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THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
THE
NATURALIST IN BERMUDA:
A SKETCH OF THE
GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY,
OF THAT REMARKABLE GROUP OF ISLANDS;
TOGETHER WITH
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
BY
JOHN MATTHEW JONES, ESQ,
(Of the Middle Temple.)
ASSISTED BY é
MAJOR J. W. WEDDERBURN (Late 42nd Roy. Highlanders), anv J. L. HURDIS, Ese,
WITH A MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
“ Every kingdom, every province, should have its own monographer.”
GILBERT WHITE.
ek { L/ /
LONDON: re
REEVES & TURNER, 238, STRAND. Pali
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1859.
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PREFACE.
In publishing this little book, containing the first
account ever submitted to the public of the Natural
History of the Bermudas, the author trusts that its
numerous and necessary imperfections will meet
with the lenient consideration of his readers, and
more particularly of learned naturalists, who are
requested to regard this first effort as a small and
humble contribution to the present state of natural
knowledge, and as a prelude to a more complete
publication on the same subject.
The author has to return his thanks to many
kind friends for theie generous endeavours to aid
the progress of the work; more especially to
Major WEDDERBURN and Mr. Hurpis, who laid
their notes and observations, made during many
years’ residence on the Islands, entirely at his dis-
posal, and have otherwise greatly assisted in the
formation of the volume.
The author has also to express his acknowledge-
ments—to Colonel Netson, of the Royal Engineers,
for the information contained in the Geological
paper ; to Jonn H. Trort, Esq., Provost Marshall- °
vi PREFACE.
General of Bermuda, for unceasing efforts to aid
the author in his researches during his residence
in the Bermudas; to R. 8. Woop, Esq., of Wal-
singham, and W. B, Smrrx, Esq., of Mangrove
Bay, for notes of several species ; and to Miss L.
L. Deupney, Miss Etta Tucker, and Mr. Hurpis,
for sketches which have afforded the vignettes for
this volume.
The oval views, at the commencement of each
division, are from photographs taken upon the
Islands by Mr. Wuittemore, of New York.
CONTENTS.
GEOLOGY .
ZOOLOGY
MAMMALIA
AVES
REPTILIA
PISUES
MOLLUSCA
INSECTA
CRUSTACEA
BOTANY
METEOROLOGY - : ; ‘ .
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
ILLUSTRATIONS.
BREEDING HAUNTS OF THE TROPIC BIRD—SOUTH SHORE
BOSS’ COVE
SPANISH POINT
RED BIRD TRAP ‘
YOUNG OF PHAETON ZTHEREUS
GIBBETISLAND. ‘ ‘
BRACKISH POND CHURCH
INSCRIPTION ON SPANISH ROCK
FLATTS BRIDGE
HERMITAGE
. 106
. 129
I.
II.
PAuk,
11
23
98
99
. 108
III.
. IV.
Vv.
Introduction.
Page 1
11
64
90
130
131
143
144
192-
INTRODUCTION.
THE small, yet interesting group of Islands, known as the
“Bermudas,” is situate in 32° 15° North Latitude, and
64° 51° West Longitude, and distant from Cape Hatteras,
the nearest point of the North American Coast, about six
hundred nautical miles.
These Islands were discovered by Juan Bermudez, in a
Spanish vessel named “La Garza,” bound from Spain to the
Island of Cuba, and having on board Gonzalez Oviedo, the
celebrated historian of the Indies. Having approached
within cannon-shot range of the southern shore, the disco-
verers, judging from the appearance of the land, regarded the
group as a single island, about twelve leagues in length and
viii INTRODUCTION.
thirty in circumference ; they also concluded that it was
uninhabited by man, and resolved to send boats on shore
to make observations, and leave a few hogs, which might
breed and be afterwards useful. When, however, they were
preparing to disembark, a strong contrary gale arose, which
obliged them to sheer off, and be content with the view
already obtained. Oviedo calls it “the remotest island in
the whole world,” meaning, we presume, the most distant
from any land, and mentions the swarms of birds and
flying-fish, with the contests between them, as presenting
one of the most amusing spectacles he had ever beheld*
The first native of England known to have set foot upon
the Islands, was a mariner named Henry May, who, while
on a voyage from the West Indies to Europe, in a French
vessel, in the year 1593, was wrecked upon the north-west
reefs, several miles distant from the shore. He found the
land overgrown with trees of various kinds, though chiefly
with the cedar; “many hogs” were also met with, but
these were so lean as to be unfit for food ; birds, fish, and
turtle were in great abundance. Fortunately for May and
his French companions, the carpenter’s tools, with a portion
of the sails and rigging of the ship, were saved by them
before the wreck went to pieces. This enabled them to cut
down cedars and construct “a barque of eighty tunnes,” in
which, after a sojourn of nearly five months in those Isles,
they all set sail on the 11th May. On the 20th of the
same month they made the Island of Cape Breton, when
they took in wood and water, and sailed for the banks of
Newfoundland. Here they met with many ships, but none
* Murray’s British America.
INTRODUCTION. 1X
of them charitably inclined towards them, when it pleased
God they fell in with “the honest English barque Fawmouth,”
which received them on board. While with this vessel they
“tooke” a French ship, into which May’s dear friend
Captain de la Barbotier, and his seamen, were transferred ;
May himself remaining with the English vessel, which
arrived at Falmouth, in August, 1594.
The next published account of a visit to the Bermudas
is contained in an old black letter work, entitled, “The Wreck
of the Sea Adventure,” by Sil. Jourdan, a copy of which
scarce work is in the library of the British Museum.
The “Sea Adventure” was one of a small fleet of ships
which sailed from England in the year 1609, for the Colony
of Virginia, having on board Sir Thomas Gates, the newly
appointed Governor of that possession, Admiral Sir George
Somers,* and other persons, beside the crews. After de-
scribing minutely the horrors ofa terrific storm, which
separated the “Sea Adventure” from the rest of the fleet,
and drove her, in a shattered condition, upon the reefs of
Bermuda, where she became a total wreck, the writer -
proceeds to describe the natural features of those islands.
Weeds and plants of several kinds ; tall and goodly
cedars, with “infinite store” of palmettos, mulberries, wild
olive, and other trees, where found everywhere. Sea-birds
were particularly abundant, and evinced that absence of
fear towards man, which even at the present day, is noticed
by navigators and others, when visiting isolated rocks or
uninhabited islands. Fish of many kinds were obtained in
large quantities, and required little piscatory skill or fineness
* The Bermudas, in former times, were better known as the “Somers’
Isles,” a title frequently corrupted into “ Summer Isles.”
x INTRODUCTION.
of tackle in their capture; indeed, the writer amusingly
states that, “if a man step into the water they will come
round about him, so that men were faine to get out for fear
of byting.” Hogs, supposed to have been introduced by
Bermudez, or by some subsequent and unrecorded navigator,
had increased so largely, as to enable Sir George Somers to
kill thirty-two in a single day’s hunt.
In May, 1610, Sir George Somers and his companions
embarked in two small vessels which they had themselves
constructed, and sailed for the settlement of James Town,
in Virginia, where they arrived in safety. Here Sir George
found the settlers in much distress for want of supplies, and,
although upwards of sixty years of age, gallantly volun-
teered to return to the Bermudas, in his little cedar-built
craft of thirty tons, for the purpose of obtaining hogs. It was
on this expedition, and on the site where the town of Saint
George now stands and bears his name, that this worthy
admiral breathed his last, exhorting his companions to
return with all diligence to Virginia.
Captain Matthew Somers, the nephew and heir of Sir
George, who appears to have inherited the gallant spirit of
his uncle, in place of returning to Virginia, formed the
daring resolution of navigating the same small cedar-built
vessel to England, taking with him the embalmed remains
of his departed relative. Fortune smiled upon the bold
undertaking, and the ship arrived, in due time, safely at
Whitchurch, in Dorsetshire, where the admiral’s remains
were buried with military honors, and an epitaph, in Latin,
inscribed upon his tomb.
Upon the representation made by Captain Somers and
his companions, a company was formed in England for the
INTRODUCTION. Xl
purpose of colonizing the Bermudas, and a ship with emi-
grant settlers, under the charge of Governor Richard More,
having arrived in those islands on the 11th July, 1612,
they may be considered. as permanently inhabited by the
human race from that period.
Although the Bermudas have undergone some change
since the days of Sir George Somers, and a portion of the
land has been brought under cultivation, still we ‘are
inclined to look upon the general outline and appearance
of those islands at the present-time, as very similar to that
which presented itself to the gallant old admiral. The
cedar tree still clothes the uncultivated hills and valleys
with its evergreen foliage, and the palmetto still dots the
landscape with its bending plumes. Fish still abound in
the surrounding waters; but the wild hog has long since
given place to the domestic representative of: the same
family. The tropic bird and the tern still frequent the
rocky coast during the fervid months of summer, for the
purpose of incubation, disappearing at the approach of
winter, but the great family of gulls and other sea-birds,
which tends so much to the beauty and cheerfulness of
ocean scenery, has long since abandoned a spot so thickly
inhabited by the human race.
That the Bermudas afford an’ excellent position from
whence to observe the annual migration of many species of
the feathered tribes of America, cannot be doubted. Equi-
distant, or nearly so, from the shores of Nova Scotia, the
United States, and the West Indian archipelago, they
oresent, as it were, a casual resting place to many birds,
while traversing the broad expanse of ocean which forms
the eastern limit of their great line of flight.
xu INTRODUCTION.
