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MAJ. GEN. E. 8. OTIS,
UNITED STATES ARMY,

COMMANDING DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES,
MILITARY GOVERNOR.

September 1, 1899, to May 8, 1900.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1900.
U. S. Transport Mrape,
En route from Manila to San Francisco, May 14, 1900.

The ApsuTANT-GENERAL U.S. Army,
Washington, D. C.

Sir: The annual report for the first year of the military operations
of the Depa ne of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps and of affairs
connected with the United States Military Governorship in the Philip-
pines is dated August 31, 1899. All matters and incidents of impor-
tance relating to the department and corps, and to the United States
administration in those islands to that specific date, are presented in
that report. I now have the honor to submit a recital of Government
action, both civil and military in character, which has been taken or
inaugurated during the poe of time from August 31 last to the 5th
of the present month, when in response to my request I was relieved
from command in the Philippines and took passage on the U. S. trans-
port Meade for San Francisco. And in this recital I shall allude to
the more important events which have transpired and comment briefly
on causes and effects, but shall not enter into the particulars of mili-
tary movements nor the details of civil supervision, leaving them to
be presented by officers who have exercised special charge over such
matters.

But before proceeding with the rehearsal, I desire to correct an
erroneous impression which appears to prevail to a moderate extent
(whether drawn from my former report or an incorrect knowledge of
the then existing conditions I know not) that war with the insurgents
was initiated by the United States Government, or that the attitude or
conduct of its troops in Manila was the cause of hostilities, unless pos-
sibly it may be held that their failure to resent insult or punish hostile
demonstration constantly recurring in their midst encouraged the
already openly avowed enemy in the belief that it could easily slaughter
them within the city which it had invested, and thereby incited him
to action. War with the insurgents of the Philippines was forced
upon us and was unavoidable. No nation but the United States would
have permitted an unfriendly force of large numerical strength to throw
up intrenchments and erect fortifications in the immediate proximity
of its troops, as did the insurgents during several weeks preceding
their attack on Manila, without considering it an act of war and adopt-
ing measures to arrest it. By all law and approved precedent the
United States would have been fully justified in arresting these insur-
gent demonstrations. by demand, to be followed with the application
of force if demand was insufficient; and had that course been adopted

3
4 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

no wrong could have been imputed to our Government. The subject,
however, is no longer matter for argument, as the captured insurgent
records have set the question at rest forever. They show that Agui-
naldo, under the advice of the Hongkong junta, proceeded from that
city to Manila Harbor with the intention of securing as much aid from
the United States as possible, and then, when in his opinion he might
find himself sufficiently strong, of driving out the Americans with the
sword. His course throughout was consistent with this well-settled
intention. His declaration of independence of June, 1898; his capture
during the succeeding seven months of the slightly garrisoned Spanish
posts throughout the islands, by which he obtained ae quantities of
arms and ammunition; the elimination from his so-called government
of his ablest advisers, who advocated United States supremacy; his
declared dictatorship; the concentration of his troops around Manila;
the public demonstrations and rejoicings at his capital of Malolos on
the anticipated victory of his army shortly before hostilities com-
menced—all following each other in well-timed succession—are suffi-
cient in themselves to prove a predetermined definite plan of action to
place the country under Tagalo rule.

But independent of the proof attendant upon this concerted plan,
absolutely convincing evidence of intention to attack the United Staten
troops is found in Aguinaldo’s autographic instructions of January 9,
1899 (nearly four weeks before active hostilities were inaugurated),
wherein he displays great simplicity in knowledge of military matters,
but not that savage ferocity which characterized his instructions issued
after the signal defeat of his troops on February 5, and which were set
out on page 182 of my report of August 31 last. His duplicity at this
time was marvelous, for he was professing friendship toward the
United States, manifesting a great desire to restrain his people from
committing hostile acts, and, upon the day his instructions bear date,
he appointed a commission to confer with one to be appointed by
myself ‘‘for the sake of peace,” as he expressed it. The instructions
are in Tagalo, and the following is a translation:

Matotos, 9th of January, 1899.
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BRAVE SOLDIERS OF SANDATAHAN OF MANILA.

ArtTIcLe 1. All Filipinos should observe our fellow countrymen in order to see
whether they are American sympathizers. They shall take care to work with them
in order to inspire them with confidence of the strength of the holy cause of their
country.

Whenever they are assured of the loyalty of the convert they shall instruct them
to continue in the character of an American sympathizer in order that they may
receive good pay, but without prejudicing the cause of our country. In this way they
can serve themselves and at the same time serve the public by communicating to the
ates of chiefs and officials of our army whatever news of importance they may

ave.

ArtictE 2. Allof the chiefs and Filipino brothers should be ready and courageous
for the combat and should take advantage of the opportunity to shady, well the situa-
tion of the American outposts and headquarters. Observing especially secret places
where they can approach and surprise the enemy. F

ArtTICcLE 3. The chief of those who go to attack the barracks should send in first
four men with a good present for the American commander. Immediately after will
follow four others who will make a pretense of looking for the same officer for some
reason and a larger group shall be concealed in the corners or houses in order to aid
the cies groups at the first signal. This wherever it is possible at the moment of
attack.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 5

ARTICLE 4. They should not prior to the attack look at the Americans in a threat-
ening manner. To the contrary, the attack on the barracks by the Sandatahan should
be a complete surprise and with decision and courage. Gne should go alone in
advance in order to kill the sentinel. In order to deceive the sentinel the one should
dress as a woman and must take great care that the sentinel is not able to discharge
his piece, thus calling the attention of those in the barracks. This will enable his
companions who are approaching to assist in the general attack.

ArvicLe 5, At the moment of the attack the Sandatahan should not attempt to
secure rifles from their dead enemies, but shall pursue, slashing right and left with
bolos until the Americans surrender, and after there remains no enemy who can
injure them they may take the rifles in one hand and the ammunition in the other.

ARTICLE 6. The officers shall take care that on the top of the houses along the streets
where the American forces shall pass there will be placed four to six men, who shall
be prepared with stones, timbers, red-hot iron, heavy furniture, as well as boiling
water, oil, and molasses, rags soaked in coal oil ready to be lighted and thrown down,
and any other hard and heavy objects that they can throw on the passing American
troops. At the same time in the lower parts of the houses will be concealed the
Sandatahan, who will attack immediately. Great care should be taken not to throw
glass in the streets, as the greater part of our soldiers go barefooted. On these houses
there will, if possible, be arranged, in addition to the the objects to be thrown down,
a number of the Sandatahan, in order to cover a retreat or to follow up a rout of the
eed column, so that we may be sure of the destruction of all of the opposing

orces.

ArticLe 7. All Filipinos, real defenders of their country, should live on the alert to
assist simultaneously the inside attack at the very moment that they note the first
movement in whatever barrio or suburb, having assurance that all the troops that
surround Manila will proceed without delay to force the enemy’s line and unite
themselves with their brothers in the city. With such a general movement, so firm
and decided against the Americans, the combat is sure to be a short one, and I charge
and order that the persons and goods of all foreigners shall be respected and that the
American prisoners shall be treated well.

Articiz 8. All of our chiefs in the suburbs should prepare groups of the Sandatahan,
who will attack with ferocity and decision the Americans within their lines, attempt-
ing to surround each group of Americans or to break through their lines. This must
be done if the nature of the ground occupied by the Americans will permit and if
the Sandatahan have the proper amount of courage and resolution, and the more
courage and intelligence that they show in the moment of the attack the surer will
be the result and the fewer will be their own losses.

ArricLE 9. In addition to the instructions given in paragraph 6 there shall be in
the houses vessels filled with boiling water, tallow, molasses, and other liquids
which shall be thrown as bombs on the Americans who pass in front of their houses,
or they can make use of syringes or tubes of bamboo. In these houses shall be the
Sandatahan who shall hurl the liquids that shall be passed to them by the women
and children. :

ARTICLE 10. In place of bolos or daggers, if they do not possess the same, the San-
datahan can provide themselves with lances and arrows with long and sharp heads,
and these should be shot with great force in order that they may penetrate well into
the bodies of the enemy. And these should be so made that in withdrawal from the
body the head will remain in the flesh.

ArRTIcLE 11. It can be taken for granted that, if the above instructions are
observed, the enemy will not be able to use firearms because of the confusion in his
ranks, as they would shoot one another. For this reason I have always thought the
rifle useless in this kind of combat, for experience has taught me, my dear brothers,
that when the Sandatahan make their attack with courage and decision, taking advan-
tage of the confusion in the ranks of the enemy, the victory is sure,,and in that case
the triumph is ours. ;

ARTICLE 12. At last, if, as I expect, the result shall favor us in the taking of
Manila and the conquering of the enemy, the chiefs are charged with seeing that the
officers and soldiers respect the consulates, the banks, and commercial houses, and
even the Spanish banks and commercial houses, taking care that they be not seduced
by the hope of plunder. As if God sees this, He will reward us and the foreign
nations will note the order and justice of our conduct. I charge that in the moment
of combat, the officers, soldiers, and whatever patriots take part in the struggle will
not forget our noble, sacred, and holy ideals, Liberty and Independence. Neither
will you forget your sacred oath and immaculate banner; nor will you forget the
promises made by me to the civilized nations, whom I have assured that we Fili-
pinos are not savages, nor thieves, nor assassins, nor are we cruel; but on the con-
trary, that we are men of culture and patriotism, honorable and very humane.
6 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Above all I expect that you will respect the persons and goods of private persons
of all nationalities, including the Chinese; that you will treat well the prisoners and
grant life to those of the enemy who surrender. And that you be on the sharp look-
out for those traitors and enemies who, by robbery, will seek to mar our victory.

Exniio AGUINALDO.

Another erroneous impression, which, if it has not widely prevailed
results from the failure of 2 few who have endeavored to create it. is
that on the evening following the severe fighting on February 5, 1899,
the insurgent authorities sought a conference with a view of terminat-
ing hostilities. These false impressions may have arisen in part from
a hastily prepared telegram sent from Manila on that date, stating in
substance that the insurgents had asked for a temporary suspension of
hostilities, but had received the reply that having commenced war, it
must continue. No proposition of any kind came from the insurgent
authorities. The facts are as follows:

Judge Torres, the present attorney-general of the islands, who had
recently arrived from Cebu, where he had filled a judicial position
under the Spanish Government, immediately upon his arrival in Manila
exerted himself for the maintenance of peace and offered his services
to Aguinaldo to assist in bringing about friendly conditions. On
January 9 Aguinaldo had appointed him senior member of what was
termed his peace commission. He was at his home in Manila February
5 and visited me on the evening of that day, praving that I would pro-
pose to the insurgent authorities the establishment of a neutral zone
that terms for peace might be considered.

He was informed that as war was the act of the insurgents we could
not initiate proceedings. but that it must continue until they (the
insurgents) were ready to submit propositions. He then asked that a
fellow-member of his insurgent commission, Colonel Arguelles. who
was in the city, might be permitted to pass through the lines in order
to visit Malolos and confer with Aguinaldo and his principal advisers.
This was granted, and Arguelles was taken by Colonel Kilbourne, of
the Pay Department. to that portion of General MacArthur's line of
battle opposite Caloocan. It being quite late in the evening when he
arrived there he concluded to return to the city and recommence the
-journey early the following morning, which he did. He was passed
through the lines under flag of truce, was absent two or three days,
when he returned and was properly received by a party, which was
viciously fired on by the insurgents as soon as their flag of truce had
withdrawn a short distance. The firing caused our party to retreat
quickly, Arguelles leading it and anathematizing his countrymen. He
reported that his mission had been unsuccessful and that his advice
was not heeded.

A few weeks ago he related his experience to me quite fully. He
said that upon arriving at Aislolos he saw General Aguinaldo and
Sefior Mabini and made known to them that General Otis would per-
mit a suspension of hostilities upon the request of the former and
received reply that a declaration of war had been made, copies of
which were furnished him. Both Aguinaldo and Mabini made the
statement that they had no objections to the suspension of hostilities,
but beyond this general remark offered nothing and declined to discuss
details. Arguelles said that he was directed to return to Manila and
report simply that the insurgent authorities would not object to a sus-
pension of hostilities if desired. Asked what further took place at
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 7

the conference, he answered, ‘‘Nothing;” that he merely told Agui-
naldo and Mabini what I had said, which was to the effect that they had
commenced the war and it must continue since they had chosen that
course of action, but that I would listen to propositions if they wished
tosubmit'them. Asked if he endeavored to induce General Aguinaldo
to submit a proposition, he replied in the negative, saying that he
feared to do so as he might, in the then excited condition of the Fili-
oe people, be charged with cowardice; that prior to the outbreak of

ostilities he had stated to the insurgent government his belief that
the Filipinos could not successfully resist the United States, and had
thereby incurred the enmity of General Luna which relentlessly fol-
lowed him. The insurgents did not desire peace at this time. They
sent word to their friends in Manila soon after their defeat of Febru-
ary 5 that they were not in the least discouraged; that the battle had
united their people in sentiment, and that they were strong in men
and war material. Not until they were driven beyond Calumpit and
Baliuag did they make any attempt to secure a conference with the
United States authorities, and then only for the purpose of gaining
sufficient time to reassemble their scattered forces.

On August 31 last the army in the Philippines numbered 30,963
officers and enlisted men, of whom, excluding volunteers awaiting
shipment to the United States and the present sick, there were nearly
24,000 for duty. Of these 4,000 were in the southern islands. We
occupied the islands of the Jolo Archipelago with stations at Jolo,
Siassi, and Bongao; Negros, with small garrisons at many points in
that island; the cities of Cebu and Iloilo, and the country adjacent
thereto within a circumscribed radius of a few miles. In Luzon our
northern line extended from San Fernando of Pampanga to Baliuag,
province of Bulacan, with a strong outpost at Angeles, and covered
all country to the south and beyond Manila to the towns of Bacoor
and Taguig, Cavite province, lying, respectively, on the Bay of Manila
and the Laguna de Bay, with troops at Imus, a few miles south of
Bacoor, and at Calamba and Los Bajios on the south shore of the
Laguna. The enemy had been driven previously northward beyond
San Isidro, province of Nueva Ecija, eastward from a portion of
Morong, and southward from the Manila Bay country, but our lines
had been shortened to permit the withdrawal of the volunteer organ-
izations, which had been in progress since the early days of June, and
to prepare for subsisting the army at practicable points during the
rainy season. All of these movements are fully explained in my
former report.

The temper of the insurgent troops at this time was confident and
aggressive, as we had not made any forward movement since the latter
part of June, and the more daar appeared to believe that our
resources were about exhausted. Among the better class of Filipinos,
however, impressions were far different, as fully appears from corre-
spondence which has recently come to hand. I cite the following
communication of a leading Filipino, of July 7, and the response of
Aguinaldo, dated September 14, 1899, to show the divergent views
which then prevailed:

Manin, July 7, 1899.
Sr. Don Emitio AGUINALDO.

My Drar Don Emizio: Mr. Olimpio Guamson has delivered your message to me,
asking for my frank and honest opinion concerning our present political situation,
and the probable future which awaits us. I shall give it with pleasure, not only
8 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

because it is my duty as a Filipino, but because of the sincere friendship which
binds me to you. I will refrain from making a critical judgment of all your actions
prior to the 4th of February, the date of the outbreak of hostilities, taking them
simply as data upon which to base my deductions, and will presuppose in all of
them good faith from the point of view of the patriotic motives which impelled you
to perform them.

We have commenced hostilities; we have had our wish—for I remember perfectly
well that war was the desire of the majority in Malolos, the military element, how-
ever, being prominent in this majority, and raising its voice upon the subject, drag-

ing after it the rest of the people. And what has been gained? Nothing but ruin,
leath, and desolation.

We have not been able to prevent the Americans from going anywhere they
pleased, and it has been plainly evident that the valor upon which we depended was
not enough, but to conquer, it is necessary to have many things which the Americans
possess in abundance, and which we lack.

As time goes on our chances for victory grow less, and the further the American
troops advance so much worse is our condition for asking concessions for our unhappy
country. .

Up to the present time the American troops, in my opinion, have had no other
object in view than to show their bravery, a quality which had unjustly and errone-
ously been denied them both privately and in the public press. So far, either on
that account or for other reasons, America has not sent here an army capable of a
military occupation of all our territory, nor has a formal compaign been commenced;
that America can do so we are unable to doubt, and that it will be done if we persist
in our present attitude we may feel certain. And what will then remain to us?
What could we ask for?

We are in error, and yet we persist in that error, impelled by those who dream of
a triumph of a party which is to-day in the minority in the United States, without
perceiving that this party is also American, and that they are not going to give us
our independence out of hand as a matter of sentiment at the expense of the honor
of America and in spite of the grave responsibility, both international and domestic,
contracted under the treaty of Paris. Others dream that because part of the press of
Europe copies from the American antiimperialist papers the criticisms of that party
against the government of President McKinley a European intervention in our favor
is to take place, without reflecting that the treaty of Paris was made before all the
civilized world, and with its assent. :

The war so far has only laid bare our insufficiency and our shortcomings.

In my judgment, giving these conditions, the time has arrived for vour policy to
change in a radical manner, unless you wish to see forever annihilated the hope that
our people may some day take its place in the concert of the civilized world, unless
you wish to see the complete ruin of our race and of all our country, and unless you
are willing to accept the grave responsibilities which will fall upon you.

To-day, then, I address you as a friend and as a Filipino and say, ‘‘ Peace is an
imperative necessity. Nothing can prevent the triumph of America. Do not struggle
against the inevitable. Peace must come some time, and the man who restores peace
to the Philippines will win the admiration of the world and the gratitude of his coun-
try. Bethat man. Since 1896 you have been the soul of the people, and have mer-
ited their blessings for your wonderful and providential wisdom. Be now the peace
maker, that your glory may be perpetuated. As you are the man who, when brought
here by the Americans, roused the people as one to the work of our emancipation from
Spain, be now the one to say, ‘Enough of conflict. We have seen that our ideals can
not be realized by this means; let us make peace, and letus work and learn. For by
working and learning with a free people, such as the Americans, we shall cast from
us the vices of our old masters, and will some day win the independence we so much
desire.’’

This is what I believe you are called upon to do, and I think that vou will never repent
it. There is no other remedy—no other path open. Do not forget that many Fili-
pinos are losing their lives every day in the defense of the impossible; that every day
the ruin of property sacrificed in vain is greater, and that, if finally there is no help
other than to submit to the American sovereignty, it is not just to sacrifice more lives
and property, whereby you will contract before God and man responsibilities of such
proportions that they alarm me.

Stop while you may, and believe me that now is the appointed time; a little later
the policy of the American Government will change completely the sentiment of that
free and noble people, which loves its own liberty as much as it desires that of other
nations, and then a race war will come which will end in our extermination.

I believe that with what I have said I have performed my duty and complied with
your wishes. I must, however, state that I have done so freely, without suggestions
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 9

or coercion of any kind, and also that I have made no special political studies, nor
have I had preparation for speaking upon matters of this nature. The only merit of
this opinion is that it is the manifestation of the intimate conviction of a citizen who
is inspired by the best of good faith and the desires of his people.
I am, as ever, your affectionate friend and obedient servant,
B. Lecarpa.

[Personal.]

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT,
Tarlac, September 14, 1899,
Sr. Beniro Legarpa,
Manila.

My DisrincuisHED Frigenp: Your two kind letters have reached my hands, and I
have informed myself of all you sayin them. Many thanks for the information you
give me. I beg that you will pardon me for my delay in making reply, but I must
tell you that some time elapsed before they reached me.

I believe what you tell me as to the reinforcements of the enemy which will not
be long in arriving. Not only do I believe this, but I am convinced of this fact, and
even before the outbreak of hostilities was sure that with their wealth and their
innumerable and powerful elements of war, they could, whenever they so desired,
send as many as they need. In reply to this I must tell you that it is impossible for
me to turn back from the enterprise which I have undertaken—that of defending our
country, and especially as I have sworn that as long as life lasts I shall labor until I
gain the acknowledgment of the independence of the Philippines. Do not attribute
this declaration to my vanity, but to my desire to fulfill a former promise. This,
aside from the fact that the struggle for the independence of our country is just and
based upon our perfect rights.

‘We are not alarmed by the numerous arms or the valor of the enemy. What is
life to us if we are to be the slaves of the foreigner? Itisa pity that all the enlightened
Filipinos do not employ their knowledge and experience in the defense of their coun-
try. lLlrepeat, we will not give up the struggle until we gain our longed-for inde-
pendence; death is of but little moment to us if we are but able to assure the happi-
ness of the people and of future generations.

We must no longer allow ourselves to be fascinated by the flattering promises of
the enemy. You know that they first solemnly assured me that they would acknowl-
edge our independence. Nevertheless, the attempt is now being made to force
autonomy on us by superior strength. They have been using explosive bullets since
the 9th of August last, and have bombarded defenseless forts contrary to the pre-
cepts of international law. But it matters not that they use these elements of destruc-
tion. Resistance and the firmness of our resolution will be sufficient to wear them
out. If this is not enough to induce our enemies to desist from their endeavor, we
will go, if necessary, into the mountains, but never will we accept a treaty of peace
dishonorable to the Philippine arms and disastrous to the future of the country, such
as that which they seek to impose. For this reason I advise all those who do not
feel themselves strong enough to accept this sacrifice, and whose services are not
indispensable to our Government, to return to Manila and the towns occupied by the
enemy, reserving themselves to strengthen the organization of our Government when
our independence is gained, replacing those who, wearied by the struggle, are in
need of rest.

I am not displeased that some Filipinos have consented to hold office under the
Americans; on the contrary, I rejoice that they have done so, for thus they will be
enabled to form a true estimate of the character of the Americans. I also rejoice that
our enemies, having had recourse to the Filipinos for the discharge of the duties of
high positions in the public service in its various branches, have shown that they
recognize the capacity of our people for self-government. :

Before closing I take the liberty of addressing you the following question: To
what is due that policy of attraction employed by our enemy if not to the resistance
of our army? ‘One should never repent of a just determination.”

Kind regards to your family, and to Messrs. Arellano, Pardo, Torres, and other
friends.

Command at will your most affectionate friend,

E. AGUINALDO.
10 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The letter from Aguinaldo, dated from his capital at Tarlac, expresses
highly oy wig sentiments and displays the sublimity of individual
patriotic devotion. It also displays that cunning and shrewdness by
which he has been enabled to hold together members of a lately dis-
cordant cabinet striving with each other for individual prestige, and
deceitfully intensifies the desire of the Filipino people to continue in
armed opposition to United States authority. On the latter point, a
Tarlac letter written by an insurgent Filipino, the 14th of July, toa
Tagalo friend in Manila will throw some light, and it likewise shows
the character of the government Aguinaldo was maintaining. It is, in
part, as follows:

My DistineuisHEeD Frienp: For some days I have been trying to get into your city
and to leave this band of thieves, but with my numerous family it is impossible to
travel off the road, and they watch us here so closely that it is impossible to get away,
which I very much regret. However, I believe this will all end up some way or
other, and a great many of the people here long for the American troops to advance,
for everyone is desperate with so much savagery committed by our army. Quiet
citizens are never left in peace, nor anyone in fact who has as much as a grain of rice
put aside. * * * J will not go into details as to occurrences here, or this letter
will be too long. The bearer will give you and other friends any information you
may desire. I do not sign this letter or put down the address, as to do so might

bring disagreeable consequences.

Yours, truly,

This letter expressed the opinion of the men of property who were
forced to contribute largely of their goods and money and to pur-
chase insurgent government bonds, of which an issue amounting to
$500,000 had recently been made. It did not voice the sentiments of
the army officers, who were enjoying a license of action never antici-
pated before its realization, and of the ignorant masses who composed
the enlisted strength of that army and preferred to gain subsistence
through exaction rather than by the severe manual labors of former
days. The army offered an excellent tield of operations for the ladrones
in which to practice their congenial pursuits. They had been gath-
ered from all portions of Luzon, and were of great service in recruiting
diminished insurgent ranks by enforced drafts on the people. There
were, however, large masses, especially in the sections not yet visited
by United States troops, who believed the American was the cruel
barbarian depicted by the insurgent press and that their salvation
depended upon their ability to drive him from the islands. Hence, at
the end of August rebellion still presented a bold and defiant front,
and the former successes of our arms, while they had taught the insur-

ent forces to fear contact with our troops, had not diminished, but
fad increased rather the efforts of insurgent leaders.

The ist of September found us with a total force in the Philippines
of 30,963 officers and men, of whom 26,829 were effective and per-
forming duty of some character. During the month the Kansas,
Washington, Iowa, and Nevada Volunteers, the volunteer signal
organization, and many discharged men from the regular establishment
were sent to the United States, to be followed by the Tennessee regi-
ment on October 8. This completed the work of shipment of all
volunteers and of all men who were entitled to discharge under the
provisions of War Department General Orders, No. 40, of 1898. No
new organizations were received during September, but 2,601 officers,
casuals, and recruits for the regular regiments arrived. Our strength
on October 1 was 442 officers and men Jess than for the 1st of the pre-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 11

vious month, but our effective force was about the same, as there had
been a decrease in the sick report.

Only minor military operations were attempted in September, since,
as in August, the troops were busily engaged in relieving those directed
to depart from the islands, there being two volunteer regiments in
Panay, Negros, and Cebu which had to be withdrawn, and also a few
organizations on the outer Luzon lines which were to be replaced.
This exchange was effected as rapidly as vessels could be secured to
transport men and supplies. Necessary repairs to the railway and
rolling stock in our possession were vigorously prosecuted. Disposi-
tions were being constantly effected to commence the execution of a
well-determined plan of operation in northern Luzon as soon as an
available force would justify it, and continued caution was exercised
to neutralize the enemy’s aggressive movements and to severely pun-
ish him for the temerity he was expected to display. Since the early
portion of July he had gradually become more bold because of our
apparent quiet, and was inclined to take the initiative wherever he
might consider an opportunity offered. . His troops attacked various
portions of General MacArthur’s lines at the north, made various
attempts to cripple the railway between Manila and San Fernando, the
continued working of which was essential for the forwarding of troops
and supplies required in the contemplated northern operations and the
forwarding of subsistence to the men holding that section of country.
They threatened the lines about the city of Manila, concentrating at
Mariquina, San Mateo, Montalban, and vicinity, in the provinces of
Manila and Bulacan, and to the eastward in the province of Morong.
They gathered and attacked Calamba on the Laguna de Bay, also the
strong outpost at Imus, province of Cavite, and in fact the retired
line which General Lawton maintained along the bay front from Pasay
to Bacoor. The insurgents of the city of Manila again became some-
what confident and ane a chief, an influential Tagalo appointed to
the position by Aguinaldo in July (whose letter of appointment has
been secured), actively engaged in supplying the insurgent troops with
contraband of war and in plotting for another uprising within the city’s
most densely populated sections.

These agents of Aguinaldo worked with great dexterity. To relieve
the condition of the inhabitants within our lines we had permitted
trade to be carried on by water transportation from Orani on the north
shore of Manila Bay to Bacoor on its southern shore and along the
Pasig River, and although it was carefully supervised we discovered
that Manila was supplying insurgent troops to the north and south of
the city with subsistence, clothing, and articles for the manufacture of
ammunition in quite large amounts. Therefore trade was limited to
an exchange of certain particularized merchandise and products. Still
the illicit traffic continued to be prosecuted to a considerable extent,
but the danger to be apprehended therefrom was slight in comparison
with the necessity for relieving the needs of the inhabitants, and no
additional vigorous restraining measures were adopted.

An amusing illustration of restored confidence among insurgent
leaders during September is found in a letter of Gen. Pio del Pilar to
an acquaintance in Manila, and it especially shows the estimate Pilar
then had of the prowess of his troops. He wrote that by January at
the farthest he would capture the city and take into captivity the
archbishop and the American commander, but that for $1,000,000 he
12 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

would hand over to the American authorities Aguinaldo and his entire
government.

Preparations for extended movements of troops to the northward of
Luzon, where the bulk of the insurgents confronted us, were com-
menced in August. The enemy held the towns to the west and north
of San Fernando, extending from the Guagua and Porac road through
Angeles, and thence east to Arayat. with outposts in the near vicinity
of San Fernando. They had removed more than one-half of the rail-
way track between San Fernando and Angeles, a distance of 10 miles,
and had destroyed a portion of the roadbed. It was necessary, there-
fore, to secure Angeles, the intersecting point of many divergent roads
and a good strategic position, also to reconstruct the railway as rapidly
as possible preparatory to an advance on the flank of the enemy by
the San Isidro and Cabanatuan route. General MacArthur was called
upon to seize Angeles, and, driving the enemy from the vicinity of
Santa Rita and Guagua, he threw a column of troops, of which Gen-
eral Wheaton took command, consisting of two guns of Taylor's Bat-
tery under Lieutenant Kenly and the Twelfth Regiment of Infantry
under Lieut. Col. Jacob H. Smith, into Angeles and thrust the enemy
back to Magalang and Mabalacat. Holding this position, he subse-
quently, in September, drove the enemy beyond the Porac and Florida
Blanca road, thus holding a much stronger advanced line than the one
he formerly maintained. These movements were attended with very
little loss to us compared with the casualties the enemy suffered in
men and war material.

Work on the 10 miles of railway between San Fernandoand Angeles
was immediately commenced hy the Quartermaster’s Department under
the supervision of Major Devol and was soon prosecuted to completion,
the first train passing over that portion of the road on September 20.
In the meantime, and especially during the latter portion of Septem-
ber, rations and forage were pushed through by rail to Calumpit, a
point on the Rio Grande Pampanga River, where they were to be
taken by boat and forwarded up the stream as far as the volume of
water would permit. For this river service river gunboats, launches, and
cascoes were sent to Calumpit from Manila and advantage was taken
of the rainy season in order to secure the best river navigation of the
year. These supplies were to consist of 650,000 rations and half forage
for several months for the horses of a regiment of cavalry and 200
draft animals. It was thought they might be pushed through as far as
San Isidro, where the Spaniards had established a small military post
which offered good storage.. Only a few of the troops to comprise the
column which it was intended to send north on the line of this river
and on the flank of the main body of the enemy had yet arrived, but
were en route and soon expected.

Brigadier-General Young, who had reported the latter part of July
and been assigned to the command of the Third Brigade, First Division
(Lawton’s), was sent north with a squadron of the Fourth Cavalry and
the Twenty-fourth Infantry to San Fernando (General MacArthur
having removed his headquarters to Angeles) to form a provisional
brigade to be attached to General Lawton’s division. Upon arrival
he took charge of that section of country, and assisted General Mac-
Arthur in holding partialiy vacated positions while the troops of the
Second Division were moving to the north and westward of Porac and
clearing up the country south of that place. General Young placed
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 138

the wagon road by way of San Fernando, Mexico, and Santa Ana to
Arayat in condition for the passage of army wheeled transporta-
tion, which was being forwarded by rail to the first-named place for
use of the column destined to take that route. He had several engage-
ments with the enemy’s detachments, which he drove back from Mexico
and Santa Ana on the Magalang road, resulting in slight casualties to
himself, but which were somewhat serious and quite demoralizing to
the enemy. He awaited at San Fernando the arrival of General Law-
ton, who had been directed to take personal supervision of the column
when all the troops constituting it could be gathered, General Young
to command the cavalry of the column, which was to consist of head-
quarters and two squadrons of the Third Cavalry, and headquarters
and six troops of the Fourth Cavalry, with such additional mounted
troops as could be secured.

In the meantime ladrones and insurgent soldiers were operating
extensively in the swamps and esteros which fringe Manila Bay
from the mouth of the Rio Grande eastwardly to the city of Bula-
can—even to the northern limits of Malabon. This section of country
has always been infested with thieves and robbers who subsisted on
the fruits of their piracies in the bay and from the results of their
robberies of the inhabitants dwelling along its coast. Our troops could
not contend successfully with these independent bands, hidden as they
were in the dense growth of nipa which covers that lowland, and our
attention was called to the practicability of employing, organizing,
and arming for that work the Macabebes of that country. This peo-
ple had been true to the last to the Spanish interests, had suffered
great cruelties from the insurgents, and desired to take service against
their hereditary enemy, the Tagalo. The wisdom of employing them
had been considered shortly after our troops captured Malolos, and
General MacArthur (within whose division lines they resided) and I
concluded that they might commit many offenses against the Tagalo
inhabitants if furnished with arms and allowed any freedom of move-
ment. We therefore concluded to defer further consideration of the sub-
ject until a future time. But now that their services would prove essen-
tially valuable in the swampy jungles in the inimediate proximity of
their home, and as they were supplied with many small boats with
which travel therein is only practicable, and as General Lawton
especially desired a small force of them to act as guides and scouts for
his contemplated northern column, it was determined to raise two
companies, each 128 strong, place them under charge of competent
officers, to be carefully selected for that duty, and test their efficiency.
This was done. Lieutenant Batson of the Fourth Cavalry was placed
in charge of the battalion, and several officers were detailed to assist
him.

The Macabebe boat exercises through theswamps destroyed or drove
inland from their hiding places the robbers and insurgents who dwelt
there and who lost through capture many of their guns. Though the
Macabebes were prone to rob and abuse the inhabitants and treat with
cruelty their captives unless closely watched and restrained, still their
successes influenced us to organize an additional company for service
in that section, as those already employed there were intended for use
with the troops of General Lawton. They performed efficient service,
not only as guides and scouts, but also as detectives, were fearlessly
led by our officers, and in the advance through Northern Luzon in the
14 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

pursuit of armed insurgents who had escaped through the San Jose,
Tayug, and San Fabian lines, kept pace with the pursuing cavalry.
They were, however, greatly feared by the inhabitants of all sections
of country through which they advanced. Many of them had been
Spanish soldiers and were acquainted only with Spanish methods of
dealing with rebellious subjects, or with natives from whom they
wished to extract information, and those methods were in most instances
attended with inexcusable harshness. Later, when a detachment of 60
were employed as scouts in the extreme south of Luzon, particularly
in the province of Tayabas, it was found expedient to withdraw them
and send them back to their homes in the city of Macabebe, that the
fleeing inhabitants, who feared them but had the utmost confidence in
the humanity of the American troops, might be persuaded to leave
their concealments in the hills and mountains and return to their towns.
They have since continued to patrol the southern shore of Manila Bay,
the province of Bataan, and southern Zambales, but being constantly
under close observation have not committed extravagant excesses.

In October the new volunteer organizations began to arrive. The
three regiments organized in the Philippines (the Eleventh Cavalry,
the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Infantry) were in service, and
during the month headquarters and two squadrons of the Third Cav-
alry, all of the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Thirtieth, Thirty-
third, and Thirty-fourth regiments of infantry, with portions of the
Twenty-ninth and Thirty-second and casuals for other crganizations,
numbering, all told, 312 officers and 8,154 enlisted men, reported.
The Twenty-sixth Infantry was immediately sent to Panay and the
other troops retained in Luzon. These were followed in November
by the remainder of the Twenty-ninth and Thirty-second Infantry
and all of the Twenty-eighth, Thirty-first, and Thirty-fifth Infantry
regiments, which, with recruits and casuals who accompanied them,
numbered in their entirety 214 commissioned officers and 5,448 en-
listed men. All of these troops excepting the Thirty-first Infantry,
which was sent to Mindanao, were retained for service in Luzon. In
December there arrived 459 officers and 12,201 enlisted men, con-
sisting of the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-second,
Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh
regiments of infantry entire and two batteries of the Sixth Artillery,
with recruits and casuals for present organizations. The Forty-fourth
Infantry was forwarded at once to Panay and Negros and all of the
other organizations disembarked at Manila. In January there arrived
the Forty-first, Forty-eighth, and Forty-ninth regiments of infantry,
which, with recruits and casuals, numbered 266 officers and 5,279
enlisted men. The above designated troops comprised all the addi-
tional force the authorities intended to forward to the Philippines.

Our total effective strength in the islands in commissioned officers.
and enlisted men (sick only excluded from the computation) was, at
the termination of the several months heretofore mentioned, as fol-
lows: At the end of August it was 26,820; October, 35,683; Novem-
ber, 40,833; December, 51,167; January, 54,803, and for February
and March the returns show 55,333 and 55,882, respectively. The
figures are in all probability the highest that will be reached, as the
volunteer organizations must gradually diminish in numerical strength.

The sick of thisarmy decreased from August to January, during which
period it experienced the most trying service and the severest climatic
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 15

exposures. For August it was 134 per cent of its total number; for
September, October, November, and December it was 11.6, 10.3, 10.6,
and 8.7, respectively. It increased again in January to 11, which per
cent it maintained throughout February, and fell to 10.9 in March.
It is now slightly under that figure. These sick lists include the names
of all men incapacitated by reason of wounds, bruises, and ailments of
every character, and must be considered remarkably low for a tropical
climate in a season of marked active military operations. Could sol-
diers be induced to obey the ordinary rules of health and compelled to
take those precautionary measures necessary in hot climates, the sick
list would not probably exceed a per cent of 6, for the experience of
the troops in the Philippines shows that the climate is not unhealth-
ful, though enervating because of excessive continued heat. It also
shows that troops liberally subsisted retain their powers of endurance,
and after a short acclimatization can surpass the poorly fed natives in
overcoming the difficulties to be met with in campaigning amid swamps
or jungles and over mountains.

These new volunteer regiments had been provided with excellent
field officers, who had taken advantage of their opportunities to make
them proficient, and upon landing in the Philippines they proved to
be in fair condition to take the field. There also arrived within these
months Brigadier-Generals Wheeler, Young, Schwan, and Grant.
General Wheeler was assigned to the command of a brigade in the
Second Division; General Young to a brigade in the First Division, as
has already been stated; General Schwan was appointed chief of staff
of the department and corps, and General Grant was assigned to the
command of a brigade in General Lawton’s First Division. Late in
September Brigadier-General Bates reported for duty at corps head-

uarters in Manila, he having completed the duties assigned him in the
olo archipelago.

The approximate time of the arrival of the volunteers could be
determined with comparative accuracy, as information of their depar-
ture from the United States was promptly cabled from Washington.
We therefore knew for a month at least in advance the strength of the
force we could depend upon when about to initiate an aggressive
movement against the enemy.

It was known that the enemy at the north, where was concentrated
the insurgent government and a majority of its army, which was re-
ceiving accessions from the southeastern provinces of Luzon, intended,
if worsted in the lowlands and on the plains, to retire to the mountains
to the north and east, where it asserted it could prolong the war indefi-
nitely. It was also believed from the secret information obtained from
scouts and other sources that the insurgent armed force in the north
did not possess more than 25,000 rifles, of which 2,000 or 3,000 were
in the hands of troops maintained in the extreme northern sections of
the island. Could the forces along the line of the railway from Ange-
les to Dagupan and throughout the provinces of Tarlac, Pangasinan,
and portions of Nueva Ecija and Bulacan, where the majority of the
insurgent troops were then operating, be held there until we could
close the northern and eastern roads of egress to the mountains, we
had no doubt of our ability to capture or scatter them, take possession
of the railroad, and pursue successfully any of their retreating col-
umns or detachments. Such were, in brief, the conclusions reached
early in August, and to the development of an appropriate plan of
16 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

operations all other military movements in Luzon were made subser-
vient. Preparations by the initiatory movements of troops com-
menced in August by General MacArthur’s capture of Angeles, whose
objective would thereafter become the insurgent troops along the line
of the railway. General Lawton was to proceed up the Rio Grande
from Calumpit and San Fernando, prepared to swing to the left should
occasion require, and another force was to proceed by sea to San Fabian,
on the west coast of Luzon, a few miles east of north from Dagupan.
The plan was ultimately fully executed and was only delayed by the
necessity of awaiting the arrival of sufficient additional troops whose
assistance was required to insure success. These were to arrive in
Uctonet, and the advance could be taken up by the middle of that
month. 2

The forwarding of cavalry, infantry, and wagon transportation to
San Fernando, which began September 20, the construction of flat
boats, and the gathering of cascoes in the Rio Grande at the Calumpit
railway crossing, and the accumulation of supplies at the last-named
point, either alarmed the insurgent authorities or induced them to
believe that the time had arrived for putting to the test their fre-
quently expressed intention of falling upon our soldiers in large num-
bers as soon as they should become scattered in small bodies over an
extended field of operations, for their troops manifested renewed
activity. They attacked our force at Angeles, made demonstrations
against the towns of Guagua, Santa Rita, Mexico, Santa Ana, and
Baliuag, on the northern line, annoyed our detachments guarding the
railroad and the organizations placed for defense on the outskirts of
Manila. Those authorities gave instructions for moreaggressive action
to their troops south of Manila, and through their emissaries endeay-
ored to incite the inhabitants of the eity, directing uprising and assas-
sination. On the 1st of October a plan to attack the arsenal in the
walled portion of the city with a force of 700 men, mostly armed with
bolos, and at the same time to concentrate a force of a thousand or
more in its northern section, there to apply the torch and work such
destruction to life and property as they might be able, was fully deter-
mined upon. It failed to materialize, as the extra watchfulness of the
provost guard, police, and detachments occupying the various barrack
buildings prevented those meditating hostilities from taking the initia-
tive. Throughout the Cavite province, where comparative quiet had

revailed for some time, renewed activity was noticeable. Along the

acoor and Imus roads the insurgents gathered in large numbers.
They invested Imus and boldly attacked our troops there, confident of
success. General Grant was commanding in that section, but had not
sufficient force to insure the safety of the various points which his
brigade occupied. General Lawton proceeded to Bacoor to ascertain
the true situation, and wired on October 3 as follows:

I have just arrived. Find enemy still occupying west side of Imus River. Am
crossing force here to other side river, oe two companies, Fourteenth Infan-
try, and 130 marines from Navy. Have ordered troops from Parafiaque, Las Pifias,
and Zapote, including McGrath’s troop, cavalry, from Pasay to this place. They are
to be relieved, or their places to be taken by three companies of the Thirteenth Infan-
try from Pasay. Colonel Daggett will command troops crossing here to west side
river. General Bisbee will take charge of everything up to and including Bacoor.
General Grant will go to Imus and will command in person there. He will take one
battalion, Fourteenth Infantry, and move down west bank Imus River to meet
column from this side. By this means I hope to clear out enemy and reestablish
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 17

communication with Imus permanently. I think troops of Thirteenth can return
this p. m., if not, the Pasay line may need looking after. Will wire any important
information as it is received.

And later in the day he telegraphed:

Enemy driven from vicinity of Imus and Imus River. Casualties: Lieutenant Bur-
gess, artillery, severely wounded, leg. Several insurgents killed and several wounded,
and others captured. General Grant will continue in pursuit of enemy for short time
longer and then return to Imus for the night. I will return immediately to Manila.

At Calamba General Kline, who exercised command there, tele-
graphed on October 4 the result of an attack made on his troops at
that point, and added that the ‘* most conservative estimates from the
outside place the number of insurgents killed yesterday at about
sixty.

It therefore became necessary to attack and severely punish these
Cavite insurgents before prosecuting operations in the north, as our
present strength did not allow the retention of many men on our
southern line while the general northern advance was in progress.
General Lawton was instructed to form at Bacoor a column of troops
from those available in Manila and south of the city, drive off the
insurgents in the vicinity of Imus, and, proceeding from Bacoor west-
ward along the shore of Manila Bay, attack their strong positions at
Cavite Viejo and Novaleta, and thence, proceeding in the direction
of the seacoast to Rosario, situated near that coast, turn and attack
San Francisco de Malabon, the headquarters of General Trias, who
commanded all the insurgent forces of Southern Luzon. Thereafter
he was to be guided by circumstances and such instructions as he might
receive. He was instructed to pursue the armed insurgents, paying
no attention to the apparently peaceably disposed citizens except to
give them temporary protection while troops were passing, to leave
behind no guard, but to push on with the entire command to the sea-
coast, where supplies would be found awaiting the arrival of the troops.
General Schwan was assigned to the immediate command of this
column, which, upon complete organization, numbered 46 officers and
1,728 enlisted men. It consisted of the Thirteenth Infantry entire,,
Colonel Bisbee commanding; four companies Fourteenth Infantry.
commanded by Captain Taylor; Captain McGrath’s dismounted troop
Fourth Cavalry, and Captain Tate’s mounted troop of the Third Cav-
alry; two platoons Light Battery F, Fourth Artillery, under Captain
Reilly; an engineer company, commanded by Captain Sibert; an Hos-
pital and Signal Corps detachment, with Surgeon Keefer and Lieuten-
ant Clarke in charge, and 63 scouts (white and Tagalo in equal
proportions), commanded by Lieutenant Castner of the Fourth Infan-
try. General Schwan’s temporary improvised staff consisted of my
aid, Lieutenant Sladen, acting adjutant-general; Captain Biddle,
Fourteenth Infantry, as chief quartermaster; and Lieutenant Bash,
Thirteenth Infantry, as brigade commissary. He was attended by his
own personal staff, and accompanying him were Captain Taylor, Fourth
Artillery, and Major and Surgeon G. F. Shiels.

Upon the assembling of the troops at Bacoor the Fourth Infantry,
which had defended Imus and guarded the Imus and Bacoor roads,
was concentrated at Imus. On the evening of October 7 the col-
umn proceeded westward and crossed the Imus River near its mouth.
I had requested the commander in chief of the naval forces on this

4495 2

 
18 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Asiatic station to cause the marines stationed at the Cavite naval sta-
tion to occupy the attention of the insurgents at Novaleta, which wax
situated at the base of the narrow neck of ground which connects the
inainland with that station, while General Schwan should engage those
in the vicinity of the town of Old Cavite. A battalion of marines
under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Elliott moved out promptly on
the morning of the Sth and engaged the enemy, whose outposts were
concealed in the dense brush on the connecting strip of land, to which
they tenaciously held. They were driven back on Novaleta with con-
siderable loss, the casualties among the marines being 2 officers and 9
men wounded. The fighting of Schwan’s troops near Cavite Viejo was
severe. The enemy was soon dislodged, however, leaving on the field
a number of dead, a few rifles, and two pieces of artillery. The col-
umn then moved quickly to Novaleta, where it struck in flank the
formidable insurgent intrenchments’ which had been erected there,
quickly drove out the enemy, who, greatly dispirited, retreated rap-
idly on the Rosario and Malabon roads and through the dense brush to
the vicinity of their homes, where, with arms concealed, they would be
able to present themselves to any passing American troops as the most
consistent of ‘‘amigos.” The column rationed at Rosario advanced
on San Francisco de Malabon, driving out the enemy, who made slight
resistance, to the southward.

General Schwan was then directed to croxs over to the Imus and
Dasmariiias road and march on Dasmarifias. “The time was the middle
of the rainy season, and all roads were well nigh impassable for artil-
lery and wagon transportation. He had experienced great difficulties
thus far on his advance from this cause, and it would be impossible to
take even pack transportation across the rice swamps intervening
between Malabon and the designated road to Dasmarifias. He there-
fore returned his artillery and small quartermaster’s train by way of
Old Cavite escorted by cayalry, and proceeded to Dasmariiias with
his foot troops, they carrying on their persons their ammunition and
rations. He encountered only a few fleeing insurgent detachments.
and upon arrival at the designated point he was recalled to Bacoor,
‘whence the troops comprising the column were sent to occupy the
positions from which they had been drawn. The result of the expedi-
tion was a temporary thorough demoralization of the insurgents of the
Cavite province, the capture of insurgent supplies and money. and the
destruction of much contraband of war. Many prisoners were taken,
but all were released except the more important officers. On October
13 General Schwan telegraphed from Bacoor the following:

If the amount of damage a campaign inflicts upon the enemy be true test of its
success, I can claim a larger share for mine than is indicated in my previous official
dispatches. or the facts appear to be that not less than 100 Filipinos, including large
proportion of officers, were killed in the practically continuous engagements from
the time we left Cavite Viejo until our entrance into Rosario, and in our combat on
the Buena Vista road, in which Captain Geary was mortally wounded. The padre
at Imus, a man of intelligence and concededly truthful, has informed the officers
there that about 100 Filipinos, killed in the actions referred to, were buried in
Rosario and other places near by, and General Grant now tells me that the burial
party he sent to Butulan interred twenty odd bodies. Ihave it from several sources,
each entitled to full credit, that the insurgents’ military authorities have, within the
past few days, sent 400 of their wounded south for treatment in the mountains. It
is notorious that the enemy’s losses are frequently overestimated, hence I determined
to report actually ascertained facts only; but justice to my command compels me to
communicate to you the reports of the gentlemen mentioned, whose correctness can
hardly be challenged.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. . 19

General Schwan’s casualties in commissioned officers were Captains
Geary and Saffold, Thirteenth Infantry, killed; Captain McGrath,
Fourth Cavalry, wounded, and who subsequently died from the wound
received; Lieutenant Fenton, Fifth Cavalry, slightly wounded.
Twenty-two enlisted men were wounded, none seriously.

We were now assured that the insurgents south would maintain
respectful distances from our outposts, and attention was given to the
contemplated northern advance. General Wheaton had been ordered
in from General MacArthur’s front at Angeles to take command of the
expedition which was to proceed by sea to San Fabian on the north
coast of the island, and had been replaced by General Bates. On
October 9 the following instructions were sent out:

; Mania, October 9, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Angeles :

A portion of General Lawton’s command, General Young with battalion Twenty-
fourth Infantry and squadron Fourth Cavalry, move at once. Watch well country
to your right and send down to San Fernando for service there and eastward that
place the battalion Twenty-second Infantry now at Angeles.

Barry.

Mania, October 9, 1899.
General MacArruur, Angeles:

General Young will move north with a small force, leaving half of Lawton’s troops
in San Fernando. It would be well to send General Bates there to take temporary
command of that whole section. General Schwan’s movements in Cavite province
will keep out troops intended for north for three or four days.

Barry, A. G.

And General MacArthur replied:

ANGELES, October 9, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Malacafian :

In pursuance of telegraphic instructions just received from your office, I have pre-
pared an order temporarily establishing the headquarters Second Brigade of this
division at San Fernando, and directing the brigade commander, General Bates, to
proceed to that place and take temporary command of that whole section, which
General Bates instructed includes Mexico, San Fernando, Bacolor, Santa Rita, and
Guagua, and all troops stationed thereat. Does this order conform to the wishes of
the department commander?

MacAnrruour.

General Bates relieved General Young at San Fernando, and the
latter, to whom the mounted and artillery companies of the Thirty-
seventh Infantry and the two battalions of the Twenty-second Infantry
had been ordered to report, advanced with the Twenty-fourth Infantry,
the two companies of the Thirty-seventh Infantry, and a portion of the
‘Fourth Cavalry on Arayat, which he captured with the loss of only
one man (a private of the Twenty-fourth Infantry severely wounded),
and drove the enemy back on the Magalang road, who, before retreat-
ing, fired the town, which was partially destroyed. Here the gunboat
Florida and Ballance’s Battalion of the Twenty-second Infantry joined
the column; here the crossing of the troops and wagon transportation
to the east bank of the river was to be effected, and for this purpose
the flat boats had been constructed at Calumpit. The gunboats Oeste,
Florida, and Laguna de Bay had been sent to Calumpit, the first two
to tow the loaded cascoes up the river from that point and the latter
for patrol duty. The first consignment of supplies left Calumpit for
Arayat on October 13.
20 . REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Upon the previous day extended reconnoissances had been made by
the troops on the north Manila line and from the Pasig River. Major
Cheatham with a battalion of his regiment (the Thirty-seventh Infan-
try) had proceeded from San Pedro Macati down the east shore of the
Laguna de Bay to Muntinlupa. He drove out the enemy, which,
assembling in force on the outskirts, awaited an opportunity to
ambush his troops. Under the direction of a guide, a had offered
his services gratuitously, a detachment of Cheatham’s men were led
into the brush, fired upon by a concealed enemy and 3 killed, the
remainder escaping into the town. Major Cheatham had encountered
much opposition on his advance and had about consumed his ammuni-
tion and rations. He succeeded in forwarding information of his con
dition into Pasig by the lake, from which the requisite supplies were
immediately sent him. The next morning he brushed away the enemy
from his front, proceeded westward, following trails unknown to him,
and after marching a few miles turned to the right and entered Bacoor
that evening. There was no more difficulty in that section of Cavite
Province for several weeks, and the Spaniards who had taken service
with the insurgents were ready to abandon the enterprise and accept
transportation to Spain at the expense of the United States. On
October 15 the commanding officer at Pasig telegraphed:

There is at present detained here First Lieut. Diego Morenillo y Pecon, who was
an. artificer af artillery in the Spanish army. Was captured in Santa Cruz by the
Filipinos September 1, 1898. He was kept prisoner until forced by cireumstances
into the Filipino service, together with other Spaniards. He is now stationed at
Santa Rosa, on the lake, and appears here as a delegate from Maj. Manuel Ruiz, in
charge of artillery, who with other Spaniards desire to quit their present service and
leave the country. He proposes to aid in the capture of Bifiang, Santa Rosa, and
Cabuyao, promising to arrange guns so that they will fire wild of American troops,
and that the latter shall not fire at them. There are about 15 pieces of artillery of
various kinds, including one Krupp 8-centimeter, rapid fire,and machine guns. His
detailed proposition is ae below. The reference to sentenced prisoners refers to
Ruiz, who was confined for stabbing affray in September by American authorities.
Pecon says four companies in cascoes with a launch could take the three places
mentioned. He says they are important places for the insurgents, who are supplied
from there with provisions and money. He thinks early action should be taken or
the pieces may be withdrawn to the hills. The insurgents have an arsenal at Lipa,
where ammunition is prépared. He says they are well supplied. Will visit Tagui
this afternoon, returning by 4, where orders may meet me. Receiving none, chal
return to San Pedro. Pecon is accompanied by three Filipinos, who desire also, he
states, to desert and return to Manila.

The proposition is as follows:

General Ot1s, Manila:

We believe the prosecution of the present war between the Filipinos and the
United States to be unhumanitarian and prejudicial for both countries.

1. Speaking for these men who are under my orders, I come to make you the fol-
lowing proposition:

Par. 1. As soon as we come to a mutual understanding we will permit the free
entry of American troops without resistance or bloodshed.

Par. 2. We desire an indemnification for each man, including the soldiers, accord-
ing to his grade and appointment.

Par. 3. We desire documents from you that will guarantee our personal safety.

Par. 4. We desire documentary statement from the American Government to the
effect that our past connection with the revolution is forgotten and condoned, and in
ease one of our party should be sentenced for a past offense, committed under the
American régime, that this sentence shall be condoned.

Par. 5. Allow us free transportation, or the amount thereof, on account of the Gov-
ernment of the United States, to such foreign parts as we may select.

Par. 6. Hand to us checks, or promises to pay, for the amounts that you, in accord
with the Government, decide to pay us for indemnification; these checks to be
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 41

handed us before leaving Santa Rosa and considered as reward for delivering the
pieces of artillery. And in case we do not come to an understanding, and we are
obliged to defend ourselves because of the nonacceptance of this proposition, we state
we are not responsible for any disasters which may consequently occur. The guar-
anties and explications which you may need in proof of this proposition can be
obtained from the delegate, the bearer of this letter, who is authorized by us to close
this proposition as soon as you and he reach an understanding.
Santa Rosa, 14th of October, 1899.
Tue Cnrer or ARTILLERY, & Spaniard.

No heed was given to this dispatch, and later in the day a telegram
was received which indicated that the time to take action on the prop-
osition had passed, even if we desired to entertain it. The informa-
tion it contained was not true, for some, if not all, of the men reported
to have been slaughtered have since arrived in Manila. The telegram
is as follows:

CaLaMBa, October 15, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Division:

While cruising down the lake at 8.30 overhauled a casco with two Spaniards, one
a second lieutenant and one a sergeant in the insurgent army. They surrendered
and asked that the casco be sent down to Santa Rosa to receive the rest of the gar-
rison, which wished to surrender, with their arms and 6 field pieces. I towed the
casco down to Santa Rosa, but everything looked deserted. I did not go closer than
one-half mile from shore, fearing trap. One of the prisoners went in alone in a
small boat to get natives to pole the casco in. I soon saw him return in hot haste.
He reported that the insurgents had come up from Bifiang and murdered the seven
remaining Spanish officers. No shots were fired, and I returned to Calamba, turning
the two prisoners and one Remington over to the Twenty-first Infantry.

Larson, Commanding Napindan.

General Lawton left Manila for San Fernando on October 15 with
instructions to push his advance on to San Isidro, leaving sufficient
force along the river from Arayat north to protect his supplies, which
were being transported by boat. His force was to consist of 3,500
men, to be attended by 40 escort wagons and such additional cart
transportation as he might require, the same to be secured from the
inhabitants. . He was directed to seize upon Aliaga and Cabanatuan,
both important strategic points, as soon as possible after he had secured
possession of the Spanish post of San Isidro (a walled inclosure sup-
plied with quarters, barracks, and storehouses), to reconnoiter the
immediately surrounding country, and await instructions to govern
any extended advance until information concerning the movements of
the enemy could be obtained. On October 17 he telegraphed from
Arayat that the ferry had been completed, that troops were crossing
to the east bank of the river, and that an advance on Cabiao would be
made that night.

In the meantime the insurgents were active in General MacArthur's
sphere of operations. On October 15 the General telegraphed informa-
tion which he had just received from Baliuag, where six companies of
the Third Infantry, a troop of the Fourth Cavalry, and two pieces of
artillery were stationed. The telegram was as follows:

ANGELES, October 15, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Paciric:

Following received from commanding officer, Baliuag: ‘‘Outpost on east and north
and west flank successively attacked at 9.30, 11.30, and 1.30 last night. No casualties
on our side. Careful investigation by scouts and spies shows about 2,000 insurgents
and four field guns in the vicinity of Baliuag; 1,200 more are expected, when a siege
is promised.”

Upon inquiry for further information in the premises, following was received from
the commanding officer, Baliuag:
22 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

“T have no doubt about the accuracy of the information sent you to-day. It has
been verified in several ways. The guns and carriages have been minutely described.
Pio del Pilar has been seen in the vicinity. Total number reported to me was about
4,000, but all not being armed. I have not reported the unarmed. The natives are
evacuating all around.”

MacArtHur.

And later in the day the commanding officer at Baliuag reported
that he had a sufficient number of troops to hold his position. His
estimate of numbers was greatly exaggerated, as at that time there
could not have been more than 500 insurgents in front of or in the
vicinity of Baliuag. On the following day he telegraphed that the
insurgents in his front were disappearing and that part of Pilar’s
forces in the neighborhood of San Rafael bad fallen back toward
Maasin. On October 16 the following information was received from
General MacArthur:

ANGELES, October 16, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

At 2 o’clock this morning an extensive demonstration was commenced by insur-
gents against this place.. They appeared in detached bodies on the entire front,
extending from the Porac road on the left around nearly to the railroad on the right—
that is to say, on the arc of a circle about 225 degrees. They opened with artillery
which they used freely in the early stages of the demonstration, and for the first
time in this division injured men with projectiles, 3 men being thus hit. The sub-
sistence storehouse was struck seven or eight times by cannon shot and shell. Frag-
ments of projectiles recovered indicate that insurgents have, among others, a small
gun using American-made ammunition exactly like that supplied our Hotchkiss
revolving cannon. Part of a brass shell taken frpm a wounded man shows that it
was made in Connecticut and compares exactly with Hotchkiss revolving ammuni-
tion which we have for the service of our gun. Is it possible a Hotchkiss revolving
cannon was captured at Orani from the naval launch lost there? The insurgents
withdrew before daylight, thus preventing any offensive action on our part. The
affair was prearranged undoubtedly, and elaborately prepared, and its general fea-
tures much like the event of June 16 at San Fernando. Our casualties were 1
enlisted man mortally wounded who died on the field; Acting-Surgeon Stafford and
8 soldiers wounded, 2 of the latter severely. As the entire transaction was in the
dark, it is impossible to estimate the enemy’s force and loss. Our fire discipline was
good, however, and there must have been some corresponding result. The force
employed by the insurgents must have been considerable, as the demonstration was
to a great extent simultaneous, and extended over a front of several miles.

While these things were going on at Angeles, a very feeble demonstration was
made against the battalion at Calulut. I attach no special significance to the trans-
action, and suppose similar affairs will occur from time to time until we are prepared
to make a general advance. ‘

MacAnrrHur.

On October 17 the General telegraphed from Angeles:

Following received from General Bates: ‘‘Colonel Bell, leaving small garrison at
Bacolor, Santa Rita, and Guagua, moved out about 8 p. m. yesterday with balance of
regiment, about 600 strong, attempted surprise of insurgents at Porac and vicinity.
They got wind of his coming and fled. At 4 this morning, with part of his force, he
struck two companies of insurgents, killing 2, capturing 13 prisoners and 15 guns.
Bell’s casualties were, killed, Private Willard Winters, Company H; wounded, Pri-
vate Samuel Williams, Company M. Williams and body of Winters have been for-
warded to Manila on afternoon train. The officersand men of the Thirty-sixth appear
to have shown great gallantry. Captain Smiley and Lietenant Cowen of my staff
were with Colonel Bell. Colonel Bell appears to have been back at Bacolor about
6 p. m. to-day.”

On the 22d the following was received:

ANGELES, October 22, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT PaciFic:
A successful scout, made by Lieutenant Ferguson, Thirty-sixth Infantry Volunteers,
is reported as follows: ‘‘Went to Lubao by way of Sesmoan. Very bad road. Had
to use bancas to cross two streams, swimming horses at junction of Florida Blanca,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 23

and here, on Hermosa road, in exactly same place as fight of other day, met about 75
insurgents. Killed 2, captured 3,5 guns. Returned on main road. At Santo Tomas,
half mile this side Lubao, near road leading to San Roque, insurgents attempted tu
ambush us. We killed 4, captured 5; captured 5 guns. Home in safety at 6.30 p. m.
Total for to-day, 8 prisoners, 10 guns, 7 single-shot Mausers or Amberg, 3 Remingtons;
6 insurgents killed. No casualties on our side.’’ Lieutenant Ferguson had 20 men
in his detachment. ,
MacArruur.

Lawton’s column had now taken up the advance north from Arayat.
It had been joined by the two squadrons of the Third Cavalry and
two companies Macabebe scouts. The Thirty-fourth Infantry and an
additional troop of the Fourth Cavalry would soon be en route to
join. The advance was conducted by General Young in person, and
on October 18 General Lawton telegraphed as follows:

Arayat, October 18, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

The following just received from General Young: ‘‘Batson with his scouts left
here (Arayat) at 12 o’clock last night. Struck two companies of insurgents in trenches
at San Mateo at daylight this a.m. Attacked in front and flank. He drove the
enemy from the trenches, pursued them vigorously until they were thoroughly dis-
persed and demoralized. Several of the enemy killed; 25 prisoners, including cap-
tain and lieutenant; captured afew arms. My loss, 1 man killed. Prisoners say no
soldiers at Cabiao. About 400 at San Isidro. Captain Ballance with his battalion
is well up in support of Batson.”’ I will arrive at Cabiao with most of my force
to-morrow a.m, -

Lawton.

CaBiao, October 19, 1899.
General ScHWAN: .

The following received from General Young: ‘‘Command marched from Cabiao at
8.30 a.m. Encountered the heaviest resistance at stream near San Fernando, where
the enemy had torn up the bridge. Arrived San Isidro about 1.30 p.m. Casual-
ties, 1 killed, 8 wounded, all of Twenty-second Infantry. Can not get names until
Ballance returns from Gapan. General Pio del Pilar commanded the troops, coming
in from San Miguel last night. The larger force of enemy retreated up river with
Pilar. One Spanish pfisoner and 15 insurrectos captured to-day. Do not know
enemy’s loss. The people in this town seem to be very friendly.’’

Lawton, Mujor-General.

On October 22 inquiry was made of General Lawton for the par-
ticulars of the situation, informing him that the entire Thirty-fourth
Infantry, and sufficient mules and wagons to increase the number of
his escort wagons to 40, would be sent him on or before the 25th
instant. The following telegraphic correspondence extending over a
period of several days is probably the best presentation of the opera-
tions of this northern column during the period which can be given.
It is quite lengthy, but furnishes very full information of occurrences.
The telegrams are herein recorded in order of dates.

CaBiao, October 22, 1899.
General Scuwan,
Chief of Statf, Manila:

Yours of to-day just received. The situation is simply one of transportation. The
river is dead low. About the same as when I was here in May and the prospect ix
that there will be no more high water, at least only temporary rises. The launches
drawing 4 feet or less will give me all I require, otherwise I must have 100 or more
bull teams to haul from below Cabiao to San Isidro. Jam sure that the launches
and something that can float and tow a casco can be had. I will send my chief
quartermaster to Manila to secure them. Even the small launches from the trans-
ports might do, but the large launches can work only on the lower river. There is
Pf REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

no enemy of consequence in this vicinity. I shall not break down and wear out my
mule transportation hauling my supplies up river. I will need them to follow and
supply column. As soon as I have ten days’ supplies ahead at San Isidro, I shall
occupy Aliaga and Cabanatuan simultaneously.

Lawton.

: Maniia, October 22, 1899.
General Lawton, Cabiau: ‘

Hire all necessary bull and other teams which you may be able to obtain to assist
transporting your supplies. Laguna de Bay, now at Calumpit, has turned launch
and coal casvoes over to Major Brooke. Franklin has been directed to meet any
demonstration enemy may make on river between Calumpit and Arayat, and he has
been informed that he can assist you in towing cascoes to vicinity of last-named place.
Inquiry being made here for very light draft launches, as vet without success.

Scuway, Chief of Staff.

San Isipro, October 22, 1899.
General ScHWAN:

Following from Cabiao: ‘“‘Following note just received by courier: ‘Sergeant
Harris, in charge of Oceania, was fired upon at mouth of Rio Chico. Major Howard
killed outright, W. P. Chambers wounded right arm, J. W. Dean shot through body.
(Signed) Dorrington, Lieutenant, Thirty-fourth Infantry.’ Have sent ambulance
with surgeon and detail of 20 men to place where boat landed, about 2 miles below
the lower landing. Courier reports Lieutenant Lincoln, with Company <A, is guard-
ing body of Major Howard, which, with wounded men, will be brought here.
(Signed) Keller, Commanding.”

Lawton.

Mania, .October 23, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Sin Isidro:
Three light-draft launches will probably be started Thursday morning up Rio
Grande from its mouth.
ScHwan.

Manta, October 23, 1899.
Major-General Lawron, Sun Isidro:
Arrangements are being made for supplying you at once with two additional light-
draft launches. ;
Scuwan, Chief of Stag.

Masina, Octoher 23, 1899.
Lieutenant FranxK.iy,
Commanding Laguna de Bay, Arayat:
You are authorized to go above Arayat for purpose mentioned in your telegram,
taking, however, no unnecessary risks, as important tasks will devolve on your vessel.

Scrwan, Chief of Stag.

: San Isrpro, October 24, 1899.
General Scawan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Raining lightly, but steadily. River rising slowly. Our spirits likewise. Roads
bad on account of rain. Brooke left Arayat this a. m. with the Oeste and Nerru,
and towing two cascoes. Two days’ rations on hand for troops now here. Have
stopped everything back pending accumulation of small surplus here. River
patrolled from Arayat to this point. Detachments at San Antonio, Cabiao, crossing
of Tarlac road + miles below Cabiao, and mouth Rio Chicu Pampanga. Reconnois-
sance to Santa Rosa yesterday developed insurgent outposts only. Movement for-
ward arranged to start to-night suspended on account of nonarrival of supplies.
Ferryboat towed up river by men arrived last night. Am bridging small river east
called Rio Chico. Bridges destroyed on road leading north. Engineer detachment
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS, 25

not strong enough; good men overworked to accompany column. Am organizin
pioneer detachments of Macabebes, who work well anil are reliable. Bought 14 goo
ponies last night, $65 (Mexican) each. Shall buy pack ponies for scouts and cavalry
when Ican get them. Quartermaster should be prepared to issue pack saddles,
Spanish pattern, when called upon. Have ordered no more hay shipped. Plenty
of good forage obtainable. Must have supply train of bull carts. Plenty of bulls
here, but no carts. Send carts and drivers. Hurry light-draft launches. The
above is in reply to yours of this morning.

: Lawton, Major-General,

: Maniua, October 24, 1899.
Major-General Lawron, San Isidro:

Commanding general Second Division has been directed to turn over to Major
Knight, about to join you as chief quartermaster, some 40 Spanish pack saddles, for
which it is understood that division has no particular use. The question of supply-
ing you additional pack saddles will receive immediate attention. You have full
authority to hire bulls and bull carts in such numbers as you may require. Captain
Perry reports that bull carts may be hired in almost any number at San Fernando.
Major Knight could carry out any instructions in regard to the procurement of carts
you might send him at San Fernando. In order to expedite the getting of an
adequate number of such carts, I suggest that you instruct the commanding officer
Troop G, Fourth Cavalry, to post notices of number of carts that are desired by
Major Knight.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

; Maniua, October 25, 1899.
Major-General Lawron, San Isidro:
Thirty-two engineer soldiers will leave with Thirty fourth Infantry at 10.30
Thursday morning to reenforce Lieutenant Oakes’s detachment now with you.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mania, October 25, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:
The launches Aggie, Albany, and Trilby leave for mouth of Rio Grande River
to-night. Send gunboat there to convoy them; gunboat should be there at 6 o’clock

to-morrow morning.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Istpro, October 25, 1899.
General Scowan, Chief of Staff:

Every thing quiet. Rains over. Roads impassable. River has risen some 8 or
10 feet. Is bank-full. Small streams high and unfordable. Brooke came through -
with launch last night, but did not bring casco. None have come through yet. I
would be pleased if the general would place Franklin in charge of river transpor-
tation. With his experience in such matters the forwarding of supplies might be
facilitated.

Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, October 25, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, San Isidro:
Franklin has orders to assist your troops in every way. He will be left with you
for about a week, when his vessel] will be given other important work. The general
regrets he can not assign him permanently to the duty you suggest for him.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Sawn Istpro, October 26, 1899.
General Scawan, Palace:

River has fallen 8 feet. Oeste just arrived with one casco. Three light-dratt
launches not yet arrived at Calumpit. Young under orders for Cabanatuan to-morrow.
Can not move if rain falls. Reconnoissance toward San Miguel this morning. Other-
wise no change and all quiet. :

Lawron, Major-General.
lo
oo

REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Maniva, October 26, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, San Isidro:

Department commander felt constrained yesterday afternoon, much against his
inclination, to detain one battalion Kennon’s regiment for temporary service at San
Pedro Macati, most of the troops at which have been sent to reenforce the garrison at
Los Bafios, where Colonel Kline represents situation as critical. The detention of
this battalion will be short. The other two battalions go forward to San Fernando

this morning.
° Scawan, Chief of Staff

San Isrpro, October 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff’:

The following just received: ‘‘ At Taboatin River, 3 p. m., October 27, 1899.—To
Major-General Lawton: Found the enemy strongly intrenched behind the Taboatin
River. After a brisk little fight drove him out, with a loss to ux of 1 killed and 2
wounded. The new Hotchkiss ammunition is a failure. The Taboatin River is
about double the width and twice the depth in both banks of the Tanbi River.
Chase crossed a mile up with great difficulty, and the battery is now crossing one
gun at atime on rafts hastily constructed at this point. The Laguna de Bay rendered
me very great assistance. I send this by my aid, Lieutenant Smedburg, who can
explain everything to you in person. It is now 3 p. m., and I have heard nothing
of the Fourth Cavalry. Lieutenant Smedburg will direct the train to camp on the
road off Dangu, on the opposite side of the river from the enemy’s sharpshooters,
and where plenty of green rice can be had for the animals. It will take two days
to construct a bridge here. The road otherwise is good. Enemy’s force reported
to be 1,000. Do not think they have nearly so many. (Signed) Young, brigadier-

eneral.”’
Lawton, Major-General.

Say Istpro, Octoher 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:
Have just returned with General Lawton from Young’s front on Taboatin River.
Bridge gone. Infantry and scouts across and well advanced toward Santa Rosa.
Bridge being built for crossing transportation. No material resistance thus far.

THOMPSON.

San Istpro, October 28, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

Launch Florida, which draws 7 feet of water, and can not run on upper river, was
stationed to tow two cascoes from Calumpit to Arayat, and other launches are
stationed above Arayat to tow cascoes from Arayat to this place. Complying with
your order, Florida was sent to mouth of river three days ago, since which time
nothing has been heard of her. This delay is seriously interfering with accumula-
tion of supplies here. I have but eight days’ surplus, and my command is strung
along the road from Manila to this place because I can not subsist them here. Can
not the Florida be returned and escort for the launches coming from Manila be sent
with them from that place? Nothing of importance developed this morning. Bat-
son with two companies Macabebes goes up right or west bank Pampanga River to
report to Young and operate on that side of river.

Lawton, Major-General,

Maina, October 28, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:

Launch Florida found and directed to return to Calumpit; could not pass bar at
mouth of river, nor could the three light-draft launches sent from here cross, as
there is less than 3 feet of water on bar. No improvement expected for at least a
week. Quartermaster will send_50 carts at once and others as soon as they can be
found. All your requests attended to promptly and filled as faras possible. Last
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 27

battalion Thirty-fourth Volunteers will be sent up to San Fernando as soon as it can
reach railroad station. Very necessary that you should look carefully to supplying
your command before advance continued.

Barry, A. G.

San Isrpro, October 28, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

Following just received: ‘Santa Rosa, October 28, 1899.—The enemy’s forces scat-
tered toward the mountains yesterday. Chase captured half-finished trenches on
aoe bank of Arraya beyond this town and the tools in them. His men occupied
the trenches last night, leaving horses on this side. Enemy came back in small force
to get tools, but were driven off. I have ordered Hayes to send me a full squadron
with three days’ rations. This squadron should swim and ford. ' Horses are played
out on reaching here by way of rice fields. If a casco can come up with food it will
save much labor and anxiety. When the Fourth Cavalry squadron comes up I will
push on to Cabanatuan. The men with me were pushed rather hard yesterday
through rice paddies. Many fell from heat exhaustion. Battery came in last night.
Scott deserves great credit for getting it over. (Signed) Young, Brigadier General.”

Y .
Lawton, Major-General.

San Isrpro, October 28, 1899.
General Scuwan: ‘

Report that force of 2,000 has left Tarlac to reenforce Cabanatuan. Think it more
likely that the place is being evacuated. Have wired Young, however, and will send
Third Cavalry forward, also Dorrington’s scouts.

: Lawton, Major-General.

San IsrpRo, October 28, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

The following just received: ‘‘Santa Rosa Ford, October 28, 1899.—To Adjutant-
General, First Division: A paper found here dated Cabanatuan, October 20, signed
Fortunato Jiminez, Captain Commanding, gives the names of American prisoners
held here, named: C. D. Bard, C. L. Davis, T. Hayes and C. Baker. It is a very great
assistance to me. Have Batson’s two companies on west bank as ordered. I would
like very much to have Dorrington’s scouts. The temporary bamboo bridge at
Arroyo, just north of this point will serve to pass the infantry, the mountain guns,
and the cavalry. There seems to be enough lumber in the remains of the old bridge
to make a new bridge for wagons a short distance below the site of the old one. I
need tools and engineers to have this bridge made simultaneously with the one over
the Taboatin. The agent of Warner Barnes & Co., at Laluente, opposite Santa Rosa,
has furnished us nine dressed small sheep, some chickens, andrice. A casco belonging
to the insurgents has just been brought in from up the river. It contains coils of
large rope, railroad iron, and bridge timbers. I am sending it down to San Isidro,
after taking out what may be necessary for the bridge across the Taboatin. I have
but two bancas here, which are necessary to bring across the river the supplies pur-
chased aforementioned. These will be necessary to bring over the unhulled rice for
the Third Cavalry on their arrival here. Please instruct officers to give proper
receipts for supplies taken from this firm. I expect to get two days’ rations across
Taboatin on raft this evening, and to proceed to-morrow morning with battalion
Twenty-second and squadron Third Cavalry to Cabanatuan, trusting to Colonel Hayes
with squadron Fourth and engineers to follow me with supplies. Colonel Hayes
furnished rations. (Signed) Young, Brigadier-General.”’

Lawton, Major-General,

Maniua, October 29, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:
The following from General MacArthur: ‘‘ Reported by Spanish refugee Aguinaldo
preparing to leave Tarlac for Bayombang, his furniture being movéd at night to
avoid observation. Probably this has connection with the reported movement of

a
28 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

troops going north from Tarlac. The refugee also says that it is currently believed

that Aguinaldo contemplates a further flight to Bayombong in the province ot

Nueva Vizeaya.’”’ :
Barry, A. G.

San Isrpro, October 29, 1899.
General Scuway, Chief of Stuff:

The following just received: ‘Thanks for your kind message. If Aguinaldo with
2,000 men has come to meet us at Cabanatuan, it must be with a view to escaping
south, otherwise he is playing into our game, instead of moving as contemplate in
my dispatch of yesterday. Isent reconnoitering party up both banks to Samacat
on east bank, and opposite west bank. All force that can operate will be detailed
to getting our regular supplies to this point to-day. River at Samacat reported wide
and deep with middie span of bridge destroyed. Lieutenant-Colonel Wilder of my
staff goes with reconnoissance to examine bridge and ford. Have heard nothing
from Batson on opposite bank. Casco started down yesterday. Broke rudder.
Went aground near gunboat. Have sent Smedburg to remedy matters. Men and
officers are delighted with emergency rations, except the tea tablets, which should
contain more sugar. I would like to have 35,000 emergency rations before leaving.
(Signed) Young, Brigadier-General.’’ I would like to have 50,000 emergency
rations shipped at once, which would give,me only about ten days’ supply.

Lawton, Major-General,

Mantua, October 29, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:

Of the 100,000 emergency rations asked for only 25,000 have been received. of
which 12,000 sent to the Third and Fourth regiments of cavalry and Twenty-second
and Twenty-fourth Infantry. Only 4,000 remaining in depot. They will be sent to
yeu to-morrow morning.

Barry, A. G.

Maniwa, October 29, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:

Smallest of three launches, Jrilby, drawing 3 feet, got over bar last night, and
should be with Florid« soon at Calumpit. Other two launches could not pass bar,
and have returned to Manila. Battalion Thirty-fourth Infantry leaves for San Fer-
nando to-morrow morning. Twenty-seven carts forwarded, 15 go to-morrow, and
remainder of 60 go on Tyeddesday.

Barry, A. G.

San Isrpro, October 30, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Malacanan:

The following just received: ‘‘Santa Rosa, October 30, 1899.—Major-General Law-
ton: Infantry scouts of Ballance’s battalion, supported by one company, occupied
‘Cabanatuan at 8 this morning. Ballance leaves at once with two companies, leaving
here with train. One ferryboat and three bancas have been seized and are guarded.
Road to Aliaga impassable for wagons. Parker reports river not fordable at San
José. Hayes has crossed two troops on foot, and in company with Batson will
examine two or three reported fords toward Aliaga. Crossing of mule teams at
Taboatin delayed. I have two staff officers there, and expect full details shortly.
Rations casco not in sight. Road reported good to Cabanatuan, but beyond that in
any direction impassable for wagons. Wire reported intact to Cabanatuan. Russell
goes over it this p.m. Great joy at Cabanatuan at seeing our soldiers. Many cries:
‘Viva Americgno.’ (Signed) Young.”

Lawton, Major-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 29

- San Istpro, October 30, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Malacanan:

The following just received: ‘(Santa Rosa, October 30, 1899.—Major-General Law-
ton: Have ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes with Augur’s squadron to occupy Tala-
vera to-morrow, taking three days’ rations in saddle pockets. Lieutenant-Colonel
Parker with troops of Morton’s squadron and Macabebe scouts to occupy Aliaga, one
company Twenty-second Infantry to reconnoiter the road toward Bongabong. _Dor-
rington to march to Cabanatuan and thence early the following morning to Aliaga.
The casco to be unloaded and rations to be conveyed in bulk in carts to Cabanatuan,
a distance of 6 miles. (Signed) Young, Brigalier-General.”’ :

Lawton, Mujor-General.

San Isrpro, October 31, 1899.
General Scawan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

The following just received: ‘‘Report the capture of large insurrecto storehouse
holding corn, rice, and sugar in large quantities; also about 40 bull carts, but no
bulls, located near crossing of Lombo. (Signed) Castner.’’

: Lawton, Major-General.

’

Sawn Isrpro, October 81, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila -

Following received: ‘‘Cabanatuan, October 31, 1899.—Dispatch received from
Parker, dated Aliaga, 4.10. Arrived 2.10 p. m. Impossible for carts to go over
roads. No resistance. Batson rode ahead and captured telegraph operator with all
dispatches and instruments. Operator says 600 men expected in from Tarlac. Will
scout toward Santa Rosa, also toward Tarlac to examine roads to-morrow. Mes-
sages captured were addressed.to president of republic, Tarlac, and signed by Colonel
Padilla. (Signed) Young, Brigadier-General.’’

Lawton, Major-General.

Saw Isrpro, October 31, 1899.
General Scuwan:

Following just received: ‘‘Cabanatuan, October 31, 1899.—The company of infantry
that left at 6.45 this morning to reconnoiter on the road to Bongabong returned at +
this p.m. They proceeded within a mile of Cabo. A party of unarmed insurgents
were seen taking down wire and insulators and cutting down poles. There is no
information obtained that insurgents occupy Bongabong. Lieutenant Ripley, com-
manding reconnoissance, deserves great credit for his work. (Signed) Young.”

Lawton.

a Mantua, October 31, 1899.
GENERAL Lawton, San Isidro:

The most important objective Carranglan, little east of north of Cabanatuan moy-
ing by Talavera and San Jose, or by eastern road, whichever best. Aliaga not
important now, except for observation and for protection of column moving north.
Other column by water, under Wheaton, will close only western mountain route.
Should you fail to comprehend, wire for more detailed explanation. Have you
cipher code?

Scuwan, Chief of Staff. °

San Istpro, October 81, 1899.’
GENERAL ScHwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Message received this a. m. and fully understood. The route indicated is the one
had in view by me. The unimportance of Aliaga has been understood since my
arrival here. Only a scout or patrol is being sent there. I have no cipher code and

_, am rather glad of it. I want maps of the country along the line contemplated.
Lawton, Major-General.
30 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Muawniva, October 31, 1899.
GENERAL Lawron, Sen Isidro:

The following issued by Aguinaldo October 5: ‘In view of the fact that Tarlac
does not possess the hygienic and geographic conditions befitting it for the numerous
population of the capital of the republic of the Philippines, the honorable presi-
dent of the republic and his council of government has been pleased to order that
the capital of the republic be moved provisionally to Bayombong, the capital of
Neuva Vizcaya.”

The following information is furnished you: From Cabanatuan to San Jose by way
‘of Talavera road in dry season considered good. From San Jose to Aritao by way of
Carranglan, no road, but very poor trail. ‘There is a trail from San Nicolas north of
east of Carranglan to Aritao, very poor. ; x

: ScHwan, Chief of Steff.

San Istpro, October 31, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Menila:

Message concerning sanitary condition of Tarlac received. Information of insur-
gent government movement in direction indicated received from reliable sources when
we arrived here. A week’s supplies and transportation is all that prevents us push-
ing forward at once. Referring to maps mailed me, I fear that they will not reach
me by mail. Should be sent to Major Lee at Calumpit to be forwarded. -

AWTON,

ManiLa, October 31, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, San Isidro:
Launches Albany and .{ggie are about to proceed to Calumpit escorted by 7 rifle-
men each. Crews are Macabebes. ; ;
Scoway, Chicf of Star.

San Istpro, October 31, 1899.
(veneral Scuwan, Chief of Staj?, Manila:

Following received: ‘‘Cabal, October 31, 1899.—Dispatch just received from Colonel
Hayes. He had great difficulty in getting over road. Arrived about 4.30 p. m.
After feeling his way with dismounted skirmishers, charged the town mounted.
Enemy retreated toward Santo Domingo, which seemed to be in accordance with
orders from Colonel Padilla, whose written instructions were captured, also 2 small
brass cannon, a quantity of powder, loading tools, etv., 720 Hotchkiss shells for 1.65
mountain gun, 5,000 or more Mauser rifle shells, and a box with about 40,000, also 1
Mauser and 65 sacks St. Louis, United States, flour. Enemy’s force estimated at 150.
No casualties. (Signed) Young, brigadier-general.”’

Lawton.

San Isrpro, Vovenher 1, 1899.
General Otis, Manila:

About the 5th I hope to have suflicient transportation and supplies accumulated
to enable me to organize a column of about 3,000, mostly cavalry and scouts, supplied
as follows: One hundred rounds of ammunition per man on person, 100 on company
transportation. Five days’ rations, bread, meat, sugar, coffee, salt, issued to compa-
nies. Supply train, 30 wagons, 4 mules, carrying 300,000 reserve ammunition and
60,000 rations, hard bread and bacon; 120,000 rations sugar, coffee, and salt. Also
another supply train of carts, carrying the same amount of rations, but no ammuni-
tion. This will give me 300 rounds of ammunition per man, full rations of sugar,
coffee, and salt for forty-five days, and a little more than half rations bread and
meat for same period. Wood caxes will be removed from bread, bacon, and coffee,
reducing weight 33 percent. Will move asrapidly as possible for Bayonbong. Must
doubtless look for next communication and supplies up Cagayan River. My com-
mand has been regularly organized; see Division General Order, 44. Young assigned
to cavalry brigade. I retain immediate control of all scouts. My infantry should
follow and support me. I will, of course, be fully occupied with the advance, ete.

Lawton, Major-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 31

Mania, November 2, 1899.
General Lawron, San Isidro:

Not intended that your advance shall be beyond San Jose, and, at the farthest,
Carranglan. This advance will close trail over divide to Bayonbong. The road from
Balog to San Jose considered practicable for wagons in dry season; that from C'ar-
ranglan to Aritao impracticable for wagons at any season of the year. By blockin
northern road at Carranglan with cavalry and operating with your troops westwar
from San Isidro and Cabanatuan you will perform the most efficient service. Mac-
Arthur moves very shortly and the west coast road north from Dagupan will soon
be blocked. Your indicated advance to Bayonbong and beyond, even if you could
take through wagon transportation—which you can not—would serve no purpose at
this time. Please forward to San Isidro all the supplies you can, in the meantime
operating in the direction of San Jose and guarding well your left flank. Will write
you full particulars at once. It is the intention to give you full liberty of action
within the section of country which will be designated as the field of your operations

OTIs.

; San Istpro, Noreibher 2, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

The following just received: ‘‘Cabanatuan, November 2, 11.02 a. m.—Major-
General Lawton: The following list of property captured by Hayes, commanding,
Talavera: Six hundred pounds small-arm shells, Mauser, Springfield, and Remington;
720shells, loaded, for 1.65 H.M.R.; 200 empty shells for same; 800 pounds of projectiles
for same; incomplete set of reloading tools for same; 24 muskets, flintlocks, unsery-
iceable; 14 barrels and stocks for rifles, muzzle loading, etc.; 10 pounds gunpowder,
native, poor quality; 13 small brass howitzers, very old, 14 and 2 inch barrel; 28

as-pipe cannon, covered with wooden tubes and wound with wire; 3cases of canister
or 6-inch gun, very old; 6 pounds of caps for H. M.R.; 10 hand bombs, 1 inches in
diameter; 72 sacks of flour, partly eaten by weavel, from Portland, Oreg.; one library,
with some 300 volumes, carried away from Cabanatuan (historic and scientific) ; car-
romatos and several ponies. AtSanto Domingo, by Lieutenant Davis: Fifty thousand
smaill-arm shells, which he dumped in the river; also some H. M. R. ammunition,
Mauser and Remington shells; handsome and valuable vase; 100 framed pictures of
Aguinaldo. Hayes reports conditions as follows: ‘Road to Hacienda del Valle not
bad; two roads leading to San Jose, one by Santo Domingo reported fair, the other
more direct, passing through Calipahan and Balog. Four Spanish prisoners brought
in by Lieutenant Davis from Santo Domingo, where he found a hospital containing 8
insurgents, 4 sick with fever and 4 severely wounded in Santa Rita fight, 2
having each lost a leg. Plenty of rice grass, but no grain. Rice all carried off by
insurgents. Consider San Jose as a sort of depot for insurgent forces, with much
material taken from arsenal at Cabanatuan. (Signed) Hayes.’ The Spanish prisoners
now en route to San Isidro with train. Four other Spanish prisoners found a short
distance up the river, 3 of them too weak to walk. Have sent out for them. Will
try and get half rations for five days to Hayes to-night. Hayes is very anxious to
push on to San Jose. If you do not object, I will send Dorrington’s scouts to follow
him up and Castner’s to occupy Talayera. The position of San Jose seems to be of
much importance to us. , Rivers and Chase got off early this morning for Bongabong.
I do not expect to hear from them until to-morrow evening. (Signed) Young,
brigadier-general.”’
Lawron, Major-General.

San Isrpro, Norember 2, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Tho following just received: ‘‘Cabanatuan, November 7, 1899—4.47 p. m.—Gen-
eral Lawton: The following just received from Parker at Aliaga: ‘Town rapidly fill-
ing with inhabitants. Many hostiles at Barrio Santa Maria, on road to Lica).
Intrenching against advance at Victoria. Will return to Cabanatuan on 4th unless
itrains. In that case will return at once. Roads to Licap and Casanova impassable.
Batson out to-day toward Saragossa. Horses in bad shape, but have plenty of forage
and improving. 11.35 a. m.—Just received the inclosed. ‘Will proceed at once to
scene of fight. (Signed) Parker.’ The following is inclosed: ‘Encountered insur-
gents in ambush between Santiago and Saragossa. Lieutenant Boutelle killed; 1
private wounded. Charged and drove insurgents from position, dispersing them, and
killing 7. Await your orders here. (Signed) Batson.’ (Signed) Young.”

Lawton, Major-General.
32 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

San Istpro, November 3, 1899.

Scuwan: The following just received: ‘‘Cabanatuan, November 3—filed 4 p. m.—
General Lawton: Chase has returned from Bongabong. He reports the destruction
300 pounds black powder, 100 pounds hexagonal powder and percussion caps, made
in Germany; 3 boxes hand grenades; the complete telegraph office, batteries and
instruments, and telegraph material, 3 keys and recorders; also quantity niter. Cap-
tured 1 Mauser, 5 Remingtons in good condition; 35 rounds Remington ammunition
destroyed, and 84 Mauser. Brought in 8 ponies, 1 with saddle and bridle; bad con-
dition road prevented bringing in 3 captured bull carts and bulls. Two Filipino
flags were captured and many letters and telegrams; also the roll of the company
occupying the town, 50 in all. One dead insurgent buried by our troops. No casu-
alties a our side. Was obliged to swim river to get in town. Young, brigadier-

eneral,””
. Lawton, WWajor-General.

San Isrpro, November 3, 1899.
General Scuawan, Chief of Staff, Malucaiian: ‘

The following just received: ‘“Cabanatuan, November 3, 1899.—To General Law-
ton: Following reported as found by Captain Cameron, taken from Talavera and
abandoned about a mile and a half from Califan on road to Valle. About 800 new
Mauser shells and bullets; 2 large caps, sets stocks and dies, 4 bench vises, 1 lathe,
complete; all kinds forge and machinist tools, wood and metal bits; in cases, coils of
wire, copper, brass and iron; sulphur, powder; 1 breech-mechanism 6-inch gun,
Krupp; 1 ammunition cart, having 6 shells, chests new and with excellent work-
manship; plugs, fuses, revolvers; 5 Springfield rifles and a large quantity of lead,
sheet copper, and old shells, similar to ues left in town; 2 large boxes not yet
examined. Value of whole, roughly estimated, $1,500. Route taken by Cameron,
Talavera to Califan to Valle, reported by him practicable and excellent for cavalry.
Ford good and belly deep. Cameron scouting beyond Valle to-day. Thirteen
wounded and 3 sick insurgents at St. Domingo Hospital; 3 wounded found hidden
in vicinity. Hayes sent medical attendance and what food he could spare. Four-
teen additional reported mile and half up river, abandoned by their people and
left to starve. Undoubtedly result of their scare at cavalry charging into town. No
firing heard at this point. Firing heard reported to be from Santa Rita. Have you
any information about it? (Signed) Young, Brigadier-General.”’

Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, November 3, 1899.
Major-General Lawroyx, San Isidro:
It is the corps commander’s present intention to let General MacArthur keep open
your line of communication to San Isidro. A regiment will soon be placed at his
disposal for that purpose and posted at Arayat, Cabiao, and possibly other points.

Scawan, Clief of Staff.

Makita, November 3, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:

Letter by courier this morning. Wheaton leaves for north 6th instant. Reported
that Aguinaldo is moving property to Tayug, which place is northwest of San José
and short distance south of San Nicolds. It is reported that there is a practicable road
for wagons from Rosario to Aritao; the road leaving Rosario proceeds southeasterly
to vicinity of San Nicolids; thence proceeds northeasterly to Aritao. This is the only
wagon road by which Bayonbong can be reached. .

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

; Manina, November 3, 1899.
Major-General Lawron, San Isidro:

Launches Aggie and Albany reached Calumpit last night. In addition there are
in Rio Grande launches Trilby, Oceania, also gunboats Florida, Oeste, and Laguna de
Bay. Please designate one launch to be placed at the disposal of General MacArthur
for supplying San Luis and Candaba. Later on same launch may be able to supply
Arayat as well.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 33

Maxacasan, November 4, 1899—10:17 p.m.
General Lawton:

The chief commissary has been directed to work his force all night, if necessary,
that your supplies be forwarded in morning. Supposed that 80,000 complete field
rations were sent to Calumpit last week. Three months’ supply of rations at least for
4,000 men should be put in at the San Isidro military post and a good deal of forage.
The November rains will give you plenty of water. é

TIS.

San Istpro, November 4, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Everything water-bound. Bridges constructed by our engineers washed out.
Young’s advance will be delayed until water falls. Rise had not reached Laguna,
two hours ago, and she was not afloat.

Lawton.

Manita, Sunday, November 5, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:

There has been forwarded to Calumpit 70,000 travel rations, 40,000 native rations,
and 290,000 field rations, making all complete 400,000 rations. Twenty-five carloads
of rations left for Calumpit at 7.30 this morning. This shipment, when completed,
will comprise 100,000 full rations. These 500,000 rations would appear to be suffi-
cient for all purposes in the section where you are now operating. MacArthur took
up his advance at 6 o’clock this morning. Wheaton leaves to-morrow morning.

Barry.

Maniza, November 6, 1899.

General Lawton, San Isidro:

General MacArthur took Magalang yesterday and cleared the country between that
. point and Arayat. Thinks he encountered about 1,000 of the enemy. Their loss
about 150 killed and wounded. Our casualties 12 wounded. Enemy not putting up
very strong opposition. Not considered very strong in MacArthur’stront. How are
you succeeding in getting up supplies? Wheaton’s command left for Lingayen Gulf
this morning.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Isrpro, November 5 and 6, 1899.
Cuter oF STAFF:

When will troops be sent to relieve Twenty-second at Arayat and Twenty-fourth
at Cabiao and this place? I shall desire to move some of them up in forty-eight
hours. Thirty-fourth go to Cabanatuan and Aliaga. I shall take Taylor’s battery
to Cabanatuan. None will be required here. Rain has setin again to-night. IJshall
go to the front to-morrow if it is possible to get through.

Lawton, Major-General.

Manita, November 6, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, San Isidro:

Thirty-fifth Infantry, intended for service along your line of communication, which
left San Francisco October 4, not yet arrived. Will see what ‘can be done to make
available for duty at the front those of your troops now at Arayat and Cabiao. It
-was understood that you meant to hold Isidro with two battalions Twenty-fourth

Infantry.
= Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
44953,
34 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

CaBanatuan, November 7, 1899.
Cutnr or Starr, Manila:

Iam getting a very long line of communication and the country is full of small
bands of ladrones and insurgents. I am obliged to protect every point. I would
like to bring up the Twenty-xecond from Arayat at once and battalion of Twenty-
fourth from Cabiao. Can leave but one battalion at San Isidro, which I think suf-
ficient for the present. This point is now of more importance than the latter. I
will move to San Jose to-morrow or next day.

Lawton.

Mantua, November 7, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Thirty-fifth Infantry proceeds to-morrow to San Fernando, whence its commander,
Lieutenant-Colonel Plummer, will report to you by telegraph for temporary duty at
Arayat, Cabiao, and San Isidro. This will render battalion you intended to leave at
latter place available for field work. Nearly all of the additional 150,000 rations for
your command were shipped to Calumpit yesterday. Have repeatedly instructed
Lee, who is doing excellent work, to wire me at once should any hitch occur which
can be straightened out here. Wheaton should effect lodgment to-day at or near
San Fabian. Corps commander trusts that your advanced troops at Humingan or
beyond may soon communicate with his command. You may be able to draw sup-
plies from his base for part of your troops. The General is glad to hear of the excel-
lent es you are making in the face of trying conditions. Let us hear from you
frequently.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

CaBANATUAN, November 7, 1899.
Carer or Srarr, Palace:

Young moving forward to-day under most trying conditions of mud and high
water; but troops are moving and should reach San Jose to-morrow, from whence
they will push on immediately to Carranglan and Humingan. :

Lawton.

Capanatuan, November 7, 1899.
Curer or Starr, Manila:

The following just received from General Young: ‘‘ Talavera, Tuesday, Novem-
ber 7, 1899—Adjutant-General, Cabanatuan: Sir: I have to report that our outposts
and camp were attacked by a strong force of the enemy, said to number 300, sent
under command of a colonel from Tarlac with orders to recapture this town. Attack
was made at 4 o’clock a.m. Two hundred of the attacking forces were regulars
from Tarlac, the remainder being picked up and forced into the service. They
undoubtedly expected to surprise us, but my outposts were on the alert and my
command formed line promptly and moved out in support of the outposts. The
enemy made three successive charges to trumpet signal sounded by the trumpeters
of their column. During the last charge one of the enemy was killed within less
than 50 yards of our lines. Captured one very severely wounded, with Mauser rifle
and ammunition. From bloodstains must have been several more casualties. We
were fortunate in having no casualties, but 1 pony killed and 2 horses wounded, not
severe. My forces are in good shape, and 1 can maintain myself if I have supplies.
The five days’ half rations are up to-night. I urgently request that rations be sent at
once. Respectfully, Hayes, Lieutenant-Colonel, Commanding.” General Young’s
advance is at Talavera by this time, and he has instructions to push on as rapidly
as possible. My advanced troops will be on half rations, bread and meat, from this
time. This attack emphasizes the necessity for moving up troops from Arayat and
Cabiao, or, after getting my supply trains forward, abandoning my line to San Isidro
and looking to Dagupan, or some point south of there on railroad for next supplies,

Lawton, Major-General,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 35

+
CaBanatuan, November 7, 1899.

Curer or Starr:

Following is synopsis of report received from General Young: ‘Talavera, 3 p.m.,
November 7.—Followed retiring enemy with 60 men, Fourth Cavalry, and Dorring-
ton’s scouts, to Santo Domingo. Enemy separated into two columns—one goin
toward Victoria, other toward San Jose; latter 225 strong. Four bridges destroye
‘on road to Santo Domingo, rendering rapid pursuit impossible. Blood stains and
bloody carts found, indicating many wounded being carried away. Scouts discov-
ered quantity gun cotton. Wag carelessly exploded, wounding Corp. Gustave Raysck
and Private William E. Brace, Company H, Thirty-fourth Infantry. Brace since
died; Raysck will recover. Orders received to advance to San Jose. Will move
as soon as supplies arrive with full confidence that I can take the place with force
at disposal. (Signed) Hayes, Lieutenant-Colonel Fourth Cavalry.”

Lawron, Major-General.

CaBANATUAN, November 7, 1899.
Curr or Srarr:

Young reports raft wrecked with load of men, horses, and equipments. Private
Chrest, Troop D, Third Cavalry, drowned. Several saddles and equipments lost.
Raft repaired and crossing continued.

Lawton, Major-General.

CaBanatuan, November 7, 1899.
Curr or Starr:
Report just received that bridge at Tambo River, constructed by engineers, has
collapsed. One mule drowned. This is no pleasure excursion.
Lawton, Major-General.

