularly quadrate, the shortest side
above, separated by a deep notch posteriorly ; tragus narrow, much
longer than broad, shortly rounded off above, inner margin slightly
concave, outer straight, in general shape altogether different from
that of any of the previously described species; keel of the ear-
conch well developed, prominent, thickened and expanded in lower
third. -Upper lip very expansible, deeply grooved by vertical
wrinkles. No gular sac in male or female.

Thumb short, with a large circular callosity. Wings from the
lower end of the tibie.

Fur, above, dark brown; beneath, brown with slightly ashy ex-
tremities.

Lower incisors 4, the middle incisors overlapping the outer
oves; first small upper premolar crushed in between the canine and
second premolar, and rather to the outer side.

Length (of an adult 2 specimen, the type), head and body 3'°5,
tail 1:65, tail free from membrane 1”, head 1'°3, ear 1”, tragus
0-15 x 0-4, forearm 2'-4, thumb 0':35; third finger—metacarp.
2'-4, Ist ph. 1-05, 2nd ph. 1-4; fourth finger—metacarp. 2:25,

* The identity of WV. unicolor with WV. miarensis has been confirmed by M.
Grandidier, who, in reply to a communication from Dr. Giinther (kindly made
at my request), states that this species was described by him under two names
in consequence of a mistake made by the editor of the ‘ Revue et Mag. Zoologie.’
The original description of NV. miarensis was taken by M. Grandidier from a
much injured specimen, and the MS. was sent from Madagascar to the editor
at Paris. Soon afterwards, having obtained another specimen in good con-
dition, he wrote out a second description, changing the manuscript name to
N. unicolor as being more suitable, and forwarded it to the editor with a request
that if his previous communication had not been published, the MS. might be
destroyed and the second description be printed instead. When his second
letter arrived the contents of the first had been published, but the editor, not
quite understanding what he wished to be done, published the second desorip-
tion also.
13. NYcTINOMUS. 431

1st ph. 0'"85, 2nd ph. 0’"6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°35, 1st ph.
0"-75, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 07, foot 05.

Hab. Madagascar.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

This species may be at once distinguished from all the known
species of the genus by its peculiarly shaped tragus, which is much
longer than broad and narrowly rounded off above.

12. Nyctinomus mops.

Dysopes mops, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. p. 49 (1825).

Mops indicus, Lesson, Tabl. du Regne Anim. Mamm. p. 18 (1842) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 402.

Nyctinomus mops, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiroptera, p. 182 (1876) ;
P. Z. 8.1876, p. 726.

Ears larger than in JV. angolensis; upper three fourths of the
margin of the ear-conch regularly convex, forming almost an are of
acircle ; inner margins conjoined by a deep band 02 high in the
centre ; tragus very small, quadrate; antitragus large, quadrilateral,
with rounded angles, nearly as high as long, separated posteriorly
by a deep notch, ending abruptly anteriorly close to the angle of
the mouth. Upper lip with deep vertical wrinkles. No gular sac
in male or female.

Thumb rather long, armed with a well-developed claw; wings
from the lower third of the tibia.

Fur very short above and beneath; on the dorsal surface dark
brown, somewhat paler beneath, extending upon the wing-mem-
brane along the sides of the body only.

Upper incisors short, separated by a small interval in front;
lower incisors 4, crowded; first upper premolar very small, deci-
duous, in the outer angle between the closely approximated canine
and second premolar.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 3”, tail 15, tail
free from membrane 0:95, ear 0-95, tragus 0-1, forearm 1'°8,
thumb 0'°4, third finger 3-5, fifth finger 1'"8, tibia 07, foot 0"°45.

Alab. Sumatra.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

This species is closely allied to NV. angolensis, agreeing with it in
the position of the minute first upper premolar, which is quite ex-
ternal to the tooth-row, in the remarkable length of the thumb as
compared with other species of this genus (except NV. johorensis),
and in the peculiar shortness of the fur. It is, however, readily
distinguished by the form and size of the ears, and by other cha-
racters described above.

a. 9 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].

The next species is distinguished from all the known species of
the genus by the very peculiar manner in which the ears are united,
and on this account was made by me the type of a subgenus,
Cherephon (Journal Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 144).
432 EMBALLONURIDE.

13. Nyctinomus johorensis.

Molossus (Nyctinomus) johorensis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng.

Jan. 1873.
Nyctinomus johorensis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 183, fig. a
(head) (1876); P. Z. S&S. 1876, p. 726.

Ears as in N. plicatus; but their inner margins are connected by
a band of integument which extends forwards on the muzzle as far
as a point placed midway between a line joining the eyes and the
extremity of the muzzle; this connecting band is continued upwards
and backwards between the ears to a height of 0'-4, forming an
incomplete funnel open behind, wide below, and narrow above. At
a distance of about 0'"3 from the anterior connecting band the
ears are again connected by a second fold of integument posterior
and parallel to the first, about 0-1 in vertical height. Between
these two connecting folds of integument and the sides of the ears
a hollow square is contained. This concavity is empty, and open
only from above. At the base of the funnel-shaped anterior
boundary a few long hairs exist, as in N. pumilus. Margin of the
ear-conch evenly convex above; antitragus large, separated by a
deep notch; tragus very small, quadrate, superior margin slightly
concave.

The animals of this genus possess the power of folding the ear-
conch forwards, downwards, and outwards, thus closing the external
ear. In this species, therefore, when the ears are closed, the supe-
rior part of the funnel-shaped connecting band is drawn forwards,
disclosing the cavity behind. In the erect condition of the ears the
same funnel-shaped process is drawn backwards across this square
hollow cavity, which it covers, as the pitcher of Nepenthes is covered
by the leaf forming its lid. In this position the extremity of the
funnel is flattened out, and lies in the space contained between the
posterior connecting band and the top of the head.

The thumb is comparatively longer than in any other species of
the genus, and the wing-membrane is attached a short distance
below the knee-joint.

Upper incisors separated by a very narrow interval in front;
lower incisors 4.

Length, head and body 2''8, tail 1-7, tail free from membrane
1", ear 0'"9, tragus 0-1, forearm 1':9, thumb 0'5, third finger 36,
fifth finger 1’°8, tibia 0'"7, foot 04.

Hab. Malay Peninsula (Johore).

This most remarkable species is as yet represented by a single
adult male specimen, preserved in alcohol, in the collection of the
Indian Museum, Calcutta. It was submitted to the writer’s exami-
nation by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, who found it among a collection of
other objects of natural history sent to him by his private collector
from Johore, in the Malay Peninsula.
13. NycTrINOoMUS. 433

14. Nyctinomus australis.

Molossus australis, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 501 (1838).
Nyctinomus australis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 728.

Ears large, but shorter than the head, their inner margins arising
close together on the muzzle from distinct points of origin, as in WV.
africanus ; integument forming the ear-conch rather thin ; keel very
deep in lower third, but short and exceedingly thin, bent upwards
and backwards ; margin of the conch straight or slightly concave in
superior third; antitragus very large, triangular, as high as long,
posterior margin straight, anterior slightly convex, narrowly rounded
off above (Plate XXII. fig. 9): tragus short and broad, as in WV.
egyptiacus, but its outer margin is distinctly concave about the
middle, and there is an obtuse projection at its base. Upper lip
with short vertical wrinkles.

The mouth of a very large gular sac, much larger than in any
other known species of this genus, extends across the throat from a
point on either side near the anterior termination of the antitragus,
opening forwards, as in Zaphozous (Plate XXII. fig. 9); in the
adult male a dense brush of thickened unctuous hairs, equal in
length, projects from the mouth of the sac; in the female the
margin of the mouth of the sac is alone developed, and no hairs pro-
ject outwards.

Wing-membrane from the distal third of the tibia. Fur mo-
derately long and dense, extending upon the dorsal surface of the
wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the
humerus to the distal third of the femur, and a narrow band of
short hairs extends outwards behind the forearm, becoming wider
in the angle between the forearm and the fifth metacarpal bone,
along which it extends for half its length, and, passing over it,
covers the space between it and the upper third of the fourth meta-
carpal; the interfemoral membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn
between the knees; beneath, the wing-membrane is densely covered
as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee,
the fur ending abruptly, the remaining parts of the membranes
beneath almost quite naked.

Above, dark reddish brown, beneath paler. In the adult male,
the fur covering the wing-membrane beneath, between the humerus
and femur from the sides of the body outwards, is pure white, con-
trasting strongly with the dark brown fur of the body; in the
female the fur of the body is darker than in the male, and the white
fur on the wing-membrane, along the sides of the body beneath, is
largely mixed with brown.

Upper incisors rather long, separated by a narrow space in the
middle ; lower incisors 4, bifid; first upper premolar minute, in the
space between the canine and second premolar, drawn slightly in-
wards.

Length (of an adult ¢ specimen, the type), head and body 8”,
tail 1-9, tail free from membrane 1”, head 1-15, ear oo tragus

F
434 EMBALLONURID E.

0-2 x 0'"15, forearm 2:35, thumb 0-35; third finger—metacarp.
2'25, Ist ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 1-2; fourth finger—metacarp. 2’1,
Ist ph. 0'°7, 2nd ph. 055; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-2, 1st ph.
0-7, 2nd ph. 0-25; tibia 0'"75, foot 0'°5.

Hab, Australia; New Guinea.

This very remarkable species is at once distinguished by the great
size and peculiar form of the gular sac, which rather resembles that
of the species of the genus Taphozous; it also differs from all other
species of Molossi in the large size and peculiar shape of the anti-
tragus. In the dried skins of adult males the peculiar whiteness
of the fur covering the wing-membrane along the sides of the body
beneath is very striking, and contrasts remarkably with that of the
females, which, for the greater part, does not differ in colour from
the fur covering the sides of the abdomen. This additional secon-
dary sexual character is particularly noticeable, as differences
between the males and females of insectivorous Bats, depending on
peculiarity of the colour of certain parts of their fur, is very rare.

The natural position of this species with reference to the other
species of the genus is doubtful, as it differs so remarkably from
them all. From the great development of the gular sac it appears
to approach Cheiromeles, while it resemblos the species of Molossus
with circular antitragus in the distribution of the fur on the wing-
membrane, and in the presence of a well-developed gular sac.

a. o Pad. al. (type). New Guinea. Mrs. Stanley [P.].

b. ¢ ad. sk. Gippsland. Purchased.
ce. 9 ad. sk. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. sk. Purchased.

15. Nyctinomus megalotis.
Nyctinomus megalotis, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 728.

Ears nearly as long as the head, projecting when laid forwards
nearly one fifth of an inch beyond the end of the muzzle; inner
margins united on the muzzle by a low band at a distance from the
end of the nose equal to the length of the base of the antitragus ;
inner and outer margins of the ear-conch evenly convex above; ear-
keel very deep and slender in lower third, where it is partly folded
upwards and backwards, so as to present a flat surface externally ;
superior and inner margin of the conch with four minute horny
projections ; antitragus rather small, but separated posteriorly by
a deep notch, convex, about once and a half as long as high
(Plate XXII. fig. 5): tragus quadrate, with a straight superior
margin and projecting outer angle; inner margin straight, outer
slightly concave. Extremity of the muzzle very obliquely truncate.
Upper lip very expansible, with a few deep vertical grooves. No
gular sac.

Thumbs and feet small. Wings from the lower end of the tibie.

Fur dark brown, above and beneath, with slightly greyish extre-
mities ; the base of the hairs whitish. The face is nearly naked, a
13. nycrrnomus. 435

few hairs form a fringe along the anterior margin of the upper lip
beneath tho nostrils. With the exception of a narrow band of very
short fine hairs, which extends on the upper surface of the wing-
membrane behind the forearm to the carpus, the membranes ex-
ternal to the humerus appear to be quite naked; along the sides of
the body the fur extends as far outwards, above and beneath, as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee.

Upper incisors separated by a space in front; lower incisors four,
bifid, crowded ; internal basal cusp of canine small; first upper
premolar small, conical, acutely pointed, in the centre of the rather
wide space between the canine and second premolar ; second upper
premolar with an acute internal basal cusp; first lower premolar
not crowded, as broad at the base as the second, which exceeds it
(as in all other species of the genus) in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult 3, the type), head and body 3”, tail 2'1,
tail free from membrane 1:1, head 1°15, ear 1", tragus 0’°15 x
0"-1, forearm 2'"35, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 2'°25,
Ist ph. 0°95, 2nd ph. 11; fourth finger—metacarp. 2':1, Ist ph.
0'°8, 2nd ph. 0-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 11, lst ph. 0°75, 2nd
ph. 0'"2; tibia 07, foot 0°45.

Hab. Surinam.

a. fo ad., al. (type). Surinam.

16. Nyctinomus macrotis.

Nyctinomus macrotis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. p.5 (1839) ; Dobson,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 729, fig. 6.

Dysopes auritus, Nat., Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 368 ;
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 69 (1854).

Dysopes laticaudatus et cecus, Kengger, Sdugeth. Paraguay, p. 88.

? Dysopes aurispinosis, Peale, United States Explor. Exped. viii. p. 21
1844).

Ra auritus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 573.

Fars large, nearly as long as the head, conjoined to a height of
0-2 inch, the inner margins very convex, and consequently close
together for more’ than half their length above the band uniting
their bases; integument forming the ear-conch very ‘thin, trans-
lucent; keel very deep, projecting outwards beyond the antitragus,
but also very slender, curved backwards and upwards; tragus small,
quadrate, superior margin straight or very slightly concave, upper
half of outer margin concave, lower half forming a prominent
angular projection ; antitragus considerably longer than high, ter-
minating in front between the eye and the angle of the mouth,
separated posteriorly by a deep notch (Plate XXII. fig. 6). Face
deeply grooved horizontally beneath the eye, which is remarkably
prominent and directed forwards. Muzzle slender, concave between
the ears and the projecting sharply cut superior margins of the
nostrils; nasal apertures directed almost laterally, separated by a
wide space, which is divided in the middle by a raised vertical ridge.
Upper lip deeply furrowed by oblique wrinkles, No pa sac.

2
436 EMBALLONURID.

Thumb rather short, with a small callosity ; terminal phalanx of
third finger very short. Wings from the distal third of the tibie.

Fur short, reddish brown above and beneath; on the upper
surface extending upon the wing-membrane as far outwards as a
line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint, on
the base of the interfemoral, and outwards behind the forearm in a
narrow band to the carpus.

Teeth slender, with very acute cusps. Lower incisors four,
crowded, bifid. First upper premolar small, but acutely pointed, in
the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar ;
second premolar large, with a long and very acute internal basal
cusp.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2), head and body 2’8,
tail 19, tail free from membrane 1", head 1'"1, ear 1”, tragus 0°15
x01, forearm 2'"2, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 2'1,
Ist ph. 0-9, 2nd ph. 1”; fourth finger—metacarp. 2”, Ist ph.
0-75, 2nd ph. 0":1; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”, Ist ph. 0'"7, 2nd
ph. 0'°3; tibia 0°65, foot 0'°4.

Hab. Cuba; Brazil (Mato Grosso); Paraguay.

a. 2 ad., al. (type). Cuba. W.S. MacLeay [P.].

The next species, V. gracilis, resembles NV. macrotis very closely
in general structure, and forms with it a separate section of the
genus, distinguished by the peculiar shape of the muzzle.

17. Nyctinomus gracilis.
Dysopes gracilis, Natt., Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 368;
Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 708 (1855).
Nyctinomus gracilis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 573; Dobson,
P. Z, 8. 1876, p. 781.

Ears conjoined by the bases of their inner margins only ; general
form of the ear-conch quite similar to that of NV. macrotis, but the
antitragus is higher than long, separated posteriorly by a very deep
notch, and terminating abruptly in front near the angle of the
‘mouth (Plate XXII. fig. 7): tragus very small, quadrate, outer
margin con¢ave. Muzzle and remaining parts of the body as in NV.
macrotis. No gular sac.

Fur short, dark brown above and beneath, extending upon the
wing-membranes along the sides of the body only.

>Length (of an adult ¢ specimen), head and body 25, tail 1'°5,
tail free from membrane 0''*7, head 0'"9, ear 0':75, tragus 0'*1x
0”-08, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 1'°7,
Ist ph. 0'°75, 2nd ph. 0'°9; fourth finger—metacarp. 1’-65,
Ist ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0'"1; fifth finger—metacarp. 1", 1st ph.
0-5, 2nd ph. 015; tibia 0:5, foot 0°35.

Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso); Ecuador; Central America (Guate-
mala, Panama).

Although much smaller, and with comparatively shorter ears, this
species resembles NV. macrotis so closely in its general structure that,
13. Nycrinomus, 437

at first sight, it appears to be a small variety of that species. On
closer examination, however, it is easily distinguished by the very
different form of the antitragus, and by the short connexion of the
ears in front.

a. 3 ad., al, San Geronimo. Purchased.
& © ad., al. Ecuador, Mr. Fraser (C.].
e,d. 3 ad., al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

18. Nyctinomus brasiliensis.

Nyctinomus brasiliensis, Is. Geoffroy, Ann. des Sci. Nat. i. p. 337
( 1824) ; Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 60,
pl. xii. figs. 2 & 2a (teeth) (1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865,
p- 573; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 731.

Dysopes nasutus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 234 (1827).

Nycticejus cynocephala, Le Conte, Cur. Anim. Kingdom, p. 431
(MeMurtrie ed.) (18381).

Nyctinomus murinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 501 (1838).

Nyctinomus multispinosus (Peale), Burmeister (vide Peters, 1. c.
1865, p. 573).

Molossus cynocephalus e¢ fuliginosus, Cooper, Ann. New-York Lye.
iv. 1837, pp. 65, 67,

Rhinopoma carolinense, Gundlach, nec Geoffroy, Wiegm. Archiv,
1840, p. 358.

Dysopes naso, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 475 (1844).

Nyctinomus mexicanus, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 283.

Molossus aztecus, Saussure, 1. c. p. 285.

Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 68; Allen, Monograph
of the Bats of N. America, p. 7, fis. 6, 7 (1864).

Nyctinomus musculus, Gundlach, MB, Akad. Berl, 1861, p. 149.

Kars nearly as long as the head, laid forwards they extend almost
to the end of the nose; inner margins not united, but arising close
together from the muzzle about midway between a line drawn
between the eyes and the extremity of the nose; inner and outer
margins of the ear-conch almost regularly convex, continuous ; the
inner margin with five or six minute horny projections; antitragus
but slightly developed, separated posteriorly by a shallow and small
notch; tragus quadrate, larger than in JM. gracilis (Plate XXII.
fig. 8). Upper lip with numerous vertical wrinkles; muzzle flat
above, terminated by the sharply cut margins of the nostrils. No
gular sac in male or female.

Wings from the distal third of the tibie near the ankles.

Fur moderately long and very dense, extending upon the wings,
above and beneath, as far outwards as a line drawn from the middle
of the humerus to the knee, the remainder naked.

Lower incisors six, crowded, the outer incisors very slender, over-
lapping the external margins of the middle incisors, the internal
margins of which are also overlapped by the central incisors ; first
upper premolar small, with an acute cusp well elevated above the
gum in the centre of the small space between the canine and second

premolar.
Length (of an adult 2), head and body 225, tail 1-4, tail free
438 EMBALLOXURID&.

from mombrane 0''-8, head 08, ear 0'°7, tragus 0'-15 x 0'"12,
forearm 1"-7, thumb 0'°3; third finger—metacarp. 1''-65, 1st ph.
0''-65, 2nd ph. 0'"8; fourth finger—metacarp. 0'-65, Ist ph. 0°55,
2nd ph. 0'"45; fifth finger—metacarp. 0''8, Ist ph. 0'-5, 2nd ph.
0-25 ; tibia 0'°5, foot 0'"33.

Hab. The warmer regions of North and South America and their
islands, extending from California to Chili; apparently everywhere
distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of America,
where it is probably the most common species of the genus, as it
has the widest range.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

The habits of this species are probably generally similar to those
of the other species of the genus; and they have been carefully
observed by the late Mr. W. Osburn, to whom and to Mr. P. H.
Gosse we owe almost all our knowledge of the habits of tho
American Bats. I give here a short quotation from Mr. Osburn’s
notes, published in P. Z.8. 1865. Writing from Rowington Park,
Vere, Jamaica, he remarks :—‘ Vast numbers of these little Bats
inhabit the shingled roof of this house. It is an unusually favour-
able place for observing them. The rooms are ceiled. A store-
room without ceiling communicates directly with the roof, whence a
view can be obtained of a large part over the ceiling of the other
rooms. .. . I often observed them during the day exactly as Gold-
smith’s line expresses, ‘Lazy bats in drowsy clusters cling;’ for,
what seems surprising, notwithstanding the extreme heat of the
situation—shingles exposed to the sun (and it was disagreeably hot
and confined where I stood, 12 or 15 feet below)—the Bats clung in
complete clusters. I counted fourteen little heads in a mass about
the size of a turnip. But they were not all asleep; now and then a
wing is stretched with drowsy enjoyment; and the luxury King
James thought too great for subjects, and ought to be reserved tor
kings, is largely indulged in by Bats. First one and then another
wakes up, and, withdrawing one leg and leaving himself suspended
by the other alone, adroitly uses the foot at liberty as a comb, with
a rapid effective movement dressing the fur of the underpart and
head—an action far from ungraceful. The foot is then cleaned
quickly with the teeth or tongue, and restored to its first use.
Then the other leg does duty. Perhaps the hairs with which the
foot is set may aid to this end. I often have seen them do this in
confinement ; and probably the numerous Bat-flies with which they
are infested may be the cause of extra dressing. . . . Their evening
exit during March was about half-past six o'clock. About eight
to nine o’clock they returned, . . . They remain very active all
night, scampering and shufiling about their ample quarters.”

a-d. 6 & 9 ad. al. City of Mexico. Purchased.

e, f. ad. sks. Oaxaca, Mexico.

g. ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

A, 7. ad. sks. Mexico. Mr. Sallé [C.].
J-l. $ & Qad., al. Tehuantepec. Purchased.

m,n. fad, al. Duefias, Guatemela, QO, Salvin, Esq. [P.].
13. NYCTINOMUS. 439

o. ad. sk, Duetias, Guatemela. O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

p. ad. sk. Province of Conchagua.

g. 3d imm., al. Costa Rica. Purchased.

rm @ ad, al. Jacuman. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].

s. ad. sk. Jamaica, Capt. Hamilton [P. ].

t. ad. sk. Jamaica. J. R Redman, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Nyctinomus murinus, Gray.)

u,v. go ad., al. Hayti. J. Hearne, Esq. [P.].

w. & ad, al. Maldonado. C. Darwin, Esq. [P.].

a fo ad, al. West Indies. Mr. Scrivener fo:

y, 5. ad. sk. Province of Santiago, Purchased.

a,b’. 2 ad., al. Chili. Purchased,

e'-f'. ad. sks. Chili. Purchased.

g'. Q ad, al. Chili. Purchased.

fh’, ad. sk. Chili. Purchased.

7. ad. sk.

19. Nyctinomus norfolcensis.

Molossus norfolcensis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 7 (1839).
Nyctinomus planiceps, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 22.
Molossus wilcoxii, Krefft, List of Australian Bats (187 bh.
Nyctinomus norfolcensis, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 732.

Ears triangular, shorter than the head, separate, the inner margins
arising from distinct points of origin; inner margin of the conch
almost straight, tip broadly rounded off, outer margin straight ;
antitragus scarcely distinguishable from the outer margin, a small
almost imperceptible shallow notch indicating its commencement ;
tragus triangular, rounded off above; muzzle flat, obtuse; the upper
lip with shallow vertical wrinkles ; nostrils opening sublaterally.
Gular sac small, aperture circular, directed downwards; quite rudi-
mentary in the female.

Wings from the ankles ; the outer and inner toes equally enlarged.

Fur reddish brown above, paler beneath ; base of the hairs much
lighter. Above, a broad band of very short fur covers the wings
behind the proximal four fifths of the forearm, but does not extend
to the carpus.

Upper incisors long, widely separated at their bases, converging
inwards and forwards; a blunt projection from the cingulum of
each posteriorly. First upper premolar small, but much larger than
in the other species of the genus, filling up the space between the
canine and second premolar. Lower incisors six, deeply bifid; first
lower premolar small and acutely pointed, its inner side partly
covered by the expanded cingulum of the second premolar, as in
M. rufus; second premolar double the size of the first, its cingulum
directed obliquely forwards and upwards*. ;

Length (of an adult 9), head and body 2'"1, tail 1-25, tail free
from membrane 0:6, head 08, ear 0'°6, tragus 0'°15 x 0""1, fore-
arm 1'"35, thumb 0-26; third finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist. ph.
0-55, 2nd ph. 07; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"25, 1st ph. 0"-45,
2nd ph. 04; fifth finger—metacarp. 0-9, Ist ph. 0°35, 2nd ph.
015; tibia 0'"4, foot 0'°3.

* See remarks on the natural position of this species, pp. 441, 442,
440 EMBALLONURID&®.

Hab. Australia (N.S. Wales; Queensland) ; Norfolk Island.

a, ad. sk. (type). Norfolk Island.
&. 9 ad, al. New South Wales. Mr. Krefft [C.].

2 1-1 é
Ine. % pm. 33. Ears separate, tragus triangular.

(Subgenus MormoprTervs, Peters.)

20. Nyctinomus albiventer.
Nyctinomus albiventer, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 733.

Ears triangular, shorter than the head, inner margins arising
from distinct points of origin from the forehead; inner margin of
the ear-conch almost straight, slightly concave in upper third, tip
rounded off, outer margin straight; antitragus scarcely defined,
separated posteriorly by a very shallow notch (Plate XXI. fig. 4) ;
tragus nearly as broad opposite the base of its inner margin as high,
irregularly triangular, rounded off above, very similar in shape to
that of WV. norfolcensis, but less triangular and broader above, an
obtuse projection about the middle of its outer margin. Extremity
of the muzzle projecting very much beyond the mandible, the end
of the nose very prominent and distinct from the upper lip ; nostrils
opening almost laterally. Sides of the upper lip with vertical
grooves not well defined. Gular sac small.

Wings from the lower third of the tibie or from the ankles ;
fifth toe somewhat smaller than the first.

Dentition similar to that of NV. acetabulosus (vide infra, p. 441),
but the lower incisors are not crowded.

Fur, above, white at the base, the remaining part dark brown ;
beneath, the greater part of the chest and abdomen dirty white, the
sides brown. Wing- and interfemoral membranes nearly naked ; a
narrow band of fur extends outwards behind the forearm and along
the proximal third of the fifth metacarpal bone.

Length (of an adult 2, the type), head and body 2:2, tail 1-25,
tail free from membrane 0"-7, head 0'-85, ear 0'°65, tragus 0'°15,
forearm 1'°:45, thumb 0:35; third finger—metacarp. 14, 1st ph.
0-55, 2nd ph. 0-7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°4, lst ph. 0'"5,
2nd ph. 0-35; fifth finger—metacarp. 0-9, 1st ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph.
0-15; tibia 0”4, foot 03.

Hab. Madagascar.

a. 9 ad., al. (type). Madagascar. Purchased.

21. Nyctinomus acetabulosus.

Molossus acetabulosus, Commerson, MS. (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1869, p. 402).

Nyctinomus acetabulosus. Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 117 (1820);
Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 734.

ee natalensis, Smzth, Illustr. S. Afr. Zoology, Mammalia,
pl. 49.

Nyctinomus (Mormopterus) jugularis, Peters, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 468.
13. Nycrinomus. 441

Ears quite separate, arising from the sides of the forehead at a
short distance above and in {front of the eyes ; the inner margin of
the ear-conch slightly convex for two thirds its length, abruptly
concave in upper third, so that the upper extremity of the ear is
attenuated, and the subacute tip projects forwards and inwards
instead of backwards and outwards as in most species of Bats
(Plate XXI. fig. 5); outer margin of the conch forming almost a
straight line from the tip to its termination near the angle of the
mouth, interrupted only by a slight emargination opposite the
middle of the tragus indicating the commencement of the anti-
tragus ; tragus nearly as broad as high, irregularly triangular, with
a truncated vertical angle. Muzzle flat, extremity projecting con-
siderably beyond the lower lip; sides of the upper lip with short
ill-defined vertical wrinkles. In males a large glandular sac opens
in the centre of the inferior surface of the neck; in females rudi-
mentary.

Wings from the distal third of the tibie; the fifth toe not so
much thickened as the first.

Fur dark reddish brown above, somewhat paler beneath.

Upper incisors separate from the canines and also from each
other ; lower incisors small, slender, bifid, crowded; the second
incisor on each side slightly overlapped by the margins of the first
and third ; canines without basal cusps ; the single upper premolar
separated by a narrow interval from the canine, with a projecting
base internally, which is concave behind, and anteriorly develops
an acute cusp; first lower premolar unicuspidate, equal to three
fourths the second in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'"9, tail 1-7, tail free
from membrane 0"-6, head 0-75, ear 0'6, tragus 0-15, forearm
1-55, thumb 0":25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°5, 1st ph. 0"6,
2nd ph. 0-7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"°5, Ist ph. 0"5, 2nd ph.
0-4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-15, 1st ph. 04, 2nd ph. 0"2; tibia
0'-4, foot 0'"35.

Hab. S.E. Africa (Natal) ; Madagascar; Bourbon; Mauritius.

a,b. 6&9 ad., al. Mauritius. Zool. Soc. Coll.
c. do ad., al. A. Newton, Esq. [P.].
d, ad. sk. M. Parzudaki [C. ].

The three last-described species, NV. norfolcensis, N. albwenter,
and WV. acctabulosus, differ from all the other species of the genus
in the relative lengths of the metacarpal bones of the third and
fifth fingers, resembling rather, in this respect, the species of the
subgenus Myopterus (gen. Molossus). In all other species of Nyc-
tinomus the metacarpal bone of the third finger is double the
length of that of the fifth; in these three species, and in Myop-
terus, it is but one half longer. These species also agree together
in the form of the tragus (in which they also differ from all other
species of Myctinomus and resemble Myopterus), in their distinctly
separated ears, in the possession of six lower incisors, and in the
442 EMBALLONURID:.

presence of a glandular gular sac. These characters appear suffi-
cient to unite them in a subgenus at least. But MW. norfolcensis has
an additional upper premolar, which is even better developed than
in other species of the genus, and therefore belongs to the subgenus
Nyctinomus ; while NV. albiventer and N. acetabulosus, on account of
the absence of this small premolar, are relegated to the subgenus
Mormopterus.

It is therefore impossible, in a natural arrangement of the spe-
cies, to separate WV. albiventer and N. acetabulosus into a distinct
subgenus characterized by the number of the upper premolars, for
this would exclude WV. norfolcensis, which is undoubtedly, in all
other respects, very closely allied to them, and forms with them a
well-defined section of the genus.

Group MYSTACIN A.

The characters of the group are indicated under those of the
single genus below.

14. MYSTACINA.

Mystacina, Gray, Voyage of the ‘ Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 28 (1843) ;
Tomes, P. Z, S. 1857, p. 188,

Ears separate; the inner margin of the ear-conch arising from
the side of the head, the outer margin commencing opposite the
inner, not carried forwards on the side of the face; tragus long,
attenuated ; muzzle obliquely truncated as in Molossus; the nasal
apertures oblong, vertical.

Middle finger of three phalanges, whereof the first is flexed down-
wards and forwards upon the metacarpal bone (in repose); legs
short, with well-developed tibiee and fibulee as in the Molossz; outer
and inner toes larger than the other toes ; tail perforating the inter-
femoral membrane and appearing upon its upper surface.

Dentition. Inc. > c. = pm. ae m. 55.

Upper incisors large, in the centre of the space between the
canines ; upper premolars well developed.

This genus, represented by a single species only, unites some of
the characters of the Vespertilionide to those of the Emballonuride,
and in the latter family connects the subfamily Hmballonurine with

the Molossine.

 

1. Mystacina tuberculata.

Mystacina tuberculata, Gray, Voyage of the ‘Sulphur, Mammalia,
p. 23 (1843) ; Voy. of the ‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror, iv. pl. 22 (1844) ;
Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 188, pl. liv.; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 486, figs. a, 6 (thumb and foot).

Mystacina velutina, Hutton, Trans. New-Zealand Institute, iv. p. 185
(1871).

Crown of the head rather abruptly but slightly elevated above the
14. mysTAcrna, : 443
face-line ; muzzle long, conical, terminated by tho projecting extro-
mity of the nose, which extends far beyond the lower lip, and is
separated from the lateral portion of the upper lip by a groove on either
side; nostrils very prominent, with thickened rounded margins termi-
nating the muzzle in front; nasal apertures consisting of narrow ver-
tical slits directed sublaterally with a groove between; mouth small,
the upper lip projecting on all sides, as in the Molosst, beyond the
lower lip, but apparently not so expansible as in that group. Ears
oval, obtusely pointed, in general outline very similar to thoso of
Vespertilio dasyeneme; but the outer margin of the conch is more
convex, the inner margin commences directly from the side of the
head without forming a lobe (in this respect agreeing with the species
of this family), the outer margin terminates similarly : tragus long,
attenuated upwards subacutely pointed, and directed slightly in-
wards and forwards; outer margin slightly convex, inner margin
correspondingly concave, a small erect tooth-like projection on the
outer side near the base ; a ridge passes backwards from the posterior
commissure of the eyelids to the base of the inner margin of the
tragus.

Thumb long, armed with a large and very acute claw, which has
a small talon projecting from its concave surface near the base (see
P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 487, fig. a) ; the feet have similarly long and very
acute claws, and at the base of each a similar talon is placed (J. ¢.
fig. b). The posterior extremities are short, the legs very short and
thick ; and the outer and inner toes shorter and thicker than the
others, as in other species of the subfamily, but they are not fringed
with long hairs.

The feet are remarkably large, and much rotated outwards and
forwards so as to allow of easy progression. The structure of the
sole of the foot and of the inferior surface of the leg is very peculiar.
The plantar surface, including the toes, is covered with soft and very
lax integument, deeply wrinkled; and each toe is marked by a cen-
tral longitudinal groove with short grooves at right angles to it, as
in the Reptilian genus Henidactylus. The lax wrinkled integument
covering the sole of the foot is continued along the inferior flattened
surface of the ankle and leg (Ul. ¢. fig. 5).

The antebrachial membrane is scarcely developed, a mere rudiment
of it exists in the angle at the elbow.

Wings from the ankles or tarsi; calcanea feeble. The greater
part of the wing-membrane is exceedingly thin, but a narrow portion
along the forearms, the sides of the body, and the tibie is remark-
ably thick and leathery, with numerous deep wrinkles, and of a
yellowish-brown colour, contrasting with the dark hue of the other
parts. Similarly the base of the interfemoral, as far as the point
where it is perforated by the tail, is thickened and wrinkled. Be-
neath this thickened portion of the volar membrane the wings
are folded, and it is evidently analogous to the thickened portion
of the anterior wings in Hemiptera and to the elytra of the Coleo-
ptera.

: The folded wing occupics a very small space, and this is due to
444 EMBALLONURID.E.

the presence of an additional joint in the middle finger, to the thin-
ness of the wing-membrane, and especially to the manner in which
the phalanges of the fingers are folded. The first phalanx of the
middle finger, instead of being folded (in repose) upon the dorsal
surface of the metacarpal bone (as in the other species of this sub-
family), is flexed downwards, inwards, and forwards upon the infe-
rior surface of the metacarpal, carrying with it (by traction on the
membrane) the corresponding phalanx of the fourth finger, which
lies folded downwards and forwards, between it and the metacarpal
bone; the second phalanx is folded backwards on the first, and the
third phalanx is folded forwards on the second. Being thus reduced
by this peculiar folding process into the smallest possible space, the
wing is then tucked in beneath the thickened portion of the wing-
membrane, and between it and the inferior thin margin of a strong
musculo-tendinous band, which extends from the distal fourth of the
humerus and from the inferior surface of the rudimentary and
thickened antebrachial membrane along the inferior surface of the
humerus to the metacarpal bone of the thumb. The posterior half
of the interfemoral membrane, from the point where the tail per-
forates it, is rolled upwards and forwards beneath the leathery an-
terior half. With the wing- and interfemoral membranes thus
encased, this species is the most quadrupedal of Bats.

Fur very peculiar, and quite different from that of any other
known species of Bat, so that the quality of the fur is alone charac-
teristic of this very remarkable species. The hairs are moderately
long and much thicker than in any other species. Viewed under
the microscope the shaft of each of the long hairs appears almost
quite smooth, with very slight indication of the margins of the
hair-scales so conspicuous in every other species of Chiroptera.

Above, brown, the terminal third of the hairs greyish brown ; be-
neath much paler. The face is thickly covered, and long erect hairs
spring from the small glandular prominences behind the nostrils and
fringe the lip, but the membranes are nearly naked.

Upper incisors as in Molossus rufus, with diverging cusps, lower
incisors trifid ; first and second upper premolars about half the size
of the canine and nearly equal; first lower premolar about three
fourths the second in vertical extent, but equal to it in cross section ;
all the molars acutely tubercular.

Length, head and body 2'°5, tail 0-7, head 1-05, ear 0'°7, tragus
0-4, forearm 1°75, thumb 0:4; third finger—metacarp. 1'°55,
1st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'"55, 3rd ph. 0-55; fourth finger—metacarp.
1-55, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0'"55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1:4, Ist
ph. 0-28, 2nd ph. 0'"4 x 0"3; tibia 0'-65, foot 0°55,

Hab. New Zealand.

The peculiarities of structure described above must accompany
some corresponding peculiarities in the habits of this species. The
denticles at the bases of the very sharp claws of the thumbs and feet
would undoubtedly greatly assist the animal in making good its hold
when climbing; and this, taken into consideration with the peculiar
manner in which the wings are protected from injury when not em-
PHYLLOSTOMID. 445

ployed in flying, and with the manifestly adhesive nature of the sole
of the foot and inferior surface of the legs, lead me to believe that
this species hunts for its insect food, not only in the air, but also on
the branches and leaves of trees, among which its peculiarities of
structure would, without doubt, enable it to creep about with ease
and security.

a. ad. sk. (type). New Zealand.
(Figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.’)

b. ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir I. Belcher.
e. ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G.Grey (C.].
d, 9 ad., al. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].

e,f. ad. sks., in al. Wellington, N, Zealand. Colonial Museum [P. ].
g. skeleton (imperfect).

Family PHYLLOSTOMID%.

Phyllostomata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 256.
Phyllostomide, Gray, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag, Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi.
p. 347.

Bats with cutaneous processes either surrounding or close to the
nasal apertures; with moderately large ears and well-developed
tragi; with three phalanges in the middle and one in the index
finger; and with, generally, well-developed united premaxillary
bones.

The teeth vary very considerably in number and form in the dif-
ferent groups into which the family is divisible, ranging from 36 in
the genus Gilossonycteris to 20 in Desmodus. The upper middle
incisors are generally well developed; the number of true molars
extremely variable in some genera.

Antebrachial membrane well developed (except in the Desmo-
dontes), extending along the forearm and enclosing the base of the
thumb; tibia rather long and straight, fibula slender or rudi-
mentary ; tail very variable, in a few genera well developed, in most
either very short or rudimentary or altogether absent.

These Bats are readily distinguished. by the presence of a third
phalanx in the middle finger, associated with either distinct cutaneous
nasal appendages or with well-developed central upper incisors, or
with both. Unlike the Rhinolophide, their eyes are generally large
and the tragus well developed, maintaining almost the same form
throughout the different species, however much the other parts of
the body may vary in shape. ;

Their fur is generally of a dull colour, and the face and back (in
the group Stenodermata especially) are often marked with white
streaks, as in the Pteropodide, of which they take the place in the
Western Hemisphere. A few species, probably all those with the
446 PHYLLOSTOMID®.

tail and interfemoral membrane well developed, feed principally on
insects, while the greater number of species of the groups Vampyri
and Glossophage appear to live on amixed diet of insects and fruits,
and those of the group Stenodermata wholly on fruits; the Desmo-
dontes, of which two species only are known, are truly sanguivorous,
and have their teeth and intestinal tract specially modified in accord-
ance with their habits (see further remarks on habits and internal
structure under heads of groups and genera).

From the large development of the antebrachial membrane it may
be inferred that the species of this family are unfitted for walking on
a horizontal surface ; and this is quite in accordance with the observa-
tions of those who have noted their habits (see remarks on the habits
of Macrotus waterhousit), which are therefore, in this respect, in di-
rect contrast with those of the Molossine. The insectivorous species
capture their prey on the wing, while the frugivorous hang sus-
pended from a branch of the tree on the fruit of which they may be
feeding, this position allowing free motion to the arms and thumbs,
which the animal uses for holding its food to its mouth.

In the Desmodontes alone, which cling by their extremities to the
body of the animal whose blood they may be sucking, the ante-
brachial membrane is narrow, and scarcely developed along the
forearm.

Range. The Neotropical Region. Apparently limited to the forest-
clad districts of the tropical and subtropical parts of this region, and
probably not extending much further south than the thirticth parallel
of latitude.

The genera of Phyllostomide fall naturally into two subfamilies,
according as the nostrils open at the extremity or on the upper sur-
face of the muzzle, the species of the first division being all insecti-
yorous, while those of the second subsist generally on a mixed diet.
These subfamilies are again divisible into groups of allied genera
according to the form of the skull and teeth.

Synopsis of Subfamilies and Groups.

I. Nostrils opening by simple apertures
at the extremity of the muzzle in
front, not margined by a distinct
nose-leaf; chin with expanded
leaf-like appendages .......... Subfamily LOBOSTOMIN /&.
Group MORMOPES, p. 447.
{J. Nostrils opening on the upper sur-
face of the muzzle, the nasal aper-
tures more or less surrounded or
margined by well-developed cu-
taneous appendages, forming a di-
stinct nose-leaf ; chin with warts. Subfamily PH Y LLOSTOMIN &.
a. Molars well developed ; upper in-
cisors 4.
a'. Muzzle long and narrow; outer
side of true molars with W-
shaped cusps.
7. CHILONYCTERIS. 447

a’. Tongue moderately long,
terminating in an obtuse
tip; upper surface of the
lower lip not divided in the
centre by a deep groove .. Group 1. VAMPYRI, p. 458.
6". Tongue very long, much at-
tenuated towards the tip;
upper surface of the lower
lip divided by a deep groove
in the centre............ Group 2. GLOSSOPITAG 48,
b’. Muzzle short, broad, and ob- [p. 497.
tuse ; true molars broad and
flat, with an outer notched
cutting-edge .............. Group 3. STENODERMAT.A,

6. No true molars, or, if present, with [p. 611.
crowns reduced to a narrow
cutting-edge ; upper incisors 2,
large, trenchant ............ Group 4. DESMODONTES,
[p. 545.

If we arrange these groups according to their natural affinities,

the Vampyri should be placed between the Glossophage and the
Stenodermata.

Subfam. I. LOBOSTOMIN &.
Group MORMOPES.

The characters of the single group are those of the subfamily.

Synopsis of Genera.

a. Crown of the head moderately elevated

above the face-line, the basicranial axis

almost in the same plane as the facial.. 1. Curmonycreris, p. 447.
b. Crown of the head greatly elevated above

the face-line, the basicranial axis almost

at right angles with the facial........ 2. Mormops, p. 454.

1. CHILONYCTERIS.

Chilonycteris, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 4 (18389); Burmeister,
Thiere Brasiliens, p. 74 (1854); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872,
. 359.
i baatome Gundlach, Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 356.
Phyllodia, Gray, P. Z. S. p. 50 (1843),

Crown of the head moderately elevated above the face-line ; ears
separate, the inner margin of the ear-conch arising from the side of
the head; form of the ear very similar in all the species, broad
below, attenuated abruptly above, the deep outer margin carried
forwards almost to the angle of the mouth; tragus longer than
broad, rounded off above, a horizontal projecting lobule at the
middle of its inner margin ; muzzle moderately long and broad, but
not deep, obliquely and sharply truncated in front from before
448 PHYLLOSTOMIDZE.

backwards; the nasal apertures circular, close together, opening on
this obliquely directed surface ; lower lip much expanded and folded
outwards, with numerous small rounded papillie in front; chin with
a horizontal cutaneous expansion.

Wing-membrane from the proximal extremity of the caleaneum
and from the tibia; interfemoral membrane large, with long cal-
canea ; tail perforating the membrane, and appearing upon its upper
surface.

Dentition. Ine. 4, C. =, pm. > m. =.

The upper middle incisors larger than the outer incisors, with
broad notched edges; the lower incisors triangular in cross section,
the base outwards ; second lower premolar minute, half internal.

Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.

The species of this genus are insectivorous; the stomachs of
individuals examined by Mr. Osburn and by the writer were
invariably found to contain remains of insects.

All the species are very closely allied to one another, agreeing
together remarkably in the form of the muzzle and of the cutaneous
chin appendages, in the peculiarly attenuated ears, in the general
structure of the body, and, especially, in dentition. In one species
(Ch. davyt) the wing-membrane, instead of arising from the sides of
the body as in all the other species, is connected to the centre line of
the back by a narrow ligament only, and the back of the animal
behind the shoulders is naked. On this account this species has
been made the type of a genus (Pteronotus, Gray) ; but that genus
cannot stand, neither can the character on which it is founded be
considered sufficient to warrant the formation of a distinct sub-
genus, for Ch. davyi differs in none other important respect from
the other species of the genus, and the variability of the point of
attachment of the wing-membrane is quite as well marked in other
genera of Chiroptera.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Wings from the sides of the hairy back.. (Subgen. CH1LonycTERIS.)
a. Lower third of the inner margin of the
ear-conch thickened and separated by a
right-angled notch from the upper two
thirds.
a, A small tooth-like projection from the
upper margin of each nostril; outer
margin of the ear-conch abruptly con-
vex at the commencement of its lower
two thirds, forming an acute-angled
notch; forearm 1'"65 ..........000, 1. Ch. macleayii, p. 449.
b'. No tooth-like projection from the upper
margin of each nostril.
a'', Outer margin of the ear-conch ab-
ruptly convex at the commencement
of its lower two thirds, forming a
right-angled notch ; forearm 18... 2. Ch. personata, p. 451.
1. CHITONYCTERIS. 449

6". Outer margin of the ear-conch gra-
dually convex at the commencement
of its lower two thirds; forearm
Le Gor are renee era enya tee 3. Ch. psilotis, p. 451.
6. Lower third of the inner margin of the
ear-conch not thickened, continuous with
the upper two thirds.
6. No tooth-like projection from the upper
margin of each nostril.
a”. Outer margin of the ear-conch ab-
ruptly convex at the commencement
of its lower two thirds, forming a
right-angled notch.
a’, Crown of the head more elevated ;
an obtusely conical projection on
the upper surface of the muzzle;
forearm 2 C1 succes daeeies 4. Ch. parnellit, p. 452.
b'’. Crown of the head less elevated ;
a small transverse rounded pro-
jection on the muzzle; forearm

DADS E tes ciate nSista-s¥e Guile stele aioononees 5. Ch. rubiginosa, p. 452
Il. Wings from the spine; back behind the
shoulders naked .............0. ee eee ee (Subgen. Prrronorvs.)
a, Ears and muzzle as in Ch. personata ;
forearms 186 Picts ctineig unas acon 6. Ch. davyt, p. 453.