The migration of birds in the western hemisphere is a
subject of enquiry concerning which, little progress has yet
been made, and which for many years to come will require
the close observations of naturalists to compass its vast
extent. In the pages of this little work, the reader will
find a clear and interesting account of the migration of that
remarkable wanderer, the golden plover of America, by a
gentleman long resident in the Bermudas; and which, we
think, will tend to throw considerable light upon the
principle of migration. To gain a thorough knowledge of
the marvellous movements of the feathered race, intelligent
observers should be selected at various distant localities, and
as many birds may be supposed to follow the land in pre-
ference to crossing the sea, the Isthmus of Darien should
on no account be neglected as an important point of obser-
vation: thus, by the united efforts of many, the mysterious
cloud which at present veils the wonders of migration, may
be dispelled, to shew forth in still brighter splendour the
stupendous power of Him who ordereth all things so wisely
and so well.
Pe
THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
BOSS’ COVE.
GEOLOGY.
THE geological interests of the Bermudas are peculiar, and
by no means inconsiderable, as they belong to the class of
“Formations now in progress.” They, like the Bahamas,
are plainly Coral formations below low-water mark, and
fKolian above it. The vital powers which produce the
former, and the mechanical action of the wind to which
the latter are referable, being still in action. Hence, with
two possible exceptions, no traces of the remains of even
locally extinct animals or plants have yet been discovered,
or can reasonably be expected. Some years ago, a very
valuable Paper on the Geology of the Bermudas, appeared
in the Transactions of the Geological Society of London,
B
2 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
It was written by Lieut. (now Col.) Nelson, of the Royal“
Engineers ; from which, as it has been acknowledged to
be the best treatise ever produced on the subject, we
cannot do better than glean that portion which is suited to
our purpose, in order to shew to what particular causes the
Bermudas owe their origin.
This officer informs us that the whole of the islands
are composed of a calcareous sandstone, derived from com-
minuted shells and corals, varying in texture from loose
sand to a hard compact limestone; the varieties being irre-
gularly associated, and without any order of super-position.
From the saddle-shaped sections observable throughout the
islands, he concludes that the strata have evidently been
accumulated round numerous and contiguous centres. The
bottom of the basin consists of coral reefs (which do not
appear above low-water mark, except at spring-tides,) and
calcareous sand; the latter being associated with consider-
able tracts of chalky ground, in which the best anchorages
are found. He met with this chalk, likewise, as an occa-
sional constituent of the rock, lying irregularly among its
beds in a soft state, or lining caverns, but seldom exceeding
a few square yards in surface, and a few inches in depth*
The only minerals noticed were small pieces of oxide of
iron, of very questionable origin; menaccanite, found near
the Ferry, between St. George’s Island, and Bermuda or
Main Island; arragonite (?); and a minute quantity of
manganese in the red earth.
* The Royal Engineers claim to be the first to give any distinct clue to
the origin of chalk ; though within but a few months they were followed by
Darwin and Lonsdale, on other and perfectly independent grounds. See
Bahama Paper, Geol. Soc. Transactions. By Colonel Nelson.
GEOLOGY. 3
We now quote at length from Colonel Nelson’s paper :—
“GEOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL ISLANDS, IN
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER.
“St. Gzorcr’s Istanp.—The strata dip southward with
considerable uniformity along the southern and eastern
shores, which are protected from violent attacks of the sea
by St. David’s, Smith’s, and Long-bird Islands; and by
the reefs which bound the intricate passage into Murray’s
Anchorage.
“The north side is exposed throughout its whole length
to the fury of a sea which has had, within the area of the
north reef (at a distance of seven or eight miles), sufficient
space to re-accumulate its destructive energies; and exhi-
bits in the cliffs a saddle or dome-shaped structure, the
lines of lamination dipping towards every point of the
compass. In one or two instances, the summits of what
were once internal hills, are bared; and within a few square
yards, the coats of this nucleus range round it with perfect
regularity. As might be expected, this north side consists,
in a great measure, of abrupt cliffs, and landslips brought
down by the undermining of the waves. The sandstone on
the summit of some of the hills is scarcely tenacious enough
to hold together; but from Mullet Bay to the Ferry, on a
level of not more than twenty feet above the sea, the rock
suddenly becomes a very hard, fine-grained, or compact
limestone, in which scarcely a vestige of organic structure
is visible, unless the stone be polished.
“Just above high-water mark, along a considerable por-
tion of the south side, is a stratum of calcareous sand, about
six feet thick, apparently a distinct deposit from the rock
above it. :
4 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
“Vertical crevices abound, filled with a substalagmite,
much harder than the rock. In some places, the arrange-
ment resembles that of veins in old slate or limestone.
Where the partitions, stand comparatively unimpaired by
the weather, their planes constantly intersect one another,
and thus form reticulations, once filled with the soft sand-
stone. In all cases, the veins are younger than the crevices,
from whatever cause these last may have originated.
“Sr. Davin’s—Like St. George’s, the lower level of this
island consists of a low, irregular belt of hard limestone,
which commences in the centre of the north side, and con-
tinues westward through Stock’s Point, till it appears, as
above noticed, at Mullet Bay.
“CoopEr’s IsLanD.—Here I have remarked nothing, ex-
cept the supposed cast of a tree at the north-east point.
“Lone Brrp Istanp affords an excellent horizontal
section along the south side, of strata deposited in irregular
undulations, and not contorted by any subsequent distur-
bance.
“NonsucH, CastLE, and Goat Istanps.—As far as in-
terest depends on variety, these possess but little. They,
however, exhibit the frustra of the saddle-shaped structure,
which may often be traced from one island to another,
though frequently separated by considerable intervals.
“BeRMuDA, or the Main Island—tThe description given
of the north side of St. George’s, answers in all respects to
that of the whole of those coasts which are exposed to the
ocean. On the south side, the sand has made several en-
croachments, but only at Elbow Bay .with any great success.
The proprietor of the principal part of the land of this bay,
remembers an attempt about seventy years ago, when the
GEOLOGY. 5
inhabitants expected an attack from the French and Spa-
niards, to form a breastwork along the sand hills, which
then, as at Shelly Bay, skirted the coast. In doing so, they
‘cut through the natural protection given by the sea-shrubs
and creepers, which usually abound in such places. From
that day the sand, supported by constant supplies from the
sea, has steadily proceeded up the hill to the very summit,
a height of about 180 feet.* There is another encroach-
ment at Tucker's Town, said to have taken place about
sixty years ago, and has crossed the neck between Harring-
ton Sound and the sea; but beyond this it does not seem
inclined to move. The sand has not been stopped, at the
eastern extremity of this beach, where the bluffs commence
by their very considerable declivity; though it has been
most effectually, at the crest of the slope, by a natural fence
of sage bush (Lantana salvifolia), growing partly in the soil
and partly in the sand; which, as it ascended, seems to
have then rolled on with the seeds of this plant, and of de-
struction to its progress, in its own bosom.
“The same operations appear to have occurred through-
out the sand tracts at and near Great Turtle Bay.”
Colonel Nelson says the whole of the Bermudas, (and,
perhaps, many of the older rocks,) may be called ‘Organic
Formations,’ as they present but one mass of animal re-
mains, in various stages of comminution and disintegration.
From the most compact rock to the very sand of the shore,
the materials of this group being universally fragments of
shells, corals, &c. The Turbo pica and Venus Pensylvanica,
are found imbedded in the rock in great quantities. We
* It has long since crossed the brow of the hill.
6 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
have specimens of Turbo pica now in our possession,
which we obtained on the hilly ground of Smith’s parish,
adjacent to Hungry Bay; and it puzzled us not a little as
to how these large shells could get into that position, being
some thirty feet above the level of the sea; but Col. Nelson
throws considerable light on the matter, by stating that the
soldier-crab is the means of bringing them into these high
positions.*
Extensive engineering operations, road-making, deepen-
ing channels, &c, have afforded an opportunity never
hitherto possessed by writers on coral-belts, throwing much
light upon the subterranean formation of the islands; and
caverns of various dimensions have been discovered at
different times during the progress of the works.
The Colonel states that, whilst cutting the escarp of the
North Bastion at Ireland Island, a cavern was opened
which contained great numbers of a large and delicate
Helix, and a heap of the dry red earth of the islands, since
determined by him to be mainly of animal origin. In this
earthy matter were quantities of birds’ bones; and on ano-
ther occasion, whilst excavating a ditch, a small hole was
discovered in a rather hard rock, composed of comminuted
fragments, with the interstices not filled up. This hole was
about twenty feet above the sea, thirty yards from it, and
fifteen feet from the top of the hill, and without any appa-
rent connection with the surface. In this hole were found
an egg shell, and many fragments of bones, similar to the
preceding; but they were all, as well as the egg, coated with |
* This animal has been seen actually climbing up a door-post, laying hold :
of the arris-edge by its claws.
GEOLOGY. 7
drusy crystals of carbonate of lime. The bird is supposed
to-have been the “boatswain” (Phaeton ethereus,) which
resorts to the islands during the breeding season, and
makes its nest in the hollows of the cliffs; the bird in
this case being immured, during the period of incubation,
by some fresh deposit of sand, which had afterwards
hardened into the walls of its prison-house. Cases of
bones and eggs being found, have occurred in other parts
of the islands, imbedded in the limestone: and what may
be considered more singular, a gold knee buckle was said
to have been found not far from the Tanks on the Main
Island; and a canister shot was dug up in coarse limestone,
whilst excavating the foundations for one part of the North
Bastion, across the bottom of the cavern. Turtle bones
have also been found in the loose sand of the sea beach ;
the turtles sharing the same fate as the bird before men-
tioned, being buried whilst depositing their eggs. Colonel
Nelson was informed by an eye-witness, that the dimen-
sions of. the skeletons of these animals were nine feet in
length and seven in breadth. He terminates his list of
animal organics by stating, that almost every shell known in
the surrounding sea may be found in the rock quite perfect.