; CaBanatuan, November 8, 1899.
Curr or Starr, Manila:

Raft again wrecked this ntorning with fatal results. The following is report of
Captain Ballance: ‘‘General Lawton: As near as I can ascertain at present Private
George F. Marks, Company F, Twenty-second Infantry, isthe only one drowned. A
number of parts of equipments have been lost, but most of the guns have been saved.
The rait is now in position and a boat load has crossed. (Signed) Ballance.’’ I have
contracted with natives to construct bamboo raft to be ready at 6 to-morrow morn-
ing, for a dollar twenty-five cents, Mexican, and the engineer officer is trying to
bring up two pontoons, all he has to make ferry. In the meantime the advance is
pushing on. ,

‘i Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, November 8, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Six companies Thirty-fiftth Infantry under Major Walsh go by rail to San Fernando
this morning. Do you wish these companies placed at Arayat and Cabiao, or have
them all placed at San Isidro? They will not have any baggage except what is neces-
sary for the field. Will you give orders for their advance trom San Fernando, desig-
nating station? Reply at once. The headquarters and other six companies, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Plummer, will follow to-morrow.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

*
Mania, November 9, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Cabanatuan: a4
Wheaton made successful landing at Lingayen on Tuesday and immediately
advanced in direction of Dagupan, after capturing which, he will, following his
instructions, extend toward Binalonan and Tayug.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
36 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

.
CABANATUAN, November 9, 1899.
Curnr or Starr:

Raining steady. All roads becoming almost impassable. Have two ferries run-
ning, and moving smoothly. It is about the worst proposition I ever tackled, but
we are moving on slowly. The following just received from Young: ‘San José,
November 8, 1899.—Major-General Lawton: Hayes, with Augur’s squadron, Fourth
Cavalry, marched from Talavera this morning through Santo Domingo and Mufioz
to San Jose. I moved with Batson’s scouts and Dodd’s troop, pushed forward rapidly
through the town, met no opposition. Macabebes followed up within half an hour.
A few of the trained ones entered with the cavalry at 1.30 p.m. Hayes arrived 3 p.m.
and reported last half of the road in excellent condition. Many munitions of war
were captured, also 2 Remington rifles in good condition, with ammunition. A
young officer, son of General Lanera, a major in the insurgent army a month ago,
captured here. He claims not to be an officer now, and one other prisoner captured
in woods with gun by outpost. Outpost on road leading to Humingan was attacked
by a small force just after dark. Company of Macabebes poured a rattling fire into
the brush where the fire came from and silenced it. Seems to be considerable desul-
tory firing on all the outposts now (7.30 p.m.). Do not believe there is any consid-
erable force of the enemy in this neighborhood. I send herewith captured letters
and communications that are of interest, showing the enemy are trying to move
impedimenta. One letter dated to-day evidently intended to go to Bayambang. I
have ordered Hayes to proceed to Carranglan to-morrow morning at 6 o’clock. If
he finds trail too difficult for carts, he will return here the following day for supplies.
Dorrington should be in with a supply train for my force by noon to-morrow.
Wessells should reach here to-morrow. Ballance with his battalion, and battalion
Thirty-seventh, should be at Mufioz to-morrow, en route here. Country and people
very poor. No rice found as yet except growing rice for animals. There is nota
house in town fit for headquarters. The road by way of Santo Domingo and Mufioz
is much better than the trail. Following is inventory of captured property, just
handed by Lieutenant-Colonel Parker: One hundred and forty-four Hotchkiss rapid-
fire cartridges, loaded, 2-inch; 8 boxes Hotchkiss 2-inch projectiles; 8 boxes brass
shell, 1.65; 30 5-inch projectiles for breech-loading cannon, rifled; 20 8-inch pro-
jectiles for breech-loading rifled cannon; 2 boxes of Tand grenades, loaded; 1 breech
block for Krupp cannon, 5-inch; 1 carriage for cannon in pieces; 4 block pulleys,
large ones; large vise; 10 shells, brass; 2 boxes fuse plugs, Hotchkiss; 2 tons castings
and parts machinery. (Signed) Young, Brigadier-General.”’

" Lawron, Major-General.

Mania, November 10, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Report telegraphed you to the effect that Wheaton had landed at Lingayen erro-
neous. He secured lodgment yesterday at San Fabian, as directed by the department
commander, and has nearly completed the landing of his supplies. Reconnois-
sances sent out by him northward in direction of Santo Tomds and as far as Magal-
dan and San Jacinto met with but slight resistance.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Cazpanatuan, November 10, 1899.
Carer or Starr:

Continuous rain for twenty-four hours. All communication by road cut off:
Bridges and ferry washed out. Have saved rafts and one line here. Am much
worried and anxious to get up to Young.

Lawton, Major-General.

Capanatuan, November 10, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila, P. I:

The following just received from General Young, dated San José, November 9,
1899, 6.05 p. n.: ‘‘ Major-General Lawton: Hayes started for Carranglan this morn-
ing. Parker accompanied the courier bearing dispatches to you as far as Mufioz,
with instructions to conduct Wessells on the road to Lupao and Humingan and leave
orders for Ballance and the battery to follow. Wessells had not arrived at that
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 37

point at 3 o’elock. He then sent dispatch as follows to Colonel Wessells: ‘General
‘Young will expect you to arrive at Lupao early to-morrow. He desires that not only
your command, but that all the troops that follow you, as well as the train, go the
direct road to Lupao.’ Parker returned 6 p.m. Stated that the rain to-day had
made the road extremely difficult. One company Macabebes scouted country in
direction of Lupao this morning. They returned at noon, bringing in personal and
official papers of General Lanera, whose son we held here as prisoner. Batson,
believing Lanera with some force to be in the mountains near here, started out with
one company about 3 o’clock. A messenger from him has just arrived with note as
follows: ‘4 a. m.—On trail of General Lanera; within two hours of him; will fol-
low. Before 4 a.m. our people were fired upon by a few Mausers far up in the
mountains, about the time they found Lanera’s baggage hidden in the woods. They
were unable to see an enemy. With the baggage were taken 1 Winchester with plenty
of ammunition and 1 shotgun,’ a courier with a dispatch from Tarlac addressed
‘Officer in charge of telegraph station at Pantabangan,’ with copies of most urgent
telegrams via Rosales, San Quentin, Bunion, and at top of envelope ‘ Via Baninathas;’
also dispatches containing important information. All are inclosed herewith.”
_ I gather from these dispatches that Aguinaldo was in Tarlac yesterday; that all
important prisoners of ours held by the enemy are in Aparri or near there; that a
telegraph line is ordered constructed from Bambang, province of Nueva Vizcaya,
near Bayonbong, on the Rio Grande de Cagayan, over the mountains to Tayug, via
Cayapa. The Cayapa referred to is a little town in the mountains over the divide,
_northeast of Tayug. It is not known on any map that I have, but the postmaster
here pointed out the location and said letters had come from that place. He
insisted that it was not the Cuyapo near Tarlac. I consider these dispatches very
important as showing Aguinaldo’sintentions. Unless I hear from you before to-mor-
row morning, it is my intention to leave one company Macabebes and Dorrington’s
scouts, together with train guards and train of Hayes’s squadron, at this point, and
move with three companies Macabebes and Dodd’s troop to Lupao, hoping that Wes-
sells will join me there, and from that point will push on to Humingan. Every hour
is precious now, and J see complete success within our grasp if Wessells, Ballance,
and the mountain battery can get to Lupao to-morrow. My staff officers, orderlies,
and I have been living on what we carried in our saddle pockets since I left you in
Cabanatuan; we can for three days yet, and hope that the train escorted by Steever
will come to us at Humingan on the 11th. (Signed) Young, Brigadier-General,
commanding. Five inclosures.’”’? Later Young telegraphs, 7.30 a.m. November 12th:
“T leave here at 1 a. m. with all Macabebes and Dodd’s troop, leaving Dorrington’s
scouts and detachment 90 cavalry, in all 180 men. Have ordered Wessells and
*Ballance, also battery, to cut away from all impedimenta and push on to Lupao.
(Signed) Young.”’
Lawton, Major-General.

Mantua, November 11, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Captured dispatches regarded as important. Please forward originals by first safe
opportunity. Difficulties against which you are contending fully understood here,
and the General is much gratified at the progress you are making despite them.

: Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

 

CaBanatuan, November 11, 1899.
Carer or STAFF:

Conditions still continue discouraging. Succeeded to-day in reestablishing the
ferry here. All communication by road stillimpossible. Colonel Kennon, command-
ing Third Brigade, dispatched a battalion Thirty-fourth Infantry to reoccupy Aliaga,
as after reconnoissance to that place I considered it important to take and occupy it.
Have heard nothing from Young to-day.

: —~ Lawton, Major-General.

Manta, November 12, 1899.
Major-General MacArruaur, Bamban:

Lawton’s troops strung out from San Isidro to San Jose, whence Young reported on
Friday that Hayes would be pushed forward to Carranglan on Saturday, and that
Wessells and Ballance would occupy Lupao on same day, reaching Humingan Sunday.
From latter point it is hoped that communication will be established with Wheaton.
38 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Battalion Thirty-fourth Infantry was yesterday dispatched to reoccupy Aliaga, from
which Parker’s cavalry was withdrawn a few days ago, after reconnoitering Victoria
road toward Licap. Thirty-fifth Infantry are guarding Lawton’s line of communica-
tion from Arayat to and including San Isidro. Lawton himself is still at Cabanatuan.
Progress of his troops has been impeded by heavy rain.

Scnuwan, Chief of Staff.

TALAVERA, November 12, 1899.
Cuter or STAFF:

Following just received from Captain Ballance: ‘‘San Jose, November 11.—To Gen-
eral Lawton: Owing to the bad roads and incessant rain was unable to get artillery
through till this afternoon and bull train until after dark. Will leave train here and
start to-morrow morning with four infantry companies and two companies Thirty-
seventh U. §. V., with the six guns and ammunition wagons of artillery. I take four
days’ reduced rations. Only take 100 rounds ammunition. General Young has
directed me to push on, leaving all impedimenta. The road from here to Lupao
since yesterday’s terrific rains is perfectly awful. I doubt the feasibility of getting
artillery through to-morrow, and in case it becomes necessary to push on without it
will leave one infantry company to guard it. I have received no direct information,
but understand General Young ‘has been ordered to San Nicolds. I shall join him as
soon as I can, but the walking is awful. Please forward rations and extra ammu-
nition. The artillery has four days half rations. I can last five days on a pinch.
9.30 p.m. (Signed) Ballance, captain, Twenty-second Infantry.”

Lawton, Major-General.

: TaLavera, November 12, 1899.
Curer or Srarr:

The following just received, dated San Jose, November 12: ‘‘To General Lawton:
The inclosed copy furnished you for consideration, the original having been for-
warded to General Young at San Nicolds. Very respectfully, L. A. Dorrington,
first lieutenant, Thirty-fourth Infantry, in command, San José. ‘‘Headquarters
Fourth Cavalry, Carranglan, November+11.—To Adjutant-General Cavalry Brigade,
First Division: I have the honor to report that at half past 10 o’clock this morning I
intercepted and captured 172 bolo men of the insurgent army. These men are part
of a force of 400 that left Nueva Vizcaya on Monday, 6th instant, under orders from
Aguinaldo to proceed to this place and act as escort for Colonel Emer, private secre-
tary to Aguinaldo, and now here in custody, and turn over all the property per-
taining to the insurgent army and government that escaped capture by the Fourth
Cavalry at Talavera. Aguinaldo’s orders were addressed to General Canon, who is
the officer evidently in command of the insurgent forces in the province of Nueva
Vizcaya. On the arrival of the 400 men at Rosario, 228 of their number remained
there to procure supplies and rest. Major Coleman, with the property in his charge,
was to have been escorted from this place to Nueva Vizcaya. The prisoners captured
were without firearms and carried one day’s rations of rice. Among the prisoners
captured are 1 captain, 1 first lieutenant, ancl 6 second lieutenants. The total num-
ber of prisoners now held by meis175. I urgently request that I be reinforced at
once by the second squadron of the Fourth Cavalry and that I be furnished with
rations at the earliest possible moment. My command is reduced by detachments
and scouting parties in the direction of Rosario, but the roads are almost impassable
and it is feared that but little can be accomplished. Hayes, lieutenant-colonel, com-
manding.”’

Lawton, Major-General.

TALAVERA, November 12, 1899.
CHIEF oF STaFF:

Have just wired you report received from Hayes and Ballance. Young is doubt-
less in San Nicolds before this time. The perseverence, energy, and courage displayed
by these officers in pushing forward at this time and under existing conditiohs, with-
out food and without any hope of receiving any soon, without the poasibility of
support reaching them immediately, is worthy the greatest commendation that can
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 39

be accorded. Of course I expected supplies and supports to follow them closely, but
the elements have practically cut them off. The roads and streams are simply
impassable for vehicles. I have ordered loads on carts reduced to 800 pounds each,
and 4-mule teams to 2,000, and then push on. If supplies or reinforcements can
come in via Dagupan, arrangements had best be made that way. Small parties insur-
gents in this vicinity hastily leaving in direction of Tarlac.

Lawton, Major-General.

TaLavera, Novembr 12, 1899.
CHIEF oF SraFF:

The following just received from General Young, dated San Quentin, November
11,6 p.m.: ‘‘Major-General Lawton: Captured Humingan early this morning after
slight skirmish _of Batson’s men with about 100 insurgents. They were followed
rapidly in the direction of Rosales by Dodd, but all disappeared in the jungle. Two
were killed. Dodd’s pursuit was checked by a swamp where many of his horses
were mired. Wessells, following closely behind, was pushed on, entering this place
at 10.30 a. m., killing 1 insurgent. He pushed on rapidly, entering Tayug at 1.15
p.m. There was but small force at that point, which fled in the direction of San
Nicoldés. One troop followed rapidly, but had not returned at the time Wessells’s
courier left for this point. The courier from that troop reported verbally a fight at
San Nicolds, resulting in the killing of a lieutenant and 2 men of the enemy and
capturing 2 American prisoners. Wessells reports having captured in Tayug several
hundred thousand pounds of rice, mostly white; 3,500 pounds flour; 7,500 pounds
salt; 1,300 uniform coats, new, besides a lot of blankets and minor articles. He also
captured Maj. Santiago Pickache, commissary and quartermaster in the rebel army,
and 69 Spanish prisoners. He reports quite a number sick and wounded in the hos-
pital there. Wessells’s march yesterday and to-day has tired out horses and made
them leg weary. He has plenty of feed for them where he now is and I shall allow
him one or two days’ rest. My forces are disposed as follows: Wessells, with Swi-
gert’s squadron at Tayug; Dodd’s troop with me at Quingua; Batson’s Macabebe
scouts at Humingan; Hayes with Augur’s squadron, and Dorrington’s scouts San
José and Carranglan; Chase’s troop and Ballance’s battalion, Twenty-second Infantry,
Koehler’s battery, and Scott’s company, Thirty-seventh Infantry, are en route and
should be in Humingan to-morrow. Custner’s scouts at Talavera, unless ordered
forward by you. Morton’s squadron of the Fourth, and Steever with half his squad-
ron of the Third, are guarding supply train somewhere between Cabanatuan and
this point, I know not where. The road up to Humingan is about as bad as it well
can be and retain the name of road. From Humingan to this point it has been
repaired within the past week by the insurgents, and is in fine condition; from this
point to Tayug it is reported bad. Everything indicates the intention of the leaders
of the insurrection a week ago to carry the seat of government through to Bayon-
bong, Nueva Vizcaya. I believe all our prisoners have been sent in that direction.
This is confirmed by 2 Spanish prisoners escaped, who were reported to me here this
morning. The rations carried on the persons of my troops will be exhausted to-
morrow morning, but they will not suffer, No men could be more cheerful and
enjoy the work better than the soldiers of this command. I will feel out for Whea-
ton to-morrow. Wessells, Batson, and Dodd deserve much credit for the good work
accomplished. I inclose two cards written by Dr. Admenassian, a Frenchman, pris-
oner in the hands of the insurgents, given to a Filipino in Humingan, who was kind
to the prisoners as they passed through en route to Bayonbong. The man who gave
me the cards stated that he thought the day they passed through was about Septem-
ber 15, 1899. Please forward the card addressed to No. 9 Escolta, Manila. 1 think
it will be difficult for Aguinaldo to go through our lines to the north or east, unless
he goes on foot after nightfall. Young, brigadier-general.’’

The following copied from the card referred to in the above: ‘‘My Dear Sir: The
bearer has helped me. He is anxious to go to the Americans. He will tell you
about me. Iam suffering a great deal; at the same time it is only right that I should
confess that Mr. Aguinaldgeaye orders that I should be treated well. I am going
to Bayonbong, Nueva Viscaya. They took my passport and will send it to Manila
to the French consul, and I believe it will be all right when the answercomes. Very
truly, yours, M. K. Admenassian.”’ :

* * * * * * *

Lawton, Major-General.
40 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manrua, November 12, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Talureru:

MacArthur’s troops occupied Capas yesterday. He hopes to make dash for Tarlac
to-morrow, Monday. His movements are, however, considerably impeded by heavy
rains. Nothing further from Wheaton.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Maniua, November 12, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Talavera:

Department commander now considers Aliaga important point, and approves your
reoccupation of it. He realizes the difficulties that confront you, but takes satisfac-
tion in the thought that enemy’s movements are retarded from the same causes.

ScHWAN.

a TALAVeERA, November 13, 1899.
Curr oF Srarr, Manila:
Howse, lieutenant-colonel, Thirty-fourth, occupied Aliaga, 10th instant, with six
companies, Majors Penn and Wheeler. He will reconnoiter toward Victoria. Will
be supported by Ballance, Twenty-second, as soon as it can be relieved by other troops.
Aliaga will not be abandoned. i
AWTON.

Mania, November 13, 1899.
Major-General Lawton, Talarera:

Your telegram outlining the progress and captures made by and the present dis-
position of your troops, as well as the objectives of the several columns, are received
and fully understood.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

TaLavera, November 13, 1899.
Curer or Srarr, Manila:

The following just received from Colonel Kennon, commanding Third Brigade, ©
dated Cabanatuan, November 13: ‘‘General Lawton: Cable broke last night. Raft
floated downstream three-quarters mile. None injured. Raft recovered and towed
back to place by bulls. Am stretching rope for new cable. Supplies and some men
were put over all right in bancas, with natives to handle. Launch not here. Knight
wires that it will leave San Isidro at daybreak with all rope he has suitable for ferry
purposes. Jones’s battalion reported at Cabiag, leaving there at 7 a. m. today.
Batchelor’s battalion at San Isidro with Keller commanding. Thirty-fifth is at
Arayat, mouth of Chico, Camp Lincoln and Cabiao. Walsh has pushed his men for-
ward well. Plummer is at Arayat. Rio Chico toward Tarlac is from 2 to 6 miles
wide. Demonstration there would be useless. I therefore ordered Howze to Vic-
toria, as that covers only line of retreat of enemy south of Lake Canaren. Kennon,
commanding.”’

Lawton, Major-General.

NeAR San Josz, November 14, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Extracts from telegrams from General Young to General Lawton: ‘One troop of
cavalry to feel for Wheaton, one troop sent to San Nicolis. Thirty bull carts cap-
tured yesterday by Wessells. These carts were carrying records of insurgent war
department, one of the papers captured being an order of the presidente at Callang-
lan, a town 20 miles northwest of Tarlac, dated 7th, asking that 12 bull carts be sent
to San Nicolds per urgent order of Aguinaldo. Most of these bull carts were captured
yesterday. One cart covered with a mat carried a paper placard marked ‘Sefior
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 41

Aguinaldo.’ The printing press complete of the Herald of the Revolution and a
large quantity of rice were captured yesterday. My command stretches out too
much to take further detachments for pursuit over the mountains. I will do so as
soon as column closes up. The horses are reported very leg weary. 8.30 p. m.—
Information thought to be reliable was given by a Spanish prisoner yesterday, placin:
Aguinaldo in Asingan. Immediately sent a troop of cavalry to San Nicolds an
pushed it out to San Manuel, a town due north of Asingan. Returning to this point,
a dispatch received from Thayer on the road to Asingan stated that he had met
oe strong resistance. Swigert immediately sent in 50 men of the troop remaining
at Taguig.

Telegram from General Young to Parker: ‘‘I desire Macabebes as soon as possible.
Send up Chase’s troop at once.’? ‘Parker directed to leave two guns with Ballance
to hold Humingan. Four guns for Batson’s battalion to hold San Quentin. Dodd
directed to push on here immediately. At 6.30 p. m. courier reported Thayer suc-
cessful, having driven enemy to Binalonan. At 8.30 p. m. Hunter reports that he
has occupied San Manuel without resistance. Wheaton not yet heard from. . Sugar
scarce. Need baking powder. Most of all, should have ammunition. Have plenty
of carts. Ammunition should be sent from San Quentin on horses. Roads impass-
able for carts. I shall not wait for ammunition. I push on immediately. No
casualties.”

Lawton, Major-General.

Ox Roap BEYonD San Jose, November 14, 1899.
Curr oF Srarr, Manila:

The following just received from General Young: ‘‘Tayug, November 14, 4.30
a. m.—Major-General Lawton, San Jose: Dodd has just arrived from the mountain
trail several miles north from San Nicolas. Has $75,000 (estimated) on carts. Horses
and iien of his troop, and Lieutenant Johnson’s troop, which is still at San Nicolis,
are weary, worn, and hungry. Two men and several horses of Lieutenant Johnson’s
troop wounded. Heroic work has been accomplished by all, but more particularly
these two troops, yesterday and last night. All information leads me to believe
Aguinaldo with a chosen guard of 1,500 and two guns was in Urdaneta yesterday.
Thayer occupied Binalonan yesterday morning and was met and welcomed by a
deputation. He left there at noon with a sergeant and 12 picked men en route for
San Jacinto to find Wheaton. His troop returned to Asingan. Hunter moved from
San Manuel to Asingan. Koehler and Scott with four guns, mountain battery, fol-
lowed by Chase’s troop, came in last night. Batson, with Macabebes, is here. Bal-
lance, with his battalion and two guns, at Humingan. I will push to Urdaneta this
morning with Batson’s Macabebes, four guns, and Chase, picking up Swigert and his
two troops at Asingan. Ballance and his battalion and two guns will push to Rosales.
Wessells will hold here with two troops and will keep couriers on road connecting
with Lieutenant Johnson at San Nicoldés. Ammunition belts have not been replen-
ished since leaving Cabanatuan, but I can not wait for train. Do not know where it
is. Issued from the captured stores one uniform coat and trousers and one blanket
each to the 100 Spanish ex-prisoners who have been baking bread all night for my
people. Young, Brigadier-General.”’

Lawton, MajorGenerat.

On Roap BEYonD San Jose, November 14, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

The following received from Ballance: ‘‘ Humingan, November 14—General Law-
ton: By order of Young, leave here for Rosales this morning with three companies
of infantry and two guns. Latter having only 16 rounds of ammunition and no
escort, the rest having been taken by Koehler. Have 100 rounds per man of infan-
try ammunition. Leave all transportation here. Half of it is now at San Jose
under Lieutenant Ripley. The insurgents are reported strongly intrenched at Bina-
lonan with 1,000 men. No bridges. I leave First Sergeant Mancy in charge with
one company and sick. I need rations and ammunition, but I shall not stop on that
account. I am liable to run against Aguinaldo’s army and would like Sergeant
Mancy’s company sent to me as soon as it can be done, also such other reentorce-

ments as you can spare me. (Signed) Ballance.” ;
Lawton, Major-General.
42 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Ox Roap BEYOND San Jose, Norember 14, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

I am pressing on to join Young as fast as possible. Roads are impassable for teams
or carts, and it is useless to think of getting them through in time. I will push
three troops of cavalry through to-night if possible. Iam surprised that Wheaton
can not be heard from. Had hoped to have his assistance. Will hang on and push,
and everything behind will be forced along as fast as possible. Young and his cav-
alry, Ballance with his infantry, and Koehler with his mountain battery are deserv-
ing of all that can be said of them.

Lawton, Major-General.

 

Caspanatuan, Vovember 15 and 16, 1899.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

No telegraphic connection north of here except enough to show line intact between
here and San Jose. Probably due to’ wet grass and noninsulated wire. The follow-
ing are therefore sent direct to you, not being able to reach General Lawton: Howze
reports from Victoria, via Tarlac, occupation of former place yesterday without
resistance. Many deserted trenches were found all along the road, especially at
river crossings and barrios. He says roads impassable, but Thirty-fourth troops
healthy and in good spirits and can live on country. Victoria, 16,000 inhabitants
who seem friendly. Howze has been directed to proceed to Rosales, via Cuyapo.
Shunk goes by way of San Juan de Guimba. River rose 5 feet during night. Ferry
down; bridges impassable, if not washed away. Still raining hard. River higher
than at any previous time and still rising rapidly. No movement of troops possible
until water goes down. Material in all cases has been saved and all possible prepa-
ration made to reconstruct quickly. Natives report such rain at this season is
unprecedented. ,

Kennon, Commanding.

We will now leave the column of General Lawton operating on the
line of San Isidro, Cabanatuan, San Jose, Humingan, and Tayug, with
detachments at Aliaga and beyond to Victoria, also on the roads lead-
ing to Bongabong east of Cabanatuan, Carranglan north of San Jose,
and to the north and west of Tayug, while we report to the middle of
November the movements of Generals MacArthur and Wheaton, who
in person commanded the other two columns which took part in the
active campaign which swept Northern Luzon. Before doing so, how-
ever, we desire to call attention very briefly to the results which Gen-
eral Lawton’s troops had accomplished.

Upon the arrival of the Thirtieth Infantry at Manila it relieved the
Thirty-fourth on the line maintained south of that city, and the latter
being sent to General Lawton, was advanced to Cabanatuan, Aliaga,
and vicinity. The Thirty-fifth Infantry, upon arrival in the Philip-
pines, was immediately forwarded to the Aravat, Cabiao, and San Isidro
positions. This made available beyond Cabanatuan the headquarters
and two squadrons of the Third Cavalry, two battalions of the Twenty-
second Infantry, headquarters and two battalions Twenty-fourth
Infantry, a squadron of the Fourth Cavalry. the mounted company
and the mountain gun battery of the Thirty-seventh Infantry, a por-
tion of Taylor’s light battery of the Fourth Artillery, and the two
native scout organizations (Macabebes and Tagalos). The Third Cayv-
alry and a part of the scouts were, on November 15, centered at Tavug,
the Fourth Cavalry held San Jose, Carranglan, and the mountain roads
north, and the infantry was advancing along the main line to the north-
westward, Ballance’s battalion being in the lead at Humingan. The
Twenty-fourth Infantry, part of the Twenty-second, with detachments
and scouts, held the road from Cabanatuan to San Jose.

After great labor sufficient supplies were placed at San Isidro and
Cabanatuan to last the troops for several months—at least during the
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 43

time that it would be necessary to maintain so large a force in that
section of country. The Rio Grande Pampanga, the river on which
the supplies had to be moved from Calungpit north, drains a large ter-
ritory and is subject during the rainy season to frequent very sudden
rises and equally sudden falls. It was low early in October, as there
had been but little rain for two or three weeks, so that the launches
of the river transportation which had been concentrated at Calumpit
could not proceed above Arayat. This was discouraging to those
actively participating in the work of moving supplies, and especially
so to those observers who had discovered a failure of comprehension
somewhere among the military authorities which exceeded all former
manifestations of incompetency; but before they had opportunity
to publish their conclusions the windows of heaven were opened, the
country was deluged with rain, and they were relieved from anxiety.
It now became as difficult to proceed with launches against the rapid
current of the river as it had been to pole the cascoes up its late shoal
waters. General Lawton, who never rested, with that practicability
and those resourceful characteristics which distinguished him, and
ably supported by his assistants, successfully met the emergencies for
which the uncertain river was responsible.

The rains made celerity of movement and the transporation of
rations above Cabanatuan impracticable, but fortunately the troops
found the stored rations of the enemy at convenient points and they
were enabled to purchase meat and forage from the inhabitants. They
had the consolation of knowing that weather conditions were as severe
on the active insurgents as upon themselves, and this knowledge
spurred them on. Their movements, the captured property and cor-
respondence, established the fact that Aguinaldo was engaged in trans-
porting his war material by Bongabong, east of Cabanatuan, by San
Jose, north of the latter place, and by Tayug and San Nicolas, in the
direction of Bayonbong, situated in the mountains of the province of
Neuva Vizcaya, on the Rio Grand de Cagayan, which flows north to
the city of Aparri on the north coast of Luzon; that he was moving
his war material by every available road and trail connecting the
country south of the mountains and Bayonbong with as much celerity
as possible, and that he was apparently rapidly executing his intention,
proclaimed October 5, to transfer ‘‘ the capital of bis republic provision-
ally to Bayonbong, the capital of Nueva Vizcaya.” He had placed
his troops at all the principal points of the Nueva Ecija Province, but
they failed to give the protection expected of them.

In reporting General MacArthur’s advance northward we return to
October 22, the date on which we dropped the recital of the move-
ments of his troops and when he was still maintaining his headquarters
at Angeles, the advanced point of his line. We shall again depend
largely upon telegraphic correspondence to convey information, as it
contains a faithful portrayal and description of conditions and events,
at least as then understood.

On October 20, the day upon which General Lawton’s troops had
seized San Isidro, General MacArthur had telegraphed:

A flag from the insurgent lines has just delivered a message directed to me, ae
by Secretary of War Ambrosio Flores, in which he says his honorable president,
General Aguinaldo, desires to send a military commission to Manila composed of five
persons presided over by an insurgent general. The purposes of the commission, as

stated by General Flores, is to arrange with General Otis difficulties connected with
the delivery of sick Spanish civil and military prisoners. It is further stated in his
44 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

letter that the commission is charged with other matters of a pacific character. These
matters, however, are not specified. I have directed the bearer of the flag to go back
to his own lines and return again to-morrow morning at 10 o’clock, at which time I
would communicate to him the anewer of the department commander.

To which answer was immediately made as follows:

Maniza, October 20, 1899.
General MacArtavr, .ngeles:

Reply to message received from insurgents in your front, that General Otis is
unable to FeO ETRS or receive any commission of gentlemen accredited by General
Aguinaldo, unless accredited by him solely in his character as general in chief of the
insurgent forces.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
_ On October 23 General MacArthur again telegraphed upon this sub-
ject, as follows.
ANGELES, October 23, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT PAaciFic:

A note was delivered about 5.30 this afternoon, by flag, dated at Tarlac, 22d Octo-
ber, signed by Ambrosio Flores, the general secretary of war, in which he acknowl-
edges receipt of my note of the 21st, which contains the department commander’s
reply to the former note, the contents of which he informs me have been read by
his chief, General Aguinaldo. General Flores then continues as follows: ‘‘ And for
the satisfaction of General Otis, I say in the name of my general, that in order to
give evidence of our humane sentiments and sincere proof of making friendship with
the United States, the government of the Filipino republic desires to deliver to his
excellency, Mr. Otis, as representative of his nation, sick Spanish civil and military
prisoners already filed on our own initiative.’’ General Flores then states that in
order to overcome the difficulties of assembling so large a number of prisoners, Gen-
eral Aguinaldo contemplates sending a military commission composed of five persons,

- presided over by one of their generals, to confer with General Otis, and inquiry is
made if General Otis is disposed to receive the said commission of humanity and of
pacific character. The note concludes with a request that I will transmit entire the
letter to General Otis, which I think is perhaps desirable, unless favorable action is
considered expedient upon this representation of its contents, in which event I will
send it on to-morrow by an officer. The insurgents’ flag will return at 9.30 in the
morning. I would therefore like definite instructions before that time.

MacArraur.

General MacArthur was informed that answer would await the
receipt of the letter, which was delivered by one of his staff officers
the next day. The proposition for a conference was declined in a
written reply, for reasons which will hereafter appear in this report,
and also, because of former insurgent conduct with regard to these
prisoners, it was not believed that the insurgents were acting in good
faith. The reply is not at hand, else it would be given in full.

The arrival from the United States on October 26 of the Twenty-
seventh and Thirty-third Infantry ntade the reenforcement of the Sec-
ond Division of the corps (MacArthur’s) practicable, and the time was
approaching when the movements of General Lawton made it desirable
that this division should go forward. Two additional regiments were
needed north of the Rio Grande for the protection of the inhabitants
in the thickly inhabited section in the vicinity of San Fernando, Bacolor,
and Guagua and the country to be taken possession of in the general
advance northward. Important matters in the Jolo Archipelago
required attention, and Brigadier-General Bates was withdrawn from
San Fernando and Brigadier-General Grant was relieved from the
Cavite province and directed to report for duty to General MacArthur,
who was instructed by telegraph as follows:

Manta, October 29, 1899.
General MacArruur, Angeles: .

Orders issued to-day which relieve General Bates from and assign General Grant
to duty in your division. The presence of General Bates demanded at once in the
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 45

southern islands, and it is desired that he take transport to Jolo on the 31st instant.
Twenty-fifth Infantry will be sent you on Tuesday, to be followed by a volunteer
regiment very shortly. Please relieve General Bates hy telegraph, and direct him to
take train to Manila as early as to-morrow af least. Affairs in the section of country
surrounding San Fernando matter of considerable concern and may be somewhat:
troublesome when all of General Lawton’s troops have proceeded northward. The
people of that section of country must have full protection. Please give this matter
consideration.

Barry, A. G.

Affairs to the westward of Guagua and Santa Rita, Pampanga prov-
ince, and in fact along the eastern base of the Zambales Mountains on
the road extending south from Porac to Orani (a town on the Manila
Bay coast), were troublesome. The insurgents of that section under
the command of General Mascardo were very active and the terrain
made pursuit difficult. Colonel Bell with his Thirty-sixth Infantry,

, composed of men who had seen long service in the Philippines, was
assigned to look after the enemy in those parts. This he did most
efficiently. General MacArthur telegraphed from Angeles on the
29th the following:

ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Captain French and Lieutenants Ferguson and Davis, Thirty-sixth Infantry, went
to reconnoiter road beyond Lubao this afternoon. Encountered from 75 to 100 insur-
gents in newly constructed trenches near junction of Hermosa road with road run-
ning up southwest bank of Porac River to Florida Blanca. French attacked and
drove them out, killing three officers, 8 men, and wounding a number, 2 of them so
badly that they were left behind. Captain French and Lieutenant Ferguson severely
but not dangerously wounded. One enlisted man killed, 6 wounded. Detachment
withdrew with dead and wounded to church at Lubao and sent for reenforcements.
Major Bishop got there promptly with two companies. Left half a company at
junction of San Roque and Lubao roads which attacked and defeated reenforce-
ments of enemy advancing from San Roque. Bishop, from tower of church in Lubao,
discovered body of cavalry approaching from other side of town, which he attacked
and scattered in all directions and killed Major Pedro Salvador. One Krag and 8
Remingtons captured from the enemy. Left in our hands, 4 dead officers and 8 men.
Also 2 wounded and 1 captured. French and Ferguson both had their horses shot

‘under them as well as being severely wounded.

‘

General MacArthur had received instructions some time before that
he would hold his troops in readiness to advance on Magalang, north-
east of Angeles, when so directed and he had made dispositions accord-
ingly. The following instructions and inquiries were wired him on
October 30:

Headquarters and one battalion Twenty-fifth Infantry leave to-morrow by one rail-
way train to be followed by train with remaining battalion. To what point shall
these battalions be sent? The Thirty-second Volunteers will commence to go for-
ward to Angeles on Wednesday, Ist proximo, and will all be with you on the follow-
ing day. Have in reserve for you 20 4-mule teams and 20 pack mules which will be
sent you as soon as possible. Corps commander gives you full discretion in selection
of regiments in projected occupation of Magalang. Smith has been notified of his
assignment to the Seventeenth Infantry as its colonel. You are authorized to move
the cavalry troop at Baliuag to any point you consider it likely to be of most service.
No objection to your resuming direct command of troops at Candaba and using Mac-
abebe scouts as proposed.

On the same day the General telegraphed that members of the family
of an insurgent cabinet officer and others had presented themselves at
his outpost in front of Angeles, seeking permission to proceed to
Manila. In the party was a brother of General Luna and (quoting
from the telegram) ‘‘a man by name Barretto, who was on the com-
mission with Gregorio Pilar. He has no pass, but professes to be
tired of politics, as he calls it, and wants to go to Manila to make an
46 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

honest living for his large family there. These two gentlemen came
in at the same time with the Spanish commission, and behind them
came a miscellaneous crowd of 26 or 30 clamoring to get in, but as I
had no means of taking care of them, I sent them back to the insurgents
for the night. Who.they are do not know, * * * . A large
number of high officers from Tarlac are hovering around, hoping to
get into the city one way or another. It looks as though they were
pushing Luna and the other man with important commissions because
of their own inability to get in.” * * *

The occasion of this demonstration could not be determined. Either
Aguinaldo was about to leave Tarlac for Bayambang, as reported on
the previous day, or efforts were about to be made to excite the
inhabitants of Manila to hostility, the insurgents evidently supposing
that the bulk of the United States troops had been withdrawn from
there. The following message was thereupon transmitted:

Mawiua, October 30, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Angeles:

Referring to your telegram just received, the department commander directs that
you return to the insurgent lines all male members of the Chuidan family, also Sefiors
Luna and Barretto, and that none of the others clamoring for admission be permitted
to enter your lines. The female members of the Chuidan family may come to Manila
if they so desire. Permit no others to enter our lines without authority from these
headquarters. Watch well your lines and all approaches thereto. One light draft
Jaunch will be sent to Calumpit as soon as practicable, probably within three days,
for supply of San Luis and Candaba and to be used exclusively for that purpose.

Acknowledge.
Barry, A. G.

Colonel Bell’s regiment, always active, had again achieved success
along the Porac and Orani road, which was reported to department
headquarters in the following telegram:

ANGELES, November 2, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Bishop’s battalion of Bell’s regiment advanced from Guagua, by way of and occu-
pied Florida Blanca, driving out a handful of insurgents at Lubao. Bell, himself,
with the other two battalions advanced from Santa Rita‘by the west Porac road.
Was at Florida Blanca by daylight, hoping thereby to be able to pick up anything
that happened to be in sight. He was disappointed, however, and found:nobody in
the vicinity. Leaving Bishop’s battalion in Florida Blanca, where it will remain
to-night, Bell with two battalions reached Porac at 2.30, at which point he had a
combat with two companies, drove them out quickly and with the cavalry from here,
which had joined him at Porac, pursued them well into the mountains and returned
to Porac just after sundown. He met cavalry as well as infantry. He cap-
tured 9 horses in the charge, several guns,.$62 which he found in the baggage
of the cavalry, and states that he literally ran every insurgent out of the country
for miles around. He says that the cavalry of the insurgents no longer exists;
that he killed, wounded, and captured about all they had of that arm. Bell speaks
very warmly of the conduct of our cavalry and commends Lieutenants Slavens and
Hawkins, and Dr. Seamant, medical officer of the troop, for good conduct. One man
in Bell’s regiment reported killed and two wounded. I have placed a battalion of the
Twelfth Infantry on the road between here and Porac and have established a tele-
grapb office with the battalion, and one in Porac. In the headlong chase over the
hills the cavalry was accompanied by the mounted officers and a few mounted men
of Bell’s regiment whom he uses for scouts. The movement of my left is now com-
pleted, and I shall bring the cavalry into Porac and place them on the right in con-
nection with the occupation of Magalang. I now have two companies at Santa Ana,
two companies at Mexico, and a battalion at San Fernando; Cook’s battalion Third
Infantry is distributed as follows: One company at Bacolor, a company at Santa Rita,
and two companies and field gun at Guagua—all connected by wire with each other
and these headquarters.

MacArrtHur.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTL) 47

Arrangements were now completed for the advance up the railway—
the Ninth, Seventeenth, and Thirty-sixth regiments of infantry, two
troops of the Fourth Cavalry, two platoons of Andrew’s light battery,
First Artillery, and a detachment of scouts leading, and the Twelfth,
Twenty-fifth, and Thirty-second regiments of infantry, placed from
San Fernando north with which to protect the country already occu-
pied and that which we intended to pass over. The following tele-
graphic correspondence ensued:

: Manita, November 8, 1899.
Major-General MacArtuur, Angeles:
Your telegram is just received. After the occupation of Magalang by your troops,
Mabalacat will be your next objective; all measures and time for its occupation to be

determined by yourself.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

: ANGELES, November 3, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:
Your dispatch relating to my next objective received; I shall occupy Magalang Sun-
day, and very soon thereafter the point you mention.
MacARrruur.

Maniua, November 5, 1899.
General MacArruur, near Angeles:

The Mabalacat railway station entirely destroyed. Engines and cars ditched and
burned, track torn up as far as Paranao, and track material removed to El Bendio.
It appears to be intention of insurgents to destroy entire railroad, blow up all engines
and burn all cars. There isin harbor at Manila, received from San Francisco, 3 miles
of track, and 10,000 ties are expected to-morrow.

Barry.

ANGELES, November 5, 1899.
ADJUTANT GENERAL, Department of Pacific:

The operations of to-day have been carried out successfully as prescribed in almost
every particular. A command was organized at Calulut, O’Brien, battalion Seven-
teenth Infantry; E Troop, Fourth Cavalry, Lieutenant Hawkins; K Troop, Fourth
Cavalry, Lieutenant Babcock; headquarter scouts, Lieutenant Slavens; which was to
proceed to Pandataqui by way of San Pedro, San Jose, and Calabasa, as shown on
the Java Trading Company map, at which place O’Brien was to unite with Colonel
Smith, who advanced on the direct Angeles-Magalang road with Bush’s and
Chynoweth’s battalions of the Seventeenth, one battery, E, First Artillery, Lieutenant
Hamilton; a detachment engineers, Lieutenant Wooten, and a detachment of the
Signal Corps, Captain Carr. Balance of command in this town was formed to sup-
port this movement and also with a view to a general engagement, if such an event
should arise naturally from the situation. O’Brien has no wheels at all—not even
an ambulance. Smith only has artillery, ambulance and a tool cart for engineers.
All transportation was forwarded from this point after the successful completion of
the maneuver under the escort of a battalion of the Thirty-second. O’Brien having
the longest march, moved at 4.30; Smith at 6. O’Brien met opposition at San Pedro,
which continued throughout his march and permitted him to do considerable execu-
tion, as it is reported from actual count that he killed 49 insurgents, wounded 15,
and captured some 20 guns. This of course is a partial list and only those that are
actually known. On account of bad roads arising from recent rains and opposition,
O’Brien did not reach Pandataqui on'time, and Colonel Smith deemed it inexpedient
to suspend pursuit to await his arrival. Smith met little opposition until at
Magalang, where the enemy made a stand, which afforded him an opportunity to
inflict a considerable loss, which can be more precisely reported later, but which is
unofficially reported to be about 100 killed and wounded. Our loss so far as ascer-
tained is 4 in O’Brien’s command and 7 in Smith’s; all wounded, several severe, but
no deaths reported—a remarkably small loss considering the duration of the fighting
46 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

and the punishment inflicted on the enemy. The result may be attributed to the
self-confidence of our men and their precision in shooting, resulting from recent tar-
get practice. The insurgent force encountered was commanded by General Aquina,
and consisted of about a thousand men, equally distributed in the vicinity of San
Joxe, Pandataqui, and Magalang. Magalang and Pandataqui are connected now
with these headquarters by wire, and Smith’s column was so connected during his
entire advance. Colonel Smith worked out all the minor details of the problem, and
he and Major O’Brien executed the same in a superior manner. They, together
with all the officersand men of the command, are entitled to the highest professional
appreciation. 3
MacArrtuer.

ANGELES, November 5, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Department of the Pacific:

Since my dispatch of 8.55, I have received the following information from Colonel
Smith: ‘‘1t was 8 wounded instead of 7, as reported.” He states the enemy’s loss
about as given in my last dispatch. This will, of course, be subject to correction
to-morrow, when the matter can be more fully investigated. O’Brien same as
reported, except that he brought in 28 prisoners and 14 guns. Colonel Smith reports
capture of about 50 buffalo carts and buffaloes, which he turned over to division
chief quartermaster, who was present. Over 200 native prisoners were taken and all
turned loose by Colonel Smith, except 50 believed to be insurgents. Town was
deserted by its inhabitants, only one man remaining, who assisted our troops.

MacArtTHur.

Mania, November 6, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Angeles:
Do not send in any prisoners unless assured they are insurgent officers or are
important. Telegraph briefly in cipher your next projected movement and time of

execution. ;
Scuwan, Chief of Steff.

ANGELES, .Voveniber 6, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

Smith from Magalang, Bell from Porac, to converge on Mabalacat. When double-
turning movement has reached a certain point, two regiments to advance directly to
front from Angeles. Execution Wednesday or Thursday.

MacARTHer.

Mania, P. I., November 6, 1899.
Major-General MacArtuur, Angeles: .

‘Your proposed movement on Mabalacat, as outlined in your telegram of this morn-
ing, is approved by corps commander, who trusts you may see your way to execute
it Wednesday. Wheaton left on transports with 2,500 men at 7 o’clock this morning
for Gulf of Lingayen, for some point on coast of which,,supported by naval vessels,
he will probably effect lodgment to-morrow morning.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

: ANGELES, Vovember 7, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:
I shall occupy Mabalacat to-morrow. I hope reconstruction of railway will com-
mence at once.
MacArrtaur.

Masaxacat, November 8, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

I ordered Colonel Bell, yesterday, to explore the mountain road from Porac to
Mabalacat and to push his reconnoissance until he got contact with the enemy. The
result was that he enterel Mabalacat yesterday evening about 6 o’clock with little or
no opposition. The small garrison, probably two companies, fled upon his approach.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 49

He sustained no cagualties at all, killed several of the enemy’s officers, captured one
or two prisoners. Bell himself reported these facts to me about midnight, and as it
seemed some part of the enemy remained in the immediate front of Angeles, I con-
cluded to envelop it with the hope of inflicting some punishment. Bell returned
immediately with Troop E, Fourth Cavalry, to Mabalacat by a circuitous route to the
west of the railroad. Smith, at Magalang, with whom I had maintained wire con-
nection, was advised of the situation, and extended his command so as to cover the
northeastern outlets. The Twelfth and Ninth, well extended over a front of 3 miles
or more, advanced directly from Angeles. The formation seemed well adapted for
the end in view, but unfortunately such of the insurgents as remained in front of
Angeles slipped away during the night in small parties. I have now in the town of
Mabalacat the Ninth, Twelfth, and Thirty-sixth Infantry, two troops of the Fourth
Cavalry, two platoons of First Artillery. The Seventeenth Infantry is grouped to
the east, in the vicinity of the junction of the road leading from Mabalacat to Maga-
lang. This junction is not shown on some of the maps. Itis formed by a road lead-
ing northwest from Magalang and the road leading almost due east from Mabalacat,
and not the road leading due north from Magalang. The left of this regiment is
about 2 miles from this place. The location of the troops is very favorable tactically.
They are well secured by outposts, and the balance of the day will be given to rest,
as the heat has been very oppressive. To-morrow I shall get*contact in front of
Bamban and develop that position, which has heretofore been regarded as very strong,
but which by present information is not now strongly held. If my recent letter to
chief of staff is viewed favorably, it seems we have a most excellent opportunity for
putting it into execution. The track is intact a mile north from Angeles. From the
end of the track to between kilometer 83 and 84 the rails are removed and track taken
up and destroyed. Then comes a section of nearly 2 miles from which the rails have
been. removed, but the roadbed is undisturbed and the ties in position. The balance
of the road into Mabalacat—-rails, roadbed, and ties—is destroyed. The Thirty-second
Volunteers now constitute the garrison at Angeles, with Hobb’s battery (which is
not yet fully reorganized) and various detachments of regiments left behind to guard
property.
MacArruur.

Mania, November 8, 1899.
General MacArtruur, Mabalacat:

General Lawton moving from Aliaga and Talavera; much impeded by heavy rains.
Wheaton should have landed at San Fabian yesterday. These columns will give the
insurgents entertainment. Aguinaldo, with plunder, reported to have left Tarlac
November 1 for Bayonbong. Now time for your column to move up railway with
celerity, and it will receive assistance from other columns. In fact, Tarlac troops
opposed Lawton yesterday. Youshould move on Bamban at once, and itis suggested
that if by reconnoissance large force of insurgents discovered there you leave a con-
taining force, making a flank movement by the Magalang, Santo Bartolomeo, and
Concepcion road. It is quite necessary to keep roads to your rear and the Porac’
country guarded. Six companies Kobbe’s regiment moving to San Fernando to-day;
other six companies to-morrow. This releases Lawton’s present force at Arayat,
Cabiao, and San Isidro, and your right will be protected. Magalangis an important
point; a small force should be kept there. Move northward in the direction of Tar-
lac with as much dispatch as possible, choosing such roads as appear to you best—on
railway if insurgents have withdrawn much force, otherwise by way of Concepcion
and Murcia. Secure such transportation as you may need to transport subsistencé, by
hire if possible. It is too late to save much of railroad, but you can accomplish
something in that direction by a prompt advance. A force consisting of the Ninth,
Twelfth, and Thirty-sixth Infantry, the bulk of your artillery, and your two troops
of cavalry, should be sufficient to take care of itself wherever in that country placed,
and it is not believed that you will find much force. This gives the Seventeenth,
Twenty-fifth, and Thirty-second regiments to look after country in your rear as far
back as San Fernando. The Laguna de Bay will be sent to Guagua very soon.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

General MacArthur was poorly provided with transportation at this
time—a large part of his wagon train, which he had placed in good
condition, having been sent to General Lawton under an emergency.
He also desired to make special disposition of the Seventeenth Infantry

4495—_4
50 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

and had not intended to leave a force at Magalang or Porac. He
therefore telegraphed the difficulties which beset him, and the follow-
ing correspondence by wire resulted:

. Maniza, November 9, 1899.
GENERAL MacArruur, near Angeles:

Your orders contemplate that you at once get contact with and ascertain strength
of enemy in your immediate front at Bamban, and that you then push forward on
railroad or on parallel roads a mobile column, the composition of which is left to
your judgment. The presence of bands of ladrones everywhere requires that your
rear be well guarded, but after Magalang shall be covered in front, troops there at
Mexico and Santa Ana may be reduced or withdrawn. Your mule transportation is
sufficient to haul half or three quarters rations of hard bread and meat and full
rations of other articles for seven or eight days for your field column, which should
carry one day’s rations in haversacks, and to some extent live off country. You are
given full authority to seize and pay for subsistence, and funds for that purpose will,
upon your request, be at once placed at your disposal. You are also authorized to
hire or impress all additional bull carts which you may require. Within the limits
of the above and previous instructions, the commanding general gives you full discre-
tion and relies with confidence upon your prompt and energetic action.

Scnwan, Chief of Staff.

Maparacat, November 9, 1899.

GENERAL Scuwan, Chief of Staff: :

Your message of this morning explaining what my orders contemplate just received.
Everything is now in full operation under high pressure to accomplish the end in
view as set forth by you, and I think in a very short time results will be obtained
which are entirely satisfactory. The only embarrassing part of your orders arises
from the formation of details necessary to reoccupy Magalang and Porac, which I
had determined for the time being to leave out of consideration. Magalang is 8 miles
and Porac 6 miles from Angeles, and will necessarily require the institution of lines
of supply, and also the restoration of the telegraph line to Porac. The insulated
wire I was obliged to recover in order to get supply for the advance on this place.
I also need the insulated wire on the Magalang line, as Captain Carr, the signal
officer, informs me that he has only a few miles on hand and can’t expect to have
more than 8 miles when he gets everything at present available in Manila. In this
light, the wire strung to Magalang is indispensable. My line of communication is
well guarded without the occupation of either Porac or Magalang. Later on, if
ladrones trouble these places, I can occupy them when less energy is required on the
main line to the front. If authorized to suspend these movements for the present and
recover the wire now strung to egeene, I will accomplish substantially the same
purpose as would result from occupation, by frequently sending strong reconnoitering
parties to both places from Angeles. Please give me quick definite information
about the wire to Magalang.

MacArravr,

Mania, November 9, 1599.
Major-General MacArruur, Mabalacat:

You are authorized to suspend for the present the reoccupation of Magalang and
Porac, and provide for the security of these places by frequent reconnoitering par-
ties, as suggested in your telegram. Corps commander desires that scouting parties
in direction of Porac be on lookout for Bataan troops moving via Florida Blanca.
Wheaton effected successful landing at Lingayen Tuesday, with slight loss to his
troops.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Masaracat, November 9, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:
Reconnoissance made in immediate front to-day—by Colanel Bell on the left, in the
mountains; by Lieutenant Slavens directly in front on the road, and by Colonel
Smith on the extreme right, up the Concepcion road. Early got contact, and the
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 51

indications to-night are that the town is held with considerable but not a strong
force. Lieutenant Slavens, in the center, was close enough to witness the destruc-
tion of a locomotive. The exploration on the left waga very remarkableaffair. The
party was composed of Colonel Bell himself, Majors Bishop and Luhn, Captain
Hagerman, Lieutenants Pedlar and Cary, and 2 privates, all of the Thirty-sixth Regi-
ment, and Lieutenant Hawkins and 10 men of Troop E, Fourth Cavalry. After an
exceedingly skillful approach over the foothills of the mountains to the left of the
town, by which they got in rear of a trench containing a company of 100 men, Bell
charged with his party and routed the company completely without a casualty. He
killed and wounded 19. Among the killed was the captain of the company. He
captured 6 men and brought in 30 Mauser rifles—a performance, so far as I know, as
yet without parallel in this campaign, as illustrating a combination of skill, determi-
nation, and audacity. What Colonel Smith has found on the right I can not yet
report, as I have no wire to his headquarters, but that he got some contact I am sure
from the heavy firing in his direction. The rain is making the road difficult, but we
have succeeded to-day in bringing forward something over 20,000 rations in escort
wagons alone. To-morrow I expect to repeat this, and in addition bring up a quan-
tity of buffalo carts. Weare meeting with considerable success in etenua carts,
and although I am not prepared to state the exact figures I believe we have secured
something more than 60. The chief quartermaster is earnestly looking after this
matter now, but I shall have some definite figures perhaps before night. We have
got far enough into the problem, however, to encourage the belief that we shall be
able to establish a line that will carry us considerably beyond Tarlac, which point I
hope to reach in a few days. To-morrow will be another day of preparation. Sun-
day morning, however, I shall initiate movement.
MacArruur.

Masaracat, November 10, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

It rained very heavily during the night and left roads in bad condition. I don’t
yet know whether it will have any effect on my arrangements, as the movement of
trains this morning has not gone far enough to show how much they will be retarded.
The sky is not entirely clear, but some symptoms of sunshine are showing, and, as
far as I can judge at present, if my movements are delayed at all it will not be for
more than twenty-four hours.

MacArrtHur.

Maniza, November 10, 1899.
Major-General MacArruur, Mabalacat:

Please telegraph me brief report of Smith’s reconnoissance on Concepcion road.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Masaracat, November 10, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

Smith’s reconnoissance yesterday was on road (not shown on any map) parallel to
the Concepcion road and about a mile west thereof. 1t resulted in fruitless contact
with an outpost, but developed the fact that the road_under exploitation was useless
for our purposes. This morning Captain Chynoweth, Lieuts. W. D. Davis, Vanhorne,
and Bradford, with Companies A and C, all of the Seventeenth Infantry, started to
reconnoiter the Concepcion road, and at the junction of that road and the Mabalacat
road encountered a Filipino battalion, which was attacked without hesitation. The
insurgent foree was quickly driven from the field, leaving 29 dead in our hands, 4
prisoners, and 8 Remingtons. It is not known how many insurgents were wounded.
The enemy, completely routed, retreated north. Our casualties, 3 men wounded, all
severe. The affair was most creditable to all concerned. Captain Chynoweth
showed a special aptitude for command and his officers and men fine soldierly spirit,
resulting in rapid and effective execution. After the combat the Concepcion road
was reconnoitered for 2 miles and the crossings of two streams examined. From
information and observation up to this point it is probable that the road is clear to
Concepcion, where the remnant of Aquina’s command, which was formerly at Maga-
lang, was assembled. My arrangements here are working out all right in spite of
the rain.

MacArraur.
52 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Masaracat, November 10, 1899.
General Scrwan:

I shall commence tactical action in the morning by sending Smith at 5 o'clock
from the junction of Mabalacat and Magalang road in direction of Capas, by way of
Concepcion, with his own regiment, over 900 on firing line, the two troops of the
Fourth Cavalry, a platoon of artillery, and a detachment of engineers. At 9, after
giving Smith time to get well advanced on his route, I shall make strong demonstra-
tion directly to front. Bell, with his regiment and a 1.65 mountain Hotchkiss, will
commence a movement at 2 a. m. to a position which he has already located in the
mountains, and from which he will operate as soon as demonstration in front is well
under way. My cannon, which will be easily heard by both Bell and Smith, will
be the signal for united action. In the meantime the town will be easily held by
two battalions, which will be in the nature of a support and can readily be brought
to the front in case of necessity. Have now on hand sufficient insulated wire to
carry me to Tarlac, in which place, if good luck attends our efforts, I hope to be by
Wednesday, if not sooner. So far as Tarlac, I think I have solved the supply ques-
tion. We may have to haul a bit to readjust things.

MacARTHUr.

BamBan, November 11, 1899.
General ScHWAN:

Colonel Smith reached Concepcion at 9.15 a. m. and the railroad at Capas at 12.30
p.m. About a mile from the railroad he found an impassable stream, at which his
artillery and a few wagons he took with him are now stalled. This will possibly
delay us a little while, as a bridge must be built. He met considerable opposition,
had to work under a disadvantage, and is afraid he did not inflict much loss. When
he arrived at Capas he encountered 200 or 300 fugitives from in front of Bamban;
got several volleys into them and charged with cavalry, but impassable roads made
it impossible to get at them. He reports one man killed in Company F, Seventeenth
Infantry, Private Thomas E. Gardiner, and Thomas Stokes, Troop E, Fourth Cav-
alry, also killed; and Private Charles R. Harpner, Company B, Seventeenth Infantry,
wounded (left thigh), severe.. Tactically the day’s work has been more than satis-
factory. Every combination has been carried out precisely as ordered, and this
famous stronghold has been captured with four casualties only. The conditions
were unfavorable for great execution. I am not able to report certainly more than
ten or a dozen casualties among the insurgents, although there are indications that
their losses are much larger. The defense was apparently made by something like
1,600 men, equally distributed between Bamban and Concepcion. It has rained hard
ever since 1 o’clock. I shall make an effort, however, to reach Tarlac to-morrow,
and hope that conditions may improve somewhat, but just at this writing it is still
raining. Bell’s regiment is now at Capas, so that our force at that place is ample
for anything.

MacArruur.

Bampan, November 11, 1899.
General Scinwan, Manila:

The railroad track is found intact about a mile south of the Paranao. The bridge
is badly wrecked, as we already know. I notice that at least one of the piers was
destroyed by some high explosive. The wrecks of eight locomotives have been
found. They look pretty badly used up, but possibly some may be restored. Trains
ran out of this place yesterday. In fact, I think they were noticed this morning, so
I think we will be able to rescue considerable of the railroad at the first dash.

MacArraur.

BamBan, November 11, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF THE PACIFIC:

Colonel Craig has a reconnoitering force in Porac to-day. He found the town well
filled with people who had returned from the hills and hiding places, and who
informed him that no insurgent troops had been seen in Porac since Colonel Bell’s
last visit. :

MacArruur.
: REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 53

Capas, November 12, 1899.
General Scnwan, Chief of Staff’, Manila:

The rain yesterday and last night made progress to-day almost impossible. I shall
not be able to take two regiments forward, as I hoped. I shall send the Thirty-sixth
Infantry and a troop of cayalry with instructions to get contact and, if possible, get
into Tarlac, if it can be done without too much risk. If strong opposition met, of
course Bell will await until assistance arrives. If prudence requires it, he may even
retire. The movement is a reconnoissance, so that he will be foot loose and at liberty
to do anything the situation requires. I hope that he can get into Tarlac with little
or no loss, and in any event we are sure to save considerable part of the telegraph
wire and track, which is still intact so far as we can see ahead. The insurgents com-
menced taking up track at Bamban, but only removed a few hundred yards; other-
wise the track is intact to this point and we are using mostly railroad wire between
here and Bamban. The head of the train is at the cut about a mile south of here.
Water too high to cross, but falling very rapidly, so that he will probably be able to
cross this afternoon. Smith’s train on the Concepcion road and his artillery possibly
will not be all in before to-morrow morning. The pack mules of the Thirty-sixth enable
us to make the strong reconnoissance to which I en referred above. Two insurgent
soldiers surrendered to Major O’Brien, of the Seventeenth Infantry, and delivered
their arms. I ordered the payment of $30 for each gun. The men will be released
and urged to communicate with their comrades, who are scattered through the
swamps and bamboo jungles. My information is to the effect that 400 men retired
northwest to O’Donnell and some 600 went directly north on train. In last week’s
work the brigades of Mascardo, Hizon, and Aquina have been practically disorgan-
ized and demoralized. I don’t know where San Miguel is, but unless he is in my
front, it seems to me that the organized resistance on this line is almost destroyed.
Bell’s reconnoissance this afternoon will, no doubt, give us important information on
that point. Telegram of the 8th, from Aguinaldo to General Concepcion, and on the
10th, from Concepcion to Hizon, whic1 were seized in Bamban, reveal with consider-
able certainty the fact, in official form, that the insurgent army is not only short of
ammunition, but almost out of ammunition. During Chynoweth’s fight General
Concepcion made an emergency order to send ammunition from town of Bamban.to
town of Concepcion. This order was contained in the telegram above referred to.
Aguinaldo in his telegram to Concepcion remarked, in effect, that skillful fire disci-
pline might make the limited resources of the Filipinos equal to the unlimited
resources of the Americans.
‘ MacARrraur.

Caras, November 12, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Eleven men, armed insurgents, have surrendered, making 13 men, who have deliv-
ered to us 14 guns, one of the guns belonging to a sick man who has not yet come in.
All of the men have returned to urge others of their comrades to come in and spread
the information that every man who surrenders a gun will receive $30, Mexican.
Now that the thing has started, we may have a large number of surrenders. I would
like if some arrangements could be made to have a considerable amount of silver
available, so that we could make cash payments as the guns are delivered. I think
the situation is now such that if we could just hand out the money every time we
get a gun it would go far toward bringing about a collapse of the insurgent army on
this line.

MacARTHUR.

Manita, P. I., November 12, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Capas-:

Officer will be sent to you to-morrow to deliver to you 5,000 Mexican dollars,
public civil funds, for purpose specified in your telegram. This money will be
invoiced to your chief quartermaster and disbursed by any officer you may designate.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Capas, November 12, 1899.
General Scuwan:
Bell’s column reached Murcia at 3 p.m. Encountered a party of 100 insurgents,
who were run out by Lieutenant Slavens and the detachment of headquarter scouts.
They rescued the station house, which had been set on fire. There was scarcely any
5b4 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

resistance, the enemy firing hardly a shot apiece. There were lots of wood, heavy
timber, and railroad ties found about the station. Wagon roads very bad on account
of heavy rains, upon which no signs of insurgents were found. The column pro-
ceeded and is now between Murcia and Tarlac, which town they will enter to-night
unless heavily opposed. I have wire following close to the column and shall be able
to report results before midnight. I had the Seventeenth and Twelfth, after a most
exhausting day’s work, concentrated at this point. All artillery and transportation is
up, and to-morrow the whole command will move to Tarlac and take the place if it is
not taken to-night. I have some encouraging reports about rails, which I shall be able
to verify to-morrow or next day. Since my last report of surrendered guns 16 more
have been brought in, all in good condition, and quite a number of Mausers among
them. Most of the men surrendering guns are from Ilocos. I have been able to
make a partial payment for each gun from secret-service money on hand, which I
shall replace from the funds sent me to-morrow. I regard it as a very desirable pol-
icy to give these people a tangible sign of what we intend doing in the matter, so that
the news may spread quickly among the insurgent soldiers.
MacArtaur.

bs Capas, November 12, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

Rails all in place and in good condition between here and Tarlac. Seven or eight
piles of rails, 30 or 40 in a pile, found near the track in the vicinity of that place.
Did Young capture or destroy the bolo men he intercepted?

MacArraur.

Capas, November 12, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

My advance under Bell entered Tarlac at 7.10 this evening, and found it practically
deserted. Bell’s report simply states his presence, and that considerable of the rolling
stock was burned in railroad yards, but says that some of it may be used. I shall
move my entire force early in the morning to Tarlac and push north as rapidly as
possible, with a view to saving the track. I shall direct Bell to make careful explora-
tion to-morrow to discover the deposit of rails. I hope to be able to send more
particulars before midnight.

MacArraur.

Tariac, November 13, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

I have received your message directing me, under Washington instructions, to
notify Aguinaldo, if possible, that he will be held personally responsible for injury
done to Spanish or American prisoners. I shall make every effort to carry out these
instructions, but I have not yet got contact, and fear that I shall not be able to for
one or two days at least, as all of my energy will be required to establish a line of
supplies. The wagon road from Bamban to Tarlac is indescribably bad. It is almost
impossible to use it for purpose of supply, the recent rains having left it in almost a
hopeless condition. Fortunately, I found here the running gear of a large number
of freight cars that were destroyed by fire. These I propose to use instead of wagons
for supply of the command. I shall establish relays of groups of 100 natives each at
Bamban, Capas, Murcia, and Tarlac, and by this motive power push the cars up and
down the track, which is in good condition. The wagon line from Angeles to Bam-
ban is, I think, effectively organized. In this way I hope to accumulate a sufficient
depot here for an extensive forward movement in a short time. The Twelfth Infan-
try is all in Tarlac, less two companies, which I left at Murcia. The advance of the
Seventeenth Infantry is at Murcia with the artillery and wagon train. Two bat-
talions of the regiment will be in to-night and probably the artillery and possibly
some part of the wagon train. In order to get the wheeled vehicles along, we must
floor a number of bridges and culverts and use the railroad grade for nearly 4 miles.
This, I am informed by staff officers, is practicable, and there is some hope that the
whole train will get in before midnight. If my push-car line works all right, I con-
template a forward movement, which I hope will throw me into connection with
Wheaton, in which event it might be desirable to have a few more troops to guard
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 55

the line when I get it thoroughly organized. I shall extend the Thirty-second and
Ninth to cover more ground, but it will be very satisfactory to know that if I could
push rapidly to Bayambang, or even farther north, I would have additional troops,
if necessary, to effectually protect my rear. Can I expect anything in this direction?

MacArruur.

: Mania, November 13, 1899.
Major-General MacArruur, Tarlac:

Your telegram received. The information conveyed therein is very satisfactory.
We have no available troops here that could be placed subject to your call. A bat-
talion has just been taken from the north line to reenforce Imus, an attack on which
is threatened. It is suggested that you bring a battalion Twenty-fifth Infantry to
eubehs and hold it there in readiness to support your contemplated forward moye-
ment.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Tartac, November 13, 1899.
General Scowan:

_ Thave your message suggesting the use of a battalion of the Twenty-fifth Infantry
in connection with my further advance. 1 shall keep this in mind and act accord-
ingly when necessity arises. As far as I can judge from indication the enemy on
this line is pretty near a state of collapse, and I may get through to Dagupan without
any further troops. I shall stretch the Thirty-second and Ninth out and perhaps
use some part of the Twelfth on the line of communication, which will give me all
of the Seventeenth and Thirty-sixth, and possibly part of the Twelfth, which may
be enough. However, if I want the battalion of the Twenty-fifth, I’ll send for it,
but will not take it from its present station until I need it. I have something of a
problem here to get my depot of supplies established, but I think it can be done in
a few days. :
MacArraur.

Manta, November 13, 1899.
Major-General MacArtuur, Capas:

Latest information received makes it almost certain that, in connection with
Wheaton’s Brigade, Young’s troops are now so disposed at Carranglan, Humingan,
San Quentin, and Tayug as to practically shut off from insurgents all avenues of
escape to the north and northeast. Lawton was yesterday at Talavera, beyond
which point telegraph does not extend at present. Battalion of Thirty-fourth Infan-
try under Howze is at Aliaga, reconnoitering toward Licap. One-half of the bolo
men referred to were captured by Hayes’s troops at Carranglan.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Manita, November 18, 1899.
Major-General MacArruur, Capas:
Howze, with battalion Thirty-fourth, is reconnoitering toward and may occupy
Victoria. Aliaga will not be abandoned.
Scnwan, Chief of Staff.

Tariac, November 14, 1899.
General ScHwan:

In the railroad yard some 48 cars were found, all the woodwork of which, in most
instances, is in serviceable condition. About 2 miles north of the station there are
2 locomotives, not badly wrecked. About a mile north of these are 2 more loco-
motives only partially destroyed. Still farther to the north and nearly 4 miles from
town are some 40 more freight and flat cars, 10 of which have escaped burning. All
of the locomotives can be easily repaired by the skill and ingenuity of the officers
and men of the Thirty-sixth. One of them has already been placed on the track
56 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

and brought into town under its own steam. The tender was badly damaged and
has been cut away, but by supplementary contrivances for furnishing water and
fuel it is thought that she will be able to do considerable work. At all events,
to-morrow morning at 8 o’clock she starts for Bamban with 20 flat cars which have
been temporarily floored with galvanized iron taken from the ruins of burned rail-
road buildings. I am advised by the general manager of the railroad service that
another locomotive will be under steam by noon and another by to-morrow night
or following morning. The fourth engine will require heavy castings before using.
If this steam service is successful, it will work between Bamban and here and between
here and Gerona, and perhaps considerably farther if the washout is closed up,
which I am advised can be done with a moderate degree of work. I will makea
special report on the matter to-morrow. If it proves that these engines can be run
with any degree of certainty, and we can get the gap ahead closed without the
insurgents suspecting our purpose, I can leave all my wheel transportation here, be
followed by trains carrying all my supplies, and bein Dagupan three days after 1
start and perhaps very much sooner. My purpose is to rush the track at such
speed as to prevent destruction, and have locomotive with cars following up on the
firing line with fifteen or twenty days’ rations and the necessary material for repairing
track which the insurgents destroy after I start to rush them. To-day the recon-
noitering party went nearly.7 miles up the track, drove in a small insurgent party,
and heard locomotives in the town. They are undoubtedly carrying off the stuff,
but it indicates that the railroad line north of Gerona is still intact. My purpose
will be to let them alone in Gerona for the present, so as to encourage them to con-
tinue their service till the very last minute and thus keep the railroad intact until
we can make our arrangements to seize the whole thing by a stroke of hand. The
rails found by Captain Bell, of the Thirty-sixth, yesterday number 2,500, making
approximately 5 miles of track. The water pump and tank in the railroad yard is
all right, and there is considerable wood fuel, as there is at several points on line.

MacArrHur.

Taruac, November 14, 1899.
General Scuwan:

I have just received a note from Colonel Howze at Victoria, at which point he
arrived last night with six companies of the Thirty-fourth. A more detailed report
will reach you through his brigade and division commander, and which, as it con-
tains nothing that requires immediate action by the department commander, I will
not repeat, except to say that he arrived without any opposition. In connection with
his arrival, please read my long dispatch just sent, as his presence near Gerona may
cause a sudden evacuation and destruction of track by insurgents, which just now I
should regard as very unfortunate. It is raining here again very hard, but I am glad
to say that all of my train is in from Murcia and my entire field command concentrated
at this point.

MacArtTHur.

Maniza, November 14, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Tarlac:

One of the largest rice mills on the island, owned by Smith, Bell & Co., is at Gerona,
an important point, to which it might be well for you to advance a detachment at once.
It is believed that large amounts of rice and other provisions and supplies are stored
at Gerona and that valuable captures can be made there. Wheaton had nearly com-
pleted landing his supplies on the 11th at San Fabian. The day before Major March’s
battalion of the Thirty-third Volunteers attacked 400 insurgents who had intrenched
on the Magaldan road 23 miles from San Fabian, driving them from their works,
killing 14 and capturing 14 rifles. March had 2 men wounded.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mania, November 14, 1899.
Major-General MacArtuur, Tarlac:

General Lawton’s advanced troops under Young now extend as far as San Manuel
and Asingan, each of which places is held by one troop. Wessells captured yesterday
30 bull carts carrying records of insurgent war department and the entire printing
press of the Herald of the Revolution. Communication appears not to have been
established as yet between Wheaton and Young.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 57

Bansan, November 15, 1899.
General Schwan:
Two serviceable engines and about 15 cars that can be used between Bamban and
Tarlac. Bamban bridge 350 feet long and 30 feet high; two spans destroyed and two
more crippled. No material at bridge. Necessary to haul it. Supplies can be taken
from railroad 3 miles above Angeles. Rails from Manila should be rushed. Need
180 rails per day. Transfer of rails from here across river difficult. Will do it and
haul ties from Angeles by cart so as to work both ways. Dirt roads from Mabalacat
to Bamban becoming bad. Rails to Angeles means a great deal in shortening haul
of subsistence and railroad material. :
Sreert, Chief Engineer.

Mania, November 16, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Tarlac:

Every effort will be made at once to repair washout and restore railroad. Accord-
ingly orders have been issued assuring adequate working force and ample supply of
material to Captain Sibert, chief engineer, who has been instructed to proceed to the
place of the washout. Meanwhile the department commander directs that a recon-
noitering force consisting of Bell’s regiment, its pack train, one additional infantry
battalion and one troop of cavalry move forward at once, if practicable, as far as Bayam-
bang to determine enemy’s strength in your front. Commanding general thinks
enemy keeps fully informed of your movements, ahd that rolling stock can only be
saved by quick action on your part.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Taruac, November 16, 1899.
General Scowan:

Replying to your message just received, I will advance in thirty-six hours, but
must take train. There is nothing left in way of food supplies on line of railroad.
Everything has been issued out. People are destitute and troops cannot live on
country. I recommend bringing forward with the greatest dispatch the entire con-
structing force of the railroad to force our improvised trains over the washout. This
with a view of reaching my moving column by rail before wagon supplies can be
expected and thus casid the necessity of having to send back for rations. The line
of supplies from Angeles to Bamban is well organized and can be kept open so that
railway construction between Angeles and Bamban can be kept up regularly. After
cars are across washout I can cut loose from wagons and be at the end of the road
in afew days. Under the circumstances, I ask that orders issue to-night for all the
available railroad force to get to Tarlac as quickly as possible, and that construction
work at the washout be pushed to the utmost, under which conditions trains can be
passed in four days and probably less from the time work is commenced. In con-
sequence of heavy rains which have not yet ceased, the wagon road is almost impas-
sable and progress with wagon train will necessarily be tedious and slow. Looking
to ultimate progress, I believe the time would be saved in the long run if my troops
are kept here a few days to do preparatory work before arrival of railroad people
and to assist in cribbing the washout if rain abates, but unless otherwise ordered I
shall regard your message of to-night as an emergency order and advance in thirty-six
hours. Please let me know to-night views of department commander, so I can adjust
my scheme thereto.

MacArrHur.

Manta, November 16, 1899.
Major-General MacArruur, Tarlac:

Following telegram sent by me to Captain Sibert at Bamban early this morning is
repeated for your information: ‘‘General MacArthur is extremely anxious that the
washout north of Tarlac should be at once repaired sufficiently to admit of passage
of trains. You will at once proceed to the place of this washout, and if on examina-
tion you find that it can be repaired within, say, three or four days, concentrate your
efforts upon the work, using all your available and obtainable construction force and
material for its accomplishment.”’

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
58 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Tarwac, November 16, 1899.
General Scnwan, Chief of Staff:

Reconnoitering force organized and ready to move. Will start as soon as it is
possible to cross washout. It is not raining now and the river is lowering quite
rapidly. If it does not rain during the night and water continues to subside, the
party will probably get off sometime to-morrow. The weather conditions are very
uncertain at present, and it is impossible to forecast what the conditions will be in
the morning. Captain Sibert was not very much encouraged when he looked at the
job, and in the present condition thinks, of course, work on the track is out of ques-
tion. The water runs out, however, almost as fast as it rains, and by to-morrow
ee possibly he may find the conditions favorable to commencing work the next

ay.
MacARTHUR.

Tarrac, Novenber 16, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

Morning report from washout discouraging. The channel is quite half a mile wide
and in many places 5 or 6 feet deep. Work under present conditions on the crib-
bing impossible. Sibert, however, can have time to make preparation so far as
bringing forward men is concerned. But my report from Bamban is to the effect
that the Paranao south of the town is almost impassable, so that wagon supplies
beyond that point can not be gotten forward. The water in the Paranao will quickly
run out when the rain stops. In the present condition of the washout it is impossi-
bly to get either men or pack mules across, but by morning we may be able to make
a passage. In any event you may be sure that every effort will be made to push
this reconnoissance as quickly and as rapidly as possible.
. MacArraur.

Taruac, November 17, 1899.
General ScHwan:

I am just leaving with the reconnoissance for Gerona, and Bayambang, if possible.
I have picked men of Thirty-sixth, a battalion of 250 men of the Seventeenth, 50
cavalry, headquarter scouts, pack train, and bearers carrying six days’ rations for the-
whole outfit. Water falling rapidly at washout. Expect to cross before further rain
prevents us. I shall have wire connection for considerable distance, if not all the
way to Bayambang. Spanish prisoners in this morning say that-track was all right
yesterday as far as Bayambang. They also say that they had been told that 4 meri-
can cavalry had entered Bayambang. a also reported a number of insurgents at
Panique, under Garcia. These are rumors, however, to which IJ attach little weight,
and I simply repeat them for what they may be worth, connected with information
you may have from other directions.
MacARTHUR.

Maniza, November 17, 1899.
Major-General MacArruur, Tarlac:

Report of your departure on your reconnoissance just received. No official informa-
tion from Young’s brigade or Lawton’s column received since the evening of the 14th
instant. Telegraph line in operation as far as San Jose this morning. Howze’s
battalion Thirty-fourth Volunteers has been ordered to proceed from Victoria to
Rosales, one party going west and the other east of Laguna de Canaren, the latter
via San Juan de Guimba.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Et Benpio, Vovember 17, 1899.
General Scawan, Chief of Staff:

The head of my column has just passed the washout. All the men will be over in
the course of an hour and a half or two hours. Pack train a more difficult problem.
Could not pass on wagon road and are now being brought around to pass on the right
of the railroad. If we can get everything over before another storm, which is not
threatening, we will be all right. I have telegraphed Captain Sibert that the water
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 59

is falling very rapidly, and unless we have another heavy rainfall he can commence
work to-morrow. I have six days’ rations, and my hope is that supplies can reach
me by rail before they are exhausted, which will be the case if our trains are able to
pass the washout. I have asked Sibert to expedite matters as much as possible to
this end, and would be glad also if you would Esap your eye on the matter and push
it as much as possible.

MacArruur.

BamsBan, November 17, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

Rivers are falling. Bamban ford nearly practicable. Troops and supplies trans-
ferred over bridge yesterday and to-day. Will commence on Tarlac break in the
morning and concentrate on it. Bamban bridge can not be repaired in less than ten

days.
Srpert, C. #.

. Maniza, November 18, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Gerona:

Dispatches from General Lawton dated yesterday. He was on road between San
Nicolis and San Manuel. Ballance, Twenty-second Infantry, was in Rosales on the
15th, and General Young in Asingan; both about to move northwest to Pozorrubio,
where theinsurgents reported strongly intrenched. Troops living entirely on country.
Have taken many prisoners, rifles, and large amounts of property. More stores and
troops will be sent Wheaton tc-night. It is not believed that you will meet with
much, if any, resistance in your advance up railroad. Bayambang should be occupied

as soon as possible.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Gerona, November 17 and 18, 1899.
General Scawan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

The head of my column entered this town about 4 o’clock and by 6 everything
was in and comfortably housed. After passing the washout the march was entirely
satisfactory. The only accident in passing was the loss of one pack. Immediately
after arrival I sent scouts up the track and they have not yet returned. I think
they must have gone very near, if not quite into, Panique. The property of Smith,
Bell & Co. is apparently all right. I have not examined the interior of the build-
ing, but the exterior of the premises shows that they have never been molested. As
soon as supplies can be brought forward I shall have two companies of the Ninth
Infantry here. There are two small washouts on the road above. They are trivial
affairs, however, and if no more rain falls can be repaired in an hour or two; other-
wise the track is in excellent condition from the big washout to this point. The
station here is the only house destroyed. This is the first town on the line where
the people have shown any spontaneous cordiality. Many or a majority remained
in their houses and the women who fled to the woods returned when assured of
proper treatment. The padre and head men of the town provided quarters, and
altogether the experience is entirely different from that met with in any other town
we have entered. The weather is fair to-night and the forecast for to-morrow is
favorable.

MacArrtuour.

Gerona, November 17 and 18, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff’, Manila:

My headquarters scouts, under Lieutenant Slavens, are in Panique. He reports 4
locomotives on the track. They have been placed in collision, but have not left
rails. He reports also 13 cars in good condition and 23 burned. The station house
is not burned. Lieutenant Slavens says that people declare positively that Bayam-
bang is occupied by our troops, and that the track is all right to that point. I send
forward at once two companies to occupy Panique, secure the railroad property, and
a detachment of railroad men to see if we can organize another train to return
between Bayambang and the washout. Everthing indicates that many of the
insurgents have gone into the mountains of Zambales.

MacArtHur.
60 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Mowncapa, November 18, 1899.
General Scawan?

Arrived at this place about 5 with improvised train, 2 battalions Thirty-sixth and
1 battalion Seventeenth. Arrested temporarily by wreck of 2 locomotives and 54
cars about 1} miles north of the town. Will require considerable work to clear the
line. Will occupy Bayambang to-morrow and possibly reach considerable north
thereof. Had native as far as Calasiao, who reports the line all right to that point,
except numerous obstructions in the way of wrecked locomotives and cars in the
neighborhood of Calasiao. My emissary was stopped by unarmed men and not
allowed to proceed. No armed insurgents were found, but he was unable to deter-
mine if any force remained in Dagupan. Where is Wheaton, and in which direction
is he operating now? It is probable that I will get into connection with him in
vicinity of Dagupan.

AM acAnrtTHtUr.

PaniquE, Norember 18, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

I have a locomotive with steam and am organizing a train to carry forward a train
of 500 men. I sent a native from here to Bayambang to communicate with our
troops if there. He returned this morning and reports neither Americans nor insur-
gents between here and Bayambang or in that town. He says that the road is all
right and all the bridges intact, including the big bridge across the Agno. I can not
say precisely when I can clear the track and get the train started, but I shall leave
as soon as possible and go north until I get contact with something or get into
Dagupan. When I leave here we shall lose wire connection, probably, for a little
while, but if my locomotive holds out and the track remains unobstructed I will get
word back very soon.

MacArratr.

BayamBane, November 19, 1899.
General ScHwan:

I occupied this town at 4.30. Track and all bridges from Moncada here, including
the bridge over the Agno, in excellent condition. I have a battalion at the front
now and a train with orders to advance until they meet some impassable obstruction,
the result of which exploration I will report later in the evening.

MacArrtHer.

MALacaSan, 7.80 p. m., November 19, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bayambang:

Proceed cautiously, keeping fair force at Bayambang until we get some informa-
tion from either Lawton or Wheaton. Not known where they are, but think in the
vicinity of San Fabian or Pozorrubio. Dagupan may have good many insurgent
troops. They can not proceed north, as Lawton is across their roads. Department
commander would like to keep insurgents there until they can be hemmed in.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

BayampBane, November 19, 1899.
General Scuway, Chief of Staff:

Battalion of Thirty-sixth under Colonel Bell proceeded to end of track, which
terminates a mile and a half this side of Calasiao, to which point the roads and
bridges are in good condition from end of track. Colonel Bell took a patrol into
Calasiao and was there informed by an intelligent native that our troops are in
Dagupan. Bell employed man as messenger and sent note addressed to our com-
manding officer at this point. To-morrow I shall be able to determine definitely
the situation, either by open communication with Bell’s messenger or by our own
explorations. From the end of track reached by Bell the native referred to says the
track is torn up to Dagupan and all the rails removed. By the time Bell had finished
his inquiries it was 10 o’clock, and he returned to this point in accordance with his
orders. It seems probable that the insurgents are now in Dagupan, but I have your
message expressing wishes of department commander not to hurry occupation of the
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 61

place, and if insurgents are found in the town I shall act accordingly. All stations
between here and Calasiao are intact and the telegraph wires in place. Bell brought
‘back 7 passenger coaches in good condition and 4 good flat cars and reports a num-
ber of other cars in a serviceable condition. One wrecked locomotive was found on
bridge of Calasiao.

MacArrHur.

BayamBane, November 19, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

The Filipino captain who surrendered to General Burt day before yesterday
conducted Captain Leonhauser and his battalion of three companies to O’ Donnell.
The captain reports from Capas to-night through General Burt that he captured
over 200 rifles, 4 officers, 100 soldiers, 1,000 rounds ammunition, 20 ponies, 14 carabao
and carts; that he destroyed a great quantity of uniforms and official papers and
secured 5,000 pounds rice, 1,300 pounds salt, and 1,400 pounds sugar. The reloading
factory there was of no consequence. One Filipino soldier killed in town. No
casualties in the Twenty-fifth. I have directed the Filipino soldiers to be released
and the officers retained. Shall the officers be sent to Manila? I think perhaps it
would be just as well to turn them loose and tell them to go out and bring in men to
surrender arms.

MacArruur.

MaracanNan, about 7.30 p. m., November 19, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bayambang:

The towns of Malasiqui and Bayambang, 9 miles apart, seem to be important.
Half of your present force in the first-named place could possibly ascertain how
much of the insurgent force remains in Dagupan and if any of it retreated westward
into the rice country south of Lingayen.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mania, P. I., November 19, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Moncada:
Wheaton’s instructions contemplate operations eastward to close avenues of escape
to the north and to connect with Lawton—not occupation of Dagupan at present.
Sibert hopes to be able to run cars, not engines, across washout at Tarlac by to-night.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Cauastao, November 20, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Stag’, Manila:

The track ends at kilometer 190, at which point I havea train. I have brought
forward two companies to this point and have sent forward the headquarter scouts,
supported by a company of the Thirty-sixth, to ascertain the precise conditions in
Dagupan, which I will be able to report in the course of a few hours. The country
is entirely free from armed insurgents. The people generally are remaining in their
towns, and the fields are swarming with laborers. There seems to be an absolute
absence of all timidity or fear, and the conditions seem to me very favorable. All
information confirmed the first reports to the effect that the armed insurgents have
gone toward Zambales, in what numbers it is hard to say, but apparently in rem-
nants numbering altogether possibly less than 1,500 men. After completing my
reconnoissance here I shall return to Bayambang this evening and occupy this place
or San Carlos with troops that I shall bring forward to-morrow from Tarlac, where I
go for rations. The attitude of the natives is a plain indication that there are no
insurgents in the vicinity and that they are not expected to return at an early date.
I found this morning at Bayambang the press of La Independencia, the last issue of
which journal was made, I believe, about the 12th instant. It is in one of the
camarines of Smith, Bell & Co. and is in a secure pee until we want to ship it to
Manila. Weare using the railroad wire, which we found in a very fair condition from
Bayambang here. I have a lineman and an operator with me, who are giving most
excellent service. Concentration of my troops at Panique will commence to-morrow
or next day and soon thereafter we will be able to make reconnoissance to the west.

MacArruur.
62 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Caxastao, November 20, 1899.
General Scnwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Reconnoissance to Dagupan; entered the town, in which no insurgents have been
for four days. Our troops, probably the Thirty-third Infantry, were in there yester-
day and left at 5 p. m. that day. The rails are on the side of the grade, probably in
sufficient numbers to rebuild the road, so that the track can be easily reconstructed
when the time comes for that purpose. We can occupy the place whenever we
want to now, and I take considerable satisfaction in reporting that the entire line
from Manila to Dagupan is now in our possession. ' Unless otherwise ordered I shall
not give this end of the line very much attention at present. My purpose will be to
locate the enemy and devise some way of following him. All reports agree, how-
ever, that whatever force is left of the insurgents’ army which formerly octupied this
line is making its way to Zambales and Bataan, but with line of road once open and
operating throughout its entire length, we will be able to make combinations against
any point the insurgents may choose to occupy. We can concentrate ourselves easily
and put out columns to the west, as I formerly suggested in a letter about putting
out columns to the east._'’ The great difficulty now is to determine if we have any
armed force at all in position with sufficient organization left to be regarded as an
army. I think, however, by persistent inquiry we will get some definite informa-
tion in a very short time. "The one thing now apparent is that there is no armed
force against us north of Tarlac and in vicinity of railroad. I return to Bayambang

this evening.
MacARtatr.

BayaMBANG, November 20, 1899.
Scuwan, Manila:

Information received here is to the effect that the remains of insurgent force on
this line has retreated to west and is now concentrating at Camiling and Mangatarem.
The intention declared is to get into Zambales and from there institute a system of
guerrilla warfare. I now hold Panique with battalion Thirty-sixth and a troop of
cavalry, and have ordered a concentration at that point of all mv force now at Tarlac,
but intended as garrison for that town and Gerona. From Panique my wagon trans-
portation and artillery must come forward by way Camiling, as there is no possible
wagon road contiguous to the railroad. This will enable mé to sweep that part of
the country, executing a march which would be necessary in any event. Train to
Bayambang I have or will have when the country dries up a little. Road to Manga-
tarem and from San Carlos on to ine I can explore when I get my cavalry
forward. To-morrow I shall go to the end of the track and otherwise spend the day
in investigation of the general situation and perhaps by night be able to submit some
definite information or useful suggestion as to future progress. Day after to-morrow
I shall be obliged to send my rail transportation to Tarlac for supplies, which I am
informed will be across the washout in abundance by that time, although cars will
not be able to pass for some days. There are quite a number of prominent fugitives
here, among them Chuidian and Lingay. Iam told that Flores, Aguinaldo’s secre-
tary of war, is in a neighboring barrio and is anxious to know if he will be treated
as a prisoner if he comes in and presents himself, as he calls it. What shall I say if
this question is propounded to me? What insurgent troops and what insurgent gen-
eral did Wheaton meet at San Jacinto?

MacArrutr.

Mantua, P. I., November 20, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bayambang:

Your telegram outlining proposed movement from Panique against insurgents
reported as concentrating at Camiling and Mangatarem received and fully under-
stood. Department commander desires that you secure Chuidian, treasurer of insur-
gents, and send him to Manila. You are authorized to receive surrender of Flores
as prisoner of war. Capture him if you can. Strength of insurgent forces defeated
by Hare’s regiment of Wheaton’s column on 9th instant estimated at 1,200. Name
of insurgent commander of defeated troops and general commanding troops in
Wheaton’s front not known.

Scuway, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 63

Maracanan, November 20, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bayambang:

No late information from Lawton or Wheaton received here. Telegraphic com-
munications with San Fabian would greatly facilitate conduct of operations. If prac-
ticable, department commander wants your scouts to go beyond Dagupan and feel
their way in direction of San Fabian, examining condition of telegraph line between
the two places. Possibly line may be intact or nearly so. -

CHWAN,

BayamBanG, November 21 and 22, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Your message about feeling my way toward San Fabian received. I will make
every effort to carry out the wishes of the department commander in that respect.
It will possibly be several days before I can get everything in hand, however, to
make that connection. Colonel Howze is here with five companies of the Thirty-
fourth, and has received orders from his brigade commander to go into Dagupan to
refit. I will take him up to-morrow to end of track, from which point he will only
have 4 miles to march. I will request him to examine the road toward San Fabian
and get the connection. The personnel of the signal corps is nearly exhausted, and
we will either have to get more men or abandon some of our offices, which just now,
when we want to watch every foot of territory possible, would be very unfortunate.

MacARtTHour.

We will now suspend temporarily the review of the operations of Gen-
eral MacArthur’s force and consider the results of General Wheaton’s
expedition to Lingayen Gulf, thereafter bringing forward the move-
ments of General Lawton’s troops to the latter part of November. The
foregoing presentation of occurrences along the line of the railway
shows that the insurgents exerted themselves to the utmost to destroy
the road, with its rolling stock and station property. It was due to the
vigor and celerity with which the enemy was pushed back that any por-
tion of the railway property was saved. The advance from Angeles to
Dagupan revealed the following conditions: Seven miles of rails had
been removed, and the ties piled and burned between Angeles and
Bamban. The bridge over the Paranao, which originally consisted of
four 71-foot spans, was wrecked. The south abutment with adjacent
pier and 125 feet of embankment had been washed out. The south
span was on the ground. One pier of the next span had been dyna-
mited and had settled 23 feet, and the pier of the next span had also
been injured by dynamite. Prior to the blasting of the piers the
three spans had been jacked up and then lowered on greased metal
plates, when an engine was driven at full speed against the north end
of the bridge, with the result that the entire superstructure was moved
lengthwise 10 inches. This bridge was about 30 feet above the surface
of the stream. ;

North of the Paranao the next very serious obstruction was the
washout north of Tarlac, which, when the Tarlac River was at its
flood stage, was over 2,000 feet wide. Through this the water was
shallow except for a few feet on the north side, where it was swift and
deep. The bottom was unstable, consisting mostly of quicksand.
This washout was due to natural causes, and was the result of a recent
freshet. The river formerly flowed along the west side of the track
and emptied its waters into Lingayen Gulf. For a distance of one-
half mile the track was lower than the bed of the stream—the stream
being confined by an embankment which it broke through, washing
out the railroad bed, and the river being divided discharged part of
its waters into Lingayen Gulf and the other portion into the river
64 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Chico, which flows into the Rio Grande Pampanga, emptying into
Manila Bay. It was confined again to its original bed by the recon-
struction of the embankment and the track placed in its original posi-
tion. North of the Tarlac washout only minor repairs were required
until a point 34 miles south of Dagupan was reached, and from there
to the latter place the track had been removed by the insurgents and
nearly all the ties burned.

The work of repair, requiring a high order of engineering ability
and great celerity, that the advancing troops might receive supplies,
was performed by Captain Sibert, of the Engineer Corps, with two
engineer companies and 800 Chinese laborers, the troops making the
minor repairs to the road as they advanced. Two-thirds of the rolling
stock had been destroyed or rendered unserviceable, and that all was
not destroyed was due to the ignorance of the insurgents, whose meth-
ods of destruction appear to have been very primitive. Through
service over the entire railway from Manila to Dagupan was effected
by December 1.

When General MacArthur’s troops were directed to advance from
Angeles on November 5, General Wheaton was ordered to proceed to
Lingayen Gulf and make lodgment at or near San Fabian. He was
directed to close all roads leading north from Dagupan, and it was
expected that he would later communicate with General Lawton’s
detachments to the east. His expeditionary force consisted of the
entire Thirteenth Infantry; headquarters and 11 companies Thirty-
third Infantry; a platoon of Ludlow’s Battery, Sixth Artillery; 2 offi-
cers and 30 enlisted men of the Engineers; 1 officer and 13 enlisted
men of the Signal Corps; a Hospital Corps detachment; and 225 Chi-
nese laborers. His transportation was the Government transports Sheri-
dan and Aztec and two coasting vessels chartered for this service. He
was convoyed by the naval vessels Callao and Junila and subsequently
joined by the Oregon, direct from Hongkong. He sailed on the morn-
ing of November 6, and arrived opposite Sen Fabian the following
day. His report of November 8, received on the 9th, is as follows:

Arrived at San Fabian yesterday p. wn. Landed one battalion Thirteenth and one
of the Thirty-third Infantry at 4:40, the Navy firing on theinsurgent trenches. The
enemy, estimated at 300, was turned out of intrenchments by a flank movement from
the north and fled in the direction of Dagupan. Aided by the Navy we landed
2,000 men in two hours and twenty minutes. One battalion Thirteenth Infantry,
Captain Buck, reconnoitered to-day to San Jacinito, encountering small parties of
the enemy. A battalion of the Thirty-third Infantry, under Major March, made
reconnoissance to the vicinity of Mangaldan, encountered 200 men, killed 8, captured
2 wounded officers. Another battalion of the Thirty-third, under Major Logan, recon-
noitered Santo Tomds road beyond its junction with the San Rosario road. Insurgent
force encountered, estimated not to exceed 50, who fled north. Excepting Santo
Tomas road, all roads impassable for wheeled vehicles. Will soon complete unload-
ing of supplies, which surf on beach renders difficult. Twenty-six Spanish prisoners
escaped to us and reported that 300 impressed recruits had escaped from the enemy
to the mountains during the bombardment. These recruits were en route to Dagupan.
The force at Dagupan is estimated at 1,500 men. Everything favorable, and coope-
ration of Navy complete.

Before the reception of this report I received a verbal statement
from a young naval officer, who brought dispatches from Lingayen
Gulf to Admiral Watson by the J/anz/a, to the effect that the landing
of General Wheaton’s troops was made at the town of Lingayen, west
of Dagupan; that the sea was so rough it was found impossible to make
a landing at any near point north or east of the last-named town.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 65

This information was immediately telegraphed Generals MacArthur and
Lawton, and caused the former to feel out for Wheaton’s troops in an
erroneous direction, but correct information being given within a few
hours no casualty ensued. On November 11 General Wheaton reported
in substance as follows:

Battalion of 400 insurgents came over Mangaldan road yesterday and intrenched
23 miles from San Fabian. Major March, with his battalion of the Thirty-third In-
fantry, was sent to attack them. He carried their works, they leaving 14 dead
therein. The insurgent commandant, Lieutenant-Colonel Carlas, was among the
killed. Forty-one rifles were found. Major March had 2 men killed. Insurgents
fled to Mangaldan toward mouth of Dagupan River. The enemy is now reported in
some force at San Jacinto, and we will attack them to-day. Unloading of supplies
will be completed this morning. We will be compelled to land stores at Santo
Tomas in ordinary weather, on good road. Insurgents’ line is San Jacinto, Mangal-
dan, Dagupan, and mouth of Dagupan River. Our position closes communication
with the north coast excepting through mountain trails by way of Pozorrubio.

And on November 12 he reported:

Yesterday at 9 a. m. the Thirty-third Infantry, Colonel Hare commanding, assisted
by one Gatling gun under Captain Howland of my staff, attacked 1,200 insurgents
near San Jacinto. The intrenchments were carried with heavy loss to the enemy,
Eighty-one of their dead found, actual count. Our loss, Major Logan and 6 men
killed, and 1 officer and 11 men wounded. Major Logan fell while gallantly lead-
ing his battalion. The insurgents fled to the north and east into the mountains of
Manaoag, having lost in killed and wounded some 300 men. There are no armed
insurgents in the vicinity of San Jacintoto-day. Colonel Hare returned this afternoon.

No further information was received from General Wheaton until
November 20, as he was not in telegraphic communication with Manila
and was obliged to send his dispatches by water, taking advantage of
vessels sent from Lingayen Gulf to headquarters as occasion offered.
On the last-named date a report, dated the previous day, was received
from him, in which he stated:

My troops are now at San Fabian, San Jacinto, Manaoag, and toward Binalonan.
. To-day a battalion of the Thirteenth Infantry was sent to Dagupan to ascertain con-
dition of affairs there. So faras I can learn insurgent army has disintegrated. I
bave had my forces at Santo Tomas, Rosario, and on the 16th instant went with the
Thirty-third Infantry to San Jacinto, sending one battalion by way of Alava and
Pozorrubio, and thence to San Jacinto. There was slight resistance near Celusa, but
the insurgents scattered to the mountains. The Thirteenth Infantry had 4 men
wounded on the Santo Tomas road near the San Rosario trail on November 15. Gen-
eral Lawton came here yesterday noon after my arrival from San Jacinto. I have
my scouts in all country east of Rosario. The steamer Francisco Reyes has been lying
off shore since the 17th instant, the 4urf being too high to permit her to communicate
with shore. It will be necessary to occupy Dagupan and have all stores which are
sent from Manila come there by light-draft boats, entering Dagupan River. All
obstructions are said to have been washed out. I send this by the Oregon, which
sails to-day, but will communicate full details of situation when my troops return from
that vicinity. :

This was followed by a communication of November 22, in which he
reported as follows:

Am about to send a battalion to San Fernando to support General Young in his
efforts to capture Aguinaldo. At last account he was one day’s march behind Agui-
naldo, who was making for Bayonbong, via Trinidad. General Lawton has requested
me to send troops to Vigan and Bangued to release prisoners, but all of my cascoes
have been wrecked, and it is impossible to embark troops on the beach here, as the
surf is 10 feet high. I send back the Brutus, which is only partly unloaded. We
have lost stores in attempting to unload. All stores must be sent in light-draft
boats, drawing not to exceed 8 feet, and be sent up Dagupan River. The obstruc-
tions are all out, and we can get in there. Willsend a battalion Thirteenth Infantry,
under Captain Buck, to occupy the place. Buck was there with his battalion on the
19th instant. The insurgents had fallen back westward on the line of Salasa and

4495, 5

 
66 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Mangatarem. They failed to get north by way of Manaoag, as my troops occupied
all the roads. My command has had detachments in all towns north and east for
20 miles’ distance, and am to-day having reconnoisance made toward Salasa. We.
have on hand about 70,000 rations. Nothing more should be sent here, but all
should go to Dagupan. Will remain here except when operating in the field.