1. Chilonycteris macleayi.

Chilonycteris macleayii, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. P: 5, pl. i. fig. 2
(1839) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i, p.448 (1844), v. p. 678
1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 361.

Lobostoma quadridens, Gundlach, Wiegm. Archiv, 18490, p. 357.

Chilonycteris fuliginosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 20. ;

Chilonycteris grisea, Gosse, Naturalist’s Sujourn in Jamaica, p. 326,
pl. vi. fig. 1 (1851).

Chilonycteris quadridens, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 65.

Ears very narrow, attenuated above, and subacutely pointed ;
inner margin of the ear-conch commencing in a small lobe, then
convex and thickened, abruptly flatly emarginate at the junction of
its lower and middle thirds ; middle third faintly convex, with four
or five minute tooth-like processes (as in some species of Nycti-
nomus); upper third straight; outer side deeply and flatly emargi-
nate for half its length beneath the tip, the emargination termi-
nating in an acute-angled notch formed by an abrupt elevation, from
which, to the termination of the outer margin in a line beneath
the eye near the angle of the mouth, the increased width of the
ear-conch is maintained (Plate XXII. fig. La, ear, double natural
size): tragus longer than broad, the outer margin slightly slanting
upwards and inwards above ; about the middle of the inner margin a
well-marked horizontal lobe. On the upper surface of the muzzle,
about 0°15 behind the nasal apertures, a small elevation of the

integument, almost concealed by the fur, projects slightly; and at
G
450 PHYLLOSTOMID,

its extremity four well-defined cutaneous tooth-like processes pro-
ject upwards, one from the sharply cut upper margin of each
nostril, and one larger on each side (Plate XXIII. fig. 1). Lower
lip much expanded outwards, with a thin free edge broader in front,
the surface opposite the canines covered with wart-like papille ;
from the chin an underlying cutaneous expansion is directed hori-
zontally outwards, and almost touches the lower free margin of the
lip; the inferior surface of this expansion is marked by three parallel
ridges in this and in all other known species (Plate XXIII. fig. 1).

Wings from the inner side of the lower third of the tibiae and
from the calcanea.

Above greyish brown; beneath, much paler, almost white.

Brain-case vaulted, and considerably raised above the face-line, but
the cranio-facial axis is almost in the same right line ; frontal bones
flattened, but not expanded laterally; no postorbital processes ;
zygomata short and very slender; nasal opening small, directed
forwards ; premaxillary bones united, but slender; central upper
incisors triangular in outline, the apex at the root, the base deeply
notched, forming the cutting-edge; outer upper incisors very small,
with a broad.base and a single oblique acutely pointed cusp directed
forwards and inwards; first upper premolar small, with a single
acutely pointed vertically directed cusp; second upper premolar
equalling the canine in cross section at the base, its acutely pointed
cusp slightly exceeding the molars; molars with well-developed
W-shaped cusps, the last molar half the antepenultimate molar ;
lower incisors trifid, equal, each tooth triangular in cross section at
the base, the apex of the triangle inwards ; first and third lower
premolars equal in vertical extent, the cingulum of the first more
developed upwards; second lower premolar very small, internal to
the tooth-row, not visible from without; the three lower molars
nearly equal in size.

Length (of the type, an adult ¢), head and body 1'°75, tail
0"-95, head 0'°65, ear 0'°65, tragus 0”:2, forearm 1'-65, thumb
0-25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 0'"32, 2nd ph. 0'"5,
8rd ph. 0'°45; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"3, Ist ph. 0'°33, 2nd
ph. 0°33; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°15, Ist ph. 0'"35, 2nd ph.
0''-35 ; tibia 0'°6, foot 0°33.

Hab. Antillean Subregion (Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica).

This species is easily distinguished from all other known species
by the small erect cutaneous processes above the nostrils, and very
acute-angled notch terminating the emargination on the outer side
of the ear.

a. & ad., al. (type). Cuba. W.S. MacLeay, Esq. tet

be 5 & 9 ad. al. Cuba. W.S. MacLeay, Esq. [P. ].

d. & ad, al. Port au Prince, Hayti. J. N. Tweedy, Esq. fe. :
(Type of Chilonycteris fuliginosa, Gray.)

e. fo ad., al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. {C.].

(Type of Chilonycteris grisea, Gosse.)

&
1, CHILONYCTERIS. 451

2. Chilonycteris personata.

pu leeyerens personata, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 367;
aid. Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 680 (1855); Burmeister, Thiere
Brasiliens, p. 76 (1854) ; Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1872, p. 360.

Slightly larger than the preceding species, and distinguished from
it by the absence of the small cutaneous projections from the upper
margins of the nostrils and by the less abrupt elevation of the outer
margin of the ear-conch at the junction of its upper third with its
lower two thirds, which forms here a right-angled notch.

According to Wagner and Burmeister, it resembles Ch. davyi (see
p. 453) in all respects except in the attachment of the wing-mem-
brane and nakedness of the back.

Fur above dark brown, beneath paler, the extremities of the hairs
much paler on both surfaces.

Length, head and body 2'"1, tail 0'"7, ear 0'6, forearm 1-75.

Hab. Guatemala; Venezuela; Brazil (Mato Grosso).

The type of this species, which I have not yet seen, is preserved
in the Vienna Museum, and the above description is taken from
Wagener and Burmeister.

3. Chilonycteris psilotis.

Resembles Ch. macleayi closely in size, but easily distinguished
by the absence of the notch on the outer side of the ear and of the
small projections from the upper margins of the nostrils, as well as
by the colour of the fur and by the different proportions of the
bones of the extremities.

The inner margin of the ear-conch is quite similar to that of Ch.
macleayi, but, at the termination of the emargination which occu-
pies the upper half of the outer side, and is much shallower than in
that species, instead of an abrupt elevation forming an acute-angled
notch, the margin becomes very gradually convex, almost straight
(Plate XXIII. fig. 2, ear, enlarged).

The small projection on the upper surface of the muzzle, expanded
lower lip, and horizontal cutaneous process from the chin as in Ch.
macleayi, with which it also agrees in dentition.

Fur orange above and beneath, with orange-brown extremities ;
darker above, paler beneath.

Length, head and body 17, tail 0"-7, head 0'65, ear 0'"65 x 03,
tragus 0-2, forearm 1:65, thumb 0'-25; third finger—metacarp.
1-5, Ist ph. 0-28, 2nd ph. 05, 38rd ph. 0°55 ; fourth finger—
metacarp. 13, 1st ph. 0'"3, 2nd ph. 0-35 ; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-15, Ist ph. 0'"38, 2nd ph. 0''35 ; tibia 0'"6, foot 0"-4.

Hab. Unknown.

a,b. 6 & Q ad., al. (types).

wo
Q
we
452 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

4. Chilonycteris parnellii.

Phyllodia parnellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 50.

Chilonyeteris boothii, Gundlach et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861,
p. 154.

Chilonycteris osburnii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 66, pl. xiii.

Chilonycteris parnellii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 678.

Considerably larger than any of the preceding species ; also differ-
ing from all in the form of the inner margin of the ear-conch, which
is regularly convex from the base upwards, and the outer margin
forms an obtuse-angled notch at the commencement of its lower
two thirds, terminating the upper emargination; on the muzzle an
obtusely conical elevation ; no projection from the upper margin of
the nostril nor from the upper lip.

Fur above dark greyish brown, the base of the hairs much paler ;
beneath, the base of the hairs is dark, and the terminal one fourth
ashy. Membranes almost naked above and beneath.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2''3, ear
0"-75, forearm 2""1, thumb 0'"25 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'"8, 1st
ph. 0’-35, 2nd ph. 0'"6, 3rd ph. 0”°7; fourth finger—metacarp.
1-65, 1st ph. 0-38, 2nd ph. 0"°5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°65,
1st ph. 0-38, 2nd ph. 0'"45; tibia 0-7, foot 0-45.

Hab. Cuba; Jamaica (inhabiting caves).

See remarks on the habits of this species by the late Mr. W.
Osburn in P. Z.8. 1865, p. 68.

a. ad. sk. (type). Jamaica. R. Parnell, M.D. [P.].
b,c. db & 2 ad. sks. Jamaica. W. Osburn, Esq. [P.].
(Types of Chilonycteris osburnti, Tomes.)

5. Chilonycteris rubiginosa.

Chilonycteris rubiginosa, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 369;
Suppl. Schreb. Siugeth. v. p. 680 (1855).

Conspicuously larger than Ch. parnelliz, and differing from it and
from all the other species in the less elevated crown of the head.
The form of the ear is very similar to that of Ch. parnelli, the inner
margin of the ear-conch is similarly evenly convex from the base
upwards, but the emargination on the outer side is deeper, and the
convexity terminating it is more abrupt, and the ear is altogether
much larger; the cutaneous process on the muzzle behind the
nostrils is more transverse and less elevated than in Ch. parnellii,
and is supported posteriorly by a low ridge placed at right angles to
it (Plate XXIII. fig. 3, head, double natural size).

Fur varying in colour from bright reddish to dark brown;
beneath, the extremities of the hairs are much paler than their
bases.

Inner lower incisors trifid, outer incisors bifid.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2'"65, tail 1", interfemoral
membrane about 1'°5, head 1”, ear 0'-9, tragus 0'3, forearm 2’°45,
1. CHILONYCTERIS, 453

thumb 0:3; third finger—metacarp. 2", Ist ph. 0'4, 2nd ph. 0’"7,
3rd ph. 0:8; fourth finger—metacarp. 2", 1st ph. 0'-42, 2nd ph.
0"-6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1:9, Ist ph. 0':45, 2nd ph. 06;
tibia 0'"8, foot 0-45.

Hab. Guatemala; Costa Rica; Columbia; Brazil.

This is the largest specics of the genus.

a. ad. sk. Cuidad Vieja, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
& 3 ad, al. Dueias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C. ].
c. 2 ad, al. Columbia. Purchased.

6. Chilonycteris davyi.

Pteronotus davyi, Gray, Dlag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 500 (1838) ; Voyage
of the ‘ Sulphur,’ Mammalia, p. 24 (1844) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl.
1872, p. 361.

Chilonycteris gymnonotus, Wagner, Wieym. Archiv, 1843, p. 367;
Abhandl. Minch. Akad. vy. p. 183, pl. iii. fig. 1; Suppl. Schreb.
Sdugeth. v. p. 680 (1855).

Slightly larger than Ch. macleayi, but at once distinguished from
that and from every other known species by the origin of the wings
from the spine and by the nakedness of the back behind the
shoulders.

General form of the head and ears very similar to those of Ch.
macleayi, but the outer side of the ear is marked by an obtuse-, not
acute-angled notch, and there are no pointed processes above the
nostrils, although on either side an obtuse process arises from the
margin of the muzzle in front (Plate XXIII. fig. 4).

The horizontal cutaneous expansion projecting forwards from the
under surface of the lower jaw extends considerably beyond the
reflected margin of the upper lip in front, more so than in other
species, but otherwise quite similar in structure.

Wings from the middle of the tibice and from the calcanea.

Above and beneath dark reddish brown, paler towards the ex-
tremities of the hairs.

Teeth as in Ch. macleayi, but the basioccipital between the
cochlea is wider.

Length (of the type, an adult ¢), head and body 2”, tail 1”, head
0'°7, ear 0'-6, tragus 0'°2, forearm 1-85, thumb 0'-25; third finger
—metacarp. 1’-65, 1st ph. 0'°35, 2nd ph. 0-6, third ph. 0'°5;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1':4, Ist ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph. 0'°4; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0'°4, 2nd ph. 0'-35;, tibia 0'°7,
foot 0'"4.

Hab. Brazilian Subregion (Puerto Caballo, Venezuela; Mato
Grosso, Brazil).

Type in the collection of the Museum of the Army Medical De-
partment at Netley.

a, fo ad., al. Puerto Caballo. Purchased.
b,c. 3 ad., al. Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.}.
454 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

2. MORMOPS.

Mormoops", Leach, Transact. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 76 (1820-22) ; Gray,
Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 491 (1888).
Mormops, Peters, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1856, p. 287.

Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line; ears close
together or united by prolongations from their inner margins on the
muzzle in front of the eyes ; tragusin general form like that of Chilo-
nycteris; nostrils at the extremity of the muzzle, directed down-
wards and forwards, not surrounded or margined by cutaneous ap-
pendages; mandible projecting slightly in front beyond the upper
jaw ; the chin and sides of the lip with well-developed foliaceous cu-
taneous processes, continuous behind at the angle of the mouth with
the outer margins of the ears.

Dentition. Inc. - C. = pm. =, m. =.

The upper middle incisors larger than the outer incisors, with
broad notched cutting-edges ; the lower incisors trifid, in cross sec-
tion oval, the long axis in the direction of the jaws; second lower
premolars smaller than the first, but not minute, in the tooth-row.
Facial portion of the skull bent upwards so that the palate is almost
at right angles to the base of the cranium; this causes the skull to
appear greatly raised above the face-line, though the cerebral cavity
is probably not larger than in Chilonycteris.

Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.

This genus is closely connected with Chilonycteris, of which it
may be said to possess almost all the characters in an exaggerated
form. It contains two species, which, in their peculiar physiognomy,
are probably the most remarkable among the many strange forms
exhibited by the different species of this Order.

Synopsis of the Specees.

a. Cutaneous band connecting the inner side

of the ear-conch with the upper surface

of the muzzle in front meeting the cor-

responding band of the opposite side be-

hind the nostrils, but not united with it;

chin-leaf deeply divided; fur reddish

DEO WI eSian oreasassiscvreniausee o wien lene 1. M. megalophylia, p. 455.
b. Cutaneous band connecting the inner side

of the ear-conch with the muzzle united

in front with its fellow of the opposite

side; chin-leaf not divided; fur bright

OLN GO: eastececaewrs tas iacrearacenmeener nantes 2. M. blamnvillii, p. 456.

 

* Aéllo, previously characterized by Leach, is undoubtedly a synonym of this
genus, as the type of Aéllo cuviert shows ; but the definition of the genus is quite
incorrect, as the type specimen from which it was taken had lost all trace of the
cutaneous processes on the muzzle, and the number of the teeth is incorrectly
given. Therefore, although the name délo has precedence of Mormoops, I re-
tain the latter, which was published at the same time and has the advantage of
correct definition.
on

2, MORMOPS, 45

1. Mormops megalophylla.

Mormops blainvillii, Peters (non Leach), Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1856,
p- 289, pl. i. figs. 1-5.
Mormops megalophylla, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1864, p. 381.

Ears as broad as high, appearing to be placed far down on the
side of the head, owing to the great elevation of the crown of the
head above the face-line; inner side of the posterior convex surface
of the ear-conch connected by a broad band (arising posteriorly from
the margin of the conch, and extending from the base of the ear
almost to the tip) with the upper surface of the muzzle, along which
it is attached, extending as far forwards as a point situated at a
short distance from the nostrils, where it ends in a small erect rounded
lobe, almost touching though not connected with the correspond-
ing lobe of the opposite ear, appearing in this position like part of a
small nose-leaf; on the concave surface of the ear the inner margin
of the conch appears to commence by a rounded lobe, as in Vespe-
rugo; the tip of the ear rounded off, not broad, the outer margin
straight, the upper half directed downwards and backwards, the
lower half almost horizontal, carried forwards to the angle of the
mouth, from which a lobe extends along the inferior surface of the
lower jaw, becoming connected in front with the foliaccous cuta-
neous lappets of the lower lip. The eye thus appears, as in Synotus,
to be contained within the ear-conch. Tragus expanded above, the
inner margin notched above the middle, the outer margin with a
corresponding but smaller notch, from the upper and outer part of
the front surface a rounded vertical process projects; in front of the
base of the tragus, on the horizontal inner surface of the ear-conch,
a slightly raised ridge, directed forwards and outwards, the anti-
tragus, appears, and on the side of the face, below the eye and close
to the posterior commissure of the eyelids, a wart is placed (Plate
XXIII. fig. 5).

The extremity of the muzzle is sharply cut and obliquely and
shortly truncated; the nasal apertures circular, separated rather
widely, directed forwards and downwards, their upper margins pro-
jecting ; between them a narrow vertical ridge, continuous above,
with a few small projections on the muzzle on each side above and
behind the sharp-edged nostrils; the upper lip is notched opposite
the second upper premolar near the angle of the mouth; the lower
jaw projects slightly beyond the upper one; from the front surface
of the lower lip a cutaneous expansion hangs vertically downwards,
whereof the lower margin is divided by a vertical incision into two
lappets, and the front surface is covered with small but prominent
papille ; these chin-lappets are connected on each side with a deep
cutaneous expansion arising from the sides of the lower lip, which
also hangs vertically downwards at the angles of the mouth, and in
front is folded upwards in the centre of each side, and their poste-
rior surfaces are connected by a single rounded lappet, which hangs
down behind the notch between them. Below and parallel to the
cutaneous expansion arising from the sides of the lower lip is a
456 PHYLLOSTOMID.

second and rather deeper expansion (described above in connexion
with the ear), which extends from the wart terminating the outer
margin of the ear-conch at the angle of the mouth to the posterior
surface of the anterior chin-lappet (Plate XXIII. fig. 5).

Wings from the inferior and inner surface of the distal third of
the tibia, from the adjoining interfemoral membrane, and from the
calcaneum ; interfemoral membrane very large, extending much be-
yond the tail, whereof the fourth vertebra perforates the membrane,
and three and a half vertebra project upon its upper surface. Tibie
very long; feet slender, toes nearly equal in length. Volar mem-
branes very thin and translucent; all the bones of the extremities
very slender and fragile.

Fur very fine and dense, extending thinly upon the crown of the
head, but forming a long and dense fringe along the sides of the
upper lip, and covering the anterior surface of the erect cutaneous
processes which are continuous posteriorly with the ear-conch.
Above, the fur scarcely extends upon the wing- or interfemoral
membranes; beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered as far
as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the distal
third of the femur.

Above and beneath dark reddish brown.

Upper middle incisors much larger than the outer ones, with wide,
straight, notched cutting-edges; outer incisors acutely pointed, the
cusp of each directed inwards towards the middle incisor; lower
incisors equal, trifid, in a semicircular row between and in front of
the canines. Upper canines very long and slender, their outer mar-
gins slightly concave, as inthe Moloss? ; first upper premolars short,
but with a broad base, which occupies the wide space between the
canine and second premolar; second upper premolar nearly equalling
the lower canine in vertical extent; second lower premolar smaller
than the first and third, but well developed and nearly equalling the
first upper premolar in vertical extent; all the molars with very
acute W-shaped cusps,

(For measurements see p. 458,)

Hab. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions (Mexico; Central
America; Columbia).

a. & ad, al. Duefias, Guatemala, O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
b. 2 ad.,al. Columbia. Purchased.
c. ad. sk. South America.

2. Mormops blainvillii.

Aéllo cuvieri, Leach, Transact, Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 71 (1820-22) (see
note on genus Aélo above).
Mormoops blainvillii, Leach, l.c. p. 77, pl. vii. figs. 1-4.

In general appearance like M. megalophylla, but smaller, and
easily distinguished by the form of the ears, by the chin processes,
and by the colour of the fur.

The summit of the inner margin of the ear-conch is distinctly
notched near the cutaneous process connecting it with the muzzle ;
2. MORMOPS. 457

this process, which arises from the posterior margin of the conch, is
as high as the summit of the ear, from which an angular notch
separates it, and its anterior prolongation extending forwards upon
the muzzle is united with its fellow of the opposite side at a short
distance behind the extremity of the muzzle, differing remarkably in
this respect from M/. megalophylla, in which the anterior prolonga-
tions of the inner margins of the ears, though very close together
in front, are not united; the tragus terminates above in a triangular
instead of in a rounded process, and in front of its base the inner
surface of the ear-conch supports a round process quite different from
the corresponding longitudinal low ridge in the other species; the
wart, also, near the posterior commissure of the eyelids is placed di-
rectly behind, not in a plane inferior to the eye (Plate XXIII. fig. 6).

The sides of the upper lip have two distinct fleshy processes—one
immediately behind the nostril, a conical longitudinal process, the
second opposite the first upper premolar, a long slender process
standing at right angles to the lip; near the angle of the mouth,
opposite the second premolar, the upper lip is notched, as in I.
megalophylla, but a much deeper and more projecting lobe is thus
cut off which projects directly forwards from the angle of the mouth
(Plate XXIII. fig. 6).

The central cutaneous process hanging from the front surface of
the lower lip is not divided beneath by a vertical incision ; its lower
and upper margins are slightly concave and its sides straight; from
the centre of its lower margin two small projections are directed
downwards (Plate XXIII. fig. 6).

Wing-membranes and extremities as in the other species. The
acute extremities of the calcanea project nearly 0-1 inch beyond
the interfemoral membrane.

Fur bright orange throughout; quality and distribution as in M.
megalophylla.

The following notes by the late Mr. W. Osburn are derived from
an examination of a recently killed specimen :—

“Volar membrane semitransparent, and tissue so thin it dried
almost before I had finished preparing the specimen; much wrinkled
between elbow and hand into angular plice like shagreen. Nerves
of interfemoral very beautiful when held against the light; one
central in line of tail, giving off at right angles pairs of branches
like a pinnate leaf. Fur bright chestnut, above rather paler; very
long, silky, and soft. Round the shoulders it is longer, so as to
form a narrow frill longer than the rest.”

Mr. Osburn also noticed the “extreme fragility and thinness of
its whole structure. The light was visible through the roof of the
open mouth. ... The tail was curled upwards so as to carry the
interfemoral with it; this was caused by the calcaneum bearing up
the interfemoral. Femora long; so that when reposing the knees
were above the back, like a grasshopper’s. . . . It easily took wing
off a flat surface, and its efforts to escape during the night broke some
of the phalangeal bones. . . . It refused flies, but it drinks greedily.
The tongue was protruded; but the water taken up by it and the
458 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

foliations of the lips was sucked in with the head raised, by an
action very like chewing” *.

The following are the measurements of adult specimens of JJ.
megalophylla (I.) and of M. blainvillit (II.) respectively :—

 

IT.
Length, head and body 2),
sate LILES) co teeaonrarendtnioarse ver cts donee qe memomarcnieminen tsriaand eats amt aiat Ll
wi-. MO AGL see etews vance dec iuoeswessuemencndencos aaa on aeabucesasuenee 0-6
AGAR: “Aisa ne visieisaertiasiecornsarels dereremeletalecaiceis on vara els atneteaeaweeee O55
sr SEPA GUS! ceciss tence aecete O25
» forearm 1°75
gue PYLIUINI DY cielstalentectestaor retis acommeheen ee ciataeimteneh einen kee "25 O22
js. cchird-finger; metycarpal sau eecsyeaedcedvenueeescans 1:85 U7
% = Ist phalanx; (esctesecisetsunsvaaveseacooeeen 0-4 O-+
os * QM 337° avesapentnaceneetetwnasee meen 0-9 O75
i: i LOT 136) y (erkar esas exasch sateen eset no neet 0°65 06
» fourth-finger, metacarpal ...cccicsaccssesceascoeasessdes 175 15
5 a Vetsphalanxs: ~scace wuss a dawervouttios 05 0-45
7 5 2nd ,, : 0-45
» fifth finger, metacarpal 11
35 5 Ist. phalanx 06
” ” 2nd ” 0-4
sa PADIS: cicay ee wecuaere soeuesaueserhnacue ne adieaceuau neon evereueen nts 08
ge. T@ALCANCOME <f4h cco setae edncdaek ebaninc Seema cp atas,nmeneceun 0°85
fj  AOOE: canta salve wchiebienesneas anlatin cosustanunspmessuvasmessesactine. 03

 

Hab. Antillean Subregion (Cuba; Jamaica).

a, ad. sk. (Type of Aélo cuvieri, Leach.) Mr. Brooke’s Museum.
bd. ad. sk. Jamaica. Capt. Hamilton [P.].
ce. 2 ad, al. Sir E. Belcher.

Subfam. HW. PHYLLOSTOMIN &.

The four groups into which this subfamily has been divided
(vide p. 447) corresponds to Prof. Peters’s subfamilies of the same
names. So closely, however, for the most part, are the genera of
each group allied to one another, that it may be considered doubtful
whether these groups should not rather be called genera, and the so-
called genera subgenera. This is especially noticeable in the first
group, the Vampyri, which includes such apparently widely different
forms as Vampyrus spectrum and Phyllostoma hastatum, yet between
which so many perfectly intermediate species come that it is neces-
sary either to unite all in one genus or place the intermediate
species in intermediate genera. The latter course has been adopted
as more convenient, leading to less change in nomenclature, and
facilitating the discrimination of the species.

Group 1. VAMPYRI.

Muzzle long, and narrow in front; the distance between the eyes
generally less than, rarely equal to, the distance from the eye to the
extremity of the muzzle; nose-leaf well developed, horseshoe-shaped

~ P.Z.8. 1865, pp. 72, 73, 74.
VAMPYRI. 459

in front, lanceolate behind, the horizontal portion surrounding the
nasal apertures ; interfemoral membrane well developed ; tail gene-
rally distinct, rarely absent ; inner margin of the lips not fringed.

Dentition. Inc. ‘ or > c. =, pm. =; or A m. —

Molars with W-formed cusps generally well developed ; premolars
very variable in size and in number (see remarks on teeth of Steno-
dermata, p. 511).

Nearly all the species of Vampyri appear to be insectivorous, so
that the term applied to this group cannot be considered indicative
of their habits. A few, if not all, probably supplement their insect
diet with fruit. Vumpyrus spectrum is said to be wholly frugi-
vorous ; and Muacrotus waterhousit, according to the observations of
Mr. Osburn (see p. 466), probably occasionally preys on small species
of Bats like Megaderma lyra of the Eastern Hemisphere, which it
resembles in many respects.

The species included in this group may be divided into two sec-
tions, according as the tail is produced to the hinder margin of the
interfemoral membrane or perforates it and appears upon its upper
surface. Those included in the first section fall naturally into three
apparently very distinct genera; but those of the second section,
although they have been divided into several genera, founded on dif-
ferences in the form of the skull and on the presence or absence of
the second lower premolar, yet present in their general conformation
so many characters indicative of close affinity that, but for the
reasons mentioned above, they would have been described here
under the same generic term.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Tail contained in and produced to the
hinder margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane, or extending slightly beyond it.

a, Wing-membrane attached to the base
of the calcaneum and to the inferior
surface of the tibia.

a’. Nose-leaf with erect processes in
front of the nasal orifices ; chin with
a naked space above and a longitu-
dinal groove beneath it, bounded by
two naked prominences; premolars

= second lower premolar minute. 3. LoncHorHiNA, p. 401.
’. Wing-membrane from the outer side of
the tibia or foot.

2’. Nose-leaf simple in front; chin with
a deep V-shaped groove in front,
bounded by raised naked promi-
nences; premolars =, second lower
premolar well developed ....-... 4. Macrorus p. 463.

c’. Nose-leaf simple in front; lower lip
and chin with a central naked space
in front, bounded by small warts ;

2-2

eae KR Maemoapuvitims nv 468
460 PHYLLOSTOMIDAt.

II. Tail short, perforating the interfemoral
membrane and appearing upon its upper
surface, or none.

a, Muzzle narrow and elongated, the dis-

tance between the eyes less than the

2-2

length of the muzzle; premolars 5.

a’, Wing-membrane from the backs of
the feet.

a". Nose-leaf well developed ante-
riorly, free in front and laterally ;
chin with a longitudinal groove
margined by naked prominences ;
wing-membrane extending to the
toes; tail very short, or none;
skull narrower between the post-
orbital fossee than immediately

behind the canines ; inc. ; or : . 6. Vampynues, p. 469.

6". Nose-leaf narrow in front; chin
with a central naked space mar-
gined by small warts; wing-
membrane extending to the tarsal
or metatarsal bones of the outer
toe; tail distinct; skull narrower
between the postorbital fosse
than in front behind the canines;

ine. ; g Soiecd eee nem tara .. 7. LopHostoma, p. 473,
b'. Wing-membrane from the sides of
the feet.

ec’. Nose-leaf well developed in front,
but bound down to the muzzle;
chin with a deep V-shaped groove
margined by ee prominences ;
wing-membrane from the extre-
mity of the tibiz or sides of the
feet; tail distinct; skull wider
between the postorbital fossz
than in front behind the canines;

ine. : teas Rislemihaenn eG wes ea 8. ScuizosToma, p. 476.

d". Nose-leaf narrow in front, both it
and the extremity of the muzzle
with numerous small warts; chin
with along V-shaped groove mar-
gined by many small warts; wing-
membrane extending to the tar-
sus; skull narrower between the
postorbital fossee than in front

behind the canines; ine. +...... 9. TRactyops, p. 481.

e". Nose-leaf narrow in front; chin
with a V-shaped naled space
margined by small warts; wing-
membrane extending to the meta-
tarsus; skull much wider between

the postorbital fossee than in any

4

part anterior to the orbits; inc. 7. 10, PuyLLopERMa, p. 482.
3. LONCHORBINA. 461

b. Muzzle shorter and broader, the dis-
tance between the eyes equal to
or slightly greater than the length

2-2
of the muzzle; premolars 5—.

Ff". Nose-leaf well developed and free
in front; chin with a deep V-
shaped groove margined by small
warts; wing-membrane extend-
ing to the ankles; skull narrower
between the postorbital fossze
than immediately behind the ca-

nines; inc. ; Lean acne ne trace 11. Puyiiostoma, p. 484.
- Nose-leaf as in Phyllostoma in

front, longer behind; chin with

a naked longitudinal V-shaped

space margined by small warts;

wing-membrane extending to the

base of the toes; skull much nar-

rower between the postorbital

fossee than behind the canines;

"

inc. ; ease ere since ab iaceiai .... 12. TyLostoma, p. 488.
h". Nose-leaf narrow in front, very

large behind ; .chin with a broad

naked space divided by a central

groove; wing-membrane from the

ankles; inc. F Doceota nts oo ...+. 13, Mrnon, p. 491.
3", Nose-leaf as in Schizostoma; chin

with a central wart margined b

small warts; molars narrow, wit

obtuse-angled W-shaped cusps;

skull wider between the postor-

bital fossz than in front behind

the canines; zygomatic arches

deficient ; inc. ; We tagartee he sete 14. Caroxtia, p. 492.
Jj". Nose-leaf and chin-warts as in

Carolha’; molars very narrow,

without distinct W-shaped cusps ;

skull wider between the pestorhi:

tal fossee than in front ; tail none. 15. Ruinopuyt.ya, p. 495,

3. LONCHORHINA.
Lonchorhina, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 81.

Muzzle cylindrical ; nose-leaf very large, the horizontal portion
developing a thickened crest in front of the nasal apertures, and a
very long lancet-shaped leaf behind them ; lower lip grooved in front,
with a raised naked cushion on either side ; ears large and separate,
the outer margin terminating near the angle of the mouth; tragus
much elongated; antebrachial membrane well developed ; tail long,
contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral
membrane, as in the Vespertilionide ; wing-membrane from the cal-
462 PHYLLOSTOMID.

caneum and inferior surface of the tibia and ankle, as in the Mor-

mopes.
a 4 1—1 2—2 3—3
Dentition. Inc. 7, ¢. =, pm. gy, M. 55. Second lower premolar

jI—
minute.

This genus, represented as yet by a single species only, appears
to come most closely of all the genera of this subfamily to the
Lobostomine. It agrees with Mormops and Chilonycteris in the
peculiar attachment of the wing-membrane to the calcaneum, and in
the very deep outer margin of the ear-conch, and with the latter
genus, to a considerable extent, in the form of the skull. The pro-
jections also from the front surface of the horizontal nose-leaf recall
the much smaller projections from the extremity of the muzzle in
Chilonycteris, with which genus the single species also agrees in the
concave frontal and arched nasal bones, and in the direction forwards
of the nasal opening in the skull.

1. Lonchorhina aurita.

Lonchorhina aurita, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 83, pl. xii.; Peters, MB.
Akad. Berl, 1866, p. 673.

Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle
cylindrical, obtuse in front: ears large and broad, longer than the
head; inner margin of the ear-conch strongly convex, tip shortly
rounded off, slightly inclined outwards owiug to a concavity imme-
diately beneath, below which the outer margin becomes convex, and,
maintaining its convexity downwards, terminates abruptly near the
angle of the mouth directly below the anterior angle of the eye:
tragus long, reaching its greatest width opposite the base of the inner
margin, above which it tapers to an acute tip slightly inclined out-
wards ; above the base of the outer margin, at the widest part of the
tragus, a square lobe is placed (Plate XXIV. fig. 1): nose-leaf
remarkably long, as long as the ear; the posterior erect leaf in shape
like an isosceles triangle, with a very acute vertical angle, its poste-
rior surface with a prominent central longitudinal ridge but slightly
marked in front; at the base of the leaf on either side the valvular
nasal apertures are placed, and directly in front of each a thickened
acutely pointed process about one tenth of an inch in length, between
which the horizontal nose-leaf develops a central thickened obtusely
pointed process, having a horizontal offset at either side, and con-
nected at its base posteriorly by a band with the base of the large
terminal leaf; front margin of the nose-leaf distinct and free from
the muzzle, slightly notched in front; lower lip with a small central
transverse naked space above, and a narrow groove beneath in front,
with a raised naked cushion on either side (Plate XXIV. fig. 1).

Antebrachial membrane developed along the forearm, and enclos-
ing the metacarpal bone of the thumb, which exceeds the first phalanx
in length; first phalanx of the middle finger slightly more than one
third the metacarpal bone ; wing-membrane sheathing the extremity
of the tibia, and arising from the proximal extremity of the cal-
4, MAcRoTUS. 463

caneum ; foot long and slender, two thirds the length of the tibia ;
tail terminating exactly at the margin of the large interfemoral
membrane, the posterior margin of which is angular, and when
expanded extends beyond the feet.

Fur light reddish brown, not extending upon the membranes.

Skull narrow and moderately long, the brain-case vaulted and
raised above the face-line; frontals depressed, a deep but short con-
cavity occupying this part of the skull; nasal bones arched, their
extremities projecting in front over the nasal orifice, which is directed
forwards (Plate XXVI. fig. 1); basioccipital deeply excavated on
each side between and in front of the cochlew, the excavations sepa-
rated by a narrow central longitudinal osseous lamina; bony palate
extending as far back as the centres of the zygomatic arches.

Central upper incisors obliquely chisel-shaped ; outer incisors
filling up the space between them and the canines, each with a short
acutely pointed cusp directed inwards and downwards, not equalling
half the inner incisor in vertical extent; first upper premolar very
small; last upper molar nearly half the antepenultimate molar ;
lower incisors small, chisel-shaped, equal, not crowded; first lower
premolar nearly equal to the third in cross section at its base, but
one third less than it in vertical extent; second lower premolar
minute, in the tooth-row, almost concealed by the adjoining teeth.

Length, head and body 2''4, tail 2’-2, head 0'-9, ear 1-15 x 0'"8,
tragus 0-7, nose-leaf 1”:05, forearm 2", thumb 0'"35; third finger
—metacarp. 1-8, 1st ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 1”, 3rd ph. 0-5; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1:7, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'°55; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1-65, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0:55; tibia 0'8, foot 0'5.

Hab. ? Trinidad, West Indies.

The only specimen of this very remarkable species as yet obtained
is preserved in the collection of the Museum of the Army Medical
Department at Netley.

4. MACROTUS.
Macrotus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 21.

Muzzle conical, elongated ; nose-leaf small, at the extremity of
the muzzle, horseshoe-shaped in front, triangular behind, the nostrils
pierced in the centre of the anterior leaf, not depressed ; lower lip
grooved in front, with a raised naked cushion on each side; ears
large, united, tragus elongated ; first phalanx of the middle finger
not exceeding half the metacarpal bone in length; antebrachial
membrane well developed ; tail long, contained in and produced to
the posterior margin of the large interfemoral membrane, beyond
which it projects. er

Dentition. Inc. - C. cS pm. — m. =>

Upper middle incisors unicuspidate and long; lower premolars
nearly equal in vertical extent. — ,

Range. The Mexican and Antillean Subregions of the Neotropical
Region.
464 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

Synopsis of the Species.

a, Ears longer than the head; front margin

of the nose-leaf raised above the front of

the muzzle ; the last caudal vertebra free 1. JW. waterhousit, p. 464.
b. Ears as long as the head ; front margin of

the nose-leaf scarcely defined, continuous

with the upper lip ; last caudal vertebra

and half tlie antepenultimate vertebra

MOOS aa Ga ain okadaic vent aman wes Ub bocourtianus; p: 467

1. Macrotus waterhousii.

Macrotus waterhousii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 21.

? Macrotus californicus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858,
p- 117; Allen, Monogr. Bats of North America, p. 3, figs. 2, 8 (head
and ear), 1864.

’ Macrotus mexicanus, Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zoolog. xii. p. 486
(1860).

Macrotus minor, Gundlach, Peters, MB. Akad. Bert. 1864, p. 381.

The crown of the head is slightly elevated above the face-line ;
muzzle narrow, cylindrical ; the distance between the eyes less than
the distance of the eye from the end of the muzzle; a very deep
groove on the side of the face immediately beneath and extending
slightly in front of the eye; ears large, oval, longer than the head,
conjoined by a deep band arising above and between the eyes ; inner
and outer margins of the ear-conch slightly convex, broadly rounded
off above; the outer margin shortly notched opposite the tragus:
tragus much longer than broad, narrowed in upper third and acutely
pointed; inner margin convex, becoming straight above; outer
margin with a square lobe above the base with a projecting upper
angle, above this slightly concave or straight: nose-leaf small, at
the extremity of the muzzle, the horizontal anterior portion circular,
the front margin bound down to but distinct from the upper lip
(Plate XXV. fig. 1); the nostrils in the centre of each lateral half,
not depressed ; nasal apertures lunate ; the posterior erect leaf arising
directly from the posterior margin of the horizontal leaf, tri-
angular, the vertical angle narrowly rounded off, the front surface
smooth, naked, in length equal to the breadth of the horizontal leaf ;
lower lip deeply grooved above and in front, the sides of the groove
margined by naked raised edges (Plate XXYV. fig. 1).

Fi irst phalanx of the middle finger less than half the length of the
metacarpal bone. Volar membranes well developed ; the antebrachial
membrane extends the whole length of the forearm and includes
half the thumb. Wings from the tibie near the ankles. Tail long,
contained in and produced to the posterior edge of the large inter-
femoral membrane, projecting by the last caudal vertebra beyond it ;
interfemoral membrane concave between the extremities of the
calcanea, which are equal to the foot in length.

Fur long, scarcely extending upon the membranes; the inter-
femoral is almost naked; the forearm and legs are quite naked.
4. MACROTUS. 465

The face is thinly covered with short hairs. Above, yellowish
white at the base of the hairs, then dark reddish brown; beneath
paler reddish brown ; females always darker.

Upper middle incisors narrow, close together, moderately long
and unicuspidate; outer incisors very short, scarcely raised above
the gum, occupying the space between the middle incisors and the
canines ; first upper premolar narrow and long (in antero-posterior
diameter at the base), with an oblique cusp directed forwards and
downwards towards the canine, against which it is closely approxi-
mated; second premolar with a single conical cusp directed down-
wards and slightly backwards, so that a considerable space exists
between the cusps of the first and second premolars, though their
bases are close together ; molars with W-shaped cusps much broader
than the internal flat projecting base; last molar scarcely one third
the antero-posterior diameter of the antepenultimate molar ; lower
incisors very small and equal, forming a semicircle across the
narrow space in front of the canines; lower premolars nearly equal
in vertical extent, but the first premolar is greatest in cross section,
and the third is nearly equal to the second.

The space between the last molars is less than half the length of
the bony palate, which does not extend as far backwards as the
middle of the zygomas ; roof of the mesopterygoid fossa divided by a
prominent longitudinal bony ridge, which is traversed by a canal ;
basisphenoid not excavated between the auditory bulle, no post-
orbital processes of the frontals.

Length, head and body 2’:55, tail 1':4, tail free from membrane
0-2, head 1”, ear 1°2, tragus 0'°45, nose-leaf 0'°35, forearm
2'-15, thumb 0'"5; third finger—metacarp. 1'°5, 1st ph. 0’°68,
2nd ph. 0'°7, 3rd ph. 0'"55; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st
ph. 0''-6, 2nd ph. 0'"6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-6, 1st ph. 0°55,
2nd ph. 0'°5 ; tibia 0''85, calcaneum 0:5, foot 0'"5.

Hab. California ; Mexico ; Jamaica; Cuba; Hayti.

I have not seen the types of M. californicus and M. mewicanus,
but, judging from the descriptions, they appear to be quite identical
with this species. Of M. californicus Mr. Allen remarks (J. ¢. p. 4)
that, compared with M. waterhousw, “the chin-plates are less
acutely defined ; the internal border of the tragus is much thickened,
and the revoluted portion at the base of the external border is
slightly swollen. The fur is bicoloured ; central portion dark
brown instead of fawn. The nose is about the same height; the
tail, however, is 0-25 inch shorter. The dentition is similar.”

M. minor, Gundlach, Peters (subspecies), appears to be a small
variety, or perhaps a small example only of this species, with the
forearm 1'-85 long, the ear 1'', and the nose-leaf 0'-2.

This species in external form resembles Megaderma lyra of India,
agreeing with that species and with the other species of the sub-
genus Megaderma in the long conical muzzle, in the deep groove in
the front of the lower lip bounded by raised naked cushions, in the
large rounded ears, in the large eyes, and in the great development
of the volar membranes. So great, indeed, is the general resem-

2u
466 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

blance of the species of Megaderma to Macrotus that Wagner united
this genus with Meyaderma, Rhinopoma, and Nycteris in his sub-
family Megadermata.

This resemblance in structure between species of such widely
separated genera indicates some similarity in habits; and the obser-
vations of the late Mr. Osburn on M. waterhousti appear to show
some agreement at least between its habits and those of Aegaderma
lyra, as described by Mr. Blyth (vide supra, p. 155). Mr. Osburn
having obtained several females of M. waterhousti with and without
young, placed a young Bat which had lost its mother in the same
cage with a female that was not giving milk. When the young
animal tried to cling to her, as to its mother, she seized it in a
savage manner, biting it and holding the head between her teeth.
Afterwards on examining the stomach of this female, it was found
full of coagulated blood, part of which was entering intestine.
This agrees closely with Mr. Blyth’s account of the habits of an
individual of Megaderma lyra, which he caught in the act of
sucking the blood from a small Bat, which it afterwards devoured.
As Megaderma lyra has been shown to feed also upon frogs and
grasshoppers, and probably on other insects, so Macrotus waterhousi
was found to vary its diet still more, its food consisting not only of
insects, and probably of small Bats, but also of fruits. Mr. Osburn,
writing from St. Ann’s, Jamaica, remarks :—‘ My host, in an open
verandah, showed me a number of spirts on the wall, on examining
which I could detect seeds of the fustic berry (Morus tinctoria)
sticking to the wall in the dried pulp by which they were sur-
rounded. These, he said, were, to his great annoyance, produced by
the Long-eared Bat (Macrotus). They came in at night, hitched
themselves up, when a chewing might be distinctly heard, and then
these splashes on the wall. One let the wings and legs of a large
grasshopper drop. The berries Dr. Rose particularly mentioned
were the fustic, the bread-nut (Brosimum alicastrum), and the rose-
apple (Eugenia jambos).”

In the stomach of one individual “ a yellowish mass, with frag-
ments of harder parts of insects interspersed,” was found, among
which two short legs with powerful double claws attached belonging
to some species of Orthoptera.

This species, as in all species in which the antebrachial mem-
brane is well developed, margining the forearm, is quite unfitted for
walking on a flat surface. Mr. Gosse remarks that when placed on
a horizontal surface they do not run, but leap into the air at once,
readily taking to flight; and Mr. Osburn found that three or four
hours on a flat surface had made the wrists of the specimens ob-
served by him inflamed and sore. He also notices that Macrotus is
especially a cave-haunting genus: ‘“‘ when inhabiting houses these
Bats always live in the cellars below ground, they are never found
in the roois.”

The specimens of this species observed by Mr. Gosse were found
infested with Strebla vespertilionis, which flew away from among
their fur even while yet alive.
4. MACROTUS. 467

a. 3 ad., al. (type). Hayti. J. Hearne, Esq. (Zool
Soe. Coll.).

6,¢ 9 ad, al. St. Domingo, M. Sallé [C.].

d-f. ad. sks. Jamaica, R. Parnell, M.D. [P.].

g Q ad, al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

A. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C. ].

wk. 3 ad., al. Bluefields, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].

4, $ imm,, al. Cape St. Lucas. Smithsonian Institute P.].

m. skull. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C. ].

2. Macrotus bocourtianus.

ese bocourtianus, Dubson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. p. 436
76).

Ears as long as the head; front margin of the nose-leaf scarcely
defined, continuous with the upper lip; terminal leaf narrow and
subacutely pointed ; last caudal vertebra and half the antepenulti-
mate vertebra free; the free portion of the tail nearly equal to the
thumb in length.

Teeth as in M. waterhousti. Fur dark brown above, paler
beneath.