As regards the Bermuda chalk deposit, Colonel Nelson
attributes its existence in this locality to the decomposition
of zoophytes, from the least calcareous to the large and
massive Meandrina and Astrea. He states that these
_ animals, and the many marine plants, consisting chiefly of
alime, produce this chalk, just as terrestrial animals and
éPegetables give carbon to soil when they decay.
In various parts of the islands, rudely shaped cylindrical
blocks are to be found on the surface; and of these well
8 THE NATURALIST IN: BERMUDA.
known curiosities the Colonel says: “They are very fre-
quently arranged in groups of from twenty to fifty, as if
they had once been the roots of as many trees. It is the
general surmise that these curious cylinders are the remains
of the Palmetto (Chamerops Palmetto, Titf). I think it
very likely that they belong to a member of the family
of Palms; though I have my doubts as to the Palmetto
being the individual.”
To the caverns of Bermuda, which are so remarkable for
their singularity and beauty, it will be well to devote a
short space ; for we doubt if in interest and varied appear-
ance, anything else on the Islands can be compared to
them. It would be difficult to describe them, as any ac-
count must necessarily fall far short of the reality ; but ifthe
reader can imagine an opening of tolerably large dimensions
in the limestone rock, and charmingly irregular in outline,
from the roof of which shining stalactites descend, reflecting
their protracted forms in the light blue-green waters below,
which cover the floor of the cavern, and in whose pellucid
depths may be seen floating the forms of fishes, garbed in
coatings of the most resplendent hues, he will have some
idea, albeit a faint one, of the interesting features of these
subterranean recesses.
In Mr. Wood’s demesne at Walsingham, several exam-
ples of the kind may be seen, and the manner in which the
hospitable owner of this pretty estate has aided the charms
of nature, by means of art, is singularly manifest; the irre-
gular masses of limestone rock, which hang above and»
around these natural caverns, having various kinds of
shrubs, trees, and plants, growing from every crevice. The :
caverns, however, and the objects around them, are seen to :
GEOLOGY. 9
the best advantage, when lit up by the refulgent rays of a
‘Mudian’ sun; and when the intense heats of summer prove
too great for the wearied frame, it is delightful, indeed, to
pay a visit to these cool, calm scenes of Nature.
We were informed by Mr. Wood, that he believed his
property to be perfectly undermined by caverns, and, doubt-
less, there are many in various parts of the islands which
remain for the investigation of future years. Col. Nelson,
in his interesting paper, says, the largest cavern now
known, and geologically speaking, the most instructive, is
Bassett’s, near Somerset Bridge, which is said to extend for
more than a mile. He says it is comparatively recent, from
the fresh state of its surfaces, and the small quantity of
stalactite observable ; he accounts for the origin of this
cavern by the undermining of the substrata by the sea, the
waters of which lie in pools at the bottom; “hence,” says
the Colonel, “we may consider such caverns as hollows
produced by internal landslips, from the most normal of
which, to the simplest niche, there is every intermediate
point of transition.” The most exquisite bijou of all the
Bermuda Caverns is that in Tucker’s Island; but it must
be seen by several well placed candles, from the little boat,
which must be launched into this beautiful cave.
“To the unequal distribution of carbonate of lime in solu-
,tion, which forms ordinary rock on the upper parts of a
* section, or druses and breccias, as it filters through the
strata of red earth to the lower beds, or to the caverns,
where it crystallizes as stalagmite and stalactite,” the
Colonel attributes not only the caverns and sandflows, but
the pinnacled rocks, almost equally common in the islands.
At Tobacco Bay, (St. George’s,) is a most curious group.
10 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
The North Rock, which lies some nine miles to the north-
ward of the islands, is obviously the last remnant of a
former island; the tops of the pinnacles are stratified. In
old French charts, the North Rock is called “Les Petites
Bermudas.” According to Williams, in his History of the
Bermudas, this rock, or rather rocks,—for there are four,
needle-like structures,—stand ten feet above high water,
and vary from-four to about eight feet in diameter, and,
when struck by the hand, they ring, being sonorous in a
remarkable degree.
SPANISH POINT.
ZOOLOGY.
MAMMALIA.
THE Mammals of Bermuda are few in number as regards
species, and, with the exception of domestic animals, may
be comprehended in the following list, viz.:—Mus musculus,
Common Mouse; Mus decwmanus, Common Brown, or
Norway Rat ; Mus rattus, Black ‘Rat ; Vespertilio pruinosus,
Hoary Bat; V. noctivagans, Silver-haired Bat; Balena
mysticetus, Common, or True Whale ; Physeter .macroce-
phalus, Sperm, or Spermaceti Whale.
The rats and mice have evidently found their way to the
Islands in ships; and once gaining a footing, as all well
know, their increase is only, a natural result. The former
exist in great numbers in some parts of the islands, where
they are especially destructive in the sweet potatoe fields.
12 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
“Mus decumanus,” says Mr. Hurdis, “swims and dives
remarkably well, eats fish, and almost anything else it
comes in contact with. My little boy was present with a
fishing party, when a large one was speared in the water.
I once witnessed confusion in their camp, arising from an
unusually high spring tide flooding the main ditch near the
Speaker’s residence. The rats, driven from their holes by the
water, were running about like wild rabbits, and I bagged
no less than five large fellows, as food for a captive pere-
grine falcon in my possesion. They sometimes attain large
dimensions, and Mr. Fozard once sent me the largest speci-
men of the Norway rat I ever saw.” May, in his account
of the shipwreck of Sir George Somers, states, that at that
date, A. D. 1609, no rats or mice were to be found in the
Bermudas. ,
Bats may be considered as rarities, and are only ob-
served at a particular season of the year. We can-
not do better than introduce here a: few notes on this
animal, by our friend Mr. Hurdis: “Having for ‘several
years noted in my journal the appearance of bats in the’
Bermudas, and being convinced that the visits of those
animals are periodical, I record the following observations,
with a view of shewing upon what grounds this opinion
has been formed.
“ Bats are unknown in the Bermudas during the greater
portion of the year, and have never been known to breed
there. I have noted a solitary instance of one being cap-
tured at the close of August, in the year 1849; the
middle of September, however, is the season at which
they usually appear; from that period to the end of
December, these curious animals may occasionally be
ZOOLOGY. 13
observed, at evening twilight, in vigorous pursuit of their
insect prey, turning and twisting in a most extraordinary
manner while so engaged, and affording ample proof of the
wonderful power of wing with which Nature has en-
dowed them. On the 30th of January, 1852, a bat was
observed near the town of Hamilton, and frori being the
only instance of its occurrence in that month, was probably
a straggler.
“From the circumstance of the only two species yet
obtained being common to North America, viz,—the
Hoary Bat (Vespertilio pruinosus), and the Silver-haired
Bat (V. noctivagans), it may be considered beyond a doubt
that these interesting strangers come from that portion of
the globe.
“ Admitting such to be the case, let us enquire how these
aeronauts have been enabled to cross an expanse of six or
eight hundred miles of ocean in order to reach the Ber-
mudas ; and whether we.should regard them in the light of
accidental travellers blown off the American coast, or as
creatures guided by the hand of an Allwise Providence,
seeking instinctively, as we call it, a more southern
abode.
“The following entry occurs in my journal, Dec. 14th,
1851—On my way home I was joined by my neighbour
Mr. B——, and the master of an American vessel, recently
arrived in distress from loss of sails. On allusion being
made to the bats I had observed on the road, the American
skipper mentioned, that in the preceding month of October,
while on a voyage from Newport to South Carolina, his
coast, and the breeze blowing strong from the westward, a
14 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
bat came on board his vessel during the night, and was
captured by the seamen. He described it as being of a
reddish-brown colour.
“Here, then, is an instance of the bat being found in the
act of traversing the ocean; but whether blown off the
coast, or migrating to more southern latitudes, is a problem
which can only be solved by further observations, and an
improved acquaintance with the history of this remarkable
animal. May we not infer that its route, thus far, had
been performed subsequently to the sunset of the previous
evening, and that if the animal’s course had not been
arrested by falling in with the “Warren Brown,” it might
have continued its flight to the lonely islands of Bermuda,
or even to far more distant lands?
“That the bat genus does cross the ocean from the shores
of America to the Bermudas, I regard as an established
fact, proved by the periodical visitations I have already
alluded to; and if further proof of its power of flight
should be required, I would refer to the well-authenticated
circumstance of a specimen of V. prwinosus having been
captured in South Ronaldsha, one of the Orkney Islands,
in 1847, as mentioned in the Zoologist of January, 1849,
there being no reason to doubt the actual flight of this
animal across the Atlantic in the month of September.
. “Now, if an animal so local in its habits as the bat is’
supposed to be, should be accidentally blown off the
American coast, and compelled to wander over ‘the ocean
until it reached the Bermudas, one might be led to suppose
that the mild climate of those islands, with the abundant
store of insect food at command, would be go completely.
congenial with its nature, as to induce’ the stranger to”
ZOOLOGY. 15
become a permanent resident in its new abode, and relin-
quish altogether the desire of repeating what to many may
appear a dangerous and fatiguing flight over the waters of
the Atlantic. Such, however, is not the case; the bat
visitors disappearing, as already stated, about the end of
December. Whither they go I am not prepared to say,
though I am inclined to believe that they continue their
course to the southward. This simple fact appears to
me to set at rest the supposition of bats being acci-
dentally blown off the American coast. Is not the cause
or impulse which dictates this departure from-the shores of
Bermuda, of the same mysterious character as that which
influences the periodical migration of the feathered tribes ?