This communication was replied to on November 25, and General
Wheaton was instructed to have two battalions of the Thirty-third
Infantry, under Colonel Hare, march to Vigan, send the coasting ves-
sel Castellano up the coast with rations, and have that vessel touch at
San Fernando for the purpose of supplying the troops upon arrival,
and thence continue northward to Vigan. e was further instructed
to keep part of the Thirteenth Infantry in Dagupan to assist General
MacArthur temporarily, and was informed that orders had been given
to reconstruct the telegraph line from Dagupan to San Fabian as soon
as possible. :

e must now bring forward to date the movements of General
Lawton’s troops, which we left on November 16 on the San Isidro
Cabanatuan, San Jose, Humingan, and Tayug line, with detachments
in Aliaga, Carranglan, and near Bongabong, east of Cabanatuan. We
mentioned the march of the five companies of the Thirty-fourth
Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Howze, from Aliaga to Victoria,
which point he reached on November 13, and there communicated
with General MacArthur’s advance at Tarlac; also the orders given to
Colonel Howze to continue his march north to Rosales by wav of
Cuyapo, while another force would proceed from Aliaga to that point
by San Juan de Guimba. He reported his march from Aliaga to Vic-
toria upon his arrival at the last-named place and sent it by messenger
back to Aliaga. In that he stated that he found the roads impassable,
and that there were many streams from 25 to 1,000 feet wide, some of
which his men were obliged to swim; that he found plenty of insur-
gent trenches near Casanova and a regular fortification at Calaban
and that he had been obliged to live on the country. as rations could
not be transported. He stated that the people were pleased at his
approach and were tired of insurrection; that he recived from a native
a letter written by an American prisoner, which was dated Victoria,
October 28, containing the information that there were 21 American
2 there, and that they expected to be removed very soon to

ayonbong.

Lieutenant-Colonel Howze proceeded to Rosales, as directed, with
the five companies sent by Cuyapo; but those sent by San Juan de
Guimba were unable to pass north on account of high water, and
moved eastward by Talavera to San Jose. Colonel Howze arrived at
Rosales on November 18, but’had been preceded to that point by Bal-
lance’s battalion of the eae ec, Infantry, which’ had passed
from there on to the northwest by wav of Villavis and Urdaneta.
Howze reported that the road from Tarlac by way of Victoria was

assable; that he had no engagement with enemy, but that his column
fan been of value in scattering an organized insurgent force at San
Juan de Guimba, from which four insurgent companies had marched
with two guns to Panique, and were joined by insurgents from Cuyapo.
He reported that the insurrection was fast breaking up; that individuals
were heading south, but that such portions of the enemy as remained
organized were heading for San Miguel de Camiling; that Aguinaldo
himself was between Victoria and Licap, and expected to go as an
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 67

individual either through Manila or by way of Zambales province to
southern Luzon. Colonel Howze proceeded to Dagupan, where, with
his five companies, he was ordered for temporary duty with the Second
Division.

The movements of General Lawton’s troops to November 15 are
already recorded. General Young, in the advance with several troops
of the Third Cavalry and a portion of the Macabebe scouts, was in the
vicinity of Tayug and San Nicolés. He had pushed his cavalry west-
ward to San Manuel and Asingan, where he had met and overcome
considerable opposition. Batson’s scouts held San Quentin. Ballance’s
battalion, Twenty-second Infantry, and the mountain battery held Hum-
ingan. Hayes, with the Fourth Cavalry, occupied San Jose and Car-
anglan, and the remaining troops were pushing forward or were occupy-
ing stations as far to the southeast as San Isidro. General Lawton,
leaving his headquarters at Cabanatuan, was en route to join Young and
had passed San Jose, beyond which all information had to be obtained
through messengers, as the telegraph line did not extend west of that
point. On November 14 he wired a report from Captain Ballance,
stating that he (Ballance) had been ordered by General Young to pro-
ceed with three companies and two guns by direct road to Rosales, and
that, leaving one company with his sick and transportation at Humin-
gan, he would march for Rosales on ‘that day. This he did, and on
November 15 reported to General Lawton from Rosales, as follows:

Arrived here last night with the command heretofore reported. Had a skirmish
at Matalban River bridge. Bridge destroyed. ' Built new one, strong enough for
any wagon. This is about 7 miles from Rosales. The road for first 5 miles from
Humingan is very good. It gets worse and worse after that, but it is passable for
wagons. The bridge at Rosales has gone. There isa road around it, but a guide
must be procured to pilot wagons through the swamp. Foot troops can pass on the
direct road and over the river on a temporized footbridge. I captured here between
two and three hundred cabans rice, 4 large boxes printing paper, 3 boxes writing
paper, 4 boxes Filipino stamps, 50 haversacks, 46 pairs of drawers, 9 undershirts.
The people are very pronounced in our favor. As I could not take the articles with
me, and did not deem it advisable to destroy them, I placed them in charge of the
presidente of the town, who seems trustworthy. Released 5 wounded prisoners ( Fili-
pinos) and gave them a pass to their homes in the province of Ilocos. I havea partly
constructed raft prepared to cross the river to go to Villavis. I crossed the Agno at
the barrio of Carmen, which is down the river and about 24 miles from here. Insur-
gents were at Carmen this morning, but disappeared on approach of my scouts.
Expect to be able to cross my command and go to Villavis to-night, where I hope to
hear from Young. The reports are so contradictory concerning Aguinaldo that I
can’t locate him, nor the strength of his forces at Urdaneta. Iam going to try to get
a Filipino to take this to Humingan. If I had some money it would be much easier
to get along without rations. I send this to you, as I don’t know how I can commu-
nicate with General Young.

General Lawton reached Tayug on November 15, proceeded north
to San Nicolas, and on the 17th, the day General MacArthur’s advance
entered Gerona (the first railway station north of Tarlac), and the day
after General Wheaton’s troops entered Pozorrubio and withdrew on
road to San Jacinto, he telegraphed:

On Roap BeTwEEN San Nicotés anp San Manvet,
AND West AGNo RIvER,
November 17, 1899.
Cuter or Srarr, Manila:

I send by this messenger, to be forwarded to San Jose, end of wire, reports of
Young and Ballance just received. I have been water bound here for two days,
streams both sides of me being unfordable. It distresses me to report the death by
drowning of Lieutenant Luna, Thirty-fourth Infantry, who was my acting aid, while
following me through Agno River, 3 p. m. 15th instant; also two men of my escort,
68 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

as follows: Privates Holter and Bass, Troop I, Fourth Cavalry. It has rained almost
constantly since leaving San Isidro, and I must again recur to the fortitude, courage,
endurance, and cheerfulness of the whole command as worthy the highest consid-
eration. Itmust be remembered that thiscommand left Cabanatuan the 7th instant,
carrying three days’ rations on persons, since which time most of them have received
no rations except such as they have captured from the enemy. Nothing so far has
been heard of Wheaton. I shall communicate with him as soon as rivers can be
forded. Were it not for enemy’s stores we would be in desperate straits. As it is,
we are wet, filthy, and cheerful. We are fearfully strung out, but the enemy seems
demoralized and I have no serious misgivings. The wind shifted to the west this
2 m., and I hope the rain will cease. Two days good weather and we will be on our
eet.
Lawton, Major-General.

On Roap BETWEEN San Nicoids anp San Manvuet, West Acno River,
November 17, 1899.

Cuter or Starr, Manila: ;

Following just received from General Young: ‘‘Headquarters Cavalry Brigade,
First Division, Santa Ana, Barrio of Asingan, November 15, 1899, 9.30 p. m.—Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Wessells, Tayug: My cavalry struck battalion 300 insurgents near
Manaoag last night at dark. The first troop charged through them, scattering them
to the right and left of the road. Chase’s troop, my escort, struck them in the brush.
Results: Enemy scattered in all directions; 15 prisoners, 36 guns, 4 dead on the road-
side. No casualties on our side. Swigert with two troops took the road to Pozorrubio
this morning. Chase’s troop accompanied me as far as the river opposite Tayug, but
we could not cross, and we returned to the barrio nearest Tayug on Asingan road.
sent dispatch to-night ordering Batson from Villavis to Binalonan; also Ballance, if he
isthere. If additional cavalry arrives, send two troops to join me at Binalonan, if they
can cross the river. If additional cavalry has not arrived, send one troop from San
Nicolds direct through to Binalonan, if it can cross the river. Have just received a
dispatch from Swigert, stating that he has met with heavy resistance at Pozorrubio.
He feels certain that Aguinaldo is there strongly intrenched. My cavalry made a
march of 30 miles yesterday and fought a good fight at dark. Twenty carabao, with
baggage containing uniforms, shoes, and rice, wearing apparel for women, etc., were
captured and destroyed. Twenty-nine Remingtons and 2 Mausers were destroyed
by bending the barrels and breaking the stocks, also many haversacks of ammunition.
Bands of hats found in the morning were marked ‘Bulacan Battalion.’ Swigert says
they have some artillery. He had two encounters to-day, carrying intrenchments
in both, but did not get into Pozorrubio. Send answer by bearer at once. Send
copy of this dispatch to General Lawton. (Signed) Young, Brigadier-General.
Official copy respectfully furnished Major-General Lawton, by order of Colonel
Wessels. H. H. Patterson, First Lieutenant, Third Cavalry.”

Lawton, Major-General.

A dispatch of the same date was received from General Young, and
is as follows:

PozorrvuBio, Luzon, November 17, 1899.
Major-General Orts:

Aguinaldo is now a fugitive and an outlaw, seeking security in escape to themoun-
tains or by sea. My cavalry have ridden down his forces wherever found, utterly
routing them in every instance, killing some, capturing and liberating many prison-
ers, and destroying arms, ammunition, and other war impedimenta. Aguinaldo is
accompanied by his wife and several other women, and also by Generals Pilar and
Tinio, with about 150 soldiers. I have sent Swigert with two troops to San Jacinto
‘to feed and rest one day, and thence to return to Tayug, taking with him lame horses,
barefooted and sick men left at Binalonan and other points. Parker, with detach-
ment of Chase’s troop, should reach here to-morrow from San Jacinto with some
coffee, sugar, and salt. On his arrival I shall renew pursuit with Chase’s troop and
Macabebes. The route of the fugitives is through Alava, Rosario, and probably to
Benguet province. My men have had nosupplies from Government for past five days.
Many of them are barefooted, hatless and coatless, but their hearts are all right.
The Navy should examine all ports from San Fernando (Union) northward. Please
inform Major-General Lawton, as floods prevent my communicating with him by
courier.

Youne, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 69

Also a telegram from Captain Russel, of the Signal Corps, at San
Jose, to the chief signal officer of the department, which contained the
following information:

No couriers from Lawton yet. Rain has let up this p.m. Three troops Hayes’s
command in Carranglan. Rivers have keptthem. No wire to put up here to Aliaga
or San Juan. Estimated it is 40 miles from here to Tayug, over frightful roads, and
need all wire coming for that line. Rations are scarce and we have to use every
remedy, but the men are doing quite well. No forage for animals but grass.

Nothing more was heard from either Generals Lawton or Young
until November 21, and in the meantime instructions to the troops on
the San Isidro and San Jose line were given direct from Manila.
There were still seven cascoes of supplies between Arayat and San
Isidro to be Je up the river. The wagon transportation, with the

troops guarding it, were strung along the route, water or mud bound,

from Santa Rosa below Cabanatuan to Humingan, and the condition
of the soldiers in the district of Carranglan caused a great deal of
apprehension. In response to our inquiry, Colonel Hayes. command-
ing the Fourth Cavalry, telegraphed from San Jose on November 18:

Have no news of General Lawton or movements of insurgent forces since General
Lawton’s dispatch this morning. Have three troops Fourth Cavalry at Carranglan;
have had no news from them for several days, and feel very solicitous about their
situation. Trail to Carranglan now under most unfavorable conditions and is im-
practicable for wheeled vehicles. Only means of supplying these troops is by means
of pack horses. During rain of last few days streams crossing trail have been un-
fordable. I still consider Carranglan an important point to hold, and shall not with-
draw troops without authority.

Upon the receipt of this message he was instructed to draw back
from Carranglan within a day or two the three troops stationed there,
or to do so as soon as weather and condition of roads would permit,
to which he replied:

Situation of troops at Carranglan bad. Sickness increasing daily. Living for
nearly three days on carabao meat. Impossible to supply them. Had ordered
them to San Jose before receipt of your telegrams. Can scout from here to Carrang-
lan. Weather apparently settled. Roads bad but improving. No news of column
south of San Jose except that train of 34 bull carts was crossing river at Talavera
yesterday. Morale of troops excellent. No complaint. Will keep you posted on
news of interest. Two troops of Fourth Cavalry passing through here to join Gen-
eral Lawton.

On November 21 the following communication was received from
General Lawton, by boat from Dagupan:

Heapquarters Frrst Division, Eig¢nra Army Corps,
(In tae Frevp) San Fasian, November 19, 1899.
Cuter or Starr. Manila: ;
I was enabled to leave the point where I was water bound the night of the 17th, and
proceeded at once in quest of General Young. I overtook him at Pozorrubio at 10
a. m. the 18th, just ready to leave on trail of Aguinaldo. He seemed to be satisfied
that he was on the right trail, and that Aguinaldo had actually passed out in the
direction indicated. TI inclose a copy of statement made by a prominent citizen of
the place, the truth of which I have no reason to doubt. I greatly regret that the
insurgents were not ‘‘shut up in the railroad country ’’ by the troops ‘‘at the north,”
as I was assured they would “‘probably’’ be, in General Otis’s communication of
the 2d instant, or that they did not hold the points occupied by them, from which
they were almost immediately withdrawn. Hearing nothing, however, from the
column in the north, General Young without hesitation pushed rapidly across the
Agno River, and occupied the country to or near the coast; not in time, however, to
make the necessary dispositions to intercept Aguinaldo, who passed out via Urda-
neta, Manaoag, and Pozorrubio, with Young in hot pursuit and fighting with his
rear guard. Aguinaldo will probably strike the main coast road at Agod, where the
trail on which he now is comes into said road. I have just received the inclosed
70 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

note from Young, dated last night. He has the Macabebes and 50 picked men of
Chase’s troop and 30 picked men of Captain Johnson’s troop, Third Cavalry, under
Chase. On receipt of Young’s note I dispatched Major Swigert with available men
of two troops Third Cavalry and Lieutenant-Colonel Parker to Agoé by road, to cut
off Aguinaldo if possible and to cooperate with Young. Young seems very sanguine.
He will at least make Aguinaldo very unhappy. It is my opinion that Aguinaldo
should be followed every moment from this time. He should not be permitted to
establish himself at any point or again organize a government oran army. Wherever
he can go an American soldier can follow, and there are many who are anxious to
undertake the service.

In this connection I can not forget the Macabebes, who have distinguished them-
selves from the moment of their employment, and are now our main reliance and
support. They have been well-behaved, loyal, and active, notwithstanding that
they have been maligned and are falsely accused by the insurgents, who, I am
satisfied, have themselves committed outrages, representing themselves to be Maca-
bebes. After leaving Young at 11 a.m. yesterday, I rode through to San Jacinto,
where I expected to meet and confer with Wheaton, but found he had come back to
this place. Irode through, arriving at this place about dark, having been in the saddle
about eighteen hours. I wished to ascertain to what point he would occupy the
country, arrange for supplies from this point, and arrange to have ship cruise up the
coast to take supplies for Young, and with which he could communicate, and to
arrange to ship in here the treasure and other plunder captured, and _ the Spanish
prisoners, which I will do. I wish to ask what disposition is desired I shall make
of the press and material of the Heraldo Filipino captured at Tayug. It is a large
press, and there is a large quantity of material. If it is to be sent to Manila an expert
printer should be sent up to take charge of it. My telegraph line is only as far as
San Jose, with no more material. I suggest that it be constructed from this end to
meet at San Jose. I shall return along my line to-day to Tayug, and shall make
my headquarters at that place or at Humingan for the time being. I have no news
from Manila, and nothing from you, and have no knowledge of what has or is occur-
ring south of us, but feel that this line can now be left with Wheaton or the com-
mander of the Third Brigade. On Young’s return would like to take him, with the
Fourth Cavalry, and proceed via Norzagaray, Montalban, Taytay, Morong, and Santa
Cruz to Tayabas and wipe out everything in the south. A force of infantry could be
organized to support and cooperate from Batangas or any other convenient point.
I still hold a command at Carranglan, but can not see that it does much good. Also
hold the pass above San Nichols. Horseshoes and nails should be sent here as well
as to San Isidro for use of my cavalry. I doubt if you can fully realize what the
troops of my command have endured during the past two weeks. I would be glad
if Wheaton could hold the Agno River. It is a bad, unsafe, and uncertain river to
cross at best.

Very respectfully, H. W. Lawron,
Major-General, U. S.V., Commanding.

At the date of the reception of this letter nothing definite could be
determined as to the general direction in which the bulk of the enemy
had gone. General MacArthur at Bayambang was positive that a large
force had retired west of the railway, with the intention of entering
the mountains of Zambales if pursued. General Wheaton, though
scouting constantly toward Alava, Pozorrubio, and in the direction of
Binalonan, found only small detachments. and was clearly of the
opinion that the organized force of the enemy, which had retired up
the railway and had retreated on Dagupan and Calasiao when its van-

uard was defeated by him, had proceeded west of Dagupan and
formed line on the Salasa and Mangatarem road. He had reconnoi-
tered in the direction of that line and found a strong force in place.
His duty, therefore, was to hold it in that section with the troops at
his command until General MacArthur could get into position to handle
it. He encountered the most stubborn resistance of any of the three
columns then at work to prevent the insurgents from gaining the moun-
tains to the northeastward, and whom he saw were determined to pass
north by the west coast road. Lieutenant-Colonel Howze,who marched
his five companies from Aliaga north to Rosales, reported that all
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 71

organizations in that part of the country had retired on San Miguel
de Camiling, an extension of the Salasa and Mangatarem line, and
that Aguinaldo had in person and in disguise fled southward to the
southern Luzon provinces.

This latter statement was confirmed by, or it expressed the belief
of, the majority of the intelligent Filipinos of Manila, who were sure
that Aguinaldo would hasten southward through the Zambales Moun-
tains to Manila Bay and cross over to the Cavite Province. Later
they communicated their positive assurances that he had sueceeded in’
entering San Francisco de Malabon, near the west coast of that prov-
ince. A few Filipino citizens contended that he had entered the
province of Bulacan, and a few days afterwards reported that he had
materialized to the north and east of and near Manila, between Nova-.
liches, San Jose, and San Mateo, leading several thousand men. Bula-
can, east of the Rio Grande de Pampanga and north of Baliuag, had not
yet been entered by our troops, and it was known that General Pio
del Pilar was in the vicinity of San Miguel de Mayumo with a force
which we estimated at 1,000 or more, so that the movements of Agui-
naldo with troops through the eastern portion of that province on
San Jose and Montalban was practicable, if he could find the neces-
sary subsistence; and Pilar had harvested the rice in the country of
his occupation, from which the supply needed could be drawn.

It was easy to conclude, therefore, and quite accurately, that General
Young in his advance had struck only a small fragment of the rebel
army, mostly, probably, the portions driven, westward from Aliaga,
Talavera, and other near points. It was fairly well known that there
was no insurgent general of prominence along General Lawton’s line,
except possibly en del Pilar, whom General Young believed
passed north through Pozorrubio, and who was also supposed to be
commanding in the vicinity of Dagupan, and that if Aguinaldo was
endeavoring to escape north he was not accompanied by much force and
was withoutartillery. It was positive, however, from the captures made
by General Lawton’s men, that it had been Aguinaldo’s intention to retire
with his civil and military government and public and private property
on Bayonbong of the Nueva Vizcaya province, and this intention was
also confirmed hy the receipt of reliable information of the nature of
his orders to effect it and which he had issued several days before.
Hence, on November 21, when information of the movements of Agui-
naldo, as reported by Generals Lawton and Young, were received
(reports made before those officers had knowledge of what had taken
place to the south of them), it was difficult to reconcile the various
official and unoftticial statements which were being submitted. Cer-
tainly General Young had pressed back detachments of considerable
size (numbering in some instances as many as 300) at Cabanatuan,
Talavera, Calipajan, Balog, Mufioz, San Jose, and Humingan, had
driven infantry forward on the Cabanatuan and Bongabong road and
northward and westward from Tayug and San Nicolas. Ballance had
struck the enemy at Rosales, pushed him to the northward through
Villavis and Urdaneta, but in small nuinbers, as results indicated.

All this, taken in connection with the capture of Aguinaldo’s private
papers and property, furnished very strong presumptive proof that he
In person was near and endeavoring to effect his escape north. But the
only conclusion to be derived from the combined reports and state-
ments obtained was that the force which attended him was compara-
72 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

tively very small, and that no general of prominence accompanied him.
About this time knowledge was acquired of the deliberations of Agui-
naldo’s war council, held at Bayambang while General MacArthur was
still at Bamban, and which resulted in a mutual verbal agreement on
the part of those attending it to separate the insurgent forces, enter
upon a species of guerrilla warfare, and attack and destroy our scat-
tered detachments.

The ultimate conclusion reached, therefore, on November 21 was that
Aguinaldo with a small force not to exceed in number two or three hun-
dred had passed our northern line, although we were not yet positive
beyond a doubt of Aguinaldo’s presence with it, and that the great bulk
of his army, or as much of it as still possessed organization, continued
.to remain to the south of that line. How, where, or by what means
Aguinaldo escaped has not yet been ascertained. There was no day
between the 14th and 18th of November when all the roads north were
not fairly well covered. It is supposed that he escaped by the Pozor-
rubio road, still General Young reports that he encountered the enemy
there and near Pozorrubio on the 15th, while Wheaton’s troops passed
through that town from the northwest by Alava on the 16th, and Young
took possession of the same on the following day. Evidently Aguinaldo
must have taken refuge in the brush whenever our troops passed and
have marched around those towns where we had stations, possibly in
the nighttime. No blame can attach to either Wheaton or Young, and
no line could have been made sufficiently strong to prevent the escape
of a small body of the enemy moving in deinen ses ecially in a
low country covered with dense tropical growth, and in which abound
slight or indistinct trails known only toatew. Sefior Buencamino, sec-
retary of state, who with Aguinaldo’s mother and son were subsequently
captured near Urdaneta, in relating the experience of his march, said
that no road was safe, as the firing of guns was heard in every direc-
tion, and obeying the instinct of personal safety, he with a wise discre-
tion concealed himself in the woods and was lost to-his chief. It was
believed that Aguinaldo would endeavor to pick up the insurgent bat-
talion maintained at San Fernando de la Union and the small detach-
ments along the coast (there were no concentrated insurgent forces on
the west coast except at San Fernando and Vigan) and either join his
troops which were holding the Spanish prisoners in the Ilocos and Abra
provinces, or cross over by the Trinidad and Bontoc road into the valley
of the Cagayan River and the province of Isabela.

This latter intention was thought to be the more probable, for he held
at or near Aparri and along the northeastern Luzon coast 1,000 men,
under General Tirona, the military governor of that section of country,
who were well armed, well supplied with ammunition, and had several
pieces of artillery; and since, as was known from captured dispatches,
Aguinaldo had directed Tirona to abandon Aparri on the approach of
the Americans and retire up the valley of the river in the direction of
the town of Ilagan. This order to Tirona to retire upon the happening
of a certain event, even had it been received by him, would not have
been considered by us of much consequence, for it was not believed
that he would have obeyed, as it had been ascertained some time before
that he had become disaffected and had reached the conclusicn that
the insurgents were not capable cither to erect or maintain a stable
government. This knowledge was of importance later, when it was
found necessary for the Navy to send vessels to Aparri to succor or
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. is

supply a battalion of the Twenty-fourth Infantry and Castner’s scouts,
which, without authority, had proceeded from Bayonbong down the
Cagayan River with the intention of journeying to its mouth on the
north Luzon coast.

As indicated in his Pozorrubio dispatch of November 17, General
Young commenced his pursuit on the following day with 80 men of
the Third Cavalry and the Macabebe battalion of scouts, proceeding
by way of the Alava and Rosario road. On the 2ist General Lawton
forwarded his telegram of the 19th, which is as follows:

HEaDQuaRTERS CAVALRY BRIGADE,
Firsr Division, Eranra Army Corps,
Aringay, November 19, 1899—10.80 p.m.
Major-General Lawron:

Marched 20 miles to-day through Tabiao and down canyon to Aringay. Found
enemy intrenched in canyon, with sharpshooters on hillsides at ford 2 miles from
Aringay at dusk. Sharp fighting twenty-five minutes. Enemy’s force 200. Batson
wounded left foot. Quinlan knocked down by spent ball. One Macabebe seriously
wounded. River crossed by light of fires; entered town 8 p.m. Resident Spaniard
says Aguinaldo passed through here on the 17th with five or six carts taken from
Tabiao and 200 men, and followed coast road to Bauang, province of Benguet.
Women still with him. Objective point Bayonbong, Nueva Vizeaya. American and
Spanish prisoners in Vigan, and Bangued, province of Abra. Cavalry horses and
Macabebes overworked. Insurgent force reported between this point and Santo
Tomas. Will try to communicate with navy at San Fernando to-morrow. Have
placed Colonel Wilder in temporary command of Macabebe battalion. Lieutenant
Bell and 2 cavalrymen and 20 Macabebes occupy.Tabiao. Ordered to this point
to-morrow. Will leave him here with troopers of lame horses and overworked Maca-
bebes—60 in all. Will send Chase to San Fernando and pursue trail with 300
Macabebes. A force should be sent up here from San Fabian. Half battalion should
land at San Fernando and half battalion at mouth of river at Vigan to release prisoners.
Please understand this as a suggestion.

Larrer.—It is impossible to get native courier to carry this to San Fabian to-night
on account of interposition of force of insurrectos on route. If possible to communi-
cate with navy at San Fernando, will send it by steamer to be read by General Wheaton
and transmitted to you. General Tinio commanded forces opposing us to-night.
Darkness prevented us getting information as to enemy’s losses. Prisoners say that
at least half of them took to mountains and will not rejoin Aguinaldo. Inefficiency
of cavalry due entirely to lack of shoes and nails. With exception of lameness from
this cause, horses in good condition. The mountain trail for 10 miles from Rosario
was most diabolical. I need additional force, but can not wait. A battalion of light
infantry that can march rapidly without impedimenta should follow my trail with an
officer in command who will push for all he is worth. If Dorrington’s or Castner’s
scouts, supported by cavalry either mounted or on foot, should be sent to Bayonbong
on Cagayan River and a naval vessel with marines sent up that river from the north,
Aguinaldo can not escape. My ammunition is running low. The two natives that
came with me from Pozorrubio will start with this for San Fabian in the morning.

November 20—7.30 a. m.—Quinlan able for duty. Macabebe dead. Batson’s
wound painful, through instep, not necessarily serious.

Younea, Brigadier- General.

Supplies had been sent from Manila to San Fabian by coasting vessel
Brutus on November 19 for both Generals Lawton’s and Wheaton’s
troops. There were also forwarded to General Wheaton by this vessel
150 additional men, consisting of the remaining company of the Thirty-
third Infantry (Captain Fowler), which had been doing garrison duty
at Corregidor Island, and a few men of the Thirteenth Infantry who
remained behind sick when that regiment left for the north, and who
were organized into a detachment to handle 2 Colt’s and 2 Sims-
Dudley guns supervised by Lieutenant Kenly, First Artillery. The
Third Cavalry, Ballance’s batallion of the Twenty-second Infantry,
and Howze’s batallion of the Thirty-fourth Infantry, were sent to San
Fabian to refit. In response to General Young’s Aringay dispatch for
74 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

troops, dated November 19, March’s battalion of the Thirty-third Infan-
try was sent up the coast, followed by the troops of the Third Cavalry
as fast as horses could be placed in condition, by three companies of
the Thirty-fourth Infantry under Colonel Howze, and by headquarters
and the two remaining battalions of the Thirty-third Infantry, Fowler's
company excepted. General Lawton returned to Tayug and General
Wheaton continued his headquarters at San Fabian.

In the mean time the following correspondence took place between
corps headquarters and officers of General Lawton’s command:

San Josr, Vorember 20, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace: ‘
Supply train of bull carts of First Division will reach San Jose to-day. Without
orders to the contrary shall push them forward. Do not know General Lawton’s

present whereabouts. ‘
Hayes, Commanding.

San Jose, Vovemler 20, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

First Battalion Twenty-fourth Infantry has arrived here and reported to me for
orders. Without orders to the contrary shall send it forward. It had two days’
rations.

Hayes, Commanding.

Mania, Vorember 20, 1899.
Colonel Hayes, San Jose:

Following message addressed to Colonel Kennon, Cabanatuan, is repeated for your
information and guidance: ‘‘ Entire line of railway under our control. Have received
no information from Lawton or Wheaton for several days. They are probably in
pursuit of fleeing insurgents. Possible that Lawton got supplies from San Fabian.
Troops and train under orders to join Lawton should be pushed forward to San
Jose and halted there until he is heard from.’’

; Scuway, Chief of Staff.

CAaBANATUAN, Vovember 20, 1899.
Curer or Srarr:

Durable ferry with wire cable completed this morning. All delayed trains moving
forward. Three companies Batchelor’s battalion, Twenty-fourth, arrived at San
Jose to-day. One company is guarding train. No word from commands -further
front. Captain Gibson’s patrol surprised small party. Captured bundle of clothing
containing red trousers, also an American haversack containing unimportant papers
apparently belonging to an officer or noncommissioned officer, Manila battalion,
which is referred to as broken up by sickness.

Kexnoyn, Commanding.

CaBANATUAN, November 21, 1899.
Cuter or Srarr, Manila:

* * * About 60 bull carts, division transportation, remain to be crossed at this
point. One section supply train left San Jose for Humingan yesterday. The
remainder are in the mud between here and San Jose. A day or two of dry weather
will do wonders for the roads. It has been raining north. River rose 6 inches last
night. All trains here will be crossed over to-morrow, I expect. Can troops at
Urdaneta, Binalonan, and Asingan be supplied from Dagupan? If possible, this
should be done, for this line is practically impassable now.

Kexyoy, Commanding.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 75

. Manita, November 21, 1899.
Colonel Epwarps, Cabanatuan:

Not known where General Lawton is. Has not been heard from for four days.
It is believed the general has connected with General Wheaton and that their united
forces are pursuing the insurgents north. Some of their troops were in Dagupan the
19th instant, where General MacArthur’s troops now are. All force not required at
Cabanatuan, San Isidro, and other important points, directed to be held by General
Lawton, should be moved on to San Jose, having atleast fifteen days’ rations. From
that point they can be moved in any direction desired by General Lawton or can
pass over to railroad, which is now in operation. Expect to hear from General Law-
ton to-day by way of San Fabian and boat from there to Manila. He may commu-
nicate to you by scout by way of Tayug.

Scauwan, Chief of Staff.

CaBaNnaTuan, November 21, 1899.
General Scuwan.

_ Referring to my personal dispatch, Erwin just returned and reports roads utterly ,
impracticable for wagons loaded as his were with but 2,200pounds. Told him to reduce
to 1,200, and push on to San Jose. Am pushing bull cartsovernow. Weare having
much trouble with ferry, so decided not to cross our headquarters for fear of block-
ing the moving of supplies on carts. Will cross first chance, but am fearful we can
not get over till to-morrow night. Roads are frightful, though it has not rained for
two days. Ellison, with bull carts carrying rations, wires from San Jose that he was
recalled to San Jose when 2 miles out by commanding officer San Jose.

EpWaRrDs.

Mania, November 21, 1899.
Lieutenant-Colonel Epwarps, Cabanatuan:

Your telegram describing difficulties of road received. Department commander
deems it unsafe to allow troops to proceed beyond San Jose with insufficient rations
and with lack of information concerning the whereabouts of General Lawton’stroops.
Thinks in the end time and trouble will be saved by this delay.

\ Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Joss, November 22, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Have ordered Batchelor’s battalion, Twenty-fourth Infantry, to move forward this
morning in compliance with following orders from General Lawton: ‘‘Colonel Hayes:
Hurry forward infantry battalion to this point. Services greatly needed immediately.
Employ as many good scouts and guides as you can and push a part of your forces
up the trail from Carranglan toward Bayonbong. A battalion of infantry can be
used if you think best, if one comes up in time, but the first battalion of infantry
must come through here as fast as possible. (Signed) H. W. Lawton, commanding.”’

Cavalry troops returned yesterday from Carranglan to this point, and are in very
bad condition; 50 per cent of men sick with fever. Kindly direct another battalion
of infantry to report to me as soon as possible. It is almost impossible to supply
troops in direction of Bayonbong. Fifty mules would solve the problem.

Hayes, Commanding.

San Josz, November 22, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff’, Manila:

In compliance with orders received from Major-General Lawton, have 45 Nueva
Vizcayans as guides and scouts. Request arms, equipments of some kind, and cloth-
ing at once.

Hayes, Commanding.
76 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Maniwa, November 22, 1899.
Colonel Haves, San Jose:

Possibly you may be able to equip some portion of the 45 guides and scouts whom
you are sending to General Lawton with property at hand. Troops advancing to
Tayug can take with them any extra rifles you may have, but do not arm the guides
and scouts until they report to General Lawton. Should he think it prudent he can
probably arm them from extra ordnance there.

Scawan, Chief of Staff.

Manina, November 22, 1899.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, Sun Jose:
Please convey the following to General Lawton by courier, adding thereto such
information as you may have to give him: y
‘Major-General Lawton, Tayug: Nothing received from Wheaton since 19th.
Entire railroad in our possession, though there are a number of breaks, which will
require time to repair. Insurgents along railroad dispersed; some of them reported to
have fled west. MacArthur is in pursuit. Comprehensive statement of situation and
of your plans, which you have probably sent us, has not been received, and is greatly
desired. In the lack of it, it is not always easy to understand fully the object and
effect of operations reported to you by your subordinates and repeated by you to us.
Cavalry troops drawn back from Carranglan, owing to the difficulties they met with
there, as represented by Colonel Hayes, and because of the impossibility of the trail
thence to Aritao. It was thought best not to allow Batchelor’s battalion to proceed
beyond San Jose until you could be heard from, Colonel Hayes having reported that
he had only two days’ ration to give them. You understand, of course, that emer-
gency calls from San Jose and other remote points for supplies can not be met here.”’
Scuwan, Chict of Stuff.

Muanita, Vovember 22, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bayambang:

General Lawton now at Tayug. Has drawn supplies from San Fabian for part of
his troops, now much scattered. After short but sharp engagement, in which Bat-
son was wounded, Young occupied Aringay on 19th instant, which place it was
reported Aguinaldo and 200 followers had quit on the 17th, heading for Bayonbong.
Young, with 300 Macabebes, is pursuing him, and Castner’s scouts, northeast from
San Nicolds, are endeavoring to cut off movement east. Lieutenant-Colonel Howze
was ordered on 20th to report to you for temporary duty after reaching Dagupan, to
which point he had been ordered by his brigade commander, but it appears now
that General Lawton may require him at Tayug, and he is to await his orders at
Dagupan. I will at once confer with chief signal officer, with a view to reenforc-
ing your signal corps detachment, if practicable.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Heapavarters Frrast Division,
In the Field, Tayug, November 22, 1899.
CHIEF oF STAFF:

I propose to take three columns through the mountains to Bayonbong, as follows:
One column Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanded by Colonel Keller, over trail to
Carranglan; one column Castner’s scouts, one battalion Twenty-second, one, Thirty-
fourth Infantry, over trail from San Nicolds, commanded hy Colonel Kennon; one
battalion Macabebes, one battalion Thirty-fourth, and one battalion Twenty-second
Infantry, over trail through Trinidad, commanded by General Young, and over
which he is now en route. Castner will start his advance to-morrow, and courier
was sent Colonel Hayes at San Jose last night with instructions to him to secure
scouts and guides and push out on the trail. The cavalry, after it has been reshod,
can follow over the respective trails. Our supplies will have to be carried or packed
by carabaos. This will leave the country this side of the mountains to be looked
aiter by Wheaton and MacArthur. The cavalry can take care of it until they are
relieved. This program will be substantially carried out, unless the General does
not concur. The messenger who takes this will await a reply. Young is on the
trail and must be supported.

Lawton, Jejor-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 77

Matacaftan, 11, 22, 1899.
General Lawton, Tayug:
(Care of Commanding Officer, San Jose.)

Trail north by Carranglan believed to be impracticable and a death trap, both by
reason of fevers and ease with which detachment of enemy can defend it. Cavalry
stationed at Carranglan a few days can accomplish all which could be accomplished
by an advance north over that route. The other two routes not objected to if you
have knowledge of country and believe them practicable for movement of troops, pro-
vided you take the five companies Thirty-fourth Volunteers now at Dagupan or one
of Wheaton’s battalions for the route by Trinidad. It is supposed that you intend
to send by Trinidad route Ballance’s battalion Twenty-second Infantry. One bat- °
talion Twenty-fourth Infantry now en route for Tayug should be with you to-morrow
morning. You can collect there readily the other battalion of the Twenty-fourth,
that of the Twenty-second, and one of the Thirty-fourth, all supplied with rations.
However, it has been impossible to ascertain with certainty the present location of
all your troops. It is not at all certain that the enemy Young is pursuing will attempt
to cross mountains to Bayonbong. He may take trail to Bontoc and cross over to.
Ilagan. We are not yet ready to enter the Cagayan Valley.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Heapaquarters First Division,
In tHE Fiery, Tayue, November 22 (via Talavera, November 25), 1899.

Cuter or Starr, Manila:

The following just received from General Wheaton: ‘‘San Fabian, November 22.—
Major-General Lawton, through San Jacinto: I will send battalion of infantry to San
Fernando. It will have to march by road as all my cascoes and launches are wrecked.
The battalion going to San Fernando will, if practicable, follow and support General
Young. Swigert went to San Fabian yesterday. Can not send troops to Vigan, as
can not embark them here. Will do all in my power to aid in every way. (Signed),
Wheaton, brigadier-general.’’ ;

Lawton, Major-General.

HEADQUARTERS First Division, In THE FIELD,
Tayua, November 21 (via San Jose, November 22), 1899.
Carer or STAFF.

Sir: The following just received from Lieutenant Castner, in command of Lowe’s
scouts, dated November 21, 9 a. m.: ‘‘To Major-General Lawton: Tagalo Sergeant.
Riverra returned with four guides from mountains from his native town of Pozorru-
bio. Natives report Aguinaldo is headed for Nueva Vizcaya, probably Bayonbong.
Also report insurgent soldiers came in to Pozorrubio every night from Tuesday to
Sunday for rice, etc., coming from barrio of Balog, about one hour from Pozorrubio.
Gave Dorrington this information; also, that 150 insurgents and 4 guns reported still
at Balog. Pony train returned from San Fabian to-night. Start from San Nicolds

- on trail to mountain to-morrow. My natives state that it takes three days to cover
mountains from San Nicolds to Bayonbong, and that trail is very difficult and could
be strongly defended by insurgents. Have guides for all the mountain trails. Would
like good map of Nueva Vizcaya and good compass, also money, if you decide to send
any with me, also some insurrecto clothing from Tayug. (Signed) Castner.”’

Lawton, Major-General.

CaBanatuan, November 22, 1899.
Carer oF Starr, Manila:

Request Howze, now at Bayambang or Dagupan, ordered at once to Tayug, as trains
have gone forward. Move my headquarters to-day to San Jose, arriving probably
to-morrow. Recommend no further supplies be sent forward on this line to this
point. Troops may be supplied by banca from San Isidro, and the two companies
at Aliaga from this point. Roads forward from here for practicable purposes are
impassable. They kill stock, break wagons and carts, and exhaust. men who have to.
pull wagons through mud. Little modification in stations will be necessary. Two
companies at Aliaga, one battalion here, company along road near Santa Rosa should

return to San Isidro.
~ KeEnwnon.
78 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manna, Vorember 22, 1899.
Colonel Kewnon:
(Care of Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, Sin Jose.)

Lieutenant-Colonel Howze, with five companies Thirty-fourth Volunteers, will
probably reach Dagupan to-night, and will be subject to your orders and those of
General Lawton, who should be apprised of his whereabouts.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Discontinuing now for the present the consideration of the advance
on Bayonbong by Tayug and Carranglan and General Young’s pursuit
through the northern Luzon provinces, where he was both following to
the north and eastward insurgent troops and releasing the Spaniards
and Americans held hy the insurgents as prisoners, we will again take
up the recital of General MacArthur’s advance up the railway. We
left him on November 21 at Bayambang, from which while there the
following telegrams were received and sent:

BayaMmBanG, November 22, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

The Twelfth Infantry, two battalions Seventeenth, all my artillery, cavalry, and
wagon trains are now concentrated at Panique, at which point hy to-morrow I will
have 20,000 rations in depot, four days in hands of troops. The cavalry squadron
will reconnoiter to-morrow towards Camiling and possibly enter the town. Seven
days’ rations were brought forward to this point to-day for the entire Thirty-sixth and
one battalion Seventeenth now here. The line of supplies is working well all the way
through and a large and efficient wagon train operating into Bayambang. I shall
require one more day to arrange things between here and Tarlac and on Thursday
shall occupy San Carlos and Calasiao with two companies each of Thirty-sixth
Infantry, and start civil government in the towns mentioned, as the people desire to
accept the supremacy of the United States and have made solicitous inquiry about
civil institutions. I visited both places on Monday and made arrangements with
head men and priests for reception of troops in commodious convents. By Thursday
night I expect to have everything in hand so I can send columns in any direction
likely to be useful. I have further information to the effect that Aguinaldo is a
fugitive without military escort and that the generals have scattered to the various
provinces with a view to guerrilla warfare.

, MacArraor.

BaYyaMBANG, November 23, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

I sent the cavalry squadron to reconnoiter from Panique to Camiling. General
Wheeler accompanied the squadron, and at the Tarlac River sent back to Panique
for infantry and rope to assist in crossing. The detachment is still out, but will
probably return to-day or to-morrow, or at all events sendin some information. The
roads out of Panique in all directions are impassable for wheeled vehicles, and peo-
ple say it will be impossible to get wagons over the regular wagon road to Bayam-
bang much before January. This confirms my own observation of the road, and in
case we need transportation or artillery as far north as this, it will be necessary to
bring it forward by rail or march it up the railroad grade, which will be practicable
for empty wagons and artillery if we can get the plank to floor the intervening cul-
verts and bridges. I got Bell’s pack train forward yesterday over the railroad
grade, so that I have one regiment in hand for quick movement at a distance from
the railroad if it becomes necessary. To-day I shall occupy Dagupan with five com-
panies Thirty-fourth Infantry. If General Lawton calls for them I can replace them
by other troops. I expect to have the wire into Dagupan by night, and a patrol
and lineman will be sent out by Colonel Howze, immediately upon his arrival, to
make the connection with San Fabian if the old wires are in place. Otherwise will
reconstruct the line as quickly as possible. To-day I occupy Calasiao and San Carlos.
I have a large working party organized under Lieutenant Ferguson to commence re-
laying track to-morrow morning. This work will undoubtedly be rapidly put
through, much assistance being given by old employees of the railroad, who are
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 79

clamoring for employment along the line. The country is alive with people return-
ing to their towns, some of them going as far back as San Fernando, Malolos, and
Marilao. I can get no definite information about any concentrated force at any
point, and am inclined to credit reports to the effect that the generals have scattered
and gone to their provinces, which if true will bring about more activity probably in
Pampanga and Bulacan than in these northern provinces. I am anxious to occupy
San Miguel de-Mayumo and have given preliminary instructions to Colonel Page in
the premises. _
MacArruur.

Manixa, November 23, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bayambang:

Report location of your troops north of Tarlac and your contemplated immediate
use of them. The five companies Thirty-fourth Infantry at Dagupan may be called

east by General Lawton.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bayampane, November 28, 1899.
ScHWaN:

In compliance with your message just received, I report that stations of troops
north of Tarlac are as follows:

North side of Tarlac washout, one company Ninth Infantry; Panique, all of Twelfth
Infantry; Gerona, one company Ninth Infantry; Panique, besides Twelfth Infantry,
two battalions Seventeenth Infantry, two troops Fourth Cavalry, Light Battery E,
First Artillery, and two Gatling guns; Bayambang, south side of river, properly
known as the barrio of Bautista, 2 kilometers from bridge, one battalion Seventeenth
Infantry; at Bayambang, properly north of bridge, two battalions Thirty-sixth Infan-
try; San Carlos, two companies Thirty-sixth Infantry; Calasiao, two companies
Thirty-sixth Infantry; Dagupan, five companies Thirty-fourth Infantry. If Thirty-
fourth Infantry is called east shall move the two battalions Thirty-sixth now here to
Dagupan and replace them by two battalions Seventeenth Infantry from Panique. I
will then have the Thirty-sixth Infantry on my right at Dagupan, Calasiao and San
Carlos, the Seventeenth Infantry at the two Bayambangs, the Twelfth, with artillery
and cavalry, at Panique. My contemplated use of these troops is to strike at any-
thing within reach. Information in this respect coming in slowly, and I am grad-
ually reaching the belief that there is no organized insurgent force left to strike at. .
The insurgents’ army has broken up into fragments and soon will be nothing more
than a banditti, without government of any kind. Let there be assigned them a cer-
tain period of amnesty, proclaimed sufficiently in advance to allow all concerned to
have information of the proclamation, when the wandering groups should be declared
outlaws and treated accordingly. With the railway as an extended base, distribution
described above affords easy means of rapid concentration at any point as necessity
may require. The wagon train of the entire command is at Panique, the pack train
of the Thirty-sixth Infantry being the only transportation with its regiment. The
distribution of wagons and artillery from Panique is a serious question in present con-
dition of roads, which are simply impassable, as illustrated by the fact that General
Wheeler has been more than twenty-four hours in making 5 miles in advance
toward Camiling, with 2 troops of cavalry and 100 infantry.

MacArraur.

Maniua, P. I., November 23, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bayambang:

Reported that Aguinaldo and Garcia, with 13 followers, returned to Bayambang
from Tayug evening of November 13 and immediately rode westward. They were
hatless, covered with mud, and their horses badly jaded.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

BayamBana, November 23, 1899.
General ScHwan: ’
Referring to your message just received in regard to movements of Aguinaldo, I
have fairly reliable information that a council of war was held at this point on Mon-
day, the [8th instant, at which Aguinaldo, Concepcion, Alejandrino, and other gen-
80. REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

erals were present. The council resolved that the insurgent forces were insufficient
to stop the Americans, and decided that they would divide into small bodies and
engage in guerrilla warfare. In accordance with this decision, Aguinaldo started
for Bayonbong; Alejandrino, Macabulus, San Miguel, and probably Gregorio del
Pilar passing to the westward of the railroad, and Garcia and Concepcion to the east.
This information agrees with that received by you about Aguinaldo en! here on
the 13th. Flores is probably somewhere in this neighborhood, and I would not be
surprised if he came in and presented himself. I sent message last night from Panique,
which possibly may not have reached you in consequence of bad service on the wire,
to the effect that Bautista, president at the congress, was at Panique and presented
himself to me at that point. He is there now subject to the orders of the depart-
ment commander.
MacARTHUR.

: BavamBane, November 28, 1899.
General ScHwan:

The so-called Filipino republic is destroyed. The congress has dissolved. The
president of that body is now a prisoner in our hands. The president of the so-
called republic is a fugitive, as are all the cabinet officers, excepting one in our
hands. The executive department is therefore broken up. The generals are sep-
arated, without any power of conference or concerted action. The authority under
which an army was kept in the field no longer exists. The army itself as an organ-
ization has disappeared. As a consequence of these facts, which are now of his-
torical record, the men who propose to lead small bodies for purpose of guerrilla
warfare must act without even a shadow of authority from a de facto government
and their operations from this time on will be the results of individual whims. In
other words, men who now try to continue the strife by individual action become
simply leaders of banditti, and in this view how would it do to issue a proclamation
at an early date offering complete amnesty to all who surrender whithin a stated
time, with a payment of 30 pesos to every soldier who gives up a rifle, and declare
with emphasis that after the date fixed the killing of American soldiers would be
regarded as murder and that all persons concerned therein would be regarded as
murderers and treated accordingly? Such a proclamation would have the effect of
forcing the generals to consider the expediency of continuing a hopeless struggle
which mead commit them irrevocably to death or lifelong expatriation, and I think
would have a powerful influence at a time when it is apparent that most if not all
the leaders are more or less doubtful of what course to pursue. This suggestion is
for your personal consideration, to be presented to the department commander at
your discretion.

MacArrtTuHor.

Maniza, November 24, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bayambang:

Your telegraphic message reporting the virtual dissolution of the so-called insur-
gent government and the disintegration of the insurgent army, and pointing out that
the leaders of the small bands into which that army has broken up are now acting
without even the semblance of authority from a de facto government, was duly
received and submitted to the commanding general, who is giving its contents a care-

ful consideration.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Maniis, November 24, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bayambang:

A large force is not required at Dagupan, for the enemy is moving in this direction
and a considerable concentration is now taking place at San Mateo, above Mariquina,
and along line north to Angat. There are very few insurgent troops north of you.
Lawton and Wheaton have over 4,000 men along the west coast of Luzon. Lawton
is now moving troops to Tayug, which is only a short distance from the coast. He
is still beyond telegraphic communication. Youshould look in this direction for the
enemy, and a fair force available for an emergency should be at Tarlac, if not at San
Fernando and Calumpit. Lawton and Wheaton having failed to report since the 21st,
and Young four days ago being east of San Fernando, specitic instructions can not be
given. When Wheaton can be reached he can be directed to placea force in Dagupan,

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 81

Bautista, November 25,
General Scuwan, Palace:
I have information to the effect that insurgent troops heretofore defending the
railroad fell back with the ultimate purpose of assembling at Mangatarem. The
troops that opposed Wheaton also intended to assemble at that point, as well as
those stationed at Sual and Lingayen. The strength of these organizations before
the commencement of the recent campaign was certainly more than 6,000 men.
The fragments now remaining altogether are probably less than one-fourth of that
number. The town of Mangatarem is represented as having many natural advan-
tages for defense, and also as having a good line of retreat westward to the sea and
thence south along the seacoast of Zambales. This is the substance of reports from
several independent sources, which, to a certain extent, corroborate each other. I
shall move two battalions of the Thirty-sixth in the morning to Mangatarem to
develop the situation. If no insurgents are found in Mangatarem I shall not, in view
of the frightful condition of the roads, have this command proceed to Lingayen, as
originally intended, especially as a company of the Thirty-third, sent out by General
Wheaton, has been in Lingayen, and is perhaps in that place now. If no enemy is
found in Mangatarem it will justify the conclusion that the insurgent forces have
broken up into smal] bands or have passed mountains into Zambales.
MacArruur.

Manta, November 25, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

Your information that insurgent troops fell back on Salasa and Mangatarem line
west of railroad agrees with information received from General Wheaton. Wheaton
has a portion of the Thirteenth Infantry in Dagupan now and will be asked to retain
it there for the present. Buencamino, received here this morning, now in confine-
ment. Linjap, director of railroad, is, it is understood, in your power. Retain him
as prisoner, sending him to Manila first opportunity.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, November 25, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

General Wheaton informed me yesterday of presence of Captain Fowler’s company
of the Thirty-third Infantry in Mangaterem, from which town Fowler had driven
force under Alejandrino, which was numerically very much superior to his and which
had taken position in the adjacent mountains. Wheaton thought Fowler was in
some jeopardy and recommended that I send troops to his assistance. Colonel Bell,
with two battalions, started this a. m., daylight, to relieve Fowler; if necessary,
develop the situation under certain contingencies. Bell had orders to pursue where-
ever the enemy may go. If they reach the seacoast road in Zambales, Bell’s pur-
suit may wind up at Sanbung, in which event could he not be met by a ship at that
point? If Bell finds the concentrated force too much for him to handle, I have the
Seventeenth Infantry in hand to go to the scene immediately. I am a little con-
cerned about the situation at Baliuag, as the group of insurgents under Pilar is the
only one that has not been disturbed by recent movements. I should like to go
there in person, but under conditions here shall be unable to leave for several
days. * * *

m MacArraur.

Mania, November 26, 1899.
General MacArtaur, Bautista:

Pilar’s force at San Miguel has 600 rifles and 1,000 men. The force at San Mateo
has 700 men and rifles, and the Morong Battalion, near the town of Pasig, has 400.
This information is reliable. Captain Buck, after a reconnoissance a few days since,
estimated San Mateo force too high. Aguinaldo’s orders early in November directed
an attack on Manila for the night of the 9th, to be assisted by an uprising of 4,000
inhabitants. The force south of Manila is fully as strong asever. Attack made on
Zapote bridge and Bacoor night of 24th. Large insurgent force concentrated at

Calamba. Scuwan, Chief of Staff’.
4495——6
82 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Bactista, November 26, 1899.
General Scuwan:

Colonel Bell arrived at Mangatarem to-day, the passage of the Agno being the '
only difficulty encountered. Found the town occupied by Fowler’s company of the
Twenty-third, also found 94 Spanish prisoners collected there and the following
American prisoners: P. J. Green and George T. Powers, sailors battleship Oregon;
Thomas Edwards and Charles Bird, Company K, Sixteenth Infantry; Henry Ww.
James, G, Twelfth Infantry; John Desmond, Signal Corps; F. E. Huber, of Lowe’s
scout~. These seven belong to a party of ten, the other three of which have not yet
arrived, are as follows: David Scott, Twenty-fourth Infantry; Phil Betterton, A,
Third Infantry; William Sheehy, Hospital Corps. Four American deserters are
with insurgents: Howard, Martin, and Ford, California. Howard is captain of
artillery, the three latter men not being in the service. A man named Salsitt,
Fourth Cavalry, is also with the insurgents, and is reported as pretending to sympa-
thize with them to save his life. Alejandrino is reported as in command of insur-
gents, who are reported by our escaped prisoners as being very destitute of food and
amnuunition, and that men are deserting in large numbers. The retreating column,
which is composed of several hundred men, probably considerably less than 1,000,
is about 10 miles from Mangatarem, making laborious progress over mountain
trails, the march being very much retarded by six guns of various kinds. If pack
train crosses Agno all right, Bell proposes to rest until after midnight, and to make
a determined effort to overtake enemy, which he may probably accomplish if they
stick to theircannon. Bell’s instructions contemplate that he shall follow wherever
they may go and that he shall push things to a decisive result if possible. Spanish
prisoners say Macabulus is in mountains around O’Donnell, his force reported at
about 1,000, which estimate probably excessive. Investigations are being made in
that vicinity and information may be obtained which will justify pushing a column
through the mountains to Iba, and perhaps another column farther south in Bataan.
All accounts agree that the insurgents have no supplies in the mountains and depend
almost entirely upon night forages into the valleys for subsistence, which is daily
becoming more difficult to obtain. * * *

MacArrtaur.

Bautista, Novemher 26, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

I shall send in to-morrow Chuidian, Linjap, and Captain Lawrénce as prisoners of
war, as directed by you. Chuidian and Linjap have their families here and wish to
take them to Manila. If there is no objection I think it would bea good idea to get
rid of them, as both men have the means of taking care of their families in Manila.

MacArraur.

Bautista, November 26, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Stuff, Manila:

Major Spence, Thirty-second Infantry, with party of 50, left Angeles at 1 o’clock
this a.m. and surrounded a barrio 6 miles northwest of the town and attacked at
dawn, capturing 1 captain, 15 men, 7 rifles with ammunition, and a number of bolos,
with no casualties on our side. Yesterday men of Ninth Infantry wandered away
without authority and were waylaid od asmall insurgent band, 1 man killed and 3
captured. JI am having the affair carefully investigated with a view tofurther action.
The currents of the two events herein reported seem to indicate the initiatory steps
of the guerrilla system, against which I hope the department commander will see his
way clear to taking some drastic action at a very early date.

MacArtaur.

San Fapian, November 26, 1899.
General Scuwan:
_ Captain Fowler captured at Mangatarem 5 cannon, 3-inch muzzle loaders, 12 rifles,
10,000 Maxim cartridges, 800 pounds powder, 800 pounds lead, 1,000 pounds shrap-
nel. Three American prisoners released and 82 Spaniards, 5 of whom were officers.
Captain Fowler has been ordered here with his company, and is supposed to be near
Dagupan to-night.

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 838

A Bautista, November 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

The time has arrived for the movement of several columns west of the railroad to
the coast on the China Sea, and the only thing that interferes with immediate action
to that end is the possibility that some of my troops may be needed at Baliuag and in
that vicinity. If I could be assured that the situation at San Miguel could be taken
care of without calling on my line north of Calumpit, I would proceed rapidly to a
general clean up of Zambales and Bataan, wherein are now located the fragments of
the insurgent army, which was formerly in my immediate front—that part which
was stationed along the railroad, and that part which occupied Dagupan and the
towns on the Gulf of Lingayen. In the first place I should start a column of not to
exceed 400 from O’ Donnell to move directly west to Botolan or Iba, as may be deter-
mined upon after investigating the advantage of each, the movement to be connected
by water through a small ship to arrive at designated point simultaneously with
troops. The marching distance about 40 miles. Resistance from Hizon probable, or
perhaps Macabulus, or possibly both. Good guides are available. Another column,
not to exceed 500 men, to be assembled at Florida Blanca, from thence to pass into
Bataan as far south as Balanga, and therefrom returning to Llana Hermosa, and from
thence to Subig for purpose of cooperation, communication, and supply. Another
ship could be placed in the vicinity of Orani and Balanga, and proceed at the proper
time to Subig to meet column at that place. The marching distance would be some-
thing over 50 miles; the resistance would come from the remnants of Mascardo’s force.
To carry out these two movements many preliminary arrangements are necessary,
and it would take possibly a week to get the Florida Blanca column on the way. I
would therefore like to reach definite understanding about matters south of Calumpit,
the possibility of securing suitable cooperation from the Navy or transports, and if I
am. authorized to carry out the scheme, which seems to afford a very fair prospect of
good results, and to employ all necessary men and material in the country to assist
the movements.

MacArruur.

Manita, November 27, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Corps commander approves your proposed movement of two" columns through
Zanibales and Bataan, to start respectively from O’Donnell and Florida Blanca; the
objective of the former being Botolan or Ibaand that of the latter Balanga and event-
ually Subig, where it is to be joined by a third column. The situation at Baliuag
will be looked after here without calling upon those of your troops north of Calumpit.
There are now two naval vessels in Subig Bay, and the naval commander-in-chief
will at the proper time be requested to direct that they cooperate with your troops,
Suitable transports for the purposes of communication and supply will be placed at
your disposal upon request at the proper time. The projected operations should be
carried out with the greatest possible expedition. Keep me fully advised of every

stage of their progress. :
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Manita, November 27, 1899.
General MacArrnur, Bayambang:

A supply depot will be at once established'at Dagupan, which will probably be the
headquarters of a department. No more rations are to be landed at San Fabian than
are absolutely necessary. Major Devol, quartermaster, will leave here to-night to
* select buildings for the supply depot at Dagupan and to attend to other matters per-
taining to the Quartermaster’s Department. The above information has been con-

veyed to General Wheaton.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, November 28, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

I have just received a hasty report from Colonel Bell in the mountains west of Man-
gatarem. He overtook the commands of San Miguel and Alejandrino united.
Unfortunately they did not make sufficient resistance to cause a heavy loss in killed
and wounded, as far as ascertained up to this time, but Bell has scattered them in
such a manner that he declares they will never reunite. He captured the entire
plant of their powder factory, as well as their arsenal, which were separate and dis-
84 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS,

tinct crganinatrond under different management. With these outfits he secured thou-
sands of pounds of lead and a great number of cases of shell copper. He also cap-
tured all their horses, carabao, carretons, clothing, and food supplies, which he has
not yet had time to inventory, as it is scattered over the mountains in all directions.
He has all of the artillery, Which at the time of his message he had not inventoried,
but which he reports as being of the modern, serviceable breech-loading variety,
including Maxim, Hotchkiss, and Krupp guns. He also has all the tools of the engi-
neers, consisting of hundreds of spades.and picks, shovels, and hoes. The incidents
of the fighting were exceedingly interesting, and consisted of a series of combats, flank
marches, and determined rushes over ridges and across valleys high up toward the
top of the mountains, all conducted with such skill that Bell apparently had no cas-
ualties, as he reports none, although he does not state he had none. The enemy
used their artillery freely, machine guns and all, but with the usual inefficient

ractice. Up to this time 10 dead and 10 wounded only have been found. Alejan-

rino and San Miguel disappeared early in the fight and are fugitives in the moun-
tains, ancpenparitel by only a few men, probably not more than adozen. Officers as
well as soldiers are reported as disgusted at the continuation of the war. The gen-
erals are, however, trying to carry out the Aguinaldo policy, and are making a des-
perate effort to hold their men a little longer, and are shooting officers who tender
their resignations. This action has terrified many, but this splendid work of Bell’s
has put an end to the group in this vicinity. Bell is going to bring what he can of
the plunder to Mangatarem and destroy what he can’t bringin. Bell states in his
report that this is another triumph of the pack train, as without it he could not pos-
sibly have accomplished the work. This is a very modest way of putting it. No
doubt the mules are entitled to credit, but the real facts in the suceezs, which is
decisive in every respect, are the splendid skill, pertinacity, and good judgment of
Colonel Bell himself and the untiring endurance and magnificent fighting qualities of
his men. It is impossible to say too much in behalf of either.

MacArruur.

Mania, November 29, 1899.
General MacArtaur, Bayambang:

Inhabitants Guagua, Santa Rita, Candaba, and other places calling for protection
against robber bands. All your available troops, except those needed north and for
movements west of railroad, will be required to handle these robbers infesting central
Luzon. Dagupan will soon be announced as your headquarters, with all of northern
Luzon, possibly as far south as Calumpit, as your field of action. General Lawton,
with certain troops, will return by way of San ee and commence active opera-
tions in southern Luzon. All the Thirty-third Infantry, excepting Fowler’s com-
pany, now en route to Vigan, which place Navy occupied 24th instant. Young will
soon be among Spanish and American prisoners in Abra province. Believed 500
insurgents at Bayonbong surrendered to General Lawton’s troops yesterday. Assoon
as we can establish communication with General Lawton orders for contemplated

movements will be given.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, November 29, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

I have just received a note by messenger from General Lawton, dated 4 p.m. yes-
terday, November 28. He said he sent a few days before for an operator and instru-
ment and line party to go from San Jose, but they had not arrived. I had hoped to
make connection with Tayug by to-night by meeting Lawton’s party from Tayug, but
as he has not sent out any party, my people will have to cover the entire line and
make all connections. It may, therefore, be several days before the connection is
made. I can reach Lawton from here in less than twenty-four hours by messenger.
If that is better than can be done by any other route, any important message might
go this way.

MacArraur.

Bautista, November 29, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

The column by way of O’Donnell will be composed of 400 selected men of the
Twenty-fifth Infantry, leaving adequate protection at Mabalacat and Bamban. This
column will be commanded by Colonel Burt, and start on or before the 24th. Trans-
portation will be composed entirely of native burden bearers and such ponies as can
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 35

be assembled and improvised for pack purposes, all of which I will furnish or hire
here. With these means I propose to carry five days’ rations and supply of reserve
ammunition. The column will take north trail from O’Donnell, and I very much
hope to meet Macabulus and Hizon in the mountains. This insurgent force will be
the principal objective. If, unfortunately, they get through the mountains without
opposition, the second objective will be either Iba or Botolan, which point I desire
you to determine in light of necessity of meeting column on the coast with supplies
at the most convenient point. If I can rely on water transportation to meet column
on the coast, the question of supply becomes a very simple one; otherwise I will have
to rearrange programme entirely, which I can do all right, but would much prefer water
cooperation, if possible. If this expedition reaches the coast, it will operate south to
connect with Grant at Subig. I can hire in the country everything necessary to
carry out this plan, and will not require any assistance except, possibly, in respect
to water cooperation. It will not be possible to follow this movement by wire, but
it is hoped to get information frequently by native messengers.
MacArrHur.

Matacaftian, November 30, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bayambang:

Steamers can only land at Iba, Masinloc, and Santa Cruz after occupation by
troops. During this monsoon waters of west coast very rough. Unsafe for vessels
to ply along that coast in stormy weather. Dates of arrival of troops in those towns
should be fixed with as much certainty as possible. Steamers can be sent so as to
arrive twenty-four hours after dates decided upon.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, November 30, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace, Manila:

Bell’s command is employed assembling at Mangatarem the property captured in
that vicinity, much of which will have to be destroyed as valueless and too heavy to
bring in. Bell has 14 modern guns all in good condition, including those for-
merly on the gunboat Urdaneta. Fowler took 7 obsolete guns when he entered
the town originally, making 21 altogether. Bell thinks he has the breech-
blocks of the big guns captured at Malolos, which are still at that place. I have
ordered Bell to concentrate that part of his regiment now with him at Mangatarem,
and shall employ this force for further operations as soon as‘I can determine in what
direction a movement will be useful. e are not at present in contact with any
organized force, as I hear only unreliable rumors, many of which will be settled
when my columns move to the sea, preparations for which are going forward rapidly.
As soon as approximate date of arrival at Iba is determined upon, will request to
have boat meet command with supplies, or to remain for a time to accompany
troops and to carry supplies from place to place as they move up and down the
coast. A scout from Angeles yesterday captured 6 rifles, 2 carbines, 2 revolvers, 7
bolos, 8 ponies, several hundred rounds ammunition, 4 Filipino officers, 1 soldier,
and destroyed reloading outfit and a quantity of lead. I am preparing to occupy, for
purpose of extended scout, the towns of San Ignacio, Moriones, and O’ Donnell, con-
nection between commands to be established by heavy connecting patrols, and
thereafter the mountains in front of each place to be thoroughly explored. This
intended to cover at least a week and embrace all country between Camiling and
O’ Donnell, and undoubtedly will give information of practicable value. I shall also
send a scout to Victoria, at which point some hostile demonstrations have been made
against persons who were friendly to American troops when that place was occupied
by the Thirty-fourth Infantry.

MacArruur.

Bautista, December 1, 1899.
General ScHwan,
Chief of Staff, Palace, Manila:

Steamer should be ordered to reach Iba on 10th December, as column is expected
to arrive there on 9th. Please send 8,000 rations—that is, twenty days for 400 men—
50,000 rounds reserve ammunition, and funds which I have directed my chief quar-
termaster and my chief commissary to arrange for through the proper chiefs in Manila;
86 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

this with a view to making prompt cash payments for supplies and service, as this
policy serves to conciliate natives and establish confidence in our methods of admin-
istration. The commanding officer will be instructed to take from the steamer what
he wishes of the supplies and money sent to Iba, but he will be advised to take every-
thing sent, if possible, and make Iba a temporary base for operations up and down
the coast. The Bataan column is expected to reach Balanga on the 5th or 6th and
Subig about the 10th. If Navy could make demonstration in front of Balanga and
north and south thereof from 5th to 7th, it would perhaps help general result.
Please send General Grant at Angeles, so as to reach him by to-morrow night, 400
pesos, secret-service money—250 for Bataan column, 150 for Iba column, This
should reach General Grant not later than the night of the 2d. I shall be in close
communication with the Bataan column and can regulate the movement according
to circumstances as they arise. If the Iba column fortunately meets a strong force
of the insurgents, movement to the coast may be retarded, and in the event of a
complete success in destroying or capturing anything in the mountains it may be
“necessary to return to the railroad without reaching the coast. These are contin-
gencies that can not be entirely anticipated, but I shall have a staff officer with this
column specially charged with the duty of keeping me informed of progress of events
by means of native messengers.
MacAnrtner.

Mantis, December 1, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Arrangements will be made in due time for the supply and support of your field
columns, as stated in your telegram.
Scuway, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 3, 1899.

General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila: :
Bataan column is assembling at Florida Blanca to-day. Zambales column will
leave either to-day or to-morrow by way of O’Donnell. Between O’Donnell and
Mangatarem, I understand, there is no pass over the mountains. To-day the towns
of O'Donnell, Moriones, San Ignacio will be occupied, and the east slope of the
mountains between O’Donnell and Camiling will be thoroughly explored. The
result of these combined movements should give full and definite information of
whereabouts of insurgents if any are left in an organized form. It is understood

that a steamer with supplies will be at Iba on the 10th.
MacArrnur.

Bautista, December 3, 1899
General Scuwayn:

I have directed the commanding officer at San Fernando to send 18 ladrone pris
oners to provost-marshal, Manila, accompanied by the information required by cir-
cular 61. One of them is the captain of the band. The officer reports that he has
positive evidence of their guilt. I would recommend that some special action be
taken in these cases with a view to proper punishment. If there is anything defect-
ive about the papers in reference to the prisoners in the first instance, please see
that the prisoners are held until the papers can be made complete. The officer also
reports that there are 40 more in the neighborhood that he expects to capture, and
I have directed him to act vigorously against them, capture or kill all he can, and
send to the provost-marshal all against whom he has conclusive evidence.

, MacARTHUr.

Bautista, December 3, 1899.
General Scowan:
Grant?s advance yesterday had slight skirmish at Florida Blanca. Killed a
insurgent captain and took from him sword of Naval Cadet Wood. No casualties.
MacARtTHuUR.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 87

Manixa, December 4, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Ballance’s battalion at first intended for an operation under Lawton’s direction
against Pilar’s forces. Later on its destination was changed to San Fernando, whence
it goes to Candaba. Commanding officer at latter place has been directed after its
arrival there to send three companies of his command to relieve a like number of
companies of Thirty-fifth Volunteers at Arayat. As you were especially occupied in
supervision of movement of your field columns, some orders affecting both yours and
eke) troops and requiring immediate action were sent direct to subordinate
commanders.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 4, 1899.
General ScHwan

Chief of Staff, The Palace, Manila:

I expect General Grant to enter Dinalupihan some time this morning, from which
point he will turn south through Llana Hermosa, and should reach Orani at least
to-day. If he gets contact with any considerable body of the enemy, he will not
turn south unless the enemy retreats in that direction, as he has orders to pursue
vigorously wherever the enemy may go. The wire should be at Dinalupihan to-day;
therefore expect definite reports before evening.

MacArruur.

Bautista, December 5, 1899.
Cuinr or Starr, Manila:

In telegram of yesterday evening, transmitted from field end of telegraph wire at
9.25 this morning, General Grant reports he entered Dinalupihan on morning of 4th,
after light skirmish. Three insurgents killed, 10 rifles and 2,000 rounds of ammuni-
tion captured. Road from Florida Blanca very bad, but everything in camp at Dina-
lupihan at dark. Proposes on 5th to march to Llano Hermosa, from which point
he will reconnoiter Orani, which he proposes to attack on the 6th. He is proceeding
with considerable caution and slower than I expected, but the roads are simply
indescribably bad, and preclude the possibility of rapid action in the mountains. My
wire will not get farther than Dinalupihan, and further reports will therefore be
probably rather slow, but I hope for something definite before night. I infer from

_Grant’s report, though, that the Laguna de Bay will be necessary for a day or two
more.
MacArrtuur.

Bautista, December 6, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

In calculating distribution of insurgents I have been able to locate approximately
all commands north of Pasig, excepting Tinio. This leaves me in doubt as to what
command the 800 armed men belonged who were reported as having surrendered at
Bayonbong. Can you give me any information on that point?

MacArruor.

Bautista, December 6, 1899.
General Scawan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Colonel Bell reports something like circumstantial hearsay evidence to the effect
that Aguinaldo’s wife, accompanied by Zizialcita, an adjutant, passed through
Mangatarem some time since, en route to Orani, with a view to escape therefrom to
Cavite or Batangas provinces, or possibly to Hongkong; that they were supplied
with valuable jewelry and $20,000 in gold. The same people expressed belief that
Aguinaldo, in disguise, has gone the same way with a view to reaching the same
destination. The movement of my column in Bataan and Zambales may expedite
flight of fugitives if, by chance, they are moving as reported, in which light possibil-
ity of intercepting them is suggested if they should attempt embarkation on coast of
Bataan.

MacArruur.
88 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manna, December 6, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

The insurgent force which surrendered to detachment Fourth Cavalry at Bayon-
bong, as officially reported, belong to the command of General Canon. Contents
of your telegram advising us of the route on which Aguinaldo and his wife are
reported to have fled duly noted.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 6, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

General Grant entered Llana Hermosa without opposition, yesterday, about noon.
He entered Orani at 4 p. m., after slight resistance, 2 insurgents being killed. At
5.30 Grant’s advance was about 3 miles on road to Balanga, which place he will
occupy to-day. All towns thus far occupied in Bataan have been deserted, and part
of the town of Dinalupihan was destroyed by fire. An insurgent wire extends from
Dinalupihan to Orani, which may be possibly repaired and connected with our tele-
graph office at Dinalupihan.

MacArrHur.

Bautista, December 7, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

General grant starts from Dinalupihan for Subig to-morrow, 8th, at daylight, leaving
his wagon train at Dinalupihan, securely guarded. He anticipates that the country
through which he will pass will afford little or no food supply, and asks that rations
be sent to Subig, by steamer, to reach there not later than the 10th. I request that
a steamer be sent accordingly, with 6,000 rations and 40,000 rounds of reserve ammu-
nition, to remain at Subig, if possible, until he has concluded operations in that
vicinity. This will give him twenty days for his 300 men, ample time to explore
coast to the north and open communication with the Iba column, and possibly clear
up the entire situation in Zambales. Please advise me in the premises, so that I can
communicate final orders to Grant before night, if possible.

; MacArtHur.

Bavtista, December 8, 1899.
General Scnwan, Chief of Staff:

Reconnoissance toward Olongapo sends information that natives report Mascardo
intrenched at that point. I doubt the reliability of the information, but have ordered
Grant to attack if he isfound there. If possible please advise the naval ships in Subig
Bay that cooperation from Olongapo to Subig would be very desirable during the
next two or three days. If we have many wounded to care for it will be impossible
to get them back over the trail, as it will be impassible for that purpose. I have
suggested to Grant that instead of relying on naval ships to carry away his wounded,
if he has many, he make an emergency hospital in Olongapo, and that assistance will
be sent by water to remove the wounded to Manila. I heard by messenger from the
Iba column to-day, which was on the Bucao River, about 20 miles from Botolan, on
the 6th. They have met with no opposition whatever so far, but have a pretty hard
time on account of the difficulties of the trail. They expected to reach tide water
to-day, however, and possibly reconnoiter Iba.

MacARrrTatr.

Bautista, December 9, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

The Iba column was at San Fernando at 5 p. m., on the 7th. They encountered a
bunch of natives with bows and arrows, who ran on approach of troops. A small
party of Mauser men fired on column 1 mile east of San Fernando, wounding private
John Goodman, Company M, Twenty-fifth Infantry, slightly, in the left leg. Inhab-
itants from San Fernando fled to the woods; a few returned and reported that no
insurgents had been there for two weeks; said that San Miguel, with two companies
was at Botolan, and Hizon at Iba. Strength of Hizon not stated. They succeeded in
getting a local guide at San Fernando and intended to make a night march on the
7th. Yesterday they should have reached Botolan, and possibly Iba.

MacArruur.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 8Y

Bautista, December 11, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

The property captured at Mangatarem and vicinity has been delivered at this point.
It consists of 17 cannon, 100 small arms, a quantity of tools from the arsenal, some
18 boxes of records, postage and other stamps, making altogether several tons. I
propose to retain it here under guard until the railroad is open through to Manila.
I propose to send a detachment of 200 selected men of the Thirty-sixth Infantry and
50 cavalry to Santa Cruz to scout down the coast as far as Iba, and thereafter to scout
north to Dasol, Sual, San Isidro, Salasa, Aguila, and so back to starting point. Is
there any objection to this movement?

MacArruur.

Mania, December 11, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

No objection to your proposed expedition of 250 infantry and cavalry to Santa
Cruz and other points provided you consider such force sufficient. It can be sup-
plied by water at Santa Cruz and Sual only.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

 

Bautista, December 11, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Information by courier from Botolan, dated 9 p. m., December 8, reports the occu-
pation of the town on that day, all inhabitants leaving on the approach of the Ameri-
cans. Insurgents numbered about 80 and made little resistance. Two Spanish
prisoners found in town who reported that Hizon went to Bataan some time ago with
only 30 men, and that San Miguel is somewhere on the northern coast of Zambales.
The command expected to occupy Iba on the 9th.

MacArrTHur.

Bautista, December 11, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila.

Dispatch from General Grant at Olongapo, by means of U. 8. 8. Baltimore through
Manila, reports occupation of Olongapo and Subig on the 10th. Insurgents offered
little or no resistance at either place. In pursuance of original plan, Grant will move
north along the coast to connect with column at Iba.

: MacArraur.

From the foregoing telegrams it will be perceived that the entire
force of insurgents withdrew up the railway during General Mac-
Arthur’s advance from Angeles; that it retreated to the west of the
railroad, excepting the few who escaped north through Pozorrubio,
and those detachments sent east against General Lawton’s troops while
they were marching from San Isidro to San José; that they became
demoralized, disorganized, and scattered within the section of country
south of the line which General Wheaton had held from the west Luzon
coast at San Fabian in the direction of Binalonan. Doubtless most of
the individuals composing the enemy’s organizations deserted and made
their way to their homes during the retreat, presenting themselves to
our troops as friendly inhabitants. This army of the north, number-
ing between six and ten thousand men, upon which Aguinaldo had
builded his hopes of being able to resist the advance of the United
States troops, had lost all of its artillery, ammunition, supplies, and
several hundred of its guns, and it was no longer possible for his offi-
cers to maintain an organization of any numerical strength within the
section of Luzon passed over by our troops. The section traversed was
that portion lying west and north of the Rio Grande de Pampanga to
the foothills of the Zambales Mountains. The retreat of the enemy
90 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

was, as it had been supposed previously it would be, to the west of the
railway, preparatory to entering the mountains where arsenals and
storehouses had been placed, and where he did not believe our soldiers
could follow successfully. In the recent rebellion against Spain, Zam-
bales was considered of great importance, and in fact next to Cavite it
_was of all Luzon provinces most loyal to the insurgent cause. ;

General MacArthur’s repeated invitations to issue a proclamation
declaring all insurgents without the pale of the laws of war, and call-
ing upon them to give adhesion to American authority, else suffer the
consequences which the law prescribed, were not favorably considered,
although the facts and conclusions presented were undeniable and had
become matter for consideration before he submitted them. I endeay-
ored to ascertain if any formal decree had been issued by Aguinaldo
or by his authority which directed guerrilla warfare, but was always
assured that no orders to that effect had been given; that at the
meeting at Bayambang, held on November 13, which he and his
principal officers attended, those participating verbally agreed among
themselves that each would take the field with such force as he might
be able to maintain and attack us wherever success was likely to
reward him. Of course it made little difference whether or not the
insurgents were acting under orders, as the fact that they were
engaged in armed opposition of a character universally condemned
was suflicient in itself to justify us in imposing the most severe meas-
ures, but was it policy? Should a proclamation be issued, it must be
made operative throughout the Philippines, and the portion of the
same we commanded was only a fragmentary part of the entire Philip-
pe country. We could not so publish it as to bring it within the
knowledge of the ignorant masses from which the insurgent armed
force was drawn. As late even as February officers of rank com-
manding insurgent troops in southeastern Luzon were not aware that
Aguinaldo had been driven from his capital at Tarlac, but were
addressing their official communications to him there, still styling him
‘*The Honorable Presidente of the Filipino Republic.”

Throughout November and December the enemy had a formidable
army in southern Luzon and maintained many strong armed organiza-
tions in the immediate neighborhood of Manila, aid a number of the
southern islands contained well-organized insurgent troops. These
would not believe any facts which we might proclaim, but would
remain the dupes of their officers. Besides, the insurgents at this time
had in captivity American soldiers and more than 5,000 Spanish sub-
jects, upon whom they would retaliate should we publicly proclaim an
intended enforcement of the law in all its rigor. Our mission was to
pacify the inhabitants by acquainting them with a knowledge of our
pacific intentions, which a proclamation drawn upon lines the circum-
stances warranted would certainly have misled. The insurgent leaders,
civil and military, were, as I knew from the confessions of those cap-
tured or who had surrendered, fully aware of the penalties they invoked
by adopting guerrilla methods of warfare, and our own officers had a
keen appreciation of conditions. It was not therefore thought to be
prudent to: openly proclaim to our soldiers that all Filipinos still
bearing arms, whether collectively or individually, merited the fate of
robbers or murderers caught red-handed, for fear that barbarities
might result, or at least that too great a license might be practiced.
Again, for many reasons which readily suggest themselves, it was nec-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 91

essary to maintain a condition of war until all large rebel organizations
could be scattered. Hence no action by proclamation was taken,
although the changed conditions were utilized.

We will now bring forward to the middle of December the results
accomplished by the troops of Generals Lawton and Wheaton (the
first of whom on November 22 we left at Tayug and the second at
San Fabian), leaving unconsidered for the present the movenients of
General Young (as fe command became virtually detached and there-
after operated independently) further than to allude to reenforcements
which the former furnished him.

General Lawton was now engaged in preparing the reconnoitering
party to be sent to Bayonbong by the Tayug and San Nicolas trail; in
feeling in the same direction through the Carranglan Pass, and in
furnishing General Young with such of his troops west of Tayug as
he could refit for continued severe field service. On November 23 the
following dispatch was received from Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes,
Fourth Cavalry, commanding at San Jose, and thereafter telegraphic
correspondence ensued which follows in order of date:

San Josz, November 23, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Have forwarded two troops Fourth Cavalry, F and L companies, Batchelor’s
battalion, Twenty-fourth Infantry, and several small detachments of the Twenty-
second Infantry and Third Cavalry, also division bull train of rations which came
up from below, and were pushed to Tayug. The following are the last instructions I
received from General Lawton: ‘‘Headquarters First Division, in the field, Tayug,
November 22, 1899, 7.30 a. m.—Colonel Hayes: Open and read the inclosed dispatches.
Show them to Russel. See that message to chief of staff is repeated to Colonel Kennon,
and that reply is also repeated to him. Push along the supply train and also the
infantry battalion. Do all you can toward securing guides and scouts,.and arrange
for start of column. Ascertain how natives pack carabao, and secure as many as
needed. Send forward to me reply to message to chief of staff as soon as possible.
(Signed) Lawton, major-general.’’ Have a scouting party of 50 picked men and
picked horses on the trail between Carranglan and Bayonbong with instructions to
gather all information possible about the enemy in that direction. This detachment
has three Viscaya guides, who know the country thoroughly and whom I believe to
be thoroughly trustworthy. ‘

Hayes, Lieutenant-Colonel.

CaBANATUAN, November 23, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Colonel Kennon left last night with his headquarters and is about Baloc now.
Shunk’s battalion Thirty-fourth reported as having returned from Aliaga on account
of impassable roads beyond and is now with Kennon, I believe. Should say they
took approximately 20 carts. Baldwin’s battalion Twenty-second Infantry left
here early this morning. Taylor’s battery crossing ferry here now. Reported two
companies Thirty-fourth Aliaga and one company Talavera. One battalion Twenty-
fourth Infantry Cabanatuan. About 14 wagons and 20 carts left here day before
yesterday for San Jose with rations, escorted by Erwin’s troop, division headquarters,
and Twenty-second Infantry battalion. Trains in addition to Kennon’s train before
mentioned left yesterday, carts and wagons lightly loaded. Should say 450 pounds
on carts and 2,000 pounds on wagons. Shall send additional information this evening
if I can.

Russet, Captain.

Heapauarrers First Division,
In Frevp, Tayue, November 24, 1899.
Cuier oF Starr, Manila:
There appears to be no organized force of insurgents east of the railroad south of
the mountains and north of San Isidro. It is evident that the property of the insur-
92 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

gent government went over the trail from San Nicholds; that some troops passed
that way; also that it was the rear end of the train that was captured by Young;
that Aguinaldo intended to pass by this road, but that he was cut off by Young.
Many of the insurgents are returning individually. The people of this country are
disaffected toward Aguinaldo and there is little trouble in securing information and
assistance. I do not think the insurgents can remain north of the mountains. We
can now more readily distinguish them from the natives, who will not conceal them.

Lawton, Major-General.

Maniua, November 24, 1899.
General Lawton, Tayug:

Indications are that very few insurgent troops passed north. Aguinaldo and most
of his officers in hiding in central and western Luzon to the south of you, or in
charge of small detached forces operating as banditti. No insurgent government
remains. Probably the greater part of the insurgent troops are ‘‘amigos” with arms
concealed. Considerable increase lately of their troops at Mariquina and San Mateo.
They are becoming bold again at Imus, Bacoor, and Calamba. Probably not more
than five or six hundred insurgents between you and Bayonbong. Telegraphic com-
munication established with Dagupan yesterday; probably with San Fabian to-day.
You will give attention to the release of insurgent Spanish and American prisoners
north. Ascertain where concealed and by what routes they can be communicated
with. Have nothing from Wheaton since the 19th instant. More rations for your
troops sent to Lingayen Gulf yesterday. Acknowledge receipt.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Heapauarters First Division,
¢ Tayuc, November 24, 1899.
Curr or STAFF:

I hope the information wired me concerning Aguinaldo’s whereabouts is correct,
put doubt it. There is no information that he came to Tayug, although he doubtless
started for this place, and his property and baggage came here and was captured.
There is information that Aguinaldo was in Urdaneta and that his wife was at
Asingan, where she spent the night. I was shown the house in which she slept.
Cut off from Tayug, Aguinaldo passed through Binalonan to Pozorrubio, where he
spent the night of the 14th, passing north via Alava, as has before been explained.
I was skeptical of all this information until I heard the statement of Sefior Luis
Perez, from his own lips, that Aguinaldo was in Pozorrubio on the night of the 14th.
There are other items of corroboration too long to explain. Still, it may have been
prearranged deception. Jam inclined to think now, however, Young is on the right
trail. Have you received messages sent by the Oregon?

Lawton, Major-General.

San Josg, November 24, 1899.
Curr or STAFF:

In reply to telegram yesterday, General Lawton has ordered troops forward.
Batchelor’s battalion, Twenty-fourth, should now be at Tayug. Baldwin’s battalion
is near San Jose and will push on toward Humingan to-day. Shunk should be here
by this evening. Keller’s battalion, Twenty-fourth, is at Cabanatuan. Plummer,
‘with three companies Thirty-fifth and two guns at San Isidro, with two at Cabiao,
one at San Antonio, one at Jaen—all outposts of San Isidro. Two companies
Thirty-fourth in Aliaga, one at Talavera. Recommend abandonment of Talavera.
All division trains were passed on from Cabanatuan with bull teams and mule train
before I left; also all trains of my command, and one more bull train was said to be
coming to San Isidro.

Kewnon, Colonel.

Mania, November 24, 1899.
Colonel Kennon, San Jose:
Abandonment of Talavera is within scope of your authority, subject to approval
of General Lawton.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 93

First Drviston,

In the Field, via Talavera, November 25, 1899.
Curer or Srarr, Manila: ‘

Message 22d concerning columns to Bayonbong received. The General’s wishes
will be observed. Castner’s scouts, supported by Batchelor’s battalion, Twenty-
fourth, left San Nicolas yesterday over trail. They will proceed cautiously, preceded
by native scouts who know the country well. The possible course of Aguinaldo and
his escort, followed by General Young, was understood and considered before receipt
of message. Will try to keep Young well supported.

Lawton.

Cavite, November 25, 1899.
General Otis:

Communicated with Wheaton Tuesday afternoon, 21st. He reports capture San
Fernando de la Union and Santo Tomds. General Young in San Fernando awaiting
supplies, ammunition and horseshoe nails, which Callao took to him that day.
Samar to take company of infantry there, later to garrison place. Young to push on
Aguinaldo’s trail, following it toward Trinidad. “Aguinaldo reported to have been
on coast near Agod. Wheaton had reports that Aguinaldo’s adjutant and part of
family had been captured, but this dispatch was not entirely clear in transmission.
Left Oregon, Callao, and Samar in Lingayen Gulf with orders to cooperate. Launch
Fortuna captured at Dagupan by army. Justin. Perhaps you have later news.

Watson, Rear-Admiral.

Mania, November 26, 1899.
General Lawron, Tayug:

We have wire communication with San Fabian. Last evening Wheaton directed
to send two of his battalions to Vigan overland, and vessel with rations will touch in
there and at San Fernando. The march will require six days. Your force doing
most excellent work on Bayonbong road. Paterno left Tarlac with insurgent treasury
8th instant; Buencamino and Aguinaldo on night 13th. Buencamino now here.
He says Aguinaldo started out with 2,000 men from Dagupan and Bayambang, but
only got through with small party. It is not thought that he can cross to Bayon-
bong. Certainly he can not do it with his transportation.

: Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Manta, November 26, 1899.
General Lawron, Tayug: ;
Wheaton reports to-day that Aguinaldo was in the vicinity of Trinidad on 23d
instant, and that he sent messengers to Mangatarem to inform insurgent chief that
if he could not get to Bayonbong he would continue north to Bangued.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

HeapquartTers First Division,
In Frevp, Tayrua, November 25 and 26, 1899.
Cuier oF SraFrF:

I desire to report I have fully and successfully complied with all instructions so
far given me in connection with the operations of the present campaign, particularly
my written instructions on the 2d instant. San Jose and ea were promptly
occupied, as well as Humingan and Tayug, as indicated therein. In addition to these
points, my troops have occupied San Quentin, San Manuel, Asingan, Binalonan,
Pozorrubio, and Urdaneta, at most of which the enemy was met and destroyed. It
is not the intention in this message to detail all the work done by this column, but
simply to say that the work contemplated has been executed successfully, and to
ask for further instructions. There is no organized enemy in force in the locality
occupied by my troops, and it can now be held and kept in order by one regiment
of infantry or one squadron of cavalry, to be stationed at convenient points, not more
than two companies being necessary at any point, and by dividing the territory into
districts, giving to each company specific limits within which to maintain order.
Having accomplished the duty assigned to me, I now ask further instructions. Troops

are in good condition and are having daily drills.
a Lawton,
94 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Matacasan, November 26, 1899—10 p. m.
General Lawron, Tayug:

For consideration of proposed movement on San Miguel, and in connection with
your report of substantial accomplishment of the objects of your campaign, please
wire me a statement of the stations or whereabouts of the several organizations of
‘your field column, The messages you sent us by Oregon were duly received. The
report that I wired you that Aguinaldo left Bayambang going westward is now known

to be erroneous.
Scawan, Chief of Staff.

Mania, November 26, 1899.
General Lawton, Tayug:

Colonel Kobbé is with his regiment and under your command. Could he not
take detachments from Cabiao, Arayat, and San Isidro and attack Pilar at San
Miguel? Yesterday three companies and one guh returned to Baliuag, having driven
Pilar through Maasin and Ildefonso to San Miguel, where they found insurgent force

too strong to attack.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Heapquarters First Division,
In tue Fretp, Tayue, November 27, 1899.
Cuter or Srarr, Manila:

Your messages 26th just received, 5 p.m. 27th. Referring to one concerning my
being able to leave this line for work in the south, I have the honor to say I feel
there is nothing in the situation here requiring my presence, as you will see by dis-
patches sent earlier to-day. I have made dispositions to leave for the north to super-
intend release of prisoners. Others can attend tothat. Can leave for south immedi-
ately. Can sweep insurgents through San Miguel and down Mariquina Valley.
Please wire me situation immediately, for which the messenger bearing this will wait.
Would like to take Fourth Cavalry, and can take Kobbe’s eee some of Thirty-
fourth, and scouts. Some of my troops, during my isolation from high water, moved
without sufficient authority, embarrassing me somewhat. I will await reply here.

Lawton.

; Mania, November 27, 1899.
General Lawton, Tayug:

Why march any portion of the Thirty-fifth Infantry (Kobbé’s) on San José and
Tayug? Why not send what can be spared of that regiment from the San Isidro and
Arayat country down on Pilar at San Miguel, who has the only organized force
of any numerical strength between Manila and Tayug? We notice this morning
that your troops have withdrawn from Cabiao. Yesterday’s developments indicate
that there are two or three bodies of troops west of the railroad, numbering each
some 500. These MacArthur will take care of, and already much of their artillery
and ammunition have been captured. You have our dispatch of yesterday concern-
ing orders to Wheaton to send two battalions Thirty-third Infantry to Vigan. Bal-
lance, under your orders, leaves San Fabian to-day, and we send up by boat this
evening rations and horses for all troops in the north, which boat will touch at both
San Fernando and Vigan. Telegraph line to San Fabian, which is being extended
eastward in your direction. What have you discovered in the Bayonbong road?

Scnwan, Chief of Staff.

San Fazsran, November 27, 1899.
General Scnwan, Manila:

To prevent the murder of Aguinaldo’s mother and his little son by the natives
about Cabaruan I have brought them here and placed them in the care of the padre
at San Fabian.

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 95

Maniua, November 27, 1899.
General Wuzaton, San Fabian: :
The mother and son of Aguinaldo are to be sent to Manila under proper care by
first available steamship. Report their departure by telegraph.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Fasran, November 27, 1899.
GENERAL ScHwan,

Chief of Staff, Manila:

‘Will embark one company Thirty-third Infantry on gunboat Calla, and send it to
Vigan to hold place until arrival of Young or Hare. Will send another company
when Castellano goes to Vigan.

WHEATON.

San Fasran, November 27, 1899.

General Scowan:
Two battalions under Hare left this a. m. to march to Vigan. I sent one company

Thirty-third on gunboat to Vigan to-day. It will reach there by morning. March

was at, San Fernando yesterday, about to go to Young, who was awaiting reenforce-

ments at Namacpacan. :

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

San Fasran, November 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

The U. 8. gunboat Callao is just in and reports that Oregon landed battalion marines
at Vigan yesterday. Reports Spanish and American prisoners at Bangued. General
Young was at Namacpacan, having returned from the mountains about the 23d instant;
was reported as moving north.

WHEATON.

San Fapran, November 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:
Major Cronin, Thirty-third Infantry, turned over to me yesterday 73 rifles and
$1,191 (Mexican) captured by his command. .
WHEATON.

Mania, November 28, 1899.
General Lawron, .Tayug:

Telegraph wire by way of San Fabian should reach Tayug to-day. Your three
messages of yesterday not fully comprehended nor present location of your troops
understood. Have you troopsin Bayonbong? Your messages indicate that scouts
and battalions Twenty-second and Thirty-fourth now there. Are not five companies
Thirty-fourth on trail General Young? As soon as wire reaches you matters can be
cleared up. MacArthur will move two or three columns west of railway, where bulk
of insurgents who were at Tarlac and Bayambang believed to be, although greatly
scattered. Wire by San Jose now working fairly well.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

: Tayua, November 28, 1899.
Carer oF Starr, Manila:

Through action of over-zealous subordinates, part of the Thirty-fifth Infantry came
forward without my orders or knowledge. From my message of yesterday you will
see that they are all to return and original places to be occupied. Kobbé has been
wired to use all he needs for movement San Miguel. I did not operate south because
my orders contemplated movements west and north, my latest order being to ascer-
tain whereabouts and release prisoners. Am awaiting anxiously reply to message
last night to know if I shall go south or north. Nothing received from column en
route to Bayonbong; it is therefore assumed that nothing of interest has occurred.
The advance must have reached Bayonbong by this time. First news will be com-
municated at once.

Lawron, Major-General.
96 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

San Fanran, November 28, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Eleven companies Thirty-third Infantry and my scouts are marching to the sup-
port of General Young. He has with him Macabebe scouts and three troops cavalry.
One troop cavalry and battalion Thirty-fourth Infantry are between here and Santo
Tomds, marching to join General Young. Ten hundred and twenty-three men, cav-
alry and infantry, of Lawton’s division are here, en route to Young. They are waiting

to shoe horses and get shoes for men.
WHEATON.

Manta, November 28, 1899.
General WuxEaton, San Fabian:
Hold the 1,023 men reported by you as at San Fabian en route to join Young.

Acknowledge receipt. .
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Fasiran November 28, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

The following belong to Lawton’s division and will be held here in compliance
with orders; battalion Twenty-second Infantry, eight troops Third Cavalry, two
companies Thirty-seventh Infantry, detachment Macabebe scouts. AJl were, under
General Lawton’s orders, to join Young.

Waeaton, Brigadier General.

San Fasran, November 29, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

Dispatch from Wilder states that Young moved north from near Namacpacan with
remnants three troops Cavalry and March’s battalion of the Thirty-third. Maca-
bebes south seem to be with Wilder in the rear. One hundred of them sick at San
Fernando. Recommend that one troop of Cavalry be sent from here to take station
at San Fernando.

WHEATON.

Mania, November 29, 1899.
General WHeEaton, San Fabian:

We expect to send hospital ship Relief to you to-night. She is fast and should
report at San Fabian to-morrow afternoon. She can go to San Fernando and receive
such of the sick there as it may be necessary to bring to Manila and take on any
serious cases you may have with you. She can take on 150 sick men. You will
send up to San Fernando two troops of the Third Cavalry at once. The other troops
will probably follow when in condition, but that will depend on developments.

ScHWwan,

MatacaXan, November 29, 1899—10 p. m.
General Lawton, Tayug:

* * * Eleven companies of the Thirty-third are following General Young and
the advance battalion must be near Vigan to-day. He will not require any more
infantry troops and Wheaton has the entire Thirteenth with him. The Twenty-
second Infantry battalion can be taken to San Fernando, near Calumpit, by rail and
can be used against San Miguel. As for the Fourth Cavalry—I presume its with-
drawal must depend on developments at Bayonbong. Wheaton can take your place
at Tayug with 2 battalions, Thirteenth Infantry, leaving 1 on coast, and with troops
at San Jose, Cabanatuan, San Isidro, and possibly a company at Cabiao and 1 at
Talavera, the country up there would seem to be fairly well protected. By leavin,
the Thirty-fourth in that section and the 2 battalions of the Twenty-fourth, coul
not all of Kobbé’s regiment be withdrawn? This would also release Baldwin’s
battalion of the Twenty-second for Arayat and that section. A force must be kept
at San Miguel after it is taken and part of Twenty-second could be left there. This
would place all of the Twenty-second and Twenty-fourth Infantry in near positions.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS, 97

We heard to-day that Bayonbong would surrender. Should this prove true certain
other dispositions must be made. San Miguel can be attacked from the south by the
Sixteenth Infantry, and a force can be placed at Angat and ey to block road,
the Baliuag troops watching Bustos. Hope telegraph line will reach you soon.
Insurgents in south remain quiet, but retain numbers.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

HeEapquarters First Drvision,

Tayue, November 30, 1899.
Carer or Starr:
_ Replying to message 28th instant, just received, referring to troops to be held at
San Fabian, I have not heard from Young since 23d instant. Troops ordered to him
sent in response to his urgent request. All were ordered to San Fabian to receive
further instructions from Wheaton or to report to Young by courier for instructions
while refitting. If Young does not need them they should be held at San Fabian to
refit and secure supplies. All troops on this line have been without any or half
rations to this date. Supplies arrived last night, so that full rations will be issued
to-day. Am informed construction of telegraph line from San Jacinto to this point
has not yet been started. Sent order 25th instant to Captain Russel to send operator
and instrument here at once, but have had no response. Presume he is under orders
chief signal officer. Suggest he be ordered to open this line. I would have been at
San Fernando by this time, but for your message of 26th instant informing me that
I would be ordered south. I sent reply immediately that I could leave at once and
am now awaiting orders.