Length (of a specimen not quite full-grown), head and body
2"-15, tail 1'-35, tail free from membrane 0’"4, head 1”, ear 1”,
tragus 0':4, nose-leaf 0'°3, forearm 2'-05, thumb 0'°5; third
finger—metacarp. 1'"5, Ist ph. 0'°68, 2nd ph. 0'-7, 3rd ph. 0'°6;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1:4, Ist ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0:55; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1°6, Ist ph. 0’°6, 2nd ph. 0'-45; tibia 0°85,
calcaneum ()':35, foot and claws 0'°45.

Hab. Guatemala (Vera Paz).

The above description was taken from the largest of four speci-
mens preserved in the Paris Museum, obtained by M. Bocourt in
Vera Paz, Guatemala, which, through the kindness of M. Alph.
Milne-Edwards, I was enabled to examine and describe. All the
specimens agree in the remarkable length of the projecting portion
of the tail, and in other characters described above.

Both M. californicus, Baird, and M. mevxicanus, Saussure (evi-
dently synonyms of M. waterhousii), are described as having the last
caudal vertebra alone free; and in Mr. Allen’s description* of M.
californicus the length of the free portion of the tail is given as 0''-2.
I have examined many specimens of MW. waterhousii of different ages ;
and in all I have found the last caudal vertebra alone free.

Although the specimens in the Paris Museum are not full-grown,
as the extremities of the finger-bones show, yet the metacarpal and
phalangeal bones are as long as those of perfectly adult specimens of
M. waterhousii. It follows, therefore, that this species is larger
than MU. waterhousii.

* Op. cit. p. 3.

2 2
468 PHYLLOSTOMIDA,

5. MACROPHYLLUM.

Macrophyllum, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 489 (1838); Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 504.

Muzzle cylindrical, elongated; horizontal nose-leaf well deve-
loped, posterior erect leaf large; ears separate, moderate, tragus
long, acuminate; lower lip with a central circular wart surrounded
by smaller warts; antebrachial membrane well developed, con-
tinued along the forearm to the thumb; first phalanx of the middle
finger considerably less than half the length of the metacarpal
bone; tail contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the
interfemoral membrane ; wing-membrane from the distal extremity
of the tibia.

as» 4 1-1 2-2 3-3
Dentition. Inc. ogi Coq Pile Ss Me

1. Macrophyllum neuwiedii.

Phyllostoma macrophyllum, Weed, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii.
p. 118 (1825); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. 1. p. 434 (1844),
v. p. 622 (1855). .

Macrophyllum nieuwiedii, Gray, Mag. Zool. §& Bot. ii. p. 489 (1838).

Macrophyllum neuwiedii, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, p. 50, pl. viii. fig. 2, pl. x. figs. 8, 83a (1855); Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 504; Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 113.

Ears slightly longer than the head; inner margin of the ear-
conch regularly convex, tip rounded off, upper third of the outer
margin concave, then gradually convex and continuing so to the
base; tragus attenuated upwards and acutely pointed, the outer
margin with two small tooth-like projections above the base ; hori-
zontal horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf extending almost to the margin of
the upper lip though rather small; the erect lanceolate leaf equals
in length nearly double the width of the horseshoe, and is as broad
as it at its base, its front surface is marked by a strong and
broad raised ridge; lower lip with a central circular wart sur-
rounded by small warts; thumb short, the metacarpal bone equals
the first phalanx in length; tail produced to, and terminating exactly
at the margin of, the interfemoral membrane, which forms a straight
line between the extremities of the long calcanea; calcaneum
longer than the tibia and equal to half the forearm in length ; feet
very large.

Fur, above, soot-brown, slightly paler beneath ; wing-membrane
naked.

Middle upper incisors unicuspidate, converging forwards and in-
wards ; outer incisors very small, with oblique cusps directed inwards
(Plate XXIV. fig. 2); first upper premolar scarcely one third the
size of the second, with an oblique cusp directed forwards ; lower
incisors equal, in a semicircle, summits slightly pectinate ; first and
second lower premolars nearly equal in cross section, the second ex-
ceeding the first in vertical extent.
6. VAMPYRUS. 469

Length, head and body about 2'-5, tail 1'-5, head 0'-6, ear
0"-65, tragus 0''-3, nose-leaf 0'':5, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0-3; third
finger—metacarp. 1'-4, lst ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0-65, 3rd ph. 0”-4;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1/3, Ist ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0”52; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1-4, 1st ph. 035, 2nd ph. 0-45; tibia 0-7
caleaneum 0”75, foot 0”-5,

Hab. Brazil (Bahia; Mucuri River).

The above description has been taken from the specimen in the
collection of the Paris Museum, figured by Gervais.

¥.

a, ad. sk. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [C.].
b. skull of a.

6. VAMPYRUS.

Vampyrus, Geoffroy, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822) ;
Tomes, P. Z. 8S. 1861, p. 104; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865,
p. 504.

Muzzle narrow, elongated; crown of the head slightly elevated ;
nose-leaf moderate, horseshoe-shaped membrane well developed, with
expanded free edges; lower lip widely grooved in front, with a
raised naked longitudinal ridge on either side of the groove; ears
large, separate, outer margin of the ear-conch terminating shortly
in front of the base of the tragus; tragus elongated, with prominent
external marginal processes ; tail very short or none; interfemoral
membrane well-developed; wings from the base of the outer toes,
attached to the backs of the feet as in the family Pteropodide; the
first phalanx of the middle finger more than half the length of the
metacarpal bone and nearly as long as the second phalanx.

“4 4 ga eye 2-2 3-3
Dentition. Inc. 7 or 5, ¢. 7, PM. s=5, M. 55.

Lower outer incisors external to the tooth-row or absent; molars
rather narrow, with well-developed W-shaped cusps. Skull long
and narrow in front; but its breadth at the anterior extremities of
the nasal bones is greater than between the temporal fosse.

Range. Neotropical Region (Antillean, Mexican, and Brazilian
Subregions).

Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.

: Baas 4 i
I. Tail none; incisors 7 ......--- see eee Subgenus Vampynus.

a, The second lower premolar nearly as
large as the first, in the tooth-row;
forearm 4-2 oe. eee c eee nee ees 1. V. spectrum, p. 470.

: . : 4
II. Tail short; incisors 7... .s seers Subgenus CHROTOPTERUS.

b. The second lower premolar consider-
ably smaller than the first and drawn :
inwards; forearm 32... .6 ee ees 2. 7. auritus, p. 471.
470) PHYLLOSTOMID.£.

1. Vampyrus spectrum.

Vespertilio spectrum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 46; Schreb. Sdugeth.
i. p. 159, pl. xlv. (1775).

Phyllostoma spectrum, Geoff. Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 174, pl. xi.
(head and skull).

Vampyrus spectrum, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 80 (1822);
mall P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 104; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1865,
p- 504.

This species may be at once distinguished by its large size and
peculiar physiognomy. It is the largest known species of Bat from
the New World, being considerably larger than Phyllostoma hasta-
tum, which approaches it most closely in size.

Head very long, muzzle long arid narrow, the eye is much closer to
the ear than to the extremity of the muzzle; ears large, but shorter
than to the head, oval, evenly rounded off above, the inner margin of
the conch regularly convex, the outer slightly so in upper three
fourths, forming near its anterior termination in front of the base
of the tragus a small thickened process; tragus abruptly narrowed
on both sides in its upper third, terminating in a narrow needle-
shaped process, lower two thirds of the outer and inner margins
convex, at the base of the outer margin a square-sided lobe suc-
ceeded above opposite the base of the inner margin by a small tooth-
like projection ; nose-leaf broadly lanceolate-ovate, the erect portion
nearly as broad as the horseshoe at its base, horseshoe with a pro-
jecting free margin expanded and bent upwards laterally; lower
lip and chin with a wide groove in front, bounded by a narrow
naked ridge on either side.

Wing-membrane extending to the end of the proximal third of
the outer toe; feetrather small; calcaneum three fourths the length
of the tibia; interfemoral membrane large, extending, when ex-
panded, beyond the feet; tail none.

Fur short above and beneath, scarcely extending upon the mem-
branes ; face in front of the ears nearly naked; under surface of the
body very thinly clothed. Above reddish brown; beneath reddish
yellow.

Canines, in both jaws, very large, encroaching so much on the
space occupied by the incisors that the outer incisors above and be-
neath are pressed forwards partially out of the tooth-row; upper
middle incisors rather short, chisel-shaped, with straight, unnotched
cutting-edges ; first upper premolar with a short cusp and a long
posteriorly projecting base meeting the anteriorly projecting base of
the second premolar, so that the cusps of these teeth are widely
separated (Plate XXIV. fig. 8a); upper molars narrow, with very
acute, long, W-shaped cusps, and with a broad flat-crowned horizon-
tal projection from their posterior sides scarcely raised above the level
of the gum; last upper molar consisting of a transverse lamina
only ; lower molars much narrower, their long, acutely pointed, ante-
rior cusps received into the deep spaces between the inner halves of
the upper molars, which touch by their cusps externally. The
6. VAMPYRUS. 471

tooth-rows of opposite sides in the upper jaw are almost parallel,
the inner margins of the posterior molars being as close together as
the first premolars (Plate XXIV. fig. 3).

_ The skull is much narrowed between the postorbital fossee, where
its transverse diameter is less than at a point corresponding to the
first upper premolar; the sagittal crest is much developed poste-
riorly, and the supraoccipital crest forms a prominent process pro-
jecting very considerably over the concave occipital bone; the mas-
toid and paroccipital processes are much expanded, and the basi-
occipital between the auditory bulle osses is wider than long and
slightly excavated ; the bony palate is abruptly narrowed behind the
last molar, and extends as far back as the middle of the zygomatic
arch; the mesopterygoid fossa very narrow (Plate XXIV. fig. 3).

Length, head and body 55, tail 3’, head 2-2, ear 1-8, tragus
0°55, nose-leaf 0-75 x0"45, forearm 4”2, thumb 13; third
finger—metacarp. 2”-9, Ist ph. 1”55, 2nd ph. 1-9, 8rd ph. 1-4;
fourth finger—metacarp. 31, Ist ph. 125, 2nd ph.1"5; fifth
finger—metacarp. 3”°5, 1st ph. 1-2, 2nd ph. 1”-55; tibia 2”, cal-
caneum 1”-6, foot 1:2.

Hab. Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Pa-
nama) ; Jamaica ; Guianas ; Brazil.

This species, believed by the older naturalists to be thoroughly
sanguivorous in its habits, and named accordingly by Geoffroy, has
been shown by the observations of modern travellers to be mainly
frugivorous, and is considered by the inhabitants of the countries in
which it is found perfectly harmless.

The stomach forms a simple pouch as in the insectivorous Bats,
with the cardiac and pyloric orifices rather close together, the latter
opening wide ; the mucous membrane is thickened and arranged in
broad folds. In the stomach of one individual I found some vege-
table matter of rather firm consistence, apparently portion of the
rind of some large fruit.

a. ad. sk. Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Isq. [P.].

b. @ ad., al. Realijo, Nicaragua. Sir E. Belcher (C4.

ce. ad. sk, Isthmus of Panama. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]

d. ad. sk. Cosnipata. Purchased.

e. fo ad, al. British Guiana. Purchased.

f. & ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.

g. ad. sk. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.]}.
A. fo ad. skeleton. M. Lidth de Jeude.

?. skull. Jamaica. J. S, Redman, Esq. [P.].

7. skull. M. Lidth de Jeude.

2. Vampyrus auritus.
Vampyrus auritus, Peters, Abhandl. Akad. Wissench. Berl. 1856
p. 305, pl. ii, figs. 1-5; Temes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 104, pl. xviii,’
Chrotoptems auritus, Pe/ers, MB. Akad. Berl, 1865, p. 505.
Considerably smaller than TV’. spectrum, but with similarly large
ears, which differ only from thore of that species in the smaller and
472 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

less thickened antitragus ; general form of the nose-leaf also as in
V. spectrum, the horseshoe more equally developed all round and
projecting more in front; front of the lower lip with a small wart
in the centre and a narrow transverse elevation on either side;
chin divided by a narrow groove between two warts (Plate XXIV.
fig. 4); opposite the anterior extremity of the sternum the small
circular aperture of a glandular duct.

Wings and interfemoral membrane as in V. spectrum; but the cal-
caneum is comparatively shorter, and in the base of the interfemoral
membrane a rudimentary tail, scarcely one fifth of an inch in length,
may be discerned with some difficulty.

Fur much longer than in V. spectrum, especially on the upper
surface, thickly clothing the body above and beneath, but scarcely
extending upon the membranes; the metacarpal bone of the thumb,
the basal half of the interfemoral membrane, and the legs are thinly
covered with short fur. Above dark brown, at the base and at the
extremities of the hairs whitish; beneath greyish brown, the hairs
darker in the middle, paler at their bases and at their extremities.

Upper middle incisors comparatively longer and narrower than
in V. spectrum, directed downwards and inwards; outer incisors
very small, between the middle incisors and the canines; thetwo lower
incisors chisel-shaped, indistinctly notched ; first upper premolar
quite different from that of V. spectrum, being very small and
scarcely raised above the level of the gum (Plate XXIV. fig. 4) ;
the second lower premolar is also very small, and quite internal to
the tooth-row, not visible from without, the first and third pre-
molars closely approximated ; first lower premolar about two thirds
the size of the third premolar, which is comparatively larger than
the corresponding tooth in V. spectrum.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 4", tail 0-2, head 1'°55,
ear 1’'-6, tragus 0'"45, nose-leaf 0°65 x 0'"4, forearm 3'°35, thumb
1; third finger—metacarp. 2-3, 1st ph. 1’"3, 2nd ph. 1'"5, 3rd ph.
13; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-5, 1st. ph. 1'°05, 2nd ph. 1'"2;
fifth finger—metacarp. 2':8, 1st ph. 1-05, 2nd ph. 1'"15; tibia
1’-45, calcaneum 0'°95, foot 0°95.

Hab. Mexico; British Guiana; Brazil.

This very remarkable species connects Vampyrus with Lophostoma,
Tylostoma, and Phyllostoma. With the species of Lophostoma it
agrees closely in the form of the skull and in the dental formula,
with J'ylostoma in the form of the incisors and premolars, and with
Phyjllostoma in the presence of a glandular opening near the anterior
extremity of the sternum.

a, ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Earl of Derby [P.].
(Figured in P. Z.S. 1861, pl. xviii.)

b. ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Earl of Derby [P.].

c. 9 ad., al. Brazil. Dr. Peters [E.].
yy

7. LOPHOSTOMA, 473

7. LOPHOSTOMA.

Lophostoma, D’Orbigny, Voy. dans ? Amérique mérid. p. 11 (1847) ;
Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 48 (1855).

General form of the head as in Vampyrus, but the horseshoe-
shaped portion of the nose-leaf very narrow in front of the nasal
openings, and bound down to the muzzle; chin with a central wart,
margined laterally by smaller warts; ears large, as long or longer
than the head, separate or united at their bases; tail short, per-
forating the large interfemoral membrane and appearing upon its
upper surface ; wing-membrane from the dorsal surface of the tarsal
or metatarsal bone of the outer toe; first phalanx of the middle
finger less than half the metacarpal bone.

Dentition, Inc. 5 C. = pm. = m. —

Second lower premolar minute, in the tooth-row or in the outer
angle between the first and second premolars, Skull long and
narrow, the width between the temporal fossz equal to or less than
that of the muzzle across the nasal bones.

Range. Brazilian Subregion.

This genus is quite intermediate between Vampyrus and Phyl-
lostoma, resembling the former in the general shape of the skull, the
latter in the shorter muzzle and in the warts of the lower lip.

Synopsis of the Species.

a, Ears separate, not exceeding the head in
length; skull nearly as wide between the
postorbital fos as at the first upper pre-
molar.
a', Fur, above, unicoloured, dark brown ; fore-
arm 2'1, tibia 0'"85 ...............+ L, LZ, bidens, p. 473.
b'. Fur, above, bicoloured, white at the base
of the hairs, towards the extremities
dark brown; forearm 1'"45, tibia 0'-75. 2, L. brasihense, p. 474,
b. Ears considerably longer than the head,
united by a low band across the forehead ;
skull much narrower between the post-
orbital fosse than at the first upper pre-
molar.
c’. Fur, above, brown, whitish at the base of ;
the hairs; forearm 2''2, tibial" ...... 3. L. amblyotis, p. 475.

1. Lophostoma bidens.

Vampyrus bidens, Spi, Simiar. et Vespertil. Brasil. p. 64, pl. xxxvi.
fig. 5 (1823). .

piticg childreni, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 488 (1838).

Tylostoma childrenii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 114.

Lophostoma bidens, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1865, p. 509.

Ears as long as the head, separate ; ear-conch much longer than
474 PHYLLOSTOMID®,

broad, narrowly rounded off at the tip; inner margin strongly con-
vex below, decreasingly convex upwards; outer margin slightly
convex, almost straight, terminating without forming a lobe midway
between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth: tragus
rather long and attenuated in upper third, which is not curved out-
- wards ; about the middle of its outer margin two small tooth-like
projections: nose-leaf shorter than the tragus, ovate-lanceolate ;
horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf scarcely developed in front of the nasal
apertures ; lower lip with three superior warts, bounded by a double
row of smaller warts.

Wings from the tarsi; calcaneum slightly longer than the foot ;
tail terminating by a slight projection on the upper surface of the
basal fourth of the large interfemoral membrane.

Fur, above, dark brown throughout; beneath paler, the extremi-
ties of the hairs ashy; extending thickly upon the humerus and
fleshy part of the forearm and adjoining wing-membrane, but the
legs and remaining parts of the wing-membrane and the interfemoral
membrane are quite naked; beneath, the distribution of the fur is
similar.

Skull narrow and elongated, nearly as wide between the post-
orbital fosse as at the first upper premolar (Plate X XVI. fig. 2c) ;
infraorbital foramen close to the margin of the orbit, in a line with
the posterior margin of the first molar; teeth in the upper jaw very
similar to those of Phyllostoma hastatum; in the lower jaw the
canines are close together by their bases, and in front of them
are two narrow unicuspidate incisors (Plate XXVI. fig. 2); first
and third lower premolars equal in vertical extent, but the first is
larger and directed slightly forwards, and between them and
slightly to the outer side of the tooth-row the small second pre-
molar is placed (Plate XXVI. figs. 2a, 26).

(For measurements see Table, p. 476.)

Hab. Brazil (Rio Janeiro; Bahia).

a. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

b. ad. sk. South America. J. G. Children, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Phyllostoma childrenti, Gray.)

c. skeleton.

2. Lophostoma brasiliense.

Tylostoma brasiliense, Gray, MS.
Lophostoma brasiliense, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 674.

Very much smaller than L. bidens, but in the form of the ears,
nose-leaf, and teeth, and in the relative lengths of the bones of the
extremities very similar to that species. The fur is, however, dif-
ferent in colour and distribution, and in the single type specimen
(the skin of an adult female) there is no trace of a tail.

Above, paler brown than in LZ. bidens, and the basal third of the
7. LOPHOSTOMA. 475

hairs is pale buff; beneath, light greyish brown. A narrow line
of fur extends upon the humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, but
the membranes are quite naked.

(For measurements see Table, p. 476.)

Hab, Bahia, Brazil.

a. Q ad. sk. (type). Bahia. Mr. Brandt (C.].

3. Lophostoma amblyotis.

Phyllostoma amblyotis, Natt., Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 365 ;

Ga. Miinch. Akad. vy. p. 164; Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 625
55).

? Lophostoma sylvicolum, D’Orbigny, Voy. dans U' Amérique mérid.
p.11 (1847); Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 48,
pl. x. fig. 6 (teeth).

Lophostoma amblyotis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 509.

Ears longer than the head, but in general outline similar to those
of L. bidens, united by a low band across the forehead. Nose-leaf
and warts of the lower lip as in Z. bidens.

Wing-membrane from the dorsal surface of the second meta-
tarsal bone; calcaneum longer than the foot; tail aslong as the
foot, of four vertebra, the extremity projecting.

Fur, above, brown, whitish at the base of the hairs; beneath,
paler; on both surfaces extending outwards upon the proximal two
thirds of the humerus; forearm naked above, but beneath the prox-
imal third is clothed thinly with fine hairs; on the upper surface
the metacarpal bone of the thumb is similarly clothed.

Second upper premolar much smaller than the canine in cross sec-
tion at the base ; the second minute lower premolar is as high as or
slightly higher than, the cingulum of the first lower premolar. The
sagittal crest is well developed, and the skull is one third narrower
between the postorbital fossee than at the point corresponding to
the first upper premolar.

The above description of this species has been taken from Dr.
Peters’s notes on the type specimens preserved in the Vienna Museum,
which I have not yet had an opportunity of examining.

(For measurements see Table, p. 476.)

Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso).

This species, though resembling ZL. bidens in size, in the shape of
the ear-conch, of the nose-leaf, and of the warts on the lower lip, is
yet easily distinguished by the much greater size of the ears, which
are united by a low band across the forehead, and by the greater
length of the tibia.

The following Table exhibits in the first column the measurements
of an adult specimen of L. bidens, in the second those of the type
of L. brasiliense, and in the third the measurements of one of the
types of LZ. amblyotis (as given by Dr. Peters) are shown :—
476 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.

I. II. III.
Length, head and body ...........seeseseeveseeceueee 3°0 2°5 3-0
wy HALL ej oissatoudie das aver cariaenbudeanadeates vane 05 ie 06
53 EGG <3: Faiovmcniods cwnaacnamaeneessasoarsesense a hoe 1:05
“ CAT: sho, Was reese Sua cta see es WERE 10 0°85 13
Gee RETARD UB ee csncse iets trsee san occa ates zn a nia 0-4 a 0:43
RS DOS@=LOal- pvp cevagaecssiwansecuemevivesteanereds 0:35 a 0-4
sy | ROPEATNO: 7 sna sien suan sh sanaeceennyauresseetouhes 21 1:45 2:2
ee third finger, metacarpal ...........00... 17 11 1:65
‘i 5 1st phalanx 0.0... 0-75 05 0°75
_ ss Bride sy. sh adasadiecase bes 0-85 0:58 0°8
55 _ SEG: fgg otesecadenosnans 0-65 0°65 0°75
i fourth finger, metacarpal .................. 1:65 12 1-75
ss 4 Tet phalankiscoeawsercvere 0°55 0°5 07
3 5 Did. a) vavceechvensee O°7 06 0'8
33 fifth finger, metacarpal............0...06608 1°75 1:25 1:83
3 Lat: phalanx \s.2i ste scsi 06 05 0:68
” 0-5 0-72
- 0-75 10
5 05 0:7
0-45 06

 

8. SCHIZOSTOMA.

Phyllophora e¢ Phyllostoma, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842,
p. 257.

Mimon, G'ray (in part), P. Z. S. 1847, p. 14.

Schizostoma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 49
(1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 505.

Micronycteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 113.

Muzzle and lower lip as in Vampyrus, but the nose-leaf is less
developed and its front margin is bound down to the underlying
integument; ears large, widely apart, the bases of their inner sides
conjoined by a low band generally concealed by the fur, the outer
sides of the ear-conch more developed in front than in Vampyrus,
and terminating nearer the eye, forming in all the species a well-
defined lobe; tail short, perforating the large interfemoral mem-
brane, and appearing upon its upper surface; wings from the ankles
or tarsus, the first phalanx of the middle finger less than half the
metacarpal bone.

Dentition. Inc. o c. = pm. —, m. =.

The second lower premolar well developed. Skull long and narrow
in front, narrower at the extremities of the nasal bones than between
the temporal fossx (Plate XXVI. figs. 3, 3a, skull of Sch. megalotis).

Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.

This genus, though closely allied to Vampyrus, includes some of
the smallest-sized species of the whole group, none of those known
having a forearm more than 1'°85 in length, thus contrasting
strongly with the species of that genus, which are the largest of the
whole family Phyllostomide. Although resembling Vampyrus in
general external characters, the skull is comparatively much nar-
rower in front, the relative proportions of the lengths of the wing-
bones are different, the horizontal horseshoc-shaped membrane,
8. SCHIZOSTOMA. 477

though well developed, is not expanded or free in front, as in Vam-
pyrus, and the wing-membrane is attached to the extremities of the
tibise or to the sides, not the backs, of the feet.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. The second phalanx of the middle finger
equal or nearly equal to the first.
a'. Caleaneum longer than the foot.
a’. Wings from the tarsus or metatargus.
a". Forearms and legs hairy; the second
phalanx of the middle finger slightly
shorter than the first; forearm 1"6.. 1. Sch. hirsutum, p. 477.
6". Forearms and legs naked ; the second
phalanx of the middle finger slightly
longer than the first; forearm 1-45. 2, Sch. megalotis, p. 478.
o'. Caleaneum shorter than the foot.
6". Wings from the tibiz.
ce", Forearms and legs naked; the first
and second phalanges of the middle
finger exactly equal in length; fore-
rm BH shi ire sal etcae aes 3. Sch. minutum, p. 479.
b. The second phalanx of the middle finger con-
spicuously longer than the first.
e', Calcaneum much shorter than the foot.
ce", Wings from the tarsi; forearms and legs
nearly naked ; forearm 1'"85........ 4, Sch, behnii, p. 479.

1. Schizostoma hirsutum.
Schizostoma hirsutum, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 396.

Muzzle narrow, cylindrical, the crown of the head slightly vaulted ;
horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf adherent to the muzzle in front, but with
a distinct anterior margin; the erect lancet-shaped leaf as broad in
its broadest part as the horseshoe, abruptly narrowed in its upper
third and terminating shortly in a subacute point, surface smooth,
no central ridge, covered with a few almost invisible hairs which
are most abundant along its margin: ears slightly longer than the
head, united by their inner and posterior sides by a low band con-
cealed by the fur of the head ; lower half of the inner margin of the
ear-conch very convex, upper half less convex, broadly rounded off
above ; the outer margin slightly convex, terminating in a line with
the angle of the mouth, midway between the base of the tragus and
the eye; tragus narrowed upwards, reaching its greatest breadth
slightly above the base of the outer margin, with a slight notch
forming a very small lobule opposite the base of the inner margin ;
ehin with two longitudinal naked elevations converging below and
enclosing between them a deep V-shaped groove. . ;

Metacarpal bone of the thumb equal to the remaining part in
length ; metacarpal bones of the third and fourth fingers equal, the
fifth metacarpal shorter; first phalanx of the middle finger very

slightly longer than the second.
Wings foe the metatarsus; calcaneum slightly longer than the
478 PILYLLOSTOMIDZE.

foot; tail of four vertebree, scarcely half the length of the inter-
femoral membrane, on the upper surface of which the last short
vertebra projects.

The face is very hairy; the nose-leaf is dusted over with fine hairs,
most abundant on the horseshoe and along the edges; the sides of
the muzzle bristle with hairs, which form a short fringe along the
upper lip; the humerus and the muscular part of the forearm are
covered with long hairs, and short hairs cover the remaining part
of the forearm to the carpus, becoming much longer and denser on
the metacarpal bone of the thumb, fine short hairs also extending
to the base of the claw of the thumb and along the whole extent of
the middle finger, also upon the legs and backs of the feet to the
base of the claws.

Incisors as in Vampyrus spectrum, but not crowded; the first
lower premolar exceeds the third as much as the third exceeds the
second.

(For measurements see Table, p. 480.)

Hab. Unknown. ‘Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.

2. Schizostoma megalotis.

Phyllophora megalotis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 237;
Voyage of the ‘ Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 18, pl. v. fig. 2 (1844).

Phyllostoma elongata, Gray (non Geoffroy), Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist.
1842, p. 257.

Phyllostoma elongatum, Gray, Voy. ‘ Sulphur, p. 19, pl. viii. fig. 2.

Mimon megalotus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 14; Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.
p. 406 (1847).

Phyllostoma scrobiculatum, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 627.

Micronycteris megalotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 118.

Schizostoma elongatum, Gray, J. ce. p. 115.

Schizostoma megalotis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 672.

Head as in Sch. hirsutwm, the horseshoe-shaped portion of the
nose-leaf narrower, in width equal to half the length of the whole
leaf, its front edge continuous with the underlying integument and
separated by a narrow space from the margin of the lip; the erect
lancet-shaped leaf broader in its broadest part than the horseshoe,
abruptly narrowed and terminating in a very acute point; front
surface of the leaf smooth, without a longitudinal ridge, and naked;
ears as long as the head, united by their inner and posterior sides by
a band 0'12 deep; form of the ear-conch and tragus as in Sch. hir-
sutum (Plate XXIV. fig. 5).

Metacarpal bone of the thumb longer than the phalanx, enclosed
in the antebrachial membrane; metacarpal bones of the third, fourth,
and fifth fingers equal, the bones of the fourth finger equal respec-
tively to those of the fifth; the first phalanx of the middle finger
very slightly shorter than the second.

Wings from the tarsus; calcaneum slightly longer than the foot ;
tail and interfemoral membrane as in Sch. hirsutum.

The fur of the body scarcely extends upon the membranes, which,
with the extremities, are almost quite naked.
8, scHIZOSTOMA. 479

Upper middle incisors faintly notched on the outer side of their
extremities ; lower premolars nearly equal, the first slightly larger
than the third, which, again, is slightly larger than the second
(Plate XXVIL fig. 35).

(For measurements see Table, p. 480.)

r fue Mexico; Central America (Honduras, Guatemala) ; Brazil;
olivia.

a, 6. ad. sks. Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].

e. Q ad., al. Bay of Honduras.

d. ad. sk., in al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. (C.}.
e. @ ad, al. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. bord
f. ad. sk. Brazil.

g Sd? ad, al. Brazil. (Micronycteris megalotis, Gray.)

A. ad. sk. Atacamis. Capt. Kellett [P.].
a. ad. sk. (Type of Phyllophora megalotis, Gray.) Earl of Derby [P.].
Jj. ad. sk. (Mimon megalotis, Gray.) Purchased.

3. Schizostoma minutum.
Schizostoma minutum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoo-
logie, p. 50, pl. vii. fig. 1, pl. x. figs. 5, 5a@ (1855).

Slightly smaller than Sch. megalotis, the head, ears, and nose-leaf
very similar to those of that species ; but easily distinguished by the
greater length of the foot, the shorter calcaneum, and the quality
and distribution of the fur.

Second phalanx of the middle finger exactly equal to the first in
length; metacarpal bone of the thumb equal to the remaining parts;
metacarpal bones of the third, fourth, and fifth fingers equal, as in
Sch. megalotis.

The wing-membrane scarcely extends to the extremity of the
tibia ; the calcaneum is shorter than the foot, and the latter is com-
paratively larger than in the preceding species.

Fur longer than in Sch. megalotis; the muscular part of the fore-
arm, which in that species is almost quite naked, is here well
clothed on both sides. Above, brown, the base of the hairs ashy
white; beneath, ashy.

Teeth as in Sch. megalotis.

(For measurements see Table, p. 480.)

Hab. Brazil.

a, 6. ad. sks. Sta. Catherina, Brazil.
c-e. ad. sks. Brazil.
f. fo Pad, al. South America. Mr. Brandt [C.].

4, Schizostoma behnii.
Schizostoma behnii, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 505.

Larger than any of the preceding species, but with comparatively
shorter ears, the ear-conch being slightly shorter than the head, ex-
ternally flatly emarginate, and terminating in a lobule separated
from the outer margin by a shallow notch, as in Sch. megalotis and
the other species. Horseshoe-shaped part of the nose-leaf well de-
480 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

veloped, its front margin bound down to but not continuous with
the integument beneath, much broader than the lancet-shaped leaf,
which is acutely pointed. Chin with two large naked prominences,
as_in other species; but in the deep groove between them are three
small round warts.

Second phalanx of the middle finger conspicuously longer than
the first; caleaneum much shorter than the foot; tail as in Sch.
hirsutum; wing-membrane extending to the tarsus.

The fur of the body extends outwards as far as the middle of the
humerus, and to the same extent, but thinly, upon the wing-mem-
brane; the muscular part of the forearm, the extremity of the femur,
and the tibia appear naked or clothed only with a few fine hairs.

Above, brown; beneath, brownish grey; on the upper surface at
the base white, then brownish, succeeded by a yellowish-white
band, the extremities of the hairs brown; beneath, the hairs are
whitish at the base, then brown, with brownish-grey extremities.

(For measurements seo Table below.)

The above description is taken from Dr. Peters’s notes on the
single type specimen sent to him by Prof. Behn.

Hab. Cuyaba ; Cosnipata *.

a. Pad. sk. Cosnipata. Purchased.
S. hir- SS. mega- 8. minu- oe
sutum. lotis tum. 8. behnii.

Length, head and body.............0.06. 2:2 1:95 18 2°45

va BALL. -sngetehaatan seomtee seas enens 06 0°55 05 0:55
of. SOA? A deeccssbsesMitcesacenecesese 0°85 08 eet 09
Wo. LORI. Auvetaecavccesciuanonmaences 0:95 0:75 0-7 08
fs PPAQUB! casesisecstsnasdessesvernes 0:3 0:3 0°25 0°32
jy: MOSO*1OAL cc vocwecsnchesercteneves 0:35 0-4 03 0-4
Breadth of nose-leaf ...........c.csceeeee 0:23 0-2 0-2 0°26
Length, forearm. ..........cccceecesseseeee 16 1-45 1:35 1:85
fg HHUMD Gere cesssocetecumcncaversy 0:5 04 0:36 0:45
» third finger, metacarpal...... 1:3 1:25 11 16
5 $5 <5 Ist phalanx ... O'7 06 0-45 06
‘3 * 33. wend: 4; .. =0°65 0°63 0-45 08
i 45 it, SOE fs: we O5 0-4 0-4 0:48
», fourth finger, metacarpal ... 1:3 1-25 1-1 15
$5 na 5 Ist phalanx ... 0°55 0-5 0:35 0:5
© 33 4 Qnd , ss... 08 0-4 0-4 06
» fifth finger, metacarpal...... 1-45 1:25 11 16
55 x 5 Ist phalanx ... 0°55 05 0-4 0-48
5 A end. 55 w O44 0-4 0:35 0:45
gy. HADI Sasa eivacadoaeveuvoarvedexeoes 0-7 06 0°55 0-7
PP 5729 (cr: 01:1 01: 0-5 0°45 03 0:3
ag “LOOb rate seesonecneevveunsunascscoee 0:45 0:38 0-4 0-48

The above measurements of Sch. hirsutum and Sch. minutum were
taken by me from the types preserved in the Paris Museum; those
of Sch. megalotis from a large female specimen obtained by Mr.
Salvin from Guatemala, which I had compared with the type (an ex-
ample of a not full-grown male); and those of Sch. behnit from Dr.
Peters’s original description of that species.

* The specimen from Cosnipata was found by me in the Collection while
these pages were passing through the press.
9, TRACHYOPS. 481

9. TRACHYOPS.

Trachops, Gray, P. Z. 8.1847, p. 14; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xix.
p. 406 (1847),
Trachyops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 512. <

Muzzle shorter than in Vampyrus; horizontal portion of the nose-
leaf narrow in front of the nostrils, the erect leaf well developed ;
lower lip and chin with a longitudinal groove in front, margined by
a double row of warts; muzzle with numerous conical warts; ears
large, separate: the first phalanx of the middle finger shorter than
half the metacarpal bone; interfemoral membrane well developed,
extending far beyond the tail, which appears upon its upper
surface.

Dentition. Ine. 3 C. ch pm. — m™. =

The second lower premolar small, internal.

This genus is, as yet, represented by a single species only, of wide
distribution. It approaches Phyllostoma closely in dentition, but
the form of the skull is different, more produced in front, narrower
between the postorbital fosse, and the brain-case more vaulted ;
the first phalanx of the third finger is much longer in comparison
with the metacarpal bone than in Phyllostoma, and the metacarpal
bone of the fifth finger is more conspicuously longer than that of
the third than in any other genus of this group.

1. Trachyops cirrhosus.

Vampyrus cirrhosus, Spir, Simiar. et Vespertil. Brasil. p. 64, pl. xxxvi.
fig. 111.

Trachops fuliginosus, Gray, P.Z. S. 1847, p. 14; Ann, § Mag. Nat.
Hist. xix. p. 406 (1847).

Tylostoma mexicana, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p, 484 (1860).

Trachyops cirrhosus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 512.

Crown of the head distinctly elevated above the face-line, muzzle
cylindrical ; the distance between the eyes is equal to the distance
of the eye from the end of the muzzle; ears large, oval, broadly
rounded off above, longer than the head; outer and inner margins
of the ear-conch convex, the inner margin strongly convex in the
lower third, the outer margin slightly concave opposite the tragus ;
lower half of the outer margin of the tragus unevenly lobed and
toothed, the upper third abruptly narrowed and acutely pointed;
nose-leaf in general outline similar to that of Phyllostoma hastatum,
but much less developed in front; the erect ovate-lanceolate leaf
acutely pointed, finely toothed on the edges; horizontal leaf narrow
in front of the nostrils, bound down to the muzzle, margined by
numerous wart-like projections ; front and sides of the lips studded
with small warts, which lessen in number and become smaller
towards the angle of the mouth; lower lip and chin with a central
longitudinal groove margined laterally and beneath by a great
number of small prominent warts (Plate XXV. fig. es

I
482 PHYLLOSTOMID#.

Wing-membrane extending to the tarsus; calcaneum three fourths
the length of the foot; interfemoral membrane large, slightly con-
cave between the ends of the calcanea; tail as long as the thumb,
of four short vertebre contained in the upper surface of the inter-
femoral membrane.

Fur, above, dark reddish brown, the base of the hairs whitish, the
extreme tips slightly ashy ; beneath, paler brown to the base of the
hairs, the extremities ashy.

Upper middle incisors large, slightly notched, occupying by their
bases nearly the whole space between the canines; outer incisors
very small, scarcely visible without a lens, not raised above the gum;
lower incisors equal, not crowded (Plate XXVL fig. 4); first upper
premolar about half the size of the second, the cusp directed slightly
obliquely forwards and downwards, on the whole like that of Phyl-
lostoma hastatum ; molars acutely tubercular, with well-defined W-
shaped cusps; first lower premolar three fourths the third in verti-
cal extent, but exceeding it in cross section; the second premolar
scarcely as large as one of the lower incisors, internal to the tooth-
row, and not visible from without (Plate XXVI. figs 4a,46). With
the exception of this small second lower premolar, the teeth are very
similar to those of Phyllostoma hastatum.

Length (of an adult 2 from Bermuda), head and body 3”, tail
0-55, head 1'"15, ear 1'°3, tragus 0'°5, forearm 2°35, thumb
0-6; third finger—metacarp. 1'"8, 1st ph. 0'-85, 2nd ph. 1'"15, 3rd
ph. 0-75; fourth finger—metacarp. 1°85, lst ph. 0'-65, 2nd ph.
0-8 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2”, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0'"7; tibia
0-95, caleaneum 0''°55, foot 0’°65.

Hab. Mexico; Island of Bermuda; Columbia (Bogota); Brazil
(Para, Pernambuco). Said also to inhabit South Carolina; but the
evidence on this point is not sufficient.

a. © ad, al. Bermuda.
b-e, ad. sks. Bogota, Columbia. O, Salvin, Esq. [C.].

10. PHYLLODERMA.

Phylloderma, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 513.
Guandira, Gray, P. a) 1866, p. 114.

Muzzle abruptly narrowed in front of the eyes; chin with a
V-shaped space margined by small warts ; nose-leaf narrow in front,
bound down to the muzzle; ears separate ; tail perforating the in-
terfemoral membrane and appearing upon its upper surface ; wing-
membrane from the side of the foot close to the base of the toes ;
first phalanx of the middle finger much less than half the length of
the metacarpal pos

2-2 3—3

Dentition. Inc. 4 ae =, pm. 5-3, M. 3.

Skull much broader between the postorbital fosse than at any
part in front of the orbits.

 
10. PHYLLODERMA. 483

This genus, founded on a single species, approaches Phyllostoma
very closely in general external form, but the very different shape of
the skull (as first pointed out by Dr. Peters)’ and the dentition
at once distinguish it.

1. Phylloderma stenops.

teres stenops, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 513; 1866,
p- 674.
Guandira cayanensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 114.

Nearly as large as Phyllostoma hastatum, and very closely resem-
bling that species in general external form; the ear-conch and tragus
are almost quite similar, the chin has also a V-shaped naked space
margined by warts, the wing-bones have very nearly the same rela-
tive proportions, and the fur agrees in quality and even in colour*.
The nose-leaf is, however, smaller and narrower, and its front margin
is bound down to the muzzle; the head is abruptly narrowed in front
of the eyes, and the wing-membrane extends almost to the base of
the toes,

Fur limited to the body and to the proximal half of the upper
surface of the humerus, short, dark brown above, pale greyish brown
at the base of the hairs; beneath shorter, and pale brown with
greyish extremities throughout : membranes dark brown.

Upper middle incisors with notched cutting-edges, the outer inci-
sors very short, filling up the space between the middle incisors and
the canines ; lower outer incisors equal to the middle pair in vertical
extent, but not half their diameter in cross section (Plate XXIV.
fig. 6); upper premolars as in Phyllostoma hastatum, but there are
three lower premolars, whereof the second is minute and stands in
the tooth-row.

Length (of the type of Guandira cayanensis, Gray), head and body
about 3'°5, tail 0’-7, ear 0’-9, tragus 0'"35, forearm 2'-75, thumb
0"-55; third finger—metacarp. 2'45, 1st ph. 0'-85, 2nd ph. 1'"2,
3rd ph. 0-9; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-35, 1st ph. 0''°6, 2nd ph.
0":9 ; fifth finger—metacarp 2'"5, Ist ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0'"65; tibia
11, caleaneum 0°55, foot 0°65.

(The measurements of the type of Phylloderma stenops, Peters, are
slightly greater, so that it appears probable that the type of Guandira
cayanensis is not full-grown, although the bones of the wings seem
perfectly ossified.)

Hab. Brazilian Subregion (Cayenne).

a. fo ? ad. sk. Cayenne.
(Type of Guandira cayanensis, Gray.)

 

* Tn the single male specimen in the Collection there appears to be a glan-
dular opening in the middle of the neck, as in Phyllostoma hastatum.

212
484 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.

11. PHYLLOSTOMA.
Phyllostoma, Geoffroy, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 514.

Muzzle much shorter than in Vampyrus ; horizontal portion of the
nose-leaf well developed, free in front and on the sides, vertical part
lanceolate; ears moderate, separate; lower lip with a V-shaped
groove in front margined with warts; first phalanx of the middle
finger not one third the length of the metacarpal bone, and much
shorter than the second phalanx ; wing-membrane extending to the
feet ; intertemoral membrane large, extending far beyond the short
tail, which appears upon its upper surface.

Dentition. Inc. > C. = pm. 7 m. 8

The first upper premolar well developed. Skull broader at the
anterior extremities of the nasal bones than between the temporal
fossee.

Range. Brazilian Subregion ; Peru.

This genus, next to Vampyrus, includes the largest species of the
family. All the species known have a gular glandular sac, well de-
veloped in males, rudimentary in females, in the inferior surface of
the neck, opening directly in front of the sternum.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Calcaneum longer than the foot.
a’, Nose-leaf shorter than the foot; forearm

SED ae.s- 8.9 496 He Gibva a Oueoh hs a ava ae S sees L. Ph, hastatum, p. 484.
b'. Nose-leaf longer than the foot; forearm
DOD a wisuatercta racine nee wa eare arenes 3. Ph. elongatum, p. 487.

6. Caleaneum shorter than the foot.
c’, Nose-leaf as long as the foot; forearm
BM Bike setae mente veel aaa en 2. Ph, discolor, p, 487.

1. Phyllostoma hastatum.

Vespertilio hastatum, Pallas, Spicileg. Zoolog. iii. p. 7 (1767) ; Schreb.
Stugeth. 1. p. 161, pl. xlvi.B (1775) ; Gmelin, Linn. Syst, Nat. ed.
xill. p. 47 (1788).

Phyllostoma hastatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 177, pl. 11
Tiead and skull) (1810); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. iixp. 179
(1836) ; Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 62 (1844-46); Burmeister,
Thiere Brasiliens, p. 42 (1854); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i.
p. 397 (1844), v. p. 624 (1855); Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Cas-
telnau, Zoologie, p. 47, pl. viii. fig. 8 (1855).

Phylostoma maximus, Wied, Reise nach Brasil. ii. p. 242.

Head slightly raised above the face-line ; muzzle obtusely conical,
the distance between the eyes equals the distance between the eye
and the end of the muzzle ; ears shorter than the head (their extreme
length, anteriorly, being exactly equal to the distance between the
base of the tragus and the end of the muzzle), obtusely pointed ;
ll. PHYLLosroma. 485

inner margin of the ear-conch convex, the convexity decreasing up-
wards ; upper half of the outer margin flatly emarginate, causing the
tip of the ear to project slightly ; lower half slightly convex; from
the inner surface of the conch, near the anterior termination of the
outer margin, arises parallel to the tragus a well-defined small square
process, whereof the outer upper angle projects outwards; tragus
much longer than wide, attenuated in upper third and subacutely
pointed ; inner margin convex below, concave above, lower third of
the outer margin forming a square lobe (as in most other species of
the subfamily) with projections at the lower and upper angles, about
the middie of the outer margin a separate small pointed process,
above which there is an obtuse angular projection from which the
outer margin slopes upwards and inwards to form the tip; nose-leaf
near the extremity of the muzzle, surrounded by glandular elevations
less developed immediately in front and behind ; horizontal leaf cir-
cular, having the uncovered nasal apertures opening in the centre,
from between which the base of the erect posterior leaf arises ; poste-
rior erect leaf ovate, acuminate, in its widest part not quite equal-
ling the width of the horseshoe, with a prominent longitudinal
ridge; margin of the horseshoe separated from the muzzle laterally
and in front; lower lip with a wide groove in front, margined on
either side by nine small warts, whereof the two upper and inner
are larger (Plate XXV. fig. 3, head).

In males the circular opening of a glandular sac exists in the
inferior surface of the neck, slightly in front of the anterior extre-
mity of the sternum; in females, a small rudimentary orifice alone
is found.