“T have spoken of the autumnal appearance of the bat,
because at that season of the year only is it generally to
be met with in Bermuda. On two occasions only have I
observed a deviation from this rule, the first on the 23rd of
April, 1849, when two of these creatures appeared, busy
on the wing over a secluded pond in Paget’s parish, one of
which I shot; the second on the 17th of March, 1852,
when a solitary V. pruinosus was met with in the Pem-
broke marshes. As these observations were made in the
spring, when many of the feathered tribe are moving on
their northern flight, and when, in the former case, several
species had actually reached the islands, it became a
problem in my own mind, whether the bats might not also
be travelling in the same direction.
“The bat is by no means a common animal in the Ber-
mudas. In some years it is rarely seen, in other seasons it
is more common. I have met with several of the native
inhabitants who had never seen one.
16 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
“Tt may be inferred from the foregoing observations that
V. pruinosus, and perhaps one or two other species of
North American bat, may be found to inhabit the West
Indian Archipelago, and the northern coast of South
America, a point I had not the means of ascertaining while
in the Bermudas. Should these observations and surmises,
however, be confirmed by future research, I shall claim to
myself the discovery of the roving habits of the genus
Vespertilio of the western hemisphere.
“The Silver-haired Bat, (V. noctivagans,) which was
captured alive near Hamilton on the 8th of Oct., 1850,
measured eleven inches in extent, by three and a-half in
length, including the tail; the tip of the tail extending
beyond the membrane. The body was covered with long
hair of a black, or very dark brown hue, tipped here and
there with white, particularly from each side of the neck
to the posterior portion of the back, forming a whitish band
in the form of the letter V; the under surface was of
shorter fur, sprinkled all over with white hairs.
“This specimen, which is now in my possession, is be-
lieved to be the only instance of this species being captured
in Bermuda.”
It appears by the account of May, who published a small
work detailing the shipwreck of the “Sea Adventure,”
which took place in July 1609, (a copy of which book
may now be seen in the library of the British Museum,)
that Hogs were then found in a wild state upon the Islands
in great abundance, Sir George Somers having killed
thirty-two in one day’s hunt.
CreTACEA——The seas around the Bermudas have been
known from the earliest period of their history as very
ZOOLOGY. 17
productive in this valuable mammal; and at the present
day the Americans, if not the ‘Mudians’ themselves, reap
no small benefit from the fishery.
Whale beef is eagerly sought after by the coloured popu-
lation of the Bermudas, and the cutting up of a carcase,
after the operation of flinching, is a scene that few would
desire to witness a second time.
In towing a dead whale into port, the carcase is not
unfrequently followed by its young calf, which never fails
to fall a sacrifice to epicurean taste; the beef, or rather
veal of the young animal, being considered good eating.
A gun, of peculiar build; is sometimes used in the
destruction of these animals. It is a short weapon, with a
thick heavy barrel, and is fired from the shoulder, charged
with a hollow and pointed metal tube, which explodes
inside the whale, causing its instantaneous death. Instances
have been known of the tube passing completely through
the unhappy creature.
The TRUE or GREENLAND WHALE (Balena mysticetus) is
common on the east and south shores of Bermuda, where
it is taken with boats, from March to July.
The SPERMACETI WHALE (Physeter macrocephalus) seldom
frequents the waters near the shore. One of these whales
was captured off St. David’s Head, on the 28th of July,
1851 ; a rare occurrence in the Bermudas, though the
American whale vessels annually kill some of these valu-
able creatures within sight of the Islands.
In a communication to the Royal Society of London,
written by a Mr. Richard Norwood, from Bermuda, and
bearing date June 18th, 1667, we have the following con- °
cerning the whale tribe—“The killing of whales, it hath
c
18 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
been formerly attempted in vain, but within these two or.
three years, in the spring time and fair weather, they take
sometimes one, two, or three in aday. They are less, I
hear, than those in Greenland, but more quick and lively ;
so that if they be struck in deep water, they presently
make into the deep with such violence, that the boat is in
danger of being haled down after them, if they cut not
the rope in time. Therefore they usually strike them in
shoal water. They have very good boats for that purpose,
manned with six oars, such as they can row forwards or
backwards as occasion requireth. They row up gently to
the whale, and so he will scarcely shun them, and when
the harpineer, standing ready fitted, sees his opportunity,
he strikes his harping iron into the whale, about or before
the fins, rather than towards the tayl. Now the harping
irons are like those which are usual in England in striking
porpoises, but singular good mettal, that will not break, but
wind, as they say, about a man’s hand. To the harping
iron is made fast a strong lythe rope, and into the socket
of that iron is put a staff, which, when the whale is struck,
comes out of the socket, and so when the whale is something
quiet, they hale up to him by the rope, and, it may be,
strike into him another-harping iron, or lance him with
lances in staves till they have killed him. This I write by
relation, for I have not seen any killed myself. I hear not
that they have found any spermaceti in any of these
whales, but I have heard from credible persons that there
isa kind of such as have the sperma, at Eluetheria and
others of the Bahama Islands, (where also they find often
quantities of ambergrease,) and that those have great teeth
(which ours have not) and are very sinewy. One of this
ZOOLOGY. 19
place, (John Perinchief,) found one there dead, driven upon
an island, and though I think ignorant in the business, yet
got a great quantity of spermaceti out of it. It seems they
have not much oyl, as ours ; but this oyl, I hear, is at first
all over their bodies, like spermaceti; but they clarify
it I think by the fire. When I speak with him (whom I
could not meet with at present, and now the ship is ready to
sail), I shall endeavour to be further informed; but at
present, with the tender of my humble service to the
Royal Society, and commending your noble designe to the
blessinge of the Almighty,.I take my leave,” &c.
Another communication to the Royal Society, from a Mr.
Richard Stafford, and dated from Bermuda, July 16, 1688,
has the following :—“ We have hereabouts very many sorts
of fishes. There is amongst them great store of whales,
which in March, April, and May, use our coast. I have
myself killed many of them. Their females have abun-
dance of milk, which their young ones suck out of the
teats, that grow by their navel They have no teeth, but
feed on moss growing on the rocks at the bottom during
these three months, and at no other season of the year.
When that is consumed and gone, the whales go away also.
These we kill for their oil, But here have been spermaceti
whales driven upon the shore, which sperma (as they call
it), lies all over the body of those whales. These have
divers teeth, which may be about as big as a man’s wrist,
and I hope by the next opportunity to send you one of
them. I have been at the Bahama Islands, and there have
been found of this same sort of whales dead on the shore,
with sperma all over their bodies. Myself, with about
twenty more, have agreed to try whether we can master
20 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
and kill them; for I could never hear of any of that sort
that were killed by any man; such is their fierceness and.
swiftness. One such whale would be worth many hundred
pounds. They are very strong, and inlayed with sinews
which may be drawn out thirty fathom long.”
Perhaps it may be interesting to some of our readers, if
we insert here the particulars of a “ whale case,” which was
tried at the Bermuda assizes, in the autumn of 1857. It
was obligingly communicated by a gentleman, who has
kindly assisted us with information for this little volume :—
“Each company of whalers has two or more boats. One of
these companies had the good luck during the last season
to fall in with a valuable Cape whale, which yielded about
£200 worth of oil. The boat which first struck it was
split; her companion was soon at hand, and .struck into it
also, cutting away, of course, the first tine; that boat, also,
was injured, and, by some singular chance, the whale, with
the boat fast to it, found its way into Castle Harbour.
Either from fear or mis-management, the crew did not pull
up to the fish to lance it, the whale running about to and
fro, and (as they term it), ‘feeling for the boat. After
being fast an hour, or longer, a small boat put off from the
shore, belonging to another Company; the harpooner pulled
a lance from the ‘fast’ boat, .and went alongside the finny
monster, and plunged the lance once or twice right into a
vital part, and killed the whale. He claimed allowance for
‘work and labour,’ which was inhumanly denied him; a
law-suit was the consequence, and the jury awarded him
fifty pounds.”
The domestic animals of the Bermudas are cattle, horses,
mules, donkeys, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, rabbits, and cats.
ZOOLOGY. 21
The native cattle consists chiefly of cows and heifers,
many of which, from a curious formation of the horns, ap-
pear to be descended from some foreign breed. They are
of small size, and manage to subsist where a larger and
heavier animal would starve. Fresh butter, of excellent
quality, is made from these animals, but not in any quan-
tity. A few draught oxen, imported from the United
States, are also to be met with, in ploughs and bullock
carts. Bullocks, for the supply of the Military, Naval, and
Convict Establishments, are also imported from the United
States, as well as from the British North American Colo-
nies, at the rate of about one hundred head per month.
These are stall-fed by the contractor till slaughtered, their
food being imported hay, and Indian corn meal.
The local government has, of late, endeavoured to im-
prove the breed of cattle, and has gone to considerable ex-
pense in procuring bulls and cows from Alderney; but we
have yet to learn whether they thrive sufficiently well to
-make amends for the outlay.
Horses are obtained chiefly from the United States, and
make very useful hacks; and, although it cannot be said
that they are remarkable for sleekness or symmetry, still
they suffice for the requirements of a colony, which has the
good sense to study the useful in preference to the orna-
mental. Handsome horses, nevertheless, are to be obtained
from the States, if handsome prices be given for them.