Lawton, Major-General.

Manacaftan, November 30, 1899.
General Lawton, Tayug:

Construction of telegraph line from San Fabian eastward was being pushed with
all possible dispatch when stopped on representation that insurgent line Bautista to
Tayug nearly intact. But it is found that gaps greater than supposed exist, and
work on latter line will not be completed until tomorrow, Friday, if then. ~Depart-
ment commander does not deem it prudent to change your field of action until defi-
nite information -respecting situation at and near Bayonbong is received.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

‘

Heapquarters First Division,

In THE Fiextp, November 30, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

I was about to start forthe north to carry out instructions to ascertain whereabouts
and liberate prisoners, when I received your message that I was needed south when
I could be spared from here. Wired you at once that I thought I could go now and
have remained here since, awaiting instructions. Please let me know personally
what is desired of me and what I should do. Everything is apparently all right all
along my line, and no more evidence of any enemy than if war had never prevailed.

Lawton, Major-General.

HEADQUARTERS First Division,
Tayua, November 30-—December 1, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Message 29th received 7 p.m. this date, much garbled but think it understood.
Third Cavalry should go forward to Young when equipped. It is evident from your
message situation here not fully understood, and it is difficult to explain intelligently
by wire. Let Ballance’s battalion be sent by rail to San Fernando as you suggest;
let Wheaton come here with two battalions Thirteenth and I think we can so dispose
troops that results you desire will be accomplished. At least six troops Fourth Cav-
alry can go with me south, and I should be authorized to take them. The situation
at Bayonbong can not be affected either way. Batchelor’s battalion with Lowe’s

4495 7

 
98 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

scouts must be in Bayonbong by this time. Baldwin’s battalion Twenty-second fol-
lowing over trail as support, but after receipt of report from Batchelor, wired you
yesterday; messenger was sent to recall him and he should return in two days. On
arrival of Wheaton I will move the Thirty-fourth back to points mentioned by you
and relieve Thirty-fifth. Will also take Fourth Cavalry and will move on San Miguel
at once. You know I am perfectly familiar with the country.

Lawton, Major-General.

First Division HEADQUARTERS,
In THE Freip, November 30, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Referring to your message directing destruction of printing outfit captured here, I
have found an expert printer who says the outfit is one of the best he has seen;
that few offices in the United States have better; that on superficial examination he
estimates that it would be worth in the United States at least $5,000. It is the insur-
gent government printing office. In view of the fact that I am now sending empty
trains to the coast for supplies, I submit the matter for reconsideration. Following
is list: Sixty-seven fonts display type, of which probably sixty could be gotten
out whole; thirty-two fonts of body type, ranging from 6 to 12 points, of which
twenty-five could be gotten out whole; one case of ornaments; one case of rule bor-
ders in good condition; one express Pony cylinder press; one Albert & Co. paper
press helenae: one Albert & Co. job press; one Pierron & Eddehaitere paper cutter,
and other sundries.

Lawton, Major-General.

HeapquartTers First Drvision,
In THE FreLp, Tayua, November 30, 1899.
Curer or Starr:

I send you with this latest received from Castner and Batchelor, crossing trail
Bayonbong, received last night. Supplies are being sent to them by native carriers.

“Camp near Aboat River, November 26, 1899.—To Major-General Lawton, Tayug:
Left San Nicol4s about 5 a.m. November 24. Met Private Schick and 16 Tagalos
about 3 miles from town with two prisoners. Sent him ahead up trail, which turns
to left, up steep hillside through thick bamboo. For about 5 miles trail is excellent.
With little improvement bull carts not too heavily loaded can go éver it with ease.
Trail for this distance follows sides of mountains with easy grades, much labor hay-
ing been expended on it. At end of 5 miles trail becomes too narrow and too steep
for bull carts. Continued to cuartel formerly used by Spanish troops, about 12 miles
from San Nicolds. Found it burned and no insurrectos. Recent occupation and sign on
trail of passage of many ponies, carabao, and people. Continued on until about 8 p. m.;
trail got very narrow. Several bridges on roads at ravines. Pony train attempted
to follow me, but seven ponies fell over hillside, about 300 feet, to creek bottom. It
was too dark for even a man to walk over.the trail safely. Two ponies had ‘to be
killed. Made about 16 miles. Men very tired and had to go to bed without any-
thing to eat. Next morning got some food, very little, and started ahead. Trail was
very steep and went over mountain about 5,000 feet high. Men, particularly Tagalos,
were so exhausted from hard climbing, had to make a long halt at noon and cook a
little rice, which Twenty-fourth Infantry had when they came up. All were very
weak from lack of food. Camped about 2 miles from Knapo. Tagalo scouts at that
place. Twenty-fourth Infantry made a dry camp about 3 miles behind me. Reached
Knapo about 8.30 to-day. Only a cuartel. Evidence of recent occupation by insur-
rectos. Left Twenty-fourth Infantry cooking breakfast. Marchoa to this point,
about 12 miles from Knapo. Trail good and well defined, but over very high moun-
tains. Tagalo scouts should be in Santa Cruz to-night; estimated 6 miles from
this camp. Believe Twenty-fourth Infantry did not move from Knapo, as the trail
behind them has many stragglers on it and the command is much exhausted from
hard climbing-and lack of food. My ponies are with me, but quite worn. Have
three more days of food, but can make it last six days. Insurrectos left no ponies or
carabaos on trail. Find the natives call it three days from San Nicolds to Bayonbong,
put they are good mountaineers, carry a little rice, and make from 25 to 30 miles a
day. Believe it isa good five-days’ march for our troops, unused to anything but
mud and bogs. Nothing of importance has happened. No people save a few old
men and women in the country, Should be in Bayonbong day after to-morrow.
Pack trains or native carriers only means of transportation which will work over
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 99

trail. Men in good condition. Only one Tagalo behind; he should reach us
to-night. Tagalos ahead seem entirely confident and trustworthy. Hope the train
I sent back can get rations, ammunition, and return at once.

_ ‘Saw a few deer on trail; no other game. High grass everywhere; not much
timber. Very cold weather in the mountains. Streams; apparently no fish. Insur-
rectos can not live in these mountains without bringing in food with great labor.
Believe they are hiding about one-half day’s journey from the valleys. Believe
much plunder is still hidden at San Nicol4s. Immediate advance toward Bayon-
bong prevented me from investigating trails near San Nicolds. Barrio of Santa
Maria near there is hot bed of insurrectos, so my Tagalos report. Am doing all I
can to push forward, but do not wish to drive my men and land them in the valley
of the Rio Magat too weak and worn for any use. Havemarched about 40 miles b
trail in three days—equal to 70 miles in level country. Pony train has worked well.
Twenty-fourth Infantry have not seen their ponies since leaving San Nicolds. All
maps I have seen of the country are erroneous and give no idea of the trail at all.
Will be off as soon as I can see the road to-morrow, and hope to reach Bayonbong
the day after. Very respectfully, (signed) Castner.”

‘‘ Near Santa Rosa, November 27.—Adjutant-General First Division: I reached this
point without opposition of any sort. Scouts are in my front. The trail is much
harder than was reported at San Nicol4s. My pony train has not been seen since
leaving San Nicolds, but bearers employed there have kept me supplied with rice.
I have seen cattle but once, and think there are practically none in the mountains.
The trail winds so badly can not give distance marched. I would estimate it at 35
miles. I still have two hard marches to Bambang. I have captured 16 of Agui-
naldo’s men going to Bayonbong to join bim. They seem greatly dispirited and
were hungry. I sent them back with’ orders to go to San Nicolds and get food.
Will probably need ammunition. Will get food of some sort. Command following
will need guides at Cuyapo. I have been obliged to make one dry camp and to
shorten my march two days on account of water; first water beyond Cuyapo, next
this side 9 miles. I wrote from latter point. Very respectfully, (signed) Jos.
D. Batchelor, jr., Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanding First Battalion.”

Lawton, Major-General,

Mawniua, December 1, 1899.
General Lawton, Tayug:

Your recommendation respecting disposition of captured insurgent printing press
is approved. The department commander has ordered Ballance’s battalion Twenty-
second Infantry to proceed by rail to San Fernando, with a view to its use under
your general direction at Angat or elsewhere against Pilar’s troops, who, according
to latest accounts, are gathering a supply of rice. Your message repeating reports
of Batchelor and Castner of their progress toward Bayonbong is received.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mania, December 1, 1899.
General Wueaton, San Fabian:

You will in person relieve General Lawton at Tayug and take supervision of the
north line, taking with you 1 battalion Thirteenth Infantry and leaving at San
Fabian headquarters, and 1 battalion that regiment to follow you later, as soon as
San Fabian can be cleaned up and all stores removed to Dagupan. Ballance’s bat-
talion comes down at once to San Fernando. The cavalry troops will go north as
soon as outfitted, although 3 troops can remain at San Fabian until other disposi-
tions can be made. You will find 1 battalion Twenty-second Infantry at Tayug and

robably 1 battalion of the Twenty-fourth, the other being in Bayonbong with
Pestnor's scouts and troops Fourth Cavalry. Go on to Tayug as soon as practicable
for conference with General Lawton, whose services are required in this vicinity.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Maniua, December 1, 1899.
ComMMANDING OFFICER, San Jose:

Please telegraph me full account of latest information you have concerning situa-
tion at Bayonbong, and of conditions and location of troops within your sphere of

observation.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
i
100 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

San Jose, December 1, 1899.
Cuter or Starr:

Following message just received from Captain Erwin, Fourth Cavalry: ‘‘Dupax,
November 30.—To Commanding Officer, San Jose: I have the honor to report my
arrival here at 5 p. m. yesterday, November 29. The trail over the mountains is
exceedingly rough and difficult and delayed my march. I communicated with
Lieutenant Munro, Fourth Cavalry, at once and found him and his command safe.
He, with a detachment, had gone to Bayonbong, leaving a detachment here, and I
learn from natives who left that place at 1 a. m. yesterday that General Canon sur-
rendered to the Americans on the 28th. Lieutenant Munro informs me by note
received to-day that he will leave Bayonbong at 1 p. m. to-day with General Canon
and officers, some 70 Spanish and several American prisoners. Will camp at Bam-
bang to-night. The presence of the prisoners will probably delay my march in re-
turn. I had counted on four days, leaving here to-morrow, but it will take six. I
believe I have rations enough; if not, will communicate with you and ask to have
rations sent me at Puncan. I will return by the same route, thus enabling you to
reach me at any time. The command came through all right after working very
hard both day and night. (Signed) J. B. Erwin, Captain Fourth Cavalry.”

Hayes, Commanding.

Tayuc, December 2 and 8, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

I repeat to you message just received from Batchelor, commanding battalion
Twenty-fourth Tfantey at Bayonbong. His instructions did not in any contingency

' contemplate an advance down river valley below Bayonbong. However, the raid
may not be a bad move. Wire immediately such instructions as you wish sent him.
I will try to have them reach him in time. Orders to Baldwin’s battalion Twenty-
second Infantry to return do not seem to have reached him.

Lawton, Major-General.

‘‘Bayonbong, December 2, 1899.—To Adjutant-General, First Division: I have
the honor to report my arrival at this town without opposition. The governor of
the province, General Fernando Canon, yesterday surrendered the province—three
cities, 110 Spanish and 10 American prisoners, and about 60 rifles; delivery not yet
completed—to Lieutenants Castner and Munro, who arrived at the same time. Cast-
ner, though senior, accorded reception of surrender to Munro in consideration of
negotiations already carried on by latter. I have directed people not to be molested.
Liberated surrendered insurrectos and have general and his officers at liberty in the
town, but preparing to goto Manila. I am informed that in Isabela there are about
1,000 insurrectos and about the same number in Cagayan, and about 200 American
prisoners in latter province. General Canon informs me he has a letter from
Msnaoag, near Dagupan, strongly inferring presence there on November 20 of
Aguinaldo and his family. The latter was to follow the treasure train and their bag-
gage, but on learning of the capture turned back and went to Villavis and thence to
Manaoag. I have heard a rumor that Aguinaldo was making a new trail for himself
from near Trinidad toward the east. I find little to eat in the country; no sugar,
scarcely any cattle, plenty of coffee and tobacco. My whole command greatly needs
clothing, shoes, etc. There is no salt, and I hesitate to advance without it. Bacon
all gone. I shall go up to the mouth of Rio Grande unless stopped by orders. Start
in that direction to-morrow. I expect to reach Ilagan in about five days and Aparri
on or about December 12. There is an insurrecto general there with a reported
force of 900. If any of these people make serious resistance I may need ammunition
bad. I have heard that the Navy had a force of some sort off Aparri. The Rio
Grande is usually navigable, according to report, and, judging from the volume of
the Magat, up to Ilagan. Can not they bring me some salt and ammunition on a
small gunboat? There is nothing to stop them to Ilagan. I shall presumably go
down the river in cascoes. Please so inform navy officer in charge of suggested gun-
boat. It would be a great relief to get some clothing. Some of my men are march-
ing barefooted; all without stockings and some without trousers. I hope my next
omer will reach me at Aparri by gunboat. Very respectfully, Jos. D. Batchelor,
Captain Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanding First Battalion.”
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 101

Tayua, December 2, 1899.
Curer or Starr, Manila:

The following received at 10.15 a. m..
Lawton, Major-General.

se Bayonbong, November 29, 1899.—Major-General Lawton: I have the honor to
submit the following report of operations since my last, dated November 27: Marched
all day November 28, over mountains through small barrio of Santa Cruz, and down
Aboat River to Bambang, 22 miles, trail crossing river many times. Tagalo scouts
captured three insurgents on trail. One major and two captains captured in Bam-
bang. Learned here that 8 cavalrymen had come in from Dupax and left few hours
before our arrival, also that their commander was treating through a peace commis-
sion, so called, in Bambang, consisting of Spanish prisoners, with the governor-
general of Nueva Vizcaya, Bayonbong, for a surrender. This has been going on for
sevetal days. Peace commissioners’ story was mixed, and I determined to march
early on Bayonbong, fearing there some chance for treachery. Lieutenant Munro
met me on the road and we entered Bayonbong. As he had already commenced
negotiations with these people, I deemed it best to give him the honor of receiving
the surrender and let him furnish his terms, as they seemed satisfactory and covered
the ground there. The people here, if telling the truth, knew nothing of Aguinaldo.
They say he was headed here, but never reached this valley. Will look about me
and try to learn of his whereabouts if he is in the valley. Twenty-fourth Infantry
are not yet here, though we arrived about 9a.m. My pack train is with me. People
are very good to us, and we can subsist. Will hold on here until Captain Batchelor
arrives. Inhabitants tell me that Aguinaldo is not on good terms with these people
and would have hard work to live in this country. No doubt many native troops
could be raised in this province who would serve us well. * * * Very respect-
fully, J. C. Castner, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry, commanding Lowe’s scouts.’’

Mania, December 3, 1899.
CoMMANDING GENERAL, Tayug:
Department commander does not approve of the suggestion Lieutenant Castner
makes in his report to General Lawton of November 29, that about 200 of the best of
those soldiers (insurgents) who recently surrendered at Bayonbong be armed and

equipped.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Heapquarters First Drviston,
Tayuce, December 2 and 3, 1899. '
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

General Wheaton has arrived. We have arranged the transfer of commands satis-
factorily. I will start south in the morning, taking six troops Fourth Cavalry, and
six companies Thirty-fourth Infantry; latter to start as soon as relieved by Thirteenth
Infantry, which has not yet arrived.

Lawton, Major-General.

HeEapquartTers First Division,
TayucG, December 3, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Following just issued: ‘‘ Headquarters First Division, in the field, Tayug, Decem-
ber 2, 1899.—Special Field Orders, No. 29. The following movements of troops are
ordered: Thirty-fourth Infantry, U. 8S. V., Col. L. W. V. Kennon, commanding,
with headquarters, will proceed to take station at San Jose. Dorrington’s scouts, now
at Pozorrubio, will proceed at once to Cabanatuan and report to the division com-
mander. Six companies, to be designated by the regimental commander, will, on
receipt of orders, proceed to the points to which they may be severally assigned by
the commanding officer of the Third Brigade. The regimental commander will notify
the brigade commander, by wire, of the letters and present stations of the companies
so designated. Fourth U.S. Cavalry, Troop F, now at Tayug, Troop G, now at Hum-
ingan, to San Jose, reporting upon arrival to the regimental commander, will then
proceed as soon as practicable with headquarters and Troops L, B, D, F, G, and H,
102 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

to Cabanatuan, reporting upon arrival to the division commander. Commanding
officers of troops at Pozorrubio, Binalonan, San Nicolas, Ey eebang Tayug, Hum-
ingan, and San Jose will report to Brig. Gen. Loyd Wheaton, U.S. V., Tayug, who
has been placed in temporary command of these points.’

Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, December 3, 1899.
General WHeEaton, Tayug:

General Lawton’s dispatches were not received until to-day. He has probably
proceeded to San Jose. Arrest Batchelor’s advance north down the Magat and Rio
Grande rivers, if possible. Ration his battalion at Bayonbong, where he will remain
until further orders. Baldwin’s battalion Twenty-second Infantry should be returned
as soon as possible to Tayug unless you can ration it at Bayonbong. Send out by
pack sugar and salt for troops and let bacon follow, if possible. You will be obliged
to ration these troops via Dagupan, with wheel transportation to San Nicolds, thence
by porters and packs. Report what you can do.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Tayua, December 3, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Messenger has been sent to stop Batchelor. Baldwin is at Bayonbong to-night. 1
will see if I can arrange train of bearers; if not, Baldwin must return to San Nicolas.
If Batchelor gets back, then Baldwin should return. Lawton will be at San Jose
to-morrow. If he could send silver to Bayonbong, rations could be purchased.

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

San Istpro, December 3, 1899.
General Scowan:

Pantaleon Garcia is undoubtedly at Papaya beyond Pefiaranda. Sent out recently
15 circulars, one of which was addressed to Alejandrino and Macabulus, prohibiting
troops from measuring strength with Americans, but directing them to harass patrols
and outposts. Small patrols from Arayat toward Cabiao were attacked to-day, and
the patrol from Cabiao toward Arayat had not returned at usual hour. Have directed
commanding officer at Cabiao to confine his duty to guarding town and large accumu-
lation of stores. I understand that Garcia is military commander in chief. Major
Walsh has just returned from near San Miguel, to which place he went by the direct
road this a. m. before daylight, with one company, the officers and men of which
had no notice of what they were to do until announced just prior to marching out.
In this he was enabled to approach and observe the intrenchments near Cameas,
which soon filled in response to signal fires, with five or six hundred men. They
did not fire on him, although within fair range. Can not communicate with General
Lawton until he reaches San Jose. The direct road from here to San Jose, except
one broken bridge, is excellent for this country.

Kosse, Colonel Commanding.

MaxacaNan, Manila, December 4, 1899.
General Lawton, Balog:

Colonel Hood, Sixteenth Infantry, and 600 men held between Baliuag and Ilde
fonso awaiting your march south. Major Carson with Eleventh Cavalry (400 men) -
will start for Bocaue to-morrow morning en route for Angat. Pilar will endeavor to
move on road east of San Miguel into mountains. If with cavalry you can strike
him on that road, it would seem that the columns moving from north and south
could disperse his troops quite effectively. The order for the Twenty-second Infantry
to relieve the Thirty-fifth Infantry at Arayat will make it necessary to secure other
troops for the San Miguel garrison, which must be quite strong foratime. Lockett,
Eleventh Cavalry, is receiving horses. Three hundred just received and shod. More
expected in a few days. No change in affairs south.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 103

San Isrpro, December 4, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT oF THE Pactric, Manila:

I recommend keeping four companies of the Thirty-fourth here. One of them
available to ee Gapan and relieving four companies Thirty-fifth. One company
Thirty-fourth at Cabiao and San Antonio, ‘relieving two companies Thirty-fifth at
the former place. One company of the Thirty-fourth to Arayat, relieving three
companies Thirty-fiith. This was part of a recommendation to make the whole of
the Thirty-fifth available, and was approved by General Lawton about noon to-day.
I was notified by General Schwan that three companies Twenty-second Infantry
were on their way to relieve three companies Thirty-fifth at Arayat. This will leave
the company (Thirty-fourth) intended for Arayat available for San Antonio, and
leave a company instead of a half company available for Cabiao, to remain there
until stores are removed. The substance of the foregoing has been wired General
Lawton, who directed it to be repeated to you. I go to meet General Lawton at
Cabanatuan early to-morrow morning.

Koxsss, Commanding.

; 4 San Istpro, December 4, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

Telegrams for General Lawton are being held here, and I understand I can not
communicate with him until he arrives here to-morrow. Garcia reenforced San
Miguel from Papaya yesterday by about 800 men under General Acema, and I think
combined force will expect and await attack there. We could readily take and
occupy the town with force from here without unduly exposing this place, driving
out the dnsarpents who would take to the foothills east. Many would undoubtedly’
allow themselves to be captured, but not before passing their arms on to fresh men,
ambitious to use them. I can see no utility in small patrols between garrisons over
same routes at stated hours. They become careless with immunity from attack, can
not reconnoiter away from the roads, while insurgents can concentrate, or let them
pass, or gather them in. The six prisoners at Papaya are now being being guarded
with guns taken from them. This and other telegrams sent you for your personal
information of the situation as I see it here and in ignorance of the general military
situation. I hope they are not considered irrelevant.

Konze, Colonel, Commanding Brigade.

Maniua, December 5, 1899.
General Lawton, Cabanatuan:
~ Colonel Hood had eae at Ildefonso yesterday; 5 men wounded. Five
dead insurgents left on battlefield. Rumored that Pilar has gone in person’to moun-
tains east of San Miguel and has ordered camp to be prepare. at Mount Pinto Acle
southeast of Biac-na-Bato. Ballance’s battalion will not arrive at San Fernando until
this afternoon. Carson’s battalion sent to Bocaue this morning. Have you received

dispatch sent you late last evening?
: Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Maracaftan, December 5, 1899.
General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Ballance’s battalion at San Fernando nearly all sick. Will try to move it on to
Candaba to-morrow. Arayat' can not be relieved until it reaches Candaba. It is
reported that Colonel Hood went on to San Miguel, although ordered to return to
Baliuag. Carson’s squadron Eleventh Cavalry at Santa Maria to-night; proceeds to
Angat to-morrow. Reported that Garcia moving men to San Mateo. Reported
that insurgents would attack Meycauayan to-night. Train with 100 men just sent
up there from Manila. Might be well for you to pass on to San Isidro as soon as
possible, that we may communicate readily with you. Our telegrams do not seem
to reach you. Acknowledge. 2 209 =~ ~

ScHwan.

CaBANATUAN, December 5, 1899.
Cuer or Starr, Palace, Manila:
Message concerning Hood and Carson received last night. It will be two or three
days before column can be concentrated at San Isidro in condition to march on San
104 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Miguel. Cavalry will arrive here to-morrow evening, some troops having marched
from Tayug and others from trail about Carranglan. They will be much worn down
and require shoeing before starting again on mountain trail. I can place them east
of San Miguel, and unless it is otherwise desired will make the first objective point
Pinto Acle, where you informed me Pilar now is in person. They will try to follow
mountain trail to Montalban unless something dévelops making ne of plans
desirable. In meantime troops from south should not be permitted to drive insur-
gente out of San Miguel or to press or threaten them. Please wire me complete and
ull instructions so far as it is your intention to do so, to the end that Kobbé and
myself may arrange complete understanding before he returns to San Isidro.

Lawton, Major-General.

Tayua, December 5, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace, Manila:

Information from Batchelor, November 30. Starts north December 1 and would
attack, unless surrendered, garrison at Isabela. He will repair telegraph line north
from Bayonbong. Intends to enlist auxiliaries and arm them with captured Mausers.
Urges that disbursing officer be sent to pay all claims quickly. Wants $500 sent in
small change to make purchases. Deputies from Bagabag in and tender submission.
People cheering American flag. Wants vessel sent to mouth of river with stores,
clothing, and rations. Iam trying to stop him, but he can not be overtaken if he
left on the Ist.

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

. CaBaNnaTuANn, December 6, 1899.
Cuter oF Starr, Manila:

Your message of yesterday, requiring acknowledgment, received noon to-day.
Wire down all night. Have you received mine of yesterday, asking for final instruc-
tions? Kobbé still here awaiting reply. I should remain here until arrival of
cavalry.

Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, P. I., December 6, 1899.
General Lawton, Cabanatuan: :

Nothing heard from Hood’s column last two days. Supposed he is at San Miguel:
Carson’s squadron left Santa Maria for Norzagaray early this morning. He has
orders to remain in that section. Thirty-fifth will be relieved: from Arayat day after
to-morrow, 8th instant, and station will then be placed under General MacArthur’s
orders, as will other stations north not controlled by General Wheaton. Before you
leave San Isidro send full information of stations of all troops you leave behind, with
organizations and numbers in each station. * * *

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mantua, P. I., December 6, 1899.
General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Colonel Hood did not advance beyond San Ildefonso. He has now returned to
Baliuag with command, in accordance with directions issued a few days ago. Had
four skirmishes with enemy; one to-day, in which number of insurgents killed. No
casualties. He has been ordered to send reconnoitering party to San Rafael to-morrow.
With Carson at Angat we can probably keep insurgents in San Miguel country.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

. Matacanan, December 7, 1899.
General Lawton, Cabanatuan:

Colonel Hood, with about 600 men, now at Baliuag, ordered to report to you for
duty, as is also Major Carson, who has 350 men, and who is either at Norzagaray or
Angat. Hood telegraphed a communication by way of Malolos, and Carson by
Bocaue. It is believed that Pilar’s force, augmented by troops of Garcia, numbering
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 105

probably 1,000 rifles, are engaged in gathering rice in the San Miguel country, for
the purpose of taking it eastward into the mountains, although no positive informa-
tion can be obtained. He has considerable force at Ildefonso, and did have yester-
day at Maasin. To-day Hood sent reconnoissance to San Rafael to return by opposite
bank of river to Baliuag; result not reported. This morning Carson reported encoun-
tering small force near Norzagaray. It is believed that your cavalry should strike east-
ward from San Miguel, on road from that point into mountains and clear up country
towards San Miguel. Do not take mountain trail until more information obtained
regarding enemy’s movements. French, from Candaba, reports battalion Twenty-
second Infantry will relieve Thirty-fifth at Arayat by 8 o’clock to-morrow morning.
You can move your different columns in accordance with your discretion and devals
ments, keeping yourself connected by wire with San Isidro. Any specific informa-
tion obtained to assist you in carrying out these general instructions will be wired

you.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

CaBANaTuUAN, December 8, 1899.
Cuter oF Starr:

Two messages of last evening just received, 10 a. m., 8th. . Cavalry will start for
Feira east of San Miguel to-morrow. Kobbé will start from San Isidro to-morrow
Saturday) evening, and will attack San Miguel at daylight Sunday. Hood should
move up to Ildefonso at same time. Carson is now occupying as good position as he
can get. I will start this p. m. for San Isidro, stopping for the night at Santa Rosa,
where I will cut into the line and open communication with you.

Lawton, Major-Generai.

Mania, December 8, 1899.
GENERAL Lawton, Santa Rosa:

Following telegram received from Norzagaray, signed Carson, is repeated for your
information: ‘‘Received your instructions in case Gefieral Lawton does not give me
contrary ones. Made a reconnojssance northeast as far as sulphur baths. At Guitten
saw small party of insurgents; killed 1, wounded 1, and took 4 prisoners with arms;
cut insurgent wire, apparently from San Mateo to San Miguel de Mayumo.”

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Tayvua, December 8, 1899.
GENERAL Scuwan, Manila: ;

Following just received from Colonel Kennon: ‘‘San Jose, December 8, 1899.—
General Wheaton: Lieutenant Munro arrived to-day with General Canon, his
adjutant-general, and 5 officers, surrendered at Bayonbong. He gives no news of
Batchelor or of Baldwin. The Spanish prisoners report that in the last sixteen days
the remaining Spanish prisoners have been concentrated at Taguidin, and that
insurgents could be cleared from valley by two battalions.”

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

San IsrpRo, December 9, 1899.
Carer or Starr, Manila: :

Kobbé’s regiment will not all be assembled until to-morrow. It is his desire not
to move until Monday morning, when he will be completely outfitted and ready.
Scouts sent out yesterday have not yet returned. Artillery firing is heard in direc-
tion of San Miguel. It is not understood. I can not place on any map I have Car-
son’s reported scout north of Angat. If he would report distance and direction it
would be better. Would like to have Hood, on reaching Maasin or Ildefonso Sunday,
send a battalion east up the Maasin or Upig River on trail toward mountains some 8
or 10 miles, and Carson to send scouting party from Norzagaray across river to north-
east along trail, and hold the country until Tuesday evening, unless otherwise
directed. By this means small parties of enemy may be intercepted leaving San
Miguel.

oe Lawton, Major-General.
106 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manita, December 9, 1899.
General Lawron, San Isidro:

Your instructions for Hood and Carson transmitted to them. Hood caught at
Baliuag just as he was about to leave for Maasin.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Santa Rosa, December 9, 1899.
Curr or Starr:

I repeat for your information message just received from Kennon, at San Jose.
Castner with his scouts led advance over trail from Bayonbong to San Nicolés. He
was followed by Batchelor with battalion Twenty-fourth Infantry, who was followed
by Baldwin with a battalion Twenty-second Infantry. Two days later, on receipt of
information that Bayonbong would surrender to Munro, messenger was sent to recall
Baldwin. Castner or Batchelor had no instructions to go farther than Bayonbong or
vicinity. His departure for Aparri was as much of a surprise as though he had started
for San Francisco. A messenger was sent with all haste with orders to him to remain
at Bayonbong. Baldwin did not return, and it is not known whether or not messen-
ger to Batchelor reached him. The enthusiasm and desire on the part of all officers
to do something has led many of them to unauthorized conduct which embarrassed
me greatly. I have wired Kennon to ascertain definitely situation at Bayonbong and
report facts direct to you. He should, I think, report to Wheaton.

‘‘San Jose, December 8, 1899.—Filed 8.20 p. m.—Colonel Edwards, Santa Rosa:
Continued reports reached me of force of party in mountain near Bayonbong and also
Aguinaldo’s treasures. Outrages followed departure of Munro from Dupax. Batch-
elor has gone. Baldwin was at Bayonbong on 3d; present whereabouts unknown.
Aguinaldo reported near Bayambang, disguised as Chinaman. Some force needed at
Bayonbong, if Nueva Vizcaya isto beheld. Effect of departure of troops bad. Bald-
win tadou tedly has received his orders to return by this time. His departure will
leave Nueva Vizcaya bare. People reported very friendly, but afraid of armed insur-
gents. To-morrow morning scouting party leaves here for Bayonbong. Telegraph
operator at Carranglan can communicate with one at Bayonbong without repairs.
Probably very little work needed to put line in first-class condition from native source.
Batchelor reported to have had fight near boundary Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.
These conditions are reported for information of division commander. Unless further
instructions are received to-night scouting party will leave at daylight to-morrow.”

Lawton.

Tayvue, December 9, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff’, Manila:

Native scout came in from Baldwin this morning. Baldwin was at Bayonbong the
5th, and had received no orders. Batchelor had gonenorth. Letter from Batchelor,
dated the 3d, reports action with the insurgents at Cordon, three days’ march north of
Bayonbong. Insurgents defeated and fled. All natives receive Americans with great
rejoicing. Both Baldwin and Batchelor report need everything, especially money,
but don’t ask for reenforcements. I do not understand why orders sent by Lawton
aa Ne reached Baldwin by the 5th. Anything going to Bayonbong should go via

an Jose. :
Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

‘Mantua, December 10, 1899.
General WaEaton, Tayug:

Kennon reports scouting party left for Bayonbong over Carranglan trail yesterday.
He wants money. I have asked him if 5,000 could not be sent with 25,000 to be
sent to you to San Fabian in couple of days. Could you not transport it together
with tools to repair Carranglan trail, to Tayug and thence on to him at San Jose?
He thinks Carranglan practicable with little work. -A battalion must be maintained
at Bayonbong, and with that end in view call for whatever you require. Large
naval force reaches Aparri to-day.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 107

Tayue, December 10, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Send money and I will get it through. Twenty-five thousand dollars will be more
than enough for possible needs for a month or two. No speedy telegraphic com-
munication with you; my dispatches are held up on the line; presumably for more
important business of other commands.

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

Mantua, December 11, 1899.
General Lawton, San Isidro:
Carson scouting yesterday 5 miles northeast of Norzagaray struck detachment of
40 insurgents, killed 2, mortally wounded 3, captured 11, and 21 rifles. Insurgent
major killed, lieutenant wounded and captured. Carson had no casualties. He
says he thinks there are a number of similar bands north and east of mountains,
over which are numerous trails in various directions. Prisoners state they were
trying to pass south. Carson has scouting parties well up to mountains.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

4

San Istpro, December 11, 1899.
Curr or Starr, Manila: :

Kobbé, with Thirty-fifth, started at 3.30 thismorning. Rocket signals from cavalry
east of San Miguel last night assured them in position. Dorrington’s scouts, under
Major Wheeler, will cover road from San Miguel to Candaba, at edge of swamp, and
if Hood and Carson are in position some results may be expected. Wire will follow
closely advance. Two native messengers sent by me last night to Sibul ran into
General Garcia’s command near Santa Lucia. One was captured, other escaped.
One escaping had my letter, so that did not fall into Garcia’s hands. Native reported
about 400 men moving toward San Miguel. Saw Garcia, who is mounted on a mule.
This occurred at 2 this morning. I will start to overtake Kobbé in a few minutes.
Will have operator with me and will wire when anything occurs.

Lawton, Major-General.

San Miaver, December 11, 1899.
Cuter oF STaFF: 3

General Kobbé entered town without resistance at noon. Had skirmish’ short
distance before reaching town. No casualties. Several insurgents killed. Colonel
Hood, with Sixteenth, arrived at 2 p.m. He encountered enemy in small force,
which scattered in small parties to mountains, after arrival of cavalry at Sibul, Sun-
day. The force here reported to be only ladrones. Firing was heard in the direc-
tion of Sibul about 11 this morning. I have sent my cavalry escort to communicate
with cavalry and ascertain their exact location and position. Will wire again as soon
as I can look about and get the situation. Town full of inhabitants; all glad Ameri-
cans have come and people continued work in rice fields at approach of troops.

Lawton, Major-General.

San Micue., December 11, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

A number of prominent citizens called soon after my arrival. Very anxious that
a garrison should be placed here. Think it an excellent place from which to operate
in mountains. They state that Pilar had 600 armed men at this place and 300 or
400 northéast. The command to be left here should be strong enough to permit
scouting parties and detached camps to be kept in mountains to be drawn from
them. I have with me fifteen days’ rations for 2,000 men and reserve ammunition.
Will push scouting parties into mountains in directions taken by insurgents. This,
however, could be attended to by commanding officer here. Message announcing

Carson’s success just received.
Lawton.
108 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

San Miaue., December 11, 1899.
Cuier or Starr, Manila: ‘

Lieutenant Dudley and escort came in about 5 p. m., from cavalry camp at Buloc,
about 6 miles east of here, bringing in report of Hayes, who states that about 10 yes-
terday morning just before reaching Sibul he was fired on by force about 100 strong,
consisting of detachments from Second, Third, and Fifth insurgent infantry, of whom
2 wounded left on field. Casualties: Corporal Declairmount, Troop B, back; Rich-
ardson, Troop I, thigh; both serious. Enemy driven through Sibul, killing 1. Cap-
tured a number of prisoners, 8 rifles and a lot of supplies and clothing, and box con-
taining correspondence of Pio del Pilar. Thismorning’s march considerably retarded”
by carrying 2 wounded. Just before arriving at present camp, Buloc, advance fired
upon by 100 insurgents, who were quickly driven off, retreating, as a captive stated,
towards Baliuag country. I sent ambulance for wounded to-night.

: Lawton, Major-General.

MavacaNan, December 11, 1899.
General Lawton, San Miguel:

Let troops operate two or three days in Bulacan province, especially in direction
of mountains. The Thirty-fifth Infantry, with three troops Fourth Cavalry, will con-
stitute the protecting force of the province. All other troops to be withdrawn. Head-
quarters and four companies Thirty-fifth Infantry and one troop cavalry will take
station at San Miguel to protect by detachments San Ildefonso. Four companies and
two troops cavalry will take station at Angat and Norzagaray, three companies Thirty-
fifth at Baliuag, and one company Thirty-fifth at gang The entire Sixteenth
Infantry will be withdrawn to Manila and the Third Infantry will take line of rail-
road from Caloocan to Calumpit. Carson will be withdrawn and join regiment (which
has now 500 horses) for use south. Direct disposition accordingly. Hight thousand
additional troops reached Manila this month; four thousand within next week. Have
you artillery with you? If so, should be brought in. The guns with Hood belong.
at Baliuag and should be left there. In course af two or three days, or whenever you
think your services are no longer required at San Miguel, you will return to your head-
quarters in this city. Golonel Kobbé will accompany you here. 6

CHWAN.

San Jose, December 11, 1899.
Cuier or Starr Manila:

Scouting party just returned. Major Baldwin’s battalion at Carranglan this
morning. Reports Carranglan Pass incomparably better than San Nicolds. Nueva
Vizcaya quiet enough except for few outlaws he left. Lieutenant Wolfe and 16 men
disabled at Bayonbong. Telegraph line has been cut between Bambang and Bayon-
bong. Captain Batchelor was sent his orders by courier not to advance beyond
Bayonbong. Major Baldwin believes they must have been received. Batchelor
reported to have had fight at Diadi on December 4. Casualties enemy: Killed, 1;
mortally wounded, 1.

Kewnon, Colonel.

Mania, December 11, 1899.
General Wuearon, Tayug:

Following telegram just sent to Colonel Kennon, San Jose, is repeated for your
information: ‘‘ Baldwin’s battalion will remain at Carranglan for the present. As
soon as practicable let him work back two of his companies to Bayonbong. Send
courier at once to convey to him above instructions. Arrangements will Ba made
for supplying force at Bayonbong.’’ Acknowledge receipt.

Scnwan, Chief of Staff.

San Micuen, December 12, 1899.
_CuieF or Srarr, Manila:

Message concerning disposition of command received. Hayes reports force of
about 200 at Baling Cupang on Maloong River, and the cavalry have gone after them.
Colonel Hood has gone to investigate Biac-na-bato. I find here that Pinto Acle is
name given range of mountains or high ridges running from Pefiaranda to San Mateo.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 109

Four guns Taylor’s battery with me; two guns left at San Isidro. Shall I bring
latter away? Not needed there. I have good wagon and cart train, well organized,
Kobbé a municipal government to-day. Enemy doubtless trying to work
south. They can be followed over the mountains to head of San Mateo River. It
igs my opinion that the trails they follow lead up to the river which flows through
this place, across the divide at what is known as Biac-na-bato, into the head waters
San Mateo River.
Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, P. I., December 12, 1899.
General Lawton, San Miguel:

Reconnoissance from two directions from north ManiJa line. One from pumping
station, mounted, moving now and will concentrate at Novaliches to-night. These
troops will sweep country from San Mateo west to near Caloocan and ascertain what
is there. About 500 insurgents believed to be in that section. Not thought advis-
able to follow enemy down San Mateo River, should he take that route, but we can
operate against him to the northeast of San Mateo, if he concentrates there, better from
this locality. Leave the two guns Taylor’s battery at San Isidro for the present. You
will probably receive valuable information as the result of your present operations.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mantua, P. I., December 18, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

Pilar and Garcia driven into mountains eastern Bulacan. That province will be
policed by three troops Fourth Cavalry, Thirty-fifth Infantry, and the artillery
which has hitherto been maintained at Baliuag. San Miguel, Baliuag, Arayat, Nor-
zagaray, and Quingua will be maintained as stations. All troops except those above
mentioned will be withdrawn. The Third Infantry will replace Sixteenth on rail-
road; latter to be withdrawn for operations elsewhere. General Lawton, still oper-
ating in mountains, has been directed to direct establishment of stations in Bulacan.
He, with General Kobbé, will return to Manila very soon, and you will supervise
matters in that province. Send down on railroad portion of Third Infantry taken
north as soon as convenient. More specific information will be given you later.
Young reports the killing of General Gregorio del Pilar, severe wounding of Tinio,
and surrender of Concepcion. About 3,000 Spanish prisoners released in north-
western Luzon. Navy will probably take Aparri and succor Batchelor, who, with
three companies Twenty-fourth and Castner’s scouts, proceeded north from Bayon-
bong without instructions. If natives assist him he will get through; otherwise not.
Active operations in southern Luzon will be inaugurated at once.

Scawan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 18, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace, Manila:

Message received containing information to the effect that Bulacan province will
be policed by certain troops which will be stationed by General Lawton; that Gen-
eral Lawton and General Kobbé will return to Manila very soon, and thereafter the
province of Bulacan to be under my supervision, in which connection I am directed
to send down on railroad as soon as convenient portion of Third Infantry taken north,
I understand from the tenor of the foregoing message that no action will be required
on‘my part until I receive the specific information which you say will be giyen to me
later. A large part of the battalion of the Third Infantry now stationed at Guagua,
Bacolor, and Santa Rita is with General Grant in the mountains of Bataan and Zam-
bales, and can not be very well reached for a week or ten days.

MacArraur.

Mania, December 18, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

Your understanding regarding the placing on railroad of portion of Third Infantry
with Grant is correct. Word has been received that insurgent governor surrendered
entire province of Cagayan, including arms and other munitions of war, to naval
force under Captain McCalla, which landed at Aparri some days ago. Also that
Batchelor’s battalion is safe about 40 miles north of and marching toward Aparri.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
110 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

San MieuEx, December 18, 1899.
Cutter or Starr:

I have wired you to-day report from Colonel Hayes, comanding Fourth Cavalry,
announcing the capture and occupation of the famous insurgent stronghold Biac-na-
bato. From information furnished by residents of this city it is learned that ‘‘Biac-
na-bato,”’ or ‘‘split rock,’’ asthe name indicates, is a gigantic cleft in the range, form-
ing a natural fortification, located south Mount Madlon, Mount Madio being higher
and to the rear or east. There are no inhabitants except garrison. Country rocky;
no crops; plenty of wood and water. Was successfully held January 8, 1897, by 16
insurgents against 900 Spaniards. Again I feel it my duty to invite the attention of
the general commanding to the gallant and effective work of this efficient command.
I heartily concur with Colonel Hayes in his commendation of Lieutenant Arnold, and
I also wish again to especially commend Colonel Hayes as worthy of special and sub-
stantial consideration for faithful and gallant service in the presence of the enemy
under unusual, and trying, and difficult conditions. I have directed Biac-na-bato to
be held for the time being until the surrounding country can be examined.

Lawton, Major-General.

San Micvuex, December 13, 1899.
Cuter or Starr:

Following just received: ‘‘ Headquarters Fourth Cavalry, Biac-na-bato, December
12, 1899.—Adjutant-General, San Miguel. Sir: I have the honor to report that I
arrived at this point to-day at noon, and on my approach was fired upon by the
enemy from the precipitous height of the opposite side of the river. It was im-
practicable to cross the latter, and the advance guard under Lieutenant Arnold,
Fourth Cavalry, dismounted, crossed the river, and drove the enemy from the com-
manding position on the heights that had been reported inaccessible. Lieutenant
Arnold discovered in this natural stronghold a storehouse containing the following
property: Ten rifles, 30,000 pounds rice, $600 worth uniform cloth and clothing,
a large and various collection of tools and material for the manufacture of explosives,
medical supplies, ete. Maj. Charles Morton, Fourth Cavalry, with a force of 70
officers an men, dismounted, will start at daylight to-morrow morning to recon-
noiter the stronghold beyond the point reached by Lieutenant Arnold. The trail
leading into it is impracticable for all kinds of troops, except foot troops, and is
extremely difficult for foot soldiers. Lieutenant Arnold deserves credit for the
energy and persistency displayed in overcoming all the obstacles encountered.
Apparently the enemy has been collecting supplies in this naturally strong defensive
ey for several months. Very respectfully, E. M. Hayes, Colonel Fourth

avalry.

Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, December 18, 1899.
General WHxaton, Tayug:

Entire province of Cagayan surrendered by insurgent authorities to Captain
McCalla, commanding naval force recently landed at Aparri, who also received from
them arms and other munitions of war. Captain Batchelor’s battalion is reported
as in good condition and to be making good progress in its march toward, and to be

not very far from, Aparri.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

s

 

Puncan (via San Josz), December 18, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff: :

Complying with orders received here last night, I will return to-day to Carranglan
and thence proceed with two companies to Bayonbong. I arrived at Bayonbong
on the 2d of December and was received by the governor of the province with great
cordiality. He was delighted that American troops had arrived. The Spanish priest
left after my arrival, and the Filipino priest asked concerning religious affairs. I
informed him to resume throughout the province religious services and that be would
be protected and respected in all religious matters. He and the governor asked per-
mission to have church on the morrow for the purpose of giving thanks to God for
the surrender of the province without bloodshed. I informed him that permission
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 111

was not necessary to have church, and that I and all my officers would attend mass
at the hour set by him, which we did, thus showing him and the people, as I told
them, that we were a Christian people and venpeniait and protected everyone’s reli-
gion. After the services the city band escorted us to the government buildings, where
the governor led in giving ‘‘ Viva Americanos,” and in a neat speech told me of his
pleasure in getting rid of the insurgents and his desire for peace and for the Govern-
ment of the United States to own the islands. I presented the governor with a small
American flag donated by one of my officers. In the evening Governor Ramon
Ariola gave a banquet at his home to myself and all my officers, at which all his offi-
cials were present, and the American flag was displayed from a vase of flowers. All
the officials of Nueva Vizcaya province are honestly and sincerely desirous of peace
and are thoroughly glad to come under American rule. The present governor was
forced to take the position by the insurgents, but still isan able man and can be used
to great advantage in behalf of our Government. He has rendered gladly and zeal-
ously all possible assistance to our troops. He says the people wish for the Ameri-
cans, for the insurgents robbed them of everything, forced them to contribute, killed
some of their men to obtain money, and in some instances raped their women. He
says the province of Isabela is very anxious to, become American, and that no trouble
will be experienced there, except from roving bands. The Igorrotes at Bagbag have
been acting ugly. He further says the province of Cagayan is insurgent, but will be
American when insurgents are driven. out; that there are something like a thousand
insurgents in that province under General Tirona, and troops will meet with resist-
ance. There are now, to the best of my information, many small bands of insur-
gents in the mountains. In my opinion a full battalion is the smallest force advisable
at Bayonbong to operate by scouting through the various towns. The people have
never heard of the President’s proclamation and know nothing about the purpose of
the United States. I would recommend that copies be sent for general distribution.
The Spanish and insurgents have compelled people to furnish supplies, promising to
pay, but not doing so. I would recommend that troops be supplied with money,
whereby confidence and faith can be established among the people, thus inspiring
them with.respect for the Americans.
Ba.pwin,
Major, Twenty-second Infantry.

San Mieuet, December 14, 1899.
Carer oF STarF:

Lieutenant Munro, with insurgent General Canon and 10 of his officers, 3 released
American soldiers, 2 of Gilmore’s men, and 2 citizens came in this afternoon. I find
that they have written terms of surrender in Spanish only which will be presented
in Manila on arrival.

Lawton, Major-General.

Mania, P. I., December 14, 1899.
General Lawron, Baliuag:

Send all division transportation in Bulacan which can be spared to Malolos and
Bigaa to receive forage and supplies for the troops to be left in Bulacan. San Miguel
will be supplied from Malolos; Arayat and Norzagaray from Bigaa. Such of this
transportation as is not needed in Bulacan after troops supplied can be withdrawn.
Probably not needed in south, as we are daily expecting a large number of mules
from the United States, for which wagon transportation is already here.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Miauer, December 14, 1899.
Curr or Starr, Palace:
No organized insurgents can now be found or heard of in this vicinity. Troops
have returned and their distribution as ordered has commenced. Cavalry will rest

a day or two before starting.
Lawton, Major-General.
112 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

San Miauet, December 14, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staf', Palace, Manila:

Colonel Hayes and cavalry arrived here at 10.30 thismorning. He reports that he
shorougily scouted the country in all directions. He found and destroyed the insur-
gent te. Pees line from this place to Biac-na-bato. Lieutenant Sievert, in command
of one of these reconnoissance parties, found and destroyed the camps evidently
referred to in your messave as being established by Pilar at Pinto Acle. The houses
or barracks with new board floors were apparently constructed within last month or
six weeks.

Lawton, Major-General.

San Miauet, December 14, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:
Following report from Hood, who has just arrived, repeated: ‘“‘Adjutant-General
First Division: Arrived at Biac-na-bato with my command at 10 o’clock yesterday
morning. After conferring with Colonel Hayes concluded to organize six strong rec-
onnoitering parties, absorbing about all the command, giving each a proportional
Ee of the Macabebe scouts as guides and trailers to penetrate and explore the rock-
aced ridges for any sign of the enemy in the vicinity. These parties were out for
several hours, and it is believed followed all existing trails within the extreme radius
of their operations. After much hard work the crests of the ridges were reached, so
that a view of the country leading to the Mariquina Valley could be plainly seen.
No enemy found in sight anywhere. This, however, may be due to a great extent
to the fact that the Fourth Cavalry had preceded us there by not far from twenty-two
hours. (Signed) Hood.”’
Lawton, Major-General.

BauiwaG, December 15, 1899.
Cuter or Starr:

My headquarters with escort I Troop, Fourth Cavalry, mounted, and Taylor’s
Battery, with C Troop, Fourth Cavalry, dismounted, also Oakes’s Engineer Corps,
will arrive at Malolos at 10 a. m. to-morrow. Hood tells me that he-has wired you
that he starts for railroad at 6.30 a.m. to-morrow. He has conferred with Page, who
will relieve Sixteenth on railroad upon subsequent notification.

Lawton, Major-General.

Heapqvarters First Division,
In THE Fie.tp, Bauiuac, December 15, 1899.
Carer or Srarr, Manila:

Following just received: ‘‘San Miguel, December 15, 1899.—Major Laws sent in 2
Filipinos, prisoners, captured by him near Medlum Cave. One is a lieutenant and
quartermaster. Reports capture of small quantity powder and bullets, spare parts
of rifles, and 25 coils of telegraph wire. Plummer, Lieutenant-Colonel.’’ This is a
party sent in search of General Pio del Pilar. The cave referred to is beyond Sibul,
to the south west.

Lawton, Major-General.

Tayue, December 15, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Captain Fowler returned the 13th instant to Pozorrubio from six days’ scouting in
the mountains north. Found no insurgents. Destroyed printing materials found
‘which I have learned had been left by Paterno, who was to send for them from
Bangued.

WueEaton, Brigadier-General.

Maniua, December 16, 1899.
General Lawton, Malolos :
Train will be sent early this morning to bring your headquarters and escort, Tay-
lor’s battery, C Troop, Fourth Cavalry, dismounted, and members Engineer Corps
to this city. Telegraph Hagod and Page that they will arrange to relieve Sixteenth
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 1138

Infantry from line of railroad; that the three companies volunteers will remain on
the railroad until the three companies Third Infantry can relieve them. Sixteenth
Infantry can be relieved by battalions, sent into city, and upon arrival will take

steamer for Aparri.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

_ The foregoing telegrams, selected from a great number sent to and
received from the commands of Generals Lawton and Wheaton, indi-
cate with a fair degree of accuracy the operations of their troops on
the San Isidro, Cabanatuan, San Jose, Tayug, and San Fabian line
during the period covered by their dates. General Lawton was in
person at Tayug, where he did not have the advantage of complete
telegraphic communication. He was impressed with the belief that
Aguinaldo would succeed in moving eastward from the Benguet proy-
ince of northwestern Luzon to Bayonbong, his recently designated
capital, and he proposed to attack him by the very difficult Carranglan
and Tayug trails, while General Young should pursue him from the
westward. With this end in view he was endeavoring to supply
General Young with the needed troops and supplies while assembling
small columns to proceed over the above-named mountain routes. The
experience of the Fourth Cavalry detachments in their operations
north of Carranglan and the direction of General Young’s pursuit of
Aguinaldo indicated that the insurgents could not move as General
Lawton anticipated, and he was so informed as soon as he could be
communicated with.

In the meantime Castner’s Tagalo scouts and Batchelor’s battalion
of the Twenty-fourth Infantry, followed by Baldwin’s battalion of the
Twenty-second, had started from Tayug for Bayonbong with instruc-
tions to proceed to that city. Having reached it after the surrender
of the insurgent military governor of the province in which Bayonbong
is situated to Lieutenant Munro of the Fourth Cavalry, who had
marched by the Carranglan trail, Captain Batchelor conceived the idea
of proceeding northward by the Magat and Cagayan rivers to Aparri,
which he proceeded to do without any definite knowledge of the coun-
try over which he intended to pass or the force with which he might
be obliged to contend. Every effort possible was made to arrest him,
but without avail. Taking Castner’s scouts and his battalion of the
Twenty-fourth Infantry, he proceeded on this perilous journey, short
of rations, clothing, and ammunition, after having sent back a request
to have the Navy supply him at the head waters of launch navigation
on the Cagayan River. This movement necessitated the holding at
Bayonbong of the battalion of the Twenty-second Infantry, which was
needed at other points, and gave great concern for the safety of Batch-
elor’s men, who could hardly escape destruction if the insurgents of
the Cagayan Valley should press hostilities. The only hope of their
arrival at Aparri, except as prisoners, lay in the belief, as has been
stated in the former portions of this report, that General Tirona, com-
manding the insurgent forces stationed in the valley, would surrender
upon invitation. Admiral Watson, who was requested to send a naval
force to Aparri, the headquarters of Tirona, when information of
Batchelor’s movements was received responded with alacrity. He dis-
patched the naval vessels Wewark and Helena, Captain McCalla com-
manding, as soon as supplies for Batchelor’s command could be placed

4495——_8
114 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

on board. Captain McCalla proceeded with great tact, and received the
surrender of Tirona, who turned over to him all of his artillery and
more than 900 stand of arms of improved patterns.

Captain Batchelor reached the town of Ilagan, Isabela province,
about December 8, having encountered some opposition on his march,
especially at Naguilan, where he was obliged to cross his troops over
the river and attack an insurgent force which had intrenched itself
there to bar his progress. He quickly routed the enemy, who left 4
dead and 4 mortally wounded in the trenches. His loss was 1 man
drowned and + wounded. His men suffered from lack of sufficient food
and clothing, but were greatly assisted by the inhabitants of the towns
and barrios through which they passed. He continued to descend the
river, and received the supplies sent for him by the Navy at the head
waters of river navigation. Shortly thereafter orders were issued
directing the return of his battalion to the San Jose country and the
headquarters of the regiment, proceeding by boat to Dagupan. Cast-
ner’s scouts were ordered to Vigan to recuperate and increase their
numerical strength.

This march from Bayonbong to Aparri will remain memorable on
account of the celerity of its execution, the difficulties encountered,
and the discomforts suffered by the troops. It proved beneficial to
our interests, as it gave us some practical knowledge of the character
of that portion of Luzon and the condition of the inhabitants. It also
informed the inhabitants of our pacific intentions, relieved them from
Tagalo rule from which they had suffered, and prepared them to receive
kindly the detachments of troops which subsequently passed into that
section to establish permanent stations. On his descent of the rivers,
Captain Batchelor had received the surrender of the country from the
civil governor of one of the provinces, while General Tirona, the
insurgent military governor of the entire valley, had made surrender
to the commanding officer of the naval force present, who, for the great
assistance he had rendered, had appointed bin civil governor subject
to the approval of the military governor of the islands. The appoint-
ment was not confirmed, as the commanding officer of the United States
troops which were sent soon thereafter to take possession of the terri-
tory. was called upon to exercise such civil functions of government as
conditions demanded.

General Lawton, who while at Tayug had been directed to effect the
release of the Spanish and American pees held by the insurgents
in the northwestern Luzon provinces, had determined to proceed north-
ward and join his advance which General Young was conducting, as
soon as he could make the necessary combinations of troops and pro-
vide for their subsistence. All insurgent resistance on the Tayug line,
os that northeast of Carranglan, and northeast of Cabanatuan
on the Bongabong road, had practically ceased. The disorganized
troops of the enemy to the westward of Carranglan which had been
employed in the north, were endeavoring to pass in small detachments
southward to their homes in the central portion of the island, with the
exception of the small bodies which General Young was severely handling
and driving northward. Nearly all of that portion of Aguinaldo’sarmy,
which had formerly occupied the line of the Manila and Dagupan rail-
way and which still retained organization, was being pressed contin-
ually by General MacArthur back into the mountams of Zambales
and Bataan. It had already lost by capture its artillery, its supplies,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 115

a large number of its rifles and much of its ammunition, and could be
taken care of by General MacArthur’stroops. Butthe section of Luzon
east of Caloocan, Malolos, Baliuag and the Rio Grande de Pampanga,
extending southward to the north Manila line and eastward through
the Morong province, had not been traversed by our troops since the
preceding June. It contained some 3,000 well-armed and active insur-
gents who were concentrated mostly at San Miguel de Mayumo in
Bulacan and along the Mariquina River afew miles northeast of Manila,
while to the south of the city insurgents had again become very aggres-
sive. They had been held in check by the troops at hand during the
northern operations, but it was now possible to turn upon them and dis-
perse all north of Manila with a portion of the force under General
Lawton’s immediate supervision, and while this work was being exe-
cuted it was practicable to place in condition for the contemplated
campaign in the provinces of southern Luzon the regiments arriving
and soon to arrive from San Francisco.

In the province of Bulacan 1,000 or more insurgents, commanded
by General Pio del Pilar with headquarters at San Miguel, had made
threatening demonstrations against Baliuag, where we had 400 men,
and Pilar endeavored to destroy the railroad at two or three points
between Caloocan and Malolos. The commanding officer at Baliuag
had reported this force to number +,000. Colonel Hood of the Six-
teenth Infantry, whose regiment was guarding the line of railway
from Caloocan to Apalit, was directed to withdraw therefrom 500 men
‘(the line being temporarily strengthened by detachments from Manila)
and proceed with them to Baliuag, where, being reenforced, he was
ordered to make a demonstration to the north in the direction of San
Miguel. Major Carson of the Eleventh Cavalry, which regiment was
on duty at the pumping station of the Manila waterworks, was
ordered to withdraw therefrom a squadron to number at least 400 and
proceed with it to Bigaa, a railway point south of Malolos, and thence
to march upon Norzagaray.and Angat.

In the meantime a separate command was about to be given to Gen-
eral Young, covering the northwestern Luzon provinces in which he
was operating. (General Wheaton, still at San Fabian, was ordered
to relieve General Lawton from the command of the Tayug line. The
latter was directed to take such troops as could be spared with safety
from the eastern portion of that line, consisting of signal and engineer
detachments, a light battery, several troops of the Fourth Cavalry,
and the entire Thirty-fifth Infantry, concentrate them in the vicinity
of San Isidro, and move down on the San Miguel country, his cavalry
scouting to the eastward. Simultaneously Colonel Hood was to move
northward from Baliuag, and Major Carson was ordered to retain pos
session of the Angat and Norzagaray roads for the purpose of inter-
cepting any portion of the enemy who might endeavor to pass in those
directions. These movements were well-timed and excellently exe-
cuted, as fully appears from the preceding telegraphic dispatches.
General Lawton and staff arrived in Manila on December 16.

We now propose to consider the operations of the troops of General
Young, who, attended by 80 selected men of the Third Cavalry under
Captain Chase, and the Macabebe scouts, passed north from Pozorrubio
on November 18 in pursuit of Aguinaldo and his escort. He had by
his constant scouting worn out the major part of his cavalry and infan-
try. The greater portion of the Third Cavalry and Ballance’s battalion
116 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

of the Twenty-second Infantry had been ordered for recuperation to
the western coast at San Fabian, to which supplies had been sent from
Manila. General Young with his small force passed through Rosario,
thence by northwestern route to Aringay on the coast road, whence on
November 19 he sent to General Lawton a telegram, set out on a former
page of this report, wherein he made an urgent appeal for troops to
enable him to continue his pursuit. He marched on to San Fernando
de la Union, where on November 21 he awaited supplies which were
forwarded on that day from San Fabian by the naval gunboat Samar.
On November 23, having reached Namacpacan, situated on the coast
road north of San Fernando, he communicated to Lieutenant-Colonel
Wilder, whom he had left at the last point, the following:

Information positively given that Aguinaldo has a force of 1,700 men with him in
Abra Province made up of the straggling bands which have followed him through
the mountains and avoided us during the night. I wish you to join me here with
all available force, leaving the sick under the charge of an officer to hold San Fer-
nando and to care for the horses.. I also wish you to send this by native courier, or
by boat if you can catch one, to General Wheaton at San Fabian. Send additional
cavalry, as it may be able to get here in the shortest time. Infantry can be landed
by boat at Sarigayas, + miles south of this point. If the mountain battery is within
reach, the cannoneers should be mounted and two pieces brought up. The road is
excellent over the entire distance. I am of opinion that Aguinaldo’s force is over-
estimated, but do not want to sacrifice the lives of my men at the last moment if
it can be avoided. If this note reaches General Wheaton, I earnestly request any
assistance he may be able to render me; also that this dispatch be rushed forward to
General Lawton. We were received here with unbounded enthusiasm. All the
principal men, accompanied by about 500 people, turned out to receive us in the.
plaza. They sent a delegation with a band to meet us at the entrance of the town
and cheered us with ‘‘ Viva los Americanos,” grasping our hands in welcome. They
heard of our coming (although we marched 20 miles to-day) and sent out to gather
palay for our animals and beef cattle for our men.

When this information was received at Manila, General Wheaton
was directed to dispatch to General Young’s assistance a portion of his
own command (a battalion of the Thirty-third Infantry—those of Gen-
eral Lawton which had proceeded to San Fabian not being yet in con-
dition to march), to be followed by troops of the Third Cavalry as soon
as they could be refitted. On’ November 25 he was directed to forward
by coast road two battalions of the Thirty-third Infantry under Colonel
Hare to Vigan, sending the vessel Cast-l/ano up the coast with rations,
and instructing her to touch at San Fernando to supply the troops
there and those passing northward. On November 26, Wheaton
reported that Aguinaldo, three days previous to that date, was in the
vicinity of Trinidad, and that he dispatched from there a messenger to
Mangatarem to inform, one of his officers that if unable to cross to
Bayonbong he would continue his journey northward to Bangued. On
the 27th he telegraphed that he would send one company of Hare’s
regiment to Vigan on the gunboat Ca//uo, to hold that place until the
arrival of General Young or Colonel Hare, to be followed by another
company of that regimenton the coasting vessel Castel/imo. He further
telegraphed on the same day in answer to inquiries, that two battalions
of the Thirty-third Infantry under Colonel Hare took up its march for
Vigan that morning, one company proceeding to that point by gun-
boat which would reach there the following day; that the first battalion
of the Thirty-third Infantry (Major March commanding) was at San
Fernando on the 26th, about to go forward to Namacpacan, where Gen-
eral Young was awaiting reenforcements. He also gave the informa-
tion that the U. 8. gunboat Caldao had just arrived, reporting that the
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. Ly

Oregon had landed a battalion of marines at Vigan on the previous day,
that the Spanish and American prisoners were at Bangued, and that
General Young having returned to Namacpacan from the mountains
to the eastward was about to move north. On November 28 he tele-
graphed as follows: :

Eleven companies Thirty-third Infantry and my scouts are marching to the sup-
port of General Young. He has with him Macabebe scouts and three troops of cav-
alry. One troop of cavalry and battalion of the Thirty-fourth Infantry are between
here and Santo Toms marching to join him. Ten hundred and twenty-three men—
cavalry and infantry—of (seneral Lawton’s division are here en route to join. They
are waiting to shoe horses and get shoes for men.

The general was directed to hold at San Fabian these 1,023 men
awaiting subsequent instructions. On November 30 he was directed
to forward two additional troops of cavalry to San Fernando de la
Union to relieve the two troops already there, which were directed to
join the troops marching northward.

At this time it was not supposed that General Young would meet
with very determined opposition, as the Tagalos at the north were
deserting and passing southward in small detachments. It was
believed also that the mass of the northern Luzon population was
friendly and would assist our progress. For many months reports
had been received in Manila expressing the desire of this people to
have the Tagalos driven from their midst and to receive and be pro-
tected by our troops. The hearty welcome which the inhabitants of
the cities and barrios of that section accorded our soldiers, both on the
west coast of the island and in the Cagayan Valley, indicated the cor-
rectness of these reports, and little concern was felt for the safety of
the small force which General Young had taken into the mountains.

The Third Cavalry, Thirty-third Infantry, and native scouts serving
with us were considered to have sufficient numerical strength to pro-
tect the people dwelling along the west coast of the island north of San
Fabian or Santo Tomas, and at the same time pursue and destroy the
guard which accompanied Aguinaldo. When, therefore, it was ascer-
tained that General Wheaton had sent north a battalion of the Thirty-
fourth Infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel Howze, which: bad marched
from Aliaga to San Fabian by Victoria, Rosales, and Dagupan, and
which it was desired to return to its regimental headquarters at
Cabanatuan in the Nueva Ecija Province, he was directed to with-
draw it and send it east over the Tayug line. This battalion, how-
ever, marched to join General Young with such rapidity that it was
impossible to arrest it, and it was fortunate that such proved to be the
case, as in the subsequent forced release of the Spanish prisoners and
in the establishment of pacific conditions in the province of [locos
Norte its services proved extremely valuable. Aguinaldo was pushed
northeastward into the province of Bontoc. His troops, which were
guarding his large number of prisoners in the vicinity of Vigan,
retired, with those of them who were not successful in escaping, Into
the mountains to the eastward, and between those troops and their
chief communication was possible by the Abra River trail:

Aguinaldo had been accompanied by his appointed head of the Phil-
ippine clergy, who, in so far as the insurgents were concerned, had
succeeded to the ecclesiastical powers lately exercised over them by
the archbishop of Manila. Summoned by that prelate to submit
himself to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, he declined, prepared and pub-
118 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

lished articles severely criticising the Spanish representatives of the
Roman Catholic Church and abusive of Americans, thus establishing
a considerable influence over that portion of the population which
Aguinaldo dominated. In one of his manifestoes ‘* dedicated to the
archbishop, Sefior Nozaleda, and the friars,” issued in March, 1899,
Be pays his mental characteristics and talent at invective. It is as
ollows:

There are events in the lives of men which are not easy to forget or, what is bet-
ter, which can not be forgotten. Those which have taken place since the beginning
of the Filipino revolution have left a deep impression upon our hearts and in addi-
tion form anepoch. The memory of them will always be engraved upon our minds.

Among these memories there 1s one which will always be a black blot upon our
history. It is the memory of the enlightened corporations which came here to the
misfortune of our most beautiful soil, not to teach us divine doctrine, but to exploit
us and deprive us of our Catholic faith. The members of the above-mentioned cor-
porations (as though God himself had interfered in events so that we should recog-
nize them for what they are and that our eves should be opened) not only have
been wanting in all shame as to abjure their nation, but have also trampled under
foot the sacred religion which they professed—a religion which served them
as a shield against the consequences of their insolence. They went so far as to lick
up, if you will permit the expression, the filth which they had vomited upon those
who were then their bitterest enemies and who are now their dearest friends.

Let me quote the very words of their most prominent champion, the most fervent
advocate of the said corporations. Less than ten months ago, on the 6th of May
in the year which is just closed, after bitterly lamenting the destruction which the
North American squadron had consummated in the beautiful bay of Manila by the
complete annihilation of the squadron of his country, this man said to us with tears
in his eyes: ‘‘You must not remain ignorant of him (referring to the North Ameri-
cans) who now appears before us with so much pride and who, trampling down all
right, desires to impose his rule upon us. It is the foreigner who wants to subject
us to his cruel yoke. It is the heretic (note these words) who desires to destroy
our religion and tear us from the bosom of the Catholic Church. It is the insatiable
merchant who, in the midst of the ruin of Spain and her possessions, desires to
swell his fortune.”’

Let us stop for a moment, my dear Filipino brothers, and reflect upon the ener-
getic phrases which I have just copied. The archibishop, Sefior Nozaleda, says that
the North American is a heretic, that he desires to destroy our religion and tear us
from the maternal bosom of the Catholic Church. That is well said, my dear lord,
and so far you must be deemed a true prince of the Catholic Church and deserve an
eternal crown of glory. Well, now, let us consider your conduct afterwards, so dif-
ferent from your expressed convictions. Indeed, you seem to have two sets of prin-
ciples which are diametrically opposed, since to-day we see you professing intimate
friendship with the heretic who formerly you hated unto death. When we see this,
we pause and we do so with reason, and in the midst of our stupor we can not help
crying out that Sefior Nozaleda must have intended to deceive us with a false procla-
mation, since now we see and are thoroughly convinced that he has allied himself
with the traitor Otis and the inhuman Dewey, giving them counsel and instruction
and ordering his brothers, the friars, to pass praying in and through the walled city
animating the enemies of our religion and country and praying to the God of battles
in their behalf. It is evident that Sefior Nozaleda and the friars have forgotten the
words of the Holy Scripture, ‘‘ Cum sancto sanctus eris, et cum perverso perverteris.”’
Ah! with the good man you do good things and with the evil man you work evil
things. Also the Spanish refrain, ‘‘Tell me with whom you go and I will tell you
what you are.”

But let us go on considering, word by word, his celebrated proclamation of the 6th
of May of the year just passed. Below the words above quoted he said: ‘‘ Poor
Spain, if the invader succeeds in his designs! Poor Filipinos, the day upon which
the North American establishes a stable government! Poor natives, subjugated by
a people who have not the Catholic faith of Spain, nor the paternal anxiety for the
good of the country, nor the high sense of honor, nor the community of interests,
nor the history mingled with yours for now more than three hundred years, nor the
mingled blood which flows through the veins of many of you and which ona hun-
dred glorious days has been poured out for the common defense! Brothers bound
together by a common bond; sons of the metropolis and of the colonies! Very soon
you will see an impassable abyss between you and your proud friends. You will
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. i119

have no offices nor employments, nor will you share at all in the government and the
administration of the cities. You will form a class apart, you will be held vile as
Pariahs, you will be exploited like convicts sent to work in a new country; you will
be reduced to the condition of bondsmen and even beasts and machines; fed a hand-
ful of rice or corn which your lord will throw in your face as a daily ration so that
you may not be utterly deprived of the product of your sweat, while you can enjoy
the pleasure of seeing him revel in the fruits and treasures of an estate which was
yours and now is his! Ah, and that is not the worst. Soon you will see your
temples ruined, or converted into Protestant chapels where the God of the Eucha-
rist (oh, what a cruel misfortune) will not be enthroned, and where the image of
the Virgin Mary, our most sweet and gentle mother, will not lean in kindly fashion
over you. The cross will disappear from your cemeteries, the crucifix from your
schools, and from your churches the ministers of the true God who made you Chris-
tians when they baptized you, who have so many times absolved you from your
sins, who united you in holy matrimony, who will be present at your last hour to
console and administer the last rites of the church, and who, after your death, will
apply for the good of your soul the prayers of the holy church. You, with your
heroic faith and valor may go on keeping your hearts as Catholic as before, even
more steadfast than before, who knows? ‘put what will happen to your dear chil-
dren, your darling sons, especially if their fathers fail them, in the midst of a Prot-
estant nation, with Protestant legislation, rites, teachings, and habits, and a free
exhibition and propaganda of every vice and error? Ah, what can one expect but
that at the end of half a century there will be neither Christian practice nor Chris-
tian belief anywhere in the whole country, nor any one who makes upon his fore-
head the saving sign of the cross. Poor Filipinos, lost in this life and lost in the
eternal one!

But now, when Sefior Nozaleda, in order to retain his old post, has changed com-
pletely, will he, when he sees the North American flag wave in these latitudes, and
when we appear to be subjugated by a race without the Catholic faith or ordinary
feeling, without nobility, without humanity, as he said in his pastoral, will his excel-
lency throw palms before them, will he sing halleluiahs and consider himself as for-
tunate as the executioners who crucified our Lord Jesus Christ? How much he has
changed in the short space of ten months! ‘Quantum utatus ab illo!”

If his excellency should see this people which has hardly freed itself from its
Spanish slavery crushed down again by a selfish and unfeeling nation, would he be
most content? It may be so, since nothing else can explain his actual conduct and
the fact that he has appealed to the Holy Father, deceiving him, and so arranging
matters that the representatives of Rome in Washington supported the annexation
of this pearl of the Orient.

But what is most sad, my dear readers, is that if his excellency should see our
temples ruined or converted into Protestant chapels, so that the image of our loving
Mother would be no longer venerated upon our altars, if he should see the sign of
our redemption no longer placed in the middle of the atriums of our churches and.
cemeteries, and, in short, see the ministers of the altar scorned, put in ridicule, and
wickedly harassed by this mob of bandits, his most dear friends, would, perchance,
his heart swell with indescribable pleasure and joy because he saw his desire of
remaining in the country accomplished? Most dear Sefior Nozaleda, you have per-
haps thought that you would be praised all over the world for your infamous treason
against God, against your country, against your dear sons, against your sacred office,
against your holy mission, and against Catholic humanity. Perhaps you believe
your famous proclamation to the faithful people, or, as some call it, your pastoral
letter, of the 6th of May, 1898, has been forgotten and has not been translated into
all the dialects of our country.

As it happens there were many printed. We are ‘tchewing the cud”’ continually,
so to speak, upon your energetic and inspiring phrases. We are still carrying out
your ideas incarnated in them, and considering the want of rectitude in your con-
duct, we still must execrate your actual attitude.

From individuals of the corporations, at the head of which is Sefior Nozaleda, we
were taught that the Sefior was a quick and ready man, greatly learned in canon law,
a theologian, and a diplomat. We believed it, so to speak, absolutely. But now we
are completely undeceived, and we are able to state, without fear of error, that he
may be all that and still possess the qualities already mentioned. We would like to
cite many things which we know in order to prove what we say, but the respect due
to his dignity prevents us.

And in spite of his inexcusable conduct and that of the Americanized friars, we
do not hate them. No; we profess a Christian love for them, and in proof thereof
we warn his excellency concerning something, which is, that the immense responsi-
bility which he assumed from the beginning of the revolution has not been forgotten,
120 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

nor, furthermore, the assassination of so many innocent people, ordered by Polavieja,
Echague, and others, thanks to the suggestions and advice of his excellency.

And what are we to say about the friars? We shall not speak of the etait the
torture, and the deaths, etc., which by the use of their money they have perpetrated in
these islands. We shall pass over, also, their intrigues and discovered calumnies, of
which the very Prince of Darkness himself would have been ashamed. But we are
not able to pass in silence the actual condition of apostacy of the archbishop of the
Catholic religion, caused solely by his desire to remain in the country.

The passage of the friars through the Philippines will be ever memorable and
execrated in ‘‘secula seculorum.”’

Although Sefior Nozaleda and the friars should pour out all their millions to atone
for the injuries and outrages which they have caused, they would not be able to still
the cries of their consciences unless they are hardened—‘‘ et cauteriata,’’ as the moral-
ists say. And what can I say of the excommunications, irregularities, and canonical
punishments which accord with such audacious, barbarous, cruel, and indescribable
conduct? Ah! most reverend fathers, do not forget what I have referred to and
described in a few words; repent with all your heart, ask pardon and mercy of the
God of goodness, ask it of Him and undeceive the Holy Father, so that he may
absolve you from all the canonical punishments which you have incurred; shut your-
selves up in your convents to undergo there condign penance, and in the midst of
your afflictions say ‘‘Merito hiec quia peccavimus.”’

This apostle of peace, Aglipay by name, who thus indulged in clerical
polemics, became important to Aguinaldo’s interests in successfully
inciting the people of northwestern Luzon to hostility, either through
force or persuasion, and by his military operations in the tield proved
himself to be abler as a soldier than as a bishop of the church. Through
his instrumentality or personal efforts, and the bloody rule exercised
by Aguinaldo’s Tagalo lieutenants in the country where they still held
control, unexpected resistance, and in some instances unlooked for
attacks in considerable force, were experienced, which made it necessary
to dispatch additional troops in order to furnish the inhabitants the

rotection they required to insure their personal safety. The navy

ad landed a force at Vigan, which had been gladly welcomed by the
citizens and which had quietly taken possession of the city temporarily,
awaiting the arrival of General Young. The latter had sent Major
March’s battalion of the Thirty-third Infantry into the mountains
eastward in pursuit of Aguinaldo, and with the bulk of his remaining
troops was proceeding northward from Namacpacan with the intention
mainly of releasing the Spanish and American prisoners held by the
insurgents in the province of Abra, his cavalry occupying the coast
towns and cities through which he passed.

The telegrams received from him and his subordinates represent
quite fully his operations and the difficulties with which he was obliged
to contend. Lieutenant-Colonel Parker, of the Forty-fifth Infantry,
who was detached from his regiment and serving with the northern
column, telegraphed on December 7 from San Fabian, to which point
he had returned from Vigan for the purpose of asking assistance:

General Scuwan, Chief of Stajt, Manila:

Am on my way to San Fernando to investigate Macabebes. Only 100 fit for duty.
General Young recommends that all be transported back to Manila. I left Vigan 4+
p. m., December 6. Young, with 3 troops and train, arrived there on the 5th;
also 200 marines and sailors. Few insurgents about Vigan. December + Young
took trenches east of Narvacan with loss of 1 killed and 14 wounded. Spanish refu-
gees report San Quintin, east of Vigan, taken ly Hare and Howze on December 5,
who are now advancing on Bangued, where no resistance is expected. Spanish pris-
oners numbering 600 turned loose by insurgents. Spanish higher officers and Ameri-
cans spirited away; direction retreat not known. Command in great need $5,000
quartermaster and subsistence funds; also forage, horseshoes and nails, forge and
blacksmith tools, coal, men’s shoes, stockings, underclothing, hats, leggings, ammu-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 121

nition, and medicines. Hospital ship Relief arrived Vigan Harbor 6 p. m. yesterday,
bringing Wessells and 150 cavalrymen dismounted; horses left at San Fabian.
Young expected Wessell’s command to arrive mounted at Vigan to-day. Owing to
lack of shoes he has only 100 cavalry fit for duty. Transport needed at Vigan to
take back Spanish prisoners. Same transport can bring suppliesand funds. Span-
iards arriving in great numbers. Medicines and surgeons for sick Spaniards needed.
Leave here for San Fernando at 5 p. m.

The following telegraphic correspondence ensued:

Mania, P. I., December 8, 1899.
CoMMANDING Orricer, San Fabian:
_ Should Princeton or Zafiro report at San Fabian for any purpose, inform command-
ing officers that Admiral Watson orders them to return to Vigan with dispatch, to
remain there awaiting arrival Helena. Inform commanding officer Newark that Span-
ih. prisouens will be brought down by Maritima Company’s steamer, which leaves
o-day.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Fasran, December 8, 1899.

General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila: é
Priuceton left harbor this morning without calling for dispatches, although I tried

to signal her, without answer. The Zajfiro left for Vigan with the Utah battery and

other stores last night. I will look out for Newark or other ship and attend to your

orders. Callao left with the Zafiro.

Bisser, Commanding.

®

Maniua, P. I., December 8, 1899.
Colonel BisBez, San Fabian:

Steamer Romulus leaves to-night to bring Spanish prisoners from Vigan, going direct
to that point. Did you give two machine guns to Colonel Parker? If not already
delivered, retain them. ‘Two Nordenfeldts can be sent from here. Answer at once.
Steamer Reyes will proceed north and bring to Manila Macabebe scouts.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

San Fasran, Decenber 8, 1899.
General Scawan, Manila: ‘

The following just received from General Young: ‘‘ Vigan, 8th.—Chief of Staff,
Palace: Dispatches from Wilder at Tuquin, December +, give following information:
Spanish prisoners report engagement between our troops and Aguinaldo’s guard,
commanded by Gregorio del Pilar, 18 miles northwest of Cervantes, Lepanto prov-
ince, on December 3, on well-fortified trail; that the fight lasted four hours, result-
ing in the rout of the enemy, with loss of 70 killed and wounded. Pilarsaid to have
been killed. Our loss 1 killed, 6 wounded. Our troopsin hot pursuit. Wilder now
on March’s trail near that point with 68 Macabebes. Igorrotes repairing trail and
carrying food of their own volition. Hare and Howze entered San Quintin 5th
instant, thence to Pidigan early on the morning of the 6th. From that point Hare
pushed rapidly on direct route northeast, of San Jose in hopes of cutting off escort to
American prisoners. Howze pushed through to Bangued, thence by a more north-
westerly course to make junction with Hare on the 7th. Cronin, with 143 men and
3 officers Thirty-third, started up canyon from Vigan with ammunition and supplies
to be taken by natives on rafts to Bangued. On night of 6th Wessells, with 3 dis-
mounted troops Third Cavalry, arrived at Vigan by boat, having been ordered by
Colonel Bisbee. Morning of 7th Wessels reembarked to return with a written order
from me to proceed mounted with all the force of his command at San Fabian, make
his headquarters with 3 troops at San Fernando and send 1 troop to take station at
Namacpacan. He was also given verbal instructions with reference to patrolling
trails in the mountains. Steever, with two troops of his squadron, left San Fernando.
on 7th, with order, from me to proceed to Narvacan. Captain Koehler, with moun-
tain battery, harness and 40 men, arrived at Vigan this morning on the Zafiro; 40.
122 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

men Thirty-third, under Captain Ashburne, arrived by same boat. Horseshoes and
nails arrived this morning. Two hundred and fifty-nine Spanish prisoners, together
with sick and wounded of my command, started for Manila on 7th on Relief. More
than 300 Spanish prisoners arrived in Vigan during afternoon and evening of 7th,
including 15 or 20 officers. JI am obliged to feed these men, and should have trans-
ort to ship them as soon as possible. The transport is necessary to carry supplies
rom Dagupan to Vigan. :
““The coast road is in fine condition with the exception of a number of burned
bridges, which require a considerable amount of money to repair. Most of these
bridges were destroyed by Aguinaldo’s guard. The telegraph line could be repaired
at a comparatively small expense. Wilder, March, Hare, and Howze are living on
the country. Money is necessary to pay the bills. The $2,500 I borrowed from the
tobacco company at San Fernando should be paid at the earliest practicable moment.
While my columns are operating separately in the mountain trails my headquarters
will bein Vigan. Captain McCalla, Navy, and all of his commanders have assisted
me every way possible. The retention of 5 troops Third Cavalry and mountain
battery forced me to engage Tinio’s concentrated force of three times my number, in
apparently impregnable position, to prevent him from following and embarrassing
March’s column. Lieutenant-Colonel Howze, who led the assaulting column after
dark in that engagement and slept in the trenches, reports enemy’s loss at 35 killed,
10 officers and 68 men wounded. Spanish prisoners estimate the enemy’s loss in
that engagement of the 4th in the mountain pass at 200 killed and wounded. As
soon as cavalry at Vigan can be shod it will go north rapidly by the coast ruad to
Laoag, or to the extreme north of the island if it is thought necessary, being gov-
erned by information obtained at that point. I need 15,000 rations landed at San
Fernando and 50,000 at Vigan, making in all thirty days’ supply at Vigan. There
should be supplies for sale. I have directed Captain Ramsey fo take all trains per-
taining to my command to Vigan. I request that $10,000 Mexican be sent for use of
my command at Vigan. This amount should be invoiced to Captain Ramsey or
Lieutenant Howard, of my staff, at Vigan. I request an officer and detachment of
engineers be ordered up to repair bridges on coast road from San Fabian to Vigan.
(Signed) Young, brigadier-general.”’
Ramsgy, Captain, Ninth Infantry.

San Fazran, December 8, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace, Manila:

Parker took Utah battery, 6 guns; the machine guns are here. Best information is
that Wilder and Macabebe scouts are scouting in mountains near Cervantes. Fifty
on 6th instant were at San Fernando de Union under orders to join Wilder. Best
points to reach them, in my judgment, would be San Fernando de Union, Namac-
pacan, and Candon. Some may go to Vigan. Any found in this vicinity will be
sent to Dagupan.

: BisBEE, Colonel, Commanding.

San Fasian, December 9, 1899.
General Scawan, Chief of Staff:

General Young sent for me last evening to report to him on the Wheeling. He
wishes me to first forward his trains, the last of which will leave here to-morrow
morning. He desired me to proceed to Manila by way of San Fernando Pampanga,
and to procure funds upon his requests to pay certain outstanding indebtedness. His
urgent wants had been supplied, except funds. He returned to Vigan about eleven
last night. I leave here to-morrow in accordance with his orders. His wishes about
transportation agree with the plan telegraphed to me by Colonel Miller, chief quar-
termaster, and which he said were satisfactory. I will report to you immediately
upon arrival.

Ramsey, Captain, Ninth Infantry.

Viaax, December 10, 1899.
CHIEF oF STAFF:

Dispatch from Colonel Howze from Lapas, December 6, shows definitely that our
prisoners are moving north with General Tinio. Two American prisoners were res-
cued near Lapas, by name, Bruce, First Nevada Cavalry, and Edwards, Yorktown,
Navy; also O’Brien, Englishman. Howze left on Tinio’s trail with Penn’s battalion.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 128

Following received from Major March: ‘‘Cayan, P. I. December 7, 1899.—-General
Young, or commanding officer at Candon: I have destroyed Aguinaldo’s bodyguard
and killed General Gregorio del Pilar. General Concepcion and staff have surren-
dered to me and will be sent to the seacoast. Five hundred and seventy-five Span-
ish prisoners, including 150 friars, have been liberated, and the province of Lepanto
cleared of insurgents. Aguinaldo has been driven to mountains a fugitive without a
command, and is making toward Bayonbong. My loss is 2 killed and 9 wounded.
Insurgent loss in battle of Tila Pass 52 killed and wounded. (Signed) March,
commanding.” ‘

Major Sirmyer, Thirty-third Infantry, has just arrived from Dolores. Colonel
Hare marched from Pidigan, via Pilar and Manaba, to San Jose; captured vice-presi-
dente of Bocay with $300 and letter to Aguinaldo addressed to Cayan. Three insur-
gents captured with arms and ammunition state that many insurgents are escaping,
and that they had been without food for three days. Colonel Hare, with 100 picked
men, is on Howze’s trail, leaving 270 men in Bangued. He captured second mes-
senger with letter to Aguinaldo, which states that they would concentrate at Banna-
jin, Ilocos Norte. Colonel Hare left San Gregorio December 9. Navy landed force
at Laoag to-day, consisting of 100 men, also Captain Koehler, Thirty-seventh Infantry,
with one gun. Major Swigert, with 100 cavalry, should reach Batac, on coast road,
to-morrow, with instructions to reconnoiter Bannajin to the east. The 100 men
landed at Laoag include 50 men from the U. 8. S. Wheeling, and 50 men sent by me
with one gun from this point—all that could be spared. Leave to-morrow morning
on Samar with 20 men of my escort for Laoag.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Laoaa, December 11—4.380 p. m.
CHIEF or Starr:

Following just received: ‘‘General’ Young, commanding north column. Sir: I
arrived here with my little command at 12 noon to-day, and have now received all
Spanish prisoners in these parts, and 3 of our prisoners. I came over the moun-
tains, over seemingly impassable trail, and fighting through the mountains and can-
yons J have driven Tinio’s army before me and have killed about 50, wounded many,
captured over 100, also 200 rifles, 7 cannon, about 80,000 pounds of rice, some sugar,
salt, and other supplies; many uniforms, several officers, ete. General Tinio has
taken to the hills to the northwest with our prisoners, but I’ll follow him and, I
think, capture him. I have had only 2 wounded, whom I take with me. I have
captured 20 ponies, more or less worthless, and all the carts and sleds used to get
from Bangued to the mountains. Please send a support to me to Piddig, with all
possible speed, and get us rations to that point, if possible. My men will, when we
get our prisoners, have reached the limit of endurance. I expect a total collapse.
I captured $420 at Lapas from General Quesada, who had a mounted escort which I
destroyed. Very respectfully, (Signed) Robt. Howze, lieutenant-colonel, Thirty-
fourth Infantry, commanding.”

T left Vigan 8 a. m. on Samar, reaching Laoag at 4.30 p.m. Following received
by me here: ‘U.8.8. IVheeling, off Laoag, P.1., December 11, 1899. — Brigadier-
General Young, U.S. A.: General: After disembarking men I remained at Passatoen
till 3 o’clock p.m.; received no signal; then moved slowly down the coast parallel to
beach to Laoag. At 9 signal rocket and green star fired from Laoag as agreed
upon this morning; established signal communication at mouth of river with Ensign
Todd, and sent army rations for our men. I inclose copy of Mr. Todd’s report and
also my additional instructions to Lieutenant Kaiser. Spanish prisoners report
American prisoners (1 officer and several men) taken from Laoag to Salsona. General
Tinio wounded in both legs. There are about 1,500 Spanish prisoners here, including
a general and navy officer, and about 200 sick. Very respectfully, (Signed) W.L.
Burwell, commander, U.S. N.”’ :

Information received last night necessitated my presence here to-day. I have put
Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes in charge of feeding prisoners until transport arrives,
which should be earliest possible moment. Koehler with gun detachment, 1 gun,
and 35 men of Thirty-fourth, started 6 o’clock this morning to join Howze. Swigert
should reach here to-night with 100 cavalrymen. Have given orders about Maca-
bebes. I remain here to-night with navy, under command of Lieutenant Kaiser,
Navy, and 20 cavalrymen under Lieutenant Bell, dismounted, brought with me on
the Samar. I send Sumar with this dispatch to-night. Can not speak too highly of
Howze and his men. Iam much indebted to navy and to Captain Burwell and his
officers for greatly needed assistance rendered.

Youne, Brigadier-General.
124 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Laoau, December 18, 1899.
Cursr or Starr, Manila:

Following received from Howze: ‘‘Maninting, December 12, 1899—5.30 a. m.—

General Young, commanding north column. Sir: I have the honor to report that I
reached this point at sunrise yesterday morning with Major Penn’s battalion on the
trail and within a few hours of our prisoners, under command of Generals Tinio and
Natividad. After careful reconnoissances and from all information, we have found
that Tinio’s column (what is left of it), with 23 of our prisoners, has gone into the
mountains here. An old man I picked up shows that the trail leads toward the
province of Cagayan, but at the crest of the range it seenix to separate into three
trails. One goes toward Bangui, one toward Pamplona, and the other toward Abulug.
On map all lead toward Pamplona at top of mountain, but I believe the chances are
they will try to make Bangui, although there seems to be no trail. The enemy can
not return this way while a command stays here. I recommend that a small com-
mand be sent at once by boat to Bangui. I have had a fight every day since and
including December +. Have traveled rapidly over impassable trails. The pluck of
my officers and men has been remarkable, and they are deserving of the thanks and
praise of our country and its people. We have fought three battalions under two
generals, on plains and mountains, in canyons and towns. We have captured 2 offi-
cerx, 60 men, 7 cannon, 200 rifles, 8 of which were Mausers; 10,000 rounds Mauser
cartridges, 12,000 Mauser bullets and 16,000 Remington, 8 sets reloading tools, pow-
der, lead, brass, the records of two battalions, 20 or 30 ponies, carabaos, 70 or 80 carts,
ete., and much else. We have completely paralyzed Tiniv’s command. His men
are deserting rapidly. The prisoners say his companies run from 4 men to 50 each.
They still have remnants at three battalions. They have plenty ammunition and
all probably now have Mauser rifles. The inhabitants here -ay that it is impossible
for the enemy to get through the mountains, but they have gone there and will prob-
ably get through, as they have plenty of food for the small command that they have.
With all this work, General, you can understand the condition of my command.
Send me 100 fresh men with good shoes, or send me shoes for my men and I’ll drive
the enemy through these mountains. It is just possible that the enemy has gone
short distance into the mountains and is waiting to see our move. I may be able to
determine that point to-day. If the force now at Piddig could have gotten there
thirty hours sooner, the enemy would have been entirely cut off from the mountains.
We drove him too rapidly, however, for that. I have requested the commanding
officer of the forces at Piddig to send me 50 of his men, and if they get here to-day
I may take some men into the mountains anyway. If we push the enemy, I believe
he will make for the province of Cagayan, entering it through the pass of the Rio
Pamplona. The natives say it takes six days tv make the trip, but as yet I have
found no one who has been over the mountains, as the insurrectos have pressed.
everyone into their service as cargadores. * * * Very respectfully, Robert L.
Howze, lieutenant-colone] Thirty-fourth U. 8. V., commanding.”
Following received from Hare: ‘‘Dinglas, December 12, 1899.—To Commander
. 8. Forces, Army or Navy, Laoag: Arrived here at 1 p. m. to-day, and leave at 9
for Salsona. From latest received Howze is pressing for prisoners, and I shall back
him up. Am pressing horses for conveyances. My men are exceedingly tired.
(Signed) Hare.”

Captain Koehler with one gun and detachment and Lieutenant Morrison and
detachment reached here from Salsona 5 p.m. yesterday. Captain Koehler will gar-
rison Laoag with his twenty men, armed with Lee rifles borrowed from the Wheeling.
Naval force from [Wheeling came back this morning, also Lieutenant Morrison with
detachment, except 10 foot-sore men left with Captain Koehler to he landed at Bangui.
Zafiro arrived yesterday afternoon with naval stores, and there are now landed some
2,500 rations and turned over by her commander for my troops; also 100 pairs shoes
and 200 pairs socks for Howze’s command, which will be started to overtake him at
once under charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes with an escortof 10 men. I send 450
Spanish prisoners on Zafiro to-day to Manila. Of these 200 sick, necessitating their
immediate removal. Two were buried yesterday. Nothing heard from Swigert, who
left Vigan at daylight morning of the 10th for this point. Will try to get Captain
McCalla to send army or navy detachment to Pamplona. Will go to Bangui to super-
intend the landing of the force at that point. Will probably return here to-morrow.
Every possible effort will be made to release the American prisoners who, reports
say, are being badly treated now, their guard being pressed too closely.

Youxs, Briyadier-General.

+
I
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 125

Laoaa, December 15, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:
Following received:

“Maninting, December 13, 1899.—General Young: I found Howze here last night,
and his command is simply barefooted. Iwill go ahead this evening with 70 men
and 18 officers, all told. I will follow them over the mountain and think that I shall
come out at Aparrior Pamplona. This takes every man whom I can reasonably hope
will be able to make the trip over the mountains. Howze will stay here and watch
the pass and stand a fine chance to take in the bunch, as they may try to come back
this way.. He is certainly a bundle of nerves and energy. L. R. Hare, colonel,
Thirty-third.” ;

‘“‘Maninting, December 13, 1899.—General Young. Sir: I have the honor to report
that Lieutenant Bell reached me to-day with rations. Colonel Hare is just leaving
for the mountains. My men are absolutely shoeless; only 12 pairs in the whole com-
mand that can stand two days’ march. I will remain here to keep Tinio from fol-
lowing canyon. Tinio is now without a command—a refugee. He came out of the
mountains as an individual, probably with a dozen men. He may try to make
Bangui, but if a small force lands at Bangui he will again have to take to the moun-
tains. I captured 14 men with rifles yesterday, and about 40 played-out pack ponies
here. The command from Aparri should at once work up the Pamplona River toward
an Igorrote community called Cabugaoan, the destination of our prisoners, unless
the enemy chooses to return from the mountains over trail that leads toward Bacora.
* * * Piddig is most important for the passage of the insurrectos, and if the con-
ditions permit should not have been unguarded. Bacora seems an important point
to us, as the trail comes down to the coast at that point, and down the river. I
returned some sick and some wounded with Lieutenant Bell. Very respectfully,
(Signed) Robert L. Howze, lieutenant-colonel, Thirty-fourth Infantry, U. S. V.
P. $.—Is it possible to get shoes sent to Laoag for my men? I will have to get them
before command can be of any service.”’

‘“December 14.—General Young. Sir: I have the honor to inform you that I follow
Colonel Hare this p. m. into the mountains after our prisoners. They are heading for
an Igorrote settlement by name of Cabugaoan. A major, General Natividad’s brother,
came into our column last night, and he confirms what I have already determined,
namely, that our prisoners were at above place guarded by 150 men  Tinio is out
without force, but he may be trying to collect one at Piddig or Vintor. The position
of General Natividad is unknown, but he probably escaped from me at Banna and is
now in mountains about Batoc and ready to surrender when he knows that he will
not be harmed. I believe he gave me the slip with a lot of money at Banna. This
major has written a letter to the officer in charge of our prisoners, telling him to
surrender to me and that we will not maltreat or abuse him, etc. The guard of the
prisoners belongs to this major’s command. I return him to you to be held, at
least, for news of us, if you please. We take five days’ rations. I think it well that
this command now here, about 80 men, be left here until news can be had from me
or Colonel Hare. Very respectfully, (Signed) Howze.”’

“Dinglas, December 13, 1899.—In accordance with orders received, I left my
wagons at Batoc on the 11th instant, and started for Banna, over the mountains, at
3 p.m. There was no road at all. The command reached the foot of the moun-
tains in the evening, and captured 3 out of 5 insurgents who came down from the
mountains. Three guns were captured and destroyed. The command left camp
early the next morning. About 10.30 a. m.,in a small valley in the mountains,
encountered a force of the enemy stated by the natives to be two companies, amount-
ing to about 120 insurgents. This force was engaged and scattered in all directions.
Privates Harry Sweger and Charles W. Frazee were killed and Private John Dillin-
ger wounded, all of Troop A. After burying our two dead, command proceeded on to
Banna, where it arrived at 6 p.m., and received news there of Colonel Howze’s
and Colonel Hare’s commands. These two commands left here for Salsona and
thence northeast for Rancho Cabroogan, according to report of natives here. In
order to cover as much country as possible I shall move at once from here to Pid-
dig, and probably thence to Bintar. From Piddig, however, I shall be governed by
infemnation received on the road. The natives here report that Tinio, Natividad,
and Aguinaldo, disguised, left here Saturday night with a force of three or four com-
panies, some 500 men, going to Salsona and thence to Cabugaoan. (Signed) S. W.
Swigert, major, Third Cavalry.”

Colonel Hayes, with additional rations and 150 pairs of shoes and 250 pairs of
socks, reached Colonel Howze at daylight December 14. I landed at Bangui Lieu-
tenant-Commander Beatty’s battalion marines and bluejackets from Captain Bur-
well’s ship, and 30 men, Thirty-third Infantry, under Lieutenant Morrison, at 6 p. m.
126 . REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

onthe13th. Captain Burwell, with the Wheeling, left at daylight on the 14th to carry
my request to Captain McCalla to send a force to occupy Pamplona. Lieutenant-
Commander Beatty’s force occupied the mountain pass, captured several prisoners
more or less important, with orders to hold here until the arrival of Captain Hunter
with’ his troop to-day. The Wheeling returned bringing good news from McCalla.
I returned here this morning in the Samar, found the Venus just dropping her
anchor, having arrived to transport Spanish prisoners. The Uranus is expected
to-morrow morning and will take balance of 400. I will direct her to call at Vigan
to complete her load. General Tinio is a fugitive without any command, hiding in
the mountains. Major Natividad, brother of the general, has sent a letter to the
commander of the guard of the American prisoners advising him to surrender them
at once. The force that fought Swigert was between the trail of Howze and the coast
road. I have been careful to notify the people from every pueblo to lay down their
arms and go home. In case these bands continue to fire into my troops it may be
necessary for me to make examples of someof them. I feel confident that Hare and
Howze will recapture or force the release of our prisoners now in the mountains within
afew days. Captain Burwell will bring down the foot detachment under Lieutenant
Morrison from Bangui to-morrow, and I shall then return to Vigan to see how mat-
ters are progressing.
Youne, Brigadier- General.