Wing-membrane extending to the ankles ; tail short, of five ver-
tebrae, included in the base of the large interfemoral membrane, and
projecting very slightly on its upper surface; caleaneum one third
longer than the foot.

On the upper surface the fur covers half the forearm, and the base
of the interfemoral membrane as far as the point of exit of the tail;
the remaining parts of the membranes and extremities are quite
naked ; beneath, a very few fine hairs appear upon the antebrachial
membranes and upon the wing-membrane near the body. The fur
covering the body and head is moderately long and dense, and
covers the face as far forwards as the posterior margin of the nose-
leaf.

Above, dark greyish or reddish brown ; paler beneath: or brilliant
chestnut-brown above, slightly paler beneath.

Frontals flattened between the orbits; no postorbital processes ;
crown of the skull slightly and gradually raised above the face-line,
with a well-defined sagittal crest, mastoid and paroccipital processes
forming large flattened projections ; basisphenoid deeply excavated
on each side behind the commencement of the mesopterygoid fossa ;
bony palate not extending quite so far back as the middle of the

slender zygomata.
Middle upper incisors moderately large, with broad oblique
486 PHYLLOSTOMID-£.

cusps directed forwards, downwards, and inwards, with chisel-shaped
unnotched cutting-edges, their inner margins close together; outer
incisor on each side very small, not equalling the cingulum of the
inner incisor in vertical extent, and occupying the narrow space be-
tween the inner incisor and the canine ; lower incisors equal, sym-
metrical, chisel-shaped ; first upper premolar with an oblique cusp,
directed forwards and slightly inwards, touching the base of the
canine; second upper premolar much larger, unicuspidate ; last upper
molar somewhat less than half the antepenultimate molar ; first lower
premolar triangular, nearly equalling the second in vertical extent,
and exceeding it and the canine in cross section at the base; first
and second molars equal, last molar three fourths the antepenulti-
mate molar.

(For measurements see Table, p. 488.)

Hab. Brazilian Subregion; Peru. Appears to be confined to the
forest-clad districts of these countries. Living in hollow trees, and
between the large leaves of different species of palms.

Next to Vampyrus spectrum this is the largest species of Bat
inhabiting the Western Hemisphere, the length of the head and
body being nearly four inches, while the forearm measures three
and a quarter.

The stomach is asimple pouch with rather thin walls, the mucous
membrane not thickened or arranged in folds as in Vampyrus spec-
trum. I found the stomach of a specimen dissected by me filled with
the comminuted remains of insects.

This species, in common with Vampyrus spectrum, was long
believed to be sanguivorous in its habits, and the Prince of Neuwied
gives credit to the current accounts (op. cit.). It is very probable
that most of the larger species of insectivorous Bats (like Mega-
derma lyra) occasionally feed on the smaller Bats and other small
mammals.

a, ad., al. Demerara. Purchased.

b. ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

c-e. ad. sks, Paya. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
Kg & &Qad,al. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

A. ad. sk. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
2,7. ad. sks. Rio Napo, Brazil. Purchased.

k. ad. sk, Brazil. J. Chant, Esq. [P.].

1, ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

m-—o. ad. sks. Brazil. Old Collection.

p. ad. sk. South America. Sir Everard Home [P.].
g. ad. sk. South America. Purchased.

r. dad, al. Purchased.

s-v. 6 & 9 ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
w. ad. sk. Purchased.

a. ad. sk. Zool. Soc. Coll.

y,% ad, sk. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.].

#'. sk, Upper Amazons.
ll. pHyYLtosroma. 487

2. Phyllostoma discolor.

Phyllostoma discolor, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, p. 866.

Phyllostoma innominatum, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 62 (1844-46).

Phyllostoma angusticeps, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, p. 47 (1855).

Much smaller than Ph. hastatum, from which it is distinguished
by the following characters also :—Muzzle comparatively longer and
narrower, and the glandular elevations surrounding the horizontal
portion of the nose-leaf do not extend in front; ears much more
broadly rounded off at the tip, the projection from the inner surface
of the ear-conch near the termination of the outer margin of the ear
rounded off, not square; calcaneum shorter than the foot. Gular
sac as in Ph. hastatum.

Fur, above, reddish brown, paler on the head, the base of the hairs
yellowish white ; beneath, the whole neck and the greater part of
the chest and abdomen pale brownish buff, the sides of the chest
and abdomen much darker

Teeth as in Ph. hastatum.

(For measurements see Table, p. 488.)

Hab. Guianas; Brazil; Peru (as far as 10° S. lat.).

Specimens of this species, at first sight, resemble not full-grown
examples of Ph. hastatum, but, on closer examination, the much
narrower muzzle and the shortness of the calcaneum at once dis-
tinguish them.

a. 3 ad., al. Surinam. Dr. Peters [E.].
b,c. fad, al. Surinam. Purchased,
d, g ad., al. Purchased.

3. Phyllostoma elongatum.

Phyllostoma elongatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 182, pl. 9
(1810); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stéiugeth. i. p. 396 (1844), v. p. 624
(1855); Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 61 (1844-46).

Alectops ater, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 114 (woodcut of head).

Slightly larger than Ph. discolor, but much smaller than Ph. has-
tatum, and easily distinguished from both by the much greater length
of the vertical nose-leaf, which is also narrower and more attenuated
above; the ears are comparatively longer and much broader, and
more rounded off above, owing to the much greater convexity of the
upper half of the inner margin, the tragus is also more attenuated
(Plate XXV. fig. 4, head). In all other respects, in the form of the
muzzle, position and size of the gular sac, attachment of the wing-
membrane, comparative measurements, &c., this species closely re-
sembles Ph. hastatum.

(For measurements see Table, p. 488.)

Hab. Surinam; Brazil; Peru.

Type in the collection of the Paris Museum. The type of Alec-
tops ater, Gray, is in the Hunterian Museum,
488 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.

The following Table exhibits the measurements of the three
species described above :—

 

 

 
  

 

 

 

Ph. has- | Ph. dis- | Ph. elon-
tatum. | color. | gatwm.
Length, head and body .............ccessceeeeeeeeees 39 30 31
A tails vadsvcesseevanavsscemsdnncrsestisteerines dens 0-7 05 0:8
. POA ccsadcasvenenuiecosscnsacsdavessshvensessess 1-45 1-2 12
a CAD aw casn ss pusrieves casi va vadenatestacnve cate snes 11 08 1:05
4 PLABUS cx osssediecrecsiescanumencsesmordccs sven 0°45 0°35 0:38
nose-leaf: . 2232 <0.-2eseisssncsses Soenaee 0-6 05 0-7
Breadth of ditto (of horizontal portion) ......... 0-4 03 0:35
ength; forearm’ vc sccssnesceosscesevvesncostvesteiess 3-2 23 2:55
re CUD Jee scen deca sencarupeevcases sai caeeens 0°63 05 05
.; third finger, metacarpal ...............04- 2°85 21 2:15
‘i = tet-phalanx: -i.c.icicsseseesere 0:8 0°55 0°65
‘ ie QU a5 Sgbanceaeleae ees 1-4 10 115
8 33 OVd’. aie 3 secankectwedecouee 10, 0-7 08
i fourth finger, metacarpal ...............44- 27 20 215
7 5 Ist phalanx...........0..... 0°65 0-4 0°55
- Dnd. 55. Sereddetaandeusen 10 075 08
as fifth finger, metacarpal ........cc.csscee eee 27 20 2-2
Ag 3 Ist phalan® .sscscissesesnee ss 0-6 0°35 05
fy ‘a 06 0:5 0°55
- tRDIal sc soveccacwesnacaesscavesessoacouedaesusnn il] 09 10
4 ealeaneum ... .| 1-0 0-4 0-8
FOOD 65) charaaewupiahecs. sacaenavewaeciea dente: 075 05 06

 

 

 

 

12. TYLOSTOMA.

Tylostoma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 48
(1855).

Muzzle shorter than in Phyllostoma; horizontal portion of the
nose-leaf well developed, free in front and on the sides, vertical part
very long, lanceolate; ears large, separate; lower lip with a V-
shaped space in front, margined by warts; wings as in Phyllostoma ;
wing-membrane extending almost to the base of the toes; inter-

femoral very lenge, eetendie beyond the feet.

22 a2
Dentition. Inc. § 5 Cs = = pm. 55, Mi. s—

The first upper premolar small, with a straight cusp.

Range. Brazilian Subregion.

This genus resembles Phyllostoma in the relative proportion of the
bones of the fingers and in the number of the back teeth; but the
muzzle in both the known species is comparatively much shorter, the
teeth are differently shaped and more crowded in the jaws, the general
structure of the nasal appendages is different, and there is no glan-
dular gular sac in either of the sexes.

In the form and arrangement of the chin-warts, and in the
number of the lower incisors, 7'ylostoma appears to occupy a posi-
tion with regard to Phyllostoma similar to that of Lophostoma te
Vampyrus.
12. tTyLostoma. 489

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Lancet-shaped nose-leaf notched along the
sides; calcaneum shorter than the tibia .. 1. 7. crenulatum, p. 489.
b. Lancet-shaped nose-leaf with an entire mar-

gin; calcaneum longer than the tibia .... 2. T. longifolium, p. 490.

1. Tylostoma crenulatum.
ene crenulatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 183, pl. x.
ni gataina crenulatum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
p. 49, pl. viii. fig. 9 (1855).

Crown of the head moderately elevated above the face-line ; muzzle
shortly cylindrical, obtuse in front, the distance from the eye to the
end of the muzzle is slightly less than the width of the space between
the eyes; ears longer than the head, separate ; ear-conch oval, with
a short rounded-off tip, lower half of the inner margin strongly con-
vex, then slightly concave, and again convex above; outer margin
straight or faintly convex, slightly notched opposite the base of the
tragus, beyond which it terminates in a convex lobe; tragus very
narrow in upper third and acutely pointed, inner margin slightly
convex, outer with two narrow and very prominent projections
below ; nose-leaf large, equal to three fourths the ear in length;
nostrils opening by oblique slits in the centre of the horseshoe-shaped
membrane, which has a thin free margin anteriorly and laterally,
and is bent up on either side opposite the nasal apertures ; erect pos-
terior leaf lanceolate, broadest at the base, with a narrow rounded
longitudinal central ridge extending from between the nostrils to the
extremity of the leaf, and, laterally, at its junction with the horizontal
leaf on either side, with a rounded lobule, succeeded by a notch,
above which the margin of the lancet is finely crenulate and fringed
with straight hairs; lower lip and chin with a naked V-shaped space
in front, margined on the sides by transverse warts (Plate XXV.
fig. 5).

Sua short, not so long as the foot, which also is small; first
phalanx of the middle finger about one third the metacarpal bone ;
tibia long and slender; calcaneum slender, nearly as long as the
tibia; interfemoral membrane large, extending, when expanded, be-
yond the feet, its free margin between the extremities of the long
calcanea straight; tail extending almost to the middle of the mem-
brane, slightly beyond a line drawn between the knees, and appearing
by its extreme tip upon its upper surface. Wing-membrane extend-
ing almost to the base of the toes.

Fur dark brown above, somewhat paler beneath, scarcely extend-
ing upon the membranes. : ; BEES : ;

Upper middle incisors unicuspidate, conical, inclined slightly in-
wards; outer incisors very small, also conical ; first upper premolar
with a vertically directed cusp, small, about the size of one of the outer
upper incisors ; second premolar nearly equal to the canine in cross
section at the base, but about half its size in vertical extent; molars
490 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.

with well-developed W-shaped cusps, the last molar half the antero-
posterior diameter of the antepenultimate molar; the two lower in-
cisors small, with broad straight cutting-edges ; first lower premolar
equal to or exceeding the second in cross section at the base, but less
than it in vertical extent. Premolars and molars in both jaws
very close together, their vertical extent in relation to their antero-
posterior diameter at the base much greater than in Phyllostoma
hastatum.

(For measurements see p. 491.)

Hab. Suriman; Brazil.

This species is easily distinguished from all other known species
of Phyllostomide by the peculiar toothed and crenulated condition
of the margins of the erect nose-leaf.

In the mouth and throat of a specimen preserved in alcohol, in
the Collection, I found portions of some small Coleopterous insects.

a, & Pad, al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.}.

2. Tylostoma longifolium.

Phyllostoma longifolium, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 365;
Abhandl. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 168, pl. ii. fig. 8.
Tylostoma longifolium, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 398.

Ears large, as in 7. crenulatwm, more rounded off above; nose-leaf
similar in size, but the margin of the lancet-shaped portion is entire
from the tip downwards as far as a small emargination immediately
above its base, beneath which a tooth-like process occurs, on the pos-
terior side of which the posterior margin of the horseshoe-shaped
membrane is fastened; the central longitudinal ridge of the lancet
is much developed; on either side at its base, at the inner margins
of the nasal apertures, valve-like covering processes occur; horse-
shoe-shaped membrane as in 7’. crenulatum; lower lip with a large
wart in the centre of a V-shaped double row of small transverse
warts.

Wing-membrane from the metatarsus; calcaneum slightly longer
than the tibia.

The hair of the body extends sparingly for a short distance only
on the membranes, the proximal half of the humerus is clothed ; the
forearm, femur, and tibia are naked. Above, dark brown, with a
pale-coloured spinal line; beneath, dirty yellow, the under surface
of the jaws and sides of the neck bright reddish yellow.

Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso).

The above description is taken from Dr. Peters’s notes on the
single type specimen preserved in the Vienna Museum, which I have

not yet seen.

The following are the measurements of this species and of
T. crenulatum :—
13. Mion. 491

 

 

 

 

 

T. crenu- | T. longi-
latum. folium.
Length, head and body 21 bu
55 LY Aree keen oe 0-9 10
3 WOAd sun sess bieassts nsec scuebieeraeetedaciorcccsvseae: 0:85 09
ms CAL ae tices ts teresa manent Sent temas eee 1:0 0-9
i AGUS 4 22 ccsteiesedeesecsiadawardeds teas sonecdscece oct 0-4 0°35
“ TOBO=LOAL ye iiey acess ee cccp an tadsaeesontaxcenine 0:65 0°65
Breadth of ditto (horseshoe) ............ceceeceee nescence 03 0°26
Gongth; fOrearnma ic ..scrveccucessvrciecssssssanoacnscdsevessces 19 19
Ni PO UDAD ee wach sccacataeteusacae cere eisc oe eae ae 0°35 0-4
+ third finger, metacarpal 2.0... ceeeeeeeees 1-65 1:7
ri A Tet phalanx ss ccatacseancdeccsoaascee 0:5 055
c RS Qnd Ag picakiacet tucson ieee 0°85 10
% ss OEY iss. audsehevencworeecue sii 0°65 0-7
5 fourth finger, metacarpal ..............ce eee 1:55 1-7
“5 “5 Ist phalanx... 0-4 0:45
- a 2nd, Cs aie 0°45 0-7
ef fifth finger, metacarpal....... 16 18
a n lat phalank eG SciGs sessisensss 0-4 0-4
o 200s sk eee eo eaceees cee 0°45 05
ss tibiae scsdevscaesPaavscncceevineseonsactaseesseseseaeens 08 1-0
¥ Gal CANCUN) iii sviscucssaodes secceivebdcsesceossesais 0-7 11
- LOOb: fiisecienubossecies se ccnpen cduvubaderseaguuneuwatens 0-4 0°45

 

 

 

 

In the type specimen of 7. crenulutum, preserved in the Paris
Museum, the forearm is 2” and the tibia 0:85, and the measure-
ments of other parts slightly greater than those given above.

13. MIMON.

Mimon, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p.14; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, xix. p. 406
(1847).

Muzzle as in Phyllostoma ; nasal appendages largely developed
posteriorly, narrow in front; ears separate; chin with a broad
naked space divided by a longitudinal groove; first phalanx of the
middle finger nearly half the length of the metacarpal bone ; wings
from the ankles; tail distinct, terminating in the basal half of the
large interfemoral membrane.

Dentition. Ine. > c. = pm. i m. =.

This genus is evidently closely allied to Phyllostoma, from which
it is mainly distinguished by the very different form of the chin-

warts.
1. Mimon bennettii.

Phyllostoma bennettii, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. E 488 (1838).

Mimon bennettii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 14; Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist.
xix. p. 406 (1847); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 674, __

Vampirus auricularis, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 487 (1860),

Ears large; general outline of the ear-conch triangular, the outer

* See remarks on the number of premolars in M. hennettii, p. 492.
492 PHYLLOSTOMID.Z.

and inner margins decreasingly convex upwards, very narrowly
rounded off above; tragus as in Phyllostoma hastatum, but longer and
more attenuated above; horizontal nose-leaf very similar to that
of Macrophyllum neuwiedit, rather narrow and square in front and
bound down to the upper lip, the vertical leaf as broad as it in
the centre, quite equal in length to double its width, lanceolate,
attenuated in upper third, with a central ridge forming the narrow
terminal projection above; chin with a transverse naked space in
front, divided in the centre by a narrow groove (Plate XXYV. fig. 6).

Wings from the ankles or tarsus; calcaneum as long or slightly
longer than the tibia; interfemoral membrane very deep, extending,
when fully stretched, behind the feet ; tail short, as in Phyllostoma
hastatum.

Fur above cinnamon -brown, paler beneath; on both surfaces
long and dense, covering the humerus, but scarcely extending to
the membranes.

Central upper incisors moderately long, unicuspidate, chisel-shaped,
directed vertically downwards ; outer incisors very short, scarcely
raised above the gum; lower incisors small, grooved in front and
above ; upper premolars as in Phyllostoma, lower equal in cross
section at base, but the first is shorter and more obtuse.

Length, head and body about 2’:6, tail 15, ear 1'"1, tragus 0"-4,
thumb 0":45 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'*7, Ist ph. 0-8, 2nd ph. 1”,
3rd ph. 0"°7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1°65, 1st ph. 0’°6, 2nd ph.
0”-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°8, lst ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'°65 ;
tibia 0-75, caleaneum 0:8, foot 0'°65,

Hab. Mexico; South America.

This species is founded on a single specimen, a skin in bad con-
dition, of which the greater part of the skull has been removed, and
the lower jaw is broken across in the middle, so that it is doubtful
whether a minute second premolar does not exist.

a. ad. sk. (type). South America.

14. CAROLLIA.

Carollia, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 488 (1838); Voyage of the
‘ Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 17 (1844); Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin,
1865, p. 519.

Hemiderma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 43
(1855).

Muzzle narrow, conical; crown of the head slightly elevated ;
nose-leaf as in Schizostoma, its anterior margin close to the upper
lip; ears moderate; chin with a large wart in the centre of a
V-shaped groove margined by warts; first phalanx of the middle
finger nearly half the length of the metacarpal bone ; interfemoral
membrane well developed ; tail short, in the base of the membrane
as in Phyllostoma ; feet free.

ae a 2 8
Dentition. Inc. 4, ¢. =, pm. Se me

w 7 I=) 2-2? 3-3"
Molars narrow ; the angles of the W-formed cusps very obtuse,
14, CAROLLIA. 493

the basal projections on the inner sides of the upper molars feebly
developed, with a single tubercle only, so that these teeth are tri-
angular in cross section at the base. Skull wider between the post-
orbital fosse than across the anterior extremities of the nasal bones.
Zygomatic arches deficient. (See Plate XXVI. figs. 5, 5a.)

1. Carollia brevicauda.

Phyllostoma brevicaudum, Wied, Schinz, Thierreich, i. p. 164 (1821) ;
Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii. p. 192 (1825); Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth.i, p.401 (1844), v. p. 626 (1855); Burmeister,
There Brasil, p. 41 (1854).

Vampyrus soricinus, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 66, pl. xxxvi.
gs. ii. & vi. (1823).

Phyllostoma grayi, Waterhouse, Voy. ‘ Beagle, Mammalia, p. 38, pl. ii.
1839).

Phyllostoma lanceolatum (Natterer), Temminck, Gray, List Mammalia
Brit. Mus. p. 20 (1843).

Ph ee bicolor, Wagner, op. cit. i. p. 400 (1844), v. p. 626
55).

Carollia verrucata, Gray, Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’ Mammalia, p. 20, pl. viii.
fig. 3 (1844).

Phyllostoma calcaratum, Wagner, Abh. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 168.

Phyllostoma brachyotum, Burmeister, op. cit. p. 46 (1854) (vide
Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1865, p. 519, note).

Hemiderma brevicaudum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, p. 43, pl. vii. fig. 4, pl. ix. figs. 8, 8a (1855).

Carollia azteca, Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool. xii, p. 480, pl. xx.
figs. 1, 1a (1860).

Carollia brevicauda, Peters, 7. c.*

Rhinops minor, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 115.

Head slightly raised above the face-line, forehead flat; muzzle
conical, the distance between the eyes is equal to the distance from
the eye to the end of the muzzle ; nose-leaf at the extremity of the
muzzle, the front margin continuous with the upper lip; terminal
erect leaf ovate, acuminate, arising, as in Phyllostoma, between the
nasal apertures, the centre of the leaf slightly raised, but not form-
ing a longitudinal ridge; ears separate, much shorter than the head,
the upper third of the outer margin concave, the lower two thirds
gradually convex; tragus as in Phyllostoma hastatum, a prominent
ridge, directed upwards and inwards, in front of the base of its
inner margin; lower lip with a central wart, and on either side a
longitudinal elevation, divided by grooves into oblong warts, forming
a triangle.

Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane rather deep,
angularly emarginate in a line with the commencement of the distal
third of the tibia; tail short, contained, as in Phyllostoma, in the
pase of the membrane; calcaneum short, equal to half the foot in
length.

Fur moderately long and dense, dark brown above and beneath,

* The synonymy of this species has been well worked out by Dr. Peters in
his paper on the group Vampyri referred to above,
494 PHYLLOSTOMID2.

on the upper surface extending upon the wing-membrane nearly as
far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; a
few fine very short hairs appear upon the fleshy part of the forearm ;
the legs and the interfemoral membrane behind the extremity of the
tail are naked; beneath, the membranes are almost quite naked.

Upper inner incisors unicuspidate, converging inwards and touch-
ing by their extremities; outer incisors very small; lower incisors
small, with notched crowns, the middle incisors broader than the
outer ones: first upper premolar nearly equal to the second in cross
section, and much exceeding it in vertical extent; its anterior mar-
gin convex, touching the canine ; its posterior margin concave, sepa-
rated by a considerable interval from the short cusp of the second
premolar: first and second upper molars nearly equal, with small
internal horizontal basal projections much less developed than in
Phyllostoma, and narrow W-shaped cusps with obtuse inner angles ;
last upper molar small, triangular in cross section, scarcely one third
the size of the second molar, placed on the root of the zygomatic
process ; lower premolars nearly equal in vertical extent and in
cross section; molars rather narrow, progressively slightly smaller
from before backwards.

Skull comparatively longer than in Phyllostoma hastatum, and
more narrowed in front. Zygomatic arch deficient, represented by a
small process of the maxillary bone in front and by a corresponding
process of the temporal bone behind (Plate XXVI. figs. 5, 5a).

Length, head and body 2”, tail 0':5, interfemoral membrane in
the centre 0''°9, head 0-9, ear 0'-75, tragus 0':25, forearm 1'6,
thumb 0'°5; third finger—metacarp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0'°7, 2nd ph.
0'-85, 8rd ph. 0-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-4, Ist ph. 0'°5,
2nd ph. 0'°5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph.
0-5; tibia 0-6, caleaneum 0'"3, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Neotropical Region, apparently generally distributed from
Mexico to Sta. Catherina in Southern Brazil, and throughout the
West Indian Islands.

This species forms a connecting link between the groups Vampyri
and Glossophage, resembling many of the species of the latter
group (especially those of the genus Phyllonycteris) in the narrow-
ness of the molars and in the imperfect zygomatic arches. So
closely does it resemble Glossophaga soricina externally that it has
often been confounded with that species.

a. 9 ad, al. Jamaica. Dr. A. Smith [P.].

b. & ad., al. Isle of Grenada. Purchased.

ce. ad. sk. Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].

d, e. ad. sks. Central America. Dr. J. E. mer

f. o ad., al. Columbia. Mr. Brandt [C.].

gj. ad. sks. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].

k. ad. sk. Rio Napo. Purchased.

t. ad. sk. Ega, Amazons. 4H. W. Bates, Esq. ee
m, ad. sk. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. : +
n-g. 6&9 imm,etad.,al. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P. ].
r. © ad., al. Para. Purchased.

s. 9 ad., al. Rio Janeiro. G. Busk, Esq. [P.].
15. RHINOPHYLLA. 495

tb’. imm. et ad. sks. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [P.].
ce’. ad. sk. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau Pf
(Type of Rhkinops minor, Gray.)

d',e'. ad. sks. Sta. Catherina. E. I. House Coll.

tig 3 & Q ad.,al. Brazil. T. Bell, Esq. [P.].

h’. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

vey’. fo ad, al. Brazil.

k’. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

W’. ad. sk. Minas Geraes. Purchased.

m'-q'. go & @ juv. et ad. M. Lidth de Jeude.

r', 9 ad., al. No history.

s'. ad. sk. Leyden Museum.

t-v'. ad. sks. No history.

w'. ad. sk. Old Collection.
(Type of Carollia verrucata, Gray.)

av’, ad. sk, Purchased.

y'. skeleton. Pernambuco. J.P.G. Smith, Esq. [P.].

z'-b". skulls of g, h, @.
ec". skull of ¢.
ad". skull of 7.

15. RHINOPHYLLA.
Rhinophylla, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, pp. 355, 520.

Ears and nasal appendages as in Carollia; muzzle shorter ; crown
of the head slightly elevated ; chin with a central wart surrounded
by other warts; wings as in Carollia, but the wing-membrane

extends to the metatarsus ; tail none.

Dentition. Tne. i Cc. = pm. = m. —.

Molars narrower than in Carollia, without distinct W-shaped
cusps, and without horizontal projections from the inner sides of

their bases.

1. Rhinophylla pumilio.
Rhinophylla pumilio, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, pp. 355, 521.

Crown of the head slightly raised above the face-line; muzzle
obtusely conical, the distance between the eyes is equal to the
distance from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle; front edge of
the horseshoe-shaped leaf continuous with the upper lip, the erect
ovate-lanceolate leaf twice as long as the horseshoe, narrowed in
upper third and acutely pointed, the centre slightly raised, but not
forming a longitudinal ridge; ears separate, much shorter than the
head, the upper third of the outer side of the ear-conch deeply
emarginate, the lower two thirds convex, the convexity commencing
abruptly ; tragus as in Carollia brevicauda, and from the base of its
inner margin a similar raised ridge extends upwards and forwards
as in that species; chin with a central wart and a larger longitu-
dinal wart on either side, forming a triangle, at the apex of which
beneath a single small wart is placed.

Wings from the metatarsus, extending almost to the base of the
496 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.

toes; interfemoral membrane angularly emarginate, extending almost
as far back as the middle of the tibie; calcaneum short, not
exceeding half the foot in length.

The fur covers the fleshy part of the forearm, and extends upon
the wing-membrane almost as far as a line drawn from the elbow to
the distal third of the femur, a few fine hairs appear upon the
interfemoral membrane and upon the legs and backs of the feet ;
beneath, the membranes are almost naked.

Upper inner incisors converging inwards, and touching by their
inner extremities, their summits broad and very distinctly notched ;
outer incisors minute ; lower incisors unequal, the two middle much
wider and somewhat longer than those next the canines, which are
very small, with oblique summits directed upwards and inwards, the
middle pair distinctly trifid (Plate X XVII. fig. 1); first upper pre-
molar in the tooth-row very small, cylindrical, with a flat circular
crown, smaller than the last upper molar, which is also cylindrical and
scarcely raised above the gum; second upper premolar narrow, with
a triangular crown, equal to the first molar in cross section at the
base; the first molar narrow, much longer than broad, slightly
exceeding the second in vertical extent, without W-shaped cusps,
and without an internal basal projection; second upper molar
similar, but smaller ; last upper molar very small, cylindrical, close
behind the second molar; lower premolars nearly equal in size, with
broadly triangular summits; molars very narrow, with a single
central triangular cusp and an anterior and posterior basal pro-
jection ; last molar slightly smaller than the antepenultimate molar
(Plate XXVITI. figs. la, 16).

Skull shortly and obtusely conical in front, the width across the
nasal bones less than between the temporal fosse ; brain-case but
slightly vaulted and raised above the face-line.

Length, head and body 18, interfemoral membrane in the
middle 0'':3, head 0-7, ear 0:6, tragus 0'"25, nose-leaf 0'°35 x 0'-2,
forearm 1'-25, thumb 0'°35 ; third finger—metacarp. 1:15, 1st ph.
0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"7, 8rd ph. 0-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-15,
1st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'-45; fifth finger—metacarp. 12, 1st ph.
0'-35, 2nd ph. 0'°35 ; tibia 0'4, calcaneum 0°15, foot 0'"35.

Hab. Brazil (Bahia).

This species connects the Vampyri with the Glossophage and
with the Sternodermata, resembling the species of the former group
in the narrow molars and in the form of the nose-leaf, those of the
latter in the form and arrangement of the chin-warts, in the shape
of the ears, in the presence of a very prominent cutaneous ridge
extending upwards and outwards from the base of the inner margin
of the tragus, in the small circular last upper molar, and in the
absence of the tail. It is the smallest species of Phyllostomide
known, the forearm being shorter than in either Artibeus cinereus
or A. quadrivittatus, which otherwise it approaches in size.

a. & ad, al. Bahia. G. E. Dobson, M.B. (E.].
GLOSSOPHAG.E. 497

Group 2. GLOSSOPHAG.E.
Glossophages, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 257, 1868, p. 361.

Muzzle long and narrow ; tongue remarkably long and extensible,
much attenuated towards the tip, the sides or upper surface near
the tip with long filiform recurved papille; lower lip with a wide
groove above and in front margined by small warts; nose-leaf small,
the horizontal portion scarcely developed in front of the nasal aper-
tures, which open above, near the extremity of the muzzle; tail

short or none.

Dentition. Inc. i or = pm. = or = or as m. = or 22 or a

Premolars and molars very narrow, their antero-posterior much
exceeding their transverse diameter; molars with narrow W-shaped
cusps, which are sometimes indistinct or absent ; lower incisors very
small or deciduous.

Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.

The species of this group are at once distinguished from all other
species of Phyllostomide by their long and much attenuated tongue
clothed with filiform papille, and by the deep groove in the upper
surface of the centre of the lower lip. In other respects the typical
Species, Glossophaga soricina, so closely resembles Carollia brevi-
cauda, both in external form and in dentition, that it has not un-
frequently been confounded with that species, which must there-
fore, as well as Rhinophylla pumilio, be regarded as connecting
links between the Vampyri and the Gilossophage.

The only other Bats possessing similarly long tongues beset with
filiform papille are the frugivorous Macroglossi, belonging to the
widely removed family Pteropodide ; and, judging from analogy, we
should expect to find that the Glossophage were, like the Macro-
glosst, frugivorous in their habits, while the form of their teeth
would lead us to suppose that they were also insectivorous. That
these views are correct appears to be shown by the observations of
Mr. W. Osburn* and by those of the Prince of Neuwiedt. The
former found that Phyllonycteris sezekorni feeds on the bread-fruit
and on berries of Cordia collococca, with the débris of which the
floors of the caves inhabited by this species were thickly strewn ;
the latter discovered remains of insects in the stomachs of Glosso-
phaga soricina and of Lonchoglossa wiedi.

It is probable that the species with well-developed interfemoral
membrane (as Glossophaga soricina and Cheronycteris mewicana) are
chiefly insectivorous, while those in which the membrane is small
or quite rudimentary feed principally on fruit.

The ten species included in this group represent seven genera,
which are distinguished principally by differences in the form and
number of the teeth, and by the presence or absence of the zygomatie
arches. The form and position of the upper incisors are extremely
variable. In Glossophaga and Phyllonycteris the upper incisors
form, as in the Vampyri, a continuous row between the canines ; in

* P.Z.S. 1865, p. 83. t Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii. pp. 212, 217.
2k
498 PHYLLOSTOMID H&S.

Monophyllus and Ischnoglossa they are separated into pairs by a nar-
row interval in front; while in Lonchoglossa, Glossonycterts, and
Cheronycteris they are widely separated and placed in pairs near the
canines: in the first four genera the lower incisors are present (at
least up to a certain age), in the latter three they are deciduous even
in youth. The zygomatic arch is undeveloped in Phyllonycteris
(which agrees with Carollia in this respect as well as in dentition),

in Glossonycteris, and in Cheronycteris.

Synopsis of the Genera.

a. Molars with more or less distinct W-shaped
cusps.
a’, Inner upper incisors larger than the outer
ones.
a, Upper incisors in a row between the
canines.
a’. Zyzomatic arch complete; interfe-
moral membrane well developed;
2-2 3-3
premolars Bog Te ga Bete eee ee
b'’. Zygomatic arch undeveloped; inter-
femoral membrane very narrow;
3-3
pm; ae Oe ee Ae Oe
b". Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a
small space.
ce". Zygomatic arch complete; tail ex-
tending beyond the narrow inter-

2-2
femoral membrane; premolars 5—.,

ss 1 2—2
premolars 9-2) m.

d'". Zygomatic arch complete; no tail;
interfemoral membrane very nar-
22 2-8
row; premolars 5-3, M. 5-5 ......
b'. Inner upper incisors smaller than the outer
ones.

b". Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a
wide space.

e'’", Zygomatic arch complete ; premolars
92. f

ee :
g-y Mm. g—g3; tail and interfemoral
membrane very short ..........4.
f''. Zygomatic arch undeveloped; pre-

vars =? m2
Molars s—y, M. Fh vee esses ee eaee

b. Molars very narrow, without distinct W-shaped
cusps.
b'. Inner upper incisors smaller than the outer
ones.
b". Inner upper incisors in pairs, separated
by a wide space.
g'". Zygomatic arch undeveloped; pre-

3-38 38-8
molars ;—3, m. 33; first upper pre-
molar deciduous; tail short; inter-
femoral membrane well developed . .

16. GLOssoPHAGA,
[p. 499.

17. PHYLLoNycTERIS,
[p. 501.

18. MonopHYLLvs,
[p. 503.

19, IscHNoGLossa,
[p. 505.

20. LoncHOGLossa,
[ p. 506.

21. GLossonyCTERIS,
[p. 508.

[p. 509,
22. CH@RONYCTERIS,
16, GLOssOPHAGA. 499

: 16. GLOSSOPHAGA.

Glossophaga, Geoffroy (in part), Mém. du Muséum, iv. p. 411 (1818);
Tschudi, Fauna Peruuna, p. 69 (1844-46); Burmeister (in part),
Thiere Brasiliens, p. 52 (1854); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868

. 362.

PLyilophors et Glossophaga, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. pp. 489,
490 (1838).

Nicon, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847).

Muzzle moderately long; erect portion of the nose-leaf well de-
veloped; tongue with long filiform papille on the sides; inter-
femoral membrane large; calcaneum and tail distinct, the latter

terminating on the upper surface of the membrane.
oye 4) 1-1 22 3-3
Dentition. Inc. 3, ¢. =, pm. 3-3, M. 7
Upper and lower incisors forming a continuous semicircular row
between the canines; the inner upper incisors larger and broader
than the outer ones; molars with distinct W-shaped cusps.

Skull moderately long, with well-developed zygomatic arches.

1. Glossophaga soricina.

Vespertilio soricinus, Pallas, Miscell. Zoolog. p. 48, pl. iv. figs. 16-18,
and pl. v. (1766); Sprcileg. Zoolog. iii. p. 24, pls. ili., iv. (1767) ;
Schreber, Stiugeth. i. p. 161, pl. xlvii. (1775).

Phyllostoma soricinum, Goafivoy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 179,
pl. xi. (1810).

Glossophaga soricina e¢ amplexicaudata, Geoffroy, Mém. du Muséum,
iv. p. 418, pl. xviii. (1818); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Stugeth. i.
pp. 387, 390, v. pp. 617, 618. as

Glossophaga amplexicaudata, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 66,
pl. xxxvi. fig. iv. (1823); Wied, Beitr. zur Naturg. Brasil. p. 208
(1826); Tschudi, Faunu Peruana, p. 69 (1844-46).

Phyllophora amplexicaudata et Glossophaga soricina, Gray, Mag.
Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 490 (1888). .

Phyllophora nigra, Gray, Voy. ‘ Sulphur, p. 18, pl. v. fig. i. (1844).

Monophyllus leachii, Gray, Voy. ‘Sulphur, Mammatia, iP 18 (1844).

Nicon caudifer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847).

Phyllophora amplexicaudata, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoolog. p. 40, pl. viii. figs. 1, 1a, 15, pl. ix. fig. 9 (1855).

Glossophaga soricina, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 852, 1868,

p. 862.

Muzzle narrow and elongated, the distance between the eyes is
equal to three fourths the distance between the eye and the end of
the muzzle: ears short and broad, much shorter than the head,
broadly rounded off ; inner margin of the ear-conch strongly convex,
outer straight in upper two thirds, in lower third slightly convex :
tragus triangular, acutely pointed as in Rhinophylla: nose-leaf at
the extremity of the muzzle; the horizontal portion very narrow in
front, slightly broader than the erect leaf, which is ovate-acuminate
and slightly concave on the sides towards the extremity : no central

2K
500 PHYLLOSTOMID.£.

longitudinal ridge ; tongue very long, much attenuated in its terminal
fourth, and flattened, the centre naked above and beneath, the sides
set with long filiform papille directed backwards; lower lip widely
grooved above and also in front, the edges of the groove margined
with small warts.

Thumb well developed, with a large claw; first phalanx of the
middle finger less than half the length of the metacarpal bone;
wings from the ankles; caleaneum half the length of the foot ; in-
terfemoral membrane concave behind, extending as far back in the
middle line as the centre of the tibia; tail very short, the extreme
tip appearing upon the upper surface of the membrane.

Fur, above, dark brown, paler towards the base of the hairs ; be-
neath, similar, but paler ; moderately long, scarcely extending upon
the volar membranes, but the metacarpal bone of the thumb is
clothed with short hairs ; the face is covered to the extremity of the
muzzle with short fur, and several single, fine, long hairs spring from
the muzzle in front of the eyes and behind the chin.

Upper incisors in a semicircular row between the canines, all close
together; the central pair chisel-shaped, larger than the outer ones,
which have oblique cusps slanting downwards and inwards; lower
incisors equal, cylindrical, flat-crowned, in a convex row (Plate
XXVII. fig. 2); upper canines with a projecting cingulum behind ;
upper premolars narrow, triangular, nearly equal; the first pre-
molar separated from the canine by a small interspace, the remain-
ing teeth close together ; first and second upper molars almost equal,
with narrow W-shaped cusps, and horizontal base projecting in-
wards ; last upper molar three fourths the antepenultimate molar ;
lower premolars equal in size as in upper jaw; molars narrow, with
blunt cusps.

Length (of an adult 2), head and body 2”, tail 0-3, interfemoral
membrane in the middle 0-6, head 0'"8, eye from end of muzzle
0”-3, ear 0'°55, tragus 0''-2, nose-leaf 0”-25, forearm 1'-35, thumb
0"-3; third finger—metacarp. 13, first ph. 0-5, second ph. 0”-6,
third ph. 0”-4; fourth finger—metacarp. 1”:2, first ph. 0’-4, second
ph. 0-4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-15, first ph. 0”35, second ph.
0:35; tibia 0-45, calceaneum 0”:2, foot 0-38.

Hab. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region, probably generally
distributed. In the Mexican, Brazilian, and Chilian Subregions,
recorded from Mexico (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Coban),
Costa Rica, Venezuela, Island of Trinidad, British Guiana, Surinam,
Brazil, Upper Amazons, Peru, Bolivia; and in the Antillean Sub-
region, from Jamaica and the Isle of Grenada.

This species is so widely distributed and so abundant in the
Neotropical Region, that examples of it are found in almost every
collection made in the tropical parts of that region, and this has led
to the very great list of synonyms which preface the description.
The synonymy of this and of the other species of the group Glosso-
phage has been most carefully worked out by Dr. Peters in his
paper referred to above. The original description, published by
Pallas more than one hundred years ago, leaves little to be desired ;
17. PHYLLONYCTERIS. 501

it contains an excellent account of the visceral anatomy, illustrated
by many well-executed figures.

a. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
b. ¢ ad., al. Isle of Grenada. Purchased.
c-e. 5 & Q ad, al. West Indies. T. Bell, Esq. [P.].
ig. & ad., al. Tehuantepec. Purchased.
A. ad. sk. Oaxaca. M. Sallé [C.].
tj. fo ad, al. Oaxaca. M. Sallé [C.].
k. S imm., al. Mexico.
4m. $& 9 imm. et ad., al.Coban. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
no fo ad, al. Costa Rica. Purchased,
DG dF & @ ad, al. Central America. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
r, ad, sk, Keelejo, C. America. Purchased.

(Type of Monophyllus leachii, Gray.)
s, t. ad. sks, a Bolivia. Me, Bildeke C.}.
u. ad, sk, Santa Cruz, Haulhaja, Mr. Bartlett [C.].

Peruvian Amazons.

v. fo ad.,al. Upper Amazons. Purchased.
w. d ad., al. Capt. Maryatt [C.].
ay. dad, a M. Lidth de Jeude.
a. 9 ad, al. P Isle of St. Vincent.
a’. ad. sk. Purchased.
6’. skull of 7.

17. PHYLLONYCTERIS.

Phyllonycteris, Gundlach et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 817 ;
Peters, 1. c. 1868, p. 363.

Muzzle moderately long; erect portion of the nose-leaf very
short; tongue as in Glossophaga; interfemoral membrane very
narrow, exceeded in length in the middle by the short tail; calca-
neum short or wanting.

Ks 4. 1-1 2-2 3-3

Dentition, Inc. 3, ¢. 4, pm. 5=5, M. 55.

Incisors as in Glossophaga; molars like those of Carollia, but the
the W-shaped cusps scarcely developed.

Skull moderately long, without osseous zygomatic arches.

Synopsis of the Species.

a, Calcaneum None..... eevee eset e eee 1. Ph. poeyt, p. 501.
b. Calcaneum short, but distinct* .......... 2. Ph. sezekorni, p. 502.

1. Phyllonycteris poeyi.
Phyllonycteris poeyi, Gundlach et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860,
p- 817.

Much larger than Glossophaga soricina; nose-leaf very short,
almost rounded off above. Ears, lower lip, and tongue as in G.
soricina. Wing-membrane from the distal third of the tibia; inter-
femoral membrane very short, not extending as far as the terminal

* See remarks in footnote, p. 502.
502 PHYLLOSTOMID.

fourth of the tibia; caleaneum none; tail very short, projecting by
its last vertebra beyond the narrow interfemoral membrane.

Fur, above, light brownish yellow, paler on the neck and on the
sides of the body, the base of the hairs and their extreme tips
whitish ; beneath, paler.

Teeth very similar to those of Carollia brevicauda; the hinder
upper molar is proportionally larger, and the lower incisors are equal
in size.

Length, head and body 3:25, tail 0-4, head 17-05, ear 0'°7,
tragus 0:3, nose-leaf 0-22 x 018, forearm 1'8, thumb 0'5, third
finger 3”-1, fourth finger 2'4, fifth finger 2'"45, tibia 0-95, foot 0'-65.

Hab. Cuba.

2. Phyllonycteris sezekorni.
Phyllonycteris sezekorni, Gwndluch et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1860,

Phyllonycteris poeyi, Tomes, P. Z: S. 1861, p. 65 (vide Peters, MB.
Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 364).

About the size of Ph. poeyt, and resembling that species closely in
general structure and in the colour of the fur. It is distinguished
by the different form of the nose-leaf, which terminates behind in a
small pointed process, and by the presence of a small calcaneum, to
which the narrow interfemoral membrane extends backwards along
the leg.

Teeth as in Ph. poeyt.

Length, head and body 3”, tail 0'"5, head 1”, ear 08, tragus 0'°3,
nose-leaf 0''2 x 0'-18, forearm 1'-95, thumb 055, third finger 3”,
fourth finger 2'-45, fifth finger 2'"5, tibia 0'"8, calcaneum 0:05,
foot 0''°6.

Hab. Cuba; Jamaica*.

Mr. Osburn, in notes on recently-killed specimens of this species,
remarks (P. Z.S. 1865, p. 82) that the tongue narrows towards the
tip more suddenly than in Monophyllus redmani, and that it is
covered with reversed prickles, which are especially long and bristle-
like on the edges of the tip.

A colony of this species, consisting of a great number of indi-
viduals, was discovered by Mr. Osburn in a cave near Trelawny, in
Jamaica. The visit to the cave was made in the month of June, and
the number of the sexes was found pretty equal. Most of the
females had young, but in no case was more than one young one
found with a single female. The floor of the cave was found

* The types of Phyllonycteris poeyiand Ph. sezekorni have not been examined
by me. I am therefore obliged to follow the original descriptions by Dr. Gund-
lach, who, although noting such an important difference as the absence of the
calcanea, yet appears doubtful whether Ph. sezekorni should really be considered
a distinct species. It is certainly strange that such a remarkable structural
difference should exist between two forms otherwise so very closely allied
and inhabiting the same localities, and it seems very probable that the ap-
parent absence of the calcaneum in the type of Ph. poeyt is the result of in-

different preservation. In two skulls sent by Mr. Osburn from Jamaica there
are very slender fibro-cartilaginous zygomatic arches.
18. MONOPHYLLUS. 503

strewn with refuse from bread-fruit and clammy cherry (Cordia
collococea).