Mules, of a superior kind, are occasionally imported from
the United States.
Donkeys, with carts and harness complete,-are not un-
frequently imported from England by masters of Bermudian
vessels, who realise a handsome profit by the speculation.
22 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
These animals are extremely well adapted to the climate
and scanty fare of the Islands, and, from their very great
utility, should be more generally encouraged.
Sheep, of a very ordinary description, are also imported
from the United States, and, sometimes, from the North
American Colonies, to supply the market. They are seldom
seen beyond the limits of the importers’ sheep pen.
Goats are kept by most housekeepers, who do not allow
them to roam at large, but usually tether them, with some
yards of rope, to a stake driven in the ground, on some
grassy patch, where they nibble away through the day, and
at night are taken up and secured in an outhouse. They
are generally very tame, and are frequently made pets of,
eating from the hand almost everything offered. They are
also extremely susceptible of cold; and when a cool, rainy
day in autumn sets in, they shiver all over, and bleat con-
tinually, until removed under shelter. The islands are well
adapted for these animals, and they thrive on the stunted
herbage, which an English farmer would look upon with a
melancholy eye.
Pigs are imported. from the United States, and likewise
reared in the islands. When fatted, (with the aid of Ame-
rican Indian corn and meal,) this native pork sells ata
lower price than ordinary butchers’ meat.
Regarding the rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) Mr. Hurdis sends
us the following note :—
“On the 22nd January, 1851, rowed to one of the
uninhabited islands of the Great Sound, in company with
Mr. Hodgson Smith, for the express purpose of ‘rabbit
shooting.” Found several of those animals among the
sharp rocks and densely growing stunted cedars, and suc-
D ih
LI
I |
ZOOLOGY. 23
ceeded in killing four couple. They were all of the do-
mestic kind,—of a yellow, grey, and black colour; and,
although the herbage was exceedingly scanty, of good size,
and excellent condition.
“When the scanty supply of grass is burnt up by the heat
of summer, I am inclined to think that these rabbits subsist
by barking the under side of such branches of cedar (Junt-
perus Bermudiana), as grow within their reach; at all
events, the state of the cedars induced that belief.
“This island, like its neighbours in the Sound, is entirely
without water.”
AVES.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
ON THE
RESIDENT AND MIGRATORY BIRDS OF THE BERMUDAS.
BY MAJOR J. W. WEDDERBURN (late 42nd Royal Highlanders).
Turkey Buzzarp (Cathartes aura). My friend, Mr.
Hurdis, examined a male specimen of this bird, on the
29th December, 1853. It was shot by Mr. George Trim-
mingham, in the latter part of N: ovember of that year, at
24 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
Mr. Harry Tucker’s ponds, and presented to Dr. Monroe
(Staff Surgeon), then in charge of the sick, at Prospect
Hill encampment.*
Osprey (Pandion halietus). This bird is said formerly
to have been abundant in the Bermudas; of late years,
however, it had not been noticed till October 15th, 1847,
when a very fine specimen was shot by Colonel Dunsmure
(ate. 42nd Royal Highlanders), at the Sluice Ponds, which
is now in my possession. This species was frequently seen
afterwards, along the shores of the different islands, and
several specimens were obtained. The Sluice Ponds, which
abound with grey mullet, were one of their most favourite
haunts. On one occasion, when out there with my gun
and casting net, I threw the latter over a very fine osprey ;
the bird was so wet after his day’s fishing, that he could
hardly fly ; he managed, however, to escape from the net,
but fell to my gun.
PEREGRINE Fatcon (Falco peregrinus.) The first notice
of this bird was in 1846. It was killed by Dr. Cole (20th
Regt). I often observed one flying about in January, 1850,
and on the Ist of February following, it was wounded by a
‘Mudian,’ and given to Mr. Hurdis, who kept it alive for a
long time ; its ultimate fate I have forgotten.
Pickon Hawk (Falco columbarius.) This pretty little
falco is found occasionally, throughout the year, on all the
islands ; but it has not been known to breed.
Witson’s Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius.) A beau-
* The head of this bird is now in the collection of our friend, Capt. Edward
Loftus Bland, of the Royal Engineers, to whom that portion was presented
by Dr. Monroe; the greater portion of the skin, not being well preserved,
was finally thrown away, and the above part only kept, :
ZOOLOGY. 25
tiful specimen of this hawk, was killed near the Sluice
Ponds, 9th December, 1855, whilst in the act of pouncing
on some chickens.
SHARP-SHINNED Hawk (Astur fuscus.) A single speci-
men, shot near Peniston’s Ponds, on the 23rd February,
1853, and kindly sent home to me by Mr. Hurdis, and now
in my collection.
THE HARRIER (Circus cyaneus.) Occasionally seen during
the autumn migration, although I never had the good
fortune to meet with it in any of my constant rambles over
the islands.
SHORT-EARED OWL (Otus brachyotus). One specimen shot
by Dr. Cole (20th Regt.), in December, 1846.
LONG-EARED OWL (Otus vulgaris). Mr. Hurdis mentions
three of these birds as having been killed at Gibbs’ Hill, in
1846, 1847, and 1849; the one obtained in the latter year,
_ 1s now in my possession. ;
Snowy Ow. (Surnia nyctea). Lieut. Fayrer, R.N., shot
two specimens at Boss’ Cove, in the autumn of 1843. Ano-
ther, a fine female specimen, was shot by a person named
“Llewellyn,” at Ireland Island, on the 29th of November,
1853; this bird was only wounded, and when examined by
Mr. Hurdis, on the 13th December following, it appeared
lively and well. When being fed, it frequently erected a
little tuft of feathers on each side of the head, so as to re-
semble small horns.
. AcaDIAN Nicut Own (Ulula Acadica). Only one speci-
men, found January 12th, 1849, sitting inside the muzzle of
one of the guns at Ireland Island, by an artillery man. It
is to be hoped that the said gunner has more nerve when
working a gun, than he displayed on finding the little bird,
26 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
being afraid to catch it, as he said, “it glow’rd at- him.”
It was caught by a man of the 42nd, and lived in my room
for several days, getting quite tame. At night it always
became restless, and finally killed itself against the wires of
its cage. Mr. Harry Tucker saw another some short time
afterwards, in a cave on the south shore.
GREAT NorTH AMERICAN SHRIKE (Lanius borealis). Only
one specimen shot by myself, on the 12th of March, 1850,
near Harris’s Bay, and now in my collection.
Hoopep Fiy-Catouer (Myiodioctes mitratus). One speci-
men only, shot at Ireland Island, March 30th, 1847.
Prprry FLy-CaTcHEr (Muscicapa dominicensis). The first
specimen was found by myself sitting on the top of a cedar
tree, in Mr. Hurdis’ garden, on March 30th, 1850. It
proved to be a very fine male specimen. Two others were
killed on St. David’s Island, 15th of April, of the same year.
Tyrant Fiy-CatcHer (i. tyrannus). Very numerous
in April, 1850. They were found in all the swamps, and
were extremely tame. I generally saw them sitting on the
fences, and darting after passing insects, always returning
to their former station.
Woop PEwEE Fry-Catcuer (M. vireus). A single speci-
men, shot by Mr. Hurdis, near Chief Justice Butterfield’s
ponds, on the 30th April, 1852.
Woop Turusx (Turdus mustelinus). Found by Colonel
H. M. Drummond (late 42nd Royal Highlanders), near St.
George’s, in 1849, and now in my collection. Several others
were afterwards obtained.
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH (T’. olivaceus). Two specimens
only ; one, by Colonel Drummond; the other, by Captain
McLeod, of the same Regiment, in 1849.
ZOOLOGY. 27
Micratory Turuse (7. migratorius). On the 26th of
February, 1850, I found a small fiock of these birds,
amongst the cedar trees, in Pembroke Marsh, and suc-
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THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
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‘ANIM ‘SHUVWTE mele lone a | ade
THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
160
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angle of about forty-five degrees, filling up the undulations
of the surface of terra firma, and burying in its onward
progress cedar groves and cottages. The accumulation is
rapidly increasing, and, viewed from the higher ground near
Hamilton, is seen towering above the steeple of Paget’s
Church.
In high winds the driven shell is carried to a considerable
distance beyond the accumulated drift, and then resembles
a haze or mist overhanging that portion of the neighbourhood.
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS. 189
When we consider the peculiar formation of the Bermuda
Hills—the absence of all other material in their geological
structure—from the vast beds of loose camminuted shell,
interspersed with small sea shells entire, to the so-called
limestone rock, varying in its solidity from “soft” to “hard,”
and the dip or cleavage of the same, may we not infer that
the entire group of islands has been formed precisely as the
Sand Hills of Paget Parish ?
The circumstance of finding the skeleton of a duck with
two fossil eggs under it, embedded several feet below the
surface, in “solid rock,” which was removed several years
ago to level the surface of the present Dockyard, may tend
to dispel any doubt which may exist upon the subject. This
natural curiosity was seen by the late Rev. Mr. Mantach, in
the possession of an officer of the Royal Engineers, by whom
it was carried to England.
Before concluding these brief observations on the wonder-
ful and comparatively recent formation of the Bermudas,
from the depths of the Atlantic, and upon the forms of ani-
mal and vegetable life there found to exist, let us look forth
upon the wide belt of ocean which surrounds the group,
and enquire how far the winds and waves have incidentally
contributed to clothe those islands with the trees and plants
found upon them by early navigators and settlers.