Vican, December, 18, 1899.
Curr or Starr, Manila:

Following just received:

“‘Mountains, December 16, 1899.—General Young: We are following over a trail
that I have never seen equaled for difficulties. So far no one has been hurt, no one
sick. We hope to get out of the mountains to-day. Now as to the prisoners: I
confess that I am ata loss, although O’Brien feels sure that we are on the right
track. The first day out we met some Tangineys who had been picking up guns,
etc., and as they heaved in sight our point opened up and killed one of them.
may have to pay the head aallaser $100 for funeral expenses, and, incidentally, his
good will. You will have to send, for us, at Aparri, clothes and rations. I confess
disappointment, as the prisoners no longer drop signs. Hqwze caught up, and is, of
course, great support in the trip. I feel that there has not been anything that could
have been done that we have not tried, and should we fail, we have simply done
our best. (Signed) Hare.’’

“In mountains, December 16, 1899.—General Young: Sir: Colonel Hare with 70
and I with 60 men, are making for the valley of the Cagayan. We are committed
to this route and can not now turn back, although the insurrectos with our prisoners
may have given us the slip after they got well on the trail. We are on the trail,
very fresh, of a force, but it does not look worn enough for the 150 reported with
insurgents. Colonel Hare and I agree on this being a good military move, for we
will clear these mountains and the valley of Pamplona and Abulug. We ought to
make Aparri within three or four days. I left Captain Rollis, Thirty-fourth, at
Maninbing with about 80 men, Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth combined. If there
has been no development since I left there, there is no necessity of his remaining.
If our prisoners have slipped us they may have headed for the Bacorri Rio, via Vin-
tor, or perhaps for Banna again. If Captain Rollis can be returned to seacoast
where we can be landed if you send to Aparri for us, it would seem to me to be best.
All are well and no accident. (Signed) R. L. Howze.’’

The Wheeling leaves to-night to bring Hare and Howze to this coast; Howze to
Laoag, Hare to this point. The loss of the Macabebes reduces my command so that
it will be necessary to retain Howze unless you can send me another battalion. The
finding and releasing of our prisoners is an imperative duty that can not and should
not be delayed. Steever with two troops Third Cavalry moved yesterday from
Masingal, 10 miles north of this point on main road, on trail in southeastwardly
direction into the pass of the Mulupan River, where an insurgent force has been
reported as refusing to lay down their arms. A strong detachment of infantry
moved from Bangui at the same time to close this pass behind the insurgent forces.
Five wounded men from March’s battalion arrived last night. The other 5 wounded
in same engagement refused to come, being able to do light duty. I propose to keep
the country thoroughly scouted and patrolled as long as there is reason to believe
that there are any armed insurgents in it. Five pack mules to each troop of cavalry
would be of great use to me. I need 100 pack saddles for ponies for use of infantry.
Four ambulances with 4 mules each would be of great assistance. I think it wise to
clean up all this territory at once, without giving the insurgents any time to recuper-
ate and assemble in any large force.

Youne, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 127

Vican, December 21, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Major Steever with two troops left Vigan 17th instant for Balagao Mountain, where
company of insurgents was reported under Captain Reyes. A letter was sent by
Major Dade of my staff to Reyes through president of Lapog on the 14th instant, invit-
ing surrender. At Masingal Major Steever found a letter from Reyes, dated Male-
baletang, December 15, 1899, addressed to president of Masingal, Lapog, Cabugao,
Sinait, and Badoe, calling upon them to capture 76 of his men who had deserted
with arms and munitions. President gave information of Saledono, with force at
Badoc. Heidt’s troop was sent to Mount San Samon, and went to Lapog, whither
information indicated Reyes had gone. Near trenches were new nipa huts, which,
being evidently for barrack purposes, were destroyed. Major Steever with E troop
proceeded to Badoc, where vice-presidente denied that there were any insurgents in
the vicinity, all having gone to Ilocos Norte or Cagayan. He went on into the
mountains to Rancheria Ugus, 12 miles southeast of Badoc. Near Ugus found
trenches and nipa barracks. Information indicated that insurgents had left three
days before. Steever reached Vigan December 20. Captain chou Thirty-third
Infantry, with 74 men, left Bangued December 17, proceeded via trail over Mount
San Samon to Santo Domingo, thence via Vigan to Bangued. On west side of moun-
tain found trenches and nipa protection in process of construction, which he
destroyed. Information obtained from the responsible people of this town indicates
the formation of little bands of robbers, composed of Tagalos belonging to Reyes’s
command. Complaints of robberies come in daily. Castner’s scouts arrived vester-
day from Aparri and will be of service. I need Howzeand his battalion very much,
particularly as he and his officers have passed through the country in which [intend
they shall operate after recuperation. It is the country about Laoag. Laoag is a
larger town than Vigan, and the numerous barrios and thickly settled valleys within
ten miles require considerable forte to guard the mountain passes and protect the
inhabitants until these robber bands are exterminated, which I feel confident can be
done if the proper active measures are pursued. Lieutenant Duffy with a force has
started from here with a telegraph line southward. 5

From Candon north poles and wires have been destroyed by insurgents. I have
caused the provincial presidente of Ilocos Sur to direct the local presidentes to have
the poles delivered and put up as rapidly as possible. I send the Castellano back
to-day under charge of Captain Ramsey for additional needed supplies. She will
carry some sick and wounded and a few Spanish prisoners, also a man from each
troop to find and bring up company records, in order that pay-rolls may be accom-
plished, and men whose service has expired may be discharged. * * * I have
no interpreter now except my aide, Lieutenant Smedburg, who is already over-
worked in performing the duties of adjutant-general and other important service.
Need stenographer and typewriter in order to get up my report within a reasonable
time. It you have any officer or civilian who could be spared to organize the pro-
vincial and municipal governments here, he should be sent at once, as the people are
very anxious to have the government machinery in operation. I have directed all
officials to proceed as they did under Spanish law before the insurrection, until
otherwise directed. I recommend Capt. J.G. Ballance, ‘T'wenty-second Infantry, for
this work, if he can be spared, and it is agreeable to him. Captain Shields, Thirty-
third Infantry, reports from Bangued the presence of roving bands of insurgentsin the
vicinity. December 18 mounted band of 50 or 75 in the vicinity of Pagala, near
Bucay, going east. December 19 band of 7 killed native ranchman near Bangued.
Unconfirmed report that 80 passed near Pidigan December 19. Reenforcements
have been forwarded to Bangued.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

2 Vican, December 21, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Following just received: ‘‘Near Danlaos, in mountains, December 17, 1899.—We
ran into this place yesterday afternoon, afterthe most fatiguing march up and down the
mountains. About 4 o’clock we ran into a small rancheria, and to our surprise and
pleasure found prisoners, Sergeant George McDonald, Company I, Twenty-first Infan-
try, captured at Imus, Cavite; Norman Galen, U. 8. 8S. Baltimore, captured at San
Fabian, November 8, 1899; John J. Farley, U.S. 8. Oregon, captured in Orani River,
September 17, 1899. Gilmore and remainder of party left here yesterday morning
on the road to Cabugaoan and we are, of course, closely behind. We have exhausted
the talent of our guide and are now delayed looking for a pilot. The country is not
128 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

only difficult but perilous, and from what I can learn there is only one way to reach
the place. However, if people have gone over it we will try it too. The cap-
ture was made by a complete surprise. Howze was up with his point, and the
guide showed him the house. Enemy’s sentinel fired as soon as we came in sight.
No one touched, but one insurgent killed by our point and two others who tried to
escape also killed. The country is sparsely settled and the situation critical if we
take back trail. If possible to cross mountains we can get into valley and take care
of ourselves. You can easily appreciate the necessity of a boat at Aparri or Pamp-
lona, preferably Aparri. The magnificient courage, endurance, and spirit of this
command naturally makes me proud of my position as its commander. Howze is as
full of energy, resource, and inspiring enterprise as ever. His example carries great
weight in this, the hardest piece of work of my life. I have promised these guides
$15 apiece, which please pay, as we are out of funds. Hare, Colonel Thirty-Third
Infantry.”

This is most glorious news. Hare and Howze and their little commands have done
wonders, and certainly deserve the thanks of Congress and substantial recognition
for their work. I have sent the Wheeling to Aparri to bring them here, as indicated
in my former dispatch. If the Princeton, which has just dropped anchor off this
place, has no special urgent orders, I will go on her to Laoag to-morrow, and send
out reinforcements with supplies to meet Hare, in case circumstances compel him to
return over trail. * * *

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Vican, December 25 (via Numacpacan, December 28), 1899.
Cuter or Srarr, Malacafian:

On the 23d Captain McCalla reported: ‘‘I will look after Colonel Hare and Howze,
reported to be at Malaueng, province Cagayan. * * * Rumored that Tinio was
at Palasi, in the mountains between Bangui and Claveria, with 1,000 men. I have
85 men at Pamplona, 35 at Aparri, a store ship in the river, and you need never
want for supplies.

Burwell writes under date of 23d: ‘‘Under your instructions I went to Aparri and
sent telegrams and couriers to find Hare and Howze, as Captain Hunter needed
rations, and came back to Bangui to supply him. Have landed 60 bluejackets and
a company to reinforce Hunter until you can be heard from. Have made all arrange-
ments, so there shall be no delay in bringing Hare and Howze to you when they
arrive at Aparri. Boats and cascoes were ordered to help transport the troops when
they strike the river. I have extra rations and can keep my men and Hunter here
indefinitely. Hunter states trails ‘impassable for cavalry horses toward Palasi. On
some maps it is called Patapan; also, Pancan. Tinio’s force reported 1,000 strong.
Can not as yet locate him positively.’ ’’

Insurgents in small bands are committing depredations and robbing in the province
of Abra and in the mountain valleys from Vigan to the northern limit of the island
on the west of the divide. Have given orders to hold all Tagalo insurgents pris-
oners. The Ilocanos are far superior to the Tagalos and beg to have the Tagalos
sent out of these provinces. * * *

‘ Youne, Brigadier- General.

. Mania, December 31, 1899.
General MacArruaur, Bautista:
Young having considerable trouble in Union province, where still many Tagalos.
Let troops that are nearest San Fabian work to northeastward, until more troops can
be sent Young.

ScHWwAN.

Mania, December 31, 1899.
General Youne, Vigan, via San Fabian:

The additional battalion requested by you in Union province will be sent as soon
as practicable to San Fernando, one company Aringay, one Bauang; meanwhile use
battalion Thirty-fourth. General MacArthur requested to operate northeastward
from San Fabian. Small vessel will be sent you if it can be secured. Orders issued
enable you to appoint courts-martial. Ballance with regiment at Candaba. Trading
vessels clearing from Manila will touch at minor points on coast, reporting at nearest
port announced in orders.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 129

Mania, January 1, 1900.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

General Wheaton has been directed to turn over his command to whomsoever you
may designate, and report at these headquarters as soon as practicable. The trouble
in Union province arises from depredations of small bands of returning Tagalos.
Young reports that they rob and murder the inhabitants, and that he has not sufti-
cient troops to cover that country. These bands move along the base of the moun-
tains. Wheaton’s force appears to be well stationed to perform the duty required.
Scouts in the direction of Rosario and in the small towns to the eastward is all that
can be done. Colonel Parker, who has just returned from San Fernando, reports
unsatisfactory condition of affairs at Trinidad, but that point is too far to the north
to be reached by your troops. We will send an additional battalion for use in coun-
try east of Aringay and Bauang as soon as possible? Do you hear anything from

Bongabong?
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Viaan, January &, 1900.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Hare and Howze just arrived with all our prisoners. Their work is unparalleled.
I urge that Hare and Howze be appointed brigadier-generals, volunteers, and all
officers and men, who will be mentioned by name, for medals of honor.
: Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viean, January 11, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace: ;

Have received the following: ‘‘Lieutenant Ward reports that Capt. Theodore
Schultz, Thirty-third Infantry, commanding at Narvacan, while returning from
expedition in the mountains, was fired on about 14 miles from Santa Maria by 40 or
50 insurrectos, armed chiefly with Mausers. Attack very sudden. About one-half
hour after dispatching mounted messenger for reinforcements firing suddenly ceased.
Patrolled surrounding country but found only ‘amigos,’ and together with rein-
forcements returned to camp. Exchange of shots continued for about an hour. No
casualties reported. Will send strong patrol in this direction to-morrow. Schultz,
commanding Narvacan.”’

Following from Wessells: ‘“‘About 50 Tulisanes entered Bangar early this morning
and murdered the presidente and four others. A detachment of cavalry is in

ursuit.’’
B Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viaan, January 13, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Following received from Wessells, San Fernando: ‘‘ Lieutenant Barton, at Namac-
pacan, reports detachment of C troop struck organized band of insurrectos about 6
o’clock last night, 5 miles east of Bangar. Privates Coffey and Benson killed, and
Corporal Flannigan and Privates Reynolds and Meeslightly wounded. Troop D left
here this morning, with ten days’ rations, in pursuit. Twenty of infantry company
will go to Namacpacan to take charge there, and enable Troop C to go out also.
Troop M returned last night from five days’ scout east and north of here.’’

Also report by mail from Wessells, inclosing reports Lieutenant Johnson, Sergeant-
Major Thornton, and Sergeant McBride, Third Cavalry, who report scout by detach-
ment under sergeant-major January 1 and 2. Detachment fired on on 2d instant;
became separated; sergeant-major and 1 man ran ahead, Sergeant McBride and
others behind. Sergeant McBride gave fight, killing 7 of enemy. Result: Private
Austin C. Withers, Troop M, Third Cavalry, 3 horses fully equipped, 2 carbines and
1 revolver captured. Scout by Lieutenant Johnson, on 4th instant, found no definite
traces of Withers. Have ordered full investigation of sergeant-major’s conduct.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

4495——9
130 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Viean, January 16, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL EiauTa Army Corps, Manila:

Major Steever, with two troops, 2 Maxim-Nordenfeldt guns, and Castner’s
scouts, struck enemy in strong position on 14th instant, in open country near Mount
Binmaya. Enemy had a dozen lines of intrenchments, with logs and trunks of
trees, also bowlders, in position to be thrown down on attacking force on steep slope
in front. Fighting continued from noon until dark, when the enemy, demoralized,
scattered and fled to their rear. Colonel Howze joined with 50 men about mid-
night. Insurgents fled to south. Steever is now patrolling country about Lapo,
where some were reported to have fled. Loss to Steever’s column: Private George
Mitchell, Troop E, Third Cavalry, killed.

Following just received from Candon: ‘‘Have just intercepted message from
Tinio to commander of Filipino forces near this place ordering execution of all
Filipinos who surrendered themselves to Americans. Otherwise message not
important. Also intercepted message from Crisanta, rebel comandante near Santa
Lucia, ordering presidentes in towns of Ilocos Sur to furnish money and provisions
and threatening death penalty. Am informed that party of armed insurrectos moved
toward Narvacan last night. Indications point to concentration near Cobeta and
Santa Maria. . (Signed) Captain Davis.’ ;

Colonel Hare reports as follows: ‘‘Lieutenant Lowe, Thirty-third Infantry,
returned from Bandi on the trail from Bangued and Banna. On the 18th he found
a band of 20 insurgents under a lieutenant. Killed 2 and captured 2. Following
up the next day he killed the lieutenant and captured 3. Found rolls of company
papers on body of lieutenant, containing orders and instructions from Tinio and
giving location of other small bands.

; Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viaan, January 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Following received from Colonel Hare from Mount Lamanan: ‘‘ Expedition success-
ful. Will you please send by Indian courier quinine, also three days’ rations of salt,
coffee, and bacon, to San Jose, where it will be sent to San Guillermo. Have hard
bread and sugar in San Jose. Plenty of chills and fever. Expect to be in Ban-
gued on the 20th. John A. Jackson, second lieut., Thirty-third Infantry.”’ Lieu-
tenant Jackson’s expedition was sent out under the following instructions, of Decem-
ber 30: ‘‘Commanding officer, Bangued: Your report of the murder of 8 persons at
Bucay received. Brigadier-general commanding directs me to say that he authorizes
you to proceed as suggested to punish these people, always,‘ however, sparing the
women and children.’’ Information of a second murderous raid by these mountain
Indians, in which they had beheaded 7 people, was received before Lieutenant Jack-
son started on his expedition.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viean, January 22, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT Paciric, Manila:

Following just received: ‘‘ Headquarters Second Battalion Thirty-third Infantry,
Cervantes, near Cayan, January 17.—To Acting Adjutant-General, Vigan: I have just
returned from Quiangan. Inhabitants unite in saying that Aguinaldo did not get
through to that place, and a house-to-house search failed to reveal any trace of him.
Difficulties of travel during march indescribable. My rear guard was attacked twice
by savage Igorrote warriors armed with spears and shields, and one of my men, Pri-
vate Ed. Herrfeldt, E Company, killed by a thrown lance. They were driven off with
great slaughter, 24 being killed in all, while numerous others were undoubtedly
wounded and carried off into the forests. These savages have been attacking the
insurgent forces with impunity and had them completely terrorized. When they
attacked my force, however, they were taught a very severe lesson, which should be
of material value when the United States gets ready to open up that wild country.
March, Thirty-third Infantry, commanding.”

Youne, Brigadier- General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 181

Vican, January 23, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Major Steever returned last night; found graves 28 insurrectos killed in his fight
with Tinio. Native spies in this morning report Tinio’s loss 59 killed. Low-
enburg did wonderful execution with the Nordenfeldt guns. Dodd struck a com-
pany of insurgents near Santa Lucia yesterday about noon, killing 6. Was fol-
lowing up closely last night. Hare leit Bangued at 4 a. m. yesterday for a forced
march to Abualan with 50 picked scouts mounted on native ponies; Ashburn will
follow him with 100 foot soldiers. My men are kept too much on the go. I need
one more battalion of experienced men, like those under Hare and Howze, and will
drive these outlaws out or kill them, and settle the savages before letting up. Please
send me $1,000, secret service, by Ballance or Burnside.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Manina, P. L., January 26, 1900.
General Youne, Vigan:
Castner’s scouts scattered and in bad condition. Must be collected and paid off.
Send Castner and those with him in your district to Manila first opportunity.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Viaan, January 26, 1900.
ApsuTaNT GENERAL Department Pucific:

Castner’s scouts will be withdrawn from Santo Domingo and sent to Manila first
opportunity. I should have at least one large company of infantry to take these
scouts’ place. Could you not send me the fourth company belonging to Penn’s bat-
talion of the Thirty-fourth? This would unite the battalion and give Howze sufficient
force to station a company at Badoc and permit the port of Currimao to be opened.
The foothills, extending to the coast road, give effective cover to these bandits and
outlaws, who can see the approach of cavalry patrol at long distance, and in order to
a proper protection to telegraph line it will be necessary to station detachments at

requent intervals between Vigan and Laoag. March sent in 4 officers and 16 men,
who came up from the direction of Trinidad and surrendered to him at convent. I
am holding them at Candon for transportation by steamer to their homes near Manila.
There are held here and at Laoag about 125 Tagalo prisoners awaiting transportation
south. The necessity of a steam vessel here stationed under my command is again
urged. My cavalry horses are worked up to their limit of endurance. My belief is
that by keeping up a constant hunt after these murderers, thieves, and robbers the
country can be cleared of them in two months, and I belieye that this can be accom-
plished by adding to my present force the absent company of Penn’s battalion and
small steam vessel capable of carrying one company and the necessary supplies. It
could be accomplished sooner with more troops.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Maniua, January 26, 1900.
General Youne, Vigan:

Troops required in southeastern Luzon and in northern Mindanao make it difficult
to increase your force at present. Can not Johnson’s battalion, Twenty-ninth, cover
the Bangar section of country? General MacArthur might possibly cover country
south of Aringay with his troops if necessary.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Mantua, January 27, 1900.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

General Young wishes to keep the three companies Thirty-fourth now with him,
and to have added to it the absent company which is in your command. If you can
not possibly spare the company General Young will beso advised. He is obliged to
keep the three companies now with him for some little time, as Tinio is giving him a
good deal of trouble. We sent to him a battalion of the Twenty-ninth, and would

reinforce him from here if conditions were different. :
Barry, Adjutant-General.
132 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manina, January 27, 1900.
General Youna, Vigan:

General MacArthur has been directed to send to Dagupan for shipment to Vigan
the fourth company of the battalion of the Thirty-fourth Infantry now with you in
case he can spare it. The Romulus, with large supply subsistence stores, left for sta-
tions in your district yesterday afternoon.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Vican, January 27, 1900.

ApsuTant-GENERAL EigHTH Army Corps,
Palace, Manila:

Following just received, dated Tagudin, January 27, forwarded to Namacpacan:
‘‘Surprised here last night a band of insurgents numbering 15; killed 2, wounded 1,
captured 2, and 3 ponies equipped. Balance escaped to the hills; will try, through
information obtained from the prisoners, to locate them to-day. (Signed) W. L.
Lowe, first lieutenant, Thirty-third Infantry.”’

Youne, Brigadier- General.

Mania, January 27, 1900.
General Youne, Vigan.

General MacArthur reports that it is impossible to dispense with the service of
company Thirty-fourth Infantry you desire, and states further that he must suspend
a directed movement on Baler, eastern coast of Luzon, until he receives three com-
panies Thirty-fourth Infantry now in your district. You may hold Castner’s scouts
until further advised. Will endeavor to send absent members of that organization
to it. ;

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Viaan, January 28, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PACIFIC:

Colonel Hare returned last evening from Bangued. The result of the expedition
under Captain Ashburn, which Colonel Hare accompanied, is 2 lieutenants and 9 men
killed and 5 men captured. Twenty Remington rifles and a large quantity of ammau-
nition captured. One of the prisoners captured is wounded. Colonel Hare required
the prisoner to identify and give the names of the killed. The success of this expe-
dition is gratifying. Full report by first mail. Additional force at this time will
save months of labor later.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Canpon, January 30, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Following received trom Paymaster Downey last night: ‘‘Was attacked other side
of summit, about 6 miles from Candon. Estimated number of insurgents 20 to 30.
Escort did their usual good work and we killed 3 and wounded several. Not one of
my men were touched.’’ Major Downey has an escort of 16 men from the Thirty-
third Infantry. The wire was again cut on the night of the 28th, both north and
south of Vigan. On19th, lineman going south to repair line drivenin. Came here last
night on gunboat Samar. As it seems impossible to get troops for operations in my
territory, [am obliged to withdraw March’s battalion, Thirty-third, from Bontoc and
Lepanto to cooperate with the troops from Vigan and Bangued, in the neighborhood
of Villavieja. I regret your inability to send me more troops, and that I am com-
pelled to this action. Return to Vigan to-day. The insurgent forces in this section
are split into guerrilla bands under the general direction of Tinio. They have terror-
ized the people and enforced their commands and contributions by murder when
refused. I must again invite your attention to the necessity for a steam vessel for
special use on the long coast of my territory. The destruction of wire between this
point and Narvacan is about 1 mile, with poles cut down and wire cut in pieces
and carried off.

Youne, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 133

Mantua, January 31, 1900.
General Youne, Vigan:

Every effort being made to secure a suitable vessel for the coast of your district.
Parties in Hongkong hunting that market for a number. We are now supplying
troops on nearly 5,000 miles of coast. Every vessel available at work. Troops
occupy the whole of Luzon, except Camarines; the islands of Cantanduanes, Samar,
Leyte, Cebu, Negros, Panay, Romblon, Mindanao; several points of the Jolo Archi-
pelago, and a new expedition is about to start for southern waters. Your wants will
be attended to as soon as possible. Report what distinct people oppose your troops—
are they Tagalos or natives of that section? Many Tagalos have passed from your
section, 500 going southeast, and insurgent Secretary of War Flores has made two
attempts to concentrate troops in the vicinity of Humingan. Mascardo, San Miguel,
and Garcia in MacArthur’s territory. Other insurgent generals formerly north, now
south. Know of no insurgent general north except Tinio, who has been in that section
many months and had two battalions of troops. Herald correspondent, journeying
unaccompanied through Benguet province, reports this morning that all villages of
that province in peaceful condition, glad to be rid of insurgents.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Viaan, February 2, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL Eiguta Army Corps,
Manila, P. I:

Captain Butler and Lieutenant Jackson, with 80 men Thirty-third Infantry, left
Bangued at 3.30 yesterday morning, surrounded the town of Tayun and captured
Col. Sylvester Domingo and Lieut. Ramon Lizardo. Detailed report not yet received.
These officers were levying contributions for Tinio.

March reports capture, near Angaqui, of 14 insurgent soldiers with their guns and
ammunition on the trail leading from Abra. These, together with all prisoners of
a pelouzing in provinces south, will be sent under guard on steamer Romulus to

anila.

Youne, Brigadier- General.

Viaan, February 3, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace, Manila:
Captain Van Way reports from Bangued that courier brought information that at
6 p.m., February 1, an officer and 7 insurrectos entered San Jose and shot and killed
Presidente Hilaron Crisologo, Schoolmaster Perfecto Cruz, and Manuel Javier, the
latter having been a guide for American forces. The party then left, presumably to
join Villamar in the mountains.
Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viean, February 17, 1900.
ApDJuTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Following received, dated Laoag, February 16: ‘‘ President Pasay reported, 3 a. m.
last night, that a company of 50 insurgents were in his jurisdiction. I dispatched
troops there, reaching and striking band before daylight, killing 3 of them and mor-
tally wounding 1. Our casualties none. The band proved to be about 25 bolomen,
sent in to get recruits. The chief is Antonio Constantino. The mortally wounded
man says Aglipay is in Pangasinan province. Lieutenant Lansing, Thirty-fourth
Infantry, commanded the detachment, and moved with great judgment. (Signed)
Howze, commanding.”

Also Laoag, February 16: ‘‘ Yesterday the president here sent 14 of his police to
the northeastern jurisdiction of Pasaquin, where they were joined by the lieutenant of
police of Pasaquin, for purpose of placing small band insurgents reported there. The

arty struck the band, capturing 4 insurrectos and 3 rifles. The work of the presi-
Fontes police and spies in the province splendid. (Signed) Howze, commanding.”
Youne, Brigadier-General,
184 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Maniza, P. I., March 1, 1900.
Brig. Gen. 8. B. M. Youne, U.S.A.,
Vigan, Luzon.

Str: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated Vigan, February 25.
Its contents have been carefully considered by the commanding general of the depart-
ment. It is of course his desire to give you, consistent with requirements elsewhere,
all the troops that are needed for the restoration of order within the limits of your
command. Present indications are, however, that not more than one additional
battalion, of 400 men, can be allotted to your district. Even these can not be spared
until the result of the expedition to the Camarines is known. In Manila, quiet
though enough upon the surface of things, there is a large number of plotting and
scheming insurgents, many of whom held high rank in the rebel army, necessitating
the presence here and in this vicinity of a considerable body of troops. More men
are also required for service along the railway and for patrolling the country adja-
cent thereto. Much as we would like to meet your wishes in that behalf, it seems
impracticable to let Duvall’s regiment or any part of it join your command. The
dispersion of battalions of same regiment is obviously objectionable, and Johnson’s
battalion of the Twenty-ninth Infantry being already in your district, it seems fitting
that your force should be strengthened by completing an organization already form-
ing a part thereof.

Very respectfully, TuEo. Scowan,
Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff.

Viean, March 6, 1900.
Curer or Starr, Manila:

The following dispatches are repeated for your information: ‘‘Laoag, March 6.—
To Adjutant-General, Vigan: Look out for juntas of insurrectos. I have just rounded
up one here and have the ringleaders. They seem to be working under Aglipay’s
orders, and the time to revolt is apparently near. Unfortunately, did not get any
papers or letters. The sign now adopted is the Katipunan triangle and sun tatooed
with blood upon the breast. These juntas are operating in all the general’s territory;
very weak yet, but getting strong rapidly. My striking them to-day will probabl
cause a change of sign and weaken the prospect for them in this province. (Sioned)
Howze, commanding.”

‘‘Namacpacan, March 6.—Adjutant-General, Vigan: In reference to the killing of
Corporal King and Private Davis at San Francisco, I wish to add that I have definite
information of the existence of at least five insurrecto organizations within a radius of
10 miles of Namacpacan and Bangar. The topography is such that it is impossible
to bring large force in contact with these insurrectos. When they greatly outnumber
the Americans they fight, otherwise they retreat into mountains. The situation is
such that it is unsafe to send out bodies of less than 40 or 50 men. The insurrectos
have a well-organized system of espionage, and all movements are immediately
reported by couriers. Secret information leads me to distrust most of the native
officials. The insurrecto recruiting officers are telling the natives that the Americans
are meeting with heavy losses in the south. I have reason to believe that at an early
date a large shipment of arms and ammunition is expected from Japan, but will not
necessarily be unloaded in the atta The troops at Namacpacan and Bangar,
within the last five or six weeks, have lost 6 men killed, 2 missing, and 6 wounded.
The insurrectos have captured 14 American carbines and rifles and about equal num-
ber of revolvers. The following insurrecto officers are in the field in the vicinity:
Lieutenant-Colonel Villamar, in vicinity of Alilem; Major Guiterrez, somewhere
between Alilem and San Juan; Captain Angeles, near San Francisco; Captain Men-
doza, near Castro; Captain Hapon, near Tagudin; Lieutenant Simplicio, near Castro;
Lieutenant Cruz, near Balaoang; Lieutenants Resurrecion and Joaquin Luna, near
Batatoan. I don’t believe that it serves our interests to send out small scouting
parties. Past experience has been that no information is ae or large forces
are encountered. The dead men all show evidences of mutilation. Will send Col-
onel Wessels a copy of this message. (Signed) Johnson, captain.’

Pack transportation is necessary for me to keep a large enough force in the field to
contend with the enemy under the conditions now existing.

Youne, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 135

Vican, March 7, 1900.
Carer oF Starr, Manila:

Following just received from Laoag: ‘‘I have to report that although we are thor-
oughly patrolling this province with the troops of this command, and that everything
is now tranquil, and the people apparently contented and resuming former condi-
tions, yet there is strong undercurrent of bad spirit and preparations for revolt.
There are not sufficient troops in this province for the work now being done. In
view of approaching rainy season, when communication will be slow and difficult, a
greater number of subposts will be necessary to be established, and the need for more
troops will be most urgent. I most respectfully repeat my request that Captain
Davies’s company of this battalion, Thirty-fourth Infantry, together with all the
absent men of Companies F, G, and H, be ordered here for duty as soon as possible.
(Signed) Howze, commanding.’’ Approved.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viean, March 19, 1900.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Following just received: ‘‘Yesterday March made a concerted movement from
Candon on barrio Ambayado, in mountains between Salcedo and Lingai, while from
Angaki with 30 men, and Jenkinsen from Candon with 45, closed in on both sides;
picked up an insurgent lieutenant and 1 rifle. Tbe usual report of large force there,
said to have been 300 men, did not materialize. Are prisoners to be treated as
prisoners of war or bandits? No casualties. Power, with mounted detachment
24 men, has been scouting the country around Tagudin without finding anything.
Returning yesterday afternoon, he ran into a band of them near where the telegraph
line was cut several days ago near Santa Cruz. He estimates their number as 60,
from amount of fire and empty shells found. Had a fight lasting some time, during
which he had 1 man wounded, Corporal Walter Trahern, Company E, leg, severe.
He lost 3 native ponies, killed. He ended the fight by charging the enemy and
driving them out behind their shelter and scattering them. Found 1 dead body,
3 hats with bullet holes in them and blood and brains inside, and saw others drop.
Three prisoners. (Signed) Hare, commanding.” Am expecting report from Howze
of concerted movement of four columns on enemy in mountains between Badoc and
Banna, where information placed Tinio and Aglipay with 400 men.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viean, March 19, 1900.
Curer or Starr, Manila:

Following just received from Lasay: ‘‘The patrols ran into a small band of insur-
rectos yesterday, some with rifles. Killed 4 and captured 19. Day before yesterday
captured 23 with 2 rifles—the main band scattered in every direction. They had a
few rifles, including the Krags probably lost by Scott?’s detachment. Will give them
another shooting up in a few days. (Signed), Howze, commanding.”

Youne, Brigadier- General.

Vican, March 22, 1900.
Cuter or Srarr, Manila:

Following just received: ‘‘Laoag, March 22, 1900.—Request that two troops or
companies be sent to this province for duty and station for the following reasons:
The territory is so large and mountainous it is impossible to give the pueblos proper
attention or properly reconnoiter the country with the troops of my command, and.
the organizations are constantly on the march, and hard work beginning to tell on
the men. The influence of Father Aglipay continues unabated, and he has now
appealed to the Catholic faith of the natives, calling upon them to defend Catholicity
against American religion. He has been branding the men and forcing them to
serve him. He is making a great struggle, which must be met. Respectfully request
that this matter be given your first attention. (Signed) Howze, commanding.”’

Howze has done splendid work but the strain is too great on his men. If it is
now possible for MacArthur to spare the other company of Penn’s battalion, I urge
that it be sent at once. We must use every energy to settle, if possible, this trouble
before the rainy season begins. I need 50 additional pack mules, 20 each at Laoag
186 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

and San Fernando, and 10 at Vigan. A greater number would facilitate matters,
but I will try to do with the additional number asked for.

Following just received from Laoag: ‘‘Regret to inform you that the president of
Pasuquin was taken off yesterday morning and killed by a band of about 20 ladrones.
Have two detachments after them. Hope to kill the whole band, but difficult to
find. (Signed) Howze, commanding.”

Youne, Brigadier-General.
¢
Mania, March 28, 1900.
General Youne, Vigan: ‘

General MacArthur can not spare troops. Generals Garcia, Pilar, Mascardo, Ale-
jandrino, with guerrilla bands active within his command. Second Battalion Forty-
eighth leaves for San Fernando to-day, and Third Battalion will follow as soon as con-
ditions in this section and southern provinces permit. Are Castner’s scouts efficient,
and would it be policy to numerically increase that organization? Mules will be sent
you as soon as received; 500 expected daily.

BarBer, Adjutant-General.

Viaan, March 24, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

The native scouts, Castner’s, now under Captain Green, are highly effective, and I
request authority to increase the number to 250; the increase to be composed of Ilo-
canos. One additional troop of cavalry left this morning for duty in Howze’s terri-
tory, and I propose to send a detachment native scouts, if the increase be allowed.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

San Fernanpo DE Union, March 29, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PaciFic, Manila:

Lieutenant Johnson, Third Cavalry, with Troop M, assisted and guided by a native,
, With 300 friendly inhabitants, captured 25 Remington rifles and
ammunition east of Cava, in the mountains between San Fernando and Aringay, on
27th. This native, , has performed most loyal and excellent serv-
ice during the past month. I have authorized his employment as chief detective
under Colonel Duvall. As his followers are armed principally with clubs and bolos,
I have directed Colonel Duvall to select 25 of the most intelligent followers and arm
them with the captured rifles for a campaign that is now being inaugurated in this
section for the breaking and destruction of the Katipunan society. Information from
different sources is that Tinio, Luna, Macabulus, Aglipay, and officers of lesser note
are making strong efforts to reorganize and concentrate sufficient forces to attack
subposts in detail. Colonel Duvall has taken hold to my entire satisfaction. I am
very anxious to have the Third Battalion of his regiment as soon as possible. With
it and the additional pack mules it is possible to clean this country up before or soon
after commencement of rainy season. I leave for Vigan in the Samar at 11.30 to-day.

Youne.

 

 

 

 

Viean, April 2, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF THE PaciFIc,
Palace:
Duvall reports from San Fernando that 12 rifles were brought in 31st ultimo, making
49 in two weeks.
Youne, Brigadier-General.

Viean, April 8, 1900.
ApsuTANT-GENERAL, E1gHTtH ARMy Corps:

Following just received from San Fernando: ‘‘Captain Buck reports detachment
20 men of Company L, under Lieutenant White, answered call for help against party
of robbers at Taboank, Benguet, April1. Results: One Mauser, 2 Remingtons, and
150 rounds of ammunition captured, and whole party, 5 in number, killed. No cas-
ualties for us. (Signed.) Lovell, Commanding.”

Youne, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 187

Vican, April 4, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF THE PaciFIc,
: Palace:

Duvall reports from San Fernando, April 3, that in answer to report sent by vice-
president of San Juan that police and natives had insurrectos surrounded in a church,
he sent troop of cavalry; found natives had tied Capt. Fortunato Caerlan and others
of insurrecto company at San Fernando, and that two had gotten away. While
returning to San Fernando Caerlan slipped off ropes, and trying to escape was killed
by the guard. Caerlan had in his possession a cedula exactly tallying with his own
description, but made out for another man residing in Pangasinan. Duvall also
reports 2 ladrones captured at San Rosario, and 10 insurgents, including Lieut.
Teodoro Collas, captured in barrio Macabat, 3 miles east of Aringay; also 7 Reming-
tons and 242 rounds of ammunition, 10 bolos and 34 fraidoras. Eight Remingtons
brought into San Fernando by native assistance. Duvall is doing excellent work.

Youne, Brigadier- General.

Viaan, April 14, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

The following information is from my most reliable source: Aguinaldo in province
of Cagayan. Tinio in Ilocos Sur. Padre Aglipay died from wounds in Ilocos Norte.
Various other officers about Tagulin, Bangar, and Baloang. I still doubt death of
the priest. My commanders are alladvised. Eight Remington rifles and one Mauser
carbine were surrendered to native auxiliary at Caea yesterday by insurgent soldiers
previously paroled.

Youne, Brigadier-General.

Mania, P. L., April 14, 1900.
General Youne, Vigan:

Information obtained here ten days since that Aguinaldo in province of Cagayan-
He has with him some 500 armed men scattered through mountains from Malaueg
south through small villages for probably 30 miles. The information conveyed by
you in to-day’s telegram appears to agree with that report.

Barer, Adjutant-General.

Vican, April 16, 1900.
ApsuTaNnt-GENERAL, Bautista,

Following just received from San Fernando de Union: ‘‘Thomason returned here
to-day with detachment 13 men after six days’ scout in Benguet. Chased Captain
Fontenilla’s company from Galiano to Capangan, where he struck them, and then to
a point nearly two days’ march east of Capangan, to a barrio called Odong, where they
dispersed into the mountains. Killed 6 insurrectos and brought in 8 rifles and small
amount of ammunition, also Colonel Guiterrez’s horse and pistol captured in Capan-

an. Thomason had no casualties. His original party, 54 men and Lieutenant Chis-

olm and 100 friendly natives divided at Bayabas, sending Chisholm via Sablang,
intending to join at Capangan, but Chisholm did not make itin time. Rest of detach-
ment has returned to Aringay. Asresult of harrying two days’ running fight, Fon-
tenilla sent word that if permitted to return to Tubao and resume work, he would
surrender 87 rifles, 1830 men and 4 officers, besides himself. One of these officers is
Naimo Genova, who has given much trouble. As Thomason knew that Fontenilla
was presidente, he would not grant the terms, but promised that if superior authority
did not grant them, he would return him and his company to the place of conference,
but the captain was mistrustful. As General Orders 40 allow his dismissal from office
by district commander, I respectfully recommend that his offer be accepted, and that
neither he nor his followers be tried if he fulfillsthe contract to deliver. The lesson
they have just had will be ample to keepthem straight. Duvall, commanding.”

I have instructed Duvall that the surrender can only be accepted unconditionally,
otherwise troops must pursue, kill, and destroy.

Youne, Brigadier-General.
188 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Vigan, April 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

During 15th, 16th, and 17th instant we have killed 333 of Aglipay’s religious
fanatics in Ilocos Norte, slain verified by commissioned officers. Aglipay forced the
fighting at Batac from daylight till dark on 16th. Thayer with ammunition and 25
troopers arrived from north at 3 p.m. Heidt with 40 troopers arrived from south at
5.30 p.m. Our loss, 2 killed, and 4 wounded. There was some hand-to-hand work,
bayonets versus bolos. Our officers and men magnificent.

Youn, Brigadier-General.

The foregoing copies of telegrams, selected from many which passed,
indicate sufficiently the nature and difficulties of this northern cam-
paign which General Young conducted. While driving the force with
Aguinaldo to the northeastward, he hastened up the coast to liberate
the Spanish and American prisoners who had been sent by the enemy
into that region during several preceding months, where they were
retained under Tagalo supervision. His troops liberated more than
3,000 of them, following relentlessly all armed bodies and detachments
by which they were guarded. The importance which the insurgents
attached to the retention of them may be understood from the cap-
tured instructions sent to one of their chief officers on November 15
from Tarlac, which are as follows:

Will not go to Manila. Otis did not accept our proposition. To-day enemy
attacked our outposts, because Otis promised McKinley to take Tarlac to-day. Think
they can not break through. Take care of our prisoners, for therein lies our great
hope. Spanish commissioners try to deceive us, dealing with us as insurgents. Our
government sent them away and they withdrew greatly displeased. The quadruple
alliance between France, Russia, Germany, and Spain is a fact. Before December

we will know our fate. Throughout Europe there is sympathy for our cause. Amer-
can Democrats already in our favor. They are sure of Bryan’striumph next election.

The secure holding of the imprisoned friars was likewise deemed
most important. Three hundred of them were collected in the Benguet
and Abra provinces and in the valley of the Cagayan, and through
them the insurgents expected to extort favorable action from the
Roman Catholic Church authorities. The loss of all these prisoners at
this time was a great blow to the aspirations and expectations of Agui-
naldo and his adherents, for they had for several months been cotiduct-
ing negotiations with Spain having in viewa general release, but their
demands were exorbitant, extending to the official recognition of
their so-called government and the payment of a very large sum of
money. To these negotiations allusion is made in the statement con-
tained in the above-cited telegram that ‘‘Spanish commissioners try to
deceive us, etc.”

A review of the telegraphic dispatches which we have presented
shows that the difficulties experienced by General Young’s troops
increased greatly after they entered these northwestern provinces,
because of the efforts of the Tagalo chiefs to incite the inhabitants to
active hostility by every possible artifice, appealing to their creed,
superstitions and race prejudices, and by ruthlessly enforcing the
demands which they made upon them through robbery and murder.
The dispatches show that our men were gladly received by the mass
of the people upon entering the provinces, that later, a portion of the

eople under insurgent impressment contributed in men and money to
ine the Americans out, and finally that the great majority, gaining
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 189

confidence, united with our troops to destroy the Tagalos and the rob-
ber bands which they directed. It was found necessary to gradually
increase General Young’s force as the efforts of the enemy increased.
He had with him originally the Third Cavalry, the Thirty-third and
three companies of the Thirty-fourth Infantry, and there were sent to
him an additional 15 companies of infantry and a battalion of native
scouts, which was increased in numbers to 250.

Our cursory review of these operations extends over a period of five
months, or from the middle of November to April 18, whereas we cov-
ered a recital of affairs in the Cagayan Valley and in other portions of
Luzon north of Manila to December 16 only. Nor have we mentioned
the attempts put forth to establish civil government and to open the
coast ports to trade in any of the provinces of the island of which we
had taken possession during the fall and winter, and which were initi-
ated in northwestern Luzon as early as December 22. We leave these
civil matters for future consideration, intending now to bring forward
military operations in the Cagayan country to'a recent date, thereafter
to recount the various incidents of the campaign in southern Luzon,
which commenced in January, and those which attended the active
employment of our troops in the Visayas under the supervision of
Brigadier-General Hughes, which began early in November and con-
tinued through several successive months.

Tirona, the insurgent general, surrendered the provinces of the
Cagayan Valley to Captain McCalla of the Navy on the 11th of Decem-
ber while Batchelor’s battalion of the Twenty-fourth Infantry and
Castner’s native scouts were descending the river. That battalion was
to be brought to Dagupan by sea, thence to proceed to join its regi-
ment in the Nueva Ecija province, and it was necessary to send troops
to Aparri to relieve it and to police the country to the northward as
far as Bayonbong, where Baldwin’s battalion of the Twenty-second
Infantry was retained. The little opposition encountered by the
Twenty-fourth Infantry battalion indicated that a small force would
prove sufficient for the purpose, and the Sixteenth Infantry was detailed
for that duty in orders of which the following is a copy:

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice U. 8. Mitrrary GovERNOR IN THE
PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 69. Manila, P. I., December 21, 1899.*

I. The Sixteenth United States Infantry, Col. Charles C. Hood, commanding, will
proceed by such water transportation as the quartermaster’s department may be
able to furnish to Aparri, Luzon, as soon as practicable. Upon arrival thereat, Colo-
nel Hood will station troops of his regiment at Aparri and Tuguegarao, in the prov- ,
ince of Cagayan; Ilagan, in the province of Isabela, and at Bagabad or Bayonbong
or Bambang, in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, whichever of the three last-men-
tioned towns offers the best facilities for the supply of troops and for the protection
of the inhabitants of that section of country.

The headquarters and one battalion of the regiment will take station at Aparri,
one battalion at Tuguegarao and Ilagan, and the remaining troops to the south of
the same on the line above indicated.

Colonel Hood is hereby appointed military governor of the provinces of Cagayan,
Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya. He will establish civil government in the towns within |
his command, after the course pursued by him in the province of Bulacan along the
railway line which his regiment recently occupied. He will receive from the present
civil governor, General Tirona, at Aparri, who was temporarily continued in office
by the United States authorities after the late surrender by him of the provinces
indicated, all records and public property pertaining thereto, and will establish,
through the appointment of officers of his command and necessary details, the cus-
toms and internal revenue offices demanded for the execution of public civil admin-
istration. These offices will be conducted as prescribed by general orders issued
140 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

from this office and the specific instructions prepared by the customs and internal
revenue offices at. Manila. Correspondence upon all matters of civil administration
will be conducted with the secretary to the military governor. Further instructions
will be communicated to Colonel Hood, for his guidance before his departure, by the
military governor.

The regiment mpon sailing will be supplied with 50,000 rations in bulk, besides 15
rations per man from date of sailing; also 250,000 rounds of ammunition, and the
quartermaster’s transportation which may hereafter be determined upon. Coasting
vessels will be dispatched as soon as secured and laden.

These orders preceded by a single day the appointment of General
Young as military governor of all provinces of northern Luzon west
of those of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya, to wit: Abra, Bon-
toc, Benguet, Lepanto, Ilocos (north and south), and Union, with
headquarters at Vigan.

The Sixteenth Infantry sailed for Aparri as directed, and upon
arrival there two of its battalions proceeded up the Rio Grande de
Cagayan for distribution at the most important centers of pes
which they oceupied. Affairs progressed favorably until March 1,
when active hostilities were incited by the Tagalos, whom General
Tirona had surrendered and who remained in the country, and by
others who had crossed in small detachments from over the western
mountain districts of Isabela and the Nueva Vizcaya provinces. A
number of the inhabitants were robbed and a few murdered. Minor
engagements resulted, the most severe of which occurred west of
Aparri near Linao, occasioned by mi See troops who probably had
made their way to that point, where they intrenched, by the north
coast road and where they had been joined by the disaffected in the
vicinity. The Aparri troops were sent to drive them out, and in the
operations which ensued suffered the loss of an officer and several
men in killed and wounded. On March 5 Colonel Hood called for
additional troops, when headquarters and two battalions of the Forty-
ninth Infantry were promptly sent. These were distributed in the
upper country and soon restored safety and the resumption of active
business within its borders. Considerable labor attended the supply-
ing of these detachments, and we were obliged finally to look to the
route northward over the Caraballo pass by which to transport by

ack and wheel the supplies required in the Bayonbong district.
hose needed for all other stations were drawn from Aparri as a base.

Upon the return of General Lawton and staff to Manila on Decem-
ber 16 the province of Bulacan reverted to General MacArthur’s
control. The operations of his troops under Generals Bell and Grant
in the provinces of Zambales and Bataan, to which the bulk of Agui-
naldo’s railroad force had retired, and likewise all important military
movements to the eastward of the Rio Grande River, have been herein
reported to date of December 12. The withdrawal soon after of Gen-
eral Wheaton and staff from the Tayug line to Manila placed all por-
tions of Luzon north of Caloocan and south of the districts of Generals
Young and Hood under General MacArthur’s supervision. General
Grant had marched through the Bataan province and with Navy
assistance had taken possession of Olongapo and Subig, on the shore
of Subig Bay. He was preparing to march up the coast and com-
municate with the column, which had shortly before passed from
Bamban on the railroad, through O'Donnell, directly westward for
Iba. Large captures of insurgent military stores had been made by
General Bell in northern Zambales, and the remnants of the dispersed
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 141

insurgent army had been driven back into the mountains. On Decem-
ber 14 and 15 the following telegraphic correspondence passed:

Bautista, December 14, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila: .

The primary purpose of combined movements in Bataan and Zambales has been
accomplished by union of Iba and Subig columns at Subig, with a view to perma-
nent control and pacification of Bataan and Zambales. I recommend occupation for
the present of Orani, Subig, Iba, and Santa Cruz by troops of Thirty-second and
Twenty-fifth, now with General Grant. Third Infantry detachment now with him to
return as soon as possible, so that the battalion to which it belongs may go to the rail-
road in pursuance of yourorders of yesterday. If recommendation is approved, please
direct General Grant to locate the Thirty-second at Orani and ee the strength of
each garrison to be determined by him, and to send the Twenty-fifth to Iba, with
directions to place 100 men at Santa Cruz. This programme would of course require
some arrangements for supply of garrisons by water, and it would also be well to
initiate some action immediately looking to the telegraphic connection of the garri-
sons mentioned with the line now operating between Angeles and Dinalupihan. I
now occupy O’Donnell, Moriones, San Ignacio, and Mangatarem, and propose as
soon as I can arrange for supply, which is difficult on account of impassable roads,
to occupy Camiling and San Petnente. If Subig, Iba, and Santa Cruz are occupied
on the coast in connection with the towns occupied on the west side of the divide,
agitators will be confined to the mountains, where they can not subsist in numbers
for any great length of time. The towns mentioned on east side of range have in all
ae revolutions been rendezvous for conspirators, and bases from which armed

ands have conducted extensive depredations on the surrounding country. Perma-
nent occupation, therefore, of these places, and also principal points on the seacoast,
will give us control of all resources and possibly effectually solve the military prob-
lem west of the railroad and north of San Fernando.
MacArrTHur.

Manixa, December 14, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Grant is on steamer Mactan near Subig. His troops at and in vicinity of Subig.
He is fully supplied for nearly ten days. Your instructions are approved, and will
be conveyed to him by steamer Carmen, which will take troops to Iba for him. His.
transportation is still at Dinalupihan. Most of it might be brought here. If tele-
graphic communication is extended it should follow coast northerly from Subig, as:
line there now nearly intact. Reply at once with such further instructions as you.
wish Grant to have. Boat will be sent over to Subig to-morrow.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 14, 1899.
General Scuwan,
Chief of Staff, The Palace, Manila:

Please call for long message from General Grant, dated Subig, 14th instant, and read’
the same in connection with my message of this morning, in continuation of which I
now further recommend that General Grant be authorized to carry out minor opera-
tions suggested in his message of 14th, and that he be directed, upon completion of
such minor operations, to dispose of his troops as directed in my message of this
morning. Reo

MacArraur.

Manixa, December 15, 1899.
Brig. Gen. Frep. D. Grant, U. 8. V.,
Commanding Field Column, Subig, Zambales Province.

GENERAL: At the request of the commanding general, Second Division, the follow--
ing instructions are communicated to you for your guidance: ‘‘ The transport Mactan.
will be sent to Manila with all troops of the Third Infantry which are now with your
column. ‘You will then occupy Orani, Subig, Iba, and Santa Cruz (last place north
of Iba), on western coast of island, with all your remaining troops. The troops-
142 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

intended for Orani may be conveyed there by the Mactan. Your wagon transporta-
tion, all of which is understood to be at Dinalupihan, will be disposed of under the
direction of the division commander. The Thirty-second should be sufficiently strong
to garrison Orani and Subig, as the Navy has 100 men at Olongapo at the present
time and intends to leave them there. The battalion of the Twenty-fiith Infantry
will be taken on board the transport Carmen, to be sent out to-day, and after leaving
the necessary force at Iba the remainder of the battalion will march on the shore
road or proceed by boat to Santa Cruz, there taking station. The manner of the
occupation of the towns of Orani, Iba, and Santa Cruz, and the execution of the
movements connected therewith, will be left to your discretion. Thereafter you are
authorized to undertake such expeditions against insurgents, outlaws, and robbers,
and against places held by them, as the location and strength of your troops warrant,
and as you may deem necessary andexpedient. Six thousand additional rations will
be sent to you, and with those now on the Mactan the battalion of the Thirty-second
Infantry will be rationed until the end of the month, the remaining rations. to be
taken to Iba and Santa Cruz on the transport Carmen. The Carmen will then be
sent back to Manila with full report of operations and such requests for supplies as
you may require. It might be well to keep adetachment from the Orani garrison at
Dinalupihan to watch well the roads north and west of that point.’’ A copy of this
letter has been furnished the commanding general, Second Division.

Very respectfully, See
EO. SCHWAN,

Brigadier-General Volunteers, Chief of Staff.

P. §.—Herewith inclosed are copies of telegrams from the commanding general,
Second Division, upon which above instructions are for the most part based.

The foregoing instructions were carried out, and after the requisite
garrisons had been placed, General Grant returned to his headquarters
on the Manila and Dagupan Railway.

About this time a strange fanaticism, supposed to be religious in
character, prevailed quite extensively and produced a good deal of
excitement among the inhabitants of central Luzon. Self-declared
prophets were revealing and proclaiming new creeds which were quite
markedly variable in origin and nature, and were collecting converts
in Bulacan, Pampanga, and Pangasinan. In a secluded spot a few
miles from Calumpit, a sect numbering several hundred had located
itself and erected several nipa buildings where it practiced its rites and
incantations. It was dispersed by our troops and its chief prophet
sent to Manila. He proved to be an individual who earlier had set up
an establishment in that city from which he was taken by the police
and sent to prison, where he was kept in confinement several months
for his illegal money exactions from the more ignorant natives. Edu-
cated Filipinos had some time previous given us warning of the exist-
ence and increase of these fanatical sects in Luzon, and conveyed their
apprehensions that we might experience difficulty in handling them if
they were permitted to follow their inclinations. On December 17
General MacArthur telegraphed from Bautista the following:

Cabaruan is a village located some 8 miles directly east of Malasiqui, which is a
railroad station a short distance south of Dagupan. Its normal population is about
five hundred. It has been selected as the rendezvous of a fanatical religious organi-
zation of some kind and people from surrounding towns and barrios forced to assem-
ble there. To-day there are more than ten thousand people there, nearly all of them
under duress. The fanatics are also robbers and murderers, and have recently com-
mitted the most cruel depredations on surrounding towns, especially Malasiqui,
where nine murders have been committed within the last few weeks. This morning
about 3 a. m. the place was surrounded by Companies B and E, Seventeenth Infantry,
under command of Captain Wren, Lieutenant Humphreys, Lieutenant Brushfield,
and Lieutenant Thomas. Resistance was encountered at outpost; troops advanced
and captured the place. Three robbers were killed, five wounded, and thirteen
guns captured, and it is expected that a larger number will be surrendered before
morning. Lieutenant Brushfield was slightly wounded in right arm below elbow.
Colonel Smith was on the ground and supervised the movement in his usual efficient
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 143

manner. The thousands of people there under duress have been ordered home, and
in a few days it is hoped that the excitement that has kept this part of Pangasinan in
an uproar since our arrival here will subside. I shall keep two companies at Caha-
ruan for the present to insure the safety of the people now there, and prevent robbers
from utilizing the old rendezvous from which to continue their depredations. Pre-
cisely how the religious and robber elements are combined I have not yet been able
to ascertain, but it is a fact that people by the thousands have been driven into this
place and treated with the most wanton cruelty. Colonel Smith saw nine women
and several children who had been tortured by bolo cuts inflicted on all parts of their
bodies. It is also a fact that this part of Pangasinan has been terrorized by these
people—the large town of Malasiqui being almost entirely depopulated in consequence
of their depredations. I have now in confinement in different places between here
and Dagupan six or seven desperate criminals connected with this robber organization,
some or all of whom can be convicted of murder if quick trial could be had by mili-
tary commission in this vicinity. In case of conviction I think most of the robber
difficulties in this part of Pangasinan will be terminated. The importance of this
day’s work in this matter can not be overestimated, and Colonel Smith and the offi-
cers engaged are entitled to very great credit. Some of the troops employed had to
make a night march of over 20 miles in order to get into position.

The prompt action taken in Bulacan and Pangasinan scattered these

therings and they gave little further annoyance, although the later

isturbances in the southern part of General Young’s district were
attributed to the interference of the Pangasinan fanatics who had been
driven northward. It is difficult to account for the origin and rapid
growth of these various sects during the preceding year, a re viewed
as an incident of war which had disturbed the peace of the inhabitantsand
kept them in a continued excited state, or as a reaction from the strictly
enforced observances of ancient church ceremonials which the Spanish
clergy had imposed upon them, and resulting largely from their hos-
tility to the members of the religious orders by whom they had been
taught; in an indifference for those teachings; or whether, deprived of
their religious instructors, they were relapsing into former supersti-
tions and beliefs which were modified to a great extent by the mental
improvement they had experienced under the Spanish régime. What-
ever the cause, the fact disturbed the Roman Catholic clergy and was
the subject of much animated discussion. |

During the remainder of December and the month of January General
MacArthur was engaged in reorganizing and redistributing the troops
of his command within the extended field of operations lately assigned
him. His troops were very actively engaged in pursuing the remnants
of Aguinaldo’s northern army and the self-constituted guerrilla bands,
also in giving all possible protection to the inhabitants,of towns and
cities against the incursions of ladrones, who plundered them without
mercy, adding torture and murder when their extortionate demands
were not promptly complied with. The wealthy inhabitants, those
possessed of estates, were in a precarious condition. The scattered
insurgent forces, which still retained some form of organization, called
upon them for contributions to the insurgent cause, promising upon
compliance to protect them from the cruelties of the robber bands.
They demanded of the city authorities, appointed by our own oflicers,
the imposition and collection of taxes and the sale of insurgent cedulas
for insurgent uses, on penalty of confiscation or destruction of private
property.

The presidente of one of the cities, wealthy in landed estates, was
reported to be contributing to a leading insurgent officer who was still
engaged in active hostilities. Upon investigation, his friends, who
were trusted men, asserted that he could not do otherwise; that he was
144 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS

very anxious for the success of the American arms and the peace of
the country, and was doing all he could to effect it, but that he was
under painful duress and obliged to -contribute of his means upon
insurgent demand in order to retain any portion of his property.
Thus, as was ascertained, many citizens of friendly intent were situated.
It only remained to pursue effectually and to destruction all remaining
insurgent organizations and bands of ladrones to insure the pacification
of ue country, and this policy was pursued with very satisfactory
results.

We quote from a number of telegrams received and sent out during
this period:

Bautista, December 23, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

On the 21st instant, in the vicinity of Alaminos, General Bell’s column marching
northward encountered body of 150 insurgents, which he attacked and scattered,
killing 8, wounding 4, capturing 16 insurgents and 20 rifles, 1,200 rounds ammunition,
and some saltpeter and lead. Lieutenant Read, Thirty-sixth Infantry, was wounded
right thigh, moderate; no other casualties.

MacArrtHor.

Heapquarters THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY,
San José, Ecija Province, December 25, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Telegram even date received. Everything very quiet here. One company is
detached, following band of insurgents in mountains north of Puncan. On the 18th,
at Capitala, drove insurgents from that point, capturing many effects of Aguinaldo,
two American naval flags, and important documents. These will be forwarded at
first opportunity to Manila. Another detachment is repairing roads from Puncan to
Carranglan. Road made passable for carts as far as Puncan.

Courier just in from Captain Dame reports that latter struck band of insurgents
near Aritao at 6.30 p. m. December 23, inflicting loss of 2 killed, 5 wounded, and 8
captured; also 6 Remington rifles, 1 Mauser, and 600 rounds of ammunition. He is
following them up. The force defeated is part of that recently routed in the north,
eee state that Aguinaldo was moving south and that all forces were headed
south.

Kennon, Commanding.

Bavtista, December 25, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Captain Comfort, with Company D, Thirty-second Infantry, encountered enemy yes-
terday morning in mountains 10 miles northwest of Dinalupihan, Bataan Province;
wounded 4 and had 1 man wounded. Major Spence, with 100 men, left Orani last
night and Dinalupihan this morning, to look for Comfort. Failed to find him, but
found a corral containing 100 cattle and 25 ponies, which are now being brought into

Orani.
MacARTHuR.

Mantua, December 26, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Following telegram from Colonel Kennon, dated San Jose, December 26, is repeated
for your information: ‘‘Chief of Staff, Manila: Reports, variously confirmed, state
that Aguinaldo is making south, with few men, to Cuyapo and San Juan de Guimba,
and that he is hiding in the hills near Cuyapo. (Signed) Kennon, Colonel.”

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 145

. Bautista, December 26, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff’, Manila:

Referring to your message of the 22d instant directing that Macabebe scouts
at Calumpit be used to drive out insurgents in vicinity of Hagonoy and south and
west thereof, immediate movement was made under three officers detailed by Colonel
Page, and following report is received to-day from Lieutenant Moore, commanding
detachment: ‘Just returned. Covered country both sides Rio Grande as far south as
Marilao, also swamps. Made thorough search of houses in Hagonoy. Found 1
Mauser; no signs of insurgents. Country quiet. People report only small parties of
ladrones.”’

MacArtnur.

Mantua, December 27, 1899.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:
Arrest, if possible, Maximino Paterno, now in San Miguel de Camiling, Tarlac;
also Hugo Ilagan, reported in Manaoag, Pangasinan. Brigadier-General Funston
and personal staff ordered to report to you for duty. Will probably go to Bautista

to-morrow.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

Lieut. Bissel Thomas, Twenty-fifth Infantry, provost-marshal at Baliuag, located
a band of insurgents through his secret service. Colonel Plummer sent Captain
Tanner, Thirty-fifth Infantry, early this morning, with 25 men, to a barrio about 5
miles northwest of Baliuag, where Tanner captured 1 major, 1 captain, 47 privates, 14
rifles, 1 sack of ammunition, and $14.60 Mexican, admitted to be insurgent money.
Party admitted having fired on our outposts last night. Considering the infested
condition of the district around Baliuag, I recommend that this entire party be sent
to Manila for confinement until the country in the neighborhood is cleared out and
pacified.

MacArraur.

San Jose, Nueva Ecrsa, December 28, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

Prisoner brought in to-day states that he saw Aguinaldo in mountains two weeks
ago Saturday, and that his design was to get to the south line. Only two ways now
open to him, one by way of San Nicolas, the other by way of Carranglan pass.

Kennon, Colonel.

Bautista, December 29, 1899.
General Scuwan, Malacanan:

A very thorough exploration has been made of Lubao and Sexmoan; nothing
suspicious developed. A Spaniard and a Frenchman living in Lubao both state
that, with the exception of individuals who occasionally come for supplies, there have
been no insurgents in Lubao since October. It is my intention to occupy Lubao per-
manently immediately upon the return of Baldwin’s battalion Twenty-second Infan-
try. The Frenchman and Spaniard above referred to report insurgents in barrios
near road between Florida Blanca and Dinalupihan and in the mountains west of
Florida Blanca. General Grant has given orders to have explorations made to the
barrios mentioned.

MacArtuur.

Maniua, December 29, 1899.
General MacArtuour, Bautista:

Following message from these headquarters just sent to Colonel Kennon, San Jose,
is repeated for your information: ‘You are authorized to arrange as proposed in
your telegram for withdrawal of Baldwin’s battalion from Bayonbong, for its tempo-

4495 10

 
146 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

rary replacement there, and the occupation of Carranglan by troops under your
immediate command. On arrival at San Jose, Baldwin will report to the command-
ing general, Second Division, for assignment to station.”’

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 29, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Colonel Keller from Cabanatuan reports that a signal sergeant with 5 men as an
escort came in contact with armed body of insurgents reported to be 200 strong and
supposed to be making for mountains southeast. Signal sergeant and 1 man got
in; other men missing. Keller has sent a company to Talavera and another company
to Bongabong.

MacArruur.

Bautista, December 30, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Referring to my 8.55 message of December 29, transmitting information from
Colonel Keller at Cabanatuan, I have further to report that Colonel Keller went
with a company to Bongabong, and now reports from a point considerably north of
that place on the left bank of the river that he is in contact with a considerable
force of insurgents which he can not get at as the river is impassible and no material
in vicinity for making a raft. Keller has sent in to Cabanatuan for another com-
pany, rations, and ammunition. He has had 2 men slightly wounded and is unable
to state what the enemy’s loss may be. I have directed commanding officer San
Isidro to be prepared to support Cabanatuan, to send forward a company if called
for, and even two if necessary, drawing from his subposts as well as the troops in
San Isidro for the purpose. I have also advised Colonel Kennon of the situation,
and asked him, if possible, to get a command across country and to approach insur-

ents’ position in the rear. What the natural obstructions are, I don’t know. As
ar as distance is concerned, the movement is entirely practicable, as the insurgent
position is reported to be only 12 miles distant.
MacArtuur.

Maniua, December 31, 1899.
General MacArtuour, Bautista:
Send, under proper guard, Gracio Consaga, former chief justice of insurgent
supreme court, to Manila. Wire probable time of his arrival here to the provost-
marshal-general, who will send officer to the railway station to receive him.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mantua, December 31, 1899.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

Commanding general does not deem it advisable to withdraw troops from Norza-
garay, which is regarded as an important point, recent operations near Montalbon
having developed large bands of insurgents in mountains. Santa Maria should be
taken care of by detachments from troops guarding railway.

Scawan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, December 31, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

The following is reported by Lieutenant Coleman at San Jose: ‘‘Nine insurgents
surrendered to-day with 5 Mausers, together with 250 rounds of ammunition. They
are a part of insurgent force from the mountains which have been pursued continu-
ally by Captain Dame of thiscommand. They report that they were cut off from
their command at Aritao, and being hard pressed came and surrendered.”’

MacARTHUR.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 147

Bautista, January 1, 1900.
General Scawan, Manila:

The old Spanish telegraph line from Dagupan to Alaminos is somewhat damaged,
but can be easily repaired. From Alaminos south, by Dasol and Santa Cruz to Iba,
the poles and wires are all in place. From Iba to Subig the line is in place or easily
repaired. My purpose, therefore, is to give General Bell General Wheaton’s old line
from Tayug, by way of San Fabian to Dagupan, and from thence to fill in with the
Thirty-sixth Infantry, so as to open the wire to San Cruz, Iba, and Subig. I shall
then give Bell all the troops in Zambales, to include Subig, and would like to add
thereto the other companies of the Twenty-fifth, as recommended a few days ago.
This line, although somewhat extended, will be entirely homogeneous, as it will be
connected from Tayug to Subig by wire, and in the hands of an active man like Bell
is bound to result in efficient service. The release of the company of the Thirty-
second now at Subig, and the early concentration of a large part of that regiment in
the Guagua and Orani country will enable me to gradually extend south through
Balanga and Pilar to Mariveles, and thus take permanent control of all Bataan.

MacArrHur.

Maniua, January 1, 1900.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

Your proposed arrangement for consolidation of troops lately under Wheaton with
others which are to be extended into northern Zambales, and to place General Bell
in command, is approved. Kennon left San Jose December 30, with two companies
for Bongabong, to reenforce Keller. No later information concerning him. Com-
panies of Twenty-seventh and Forty-fifth will have to be withdrawn from railroad
in any event.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bautista, January 2, 1900.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Following just received from Colonel Keller, dated Bongabong, December 31, 1899:
‘‘Effected crossing of river early on morning of the 30th, and on reaching trenches
of the enemy found them deserted. Advanced toward Bongabong, which is some
2 miles upstream on main river. Found no enemy; reported to have left early on
30th, marching toward Santor. Followed up, but found no trace. From bestinforma- -
tion, Colonel Pillado with 100 men has been in this locality for some time. Made
scouts to-day trying to locate enemy, but without success. Company C, Twenty-
fourth Infantry, arrived this morning. Colonel Kennon with two companies also
arrived and left for Carranglan. Received dispatch as to Twenty-second Infantry,
so shall scout to east on reported trail leading toward Baler from here. Arrested
some 60 natives whom I am almost positive were in the trenches, as their clothing,
which they were unable to change, indicated to-day. Arrested an old man caught
filling Remington shells. This place isa hotbed of insurgents, who use mountains to
scatter when pressed, and in my opinion should be occupied bya company. Should
have an interpreter. Have four days’ emergency rations. Have requested Black to
send me more by pack train under escort; if possible, one day emergency—one day
bacon with hardtack and coffee is a better ration. Shall release prisoners on leaving.
They are fed by their families.’’ In view of Keller’s opinion about expediency of
occupying Bongabong, I have authorized him to leave a company there for the pres-
ent, if he can make satisfactory arrangements for supplying it.

MacArraur.

Bautista, January 5, 1900.
General Scuwan, Manila:

General Grant, who is at Magalang, reports as follows: ‘‘A scouting party under
Captain Leonhaeuser, consisting of detachments of Companies B, K, and L, Twenty-
fifth Infantry, left Magalang at 3 a. m. to-day to explore Mount Arayat. About
daylight the enemy were encountered to the number of 500. They were driven off
and our troops pursued them through and beyond Comanche, where insurgent bar-
racks were located. Our casualties, $ wounded—l1 serious. Enemy’s loss unknown.
148 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Five American prisoners were retaken, all having been shotand mutilated ly lolos.
Two are dead, 1 will probably die, and 2 (1 of whom is a sergeant of the Twelfth
Infantry) may recover. American prisoners were all from the Ninth and Twelfth.
Insurgent barracks and large quantity of rice destroyed. Troops traveled over very
difficult mountain trail and are worthy of all commendation. Barracks were suffi-
ciently commodious arrangement for troops. One American prisoner says that this
place was a rendezvous for 1,000 insurgents. Names of wounded will be sent
to-morrow.
MacArruer.

Bactista, January 6, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Message trom your office of 10.06 just received, which transmits a report from
Captain Hayson, suggests’‘punishment of insurgents in Mount Arayat, and communi-
cates information and orders about Macabebes. I shall reply to this message to the
first item only, leaving the other two items for separate messages. My recent infor-
mation from Subig, Orani, and Florida Blanca has been copious and_ rather confus-
ing, as the reports, if all were accepted, would indicate a larger force in that country
now than at any previous time. I am satisfied, however, that there is sufficient
insurgent force in that country to require careful consideration. I have given neces-
sary orders to start Baldwin’s battalion of the Twenty-second Infantry to relieve
companies of the Thirty-second Infantry at Santa Ana, Mexico, and San Fernando.
This will give four companies for movable column in vicinity of Florida Blanco, and
I think will be sufficient to control that part of Bataan and Pampanga. * * *

Casualties on our side at Mount Arayat yesterday occurred as follows: Corporal
Morgan G. Washington, Company B, Twenty-fifth Infantry, wounded arm and abdo-
men, since died of wounds; Private James Quartos, Company I, Twenty-fifth Infan-
try, both feet; severe; Private Harvey, Company K, Twenty-fifth Infantry, scalp
wound, slight. General Grant reports that the five recaptured American prisoners
were placed in line, made to kneel down, were fired upon twice, and then boloed.
This was done at Camansi, just before our troops took the place, and General Grant
remarks that it was evidently ordered by Aquina. The men recaptured were as fol-
lows: Com. Sergt. Christian Peterson, Twelfth Infantry, wounded right thigh, severe;
Private Edward H. Norvell, cook Company B, Twelfth Infantry, wounded left thigh
and right groin, severe; Private Joseph E. Cook, Company B, Ninth Infantry,
wounded right leg and chest, severe; Private Bown, Company B, Ninth Infantry,
killed; Private C. C. Cook, Company B, Ninth Infantry, killed.

MacArtHur.

Mania, P. I., January 6, 1900.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

The Macabebes arrived here from the north in detachments, some with and some
without officers, much broken down. Were sent to Calumpit for concentration and
to recuperate. Last detachment came this morning from the north under Colonel
Wilder, who has been directed to proceed to Calumpit with them and take charge of
Macabebes there. He will be ordered to soport to you for instructions. Batson,
who commanded them, was severely wounded. Lieutenant Boutelle, his first assist-
ant, was killed, and others who remained knew very little concerning them. Gen-
eral Schwan, before going south, drew from them parts of two companies. All the
remaining 600 are in the vicinity of Calumpit. It is believed Colonel Wilder will
be able to affect an organization, complete rolls, and have them paid off. All officers
who were with them were taken by General Schwan, are south with his column, and
can not be returned at present.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Bautista, January 10, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Lieutenant Burr, Third Infantry, left Florida Blanca at 2 in the morning yester-
day for Santa Rita, barrio of Lubao, southwest of Florida, to attack Patague, com-
manding an insurgent band of ladrones. Missed him about tive minutes, but pursued
toward mountains with detachment 16 men and met insurgents near Pablonaz, kill-
ing 3, wounding 10, and capturing 2 rifles. No casualties on our side. Colonel
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 149

Plummer, at Baliuag, reports small band of ladrones depredating at outlying barrios,
and that his patrols are working night and day against them. Captain Prescott, with
patrol from Angat, ran into a party with 3 to-day; killed 1, captured 1, with 2 rifles.

MacArrnor.

Mantua, January 11, 1900.
General MacArtuur, Bautista: .

Send the personnel, field guns, and animals of Randolph’s battery to Manila. Retain
quartermaster’s transportation now with it. Two companies Forty-first Infantry go
to Angeles to-morrow, two companies to follow next day. The eight companies of
the Forty-first * * * are for temporary duty, and will be withdrawn sooner or
later for service in southern islands. The company Forty-sixth at Subig and two
companies Twenty-ninth on railroad will soon be withdrawn. With this understand-
ing, make such disposition of the Twenty-fifth as you think best.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Bautista, January 12, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PACIFIC:

General Amborsio Flores, so-called secretary of war of the defunct insurgent gov-
ernment, established himself in the mountains in the vicinity of Humingan and
commenced there the construction of a rendezvous, with a view to reassembling scat-
tered insurgent troops. Captain Benson, with Troops E and K, Fourth Cavalry,
accompanied by Major Brown and Captain Slavens of my staff, found this location
and occupied the place on the 10th instant. A hundred men had been assembled,
probably 20 with rifles. New barracks had been erected sufficient to accommodate
500 men. Flores was undoubtedly present himself, but escaped. Two insurgents
were wounded, 12 horses captured, all the barracks and much other property was
destroyed, including a ton of rice. A number of papers captured which indicate the
character of the place, but are not otherwise important.

MacArrutr.

Bautista, January 17, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PACIFIC:

Captain Sullivan, with 40 men of Thirty-fourth Infantry, surprised a camp of
insurgents near Mufioz, about 3 miles south of San Jose, capturing 5 Remingtons
and 1 Mauser, 700 rounds ammunition, a number of ponies and carabao, saddles,
and pack saddles. No casualties our side. Scouting party from Calumpit, under
Lieutenant Houle, Third Infantry, captured 1] lieutenant and 25 organized insur-
gents, with 5 Remingtons and 1 Mauser and some ammunition, about 2 miles from
Malolos to-night.

MacArraur.

Bautista, January 17, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PAciric,
Manila:

At Abacay yesterday Lieut. A. C. G. Williams-Foote, with 25 men of Thirty-
second Infantry, struck party of insurgents, capturing a rifle, a quantity of ammu-
nition, and a number of miscellaneous articles, among which was a naval officer’s
helmet marked ‘‘ Wood,’’ undoubtedly the property of Naval Cadet Wood, who was
killed on the Urdanetu. At Florida Blanca 35 rifles were surrendered to-day to Lieu-
tenant Burr, Third Infantry. January 15 Captain McRae, Third Infantry, at
Bananba, a point in mountains 12 miles west of Mabalacat, captured the wife of
Mascardo, Mascardo’s horse, 3 insurgent officers, and liberated 2 Spanish prisoners.
Mascardo escaped. Yesterday McRae struck party of 25 insurgents at Calang,
reported as part of Hizon’s command; captured 10; burned several tons of rice and
a number of barracks. McRae is still on the trail, with hopes of catching up with
something.

MacArrnur.

Bautista, January 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PactFic:
The command which Lieutenant Van Horn, Seventeenth Infantry, engaged near
Humingan was not ladrones, as reported, but was undoubtedly a command of insur-
gents making its way from Cuyapo to join the rendezvous of Flores, somewhere in
150 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

the mountains—a body of about 100 men with about 30 rifles. An enlistment paper
taken from one of the dead men showed that he belonged to the ‘‘Flying Column of
Guerrillas” from Cuyapo, which was organized in compliance with Article VII of the
“Instructions for Guerrillas,’’ dated November 25, 1899. I have not yet seen a copy
of these instructions. If copies have reached department headquarters I would like
to have one sent here for reference. I shall send a movable column into the Cuyapo-
San Juan de Guimba country to-morrow and occupy both towns permanently at a
very early date.
MacARTHUR.

Bautista, January 19, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PAcIrIc:
Scouting detachment to-day from San Miguel, at a village on road to Calumpit,
found several sick insurgents, hospital records, pay rolls, uniforms, 2,500 pounds rice,
9 rifles, 2 shotguns, and some ammunition. Saw but one armed native, who got away.

Uniforms and rice destroyed. Arms taken to San Miguel.
MacAnrtaur.

Maniua, January 21, 1900.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Your contemplated disposition of Twenty-fourth and Thirty-fourth regiments
approved. Do not know when the absent battalion Thirty-fourth will reach you,
but should soon. Communication should be kept up between Carranglan and the
portion Sixteenth Infantry to be stationed near Bayonbong. Quite important that
a column should march through to Baler as soon as practicable, and a garrison main-
tained at that point. It can be supplied by water.

The following for your information: ‘‘General Torres is in the country between
towns Barasoain, Malolos, Hagonoy, Paombong, residence and headquarters barrio
called Pasanacao, between Hagonoy and Paombong. Has two officers, one called
Adriano Catmaitan, other Esiquiel, alias Pachique. First officer has 400 guns; sec-
ond, 150. Katipunan firmly established in this locality and has appointed local
presidente and captains of barrios, who now exercises all local jurisdiction.” It is
believed that this information is correct.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Bautista, January 21, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT Paciric:
First Sergeant Carson with 30 men, B Company, Thirty-fourth Infantry, struck
arty of enemy estimated at 50 at San Francisco, 7 miles north of San Antonio. One
Neal insurgent left in our hands with Remington and 2 bags of ammunition and 2
ponies. Natives in vicinity report insurgents’ loss was 3 killed and 5 wounded.
No casualties our side.
MacArruur.

Bautista, January 22, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT Pactric, Palace:

Lieutenant Burr, with mounted detachment, captured last night, at San Pedro, a
barrio in the neighborhood of Florida Blanca, 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, and 1 private.
Thirty-six rifles were surrendered to Captain McRae yesterday, under the 80 pesos
regulation.

MacArruor.

Bavtista, January 23, 1900.

AbdJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace: \

Major Bishop, Thirty-sixth Infantry, commanding at Aliminos, with « detach-
ment of 24 men from Company D, commanded by Captain Craig, and 24 men, Com-
pany G, commanded by Captain Ickis, Corporal Allen, Company F, with a mountain
Hotchkiss gun and 3 men, a detachment of 6 mounted men, and Acting Assistant
Surgeon White, attacked two companies of insurgents yesterday morning at Balinca-
guin. He killed 9, wounded 4, and captured 10 insurgents. He also captured 6
Mauser and 10 Remington rifles, several thousand rounds of ammunition, and 2 horses,
with equipments. Corporal Allen, commanding the mountain gun, seriously wounded
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 151

left side; Private Wild, Company G, moderate wound left leg; Private Loyd, Com-
pa severe wound in right foot. The horse with the mountain gun was also
illed.
MacArrHur.

Bautista, January 29, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PaciFic:

Yesterday 6 rifles were surrendered to Captain McRae’s command. Lieutenant
Gillespie of Macabebe scouts captured 5 Remingtons. One robber was captured at
Florida Blanca, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hizon and one other insurgent were wounded
at Santiago. Lieutenant Barker, of McRae’s command, struck 30 insurgents at head-
waters of Gamain River and drove them into the mountains toward Zambales. No
casualties. Found and burned insurgent barracks.

MacArrHur.

Maniua, January 31, 1900.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Nothing official. Lieutenant Martin reported yesterday that on 29th instant
Lieutenant Schenck, Twenty-fifth Infantry, with 40 men encountered force of about
500 insurgents in vicinity of Castellano, attacked them at once, and was falling back
slowly, expecting to be reenforced by additional company. Schenck and 3 men
killed, and 3 wounded. Killed and wounded brought to Manila. When additional
company came up enemy was routed and scattered to the mountains.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

o

The character of the service which our troops were called upon to
perform in central Luzon from the time they occupied the entire
railway country to February is indicated in the foregoing telegraphic
extracts. They were widely scattered in detachment, company, and
battalion organizations, guarding centers of population and points
deemed important for strategic purposes and concentration. This
kind of duty continued, gradually proving more successful, as it was
prosecuted with vigor, discouraged the insurgent leaders in their
attempts to effect guerrilla combinations and demoralized their adhe-
rents. The field of active operations was being extended gradually
and soon reached across the island from western Zambales to Baler on
its eastern coast. The advantages attending this system of repression
by force will fully appear when a recital of more recent incidents is
resumed, but it must await a review of military movements of a more
early date in the vicinity of Manila and those throughout southern
Luzon, none of which occurring since the middle of last October have
as yet been herein mentioned.

Gzeneral Schwan’s expedition in Cavite province, hastily given on
pages 17-19 of this report, the effect of which it was thought would
quiet for a time the insurgents in that section, terminated on October 15,
when the prosecution of the northern campaign was earnestly entered
upon. The enemy at the south recovered his courage sooner than was
anticipated, and probably following Aguinaldo’s instructions for gen-
eral active demonstrations, given as soon as our northern advance was
commenced, displayed unusual activity. Colonel Kline, who was com-
manding at Calamba on the southern shore of the Laguna de Bay,
where he held a force consisting of his own regiment, the Twenty-first
Infantry, telegraphed on October 21:

General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

The enemy made an attack on my right near the lake last night about 10 o’clock,
which was suppressed without loss to us, the Napindan rendering valuable assistance.
The insurgents had one rifled gun and one revolving Hotchkiss cannon. I believe
152 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

the insurgents are coming in. If some additional troops could be sent here, another
attack could be repulsed, and the insurgents followed up and perc punished.
My line is about 43 miles long, and can not be drawn in withoutdanger of exposing a
part to enfilade fire.

Kure, Comimandiny.

ao the receipt of this message on the morning of the 21st, Major
Boyd, who was commanding the Thirty-seventh U. S. Volunteers,
with station at San Pedro Macati on the Pasig River, was directed to
arrange immediately for the transfer of. Major Cheatham and at least
150 men of that regiment to Calamba for temporary duty, and to send
them by launch and casco as soon as the same arrived from Manila.
The detachment reached Calamba and reported to Colonel Kline
before midnight of the day the instructions were given, and on Octo-
ber 23 and 24 Colonel Kline reported the following:

General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Attacked the insurgents north of town just as they were sounding reveille this
morning. Routedthem. Drove them from their trenches and pursued them about 3
miles from town. Movement complete success. Troops engaged: Battalion Thirty-
seventh Infantry; Companies B, D, I, Twenty-first Infantry; one 3.2-inch gun, one
Hotchkiss, and Gatling. Casualties as follows: Killed—Private George 8. Michell,
Company I. Wounded—Corporal Jesse Elliott, Company B; Privates George 8.
Smith, Edward Hellen, and Ernest Knowles, Company D, Twenty-first Infantry
Contemplate another attack to-morrow.

Kune, Commanding.

General Scuwan, Manila:

Commencing at 7 o’clock this morning I had Lieutenant Summerall shell alt
trenches and suspected positions in the direction of the Santo Tomds road and drove
the insurgents from them within an hour. After the cannonading ceased they were
seen returning in greater force. They have also returned to the positions from
which they were driven yesterday. It will be impossible to keep them away until
sufficient force is sent to enable me to sweep the country for several miles and
destroy the houses occupied by them as quarters and for their rice. Yesterday I
gave strict orders against destroying property, notwithstanding a great many houses
near the trenches bear evidence of being habitual quarters of insurgents, and were
well stocked with rice. In view of the fact that they are returning in large numbers.
I request authority to retain Thirty-seventh Infantry a few days.

Kune, Commanding.

General Hall had been placed in command of all troops on the
Manila and Pasig River lines when General Lawton departed for the
north. Colonel Rennca of the Thirty-fourth Infantry exercised imme-
diate supervision of the long south Manila line, extending from Pasay
on the Manila Bay shore to the waters of the Laguna de Bay. General
Grant commanded the troops on the Parafiaque, Bacoor, and Imus
line, and Colonel Kline held the outposts of Calamba and Los Bafios
on the south shore of the Laguna,where he was assisted by two of our
improvised gunboats. The troops in and around Manila were being
moved or exchanged almost daily as new organizations arrived.
Colonel Kennon with his regiment was about to be sent to General
Lawton on the Rio Grande de la Pampanga, and Colonel Gardner of
the Thirtieth U. S. Volunteers was designated to succeed him on the
south Manila line. The Nineteenth Infantry was sent to General
Hughes at Iloilo, Panay, and other organizations were shifted about.
to meet any concentration which the enemy appeared to be contem-
plating.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 153

On October 25 Colonel Kline again stated conditions in Calamba and
requested additional troops, upon which favorable action was taken, as
shown in the following telegrams:

CauamBa, October 25, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

From all that I can learn the forces in my front are being increased. I should
judge from the way they are digging trenches that all energies are being bent to pre-
vent an advance on the Santo Tomas road. As far as my outlook can determine all
fords and roads crossing river 2 miles out on Santo Tomds road are being fortified.
New trenches to my left show up and to all appearances are strongly manned. Ifa
strong force could be sent here it might end the contest in this locality. I can’t feel
easy about the Los Bafios command. The commanding officer is solicitous about
his Gatling guns. All quiet during the night.

Kune, Commanding.

Mania, October 25, 1899.
ComMMANDING OFrricer Turrry-rourTtH Inrantry, Pasay:

One battalion Thirty-fourth Infantry will proceed to San Pedro Macati this after-
noon and take temporary station there. Two companies of the Thirty-seventh
Infantry, to be designated by Major Boyd, will embark at San Pedro Macati at day-
break to-morrow and proceed to Los Bafios. Steamer and cascos for conveyance of
these companies will report to Major Boyd thisevening. Only two battalions Thirty-
fourth Infantry will start for San Fernando to-morrow. The third battalion that
regiment will follow in a few days, or as soon as its services can be spared at San
Pedro Macati. Acknowledge receipt. Substance of above telegram has been wired

Major Boyd.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

A report of military affairs in and about Manila at this time, and
for several succeeding weeks, can best be presented in a few extracts
taken from voluminous telegraphic correspondence which was carried

- on between ee headquarters and subordinate officers exercising
command in the vicinity. The following are given:

‘Deposito, October 28, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Patrol yesterday from Twenty-seventh Infantry went to point about 23 miles east
of San Francisco del Monte and reports having seen two small bodies of insurgents
moving northwesterly. New raised intrenchments held by about 60 men also seen.
Patrol was discovered and returned without collision with enemy. Outposts reported
women and children bringing in furniture and household effects from San Francisco
toward Manila. Two companies Thirtieth Infantry making reconnoissance to-day
toward Parafiaque. Three companies Thirteenth Infantry, Captain Faison com-
manding, passed here 8.15 this morning, en route to Nipa Barracks, Malate, being
relieved from pumping station by order of yesterday of department commander.

Hat, Brigadier-General.

Mania, October 29, 1899.
Colonel Epwarps, First Division Headquarters:

Orders issued to-day relieve General Grant and assign him to Second Division. He
will turn over command of troops in his immediate vicinity and proceed to Angeles
and report to General MacArthur.

Barry, A. G.

Mania, October 30, 1899.
Colonel Epwarps, Headquarters First Division:

Battalion Thirty-second, temporarily assigned to the First Division, is assigned to
the Second Division with balance of regiment and will start north Wednesday next.

ReicumMann, A. A.A. G.
154 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Deprosito, October 30, 1899—9 a. m.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Thirtieth Infantry extended to left relieving Wheeler’s battalion Thirty-fourth yes-
terday at noon. Two companies Thirtieth and one of Thirty-seventh now at San
Pedro Macati. I request the return of the five companies of the Thirty-seventh now
at Calamba and Los Bafios as soon as emergencies will permit. Thirty-third relieved
Twenty-fifth on line yesterday afternoon and is in position from Caloocan through
La Loma to front of blockhouse No. 4._ Commanding officer of Twenty-seventh is
near Deposito, and of Thirty-third at La Loma. Some nervous firing by outposts
last night on north line near right of Twenty-seventh and on south line near left of
Thirtieth. Nothing of moment has occurred.

Hatt, Brigadier-General.

CatamBa, November 1, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Stay: .

A rumor is current that a number of insurgents will come in and give up their
arms, but as they do not want to be known will not sign the vouchers. Can they be
paid the $30, and will the certificate of an officer that payment has been made be
sufficient? Information comes to me through secret-service man.

Kunz, Commanding.

NovemBer 1, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Following just received from Bacoor: ‘‘To Adjutant-General, First Division, Cavite:
1st —. To General Grant, Bacoor: Gunboat off Novaleta engaged October 30 and 31
in shelling enemy out of trenches and prevented their building new ones. They
seem to be in some force; I should judge about 1,000. They are sending their women
along the beach to Santa Cruz. Had information from spy, not absolutely reliable,
that 2,600 men are at Novaleta, Rosario, and neighboring towns, and that they are
making their way north, going south of Imus, and passing Pasig during the night
through the woods, in small bands of a hundred or so. Commander Smith reports
there has been much coming and going of men to the rear of their outposts visible
from aloft. (Signed) Elliott, Colonel, Commanding.”’

Epwarps, A. A. G.,
In Absence Division Commander.

Deposito, November 2, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Division:

In view of enemy’s reported movement easterly across front of south line, and then
north across Pasig, it seems essential that companies Thirty-seventh Infantry at
Calamba and Los Bajios be returned to their proper stations. Left of south line quite
weak. Effective strength, enlisted, Pasig, this morning only 111, and duty there
severe. Nothing of importance has occurred on lines.

Hat, Brigadier-General.

Maniua, November 2, 1899.
Brigadier-General Hatu, Deposito:

Five companies Twenty-ninth Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Sargeant, will
disembark early to-morrow morning from the transport Zealandia, just arrived, and
will then proceed to relieve the five companies which form the right of Thirty-third
in north line. Please have Colonel Sargeant’s command conducted to-morrow to its
place in said line by an aid-de-camp. It will receive the tentage now sheltering
the five companies of the Thirty-third Infantry to be relieved. These companies are
to return to Manila on Saturday.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 155

ere Mania, November 8, 1899.
Brigadier-General Haun, Deposito :

The headquarters and seven companies Twenty-ninth infantry, under Colonel
Hardin, will proceed by rail to Caloocan about 9 0’clock to-morrow morning, and
will relieve from duty in the north line the remainder of Colonel Hare’s regiment,
which, after transferring its tentage to the new troops, will repair to Manila. Please
direct a staff officer to direct the movement. He had better join Colonel Hardin at
the railroad station here. Acknowledge receipt.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Caxtoocan, November 4, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Highth Army Corps:

Following just received, dated Convent, November 4: ‘‘ Caloocan—Have just been
notified by a trustworthy native that General Pio Pilar is in vicinity of Angat witha
considerable body of soldiers—he thinks about 700 men. He judges that there are
already some 200 additional in the vicinity of the railroad. The points named for
attack were Meycauayan, Polo, Caloocan. He thinks the attack may be to-night or
to-morrow. (Signed) Kirkman, Major.’’

“Convent, November 4—Assistant Adjutant-General, Caloocan: Captain Bolton
reports movement of citizens in this vicinity, indicating the presence of the enemy.
(Signed) Kirkman, Major.”’

Duwnine, A. A. A. G.

HeEapquarters First Division, November 7, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Following just received: ‘‘Deposito, November 7.—Adjutant-General First Division:
Major Johnson reached La Loma at 2 p.m. Reports that he proceeded to Nova-
liches, as directed, on road east of La Loma. Arrived at Novaliches about 3 p. m.
The entire country passed over, and the vicinity of Novaliches, was carefully
patrolled and reconnoitered without developing the least sign of the enemy. Return-
ing left Novaliches at 7 this morning by a trail to the east of the road followed
yesterday, via San Francisco del Monte country. Returning, carefully reconnoitered.
No indications of enemy. No shots fired while out. (Signed) Hall, Brigadier-
General.”

Epwarps, A. A. G.,
Absence Division Commander.

Deprosito, November 9, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Division:

Some outpost firing near Sunken road last night. Resulted in a slight wound in
the side of Private William Hampton, Company G, Twenty-ninth Infantry, shot by
man same company. Firing was without cause. Two insurgent officers and 11
natives, with 24 bags rice and some 200 pounds salt, were captured last night at
points on line between here and Pasig River, endeavoring to get out. Both
insurgent officers admit their identity. One is a captain, identified by corporal civil
police, a nephew of Pio del Pilar, and the other is a lieutenant.

Hau, Brigadier-General.

Bacoor, November 11, 1899.
ApDsJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Information from different sources and which I do not deem it prudent to wholly
ignore has been received that an attack will be made on this line to-night, or imme-
diate future. I have noticed some things that look suspicious. Company Four-
teenth Infantry has arrived and only 10 men are now at Maracabon. I request that
an officer and 40 men be sent there, to remain a week.
Daceetr, Commanding.
156 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Mania, November 12, 1899.
Colonel Dacerrr, Bacoor:

One troop Eleventh Cavalry will be at Maracabon some time to-day to relieve com-
pany from Gardener’s regiment which temporarily took post there. The three
remaining troops of the squadron to which above-mentioned troop belongs have been
ordered to proceed to Maracabon at once, and to report to you for temporary duty.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bacoor, November 14, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

The following is reported from Imus to-day: ‘‘I base my report on the statement of
a man who has informed us of every hostile movement in this vicinity, and he has
exceptional opportunity for acquiring information. He says there are 2,000 insur-
rectos around Anabo and a thousand at least about Cavite Viejo; that an attack has
been planned and ordered to take place to-night or to-morrow night upon this town;
that it is intended to be a desperate one, and the insurrecto troops have been prom-
ised that they shall loot and destroy the town. The attack is to commence on the
south or Anabo side, and when under way, a rush will be made on the north side by
the force from Cavite Viejo, bolomen to follow the firing line and try to get
in. Butler D. Price, Major Fourth Infantry, Commanding.”

I suspect the numbers are exaggerated. J think the eleven companies at Imus
sufficient to hold the place.

 

DaaeeErt, Commanding.

Bacoor, November 14, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Information which I believe to be true is that 100 insurgents crossed Manila Bay
and are now at Novaleta. I learn from fairly reliable source that the force which
was in front of Calamba is now at Dasmarifias and vicinity. The first item I regard
as of the most importance.

Daeeertt, Commanding.

Mania, December 14, 1899.
CoMMANDING OFrFIcER THirTIETH Inrantry, Pasay: :

You will at once send a detachment of 50 men, under two commissioned officers,
to Maracabon for temporary duty there. This detachment is intended to occupy
Maracabon in case Colonel Daggett, commanding at Bacoor, should deem it necessary
to transfer the squadron of the Eleventh Cavalry, now there, to Bacoor or Imus.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

CaLamBa, November 14, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

As the insurgents seemed increasing in numbers along the northwest front and
were causing a good deal of annoyance to the outposts, I yesterday ordered all the
guns to open on their positions. They replied by musketry fire. This was soon
silenced and the insurgents driven from their trenches. No casualties on our side.
The insurgents were seen carrying away some dead or wounded. During the firing
yesterday the insurgents were reenforced from the rear and I have yet no reason to
believe that they have left my front.

Kure, Commanding.

Mawnina, November 16, 1899.
CoMMANDING OFFICER TuirtieTH Inrantry, Pasay:

Colonel Daggett telegraphs he expects an attack on his line from Zapote to Imus
to-night, and asks that it be reenforced at Zapote bridge by two companies. These
will be sent him to-night from the Fourteenth Infantry. Keep your command on
the alert during the night.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

(Same to General Hall.)
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 157

Bacoor, November 17, 1899.
General Scnwan:
Fairly trustworthy information is to the effect that enemy has withdrawn. Move-
ment to-morrow will decide the matter. Will send by mail copy of letter from Major
Price giving information partly confirmed by presidente Bacoor.

Daacerr, Commanding.

Bacoor, November 18, 1899.
General Scuwan:

A strong reconnoissance this afternoon 44 miles from Imus, on Anabo road, devel-
oped considerable forceofenemy. Six enlisted men wounded; most of them slightly,
none mortally. Country flooded. Copy sent to division headquarters.

DaGGert.

Bacoor, November 19, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

Lieutenant-Colonel Crane, in command of 6 companies and 2 guns, left Imus at noon
yesterday. Found enemy on Anabo road, about 2 miles out. Drove them 44 miles
from Imus, when they disappeared. Having carried out orders, he started to return.
Soon the enemy appeared in his rear and gradually on his flanks. It being near
dark, Colonel Crane did not deem it prudent to attempt to drive them back. Enemy
had doubtless come from Dasmarinas, where they have a large force. Our advance
was within about 33 miles from Dasmarinas. A strong, well-organized column would
be necessary to take Dasmarinas. San Nicolas reconnoissance found nothing, but am
informed since that some of the. enemy are hiding in the rice fields near Bacoor.
Will try to find them.

Daceetr, Commanding.

Bacoor, November 20, 1899.
General Scuwan, Palace:

Last evening enemy fired small gun toward Imus. Missile did not quite reach
outpost. Early this morning Cowle’s battalion of the Fourth Infantry drove them
away toward Dasmarinas. Two soldiers wounded, one severely. One artillery horse
killed and one wounded. Reports come that enemy are moving around to Bacoor,
via San Nicolas. I do not credit it. Would prefer to hold Twentieth Infantry for
developments to-day.

DaGGert,

Manita, November 21, 1899.
Colonel Barry:
Natives here report that Aguinaldo, with an army of about 10,000, picked up at
various points, is now approaching San Mateo.
Captain, Port.

Maniua, December 21, 1899.
General Hat, Deposito:
Reported from several quarters that insurgents are augmenting their forces at San
Mateo.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bacoor, November 22, 1899.
General Scowan:

Major Price reports 1,200 insurgents on cross road this side Anabo, 100 on Bina-
cayan road, and information from another source is that quite a force is in San Ni-
colas. They have one, probably two guns. It is the unanimous opinion here that
it is best to remain quiet and induce them to attack if possible. We neéd more
ambulance horses. We have only two to an ambulance. If one should be crippled
the ambulance would be paralyzed. We have nothing but bull teams. We should
have at least four mule teams.

Daaeert.
158 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Deposito, November 23, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Reconnoissance from camp on Mariquina road was sent north yesterday on crest
overlooking valley to point opposite San Mateo, where it was fired on by about 100
intrenched insurgents some 400 yards distant on other side of river. Fire was
returned and suppressed. No casualties on our side. During firing small parties of
insurgents were seen coming from south to reenforce enemy. Enemy’s outpost was
encountered in usual place on this side of river. Two companies Twenty-seventh
Infantry, under Major Hunt, left lines this morning via Balic-Balic road to San Fran-
cisco del Monte and Talipapa to Novaliches, thence to point opposite San Mateo,
thence to Mariquina road to camp. Commanding officer Mariquina camp, who last
night reported no casualties in reconnoitering party, now reports Private Beeman,
Company F, Twenty-seventh Infantry missing. Firing was heard by Camp Mari-
quina road in direction of San Mateo from midnight till daylight this morning.

Hau, Brigadier-General.