Several individuals of this colony were obtained by Mr. Osburn,
and fed by him in captivity on the fruits of the clammy cherry.
Their mode of eating is thus described :—‘ The tongue was rapidly
protruded and drawn in again, and the juice and softer pulp cleared
away with great rapidity. I noticed he was very particular in clean-
ing out the bit of loose skin of berry, and licked my fingers of the
Juice spilt on them, carefully cleaning out any that had collected
under the nail. I then got another berry. The Bat was hanging
from the edge of the box, its ventral surface against the side; and
as I held the berry a little off so as to see the action of the tongue,
it had, whilst feeding, to bend the neck so as to raise the head a
little: this seemed to fatigue it. It therefore raised itself on one
wrist, and turned round so that its back was against the box’s side ;
but as it did not change the position of the feet, of course the legs
crossed, the right foot now being on the left side, and vice versd. In
this odd position it appeared perfectly at ease, and went on licking
at a fresh berry with great relish. As the pulp and juice became
exhausted I expected he would drop it, and was prepared with an-
other berry ; but, to my surprise, he brought up the wrists to the
muzzle, took the berry between them, gave it two or three energetic
bites, and then held the berry off. So I now understood what the
unusually long thumbs were for; for they applied themselves dex-
terously to the berry, held it firmly, and then, as it appeared to me,
by a reverse action of the two wrists the berry was turned round, a
fresh hold taken by the teeth, and the same licking-process renewed
till the seed in the centre was cleaned of the’pulp, all but the little
bit which served for the last tooth-hold. It was then dropped, and
the eager little muzzle raised for more.

“T then took them and put them among the twigs of Cordia.
They climbed about it, heads downwards, with the greatest ease.
The length of the legs and toes, their muscularity, and the absence
of any interfemoral were all obvious advantages where this habit
was constant, especially the power it gave them of turning as on a
pivot, but without moving the feet” *.

18. MONOPHYLLUS.

Monophyllus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 75; Tomes, P. Z. 8.
1861, p. 91; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 363.

Muzzle longer and broader in front than in Glossophaga ; nose-
leaf, ears, and tragus as in that genus; tongue longer and with fili-
form papille on its upper surface ; interfemoral membrane short,

exceeded in length by the tail; caleaneum rudimentary.
aes 2—2 1—1 2—2 3—3
Dentition. Inc. =, © y=» PM. sy M- 3-5:
* The above is an abridgement of Mr. Osburn’s most interesting notes,
which are too long to quote here in extenso, Two skulls of specimens collected
by him, referred to above, are preserved in the Zoological Museum at Cambridge.
50-4 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.

Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a space, the inner incisors
broader and larger than the outer ones ; lower incisors very small ;
molars with narrow, but distinct, W-shaped cusps.

Skull longer than in Glossophaga, with well-developed zygomatic

arches.
1. Monophyllus redmani.

Monophyllus redmani, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 76 (1822) ;
Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 91, pl. xv.

Muzzle longer and broader at the extremity than in Glossophaga
soricina, but the nose-leaf is almost similar ; ears short, inner mar-
gin of the ear-conch convex, tip rounded off ; upper third of outer
margin concave, lower two thirds convex ; tragus as in G. soricina,
but more obtuse; tongue long, suddenly narrowed, and rounded in
terminal one fourth, with a small tuft of long papillae on the upper
surface at the tip, unlike that of G. soricina, which has the attenuated
tongue flattened and set with long papille on the sides.

Thumb long and strong, but with a smaller claw than in G. sori-
eina. First phalanx of the middle finger equal in length to one
third the metacarpal bone. Wings from the middle of the tibia, or
slightly lower down ; feet large ; tail short, projecting by nearly half
its length beyond the very narrow interfemoral membrane; caleaneum
rudimentary.

Fur, reddish brown above, beneath greyish brown, the extremities
of the hairs grey; moderately long, scarcely extending upon the
membranes ; a few very short hairs appearing upon the forearm
and legs ; the end of the muzzle and chin with a few long, straight,
fine hairs.

Upper incisors as in G. soricina, but smaller, and separated by an
interval in the middle line (Plate XX VII. fig. 3) ; first upper pre-
molar very narrow and long, with a central acute cusp, and a small
basal cusp in front and behind, close to the canine, and separated
from the second premolar by a space; second premolar similar, but
thicker at the base behind, and the posterior basal cusp obtuse ;
molars with very narrow W-shaped cusps, the internal horizontal
basal projection not wider than the outer side of the tooth ; the last
molar about three fourths the antepenultimate molar ; lower incisors
very small, in pairs on each side; lower premolars nearly equal in
vertical extent, the third premolar thicker and slightly shorter than
the second, which is similar to the first upper premolar.

Length (of an adult ¢ ), head and body 2’°4, tail 0-5, head: 0'-95,
eye from end of muzzle 0-35, ear 0'55, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1-65,
thumb 0'°45; third finger—metacarp. 1-5, 1st ph. 0'-5, 2nd ph.
0'-8, 8rd ph. 0'"5 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'45, Ist ph. 0'°35,
2nd ph. 055; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-25, 1st ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph.
0-5; tibia 0-6, foot 0'5.

Hab. Cuba; Jamaica.

This species may be at once distinguished by the tail, which pro-
jects to a distance equal to more than half the length of the thumb
beyond the margin of the very short interfemoral membrane.
19. IsCHNOGLOSSA. 505

Specimens of this Bat were obtained by Mr. W. Osburn in caves
in Jamaica, associated with other species of Bats, notably with
Chilonycteris parnellit and Mormops blainvillit. Its habits appear
to be similar to those of Phyllonycteris sezekorni (vide anted, p. 503,
and Mr. Osburn’s notes published in P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 69-72).

a. ad. sk. (type). Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Esq. [P.].
b. ad. sk. Jamaica. Capt. Hamilton [P.].
ec. ¢ ad. sk. Oxford Cave, Jamaica. OW. Osburn, Esq. [P.].

ad. skull of a.

19. ISCHNOGLOSSA.

Ischnoglossa, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool, xii. p. 492 (1860); Peters,
MB. Akad. Berl, 1868, p. 363.

Muzzle and ears as in Monophyllus, nose-leaf less developed ;
interfemoral membrane very small; tail none, or exceedingly short.

Dentition. Inc. = CG. =p pm. = m. 7.

Upper and lower incisors as in Monophyllus; molars narrow,
with ill-defined W-shaped cusps. Skull with well-developed zygo-
matic arches.

1. Ischnoglossa nivalis.

Ischnoglossa nivalis, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 492, pl. xx.
figs. 2-2 (1860); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 363, pl. figs.
1-1e (skull and teeth).

Much larger than Monophyllus redmani, the muzzle also propor-
tionately longer and narrower ; the ears are similar, but the nose-leaf
is shorter and more obtuse.

First phalanx of the middle finger one third the length of the
metacarpal bone; the metacarpal bones of the last three fingers
progressively shorter.

Wings from the tibia near the ankle; calcaneum very short and
feeble; interfemoral membrane narrow, the emargination extending
above the knees; feet large, longer than the thumb; no trace of a
tail externally.

Fur, above, dark brown, at the base almost white; beneath
paler. The wings and interfemoral membranes on both surfaces
are naked, or clothed thinly with fine, almost invisible, hairs.

Upper and lower incisors as in MW. redmani; the first upper pre-
molar long and narrow, separated by a space from the canine and
also from the second premolar, with a central cusp and a small basal
cusp in front and behind; second premolar similar, the posterior
basal cusp scarcely developed; molars with ill-defined W-shaped
cusps, much narrower than in M. redmani, the last molar shorter
than the first. First lower premolar longer in antero-posterior
diameter than the second, but less than it in vertical extent;
second premolar separated from the first and third premolars by a
space.
506 PHYLLOSTOMID.

Length, head and body 3'"5, head 1'-15, ear 0''-65, tragus 0-28,
nose-leaf 0'-2, forearm 2'-2, thumb 0'"35, third finger—metacarp.
1-9, 1st ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 1”, 3rd ph. 0°55; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1-75, 1st ph. 0!"5, 2nd ph. 0-75 ; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-7, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0'°6 ; tibia 0''-9, foot 0-58.

Hab. Mexico (peak of Orizaba, near the snow-limit) ; Guatemala
(Duefias).

a, ad. sk., in al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
b. imm. sk., in al. Cuidad Vieja. O. Salvin, Esq. te

20. LONCHOGLOSSA.
Glossophaga, Geoffroy (in part), Mém. du Muséum, iv. p. 411 (1818) ;
Blainville, Ostéographie, p. 34 (1889),
Monophyllus e¢ Anoura, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838).
Lonchoglossa, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1868, p. 364.

Muzzle longer than in Monophyllus, but ears and nose-leaf as in
that genus; interfemoral membrane very short ; calcaneum distinct ;
tail rudimentary or none.

ee 22 0 1 3.3 3-38

Dentition. Inc. =, ¢. j, PM. gg M. F-3-

Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a wide space, the inner in-
cisors smaller than the outer ones, lower incisors deciduous ; molars
with very narrow W-shaped cusps; skull with complete zygomatic

arches.
Synopsis of the Species.

a. Tail very short; interfemoral membrane nearly

naked ; forearm 125 .......... eccrine 1. L. caudifera, p. 506.
b. Tail absent; interfemoral membrane well
covered; forearm 16 1... cee cece eee ees 2. L. wiedit, p. 507.

1. Lonchoglossa caudifera.

Glossophaga caudifer e¢ ecaudata, Geoffroy, Mém. du Muséum, iv.
. 418, pls. xvii. & xviii. fig. B (1818) (vide Peters, MB. Akad.

Berl. 1868, p. 364).

Nose-leaf and ears as in Monophyllus redmani, the nose-leaf
slightly shorter and more pointed, and the muzzle longer.

Thumb shorter than the foot, which equals three fourths the tibia
in length. "Wing-membrane extending to the distal extremity of the
tibia. Tail very short, scarcely distinguishable in dried skins; in-
terfemoral membrane deeply concave behind, the emargination ex-
tending as high as a line drawn between the knees; calcaneum
about half as long as the foot.

Fur dark brown on the surface above, but the greater part of the
hairs pale whitish buff ; beneath light brown. The muscular part
of the forearm is covered with short fur, but the membranes and re-
maining parts of the extremities are nearly naked ; the interfemoral
membrane has a few fine hairs, forming a thin fringe along its free
margin.
20. LoNcHOGLOssA. 507

Upper inner incisors minute, rising but slightly above the gum,
not one third the size of the small outer incisors, which are triangular
and subacutely pointed; first upper premolar with an acute cusp
placed close to the canine, separated by a slight interval from the
second premolar, which is larger than it and exceeds it in vertical
extent ; the second premolar has blunt anterior and posterior basal
projections, and is close to the third premolar, which exceeds it in
vertical extent also, and has similar projections from its base; molars
with very narrow W-shaped cusps, exceeded in width by the hori-
zontal internal basal portion ; lower incisors deciduous ; first lower
premolar rather large, close to the canine, separated from the second
by a small space, and exceeding it in antero-posterior diameter and in
vertical extent; the third is the longest tooth in the lower jaw, and
is separated by a narrow interval from the second, it has prominent
anterior and posterior basal projections (Plate XXVII. figs. 4-4 6).

Length, head and body about 2", ear 0'°5, tragus 0':2, forearm
1-25, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 1'°4, lst ph. 0'°5,
2nd ph. 0°75, 3rd ph. 1'-45; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st
ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 0"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°15, Ist ph. 0°35,
2nd ph. 0"°5; tibia 0°5, foot 04, caleaneum 02.

Hab. Surinam ; Brazil.

a-c. imm. et ad. sks, Brazil. Purchased.
d. ad. sk, Sta. Catherina, Brazil. Purchased.
e. ad. sk., al. Minas Gerraes, Brazil. Purchased.
ff. ad. sk. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [C.].

2. Lonchoglossa wiedii.

Glossophaga ecaudata, Wied (non Geoffroy), Beitr, Naturgesch. Brasil
Bd. ii. p. 212 (1896).
Anura wiedii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 398.

Considerably larger than L. caudifera, and at once distinguishec
from it by the absence of any trace of a tail, and by the hairines:
of the interfemoral membrane and legs.

Calcaneum very short; the narrow interfemoral membrane abou
0'-15 wide all round, wholly clothed with hair, which forms a fring:
along its free margin; the legs are also covered to the ankles witl
short fur. Colour of the fur very similar to that of L. caudifera.

Length, head and body 2'"5, head 1-05, ear 0-55, tragus 0':2
forearm 1-6, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 1'"5, 1st ph
0"-5, 2nd ph. 08, 3rd ph. 0°55; fourth finger—metacarp, 1'-45
1st ph. 0'"37, 2nd ph. 0°55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-25, 1st ph
0"-35, 2nd ph. 05; tibia 0'"5, foot 0”-4.

(The above measurements were taken by me from the type, whic]
is preserved in the collection of the Paris Museum.)

Hab. Brazil (Porto Seguro; Rio de Janeiro).

This species, by the absence of the tail and hairiness of the leg
and interfemoral membrane, resembles Glossonycteris geoffroyti ex
ternally, which has been placed in a separate genus, chiefly o1
account of the absence of the zygomatic arches.
508 PHYLLOSTOMIDB.

21. GLOSSONYCTERIS.
Glossonycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 365.

General characters those of Lonchoglossa, with which this genus
also agrees in the dental formula, but differs in the form and arrange-
ment of the teeth and in the non-development of the zygomatic
arches.

1. Glossonycteris geoffroyii.

Anoura geoffroyii, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838).

? Cheeronycteris peruana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, i. p. 71, pl. iii.
figs. 1, 2 (1844-46) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 365).
Anoura ecaudata, Geoffroy, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 494

1860).
Giismen outs lasiopyga, Peter's, J. c. pl. figs. 2-2e (skull and teeth).

Muzzle and nose-leaf as in Jschnoglossa nivalis, the anterior angle
of the eye is equally distant from the tragus and the extremity of
the muzzle; ears slightly more than half the length of the head,
rounded off above, the outer margin of the ear-conch deeply concave
in its upper half, then convex, again emarginate opposite the tragus,
thence convex to the base; tongue as in G. soricina, the sides very
thickly set with long filiform papille.

Thumb considerably shorter than the foot; wing-membrane from
the distal third of the tibia; interfemoral very short, the emargina-
tion extending upwards as high as the proximal third of the tibia;
no trace of a tail externally; calcaneum rudimentary; feet large,
nearly as long as the tibia.

Fur, above, dark brown, the basal half or three fourths of the hairs
pale buff-brown ; beneath, brown at the base of the hairs, the extre-
mities greyish brown. The wing-membrane is clothed on the upper
surface almost as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow
to the knee, and the fur extends thickly along the legs and upon
the narrow interfemoral membrane to the ankles ; the greater part
of the antebrachial membrane is thinly covered, and some hairs
appear upon the metacarpal bone of the thumb; beneath the wing-
membranes are nearly naked, but the margin of the interfemoral has
a long fringe.

Upper outer incisors larger and longer than the inner ones, which
are round and obtusely pointed, the outer incisors triangular and
subacute; first upper premolar scarcely one third the size of the
second, with an oblique cusp and a small posterior basal projection
placed in the posterior part of the wide space between the canine
and second premolar; second premolar very narrow, with an acute
cusp and a prominent basal projection in front and behind, nearly
equal in antero-posterior diameter to the third premolar, which
exceeds it in vertical extent; molars with small W-shaped cusps and
horizontal flat internal basal projections, the last molar equal to three
fourths the antepenultimate molar, with a V-shaped cusp.

In the lower jaw the incisors are deciduous ; the three premolars
are as large as the second upper premolar, the first is close to the
22. CH@RONYCTERIs. 509

canine and separated from the second by a space, and it has no
anterior basal projection *.

The following Table exhibits the measurements (I.) of the type
(a dried skin), and (II.) those of an immature specimen (preserved
in alcohol) in which the permanent teeth have partially replaced the
milk dentition. The comparative measurements show that the type
specimen is not full-grown :—

 

I. II.
Length, head and body (about) .........cccceeeseseneeereeneeeeeeee 24 2:3
re interfemoral membrane in the middle ...............068 ae 0°15
aie Cede Fees cance cescavecs coriendsseveea heats cask nat ona ae eaeae ‘ 1:05
. GAL dace seicenscsecneetisuaceuusanas sada cusedscene-easuescasaena te . 0-6
ap SEPAGUS>. Sroccosnsaagagadeesedcsdcasdehocesd ucssdeaasunesscoeen ey : 0:22
sie, “AOVEANID. <1 oetoseetheancce cess sos csdcevas veuu oe cesnes ge ausneneee : 17
* Lin bei seen re acre te atm OIE Ue tenant 0:35
5 third finger, metacarpal..... oe 16
> s ist phalanx 06
” ” 2nd ” 0-9
ae 3rd __s,, 06
3 fourth finger, metacarpal ...........cccesecsecesseeteeees 15 15
a is Ist phalanx... c1.c20sss0n asso seseecaveeoee 0-4 0°45
+ 2nd 97 Cote tenn cc ecencensseceersoesecocs 0-6 0°55
ey fifth finger, metacarpal os sisicscessarceecesaises ony cavers 1:30 1:25
3 “5 ist:phalanx::.:.22ti.scnscenssess Giada seaaeedes 0°32 0:35
#5 . Anda BN ets ene se fakes sie scseaahngeerasee 0:5 0-5
45 BiDIa 4 sve cin dansdentaashacaesiue beds yecwae gee acuaseweeereneeces 0°56 0-55
Sg CROOU Seca aca gn oct nanecnce sus teaccueaciuesecusbuncoas ded evelteee 0-45 0-45
Hab. Mexico; Guatemala; Brazil.
a. imm. ad. sk. (type). Brazil.
6. 2 imm., al. Brazil.
e. 9 imm., al. Choctum. O, Salvin, Esq. [C.].

22. CHERONYCTERIS.

Cheeronycteris, Lichtenstein, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p.70 (1844) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 354, 1868, p. 366.

Muzzle longer than in any of the preceding genera; ears, tongue,
and nose-leaf as in Glossonycteris ; tail short but distinct, appearing

on the upper surface of the well-developed interfemoral membrane.

2 22 11 3-3 343
Dentition. Inc. =, ¢. =, pM. s—3, M. 5—5-

Outer upper incisors larger than the inner ones; the lower inci-
sors and the first upper premolar deciduous; molars very narrow,
without distinct W-shaped cusps; skull very long, without zygo-
matic arches (Plate XX VII. figs. 6, 6 a).

Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.

This genus agrees with Glossophaga more closely than with any

#* Dr. Peters mentions (MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 398) that he found in one
specimen, between the first and second lower premolars, a smaller premolar, so

that the number of teeth in this species is pm. = m. = May not this
small tooth be a persistent milk-tooth?
510 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.

other in the large size of the interfemoral membrane, but also differs
from it as remarkably in the form of the skull and teeth (see Plate
XXVIL figs. 6, 6 a, teeth of Ch. minor).

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Caleaneum shorter than the foot; forearm

DE Te asclaca rats eatoiaas anna eeumeate woes age A208 1. Ch. mexicana, p. 510.
b. Calcaneum longer than the foot; forearm
EBD cass Arsvaecbatese alecs ter ticesterme se tecsinn ere 2. Ch. minor, p. 511.

1. Cheronycteris mexicana.

Cheeronycteris mexicana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 72, pl. iii. fig. 8
(1844) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 366.

Muzzle longer than in any of the preceding species; ears as in
Glossonycteris geoffroyit, but less than half the length of the head
(Plate XXVII. fig. 5, head and tongue).

Thumb shorter than the foot; wing-membrane extending to the
ankles or tarsi; interfemoral membrane well developed, extending
almost as far back as a line drawn between the ankles, the posterior
margin concave behind; tail about one third the length of the in-
terfemoral ; caleaneum shorter than the foot.

Fur, above, dark brown, the base of the hairs light greyish brown ;
beneath, light brown; on both surfaces moderately long and dense,
but scarcely extending to the membranes ; the extremities and the
interfemoral membrane, above and beneath, naked; the head clothed
with short fur, but the extremity of the muzzle around the nose-
leaf and chin beset with long straight hairs.

Upper incisors very short, the outer incisors slightly larger than
the inner ones; lower incisors deciduous; first upper premolar de-
ciduous, the second separated by a wide space from the canine; the
second and third premolars narrow, triangular, acutely pointed, equal
in vertical extent, without basal cusps; first upper molar very
narrow, triangular in cross section at the base (the vertex of the
triangle being posterior), the outer cutting side without trace of W-
shaped cusps, but with a longer anterior and shorter posterior tu-
bercle ; second upper molar slightly broader at the base, third simi-
lar; all the premolars and molars separated by spaces ; first lower
premolar close to the canine and separated from the next tooth by a
space equal to half its length, larger than the second or third pre-
molar, nearly as deep in front and behind as in the centre; second
and third premolars nearly equal in size, each with a central acute
cusp and a smaller basal cusp in front and behind; third premolar
as far from the first molar as the first premolar is from the second;
molars equidistat and nearly equal in size, the second slightly
broader than the other two.

Length, head and body 2''6, tail 0:25, interfemoral membrane
about 0:7, head 1°25, ear 0'°6, tragus 0'"25, nose-leaf 0’25,
forearm 1”-7, thumb 0°35; third finger—metacarp. 1':6, 1st ph.
STENODERMATA. 511

0-65, 2nd ph. 0:82, 3rd ph. 05; fourth finger—metacarp. 15,

[st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'-55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°45, 1st

ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0'"5 ; tibia 0'-62, foot 0'"42, caleaneum 0°26.
Hab. Mexico; Guatemala.

a. 9 ad., al. Duetas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
6. ad. sk., al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq.:[C

2. Cheronycteris minor.
Cheeronycteris minor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 366.

Considerably smaller than Ch. mexicana, and with shorter ears,
which are also less deeply emarginate externally ; the caleaneum is
conspicuously longer than the foot. Colour and distribution of the
fur as in Ch. mexicana ; dentition also similar (Plate XXVII.
figs. 6, 6a).

Length, head and body 2'2, tail 0’-26, head 1", ear 0-48, tragus
0'"15, nose-leaf 0'°15 x 0'"13, forearm 1-35, thumb 0-28, third
finger—metacarp. 1°35, 1st ph. 0'-48, 2nd ph. 0’*7, 8rd ph. 0-45;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-25, Ist ph. 0’°34, 2nd ph. 0'-4; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1°15, 1st ph. 0’:3, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0-45,
caleaneum 0'°44, foot 0':32.

Hab. Surinam.

a. skull. Rio Cupazi. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C.].
(Figured in Plate XX VII. figs. 6, 6a.)

Group 3. STENODERMATA.
Stenodermata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 257.

Muzzle very short and generally broad in front, the distance be-
tween the eyes nearly always exceeding, rarely equal to, the distance
from the eyes to the extremity of the muzzle; nose-leaf generally
short, horseshoe-shaped in front and lanceolate behind (except in
Brachyphylla and Centurio), the horizontal portion surrounding the
nasal apertures; interfemoral membrane always concave behind ;
tail none ; inner margin of the lips fringed with conical papille.

Dentition. Inc. ; or = pm. = m. — or = or . &

Premolars and molars very broad (except in Sturnira), the latter
with broad concave or flat crowns, margined externally by raised,
narrow, notched cutting-edges, without trace of W-shaped cusps
(see Plate XXIX.). A

Comparison of the dental formule of this group and of the Vampyri
shows that in the Stenodermata the number of the premolars is con-
stant and that of the molars is variable, while the reverse is the
case in the Vampyri. In this respect, as well as in the form of
their molar teeth, the insectivorous Vampyri agree with other
groups of insectivorous Bats; while the frugivorous Stenodermata,
in their concave crowned and variable molars, resemble many of the
512 PHYLLOSTOMID.®.

species of the frugivorous Pteropi, otherwise so widely separated
from them.

While the variability in the number and size of the premolars in
the Vampyri evidently depends on the length of the jaws beyond
the orbits, in the Stenodermata the corresponding portion of the
jaws having become shortened to the utmost limit apparently, the

number of the premolars is permanently reduced to a (therefore,

probably, the typical number in Chiroptera), and the variability in
the number and size of the true molars appears to be due to the
backward pressure of the teeth in front of the posterior molars in
both jaws, which prevents their growth or causes them to fall out.

Although the Stenodermata are generally easily distinguished
from the Vampyrt by the peculiar shortness and breadth of the
muzzle and by the form of the molar teeth, certain species of the
latter group closely resemble those of the former in external appearance,
agreeing almost absolutely in the form of the nose-leaf, of the ears
and tragus, and of the warts on the chin. These resemblances show
that, while the form of the teeth and jaws has become modified to
suit the food of the animals, the external characters, being but
slightly affected by this cause, have remained much the same, and
now indicate their common origin.

The observations of Mr. P. H. Gosse and Mr. W. Osburn in
Jamaica, tend to show that the food of these Bats is, either wholly
or in great part, treé-fruit (see remarks on habits of Artibeus and
Stenoderma at pp. 514, 528).

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Nostrils opening on the surface of a well-
defined nose-leaf.
a. Muzzle broad and very obtuse in front.

a', Crowns of the molar teeth very broad,
their transverse exceeding their longi-
tudinal diameter in cross section.

a", Facial portion of the skull flat and
broad, not elevated in front.

a'". Nasal opening in the skull small,
not prolonged backwards; the
second molar in both jaws smal-
ler than the first.

a‘, Bony palate extending backwards
in the centre behind the last
molars.

a. Upper middle incisors broadand
straight; third upper molar
rudimentary or absent; mo-
lars very broad....-....... 23, ARTIBEUS, p. 514,

8. Upper middle incisors conical
and oblique; third upper mo-
lar small but distinct; molars
narrower than in Artibeus .. 24. Vampyrops, p. 522,
STENODERMATA. 513

5‘. Bony palate not extending baci-
wards, deeply emarginate in
the centre between the molars.
aa, Crown of the head slightly
elevated above the face-
line.
y. Upper middle incisors
straight, broad, or con-
ical; molars as in Ar [p. 526.
ROEUS os careviten oxi o He 25. STENODERMA, —
88. Crown of the head greatly
elevated above the very
broad and short muzzle.
8. Upper middle incisors
straight, conical; mo-
lars as in Stenoderma,
but narrower ...... 26. AmEeTRipA, p. 530. -~
5’, Nasal opening in the skull pro-
longed backwards by a longitu-
dinal fissurein the centre between
the orbits; the second molars in
both jaws larger than the first.
«. Upper middle incisors as in
ampyrops; skull narrower [p. 531.
TS front sy ise wines ok ... 27, CHTRODERMA,
6". Facial portion of the skull greatly
elevated in front.
¢. Upper incisors straight, conical ;
second (last) molar in both
jaws very small............ 28, PyaopERMa, p. 536. —
&. Muzzle conical.
5’. Crowns of the anterior molar teeth rather
narrow and longitudinally grooved,
their longitudinal equalling their
transverse diameter.
7. Nose-leaf well developed, as in
Artibeus; interfemoral mem-
brane very narrow, margining S
the lease to saictec sie creer 29. Sturnima, p. 538. —~
ce’. Crown of the molar teeth broad, their
transverse exceeding their longitu-
dinal diameter.
6. Nose-leaf very short behind ; [p. 540. |
interfemoral membrane large 30. BRACHYPHYLLA, ~

B. No distinct nose-leaf; nostrils opening in a
concavity at the extremity of ihe muzzle.
a, Muzzle short and very broad in front.
« Face with naked elevated cu-
taneous ridges; throat with
transverse bands; teeth as in
Stenoderma wivsveccevvvae 31, Cenrurio, p. 542.
514 PHYLLOSTOMID-E.

23. ARTIBEUS,

Artibeus, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 75 (1822) ;. Peters, MB. Akad.
Berl. 1865, p. 356.

Madatzeus, Leach, l. ec. p. 81.

Aretibeus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 487 (1889).

Pteroderma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 34
1855).

ae Saussure (in part), Rev. e¢ Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 429.

Muzzle very short, broad in front; general form of the ears, nose-
leaf, and tragus as in Phyllostoma, the posterior erect leaf with a
very prominent longitudinal ridge; eyes large; head slightly raised
above the face-line ; lower lip with a central wart in front and a
smaller one on either side, the whole margined laterally and beneath
by a row of much smaller warts; inner margin of the lips fringed
with small conical papille ; wing-membrane extending to the feet ;
tail none; interfemoral membrane emarginate behind; calcaneum
short, distinct.

Dentition. Inc. 4 eC. = pm. —, m. ang or pam ors

Upper middle incisors moderate, each with a single broad verti-
cally directed cusp, notched on its cutting-edge; outer incisors very
small, with oblique cusps; molars very broad, with concave crowns
and small marginal cusps externally and internally, the third molar
in both jaws very small or absent ; bony palate produced backwards
as far as a line corresponding to the middle of the zygomatic arches.

Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.

Representatives of this genus are found throughout the Neotro-
pical Region wherever tree-fruit is abundant, of which their food
principally, if not altogether, consists. On the floors of caves in
Jamaica inhabited by A. perspicillatus Mr. Osburn found fragments
of bread-nut (Brosimum), of red berries (Cordia collococea), of the
rose-apple (Hugenia jambos), and of unripe mangoes.

As might be supposed from the large size and nakedness of the
eyes in the species of this genus, they are rather crepuscular than
nocturnal in their habits, and often choose for their habitations
places considerably exposed to daylight. Mr. Osburn has noticed
that A. perspicillatus particularly haunts the entrance of caves or
caves of small depth; and he found them in great numbers in Aquatta
Vale, Jamaica, clustering under the fronds of the cocoa-nut palm.
The writer, also, found a colony of the closely-allied species, 4. plani-
rostris, roosting under the slightly projecting eaves of a house in
Demerara, where they were exposed to the full glare of the setting
sun.

The species of Artibeus have been divided into three subgenera,
according to the presence or absence of the minute last upper or
lower molars ; but, as I find that the presence of these small last
molars, certainly of the last upper molars, is variable even in the
same species, it is evident that this character can scarcely be con-
sidered of much importance. :

2— 38—3
3
23, ARTIBEUS. 515

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Molars = aiavyinule nratteusadie anissecaemro (Subg. UrnopErma, Ptrs.)
a. Front edge of the nose-leaf free, well
developed.
a’, Sides of the horseshoe straight, not
lobed.
a". Head with or without ill-defined
whitish streaks; forearm 2'"7.. 1. A. planirostris, p. 515.
&'. Sides of the horseshoe with rounded
lobes.
b". Head with four distinct white
streaks; back with a white
line along the spine; forearm
DGrr nnn ibaeeate ke vives 2. A, bilobatus, p. 518.

II. Molars 3 Sisk shoes esac eel esa (Subg. Antibeus, Ptrs.}
a. Front edge of the nose-leaf bound down
to the muzzle.
a’. Head with more or less distinct
white streaks; forearm 2''25 to
DOM aisle ale civarten esters Moe es 3. A. perspicillatus, p. 519.

I. Molars pam een rere orcas tenets (Subg. DerMANURA, Gerv.)
a. Interfemoral membrane extending as
far back in the centre as a line cor-
responding to the kmees; head with-
out white streaks; forearm 16 .. 4. 4. cinereus, p. 520.
4. Interfemoral membrane extending as
far back in the centre as a line corre-
sponding to the centre of the tibia ;
head with four white streaks ; fore-
TMM ODE 1G Shar ot aiart een 5. A. quadrivittatus, p. 521.

1. Artibeus planirostris.

Phyllostoma planirostre *, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 66,
pl. xxxvi. fig. 1 (1823).

? Phyllostoma obscurum, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 203
1826).

Peace ee Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 45
(1854) (excel. syn.).

Artibeus fallax, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865 p. 355.

Crown of the head slightly raised above the face-line; muzzle
thick, obtuse, rounded off broadly in front, the distance between the
eyes considerably exceeds the distance between the eye and the end
of the muzzle; ears shorter than the head, much longer than broad,

* Dr. Peters considers (MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 587) that the species de-
scribed under this name by Spix is identical with A. perspzcillatus, as, on exam-
ination of the type, he found the number of molars to be the same. But Spix’s
original description does not apply at all to A. perspicillatus; for the nose-leaf is
there described as “ inferius lateraliter et antice libere pendens,” whereas in that
species it is fastened down to, or even confluent with, the muzzle infront. (See
remarks at end of the description of this species.) Bec

L
516 PHYLLOSTOMID.©.

rounded at the tips ; inner margin convex from the base upwards,
outer faintly convex in upper fourth, then concave, again convex,
slightly angularly emarginate opposite the upper third of the tragus
and terminating abruptly at a short distance in front of its base; no
process from the concave surface of the conch near the tragus as in
Phyllostoma hastatum; tragus much thickened in its inner half, the
outer margin thin, with a square-edged projection above its base,
succeeded by a projecting tooth, shortly uarrowed and acutely
pointed above: nose-leaf well developed in front of the nasal aper-
tures; anterior margin free, separated from the muzzle, straight, un-
notched ; sides similar, but considerably bent upwards; the vertical
leaf thickened, ovate, and shortly acuminate, with a broad raised
longitudinal ridge in front: upper and lower lips margined with
small warts and fringed internally with long horizontal papille ;
front.of the lower lip with three warts arranged in a triangular
space, and bounded laterally and beneath by eight or ten small
warts (Plate XXX. fig. 1, nose-leaf and chin, natural size).

Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus; interfemoral mem-
brane angularly emarginate behind to a height about level with the
middle of the tibia.

Fur short but dense, black with a greyish tinge, ‘the base of the
hairs paler or even white. In some specimens the face is marked
with two longitudinal faint whitish streaks, one on each side, ex-
tending from the posterior margin of the nose-leaf above the eye to
the crown of the head. In many specimens even these pale streaks
are quite absent. Of several female specimens obtained by me in
Demerara one only had the white facial streaks very faintly
marked.

The wivg-membrane is nearly naked; a few short hairs only
appear upon the forearm, and the interfemoral membrane is almost
devoid of hair.

Skull broad and short, the distance between the outer margins of
the first molars is nearly equal to the length of the palate; the bony
palate extends as far backwards as the middle of the slender zygo-
matic arches; frontal flattened between the slightly developed post-
orbital processes; two small infraorbital foramina placed one above
the other.

Upper middle incisors vertically directed, with broad slightly
convex cutting-edges, shortly bifid; outer incisors very short,
scarcely equalling the cingulum of the canines in vertical extent,
with oblique crowns directed inwards and forwards ; canine without
basal cusp; first upper premolar with a very oblique crown, similar
to the outer incisor in shape, directed forwards and downwards,
with a posterior and external basal cusp; second upper premolar
three fourths the canine in vertical extent, and exceeding it in cross
section at the base, with two small posterior basal cusps placed one
above the other, like the teeth of a saw; these cusps become worn
down, and disappear in old individuals; the base of this tooth
projects much internally and is concave; the first molar is very
broad (its breadth equals double its antero-posterior diameter), with
23. ARTIBEUS. 517

two external, narrow, sharp-edged cusps, the flat or slightly concave
inner side of the tooth forms quite four fifths of its crown, and
has two very small cusps on its antero-internal margin, which
become worn down with age; second molar two thirds the ante-
penultimate molar, with a single narrow and long external cusp,
one posterior and one internal and anterior basal cusp, between
these cusps the crown of the tooth is concave; third molar very
small, scarcely larger than one of the lower incisors, placed in a
concavity in the posterior side of the second molar, and very easily
overlooked on examination; lower incisors very small, equal, not
grooved ; canine with a small posterior basal cusp; first lower pre-
molar obliquely lozenge-shaped ; second premolar with a posterior
obtuse basal cusp; molars with broad flat crowns, from the antero-
external and antero-internal margins of which short cusps arise, the
second molar about three fourths the first, the last molar very
Pree circular, about the size of the last upper molar (Plate XXVIII.
gk):

Length (of an adult 9), head and body 8”-2, interfemoral
membrane in the middle 07, head 1'-2, ear 0'-55, tragus 0'-28,
nose-leaf 0'"5 x03, forearm 2'-6, thumb 0'°6; third finger—
metacarp. 2'°3, 1st ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 1'"2, 3rd ph. 0'°9; fourth
finger—metacarp. 2':25, 1st ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 0'-9; fifth finger—
metacarp. 2'°3, Ist ph. 0'5, 2nd ph. 0'°7; tibia 0'°95, foot 0°65.

Hab. Guiana, Brazil (Pernambuco).

I have identified this species with that described by Spix under
the name of Phyllostoma planirostre, as the characters agree in all
respects. The absence of the last minute upper premolar in the
type may be due either to the immaturity or to the advanced age of
the specimen. Of three specimens from Pernambuco in the Collec-
tion, one (immature) has the last upper molar extremely small, so
small as to be discovered with considerable difficulty; the second
and third (immature and adult respectively) have no trace of this
tooth.

This species appears to be very abundant in British Guiana. I
found colonies of it inhabiting the roofs of every house in which
Bats were discovered. It is especially common in the roofs of the
sugar-factories, the heat of which probably attracts it.

a,b. & ad., al. Isle of Grenada. Purchased.

c. ad. sk. America.

d. ad. sk. America. Purchased.

e. 2 ad., al. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].

Ff. o ad, al. Demerara. Capt. Sabine [P. ].

g. & ad, al. Demerara, G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}.
A. S& imm., al, Demerara. Purchased.

2% fo imm,, al. Para. Purchased, _

Jj-l. imm. et ad. sks. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.}.
m. ad. sk. Acapulco, Purchased.

nm. 9 ad., al, M. Lidth de Jeude.
518 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.

Var. a.
Artibeus concolor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 357.

Much smaller than adult specimens of A. planirostris, the fore-
arm measuring 1'°85 as compared with 2"-6. Fur, above uniform
brown, paler beneath, without either white streaks on the head or
white spots on the shoulders ; wing-membranes dark brown, except
the space between the second and third finger, which is whitish
brown. In other respects quite similar to A. planirostris.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 26, head 1”, ear 0"°63,
nose-leaf 0'°48, forearm 1:85, tibia 0'°7.

Hab. Paramaribo, Surinam.

Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.

The above is taken from Dr. Peters’s short description, as I have
not yet seen the type.

a. © ad,, al. Upper Amazons. Purchased.

2. Artibeus bilobatus.

Uroderma personatum, Peters (non Wagner), MB. Akad. Berl. 1865,
pp. 587, 588 (see footnote).
Uroderma bilobatum, Peters, 7. c. 1866, p. 392.

Ears, lips, and lancet-shaped portion of the nose-leaf (except that
the margin is finely crenulately serrate) quite similar to those of
Vampyrops hellert (see p. 524). The horseshoe, of which the
margin is free round about, is distinguished from that of every
other species by the presence of a rounded lobe on either side.

The wing-membrane does not quite extend to the end of the
metatarsus. Interfemoral naked, or thinly sprinkled over with very
short hairs, triangularly emarginate behind. Calcaneum very short.

The fur of the body extends as far as the middle of the forearm ;
the whole tibia and the lower end of the femur naked.

Brown, with four white streaks on the head and a white line
along the middle of the back.

Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 3”,
head 0-95, ear 0'6, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1'6, thumb 0':4; third
finger—metacarp. 1'55, 1st ph. 0'"55, 2nd ph. 0'"85, 3rd ph. 0'°6;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1-53, Ist ph. 0-48, 2nd ph. 0°25; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'°53, 1st ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 0'5; tibia 0''-6,
caleaneum 0'"2, foot 0:4, interfemoral membrane in the middle
0'°43,

Hab. Cayenne; Brazil (St. Paulo).

The above is a translation of Dr. Peters’s description of this
species, of which I have not yet examined a specimen. It was at
first mistaken by Dr. Peters for Phyllostoma personatwm, Wagner ;
but the type of that species has been lost, and the description given
by Wagner is quite insufficient, being equally applicable, as Dr.
Peters remarks, to large specimens of either Tampyrops lincatus or
Chiroderma villosum.
23. ARTIBEUS. 519

This Species appears to connect Artibeus with Vampyrops through
V. lineatus and V. helleri, resembling both in size, in the white
facial streaks, in the presence of a white line down the middle of
the back, and, in common with the other species, in the number of

the teeth, while it agrees with V. helleri closely in the form of the
nose-leaf.

3. Artibeus perspicillatus.

Vespertilio perspicillatus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. ed. p. 47; Schreber,
Saiigethiere, p. 160, pl. xlvi. a (1775).

Phyllostoma perspicillatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 176,
pl. a Cisse ; Hage. Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 402 (1844), v.

dctibeus jamaicensis, Leach, Linn. Trans, xiii, p. 75 (1822).

Madatzus lewisii, Leach, J. c. p. 82.

? Phyllostoma superciliatum, Wied, Beitr. zwr Naturgesch. Brasil. ii.
p. 200 (1826).

Arctibeus perspicillatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. p. 487 (1839).

Aries) carpolegus, Gosse, A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 151

Pteroderma perspicillatum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, p. 34, pl. viii. fig. 7, pl. x. fig. 1 (teeth) (1855).

Artibeus perspicillatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356.

Resembles A. planirostris closely in size and in general appear-
ance, but may be at once distinguished by the front margin of the
nose-leaf being completely bound down to the muzzle, in some
individuals even confluent with its integument.

Two longitudinal white streaks on the head-are generally well
defined in all full-grown individuals, and also a white patch on each
shoulder at the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane, in
this respect also contrasting with 4. planirostris, in which the two
upper head-streaks are only occasionally faintly defined and the
shoulder-patches are absent.

Fur, above, dark brown in terminal third, the extreme tips of the
hairs greyish, the basal three fourths pale brown; beneath, more
greyish on the surface, the greater part of the hairs unicoloured
light brown. Distribution of the fur as in A. planirostris.

Teeth as in A. planirostris, except that the minute third upper
premolar is absent, and the posterior side of the antepenultimate
molar is less concave. “

Length (of an adult g from Guatemala), head and body 3:35,
head 11, nose-leaf 0'"5 x 0'"3, ear 0'°9, forearm 2'°7, thumb 0'°6 ;
third finger—metacarp. 2-5, lst ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 1'"4, 8rd ph.
0-9; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-35, Ist ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 0'°95 ;
fifth finger—metacarp. 2'"5, Ist ph. 0:55, 2nd ph. 08; tibia
0-95, caleaneum 0''3, foot 0'°65, interfemoral membrane in the
middle 07.

Hab. Mexican, Antillean, and Brazilian Subregions, apparently
generally distributed throughout the two first-named subregions,
but in many parts of the Brazilian Subregion its place appears to be
taken by A. planirostris.
520 PHYLLOSTOMID.Z.

As in many other species of Bats, the peculiar mobility of the
ears has been noticed in A. perspicillatus. Mr. Osburn remarks of
a specimen which he was endeavouring to recapture:—‘“‘As I
cautiously advanced the net, he showed his sense of danger by
elevating the head a little, whilst the little round ears underwent a
constant and very rapid motion as if vibrating, and, what made it
more curious, each independently of the other. It had avery curious
effect, like a person rolling his eyes different ways. The nose-leaf
had also a motion, but slighter. It looked as if he were feeling for
sound and smell, to ascertain the nature of the attack.”

a. ad. sk. Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Artebeus jamaicensis, Leach.)
6. imm. sk, Jamaica. W. Lewis, Esq. [P.].
Type of Madateus lewisii, Leach.)
c,d. ad. sks. amaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Types of Artibeus carpolegus, Gosse.)
e. f ad, al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C. ].
f & ad., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
g. ad. sk. Jamaica. Dr. R. Parnell (C. ].
h-k. 3&9 ad., al. Cuba. W.S. Macleay [P.].
(Types of Artibeus macleayit, Gray, MS.)
i, m. ad, sks. 8. Domingo. Purchased.
n. ad. sk. Central America. Dr. J. Richardson [C.].
v. ad. sk. Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
p,q ad. sks. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
rt. S&Qad.,al. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
u. fo ad., al. Half-Moon Key, Honduras. Purchased.
ve @ ad, al. Costa Rica. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
w, xv, ad. sks, New Grenada. Purchased.
y. ad. sk. Tachira, Venezuela. Purchased,
z. fo ad., al, Venezuela, Mr. Dyson [C.].
a’. ad, sk. Bogota. O. Salvin, Esq. (C.].
b’. ad. sk, Brazil. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
ce’. ad. sk. Brazil. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
d'-f'. ad. sks. Brazil. Purchased.
g'. ad. sk. Para. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
h’. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina. Purchased.
a. ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].
yj. ad. sk Purchased.

K. ad., al. (Artebeus grandis, Gray, MS.)
U-n'. ad. sks,

o', ad. sk. Earl of Derby [P.].

p'. skull. Aquatta Vale, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
q'. skull. Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Esq. [P.1.
r', skull of 7’.

4. Artibeus cinereus.

Dermanura cinereum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, p. 86,
pl. vill. fig. 4, pl. ix. figs. 4 & 4a, pl. xi. fig. 3 (head, skull, and

teeth) (1855).
ee tolteca, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 427, pl. xv.
Externally similar to A. perspicillatus, but very much smaller, the
forearm being fully one inch shorter than in adult specimens of that
23, ARTIBEUS. 521

species inhabiting the same locality, and the last minute lower molar
is absent.

Fur black above and beneath, with a slightly ashy tinge. No
white streaks on the face or along the spine.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2°15, interfemoral mem-
brane in the middle 0'"4, head 08, ear 0'°65, tragus 0'"25, nose-
leaf 04 x 0'°23, forearm 1''-6, thumb 04; third finger—metacarp.
1-45, lst ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0-8, 8rd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—meta-
carp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0:35, 2nd ph. 0:48; tibia 0:55, calcaneum
0':2, foot 0'-4,

Hab. Central America (Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica) ; Brazil
(Rio Ucayali).

The small size of the animal and absence of the third lower pre-
molar is not due to immaturity, for a specimen in the collection
from Guatemala with much-worn teeth presents the same cha-
racters.

I have examined the type of this species in the Paris Museum,
and can find no difference between it and specimens from Mexico
(Dermanura toltecwm, Sauss.).

a. ad. sk. Mexico. Mr. Leadbeater [C.].
6. fo ad, al. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
ec. fo ad., al. Costa Rica. Purchased.

d. ad, sk. Tropical America.

5. Artibeus quadrivittatus.

Artibeus (Dermanura) quadrivittatus, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865,
p. 368.

Very similar to A. cinereus, but the nose-leaf is narrower and not
so abruptly narrowed at the summit. Interfemoral membrane much
deeper, its narrowest part in the centre extending as far backwards
as a line drawn at right angles to the centre of the tibia ; its upper
surface thinly clothed with fine hairs, which also appear upon the
legs and upon the backs of the feet.

Above brown, paler beneath ; the head with four longitudinal, not
very distinct, white streaks, arranged as in A. perspicillatus.