During the summer months the winds chiefly prevail from
190 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
the south, south-west, and west, and in the winter season
from west to north-west and north ; easterly winds are much
less frequent.
The warm water of the gulf stream, impelled by westerly
winds, occasionally deviates from its ordinary course, and
washes the rocky coast of the Bermudas. Gulf weed (Fucus
notans), is never absent from the creeks and bays, where it
accumulates in sufficient quantity to be worth collecting for
purposes of manure. Logs of squared pine timber, covered
with barnacles, aresometimes found stranded onthe beach, and
on one occasion a very large squared log of mahogany was
driven on the south shore, perforated on every side, to the
depth of about six inches, by the Teredo navalis. Other
instances might be quoted of the productions of distant
countries being drifted to these islands. *
That the cedars of Bermuda, the palmetto, and, indeed,
all the original vegetable productions of the group, were
thus introduced by seeds or plants which had floated from
the shores of America, there can be little doubt.
The direction of the winds and currents between the
Northern States of America and the Bermudas, during the
first four months of the year, is clearly demonstrated by the
following occurrence: on the 4th January, 1853, the Ame-
rican brig, or brigantine, “ Markland,” laden with pitch pine
lumber, for the port of Boston, was capsized and abandoned
off that part of the American coast. On or about the first
of May following, this “ direlict” drifted within sight of the
Bermudas, and was towed into the port of Hamilton, water-
* Sapindus saponaria, the common soapberry tree of the West Indies,
growing in the Governor’s grounds at Mount Langton, was raised from
seed found on the south shore.—See Williams’ History of Bermuda.
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS. 191
logged, and with only her foremast and bowsprit standing ;
having been four months buffeting with the fearful winter
gales of those latitudes. \
Robertson, in his History of America, states, that previous
to the discovery of that portion of the globe, trees, torn up.
by the roots, were not unfrequently driven upon the coast '
of the Azores after a course of westerly wind, and that, “at
one time, the dead bodies of two men with singular features,
resembling neither the inhabitants of Europe nor of Africa,
were cast ashore there.” If we may venture to give credit
to this statement, it must be inferred, that these unfortunate
men were natives of North America, who had been drifted
to sea in their frail canoe of birch bark. It must be con-
fessed there is difficulty in understanding how men placed
in such desperate circumstances, would have supported life
during the greater part of their perilous voyage, for they
must have perished at no great distance from the Azores, to
have been found in the state described by Robertson.
It is true that the prevailing westerly winds and the cur-
rent of the gulf stream in that latitude, both greatly assist
in drifting trees and other floating substances towards the
shores of the Azores, but it is doubtful whether man, under
the most favorable circumstances, could survive that slow
process in'an Indian canoe. By such means however, the
distant islands of the Pacific appear to have been peopled,
and were it not for the tempestuous character of the Atlan-
tic, the islands of Bermuda would probably have been found
populated by a race of Indians from the coast of North
America. *
* The Island of Madeira, which is in the same latitude as the Bermudas,
was also uninhabited by the human race when discovered by Bartholomew
Perestrello.
192 THE NATURALIST IN BERMUDA.
The vignette below represents Hermitage, Smith’s Parish,
Bermuda, the residence of the late Gilbert Salton, Esq,,
for many years Collector of Customs for those Islands,
taken from a sketch by Miss Ella Tucker.
GENERAL INDEX.
Acadian night-owl, 25.
Air blown fish, 171.
Aloe, great American, 140.
Barbadoes, 140.
American pipit, 29.
American crow, 32, 65.
American golden plover, 36, 71.
American ring plover, 37, 78.
American woodcock, 42.
American stint, 44.
American swan, 56.
American goldfinch, 65.
Anchovy, 105.
Ant, 116.
Ant lion, 112.
Ancient hawse-pipes, 178.
Apple, 141.
Aquatic wood wagtail, 27.
Arragonite, 2.
Archippus butterfly, 118.
Atamasco lily, 141.
Aurora borealis, 167.
Barley, 142.
Bassett’s cave, 9.
Bat—hoary, 13.
silver-haired, 13.
Baltimore oriole, 27.
Barn swallow, 34, 68.
Bank swallow, 34.
Barred owl, 57.
Banded pipe fish, 104.
Banana, 137.
Barbadoes flower-fence, 137.
Bamboo, 138.
Bay bean, 140.
Barbadoes aloe, 140.
Belted kingfisher, 33.
Bermuda wasp, 113.
Bermuda cedar, 134.
Bermudiana, 140.
Bill fish, 100.
Black rat, 11.
Blue bird, 28, 66.
Blue-yellow-backed wood warbler, 29, 60.
Blue heron, 38, 79. |
Black-and-white creeping warbler, 29, 60.
Black-bellied plover, 37, 78.
Black-necked stilt, 48, 80.
Blue-winged teal, 48 86.
Black-crowned night heron, 80.
Black-billed whistling duck, 97.
Blue wasp, 113.
Blow flies, 124.
Biue-bottle fly, 124.
Blank seasons, 174.
Booby gannet, 51.
BOTANY, 1381.
Bonaparte’s gull, 54.
Bottle gourd, 142.
Bone fish, 102.
Brown snipe, 48.
Brown pelican, 51.
Bream, 105.
Brackish-pond church, 131.
Butter nut, 136.
Buffel-headed duck, 50.
Castle island, 4.
Caverns, 6,
Capsicum, 143.
Cassava, 143.
Carbonic acid in atmosphere, 170.
Cattle, 21.
Cat bird, 27, 59.
Cardinal grosbeak, 31, 63.
Carolina long-tailed dove, 36, 70.
Carolina crake gallinule, 45,82.
Canvas back duck, 50.
Canada goose, 56.
Cahow, 93,
Camberwell beauty, 119.
Calabash tree, 134.
Cardia—scarlet-blossomed, 141,
Cedar, 134.
Chigre, 125.
Changeable rose, 137.
China rose hibiscus, 137.
Cherry—Surinam, 141.
Citron, 133.
Coot, 46.
Cow pilot, 103.
Cockroach, 109.
Cow-dung fly, 124.
Cocoa nut, 136.
Cochineal plant, 138,
Cray fish, 129.
Crab grass, 141.
Crab—common edible, 129.
spider, 129.
Jand, 129.
soldier, 129
hermit, 129.
long-tailed, 129.
Curascoa swallow-wort, 140.
Custard apple, 141.
¢
194 GENERAL
Currant, 141,
Cucumber,
Curlew—Hudsonian, 41, 80.
Esquimaux, 41.
Cultivated reed, 138.
D.
Dabchick—pied-billed, 50, 87.
Donkeys, 21.
Dove—ground, 36, 70.
Carolina long-tailed, 36, 70.
Dragon flies, 112.
Duck—shoveller, 47.
dusky, 48, 85.
pintail, 48.
wood, 48, 85.
common wild, 48.
scaup, 49, 86
golden-eye, 49.
ring-necked, 50.
ruddy, 50.
canvas-back, 50.
buffel-headed, 50.
Earthquake, 179.
Eagle—white-headed, 56.
Eels, 103.
Egret—great American white, 39.
English snipe, 43.
European sky lark, 30, 60.
F.
Falcon—Peregrine, 24, 56.
Fever—yellow, 183.
Firefly, 128.
Fiddle-wovd tree, 137.
Fish—air-blown, 171.
Flamingo, 55, 174.
Flycatcher—hooded, 26, 58.
pipiry, 26, 58.
tyrant, 26.
wood pewee, 26.
Flower-fence—Barbadoes, 137.
Forty-claw, 125.
Frost, 169.
Frigate bird, 51, 88.
Fresh water sources, 163.
G.
Gallinule—Carolina crake, 45, 82.
least crake, 46.
common, 46.
purple, 46.
Gadwall, 47.
Gannet—booby, 51.
Gar fish, 103.
Gad fly, 124.
Gibbet island, 130
Goat island, 4.
Goats, 22.
Goose—snow, 47, 85.
Canada, 56.
Golden-eye, 49.
Goosander, 56.
Goldfinch—American, 65.
INDEX.
Gooseberry, 141.
Great Turtle Bay, 5.
Greenlet—white-eyed, 71.
Grubber, 102.
Grasshopper, 111.
Grape—vine, 140.
Grape —round-leaved-sea-side, 137.
Guinea corn, 142.
Gull—Sabine’s, 53.
Kittiwake, 53, 92.
Bonaparte’s, 54.
American, 54.
western, 54
great black-backed, 92.
herrivg, 64.
black-headed, 56, 92.
Guernsey lily, 141.
Gurnard—fiying, 104.
I.
Harrier, 25, 57.
Half-beak, 103.
Hardback, 108.
Hawse-pipes—ancient, 178.
Hemp, 142.
Heron—great blue, 38, 78.
blue, 38, 79.
green, 38.
snowy, 39.
American night, 40, 80.
yellow-crowned night, 40.
Herring—spotted thread, 103.
Hedgehog—sea, 104.
Heliotrope, 141.
Hibiscus—China rose, 137.
Syrian, 137.
Hogs, 16.
Horses, 21.
Horse—sea, 104.
House fly, 124.
House spider, 127.
Humming bird—ruby-throat, 35, 59.
Hyperborean lobefoot, 85.
1.
Ibis—glossy, 55.
Indian corn, 142.
Jasmine—yellow, 141.
white, 141.
Lancet fish, 103.
Lauristinus, 151.
Lavender, 141.
Lark—shore, 30.
European sky, 30, 60.
Lobefoot—Hyperborean, 85.
Locust, 111.
Locust tree, 134.
Loquat tree, 136.
M.
Manganese, 2.