CaLoocan, November 23, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Palace:

Captain Buck went to Novaliches 21st instant with 1 officer and 90 men Com-
pany K, 1 officer 22 men Company A, 1 officer 30 men Company OC, Sixteenth Infan-
try; l assistant surgeon; 1 officer and 75 men Company C, Macabebe scouts. Yes-
terday morning proceeded to vicinity of San Mateo. Attacked from west of river
about 3 p. m. Lat withdrew about 5 p.m. Captain Buck deemed it inexpedient to
attempt crossing of Mariquina River near town, as trenches about a mile long seemed
well manned and other forces visible. The command returned to railroad this morn-
ing. Casualties on our side: One private Company A shot in wrist, believed to be
slight; Company C, 1 private shot in chest, believed to be very serious; 1 private
Company K shot back of neck, believed not to be dangerous. All men were brought
in with command. No report yet from Captain Buck.

Hoop, Commanding.

Poto, November 28, 1899.
A. A. A. G., Troops Guarding Railroad, Caloocan:

Have just returned. We struck the enemy’s outpost 1} miles from San Mateo
yesterday at 1.25 p.m., drove it in, wounding 1 man and capturing small amount of
Remington ammunition. I reconnoitered San Mateo from bluff, 1 mile distant, and
resolved to attack and develop their strength. When 800 yards from town I saw that
the whole river had been fortified with breastworks since my visit there on November
11. Also, our attack developed the fact that the enemy was in great strength, at least
1,000 men being present. They were excellent in discipline, and tried to draw us into
fording the river by refusing to fire on us, although we were within 100 yards of their
position. All streets oe to the river were filled with bamboo, the piles reaching
12 feet high. They also had trenches on river bank near water. Their heaviest fire
was when we commenced to withdraw at4 p.m. I withdrew to the bluffs, 1 mile
distant to the west, made coffee, 7 o’clock; successfully marched the command to the
south, then to the west, crossing the Novaliches and Caloocan road south of Bagbag,
and camping at 4.30 a.m. west of the Tulihan River, 5 miles from Polo. We had 3
men wounded—1 in K, 1 in A, and 1 in C companies. None will be fatal. Written
report soon. In accordance with Hood’s instructions, I sent duplicate direct to him.

Bucx, Captain.

Bacoor, November 25, 1899.
General Scnwawn:

Imus attacked at 2.35 a.m. Will report particulars later. Zapote bridge was
attacked an hour later, extending into lower part of Bacoor. It lasted about an hour.
No casualties or harm done.

Daccerr, Commanding.

Bacoor, November 25, 1899.
General Scuwan:
Enemy withdrawn from near positions occupied in the night. Three soldiers
wounded and 1 Chinaman killed and 2 wounded atImus. No casualties at Bacoor or
Zapote Bridge. Two insurgents killed and 1 prisoner and 2 rifles captured near
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. . 159

Bacoor. I can not weaken any part of the line to send out a columnafter them. If
a fresh column of three or four battalions of infantry, one troop mounted cavalry,
and some engineers had been ready to start from Imus at 5 a.m., they could have
swept things.

Dageett, Commanding.

Manta, November 25, 1899.
Colonel Daccerrr, Bucoor:
Two battalions Twenty-eighth Volunteers under Colonel Birkhimer are now pre-
paring to start for Bacoor on the side-wheel steamer Isabela, towing four cascoes, and
should be landed before dark. It is thought best to give you an ample force.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Mania, November 26, 1899.
Colonel Dacaerr, Bacoor:
It is desired you move the squadron Eleventh Cavalry to Zapote, Bacoor, or other
point where, in case of necessity, it can reinforce Imus more rapidly than at Marica-
bon, now held by detachment from Gardner’s regiment. Report your action under

these instructions.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Bacoor, November 25, 1899.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Some trouble on the Imus road to-day. Please send me two companies to help
make up a column to clear both sides of river early to-morrow morning. I prefer
that they arrive after dark. I dare not withdraw enough from lines to make up
this column.

Daccerr, Commanding.

Catoocan, November 26, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, ErgataH Army Corps, Manila:
Following telegram received at 9 a. m. to-day: ‘‘Convent, November 26, 1899.—
iss G., Troops Guarding Railroad, Caloocan: Word is brought to me of
detached companies of the enemy moving southward by way of San Jose and Nova-
liches in the direction of San Mateo for the last two days. Have another letter this
evening from the presidente of Santa Maria to the same purpose. Kirkman, major
Sixteenth Infantry.”’ Above telegram has been repeated to adjutant-general, Second
Division.
Hoop, Colonel Commanding.

Bacoor, November 27, 1899.
Curr or Starr, Palace:

My information is that enemy has withdrawn from immediate vicinity of our lines.
They have outposts near Anabo and San Nicolas and the usual force at Novaleta
and vicinity. I will send one battalion Twenty-eighth Infantry to Imus this p. m.
to go into camp.

Daaeerr, Commanding.

Mauotos, December 4, 1899.
General Scawan, Palace:

Due to removal of 2 officers and 100 men of this garrison, to accompany Colonel
Hood’s column, there has been increased activity among the outlaws that infest this
vicinity. There are at least 15,000 inhabitants in Barosain and its suburbs. One
Filipino servant of officers and 2 Chinese employed on railroad are reported captured
by small bands of men. An attempt was made in the plaza this morning by 4 Tag-
alos to abduct a Chinese litter bearer. Latter escaped by running. No apprehen-
sion is felt for troops here, but their number is not great enough to protect the large
number of friendly inhabitants from outrages of the kind mentioned.

O’Hara, Captain Commanding.
160 ; REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Deposito, December 5, 1899.
Cuier oF Starr, Palace, Manila:

9 a. m.—Several parties of natives attempted unsuccessfully to pass out through
lines near San Felipe Neri last night. In running when ordered to halt were fired
on, and one man claiming Taytay as residence was thrice seriously wounded, cap-
tured, and _ sent to Santa Mesa Hospital. Body of Private Henry M. Neatherly,
Company F, Thirty-seventh Infantry, drowned at Pasig 3d instant, was recovered at
San Pedro Macati yesterday. Squadron Eleventh Cavalry passed here 7 this morn-
ing, en route to railroad station in city, pursuant to department commander’s orders
of yesterday.

Hau, Brigadier-General.

Matacasan, December 5, 1899.
General Hau, Deposito:

Reported from Meycauayan that attack expected there to-night. How many troops
have you in vicinity of Caloocan? Railway train has been directed to proceed to
Caloocan as soon as practicable, to remain there to-night for use if necessary.

ScHWAN.

Deposito, December 5, 1899.

Cuier or STAFF:
Three companies Twenty-ninth Infantry, all in immediate vicinity of Caloocan.
Hatt, Brigadier-General.

Maracasan, December 5, 1899.
General Hatu, Deposito:

Carson’s squadron left Bocaue for Santa Maria at 4 o’clock this afternoon. Proba-
bly no great force of insurgents in rear of him on Meycauayan road, but country
between Caloocan and Bocaue must be closely watched. Your Caloocan companies
must be on the alert. There are 75 men at Polo, 150 at Meycauayan, and 70 men Six-
teenth Infantry at Caloocan and Tinajeros Bridge.

ScHwan,

Maacasan, December 5, 1899.
Colonel McCaskey,
Maestranza, Walled City, Manila:

Direct Captain Foster with 100 men to proceed by rail to Polo, leaving lieutenant
and 25 men at Tinajeros Bridge for duty there. He will find at Polo an officer and
75 men whom he will assist in case of attack by insurgents, or he will assist troops at
Meycauayan, in case of attack there. He will keep train with him to return to
Manila as soon as ordered. Train will be found at depot quartermaster’s office.

ScHWAN.

Matracasan, December 5, 1899.
Captain O’Hara, Malolos, and General Hat, Deposito:

In about one hour train carrying Captain Foster, 3 lieutenants and 100 men will
leave here for Caloocan where armored cars, manned, will be attached, and proceed
thence after leaving lieutenant and 25 men at Tinajeros Bridge, to Polo, to assist
troops there or those at Meyacauayan in repelling an attack. Captain Foster will
keep train with him for return to Manila when ordered.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

MauacasXan, December 5, 1899.
Captain O’ Hara, Ifalolos:

Carson’s squadron of 350 men Eleventh Cavalry left Bocaue for Santa Maria at 4
o’clock this afternoon. It is under orders to proceed to Angat to-morrow. Probably
no great force in rear of this squadron on Meycauayan road.

ScHwan,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENEERL OTIS. 161

Drrosito, December 8, 1899.
Carer or Srarr, Manila:

Outpost Twenty-seventh Infantry, near Pasig River, yesterday captured an insur-
gent officer and one man attempting to pass out; officer had commission in possession
and admits identity. Claims to have entered Manila Tuesday morning.

; Har, Brigadier-General.

: Deposito, December 9, 1899.
Cuter or Starr, Manila:

9a. m.—Scouting party Twenty-ninth Infantry yesterday morning from Caloocan
toward Novaliches. When near foothills, northeast of former place, encountered
outposts of insurgents, who fled on appearance of scout, leaving bolos behind. Cor-
poral in charge states that he saw woods behind outposts full of men, probably 500,
some of whom had rifles. Five officers and 191 men Forty-fifth Infantry reached
Caloocan yesterday afternoon, and quartered in barracks northeast of town. One
company Twenty-ninth Infantry thereupon withdrawn from barracks and placed
near sunken road, south of La Loma. Attention is invited to the fact that the five
days for which three companies were withdrawn from the north line for service
under Colonel Hood have elapsed, and their return is respectfully urged, as their
presence at their proper posts is believed to be very important.

Hau, Brigadier-General.

ManiLa, December 9, 1899.
General Hau, Deposito: .
_ Battalion Twenty-ninth Infantry will be sent to you to-day. Where do you wish
it to report? Send staff officer to these headquarters to conduct it.
Scuwan.

Manita, December 11, 1899.
CoMMANDING OFFICER Troops, Calumpit:

Over 200 Macabebe families, which have just returned from the Carolines, will be
sent up to Calumpit by special train to-morrow morning, leaving Manila about 9
o’clock. Send Macabebe scout to Macabebe town, requesting inhabitants there to
place bancas in river at Calumpit to transport these families to Macabebe imme-
diately upon arrival at Calumpit.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Heapquarters First Division, December 11, 1899.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL!
Following just received from Bacoor, signed Daggett, commanding: ‘‘ Reliable infor-
mation received that the brother of the presidente of Imus was killed by insurgents
while working in his rice fields about 5 miles from Imus.

Srarr, Lieutenant-Colonel.

CavLamBA, December 12, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

Two guns are reported on the Lower Santo Tomds road. Pilar said to have been
at Cabuyao Sunday, and gave out that an attack was to be made on Calamba on the
15th. Malbar has been relieved and Miguel is now in command at Santo Tomas.
They show more men in the trenches this morning. So far all is quiet except firing
on the outposts, which they have not done before for ten days or two weeks.

Kurnez, Commanding.

Deposito, December 12, 1899.
Cuier oF Srarr, Manila:
9a. m.—Two companies Twenty-ninth Infantry, 7 officers, 150 men, Lieutenant-
Colonel Sargeant commanding, marched 5.30 this morning on reconnoissance to
Novaliches. Three officers and 60 men selected from four mounted troops Eleventh

4495 11

 
162 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Cavalry, Major Nolan commanding, marched 6.30 on reconnoissance to same place,
via right bank of river opposite to San Mateo, and then west by trail. The two
detachments will remain at Novaliches to-night. Five officers and 90 men, Thirty-
seventh Infantry, Major Orwig commanding, marched 5.30 on reconnoissance south
from Guadalupe Ridge, to proceed at least 10 miles.

Hatt, Brigadier-General.

Manna, December 13, 1899.

CoMMANDING OFFICER Tuirty-NINTH Inrantry, U.S. V.,
Malate Barracks:

The department commander directs me to inform you that the headquarters and
remaining battalion of your regiment will be assigned to duty at Calamba; that the
battalion will embark for that place on cascoes at a point on the Pasig River known
as the old Laguna de Bay landing, to which it will be conducted by a mounted man
to be detailed by the chief quartermaster. The requisite wagon transportation will
report at the barracks at daylight and the battalion should be at the point indicated
at 8 o’clock to-morrow morning. Acknowledge receipt.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Deposito, December 13, 1899.
Cuier oF Starr, Palace:

9 a. m.—Reconnoissance from Guadalupe Ridge returned at 5.30 last evening,
having covered entire front of that position to within 3 miles of Muntinlupa without
discovering signs of insurgents. Large quantities of rice found stored in buildings
on lake shore near Muntinlupa. Party brought in Portland flour, cigars, cigarettes,
billed to General Mauban and alae at $70.50 Mexican. Persons having those
things in charge abandoned them before troops could get in range. Lieutenant-
Colonel Sargeant’s detachment returned from Novaliches at 4 p. m., having seen no
insurgents. Major Nolan returned this morning, having on outward march passed
within a mile of San Mateo. Saw no armed insurgents, but probably 500 men,
women, and children working in rice fields. Five men arrested by Pasig River out-
post, north line, for misuse of pass. Left of Thirtieth Infantry withdrawn to Hay
Stack Knoll, where two companies are now established. Battalion Thirty-ninth
Infantry now occupies line from that point to Cemetery Hill, with one company at
San Pedro Macati.

Hau, Brigadier-General.

Mantua, December 14, 1899.
CoMMANDING OFFIcER, Calamba:

Headquarters Thirty-ninth Volunteers, Colonel Bullard commanding, and one
battalion same regiment, leave this city on cascoes, towed by steamer, at 8 o’clock
this morning for Calamba, under orders to report to you for duty.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

: Bacoor, December 14, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff:

Rice fields filled with harvesters. It is reported that there are more men than
rifles at Muntinlupa, Binang, Dasmarinas, San Francisco, etc. Kind treatment by
us has caused some, perhaps many, to permanently abandon insurrectos.

Daaeetr, Commanding.

The constant activity of the insurgents in the vicinity of Manila, to
the east in the province of Morong, and to the south in the provinces
of Cavite and Batangas, had its chief inspiration in Tarlac, and was
the result of the efforts of the agents of Aguinaldo, assisted by the sub-
ordinate officers of [ieutenunt-Ceneaal Trias, who commanded all the
enemy’s forces in southern Luzon. The work of recruiting and send-
ing out men from Manila for the insurgent ranks never ceased, and
supplies and munitions of war for the enemy continued to pass out,
notwithstanding all our efforts, mostly by the waterways. On July
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAI, OTIS. 163

3, 1899, Aguinaldo appointed a resident of the city of Manila, a Chi-
nese mestizo, a man of considerable influence, a former member of the
insurgent congress, a lawyer, and aspirant for the position of insurgent
solicitor of the islands, ‘‘his sole and legitimate representative” in the
city of Manila, ‘‘ fully authorizing him, after he has taken possession
of said functions, to delegate them to such person or persons to assist
him as he sees fit, if by so doing he serves the interests of the repub-
lic.” The junta formed under these instructions contained a number
of shrewd Filipinos. They were watched, but not restrained of their
liberties until the early spring, as no decided hostile act of commission
could be pen against them. When arrested they professed to be
the most loyal of American subjects, claimed to be working incessantly
for American supremacy, and expressed a desire to take at once the
oath of allegiance. The principal was placed in confinement. The
others took the oath and were released.

The captured insurgent correspondence shows that this principal
was in very frequent communication with the authorities from whom
he received his appointment. In a communication of August 15 he
was informed from Tarlac of the receipt there of many of his letters,
and was assured ‘‘ that there is nothing to fear from those who are at
the front of our government, nor from the people. All are disposed
to make the greatest sacrifices and to be reduced to the fugitive life of
the nomad before abandoning the sacred ideal of our independence.”
The communication further states:

The news notices from abroad can not be more grateful and satisfactory for our
cause. A letter has been received from Sefior Regidor, and in it this notable com-
patriot tells us that it will be stupidity on our part in these supreme moments to
restrain the warlike spirit of our independence after our people have favorably
influenced the opinion of the press, of the renowned diplomats of Europe and of

America itself in defense of our position, and that the recognition of our independ-
ence is an assured fact if, we maintain this attitude of activity and energy.

Certainly the activity was maintained in Manila, if not in Tarlac,
the seat of insurgent power. In the former city the insurgents formed -
a strong police force under agents who received their commissions
from Tarlac, and acted under the immediate direction of one Colonel
Gonzales, who thus on November 17, 1899, writes to Lieutenant-General
Trias: ,

My DistincuisHED GENERAL AND BELOVED FRIEND or My Sout: With unspeakable
satisfaction I have received your letter of which Doctor Hockson was the bearer.
* * * JThave been appointed civil governor of Manila and am military chief of
this province and the south of Bulacan. It has been necessary for me to separate
from my family, it being impossible for me to keep it with me while I am leading
an agitated life in which at every step and moment one is obliged to jump to some
other place because of the frequent approach of the enemy. * * * Friend Hock-
son still carries his stick, and to keep it during the period of American barbarism in
Manila has cost not a little labor to friend Tandang Boyong. * *

With a thousand affectionate remembrances to you and your wife (whose feet I
kiss), I salute you and report myself your affectionate friend and faithful servant,
who kisses your hand.

This Colonel Gonzales conducted his plottings and exercised his
Manila governorship from the small barrios near the northern limits
of the city. He had constant communication with his city agents
through Tondo, where dwelt the bulk of his police, who carried
ccedulas, or certificates of personal identification, issued by our officers.
The insurgent authorities still persistently considered. Manila the
proper point to attack, and notwithstanding that their armies had
164 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS,

been driven far back into the interior, it was their objective and the
goal of their ambition. They did not expect to secure it by any
approved form of combat, but through assassination, bomb explo-
sions, incendiary fires, and the uprising of the native inhabitants.
An uprising to be attended by sweeping conflagrations was their con-
stant effort. Says the lieutenant-colonel in charge of the Gerona
arsenal in a letter of October 2, 1899, addressed to the ‘‘ Director-
General of Artillery, Tarlac.”

In compliance with your orders about dynamite bombs I send six to your head-
quarters, with anvils, pistons, and cartridges of dynamite for loading at the proper
moment. Sefior Manuel Rovirosa, who is in charge, carries them with directions
for their uve. As soon as others are ready I will send them.

Six days prior to the date of this communication Aguinaldo’s trusted
staff officer, Colonel Leyba, requested Sefior Isidro Torres, general of
brigade and director-general of adjutants-general, to appoint this
Manuel Rovirosa (who carried and knew how to use the bombs) to a
lieutenancy in the army, because, as he said, ‘‘I am informed that this
gentleman will ‘go to Manila commissioned by our government to
throw dynamite bombs and to set fire to the buildings on the principal
streets and the principal building, especially those occupied by
foreigners.”

It is fair to presume that the man, duly commissioned, reached
Manila, as many bombs were captured in the city by our police in
November, although some were turned in by those designated to
throw them.

This barbarous mode of conducting war which attended the military
operations of the insurgents is manifested in a reply of General Tor-
res (the officer mentioned above as director-general of adjutants-gen-
eral) to the insurgent secretary of war in February, 1899. He writes:
Sefior SECRETARY OF W'aR:

Referring to your note in regard to an unhealthy town or place in the province of
Nueva Ecija fit for the concentration of the friars, I must state that, excepting the
town of Bongabong, there is no good place except the town of La Paz in Tarlac.
According to my observations, even the persons born there are attacked with mala-
rial fevers and ague, and if strangers, very few escape death.

The character of these state papers might prove amusing if they
did not depict a startling depravity on the part of men claiming to
rule by right and with consent of the governed over a populous coun-
try, men who were continually proclaiming that they were actuated
by the most humane convictions, and who were constantly invoking
the sympathy of enlightened nations for their so-called patriotic
cause, of which they claimed to be the lawful representatives. If,
however, the secret state papers of the class above shown (many of
which came into our possession through capture) are not pleasant
reading, the public proclamations of these men might be, if they were
not based on falsehoods which deceived the more ignorant of the peo-
ple. These men were gifted in appealing either to the most depraved

assions of the people or to its most cultivated sentiment. Colonel
Sandie (he who issued the order of February, 1899, to the natives of
Manila directing them to rise, slay, and spare not, neither wife nor
child of white blood), from his safe retreat in Cabanatuan, whither he
had hastened before General Lawton’s first advance on San Isidro,
could call upon his countrymen in the most inspiring language to
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 165

drive out the invader or sacrifice their lives in the attempt. He
issued the following:

To THE CountRY:

You, the Filipino populace, who with your courage and abnegation, together with
your virtues, have known how to save your sons from the tyranny of the Spaniards
and have taken them from the mire and raised them with ‘your constitutional gov-
ernment to the position of culture of civilized nations; vou, the Filipino populace
with your victories won with such scarcity of funds and materials of war, who have
surprised the whole of Europe and have secured for yourselves a prominent place in
the temple of fame, will you permit a foreigner to enter your ports and stain the
military honor which you have so honorably gained?

If formerly you have fought valiantly to free your country from oppression, now
you should with more reason do so, because it is to save your country, your home,
your religion, and the honor of your race. Keep constantly in your minds the por-
tion allotted to the American Indians who were forced to abandon their homes in
the plains and exchange them for the mountains and most unhealthy spots, where
through hunger and ill health they are gradually becoming less in numbers, and
according to statistics will eventually become extinct. * * *

The famous Washington himself met with nothing but disasters during the first two
years of the campaign for American independence, and still he continued fighting,
not only with the enemy, but also with hunger and the hardships of winter until
his end was gained.

_L can understand that in despair of an end to the conflict and in fear of being har-
ried by brigands, by hunger and hardships, you thought of accepting autonomy to
save the country, sacrificing your nationality and your flag.

_ To this I must answer that the triumph of our ideals does not depend alone and
simply upon the triumph of ourarmy or of ourarms. There aremany reasons why
this can be hoped for, of which, perhaps, you are not aware. In the first place, we
are not fighting against a nation, but only a party, which may fall to-morrow or
next day; in the second place, the mercenary instincts of the Yankee will oblige
him sooner or later to enter into some settlement, owing to the enormous expense
the American Government is put to sustain this war, on account of the distance, his
manner of living, ete. Besides, the latent Eastern question may bring about an in-
ternational conflict which would oblige America to abandon her policy with regard
to the Philippines, and the justice of our cause, together with the circumstances
that you have aided America to banish and destroy the Spanish Government on
these islands, has won the sympathy of the press of Europe and Japan, in fact, that
of all nations—a thing that can not escape the notice of the leaders of the state in
North America, especially as they know that the position America holds in the Phil-
ippines is contrary to European and Asiatic interests.

Before accepting autonomy (which we shall do only as our last resort), I think it
is our duty to exhaust all our resources for war, organize all our forces and not con-
sider ourselves conquered until the last cartridge has been fired. We should exhaust
all the resources of diplomacy, put in play before foreign courts every inducement
which we can offer with the aid of the tribune and the press, now giving up coaling
stations and ports, and now offering céncessions to commerce and concessions to
build railroads or to mine.

Countrymen, constancy and patience! Because in the prolongation of the strug-
gle depends the triumph of our scheme.

T. SANDICo.
ABANATUAN, 16th May, 1899.

A few days thereafter Sefior Pedro Paterno, late president of the Phil-
ippine congress and member of Aguinaldo’s cabinet, not to be outdone
by Sandico, applied his firebrand of words to the hearts of his coun-
trymen, also writing from his safe retreat at Cabanatuan:

To the Fiuipino PEOPLE:

No one is ignorant of the fact that since we took the helm of the ship of state we
have sacrificed ourselves to the service of the government of our republic, offering
ourselves as victims for the sake of peace, without abandoning the sacred ideal of lib-
erty and independence which fires our country, but the North Americans refuse to
suspend hostilities asked for by us to consult the national assembly, seat of the popu-
lar will.
166 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

.

Well, since they wish it, may the responsibility of the war and its consequences fall
on the great nation of the United States of America. We have behaved as patriots
and human beings, showing the great powers of the world that the cabinet acts with
a diplomacy which protects our cause, as do the arms which defend our rights. _

The council of government, deciding to preserve our republican institutions, national
independence, and the presidency of Don Emilio Aguinaldo in spite of the Americans,
who intend to construct upon our ruins the edifice of tyranny, has concluded to con-
tinue the war, preserving unhurt in their spirit aad Sane our constitution. and
laws, which we have secured and paid for with so much blood and such sacrifices.

To war, then, beloved brothers, to war.

In order that the people be free it is necessary for them all to be brave, whether
rich or poor, learned or ignorant. Beloved Filipinos, hasten to save our native land
from insult and ignominy, punishment, and scaffolds, and from the sad and fatal
inheritance of generations in bondage. a , .

The God of war, in whom we have put our faith and hope, is helping us. Interior
and international dissensions and conflicts rend the invading army. Its volunteers,
being aware that we are in the right, fight without enthusiasm and only in compli-
ance with their forced military duty. Within the American nation itself a great
political party asks for the recognition of our rights, and Divine Providence watches
over the justice of our cause.

Viva the Filipino sovereign people!

Viva national independence!

Viva the liberating army!

Viva Don Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the republic!

P. A. PATERNO.

CABANATUAN, June 2, 1899.

Later, just as our troops had advanced to Angeles and we were
engaged still in shipping volunteer organizations to the United States,
at a time when, as stated in a preceding report, ‘‘we could not make
extensive demonstrations anti the Eighth ae could pull itself
together again, and when the insurgents were making great exertions
to worst us by attacking our lines of communication and our force in
the province of Pampanga,” Aguinaldo came forward with another
characteristic proclamation, replete with cunning and deceit, in which
he alluded as usual to his practiced humanity, invoked the return of
all inhabitants who had withdrawn from his authority, eulogized the
former rule of Spain, and condemned the administration of the United
States Government, which had deceived them and inflicted all their
sufferings. We give it in full as a masterpiece of Philippine statecraft:

To the Fiuiprno PEOPLE:

In consequence of the humane principles observed by our government and army,
I again inform my beloved people that al] persons not holding commissions are
hereby permitted to retire and return to their respective towns and look after their
personal interests and property, even if said towns are held by the enemy.

I ask only that you observe the strictest neutrality; and in case the imperial-
istic party attempts to entice or use force toward you, I leave the matter in your
hands, and it remains for your good judgment to decide the policy you intend to
adopt. However, I feel confident as to the patriotism of each one of you.

Our government does not require an excessive number of men, only sufficient to
bear the arms we have and to execute the necessary duties. You may rest assured
that our army will not abandon or terminate the struggle while there remains a for-
eigner who wishes to enslave the Filipino people. We are all resolved to place
obstacles and difficulties in the way, and we ourselves are prepared to encounter any
difficulty and to fight while there remains a breath of life within us.

The Filipino army would a thousand times rather succumb in the defense of jus-
tice than live without honor and in slavery. What value, in truth, have we for life
under such circumstances?

It would be a pity that after three centuries of ordinary life with our old mother
country, Spain, which gave us her own civilization, to allow ourselves to be domi-
nated by an enemy who wishes to impose upon us new ideas and customs; for
example, their language, which in order to learn one has to return to his childhood.

Remember the saying, ‘‘The virtue of civilization enters the soul never to be lost.’
The invader says he will govern us according to the laws we have inherited from
Spain. I think I make no mistake in saying that on this point we know more than
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 167

wandering strangers possibly can. A country with dignity knows how to regain her
liberty—also knows how to make good use of it.

_ On the other hand, this war against the imperial party is to our advantage because
it serves to instruct the populace, cultivates all virtues, and induces neighborly love;
and the greater the number of victims among our beloved brothers to the homicidal
blows of the invader, the more will patriotism extend and concentrate itself in the
hearts of all.

_ When we have gained our independence we must bear in mind to make no prom-
ises that afterwards we may find ourselves unable to fulfill, as the Americans did on
arriving at our shores, by assuring us that they had come ‘‘To defend and help an
oppressed country in order that it might be free and independent; and that they
would constitute a government with its own flag to distinguish the new nation from
other nations’’—a promise which still lives in their consciences and in the memory
of the great nations which have, as witnesses, observed from Manila Bay the glorious
triumphs of our revolution.

And I make known before the face of all civilized nations that the Filipino nation
does not forget the agreement of alliance and friendship concluded by me, as its rep-
resentative, with Admiral Dewey, the first representative that came here from the
United States, through the American consuls of Hongkong and Singapore.

The agreement is so imprinted in the memory of the Filipino populace and army
that they have cried out to me to set at liberty Americans that have fallen into our
hands, saying:

“We do not want to fight with, nor do we make war on, the United States. The
sons of that powerful nation are our friends and brothers. We defend ourselves
only to reconquer our independence from the imperialists, and we ask that this be
recognized. We return, therefore, her sons to the United States, because brothers
and friends can not be our prisoners.”

And owing to this unanimous petition, one which was so in accordance with my
ideas and those of my present government, I decreed that the American prisoners
should be set at liberty, instructing the secretary of war to have them reyurt to
General Otis, commander in chief of the forces of the enemy.

For these reasons, therefore, beloved countrymen, I can not cease to charge you
not to permit even in a trival matter that the good record of our mother country be
stained, and that you will not adopt the method of main force to overthrow personal
rights—above all those protected by international laws. And bear in mird that
there are always noble defenders, because justice will triumph. These there are in
America itself to-day, where a party has arisen which is trying to urge on its country
the recognition of Filipino independence. So that we can always hope for some one
to appear in our defense who will force his fellow-countrymen to fulfill their stipulated
promise so well known and solemnly believed, although there were no documents
drawn up upon the matter. However, we should salute them with our gratitude,
even if they fail in the first attempt perhaps they may be the means of bringing
about what we desire, seeing that our enemies are likely to change their minds, which
I believe they will do, and that they are only trying us, granting that they are valiant
men as the whole world knows that they are.

Oh! How rich and beautiful thou art, my beloved country. I invite you all, my
fellow-countrymen, to take a handful of ashes and mud and cover the beauty of our
virgin mother, ‘‘Filipina.’’ By this means she will fail to excite the passions of
anyone who might attempt to dispute our right to her, as in these moments is
happening.

Becausesome Americans have unduly coveted possession of the beautiful ‘ Filipina,”
much blood has already been shed and an innumerable number of lives have been
sacrificed. They have invented many deceitful means to possess themselves of her,
but thanks to her good sons, who in her defense have poured out riches and even
their lives, which in justice they should so do in compliance with the national honor.
And I make it known that our entire army stated that while they were facing the
enemy they did not wish to claim any pay, but that in addition they put all their
possessions at the <lisposal of the government.

We ask God that he may grant the triumph of the Democratic Party in the United
States, which is the party which defends the Philippines, and that imperialism
may cease from its mad idea of subduing us with its arms, and I hope that my fears
may not be realized, that in case the Democratic Party is defeated, that the imperial-
istic party will revenge itself on the Philippines by enforcing a large indemnity from
us (which it would be impossible for us to pay), with the object of gaining by this
means the triuniph of its desires, and which would prove that this war from any
standpoint is unholy with its black color of exploitation. It is no other than an

_ assassination.

But still we are able to find some hope of sympathy among the good Americans

already mentioned, who still follow the precepts of justice which they inherit from
168 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

their illustrious ancestors, the founders of the Republic of the United States. N otice
for yourselves that among the Americans here there are some who are reasonable,
and although they take up arms against us, being compromised and under discipline
to do so, they understand that justice and right are on our side, and have even
deserted from their ranks and come to ours in order not to be implicated in this war,
which is pronounced Jy the illustrious North American, Mr. Atkinson, as criminal
aggression, and althongh we have offered them facilities to return to their commands,
they have refused to do so. 3

T finish by beseeching my fellow countrymen to use their utmost endeavors to hide
the beauty of the Philippines and her riches, so that the imperialists who desire her
may not take possession, and then we shall enjoy peace undisturbed.

Viva independence!

Viva the republic!

Viva the liberating army!

Viva the union of the Filipinos!

Emriio AGUINALDO.
TaRLac, 3Lst August, 1899.

The assertions contained in this paper of Aguinaldo’s were made
after three months of comparative quiet on our part, in so far as
active war was concerned, interrupted occasionally by sharply thrust-
ing back the enemy, who, gaining assurance by our attitude, attacked
the salient points of the long lines we were maintaining while await-
ing the arrival of troops to take the place of the returning volunteers.
The insurgents were greatly encouraged that no signal advance had
been made into the country of their possession. But now our troops
were pushing forward and the insurgent secretary of war exhorted his
army by an appeal which might live in history had it any basis of truth.
It is as follows:

To the generals, chief officers, and soldiers of the Filipino army:

There is no doubt that the war against the Filipinos is waged, not by the people of
the United States, but by what is called the Imperialist party, the party of McKinley,
which is in power to-day. The North American nation prefers peace, not because
it has ceased to desire the riches of our soil, but because it wants to take them with-
out risk and without adventures, without having to takeany chances. TheImperal-
ist party would not have attempted to seize them if the easy victory over Spain had
not made it believe that the Filipinos would be found equally easy to defeat.

The firmness, however, of the Filipino people and the heroic resistance of our
army is dissipating this delusion, but as the prestige of this party is greatly compro-
mised, General Otis, whorepresentsit in the Philippines, in his tenacious desire to keep
up the defense of the expansionists, has gone on asking for reenforcementsand more reen-
forcements from his Government, which the Melon not trusting him this time, have
diminished. But the date of the Presidential election in that country is approaching,
and the reelection or fall of McKinley will decide the good or bad end of this mad
enterprise undertaken by him. Interference of the Continental European powers in
this palpitating international question is again feared, and everything makes us
believe that the Yankee army, with or without large reenforcements, is about to
make a final effort before the Imperialist party admits it is beaten. Itis the general
opinion within our Republic and abroad, that if we resist this attack, as in the past
we have held back the American line, we shall have reached the end of our sacri-
fices and attained our independence, and it will be most gallantly conquered.

The critical moment, accordingly, is approaching. It will be the moment of life
or death for us, and, however great may be the force of that bastard passion, Ambi-
tion, it can not prevail over the courage produced by legitimate and holy desires like
ours for liberty and political emancipation. Hence, our dear and honorable presi-
dent, the government, and the Filipino people hope that once again you will make
our enemy bite the dust and that once again you will give proofs of that legendary
valor to-day so notorious and admired over the whole orld and then in the ease of
peace you will be able to pluck your conquered laurels with the legitimate satisfac-
tion which comes from duty well done, and receive the rewards which the govern-
ment will bestow upon you.

AmBROSIO FLOREs,

Ocroser 5, 1899. Secretary of War.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 169

In this digression from conditions in Manila we have sought both to
show the deceit practiced by the insurgent leaders, and their desire
to destroy the city; also to convey impressions prevailing among the
Filipino population, since it accepted as truthful all their public state-
ments. These statements, together with wild reports of defeats and
losses suffered by our Army, were circulated in the city and were
believed by the mass of its inhabitants. They were confident that
could the insurgent cause be sustained through December, a Presi-
dential election in the United States would take place which would
effect a radical change in its policy, and that as a result their independ-
ence would be universally acknowledged. Many entertained the belief
that this election would be consummated before the end of the year
and could not be convinced to the contrary. With so much assurance
was this report of final victory accepted, that it made a very disquiet-
ing Impression upon many of our Filipino friends who were honestly
working in the interests of stable. government, and who, although
they knew that the date of a Presidential election was far in the future,
became uneasy as to their fate in case of the proclaimed ultimate suc-
cess of Aguinaldo and his unprincipled advisers. :

The time had arrived to make the supreme effort in Manila. General
Ricarte, whose patriotism at an early stage of the rebellion had been
assailed and who had been widely censured for entertaining political
opinions of an amicable character, was given the opportunity to atone
for past errors by receiving the detail to direct the contemplated
movement. It is believed that he was in the city for some time making
the necessary preparations, and report to that effect was received; but
all the labors of the provost-marshal-general (General Williston) to
arrest him proved unsuccessful, although he succeeded in discovering
anumber of his agents and a quantity of his concealed explosives.
Ricarte had evidently matured his plans, as will be seen by the follow-
ing order which was secured on the date of its issue:

Heapquarters OPERATIONS IN MANILA.

With ardent patriotism ‘‘ our mother country Philippina’’ with her head nobly
elevated, declares herself before the whole civilized world as free and independent.
With this same love of country which you possess you may be able to place her on
a level with the most celebrated nations which are known to-day. The time has
now arrived for all of us to take up arms, and I, as representative of the nation, call
upon you to give proof of your zeal, interest, and activity in the realization of the
enterprise which will be begun to-morrow, Saturday, the 30th of the current month,
without fail.

May the Almighty protect us and guard you many years.

Manila, December 29, 1899.

Arremio RicarTe y VIBoRA,
Director of Operations.

This attempt to destroy Manila which had been preceded by others
of a similar character, especially in the months of October and Novem-
ber, was the last known endeavor of the insurgent leaders to accom-
plish this, to them, very much desired result, as shortly thereafter
their troops throughout Luzon had been disorganized and scattered
and they themselves, for the most part, were in safe custody within
the city’s walls. That they did not succeed in even effecting any
destruction to life and property was due probably to the excellent
police system maintained by the provost-marshal-general and the
efficiency of the native police which proved faithful to its trust.

The campaign throughout northern Luzon, the successes which
170 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

attended it, and the arrival of additional troops from the United States
gave us a sufficient force—notwithstanding that we were obliged to
send several organizations to the southern islands to prosecute the
movements which were being carried on there—to conduct an efficient
campaign in the southern Luzon provinces, where the enemy, con-
fronted by the troops of the First Division (General Lawton’s), still
held intact its entire strength. Our outposts in this direction were at
Imus, Bacoor, Zapote Bridge, Parafiaque, Taguig, and Calamba. A
thin line running eastwardly from Manila Bay at Pasay to San Pedro
Macati on the Pasig River, thence on to the town of Pasig, defended
Manila from southern incursions. On the north our Manila line of
defense, starting at Caloocan, ran practically by La Loma Church to
the waterworks reservoir and on to the pumping station on the Mari-
quina River, thence in a west and southwesterly direction, terminating
at the Pasig River. Its total distance was about $ miles. A portion
of this latter line was held by detachments between which there inter-
vened considerable distances, but they were sufficiently contiguous to
keep the country under fairly close observation. Daily reconnoissances
ascertained and reported the movements of the enemy.

To the north of the pumping station, along the east bank of the
Mariquina River, the towns of Mariquina, San Mateo, and Montalban
contained armed insurgents supposed to number from 1,000 to 2,000,
while to the eastward, in the near towns of the Morong province, a
force of 400 or 500 was maintained. Strong reconnoissances had pre-
viously driven back on Montalban the Mariquina River contingent,
but as the places captured were not permanently held by us the insur-
gents quickly returned to their former stations and strong intrench-
ments. The country was rough and waseasily defended. At Montalban
it rose into mountains difficult to traverse, and from that town a road
led north by San Jose to Norzagaray, and a trail through the moun-
tains ran nearly in the same direction, terminating in upper Bulacan.
Over this road and trail the insurgents south kept up communication
with those of the northern Luzon provinces, passing troops by this
route through the province of Morong. The Mariquina line was
therefore very important to them. They had clung to it tenaciously
and strongly fortified it during the rebellion of 1896 against Spain.
It was considered quite necessary to take permanent possession of the
line before entering upon a southern campaign, and General Lawton,
who returned to Manila on December 16, was directed to do so.

He at once prepared a columin, consisting of two squadrons of the
Eleventh Cavalry, only one of which was mounted, a troop of the
Fourth Cavalry, two guns of Taylor’s light battery of the Fourth
Artillery, a battalion of the Twenty-seventh and one of. the Twenty-
ninth Infantry. This column commenced its march to the west of and
near the right bank of the river on the evening of December 18. The
infantry intended to cross near to and strike San Mateo, and Lockett’s
cavalry to cross above and near Montalban. A heavy rain storm
approaching, which it was thought would unnecessarily expose the
troops, and would swell the river so that a crossing would be attended
by danger, directions were given to suspend the movement, but Gen-
eral Lawton asked in person that it might progress, saying that he
did not think the storm would continue long, that the troops had
already started on the march, and that he intended to accompany them.
The column proceeded, the rain continuing to fall heavily during
*

REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 171

the night, and nothing was heard from it until about 10 o’clock the
next morning, when a telegram was received stating that General Law-
ton had been killed. It appears that upon reaching the vicinity of
San Mateo the swollen river presented difficulties, so that the crossing
could not be effected with the readiness anticipated, and that for that
reason considerable delay ensued.

General Lawton was shot at the river bank, where he was supervis-
ing the crossing of the troops, by the concealed enemy at San Mateo,
while fearlessly exposing his person as a target for the enemy’s sharp-
shooters. Lockett’s cavalry crossed as directed near Montalban, drove
the enemy northward into the mountains, and, turning, proceeded to
San Mateo, which the infantry in the meantime had taken. Leaving
a squadron of the Eleventh Cavalry and a battalion of the Twenty-
seventh Infantry to garrison San Mateo, the remaining troops retired
down the east bank of the river with General Lawton’s body to the
pumping station, where, having been crossed to the west bank, it was
received by a portion of the Fourth Cavalry under Colonel Hayes,
who had been sent from Manila to escort it to the city.

The loss of General Lawton was keenly felt and deplored by the
entire corps, also by a large class of Filipino citizens, whose respect
and admiration he had won by his kind treatment, soldierly bearing,
and continued military successes. Asa leader of men and a master in
handling them under trying conditions he had few equals. Whatever
the emergency, he was always found competent to cope with and over-
come it.

The insurgents who were driven through Montalban into the moun-
tains by the two squadrons of the Eleventh Cavalry (one mounted and
one dismounted) returned to that place and confronted the troops left
at San Mateo, as herein previously reported. Colonel Lockett, who
commanded that regiment, with station at the pumping works on the
right bank of the Mariquina River, was instructed to drive them out,
place sufficient force at and to the north of Montalban to hold the
mountain passes, also all roads and trails passing from that town, and
to establish garrisons at the more important points. Two battalions of
the Forty-sixth Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Pratt, a
battalion of the Twenty-ninth Infantry, commanded by Major John-
son, a company of the Forty-fifth Infantry, one of the Twenty-seventh,
and 2 Nordenfeldt guns, under Captain Van Deusen, were furnished
him, which, together with the mounted and dismounted squadrons of
his own regiment, was to compose his available force. He was sup-
ee with wagon transportation for his infantry and pack animals for

is mounted cavalry. After rationing the troops left at San Mateo
and Mariquina, he, on December 26, led his column to Montalban,
where he achieved complete success, and which he thus reported on
December 27 and the two following days:

MonvaLBan, December 27, 1899.
General Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Yesterday the cavalry was sent to detour around north flank of insurgents’ posi-
tion and Johnson’s infantry around south flank across mountain. Forty-fifth was
sent up east bank of river. Johnson failed to get through last night; sent him this
morning up hogback to turn south flank and supported him with one company
Twenty-seventh Infantry and one troop dismounted squadron Eleventh Cavalry.
Took two battalions Forty-sixth Infantry, ‘iewtanaié Calohel Pratt commanding,
up Montalban road; formed line toward east; 2 ue under Captain Van Deusen,
between the two battalions of the Forty-sixth Infantry, opened fire upon enemy’s
é
172 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIs.

point. Insurgents were posted in strong fortified positions on both sides of the
river. Had battery with 1 breech-loading cannon, supported by a battalion of infan-
try, just south of river where it comes out of the mountains. The attack was a com
plete success. Cavalry squadron got in rear of the flank by the hardest kind of work.
Johnson’s infantry is up on mountain yet. As the front attack broke the enemy the
cavalry troop poured in withering volleys and sent him in a wild scramble through
the brush. Lieutenant-Colonel Pratt pushed part of his command up mountain side,
turned right of battery in brush, and found a breech-loading cannon. We have cap-
tured about 24 rifles, 20,000 rounds of ammunition, 500 pounds of powder, reloading
outfit, and material for making projectiles. The opportunity was furnished and a
great number of the enemy should have been killed. To-morrow I will search out
the hills and destroy the telegraph lines. The command which defended this posi-
tion has been thoroughly scattered over as rough a country as I ever saw. Our
casualties are, as far as I can learn, 1 officer and 2men Eleventh Cavalry wounded,
3 men Forty-sixth Infantry wounded, and 1 man Forty-fifth Infantry drowned.

Lockett, Colonel.

MonxtaBan, December 28, 1899.
Cuter oF Starr, Manila:

After sending telegram yesterday, captured 10 additional rifles and some prisoners,
Johnson’s battalion, Twenty-ninth Infantry, and Miller’s battalion, Forty-sixth,
still on the mountain. Have not yet received report from them. Carson’s squadron
moved toward San Jose by way of San Mateo this morning.

Lockett, Colonel.

MontaLtBan, December 28, 1899.
Cuter or Starr. Manila:

Major Miller’s battalion has just returned. It went back 3 miles through the
mountains. Found no considerable body of Filipinos. The entire command is now
in the vicinity of Montalban. Company of Forty-fifth Infantry on outpost duty at
insurgent stronghold killed 3 Filipinos this a. m. and captured their guns. Filipino
prisoners report insurgent troops without food and that they have no food supplies
in the mountains. The strong insurgent fort north of the river and arsenal have
been destroyed. We have secured 16 bales of telegraph wire. Shall I continue to
hunt small insurgent detachments out of the mountains?

Lockett, Colonel.

Mostarpan, December 29, 1899.
Curer oF Starr, Manila:

Insurgent forces fronting Montalban were attacked by troops under my command
and defeated. They occupied a front of 3 miles on both sides of river in foothills and
on mountain sides. We turned both flanks by troops sent out on afternoon of the 26th
and smashed the center. Flying insurgents were intercepted by dismounted cavalry,
which had circled north end of line, and were driven up mountains. The infantry
which had turned left flank were on band to catch them on mountains. Result was
grand disintegration. Mountain side and path are covered with dense thickets of
bamboo, almost impenetrable. All the troops now in except Major Miller with five
companies of the Forty-sixth. Will not be down until to-night or to-morrow morn-
ing. About 80 known to have been killed, several wounded, and 24 captured. The
loss was necessarily much greater, but the men did not stop to hunt for bodies in
dense grass and jungle. We captured their gun arsenal and quantities of ammunition,
and supplies of all sorts have been captured and destroved. Wegot their reloading
outfit, telegraph instruments, lineman’s outfit, and 40 rifles. The movement was a
complete success. Our loss was 1 officer and 6 men wounded and 1 man drowned.
Several cases of heat prostration. Major Carson’s squadron was sent to San Jose,
with four days’ rations on pack mules.

Lockett, Colonel.

Brigadier-General Bates had returned from southern Mindanao and
the Jolo Archipelago, whither he had been instructed to proceed on
October 29 on business connected with the positions of troops in that
section of the Philippines and the recent agreement, which, as agent
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 1738

of the United States, he had conditionally entered into with the Moro
Sultan and his datos. He received the appointment of major-general
of volunteers, succeeding to the vacancy caused by the death of Gen-
eral Lawton, and was assigned on January + to the command of the
First Division of the corps. The campaign in southern Luzon was
actively entered upon. The plan adopted was to confront and hold
the strong force of the enemy near Imus and to the west of Bacoor,
while a column should move rapidly down the west shore of the
Laguna de Bay to Bifang, thence turn southwestwardly, seize the
Silang, Indang, and Naic road, capturing the enemy’s supplies sup-
posed to be at the towns of Silang and Indang, which, with Bifiang
and Naic, were to be held. By this means we expected to arrest the
retreat of the enemy when he should be driven from northern Cavite
by our troops designated to attack him there, and thus prevent his
reassembling in the mountains of southern Cavite and the northern
part of Batangas province.

The force available was a squadron of the Fourth and one of the
Eleventh Cavalry, Captain Reilly’s light battery of the Fifth Artillery
less Summerall’s platoon, 4 Astor Battery guns commanded by
Lieutenant Koehler, 6 guns of a varied character under Captain Van
Deusen and Lieutenants Summerall and Buckey, the Fourth Infantry,
the Twenty-eighth, Thirtieth, Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty-
ninth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-sixth regiments of volunteers. The
Fourth, Twenty-eighth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty-ninth already
occupied advanced outposts at Imus, Bacoor, Calamba, and Los Bafios.
Generals Schwan and Wheaton were directed to report to Major-
General Bates—General Schwan to command the column to be sent
over the Indang and Silang line and General Wheaton the troops to
operate from Bacoor and Imus. The former assembled his column at
San Pedro Macati on January 4. It consisted of an engineer detach-
ment, commanded by Captain Sibert; the Fourth and Eleventh Cavalry
squadrons, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, of the Fourth
Cavalry; of the 3 guns with Captain Van Deusen, reenforced by
3 under Lieutenant Summerall and + under Lieutenant Buckey,
in the reorganization of the brigade on January 12; of the Thirtieth
and Forty-sixth regiments of volunteers, and 60 Macabebe scouts.
The Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth regiments were already at
Calamba and Los Bajfios, sufficiently near Bifiang and Santa Rosa to
give assistance if desired. and on January 2 parts of those organiza-
tions had driven an insurgent force to the northwestward through
Santa Rosa and out of Bifiang, returning thence to Calamba. General
Schwan’s column was supplied with efficient Hospital and Signal Corps
detachments, had sufficient quartermaster’s transportation (with large
ae train for cavalry),and rations for ten days. It marched out of

an Pedro Macati on the morning of the 5th, reaching Muntinlupa that
evening, having experienced during the day a great deal of difficulty in
moving its train over the trails which it was necessary to travel. The
following day (January 6) General Schwan reached Bifiang, and thus
reported results:

My command assembled Friday morning on ridge leading south from San Pedro
Macati. Entered Muntinlupa without resistance 5 p. m., and camped there that
night. Sent reconnoitering party out on both roads toward Bifiang same evening.
elt on west road fired upon about 1 mile south and returned. Command moved.

south by two roads thisa.m. Cavalry, Macabebes, artillery, and my headquarters
constituted first column; remainder of command, with train under Colonel Gardener,
174 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

composed second column. First column moved on ridge and bottom road. Encoun-
tered slight resistance about 2 miles south, which cavalry and Macabebes overcame;
moved on then with Steele’s battalion infantry in advance on bottom road, sending
cavalry on ridge. Found enemy at Bifiang. Steele’s battalion drove them out.
Nolan’s squadron circled around to our right, but found no resistance. Our loss:
Killed, Corp]. James W. Johnson, Company E, Thirtieth Infantry, shot through the
body; wounded, 1 private, C Troop, Eleventh Cavalry, neck, severe. Enemy’s loss
unknown; 9 bodies found; 26 prisoners taken and some rifles. About 800 men under
General Noriel were occupying the town. It is believed his command retreated to
Silang or Dasmarifias. Second column, under Colonel Gardener, moved along beach
road, and followed first column into this town. All my command in town here
to-night. Good town; population, about 9,000; should be held. Am leaving one
battalion Forty-sixth to garrison it for the present. Prisoners will be turned loose
to-morrow. All property towed by Trilby duly arrived and is now about landed.
Will move out rapidly early to-morrow morning. :
Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

General Bates and staff departed for Bacoor on January 6, to which
point General Wheaton, who had been assigned to the immediate com-
mand of troops in the vicinity, had preceded him and had placed in
position for advance and attack the organizations of which he was given
charge. They consisted of Reilly’s and Koehler’s batteries, the Fourth
Infantry, the Twenty-eighth, Thirty-eighth, and Forty-fifth regiments
of volunteers, with detachments from the various staff corps and a
small body of cavalry, and were supplied with rations for several days.
They were concentrated at Imus and Bacoor, ready to strike whenever
the proper time should arrive.

General Bates telegraphed from Bacoor on January 7 that a large
force of insurgents appeared to have concentrated near Novaleta, on
the Bacoor and San Francisco de Malabon road; that his réconnoiter-
ing parties had gotten contact, and that there was considerable firing;
that the Twenty-eighth and Forty-fifth Infantry were about to be
moved to Imus, to which point General Wheaton had gone. That
evening he reported from Imus that the enemy had been encountered
near an outpost there by a company of the Fourth Infantry, under
the command of Lieutenant Cheney, who, with 2 enlisted men, had
been killed, 2 men being wounded; and that Colonel Birkhimer, of
the Twenty-eighth Infantry, with one battalion of his regiment and a
gun of Captain Reilly’s battery, had moved out from Bacoor early
that morning for the purpose of making a reconnoissance in the direc-
tion of Novaleta, had encountered the enemy, and had driven him out
of his intrenchments, killing 65, wounding 40, and capturing 32 rifles;
that his casualties were 8 men wounded; that later in the day Major
Taggart, of the Twenty-eighth Infantry, with two battalions of that
regiment, the scouts of the Fourth Infantry under Lieutenant Way,
and the machine guns had made camp near to Imus outpost, on the
Dasmarifias road; had confronted a force of insurgents numbering
about 600, whom he had driven off, killing 60, wounding 80, and that
he had 1 of his men killed and 10 wounded; that the enemy had retired
on Perez Dasmarifias; that his total casualties for the day in the vicinity
of Bacoor and Imus were 1 officer and 3 men killed and 20 wounded.
He asked that a squadron of cavalry be sent him, as he had a great
deal of country to cover and wished to prevent the escape of the
enemy if possible. He also submitted information that the majority
of the inhabitants would be friendly if protected from the insurgent
troops. He was authorized to draw upon the Eleventh Cavalry for
an additional squadron, the mounting of which in Manila had just
been completed.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 175

On January 8 General Bates telegraphed the following from Das-
marifias:
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Wheaton’s brigade, excepting Fourth Infantry, left Imus shortly after daylight
this morning, marching upon the two parallel roads leading to Dasmarifias, the
left column composed of the Twenty-eighth Infantry and machine guns, the right
column consisting of the Thirty-eighth and Forty-fifth Infantry, Koehler, Kenly’s
battery, and the train. Dasmarifias was reached about 11 a.m. No opposition was
encountered en route by the right column. The left column, under Colonel Birk-
himer, encountered and dispersed a small force of the enemy numbering about
100. One insurgent was killed. No casualties on our side. Two battalions
Fourth Infantry were held at Imus, the third battalion, under Major Scott, being
sent out to reconnoiter Novaleta. The enemy was discovered to have fled, and was
reported by natives to have taken the direction of Naic. Scott has been reenforced
by a troop of cavalry, and directed to gain contact with the enemy and push on to
San Francisco de Malabon. Colonel Dorel with Forty-fifth Infantry, was directed
this afternoon to proceed to Buena Vista, continuing his march by night in order to
reach that point without delay. If he does not find any hostile forces he will push
on to Quintana, where he will probably effect junction with Schwan. Reconnois-
sance toward Silang this afternoon discovered no indications of enemy, and every-
thing points to the retreat of the insurgents in the direction of Naic. Wheaton’s
command is in a very satisfactory condition and in good spirits.

Bares, Major-General.

In the meantime General Schwan had moved all of his troops,
excepting a battalion of the Forty-sixth Infantry, out of Bifiang on
the directed route westward early on the morning of the 7th. He
reached Silang upon the afternoon of that day, preceded by his cav-
alry, which without resting pushed on to Indang and out on the Naic
road. The enemy had destroyed all bridges on this, his line of retreat
from Bifiang, and thus delayed the wagon train and portions of the
infantry column. General Schwan’s dispatches clearly report his
operations and the situation. They are as follows:

Sinane, January 7, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Left Bifiang this morning, marching by two roads to Carmona. Sent Nolan’s
squadron forward from heights 2 miles this side of Carmona, with packs, to push to
Silang. Followed him immediately with Johnston’s battalion Forty-sixth. Hayes,
with Fourth Cavalry squadron, came up one hour later, having encountered difficulties
in rice swamps. Sent Hayes to pass Johnston, join Nolan, and to push on to Indang
if possible. Nolan’s squadron entered Silang with slight resistance—about twenty
minutes of fighting. Our casualties 1 wounded in arm. All cavalry, with Elev-
enth Cavalry pack, moved into Indang at 3 p. m., and I came here with infantry
battalion at 5.30 p.m. and occupied this town. No report yet from Hayes at
Indang. Roads from Bifiang impassable for wagons 4 miles from here. agon
train at Rio Malquin Yiang, but can not cross. Insurgents from Indang have
retreated hastily this way. Way strewn with household goods, chickens, etc., and
some bulls and carts with large quantities ammunition, records, etc., abandoned on
roads. We have found 3 field pieces, including one gatling, and expect to pick up
remainder of 6 with which Noriel’s advanced troops left Bifiang. Gardener and
Schuyler, with remaining troops, camping about 4 miles from here. Will be in by
morning. The river crossing mentioned is impassable for wagons—is a rocky gorge
torn by rapid streams. Engineers will make every effort to get a crossing, but
present indications are that roads are impracticable.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Sriana, January 8, 1900.
ApDsUTANT-GENERAL EraHta Army Corps, Manila:
In pursuance of corps commander’s instructions, I sent Colonel Hayes to occupy
Indang yesterday. Havenotyet heard fromhim, and I am now starting out Hartigan’s
battalion Thirtieth Infantry for same place. Gardener follows to-morrow with two
176 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

remaining battalions, one of which will be pushed on to Naic and the other united
with Hartigan’s battalion at Indang. Part of this garrison, or all of it, may be sent
forward to Fort Quintana, if it proves a more suitable point than Indang. Owing to
present impracticability of Binang roads for 4 miles from Silang, these two battalions
will have to be supplied from Naic, to which place I have directed Colonel Hayes to
march to-morrow, the 9th instant. Until roads can be repaired and bull carts be
employed for hauling, supplies for the two battalions will have to be carried to them
by Colonel Hayes’s pack trains. Hence, subsistence stores, ammunition, and some
clothing should be sent at once, both to Naic and Bifiang—first of all to Naie.
Hayes’s command and Thirtieth Infantry and Schuyler’s two battalions Forty-sixth
Infantry, the Macabebe scouts, and the mountain artillery have orders to scout the
surrounding country in all directions and prevent the egress of the insurgents south.
All wheel transportation will remain for the present with Colonel Schuyler, who ma
be able in time to transfer a few ambulances and light wagons to Gardener, Thirtiet
Infantry. It is thought that Schuyler will have no difficulty in keeping his command
supplied from Bifiang. Road will be repaired and may be made passable for wagons.
Meanwhile supplies will have to be packed by Macabebes or natives. All troops
are in excellent condition and spirits. :
Scuwan, Brigadier-General, Commanding.

Sttane, January 8, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

In captures previously reported I have the honor to report the capture of 1 field
gun here, $531 Mexican silver, a number of rifles, 8 boxes Mauser and quantity
Remington ammunition, a large amount of powder and records. There was one
arsenal here, which we destroyed. Report from Colonel Hayes just received from
messenger. He metno resistance until he reached Indang, where enemy, estimated
200, were intrenched. Drove them out and occupied the town, sending out recon-
noitering parties to-day, which had not returned at the time of his report. Our
casualties: Private James Freeman, Eleventh Cavalry, killed; native guide wounded.
Colonel Hayes reports Indang to be insurgent depot; good hospital there, well
equipped, containing sick and wounded insurgents. Captured about $4,000. Re-
ports road Silang to Indang fair, and practicable for wagons except at river crossings,
where bridges have been destroyed. Country destitute of forage for animals.
commend highly the work of Colonel Hayes and squadron. They were fourteen
hours in the saddle, operating over most difficult roads and ina burning sun. Re-
connoissance 3 miles Dasmarifias road to-day; saw few insurgents. Reports roads
impracticahle for wagons. Brooke, commanding at Bifiang, reports town filling up
rapidly with people. He has conferred with vice-presidente and headmen and
shown order relating to civil government. All want latter established. He reports
reconnoissance to Santa Rosa vesterday. J start with Gardener’s battalions, daylight,
for Indang. Hayes will probably strike Naic some time to-morrow.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

General Bates had in person accompanied General Wheaton’s troops,
and was without direct communication with his column, over which
General Schwan was exercising immediate control. The Signal Corps
maintained constant telegraphic communication between Manila and
the headquarters of both Generals Bates and Schwan. The former
was promptly advised from Manila of the movements of the latter,
who, in turn, was apprised of the operations of General Wheaton’s
troops, also those in the vicinity of Calamba, which Colonel Bullard,
of the Thirty-ninth Volunteers, temporarily supervised. Upon the
receipt of General Schwan’s telegram on the evening of the 8th, infor-
mation and instructions were given as follows:

Maniza, P. L., January 8, 1900.
General Bates, Imus or Dasmarifias:

General Schwan reports himself with Thirtieth Infantry at Silang, while Hayes,
with cavalry, captured Indang to-day, where he met and drove out 200 insurgents
with loss of 1 man killed and 1 wounded. Insurgent loss heavy, and a great deal of
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL: OTIS. 17%

property captured. Schwan sent on to Indang to-day one battalion, and follows with
two to-morrow, while cavalry will push on to Naic. Reconnoissance made to-day
within 3 miles of Dasmarifias and few insurgents seen. Schwan occupies Bifiang with
one battalion Forty-sixth Infantry; other two with wagon train 4 miles east of Silang,
where stopped by river, over which trying to make crossing. He expects to get part
of train over soon, and to occupy Silang with one battalion Forty-sixth. We will
send rations for cavalry and two battalions infantry to coast near Naic to-morrow.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Mania, P. L., January 8, 1900.
General Scuwan, Silang:

Two battalions Twenty-eighth Infantry struck enemy near Imus yesterday, killing
and wounding 140. Colonel Birkhimer, with other battation Twenty-eighth, struck
insurgents at Binacayan, near Bacoor, driving enemy. Sixty-five killed, 40 wounded,
and 32 rifles. Wheaton shéuld have been at Dasmarifias thisnoon. Insurgents appear
to be making fair stand. General Bates reports enemy retreating on Naic. Can not
you watch roads south and southwest of Indang, direction Mendez Nufiez and Alfonso,
preventing the enemy’s retreat in that direction?

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Mania, January 8, 1900.
General Scuwan, Silang:

Pack your wagon trains at Silang, leaving there two battalions Forty-sixth Infantry,
and with your cavalry, Thirtieth Infantry, and Macabebe scouts occupy Indang and
Naic by Fort Quintana road if practicable. It is not probable that you will find it
necessary to occupy either Indang, Silang, or Naic long. General Bates’s troops are
sufficiently strong to bandle insurgents north of your line. He was in Dasmarifias
to-day and found it deserted. Supplies with forage will be sent you on coast near
Naic to-morrow or early next morning. Let cavalry look out for vessel. Your train
can work back to Bifiang after a couple of days. In the meantime look out for it,
even if you find it necessary to withdraw part of Gardener’s regiment. It is not
possible to send you additional pack trains at present. Answer, giving suggestions.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Sitane, January 9, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Under orders sent yesterday, Colonel Hayes’s cavalry is now probably approaching
orat Naic. We will block insurgentsifretreating south. It is inferred from General
Bates’s telegram, which reached me early this morning, that Dorst, Forty-fifth Infan-
try, is about to take possession of Quintana, if not there already. To intercept insur-
gents driven by Dorst, Thirtieth Infantry will be posted as follows: Hartigan’s battalion
will arrive at. Indang, move northwest to Tabauquin. Two battalions are now on the
way to Indang. A detachment from there will occupy point about 2 miles east of
Indang, where trail comes from Fort Quintana. They will also start in direction of
Alfonso. Schuyler (Forty-sixth) will patrol Indang road for 2 miles west of Silang.
The position of wagon train, as suggested by you, has already been ordered.

Scrwan,
Brigadier-General, Commanding.

Inpane, January 9, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL EigutH Army Corps, Palace:

Hayes left Indang early this morning, probably reaching Naic at noon. I arrived
here at 12 o’clock with two battalions Thirtieth Infantry. Detached two companies
to shut off insurgents’ retreat on trails entering Indang from the north. Hartigan’s
battalion, same regiment, which came here yesterday, starts for Naicatonce. It will
pass through Alfonso and camp at Maragan to-night, thence will proceed through
the towns of Bailer and Maragondon, closing the avenue of escape of insurgents who
may elude Hayes or have passed through Naic before his arrival there. This move-
ment promises better results than the one by the route through Palugi. Cavalry

4495 12

 
178 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

scouts passing yesterday through section south of this point developed nothing note-
worthy, except that the inhabitants are fast returning to their homes. Have not yet
been able to learn the result of Dorst’s (Forty-fifth) contemplated movement on Fort
Quintana. Hayes reports the following articles captured by his cavalry while oper-
ating between Binang and Indang: Sixty-two rifles, Mausers and Remingtons, of
which 34 were destroyed; 4,000 rounds of ammunition; 5 sets tele; raph instruments;
1 field gun (included in those previously reported); 4,000 pounds hexagonal powder,
destroyed; $7,193.50 Mexican, belonging to insurgent government, being exact
amount of captured money previously reported as amounting to about $4,000. Thir-
tieth Infantry is without ‘transportation of any kind, but carries four days’ rations
in their haversacks. By repairing some bridges that are out, and making some other
repairs, Silang-Indang road can be made practicable for wagons in short time.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Ixpane, January 9, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL E1gHtH Army Corps, Manila:

A scouting party from Thirtieth Infantry, sent in direction of Fort Quintana, struck
insurgents’ outpost about 44 miles from here. This seems to indicate that place still
in possession of insurgents. Unless instructed to the contrary, will send a force out
from here at daybreak to-morrow to drive rebels out of the town.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Dasmarrsas, January 9, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL ErcuTra Army Corps, Manila:

Captain Glasgow, with troop Eleventh Cavalry, reached San Francisco de Malabon
early this morning and obtained reliable information of the retreat of the rebels to
the south. Lieutenant Way and scouts, Fourth Infantry, reconnoitered to a point
14 miles east of San Nicol4s. He routed a company of insurgents armed, but
apparently without ammunition, which scattered in rapid flight in all directions with-
out offering resistance. The insurgent force retreating south from San Francisco de
Malabon is estimated at fifteen hundred strong, or seven battalions. It is believed to
have gone into the section about Alfonso or Bailen, and Hartigan’s battalion, Thir-
tieth Infantry, which has been ordered to Naic by that road, may strike it. Have
accordingly directed General Schwan to be prepared to support Hartigan promptly.
A troop Eleventh Cavalry pushed through from San Francisco to Buena Vista. It
has reached Colonel Dorst (Forty-fifth), who was at 5 p. m. to-day 2 miles this side
of Fort Quintana. Dorst has been delayed by the bad condition of the roads.
Wire was sent to General Schwan from this point to-day, for the purpose of com-
pleting the line to Naic. The engineer department of Wheaton’s and Schwan’s
brigades are now engaged in repairing road, Dasmarifias and Silang, working from
both points. When this road is repaired it will be practicable to supply Silang via
Imus, a distance of 16 miles.

Bares, Major-General.

Maniza, P. I., January 10, 1900.
General Bates, Dasmarifias:

Has Dorst’s regiment struck Fort Quintana yet? If so, what has been found?
What is the situation to-day? Itseems that troops might move with more celerity if
transportation taken away from them, they carrying three or four days’ rations.
Have you heard anything of steamer Theeling, off Naic, with supplies?

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Dasmarrsas, January 10, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL EigutH Army Corps, Manila:

Have not heard from Dorst to-day. He probably reached Fort Quintana to-day.
His rations will be out to-night, and he is probably returning. Have just sent
instructions to him to halt one of his battalions where the instructions meet him, as
Iam sending three days’ rations by pack mules for the battalion, and as soon as the
rations are received Dorst is to proceed with the battalion to Fort Quintana. The
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 179

other two battalions will return here for rations. Schwan’s command is situated as
follows: One battalion Forty-Sixth Infantry at Bifiang; one battalion Forty-sixth
Infantry at Silang; one battalion Porty aint Infantry (Johnston’s) en route from
Silang to Indang; one battalion Thirtieth Infantry, 1 gun, at Indang; one battalion
Thirtieth Infantry, with 1 gun, en route to Alfonso; one battalion Thirtieth (Harti-
gan’s), en route trom Alfonso to Magallanes. Hayes at Naic with instructions to
push to Magallanes. The battalions Thirtieth Infantry carry three days’ rations,
which may be stretched to four or five. Schuyler, Forty-sixth, hasten days’ rations
for his regiment at Silang. Road being repaired as rapidly as possible hon both
plang and Dasmarifias. Further supplies for that point will be obtained by way of
road from Imus and Dasmarifias. ayes has been ordered to push supplies from
Naic to Indang. Have received no report yet of arrival of Wheeling at Naic. Have
had no report yet from battalion Twenty-eighth Infantry, now reconnoitering toward
Carmona. Firing in that direction was heard at Imus this afternoon. Major Brooke,
Forty-sixth, made reconnoissance as far as Carmona yesterday, but found no enemy.
The enemy seems south of the Indang-Naic road. General Wheaton hit them so
hard that they seem to have fled the same day.
Bares, Major-General.

Mantua, January 10, 1900.
General Batrs, Dasmarifias:

Colonel Bullard wires from Calamba that he attacked enemy south of Calamba
esterday and drove them in the direction of Lake Taal. He is now in possession of
anto Tomas. These insurgents and those escaping from the north may unite at
Talisay, on Lake Taal, and make demonstrations on Silang, Calamba, or Santo
Tomas. Have directed Bullard to hold strong battalion at Santo Thomas, prepared
to support it quickly on Calamba road, should it be attacked, and watch country to
the westward. Silang, where wagon train is, should have strong force, and Carmona
should be watched. Bullard says that he drove westward on Lake Taal from
Calamba and Santo Tomas nine or ten organized companies of insurgents. Have
advised Schwan to retain his headquarters at Indang, and not move them to Naic, as
he contemplated, holding well his lines from Indang south, and from that point east;
that forces under your immediate supervision could look after Naic and points
north. I think that one of Dorst’s battalions should be pushed through to Silang.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Dasmarifas, January 10, 1900.
ApsuTANT-GENERAL Erguta Army Corps, Manila:

I have just received from Colonel Bullard a report of his very handsome fight of yes-
terday, resulting in the defeat of the enemy with a loss of 74 killed and wounded; our
loss being 1 man killed and 2 officers wounded. Have directed Colonel Bullard to
keep the road open and repair the telegraph to Santo Tomas. Have ordered the
Thirty-eighth Infantry, Colonel Anderson, to proceed to Talisay via Silang and attack
the enemy wherever found. Colonel Dorst brought back two battalions of his regi-
ment to Dasmarifias for rations to-day, and will take them back to-morrow to Fort
Quintana and will reconnoiter in various directions from that point.

Bares, Major-General.

DasmariNas, January 10, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL E1gHtH Army Corps:

Your dispatch of this date received. Will send a battalion of Dorst’s Forty-fifth
regiment through to Naic to-morrow. The troop of Eleventh Cavalry with Dorst
returned to San Francisco de Malabon thisafternoon. Another troop from that regi-
ment was sent from San Francisco via Santa Cruz and Calibayo to Naic. Have not
yet heard from this troop, from which I conclude that it has not met with any seri-
ous opposition, as its orders were in case it met with serious opposition to fall back
and report at once. The road from Dasmarifias to Silang is now in good condition,
and Anderson will drop his wagons at Silang and push on without transportation to

Talisay. I shall goto Indang via Silang to-morrow. .
Bates, Major-General.
180 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manita, January 10, 1900.
General Scuwan, Indang:

Two telegraphic instruments, 8 miles wire, officer and 1 enlisted man, signal corps,
sent by vessel Wheeling yesterday to Naic; also 10,000 field rations, 3 days’ forage, and
other supplies. Have not heard from vessel. Indang important point and appar-
ently proper place for your headquarters. Troops with Bates can take care of Naic
and all points in Cavite, north and east. Enemy will endeavor to pass south of you
into Batangas province, eastward or westward of Lake Taal. Insurgents considered
Indang and Naic their strategic points. Telegram just received from Calamba reports
fight south of Calamba yesterday, and enemy driven westward on Lake Taal. Your
lines from Indang, south and east, are the lines to be watched.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

Inpane, January 10, 1900.
ApsuTANT-GENERAL EigHtH Army Corps, Manila:
Hayes’s column reached Naic at 2 p. m., yesterday. Encountered about 200 insur-
ents about 2 miles east of Naic. Drove few south, but most of them back on Naic—
Quintana road. Supposed to come from Novaleta. About 100 in Naic retreated on
Magallanes without resisting. Thirteen insurgents known to have been killed. Our
casualties: Killed, Private Napier, I Troop, Eleventh Cavalry; wounded, Private
John W. Maywell, same troop, slight, and Private Peter Madden, B, Fourth Cay-
alry, severe. Fought in rice fields, knee deep in water and mud. Inventory of
property taken to be forwarded later. Hartigan, Thirtieth, will be moved on to
Magallanes this morning, and Gardener, with one battalion, started at 6 a. m. in sup-
porting distance. Am ordering Johnston’s battalion, Forty-sixth Infantry, three
companies, here this morning to meet situation to-day and to-morrow. It may be
returned then to Silang.
Scuwan, Brigadier- General.

While these operations were in progress the insurgents in the vicinity
of Calamba were active, and indeed had been ever since our troops had
taken possession of that city. In my last annual report, rendered on
August 31, it is thus referred to:

On July 26 Calamba, which had been strongly intrenched and supposedly firmly
held, was captured by General Lawton’s troops, consisting of the Twenty-first Infan-
try, a squadron of the Fourth Cavalry, and a battalion drawn from the Washington
regiment, all placed under the command of Brigadier-General Hall, with the loss in
casualties of 8 men killed and 11 wounded. The insurgents stoutly resisted, but, as
it has always happened in such cases, they experienced a costly discomfiture. Los
Banos, the location of an expensive hospital erected by Spain, was also taken, and
the two places are still held by our troops, composed of a platoon of Light Battery
F, Fifth Artillery, and the entire Twenty-first Infantry. Several attempts have been
made to dislodge them by concentrated forces of the enemy, which have resulted in
failure and severe punishment.

The place continued to be a point of attack for the enemy, as it
was to him important, since by holding it we blocked communication
between the lake cities, except by a circuitous route to the south.

In a former portion of this report we have mentioned an attempt of
the insurgents on the night of October 20 to drive our troops out,
and the engagements which took place there on the 23d and 24th of
that month, after reenforcements had been furnished the commanding
officer, Colonel Kline, in response to his request. These engagements
gave but temporary relief, as the enemy returned to his intrenchments,
which we had captured, as soon as our troops were withdrawn, and
we were obliged to retire, as the intrenched line was too long for us,
with the strength available, to occupy permanently and still keep
secure Calamba and Los Banos. The locality, too, proved to be
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 181

unhealthy, so that not only an additional number but an exchange of
troops became necessary. This was effected by withdrawing the
Twenty-first Infantry the latter part of December, replacing it by the
remainder of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth regiments of vol-
unteers. The country south of Calamba to and beyond Santo Tomas,
which latter place was situated on the road connecting northern Ba-
tangas and the Laguna Province, was much broken, and the Calamba
and Santo Tomas road ran through defiles and over mountains which
offered every advantage for successful defense. This the insurgents
had strongly fortified to check our advance southward. I was
informed in November that the preparations which the insurgents had
made there would present formidable difficulties to any movement in
that direction we might be contemplating.

Our intention, therefore, was to hold Calamba and Los Banos, and
to move into the country south by the roads running west from Santo
Tomas and Tanauan, both very important points and the headquarters
of the insurgents who continued to annoy Calamba. To the east of
Los Banos at- Santa Cruz an insurgent force was maintained. This
was reported in December by escaped Spanish prisoners to number
1,500, mostly armed with Mauser rifles, but short of ammunition, and
so poorly provided with subsistence that it was seizing the provisions
of ‘the residents whom it was compelling to leave the town. Colonel
Bullard, of the Thirty-ninth Regiment, who was in command at
Calamba, attacked the enemy to the west of the city, drove him north-
ward up the shore of the lake, inflicting upon him serious damage, and
ei detachments at Cabuyao, Santa Rosa, and Bifiang. As soon as

e had reported this information he was instructed as follows:

Mania, Januarg 8, 1900.
Colonel Buttarp, Calamba:

You did right in attacking insurgents’ line around Calamba, but should not have
pursued. The bulk of the insurgents investing Calamba were withdrawn a few days
ago southward, to the vicinity of Santo Tomas, where there has been a considerable
concentration. Noriel’s force in the lake towns withdrew temporarily for attack on
Zapote and Paranaque, where he was confronted on the night of the lst by the
Thirty-eighth Regiment. You will withdraw your troops to Calamba, watching
your left in the direction of Santa Cruz and your front in the direction of Santo
Tomés. Do not.move from the vicinity of Calamba without orders from superior

authority.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff. »

A detachment of the Thirty-seventh Infantry, making a reconnois-
sance to the eastward of Los Banos, captured at the near town of Bay
General Rizal, of the insurgent army, brother of the so-called Filipino
martyr, Dr. Rizal. Bay is the home of the Rizal family, although the
mother and sisters of the general had sought the protection of Manila,
where many of the families of insurgent officers were at the time living,
that being the only place which promised personal security. Major
Boyd, of the Thirty-seventh Infantry, reported that with the property
captured was a chest containing the bones of Dr. Rizal, and he was
instructed. to retain the general and his personal property at Los
Banos until inquiry could be made, as it was possible that he was not
carrying on war against the Government, since he was taken upon his
own private estate. Shortly thereafter the major was instructed to
forward the general under suitable guard to Manila, permitting him
to retain and bring with him the chest, and to send with the guard a
182 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

correct inventory of all his property which had been seized, preserv-
ing same for return if considered advisable. Arriving at Manila, the
aba was found to be quite ill, and was sent to his mother’s resi-
ence under guard upon his promise to report at the office next morn-
ing. Reporting in accordance with his promise, all argument failed
to convince him that he had committed any political error or that he
was guilty of an individual offense, whereupon he was directed to
return to his mother’s house and after a few days’ reflection report
again at headquarters, having been granted in the meantime the lib-
erty of the city in order to see and converse with his Filipino friends.
When he subsequently reported, he had concluded to take no further
part in rebellion, and upon his promise he was permitted to return to
his estate at Bay, where he continued to conduct himself as an exem-
plary private citizen.
On January 10 the following information was received from Calamba:

ApJuTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PAaciFIc:

The enemy appearing in considerable numbers and strengthening his works to the
south and southeast of Calamba, about 1 mile from the town, I attacked him yester-
day morning 6 o’clock in three columns; one column to the west of the Santo Tomas
road under command of Captain Taylor of the Thirty-ninth Infantry; one along the
Santo Tomds road under Major Langhorne, Thirty-ninth Infantry, who had with him
Lieut. Charles P. Summerall with one 3.2-inch gun, one Gatling, and one Hotchkiss
mountain gun. The third column, consisting of portions of Thirty-seventh and
Thirty-ninth Infantry, under my immediate command, moved over the mountains
by a circuitous route and took the enemy between Santo Tomds and Calamba on
his right flank and rear. The first and hardest fight was in the enemy’s trestches
here within a mile of Calamba, along the Santo Tomds road southward. One man
of Company _E, Thirty-ninth Infantry, Private Walker C. Hoskinson, was killed;
Lieutenant Petite, Thirty-ninth Infantry, received a flesh wound in both legs, not
serious, and Capt. H. C. Baker, Thirty-ninth Infantry, had right ear perforated by
bullet. The enemy fought along the Santo Tomas road for about 4 miles, making
three stands in strengly fortified places; the last one at Puente de Vega, an extensive
fort supposed to be impregnable, with a great iron bridge in front over river banks
about 40 feet high and precipitous. The column that moved over the mountains
came in behind this bridge and on his flanks. The enemy was beaten and driven
westward, some of his force over against Lake Taal, but the bulk, as seen from the’

_ Mountains, passed to the north edge of Lake Taal. As nearly as could be ascertained,
there were nine or ten organized companies in the trenches about Calamba and in
the fortifications at Puente de Vega. At the sound of our firing in the early morn-
ing all insurgent troops moved forward to Puente de Vega, north of Santo Tomas
about 3 miles, to assist in the defense. The troops of the column under my imme-
diate command, which had. moved over the mountains, passed in bebind these
troops at Puente de Vega. After the fight Santo Tomas was entered without a shot
being fired. Twenty-four of the enemy were killed and found on the field. The
number wounded is unknown, but from the hills to the south, by which one column
approached Santo Tomds, many wounded could be seen being carried to the rear
toward Lake Taal. Two bamboo cannon, two brass mortars, some rifles, and a good
deal of ammunition, with some military papers of no importance, were captured.
All officers and troops behaved excellently. I am to-day repairing road to Santo
Tomas with some 60 prisoners who were cut, off in their retreat’ toward the north
edge of Lake Taal, on almost all of whom, when captured, ammunition was found.
The telegraph line between here and Santo Tomds can be repaired in a day.
Please wire me whether I shall keep open the road and repair telegraph line between
here and Santo Tomas. Telephone line between here and Bifiang completed. Country
clear of insurgents. Forces to-day all along road to Santo Tomas and scouting coun-
try from Santo Tomas westward to Lake Taal at request of General Bates.

BvuiiarD, Colonel, Commanding.

On this date General Bates was at Dasmarinas and General Schwan
at Indang. The cavalry had reached Naic, striking portions of the
enemy retreating from Novaleta and Imus on the Naic and Fort Quin-
tana roads. Insurgent detachments, moving in small bodies of from
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 1838

one to two hundred, had succeeded in passing our Silang-Indang and
Naic line, and either were endeavoring to gain the mountainous coast
country of Cavite and Batangas or, moving by Bailer or Magallanes
would attempt to enter the Batangas province by the Talisay road
which skirts the northern coast of Lake Taal. It is probable that only
the minor portion of the insurgents crossed General Schwan’s line—
the majority seeking their homes in Cavite where they concealed their
rifles and assumed the role of ‘“‘amigos.” As soon as General Bates at
Dasmarinas received information of Colonel Bullard’s march on Santo
Tomas, he comprehended the situation and immediately dispatched
one of his regiments, the Thirty-eighth (Anderson’s), for the town of
Talisay and sent word to Bullard to hold the Calamba and Santo
Tomas line. Not being aware at Manila that General Bates had been
informed of Bullard’s movement, we wired the latter, on the receipt
of his message, the following:
Mania, P. L., January 10, 1900.

CoMMANDING OFrFicer, Calamba:

Insurgents in Cavite province in retreat on Batangas province, driven by troops
with Generals Bates and Schwan. General Schwan’s headquarters at Indang, and
he is holding lines south and east of that point, having his cavalry on coast. Troops
with General Bates operating north of this line. The insurgent troops escaping from
the north may unite with those driven by you westward. You will hold strong
position of Santo Tomds, prepared to reenforce it from Calamba, or some point
between Calamba and Santo Tomas, should it be attacked, and watch well the coun-
try between Calamba and Lake Taal. The enemy from the north and east may
concentrate at Talisay, north of Lake Taal, and endeavor to move on Silang, Santo
Tomas, or Calamba. ;

Barry.

After sending this dispatch we sent to General Bates the telegram
which appears on a former page, advising him of Colonel Bullard’s
success, the instructions which we had given him, and recommending
that he forward a battalion of Dorst’s regiment to Silang. Upon the
following morning, after General Bates had reported his action, Col-
onel Bullard was instructed as follows:

Mania, January 11, 1900.
Colonel Butuarp, Calamba:

Colonel Anderson, Thirty-eighth Infantry, with entire regiment and 4 guns, left
Silang for Talisay at 9 o’clock this morning. Other troops en route in that direction.
Be sure you leave sufficient force at Calamba and Los Bajfios to hold those positions,
and do not press troops south until troops from northwest arrive in vicinity.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

In the afternoon Colonel Bullard reported the operations of a por-
tion of his force west of Santo Tomas, the substance of which was
transmitted to General Bates at once:

Maniua, P. L., January 11, 1900.
General Bates, Dasmarinas:

Colonel Bullard has just wired from Calamba that ‘‘Major Cheatham, Thirty-
seventh Infantry, with 106 men, met and fought insurgents 2 or 3 miles west of Santo
Tomas this morning. Cheatham was supported by Summerall’s guns, and the enemy
were driven away. Summerall’s artillery commands the country between Lake Taal
and Santo Tomas. There are at Santo Tomas and vicinity 600 American troops.
Enemy reported at Lipa, thoroughly organized, having 1,400 troops. I am leaving
Calamba now with 275 men of the Thirty-seventh Infantry for SantoTomds. Cheat-
ham reports one gun with enemy in hisfront.’’ Colonel Bullard has been instructed
that Thirty-eighth Infantry left Silang for Talisay this morning at 9 o’clock, and has
been instructed to make secure Calamba and Los Bafios and not to force enemy south
until troops from northwest arrive. Do you want any more supplies at Naic?

Bagry.
184 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

General Bates proceeded from Dasmarinas to Silang, thence to
Indang, the headquarters of General Schwan, on January 11, and
from that point telegraphed the locations and contemplated movements
of his troops. He said that Anderson’s regiment and Buckey’s four
ae had left for Talisay; that scouting on the Naic road failed to

iscover any detachments of the enemy; that a battalion of the
Twenty-eighth Infantry had been sent from Dasmarinas northeast to
Muntinlupa, on the west coast of the Laguna de Bay, and were fired
upon by armed bodies of the enemy, which it dispersed, killing 2 and
capturing 1 wounded insurgent; that the Dasmarinas and Silang road
had been made available for wagon transportation; that the road
between Indang and Naic was practicable; that he left General
Wheaton at Dasmarinas; expected to have telegraphic communication
to Silang by way of Imus that evening, and that the supplies sent
from Manila had reached Naic on the previous day. General Schwan
also reported on that day, suggesting movements, and was informed
that he must be governed by conditions as developed. His report
and the reply are as follows:

Inpane, January 11, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

So far as can be ascertained, no large bodies of insurgents are passing south. Small
bands are forming in that direction, avoiding trails and moving through woods.
Most all of these believed to be making for their homes. One battalion Forty-sixth
Infantry thought to be sufficient as garrison for each town of Indang, Silang, and
Binang. This disposition would leave Hayes’s cavalry and Thirteenth Infantry force
for contemplated movement through Batangas, as already explained in détail and
approved by General Bates. Sent battalion Thirtieth Infantry, under Colonel
Gardener, to Bayugundan, Lake Taal, to-day, with orders to cooperate with Ander-
son’s movement on Talisay by cutting off enemy’s retreat.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Maniua, January 11, 1900.
General Scuwan, Indang:

Don’t know your contemplated plan on Batangas. One battalion sufficient for
Indang and Binang, but your train should have strong guard if left at Silang, although
six companies would be sufficient. This would give you the cavalry, the Thirty-
eighth and Thirtieth Infantry, and part of Bullard’s force for movements in Bantan-
gas. The Thirty-eighth, to be followed by the Thirtieth, should be moved expedi-
tiously to southeast through Tanauan, prepared to take road to Lipa or San Pablo
as later developments may require, since it is believed insurgents intend to retreat on
San Pablo, probably by Rosario, although cavalry at that point and Tiaoan, few
miles south, would keep them in Batangas. Can not give definite instructions. You
must be guided by conditions as ascertained by you.

Barry, Adjutant-General.

To these instructions General Schwan replied on the following day:

; Inpane, vIA CaLamBa, January 12, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

The following telephone message just sent by me to General Bates, who is at Silang,
respectfully repeated for the information of the corps commander: ‘Plan of cam-
paign, as stated in telegram just received, contemplates adding Thirty-eighth Infantry
and Bullard’s field force to Thirtieth Infantry and Hayes’s Cavalry, for operations on
line extending from Tanauan south of Santo Tomds, through San Pablo, Tiaoan, and
Rosario.” This plan appears to me to bea good one. If approved by you, I propose
to move with Thirty-eighth Infantry, followed by Thirtieth, to Tanauan and to direct
movements from that point or Santo Tomds. Cavalry should proceed to same point
via Silang or Talisay and could be started out immediately. For the supply of this
command it would be desirable that wagon train, now at Silang, be returned without
load to Bifiang and then sent to Calamba.”’

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 185.

Inpana, via CaLamBa, January 12, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:
_ Had conference this morning at point midway between Silang and here with divi-
sion commander, to whom I showed your message of yesterday. Asa result orders
have been issued under which Hayes’s cavalry and Thirtieth Infantry start to-day
from their several stations by a different route for Santo Tomds via Talisay. My
headquarters go to Silang to-night and proceed early to-morrow morning to same
place. Division commander had advised Colonels Bullard and Anderson of the incor-
poration of their regiments into this expeditionary brigade. He has directed the
transfer of the supply train, empty, from Silang to Calamba, where it will be inval-
uable in hustling supplies to the front. Wheeled vehicles do not accompany any
part of the brigade, and it isintended to give it the greatest mobility.’ Silang, Indang,
and Bifiang are to be garrisoned each by a battalion of the Forty-sixth Infantry.
Headquarters of regiment at Silang. ;
Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

On this same day Colonel Bullard telegraphed the following from
Santo Tomas:

Santo Tomds, January 12, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Thave the country from Calamba to Santo Tom4s and from Santo Tom4s to Lake
Taal closed up and thoroughly scouted. Large number of young men in civilian
clothes and unarmed wandering through country to northwest of Santo Tomds. Some
captured admit that they were soldiers and say that they, the unarmed, are ordered
to escape from the country back toward: the north. I am turning back all that I can
find, both civilians and soldiers. Some well-equipped men to the south of Santo
Tomas, probably 300. They have new Mauser ammunition. Five men captured on
insurgent outpost duty without arms and in civilian dress. Thirty-eighth Infantry
has just arrived here. '

Bu LLarD, Colonel Thirty-ninth Infantry.

In the meantime the operations of the Thirtieth Infantry south of
Indang were reported by both Generals Schwan and Bates, the latter
also forwarding information of movements of other organizations.
They wired: :

Inpane, January 12, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

A detachment from Hartigan’s Battalion under Lieutenant McCabe pushed for-
ward from Magallanes to Maragondon; reports that on the 9th instant a large body
of insurgents with which Trias was present, passed the latter place, going south, on
their way to the mountains. This was probably the advance of the force which was
dispersed by Colonel Hayes at Naic, and the bulk of it retreated on the Fort Quin-
tana road.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Sitane, January 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL Eiguta Army Corps, Manila:

The following dispatch received yesterday from General Schwan: ‘“‘Indang, Janu-
ary 12.—Adjutant-General First Division: Major Hartigan, Thirtieth Infantry, after
detaching in Alfonso two companies of his battalion, moved with remaining two com-
panies to Magallanes. On 10th instant captured outpost, drove party 50 insurgents
beyond outpost, capturing a colonel, and had combat with about 200 insurgents in
the town of Magallanes, putting them to rout, killing 3 and capturing 20 men, also 8
rifles. No casualties on our side. Insurgents dispersed in different directions, some
going north and others going south. No other troops have passed Magallanes.”’
General Schwan arrived here last evening and left this morning for Santo Tomds,
which point he expects to reach this evening. Colonel Hayes with nine troops cav-
alry is expected here this morning on his way to Santo Tomds via Talisay. Thirty-
eighth Infantry arrived at Santo Tomds last evening. General Wheaton will
establish his headquarters at Silang, and is expected here this morning, Two bat-
talions Forty-fifth Infantry are to be stationed at Naic. One is already there, and
another has been ordered there from Fort Quintana. Owing to difficulty of supply
at latter point, the headquarters Forty-fifth Infantry will be at Naic.

Bates, Major-General.
186 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, with his nine troops of cavalry, and Major
Steele, with his battalion of the Thirtieth Infantry, arrived at Silang
from the west on the morning of the 13th and departed for Santo
Tomas by way of Talisay. The other two battalions of the Thirtieth
Infantry were directed to move to the same point along the road skirt-
ing the north shore of Lake Taal. General Wheaton established his
headquarters at Silang, and General Schwan’s wagon transportation
had been moved from Silang and was en route, by way of Bifiang, to
Calamba, to which the necessary subsistence and forage was being
shipped from Manila in cascoes by the Pasig River and across the
Laguna, and from which supplies for General Schwan’s column were
to be sent by wagon over the Calamba and Santo Tomas road.

General Bates had distributed the Twenty-eighth Infantry through
eastern Cavite, the Fourth Infantry through its northern portion, and
the Forty-fifth along the western Cavite coast, with headquarters at
Naic, where a portion of the Eleventh Cavalry was placed. The Forty-
sixth Infantry occupied the Silang and Indang line, scouting to the
southwestward into western Batangas. General Schwan, with his
newly organized command, was directed to attack and disperse the
forces of the enemy east and south of Lake Taal, wherever they might
be found in the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, and Laguna.

Changes, too, were being effected among the troops around Manila,
where an expedition for the extreme southeastern section of Luzon and
the islands of Samar and Leyte was being organized, to be placed under
the supervision of General Kobbé, who was withdrawn from the south
Manila line over which he had been exercising command for a short
time. General Hall was instructed to resume again immediate super-
vision of the entire Manila line, to withdraw therefrom the Fortythird
and Forty-seventh regiments, (Colonels Murray and Howe) to place
therein a portion of the Twenty-ninth and Forty-first regiments and
to retain two companies at the outpost of Muntinlupa on the Laguna.

_ We will now present the rapid and very successful movements of
General Schwan’s column to the south and east of Santo Tomas, rely-
ing upon the telegraphic correspondence to convey a fair impression of
his operations. The following telegrams passed:

Santo Tomds, January 14, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Palace:

Arrived here last night in advance of troops of my command, coming from Silan:
through Talisay. Anderson, Thirty-eighth, and Bullard, Thirty-ninth, had move
south on road to Lipa. Report early this morning shows them to be in that town,
where they have orders to wait. I have ordered the following disposition, which
will be effected to-day: One battalion Thirtieth Infantry, Santo Tomds; one battalion
Thirty-seventh Infantry, San Pablo; Hayes’s Cavalry Tiaoan, viaSan Pablo; brigade
headquarters will go to Lipa. Shall send battalion Thirtieth and gun from this place
to San Pablo, relieving battalion Thirty-seventh Infantry, which will push on via
Tiaoan and rejoin this command at Rosario. One battalion Thirty-ninth will be
sent here to relieve battalion Thirtieth, and garrison Santa Tomds and Tanauan;
another battalion Thirty-ninth will be left at Lipa. It is intended that cavalry will
also rejoin at Rosario. The artillery (Van Deusen’s, Summerall’s, Buckey’s), six
guns in all, will move with command south via Lipa. The wagon train, 21 wagons,
is due Calamba to-day. I propose loading this with 20,000 rations, comprising staple
components only, and supplying the troops by means of it. I shall need supplies
for men and animals at Batangas, but will communicate in reference to this in a sub-
sequent telegram. The troops move speedily this morning for San Pablo, Tiaoan,
the commanding points, but in order to reap full benefits, the movements south from
Lipa must be delayed until all the dispositions above mentioned are completed.
This will probably delay movement south from Lipa until to-morrow or next day.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 187

Santo TomAs, January 14, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Major Cheatham’s Battlion Thirty-seventh Infantry, en route to San Pablo, encoun-
tered about 3 miles from here a force of about 400 insurgents, routed them, the major-
ity retreating in the direction Aliminos. Some fell back toward Tanauan. Enemy’s
loss unknown, but left five dead on field. Private Schaffer, Company C, wounded,
has been returned to Santo Tomd4s. No other casualties. Cavalry has overtaken
Cheatham, and will sweep country in its front of insurgents.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Lipa, January 15, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL Eiguta ARMY Corps:

My headquarters were moved to this place yesterday. I arrived 8p. m. The
Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth regiments and Summerall’s artillery, 3 guns, under
Colonel Anderson, Thirty-eighth, had advanced from Tanauan, and by my orders
forwarded by courier, were holding position here until my arrival. Colonel Anderson
reports of his march and operations in substance as follows: He left Tanauan 6 a.m.
18th, proceeding along high road toward Lipa. Encountered small detachments of
enemy firing occasional shots only, until he reached Luta where quite a brisk resist-
ance was made which was promptly overcome. More resistance offered from intrench-
ment thrown up across the road short distance farther on. This was also overcome,
the artillery under Summerall being used in both cases; otherwise no resistance, and
Lipa peaceably occupied. Hearing of American prisoners retiring with insurgents
from here, Colonel Anderson with 10 other officers and orderlies, all mounted, pushed
rapidly forward to Rosario, liberated at latter place 60 Spanish prisoners, and cap-
tured about $20,000 which the enemy was taking off in carts. Enemy’s losses
unknown, but 8 dead found and a dozen wounded. Our casualties, 1 killed, 1 mor-
tally and 1 slightly wounded. Names will be reported later. About 200 Spanish |
prisoners liberated and now here will be started for Calamba with returning train,
possibly to-day.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Mania, January 15, 1900.
General Scuwan, Santo Tomds, Tanauan, or Lipa:

Reported here that enemy hasa large and well equipped force atSan Pablo. Rations
and transportation will be sent to Batangas as requested by you.
Barry.

Bataneas, January 16, 1900,
ApsuTaNt-GENERAL EriguTH ARMy CoRPs: _

Following results accomplished by portions of this command since last report from
Lipa the 15th: Hayes’s cavalry passed Cheatham (Thirty-seventh), and took San Pablo.
Insurgents firing from behind brick wall were soon driven out with a loss of 8 killed,
83 wounded, 15 guns, 200 rounds ammunition, material destroyed. Hayes left guard
at town to await Cheatham and proceeded on, camped at Tiaoan, and started 3 p.m.
next day for Rosario. Met insurgents’ outpost 3 miles from Tiaoan, drove it across
river into intrenchments. Bridge over river was destroyed by enemy. Our men had
to cross on bamboo poles and drive enemy out, killing 3. Four miles from Rosario
met mounted patrol of enemy, which opened fire on ourfront. Fire returned, killed
2. Camped at Rosario 15th, and moved here by Ibaan, arriving 1 p. m. to-day without
further opposition. No report yet from Cheatham, who followed Hayes on, he being
relieved by Lovering’s battalion, which started from Santo Tomds at 3 a.m. 15th.
Other column left Battalion Thirtieth (Hartigan’s) to hold Santo Tomds and Tanauan
till arrival of Bullard’s headquarters with one battalion, Thirty-ninth, which I sent
back from Lipa 4 a.m. 15th. Hartigan now enroute here. Left one battalion, Thirty-
ninth (Mulford’s), at Lipa and proceeded by three roads to Batangas with remainder
ofcommand; Anderson’s (Thirty-eighth) two battalions, and 3 guns, through San Jose;
Muir’s battalion, Thirty-eighth, by Rosario and Taisan; Gardener with one battalion,
Thirtieth, Macabebes, and 2 guns, by Ibaan. Brigade headquarters went with center
column. All moved to line San Jose, Ibaan, Taisan yesterday, and advanced on
Batangas this morning. Gardener’s advance found about 60 of the enemy intrenched
outside of town and drove them toward Muir. Pushing on, Gardener met light fire from
convent. Drove enemy in small numbers and occupied town. Three Filipinos killed.
188 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Muir met light resistance at Rosario, killing 1 Filipino. Approaching this town met
band of insurgents formed as skirmishers. In ensuing engagement, killed 2, wounded
8, captured 74, including 2 captains; also 11 rifles and 1,074 rounds of ammunition,
21 bolos, and 3 revolvers. At Taisan he released 69 Spanish prisoners now here.
Anderson followed Gardener into Batangas. One of his battalions sent_to occupy
Batian temporarily. No casualties in command since last report from Lipa, 15th.
Filipino paymaster captured here with $220.
Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

On January 15, the day preceding General Schwan’s entrance into
Batangas, the authorities of that city had agreed to surrender the place
to the United States authorities, represented by the naval commander
of the gunboat Mariveles, which was coasting along southwestern
Luzon, but when the crew of that vessel was about to take possession
the insurgent flag was raised above the rebel intrenchments along the
beach, which were at once strongly and defiantly manned, whereupon
the vessel shelled the town, but with what results was not ascertained.
As soon as the place was taken by our troops the vessel kindly received
an officer and 50 men of the Thirtieth Infantry, and transported them
to the town of Lobo, southeast of Batangas on the coast, for the pur-
pose of releasing American prisoners reported to be held there by the
enemy. These troops were landed at Lobo, but were unable to discover
or obtain any information of the reported prisoners, and returned to
Batangas. Ten thousand field rations, together with clothing for the
troops and property required by the cavalry, were sent from Manila
to Batangas on January 18, with instructions to General Schwan to
take for field service such portions of the same as he needed, and to
leave there the remainder for the garrison which was to permanently
occupy the city after his departure eastward.