The outer upper incisors in this species and in A. cinereus have
their external cusp nearly as large as the internal, while in A. per-
spicillatus the internal cusp is the principal part of the tooth.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2-1, interfemoral mem-
brane in the middle 0°55, head 08, ear 0'°65, tragus 0':23, nose-
leaf 0'°45 x 0'-25, forearm 1°55, thumb 0'°38; third finger—
metacarp. 1'45, 1st ph. 0':55, 2nd ph. 0°85, 3rd ph. 06; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'-45, Ist ph. 0'35, 2nd ph. 0'"5; tibia 0'-55,
calcaneum 0'':2, foot 0'°4.

Hab. Surinam ; Brazil.

a. & ad, al. Surinam. Purchased.
b,c. ad. sks. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
d. & ad., al. No history.
522 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.

24. VAMPYROPS.

Artibeus, Gervats (in part), Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
p. 35 (1855).

Platyrrhinus, Saussure (in part), Revue et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 429.

Vampyrops, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356.

Muzzle longer and narrower than in Artibeus ; nose-leaf, warts of
the lower lip, and ear-conch as in that genus, but the tragus is deeply
incised externally opposite the base of its inner margin, the interfe-
moral membrane is less developed, and in all the species known a
line of white fur extends along the spine.

Dentition. Ine. > C. = pm. = m. =.

Teeth intermediate in character between those of Artibeus and
those of Sturnira; the middle upper incisors directed obliquely in-
wards and forwards ; molars much narrower than in Artibeus, the
last lower molar well developed; skull in general form as in Arti-
beus, but the facial portions more lengthened (see Plate XXIX.
figs. 1, la, teeth of V. vittatus).

Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.

This genus shows its close relationship to Artibeus in the general
form of the ears, of the nose-leaf, and of the warts on the chin ; but
the facial portion of the skull is narrower and more produced, the
form of the upper incisors is very different, the molars are much
narrower above and beneath, the third upper and lower molars are
as large or larger in cross section than the upper middle incisors,
and in all the known species a narrow line of white fur extends from
the head along the centre of the back.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Smaller; with four very distinct white streaks
on the head.
a. Fur extending outwards upon the wing-mem-
brane as far as a line drawn from the elbow >
to the knee; forearm 1"65.............. l. V. hneatus, p. 522.
8. Fur extending outwards as far as a line drawn
from the elbow to the middle of the tibia;
foreabnas Tl ae. ois, setae Pu sicices taiacenceets reer 2. V. helleri, p. 524,
’. Larger; white streaks on the head much less
distinct.
y. Fur extending outwards upon the wing-mem-
brane as far as a line drawn from the elbow
to the middle of the femur; forearm 2'"35. 3. V. vittatus, p. 524.

1. Vampyrops lineatus.

Phyllostoma lineatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 180 (1810) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 408 (1844), v. p. 638 (1855) ;
Burmeister, There Brasiliens, p. 48 (1854).

Arctibeus lineatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 487 (1838).

Artibeeus lineatus, Gerdais, Expéd. du Comte de Cpstelnau, Zoolagie,
p. 35, pl. x. fig. 2 (teeth) (1855),
24, VAMPYROPS. 523

Vampyrops lineatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356, 1876,
pp. 480-482, pl. i. figs, 8-14 (head, tragus, skull, and teeth).

About the size of Artibeus cinereus, but the muzzle is conspicuously
longer and narrower. ‘Tragus abruptly acuminate, the outer margin
with a prominent rounded lobe near its base, and above it a
projecting tooth. Horizontal nose-leaf free at the very margin
only, circular, finely crenulate ; the lanceolate portion as in A.
cinereus.

Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus close to the base of
the toes; calcaneum short, distinct; interfemoral membrane short,
concave behind, scarcely extending in the middle beyond a line
drawn between the knees.

Fur more or less dark brown above, paler or ashy-brown beneath;
face with four white streaks arranged as in A. perspicillatus, but
much broader and very distinct ; a narrow line of white fur extends
from the occiput to the interfemoral membrane; the outer and
inner sides of the ear-conch are margined with white in their lower
three fourths.

Upon the wing-membrane the fur extends outwards nearly as far
as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; the upper surface of
the interfemoral is very thinly clothed, but a fringe of fine hairs
hangs from its posterior free margin ; the legs are nearly naked, and
the toes are clothed with a few hairs.

Middle upper incisors moderate, each with a broad cusp directed
inwards and slightly forwards, separated by its base from its fellow
of the opposite side, but touching it by the inner side of its extre-
mity ; outer incisors very small, conical, straight, not filling up the
spaces between the canines and the middle incisors ; first upper pre-
molar straight, like a small canine, second premolar very large,
nearly equalling the canine in vertical extent; anterior cusp of the
first molar but slightly shorter ; last upper molar small, placed pre-
cisely as in A. planirostris, behind and to the inner side of the ante-
penultimate molar; lower incisors very small, slightly notched ;
middle lower molar largest, first molar next in size, third molar
smallest.

Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2''3, ear
0''65, nose-leaf 0'-4, forearm 1'°65, thumb 0:4; third finger—
metacarp. 1'’6, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0-95, 3rd ph. 0'"7; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1-5, Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1’"5, Ist ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0-5; tibia 0-6, caleaneum
0''-2, foot 0'"4.

Hab. Brazil (Rio Janeiro ; Sta. Catherina) ; Bahia ; Mato Grosso ;
Columbia (Bogoté); Paraguay; Upper Amazons.

a. imm. sk. Bogota, Columbia.

6. imm. sk. Bahia. M. F. de Castelnau [C.].
ce. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina, Brazil.

d. 9 ad., al. Upper Amazons.

e, ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

f. do ad, al.
524 PHYLLOSTOMID&,

2. Vampyrops helleri.
Vampyrops helleri, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl, 1866, p. 392.

The following is a translation of Dr. Peters’s description of this
species, of which I have not yet had an opportunity of examining
a specimen :—

Smaller than V. lineatus, Geoffr., but very like that species. The
ears are rounded, emarginate externally, and furnished with a
rounded lobe at the base; tragus triangular, pointed, thickened on
the inner margin, on the outer thin edge obtusely serrately toothed,
and at the base provided with an almost two-lobed process. The
horseshoe is free on the edge, each side above thickened, projecting
outwards. The lancet is pointed with a broad, also lancet-
shaped longitudinal raised ridge. The upper lip is finely notched ;
the under lip has, in the middle, a large transverse wart between
two smaller warts, and near them seven warts in a line, which,
with the corresponding row of the opposite side, form an obtuse
angle.

Wings from the base of the toes. Interfemoral membrane hairy
on the margin. The hair of the body extends outwards as far as
the middle of the forearm, and on the upper surface of the tibia, so
that as far as a line drawn from the proximal half of the tibia to
the elbow the wing-membrane is covered with hair. Brown, with
four white longitudinal bands on the head, and a spinal line of the
same colour as in V, lineatus.

Length, head and body about 2'"6, head 0'°8, ear 0'°68, tragus
0’"2, nose-leaf O'-4, forearm 1'°4, thumb 0°45; third finger—
metacarp. 1'°45, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"88, 3rd ph. 0'°6; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 0-48, 2nd ph. 0-55; fifth finger.
—metacarp. 1''°46, Ist ph. 0'-36, 2nd ph. 0'-4; tibia 0':36, calca-
neum 0'"15, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0'23.

Hab, Mexico.

The describer remarks that of this species he had examined
two perfectly similar examples which Dr. Heller had collected in
Mexico.

3. Vampyrops vittatus.
Artibeus vittatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1859, p. 225.

Of the size and appearance of small specimens of Artibeus
planirostris, but at once distinguished by the generic characters
of a much longer and narrower muzzle and a differently shaped
tragus.

The distance from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle is very
nearly equal to the distance between the eyes; the horseshoe is
broader and less developed in front than in A. planirostris, but its
margin is also free all round and slightly raised from the muzzle;
the length of the ear, anteriorly, is exactly equal to the distance of
24, VAMPYROPs. 525

the anterior extremity of its outer margin from the end of the
muzzle ; the tragus is similar to that of V. lineatus.

Wing- and interfemoral membranes as in V. lineatus.

Fur dark brown above and beneath, the upper facial streaks pale
but distinct, the lower represented by a short naked white patch of
integument on either side; a very distinct but narrow white line
commences on the crown of the head and extends along the spine,
contrasting strongly with the surrounding dark-coloured fur. On
the wing-membrane above the fur extends outwards scarcely as far
as a line drawn from the elbow to the middle of the femur; the ante-
brachial membrane is nearly naked, but the humerus and the mus-
cular part of the forearm are covered; the interfemoral membrane
is almost naked on its upper surface, but fringed along its poste-
rior margin; the legs and back of the feet are clothed with short
hairs.

Incisors as in FV. lineatus, the upper middle pair with very
oblique cusps widely separated at their bases, but meeting by the
inner sides of their extremities (Plate XXIX. fig. la); the first
upper premolar has a broader and more projecting base posteriorly
than in that species, and its cusp is comparatively shorter (Plate
XXIX. fig. 1); last upper molar directly behind the second molar,
not pressed inwards, as large as one of the upper middle in-
cisors ; the first lower molar is triangular in horizontal section, and
equal in antero-posterior diameter to the rectangular second molar ;
the last molar is nearly square, rather more than one quarter the
superficial extent of the antepenultimate molar in horizontal sec-
tion (Plate XXIX. fig. 1).

Length, head and body 3'4, interfemoral membrane in the middle
0':35, head 1'35, eye from anterior margin of the nose-leaf 0'-45,
nose-leaf 0'*5 x 0'°35, head 1°35, ear 0'°9, tragus 0°35, forearm
2"-35, thumb 0':5 ; third finger—metacarp. 2°15, 1st ph. 0'-9, 2nd
ph. 1'°2, 8rd ph. 0°85; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'°15, 1st ph.
0-75, 2nd ph. 0'°85; fifth finger—metacarp. 2’-2, lst ph. 0'°6,
2nd ph. 0'°7 ; tibia 0:85, calcaneum 0'28, foot 0'°6.

Hab. Costa Rica; Venezuela (Puerto Caballo).

This is the largest known species of the genus, and in size is to
V. lineatus as small individuals of A. perspicillatus to A. cinereus,
In Dr. Peters’s very short original description the nose-leaf is de-
scribed as being soldered down to the muzzle in front, which is not
the case in the well-preserved specimen from which I have taken
the above description, although the part of the nose-leaf in front of
the nasal apertures is very short. It appears evident, however, that
the original description was taken from a dried specimen in which
the free front edge of the nose-leaf had so shrunk up in the drying
process as to quite escape notice.

a. g ad., al. Costa Rica. Purchased,
526 PHYLLOSTOMID.%.

25. STENODERMA.
Stenoderma, Geoffroy, Descr. de l’ Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812),
Artibeus, Gervais (non Leach), Exupéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, p. 34 (1855).
Phyllops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356.
Aniteus, Gray, P. ZS. 1866, p, 117.
Histiops, Peters, J. c. 1869, p. 899.
Stenoderma, Phyllops, Peltorhinus, Peters, 1. c. 1876, p. 433.

Crown of the head slightly elevated ; muzzle very short and broad,
in length considerably less than the distance between the eyes ; ears
and general form of the nose-leaf as in Artibeus ; interfemoral mem-
brane short.

1 2-2 2-2 | 3-3

Dentition. Ine. 4, Cc. i pm. 5-5, MW. 5-5 OT 5—3-

Molars very broad, with concave crowns, as in Artibeus; palate
extremely wide and short, deeply emarginate behind, owing to the
absence or imperfect development of the horizontal plate of the
palate-bones.

Range. The Antillean Subregion.

The species of this genus agree so closely in external characters,
and even in dentition, with those of Artibeus, that it would be im-
possible, from a consideration of these characters alone, to separate
them into a distinct genus. The skull, however, shows remarkable
differences in its structure, the horizontal plate of the palate-bones,
which is so well developed in Artibeus, being here either partially or
wholly absent, and the length of the jaws being so much diminished
in proportion to their width, that both the upper canine and first
premolar are in a plane considerably internal to the second premolar.

The habits of the species of Stenoderma appear to be similar to
those of Artibeus (see p. 514).

The three species which represent this genus are by Dr. Peters
considered generically distinct, and a separate genus has been formed
by him for each, the three genera constituting a group. The cha-
racters by which these genera are, according to Dr. Peters, defined,
will be understood from the Synoptical Table below, in which I use
them for distinguishing the species. The presence or absence of the
last minute upper molar can scarcely be considered even of specific
value (as I have shown in the allied genus Artibeus); the obtuse
outer cusp of the inner incisor in S. achradophilum is represented
by the projection near the middle of the outer side of the same tooth
in S. rufum and S. falcatum, and the concavity of the frontal bones
in S. rufum differs in degree only from that of the same parts in 8S.
falcatum, while the similarity of the dentition of the two species
indicates their near affinity.

This genus, founded by Geoffroy on a single badly-preserved spe-
cimen (S. rufwm), was long confounded with Artibeus, and Dr.
Peters, on examination of the type (from which the skull had been
removed), believed that it was identical with his genus Vampyrops;
subsequently, however, he has shown that the missing skull was de-
scribed and figured by Gervais under the name of Artibeus undatus
(vide MB, Akad. Berl. 1876, pp. 429-433).
25, STENODERMA. 527

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Molars i upper central incisors bicuspi-
date; sides of the palatal emargination

parallel. (Subg. Peltorhinus, Ptrs.) .... 1. 8. achradophilum, p. 527.
b. Molars 3 upper central incisors unicus-
pidate.

a'. Frontal deeply concave; sides of the

palatal emargination parallel. (Subg.

Stenoderma, Ptrs.) .. 0... cece cena 2. S. rufum, p. 529.
b'. Frontal slightly concave; sides of the

palatal emargination converging for-

wards. (Subg. Phyllops, Ptrs.)...... 3. 8. faleatum, p. 529,

1. Stenoderma achradophilum.

Artibeus jamaicensis, Gosse (non Leach), A Naturalist’s Sojourn in
Jamaica, p. 270 (1851), pl. vi. fis. 3; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist, 1839,
p. 2; Gervais, l.c. p. 35, pl. ix. fig, 2.

Artibeus achradophilus e¢ sulphureus, Grosse, J. c. p. 271, pl. vi.
figs. 4, 5.

Aas flavescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 117.

Peltorhinus achradophilus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1876, pp. 433, 484,
pl. ii.

Muzzle short and very broad, the distance between the eyes ex-
ceeds considerably the distance from the eye to the extremity of the
muzzle; centre of the front margin of the horizontal nose-leaf
slightly produced forwards in a small V-shaped process, terminating
in a small wart-like elevation near the margin of the upper lip;
posterior nose-leaf ovate-lanceolate, with an abruptly narrowed and
very acute summit, with a longitudinal central ridge on its front
surface as in Artibeus perspicillatus, which species it also closely
resembles in the form of the ear-conch and tragus; lower lip with
a small central wart in front, bounded by a smaller wart on each
side and one on each side beneath.

Interfemoral membrane short, regularly concave behind; wings
from the tarsi.

The fur of the body extends densely upon the wing-membrane
above as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the ankle; nearly
two thirds of the forearm are thickly covered, and fine hairs extend
along the distal third to the carpus; the legs and the interfemoral
membrane are covered with rather long hairs, which form a fringe
along the posterior margin of the interfemoral and extend upon the
legs to the base of the claws, some short hairs appearing on the
wing-membrane and fringing part of its posterior margin.

Fur, above, light reddish brown, paler beneath, the middle of
each hair lighter coloured; a small white patch of hair on each
shoulder at anterior point of origin of the antebrachial membrane ;
no facial streaks. In immature individuals the fur is darker
throughout.
528 PHYLLOSTOMID 2.

The upper incisors form a straight line between the canines; the
central incisors are much longer than the outer ones, directed ver-
tically downwards, and bicuspidate, the inner cusp of each tooth
narrow and acute, the outer cusp broad, obtuse, and shorter (Plate
XXVIII, fig. 2a); outer incisors very short and flat-crowned, about
as long as the cingulum of the canine; lower incisors equal, deeply
and widely grooved in front and above; upper molars very broad,
the breadth of the first upper molar equal to the conjoined antero-
posterior diameters of the first and second molars; second upper
molar nearly equal to the first in antero-posterior diameter; third
lower molar small, oval, placed transversely directly behind the ante-
penultimate molar, about equal in size to the base of one of the middle
upper incisors (Plate XXVIII. fig. 2). Palate deeply emarginate as
far forwards as a line joining the anterior inner margins of the first
upper molars of opposite sides; sides of the emargination parallel.

Length (of an adult 9, type of A. achradophilus, Gosse), head and
body 2”-2, head 08, ear 0-7, tragus 0”-22, nose-leaf 0-4 x 0'"25,
forearm 1”-6, thumb 0-4; third finger—metacarp. 1”-6, Ist ph.
0"-58, 2nd ph. 0"-95, 3rd ph. 07; fourth finger—metacarp. 1”°6,
Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0”-65; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-63, Ist. ph.
0-4, 2nd ph. 0”-55; tibia 0”6, caleaneum 0-2, foot 0”:4.

Hab. Jamaica; Cuba.

I have examined the types of A. jamaicensis, A. achradophilus,
and A. sulphureus, Gosse, which are preserved in alcohol in this
Collection, and I agree with Dr. Peters’s statement, that they are all
referable to the same species. They differ only in the depth of the
colour of the fur, which appears to depend upon age, as the smallest
of four specimens, the type of A. jamaicensis, Gosse, has fur of a
darker shade than in any of the other three.

Mr. Gosse remarks that this species “feeds on the fruit of the
Naseberry (Achras sapota). About a quarter of an hour after the
sun has set, and while the horizon is still glowing with effulgent
clouds, these Bats begin to fly round the tree...... On pick~
ing up the fruit find that it has been just bitten, nibbled in a
ragged manner. Fragments of Naseberry of considerable size,
partly eaten by a Bat, are frequently found at the distance of half a
mile from the nearest Naseberry-tree. The Rose-apple (Hugenia
jambos) is also a favourite fruit.” *

a. S imm., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Artibeus jamaicensis, Gosse, non Leach.)
b. 2 ad., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Artibeus achradophilus, Gosse.)  -
c. 9 ad., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. Loe
(Type of Artibeus sulphureus, Gosse, Ariteus flavescens, Gray t
d. 2 ad., al. Jamaica, Sir Andrew Smith FS
e. 2 ad., al. Cuba. W.S. MacLeay, Esq. [ P].

 

* «Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’ p. 268.
25, STENODERMA. 529

2. Stenoderma rufum.

Stenoderma rufum, Geoffroy, Deser. de ? Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Bel 1876, pp. 480-434 pli. figs A

Artibeus undatus, Gervais, Exped. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie,
Mammiferes, p. 35, pl. ix. fig. 3 (1855).

Dermanura undatum, Gervais, Compt. Rendus de ? Acad. des Sciences,
1856, p. 547,

Histiops undatus, Peters, J, c. 1869, p. 899.

This species is known only from a skin in bad condition and a
skull preserved in the collection of the Paris Museum, and from
the descriptions and figures referred to above.

The central upper incisors are unicuspidate; a small obtuse pro-
minence, near the middle of the outer side of each tooth, corresponds
to the obtuse outer cusp of the same tooth in S. achradophilum; in
the upper jaw a minute third molar, nearly equal to the base of the
middle upper incisor in cross section, is placed immediately behind
the second molar to the inner side of the tooth-row ; second upper
molar as large as in the preceding species. Palate emarginate as
far forwards as a line joining the anterior inner margins of the first
upper molars of opposite sides; sides of the emargination parallel as
in S. achradophilum. Frontal bones deeply concave in front.

Hab. Unknown.

3. Stenoderma falcatum.

Arctibeus falcatus, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 1.
Phyllostoma albomaculatum, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl, 1861,

. 155.
Pilon falcatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 433. ~

Ears, nose-leaf, and general external form as in S. achradophilum,
with which it also agrees closely in size.

The frontal between the supraorbital ridges is flattened, not deeply
concave as in S. rufum, and the palate is angularly emarginate as
far forwards as a line joining the centres of the first upper molars
of opposite sides, the sides of the emargination converging forwards
and forming an angle. The antepenultimate or second upper molar
is scarcely three fourths the size of the first molar, while the corre-
sponding teeth in S. rufum and S. achradophilum are nearly equal
in their antero-posterior diameters. The third upper molar is even
smaller than the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw, and is placed
close behind the second molar to the inner side of the tooth-row
(Plate XXVIII. figs. 3, 3).

Length (of the type specimen), head and body 1'-9, head 0-75,
ear 0''6, tragus 0:23, forearm 1''-65, thumb 0'"4; third finger—
metacarp. 1/5, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0''8, 3rd ph. 0'-45 ; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1'"5, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-5; fifth finger—
metacarp. 1'°5, Ist ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0'-5; tibia 0'"6, foot 0'"-4.

Hab. Cuba.

The arched condition of the index finger outwards, from which

this species has derived its specific name, although more or less
2M
530 PHYLLOSTOMID.28.

present in every species of the genera allied to Artibeus, and there-
fore not to be depended upon as a distinguishing character, appears
to be, however, much more marked in this species than in any
other, the membrane between the index finger and the metacarpal
bone of the third finger being 0-4 inch wide in the centre.

a. d imm,, al. (type). Cuba. W.S. Macleay, Esq. [P.].

26. AMETRIDA.
Ametrida, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847).

Muzzle exceedingly short and broad, crown of the head greatly
elevated above the face-line ; ears, nose-leaf, and chin-warts as in
Stenoderma.

Dentition. Inc, < c. = pm. a m. —.

Teeth very similar to those of Stenoderma; palate wider and
shorter ; horizontal plate of the palate-bones deficient behind.

This genus, founded on a single species, differs mainly from Ste-
noderma in the great elevation of the crown of the skull above the
short and very broad facial portion. Although this seems to be a
very important character, I think it doubtful, considering the great
similarity in the dentition and in other respects, whether Ametrida
can be recognised as more than a subgenus of Stenoderma.

1. Ametrida centurio.
Ametrida centurio, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847) ;
Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 896.

Phyllostoma centurio, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. vy. p. 629
(1855).

Head very short and broad, and, owing to the shortness of the
neck, appears to rest between the shoulders ; face flattened in front;
the opening of the mouth almost wholly anterior, the lower jaw
projecting beyond the upper in front; crown of the head greatly
elevated above the face-line; eyes large, prominent; ears separate,
shorter than the head, in general form as in Stenoderma, the tip
rounded off, the outer margin coneave below the tip, then convex
again, concave opposite the base of the inner margin of the tragus,
terminating in a long rounded lobe midway between the base of the
outer margin of the tragus and the inferior margin of the eye,
below which a small wart is placed ; tragus straight, acutely pointed,
the outer margin with four prominent tooth-like projections: nose-
leaf as in Stenoderma, but comparatively broader and shorter, the
front margin of the horseshoe slightly raised, the erect terminal
leaf nearly as broad as the horseshoe in the centre, abruptly nar-
rowing above and terminating in an acute point; between the
postero-external margin of the horseshoe and the eye, on each side,
a prominent obliquely placed glandular process, on the summit of
which the openings of three pores are seen; chin with a small cen-
27, CHIRODERMA. 531

tral longitudinal wart bounded laterally and inferiorly by seven
smaller warts ; inner margin of the lips with conical papille as in
Artibeus (Plate XXX. fig. 2).

Thumb long and strong, first phalanx nearly three times as long

as the metacarpal bone; first phalanx of the middle finger two
thirds the length of the second phalanx; wings from the base of
the toes; calcaneum shorter than the foot; interfemoral deeply
emarginate behind, but nearly as much developed as in Artibeus
persprcillatus.
_ On the inferior surface of the thorax, in the centre, slightly pos-
terior to a line drawn between the mamme, a peculiar transverse
elevation exists, at the extremities of which a small projection
appears at each side like a teat, from the end of which long hairs
arise. This is probably a glandular organ (Plate XXX. fig. 2).

Fur soot-brown; a conspicuous white spot on each shoulder at
the origin of the antebrachial membrane.

Upper incisors feeble, as in Stenoderma falcatum, forming a semi-
circular row, filling up by their bases the wide space between the
canines ; inner incisors moderately long, directed vertically down-
wards, conical and acutely pointed; outer incisors very short and
blunt, scarcely equalling in vertical extent the cingulum of the
canines ; lower incisors very small, equal, with crowns deeply
grooved from before backwards ; first upper premolar short, equal
to half the canine in vertical extent; second premolar as long as
the canine, and broader at the base; lower premolars nearly equal
to the canine in vertical extent, the second slightly exceeding the
first ; molars as in Stenoderma rufum, but narrower.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult 9), head and body 1'°7,
head 0-65, ear 0'°6, tragus 0'°2, forearm 1'°3, thumb 0'"4; third
finger—metacarp. 12, Ist ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0'7, 3rd ph. 0'°55 ;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-05, 1st ph. 0''5, 2nd ph. 0'°6; fifth
finger—metacarp. 1'"1, 1st ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0°55; tibia 0'-65,
ealcaneum 0'*22, foot 0'-4.

Hab. Brazil.

a, 6 ad., al. Para. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].

27. CHIRODERMA.
Chiroderma, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 747.

Like Vampyrops generally in external characters, but the muzzle
is shorter, the interfemoral membrane much more developed, and

the number and character of the teeth different.
+s CCAS eT 2-2 2-2 2-2
Dentition. Inc. 7 OT C. [=> PM. s-3 M. 5—5 OT 373-

Upper middle incisors slender, with oblique cusps directed in-
wards and forwards ; the first upper premolar with a very oblique
cusp directed forwards ; second molar in both jaws larger than any
of the other teeth.

Skull with a deep cleft between the nasal bones leading back-

2m 2
632 PAHYLLOSTOMID.-E.

wards from the nasal opening as far as the space between the
orbits * (see Plate XXIX. fig. 36).

Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.

This genus is undoubtedly closely allied to Vampyrops, as the
form of the tragus, the muzzle and nose-leaf, and the well-marked
facial streaks show. The form of the upper and lower first pre-
molars is, however, very different and peculiar (see Plate XXIX.
figs. 2, 3); the second molar in both jaws is larger than any of the
other teeth ; and in immature specimens of the different species a
well-defined cleft extends backwards from the nasal opening in the
middle between the orbits. (See description of skull of Chiroderma
villosum, p. 534.)

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Ine, 2 m. =; no white line along the spine.
a. First lower premolar nearly flat-crowned,
without a distinct cusp.
a'. Four broad very distinct white streaks on
the head; forearm 2" .........0c.0008 1. CA. salrvini, p. 532.
b. First lower premolar with a distinct anterior
cusp.
b'. Second lower molar nearly double the first
molar in antero-posterior diameter ; head-
streaks narrow; forearm 1'"85 or more.. 2 Ch. villosum, p. 584.
e'. Second lower molar about one half greater
than the first in antero-posterior diameter ;
head-streaks broad ; forearm 1'"4.,.... 3. Ch. pusillum, p. 535.

IL. Ince. 5 m. 3 a white line along the spine.

a. Four broad very distinct streaks on the head ;
LOvOATM ASA y oa sAG aia oe wales Kerra 4. Ch. bidens, p. 535.

1. Chiroderma salvini.

Head, ears, and nose-leaf like those of Artibeus perspicillatus,
but the muzzle is proportionately narrower in front; the distance
between the eyes is considerably greater than the distance of the eye
from the end of the muzzle; eyes large: ears equal in length to the
distance of the anterior termination of the outer margin of the ear-
conch from the extremity of the muzzle; horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf
nearly circular, free in front and laterally, with a slight convexity
forming a small projection from the centre of its anterior margin.

The body is short in proportion to the length of the forearm and
extent of the wings. Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus ;
interfemoral well developed, its posterior margin but slightly con-
cave, the centre of the membrane extending as far back as a line
drawn between the ankles; feet small.

* This opening between the nasal bones probably becomes closed in some

species when the animal is full-grown, for in a specimen in the Leyden Museum
no cleft was found on examination by Dr. Peters (MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 893).
27. CHIRODERMA, 533

Head with four very broad and very white streaks; no streak
along the spine. Fur moderately long and dense. Above tricoloured,
brown at the base, then pale yellowish brown, the terminal fourth
of the hairs dark brown; beneath brown, the extreme tips ashy.
The humerus and muscular part of the forearm are well covered ;
the greater part of the antebrachial membrane is naked; on the
wing-membrane the fur extends rather densely as far as a line drawn
from the elbow to the knee; the whole interfemoral is covered with
soft fur, which thins out towards its posterior margin; the legs and
feet are clothed with short hairs. At the base of the thumb some
short light brown hairs.

Upper middle incisors slender, unicuspidate, rather long and
acutely pointed, each tooth separated by its base from the opposite
tooth, but with its cusp directed obliquely inwards, so as to approach
it near its extremity (Plate XXIX. fig. 3a); each outer incisor very
small, in the centre of the space between the inner incisor and the
canine; first upper premolar small, with a single very oblique cusp
directed forwards, so as to touch the base of the canine by its ante-
rior side, posteriorly the tooth is separated from the second premolar
by a space; second upper premolar with a straight cusp, like that of
a small canine, and a small posterior and external basal projection ;
second (last) upper molar about a third larger than the first, both
molars with a pair of cusps externally, with concave crowns in-
ternally not so broad as in Artibeus, and without internal projec-
tions ; lower incisors very small, slightly grooved on their crowns ;
first lower premolar with an almost flat oval crown but slightly
raised above the gum; second and last molar very large, nearly
double the antero-posterior diameter of the first molar and almost
three times its size, with a concave crown margined by five blunt
elevations (Plate X XIX. fig. 3).

The distance between the outer cusps of the last molars in the
upper jaw is slightly greater than the distance from one of the
middle upper incisors to the posterior edge of the last molar.

The nasal opening is prolonged backwards by a very distinct
narrow cleft as far as a line corresponding to the anterior margin
of the orbit (Plate XXIX. fig. 35).

Length, head and body 2':8, interfemoral membrane in the middle
0:7, head 1/15, ear 0'°7, tragus 0'"25, nose-leaf 0'°45 x 0"-3,
forearm 2”, thumb 0:4; third finger—metacarp. 1-8, 1st ph. 0°-75,
2nd ph. 1-05, 3rd ph. 0''-8; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"-75, lst ph.
0''-6, 2nd ph. 0'"7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"75, 1st ph. 0'°5, 2nd
ph. 0'°6; tibia 0'-65, calcaneum 0-25, foot 0'-4.

Hab. Costa Rica.

The white streaks on the head appear to be, in this species, wider
and more distinct than in any other species of this group. The
form of the first lower premolar, the large size of the interfemoral
membrane, and the smallness of the feet at once distinguish the

species.
a. 5 ad, al. (type). Costa Rica.- O. Salvin, sq. [C.].
5384 PRYLLOSTOMIDAE.

2. Chiroderma villosum.
Chiroderma villosum, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 748.

Ear-conch as in Artibeus perspicillatus; nose-leaf also nearly
similar, smaller, and circular in front; a faint white streak on each
side above the eye from the nose-leaf to the ear, no white line along
the spine.

Fur moderately long, pale yellowish brown above, with darker
brown extremities ; beneath darker brown, the extreme tips greyish.
Above, three fourths the forearm is thickly covered, also portion of
the wing-membrane posterior to it, and along the sides of the body
as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, also
upon the legs and interfemoral membrane, thinning out towards the
ankles, and thinly upon the posterior margin of the interfemoral and
upon the backs of the feet.

Interfemoral membrane about as large as in Artibeus perspicil-
latus, but much more densely clothed with hair. Wing-membrane
extending to the metatarsus.

Skull broadly conical in front, the width between the outer edges
of the posterior upper molars slightly exceeds the length of the
tooth-row, measured from the inner incisor to the posterior margin
of the last molar. Frontal bones flat, with very short postorbital
processes; nasal aperture continued backwards by an oval slit,
which reaches as far backwards as a line drawn between the most
anterior parts of the bony orbits; bony palate continued as far

backwards as the posterior third of the zygoma.
4 | 1-1 22 2-2
Inc. D Cc. Trop pm. 5 mI. 33°

Upper middle incisors slender, unicuspidate, their oblique cusps
directed inwards towards the middle line and close together by their
extremities ; outer incisors unicuspidate, conical, slightly exceeding
the cingulum of the canine, not filling up the space between the
canine and the middle incisors; first upper premolar small, with a
very oblique cusp directed forwards and touching the canine, but
separated from the second large premolar by a space; last upper
molar exceeding the first in size; lower incisors equal, not crowded,
not grooved; first lower premolar with a broad base, the cingulum
projecting considerably behind, forming a small posterior cusp ;
second with a broad base and a long slender anterior cusp; last
molar nearly double the length of the antepenultimate molar, with
a flat crown margined by five small cusps (Plate X XIX. figs. 2, 2a).

Distance between outer edges of posterior upper molars 0'’-52,
distance between summits of cusps of canines 0'':2, length of upper
tooth-row 05.

Length, head and body about 2:4, interfemoral membrane in the
middle 0'-3, ear 0'"65, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°5; third finger—
metacarp. 1-9, Ist ph. 08, 2nd ph. 11, 3rd ph. 0'"8; fifth finger
—metacarp. 19, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"65; tibia 0’7, caleaneum
0°35, foot 0'"5.

The above measurements haye been taken from a skin and skull
27. CHIRODERMA. 535

from Minas Geraes in the Collection, and are slightly larger than
those of the type specimen.
Hab. Brazil.

a. ad. sk. Minas Geraes.
6, skull of a.

3. Chiroderma pusillum.

Phyllostoma pusillum, Wagner, Abhandl. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 178
1843) ; sae Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 6384 (1855).
Chiroderma pusillum, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 395.

Much smaller than the preceding species, and with four very
distinct white streaks on the head.

Wing-membrane from the base of the toes; interfemoral mem-
brane very deeply concave behind.

Upper middle incisors separated at their bases and directed
obliquely inwards, each tooth with a broader cusp than in either of
the preceding species, and on its outer side near its extremity a
blunt projection; the other incisors as in Ch. villosum ; first upper
and lower premolars with broad bases, each with an oblique,
anteriorly directed, acutely pointed cusp; last lower molar one half
greater than the first in antero-posterior diameter.

The skull of the adult, as shown by Dr. Peters, has not the cleft
between the nasal bones which is present in all other species of the
genus.

Length, head and body about 2”, forearm 1'4, thumb 0°44;
third finger—metacarp. 1'"25, Ist ph. 0'"52, 2nd ph. 07, 3rd_ ph.
0"-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1°23, Ist ph. 0'°48, 2nd ph. 0'°5;
fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"24, 1st ph. 0'"33, 2nd ph. 0'"36 ; tibia
0"°5, foot 0"-4

The above measurements are taken from a specimen in the
Leyden Museum, referred to by Dr. Peters in MB. Akad. Berl. 1866,
p- 393.

Hab. Brazil.

4. Chiroderma bidens.

Ears as in Ch. pusillum ; nose-leaf rather narrow and long, the
lancet-shaped leaf with a very prominent central longitudinal ridge,
which is produced upwards and terminates the leaf in a narrow
needle-shaped projection; horseshoe small, almost quite circular,
front margin distinct from the muzzle.

First phalanx of the middle finger one third the length of the
metacarpal bone, and slightly more than half the second phalanx ;
metacarpals of the last two fingers equal in length, slightly shorter
than the metacarpal of the middle finger. Wings from the meta-
tarsi; interfemoral membrane moderately deep behind, the emargi-
nation behind not extending further forwards than a line dren
from the middle of one tibia to the other.

Fur moderately long and dense ; on the upper surface dark brown,
536 PHYLLOSTOMID 2.

the basal three fourths of the hairs pale shining brown; beneath,
greyish brown. On the face four very distinct longitudinal white
bands—two superior extending from either side of the posterior
margin of the base of the nose-leaf directly backwards to the back
of the head; two inferior passing backwards along the upper lip
and below the eyes to the ears. On the back a narrow but distinct
white stripe commences at the back of the head and extends along
the spine to the termination of the fur behind.

The fur of the body extends upon the back of the forearm and
adjacent wing-membrane for more than half its length, and upon
the wing-membrane almost as far outwards as a line drawn from
the elbow to the knee; the interfemoral, the legs, and the feet are

almost quite naked.

4 1—1 2—2 2—2
Inc. ? Cc. Top pm. 55) WM. 3-3.

Upper incisors as in Ch. pusillwm, the extremities of the central
incisors slightly notched, the two lower incisors faintly grooved ;
premolars also as in Ch. pusillum; second upper molar scarcely
larger than the first molar; third lower molar very small and cir-
cular (not discernible without the aid of a lens), placed directly behind
and close to the second molar.

Length, head and body 2:25, ear 0':55, nose-leaf 0'°35, forearm
1-4, thumb 0'"45; third finger—metacarp. 1'4, Ist ph. 0'°5,
2nd ph. 0'°8, 3rd ph. 0:45 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph.
0'-4, 2nd ph. 055; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph. 0'°3,
2nd ph, 0-45; tibia 0'°5, foot 0'°4.

Hab. Peruvian Amazons.

a. 9 ad. sk. Huallaga. E. Bartlett [C.].

28. PYGODERMA.
Pygoderma, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 357.

Muzzle very short and much thickened in a vertical direction ;
ears and nose-leaf generally as in Artibeus; interfemoral membrane
short,

Dentition. Inc. . c. a pm. a mn. —

General character of the teeth as in Stenoderma, but the last
molars in both jaws (corresponding to the large second molars in
other genera of Stenodermata) reduced to a very small size; facial
bones greatly expanded laterally and vertically.

1. Pygoderma bilabiatum.
Phyllostoma bilabiatum, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, p. 366;
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, Saugeth. p. 47 (1854).
Arctibeus leucomus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 57.
Stenoderma (Pygoderma) microdon, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1863,

p. 83
Muzzle short and very thick; nose-leaf higher than broad,
28. PYGODERMA. 5387

lanceolate, the front edge of the horseshoe bound down to the
muzzle; ear-conch and tragus as in Artibeus cinereus; eyes large,
not concealed. From either side of the front margin of the nose-
leaf a slightly raised, very narrow, but well-defined ridge passes
backwards to the angle of the mouth, appearing like the margin of an
upper lip, below this ridge the fur of the face does not pass; lower
~ lip with a central wart, margined on either side by a similar wart,
and five small warts in a semicircle beneath (Plate XXX. fig. 3).

Interfemoral membrane circularly emarginate behind, about 0-3
inch deep in the middle; wings from the metatarsus close to the
base of the toes.

Fur moderately long and dense; above, dark brown at the base,
then pale buff, the extremities of the hairs dark brown; beneath,
greyish brown throughout; on each shoulder, at the origin of the
antebrachial membrane, a small patch of white hairs. On the upper
surface the fur extends thickly outwards upon the forearm to within
a short distance from the carpus, ending rather abruptly, densely
clothing the wing-membrane behind the humerus and forearm, ex-
tending more thinly upon the legs to the ankles and upon the
adjoining wing-membrane; the interfemoral membrane is well
covered with moderately long hairs, which form a fringe along its
posterior margin ; the proximal third of the last metacarpal is clothed
with hair.

Facial bones greatly enlarged vertically, forming large rounded
eminences above the orbits with a broad flattened intervening space
above, bebind which the crown of the skull is slightly elevated
(Plate XXVIII. fig. 46) ; incisors as in Ametrida, the central incisors
unicuspidate, triangular, directed vertically downwards, the cingu-
lum of each tooth with a small basal projection externally; outer
incisors scarcely elevated above the gum, flat-crowned, filling the
space between the canines and the inner incisors; upper premolars
nearly equal in size, almost equal to the canine in transverse sec-
tion and equalling three fourths its vertical extent ; first upper molar
slightly larger than the second premolar in cross section; second
molar minute, similar in form and size to the outer upper incisors
(Plate XXVIII. figs. 4,4 a); lower incisors equal, deeply grooved
above and in front, placed in a straight line between the canines ;
lower premolars equal to the upper, with posterior basal projections ;
first lower molar larger than the second premolar in cross section,
flat, with acute projections along its inner edge; last lower molar
scarcely one third the size of the first molar (Plate XXVIII. fig. 4).

Length, head and body 2':4, nose-leaf 05 x0"28, ear 0'7,
tragus 0'°28, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0"°5; third finger—metacarp.
1-4, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 1", 3rd ph. 05; fourth finger—
metacarp. 1”-4, Ist ph. 0’-45, 2nd ph. 0"°7; fifth finger—metacarp.
1-45, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 06; tibia 0°65, foot 0-45.

Hab. Mexico; Brazil.

a, ad, sk. Brazil. Purchased.
(Type of Arctibeus leucomus, Gray.)
538 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.

29. STURNIRA.

Sturnira, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 (1842).
Nyctiplanus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 57.

Muzzle short and conical; nose-leaf and ears as in Artibeus; chin
with three warts in front, margined below by smaller warts in a
semicircular series; tail none; calcaneum indistinct; interfemoral
membrane very narrow; wing-membrane extending to the ankles.

Dentition. Inc. * c. = pm. = m. a

Upper middle incisors unicuspidate, oblique; molars rather
narrow and longitudinally grooved, their longitudinal equalling
their transverse diameters; last molar in both jaws small.

This genus differs from all the genera of Stenodermata in its
longitudinally grooved molars, and resembles Brachyphylla alone
in the conical shape of the muzzle.

The molars resemble those of the frugivorous Pteropi more closely
than those of any other Bats; and the only known species, S. lilium,
no doubt lives chiefly if not altogether on fruit, though Tschudi
(‘Fauna Peruana’), while describing its frugivorous habits, remarks
that a specimen was caught in the act of sucking the face of a
drunken Indian sleeping under a plantain tree. It is very probable,
however, that the truly sanguivorous Desmodus rufus, which this
species resembles closely in the colour of the fur and in general
external form, was mistaken for it.

In the presence of tufts of longer and differently coloured hairs
over glands on the sides of the neck in the males of S. lilium (Ph.
erythromos, Tschudi, and Ph. chrysocomos, Wagner), another point
of resemblance to the frugivorous Pteropi may be observed, which is
even more remarkable than the form of the teeth, as the latter is
evidently the result of adaptative changes.

1. Sturnira lilium.

Phyllostoma lilium, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p.181; Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb, Sdugeth. 1. p. 411, v. p. 631.

Phyllostoma spiculatus, Ihger, Lichtenst. Verz. der Doubl. p. 8.

Sturnira spectrum, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 257;
Voyage ‘ Sulphur,’ Mammal. p. 22, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1844).

Phyllostoma excisum, Wagner, Wiegm. Archww, 1842, p. 858.

Phyllostoma albescens e¢ fumarium, Wagner, Abhand. Miinch. Akad.
v. p. 178 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 524).

Phyllostoma erythromos et oporaphilum, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana,
p. 64, pls. i. & ii, (184446).

Stenoderma chilense, Gervais, Gay, Hist. de Chili, Mammal. p. 30,
pl. i. fig. 1 (1847).

Nyctiplanus rotundatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 57.

ee chrysocomos, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 635
( 5

Sturnira llium et chilensis, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau,
Zoologie, p. 39, pl. viii. fig. 5, and pl. ix. figs. 5& 6 (1855);
Peters, lc.
29, STURNIRA. 539

Muzzle short, obtusely conical ; nostrils opening in the centre of
the horizontal portion of the nose-leaf, the front edge of which is
straight and continuous with the integument of the muzzle beneath,
separated by a rather wide space from the margin of the lip; ver-
tical portion of the nose-leaf ovate-lanceolate, arising by a narrow
stalk between the nasal orifices, then convex on the sides and
narrow lanceolate in the upper third (Plate XXX. fig. 4, front of
muzzle, enlarged) ; immediately behind the nose-leaf on either side
in front of the eyes a prominent obliquely situated glandular eleva-
tion is placed. ars much shorter than the head, narrow, and
narrowly rounded off or subacutely pointed at the tips ; upper half
of the outer margin of the conch straight, the lower half convex,
slightly notched opposite the middle of the tragus, terminating
opposite the base of the inner margin: the tragus reaches its
greatest width opposite the base of its inner margin; the outer
margin immediately above that point is notched, then slants up-
wards and inwards ; the inner margin is straight, the tip truncated,
and terminating in three small points. Inner margins of the lips
fringed with very distinct papille, as in Artibeus; lower lip with
three warts in front, whereof the central is largest, bounded late-
rally and beneath by a row of small warts (Plate XXX. fig. 4).

Wing-membrane extending to the ankles; interfemoral mem-
brane rudimentary, forming a narrow band along the legs and ex-
tremity of the body; tail none; caleaneum indistinct.

Fur moderately long and dense; on the upper surface extending
forwards upon the muzzle as far as the base of the nose-leaf; also
upon the humerus and half the forearm, but leaving the antebra-
chial membranes naked; posteriorly, the hinder extremities and
the narrow interfemoral membrane are covered with fine rather
long fur, which also clothes the backs of the feet; on the wing-
membranes the fur extends as far as a line drawn from the elbow
to the knee, and on a small portion external to the tibia; beneath,
the antebrachial membrane, the forearm, and the wing-membrane
posterior to the forearm are clothed with fine hairs, and the fur of
the body extends for a short distance upon the wing-membrane.

Colour of the fur variable and different according to sex and age.
In the adult male the head, neck, and shoulders are generally yel-
lowish brown, the back and extremities dark brown with reddish
tips, base of the hairs yellowish white; between the head and the
point of origin of the antehumeral membrane, on either side of the
neck, a bunch of longer and more closely set hairs of a brownish-
red colour with golden-red tips; beneath greyish brown, slightly
washed with reddish ; throat paler. In the adult female the head,
neck, and shoulders are greyish brown, on the back and extremities
dark brown, the base of the hairs darker than in the male ; beneath,
paler throughout, and whitish with a reddish tinge towards the
centre of the body.

Incisors like those of Carollia brevicauda; the central upper
incisors unicuspidate, with oblique cusps; the outer incisors short
and broad, their anterior surface concave, their summits broadly
540 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.

conical, on each side and close to the inner incisor, and also lying
partly against the inner side of the front surface of the base of the
canine; lower incisors equal or the middle incisors slightly larger
with straight faintly notched cutting-edges ; first upper premolar
exceeding the second in antero-posterior diameter at the base, but
less than it in vertical extent; last molar scarcely one third the
size of the antepenultimate molar, with an oval crown of which the
longer diameter is transverse; first lower premolar considerably ex-
ceeding the second in size, but equal to it in vertical extent ; last
lower molar about equal to the last upper, but its longer diameter
is placed in the direction of the jaw; inner three fourths of the
crowns of the molars longitudinally concave, the outer one fourth
forming a notched cutting-edge (Plate XXVIII. fig. 5, upper jaw).