Martin—purple, 34.
Mackarel porbeagle, 99.
Mackarel—Spanish, 103,
horse, 193.
GENERAL
Marbled angler, 103.
Mason wasp, 114,
Mangrove, 136.
Mango, 136.
Merganser—hooded, 50, 87.
Mexican argemone, 140.
Melon, 142.
water, 142.
Millipedes, 125.
Moor hen, 46, 84.
Mother Cary’s chicken, 92.
Mosquito, 123.
plumed, 123.
Mullet—common, 102.
Mulberry, 136.
Mushroom, 176.
Myrtle, 141.
Night hawk—Virginian, 35, 69
Nonsuch island, 4.
North rock, 10.
Norway rat, 12.
Noddy tern, 53.
North American Indians, 173.
oO.
Oats, 142.
Oleander, 137.
Olive, 141.
Organic formations, 5.
Oriole—Baltimore, 27.
Orange—common, 133.
Seville, 133.
Osprey, 24.
Owl—short-eared, 25.
long-eared, 25, 57.
snowy, 25.
acadian night, 25.
P.
Palmetto, 8.
Passenger pigeon, 55.
Painted lady, 119.
Palm—date, 136.
cabbage, 136.
Palmetto, 136.
dwarf, 136.
Papaw, 137.
Palma, christi, 137.
Passion flower, 141.
Pepper, 143.
Peregrine falcon, 24, 56.
Pectoral sandpiper, 44.
Pelican—brown, 51.
Petrel—Wilson’s, 55, 92.
Peach, 136.
Pear—Avocada, 136.
Phalarope—grey, 47, 85.
Pigs, 22.
Pied-billed dabchick, 50, 87.
Pigeon hawk, 24, 57.
Pipiry flycatcher, 26, 58.
Pipit—American, 29.
Pintail duck, 48.
Pipe fish—handed, 104.
Plover—American golden, 36, 71.
kildeer, 37, 77.
INDEX. 195
Plover—American ring, 37, 78.
piping, 37, 78.
black-bellied, 37, 78.
Plantain, 137.
Porbeagle—mackarel, 99.
Porcupine fish, 104,
Pomegranite, 136.
Poison weed, 137.
Prawn—common, 129.
Pride of India tree, 134.
Prickly Lantara, 137.
Prickly pear, 138.
Purple martin, 34.
Purple gallinule, 46.
,
Quail, 36, 70.
Qua bird, 40, 80.
Queen of shrubs, 141.
Rat—black, 11.
Norway, 12.
Rabbit, 22. .
Rail—Virginian, 46.
yellow-breasted. 45.
Rain—unusual fall of, 163.
Red bird, 31, 63.
—summer, 31, 64.
Redpole—lesser, 32, 65.
Red admiral, 119.
Rice, 143. .
Rice bunting, 31, 62.
Ring plover—American, 37, 78.
Ringer, 127.
Roseate tern, 52, 91.
Robins, 103.
Roses, 141. 3
Sage—scarlet-flowered, 138.
Sage bush, 5, 113, 138.
Savannah bunting, 30.
Sanderling, 38, 78.
Sandpiper—solitary, 42.
spotted, 42, 80.
semipalmated, 44.
Schinz’s, 44.
pectoral, 44.
long-legged, 44.
purple, 55.
Sardiae, 105.
Sand bug, 129.
Sand hills, 188.
Scarlet tanager, 31, 65.
Scaup, 49, 86.
Scissor grinder, 122.
Sea hedgehog, 104.
Sea horse, 104.
Sea spider, 129.
Sea bottle, 176.
Seasons—blank, 174.
Sennet, 105.
Seville orange, 133.
Sheep, 22.
Shore lark, 30.
Shoveller duck, 47.
Shearwater—wandering, 54.
dusky, 55, 93.
196 GENERAL
Shaddock, 134.
Shell plant, 141.
Singer, 122.
Silk spider, 125.
Sky lark—European, 30, 60.
Skink, 98.
Smoke, 177.
Snowy owl, 25.
Snow bunting, 30, 62.
Snowy heron, 39.
Snow goose, 47, 85.
Snipe—American, 43, 81.
English, 43.
prown, 43.
Snakes, 98.
Soapberry tree, 190.
Soldier crab, 129.
Spanish rock, 143.
Spider crab, 129.
sea, 129,
St. George’s island, 3.
St. David's island, 4.
Stilt—black-necked, 42, 80.
Strawberry, 142.
Stump, 129.
Surf scoter, 49, 86.
Surgeon fish, 108.
Surinam cherry, 141,
Swamp sparrow, 31.
Swan—American, 56.
Swallow-wort—Curascoa, 140.
Swift—spine-tailed, 34.
Swallow—white-bellied, 34.
bank, 34.
barn, 34, 68.
Syrian hibiscus, 137.
T
Tanager—scarlet, 31, 65.
Tamarind, 134.
Tamarisk, 136.
Tattler—tell tale, 41.
yellow-shanks, 41
great yellow-shanke, 80.
Teal—blue-winged, 48, 86.
green-winged, 49.
Tern—roseate, 52, 91.
eommon, 53, 91.
sooty, 53, 91.
noddy, 53.
Tengmalm’s night-owl, 96.
Thrush—water, 2
Tick, 128.
Tobacco—Virginian, 141.
Tobaccu bay, 9.
INDEX.
Tous le mois, 140.
Tournfortia, 141.
Tropic bird, 52, 88.
Tucker’s town, 5.
Turtle—green, 98.
hawk’s bill, 98.
tortoishell, 98.
Turtle bay—great, 5
Tucker’s island Cave, 9.
Turkey buzzard, 23.
Turnstone, 37.
Tyrant flycatcher, 26,
Vegetables, 142.
Verbena, 141,
Virginian night hawk, 35, 69.
Virginian colin, 36.
Virginian rail, 46.
Virginian tobacco, 141.
Virginian cedar, 134.
Ww.
Warbler—yellow-crowned-wood, 28, 59.
pine-creeping-wood, 28. 59.
yellow-red-poll-wood, 28.
blue-yellow-backed-wood, 29, 60
prarie-wood, 29,
black-and-white-creeping 29, 60
Walsingham, 8.
Water thrush, 29.
Wagtail—aquatic wood, 27.
Wandering shearwater, 54.
Wasp—Bermuda, 113.
blue, 113.
mason, 114.
Waterspouts, 166. _
Wallflower—English, 141.
Water melons, 142.
Weed—gulf, 190.
Western gull, 54.
Whale—spermaceti, 17.
common, or true, 17.
Wheat, 142.
Whale beef, 17.
Wheatear, 28.
Willet, 41.
Wild duck, 48.
Widgeon—American, 49.
* Wilson’s petrel, 55, 92.
Willow—weeping, 136.
Yam, 142. ¥.
Yellow fever, 183.
SCIENTIFIC INDEX.
A.
Acanthurus phlebotamus, 103.
Agave Americana, 140.
Agrostis Virginica, 141.
Alanda alpestris, 30.
arvensis, 30, 60.
Alcedo alcyon, 33.
Aloe Barbadensis, 140.
Ammodramus palustris, 31.
Amaryllis equestris, 141.
Sarniensis, 141.
Atamasco, 141.
Antbus ludovicianus, 29.
Anser hyperboreus, 47, 85.
Canadensis, 56.
Anas clypeata, 47.
strepera, 47.
obscura, 48, 85.
acuta, 48.
sponsa, 48, 85.
boschas, 48.
discors, 48, 86.
Carolinensis, 49.
Americana, 49,
Antennarius marmoratus, 105.
Anquilla, 103.
Apis caffra, 115.
Aptera, 124.
Ardea Herodias, 38, 78.
ceerulea, 38, 79.
virescens, 38,
egretta, 39.
candidissima, 39.
lentiginosa, 40, 79.
exilis, 40, 79.
nycticorax, 40, 80.
violacea, 40.
Arca Now, 107.
lactea, 107.
Arachnida, 125.
Astrea, 7.
Astur fuscus, 25.
Auricula flava, 107.
Aurora borealis, 197.
B.
Baleena mysticetus, 17.
Blatta Americana, 109.
Maderensia, 110.
Bombycilla Americana, 29, 60.
Bruchus, 109.
Bulimus ventrosus, 107.
Bermudensis, 107.
Sandysii, 107..
Buccinum ambiguum, 107.
Bulla occidentalis, 107.
c.
Cathartes aura, 23.
Calidris arenaria, 38, 78.
Carduelis tristis, 65.
Carcharias vulgaris, 99.
Cardium serratum, 107.
Carica papaya, 137.
Cactus opuntia, 138.
cochinillifer, 138.
Ccesalpina pulcherrima, 137.
Cerithium Greenii, 107.
litratum, 107.
eriense, 107.
Bermudensis, 107,
Chamerops Palmetto, 8.
excelsa, 136.
glabra, 136.
Charadrius marmoratus, 36, 71,
vociferus, 37, 77.
semipalmatus. 37, 78.
melodus, 37, 78.
helveticus, 37, 78.
Chelonia mydas, 98.
Chatessus signifer, 103.
Cheetura pelasgia, 34.
Chetodon, 103.
Chiton squamosus, 107.
Chordeiles Virginianus, 35, 69.
Citrus aurantium, 133.
tuberosa, 133.
acris, 133.
decumanus, 134,
Cicade, 122.
Cicindela tortuosa, 108.
Circus cyaneus, 25, 57.
Clupea sardina, 105.
Coccoborus ludovicianus, 31.
Corvus Americanus, 32, 65.
Coccyzus Americanus, 33, 68.