On that and the following day the General reported as follows:

BataneGas, January 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Mulford’s battalion, Thirty-ninth, will leave Lipa for San Pablo on direct trail on
19th. Langhorne’s battalion, Thirty-ninth, left here the 17th for Rosario, whence it
will proceed, via Tiaoan, to San Pablo. This battalion will probably be joined by
that of Major Cheatham, Thirty-seventh, which is to be turned back to San Pablo.
Summerall’s artillery will accompany this column. Cavalry will leave here on its
mission on 19th instant, carrying seven days’ rations, and going via Rosario and
Candelaria, the road by San Juan and Lucena being impracticable. It will turn
over, at or near Tayabas, prisoners it may liberate and captures it may make, to the
companies of infantry from Rosario battalion which is to follow it from Tiaoan.
Having completed its task, cavalry will march to Santa Cruz via Lucban, Luisiana,
and Cavinti. It will depend for supplies on Santa Cruz. Its return movements
will cover country indicated in instructions, and will, it is thought, prove especially
effective. Upon arrival of supply ship, two battalions Thirtieth Infantry will set out
for San Pablo, on Tiaoan road, accompanied by transportation carrying subsistence
stores, also shoes and trousers for organizations which preceded them. These bat-
talions will march via Tiaoan, which road is being repaired to make it practicable
for wagons. Bug de headquarters leaving here on the 19th, by Lipa, will reach
San Pablo on 20th. There I expect some supplies by wagon train from Calamba,
going via Los Bajios, train to be properly escorted. In due time a garrison ought to
be placed at Tayabas, to be supplied from Lucena or Pagbilao. Have secured for
Colonel Hayes plan of Tayabas. From San Pablo infantry column will proceed to
Santa Cruz via Lilio and Magdalena.

Scuw.n, Brigadier-General.

Bataneas, January 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:
Report just received from Cheatham, Thirty-seventh, at Rosario, where he arrived
from San Pablo on the 16th without opposition. Major Langhorne, Thirty-ninth,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 189

reached Rosario to-day. En route he met small body of insurgents. Killed 1, cap-
tured rest with 4 ponies. Insurgents in uniform. One of his companies proceeding
to Rosario was fired into. One man killed. Was attacked by bolomen and 1 man
was slightly wounded. Names will be reported later.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Barancas, January 19, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Colonel Bullard reports from Santo Tomds that improvised pony pack train,
escorted by Lieut. F. W. Ralston, with 50 men, Thirty-eighth Infantry, while on its
way with 700 rations for San Pablo, was ambushed near Aliminos morning of 18th.
Train was lost; one of the scouts killed, 5 wounded, and 9 missing. Bullard thinks
some of the missing made their way to San Pablo. Party evidently surprised as
escort was large enough for small train. Three additional battalions will reach San
Pablo early to-morrow. Have arranged to send there from Santo Tomds reserve
supply of rations. Troops on their way to San Pablo can get along with what rations
ey ee they reach Santa Cruz, which it is expected will be occupied on the

instant.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

General Schwan, having received the supplies absolutely needed by
his troops, was ready to continue his operations eastward. The com-
manding general of the First Division (General Bates), who had
returned to his headquarters in Manila, leaving affairs in Cavite and
on the west Batangas coast to be supervised by General Wheaton,
instructed him on January 17 to leave the Thirty-cighth Infantry in
southern Batangas (one battalion in the city of Batangas, one at Lipa,
the other at Rosario), and direct it to scout actively in an easterly
direction, as General Wheaton’s troops would look after all country
near the towns of Lucena or Taal, and westward. He was instructed
to send cavalry out on the Rosario and Candelaria road, to signify
when and where they should be rationed and foraged, and with all
remaining force move on San Pablo, thence east and south of Santa
Cruz into the mountain districts, where a large force of the enemy
was reported depending on Santa Cruz for further supplies. At least
one battalion was to be retained at each of the points, Santo Tomas,
Calamba, and Los Bafios. Under these instructions General Schwan,
upon reaching Rosario on January 19, required for supplies for 2,400
men and forage for 650 animals, at Santa Cruz, on the south shore of
the Laguna de Bay, which he expected to reach on the 22d; reported
that Cheatham’s battalion would reach San Pablo early the following
morning, and that his headquarters, with Langhorne’s and Mulford’s
battalions, would arrive there during the day; that Steele’s battalion
of the Thirtieth should report there the evening of the 20th, and that
Hayes would leave his camp at Tiaoan early in the morning on his
route eastward.

No further information was received from General Schwan until
January 24, owing to lack of telegraphic communication and his
inability to send scouts with any prospect of success back to Santo
Tomas or Los Bafios, the extreme points to which the telegraphic line
had been constructed, because of the scattered fragments of the enemy’s
force which infested the country through which he was moving. In
the meantime the three army gunboats on the Laguna de Bay were
sent to Santa Cruz to assist the troops marching on that strongly
intrenched position (due there on the 22d), accompanied by a number
of cascoes laden with subsistence, clothing, and forage. ‘These boats
reported off Santa Cruz the evening of the 2ist and the morning of
190 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

the 22d. A few shells were fired at the intrenchments, which elicited
no response, when the crews were landed, found the place deserted,
and were informed that 500 of the enemy had rapidly moved out the
previous evening, retreating eastward to the mountains. The enemy
was obliged to evacuate with celerity to prevent capture, as our troops
were descending on the city from all practicable roads to the south-
ward. General Schwan telegraphed from Santa Cruz on January 24,
giving a brief résumé of the operations of his column since leaving
Rosario and submitting suggestions as to future stations of troops, '
which are as follows:

Santa Cruz, January 24, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL Eraata Army Corps, Manila:

Report as follows operations my command since last report from Rosario: Colonel
Anderson, at Batangas, received request from Major Johnston, Forty-sixth, on 20th
instant for assistance, ammunition, and rations at Lemeri. Sent three companies
under Muir, and later followed himself. Attacked trenches at Taal, driving out
enemy, estimated at 400 strong, and occupied the town. Reports many enemy killed.
Our casualties all of Thirty-eighth. Anderson left one company to garrison Taal
and returned to Batangas with rest of command. I moved from Rosario morning
of 20th with Thirtieth Infantry, followed by Cheatham’s and Langhorne’s battalions,
on road to San Pablo. Passed Hayes’s cavalry on road to Tiaoan about 11a. m.
Marched without incident, arriving San Pablo about 2 p. m. same day. Lovering
reported that on preceding day a reconnoitering party of 1 officer and 53 men had
been attacked while taking midday meal near Concepcion. Our casualties 2
wounded. Enemy’s loss 6 killed and some wounded. It appears that carelessness
and neglect of ordinary precautions were permitted. Have ordered thorough inves-
tigation. Full report by mail. 1 immediately sent company Thirty-seventh to
reconnoiter beyond Concepcion on Santa Cruz road. Company developed intrenched
position of enemy near San Diego, with strong trenches extending both sides and
fully commanding road, which ran on narrow ridge with very precipitous sides.
Moved out with command on 21st, at noon, after substituting Hartigan’s battalion
for Lovering’s as garrison at San Pablo. Sent Cheatham’s battalion and 1 gun to
turn enemy’s left flank. We found enemy about 500 strong and fought him for about
two hours. He had line of trenches extending in semicircle a mile long, and, except
on roadside, was concealed in thick jungle. Enemy was driven out with loss, as
officially reported by officers, of 67 killed and a large number wounded. Lang-
horne’s battalion, Summerall’s 3.2-inch and Maxim-Nordenfeldt guns, and Given’s
company constituted the advance guard. During engagement two companies and
sharpshooters Thirtieth Infantry moved up to firing line. Our casualties 1 killed
and 13 wounded.

Cheatham moved by trail, but was unable to come in on flank, owing to diffi-
cult country. Pushed on, however, crossing range of hills, and came upon in-
trenched detachment of the enemy numbering 100; routed it, killing 15. Cheat-
ham’s casualties, 2 wounded. Enemy abandoned stock of uniforms | subsistence,
also several rifles and many bolos. The captured property necessarily destroyed,
Cheatham being without transportation. Command camped about 8 miles from San
Pablo on 21st, Cheatham coming in about dark. Next morning column entered
Lilio without resistance. Here I detached Langhorne with six companies anda gun
to move against Majayjay, reported as held by 400 of the enemy, I intending to pro-
ceed with column to Santa Cruz. A released Spanish prisoner from Majayjay that
morning reported from 1,500 to 3,000 of enemy in latter place, thoroughly equipped,
provisioned, and intrenched.. Upon this I decided to move with entire command to
Majayjay, sending wagon train, escorted by Mulford’s battalion and Cameron’s troop,
down Santa Cruz road to junction with road to Majayjay. Road from Lilio to Majay-
jay impracticable for wagons. Advanced to within 800 yards of town and occupied
heights, separated from it by apparently impassable river and rocky gorge, with sides
practically perpendicular. Found town thoroughly intrenched and impossible of
approach by roads or trails in vicinity without slaughter. Ordered thorough recon-
noissance above and below town, and ordered Mulford’s battalion up. All prepared
for attack nextday. Mulford found crossing, and, lowering men by ropes, got posi-
tion north of townon enemy’s re flank. Observing commencement of this move-
ment, the enemy, already alarmed by reconnoissance to the south, withdrew. Town
was at once occupied by our troops, and Colonel Gardener, Thirtieth Regiment, with
2 battalions and 2 guns, was sent in pursuit. The strength of the position at
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 191

Majayjay can not be exaggerated. It was approached by one road exposed for a
mile to fire and carefully made and concealed intrenchments. This road crossed the’
gorge by a narrow bridge and wound, like an ellipse, down one side and up another,
all of which could be swept by a converging fire. Barricades and entanglements
were placed along it to hold troops under deadly fire. A sketch of this stronghold
will be forwarded by mail.

Left Langhorne’s battalion to garrison Majayjay. Command being much scattered
and out of rations, also short of ammunitlon, I moved with Mulford’s battalion and
engineers to Santa Cruz, our base and designated rendezvous, arrivingt at 9 p. m. yes-
terday, the 23d instant. Hayes has not yet arrived at Nagcarlan. Belore receiving
word of enemy’s holding Majayjay in force, sent Cheatham’s battalion on road to
Santa Cruz, on west side of Santa Cruz River, intending with main column to pro-
ceed to same place via Magdalena. Cheatham oceupied Santa Cruz at 2 o’clock on
22d. Along road Cheatham had brush with small party of thé enemy, killing 6.

Scowan,

Santa Cruz, January 24, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Hayes’s column was expected to complete its movement and arrive at Santa Cruz
on the 23d. Its nonarrival may be due to several causes of detention. In the lack
of news from this column, and until the result of Gardener’s pursuit of the enemy is
known, a specific plan of future operations can not be stated. It is believed the
enemy’s force under General Cailles, which was flanked out of its strong position at
Majayjay, will rapidly disintegrate. Small bands of it will probably infest the
mountainous region bounded by the towns of San Pablo, Majayjay, Tayabas, and
Tiaoan, terrorizing and living upon the inhabitants. To exterminate these bands,
occupying concealed camps, such as that struck by Cheatham on the 21st, garrisons,
generally consisting of a battalion each, would have to be kept at the places above
mentioned for some time. Ifa battalion were stationed at Tiaoan, which could patrol
the road to San Juan de Bocboc, the troops now at Rosario, a place easily controlled
by Lipa, might be withdrawn. The Thirtieth Infantry seems to be the most avail-
able regiment for regulating the affairs of the district bounded as above shown and
extending to Antimonan and Mauban. The battalion of the Thirtieth Infantry now
at San Pablo could be shifted to Majayjay, the other battalions of that regiment tak-
ing post at Tayabas and Tiaoan. San Pablo could be occupied by Langhorne’s bat-
talion. This would leave Mulford’s battalion of the Thirty-ninth disposable. Colonel
Gardener is well fitted to superintend both the requisite military operations and the
reestablishment of order and civil government within the district outlined.

ScHwan.

Santa Cruz, January 24, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Hayes’s cavalry, less 1 troop, supposed to be en route and near to Santa Cruz; 1
troop at Santa Cruz. Thirtieth Infantry, 9 companies, under Colonel Gardener, pur-
suing enemy eastward from Majayjay and opening up communication with Hayes.
Three companies under Hartigan atSan Pablo. Thirty-seventh Infantry, Cheatham’s
battalion, less 1 company, en route Magdalena and Santa Cruz; 1 company escorting
wagon train to Majayjay. Boyd’s battalion, less 1 company, at Santa Cruz, and
that company reconnoitering in direction of Pagsajan and Lumbang. Thirty-ninth
Infantry, Parker’s battalion, at Santo Tomds and Tanauan. Langhorne’s battalion
at Majayjay. Mulford’s battalion at Santa Cruz. Latter battalion will be started
to-morrow to patrol road to San Pablo, especially position near San Diego from
which enemy was driven on 21st instant. Thirty-eighth Infantry, 1 battalion each
at Batangas, Lipa, and Rosario; 2 companies latter battalion detached on Tiaoan-
Tayabas road, supporting Hayes’s column. Brigade wagon train, 12 wagons, hauling
supplies from Santa Cruz to Majayjay; 9 wagons left at San Pablo January 21 sup-
posed to have returned to Santo Tomas; 4 wagons at Indang. Two ambulances are
at Indang, 1 at Santo Toméas, 1 at Majayjay, and 3 at Santa Cruz.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

To further cooperate with General Schwan’s column marching to the
south shore of the Laguna de Bay by attacking detachments of the
enemy which were giving trouble on the north and east shore of the
192 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Jake, six companies of the Forty-second Infantry, which were occupy-
ing a portion of the north Manila line under its lieutenant-colonel
(Lieutenant-Colonel Beacom), were directed to move by the north shore
on Paete, thence to Santa Cruz, and there report to General Schwan,
dispersing or destroying en route the enemy’s detachments. The march
of Lieutenant-Colonel Beacom was very successful. He encountered
several bands of the insurgents, upon whom he inflicted considerable
Sate capturing property and driving the remnants of the bands
into the mountains. He reported to General Schwan on the 25th of
January, and thence continued his march to Calamba, whence his com-
panies returned by Santa Cruz and Paete and through the Morong
province to Manila. It is to this column General Schwan refers in
the following telegrams, which still further report his operations:

Santa Cruz,
January 25 (via Los Baftos, January 26), 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Colonel Gardener’s column arrived here this morning at 11 o’clock, having passed
through the towns of Luisiana, Cavinti, and Pagsanjan. At Luisiana he overtook
and dispersed some of the insurgent force lately under General Cailles, which
evacuated Majayjay on 23d.. Gardener found that only a small party belonging to
that force had taken the trail to Lucban, and none that leading to Mauban, whereas
the largest fraction had taken the road to Luisiana. Northward of latter he pur-
sued three insurgent companies, but on his arrival at Cavinti became satisfied that
they had disbanded, their fragments passing over trails in direction of east coast. An
intelligent native, secretary of the late governor of the Laguna province, believed to
be reliable, expresses belief, derived from information given by deserters and others,
that those of the force lately at Majayjay, who have not returned to their homes,
will work their way in direction of Binangonan. Colonel Beacom, just arrived, says
that going south from Paete he scouted trail leading to San Antonio and exchanged.
shots with small insurgent bodies. Hayes’s continued absence gives mesome concern.
His column is strong enough to take care of itself under any conditions likely to arise.
Impassable trails may have compelled his deviations from route to this point laid
out for him. Have ordered Langhorne’s battalion to search for and endeavor to
open up communication with hiscolumn. He is to start at daybreak to-morrow, or
as soon as Cheatham’s battalion, which left here three hours ago, relieves him at
Majayjay. Have also sent Mulford’s battalion to patrol road to San Pablo, repair
telegraph line, and if possible connect with Hayes, should the latter be en route for
Santa Cruz via Tiaoan and San Pablo. With Mulford are three wagons carrying
3,000 rations. San Pablo troops are rationed until about the 2d proximo. Abundant
supplies at Majayjay. One company Thirty-seventh is escorting signal corps
party to reconstruct old telegraph line to Los Bafios via Pila and Bay. Bullard, at
Santo Tomas, and ee at San Pablo, report situation in their respective sec-
tions as satisfactory. Information is general to the effect that inhabitants of towns
whom insurgent authorities compelled to quit on approach of Americans are return-
ing to their homes. It is believed that active scouting for a time by organizations
not greater than a battalion will clear the situation and pacify the country held by
this command.

: ScHWAN.

; Santa Cruz,
January 25 (via Los Bafios, January 26), 1900.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PACIFIC:

Hayes’s command just arrived 3 = m. He arrived at Lucban 22d; found country
impracticable from that point, and returned on 23d to Tiaoan, thence here by San
Pablo. Met intrenched resistance at Sariaga; drove enemy out in half an hour. Our
losses, 1 killed, 3 mortally wounded, 2 slightly wounded, all of Eleventh Cavalry;
names will follow. Enemy’s losses not known. Flanked enemy out of intrenched
position at Tayabas by moving part of his command to Lucena, which he entered
without resistance. Found record at Tayabas, dated January 15, 11 American prison-
ers, saying: ‘‘ We leave to-morrow, but know not to what place.’?’ Hayes’s command
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 198

released about 20 Spanish prisoners and 5 Spanish women. Indications are enem
retreated toward Mauban, taking large number Spanish prisoners with them. Full
report later. Movements from Majayjay suspended for the present and troops held
there. Mulford will report from San Pablo, and be held there. ;
Scrwan.

Santa Cruz (via Los Bafios), January 27, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PActIric:

Lovering’s battalion, which left here yesterday, the 26th, now marching via Majayjay
and Lucban to Tayabas. Hartigan’s battalion started from San Pablo this morning
for same place. Both battalions are due at Tayabas about noon 28th. Lovering will
be at Antimonan on 30th, prepared to shut off retreat of insurgents driven from Mau-
ban by Cheatham’s command, which starts from Majayjay to-morrow, after being
relieved by Steel’s battalion. Information received through officers of Hayes’s column
is to the effect that in the coast towns east of Antimonan are confined many Spanish
and some American prisoners. Gumaco, Lopez, and Calaoag are especially men-
tioned. Owing to difficulty of supplying troops overland, the rugged nature of the
country to be traversed, I venture to suggest that suitable vessels for transportation
of troops be provided to visit these towns and other places on north and south coast
of Camarines provinces, both for purpose of liberating prisoners and for the estab-
lishing of authority of United States. The battalion of Cheatham or Lovering, to
which might be added one or two Nordenfeldts, would be a sufticient force and will
be available. Are American troops garrisoning Albay?

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.
Santa Cruz, January 30, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL:

Oeste, just back from Paete, reports all quiet there. Cascoes being loaded and trade
being carried on without hindrance. No robbers have been there, nor is there any
sign of any. Inhabitants, including women, have returned to town.

Mulford, Thirty-ninth, who with his battalion left here and reached San Pablo
26th, reports at Lilio and Nagcarlan natives are reoccupying their homes and shops,
and stands reopening. People there seem friendly. Houses between San Diego and
San Pablo for the most part still deserted. Breaks in telegraph line in that section
still frequent, and consequently wire communication between this point and San
Pablo has been very uncertain. Mulford in cleaning up the town of San Pablo has
distributed within forty-one barrios within his jurisdiction announcements in Tagalo
from brigade headquarters that people will be protected in their position and prop-
erty. Families are now returning in considerable numbers and shops are reopening.
He is taking steps toward establishing civil government, and says that affairs are pro-
gressing satisfactorily. Reports no indications of presence of organized bodies of
insurgents in vicinity. Shipments of products in considerable quantities are made
from the ports of Paete, Pagsanjan, and Santa Cruz.

CHWAN.

General Schwan’s troops had traversed all the principal roads of the
ree of Laguna and those of Tayabas east of Lake Taal, and had
efeated, scattered, and demoralized all organized forces of the enemy
within that section of country. He had placed the Thirty-eighth
Infantry (Anderson’s) in the province of Batangas, with headquarters
at the city of Batangas; the Thirtieth (Gardener’s) in the province of
Tayabas, with headquarters in the city of that name; while the Thirty-
seventh and Thirty-ninth (Major Boyd and Colonel Bullard command-
ing), together with the cavalry, covered the country eastward of the
Calnnibs and Santo Tomas road to the east coast of Luzon. Both
Antimonan and Mauban were garrisoned and protection given to the
inhabitants, who soon resumed trade with Manila. The labors of these
troops would thereafter consist of active scouting through certain sec-
tions of country, under the supervision of officers commanding regi-
ments stationed therein. General Schwan’s services as chief of staff
were required in Manila, and he was directed to join the headquarters

4495——13
194 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

there as soon as he had completed the posting of the organizations of
his command and issued instructions under which the property and
lives of the inhabitants could be made secure. He returned to Manila
on February 9, having first reported conditions as follows:

Santa Cruz, February 8, 1900.
ApsUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

From personal observation and the investigation of other officers, I have reached
the conclusion that with constant vigilance and proper measures on our part the
insurgents in ‘the provinces of Laguna and Tayabas will be incapable of doing any
serious mischief. ‘Their attempts on all but individuals, mere squads, or inadequately
escorted trains are feeble to a degree and are evidently induced by a spirit of bravado
rather than by any hope of success. The insurgent forces in the provinces named
are split up into small fragments, who emerge from their mountain retreats mainly
for the purposes of rapineand murder. They retain, though with increased difficulty,
a certain control of the peaceful natives, especially of the townspeople, whom they
compel on the approach of the Americans to quit their homes. The rapidity of the
marches and countermarches of our troops, penetrating into out-of-the-way places,
have disconcerted and demoralized them. The people are fast returning to their
homes in the Laguna province, notably the towns of San Pablo, Nagcarlan, Lilio,
Magdalena, and Santa Cruz. For some reason those in the town of Pagsanjan never
left them. Men and women in considerable numbers are seen at work in the fields,
and on the principal roads pony pack trains as well as bull carts are frequently met
going into the lake ports for purpose of trade. In Tayabas province a different
state of things still exists. Lucban, Tayabas, Candelaria, and Tiaoan, through all of
which I passed within the last two days, are absolutely deserted except by Chinese
traders. The houses in the barrios are also vacant. It is believed the continued
presence of troops in Tayabas will have the same effect as it had in this province,
and that the great bulk of the people will soon assume their accustomed work. The
more intelligent and best element see clearly that their military leaders have become
robber chiefs, and that their only salvation lies in yielding to American authority.
This they are willing to do when they find permanent occupation, or occupation
with some prospect of permanence has become a fact. Permanent occupation does
not, of course, imply that the troops shall sit down in idleness or pursue a dull
routine at their respective posts. The officers in command must familiarize them-
selves with local conditions, learn whom to trust, and ferret out, break up, or destroy
the insurgent or robber bands. Each regimental commander should control the
posts occupied by his battalions, in order that all may cooperate in the pacification
of the intervening and surrounding country.

Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

While General Schwan was engaged in his operations and in posting
his troops in the provinces of Laguna, Tayabas, and eastern Batangas,
General Wheaton, with headquarters at Silang, was covering the country
bounded by the province of Cavite and the western portion of Batan-

as. He had with him the Fourth Infantry, the Twenty-eighth, Forty-

fth, and Forty-sixth Regiments of Volunteers, Reilly’s Light Battery
(a platoon under Lieutenant Summerall excepted), and a portion of
the Eleventh Cavalry, to which other troops of that regiment were
added as rapidly as they could be mounted in Manila. The Fourth
Infantry covered western and the Twenty-eighth Infantry eastern
Cavite. The Forty-sixth occupied the Silang and Indang line, scout-
ing to the southward, and the Forty-fifth Infantry, oath Neale aareses
at Naic, aided by the Eleventh Cavalry, operated in the same direction
and as far north as San Francisco de Malabon. The great majority of
the armed insurgents who shortly before had confronted Binang, Imus,
and Bacoor remained in that section of country. Many of their organi-
zations had dispersed, but a few, numbering from one to two compa-
nies each, escaped south, where they continued to harass the inhabitants
near and along the southwestern Luzon coast. The troops were rationed
by means of vessels communicating with Bacoor and Naic, thence by
wagon transportation to their several stations.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 195

On January 15 General Wheaton sent Colonel Dorst, Forty-fifth
Regiment, with one of his battalions and two troops of cavalry, to
reconnoiter the country about Magallanes, Lian, and Tuy, and also
dispatched Major Johnston with his battalion of the Forty-sixth Infan-
try to Mendez Nuiiez, Alfonso, and Lemery—the latter city situated
on the east coast of Balayan Bay, about 18 miles by road northwest of
the city of Batangas. A strong native police force was organized at
Naic and a few other points, which accomplished excellent work in
quieting the inhabitants, who betook themselves to their civil pursuits
and were placed in trade communication with Manila.

On January 18, 19, 20, and 21, General Wheaton telegraphed the
following : :

Siuane, January 18, 1900.
ApsuTANT-GENERAL, Department of the Pacific:

Following received from Johnston, who is at Tuy:

‘Left provincial boundary at6a.m. Reached Tuy at noon. Found five or six
hundred cartridges for Sharp’s rifle in soldiers’ barracks. One mounted unarmed
man escaped. oe insurgent surrendered himself and a serviceable Remington; he
stated that one company was at Tuy and that 30 deserted to the mountains. Natives
say that insurgents are in Calaca and Lemeri; also that gunboats bombarded Taal
yesterday. Will reach Calaca to-night and attack place to-morrow. Going to
Lemeri to-morrow afternoon.’’

Sirane, January 19, 1900.

Following just received from Johnston, under date 18th instant from Balayan:

“Reached Balayan 6 p. m. 17th. Many people left city, but turned hundreds
back. No property touched. Found 17 rifles in convent, which were destroyed.
Hear insurgents are at Calaca, Lemeri, and Taal. Leave Balayan at 7 a. m. to-day
for Calaca. No boats. Sighted one casco loaded with fugitives. Stopped at beach
last night. Balayan a large town and prosperous.’’

Sitane, January 20, 1900.

Following just received from Dorst, under date 19th instant, from Naic:

“Returned at 5.45 p. m. to-day. Arrived Nasugbu at dusk 16th. On 17th, about
3 miles south of Nasugbu, cavalry under Major Carson struck band of about 40 insur-
gents, when running fight took place. Four insurgents were killed and 1 severely
wounded. Several prisoners and 3 Remingtons captured; 1 Spanish prisoner released.
About 1} miles this side of Magallanes trail runs through gorge about 300 feet deep.
Force of about 60 insurgents laid in ambush at entrance. Four insurgents were killed
and 2 severely wounded. Two Remington rifles, several hundred rounds cartridges,
Mausers, and 1 prisoner were captured. Our casualties were: Private Milton Kna-
ble, slight wound of face; Private Peter Ayska, slight wound, middle finger, right
hand. Both men belong to Company H, Forty-fifth Infantry. Have 16 prisoners
and the Spanish prisoner.’’

Siuana, January 21, 1900.

The following has just been received from Major Johnston, Forty-sixth Infantry,
Lemeri, January 18, via Batangas, January 20, 5 p. m.
“Batanaas, January 20.
“ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’s BricapDE, Silang:

“Tn addition to 17 rifles destroyed at Balayan this morning, I found and spiked
1 muzzle-loading field gun. Left there at 7 a. m., proceeding along coast, reached
Calaca, 7 miles, at 10.30 a. m. Drove out of it a company of insurgents, which I
learned had arrived from Taal. Last night found 3 dead. Took 4 prisoners, cap-
tured 4 horses, with equipments, from one of which an officer was wounded at first
volley of scouts. Took 6 Remington rifles and a few hundred cartridges. Think
3 more killed anda few wounded. Only my scouts and small detachments Companies
I and H engaged. No casualties. Left Calaca 2 p. m. after arrival of pack train at
Banio. At Mapayaqui, 3 miles north of Lemeri, I caught in hills an insurgent outpost.
Made 38 prisoners, took 6 horses, 3 saddles. All were mounted and few escaped.
No casualties known. Approached Lemeri carefully, with scouts and company
196 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

deployed. At5p.m., in sight of town, was fired on by strong force of insurgents pro-
tected in trenches on hill across Taal River, reaching around to Banio, Detubergar.
Forced Companies I and H to left, and then advanced to Taal River by gradual
rushes, silencing enemy’s fire by 6 o’clock. At5.30 pack train attacked in rear; attack
repulsed by one platoon Company G. Another platoon made flank movement on
insurgents’ trenches; stopped by impassable river, Taal. Lemeri entered 6.30 p. m.,
after hour’s firing. Distance marched, 15 miles. My losses are Private Carr, Forty-
sixth Infantry, killed; Private Boes, Company H, Forty-sixth Infantry, seriously
wounded. Surgeon MacArthur’s horse shot. Officers and men behaved splendidly
on first day of fighting. I learn 800 insurgents with 4 cannon reached Taal at noon
returning from Bauan or Batangas. They, hearing my firing at Calaca, stopped to
intrench. They will, no doubt, try to force bridge to-morrow in order to reach
mountains west of Lake Taal. Americans are in Banio again. Boat was near here
to-day. Under such circumstances I deem it my duty to hold this bridge as long as
communication lasts. Am told river can be crosged above; if so, I can put men in
Bauan to force surrender. My orders permit me to come only to Lemeri, and
require me to be in Indang on 20th. Latter would involve apparent retreat. I shall
stay here and endeavor to communicate with Bauan by boat to-morrow.
“WH. JoHNsTON,
“Major Forty-sixth Infantry.”

Sitane, January 21, 1900.

Following just received from Lemeri, 20th:

“To ADIUTANT-GENERAL, Wheaton’s Brigade, Silang:

“After last dispatch, January 18, communicated with Batangas yesterday morning
by gunboat Marietta. She carried message to commanding general, Batangas, as well
as my full report of January 18 engagements to you. All day of 19th insurgents fired
from trenches and houses of Taal into outposts and into every street of Lemeri. They
brought up reenforcements from Bauan at5 p.m. Marietta returned with news that
General Schwan had left, and that Colonel Anderson, Thirty-eighth, had sent 3 com-
panies under Major Muir to attack Taal. At 5.30 heard Muir firing. Took 2 com-
panies under fire across stone bridge, which insurgents had obstructed with abattis.
They had 3 muzzle-loading field pieces, which fired 6 times, and a squad of riflemen
on bluff 50 feet above bridge. My 2 companies took their field pieces south half of
Taal and killed several, and Major Muir took north part of Taal. Insurgents retreated
in all directions, badly scattered; not known yet where they went. It is a pity that
troops could not have been sent to carry the arms that are now lost. My losses only
2 wounded. Muir returned to Batangas with 2 companies, leaving 1 company in
Taal. I have 2 companies there and 1 here. I think it important to hold bridge
and keep away insurgents on this side of Taal. Lieutenant Cowan, of General Bates’s
staff, is here and informs me that a battalion of the Twenty-eighth Infantry will be
sent here to-morrow to do garrison duty. On its arrival shall I return as originally
ordered or start back without waiting? I have rations sufficient to get to Indan:
and can take .care of myself alone. Captain Green fired on insurgent artillery aad
trenches from Marietta, and landed Colt’s automatic gun to assist me. The latter
reached me after the bridge was carried, so was of no use. The former firing con-
tributed materially to the result accomplished, and I have thanked Captain Green.

““W. H. Jonnsron,
“Major Forty-siath Infantry.”

In reference to the capture of Taal, Colonel Anderson, at Batangas,
telegraphed to the headquarters of the First Division as follows:

Got request at 12 m. yesterday from Major Johnston, at Lemeri, for assistance; also
for ammunition and rations. Sent rations and 100,000 rounds ammunition at 1.10.
Major Muir started with B, C, D companies, battalion Thirty-eighth Regiment. I
left at 3 and joined them after march 15 miles. Fight began at trenches outside
of Taal at 5.30, just as I aa up with column. Fight lasted till dark, when we
held town, and all insurgents had fled; about 400 in fight; good many killed. Our
loss 6 wounded, 2 seriously. Have returned here with Companies C and D, leavin:
B as garrison. Taal and Lemeri are rich towns, with bridges between, and shoul
be garrisoned by a battalion. oo

The rough country around Taal and between Taal and Batangas con-
tinued to be infested by armed insurgents for a long time, although
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 197

both cities were garrisoned by our troops; and, probably, because the
topography of that section gave superior advantages for concealment,
surprise, and secure retreat. On January 29 Colonel Anderson, in
telegram sent from Batangas, gives a fair representation of the charac-
ter of the warfare in which he and his force were engaged. He
reports:

Barry, Adjutant-General, Manila:

Major Muir, with Companies B, C, and D, Thirty-eighth Infantry, made a recon-
noissance on San Luis yesterday. Scheme was for D ‘Company to go to Taal as escort
to money sent there and then down the coast; Company C to go to Barrio San Luis
and then across, while D Company went around from Bauan. D Company was fired
upon on outskirts of Taal, and after sharp fighting went into town, finding 4 killed.
B and C companies had fair fights and killed 3 or 4. Pueblo San Luis occupied at
night. To-day country in direction of Cuenca and San Jose scouted, with another
fight. Results, 7 or 8 insurgents killed and a good many wounded. Thirty prison-
ers captured, 2 with uniform trousers under white ones, and 1 who was captured here
in fight by Major Muir on 16th and released while General Schwan was here.
Major Muir and 2 privates wounded very slightly.

Scouting in this section of Batangas Province, where detachments
of insurgents were operating, was actively maintained. Colonel
Dorst again leaving Naic passed through the Batangas coast cities, and
on January 28 reported from near the city of Batangas that he arrived
at Taal on the 27th, passed on to Batangas, his cavalry scouting south-
ward, and that he intended to march north to Cuenca the following
day. He did not find any large force of insurgents, the majority of
them having deserted and returned to their homes. His outposts and
advanced guards were fired on occasionally by small bodies of the
enemy, and in a deep canyon near Magallanes they attempted to
ambush his men, but unsuccessfully. In Cavite Province the troops
scouted continually. Detachments moving from different stations and
concentrating at some designated point where the enemy was reported
to be, or visiting different towns and barrios to ascertain conditions,
seldom met with any opposition whatever.

Upon the return of General Schwan to Manila on February 9,
General Wheaton was placed in command of the four provinces of
Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, and the Laguna. Scouting parties in
southeastern Batangas and the Laguna Province still encountered fre-
quently small detachments of the enemy which were now operating
as bands of robbers. They greatly annoyed the inhabitants and
endeavored to ambush our escorted wagon trains. However, former
insurgent officers and civil officials of importance, as well as the better
classes of the people, were rendering us their assistance, and through
information furnished by them it became much easier to locate these
hostile bands, which almost invariably were severely punished. The
character of these minor affairs may be inferred:from the reports
which were submitted. On February 7 one was received from Colonel
Anderson, at Batangas, who had repeatedly lost communication with
headquarters because of the cutting of the telegraph wires. He said
in substance: ‘‘ Train going to Lipa attacked. No casualties. Two
mules killed; 2 dead insurgents found. Wire cut near San Jose and
houses burned near bridge. Sent Major Muir with two and a half
companies around mountain, who captured Loboo without casualty.
He captured in the fight 2 howitzers, 1 Nordenfeldt rapid-fire gun, a
quantity of ammunition, and considerable supply of provisions.”
198 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

On February 17, Major Boyd telegraphed from Santa Cruz:

Lieutenant Naskette, Thirty-seventh Infantry, brought 20 men down to Santa
Cruz from Majayjay and Magdalena to await train. At Santa Cruz escort increased
by 40 men who had arrived from Calamba, the Thirtieth Infantry band armed with
pistols, and a few other men of that regiment. Major Cheatham joined escort at
Santa Cruz en route to Majayjay. Evidently insurgents attacked what they thought
was 20 men. From intrenchments they covered a bridge on road with a cross fire,
but escort promptly rushed trenches and had a point-blank fire on the retreating
rebels. It is believed that they were surprised instead of the escort, and lost heay-
ily. Private Frank Lees, Company B, Thirty-seventh Infantry, had his wrist bone
shattered by a bullet. No other casualties. :

On February 20, at Tayabas, Colonel Gardener telegraphed:

On 13th Company B surprised 50 insurgents lying in ambush to attack wagon train
between here and Lucban. Killed 4, got their rifles, probably wounded 8, and
captured 6 bronze cannon which they had in the trenches. No casualties on our
side. Yesterday placed two companies in squads of 20 in ambush at every cross
trail between here and Bariagoa and here and Lucena. Sent one company from
Lucena and two others from here to thoroughly scout entire square between Taya-
bas, Sariayoc, Laguimanoc, and Lucena. Had slight engagement. Released
Spanish officers, 10 privates, captured 5 guns. No casualties. Believe ambush
method to work well. Have not heard from Hartigan, at Antimonan, for twelve
days. Sent one company to Antimonan this morning with orders for one of Harti-
gan’s companies to go to Laguimanoc, where I can supply it from Lucena, and it can
supply the other by pony pack train. People are coming into Tayabas, Lucena,
and Luchan. Believe all inhabitants will be back in a week.

Our losses were partly due to the rashness of our men in absenting
themselves without permission from their stations and visiting among
the natives, notwithstanding repeated cautionary orders, or to the fail-
-ure of small escorting parties to take proper precautionary measures
in passing through defiles or over roads lined with thick brush, which
furnished concealment to natives seeking booty. Throughout Luzon
nearly all of our soldiers who fell into the hands of the enemy were
captured while illegally absent from their commands or while they
were remiss in the performance of their duties. Many of those cap-
tured suffered severely for their offenses, and a few were brutally slain
by their captors, as has been shown in a previous portion of this report.
The total captured and missing and unaccounted for since the com-
mencement of Philippine hostilities was especially small, however, not
to exceed 150, and the majority of them have been recaptured or
released.

The system of active repression which was put in force was attended
with rapidly attained compensating results. In nearly all of the south-
ern towns the inhabitants, especially those in the Tayabas and Laguna
provinces, had concealed themselves in the mountains or thickets upon
the approach of our troops. They soon returned to their dwellings
and recommenced their civil occupations. Trade with Manila on the
coast and through the Laguna de Bay was never more active. The
church services were resumed, schools organized, and the majority of
the native clergy, who had believed the reports circulated by the insur-
gent leaders and newspapers of atrocities committed by Americans in
other parts of the island, were now convinced of their untruthfulness
and gave signal aid in establishing municipal government. The field
of our occupation extended eastward to the town of Antimonan, on the
southeastern coast, and the coasting trade between that place and Mau-
ban with Manila was reopened.

In these provinces some 600 Spanish prisoners were released and
sent to Manila. A’ number of others were driven eastward through
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 199

the mountains of eastern Tayabas. One large detachment was aban-
doned on the upper coast of Ragay Bay, or were given permission by
the officers in charge to move down the peninsula and seek their liber-
ties. ‘Two of its members, accompanied by a Filipino, succeeded in
signaling a coasting vessel, were brought to Manila thereon, and
reported the location of the detachment. Admiral Watson sent out
one of his vessels to rescue it. It was found near the location desig-
nated in a nearly famished condition, was taken on board the vessel
with difficulty, and transported to Manila Harbor. It consisted of 72
officers, 338 enlisted men, and 17 Spanish friars. Some 600 other
Spanish prisoners were held in the provinces of Camarines and Albay,
nearly all of whom were soon afterwards liberated by our troops.

During these successful operations in the thickly populated portions
of Luzon, it became necessary to open the large Philippine hemp ports
situated in the province of Albay, the extreme southeastern province
of Luzon, and in the islands of Leyte, Samar, and Catanduanes. As
mentioned in a former page of this report (page 186), General Kobbé
was relieved from duty on the south Manila line for the purpose of
conducting an expedition to and taking possession of the desired points.
The following orders were issued:

GENERAL ORDERS, \ Heapquarrers DEPARTMENT OF THE PAciIFIC
No. 6. AND ErauTa Army Corps,
Manila, P. I., January 16, 1900.

I. The Forty-third and Forty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers, and
Light Battery G, Third United States Artillery, will constitute a provisional brigade
of this army corps, to the command of which Brig. Gen. William A. Kobbé, United
States Volunteers, is assigned. It will proceed by water transportation provided by
the chief quartermaster of the department to such port or ports in the southern
waters of the Philippines as may hereafter be announced. The troops will be pro-
vided with rations for thirty days, and a limited amount of land transportation, to
consist of 2 ambulances and 6 four-mule teams; and for all animals shipped, together
with those belonging to and in possession of the battery and mounted men and offi-
cers of the command, one month’s supply of forage will be taken. The chief surgeon,
the chief commissary, and chief signal officer of the department will provide such
assistance in men and property as fie expeditionary forces may require, and as has
been heretofore indicated in verbal instructions from these headquarters. The chief
quartermaster of the department will furnish General Kobbé with 5,000 pesos from
public civil funds, and $5,000 from War Department appropriations, for regular sup-
plies and army transportation. The chief commissary of the department will turn
over to such officer as General Kobbé may designate $5,000 subsistence funds.

The transports conveying the troops will be convoyed by such vessels of the Navy
as its commander in chief on this station may determine. The expedition will sail
on the 18th instant.

II. The troops indicated in Paragraph I of this order will constitute a separate
brigade of troops within the meaning of the seventy-third Article of War, and its
commanding general is vested with all the powers of a division or department com-
mander in so far as authority connected with general courts-martial is concerned.

By command of Major-General Otis:

Tuomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

General Kobbé sailed on the afternoon of January 18, as directed,
with the United States transport Hancock and two temporarily char-
tered coasting vessels, the Castellano and Venus. His command was
convoyed by the United States Navy gunboats Helena and Nashville.
He entered Sorsogon Bay on January 20 and took possession, without
opposition, of the town of Sorsogon, where he left a small garrison.
Thence he proceeded to the small hemp ports of Bulan and Donsol, at
each of which he placed a company of the Forty-third Infantry, where-
200 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

upon he sailed through the straits of San Bernardino to the Bay of
Albay with the Castellano and Venus, escorted by the gunboat Wash-
ville, and took possession of the cities of Albay and Legaspi (at the
latter of which he met with strong resistance which was speeeey
overcome) and established garrisons. Thence on January 24 he pro-
ceeded to Virac, on the island of Catanduanes, where he placed a
garaison of one company. He thus reports his operations in the
two following messages, both dated January 24:

Heapquarters Provisional BricapE, EricHTH Army Corrs,
On Boarp U. 8. 8. NasHvILye,
Off Virac, January 24, 1900.

Sir: I have the honor to inform you that the town of pice was occupied by
troops of this command on January 20 at noon; the towns of Bulan and Donsol about
noon on the 21st; the towns of Albey and Legaspi about 1.30 p: m. on the 23d, and
the town of Virac on the 24th. There was no opposition excepting at Legaspi, where
it was very handsome, and delayed the occupation of Virac until to-day. Between
forty and fifty thousand bales of hemp are said to be in sight at Sorsogon, and from
five to seven thousand at each of the ports of Bulan and Donsol. There were supposed
to be 100,000 bales in Legaspi and vicinity, 8,000 of which, in two warehouses, were
burned—5,000 by the insurgents and 3,000, it is said, by the shells from the Nashville.
If nothing prevents, the entire fleet will leave Sorsogon to-morrow for Calbayog.
After occupying Tacloban (Leyte), the transports will return to Manila, touching at
the ports of Samar and the west coast of Luzon, distributing additional rations, horses,
pack animals, wagons, guns, etc., wherever in the meantime these may have been
found to be needed. Headquarters will be on the Venus, and may return this vessel
to Manila to exchange it for a more suitable steamer with equal accommodations
and less draft, if one can be found, and which could be loaded there with as many
supplies of all kinds as possible. A squad of the Forty-seventh Infantry, U. 8.
Volunteers, was ordered to report to the commanding officer U. 8. S. Helena, for
station, with sixty days’ rations, at San Bernardino Light.

Very respectfully,
W. A. Kosst, Brigadier-General.

The ApsuTANT-GENERAL,

Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, Manila, P. I.

Orr Virac, January 24, 1900.

Sir: I have the honor to report that the occupation of Legaspi met with resistance,
all the landings being covered with well-constructed trenches and bridgeheads, the
planks removed from the wharves, the trenches thickly manned with troops, and
the insurgent flag displayed on a flagstaff at emplacements on a commanding posi-
tion. A battery of obsolete iron guns was well placed and used. Although within
rifle range of all the ships (U. 8. 8. Nashville and transports Venus and Castellano),
the insurgents did not fire. They refused to allow the English residents to leave the
town on a boat sent in by H. M. 8. Plover to take them off, claiming that their pres-
ence might prevent bombardment. The trenches and town were taken by a landing
party under cover of the Nashville’ sguns, afteran hour and a half fight, atabout1.30p. m.
Our loss was one officer (Capt. J. J. Bradley, assistant quartermaster, who volunteered
as an additional aid) and about 6 men wounded, all slightly, one of them a sailor
on the Nashville. The enemy’s strength was 800, under Chinese General Paua, but
probably with not more than 100 Mausers and 100 Remingtons. Either from fear of
capture or for other reasons the resistance was stubborn, 28 being killed in one
bridgehead at almost hand-to-hand range without surrendering. Early this morn-
ing the dead were still being brought in. Their loss will be more than 50 killed or
mortally wounded. Fuller report will accompany the final report of the expedition.

Very respectfully,
W. A. Kosss,

Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers.
The ApsuTant-GENERAL, Manila.

erie stationed the Forty-seventh Infantry (Colonel Howe) and
Randolph’s light battery of artillery at the various Luzon hemp
ports above mentioned, General Kobbé proceeded with the Forty-third
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 201

Infantry (Colonel Murray) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. Sail-
ing down the west coast, of Samar, he proceeded to Calbayog on the
26th of January and Catbalogan the following day. The general who
commanded all the insurgent troops in both of these islands was Gen-
eral Lucban, a Tagalo, who exercised considerable influence at Agui-
naldo’s capital of Malolos, and even in Manila, prior to the outbreak of
hostilities. Under his directions both Calbayog and Cathalogan had
been placed in condition for destruction by fire upon the landing of
the Americans. The inhabitants of Calbayog had refused to burn their
property, but at Catbalogan the fire had been kindled and a portion of
the town destroyed. The troops landed at both places without
encountering resistance—the insurgent forces retiring to the hills, pur-
sued by our troops. Leaving garrisons at these two cities, General
Kobbé, as soon as he could secure the services of an efficient pilot, pro-
ceeded south through the dangerous strait of San Juanico and seized
the city of Tacloban on February 1. He reported the following:

ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Occupied Tacloban (100,000 bales of hemp in sight) noon 1st instant, in time to
permit entry first steamer from Cebu. Yesterday morning passed 6 vessels one or
two hours out from Tacloban, cleared from Cebu, Iloilo, and Manila, with rice and
petroleum. It was necessary to overrun some resistance at Tacloban, killing 10
insurgents, capturing their rifles, also capturing four or five field pieces and the men
serving them. This after negotiating under white flag and giving them three hours
time. There was no burning, and I am convinced that the Tagalo element there, as
in Samar, is finally suppressed. Steamer Salvadora ordered to leave there this
morning direct to Manila. Garonne ordered to leave there yesterday for Manila,
touching at Calbayog and Albay ports. Tacloban, Catbalogan rationed to include
22d; other ports in decreasing ratio to the north. The 175,000 rations and the addi-
‘tional sales stores asked for should be invoiced and marked separately. For each
port substitute two-thirds flour in bread component. The stations of the Forty-
seventh have been reported. Forty-third are at Calbayog, Catbalogan, and Taclo-
ban—a battalion in each place. Thirty-six animals at Sorsogon, 12 at Legaspi, 6 at
Calbayog, 13 at Catbalogan, and 20 at Tacloban, not including native ponies. Was
my letter of 29th received? I should leave here at earliest practicable moment.

All the ports thus garrisoned were opened to the coasting trade, and
General Kobbé returned to Manila to superintend the forwarding of
such supplies as the garrisons might require for the ensuing sixty days.
During his absence the Insurgent General Paua, who had been driven
back from Legaspi, concentrated all his strength, consisting of some
200 or 300 armed soldiers and a large number of bolo men, threatened
the cities of Albay and Legaspi, burned Cagsaua, near Albay, and also
endeavored to burn the town of Donsol, where a single company com-
prised the garrison. Colonel Howe drove them back into the interior
and shortly after sent a force north to the important hemp port of
Tobaco, of which he took possession. The insurgents continued very
active, giving our troops no rest and engaging at times all garrisoned
points of that section, excepting Bulan and Sorsogon, even threatening
the destruction of Gubat, a port at the extreme east of the island,
which was obliged to call upon the garrison of the city of Sorsogon
for protection. They were severely punished and lost hope of ulti-
mate success, when General Paua and his staff surrendered to Colonel
Howe and were forwarded to Manila. The island: of Catanduanes
remained peaceful, and its chief port, Virac, engaged in active trade
with the other open ports of the Philippines, sending to Manila its
products of the former season which had been held over there, con-
sisting mostly of hemp.
202 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The troops in Samar and Leyte were expected only to hold securely
the larger cities on the west coast of the first and the northern and
eastern coast of the second island until General Hughes, with some of
his Panay or Cebu force, could cooperate with them. He was
instructed, on December 23, to render assistance when the Manila
expedition might take possession of the cities designated, or as soon
thereafter as he could withdraw organizations from active operations
then being prosecuted within his district. But the facility with which
the Lucban insurgents had been dispossessed, or the slight resistance
they had attempted, and the fact that the majority of the inhabitants
wished the Tagalos driven out and furnished us active aid, induced
our officers to pursue them into the interior. In Samar the insurgents
were rapidly pressed back into the mountain country. Lucban’s head-
quarters, with several thousand dollars of his funds, were captured;
also his main arsenal, where he had stored all his surplus war material.
Our troops in inadequate detachments passed through the island to its
southeastern coast and to the towns north along the San Bernardino
strait. These detachments were attacked when a long distance from
their commands and suffered casualties which, under a more conserva-
tive procedure, might have been prevented. However, they inflicted
severe punishment on the enemy and expedited the work of restoring
quiet to the island.

From Tacloban in Leyte, where only a single battalion was stationed,
companies penetrated the interior, marching to the north and west
coast. The Tagalo chiefs, with a few armed men, excited the igno-
rant mass by their statements of American intent and barbarous con-
duct, and rallied the bolo men of the mountains, who endeavored to
ambush our parties, so that it was necessary to send relief to them at
the expense of diminishing too greatly our police forces in the few
cities of our occupancy to give adequate protection to the inhabitants
of those cities. This encouraged the enemy, influencing him to
increased activity, and was the occasion for much unrest, excitement,
and loss of life, which possibly might have been avoided. The inhabi-
tants of the cities and surrounding country wished peace, the opening
up of their markets, and the resumption of civil employments. They
desired to have our troops among them, if in suflicient strength to
protect them from the raids of the insurgent soldiers and mountain
robbers. Assured that this protection was sufficient for personal
safety and the security of private property, and that it would be con-
tinued, they gave us every assistance in their power. The withdrawal
of detachments from our troops stationed in some of the cities, in
order to assist those pursuing the enemy into the interior, limited the
protection necessary to be given, and enabled the insurgents to rob,
impress, and murder the people living within the outlying sections
aces cities, whereby the results which we sought to obtain were
delayed.

The merchants of Iloilo and Cebu were clamoring for permission to
dispatch their coasting vessels to all ports of these islands, each endeav-
oring to obtain priority of entry in order to secure the stock of hemp,
tobacco, sugar, or other commodities which the inhabitants might have
to dispose of. Their persistent applications for this permission, and
the desire of officers to accommodate all, that the peace attendant upon
trade conditions might be established, was a partial cause for this too
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 2038

hasty attempt to overcome the slight opposition still manifested in the
islands. Our troops became scattered along the north and west coasts
of Layte, and this influenced the insurgents to make demonstrations
against our weak stations, and even against the important city of Taclo-
ban, where a force in sufficient numbers to maintain absolute security
should have been held. The commanding officer there was obliged to
call to his assistance a portion of one of the Samar garrisons, and later
to request additional troops from Luzon. General Kobbé, who was
still at Manila superintending the loading of supplies for these Samar,
Leyte, and eastern Luzon stations, was dispatched with instructions to
properly concentrate at the more important cities the troops already in
that section, permitting trade at certain designated ports only—the
troops to protect these points until accessions could be sent from the
Visayan district. On January 27, nine days after General Kobbé left
Manila with his expedition, these orders were issued:

The following ports will be opened for trade on January 30, 1900: Virac, Sorsogon,
Donsol, Bulan, Albay, Legaspi, Calbayog, Catbalogan, and Tacloban, and on February
1, 1900, the ports of Batangas and Taal. Clearances to and from these ports will be
duly issued to all coastwise vessels applying for the same on and after those dates.

On February 10 it was announced in orders that Tabaco and Gubat
would be opened for trade on February 14. On the eve of his depar-
ture with supplies, General Kobbé was directed to open for trade
Laguan, in Samar, and Ormoc, Baybay, and Maligboc, on the west
coast of Leyte, as soon as he might be able to properly post the troops
necessary for protection—the troops to look after the security of
those towns and not to enter the interior of the islands until adequately
reenforced. The above-named and other ports directed to be opened
upon certain contingencies were duly subsequently announced as ports
for coasting trade. On February 25 General Kobbé reported:

Crsu, February 25, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

The six new ports agreed upon with the governor-general are occupied and
equipped, and Catarman, Lagranga, Barugo, and Carigara occupied, but not oa
The Legaspi tobacco district was still warlike when I left there on the 18th. Other
places are peaceable, especially Catanduanes, where I authorized all towns to send
hemp to Virac in exchange for provisions. Have reenforced Leyte from Samar and
shall concentrate Randolph’s guns at Legaspi on return north from here, where we
are coaling. Expect to reach Manila about March 15, bringing most of the captured
ordnance and the funds, now grown to 21,000 pesos. ee

OBBE.

Nors.—The captured ordnance consisted of 30 pieces artillery, a good many rifles,
and a large quantity of ammunition.

The situation greatly improved and the merchants were enabled to
prosecute their trade to the full extent of their facilities. However,
the constant water communication they maintained between those
islands and others of the Visayan group, together with Luzon, per-
mitted disaffected Filipinos, driven from other sections, to enter
Leyte especially and oppose us in what they considered our weak
positions. The two Camarines provinces of Luzon and western Albay,
to which an expedition was sent the middle of February, forced insur-
gents to the southeastern coast of that island, from which, as was sup-

osed, some proceeded in bancas to Leyte, passing along the coast of
Burks and Masbate. This accession to the small hostile parties which
continued their raids from their mountain retreats provoked more
204 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

lively opposition and gave our troops excessive labor. On April 8
General Kobbé telegraphed from Cebu the following information:

ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

Situation in Leyte disturbed through accession of riffraff from other islands,
including Luzon and Cebu, but is nowhere critical. Murray attempted too much
and should be reenforced to carry out his plans and retain what he holds without
overworking his men. Command is in excellent shape, in discipline, morale, and
health. Patrol of coast by naval vessels desirable. About 35,000 tons of hemp
have been shipped from all ports, with 10,000 in store awaiting shipment. Large
net are said to be in sight in back country everywhere. Is General Hughes
at Iloilo?

General Hughes was at this time making an examination of the sit-
uation in the islands of Samar and Leyte and reported on April 17,
after his return therefrom to Iloilo, what seemed to be the prevailing
impression, that the insurgents were preparing central positions from
which to operate on interior lines. is report continues as follows:

The four companies of the Forty-third Infantry were entirely occupied with the
hemp ports, and there was no operating force with which to disturb the plans of the
enemy in the hills: I took over two companies of the Forty-fourth Infantry from
this island and proposed to Colonel McClernand—the colonel of that regiment—to
swap the two companies of his own regiment for a battalion of the command he had
in Cebu, but he declined. After a careful examination in and about the town of
Cebu it seemed entirely practicable to withdraw two companies from there, and I
directed that he designate two companies that could most conveniently be spared.
He designated I and K, Twenty-third Infantry. General Kobbé was at Cebu at the
time and requested a guard of 16 men for his transport. The detail was first made
from these companies, and then the companies were transferred to Leyte. Colonel
Murray has been instructed to return to Samar the company of the Third Battalion
he now has as soon as he finds it practicable. With the return of this company to
Samar Major Allen thinks that island will be able to manage, if he has a company
of natives for guides, scouts, etc. He has some young men now in Catbalogan who
were driven out of Borongon and are so committed to us that they can not break
with us. He believes he has in them the nucleus of a valuable organization. Of
course, such an organization would require the authority of the military governor.
If he thinks it wise to create such an organization in Samar as now exists in Negros,
or as in Luzon, I request authority to carry out such instructions as he sees fit to
give in the matter. * * *

The requisite authority to raise and employ native scouts was given
in the following communication:

Mania, P. L., April 22, 1900.
Sir: In reference to that portion of your recent communication which conveys the
suggestion of the commanding officer of United States troops in Samar that native
scouts could render beneficial service in that island, the commanding general directs
me to say that you can raise a force of 200 native scouts for use there, to be organized
and officered similar to the battalion of native scouts in Negros. There should be a
sufficient number of army officers and noncommissioned officers assigned to the
organization to restrain these scouts from making depredations upon their own peo-
ple, for experience shows us that they certainly will commit such depredations if
they have opportunity.
Very respectfully, M. Barser,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
The CommManpiIne GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF THE VISAYAS,
Iloilo, Panay.

On February 15 an expedition under the immediate command of
Brig. Gen. James M. Bell, United States Volunteers, composed of the
Fortieth and Forty-fifth Volunteer Infantry, Captain Koehler’s bat-
tery of Astor guns, a detachment of cavalry, with proper details from
the Medical, Engineer, and Signal Corps, sailed from Manila under
the personal supervision of Major-General Bates, who was temporarily
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 205

relieved from his division by Brigadier-General Schwan. General
Bates proceeded under very general instructions to take possession
of the North and South Camarines provinces and western Alby, to
which insurgent troops, supposedly having possession of a good many
Spanish prisoners, had been forced by our operations in the province
of Tayabas, and had joined the insurgent force of that section. There-
after he was to proceed with one of these regiments to the northern
coast of Mindanao and take possession of the ports of Surigao, Caga-
yan, Iligan, Misamis, and Dapitan. All particulars of procedure were
intrusted to him and no formal or written orders were issued. With
his troops on board one of the United States transports and certain
coasting vessels chartered for the purpose, and conyoyed by Com-
mander Nazro, of the Navy, he proceeded to southeastern Luzon
through the Strait of San Bernardino, and after a conference with
General Kobbé or his representative on the Legaspi coast, where he
landed a battalion of the Fortieth Regiment with instructions to march
westward overland to the Camarines, continued on to the Bay of San
Miguel on the southeastern coast of Luzon.

After experiencing considerable difficulty from shoal water he suc-
ceeded, through the valuable assistance rendered by the navy, in land-
ing the forces near the mouth of the Bicol River, two battalions on
the road west of the river leading to Libmanam, to which it marched,
and where a sharp engagement ensued between the advance battalion,
under the command of the regimental commander (Colonel Godwin)
and a large force of the enemy which had concentrated there to dis-
pute our further progress. The result was a decisive victory for
Colonel Godwin’s troops. The enemy was driven from his positions
and his organizations were broken and scattered on every available
line of retreat. He left on the field 64 dead and many wounded, who
were cared for by our surgeons. A number of insurgents were made

risoners, 30 rifles and a quantity of war material were captured.

odwin’s causualties were his battalion adjutant, First Lieut. John B.
Galleher, killed, and 8 enlisted men wounded. Eighteen Spanish pris-
oners held at Libmanam were liberated. The Forty-fifth Regiment
(Colonel Dorst) having been landed east of the Bicol River, proceeded
on the road by Calabanga to a point a short distance east of the city of
Nueva Caceres without encountering material opposition, while God-
win, continuing his march after his engagement at Libmanam, entered
the city, which the natives, fearing for their personal safety, had
deserted, seeking security in the suena mountains. The city
appeared to be under the charge of the Spanish representatives of the
church.

The enemy retreated both northeastwardly in the direction of Mount
Isorog and to the southeast in the direction of Pili and Nabua; also, it
was believed, northwestwardly in the direction of the city of Daet.
As soon as-practicable the troops took up the pursuit and followed the
enemy’s shattered forces by the roads passing north and south of
Mount Isorog to the coast, and by the southeastern road leading through
Pili, while other detachments pursued to Pasacoa, on the Bay of Ragay,
and northwestwardly to the city of Daet, of which they took possession.
Their persistent activity was rewarded by the disintegration and demor-
alization of hostile organizations, the release of a good many Spanish
prisoners, the capture of all insurgent artillery with a large quantity
of war material, the return of the inhabitants to their towns, and the
206 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

restoration of former trade conditions with the Philippine capital.
The insurgents who retreated northeastwardly took with them quite a
large number of the Spanish prisoners still held by them in captivity, and
a charge, based upon fairly good proof, of killing a number who failed
to retreat with the rapidity desired, was made against them. The
Chinese general, Paua, who subsequently surrendered and was sent
to Manila, was placed in confinement under this charge, which was
being investigated at the time of my departure from the Philippines.
After the Camarines and Albay country had been placed under police
restraint, General Bates returned to Manila to direct the ee of
such provisions and other supplies as were needed there, and also those
required by the Fortieth U. y Volunteers, which he had directed to
concentrate and embark on transports for the contemplated southern
service. General Kobbé, upon his departure with his expedition on
January 18, had been assigned to the command of a district, for certain
specific purposes, which was bounded by the limits of his directed field
operations. The islands of Samar and Leyte were within the Visayan
military district, but were withdrawn temporarily and placed under
the command of General Kobbé to enable him to take possession.
He had returned to Manila, as hereinbefore stated, to supervise the
forwarding of supplies to the troops under his control. e was now
to be withdrawn and to proceed to the district of Mindanao and Jolo,
and General Bates was about to depart to take possession of northern
Mindanao. The following orders, both from the headquarters of the
corps and from the office of the military governor, were issued:

GENERAL ORDERS, HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE PaciFIc
AND Ercuta Army Corps,
No. 22. Manila, P. I., March 20, 1900.

I. Maj. Gen. John C. Bates, U. 8. Volunteers, will proceed at once by such water
transportation as may be furnished him to the provinces of Camarines, Albay, and
Sorsogon, island of Luzon, and there take immediate supervision of all detachments
of the Fortieth Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, which he has already directed to be
embarked on transports; will then proceed with that regiment to the northern coast
of Mindanao and establish the several military stations on that coast, in accordance
with verbal directions which have been conveyed. This duty completed he will
proceed direct to Zamboanga, the headquarters of the military district of Mindanao
and Jolo Archipelago, and from that point execute within the district the specific
duties with which he has been charged, which when completed, he will stand
relieved from all further duties in that military district and will return to this his
station and the headquarters of his division.

II. Brig.Gen. William A. Kobbé, U. 8. Volunteers, is assigned to the command of
the military district of Mindanao and Jolo Archipelago, to take effect as soon as he
may reach the headquarters of that district after the execution of the duties which
have been assigned to him in the third paragraph of this order.

III. Brig. Gen. William A. Kobbé, U. S. Volunteers, will proceed to-morrow, the
21st instant, or as soon thereafter as practicable, by steamer Aeolus, with rations for
the garrisons at Legaspi, Calbayog, Tacloban, and for the detachments in the near
vicinity of those stations, when he will direct proper disposition of the same, and
he will thereupon visit the several points at which he has stationed the troops of
the Forty-third and Forty-seventh Infantry, U. 8. Volunteers, and Light Battery G,
Third U. S. Artillery, and give such instructions as immediate exigencies or demands
may require. This duty performed, he will proceed direct by steamer Aeolus to Zam-
boanga, the headquarters of the military district of Mindanao and Jolo Archipelago,
to the command of which he has been assigned in the second paragraph of this
order.

' IV. After the movement of the Fortieth Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, from the south-
eastern portion of Luzon, as directed in the first paragraph of this order, the remain-
ing troops in that section, consisting of the Forty-fifth and Forty-seventh Infantry,
U.S. Volunteers, Light Battery G, Third U.S. Artillery, and certain detachments
of cavalry and staff organizations, will comprise a brigade of the First Division,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 207

Eighth Army Corps, to the command of which Brig. Gen. James M. Bell is hereby
assigned. General Bell will assume active command of these troops as soon as practi-
oe reporting his action hereunder to the commanding general of the First Division
of the corps.

V. The military control of the islands of Samar and Leyte, which were temporarily
placed under the command of Brig. Gen. William A. Kobbé, U. §. Volunteers, for
the purpose of taking forcible possession of the same from the enemy and establish-
ing therein the necessary garrisons, will revert to the supervision of the commanding
general of the Visayan military district, to the headquarters of which the command-
ing officer of oe now occupying these islands will report for instructions.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barzer,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice or roe U. 8. Mrtirary GoveRNor
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 36. Manila, P. I., March 20, 1900.

I. Brig. Gen. William A. Kobbé, U. S. Volunteers, is hereby relieved as militar:
governor of the province of Albay, Luzon, and the Island of Catanduanes, to whic
he was appointed in general orders from this office of January 15 last, and of the
islands of Samar and Leyte, to the temporary governorship of which he was also
appointed by the same order, and is hereby announced as military governor of the
district of Mindanao and Jolo Archipelago, to the garrisons and troops of which dis-
trict he has been duly appointed as commanding general in department orders this
day issued.

II. Brig. Gen. James M. Bell, U. S. Volunteers, is appointed military governor of
the provinces of Camarines, Albay, and Sorsogon, Luzon, of the island of Catanduanes,
and of the small adjacent islands in the immediate vicinity of those provinces and
islands which are north of the San Bernardino Strait. The district will be known
and designated as the ‘‘ District of Southeastern Luzon.” ;

General Bell will complete the establishment, through the detail of officers and
assistants, of the customs and internal revenue offices necessary for public adminis-
tration in his district, which will be conducted as prescribed in orders from this office,
are ue specific regulations issued from the customs and internal revenue offices of

anila.

Customs officers (designated inspectors of customs) and internal-revenue officers,
whom it is yet necessary to appoint to transact the customs and internal revenue
business at the more important coast and interior towns, will be named by him to
this office for confirmation. .

Upon application and for the guidance of such appointees, the chief officers of cus-
toms and internal revenue of the islands, the captain of the port of Manila, and the
auditor of public funds will furnish them with such letters of instructions, circulars,
orders, and blank forms relating to the performance of their civil duties as may per-
tain to the departments of civil administration to which they may be assigned.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barser,.
Assistant Adjutant- General.

After the dispositions directed in the foregoing orders were consum-
mated, the remaining insurgents in the Camarines assumed the réle of
bandits, as in Samar and Leyte, and gave great annoyance to the inhab-
itants of the barrios not occupied by our troops. For their protection
General Bell called for additional troops, especially cavalry, where-
upon a squadron of the Eleventh Cavalry was sent him, thereby increas-
ing his effective force to 2,600 men.

The result of General Kobbé’s inspection of the stations which he
had established, made just preceding his departure for Zamboanga,
the headquarters of the Mindanao and Jolo district, is given in his dis-

atch of April 8 from Cebu, which appears on page 204 of this report.
But before commenting upon the actions of Generals Bates and Kobbé
at the south we will present the operations in the Visayan military
208 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

district, commanded by Brigadier-General Hughes. This district
embraced what is commonly known as the Visayas Islands, with head-
quarters at Iloilo, Panay. Our last annual report, rendered on August
31, showed that the city of Iloilo, with its outlying villages; the city
of Cebu, on the island of that name, with the mountain country within
a radius of a few miles; and the important positions in the island of
Negros, contained the only territory of the district within the possession
of our troops. ue

These troops consisted of Light Battery G, of the Sixth Artillery,
the Eighteenth Infantry, and a battalion of the Nineteenth Infantry,
which were stationed in Panay; the Sixth Infantry garrisoned impor-
tant stations in Negros; one battalion of the Nineteenth and one of the
Twenty-third held the city of Cebu. Two battalions of the Nineteenth
Infantry had relieved the Tennessee regiment, of which two battalions
had been stationed in Panay and one in Cebu. Colonel Snyder, who
was commanding at the latter point, reported, early in ee eeniiey, the
threatening attitude assumed there by the oe when General
Hughes reenforced him by a detachment of Battery G, Sixth Artillery,
and two companies of the Sixth Infantry. With his battalion of the
Nineteenth Infantry, a portion of the Tennessee battalion still remain-
ing, the detachments sent him and a portion of the Twenty-third
Infantry Battalion, he moved against the enemy (who now nearly
encircled the city of Cebu) on September 22, and reported as a result
of his operations, which extended through the following day, that he
had driven the enemy off, had captured 7 of his forts and 14 of his
intrenched positions, with his cannon and a few small arms, suffering
the loss of 1 man killed and 4 wounded; that the loss of the enemy,
who had been scattered over the mountains to the southwestward, and
whom it was impossible to follow because of lack of transportation,
he estimated at 40 men. No further Cebu operations took place for
some time, as additional troops and transportation were required to
insure any decided and permanent success. On October 21 General
Hughes was informed that the remaining battalion of the Nineteenth
Infantry and a large amount of transportation would leave Manila for
Iloilo on October 24 and would be followed in a few days by an entire
regiment of volunteers.

The island of Negros, which had been made a subdistrict of the
Visayan military district in March, to the command of which Brigadier-
General Smith, then colonel of the California Volunteers, had been
assigned, in which the California troops had been succeeded by the
Sixth Infantry, and over which, in July, an abridged form of civil
government (character and scope of same fully given in my last
annual report) had been extended, was about to hold an election for
the choice of a civil governor and advisory council. General Smith
had made the necessary provisions for the registration of voters, the
preparation of ballots, the method of casting votes, and had announced
the time of the election for October 2. The inhabitants of Negros had
taken very kindly to this feature of experimental abridged civil gov-
ernment, and the leading citizens had warmly expressed their sense of
obligation to the American authorities for this manifested confidence
in their ability to conduct in a measure their internal civil affairs. On
September 24 one of the leading insurgent chiefs, Gen. Ignacio Lopez,
with 64 armed men, surrendered to Captain Byrne at Castellano, and
the insurgents at Panay (not Tagalos) applied to know what promises
would be given them in case of their formal submission.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 209

General Hughes informed the latter that they must surrender their
arms and disband their forces before any terms could be considered or
any promises made, but their action seemed to indicate a desire to
receive the consideration which had been extended to Negros. How-
ever, this fortunate progress of affairs in that island was disquieting
to the Tagalos, a few of whom resided there, while a large force of
their soldiers, mostly from Luzon, dominated Panay. They, under the
influence and aol direction of Aguinaldo and of certain agents of
the junta at Hongkong, who were sent from that place to foment
discord, entered some of the coast towns of Negros, and especially its
mountain sections, and were successful in collecting bolo men and moun-
tain robbers, to some of whom they furnished rifles, and with these
bands were able to annoy our troops and plunder the inhabitants.
They were pursued into the mountains and throughout the island, the
native police force of 200 men which we had equipped performing
most excellent service in the pursuit. On October 1 Captain Poore,
with his company of the Sixth Infantry, attacked one of their intrenched
camps, killed 20, including 2 noted robbers, captured 12 rifles, a large
supply of ammunition, and all of their stores. His casualties were
Lieutenant Grubbs, of the regiment, killed; Assistant Surgeon Shillock,
and 3 enlisted men very slightly wounded. On October 21 Lieutenant
Simons, Sixth Infantry, struck a village of Tulisanes near San Carlos,
killing and wounding 9. A few days later Captain Evans, of the same
regiment, attacked a band near Castellano, killed 10, wounded many,
and captured 20. Captain Byrne, of that regiment, encountered
another band, killed 10 and captured 13, while our native troops, who
had discovered another small band destroyed 6. This, to them, sur-
prising and destructive activity, drove the Tagalos from the island,
for a time at least, and on November 1 General Hughes reported that
Negros was ‘‘in a better state of lawful submission than for twenty
years; that planters were no longer in danger.”

The election created a good deal of enthusiasm, but passed off very
quietly. Over 5,000 votes were polled, and no frauds attempted. The
count was so close, however, that it was feared a contested election
would result, but the inhabitants accepted the official count, and the
inauguration of the newly elected officers was announced for Novem-
ber 6. It took place under the supervision of General Smith, and
the newly installed civil governor sent the following cable dispatch
through the office of the military governor at Manila:

Neeros, November 7, 1899.
His Excellency the PResipENT or THE UNITED StTarTEs:

The civil governor, councilors, judges, and secretaries who constitute the new
government of this island, in taking possession of their offices this day, have the
high honor of affectionately saluting your excellency, and trust that in the inaugura-
tion of this form of government, based upon the liberal and democratic institutions
which have made that great Republic so grand and prosperous, a new era will open
up to this region, which will enable it to reach the ultimate goal of its aspirations.

ME Ec1o SEVERINO.

During the remainder of the month all reports from the island were
of the most encouraging nature. The chief insurgent leader at the
north voluntarily surrendered without asking conditions. The peo-
ple, assured of security, were apparently cheerful and hopeful, and
recommenced in earnest their agricultural and other pursuits. More

4495——14
210 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

planting was being done and more sugar mills were in operation than
at any period since the inauguration of the revolt against Spain. The
form of government which had been put in operation worked excel-
lently under the wise supervision of General Smith, who retained the
confidence of all parties and factions.

The Third Battalion of the Nineteenth Infantry and the Twenty-
sixth U. S. Volunteers were sent to Iloilo during the last week of
October. They had been preceded by a fair amount of quartermas-
ter’s transportation and a few small guns from which, together with
those already there, a mountain battery might be organized. General
Hughes commenced at once his preparations to move against the
Panay insurgents. They had constructed intrenched lines of defense
within short distances of the city on all roads radiating from it which
they had thrown up in part in 1898 while fighting the Spanish troops,
and which, with the labor expended upon thats since that time, they
believed to be unassailable. The insurgent encircling force was esti-
mated at from two to three thousand, mostly Tagalos, the great
majority of whom had been sent into the island to assist the Visayans
to drive out Spain and to resist the forcible entry into the city of
General Miller with his United States troops, which entry was
threatened from December 28, 1898, when General Miller took pos-
session of Doilo Harbor, until it was finally consummated on the 11th
of February following.

The Tagalos and Visayans have never held any very long continued
amicable relations. Birth prejudice, attempted Tagalo direction, and
the desire of many influential Visayans to follow the lead of Negros had
destroyed all mutual confidence, if any had ever existed, and as-a
result the Tagalos had appropriated nearly all the guns in the island
and held the Visayans in restraint. Their differences were reported
to be quite serious, and at one time it was believed that if not inter-
fered with, they, after the manner pursued by the factions of southern
Mindanao, would fight out the war in that section among themselves.

Examining the topography of Panay it will be seen that the four
provinces into which it is divided have boundaries determined natu-
rally by mountain ranges and high watersheds. The central provinces
of Lloilo to the south and Capiz to the north are separated from
Antique on the west by an almost inaccessible mountain range, and
from the small province of Concepcion on the east coast by a range
of high land from which the rivers flow northward and eastward.
They are separated from each other by the elevated divide extending
from the mountains which mark the eastern limit of the province of
Antique to the western line of Concepcion province.

The town of Capiz, on the extreme north of the island, is connected
with the city of Iloilo by a rough wagon road, along which runs the
old telegraph line which connected the former cable termini at Capiz
and lloilo. A few insurgent troops were maintained at Capiz, but the
great majority of them were concentrated in the southern section of
Lloilo province, south of the town of Cabatuan, where the insurgent
capital had been established. General Miller on February 12, 1899, a
few days after occupying the city of Iloilo, had seized the near villages
of Molo and Jaro, and had subsequently reconnoitered the country to
Oton, on the coast, and to the north and northwest in the direction of
Pavia and San Miguel. In whatever direction he prospected he found
a fair force of the enemy to oppose his advance. The instructions
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 211

given to General Hughes in June, when he left Manila to take com-
mand of the Visayan district, were to limit all his operations in Panay
to the secure holding of the city of Iloilo and such of its outlying vil-
lages as were then in our possession, ‘‘as no additional force could be
given him, and as the policy of nonaction in the island other than
such as might be considered defensive would result in dissensions
between the Visayan and Tagalo, who. should we attack would unite
for resistance.” ‘The policy of waiting, in so far as active war oper-
ations were concerned, was resorted to at Iloilo, the insurgents being
made to confine themselves to their intrenchments until the October
reenforcements of 1,700 men were sent there. Upon the arrival of
these reenforcements one of the most severe typhoons that had ever
visited that section of country set in and prevailed for several days,
but General Hughes commenced his advance on November 9.

The plan of operations determined upon was to turn the right of the
enemy by marching a column consisting of two battalions of the Nine-
teenth Infantry, a battalion of the Eighteenth, the mountain battery,
and a mounted detachment over the south coast road to Oton, thence
north to San Miguel and Almodian, swinging in on Cabatuan, when
Lieutenant-Colonel Dickman, with a portion of the Twenty-sixth Vol-
unteers, assisted by men of the Sixth Infantry withdrawn from Negros,
should attack at Jaro, and Colonel Carpenter, with Light Battery G,
Sixth Artillery, and two battalions of the Eighteenth Infantry, should
attack Pavia and Santa Barbara. The excessive rain compelled a
modification of the plans. General Hughes, commanding the march-
ing column, reached Oton on November 10, from which he reported as
follows:

Water-logged by typhoon. Have modified plans. Bottom fallen out of San
Miguelroad. Tigbauan was occupied to-day. Fine defensive works everywhere, but

defenders disappeared without firing a shot. Fear much delay owing to stormy
weather.

On November 12 he reported the following from Tigbauan:

Cordoba occupied by Huston’s battalion of the Nineteenth Infantry, mounted
detachment, and mountain battery. No resistance offered. The balance of the force
has been assembled here. Rain has been exceedingly heavy. There is a bottom to
the road from here to Cabatuan so far as examined. We have had to build one
bridge, but will delay a little for stream to run out. Command in excellent spirits
and health.

He further reported from Tigbauan the following day that the
advance had entered Leon where the enemy had offered the first resist-
ance and had been driven out with loss, but that he had not suffered
any casualties. On November 20 he encountered the enemy strongly
intrenched at the crossing of the Aganao River on the road from Leon
to Almodian. After three hours maneuvering and fighting he drove
him from all positions, suffering a loss of four men wounded. He
immediately moved on to and seized Almodian and directed an attack
by Carpenter’s force on Pavia.

At dawn on November 21 Colonel Dickman with his force, consist-
ing of six companies of the Twenty-sixth Volunteers and one of the
Sixth Infantry, attacked near Jaro, captured the strong position of the
enemy by a charge on the flank of his works and completely routed
him with a loss of 18 killed, 9 prisoners, 4 one-pounder brass field
pieces, 2 rifles, and several thousand cartridges. Colonel Dickman’s
casualties were 6 men wounded. At the same time Carpenter with his
219 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS,

Light Battery and two battalions of the Eighteenth Infantry attacked
the insurgent stronghold at Pavia, 3 miles north of Jaro. The fighting
continued until noon, with a loss to Carpenter of 5 men-killed, 20 quite
seriously wounded, who were sent to the hospital at Iloilo, and some
15 others slightly wounded, but who remained with the command.
The enemy’s loss was very heavy in both men and material. On the
morning of the 22d Carpenter advanced to Santa Barbara, which he
occupied without resistance. From Cabatuan on November 23, General
Hughes reported the results of these operations as follows:

The enemy has been driven out from Pavia, Santa Barbara, San Miguel, Oton,
Tigbauan, Cordoba, Leon, Almodian, Maasin, and Cabatuan, the seat of government,
and the boasted army headquarters have taken to the mountains. There were but
two actions, the first on the 20th at the crossing of the Aganao, and when the result,
of that action was certain, and the enemy had shown his full strength on that front,
it was evident that it would be entirely safe for Colonel Carpenter to attack at Pavia,
and he was ordered by signal to do so. He attacked the advance of the enemy on
the south of the Aganao at daylight and drove them into Pavia. He then attacked
the defenses of Pavia and took the place. These actions compelled the abandonment
of Santa Barbara, Maasin, and Cabatuan. * * * Captured 10 prisoners, 18 cannon
of all kinds, 6 rifles, quantities of ammunition, powder, etc.

These victories appeared to have greatly scattered, if they did not
destroy, for a short time at least, all of the insurgent armed organiza-
tions. Three or four days thereafter General Hughes, continuing
his march northward, entered Passi, in the northern portion of oilo
province, Carpenter in the meantime moving eastward into the prov-
ince of Concepcion without encountering any material opposition.
On December 8 the General cabled from Iloilo, to which place he had
returned, that he hoped to be able to send very soon into Cebu the
mountain battery, the detachment of scouts, and the two battalions of
the Nineteenth Infantry, and at the same time to dispatch for the
island of Bohol two or three companies of the Sixth Infantry. He
returned to middle Panay, prospected with his troops in that section,
marched north, occupied the town of Capiz, and, assisted by a naval
force, proceeded thence with two companies Eighteenth Infantry to
the island of Romblon, from which he reported the following:

Romsion, December 16, 1899.
Barry, Manila:

Crossed Panay Mountains as proposed. Slight opposition on debouching at
Dumaro, which was brushed away by Gordon’s scouts and Shank’s battalion Eight-
eenth Infantry. Othertowns Capiz province received us with bands of music instead
of Mausers. At same time Carpenter cleared provincof Concepcion. Having assist-
ance of steamer El Cano and Captain Ackley’s naval vessels, he followed coast,
scattered the insurgents, and arrived off Capiz the 12th instant. I occupied Capiz
with my command on the 10th. Diacno and his Tagalos reported to have escaped
by steamers by this route. Documents indicate thatthis place is center of insurgents’
postal service, and therefore has been taken possession of to-day by two companies
Eighteenth Infantry. We were assisted in operations against Romblon by Captain
Ackley with the Concord and the gunboat Paragua, Captain McFarland making land
attack with two companies. The whole matter was settled in half an hour. Our’
casualties: Private Charles J. Feeley, Company C, Eighteenth Infantry, killed; one
seaman on Paragua wounded. Expectto gotoCebu to-night via Capiz, taking up First
Battalion Nineteenth Infantry at that place. Will leave Carpenter in command at
Capiz with six companies of his regiment.

HuGHESs.

: The smallisland of Romblon, north of Panay, from which this report
was rendered, is situated on what was then the water route of insur-
gent communication between Luzon and the western Visayan Islands,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 218

and became of great importance to the Tagalos of Luzon, both in dis-
_patching troops for the south and as a point from which to distribute
information and issue instructions. From Romblon, Panay was very
easy of access, and from Panay correspondence could be conveyed
across Negros and Cebu to Bohol with little difficulty. With thislatter
island, northern Midanao, Samar, and Leyte had frequent communi-
cation. The garrison of two companies still remains at Romblon, and
nearly all coasting vessels plying the southern Philippine waters touch
and report there.
While General Hughes was absent in the north, Negros again
experienced social and political difficulties. On December 18, General
Smith cabled from Bacolod, the capital of the island, that—

Three agents, Junta Hongkong, Candido Mortillo, Pedro Yunki, Mariano Villa-
neuva, arrived in Negros latter part of November with orders to stir up Negros, as
its attitude was stumbling block to peace and aspirations of insurgents. They brought
with them copies of Blumentritt’s letter and word that absolute independence would
be granted by Congress in December or January, and then let Negros beware.
Planned general rising all pueblos for 2d December, and arrangements made with
Panay to land force between Himamaylan and Pulupandan from Guimaras, and
between Saravia and Manapla from Tenurian gunboats. Unable to prevent force of
86 from landing south of Miranda. Most of those in north were really driven out-of
Panay by General Hughes’s advance, and nothing has been heard of them. Agents
succeeded in getting Millicianos of Valladolid, Pulupandan, and Bago into field as
part of general projected rising, and with 63 rifles and 320 Macheteros encountered
Ledyard’s scouting party, receiving such severe handling that they retreated to moun-
tains, leaving 16 dead, and 1 of their chiefs on the field. The American corporal,
after death of Ledyard, retired to Carlota without molestation. Many of Millicianos
who were in this fight have deserted, some surrendering their arms, claiming to have
been deceived; others in hiding. The 86 Tagals retreating for Guimaras assaulted,
with connivance of people, 11 Americans in Ginigaran, but were defeated and chief
captured. Town fined $10,000. All officials and principal citizens arrested. Val-
ladolid, Pulupandan, and Bago also fined. Governor gone north, ostensibly to coun-
sel peace. Believed he is in good faith; but am watching, although he has given
good information. Two padres concerned in this trouble. What shall I do with
them? American clergymen wanted here badly. Colonel Byrne in pursuit of Gui-
maras outfit. Tagals in north supposed to be in neighborhood of Manzanares, in
mountains, with about 300 macheteros. In this island are some 2,000 Babaylanes
and outlaws, largely bequeathed by Spain, but increased by present conditions. They
have not as yet arrived at the bad dignity of insurgents. Thisinfluence from Panay
necessitates 3 companies additional herein, inasmuch as Negros is now the objective
of the Junta, and we have not only the duty of looking out for ourselves, but also of
protecting our adherents in the pueblos. The danger here is from the ignorant
people, who, of course, are in the majority, and are easily imposed upon by most
improbable statements of designing persons. Our friends are naturally timid, and
only come valiantly to our side when the storm has passed. Elections went off
peaceably and quietly, every pueblo in existence in the island taking part, and full
of enthusiasm. “Only trouble that developed was close vote for governor, and that
was left to judges and council to settle. The government is working earnestly and
energetically without friction. All would be serene here if there was no outside
interference, no landings of the dreaded Tagals, and no fear that Aguinaldo may
come into power and punish Negros for what it has done. When the influential
man fears these things, he ceases to be our earnest advocate, and the ignorant design-
ing obtain the mastery until some deed of our arms gives confidence again. Bago,
Pulupandan, and Bacolod have protested against present trouble, and civil govern-
ment and meeting of prominent men request that all good citizens join in bringing
about tranquillity.

General Smith was promptly informed that he could have all the
troops for Negros he wanted, and was asked how large an additional
force he required. A battalion of the Forty-fourth Volunteers, which
had just arrived in Manila harbor, was directed to proceed to Negros,
and it was intended to send to the Visayan district the headquarters
214 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

aud two remaining battalions of the same as soon as points at which
they were most needed could be determined. In the meantime Gen-
eral Hughes had returned to his headquarters at Iloilo, whence, on
December 20, he cabled the following:

Situation in Panay: No organized enemy now known to be in the provinces of
Tloilo, Concepcion, or Capiz. Possibly a force may still be in Valley Acklan, as I
could not reach it by either road or trail from Capiz, and during this monsoon coast
landings impracticable. It will have to be reached from west coast. Antique prov-
ince has not yet been touched, but plans have been made for doing so. The business
of the island has improved, and but two or three complaints of robbers have so far
been received. Situation in Negros: Some insurgents did doubtless endeavor to
escape from Panay to central and northern Negros, but I was in Dumaguete _yester-
day, and eastern and southern Negros are reported to be absolutely at rest, and every-
body attending to business. The business men now here from Negros are busy
about their affairs and do not fear serious trouble. Experience has taught me to
discount heavily telegrams from Bacolod, but I shall look into the matter very care-
fully. In Cebu the troops have done nothing since the raid of the Tennessee Vol-
unteers. There are now 14 companies and 2 field and 2 mountain guns on that
island. When I reached there on the 18th the estimated strength of the insurgents
was 150 rifles. During the evening a report came in stating that 250 rifles and 3,500
rounds of ammunition had been landed at Sogod from Leyte. The enemy are located
on the mountain ridges and reaching them is too difficult, * * * So farasI can
learn in the few hours I have been back everything has gone as anticipated and
there are no reasons for anxiety. Hale’s battalion being ordered directly to Negros, ,
do the others of the Forty-fourth come to the district?

The General was informed on December 23 that Major Hale’s bat-
talion of the Forty-fourth had sailed from Manila for Negros that
morning, and that headquarters and the remaining battalions would
sail by transport Hancock for Iloilo on the evening of the 25th. He
was also informed that no movement on either Samar or Leyte had
yet been inaugurated, but would be made in conjunction with his troops
if he might have any to spare for that a ai sending them to
the western and southern coast of Leyte. e was requested to report
as soon as practicable what dispositions he could make to carry out this
suggestion, and at the same time to keep all country already covered
by his troops efficiently policed. On the 25th he reported that tbe
insurgents had attacked Captain Brownwell’s company of the Twenty-
sixth Volunteers the 22d instant at the town of Sara, Concepcion
province, had been repulsed with heavy loss in men, and 26 rifles had
been taken from them; also that the insurgents of Romblon were
reporting and surrendering their arms to Captain McFarland.

At the time of the attack on Sara the General was about to rearrange
the locations of his troops, intending to station the entire Eighteenth
Infantry in_ the country north of the southern line of the province of
Capiz, the Twenty-sixth Volunteers in the southern and central por-
tions of Iloilo province, and the entire Sixth Infantry in Negros. A
battalion of the Nineteenth Infantry, intended for Cebu, with the
mounted detachment, a portion of the mountain battery, and the mule
train, was then en route for Hoilo from Capiz by the Mambusao and
Tapaz trail. The Forty-fourth Infantry upon arrival might be avail-
able for the islands of Bohol and Leyte. The insurgents who attacked
the town of Sara were evidently Tagalos, who had partially reunited
after they were driven into. northern Panay. Some of them had
escaped to their homes by the Romblon route, but the majority had
retreated to the mountains of the northwestern and western portions
of the island, through which our troops soon after pursued them with
varying success, ;
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 215

Friction between the Negros people of divergent opinions again
caused excitement and gave the troops renewed activity. General
Hughes on January 13 repeated a dispatch he had received from
Lieutenant-Colonel Byrne, of the Fortieth Infantry, which stated

briefly the origin of some of the difficulty. The repeated dispatch is
as follows:

: Inor1o, January 18, 1900.
Barry, Manila:

Following was received, sent me from Negros in reply to request for facts:

‘Angel Araneta arrived La Carlota shortly before the breaking out of revolution
there. His arrival was regarded as a sign of trouble and caused uneasiness. I had
previously heard of him as a promoter of revolutions in Iloilo, although very adroitly
professing friendship for Americans, as all revolutionists do. I had him watched,
and found he made visits to the coast shortly before the revolution broke out there.
I was also informed, on good authority, that at a dinner he said that anyone who
befriended the Americans would be assassinated when the Filipinos came in power.
I was also informed that he was accumulating arms at his hacienda. Thinking it
time, in view of the serious condition of affairs, to act, and knowing his general repu-
tation to be very bad as a revolutionist, I searched his house, and found 2 rifles, 3
revolvers, 2 shotguns, 300 rounds of ammunition, and other weapons. Have kept
him in confinement to help keep peace in this vicinity. Byrne.”’

Huaues.

On January 16, the day General Hughes departed for the western
Panay coast, his adjutant-general at Iloilo telegraphed a report he had
received that morning from General Smith. It reads:

ILo1Lo, January 16, 1900.
Barry, Manila:

General Smith transmits report from Lieutenant-Colonel Byrne that Zoilo Mauricio,
Tagalo from Panay, who landed at Ginigaran with 86 rifles and took part in the
attack on that place December 7, asked for conference on 13th, which was granted.
Zoilo appeared at conference with 30 Tagalos well armed and uniformed. Stated
he had been invited by some leading people of Negros to land and take command of
revolutionary forces; that he was much disappointed with outlook; did not want to
fight Americans; wanted safe place in which to reside until autonomy was granted
in Luzon, when he would surrender. Pending this he proposed a truce, Filipino
officers to be permitted to wear uniforms and side arms in pueblos. Oolonel Byrne
replied that thers could be no such understanding; that Tagalos were acting the part
of bandits and outlaws, and that no conditions would be considered except uncondi-
tional surrender; that if they choose to return to the mountains they would be hunted
down and destroyed as long as one of them was in arms against the Government.
Zoilo refused these terms and returned to the mountains. Byrne obtained full infor-
mation of location of enemy and (as I understand from message) that same night
returned Zoilo’s call with 70 men, attacking at dawn next day. Byrne and Nesbit,
with advance party of 20 men, surprised headquarters and routed enemy completely.
Nineteen of Zoilo’s Tagalos were killed, 28 Mauser, Remington, and Murratta rifles in
perfect condition, and 19 belts containing 1,400 rounds of ammunition were captured.
One insurgent officer killed; reported, but not confirmed, that it was Mauricio him-
self. Night march was very trying and severe. Necessitated climbing almost per-
pendicular side of mountains. No casualties on our side. d

ANN.

This prompt action brought to a speedy termination the threatened
Tagalo activity and reproduced the accustomed quiet in Negros. In
Cebu, to which had been sent the second battalion of the Nineteenth
Infantry and part of the Forty-fourth Volunteers, the efforts of the
enemy had received a severe check. On January 9 report was
received trom Iloilo that Colonel Snyder at Cebu had wired the com-
plete success on the previous day of certain operations conducted by
detachments of the Nineteenth and Twenty-third Infantry, the Forty-
fourth Volunteers, and a section of Light Battery G, Sixth Artillery,
216 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

against insurgents in Sudlon mountains, on main mountain chain north-
westof Cebu. The enemy’s entire position and many forts and intrench-
ments were taken and 11 smoothbore cannon and 33 rifles were cap-
tured. Our casualties were 5 men wounded. Eight of the enemy’s
dead were found on the field. The insurgents were completely scat-
tered and native laborers destroyed all of their intrenchments. Three
companies of the Forty-fourth Volunteers and one of the Nineteenth
Infantry were dispatched on reconnoissances towards Toledo and Bal-
amban in western Cebu. The troops captured successively the impor-
tant towns and cities on the east of the island, meeting with consider-
able difficulty at the south of the city of Cebu, near the towns of E]
Pardo and Talisay. They passed over the mountain trails to the west-
ward, in which they met with frequent opposition from smal] bands of
insurgents, and garrisoned the principal points on the west coast.
Our casualties were few, but the enemy, always worsted, suffered
largely in men and property.

om January 16 General Hughes sailed for the west coast of Panay
with a battalion of the Nineteenth Infantry commanded by Major
Huston, two companies of the Sixth Infantry under pee Walker,
a battalion of selected men from the Forty-fourth Volunteers com-
manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Scott, and Captain Gordon’s scouts.
He landed one of these battalions on the southwestern coast of the
island, which marched northward across the jutting point of land
which forms its extreme southern boundary, and proceeded with the
remainder of his troops to San Jose de Buenavista, the capital and
principal city of the province of Antique. He occupied the city and
moved up the coast, marching detachments to the main interior towns
of the province, which met with only slight resistunce from a few
small bands, composed principally of Tagalos. The mass of the people
deserted their places of abode and fled to the mountains. A native
priest accounted for the fear exhibited on the part of the inhabitants
by the fact that they knew nothing of the Americans except what bad
been told them by the Spanish clergy during or just preceding the
Spanish war; that they were thoroughly impressed with the belief
that all Americans were a cruel and godless lot and had come to rob
and destroy them. The Tagalos had looked upon this coast as a place
of comparative safety for the landing of troops and the concealment
of their boats. A schooner of considerable size, which had received
a part of its armament, was captured in one of the rivers quite a dis-
tance from its mouth, and a small amount of war material was
obtained. ‘

Leaving Major Huston, with his battalion of the Nineteenth Infan-
try, to look after the affairs of the province, General Hughes sent two
companies of the Sixth Infantry and Captain Gordon’s scouts to the
northern coast of the island by the route from Pandan to Ibajay, and
directed the battalion of the Fourty-fourth Infantry to march across
the mountains into the upper Aclan Valley, thence to proceed over the
rough trail to the north in the direction of Calivo. He reported this
movement from his headquarters at Iloilo, to which point he had
returned, in the following cablegram:

Inoito, February 8, 1900.
Barry, Manila:

Lieutenant-Colonel Scott, with 200 ae men Fourty-fourth, crossed mountains
from Paringayan into upper Aclan Valley. Gordon’s scouts and Captain Walker,
Sixth, crossed Pass Pandan to Ibajay; objective of both, Calivo. Three or four hun-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 917

dred Tagalos fled from Calivo on appearance Gordon’s scouts January 30. Were
pursued up the Actao the 31st by Walker and Gordon. Finding Scott'on their line
of retreat, they scattered in mountains. A small force attempted to oppose Scott,
fording river at poene but were brushed away. Our only casualty Noah L. Short,
H, Forty-fourth, wounded right thigh. Left Walker with two companies Sixth in
Calivo. Returned here with rest of command.

HvaGuHes.

Three days thereafter the following message was received from
Iloilo: S
Fersruary 6, 1900.

General Orts, Manila: ‘

Schwan telegraphed December 23 asking cooperation on west coast of Leyte.
Answered would endeavor to do so after Aclan Valley expedition, with one or two
battalions. Keep faith by offering one, but confess I would rather not send it until
some disturbances threatened in Panay are quieted.

HuGHeEs.

The insurgents evidently had reunited in small bands and returned
from the mountain country, determined to annoy our troops by sur-
prise and ambush, if not destroy them in part, scattered as our com-
panies now were among the more important towns of the island. They
drew their subsistence, of course, from the inhabitants, whom they com-
pelled to contribute of their scant food and also of their money and
treasures. Secure concealment by the people of their personal prop-
erty alone made it safe, and by furnishing information to our officers
they would, if detected by the robbers, forfeit their lives. These bands
committed their depredations not only in northern and central Panay,
but visited the southern portions of Iloilo province. They, however,
gradually tired or became dissatisfied with their occupation, as it was
attended with great risk and little recompense, for our men were active,
were more than a match for them at brush tactics, and caught them
continually either at a disadvantage or under circumstances where their
superior marksmanship and intelligence were abundantly rewarded.
About the middle of February 167 Tagalos, with 100 rifles, surren-
dered to the commanding officer of the troops at Capiz, and were sent
at Government expense to the town of Taal, on the southern Luzon
coast, from which place they were permitted to go to their homes in
different sections of thatisland. Occasionally an insurgent band scored
a slight success, one of which, and one quite unfortunate for our troops,
occurred on February 28, which was reported by Lieutenant McBroom,
of the’ Eighteenth Infantry, commanding a company of that regiment
at Mambusao, Capiz province. His report was as follows:

Sent detachment under sergeant to gain information of roads from Jamindan to
Aclan Valley, and trail from Jamindan to Jimeno. He arrived at Jamindan without
accident or anything suspicious occurring, the natives saying there were no insurgents
in mountains. Yesterday party was started to Mambusao to report, while main body
was to attempt to go to Jimeno. Insurgents opened fire on party sent back; the
others went to the scene; firing lasted two hours. Our men held Jamindan, and
to-day fought their way back to Mambusao. Report insurgents in considerable force
intrenched in hills between Jagnaya and Jamindan. Four men missing from party
sent back—all Company I, Eighteenth Infantry: Israel Cook, George M. Williams,
Walter H. Cowern, and Maurice Driscoll; not known whether killed or captured.
No other casualties.

The above is an exceptional case, as in the great majority of these
minor affairs our troops suffered no losses. A few days previous
Lieutenant-Colonel Dickman surrounded and captured at Dingle, in the
Qoilo province, without casualty, a band of 46 insurgents, and later,
inthe month of March, Lieutenant Brooks, of the Eighteenth Infantry,
218 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

struck a band near Pontevedra and Pilar, on the northern Panay coast,
which left 14 dead and 5 wounded on the field of battle, together with
19 rifles. His loss was I man killed and 2 wounded. This character
of warfare will doubtless continue for some time. The Spaniards
never held central Panay in subjection. It has always been at the
mercy of ladrone bands, and the experience which they are now receiv-
ing is their first severe lesson in imposed individual restraint. The coast
cities of Panay were opened to the coasting trade of the islands as
rapidly as they were occupied by our troops. Until the capture of
Capiz, on the northern boundary, the only outlet for outside trade was
the city of Ilotlo; then San Jose de Buenavista and Calivo followed.
The merchants and inhabitants quickly availed themselves of trade

rivileges, and Panay is in about as flourishing a condition as during
Boantsl domination prior to the native revolt of 1896.