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2"°4, head 09, ear U'"7 x
0':4, tragus 0':28, nose-leaf 0’-35 x 0:22, forearm 1'*7, thumb
0-45; third finger—metacarp. 1'':55, 1st: ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0”-75,
3rd ph. 0”'7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1”-6, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph.
0”-6 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”-6, Ist ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 05; tibia
0-65, foot 0'°5.

Hab. Neotropical Region (tropical and subtropical parts, appa-
rently generally distributed).

a. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
b. ad. sk. Jamaica. J. Gould, Esq. rb
ce. ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.].
d. § ad., al. Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
e, f. ad. sks. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [P.}.
g-t. ad. sks, Rio Janeiro. Earl of Derby [P.].
J-q. ad sks. Sta. Catherina. Purchased.
r, s. ad. sks. Minas Geraes.
t. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
u. ad. sks. Brazil. Purchased.
v. fo ad, al. Brazil.
w. ad. sk. Rio Napo, Brazil. Purchased.
(With very dark-coloured fur.)
a. ad. sk. Huallaga. Mr. Bartlett [C.].
y-a'. ad. sks. Earl of Derby [P.}.
6'. ad. sk. St. George Mivart [P.].
e'. skull of ¢.
d', skull of e.
e'. skull. No history.

30. BRACHYPHYLLA.

Brachyphylla, Gray, P. ZS. 1833, p. 123; Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii.
p. 489 (1838).

Muzzle conical, longer and narrower than in other genera of this
group; nose-leaf small, near the extremity of the muzzle, bounded
posteriorly and laterally by a deep groove; nasal apertures uncovered,
in the centre of the nose-leaf; ears as in Phyllostoma; lower lip
with a V-shaped groove in front margined by warts ; inner margins
of the lips with few conical papilla; interfemoral membrane well
30. BRACHYPHYLLA. 541

developed ; tail none; caleaneum very short or wanting; wing-
membrane extending to the distal extremity of the tibia; feet quite
free.

= pm. 53m. =

Upper middle incisors triangular ; molars very broad and hollow-
crowned ; the last molar in both jaws well developed.

This genus resembles Phyllostoma in the form of the head exter-
naily, and in the comparative absence of conical papille fringing the
lips internally, but agrees with other genera of Stenodermata in the
peculiar shape of the molar teeth and in the absence of a tail. The
upper middle incisors in B. cavernarum are very similar in shape to
those of Desmodus rufus, though much smaller, and differ in shape
from those of every other species of the group; and the form of the
nose-leaf, and of the lower lip in front, as well as the structure of
the stomach (to some extent) also appear to connect it with the
Desmodontes (see p. 545).

Dentition. Ine. > c.

1. Brachyphylla cavernarum.

Brachyphylla cavernarum, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1833, p. 123; Ann. Nat.
Hist. iv. p. 2, pl. i. fig. 1 (1839).

Stenoderma cavernarum, Blainville, Ostéographie, pl. vii. (skull) ; Ger-
vais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 33 (1855).

Head very slightly raised above the face-line; muzzle conical,
rather narrow in front, the distance between the eyes exactly equal
to the distance of the eye from the end of the muzzle; ears shorter
than the head, the ear-conch and tragus very similar in shape to
those of Phyllostoma hastatum, but the upper half of the outer mar-
gin of the tragus has two additional small tooth-like projections ;
nose-leaf small, nearly circular, the front margin bound down to the
muzzle, the sides and upper margin free, the latter slightly bent for-
wards and emarginate in the middle; behind the nose-leaf and on
each side is a deep groove bounded by a narrow naked glandular
elevation ; lower lip with a V-shaped groove in front bounded by a
naked elevation on either side, which is fringed externally by five
small warts (Plate XXX. figs. 5, 5a).

Thumb well developed, slightly shorter than the foot ; first phalanx
of the middle finger one third the length of the metacarpal bone;
wings from the distal extremity of the tibia ; interfemoral membrane
extending as far backwards in the centre as a line corresponding to
the commencement of the distal third of the tibia, and laterally as
far as the sides of the feet; feet large and strong; wing-membrane
between the humerus and femur, with numerous small raised papille
arranged in close parallel lines.

Above reddish brown, the base of the hairs paler ; beneath much
paler. The fur of the body scarcely extends upon the membranes,
and the forearms are naked ; the interfemoral has a few very fine
hairs, which also extend along the legs to the backs of the feet. The
face is well covered, and long hairs surround the eyes.
542 PHYLLOSTOMID.

Upper middle incisors moderately large, unicuspidate, triangular ;
outer incisors very small, flat-crowned (Plate XXX. fig. 56); lower
incisors equal, close together, their longest diameter at right
angles to the direction of the jaws, their cutting-edges unnotched ;
upper canine with a prominent posterior basal projection ; first upper
premolar very small, but slightly larger than one of the outer upper
incisors, the second equals three fourths the canine; molars very
broad, with concave crowns and prominent notched outer and inner
cutting-edges ; the central molars largest, the last upper and lower
molars but slightly smaller than the first.

The cesophagus is very narrow, and enters the stomach close to
the pyloric extremity ; the cardiac portion of the stomach is ex-
panded upwards and to the left side; the pyloric muscular con-
striction is not well defined; the intestine measures about 20 inches
in length.

Length, head and body 3'3, head 1'"3, ear 0'°8 x 0'"5, tragus
0':35, nose-leaf 0':2 x 0'°25, forearm 2'"5, thumb 0'-65; third
finger—metacarp. 2""1, 1st ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0-9, 3rd ph. 0'°7;
fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°95, Ist ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0°85; fifth
finger—metacarp. 2'"1, Ist ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph. 0'°6; tibia 1”,
foot 0"°75.

Hab. West Indies (Cuba; St. Vincent’s).

a. & ad., al. (type). Cuba. W.S. Macleay, Esq. [P.]
b. fo ad., al. St. Vincent's.
c. @ ad., al. West Indies.

31. CENTURIO.
Centurio, Gray, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259 (1842).

Muzzle even shorter and broader than in Ametrida, the crown of
the head much raised above the face-line ; face naked; no distinct
nose-leaf, but the nostrils open in a concavity at the extremity of
the muzzle, bounded by raised cutaneous edges ; upper lip divided
in the centre, the reflected margins continuous above with the sides
of the concavity, in which the nostrils open; ear-conch deeply di-
vided internally ; under surface of the lower jaw and throat with
transverse cutaneous bands.

Denitition. Inc. 5, c. =, pm. a 1. >

Teeth as in Ametrida, the last upper molar but slightly smaller
than the first.

According to the form of the skull and teeth, this genus is most
closely related to Ametrida and Stenoderma, and the white shoulder-
spots further indicate its affinity to these genera. The absence,
however, of a distinct nose-leaf, the very peculiar form of the face,
the presence of gular bands and pouches, and the structure of the
wing-membrane, render the genus so distinct from all others, that
it is probably more properly placed at the end of the group.
31. cENTURIO. 543

1. Centurio senex.

Centurio senex, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259 (1842) ;
Fevege of the ‘ Sulphur, Mammalha, pp. 26, 27, pl. viii. figs. 1, la
(1844).

ome flavogularis, Lichtenstein et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1854,
p. 835.

Centurio mexicanus, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 381.

? Centurio (Trichocorytes) m‘murtrii, Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sei.
Philad, 1861, p. 360*.

Muzzle extremely short, so short that the eyes are almost at the
anterior extremity of the head, and very broad; the distance be-
tween the eyes is nearly equal to half the length of the head, and
the opening of the mouth is altogether anterior; the lower jaw
projects in front beyond the upper; on the face the naked skin is
stretched tightly round the projecting eyes ; the upper lip is divided
in front, and the reflected edges are continuous above on either side
with the elevated margins of a depression in which the nostrils
open, and are separated by a flat, straight-sided, naked elevation ;
above this and between the eyes are two pits arranged transversely,
with raised, thickened, and sharply cut margins, higher behind and
internally, where they form the antero-lateral boundaries of a cen-
tral deeper cell, behind which the forehead has a flattened, poste-
riorly rounded elevation in the centre. (These ridges and processes
will be better understood by reference to Plate XXX. fig. 6.)

Ears shorter than the head; inner side of the ear-conch divided
near the middle by a deep acutely angular notch, which cuts off as
an oblong lobe half the inner side of the conch; outer side straight
above, slightly convex lower down, emarginate opposite the tragus,
terminating in a thickened triangular antitragus with a narrow
cartilaginous process; tragus small, with a straight inner and a
convex toothed outer margin. Under surface of the lower jaw and
neck banded by three narrow folds of integument extending round
from the bases of the ears; the first commences on each side at the
anterior margin of the antitragus and passes down near the angle
of the mouth, forming in its middle third a wide and flattened band,
having its posterior margin sinuate and divided into three projec-
tions ; the second band commences behind the first, but is less
distinct at its origin, and in the centre beneath forms a small round
cell; the third band is close behind this one, and has a small wart
on each side bounding its middle third t.

* Thave not yet had an opportunity of examining the single specimen of
C. m‘murtrii which is preserved in the collection of the Smithsonian Institute
at Washington. It was sent from Mirador in Mexico along with specimens
of Centurio senex, and I have little doubt that it represents the male of this
species, of which females alone appear to have been hitherto obtained. (See
footnote below.) :

+ Such are the characters of the throat-bands in the adult female; they re-
present, I believe, but the rudimentary condition of certain structures occupying
the same position in the male, of which probably the nearest representatives
are found in the great gular and thoracic pouch and glandular organs of
544 PHYLLOSTOMID2.

Thumb longer than the foot. Wings as in Stenoderma, but the
membrane between the fourth and fifth fingers is very curiously
marked by narrow transverse parallel bands of a dark colour, of
which about twenty-five may be counted; also beyond the fifth finger,
for a distance of about half an inch inwards, similarly directed, but
double, bands traverse the wing-membrane.

Wings extending to the metatarsus; calcaneum rather more than
half the length of the foot; interfemoral membrane well developed,
angularly but not deeply emarginate behind, the emargination ex-
tending slightly above the middle of the tibie.

Fur yellowish brown, the extremities of the hairs greyish; a
conspicuous white spot on each shoulder at the origin of the ante-
brachial membrane; wing-membrane between the humerus and
femur, and the interfemoral above, thinly clothed with soft fur.

Upper middle incisors with a broad base and a very short cusp,
scarcely exceeding in vertical extent the outer incisors, which have
oblique cusps directed inwards ; first upper premolar short, trian-
gular ; the second premolar nearly equals the canine, and is in a
plane but slightly posterior to it; upper molars very broad, the
conjoined antero-posterior diameter scarcely equal to the transverse
diameter of the first molar, the second molar but slightly smaller
than the first ; lower incisors extremely small, grooved ; first lower
premolar about half the size of the second, and three fourths its
vertical extent, with a straight triangular cusp; second lower molar
about half the size of the first molar, triangular in cross section at
its base.

Length (of the type, an adult 9), head and body 3”, head 1”,
ear 0-65, tragus 0-3, forearm 2’1, thumb 0'°5; third finger—
metacarp. 1:5, Ist ph. 0'°7, 2nd ph. 0’°9, 3rd ph. 0'-6; fourth
finger—metacarp. 1'-35, 1st ph. 0'"55, 2nd ph. 0'-55; fifth finger
—metacarp. 1"-4, 1st ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 055; tibia 0-65, calca-
neum 0:25, foot 0'°4.

Hab. Mexico; Cuba.

This most remarkable form stands alone among the species of
Chiroptera, and, indeed, in its peculiar and grotesque physiognomy
is unrivalled among known mammals. While resembling many of
the species of the group to which it belongs very closely in the form
of the teeth, in the general shape of the skull, in the warts of the
lower lip, in the colour and peculiar markings of the fur, and in the
form of the extremities, it differs quite as remarkably in the pre-
sence of the peculiar characters described above.

If, as I believe, Centurio m‘murtrit be identical with this species,
we have added to the other most remarkable peculiarities in struc-

 

Cheiromeles torquatus, a species otherwise very widely removed. In Centurio
mmurtrii, Allen (which appears to me to be evidently the male of this species),
the central neck-band is similarly marked in the centre by a circular depression,
but is so very large as to cover the face like a mask when drawn upwards; and
there are two other additional bands (probably reduplications of the integument
in the neighbourhood of the primary bands caused by their great development),
making five bands in all.
DESMODONTES. 545

ture the presence of secondary sexual characters scarcely less
extraordinary. In the specimen preserved in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institute the central gular band is (according to Dr.
Allen) clothed with soft fur, and so large as to cover the face like
a mask when the head is depressed. It is probable that, as in
Cheiromeles torquatus, this is the receptacle of the odoriferous sec-
ue of glands placed in the centre of the inferior surface of the
neck.

a, 9 ad., al. (type). Sir E. Belcher [C.].

Group 4. DESMODONTES.

Muzzle short and conical; nose-leaf distinct, the nostrils opening
on the surface of the horizontal leaf; interfemoral membrane very
short; tail none.

Dentition. Inc. 5, Cc. — pm. — m. = or 5

Upper incisors very large, canine-like, trenchant, occupying the
whole space between the canines; premolars very narrow, with
sharp-edged longitudinal crowns ; molars rudimentary or none.

(Esophagus very narrow; the cardiac extremity of the stomach
greatly elongated, forming a long narrow cecum*.

Range. The Neotropical Region (except the Antillean Subregion).

The Bats belonging to this group are truly sanguivorous in their
habits+, and the nature of their food sufficiently accounts for the
remarkable and great divergence in the character of the dentition,
and in the form of the alimentary canal, from those of all other
species of the Order which they exhibit. So great is the divergence
in these respects, that Prof. Huxley was led to form a distinct sub-
order (Hematophilina) for their reception, at the same time, how-
ever, recognising the importance of Prof. Peters’s reasons for classing
them with the Phyllostomide, the latter having pointed out that
“the peculiarities of the Desmodontes are foreshadowed by the Steno-
dermata, the true molar teeth of which are distinguished by having
an external cutting or notched margin, and usually acute cusps on
the middle of the masticating surface; while they never have the
V-shaped cusps of their ailies, and are said to live exclusively on
fruits. In several of these genera the total number of molar and
premolar teeth does not exceed four on each side, above and below—
a character which is also to be regarded as an approximation towards
the extreme reduction observed in Desmodus” t.

Not only do I quite agree with Prof. Peters in placing these
genera in the family Phyllostomide, but I have, in my classification
of the genera of Chiroptera, even considered them as forming only
a group of the subfamily Phyllostomine, so closely, in my opinion,
do they approach the Stenodermata. Remembering the great varia~

* See description of alimentary canal of Desmodus rufus at p. 548.
+ See notes on the habits of Desmodus rufus, p, 549.

+ P.Z. 8. 1865, p. 389. ;
aN
546 PHYLLOSTOMID A.

bility in the form of the skull and teeth in this family (such, for
instance, as exists between such closely allied genera as Artibeus
and Stenoderma, or between genera of connected groups, as Chero-
nycteris and Phyllostoma), I am unable to consider the peculiar den-
tition and form of the alimentary canal, which are specially adapted
to the food of the animal, sufficient reason for constituting a distinct
subfamily ; while their direct relationship to the Phyllostomine is so
well shown in all other respects, in the position of the nostrils and
form of the nose-leaf, in the shape of the ear and tragus, in the
structure of the wings, and even in the greatly modified dentition.

Brachyphylla appears to me to be most closely related of all
known genera of Phyllostomide to this group. The nose-leaf is
almost quite similar to that of Diphylla, the divided lower lip is
like that of Desmodus, while it agrees with both in the form of the
muzzle and of the ear-conch and tragus, and very closely in the
relative lengths of the bones of the fingers; the middle upper in-
cisors, if sufficiently increased in size, would be quite similar to
those so characteristic of this group; and even the structure of the
alimentary canal, so very peculiar in Desmodus, is foreshadowed in
the narrow cesophagus, short pyloric and expanded cardia¢ extre-
mity of the stomach in Brachyphylla.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Caleaneum none; interfemoral membrane de-

veloped in the middle; true molars none,

lower incisors small, in pairs, separated by a

PACS rare Aree psrasoecey nner a aicens ptere cule onviare 32. Desmonpvus, p. 546.
II. Calcaneum very short ; interfemoral membrane

not developed in the middle; molars

rudimentary ; lower incisors very broad, form-
ing a row between the canines ............ 33. DripHYLLa, p. 5650.

32. DESMODUS.

Desmodus, Wied, Beitr. zu Naturgesch. Brasil. ii. p. 231 (1826) ;
Wagner, Suppl. Sehreb. Sdéugeth. i. p. 779 (1844) ; Corie Expéd.
du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 31 (1855).

Edostoma, D’Orbigny, Voy. dans ? Amérig. Mérid. iv. p. 11.

Muzzle short and conical; nostrils opening by oblique apertures
on the surface of a small nose-leaf, which is bounded behind by
glandular elevations; lower lip and chin with a deep V-shaped
groove in front; ears separate; interfemoral membrane short, deve-
loped in the middle, but not extending to the heels; no calcaneum
or tail.

Dentition. Inc. > eoe= mt pm. 5— <> m. >

Lower incisors in aes separated by a space in front.
32. DESMODUS. 547

1. Desmodus rufus.

Desmodus rufus, Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. p. 233 (1826) ;
Blainwille, Ostéographie, pl. vii. (skull), pl. xiii. (teeth); Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Siiugeth. v. p. 614 (1855); Gervais, Expéd. du Comte
de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 31, pl. viii. fig. 6, and pl. ix. fig. 1 (1855) ;
Huxley, P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 386-890 (woodcut of alimentary canal).

meeps cinerea, D'Orbigny, Voy. de Amérique Mérid. iv. p. 11,
pl. viii.

Desmodus d’orbignyi, Waterhouse, Voy. of the ‘ Beagle,’ Mamm. p. 1,
ae xxxy. fig. 1 (skull); Gay, Hist. de Chile, Zoolog. p. 33

7).

Desmodus murinus, et rufus et d’orbignyi, Wagner, op. cit. i. pp. 377-
380 (1844), ) BUYA,. Magners. Op pp

Desmodus fuscus, Lund, Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 57 (1854).

Muzzle very short and conical, the distance from the eye to the
end of the nose is much less than the distance between the eyes :
nose-leaf short, the centre of its upper margin deeply notched, front
margin continuous with the upper lip, nostrils opening by oblique
slits in its front and upper surface; laterally and behind it is
bounded by a deep groove, which is divided into three cells by two
ridges passing backwards from the base of the leaf above, connecting
it with the base of a nodular elevation between the eyes, which is
also connected on each side with a glandular elevation placed in front
of the eye and showing on its surface the apertures of three small
ducts ; lower lip with a central groove in front bounded externally
by large triangular naked elevations, as in Vampyrus: both the
upper and lower lips are thin-edged and apparently expansible, at
the angles of the mouth folded slightly outwards: ears quite sepa-
rate, short, rising but slightly above the crown of the head, which
is raised above the face-line ; inner margin strongly convex in lower
half, then abruptly straight, rounded off at the tip, beneath which
the outer margin is slightly concave, then convex, with a small wart
clothed with long hairs opposite the base of the tragus, shortly
beyond which it terminates; tragus longer than broad, trapezoidal,
acutely pointed, the inner side much thickened, lower third of the
outer margin irregularly and slightly toothed, the front surface
clothed with long hairs (Plate XXX. figs. 7, 7a).

Thumb very long and strong, much longer than the foot, quite
free from the membrane, at the base of the metacarpal bone and to
the inner side a small projecting cushion, a similar but smaller
cushion is placed under the metacarpo-phalangeal joint ; claw short,
but slightly curved. First phalanx of the middle finger scarcely
more than one fifth the length of the metacarpal bone, and two
thirds the length of the second phalanx; metacarpal bones of the
fourth and fifth fingers progressively slightly shorter than that of
the middle finger; wing-membrane from the ankles or tarsus; no
calcaneum or tail; interfemoral membrane extending across from
the middle of one tibia to the other, about half an inch deep in the

centre; feet moderately large and broad, with feeble claws; inner
2n2
548 PHYLLOSTOMID.

side of the heel and base of the toes with small projecting cushions
homologous to those of the thumb. All the bones of the extre-
mities are remarkably strong, and the fibula as well as the tibia is
well developed.

Above reddish brown, the base of the hairs light yellowish ;
beneath much paler throughout, pale yellowish or pale yellowish
brown; but various shades of reddish brown, occasionally with an
ashy tinge, occur in different individuals. The upper surface of the
antebrachial membrane, the wing-membrane as far outwards as
a line drawn from the elbow to the foot, and the interfemoral are
clothed with short reddish-yellow hairs.

Brain-case large, spheroidal, without prominent ridges or crests,
thus indicating the weakness of the muscles of mastication; facial
portion of the skull very short and narrow, the canine being close in
front of the infraorbital foramen and the nasal aperture in a line
with the anterior margin of the orbits; the bony palate is conse-
quently very short, but extends backwards as far as the middle of
the zygomatic arch; basioccipital wide, excavated; auditory bulle
ossew moderately large, the cochlese but half concealed by the tym-
panic bulle.

The upper single pair of incisors very large, each tooth forming
an oblique-angled triangle, whereof the shortest side is inwards and
close to the corresponding side of the opposite tooth; the inferior
and longest side is slightly concave, and forms a very sharp cutting-
edge, extending from the base of the canine to the acutely-pointed
summit of the tooth in the centre; canines smaller than the incisors,
but with very sharp anterior and posterior cutting-edges ; the pair
of upper (?) premolar teeth small, laterally compressed, with longi-
tudinal cutting-edges continuous with the base of the canine and
with each other; lower incisors small, bifid, in pairs, separated from
the canines and also by a space in front ; lower (?) premolars narrow,
like those in the upper jaw, but the anterior tooth is slightly larger
than the others, separated by a small space from the canine, and its
cutting-edge is directed backwards and upwards.

Behind the lower incisors the jaw is deeply hollowed out to
receive the extremities of the large upper incisors (Plate XXX.
fig. 75).

With the above-described peculiar dentition there is associated as
remarkable a departure from the general type in the form of the
stomach.

The cesophagus, which scarcely exceeds one of the larger blood-
vessels in diameter, opens at right angles into a narrow intestine-
like stomach, which almost immediately terminates on the right,
without a distinct pylorus, in the duodenum, but on the left forms
a greatly elongated cecum bent and folded upon itself, which
appears at first sight like part of the intestines. This, the cardiac
extremity of the stomach, is, for a short distance to the left of the
entrance of the cesophagus, still very narrow, but soon increases in
size till near its termination it attains a diameter quite three times
that of the short pyloric portion. The length of this cardiac diver-
32. DESMODUS. 549

ticulum of the stomach appears to vary from two to five or six
inches, the size in each specimen probably depending on the amount
of food obtained by the animal before it was captured.

Length, head and body 3”, head 1”, ear 0'75, tragus 0'"3, forearm
2"5, thumb 0-65; third finger—metacarp. 21, Ist ph. 0'-45, 2nd
ph. 0-65, 3rd ph. 0-65; fourth finger—metacarp. 2’-05, 1st ph.
0-4, 2nd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—metacarp. 2”, Ist ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph.
0"-6; tibia 1'-05, foot 0'6.

Hab. Mexican Subregion (Oaxaca; Vera Paz, Guatemala); Bra-
zilian Subregion (Ecuador, Bolivia, Guiana, Para, Mato Grosso, Sta.
Catherina) ; Chilian Subregion (Peru; Coquimbo, Chili).

The first published description of the very peculiar form of the
stomach of this species appears to be that by Professor Huxley in
the ‘ Proceedings ’ of the Zoological Society for April 1865. Prof.
Peters, of Berlin, had previously noted (in the MS. pages of a work
on the Mammalia not yet published) the presence in the Desmo-
dontes of an intestiniform appendage to the stomach; but no other
zoologist seems to have been aware of the existence of this remark-
able departure from the simple type of stomach found in all other
groups of Microchiroptera.

The blood-thirsty propensities of some of the Bats of the Neotro-
pical Region were long known to travellers, and several species of
other groups of this family were set down as blood-suckers by
various eminent travellers and naturalists, and named accordingly,
Thus the name Vampyrus was suggested to Geoffroy and adopted
by Spix, who also considered that the Bats of the group Gilosso-
phage were addicted to blood, and accordingly described Glosso-
phaga soricina ( G. amplexicaudata, Spix) as a very cruel blood-sucker
(‘‘sanguisuga crudelissima”), believing that the long fibrillated
tongue was used to increase the flow of blood. Waterton considered
Artibeus (?)planirostris (now knawn to be frugivorous in its habits)
to be the veritable Vampire ; but neither he nor any of the naturalists
that preceded him had succeeded in detecting any individual in the
act of drawing blood. It fell to the lot of Mr. Charles Darwin to
determine one of the species at least; and the following is his
account of the circumstances under which the discovery of the
sanguivorous habits of this species was made :—‘‘ The Vampire Bat
is often the cause of much trouble by biting the horses on their
withers. The injury is generally not so much owing to the loss of
blood, as to the inflammation which the pressure of the saddle after-
wards produces. The whole circumstance has lately been doubted
in England ; I was therefore fortunate in being present when one
(Desmodus @orbignyi, Wat.) was actually caught on a horse’s back.
We were bivouacking late one evening near Coquimbo, in Chili,
when my servant, noticing that one of the horses was very restive,
went to see what was the matter, and fancying he could detect
something, suddenly put his hand on the beast’s wither’s, and secured
the Vampire” *.

* ©Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World,’ p. 22 (1838).
550 PHYLLOSTOMID &.

a, b. ad. sks, Oaxaca, Mexico.

(In an old gold-mine shaft, 30 to 40 yards from the surface.)
ce. ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. . Salvin, Esq. [C.].
d, e. juv. et ad. g, al. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C. ].
f. ad. sk. Ecuador. Prince Bonaparte [C.]}.
g- & ad, al. Peru. Lord Lilford [P.].
Ah. ad. sk. Coquimbo, Chili. Charles Darwin, Esq.

(Skin of individual caught in the act of sucking the blood of a horse,
referred to in Mr. Darwin’s ‘ Naturalist’s Voyage.” Type of D.
@’orbignyt, Waterhouse, and original of figure and description in
the Voyage of the ‘ Beagle ’.)

a. ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Bridges (C.].
j. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina, Brazil. Purchased.

k. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

q, ad. sk. Bolivia. Purchased.

m. ad. sk. No history.

n, skull. (Labelled Desmodus d’orbignyt.)

33. DIPHYLLA.

Diphylla, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 68 (1823); Wagner,
Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 383 (1844), v. p. 615 (1855).

Muzzle and ears as in Desmodus ; lower lip reflected outwards in
front of the incisors, not grooved ; interfemoral membrane not de-
veloped in the centre; calcaneum short; tail none.

i Deel 2-2 1-1

Dentition. Inc. 5, G- Top PM. g—s: M. 5.

The single molars in the upper and lower jaws rudimentary, and
not distinguishable by form from the premolars.

This genus, like Desmodus, is represented by a single species only.

1. Diphylla ecaudata.
Diphylla ecaudata, Sprz, op. cit. p. 68, pl. xxxvi. fig. vil. ; Wagner, 1. c.

Slightly smaller than Desmodus rufus, which this species re-
sembles in the form of the ear-conch, muzzle, and upper incisors.
The upper margin of the small leaf above the nasal apertures is
straight or very slightly concave, and posteriorly a raised (?)glandular
ridge forms a semicircle between and behind the eyes, somewhat
broader on the sides, but not thickened in the centre; lower lip
reflected outwards in front of the lower incisors, forming a square-
sided naked surface; angles of the mouth folded outwards, as in
Desmodus rufus. Form of the ear-conch very similar to that of D.
rufus ; tragus broader above, with an obtuse extremity, and a well-
defined lobule at the base of the outer margin.

Metacarpal bone of the thumb much shorter than in D. rufus,
and almost contained within the membrane; but the relative pro-
portions of the other bones of the finger very similar to those of that
species.

Wing-membrane from the tarsus or metatarsus; interfemoral
membrane margining the legs, not developed in the centre; calca-
neum short, projecting.
33. DIPHYLLA. 551

Fur, above, reddish brown ; beneath, yellowish white, darker at
the base of the hairs.

Skull very similar to that of D. rufus, but the jaws are slightly
longer, owing to the presence of an additional rudimentary molar in
both jaws. Lower incisors narrow, much expanded in the direction
of the jaws, pectinated, forming a semicircular row, touching each
other; the outer incisors wider than the inner ones, with six
notches, the inner incisors with three; upper incisors and canines
as in D. rufus; the two upper premolars nearly equal in size,
narrow, with sharp-edged slightly notched crowns; close behind
them the single very small oval molar, its long diameter at right
angles to the direction of the jaw; in the lower jaw the premolars
are smaller and the molar larger, the first premolar with a slight
indication of a central cusp equal in size to the third, which is
somewhat similar in shape, and larger than the second, which
slightly exceeds in size the rudimentary molar.

The alimentary canal (which I have not had an opportunity of
examining) is probably generally similar to that of Desmodus rufus.

Length, head and body, about 2''-6, head 1”, ear 0''-65, tragus 03,
forearm 2”, thumb 0-5; third finger—metacarp. 2", 1st ph. 0'°45,
2nd ph. 1'"1, 3rd ph. 0-9; fourth finger—metacarp. 2", 1st ph.
0'-4, 2nd ph. 0-8; fifth finger—metacarp, 1”-95, 1st ph. 0"-45,
2nd ph. 0-65 ; tibia 0''*7, foot 0'°55*.

Hab. Brazil.

* Prof. Peters most kindly afforded me an opportunity of examining (during
my visit to the Berlin. Museum) a well-preserved specimen of this little-known
species,
55z

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

 

Page 2. MEGACHIROPTERA.
To definition add :—
Second finger with three phalanges: Spigelian lobe of the liver ill-

defined or absent.
Page 2. MICROCHIROPTERA.

To definition add :—

Second finger with a single rudimentary phalanx, rarely (in Rhi-
nopoma only) with two: Spigelian lobe of the liver well developed
and separate.

Page 7. Epomophorus monstrosus.
In Table, for 2nd and 4th fingers read 3rd and 5th fingers re-
spectively.
Line 13 from bottom, for “d. 2 imm.” read “d. 3 imm.”
Page 9. Epomophorus macrocephalus.

In Table, for 2nd and 4th fingers read 3rd and 5th fingers re-
spectively.

ga Page 36. Pteropus samoensis.
h. & ad., al. Samoa. Rev. 8. J. Whitmee [C.].

Page 51. Pteropus edulis.
Line 1 from top, for “f. 2 juv.” read “f. $ juv.”

Page 59. Pteropus fuscus.

Line 7 from bottom, after word “ backwards” insert (Plate IV.
fig. 5).

React Page 65. Pteropus keraudrenii.
w. 2 imm. Samoa. Rey. 8. J. Whitmee [C.].
Page 92.

Between lines 5 and 6 from bottom insert
“Group 2. MACROGLOSSLI.”
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 5538

Page 143. Phyllorhina speoris.

To synonymy add :—

Hipposideros aureus et templetonii, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan.
pp. 17, 18.

‘eae Page 159. Megaderma spasma.
y. oad, al. Placer, N.E. Mindanao. Purchased.

Page 170. THYROPTERA.
This genus should form Group IV. of Vespertilionide.

Page 172. Nyctophilus timoriensis.
To synonymy add :—

Barbastellus pacificus, Gray, Zoolog. Miscell. 1881, p. 38.
Page 203. Vesperugo propinquus.

For “ Vesperugo propinquus, Peters,” read “ Vesperus propinquus,
Peters.”

Page 260. Scotophilus temminckii.

Add :—

a". 9 ad., al. Sir E. Belcher [C. ].
oe Page 260. Scotophilus heathii.

g. & ad., al. No history.

Page 301. Vespertilio goudotii.
For “ Plate XIX. fig. 6” read “ Plate XIX. fig. 5.”

Cae Page 320. Vespertilio nigricans.

m. do imm., al. Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C. ].

Page 346. Thyroptera tricolor.

For third finger—2nd ph. 0'-25 read third finger—2nd ph. 0'"4,
3rd ph. 0°25.

Page 346. MINIOPTERUS.
Line 21 from bottom, for first phalana of the second read first
phalanx of the third.

Aaa Page 417. Molossus perotis.

d, ad. sk. Cordova, La Plata. Purchased.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

 

{Recognised names of species and varieties &c. are printed in italics, synonyms

abramus (Vespertilio),
6.
abramus ( Vesperugo), 226.
abrasus (Dysopes), 415.
abrasus (Molossus), 415.
acetabulosus (Molossus),
440.

acetabulosus(Nyctinomus),
440, 441.

achradophilus (Pelto-
rhinus), 527.

achradophilus ( Stenoder-
ma), 527,

acuminatus (Rhinolo-
phus), 113.

acuticaudatus (Molossus),
412.

adversus (Vespertilio),
292, 316.

edilis (Vespertilio), 297.

egyptiaca ( Cynonycteris)
74.

segyptiaca (Eleutherura),
79.

egyptiacus (Nyctinomus),
424

x ptiacus(Pteropus),74.

sid (Kerivoula), 339.

ethiopica (Nycteris), 165.
122

ethiops (Rhinolophus),

MP ), 125
afer (Trienops), f
a (Noctilio), 398.
affinis (Nycteris), 166.
affinis (Pipistrellus), 220.
affinis (Pteropus), 68.
affinis (Rhinolophus), 112.
affinis ( Taphozous), 389.
affinis (Vespertilio), 328,

329. s », 200
affinis ( Vesperugo), 220.
| (colecra), Sas,

in Roman characters. ]

 

afra (Emballonura), 365.

africana (Kerivoula), 835.

africanus (Nyctinomus),
422.

africanus (Vespertilio),
310.

aga (Lasiurus), 276.

agilis (Vespertilio), 329,

albanensis (Hipposide-

ros), 150.
albescens (Phyllostoma),
538

albescens (Vespertilio),
326.

albigularis (Marsipole-
mus), 207.

albigularis (Vesperugo),
207.

albiventer (Cynopterus),
88.

albiventer (Hyonycteris),
345.

albiventer (Noctilio), 398.

albiventer (Nycteris),
165.

albiventer (Nyctinomus),

albiventer (Uronycteris),
88.

albolimbatus (Vesper-
tilio), 230.

albomaculatum (Phyllo-
stoma), 529.

alboscapulatus (Cheirop-
teruges), 97.
alboscapulatus

us), 97.
ie (Dichidurus), 391.
albus (Dysopes), 410.
alecto (Dysopes), 410.
alecto (Nycticejus), 361.
alecto (Pteropus), 56.
alecto (Vespertilio), 361.

(Ptero-

altivolans (Vespertilio),
212.

amblyotis (Lophostoma),
475.

amblyotis (Phyllostoma),
475.

amboinensis(Phyllorhina),
150.

americana (Atalapha),
269.
americanus
394,
Ametrida, 581.
Amorphochilus, 357.
amplexicaudata (Cyno-
nycteris), 72.
amplexicaudata
phaga), 499.
amplexicaudata (Phyllo-
phora), 499.
amplexicaudata (Ptero-
pus), 72.
amplexicaudata
tharpyia), 91.
andamanensis (Rhinolo-
phus), 113.
andersoni (Vesperugo),
195

(Noctilio),

(Glosso-

(Xan-

andersoni ( Vesperus), 195.
aneiteanus (Pteropus),
29.

aneiteanus (Spectrum),
29

angolensis (Nycteris),165.
angolensis (Nyctinomus),
429

angusticeps (Phyllosto-
ma), 487.

annectens (Pipistrellus),
234,

annectens (Vesperugo),
234.

Anoura, 506.
D6

antricola (Phyllorhina),
148.

Antrozous, 170.

ee (Epomophorus),
1

vpiculatus (Hipposide-
ros), 143.

Aquias, 100.

Arctibeus, 514.

arcuatus (Rhinolophus),
109.

urgentata (Kerivoula),
340.

argentatus (Chalinolobus),
252.

argentatus
47.

Ariteus, 526.

armiger (Hipposideros),
135

(Pteropus),

armiger (Rhinolophus),
135

armigera (Gloionycteris),
135,

armigera (Phyllorhina),
135.

arsinoé ( Vespertilio), 328.

Artibeus, 514.

aruensis (Hipposideros),
150.

aruensis (Phyllorhina),
150.

aruensis (Pteropus), 45.
Asellia, 127.

assamensis (Pteropus),
51.
Atalapha, 267.

ater (Alectops), 487.

ater (Molossus), 415.

ater (Vespertilio), 316.

aterrimus (Pteropus), 56.

atrata (Emballonura),
362.

atratus (Hipposideros),
149.

atratus (Nycticejus), 206.

atratus (Vesperugo), 206.

atratus ( Vesperus), 206.

auduboni (Vespertilio),
238.

aurantia (Phyllorhina),
126.

aurantia (Rhinonycteris),
126.

aurantius
teris), 126.

aurantius
teris), 126.

aurata (Murina), 279.

auratus (Harpiocephalus),
279.

(Rhinonic-

(Rhinonyc-

ALPHABETICAL IND GX.

auratus (Vespertilio),
2.
aureus (Hipposideros),
144, 552.
auricularis (Vampirus),
491.

aurispinosis (Dysopes),
485.

aurita (Lonchorhina),
462.

aurita (Phyllorhina),
149.

auritus (Dysopes), 435.

auritus (Nyctinomus),
435.

auritus (Plecotus), 178.

auritus (Rhinolophus),
121.

auritus (Vampyrus), 471.

auritus (Vespertilio),
8.
austenianus (Pipistrel-
lus), 218.
australis (Miniopterus),
351.

australis (Molossus), 433.

australis (Nyctinomus),
433.

australis (Taphozous),
382.

australis (Vespertilio),
317.

azteca (Carollia), 493.
aztecus (Molossus), 437.

Balantiopteryx, 369.

Barbastellus, 171, 175.

barbastellus (Synotus),
176.

barbastellus(Vespertilio),
176

barbatus (Vespertilio),
344.

bechsteinii ( Vespertilio),
308.

behnii ( Schizostoma), 479.

belangeri (Vespertilio),
258.

bengalensis
mus), 425.

bennettit (Mimon), 491.

(Nyctino-

bennettii (Phyllostoma),

491,
bicolor (Phyllorhina),
148.

bicolor (Phyllostoma),
493.

bicolor (Rhinolophus),
8.

bicolor (Taphozous). 380.
bicolor (Thyroptera ), 345.

bicornis (Phyllorhina),
140.

bidens ( Chiroderma), 535.

bidens (Lophostoma), 473.

bidens (Vampyrus), 473.

bilabiatum (Pygoderma),
536.

bilineata (Emballonura),
372

bilineata (Saccopteryx),
372.

bilineata (Urocryptus),
372.

bilobatum (Uroderma),
518.

bilobatus (Artibeus), 518.

bivitiatus (Nyctinomus),
426.

blainvillit
456.

Veg al Papen)

(Mormops),

banter (Vespertilio),
316.

blanfordi
242,

blepotis (Trilatitus), 348

blepotis (Vespertilio),
348.

( Vesperugo),

blosseivillii (Vespertilio),
269.
blythii (Vespertilio), 309.
blythii (Vesperugo), 226.
bocagii (Vespertilio), 800.
bocourtianus (Macrotus),
467.
bonapartii
178.
bonariensis (Molossus),
419.

bonariensis (Promops),
9

(Plecotus),

bonariensis (Vespertilio),
69.

tects (Chilonycteris),

52.

borbonicus (Scotophilus),
en (Scotophilus)

eae (Vespertilio),
6.

borealis (Vespertilio),203.

borealis ( Vesperugo), 208.

borneensis (Rhinolo-
phus), 114.

bottz (Vesperus), 191.

brachymeles (Molossops),
410.

brachymeles (Molossus),
410.

brachyota (Phyllorhina),
141.
brachyotis ( Cynonycteris),
74.

brachyotum (Phyllosto-
ma), 493.
Brachyphylla, 540.
Bee opts (Dysopes),
26.

brachypterus (Nyctino-
mus), 426.

brachypterus (Vesper-
tilio), 228.

brachypterus ( Vesperugo),
223

brachysoma ( Cynopterus),
85.

Brachyura, 353.
brasiliense (Lophostoma),
474.

brasiliense (Tylostoma),
474,

brasiliensis (Nyctinomus),
437.

brevicauda (Carollia),
493.

brevicaudatum (Pachy-
soma), 81.

brevicaudum (Hemider-
ma), 493.

brevicaudum (Phyllosto-
ma), 493.

brevicaudus (Taphozous),
384.

brevimanus (Vespertilio),

brevirostris (Cormura),
375.

brevirostris (Emballo-
nura), 375,

brevirostris (Vespertilio),
328.

brooksiana (Celeno), 394.

brunnea (Emballonura),
373.

brunnea (Kerivoula), 334.

brunneus (Pteropus), 37.

cxcus (Dysopes), 435.

eaffer (Rhinolophus),
140.

caffra (Phyllorhina), 140.

calcurata (Centronycte-
ris), 376.

ealearata (Phyllorhina),
147,

calcarata (Romicia), 230.
calearata (Saccopteryz),
376

calcaratum (Phyllosto-
ma), 493. re:

calcaratus - (Vespertilio),
376.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

californicus (Macrotus),
464, 465.

ealifornicus (Vespertilio),
324,

caliginosus (Vespertilio)
Saar

caniceps (Pteropus), 68.

canina (Emballonura),
373.

canina
373.

canina( Saccopteryxr),373.

caninus (Vespertilio),
373.

cantori (Taphozous), 384.

canus (Nycticejus), 230.

res ( Vespertilio),

(Pteropteryx),

capensis (Nycteris), 166.

capensis (Bhino lophus),
121,

capensis (Scotophilus),
198.

capensis
198.

capensis ( Vesperugo), 198.

capistratus (Pteropus), 39.

Cardioderma, 155.

carnatica (Megaderma),
156.

carolii ( Vespertilio), 325.

carolinense (Rhinopoma),
437.

carolinensis (Scotophi-
lus), 193.

carolinensis (Vespertilio),
193.

(Vespertilio),

Carollia, 492.
carpolegus (Artibeus),
519.

castaneus (Vespertilio),
258.

caudatus (Cheiromeles),
405.

caudatus (Lasiurus), 276.

caudifer (Glossophaga),
506.

caudifera (Lonchoglossa),
506.

cavernarum (Brachyphyl-
lum), 540.

cayernarum (Stenoder-
ma), 540.

cayenensis (Guandira),
483.

Celzeno, 393.

celebensis (Pteropus), 67.

Centronycteris, 359, 369.

Centurio, 542.

centurio (Ametrida),
530.

557
centurio (Phyllostoma),
530. cas

Cephalotes, 88, 91.

cephalotes (Harpyia), 88.

cephalotes (Vespertilio),
88.

cervina (Phyllorhina),
142,

cervinus (Rhinolophus),
142.

cestonii (Dinops), 423.

cestonii (Dysopes), 423,

cestonit (Nyctinomus),
423,

Cherephon, 481.

Chalinolobus, 246, 247.

Cheiromeles, 405.

cheiropus (Dysopes), 405.

childeeat (Phyllostoria),
473.

childrenii (‘Tylostoma),
473.

chilensis (Sturnira), 538,

chiloénsis (Vespertilio),
322.

Chilonycteris, 447, 448.

chinensis (Pteropus), 32.

chinensis ( Vespertilio),
311.

Chiroderma, 531.

Cheronycteris, 509.

christii (Plecotus), 178.

Chrotopterus, 469.

bs gaa (Pteropus),
5

chrysocomus (Phyllosto-
ma), 538.

Chrysonycteris, 127.

chrysoproctus (Pteropus),
47.

ciliatus (Vespertilio), 303.

cineraceus (Hipposide-
ros), 149.

cineraceus(Rhinolophus),
112,

cinerea (Atalapha), 272.

cinerea (Edostoma), 547.

cinereum (Dermanura),
520.

cinereus (Artibeus), 520.

cinereus (Desmodus),
547.

cinereus (Lasiurus), 272.

cinereus (Vespertilio),

72.

circumdatus (Vesperti-
lio), 221.

circumdatus ( Vesperugo),
221

cirrhosus ( Trachyops),
481.
558

cirrhosus (Vampyrus),
Pcl x

clivosus (Rhinolophus),
120. o

celophyllus
phus), 104.

Celops, 152.

Coléura, 364.
collaris (Cynonycteris),
5

(Rhinolo-

collaris (Cynopterus),
76.

collaris (Eleutherura),
5

collaris (Pteropus), 75.

commersonit (Phyllorhi-
na), 133.

commersonii (Rhinolo-
phus), 133.

communis (Barbastellus),
176.

comptus (Eponophorus),
13.

concinnus (Vespertilio),
329

concolor ( Artibeus), 518.

condorensis (Pteropus),
54, 55.

conspicillatus (Pteropus),
61

cor (Megaderma), 159.

Cormura, 375, 369.

cornutus (Rhinolophus),
114.

cornutus (Vespertilio),
178.

coromandelicus (Pipi-
strellus), 226.

coromandelicus (Scoto-
philus), 226.

coromandelicus (Vesper-
tilio), 226.

eoromandra (Scotophi-
lus), 226.

coronata (Phyllorhina),
147.

crassus (Taphozous),
388.

creeks (Vespertilio), 266

crenulatum (Phyllosto-
ma), 489.

crenulatum (Tylostoma),
489.

crepuscularis (Nyctice-
jus), 266.

crypturus (Epomopho-
rus), 10, 11.

cubanus (Vesperus), 266.

cubensis (Scotophilus),

93

cuvieri (Aéllo), 456, 458.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

cyclops (Phyllorhina),
134.

cyclotis (Harpiocephalus),
282.

eyclotis (Murina), 282.

cynocephala (Nycticejus),
437

eynocephalus (Molossus),
437.