Columba passerina, 36, 70.
Columbella cribraria, 107.
mercatoria, 107.
Conus mus, 107.
daucus, 107.
COLEOPTERA, 108,
Cocos nucifera, 136.
Coccoloba unifera, 137.
Convolvulus nil, 140.
Crex pratensis, 45,
Crescentia cujete, 134.
Culex 123.
Cygnus Americanus, 56.
Cyprinus auratus, 103.
Cypreea rotunda, 107.
Cytherea Bermudensis, 107.
Cynthia Cardui, 119.
Cytharexylum cinereum, 137.
198 SCIENTIFIC
D.
Danais Archippus, 118.
Berenice, 119.
Dendrocygna arborea, 97.
DIPTERA, 123.
Diaprepes affinis, 109
Dioscarea alata, 142.
Dolichonyx oryzivora, 31, 62.
Dolium perdix, 107.
E.
Ectopistes Carolinensis, 36, 70.
migratoria, 55.
Elater, 109,
Emberiza graminea, 30.
Savannah, 30.
Henslowi, 30.
Epeira clavipes, 125.
Euphorbia laurocerasifolius, 137.
Exocetus, 102.
Falco peregrinus, 24, 56.
columbarius, 24, 57.
Fissurella, greeca, 107.
Ficus virens, 136.
nymphwifolia, 136.
Fidicina tibicen, 122,
Formica, 116.
Fucus natans, 190.
Fulica Americana, 46.
Fuligula perspicillata, 49, 86.
marila, 49, 86.
clangula, 49.
rufitorques, 50.
rubida, 50.
valisneriana, 50.
albeola, 50.
@.
Gallinula galeata, 46.
chloropus, 84.
_Gastrus equi, 124.
Gecarcinus ruricola, 129.
H.
Haliaétus leucocephalus, 56.
Hedysarium onobrychis, 143.
Hemirampus Braziliensis, 103.
Helix, 6
palludosa, 106.
ptychoides, 106.
selenina, 106.
Bermudensis, 106.
Sancta Georgiensis, 106
Somersetii, 106.
macrodonta, 107.
Helecina variabilis, 107
Heliopates, 109.
HEMIPTERA, 122.
Hedera helix, 137.
Hirundo rustica, 34, 68.
riparia, 34.
bicolor, 34.
purpurea, 34.
Himantopus nigricollis, 42, 80,
Hippocampus brevirostris, 104.
INDEX.
Hibiscus mutabilis, 187.
Rosa Sinensis, 187.
Syrianus, 137.
Huppa, 129.
HYMENOPTERA, 113.
Hymencea cobaril, 134.
I,
Ibis falcinellus, 55.
Icterus Baltimore, 27.
Ixodida, 128.
Janipha manihot, 143.
Julus, 125
Juniperus Bermudiana, 134.
Juglans, 136.
Lantana, Salvifolia, 5, 118, 138.
Lantara aculeata, 137.
Lanius borealis, 26. 57.
Larus Sabini, 53.
tridactylus, 58, 92.
Bonapartii, 54.
zonorhynchus, 54.
occidentalis, 54.
argentatus, 54.
atricilla, 56, 92.
marinus, 92.
Lamna punctata, 99.
Lepus cuniculus, 22.
LEPIDOPTERA, 118.
Linaria minor, 32, 65,
Littorina albescens, 107.
muricata, 107.
Mauritiana, 107.
dilatata, 107.
Lima scabra, 107.
Ligyrus juvencus, 108.
Libellulide, 112.
Lichinia canaliculata, 129.
Loxia curvirostra, 32.
leucoptera, 32.
Lobipes hyperboreus, 85.
Lutraria dilatata, 107.
Lucina tigrina, 107.
pecten, 107.
squamosa, 107.
Lupa dicantha, 129.
Lythodomus dactylus, 107.
M.
Macrorhamphus griseus, 43.
Marginella avena, 107.
Mangifera Indica, 136.
Maranta arundinacea, 138.
Meandrina, 7.
Mergus cucullatus, 50, 87.
merganser, 59.
Mergulus alle, 92.
Melanigrena placunoides, 107.
Meli ajedarah, 104.
Mnuiotilta varia, 29, 60.
Modiola tulipa, 107.
Morus alba, 136.
Musa sapientum, 137.
paradisiaca, 137.
SCIENTIFIC INDEX. 199
Muscide, 124.
Mus musculus, 11
decumanus, 12.
rattus, 11.
Mugil albula, 102.
Muscicapa dominicensis, 26, 58.
tyrannus, 26,
virens, 26.
Myiodoctes mitratus, 26, 68.
Mytilus exustus, 107.
Myrmeleon, 112.
Myrmicide, 118.
N.
Neritina viridis, 107.
NEUROPTERA, 112.
Nerium oleander, 137.
Nicotiana tabacum, 141.
Numenius Hudsonicus, 41, 80.
borealis, 41.
Nyctanthis Mexicanus, 141.
Oliva nivea, 107.
bullula, 107.
Orpheus Carolinensis, 27, 59.
Ortyx Virginiana, 36, 70.
Ortygometra Carolinus, 45, 82.
noveboracensis, 45,
Jamaciensis, 46,
ORTHOPTERA, 109.
Otus brachyotus, 25.
vulgaris, 25, 69.
P,
Pandion haliaétus, 24.
Pagurus, 129.
Palinurus, 129,
Paleemon serratus, 129.
vulgaris, 129.
Palma Christi, 137.
Palecanus fuscus, 51.
Pecten ziczac, 107.
Perna ephippium, 107.
Persea gratissima, 136.
Phaeton Athereus, 7, 52, 88,
Physeter macrocephalus, i7.
Phalaropus lobatus, 47.
Phalacrocorax dilophus, 51, 87.
Phenicopterus ruber, 55.
Pholas striata, 107,
Pitylus cardinalis, 31, 63.
Picus varius, 33, 67.
Plectrophanes nivalis, 30, 62.
Plumeria rubra, 137,
Podiceps cornutus, 50, 87.
Carolinensis, 50, 84.
Polistes pallipes, 113.
ceruleus, 113.
flavipes, 114.
Puffinus cinereus, 54.
obscurus, 55, 93.
Pupa Bermudensis, 107.
Purpurea fasciata, 107.
deltoida, 107.
undata, 107.
Pulex irritans, 124.
penetrans, 125.
Punica granatum, 136.
Pyranga estiva, 31, 64.
rubra, 31, 65.
R.
Rallus Virginianus, 46.
Rhizophora Mangle, 136.
Rhaphigaster prasinns, 123.
Ricinus communis, 137.
Rissoina pulchra, 107.
Rusticola Americana, 42.
8.
Sapindus saponaria, 190.
Saxicola enanthe, 28.
coronata, 28, 59.
petechia, 28.
Americana, 29, 60.
discolor, 29.
Salix Babylonica, 136.
Salvia coccinea, 138,
Scolopendre, 126.
Scatophaga, 124.
Scalaria tenuis, 107.
Scomber colias, 103.
Scincus, 98,
Scolopax Wilsonii, 43, 81.
gallinago, 43.
Seiurus noveboracensis, 27. .
Semele subtunicata, 107.
Sialia Wilsonii, 28, 66.
Siphonaria picta, 107
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana 140.
Sphinx cingulata, 121.
Spondylus ramosus, 107.
longitudinalis 107.
digitatus, 1u7.
STEGOPTERA, 112.
Sterna Dougallii, 32, 91.
hirundo, 53, 91.
fuliginosa, 53, 91.
stolida, 53.
Strepsilas irterpres, 37.
Surnia nyctea, 25.
funerea, 55.
Sula fusca, 51.
Succinea Bermudensis, 107.
Syngnathus fasciatus, 104.
Syruium nebulusum, 67.
T.
Tachypetes aquilus, 51, 88.
Tabanus, 124.
Tamarindus Indica, 184.
Tamarix gallica, 186.
Tetraodon, 104.
Terebra hastata. 107.
Tellina levizata, 107.
Gouldii, 107.
Terias lisa, 120.
Thalassidroma Wilsonii, 65, 92.
Tinea, 122.
Totanus semipalmatus, 41.
vociferus, 41, 80.
flavipes, 41.
solitarius, 42.
macularius, 42, 80.
200 SCIENTIFIC INDEX.
Tournfortia, 141.
Trochilus colubris, 35, 69. Ulula Acadica, 265.
Tringa semipalmata, 44. Tengmalmi, 96.
pusilla, 44. Vv.
Schinzii, 44.
pectoralis, 44. Vanessa Atalanta, 119.
himantopus, 44. antiopa, 119.
maritima, 55. conia, 120.
Trigla volitans, 104. orythia, 120.
Trochus modulus, 107. Venus Pensylvanica, 5.
Truncatella aurea, 107. Vespertilio pruinosus, 12.
Trichas Marylandica, 29. noctivagans, 16.
Turdus mustelinus, 26, 58. Verburnum tinus, —
olivaceus, 26, 59. Vireo noveboracensis, 71.
migratorius, 27, 59.
Turbo pica, 5, 107. Xiphias giadius, 100.
Notes on the occurrence of new species, or, in fact, any
communications relating to the Natural History of the
Bermudas, will always be most thankfully received, and
gratefully acknowledged; it being the author's intention
(D.v.), to issue a second series of this work, should sufficient
matter, and public interest, warrant the undertaking.
Please address—J. M. Jonuzs, Esq., 1, Essex Court, Middle
Temple, London.
London :—Printed by Bowpen & Brawn, Princes Street, Little Queen Street. w.c.
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