Cynonycteris, 70.
Cynopterus, 80.

damarensis (Nycteris),
66.

ee (Synotus),
177.
darjelinensis (Barbastel-
lus), 177.

darjelingensis (Plecotus),~
177

darwini (Scotophilus),
218.

dasycneme (Vespertilio),
295

dasymallum (Spectrum),
2

dasymal lus (Pteropus),
25.

dasythrix (Vespertilio),
348.

daubentonii (Barbastel-
lus), 176.

daubentonii (Myopterus),
409

daubentonii (Nycteris),
162.

daubentonii ( Vespertilio),
297.

davidii ( Vespertilio), 300.
davyi (Chilonycteris),
453.

davyi (Pteronotus), 453.

deckenii (Rhinolophus),
119.

deformis (Rhinolophus),
145,

degener (Pteropus), 45.

derasus (Vespertilio),
196.

Dermanura, 515.

desertorum (Vespertilio),
304.

Desmodontes, 545.

Desmodus, 546.

diadema (Hipposideros),
135,

diadema (Phyllorhina),
137.

diadema (Rhinolophus),
137.

diardii (Pachysoma), 81.

Diclidurus, 391.
dilatatus (Nyctinomus),
425.
ara (Nycticejus),
60.

dinganii (Scotophilus),
260.

dinganii (Vespertilio),
260.

Dinops, 420.

Diphtla, 550.

discifera (Hyonycteris),
345.

discolor (Emballonura),
361.

discolor (Nycteris), 166.

discolor (Phyllostoma),
487.

discolor (Scotophilus),
204

discolor (Vespertilio),
204.

discolor (Vesperugo),
204

discolor ( Vesperus), 204.

Worbignyi (Desmodus),
547.

dorie (fesperoptenus),
239.

dorie (Phyllorhina), 146.
dorie ( Vesperugo), 239.
dorize (Vesperus), 240.
dormert (Scotozous), 248.
dormeri ( Vesperugo), 243.
dorsatus (Noctilio), 396.
dukhunensis (Rhinolo-
phus), 143.
dupreana (Cynonycteris),
78

dupreanus (Pteropus),
78.

dussumierii (Pteropus),

dutertraeus (Vespertilio),
193.

duvaucellii (Pachysoma),
81.

Dysopes, 407, 420.

ecaudata (Diphylia), 550.

ecaudata (Glossophaga),
506.

ecaudata (Megzra), 87.

ecaudatum (Pachysoma),

7.

ecaudatus (Cynopterus),
87.

ecaudatus (Megerops),
87

Edostoma, 546.
edulis ( Pteropus), 49, 552.
edwardsii (Pteropus), 58.

ega (Atalapha), 276.

ega (Nycticejus), 276.

egregria (Atalapha), 275.

Eleutherura, 70.

elongata (Phyllostoma),
478

elongatum (Phyllostoma),
487.

elongatum (Schizostoma),
478.

elseyi (Pteropus), 41.

emarginatus (Nycticejus),
262.

emarginatus ( Vespertilio),
3038.

Emballonura, 359.

Emballonure, 359.

Emballonuride, 353.

Emballonurine, 3538.

Eonycteris, 94.

epichrysus (Vespertilio),
3083.

Epomophorus, 4, 7.
epomophorus (Pteropus),
8.

epularius (Pteropus), 43.

erythromos (Phyllosto-
ma), 538.

eschscholtzii (Vesperti-
io), 348.

euryotis (Rhinolophus),
108.

evotis ( Vespertilio), 324.

excisum (Phyllostoma),
538.

exiguus (Vespertilio),
329

exilis (vi espertilio), 329.

faleatum (Stenoderma),
529.
falcatus (Artibeus), 529.
falcatus (Phyllops), 529.
fallax (Artibeus), 515.
ferox (Molossus), 417.
ferrugineus ( Vespertilio),
296.

ferrum- -equinum (Rhino-
lophus), 119.

ferrum-equinum (Ves-
pertilio), 119.

Simbriatus (Vespertilio),
298.

flaveolus (Nycticejus),
258.

flavescens (Ariteus), 527.

flavicollis (Pteropus),
63.

fiaviventris ( Taphozous),
382.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

flavogularis (Centurio),
543.

floresii (Pteropus), 66.

formosa (Kerivoula), 311,
312.

formosa (Murina), 312.

formosus (Pteropus), 26.

formosus (Vespertilio),
311.

FSranqueti (Epomophorus),
12.

franqueti (Epomops), 12.

Srantzti (Atalapha), 271.

freyreissii (Diclidurus),
391.

Srithii (Celops), 152.

frons (Lavia), 159.

pe Oy (Rhinolophus),

149.

fuliginosa (Chilonycte-
ris), 449.
fuliginosa (Emballonu-
ra), 360.
a a (Nycteris),
166.

ae (Phyllorhina),
en (Vespertilio),
348.

fuliginosus (Molossus),
412, 437.

fuliginosus (Trachops),
481.

“a (Chrysonycteris),
149.

fulva (Phyllorhina), 149.
fulvidus (Scotophilus),
208

fulvidus (Taphozous),
384.

fulvus (Hipposideros),
149.

fulvus (Molossus), 413.

fulvus (Scotophilus),
259.

fumarium (Phyllostoma),
538.

fumarius (Dysopes), 412.

fumarius (Molossus),
414, 412.

fumigatus (Rhinolo-
phus), 119.

funereus (Pteropus), 49,
60.

Furia, 356.

Furie, 356.

Furipterus, 356.

fusca (Kerivoula), 335.

fuscus (Desmodus), 547.

fuscus (Pteropus), 59,
552.

559

fuscus (Scotophilus), 193.
fuscus (Vespertilio), 193.
fuscus ( Vesperus), 198.

galerita (Phyllorhina),
141.

galeritus (Rhinolophus),
141.

gambianus (Epomopho-
rus), 10.

gambianus (Pteropus),
10

garoensis (Rhinolophus),
115.

geddiei (Pteropus), 63.

geoffroyi (Dysopes), 424.

geoffroyi (Nycteris), 165.

ee (Nyctophilus),
172.

geoffroyii ( Glossonycte-
ris), 508.

geoffroyii (Pteropus),
74.

geoffroyii (Rhinolophus),
119.

georgianus (Scotophilus),
235.

georgianus (Vespertilio),
235.

at aa ( Vesperugo),

pos ines 416.
gigas (Macronycteris),
133.

gigas (Molossus), 416.
gigas (Rhinolophus),
133.

gigas (Scotophilus), 261.
nw (Dysopes),
417.

eee (Molossus),
417.

Glauconycteris, 247, 252.
Gloionycteris, 127.
Glossonycteris, 508.
Glossophaga, 499.
Glossophage, 497.
goudott (Vespertilio),
301, 553.
eee (Nyctophilus),
172.

gouldii (Chalinolobus),
250.

gouldii (Pteropus), 60.

gouldii (Scotophilus),
250.

gracilis (Dysopes), 436.

gracilis (Nyctinomus),
436.

gracilis (Phyllorhina),
140.
560

grandidieri (Cynonycte-
ris), 79.

grandidieri (Vesperugo),
202. vee

grandidieri (Vesperus),
202. ee

grandis (Nycteris), 164.
grayt (Atalapha), 273.
grayi (Lasiurus), 273.
grayi (Phyllostoma), 493.
greyii (Scotophilus), 263.
grisea (Chilonycteris),
449.
grisea (Kerivoula), 224.
grisea (Murina), 280.
iy (Harpiocephalus),
280.

griseus (Pteropus), 44.

Guandira, 482.

gymnonotus (Chilonyc-
teris), 453.

hardwickii
335.
hardwickii (Rininopoma),
400.
hardwickii (Vespertilio),
335.
hargravei
382, 383.
harpia (Harpiocephalus),
281.
harpia (Murina), 281.
harpia (Vespertilio), 281.
harpia (Vesperugo), 281.
Harpiocephalus, 276, 277.
Harpyia, 88.
Harpyiocephalus, 276.
hasseltii (Trilatitus), 291.

(Kerivoula),

(Taphozous),

hasseltii (Vespertilio),
291.
hasseltii (Vesperugo),
291.

hastatum (Phyllostoma),
484.

hastatum (Vespertilio),
484

heathii (Nycticejus), 260.
heathii ( Scotophilus), 260,
553

helleri (Vampyrops), 524.

Hemiderma, 492.

hemprichii (Otonycteris),
182.

hesperida (Vespertilio),
197.

hesperus (Scotophilus),
ey (Scotophilus)

hesperus ( Vesperugo), 228.

hilarii (Vespertilio), 196.
hilarii (Vesperugo), 196.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

hilarti ( Vesperus), 196.

Hipposideros, 127.

Hipposiderus, 127.

hirsutum (Schizostoma),
477.

hispida (Nycteris), 162.

hispidus (Vespertilio),
162.

Histiops, 526.

holosericeus
410.

homochrous (Plecotus),
178.

horrens (Furia), 356.

horrens (Furipterus), 356.

horsfieldii (Cynopterus),
82

(Dysopes),

horsfieldii (Megaderma),
158

horsfieldii (Vespertilio),
292.

hottentotta (Hleuthe-
rura), 75.

hottentottus (Pteropus),
75,

huttonii (Harpyiocepha-
lus), 283.

Hyonycteris, 345.

Hypoderma, 91.

hypomelanus (Pteropus),
57.

Hypsignathus, 5, 6.

imbricatus (Vespertilio),
217.

imbricatus (Vesperugo),
217

indicus (Mops), 43].

indicus (Vesperugo), 222.

infumata (Hleutherura),
72.

infuscata (Cynonycteris),
72.

innominatum (Phyllo-
stoma), 487.
insignis (Nyctinomus),
423

insignis (Rhinolophus),
145

insularis (Pteropus), 63.

insularum (Vespertilio),
313.

intermedia (Atalapha),
274.

intermedius (Lasiurus),
274.

irretitus (Vespertilio),
229.

irretitus ( Vesperugo), 229.
isabellinus (Vespertilio),
191.

Ischnoglossa, 505.

jagorii (Cynopterus), 87.
sO (Kerivoula), 338.
jagorii (Pachysoma), 87.
jagorit (Ptenochirus), 87.
jagorii (Vespertilio), 338.
jamaicensis (Artibeus),

519, 527.

javanica (Nycteris), 164.
javanica (Petalia’, 164.
javanicus (Nycteris), 164.
javanicus (Pteropus), 49.
javanicus (Scotophilus),

226.
johorensis
432.
Johorensis (Nyctinomus),

432.
jubatus (Acerodon), 69.
jubatus (Pteropus), 68.
jugularis (Mormopterus),
440.
jugularis (Nyctinomus),
440.

(Molossus),

kachhensis (Taphozous),
388.

kappleri (Peropteryz),
B74.

kappleri
o7t.

kelaartii (Pteropus), 51.

keraudren (Pteropus), 63.

keraudrenit (Pteropus),
63, 552.

keraudrenius (Pteropus),

(Saccopteryx),

Kerivoula, 332.

keyensis (Pteropus), 45.

kirivoula (Vespertilio),
332.

kraussii (Hesperoptenus),
255.

kraussii (Vesperus), 255.
krefftii (Vesperugo), 232.
kuhlii (Scotophilus), 258.
kublii (Vespertilio), 230.
kuhlii (Vesperugo), 230.

labiata (Nycteris), 165.
labiata (Vespertilio), 212.
labiatum(Pachysoma), 11.
labiatus (Epomophorus),
11.
labiatus (Pteropus), 11.
labrosus (Spyrocephalus),
6, 7.
labuanensis
rhina), 141.
lacteus (Vespertilio), 224.

(Phyllo-
lanceolatum (Phyllo-
stoma), 423.

ply (Rhinolophus),

laniger (Vespertilio), 298.

ee (Hipposideros),

lanosa (Kerivoula), 340.

lanosus (Vespertilio), 340.

larvata(Phyllorhina),145.

larvatus (Rhinolophus),
108.

lasiopterus (Vespertilio),
214.

lastopterus (Vesperugo),
214.

lasiopyga (Glossonycte-
ris), 508.

Lasiurus, 267.

lasiurus(Vespertilio), 269.

lasyura (Noctulinia), 281.

laticaudatus (Dysopes),
435.

latidens (Cynopterus), 86.

Lavia, 154, 155.

leachii (Monopkyllus),
499.

leachii (Pteropus), 75.

lecontii (Plecotus), 180.

leisleri (Vespertilio), 215.

leisleri ( Vesperugo), 215.

lepidus (Nata?us), 344.

lepidus (Nyctiellus), 344.

leporinus (Noctilio), 394.

lepsianum (Rhinopoma),
40

leptophylla (Phyllorhina),
136.
leptura(Saccopteryx),371.

lepturus (Saccopteryx),
371.

lepturus (Vespertilio),
371.

les-henaultii (Pteropus),
72.
lencocephalus (Pteropus),

leucogaster (Har piocepha-
tus), ;

lencogaster (Murina),283.

leucogaster (Nyeticejus),

leucogaster (Nyctinomus),
428.

leucogaster (Vespertilio),
326.

leucomelas (Vespertilio),
176.

leucomus (Artibens), 536.

leucopleura (Dysopes),
415.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leucopleurus (Taphozous),
385.

leucoptera (Peronymus),
374.

leucoptera (Peroptery:x),
374.

leucoptera (Saccopteryx),
374.

leucopterum (Spectrum),
2.

leucopterus ( Pteropus), 32.

leucopterus (Paphos any
386.

leucotis (Vesperugo), 230.
levis (Vespertilio), 323.
lewisii (Madatzeus), 519.
lium (Phyllostoma), 538.
lilium (Sturnira), 588.
limbatus (Dysopes), 428.
limbatus (Nyctinomus),
428.
limnophilus(Vespertilio),
295.

lineata (Emballonura),
367

lineatum (Phyllostoma),
522.

lineatus (Artibeus), 522.

lineatus (Vampyrops),
522.

livingstonti (Pteropus), 55.

lobatus(Scotophilus),230.

lobipes (Pternopterus),
316. ;

lobipes (Vespertilio), 316.

Lobostoma, 447.

Lobostomine, 447.

lombocensis ( Pteropus), 34.

Lonchoglossa, 506.

Lonchorhina, 461.

longicauda (Phyllorhina),
141.

longicaudatus(Molossus),
412.

longifolium (Phyllo-
stoma), 490.

longifolium (Tylostoma),
490.

longimanus (Dysopes),
415.

longimanus (Taphozous),
385.

longipes (Vespertilio),
294.

loochooensis ( Pteropus),65.

Lophostoma, 473.

lucifugus (Vespertilio),
328

luctus (Aquias), 105.
luctus (Rhinolophus), 105.
luteus (Nycticejus), 258.

561
luzionense (Pachysoma),

82.
ie (Megaderma), 156.
yroderma, 155.

macdonaldit (Notopteris),
93.

macellus (Vespertilio),
2.

mackloti (Pteropus), 66.

macleayi ( Chilonycteris),
449,

macleayii (Scotophilus),

93.

m‘murtrii (Centurio),
543.

m‘murtrii (Trichocory-
tes), 543.

macrocephalus (Epomo-
phorus), 8, 552.

macrocephalus (Ptero-
pus), 8.

macrodacty lus
tilio), 294.

Macrogqlossi, 4.

Macroglossus, 95.

Macronycteris, 127.

Macrophylium, 468.

macrophyllum (Phyllo-
stoma), 468.

macropus (Vespertilio),
292, 294.

macrotarsus ( Vespertilio),
290.

macrotis

( Vesper-

(Corinorhinus),

macrotis (Emballonura),
373.

macrotis (Nycteris), 165.

macrotis (Nyctinomus),
435.

macrotis (Plecotus), 180.

macrotis ( Pteropus), 43.

macrotis (Rhinolophus),
110.

macrotis (Synotus), 180.

macrotis (Vespertilio),
217.

Macrotus, 463.
macrotus( Histiotus), 189.

macrotus (Nycticejus),
189.

macrotus (Vesperuge),
189

macrotus (Vesperus), 189.
wacrurum (Spectrellum),
344.

macuanus (Vespertilio),
12.

madagascariensis
pertilio), 301.
2o

(Ves-
562

es 514.

maderensis (Vesperugo

ee (Vesperugo),

magellanicus
tilio), 190.

magellanicus ( Vesperugo),
190.

(Vesper-

mayellanicus (Vesperus),
190.

magnus (Vespertilio),
212.

major (Harpyia), 89.
mar; ee (Hleutherura),
72, 8

epee (Cynopterus),
8l.

marginatus
81.

marginatus (Vespertilio),
230.

(Pteropus),

mariannus (Pteropus), 63.

martini (Rhinolophus),
162.

masont{ Phyllorhina), 138.

mastivus (Noctilio), 396.

mastivus (Vespertilio),
396.

mauritianus (Taphozous),
386.

maurus (Vesperugo), 2

maximus (Phyllostoma),
484.

medius (Pteropus), 8

Megachiroptera, 2,3, 552.

Megaderma, 154, 155.

Megadermata, 153.

Megera, 87.

Megerops, 87.

i a (Mormops),

455.

megalopus (Vespertilio),
298.
megalotis (Micronycte-
ris), 478

megalotis (Nyctinomus),
434.

megalotis (Phyllophora),
478

megalotis (Phyllorhina),
151.

megalotis (Schizostoma),
478.

megalotus (Mimon), 478,
megalurus (Vespertilio),
199.

megalurus (Vesperugo),
99.

megalurus (Vesperus),
199

megaphyllus (Rhinolo-
phus), \10.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

megapodius (Vespertilio),
294,

melanocephalus ( Cynopte-
rus), 80.

melanocephalus (Ptero-
us), 85.

melanopogon (Pteropus),
44

melanopogon ( Taphozous),
380.

melanops (Eptesicus), 193.

melanops (Melonycteris),
97.

melanotus (Pteropus), 54.

Melonycteris, 97.

mexicana( Cheronycteris),
510.

mexicana (Tylostoma),
481

mexicahus

(Centurio),
543.
mexicanus (Macrotus),
464, 465.

mexicanus (Nyctinomus),
437.
meyeni ( Vespertilio), 229.

meyeri (Tylonycteris),
208.
miarensis (Nyctinomus),

Microchiroptera, 2, 99.

microdon (Pygoderma),
536.

microdon (Scotophilus),
248

microdon (Stenoderma),
536.

Micronycteris, 476.

microphyllum (Rhino-
poma), 400.

microphyllus
poma), 400.

micropus (Phyllorhina),
150.

micropus
226.

(Rhino-

(Vesperugo),

midas (Dysopes), 423.

Mimon, 491.

minima (Macroglossa), 9G.

minimus (Macroglossus),
96.

minimus (Pteropus), 96.

Miniapterus, 347, 558.

minor (Cheronycteris),
oll.

minor (Cynonycteris), 73.

minor (Macrotus), 464,
465.

minor (Miniopterus), 351,

minor (Rhinolophus), 114,

minor (Rhinops), 493.

minuta (Vespertilio), 197.
minutum (Schizostoma),
479.

minutus (Scotophilus),
197.
minutus (Vespertilio),

minutus ( Vesperugo), 197.

minutus (Vesperus), 197.

mirza (Vesperus), 191.

mitratus (Rhinolophus),
107.

mollipilosus (Pteropus),
77

Moloss?, 403.

Molossine, 402.

molossinus ( Pteropus), 30,

Molossus, 407.

molossus (Vespertilio),
214.

molossus (Vesperugo),
214.

molueeensis (Hypo-
derma), 91.

Monophyllus, 504.

monstrosus (EHpomopho-

rus), 6, 552
monstrosus (Hypsigna-
thus), 6

montanus (Vesperugo),
1389.

montanus ( Vesperus), 189.

monticola (Emballonura),
361.

montivagus (Vespertilio),
313.

mops (Nyctinomus), 481.

mordax (Vesperugo), 218.

morio (Rhinolophus),
105.

morio (Scotophilus), 248.

Mormopes, 447.

Mormops, 454.

Mormopterus, 405.

moupinensis( Vespertilio),

316.

multispinosis (Nyctino-
mus), 437.

mundus (Vespertilio),
329.

muricola (Vespertilio),
316.

Murina, 277.

Murina, 276.

murinoides (Vespertilio),
10.

murinus
547.

murinus (Dysopes), 425.

rite (Hipposideros),

(Desmodus),
murinus (Myotis), 309.

murinus (Nyctinomus),
437.

murinus (Rhinolophus),
149.

murinus (Scotophilus),
224.

murinus ( Vespertilio),
309. ,

me (Nyctinomus),

Myopterus, 405.

myotis (Vespertilio), 309.

mysolensis (Pteropus),56.

Mystacina, 442.

Mystacine, 442.

mystacinus (Vespertilio),
314.

nanus (Glischropus), 237.
nanus Vemmertiiin) | 287.
nanus (Vesperugo), 287.
naso (Dysopes), 437.
naso  (Rhynchonycteris),
367.
naso (Vespertilio), 367.
nasutus (Oysopeey 437.
nasutus (Molossus), 414.
nasutus (Nyctinomus),
437.
nasutus (Vesperugo), 200.
natalensis (Nyctinomus),
440.
natalensis
348.
Natalus, 341.
nathusii (Vesperugo),226.
natterert (Vespertilio),
307.

nawaiensis (Pteropus),

(Vespertilio),

neohibernicus ( Pteropus),

neuwiedii -(Macrophyl-
lum), 468.

nicobarensis( Phyllorhina),
138

nicobaricus
54.

nidicola (Nycticejus),340.

nieuwiedii (Macrophyl-
lum), 468.

nigra (Phyllophora), 499.

nigrescens (Emballonura),
363.

nigrescens (Mosta), 363.

nigricans (Vespertilio),
319, 553

nigrita (Vespertilio), 260.

nigrogriseus (Chalinolo-
hus), 251.

(Pteropus),

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

nigrogriseus  (Dysopes),
423.
Beene (Scotophi-
lus), 2

nilssoni Wea ernE0) 203.

winaienns Vespertilio),
302.

nippon (Rhinolophus),
119.

nitidus ( Vespertilio), 318.

nivalis (Ischnoglossa),
505.

nobilis (Hipposideros),
137

nobilis (Rhinolophus),
137.
Noctilio, 393.

Noetiliones, 393.
Noctilionide, 353.

noctivagans (Lastonyc-
teris), 238.
noctivagans (Scotophi-

lus), 238,
noctivagans (Vespertilio),
238.

noctivagans (Vesperugo),
238.

noctula (Noctulinia), 212.

noctula = (Seotophilus),
212.

noctula (Vespertilio),191,
212.

noctula (Vesperugo), 212.
noctulinus (Vespertilio),
258.

norfolcensis
439.

norfolcensis( Nyctinomus),
439, 441.

Notonteris, 92.

(Molossus),

noveboracensis (Atala-
pha), 269.

noveboracensis (Lasiu-
rus), 269.

noveboracensis (Nycti-
cejus), 269.

noveboracensis (Vesper-
tilio), 269.

nubilus (Vespertilio), 326.
nudiventris (Taphozous),

Nycteride, 153.
Nycterine, 161.
Meciers 161.
Nycterops, 161.
Nycticejus, 266.
Nycticejus, 256.
Nyctiellus, 341.
Nyctinomus, 420, 422.
Nyctiplanus, 538.
Nyctophilus, 171.

563
obscura (Phyllorhina),
146

obscurum (Phyllostoma),
515.

obscurus (Molossus), 412.

obscurus (Vespertilio),

29,

ocularis (Pteropus), 62.

cenobarbus (Vespertilio),
266.

olivaceo-fuscus (Dy-
sopes), 412.

oporaphilum  (Phyllos-
toma), 538.

oreias ( Vespertilio), 305.

ornatus (Nycticejus), 265.

ornatus (Pteropus), 27.

ornatus (Scotophilus),
265.

orsinii (Vespertilio), 348,

osburni (Chilonycteris),
452,

Otonyeteris, 181.

otus (Vespertilio), 178.

oxyotus ( Vespertilio), 320.

pachyomus (Scotophilus),
191.

pachyotis (Vesperugo),
206,

pachyotis ( Vesperus), 206.
pachypus (Tylonycteris),
208.

pachypus (Vespertilio),
208.

pachypus (Vesperugo),
208.

pachypus (Vesperus),
208.

ce

175, 5
Sees co
77.

gre eiinay

pallasii (Cephalotes), 88.

pallasii (Harpyia), 88.

pallescens (Atalapha),
273.

palliatus (Pteropus), 91.

pallida (Kerivoula), 312.

pallidus (Antrozous), 171.

pallidus (Pteropus), 44.

pallidus (Scotophilus),
264.

pallidus (Vespertilio),
171.

papillosa (Kerivoula), 337.

papuensis (Kerivoula),
339.

parnellit (Chilonycteris),
452.

parnellii (Phyllodia), 452
564

parvula (Rhogeéssa),

an (Vespertilio),

ae ( Vesperugo),
245.

pearsonii (Lasiurus), 281.

pearsonii (Rhinolophus),
108.

pearsonii (Vespertilio),
281

Pelatia, 161.

peli ( Taphozous), 390.

pellucida (Kerivoula),
387,

pellucidus (Vespertilio).
337.

Peltorhinus, 526.

penicillatus (Hipposi-
deros), 143.

perforatus (Taphozous),
383.

perniger (Rhinolophus),
105.

peronit (Cephalotes), 91.
peronii (Hypoderma), 91.
peronii (Plecotus), 178.
Peropteryx, 369.
perotis (Dysopes), 416.
perotis (Molossus), 416,’
553. :
perotis (Promops), 416.
persious ( Trienops), 124.
personata (Chilonycteris),
451.
personatum (Uroderma),
518.
personatus (Pteropus), 38.
perspicillatum (Phyllo-
stoma), 519.
perspicillatum (Ptero-
derma), 519.
perspicillatus (Arctibeus),
519.

perspicillatus (Artibeus),
519.

perspicillatus (Vesper-
tilio), 519.

peruana (Cheeronycteris),
508.

Petalia, 161.

petorsii( Rhinolophus),114.

pfeiffert (Atalapha), 271.

phaiops (Eunycteris), 44,

phaiops (Pteropus), 44,

phaiops (Vespertilio),193.

philippensis (Rhinolo-
phus), 107.

philippinensis (Eleu-

therura), 72.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

philippinensis (Mega-
derma), 158.
philippinensis (Rhino-
lophus), 107.
philippinensis (Tapho-
zous), 380,
Phylloderma, 482.
Phyllodia, 447.
Phyllonycteris, 501.
Phyllophora, 476.
Phyllops, 526.
Phyllorhina, 127.
Phyllos‘oma, 484.
Phyllostomata, 445.
Phyllostomide, 445,
Phyllostomine, 458.
Phyllotis, 100.
picatus (Scotophilus),
251.

picta (Kerivoula), 332.
pictum (Vespertilia), 332.
pictus (Vespertilio), 332.
pilosa (Nycterops), 162.
pilosus ( Vespertilio), 289.
pilosus (Leuconoé), 289.
Pipistreilus (Vespertilio),
228.

pipistreltus ( Pesperugo),
223.

planiceps (Nyctinomus),
439.

planirostre (Phyllo-
stoma), 515.

planirostris (Molossops),
408

planirostris (Molossus),
408.

planirostris (Nycticejus),
260.

Platyrhinus, 514.
platyrhinus ( Vesperugo),
196

Plecotus, 177, 178.

plicata (Balantiopteryz),
376.

plicata (Saccopteryx),
376.

plicatus (Dysopes), 425.

plicatus (Nyctinomus),
425.

plicatus (Vespertilio),
425.

pluto (Pteropus), 50.

poensis (Chalinolobus),
255.

poensis (Kerivoula), 255,

poensis (Nycteris), 162.

poeyt (Phyllonycteris),
501

poliocephalus (Pteropus),
ol.

polythrix (Vespertilio),
321. ©

Proboscidea, 366.

Promops, 405.

propinguus (Vesperugo),
203, 553.

propinguus (Vesperus),
203.

proterus (Vespertilio),
212.

pruinosus (Lasiurus),
272.

pruinosus (Nycticejus),
272.

pruinosus (Scotophilus),

272.
pruinosus (Vespertilio),
272.

pselaphon (Pteropus), 26.
psilotis (Chilonycteris),
451.

Ptenochirus, 87.

Pteroderma, 514.

Pteronotus, 449.

pteronotus (Pteropus), 48.

Pteropi, 3.

Pteropodide, 3.

Pteropus, 15.

pulcher (Taphozous),
388.

pulcher ( Vesperugo), 233.

pulveratus (Vesperugo),
218.

pulverulentus (Vesper-
tilio), 238.

pumilio (Rhinophylla),
495.

pumiloides (Scotophilus),
226,

pumilus (Dysopes), 427.
pumilus (Nyctinomus),
427.

pumilus (Scotophilus),
201.

pumilus ( Vesperugo), 201,

pusillulus (Vesperugo),
237.

pusillum (Chiroderma),
535.

pusillum (Phyllostoma),
535.

zane (Epomophorus),

4.

pusillus (Miniopterus),
351.

pygmea (Phyllorhina),
139.

pygmzeus (Rhinolophus),
139.

pygmeeus (Vespertilio),
224.
Pygoderma, 536.
on (Pteropus), 72,

pyrrocephalus (Ptero-
pus), 69

quadridens (Chilonyc-
teris), 449.
quadridens (Lobostoma),
9

quadrivittatus (Artibeus),
521.

quadrivittatus (Derma-
nura), 521.

raynert (Pteropus), 33.
redmani (Monophyllus),
504.
Rhinolophide, 99.
Rhinolophine, 100.
Rhinolophus, 100.
Phinonycteris, 126.
Piioviyila: 495.
Rhinopoma, 399.
Rhynchonycteris, 366.
rivalis (Proboscidea),
367.
rodricensis ( Pteropus), 36.
rotundatus (Nyctipla-
nus), 538.
rouxii(Rhinolophus),112.
rubellus (Vespertilio),
269

rubidus (Rhinolophus),
112.

rubiginosa (Chilonyc-
teris), 452.

rubricollis (Pteropus), 24

rueppellii (Dysopes),
423.

rueppellii (Molossus),
423.

rueppellii (Nycticejus),
263.

rueppellii (Scotophilus),

263.

perils (Vespertilio),
233.

rueppellii (Vesperugo),
233.

rufo-pictus (Vespertilio),
312.

rufum (Stenoderma), 529.

rufus (Desmodus), 547.

rufus (Dysopes), 416.

rufus (Harpiocephalus),
281

rufus (Lasiurus), 269.
rufus (Molossus), 410.
rufus (Nocetilio), 394.
rufus (Rhinolophus), 100.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

saccolemus ( Taphozous),
388.

Saccopteryx, 369.

salvini (Chiroderma),
582.

samoensis (Pteropus), 35,
552.

saxatilis (Proboscidea),
367.

scapulatus (Pteropus), 41.

scherzeri (Cynopterus), 84.

scherzeri (Pachysoma),

schistacea (Megaderma),
156.
Schizostoma, 476.

schliefenii (Nycticejus),
244.

schliefenii (Vexperugo),
244,

schnablii( Amorphochi lus),
358.

schoénsis( Epomophorus),
14.

schoénsis (Pteropus), 11.

schreibersti( Miniopterus),
348.

schreibersii (Vespertilio),
348

Scoteinus, 257.

scotinus  (Miniopterus),
351.

Scotomanes, 258

Scotophilus, 256, 257.

serobiculatum (Phyllos-
toma), 478,

scutatus (Diclidurus), 392.

segethii (Vesperus), 189.

semicaudata  (Emballo-
nura), 360.

semicaudatus (Vesperti-
lio), 360.

seminudus (Pteropus),
72.

senex (Centurio), 543.

serotina (Vespertilio),
204.

serotinus (Scotophilus),
191.

serotinus (Vespertilio),
191.

serotinus ( Vesperugo),191.

serotinus ( Vesperus), 193.

seychellensis (Coléura),
364

sezekorni( Phyllonycteris),
502.

shiraziensis (Vesperus),

signifer (Chalinolobus),

eA.

565

siligorensis (Vespertilio),
314.

smithii (Vesperugo), 198.

smithii (Vesperus), 198.

soricina (Glossophaga),
499.

soricinum (Phyllostoma),
4

soricinus (Vampyrus),
493.

soricinus (Vespertilio),

spasma (Megaderma),
157, 553. +

spasma (Vespertilio), 157.

Spectrellum, 341.

Spectrum, 15.

spectrum (Megaderma),
156

spectrum (Phyllostoma),
470.

spectrum (Sturnira), 538.
spectrum (Vampyrus),
470.
spectrum (Vespertilio),
70.

spelea (Honycteris), 94.

spelzeus (Macroglossus),
94.

Speorifera, 127.

speoris (Hipposideros),
143

speoris (Phyllorhina), 143,
5538.

speoris

143.

speoris (Vespertilio), 143.

apes (Phyllostoma),
38

(Rhinolophus),

splendidus (Vespertilio),
342.

Stenoderma, 526.

Stenodermata, 511.

stenops (Phylloderma),
483.

stenopterus (Vesperugo),
216

stoliczkana (Asellia), 132.

stoliczkana (Phyllorhina),
132.

straminea (Cynonycteris),
77

etraminea (Pachysoma),
77.
straminea (Xantharpyia),

stramineus (Natalus), 342.
stramineus (Pterocyon),

stramineus(Pteropus),77.
Sturntra, 588.
566

subtilis (Vespertilio), 197.

subulatus (Vespertilio),
324.

suillus (Harpiocephalus),
278

euillus (Vespertilio), 278.
suillus (Vesperugo), 278.

swinhoei (Phyllorhina),
135.
sylvicola (Vespertilio),
301

aylvicolum(Lophostoma),
475.
Synotus, 175.

taitiensis (Phyllorhina),
143.

Taphozous, 378, 380.

tasmanensis (Noctulinia),
233.

temminckii (Alobus), 233.

temminckii (Dysopes),
408.

temminckii (Molossops),
408.

temmincki«
408.

temminckii (Nycticejus),
258.

temminckii

(Molossus),

(Pteropus),

temminckii (Scotophilus),
258, 553.

temminckii (Vespevtilio),
233.

temminckii (Vesperugo),
233.

templetonii (Hipposide-
ros), 552.

tenuidorsalis
lio), 230.

tenuipinnis (Vesperugo),
200.

tenuipinnis
0,

(Vesperti-

( Vesperus),

tenuis (Dysopes), 425.

tenuis (Nyctinomus), 425.

tenuis (Vespertilio), 226.

tenuis ( Vesperugo), 226.

tesselatus (Vespertilio),
269.

thebaica (Nycteris), 165.

theobaldi (Taphozous),
381.

Thyroptera, 345, 553.

tibialis (Miniopterus),
348.

tickelli (Nycticejus), 240.

tickelli (Vesperugo), 240.

timoriensis (Vespertilio),
172.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

timoriensis (Nyctophilus),
172, 553.

titthezecheilus (Pteropus),
81.

toltecum (Stenoderma),
520.

tonganus (Pteropus), 63.

torquatus (Cheiromeles),
405.

torquatus (Cynonycteris),
76.

townsendi
nus), 180.

(Oorinorhi-

* townsendi (Plecotus),180.

townsendi (Synotus), 180.

Trachops. 481.

Trachyops, 481.

tragatus (Nyctinomus),
424.

tragatus (Rbinolophus),
119

tralatitius (Vespertilio),
316. .

Trizneps, 123.

tricolor (Pteropus), 57.

tricolor ( Thyroptera),345,
553.

tricolor (I'espertilio), 305.

tricuspidata (Phyllo-
rhina), 131.
trieuspidatus (Rhinolo-

phus), 131.

tridens (Asellia), 131.

tridens (Phyllorhina),131.

tridens (Rhinolophus),
131.

trifida (Phyllorhina), 132.

trifoliata (Aquias), 106.

trifoliatus (Rhinolophus),
106.

trifolium (Megaderma),
158.

trilatitoides (Kerivoula),
316.

tristis (Miniopterus), 352.

tristis (Vespertilio), 352.

tropidorhynchus (Molos-
sus), 412.

truncatus (Rhinolophus),
111.

tuberculata (Mystacina),
442

tuberculatus (Chalinolo-
bus), 248.

tuberculatus (Pteropus),
58.

tuberculatus (Scotophi-
lus), 248.

tuberculatus ( Vesperti-
lio), 248.

tumida (Rhogeésa), 245.

turcomanus (Vespertilio),
191.

tylopus (WVesperugo), 236.

Tylostoma, 488.

undatum (Dermanura),
529.
undatus (Artibeus), 529.
undatus (Histiops), 529.
unicolor (Hleutherura),
75.
unicolor (Noctilio), 394.
unicolor (Nyctinomus),
430.
unicolor
172.
unihastatus
phus), 119.
Urocryptus, 369.
Uronycteris, 88.
ursinii(Miniopterus),348.
ursinus (Dysopes), 410.
ursinus (Molossus), 410.
ursinus (Promops), 414.
ursinus (Pselapbon), 26.
ursinus (Pteropus), 26.
ursinus (Scotophilus),193.
ursinus (Vespertilio),193.

(Nyctophilus),
(Rhinolo-

Vampyri, 458.

Vampyrops, 522.

Vampyrus, 469.

vanicorensis (Pteropus),
63.

varia (Atalapha), 271.

variegatus (Chalinolobus),
254.

variegatus (Scotopbilus),

varius (Nycticejus), 271.

_velatus (Histiotus), 188,

velatus (Plecotus), 188.
yelatus (Vespertilio), 188,
velatus (Vesperugo), 188.
velox (Dysopes), 412.
velox (Molossus), 412.
velutina (Mystacina),442.
ventralis (Dysopes), 423.
ventralis (Nyctinomus),
423.
verrucata (Carollia), 493.
Vespertilio, 284.
Vespertiliones, 167, 168.
Vespertilionide, 167.
Vesperugo, 183.
Vesperus. 184.
vetulus (Pteropus), 27.
villosa (Nycteris). 162.
villosissimus — (Vesperti-
lio), 269,
villosum (Chiroderma),
534.

viridis (Nycticejus), 260.

vispipistrellus (Vesperti-
lio), 230.

vitiensis (Pteropus), 35,
63.

vittata(Phyllorhina), 133.
vittatus (Artibeus), 524.
vittatus ( Vampyrops),524.
vociferus (Pteropus), 66.
volans (Vespertilio), 329.
volgensis (Vespertilio),
297.
vulgare (Spectrum), 23.

 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
vulgaris (Hipposideros),
145.

vulgaris (Pteropus), 23.
vulgaris (Rhinolophus),
145

vulgaris (Speorifera),
145.

wahlbergit (Hpomopho-
rus), 11.

wahlbergii (Pteropus),
10.

wallace (Pteropus), 40.
waterhousii (Macrotus),
464,

567

welwitschii (Vespertilio),

> 806.

whitei (Epomophorus), 8.

whitmeei (Pteropus), 35.

wiedii (Anura), 507.

wiedit (Lonchoglossa),
507.

wilcoxii (Molossus), 439.

Xantharpyia, 91.

yumanensis (Vespertilio),
328, 329.
yunanensis

phus), 108,

(Rhinolo-

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
 

RMintern del.et lith. arene Maintern Bros

Epomophorus /(Hypsignathus ) monstrosus.
PUI

 

RMintern del. et hth.

Mintern Bros imp.

Eporonherus (Hypsignathus ) monstrosus.

LE
2 Romonhorie macrocephalus. 3.E.gambianus.
ey REG He AA ee ice 6.E. pusillus.
PUI.

 

R-Mintern del.et lith. ;

Mintern Bros imp.

1.Pteropus dasymallus. 2.Pt. lombocensis. 3.Pt.rodericensis.
4.Pt.brunneus. 5.Pt.macrotis. 6. Pt. livingstoniv.
 

R-Mintern del. et ith.

Mintern Bros amp

1, Pteropus leucopterus. 2, Pt. anetteanus. 3,Pt. scapulatus.
4, Pt. lome -~censis. 5,Pt.fuscus. 6, Pt. jubatas.
te

 

RMintern del. etlith. Mintern Bros imp.

/. Cynony cteris torquata. 2. C. brachyotis.
3. Gnopterus latidens.
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TA Id
 

R.Mintern del.et lith.

Mintern Bres amp

LRhinolophus calophylius. 2.Rh,lactus. 3. Rh, trifoliatus.
4.Rh.philippinensis. 5. Rh. affinis. 6.Rhv, euryale. 7.Rh. blasti.
8.Rh.hipposideros. 9.Rh.landeri. 10.Rh. ferrum-equinum.
 
 

R.Mmtern.del et lith.

1, Iruenops persicus, 2, Rhinonycteris

4, Ph tricuspidata. 3, Ph.stoliczkana. 6,

PU, Vill

Mintern Bros imp.

3.Phyllorhina tridens,
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8. bY

 

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Mantern del. et lith.

Mintern Bros. im:
1. Phyllorhina cyclops. 2.Phv. commersonii, 3.Ph. armigere _

, arnugera,
4Ph.diadema. 5.Ph, pygmew., 6Ph.tuliginosa. 7. Phe

4 Phy cervina,
8.Philarvata. 9 Ph Broslen 1 Di. Sie

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RMintern del et lith.

Mintern Bros imp.

. Megaderma Spasma, 2.M. tyra. 3.M. trons.
 

LNycteris hispida. 2.N Javanuca. 3,N cethiopica. 4 N. macrotis.

 

LUAL,

Mintern Bros imp.

6,Antrozcus pallidus. 7 Nyctophilus timoriensts, 6,Plecotus(Corinorhinus) macrotzss.
I, Plecotus

Saurus. 10,Synotus barbastellus.
 

RMintern del et hth

Mmtern Bros imp.

1. Vesperugo platyrhinus. 2Vpumilus. 3.V-tickelli.
4. Vinoctula. var. lasiopterus. 5.V. maderensis.

6.V.pulcher. 7. V.georgianus. 8.V tylopus. 9 V.nanus.
PU. XL

 

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RMintern del.et lth

Mintern Bros imp.

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PL. ALY,

 

A. Mintern del. et lith. Mntern Bros imp.
i, halinolobus tuberculatus. 2 Ch.signater. 3, Ch.nigrogrisens.
4h gouldir. 5,Ch.(Glauconycteris argentatus. 6,Ch.poensis.
 

RMmtern del. et hth

Mintern Bros. imp
1, Scotophilus gigas. 2.Sc.rueppellit. 3. Sc. pallidus.
4. Se. grey. 5. Se.temmunchiv. 6. Sc. ornatus.
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RMntern del. et lith

Mintern Bros. ump.
1. Harpiocephalus auratus. 2.H. harpia. 3.H. cyclotis
4. H. leucogaster. 6. Kerivoula lanosa. 6K hardwickii,
7K. pellaada. 8.Natalas stramineus.
Le. AVI.

 

- 2
71. ‘i as
R.Mintern del. et li

Mimtern Bros. imp.
1. Vespertilio macrotarsus, 2.V.megalopus. 3.V.capaccinii,
¢Vadversus. §.V-hassdtii. 6. Vbocagwi. 7. V-insularum,
8. Vimuricola. 9 Vmwvctaeinnn 117 - UD Vaterrinies TAT.

 
 

  

RMintern. del et lith.

Mntern Bros imp
1, Vespertilio longipes. 2,V.chinensis. 3, Vwelwitschiv.
4, Vi montivagus. 5, V. goudotit, 6, Vlevis. 7, Vritidus.

8,V.albescens. 9,V; ragricans. 10, Vsubulatus. 11, Vlucthagus.
: PLE.

 

R.Mintern. del. et lith.

Mintern Bros Imp.

/imballonura ragrescens, 2.Colénra seychellensis. 3.C.atra.

4thhynchonycteris naso, 5. Llaphoxous attinis. 6.7. pele.
7. Diclidurus albus, 8. Noctilio albiventer.
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R.Mintern del.et lith.

Mintern Bros imp

1. Myctinomus afticanus. 2.N Gagatus. 3. N. brachypterus.

4 Nangolensis. 5. Nmeyatotis. 6. Nmacrotrs. 7. Ngraclis.
6... brasilvensis, 9 Naustralis,
Ll AAI,

 

R.Mmntern. del. et lith. Mintern Bros imp.

1. Chilonycteris macleayti. 2. Ch.psilotis. 3. Ch. rubuginosa.
4 h.davye. 5. Mormops megalophylla. 6.M. blainyilhi,
 
PUXIN

 

RMintetn.del. et lith. Mnntern Bros imp.

1Lonchorhina aurita. 2. Macrophyllan neuwiedi...3. Vampyrus spectrum,
4.V.(Chrotopterus) auritus. 5.Schixostoma megalotis. 6.Phylloderma stenaps.
PUTIV.

 

R.Mintern: del. et lith. Mintern Bros imp.

/ Macrotus waterhoust. 2. Trachyops carrhosus. 3. Phyllostoma hastatum.
4Phvllostomu elongatum. 5. Tylostoma crenulatum. 6.Mimon benneltir,
PUAXVI.

 

C Berjeau.del.et hith.

Mintern Bros Imp.
1, Lonchorhuna aurita. 2,Lophostoma bidens. 3, Schixostoma megalotrs.
4, Irachyops cirrhosus. 5, Carollia brevicauda.
PUXAVE,

 

C Berjeau. delet lth

Mntern Bros imp
1, Rhinophylla pumilio. 2, Glossophaga soricina. 3, Monophyllus redmani.
4 Lonchoglossa cauditera. &, Cheeronycterts-mexicana. 6, Ch. minor.
PUXXVIIT

 

C.Berjeau.deLet lith.

Mmtern Bros imp
1. Artibeus planirostris. 2, Stenoderma achradophilum. 3,8. felcatum.
4,Pyqgoderma bilabratim. 5 Sturnira lilinm.
PL.XYIY,

 

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Mintern Bros imp

1, Vampyrops vittatus. 2, Chiroderma villosum. 2, Ch. salvini.
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R.Mintern. del. et lith. Mintern Bros imp.
1 Artibeus plarurostris. 2.Ametrida centurio. 3 _Pygoderma bilabiatum.
4. Sturrara Lium. 5 Brrchyphylla.cavernarum.6.Centurio senex. 7 Desmodus rufis.
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