By the middle of March the progress made in Panay, Negros, and
Cebu enabled General Hughes to look after affairs in the more eastern.
islands of his district. Major Hale, of the Forty-fourth Infantry,
landed in Bohol on March 17 without opposition. He was hospitably
received by the inhabitants, who had suffered greatly from the depre-
dations of the Cebu, Leyte, and northern Mindanao insurgents. Major
Hale quickly distributed his troops throughout the island, and by his
judicious and conservative action in protecting the rights of the people
and in opening up the former avenues of trade won their confidence
to such a degree that he or any of his men were able to journey through
the island in comparative personal security without guard or escort.
While awaiting the time when the United States could take active
possession of the island the inhabitants had established a crude form
of government. This peaceably gave way to United States military
control, which the people desired and for which on several occasions
they had importuned.

Early in April General Hughes made a personal inspection of the
eastern section of his district, over which General Kobbe had been
exercising supervision, looking particularly into the affairs of Leyte
and Samar, to the former of which he took from Cebu two com-
panies of the Twenty-third Infantry. The result of that inspection
was submitted April 17 from Lilo, and appears on page 204 of this
report. Therein he briefly sums up the conditions then existing in
Panay and Cebu, remarking that the insurgent general, Fullon, of the
province of Antique, Panay, had applied for permission to visit Dloilo
and was then supposedly en route for that point; that one of the gen-
erals in Occidental Cebu had been killed a few days before, and that
matters were progressing slowly; that the commanding officer in that
island had dismissed ‘‘The Junta Insular and Municipal,” formed
before the advent of the army, and had taken charge of the govern-
ment, which would simplify matters very much, as the junta had given
constant annoyance. This junta had been in charge of municipal
affairs of the island during our entire occupation. It had not been
disturbed for reasons given in my report of last year, wherein I
remarked that:

After the capture of Iloilo the navy visited the city of Cebu and took quiet pos-
session of the place—the commanding officer of the force assuming direction of the
business of captain of the port and collector of customs, and entering into an arrange-

ment with the more prominent citizens to permit them to conduct their own internal
affairs, * * * The battalion of the Twenty-third Infantry which was sent to Cebu
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 219

the latter part of February had not taken any action in civil matters but had pre-
served order in the community. The citizens had looked after their own local inter-
ests, and officers of the navy had continued to conduct harbor and customs affairs,
from which they were now relieved by army officers detailed to perform the duties
of those positions. Shortly thereafter the dissensions between the well-disposed and
hostile-intentioned natives became bitter and culminated in the assassination of one
of the most prominent citizens simply because he advocated United States protec-
tion, and attempts were made upon the lives of others who favored United States
occupation.

This junta proved to be nothing more nor less than an insurgent
body which failed to give any protection whateyer to friendly-disposed
inhabitants. In fact, the ablest man of that section of country, Judge
Llorente, a present member of the supreme court of the Philippines,
has been unable to visit his home in Cebu without placing life in jeop-
ardy. It therefore became an absolute necessity to overthrow this
so-called civil establishment, and any future government of a civil char-
acter must await a manifested, more pacific disposition on the part of
many of the influential natives.

The topography of all the Visayan Islands is very advantageous for
defense. In all, the greater proportion of the territory is rough and
mountainous. The people who inhabit the mountain country are
densely ignorant, superstitious, easily influenced by the abler natives,
and many of them still hold to their ancient gods and heathen cere-
monies. This class has always robbed its lowland neighbors, and from
it the insurgent Tagalog have drawn their principal assistance, espe-
cially the bolo contingent, which has in many instances been induced
to viciously attack our troops, and has in consequence suffered severely.
To reduce this class of people to submission or to entirely check its
forays on the coast towns—an occupation acquired from or existing in
heredity—must necessarily be a labor of time; but our troops, unlike
those which were maintained by Spain, pursue them to their moun-
tain concealments, and inflict punishments they neither anticipate nor
think possible. In the islands of Panay, Negros, and Cebu over fifty
nilitary stations are maintained; consequently the majority of the
inhabitants are comparatively secure, and are gradually gaining confi-
dence, so much so that in many instances they have given us assistance
without fearing the vengeance of their adversaries, which would surely
visit them were our protection withdrawn. ,

Prior to reporting the operations on the north Mindanao coast of
the troops sent there from Manila on March 20, under the command
of Major-General Bates, a brief review of our military experience

- within the district of Mindanao and Jolo should be presented. At the
date of our last annual report the only troops stationed within the dis-
trict were the two battalions of the Twenty-third Infantry, of which
six companies were stationed at the port of Jolo, one at Siassi, and
one at Bongao on the Taui Taui group of islands. The Moros of the
Jolo Archipelago, through their datos. professed friendship which
their actions indicated. The Sultan, however, continued to keep some-
what aloof, pressing his money claim for the maintenance at our
expense of the police force at Siassi, which he had established before
American occupation. He was distinctly informed by General Bates
that the claim could not be favorably considered, and he refused to
accept the monthly compensation allowed him for services, a compen-
sation which Spain had paid and which we concluded to continue.
220 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Protocols in force between the Spanish, English, and German Goy-
ernments made free-trade ports of all Archipelago harbors. The bulk
of trade with these ports was conducted from ee partly by Euro-
peans and in part by Chinese merchants, the Moros never engaging
therein. As soon as we occupied the port of Jolo these traders, apply-
ing to enter their merchandise, were first informed that existing war
emergencies would not permit it, and soon thereafter that, the protocol
having lapsed on the ratification of the Paris treaty, the same customs
regulations would apply in the Jolo Archipelago as in other Philippine
islands; that the port of Jolo would soon be declared an open port and
all others in that section would be confined to the coasting trade. This
announcement created some feeling among the Singapore merchants
and the seizure of one vessel engaged in unlawful traffic was followed
by fine. Another vessel was compelled to discharge, upon arrival at
Manila, all her goods manifested for that port and which she claimed
to be desirous of taking back to Singapore, returning by way of the
coasting ports of the southern islands. A brief correspondence of an
international character was occasioned, but the affairs were soon hap-
pily adjusted. Further action taken in the matter of the Jolo Archi-
pelago trade will be alluded to hereafter. It was closely watched by
the vessels of the Navy, whose officers, from reports received and from
various rumors circulated, thought that the Moros were ee
and receiving firearms and ammunition through illicit dealings wit.
merchants of the Asiatic and Borneo coasts. At the suggestion of
Admiral Watson I telegraphed the president of the government com-
missioners of North Borneo, requesting that the authority of the
commissioners be exercised to prevent the exportation of arms and
ammunition to ports of the Archipelago, which request the commis-
sioners graciously granted.

Nothing as yet had been attempted in the Island of Mindanao,
although the navy kept a careful watch on the southern coast and
especially in the vicinity of Zamboanga. Here, as was reported last
year, the insurgents had seized in May, 1899, several Spanish gun-
boats and had taken from them considerable war material, among
which was included several pieces of artillery, inclusive of 11 quick-
firing guns, 375 rifles, and a large quantity of ammunition for all
guns and pieces seized. They still retained this property, which,
with the ordnance formerly held by them, placed them in rather fair
military condition to defend a position made strong by nature, and
the possession of those arms rendered it inexpedient to land troops at
Zamboanga and attempt to control the place with any force which at
at that time could be spared from Luzon. Besides, we had heard that
the Moros in the vicinity had assumed a hostile attitude toward the
insurgents who had become separated into two unfriendly factions.
and we received the impression that if the latter were not disturbed
by us they would soon fight among themselves.

A communication was received on September 30 from General Gar-
cia, commanding the insurgent forces at Surigao and vicinity in the
extreme northern portion of Mindanao, expressing a desire to turn
over that section a country to the United States authorities and sur-
render all insurgent arms. The only attention given to the application
consisted in returning information that the United States would soon
be ready to take possession, as it was not believed that Garcia, even if
honest in his offer, could control much territory, and it was not thought
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS, 221

prudent to send to Surigao a force insufficient for defense should the
inhabitants prove to be unfriendly.

General Bates was supervising affairs in the district, and by means
of the assistance kindly furnished him by the navy, visited the princi-
pal points in the Jolo Archipelago, also Sandakan, where the official
authorities of North Borneo extended every courtesy. On September
15 he sailed from Jolo for Masingloc, adjacent to Zamboanga, and
fully ascertained the animus of the insurgents of that section. Con-
cerning this trip he reported:

Don Jose Alvarez y Sebastian (former gobernadorcillo at Zamboanga) and Captain
Tiano (head Chinaman at Jolo) were very sanguine on the subject of bringing the
insurrectos at Zamboanga to terms if they could have a talk with Vicente Alvarez
and explain to him the fatuity of resisting the United States, and, both asked to go to
Zamboanga or vicinity for this purpose.

I thought there was small prospect of success; explained to them that I would not
have any official connection with the matter, but consented to take them to Zam-
boanga and to endeavor to have them returned to Jolo by the U.S8.S. Castine, which
was expected soon at Jolo.

I sailed from Jolo September 15, arrived at Masingloc anchorage that evening, and
called upon Commander Very, U.S. N., on the U.S8.8. Castine, who reported the sit-
uation unchanged, with exception of report from Dato Mandi that insurrectos at
Balon (15 miles north of Masingloc anchorage) about September 2 had killed two of
his men, wounded two others, and that two were missing. Commander Very spent
some days investigating the matter; found that each party claimed the other used
eae and had made the attack, and he was unable to fix the responsibility

efinitely.

At 8 a.m. September 16, Captain Tiano went in one of the Castine’s boats, under
flag of truce, to wharf at Zamboanga, with two letters written by himself, one to
Vicente Alvarez, asking him to come off to the Castine by 8 a. m. the following day to
talk over matters of importance, or to send representatives if he could not come him-
self; the other letter was to Nestorio Arquisa, the insurrecto chief of the city of
Zamboanga, asking him to forward promptly the letter to Vicente Alvarez.

The Castine then went to Landan, Saco] Island, the residence of Dato Mandi, who
came on board with several followers and called upon Commander Very and myself

On returning to Zamboanga on Castine, and sending in a boat under flag of truce
for reply to Tiano’s letter, Nestorio Arquisa (insurrecto chief in city of Zamboanga)
and a young insurrecto officer named Calixto came aboard Castine with letter from
Vicente Alvarez (appended, marked I), saying he could not come, but sent two of his
representatives, with power to discuss any matters for him.

Being informed by Commander Very that these men wished to see me, I went into
his cabin and was present at the greater part of the interview. I told them in sub-
stance that I had, not sought an interview with them, but had brought Captain Tiano,
who wished to see them; that I had been informed that they wished to see me, and
had come in for that purpose alone; as they said nothing, and expected me to say
something, I said that while the United States was prepared to treat them fairly and
well, the sovereignty of the United States must first be acknowledged, and as they
did not seem prepared to make that acknowledgment, I took no further part in the
nterview.

Nothing resulted from the talk except a reiteration of the statements previously
made to Commander Very that the insurrectos considered their cause identical with
that of Aguinaldo in Luzon, and that they awaited the result of events in Luzon, and
wished to be let alone by the United States. Réplying to questions of Commander
Very whether they would oppose landing of United States troops, Nestorio Arquisa
said that they would not oppose landing of United States troops in city of Zambo-
anga; Calixto said he could not say whether landing would be opposed at Masingloc
anchorage or other place outside of city of Zamboanga.

The Zamboanga country was allowed to look after its own affairs;
Captain Very, of the Navy, continuing to watch the contiguous waters.
In the meantime the troops at Jolo, Siassi, and Bongao, which main-
tained the most friendly relations with the Moros of the archipelago,
were made more comfortable and placed their stations in a good con-

dition of police and health. The coasting trade increased, but the
229 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Moros complained of the additional cost of articles, such as farming
utensils and articles of foreign manufacture (which was the result of
extending the customs laws over their territory), asserting that failure
of crops and the loss suffered from the prevalence of a cattle disease
made them too poor to enable them to purchase. This appeared to be
the only matter which disturbed a clearly manifested contentment.

War between the two factions of insurgents at Zamboanga com-
menced sooner than we anticipated, and no provisions had been made
by us to garrison the place. The town was without material impor-
tance and the troops at hand were needed in Luzon and the Visayan
islands. On November 20 a cablegram was received from Iloilo stat-
ing that one of the insurgent factions had secured the city and turned
it over toCaptain Very, of the Navy. who commanded the United States
war vessel at Zamboanga Harbor; that the other factions had made
demonstrations against the city and that Captain Very had called for
troops upon the Jolo station, from which one company had been sent
him. Instructions were given for two other companies to follow, and
we then cast about to secure troops to reenforce both Jolo and Zam-
boanga. But on November 28 an officer of the Navy, well acquainted
with the Zamboanga situation, gave as his opinion that no more troops
were required there, at least for the present.

The insurgent faction which had surrendered the city passed over
to the naval authorities a good deal of war material, and upon arrival
of troops an additional 179 rifles, a Nordenfeldt, and 1 breech-loadin
cannon were turned over. Order was soon restored in the city, an
the only hostile force in the vicinity consisted of a band of Tagalos,
reported to number about eighty, which had taken refuge in the near
mountains. The Moro Dato of that section,a man of superior natural
ability and of considerable education acquired in Europe, had advo-
cated United States rights and requested our military occupation ever
since the evacuation of the territory by Spain. He had raised the
United States flag and had asked the permission of our officers to
attack and drive out the insurgents, positive of his ability to do so
without our assistance. His attitude and the close blockade main-
tained by the Navy, which caused some suffering among the inhabi-
tants for the desired articles of subsistence, was probably the chief
cause of insurgent disaffection, the stronger and prevailing faction
laboring for the relief which our occupation and the consequent open-
ing of the port for the entrance of rice and other food products would
bestow. The warring of the factions was conducted without regard
to humanitarian sentiments or the laws of war. A number of lives
paid the penalty of their disagreements, mostly taken through some
form of assassination and very few in open combat.

The insurgent authorities along the southern coast of the island fared
even worse. At Cottabato, an important trading town on the Rio
Grande de Mindanao, lying within a section of country inhabited by
Filipinos, Moros, and Chinese (the Moro element predominating), the
people, tired of excessive taxation and the cruelties practiced by insur-
gent agents, seizedandbeheadedthem. Anew government was formed
which communicated the first available opportunity, with great satis-
faction, that they had cut off the heads of‘the late reigning officials
and were ready and very desirous of receiving the flag and troops of
the United States Government. This occurred during the latter part
of September, but the information was not received in Manila until
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 223

November 20. Zamboanga, which had now a garrison of 350 men,
continued to improve. Additional ordnance consisting of 4 field
pieces, 17 rifles, and a quantity of ammunition was surrendered, and
we had now recovered all the artillery and most of the rifles which had
been captured from the Spanish gunboats the previous May. The
natives from many adjoining towns visited the city and the native
military bands experienced pleasure in serenading our troops. But
conditions along the entire southern Mindanao coast, and in the small
adjacent island of Basilan, where Spain had maintained a naval harbor,
necessitated garrisons to establish some means of control and preserve,
if possible, peace among the natives themselves. :

The Thirty-first Volunteer Infantry (Colonel Pettit’s) had arrived
in Manila Harbor and was available. It sailed for Mindanao on
December 1, and General Bates was instructed to post its various
company organizations in consonance with military needs. He
reported on December 8 from Zamboanga that he had garrisoned
Basilan and was sending troops to Cottabato and Davao, and, further,
that he considered the condition of affairs throughout the district
very satisfactory. The organizations of the regiment were ultimately
stationed along the southern coast of the island and in Basilan as fol-
lows: Headquarters and four companies at Zamboanga with detach-
ment at Basilan, three companies at Cottabato, two at Parang Parang,
one at Davao, one at Matti, and one at Baganga. Early in Taina
a force of 125 marines took charge of the naval station of Isabela,
Basilan Island, and the detachment which had been posted there was
withdrawn. These troops have experienced very little difficulty with
the natives, owing to the almost uniform judicious administration by
officers in charge, although the fear of Moros expressed by Christians,
and the frequent difficulties of Moro bands with each other, compel
constant watchfulness and an occasional change or interchange of por-
tions of garrisons. Upon the arrival of the Thirty-first Volunteers at
Zamboanga, the three companies of the Twenty-third Infantry which
were sent there to meet a temporary emergency were returned to Jolo,
their permanent station.

Here at Jolo and in the entire group of islands of the Archipelago
friendly relations between our troops and the natives had been main-
tained for eight months, strained somewhat on two occasions—once
on account of the Sultan’s interference with the inhabitants of Siassi
against their claimed individual rights, when they called for our pro-
tection; and again when, on Jolo Island, the datos were instructed
that they must cease from murdering the members of each other’s
clans or bands, a pastime in which it appears they occasionally indulged
on slight provocation. But on January 27a most unexpected act of
treachery was perpetrated by the natives on one of the islands of the
Taui Taui group, resulting in the murder of 2 and the severe wound-
ing of 2of our men. They belonged to the company stationed at Bon-
gao and belonged toa party of 5 men absent from the station on a
hunting pass. They had proceeded by boat some 30 miles to a small
westward island where the natives professed the oe friendship,
and when unconscious of impending danger and unprepared were
attacked. The commanding officer of Bongao (Captain Cloman), with
the assistance of datos, quickly punished the cowardly and treacher-
ous assault. The datos and principal men discovered the offenders (10
in number), who had committed the act for the purpose of obtaining
224 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

the arms carried by the soldiers. They turned them over to Captain
Cloman’s guard, and the criminals, while attempting to escape, were
shot. The captain has reported very fully all the circumstances con-
nected with the atfair, and his report is now in the possession of the
Adjutant-General of the Army. It is mentioned here as indicating a.
friendly instead of a hostile. feeling on the part of the Moros, since
without their assistance the guilty parties could never have been
discovered.

General Bates, whom we have seen was temporarily relieved by
General Schwan from the command of the first division of the corps
after the successful occupancy of the Luzon provinces of Cavite,
Batangas, Laguna, and Tayabas had been completed, for the purpose
of personally supervising the operations of an expedition sent to take
forcible possession of the Luzon, two Camarines provinces, and who
thereafter was instructed to proceed to northern Mindanao with the
Fortieth Volunteer Infantry and there station it at several of the most
important points (see page 205, and Department Orders, page 206),
proceeded on this mission the latter part of March. Collecting on
transports all organizations of that regiment (which were temporarily
serving in southeastern Luzon), and convoyed by two naval vessels
and two small gunboats under the command of Captain Nazro, he
sailed for Surigao, northeastern Mindanao, which, in accordance with
his previous promises, the insurgent General Garcia surrendered,
turning over to General Bates the ordnance in his possession. Leav-
ing a company at Surigao, the expedition proceeded southward to
Cagayan. Here it was believed that resistance would be offered,
because it was known that an active and fairly well-equipped force of
Tagalos and Visayans bad been maintained in the town and vicinity,
which had frequent communication, by way of the islands of Cama-
guin, Bohol, and Cebu, with the Panay and Luzon insurgents.

Upon the approach of the expedition, the enemy, to the number of
several hundred, made hostile demonstrations, but the boats of the
Navy passing up the river and the landing of part of the troops well
up the stream threatened the line of retreat to the mountains of the
insurgents, who hurriedly retired to the interior of the island. General
Bates took possession of the town and stationed there the headquarters
and four companies of the Fortieth Infantry. Thereafter he occupied
the towns of Iligan, Misamis, and Dapitan without meeting opposition,
and the inhabitants gladly welcomed the troops, especially the people
of Dapitan, who had some time prior submitted an application for
United States protection. At Iligan, contiguous to Cagayan, and a
place of importance during the last years of Spanish control, a garri-
son consisting of a battalion of four companies was established. Here
Spain had projected a railway (which was in part completed) to the
lake of Lanao, on which gunboats had been placed, and from the
southern shore of the lake a few miles of overland wagon road ter-
minated on the south coast of the island. This railway, lake, and
wagon-road route cut Mindanao and gave rapid communication
between its north and south coasts. Spain maintained a good many
troops on this line to look after the Moros, who had given trouble for
several years, and by operating from it as a base could quickly strike
any Moro concentration to the eastward or westward of the line. She
had spent considerable money upon it and considered its completion
of so much importance that a former governor-general of the islands
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 225

had made Iligan an important headquarters and his place of residence
for several successive months. Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish
troops the acting governor-general had sold the railway material to a
citizen of Iloilo. ‘The gunboats in the lake had been sunk in its waters
or beached on its shore and their value practically destroyed. At
Misamis two companies and at Dapitan a single company were desig-
nated for station.

Against none of these garrisons had any hostility been displayed
except at Cagayan. The people had delivered to General Bates 241
rifles and 97 pieces of artillery of various patterns, mostly obsolete;
and the entire northern coast of Mindanao had been occupied, as was
also its southern coast and the islands of the Jolo Archipelago, with-
out the firing of a single hostile shot. But the insurgent troops which
had evacuated Cagayan and retreated into the hilly country soon reap-
peared and made a night attack upon our garrison placed there. The
town is encircled by dense underbrush, which enabled the insurgents to
stealthily approach the outpost in the darkness and disable it. They
then hurriedly rushed into the town and commenced an attack upon
the quarters of our soldiers. _The battle which ensued was almost a
hand-to-hand contest for a short time, but the enemy was badly
worsted and retired in a demoralized state, leaving behind 53 of his
number dead and 18 wounded, not counting the casualties he suffered
from our pursuing troops. Our loss was 2 men killed and 11 wounded.
The insurgents in this locality still continue to give annoyance, and
doubtless will soon again come in contact with the men of the garri-

.sou. Their territory is very much circumscribed, as they are unable
to penetrate far into the mountains because of the hostility of the
Moros. When they cease to hope for assistance from the north, all
but those who are inclined to live by robbing the inhabitants will
depart for their homes or take up peaceful pursuits in that section.
As soon as Major-General Bates had posted the Fortieth United States
Volunteer Infantry on the north Mindanao coast, he proceeded to
Zamboanga and Jolo to execute the special duties with which he had
been charged, upon the completion of -which he returned to the head-
quarters of his command at Manila, which city he reached on April
9. General Kobbé, having performed the duties assigned him in con-
nection with the troops stationed in Samar and Leyte, sailed for Zam-
boanga and assumed command of the District of Mindanao and Jolo,
as directed in department orders of March 20.

We have now reviewed all the important military events of northern
Luzon comprised within the districts of General Young and Colonel
Hood, or of all that portion of Luzon north of the San Fabian, Tayug,
and San José line, to the month of April; also the military affairs of
the districts of the Visayas, and of Mindanao and Jolo to the same
time. In central and southern Luzon only those military operations
of date prior to February 1 have as yet been reported, except those
occurring within the district of southeastern Luzon, consisting of the
provinces of Camarines, North and South, and of Albay, and Sorsogon.

On February 1 the troops of the Second Divison of the corps, com-
manded by Major-General MacArthur and occupying central Luzon,
‘were widely scattered in detachment, company, and battalion organi-
zations, guarding centers of population and points deemed important
for strategic purposes and concentration.” (See page 151.) They
occupied 81 stations within the territory between Caloocan, near Manila,

4495——15
226 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

on the south, and San Fabian, on Lingayen Gulf, to the north, and
- between the east and west coasts of Luzon. They consisted at this
time of six troops of the Fourth Cavalry, the Third, Ninth, Twelfth,
Thirteenth, Seventeenth, and Twenty-second Regiments of Infantry,
two battalions each of the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Infantry,
two battalions of the Thirty-fourth U. S. Volunteer Infantry, the
Thirty-fifth, Thirty sixth,and Forty-first Regiments of Volunteer
Infantry, several pieces of artillery, and a battalion of native Mac-
abehbe scouts. Three companies of the Thirty-fourth Infantry, under
Major Shunk of that regiment, was about to march from San Isidro
to Baler, on the eastern Luzon coast, by road through Cabanatuan
and Pantabangan, thence by trail eastward across the mountains.
The insurgents had formerly maintained quite a force at Baler. It
was here that they had captured several months before a detachment
from the U. 8. 8. Yorktown, consisting of an officer and several
sailors, while in a small launch it was reconnoitering in that vicinity,
and it was supposed that they retained there a few of their troops.
They were stil] practicing guerrilla warfare west of the mountains
along the Bongabong and Pantabangan road, and it was necessary to
send out a proper number of men to successfully march to, capture,
and place a permanent garrison at Baler, and have an organization of
sufficient strength to protect itself in making the return journey to
the place of departure. The three companies of the Thirty-fourth
Infantry were deemed adequate for all purposes. General Funston
was directed to take charge of and accompany the battalion, station
two of the companies at Baler, and to return to his headquarters at San
Isidro with the third. Supplies for the troops were to be sent in small
coasting steamer from Manila by the water route through the Strait
of San Bernardino, thence north to the Baler coast. The command left
San Isidro on February 13 and Pantabangan on the 15th, expecting to
reach the objective point on the 19th. The vessel was sent from Manila
to arrive at Baler on the last-named date, and the troops were directed
to communicate with it as soon as it should appear off the coast, since
it was not considered safe for it to enter the harbor without assistance
from the shore. The expedition as planned was successful through-
out. The enemy had withdrawn from the town, and no very serious
opposition was encountered on the march.

eneral MacArthur was now engaged in rearranging the stations of
his troops throughout his division so as to furnish the best protection
possible to the inhabitants, and at the same time reunite regimental
organizations within the same sphere of action. Four temporary
brigades were organized, to the commands of which Generals Bell,
Grant, and Funston, and Colonel Liscum were assigned. The troops
were kept actively employed, and we give below a few copies of the
many telegrams received ut corps headquarters showing the nature of
their employment and the varied experience which resulted from their
efforts. These telegrams are noted in order of date, and nearly all of
them were submitted by the division commander from his headquar-
ters at Bautista, contiguous to Bayambang, province of Pangasinan.

Fesrvuary 2, 1900.

A patrol of Forty-first Infantry, moving south from Mabalacat on railroad, about 14
miles from the town, was fired on by small body of insurgents at 7.30 this morning.
Private Agustus Costa, Company B, Forty-first Infantry, was shot in back and sub-
sequently died. Patrol made vigorous response and drove insurgents into the moun-
tains west of Mabalacat.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 927

Frsruary 6, 1900.

Following just received from Colonel Craig, Thirty-second Infantry, through head-
quarters Second Brigade:

“Baranea, February 6.

“Escort of 11 enlisted men under command of Sergeant Wallace, all of Company
G, left Orani yesterday morning at 7 o’clock with three carts loaded with five days’
rations for Company G at Dinalupihan. When about 2 miles from Dinalupihan,
between that town and Llana Hermosa, the last of the carts went through the bridge.
While grouped together lifting this cart out, the escort was fired upon by a party of
about 50. Five of the escort were killed then, and a sixth was killed while trying
to escape. Four men made their way back to Orani and reported the ambuscade.
Spence immediately sent Captain Brandt with his company at double time to the
scene. When he arrived, enemy had disappeared, taking rifles and ammunition of
the killed and wounded, and all rations they could carry away. The eleventh man
joined Brandt near the bay and reported that party escaped by boats. Summary of
casualties: Killed, Corporal Lee 8. Murphy, Privates Leonard’ T. Braun, Bert Lane,
Oliver H. Martin, Algernon S. Pressley, George H. Welch, all of Company G, Thirty-
second Infantry. Two Macabebes were killed. One Macabebe is missing; also 5
ponies, 3 carabaos, 6 rifles, together with 6 belts and ammunition. All of the killed
were shot several times after death. No one of them has less than five wounds.
No house nearer place of ambuscade than barrios of Dinalupihan and Llana Hermosa.
Several small huts near the scene were burned yesterday.”

Mania, February 6, 1900.
General MacArtuur, Bautista:

Have affair which occurred near Dinalupihan, and which you have just reported,
thoroughly investigated. Escorts should not be sent out unless sufficiently strong to
take care of themselves.

By command of Major-General Otis.

Barser, Adjutant-General.

Bauanea, February 9, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Manila:

(Through Headquarters Second Division, Bautista.)

The investigation directed from department headquarters 6th instant, transmitted
through division and brigade headquarters, concerning the ambuscade near Llana
Hermosa on the 5th instant, by which 6 men of Company G, Thirty-second Infantry,
were killed, was made to-day by Major Spence, the senior field officer on duty with
the regiment, who has been for some time on duty in that vicinity and in command.
Major Spence reports by wire as follows:

“In reply to telegram of last night relative to investigation and report upon the
ambush of the supply train of Company G, near Llana Hermosa, will say that the
detail was sent from Dinalupihan by Capt. F. M. Rumbold, Thirty-second Infantry,
to escort Dr. Cook to Orani and to report upon arrival at Orani to the commissary
officer there for rations, which they were to escort back to Dinalupihan. It was
while on their return trip that this party was ambushed. The detail consisted of 11
men, under the command of Sergt. Clarence D. Wallace, Company G, Thirty-second
Infantry. As to the safety of sending such detail, will say that details of similar
strength on similar duties had passed over this same road without molestation at
least fifty times or more. I presume that Captain Rumbold and other officers at
Dinalupihan and Orani considered the detail of this strength absolutely safe; further-
more, the garrisons of both Dinalupihan and Orani are too small to furnish details
of much greater strength. In future will supply Dinalupihan for ten to twenty days
at a time, and have the supply train escorted by 40 to 50 men. Details of this dis-
aster have already been reported from this office. is =

“SPENCE.

Would report in this connection that I have been over road from Dinalupihan to
Orani with small escort, and, in view of our experience heretofore, believed that 10
to 15 men, exercising proper vigilance, could take care of themselves. In my judg-
ment, this detachment was ambuscaded by natives from Llana Hermosa, and the
accident by which a cart went through the bridge north of that place caused Ser-
geant Wallace to momentarily relax precautions. He is known to me personally as
228 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. '

a most excellent soldier. Forty-eight hours before this occurrence this peninsular
was scouted by detachments of my regiment, covering the country south of Orani
west to Bagac, north of Dinalupihan and west to Olongapo, without finding any
trace of the enemy. Companies in this province have been directed to exercise
extraordinary vigilance on escort and similar duty.

Craia, Colonel.

Mania, February 9, 1900.
Caprain WILLIAMS,
Malabon, Province of Manila:

Send in under guard the rebel general Pachecho with money in his possession, and
deliver him to the provost-marshal-general with property.
, Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Frsruary 12, 1900.
Captain Rice, Thirty-fourth Infantry, who went into the mountains east of Pena-
randa with his company on the 7th, returned to-day with 11 prisoners, 6 Remingtons,
1 Mauser rifle, 200 rounds of ammunition, and quantity of official records. No
casualties.

Fersruary 14, 1900.
Lieutenant Morrow’s company of Macabebes, at Barrio San Pablo yesterday, killed
1 insurgent, captured 12, with 6 Mausers, + Remingtons, and several hundred rounds
of ammunition. Lieutenant O’Connor, of same organization, captured Julian Bitug,
captain, reported insurrecto presidente of Lubao. Lieutenant Gillespie captured 3
guns.

Fesruary 15, 1900.

At 4.30 a. m. to-day, near Alcala, on the Rosales road, Colonel Smith, Seventeenth
Infantry, with Lieut. T. L. Smith, acting adjutant, Lieutenant Bushfield, and 50 men
of Company B, Seventeenth Infantry, surprised a band of 30 ladrones, killed 12,
mortally wounded 2 (left on the field), took 2 prisoners (one of whom was wounded),
13 rifles, and apony. No casualties on our side. The presidente of Alcala is reported
by the prisoners to be the captain of the band. He is in confinement now, pending
further investigation.

Norzacaray, February 16, 1900.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Scouted Tumalita and San Jose to-day, and in San Jose found only sort of hospital,
having 8 sick men in it—all insurgents. Captured 3 insurgents, 2 in uniform, and 1
rifle. One officer with rifle got away. One of those captured said to bea major of the
battalion of Bulacan. No insurgent force in neighborhood, and only a little outpost
intrenchment could be found. Did not disturb the sick.

SHort, Major.

Fesrvary 15, 1900.

General Bell telegraphs from Iba, with which we now have wire communication,
that his campaign in Zambales is going to last considerably longer than he expected
at first,and requests that 4,000 rations be sent to Subig, 4,000 to Iba, and 2,000 to
Santa Cruz, for the use of his movable column; and, in addition to these rations for
the regular garrison, also asks for a quantity of medicines, horseshoes, etc., to refit
cavalry to be sent to Subig as soon as possible. I have given the list to the chief
quartermaster of the division and instructed him to correspond with the chief quar-
termaster of the department. I mention it herewith in hope possibly of expediting
action.

Fesruary 15, 1900
Lieutenant Gillespie, of the Macabebe scouts, captured yesterday, near Lubao, 15
rifles and 440 rounds of ammunition. Lieutenant O’Connell brought in to-day from ,
barrio San Pedro 9 rifles.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 229

Frsruary 17, 1900.
_ Lieutenant Crawford, Thirty-second Infantry, at Bacolor, captured to-day 8 Rem-
ington rifles and 1 shotgun; 3 insurgent officers, with Remingtons and a small lot
ammunition, surrendered to him. Three insurgents and 1 rifle were captured near
Norzagaray yesterday.

Fesruary 18, 1900.
_ On 11th instant Lieutenant Ross, with Company I, Twenty-fourth Infantry, scout-
ing near Buloc, in vicinity of San Jose, ran into a band of 50 insurgents, killed 1,
captured 6 rifles, 300 rounds ammunition, 2 ponies, 8 caribaos, and destroyed consid-
erable amount of camp equipage and provisions. No casualties.

/ Fersruary 20, 1900.
Near Pozorrubio, on the 17th instant, Edward Jones, Company B, Thirteenth
Infantry, with detachment of 16 men of the same company, surprised a small band
of insurgents and captured 15 rifles, 14 Remingtons, and 1 Mauser. Insurgents
escaped. No casualties.

Fesruary 21, 1900.
Lieutenant Hannay, Twenty-second Infantry, with Company K, Twenty-second
Infantry, at a barrio of Candaba yesterday captured 52 prisoners, 7 Remington
rifles, 2 Remington carbines, and one hundred rounds ammunition. This capture is
thought to be important, as it includes most of the band that has been committing
all the depredations about Arayat recently.

FEBRUARY 23, 1900.

Lieutenant McGowan, Thirty-sixth Infantry, with 30 men, yesterday at barrio
between Alaminos and Sual surprised about same number armed insurgents; killed
the officer in command, wounded 2 others, took 7 prisoners, 4 Remington rifles, and
200 rounds of ammunition. No casualties. Scouting party from San Miguel yester-
day, under Lieutenant Elliott, Thirty-fifth Infantry, near Candaba, encountered
band of ladrones and wounded,3 of them. No casualties.

Fersruary 24, 1900.

Hugo Ilagan, said to have been secretary of interior in insurgent government, left
Dagupan for Manila yesterday at 2 p. m. on steamer Vitaliana.

Marcgu 1, 1900.

Captain Gibson, Thirty-fourth Infantry, with 34 men, Company C, that regiment,
at 4.45 a. m. to-day surrounded the barrio of Magung, 3 miles south of San Isidro,
capturing 37 supposed insurgents, 13 Remington rifles, and 650 rounds of ammunition
in cartridge boxes and haversacks.

Marca 38, 1900.

Colonel Craig reports from Balanga that Aguinaldo on Thursday took a boat south
of Orani for Cavite province. This information is represented as coming from an
insurgent soldier who was in the vicinity of Balanga with dispatches to be forwarded
to Colonel Trias, alleged to be a member of Aguinaldo’s staff, Manila. This is given
for what itis worth, with the hope that it might possibly fit into information
received at department headquarters.
230 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Marcs 4, 1900.

Commanding officer at Tarlac reports as follows: ae

‘Companies K and H of Ninth Infantry, under Captain Sigsworth, went to Tinuba
yesterday afternoon and surrounded the place, holding everybody. Lieutenant Koeh-
ler with mounted detachment, went ely this morning to search for rifles. Lieuten-
ants Koehler and Wallace were led into a trap by a native of Tinuba, who said he
would take them to some guns. No soldiers accompanied them. When about a
mile from Tinuba Lieutenant Koehler was mortally wounded; died in about an hour.
Body brought in. He was shot about 8 a. m. to-day, bullet entering just below the
heart. The native who led the officers got away. Barrio Tinuba burned by Captain
Sigsworth. Several insurgents who tried to escape from Captain Sigsworth after the
firing were killed.”

Marca 5, 1900.

A detachment of about 70 men from San Isidro, under Captain Gibson, Thirty-
fourth Infantry, went to barrio of Sahan early this morning. Found a captain named
Tinio, or Tino, concealed in a house with a companion. Both were pointed out to
Gibson as insurgents on the way to a supposed place of concealment of arms. Both
prisoners made a dash to escape, after being several times ordered to halt and after
several warnings shots were fired. One of the men halted and lay down. Captain
Tinio continued running and was killed. He was about 200 yards away when hit.
Papers found on body establishes connection between him and Colonel Padilla. No
arms were found, but people informed Gibson that a party of 5, with Mausers, had
left the town early this morning in fear of troops. Tinio said to be cousin of Insur-
gent General Tinio.

Marca 6, 1900.
While Maj. William B. Wheeler, Eighteenth Infantry, was returning from San
Isidro to his post at Penaranda to-day, accompanied by A. A. Surg. W. C. Chidester
and 1 man, the party was fired on by about 50 insurgents, at short range. Dr.
Chidester was wounded severely in the muscles of the back. No other casualties.
Wheeler has party out to beat up the country.

Marc 7, 1900.

Colonel Burt reports from Iba as follows:

“Captain O'Neil just returned from trip in the mountains. In barrio of Masinloc
he burned insurgent cuartel and destroyed 3 houses used by insurgent officers. Lieu-
tenant Caldwell, on 4th instant, scouted northward and captured a lieutenant and 2
men.

Marca 7, 1900.

General Bell reports from Alaminos that McGee’s company of Macabebe scouts
was attacked from concealment while marching along road south from Dasol yester-
day morning by about 12 or 15 insurgents. Lieutenant Frank McNarney, Thirty-
sixth Infantry, on duty with the company, was shot in left leg; surgeon does not think
wound dangerous. Agaton Manansola, private, received flesh wound, slight; Pedro
Paras, private, was killed. Wounded brought to Alaminos, and will be shipped by
boat to Dagupan.

Marca 10, 1900.
Colonel Wilder, with Macabebe scouts, captured 14 guns yesterday at Bongao,
near Balanga. Lieutenant Leonard, Twenty-second Infantry, with datachment of 30
men from San Antonio, surprised camp of insurgents or ladrones 10 miles northwest
San Antonio, at daybreak this morning, killed 1 man, captured 3 Remingtons and
50 cartridges. No casualties.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 231

Marcs 11, 1900.

Major Bishop, Thirty-sixth Infantry, this morning captured 2 insurgents, with
guns and 75 rounds of ammunition, at barrio Polo. Captains Ickis and Craig, Thirty-
sixth Infantry, with detachment 12 men, captured this morning 4 guns and 60
rounds of ammunition near barrio of Bued. No casualties. Lieutenant Lenoir, sig-
nal officer, and his party were fired on from ambush south of Dasol, Zambales, yes-
terday, and were again fired on from ambush while coming into Dasol. No casual-
ties. The town of Dasol was completely destroyed by fire, including church and
convent. Destruction of town is being investigated by General Bell.

; . Marca 13, 1900.
Tulisan chief, named Dionicio, captured at Salasa yesterday. Four ladrones cap-
waned and 2 killed at Binmaley on 11th instant. In both places native police assisted
our troops.

Marca 13, 1900.
The town of Santa Maria, Bulacan, is rapidly receiving back its population. It is
a very rich country, and it is believed it is the center of insurgent activity and sup-
plies. I propose to send a company of Thirty-fifth Infantry from Quingua to that
place if there is no objection at department headquarters.

Marcx 14, 1900.
Captain Nettles, Forty-first Infantry, with detachment from Lubao, ‘yesterday cap-
tured 5 ladrones, 2 rifles, 15 bolos, ata barrio near Orani, about 15 miles from Lubao.
Captain Standiford, with a company Forty-first Infantry from Guagua, yesterday
captured at Barrio Ibus 6 ladrones, 4 Remington rifles, 2 Mauser rifles, 1 Mauser
carbine, and 100 rounds ammunition.

Marca 15, 1900.

Referring to your 9.05 a. m. dispatch of 10th instant, following just received from
General Funston:

‘Lieutenant Admire, Twenty-second Infantry, and small party, have been in
Mount Arayat for past three days, and have neither met nor seen any insurgents.
The mountain was thoroughly scouted all the way to the top and in every direction.”

This party was sent out to investigate the report from corps headquarters that Gen-
eral Alejandrino wasin mountain.

Marca 16, 1900.

Lieutenant Parker, with detachment Company K, Twenty-fourth Infantry, fired on
and pursued until dark small band ladrones between Santa Maria and Tayug. Lieu-
tenants Jackson and Sanford, with detachment er! H, Twenty-fourth Infantry,
captured 20 rifles, 257 rounds of ammunition, and 7 ladrones in barrio northeast of
San Nicolas. Detachment with local police sent by Captain Black and starting about
2a.m., about half way between San Quintin and Tayug, killed 1 ladrone, wounded 1,
and captured 10.

Mania, March 18, 1900.
Admiral Watson, Cavite: .

Colonel Wilder, commanding Macabebe scouts, will be ready to operate on north
coast of Manila Bay on Tuesday. Can gunboat be sent to Orani, his headquarters,
to operate in that section of the bay, and its officers to confer with Colonel Wilder
before operations are commenced, say Tuesday morning? 6

TIS.
232 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Cavite, March 18, 1900.
Miirary Governor, Malacanan:

Basco ordered here Tuesday morning. Will report Colonel Wilder as desired.
WaArTSON.

Marca 19, 1900.

Lieutenant Harbeson, with 30 men of Company C, Twelfth Infantry, surprised a
band of insurgents yesterday 7 miles southeast of Victoria. Killed 1 insurgent;
captured 31 rifles and 400 rounds of ammunition; burned a barrack for 150 men and
their abandoned clothing and equipments. No casualties.

Marc# 20, 1900.

General Funston organized an expedition against Garcia, which left San Isidro on
17th instant. Major Wheeler’s column surprised Garcia’s camp at 11 p. m., 18th
instant, at point about 18 miles east of Penaranda. Killed 2, captured a number, of
whom 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, and 2 privates held. Captured 6 rifles, 200 cartridges,
2 United States mules, 1 American horse, twenty ponies. Several hundred men in
party anda few women and children. No casualties. Thecolumn General Funston
accompanied struck small force insurgents yesterday; killed 1, wounded 1, captured
1, got 5 Remingtons, and 250 cartridges. No casualties.

Marca 23, 1900.

Last night the commanding officer, Santa Maria, Bulacan, captured 7 ladrones, 1
rifle, andsomeammunition. Lieutenant Hughes, Thirteenth Infantry, with 3 squads,
near Pozorrubio, last night killed 2 ladrones, wounded 2, captured 3, captured 2 bolos,
6 ponies, saddles and bridles, and a revolver. Lieutenant Hunt, Twenty-fifth Infan-
try, captured to-day, near Botolan, Zambales, 2 insurgents, a number of rifles, and
some ammunition.

Marcu 24, 1900.

General Funston, who has been out two days trying to locate Pilar’s camp, had a
severe fight at Vitoc this morning with a party of insurgents near the head waters of
the Penaranda, or Chico, River. Lieut. O. R. Wolfe, Twenty-second Infantry, aid to
General Funston, was severely wounded in the left lung, and Private James E. Mur-
phy, Thirty-fourth Infantry, severely wounded in the left elbow. Enemy’s loss 2
killed and others wounded who escaped. Captured 8 Mausers, + Remingtons, and
800 cartridges, and destroyed a quantity of rice. General Funston is still out with G
Troop, Fourth Cavalry, and hopes to succeed in finding Pilar’s camp.

‘ Marca 25, 1900.

General Bell reports 3 Mauser and 3 Remington rifles captured by Thirty-sixth at
Mangatarem. General Grant reports that 13 rifles were to-day turned in to Captain
Calders, Thirty-second Infantry, at Porac, by purchase.

Marc 27, 1900.

General Funston reports to-day that he found on the 25th instant the ruins of Pio
del Pilar’s camp, which had been burned that day. It had consisted of good nipa
buildings, with a capacity of 100 men, and was so situated that a surprise would have
been impossible. Enemy was followed over rough mountains south for 15 miles.
Here his force scattered in small bands and rendered further pursuit impossible.
General Funston returned to his camp and scouted mountains further north, but all
bands had left that part of the country. Horses being exhausted and many of them
unshod, he returned to San Isidro to-day. General Bell reports purchase of 5 rifles
at Iba by Twenty-fifth Infantry and 10 Remingtons and 18 rounds of ammunition
secured by Thirteenth Infantry at Urdaneta.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 233

Marcx 27, 1900.

Following just received:

“San Istpro, March 27, 1900.
““ADJUTANT-GENERAL Smconp Drvision:

“Last night 3 men of the company of Macabebes, now with Major Wheeler, who
have been in the hospital of San Isidro and had been discharged from the hospital a
few days ago, but had not been able to join their company, were kidnaped on
the street of San Isidro by about 20 men and taken to Gapan, where they were kept
over night in a house, and early this morning, with their arms tied behind them,
were started toward the mountains. By chance they ran into the detachment that
Captain Koehler and I were bringing in. One of the Macabebes escaped, ran to us,
and hastily explained matters, whereupon we pursued the band and killed 3 of them.
A further search and some of our men came upon 2 of them engaged in boloing the
other 2 Macabebes. They were caught in the act, made no defense, and we took
them up into the barrio, within 200 yards of the scene of their crime, and within ten
minutes thereafter publicly hanged them. We then went with the 3 men to the
house in Gapan where they had been kept overnight. As we approached the house
3 men attempted to escape. One of them, whom the Macabebes recognized as one
of the leaders of the kidnapers, was instantly killed. Another swam the river, but
was shot on the other bank; the third, dashing into a crowd of women and children,
escaped. We burned the house. The two Macabebes were badly carved up, but
will recover.

“* FUNSTON.”’

Marce 30, 1900.

Lieutenant McCaskey, Twenty-fiith Infantry, with detachment from Botolan, on
27th instant captured 7 ladrones in barrio near that place and burned the barrio,
which they had made their headquarters. Colonel Bisbee, Thirteenth Infantry,
Zeperts capture of 5 rifles at Urdaneta March 29, and 4 rifles and 3 revolvers

arch 28.

Marca 30, 1900.

Colonel Freeman, at Tayug, reports captures as follows:

“On 29th instant at barrio of San Nicolas, 2 ladrones, 2 Mauser rifles, 1 Reming-
ton, 71 cartridges. Near Asingan, same date, by Lieutenant Jackson, Twenty-fourth
Infantry, 10 ladrones, 1 Mauser rifle, 2 Remingtons; by Lieutenant MacMaster,
Twenty-fourth Infantry, a few days ago, 1 Remington rifle and 2 unserviceable
Mausers.”’

Marcu 31, 1900.
This morning about 7.45 o’clock, 5 mounted men of Company K, Ninth Infantry,
patrolling track between Mabalacat and Angeles, were fired into from ambush by
about 30 insurgents, and Serg. Alonzo L. Johnson was killed by first volley. The 4
men returned the fire with good effect, killing 7 of the enemy and driving them off
to the southwest. Subsequently scouting parties were sent out from Angeles and
Mabalacat. Results not known.

Marca 31, 1900.
Colonel Bisbee reports capture at Urdaneta yesterday of 2 Remingtons, 1 Lee
Navy rifle and 1 Krag carbine. Colonel Burt reports that party conducting prisoners
from San Narciso to Iba, yesterday, were attacked by band of insurgents and Cap-
tain Delamente, one of the prisoners, was killed; no other casualties. Insurgent
Lieut. Paulalion Dumalo surrendered at San Narciso yesterday.

Marcu 31, 1900.

Colonel Burt reports capture of 7 rifles at Iba; purchase of 7 at Iba and 1 at Santa
Cruz.
234 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Apriz 1, 1900.

Major Wheeler, Thirty-fourth Infantry, destroyed 5,000 pounds of rice in a store-
house in mountains near Penaranda. During past month 37 rifles have been sur-
rendered at Tarlac.

Apri 3, 1900.

Colonel Burt, Twenty-fifth Infantry, reports capture on the Ist instant of 2 old-
style muzzle-loading cannon. Lieutenant Burr, Thirty-second Infantry, command-
ing Second Brigade scouts, captured yesterday, near Dinalupihan, an insurgent lieu-
tenant and 3 rifles.

APRIL 5, 1900.

Lieutenant Burr, commanding Second Brigade scouts, killed 1 Tulisan and cap-
tured 1 gun near Florida Blanca on 2d instant. Colonel Freeman, Twenty-fourth
Infantry, reports the murder of a native on 3d instant in a barrio of Tayug by band
of ladrones, and the capture next day of the whole band of ladrones with 6 rifles
and 550 rounds Mauser ammunition.

APRIL 7, 1900.

Colonel Smith is in the mountains west of Camiling with three full companies and
parts of two other companies of his regiment and a platoon of cavalry. He located
General Macabulus this morning. Attacked his position at 8.30, and at 9 a. m. posi-
tion was in his hands. The only casualty on our side as far as known is Lieut. F. J.
Morrow, Seventeenth Infantry, severely wounded in left leg. No other particulars
are yet to hand. I expect something, however, within the next twenty-four hours.
Hope for some substantial result, in the way of breaking up important rendezvous
and destruction of supplies that can not be replaced.

Apri 8, 1900.

The position attacked by Colonel Smith yesterday is about 14 miles southeast of
Camiling. Place consists of quarters and. barracks for about 200 men, and a deposit
of rice of not less than 20 tons. It was heavily fortified, and defended by about 500
men. The insurgents scattered in the usual way without making sufficient resistance
to admit of severe punishment. Only 5 dead were found. The place is now occu-
pied by a detachment of the Seventeenth Infantry, and Major O’Brien, with 3
companies, isin pursuit over good mountain trail which is said to lead to a more
important deposito than the one already captured. This second deposito is located
on the west side of the main range near the head waters of the Cabaluen River. This
trail, if continued, would reach the coast at or in the vicinity of Masinloc. The
insurgent deposito, I should say, is 15 or 18 miles due east of Masinloc. O’Brien has
a pack train with him and is prepared to stay out for a week if necessary. He has
orders to take and destroy whatever he can find, and on his return will destroy
barracks and deposito at first position.

AprRit 7, 1900.

Second Lieut. D. E. Bottom, Seventeenth Infantry, with two squads Companies L
and M, scouting in the mountains west of Camiling on the 4th instant, struck a
party of 40 insurgents belonging to Macabulus’s command—killed 5, wounded 10,
captured 4 Remingtons and a quantity of ammunition. Nocasualties. Lieut. F. W.
Smith, Twelfth Infantry, had a skirmish with ladrones near barrio Ayson of Gerona
yesterday, in which Private Schultz, Company A, Twelfth Infantry, was killed.
No further particulars received.

APRIL 7, 1900.
Last night railroad track was ee with between here and Moncada, but the
break, which I understand consisted of the removal of only a few rails, was quickly
repaired. About 8 p.m. yesterday commanding officer at Tarlac was informed of
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 935

presence of band of insurgents east of the railroad track, opposite the town, and sent
a party to investigate, which resulted in the capture of 67 men under suspicious
circumstances, 36 of whom were identified as insurgents, and are still in custody.
The disposition of the latter is a matter of considerable importance. They should
not be turned loose in this community at present, as they undoubtedly have arms
easy of access which they will get and use probably if they are released. I recommend
that they be sent to the city as prisoners of war.:

APRIL 8, 1900.

Referring to my dispatch of yesterday recommending that 36 prisoners captured
near Tarlac be sent to Manila, 69 prisoners were captured under similar circumstances
‘at Mabalacat same day, which place has been a perfect hotbed of hostility for the
last month. I have a company of Macabebes there, 100 strong, cooperating with the
ee garrison in clearing up the situation; and in effecting this end, as well as in
behalf of the general interest, would like to send this bunch to Manila, to be retained
there until we can get the country in better condition around Mabalacat.

Mantua, April 8, 1900.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

Prisons here full. Large number prisoners taken in south have been - eleased.
Cavite prison undergoing repair and can receive in ten days. Young asked permis-
sion to send here 200, and has been told to send 30 of the worst ones. These gueril-
las and ladrones not entitled to be classified as prisoners of war, and they know it.
War, however, still exists, and can not be declared terminated as long as it is neces-
sary to maintain an army in the field. Hold or release your captives as you deem
best. A few can be received here next week. Repairs on San Isidro prison should
be pushed. Selection of small island for prison in contemplation, but not yet possi-
ble to take action. ‘ '

Barer, Adjutant General.

Manina, April 8, 1900.
General MacArruur, Bautista:

‘Bolinao took rations to Antimonan and Mauban garrisons, then ran up to Baler to
take mail and absentees from that command who were here in Manila. Vessel
should reach Manila by the 10th instant. Will then return with rations for Baler
and some other eastern-coast garrisons. Officer in charge of Bolinao, who remains at
Baler, directed to request commanding officer there to call for supplies and property
needed, and report facilities at hand for construction of nipa barracks, with cost of
same. Officer was informed that money would be given for the construction of the
barracks. Bolinao will probably leave here for Baler about the 20th, and can take
any instructions or property you may wish to send to that point.

Barer, Adjutant-General.

APRIL 9, 1900.

Report following result of operations of Colonel Groves, commanding officer of the
Thirty-sixth Infantry, in northern Zambales, from the 2d to the 9th instant. Cap-
tured 16 Remingtons, 3 Mausers, 2 other guns, 6 ponies, 1 of these being personal
property of General San Miguel, and 3 insurgent officers. One of these is Capt. Fran-
cisco Frane, and his capture is regarded an important one, as he is regarded as a very
dangerous desperado. Lieutenant Graham, an English Mestizo, was killed. Lieu-
tenant Corliss, Thirty-fourth Infantry, captured on 8th instant at Talebanica, 7 miles
from Mabalacat, 6 prisoners, 7 rifles, and 213 rounds of ammunition.

Aprit 10, 1900.

Referring to my dispatch of the 8th instant, Major O’Brien, with three companies
of the Seventeenth Infantry, pursued, as therein reported. He reached the point
described and crore a rendezvous consisting of about thirty houses. On his way
back he destroyed the houses of the first position, a considerable quantity of rice,
bacon, and other food supplies. The insurgent command scattered in all directions
236 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

in the mountains. He took 8 prisoners and Colonel Montenegro surrendered. It
will take some time for them to concentrate again, and it is very improbable that
they can ever get together as an organized force. The following articles were cap-
tured: Six Remington rifles, 2 Remington carbines, 6 bayonets, 2 bolos, 1 sword and
scabbard, 206 rounds Remington, 13 rounds Krag-Jorgensen carbine, 65 rounds
Mauser, and 20 rounds revolver ammunition.

APRIL 12, 1900.

Asingan was attacked at 10 o’clock last night from all directions by force of insur-
gents, estimated at 300, under Oberto Graca and Calatonio Alnay. Enemy repulsed,
losing several killed and wounded. No casualties on our side.

The foregoing reported minor operations were attended by many
weary marches and constantly maintained vigilance on the part of our
troops, but do not indicate the labors in various other directions which
the troops were called upon to perform. They are strictly military in
character, of kindred nature, and in pursuance of the main duty for
the execution of which our soldiers were scattered over the territory.
The other labors can be presented generally along with those of a
similar kind which devolved upon organizations serving in other sec-
tions of the Philippines as soon as the specific duties performed by
independent commands and which must be presented separately have
received attention.

No mention has yet been made of the work accomplished by the
troops stationed in the four provinces south of Manila subsequent to
the early part of February, and it is desirable to bring this forward
to April, and thus close the rehearsal of the strictly military operations
of all troops of the department to a certain date. We propose,
therefore, to present them here and, as in other instances, through
telegraphic dispatches. These provinces, of which General Wheaton
had been placed in command, were a portion of the territory under
the supervision of the First Division of the corps. General Wheaton
had removed his headquarters from Silang to Calamba on the south
coast of the Laguna de Bay. His troops consisted of three, subse-
quently two, squadrons Eleventh Cavalry, the Fourth Regiment of
Infantry, the Twenty-eighth, Thirtieth, Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth,
Thirty-ninth, and Forty-sixth regiments of Volunteer Infantry, and a
few detached pieces of artillery, and during the month of February of
the Forty-fifth Infantry, which was withdrawn and sent during March
to the Camarines provinces. These troops occupied 33 stations, of
which 11 were maintained in the province of Cavite, 8 in Batangas,
9 in Laguna, and 5 in Tayabas province. The dispatches indicate a
more pacific condition of affairs in the south than in central Luzon.
The following are presented:

CaLaMBA, February 2, 1900.
General Oris:

Detachments from Binang, Silang, and Dasmarinas arrived in the vicinity of
Carmona simultaneously. No insurgents discovered so far.
WHEATON.

Mania, February 13, 1900.
Colonel GarpENER, Tayabas: .

Reported from what was regarded as a creditable source that Aguinaldo is in hiding
somewhere near town or mountains known as Macalelon, within your jurisdiction.
Isend you the information for what it may be worth and without vouching for its

truth.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 237

Manina, February 17, 1900.
General WHEATON, Calamba:

Watch the town of Pila, south of Santa Cruz. Insurgents passing property through
that point from the lake.

Arrest and send to Manila Florentino Manallo, prominent citizen of Siniloan, place
north of Paete, on Laguna de Bay.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

CaLamBa, February 19, 1900.

In compliance with instructions a detachment was sent to Siniloan to arrest Flor-
entino Manallo. Detachment of 20 men was under command of Captain Lyle, Thirty-
seventh Infantry. The inhabitants insisted that no man of that name had ever lived
there. Five hours were spent in searching the town for Manallo. No trace of him
could be obtained. Upon the detachment embarking in a banca for the purpose of
reaching the gunboat Laguna de Bay, 50 men opened fire from a trench near the
shore. The fire was returned and the attacking party driven off. Captain Lyle
reports that this firing, in his opinion, was by the people of the town who had claimed
to be friendly while he was in Siniloan. The detachment had no casualties.

Wueaton, Brigadier-General.

Santa Cruz, February 21, 1900.
Captain Van Leer, Thirty-seventh Infantry, while scouting encountered 6 rebels
with rifles 3 miles northwest of Majayjay. He killed 1 and wounded another. The
others eluded pursuit. No casualties.
: Boyp, Major.

CaLamBa, February 21, 1900—9 a. m.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Division:
Following telegram just received:
“TInDANnG, viA Brnana, February 21, 1900.
¢ ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Wheaton’s Brigade.

“Company E returned this evening from three days’ reconnoissance to Amadeo,
Mendez Nunez, Bayuyungan, via Talisay and Alfonso. Went about 5 miles along
lake shore south of Bayuyungan. No sign of armed men or arms. Company G
returned from one day’s search of country between Alfonso and Pataugin. Company
F yesterday searched eee north of Silang road. No news yet from company
sent on 19th to Nasugbu. All natives here hard at work. I have visited all barrios,
appointed Cabezos, and opened schools.

Jounson, Major.”’

TayaBas, February 23, 1900.
Sefior Sofio Alandi San Augustin, formerly secretary of provincial junta, later
member of Filipino congress from Tayabas, came in two days ago and is giving me
much valuable assistance. Also hear influential people are coming back, and it is
becoming easier every day to locate insurgent bands. My troops are constantly on
the go.
F GARDENER, Colonel.

CatamBa, February 28, 1900.

Insurgents are collecting taxes from merchants of Bay, who would not pay same
if company were there. This port is doing immense business in copra and oil.
Largest on lake at present. Much money going there for same. Merchants are
helpless to resist impositions.

Franxin, Commanding Laguna.
238 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Manina, February 28, 1900.
Colonel Wacner, Headquarters First Division:

Please send following telegram to General Wheaton:

“Reported that insurgents are exacting contributions from merchants of Bay,
where trade in copra and oil is said to be largest on lake. After investizating please
consider expediency of detaching company from San Pablo and placing it at Bay.’”’

Scuwan, Chief of Stat.

Santa Cruz, February 24, 1900.
Major Cheatham reports at Majayjay last night about 7 p. m. the patrol was fired
on by about 15 rebels. Private William T. Kinsell, Company D, Thirty-seventh
Infantry, was wounded severely. The rebels were immediately scattered. Several
shots were also fired into the town froma hill near by. Scouting parties are now
out.
Boyp, Major.

CaramBa, February 24, 1900—7.02 p. m.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Division:
Following dispatch just received:
“ Batancas, February 24, 1900.
‘* ADJUTANT-GENERAL, WHEATON’s BRIGADE:
**Major Muir returned to-day. Killed 4, took 1 prisoner wounded and in uniform,

and 13 others. Got 6 guns, 2 of them Mausers, and some ammunition.
ANDERSON.”’

CatamBa, February 25, 1900—7.25 p.m.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Drvision:

Following dispatch just received:

“Taa, via Batancas, February 24, 1900.
“* ADJUTANT-GENERAL, WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

‘‘From reliable information received attacked a force of about 200 insurgents
between here and Calaca to-day with 70 men under Captain Vredenburgh. Sent 20
mounted men on ponies to rear and scattered them. Know of several insurgents
being wounded. Have 1 Remington rifle. One insurgent was killed. None of our
men hurt. Took 5 prisoners. Will search the hills again to-morrow. The leader
was recognized and is well known to me.

Morean, Major.”

CaLaMBa, February 25, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Division:

Following telegram received:

“Inpane, February 24, 1900.
“ ADJUTANT-GENERAL, W3HEATON’S BRIGADE:

‘Company H returned from Nasugbu to-day, via Magallanes. No arms or armed
men seen at Tioan or Nasugbu. Did notvisit Looc. Were told a few insurgent offi-
cers now live in Balayan, but heard American troops are at Calaca; so did not go
south of Tuy. Report by mail follows. Company F is at Palanqui for five days
cooperating with Colonel Lockett in search of insurgents and repairing telegraph.

Jounston, Major, Forty-sixth Infantry.”

Santa Crvz, February 24, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

I have had a scouting party out every day running over the country seeking
information regarding two Hospital Corps men now missing. One company just
returned from scout up Santa Cruz River, through and beyond Pila at Magdalena.
Whole country been scouted. Major Cheatham has parties out every day searching
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 239

for rebels. Major Orwig now beyond Lamabong. It is reported among the enlisted
men that one of the Hospital Corps men was in the habit of passing beyond our lines.
without authority, he having said he had been as far as Magdalena at one time.
This can not be verified. There are insurgent bands in this part of the province, but
they are very hard to find and are amigos when Americans are seen. The people
are rather unfriendly, either through hate or fear of rebels.

Boyp, Major.

CauamBa, February 25, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Driviston:

Following telegram received:

“Santa Cruz, February 25, 1900.
“A DIUTANT-GENERAL, WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

‘“‘In skirmish yesterday, reported by Major Orwig, it seems that there were at
least 120 rebels, divided into three detachments. They were pursued and scattered.
One Spaniard having a silver-mounted dagger and muster rolls was captured. Will
investigate the capture and send further information. The skirmish occurred near
San Juan, short way south of Longas, in the hills.

“Boyp, Major.”

Mantua, March 4, 1900.
‘Colonel GARDENER, Tayabas:

The Spanish and American prisoners removed from Tayabas, by way of Lucban,
Mauban, and Antimonan, to Guanaca, were taken to Narcisa on Bay of Ragay, and
were thence brought by steamer to Manila. They report that one Pedro Chaves,
chief of police, killed at Tayabas one Henry Ashe, an American soldier, and also
murdered 3 Spanish officers. Arrest Pedro Chaves if he can be found.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

Tayasas, March 5, 1900.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Have known about Pedro Chaves and have been on his track forsome time. Isat
present said to be in the mountains of Camarines. His family live near this town.
See my previous telegram about him.

GARDENER, Colonel.

Santa Cruz, February 26, 1900.

Second Lieutenant Domingo Ejea, a Spaniard in the rebel army, was captured by a
scouting party under Major Orwig February 24, near San Juan. He hid in the
woods and claims he did so to pire himself up. On him were the muster rolls of his
company. Sergt. Perry C. Bishop, Company I, Thirty-seventh Infantry, states he
guarded Second Lieut. Domingo Ejea, then a captured insurgent, on February 4 or 5,
1899, at blockhouse No. 5, near Manila. Ejea is now here.

Born, Major.

Mantua, February 27, 1900.
ComMMANDING OFFicER, Santa Cruz:

General Wheaton, who will soon visit Santa Cruz, may wish to interrogate the
captured lieutenant, Ejea. The latter will then be sent under guard to Manila,
where, on arrival, he will be turned over to the provost-marshal-general, the guard
submitting to that officer this telegram as authority for Ejea’s confinement.

Scuwan, Chief of Staff.
240 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Santa Cruz, February 28, 1900.

Captain Lyle, with two companies of the Twenty-seventh Infantry, scouted moun-
tains east and northeast of Cavinti early this morning. He engaged 40 rebels 6
miles east of Cavinti and dispersed them. Then going north he saw another party
of 30, half having rifles; but these took fright and got away. He found small bands
on several hilltops, but they were careful to keep away. Private Andrew Hagland,
Company M, Thirty-seventh Infantry, wounded forehead, slight.

Born, Major.

Bacoor, February 28, 1900.

Lieut. Col. Thomas Aguinaldo, insurgent army, was also captured last night. I
will send him in also, if not otherwise ordered.
Brcx, Colonel.

Santa Cruz, March 1, 1900.

On February 28, Major Cheatham, with two companies Thirty-seventh Infantry,
encountered 70 rebels in strong position 2 miles south of Nagcarlang. After sharp
fight he dispersed them, killing 7, wounding 5, and capturing 3 Mauser rifles. No
casualties.

Boyp, Major.

Santa Cruz, March 1, 1900.

On February 28, Capt. Sam Van Leer, Thirty-seventh Infantry, escorting wagon
train with 26 men, was attacked 1 mile south of Magdalena by 75 rebels. He charged
the rebels, killing 5 and wounding 1, and dispersed the rest. Capt. Sam Van Leer
was wounded fleshy part of arm. No other casualties.

Boyp, Major.

Santa Cruz, March 1, 1900.
Captain Flaherty, Thirty-seventh Infantry, with 30 men, encountered 40 rebels 2
miles southwest of Magdalena this morning. He charged the enemy and killed 3.
rebels, captured 1 gun and several bolos. No casualties.
Boyp, Major.

S1zanG, March 3, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL, WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Captain Comisky has just returned from reconnoissance to Talisay and vicinity.
Reports that Malvar and his ladrones are said to be at San Pablo, or near there.
Formed connections with company from Indang at head Peninsula Binarayan, 6
miles west of Talisay; also with another detachment at Talisay. Scouted country
thoroughly in all directions. Everything quiet and no signs of ladrones or insur-
gents. Presidente at Talisay, named Mililion Salvador, appointed by Americans, is
said to be one of the worst characters in the neighborhood.

Brooxs, Major, Forty-siath Infantry.

Inpane, March 4, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Company G returned from three days’ reconnoissance to Talisay this morning.
Met company from Silang at Talisay. Searched all country between Amadeo and
Lake Taal, but found no arms or ladrones. Brought from Amadeo General Alva-
rez’s trunk, containing many uniforms and some papers. I shall forward all to-mor-
row. Have sent company to arrest persons and findarms. Released two officials on
four days’ parole to seek information of Trias or arms. Am holding presidente in
confinement, as he refused to talk—may do so later.

Jounston, Major. Forty-sixth Infantry.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 941

TayaBas, February 27, 1900.
GENERAL Scuwan, Manila: :
Made second attempt last night to capture headquarters and staff insurgent force in
another barrio 9 miles from here, but failed. Captured 5 soldiers, a lot of rice, and
arifle. Will soon locate them again.
GARDENER, Colonel.

, AyuNTAMIENTO, March 6, 1900.

CoLonEL WacGner, Headquarters First Division, Manila:

Wire General Wheaton extract from so much of General Hall’s recent telegram as

declares that marauding parties leave Calamba and Los Banos periodically for Tanay

and Morong and return with the booty they have captured to the points of departure.
Scuwan, Brigadier-General.

Santa Cruz, March 7, 1900.
This morning, while scouting, wagon train with 30 men, Lieutenant Miles, Thirty-
seventh Infantry, encountered a body of 60 rebels in two detachments on either side
of the road, 2 miles north of Magdalena. With 12 men he charged 30 of them in
one trench. Killed 2, wounded 3, captured 1 gun. He then took the other in the
flank and routed them. Private David P. Kennedy, Company L, Thirty-seventh
Infantry, wounded over left hip, slight.
Boyp, Major.

é TayaBas, March 6, 1900.
Lieutenant McBride with 50 men arehere from Antimonan. Report that garrison
can hold out but a few days longer, as insurgents have driven away all cattle and car-
ried away all rice in vicinity.
GARDENER, Colonel.

TayaBas, March 8, 1900.

Lovering and three companies returned from three days’ expedition in Mount
Bauahoa. Captured leader of Finitacos and a lot of bolos. To-morrow I start a
mountain gun and two companies toward Tiaon for a three days’ scout. There are
said to be some insurgents intrenched between Candelaria and Tiaon. ;

GARDENER, Colonel.

CaLaMBaA, March 9, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Drviston:

Following received:

‘*Mo.ina, March 9.
“A DIUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

“Left Indang 5am. Reached Molina 10 a. m.,12 miles north. Sent companies
out to reconnoiter and search, and secret-service men into Santa Cruz. Found thus
far 5 Mausers and 1 Remington rifle, 400 rounds ammunition, reloading implements,
20 uniform suits, 1 uniform hat, and a few swords and military bolos. Most of this
was concealed in barracks and brush. Arrested 12 men in uniform. Shall release

to-morrow.
“Jounston, Major.”

TayaBas, March 10, 1900.

Captain Newberry, with 18 men, went into Paliloc and released 6 Spanish pris-

oners and captured 2 rifles.
GARDENER, Colonel.

Maniua, March 11, 1900.
Major Jounston, Indang:
Reported that by order of General Trias large amount of armsand military stores
were cached by General Alvarez in towns of Amadeo, Mendez Nunez, and Mara-
ondon, and that owing to imprisonment of Alvarez here present time is opportune
or capture of these arms and this material. ;
: Scuwan, Chief of Staff. 3

4495——16
242 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Inpanc, March 12, 1900.
General Scuwan, Manila:

Your instructions received. Shall station a company temporarily at Amadeo and
another at Mendez Nunez to continue searches made before. Trias with 300 armed
men left San Palauan, 3 miles east of Molinon, on the night of the 8th, going south
as far as Buena Vista, where I lost his trail. I picked up 6 guns, 4,000 cartridges,
and destroyed 100 uniforms, new, which he dropped at Molinon.

Jounston, Major, Forty-siath Infantry.

TayaBas, March 11, 1900.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Three battalions of troops for two days, and two companies of my regiment for
over a month, lived on rice which they took from natives at Antimonan, when they
had no Government rations. These natives now ask for pay. Shall I use subsist-
ence funds to pay for this rice, and for cattle and carabao killed and eaten?

GARDENER, Colonel Thirtieth Infantry.

TayaBas, Murch 12, 1900.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff, The Palace, Manila:

Within the last week Captain Newberry, my regiment, has made three trips and
released Spanish prisoners in the country southeast of Pagbilio, as follows: With 20
men, released 4; on another trip, with 20 men, released 5; and to-day, with 7,
released 2—all at a distance of over 15 miles from here and in the mountains. Also
brought back to-day 2 rifles and an insurgent lieutenant. This officer is fearless and
indefatigable.

GarRnENER, Colonel Thirtieth Infantry.

TayaBas, March 13, 1900.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff, Manila:

Within the last few days, and unless something unexpected happens, I have come
to the conclusion that my regiment will be sufficient for the pacification of this prov-
ince and the disposition of any remaining insurgents. Have you telegraphic com-
munication with any parts of the Camarines?

GARDENER, Colonel Thirtieth Infantry.

Mania, March 18, 1900.
Colonel GARDENER, Tayabas:
Either subsistence or public civil funds may be used in paying for the provisions
and cattle purchased or taken for use of troops, and under the conditions mentioned

in your telegram March 13.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff.

TayaBas, March 13 (via Santa Cruz, 16), 1900.
Scawan, Chief of Staff, The Palace, Manila:

Captain Kerrick, with Companies C and F, started three days ago in direction of
Tiaon, Dolores, and road leading there; reports no insurgents in these parts. People
returning fast to Sariaya and Candelaria, but not yet to Tiaon. Priests back now and
holding service in Tayabas, Lucena, Luchan, Sariaya, and Candelaria.

GARDENER, Colonel Thirtieth Infantry.

Tayapas, March 15, 1900.
Scuwan, Chief of Staff, The Palace:

Antimonan all right on March 11. Lieutenant McBride had skirmish on 12th;
killed 2. Rations and ammunition landed. About 355 armed insurgents around
there. As soon as Hartigan returns will send him there for a while with four com-
panies.

GaRDENER, Colonel Thirtieth Infantry.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 243

CauamBa, March 14, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL First Drvision:

Following telegram received:

“DasmMARINAS, March 18, 1900.
“ ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

“‘Have scoured country for 5 miles around Buena Vista. There are no soldiers
and no arms—that J am certain. There are many evidently ex-soldiers. All now
seem peaceable. None of us know Trias. If we met him we would not know or
suspect him, except by dress, but from all information do not believe he is there.
He surely has no organized force.

‘‘BirKHIMER, Colonel.”

Inpane, March 14, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Left here at 9 p.m. on 11th. Marched until 4 p. m. 13th, covering all trails as
far as Lake Taal by 6 a. m. 13th, and thence searching to Silang-Talisay trail. One
company moved from Bayuyungan to Talisay not yet heard from. I left one com-
pany in Amadeo to continue search in that vicinity. No sign of General Trias.
Only suspicion or sign is large number of houses full of rice—a far larger supply than
the residents of that country require, while none is grown there.

Jonnston, Major, Forty-sizth Infantry.

BatanGas, March 15, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Lieutenant Morris with 37 men of I, out from Bauan, attacked by 150 insurrectos
this morning. Had 2 wounded, 1 severely. Found 4 dead enemy on field. Got
2guns. Many more dead believed, but could not be verified.

ANDERSON, Colonel.

BatanGas, March 17, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:
Major Goodier wires that he has brought back a captain, 1 new Mauser carbine,
1 Remington, 1 revolver, 50 Mauser cartridges, lot of pistol ammunition. Got the
captain’s commission, dated Batangas, January 29, 1900. Got him asleep, and
brought in 11 other prisoners.
ANDERSON.

Brnane, March 17, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Arrested at daylight this morning, in Carmona, Damian Ermitano Cortez, lieu-
tenant-colonel insurgent army. Has been aiding insurgents with food by the pony
pack train, also furnishing the insurgent general Trias with money secured by con-
tribution laid by said Cortez. The insurrectos have been rendezvousing in the
sugar mill located on his property. His influence in this vicinity is bad. Unless
otherwise directed will send him to Manila at 10 this morning.

Mituer, Major, Forty-sixth Infantry.

\

: CatamBa, March 17, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL Frast Division:

Following telegram received:

“Binane, March 16
“ ApJUTANT-GENERAL, WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

“Lieut. James Johnson and 30 men, this battalion, struck an organized force of
about 40 insurgents, all armed with rifles, at barrio Bancall Binan, Silang road.
Repulsed and followed them two hours until they dispersed. Two known to have
been wounded. Lieutenant Johnson secured considerable ammunition and some
bolos. No casualties. Have two parties scouting in that vicinity. Notified the
commanding officer, Silang, who has also sent out parties.

Miter, Major, Forty-sixth Infantry.”
C7
244 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Ixpane, March 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Lieutenant Ely, commanding G, Amadeo, reports that. at 1 o’clock this morning
volleys were heard south of Amadeo. At 5 o’clock man from Soledad, a barrio 3
miles south of Amadeo, reported that a band of ladrones, only 30 of whom had rifles,
demanded money of the place, and being refused carried off all the men and women
in the place. He reports that the people of Amadeo now admit that General Trias
was east of Amadeo, near Minontoc, ten days ago, and that he is thought to have
carried off rifles which had been hidden between Amadeo and Silang, and that he
went to mountains east of Santo Tomas, where a force is gathering. Iam sending a
company at once to Mendez Nunez and more men to Lieutenant Ely at Amadeo, to
chase the band seen early this morning near Soledad. The detachment yesterday,
to cooperate with Colonel Schuyler, reached Buena Vista last night. Will move
toward Silang and return to-morrow.

Jounston, Major.

Sane, March 19, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Lieutenant Lukens, with scouting detachments of 30 men, Company M, slipped
out of town in the night, and at 6 miles south of here surprised a company of insur-
gents atsupper. Captured 45; 20 escaped. The prisoners were brought here at once
and incarcerated; at least 2 officers. I have now sent a company to find the rifles
which are evidently hidden near by and I shall get them sooner or later.

Scuuy_er, Colonel Forty-sixth Infantry.

Sanra Cruz, March 19, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

At3 a. m. to-day I left here with 50 men on a reconnoissance to the barrio of
Palasan, about 4 miles south of Santa Cruz, and with the aid of Salvador de las Reyes,
as guide, succeeded in capturing First Lieut. Juanario Francisco, jefe militar de
columna volante; also Antonio Malaba, a tough character. Letters of importance
were found on the person of Lieut. Juanario Francisco, one from General Cailles,
dated March 16, giving instructions to have him capture and execute certain Fili-
pinos whose names are mentioned in the letter and who are friendly to and now
working for the Americans. Returned to Santa Cruz at6a.m. Letters forwarded
by mail.

Horcuines, Captain.

Santa Cruz, March 18, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

Company H moved from Pagsanjan this morning; encountered small party of
ladrones about 11 a. m. about 1 mile southeast of Magdalena, on bank of river
Balanag. Killed 1 ladrone and captured 1 rifle. No casualties on our side.

Horcuines, Captain.

SILANG, March 20, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’S BRIGADE:

What we arrested as a congregation of insurrectos may prove to have been a
gambling party. Not a sign of a rifle has yet been found, although the country is
still being diligently searched. I shall hold most of the prisoners until I can get
them positively identified. There are among them one officer and some old insur-
recto soldiers and one or two known ladrones. The presidente of Talisay has given
me the names of the 4 men who killed Lieutenant Stockley. He says they are
ladrones and are now wandering in the mountains. They are Santiago de Luna,
Cipriano Ramilo, Pedro Capus, Rafael Para. There is no knowing the worth of the
information, as the presidente does not bear a good reputation.

Scnuyer, Colonel Forty-sixth Infantry.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 245

Brnane, March 29, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL SECOND BRIGADE:

Detachment of Company C, this battalion, under command of Lieutenant Hopson,
captured last night at Barrio Santa Cruz 5 insurrectos, 1 carabao and cart, 10 rifles,
1 carbine, 1 revolver, and over 600 rounds of ammunition.

Mier, Major, Forty-sixth.

TayaBas, March 28, 1900.

Major Hartigan, of my regiment, reports that he attacked insurgents under Colonel
Malolos, southwest Antimonan, killed and wounded 20 and captured 20 privates, 5
officers, and 30 rifles; also reported that Colonel Malolos was wounded. Private
Begnan, of Company K, wounded. Troops will continue to follow and operate.

GARDENER.

TayaBas, April 5, 1900.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL WHEATON’s BricapgE, Calamba:

Captain Scranton, whom I sent after Capt. Bodoli Motosos, paymaster, sent word
from Mauban, April 4, that he had released a lot of Spanish prisoners. Gunboat
Marietia in port there. Bolinao also arrived with supplies. No insurgents in these
parts. Bodoli escaped, but Scranton captured Major Permandes, of Alosis regiment.
Went over Alobal Island and released 3 Spanish prisoners, who report that two days
ago 200 armed insurgents came to island, under 2 majors and 1 captain, and went
north to Lumbong, on coast. They had 6 chests, containing 3,000 pesos, one box,
containing 4,000 pesos in paper and gold. Insurgents said they were going to join
Aguinaldo at Lumbong, and one Spaniard, who knows Aguinaldo, says he was one of
the party. Perhaps this is only a Spanish prisoner’s story. Gunboat has gone to
Lumbong to reconnoiter Balinas. Have ordered Scranton to get on Marietta, if she
will take him, and land at Lumbong with detachment of Forty-second, if it arrives
in time. 5

GARDENER.

Santa Cruz, April 9, 1900.

On the night of April 7, while in Pangal, with detachments Forty-second, Thirty-
seventh, and Twenty-ninth Infantry, 2 Spanish prisoners, a sergeant and a private,
escaped from the guards within the town and came in our lines. On the 8th instant
the country between Pangal and Santa Maria was thoroughly covered. I rode rap-
idly to Santa Maria with Captain Scott’s troop, surrounded and inspected the town,
hoping to capture Vance, the supposed deserter from the Thirty-seventh Infantry.
He was not there, but he was captured about the same time by troops under Major
Brown, Forty-second Infantry, in the mountains northeast of Pangal. I have turned
him over to the commanding officer at Santa Cruz asa prisoner. The Spanish pris-
oners will be sent to Manila at the first opportunity. The country from Majayjay
to Santa Maria has been thoroughly scouted, and I believe the battalion of the
Twenty-ninth is no longer required.

Bracom,
Lieutenant-Colonel Forty-second Infantry.

Mavusan, April 7, 1900.

I left Majayjay at 6 a. m. April 6 with 2 officers and 56 men of Company C and
2 officers and 54 men of Company D. Arrived here at 10 a.m. to-day, and relieved
Captain Scranton, of the Thirtieth Infantry. About three months’ supply of rations
stored here. The people returning to town, and propose to be friendly. A large
quantity of hemp is stored here, and the people are anxious to have port opened. A
ship is here to-day, but in absence of instructions I have refused to allow them to
take on cargo. Please give necessary instructions, and inform me if it is desired that
I should report direct to brigade headquarters. Messages sent to Lucban will be
forwarded by Major Steele by native messengers. Do not believe there are many
armed insurgents in this vicinity, but will thoroughly scout the country, and hope
to rescue the other Spanish prisoners. Captain Scranton has already released 46.

Curatuam, Major Thirty-seventh Infantry.
246 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The character of warfare which prevailed in these four large Luzon
provinces during the months of February, March, and part of April,
the weakness of the enemy, the activity of our troops, the apparent
rapid change in sentiment on the part of the inhabitants as manifested
by their return to their homes (which they abandoned upon our
advance) so soon as we occupied the country and could give them pro-
tection, and the assistance they furnished us to find, arrest, or scatter
ladrones, or the small remaining insurgent bands, are shown in the
foregoing copies of telegrams. ‘The telegrams also show the severe
peels those inhabitants invited from insurgents or ladrones if

iscovered to have given information concerning them, a fact which
the inhabitants fully realized. A few of them who gave information
were assassinated, but with the establishment of town government and
the appointment of native police under military supervision the con-
fidence of the people in their personal security was strengthened and
the aid they rendered the troops in their efforts to discover the places
in which arms and other war material were hidden was valuable. The
captures made in both central and southern Luzon during the latter
part of April of rifles, ammunition, and subsistence stores, concealed
in almost inaccessible localities of the mountains, were much larger
than during any previous period, and many of the captures were
effected through information which the native police or former insur-
gents conveyed.

On April 7, under War Department instructions, orders were issued
abolishing the Department of the Pacific, and creating in its stead the
Military Division of the Philippines, with four territorial departments,
which were in part as follows:

GENERAL oe Heapquarters Division oF THE PHILIPPINES,
No. 1. Manila, P. [., April 7, 1900.

I. Orders of March 29, 1900, issued from the War Department, create the Military
Division of the Philippines, consisting of all territory within thé geographical limits
of the Philippine group of islands, and divide it into four military departments, as
follows:

First. A department to be known and designated as the Department of Northern
Luzon, to embrace that portion of Luzon to the northward of the northern boundaries
of its provinces of Infanta, Morong, and Manila, and the Bay of Manila and its
entrance waters, together with all Philippine islands lying northward of those
provinces and waters.

Second. A department to be known as the Department of Southern Luzon, to con-
sist of that portion of Luzon lying southward of the northern lines of Manila Bay
and entrance waters and its provinces of Manila, Morong, and Infanta, and all Philip-
pine islands situated to the south of those lines and north of a line passing south-
easterly through the center of the west pass of Apo to the twelfth parallel of latitude;
thence east on said parallel to meridian 124° 10’ east of Greenwich; thence in a
northerly direction through the Strait of San Bernardino along the southern line of
the channel of those straits. This department will include, however, all of the island
of Masbate.

Third. A department to be designated as the Department of the Visayas, bounded
on the north by the southern limits of the Department of Southern Luzon, on the
west by longitude 121° 45’ east of Greenwich, on the south by the ninth parallel of
latitude and extending east to include those islands in the Philippine group lying
between the north and south lines herein described, but excluding from the limits of
this department all of the island of Mindanao and all islands eastward of the Straits
of Surigao.

“Fourth, A department to be known as the Department of Mindanao and Jolo,
which embraces all islands of the Philippine group of islands not included in the
territorial boundaries of the departments above designated and described.

These War Department orders assign officers to the command of the Military Dfvi-
sion of the Philippines and its four territorial departments as follows:
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 947

To the command of the division, Maj. Gen. E. §. Otis, U. 8. Volunteers.

To the command of the Department of Northern Luzon, Maj. Gen. Arthur Mac-
Arthur, U. 8. Volunteers, :

To the command of the Department of Southern Luzon, Maj. Gen. J. C. Bates,
U.S. Volunteers.

To the command of the Department of the Visayas, Brig. Gen. R. P. Hughes,
U.S. Volunteers.

To the command of the Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Brig. Gen. W. A.
Kobbé, U. 8. Volunteers.

II. The undersigned hereby assumes command of the Division of the Philippines,
with headquarters in the city of Manila, Luzon, and under the directions of the War
Department of the 29th ultimo, that the newly created and designated commands of
-division and departments be organized by the assignment of officers of the staff
departments and of troops to meet necessities, the following instructions are issued:

The headquarters of the Department of Northern Luzon will be established at
Dagupan or some near central point of the department convenient for administration
and the distribution of supplies, to be received direct, as far as practicable, from
point of original shipment, through the waters of Lingayen Gulf and its most impor-
tant seacoast ports. It is divided into five military districts, which will have numerical
designation with territorial limits as follows:

First district of the Department of Northern Luzon will embrace the territory
assigned to the district of northwestern Luzon in General Orders, No. 70, from the
office of the military governor, dated December 22, 1899, to wit: The provinces of
Abra, Bontoc, pneuat Lepanto, Ilocos (North and South), and Union.

Second district of the department will consist of the territory assigned to the dis-
trict of uortheastern Luzon in military governor’s General Orders, No. 69, of Decem-
ber 21, 1899, namely, the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya.

Third district of the department will cover territory lying within the provinces of
Zambales, Pangasinan, and Tarlac.

Fourth district of the department, of the provinces.of Nueva Ecija and Principe.
fe pe district of the department, of the provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, and

ulacan.

The Department of Southern Luzon, with headquarters at Manila, will besubdivided
into four districts, to be known as—

First district of the Department of Southern Luzon, which will embrace in extent
the provinces of Infanta, Manila, Morong, and Cavite, the city of Manila excepted.

Second district of the department will embrace the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas,
and Laguna, and the island of Polillo. ;

Third district, the provinces of the Camarines, Albay, and Sorsogon, and the island
of Catanduanes.

Fourth district, the islands of Mindoro, Tablas, Marinduque, Masbate, and all
islands west and north of the same to the west pass of Apo and the southern limit of
Luzon. 5

The Department of the Visayas, having headquarters at Iloilo, will contain four
districts: s

First district, embracing the islands of Samar and Leyte.

Second district, the islands of Bohol and Cebu.

Third district, the island of Negros.

Fourth district, the island of Panay. : :

The Department of Mindanao and Jolo, with headquarters at Zamboanga, is divided
into three districts:

First district of the department, the islands of Mindanao and Basilan.

Second district, the Jolo Archipelago.

Third district, the islands of Balbac, Paragua, and Calamianes. : .

Department commanders will assign to the command of military districts (desig-
nating locations of headquarters for the same) officers serving in their departments,
whom they will direct to exercise such supervisory charge of the smaller inhabited
islands lying near the foregoing designated limits of their districts as they may deem
necessary. ‘

Until z cessation of hostilities is duly declared, department and district commanders,
in addition to the duties ordinarily devolving upon them, will exercise the adminis-
trative functions of division and ‘brigade commanders of an army in the field, and
district commanders will also supervise, under the instructions of commanding
generals of departments, such matters connected with the administration of affairs of
a civil character as may be imposed through the office of the military governor of
the islands. :
248 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

III. The assignment of troops for service in departments is made as follows:
TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NORTHERN LUZON.

Company A, battalion of United States Engineers; headquarters and the two
squadrons of the Third Cavalry on duty in the Philippines; Troops F,G, H, K, L,
and M, Fourth Cavalry; Light Battery E, First Artillery; the Third, Ninth, Twelfth,
Thirteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-
fifth regiments of infantry; the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-
fifth, Thirty-sixth, Forty-first, Forty-eighth, and Forty-ninth regiments of volun-
teer infantry, and Batson’s and Castner’s organization of native scouts.

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOUTHERN LUZON.

Company B, battalion United States Engineers; headquarters and six troops of
the Fourth Cavalry; Eleventh United States Volunteer Cavalry; light batteries E,
F, and D of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth regiments of artillery, and Randolph’s
Battery, Third Artillery, now serving as a light battery; Fourth and Twenty-first
regiments of infantry; the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth,
Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, Forty-second, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth,
and Forty-seventh regiments of volunteer infantry.

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE VISAYAS.

Light Battery G, Sixth Artillery; the Sixth, headquarters and two battalions of
the Eighteenth, and the Nineteenth regiments of infantry; the Twenty-sixth, Forty-
third, and Forty-fourth regiments of volunteer infantry, and the Negros organization
of native scouts.

TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO AND JOLO.

Headquarters and two battalions of the Twenty-third Regiment of Infantry; the
Thirty-first and Fortieth regiments of volunteer infantry.

The provost guard of Manila, commanded by its present commander, the provost-
marshal-general of the city, and constituting a separate brigade under the Seventy-
third Article of War, shall be directly subject to the instructions of the division
commander and will be held responsible for the peace and quiet of the city. The
troops comprising it will consist of three batteries of the Thizd Artillery, the foot
batteries of the Sixth Artillery, headquarters and two battalions of the Fourteenth,
and the Twentieth regiments of infantry.

Department commanders will station these troops within and throughout their
various military districts as conditions may require, and will move or concentrate
the same to meet any emergencies which may arise. Troop organizations which are
not at present serving within territorial departments to which assigned will be
directed to proceed as soon as practicable to such points therein as department com-
manders may recommend.

In the unsettled condition of affairs in the islands withdrawals or accessions of
troops from or to department commands, under the direction of the division com-~
mander, may become necessary from time to time, and all troops will be held in
readiness to respond promptly.

* * * * * * *

E. S. O71,
Major-General U. 8. Volunteers, Commanding.

The omitted portions of these orders assign certain named officers to
specific duties in the various staff positions connected with division and
department organizations, and direct the general officers designated to
command territorial departments to perfect them as rapidly as possible,
in accordance with the instructions therein given. The issuance of the
orders had been in contemplation for several months for the purpose
of securing more approved methods of military administration, but
conditions had not warranted speedier action, as it was not until the
army had gotten actual possession of the territory embraced within
the designated departments that the results desired could be attained.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 249

Now this occupation extended practically throughout Luzon and over
a number of islands embraced within the two southern departments,
and it was important that a circumscribed discretionary military super-
vision should be exercised by superior officers selected to control affairs
within abridged territorial limits for the dispatch of both military and
civil business, and to promptly meet any emergencies which might
arise.

The establishment of numerous small garrisons, consisting of detach-
ments and companies in most instances, but occasionally of an entire
battalion, in aif the important islands of the Philippines necessitated
the distribution of military stores over an extensive country and the
forwarding of supplies to many points difficult to reach even durin
the most favorable season of the year. The few highways which ha
been projected in the past had been neglected, were washed out in the
lowlands and along the sharp ascents of the undulating country, were
more or less overgrown with dense tropical vegetation, and all the
important bridges had been destroyed by the enemy. In the long
January march of General Schwan’s column, which covered in a very
brief period some six hundred miles of road (a feat which has never
been equaled in a tropical climate), advantage was taken as much as
possible of the old established highways, such as the Silang, Indang,
and Naic route, the one from Calamba, by Santo Tomas and Lipa, to
Batangas, also those to the eastward which were the principal routes
of communication between the most important towns of that section,
and all of them were found to be well-nigh impracticable for any char-
acter of wagon transportation. The engineer companies were obliged
to expend a great amount of labor on some of them before wheeled
transportation could be passed.

In some cases small garrisons were placed far inland or at points
near the coast, which could be reached only over primitive trails diffi-
cult for pack animals to traverse. The rainy season was approaching
and all of these garrisons must receive several months’ supplies before
it commenced, This not only would keep busy all of our transporta-
tion, but the roads and trails must he repaired before the transportation
could be advantageously employed. Work on the dangerous mountain
trail by which the Bayombong garrison of northern Luzon must be
reached was begun as soon as practicable after the insurgents of that
section had been quieted. It was performed by natives under the
supervision of officers of the Army detailed for that purpose; and quite
extended repairs on the main public thoroughfares were projected,
after careful examinations were made and estimates submitted by
officers of the Engineer Department. The expenditure of $145,000,
Mexican, was authorized for the repair ofthe roads of central Luzon,
and a considerable sum was allowed to place the roads south of Manila
in condition for travel. Commanding generals were informed that
their requests for public funds for highway improvements would be
favorably acted upon, if demonstrated that the expenditures recom-
mended were necessary for the movement of military supplies or the
transaction of the business of the country.

It was desired to attain by such money outlays not only practical
routes of communication between bases of military supply and estab-
lished garrisons, but also to give the people the means of transporting
the products of the soil which they wished to dispose of to the coast
harbors or available interior markets, and at the same time to furnish
250 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

the natives with remunerative employment in the work of road con-
struction. Laborers in sufficient numbers, at low rates of compensa-
tion, were easily obtained, and the people expressed much satisfaction
in the improvements. No former public proceeding so favorably
impressed the inhabitants of the provinces in which the work was
being carried on of the kindly intentions of the United States as these
highway repairs at the public expense, and they gave all the assistance
they could to expedite the work. The turning over to the corporation
during the last days of March for future management of the Manila
and Dagupan Railway, which had been sufficiently reconstructed by
December 21 for through service and thereafter had been operated by
the military authorities, had also a beneficial effect, as a large number
of natives immediately received railway employment and improved
accommodations and facilities were furnished the traveling public and
the business interests along that line of communication.

On April 20 General Bates, commanding the department of south-
ern Luzon, sent a battalion of the Twenty-ninth U. S. Volunteer
Infantry, under the command of its colonel (Colonel Hardin), to
occupy certain principal points of the islands of Marinduque and
Masbate. The troops were convoyed by the Navy, and effected the
directed landings without encountering serious opposition. These
islands, which are ashort distance south of Luzon, are sparsely settled,
but were important, as they sheltered insurgent forces and furnished
excellent localities for concealments. They were also important on
account of the cattle industry and timber interests maintained and
held by Luzon residents. and they were especially important at the
time m litary occupation was ordered because of the scarcity of beef
cattle in Manila and contiguous towns, which carried the prices of
meats beyond the means of the poorer classes of inhabitants to enable
them to obtain this necessary article of subsistence in sufficient
quantity. No further immediate distribution of troops was then in
contemplation except to relieve the Romblon garrison, which belonged
to the Visavan territorial department, by an organization from the
southern Luzon department in which the island of Romblon had
been placed, and to increase the force in Samar and Leyte. Some
attention had been given to the island of Paragua with a view to
occupancy.

Under Spain’s authority its navy had exercised supervision over it,
and the United States Navy had already placed a small detachment on
the neighboring island of Balabac, where it maintained in use the
important light-house there located. Its vessels also patrolled the
eastern coast of Paragua, and it had expressed a willingness and
intention to establish a garrison near the central point of the coast
where Spain had formerly maintained one, which it had deferred for
future action on account of present temporary employment. The
southern half of the island, as well as Balabac and the small adjacent
ones, are inhabited by Moros who have thus far been friendly to
United States interests. The benefits to be derived from garrisons
of permanency are the protection they will furnish to parties desiring
to develop industries, especially the timber interest, which is of
importance, and to the few Filipino inhabitants from other islands
against Moro raids and faction difficulties. One of the four Spanish
penal colonies was established here, and families from northern Luzon
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 251

were induced to migrate and settle near it for the purpose of develop-
ing the natural resources of the island, but little was accomplished.

In the dispersion of our army of 60,000 men throughout the Philip-
pines, the labor attending dispersion and supply became very great.
Independent of land transportation, which it has been necessary to
employ, a number of coasting vessels have been kept actively engaged.
Notwithstanding the multitude of demands presented there are no
instances in which troops, however circumstanced, have not received
abundant food supplies except when, in rapid pursuit of afleeing enemy,
the wheeled transportation furnished them was temporarily abandoned.
Nor has there been a scarcity of ordnance or any material shortage of
clothing during the year’s activity. This fact in itself shows the com-
petency of officers connected with the departments of supply, and no
further proof is required to establish their efficiency and unremitting
attention to duty. The ability, marked efficiency, and zeal of officers
of this army may be judged by the vast results accomplished. The
sterling qualities of the enlisted force is indicated in their prompt
response to every demand made upon them, however exacting the
attending fatigue, however trying the conditions; and their exhibitions
of courage and physical endurance have never been excelled and they
never suffered a defeat. To the officers and men of the Engineer
Corps and Signal Department great creditis due. They were present
always with the advancing troops rendering the most efficient service.
Only in a few instances, and then for a brief space of time, were army
headquarters at Manila out of quick telegraph touch with all general
officers operating in Luzon and the most important of the Visayan
Islands, so that any arising emergencies could be promptly met, what-
ever their character and wherever occurring. The unremitting labors
of the officers of the Medical Department, which was most bountifully
supplied, in the equipment and maintenance of hospitals in which
trained and competent female nurses rendered valuable assistance, in
the care and treatment of the sick and wounded, in the zeal and effi-
ciency displayed by them on the field of battle in caring for and remoy-
ing the wounded, also in administering to the wounded of the enemy
and attending native citizens requiring medical treatment, can not be
too highly commended.

The extent and character of the work of officers connected with the’
departments of the Adjutant-General, Inspector-General, and Judge-
Advocate-General of the United States Army, and that of officers of its
Pay Department, may be measurably appreciated when the task of
administering the affairs of a military organization consisting of 60,000
men is carefully considered. In times of profound peace it would be
somewhat exacting, but in a season of active war, when that organiza-
tion is scattered over an extended territory, and when the laws, regu-
lations, and orders prescribed during, and to a great extent for, peace
conditions must be complied with in so far as circumstances permit,
the task assumes proportions of very decided magnitude. These
officers have met all the demands made upon them in their several
departments with commensurate ability.

To all officers I am greatly indebted for their unvarying support and
able assistance, most cheerfully rendered, during the entire period in
which I was called upon to exercise a general supervision over Philip-
pine affairs. To all officers and enlisted men of the Army of the Phil-
252 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

ippines the country is indebted for the hardships, dangers, and labors
they have endured, encountered, and performed in its service.

Iam greatly pleased to acknowledge my obligations to the officers of
the United States Navy, who promptly cooperated with our troops on
every occasion when their services could a in the prosecution of the
war, and they rendered signal and most valuable assistance, without
which our efforts could not have resulted in the successes achieved. A
most unusual harmony prevailed between all officers of the Army, and
between them and the authorities of the Navy, due to the often
expressed sentiment that all were engaged in a common cause and that
each would render to the extent of his ability, in whatever circum-
stances placed.

Thus far in this report we have endeavored only to present the
main operations of our troops throughout the Philippines from August
31 of last year during the ensuing eight months, in which period the
insurgent government and army were destroyed and all important
islands were placed fairly well under United States supervision. At
the end of this, period war in its proper meaning had ceased to
exist, but a very extended police system for the protection of the
inhabitants, in which our troops had been dispersed in smal] bodies
over the territory, was developed. Under Tagalo domination, or
what was really the irresponsible, unlimited dictatorship of Aguinaldo
cruelly enforced by his military officers, there was no rule by which
the right or wrong of personal action could be determined, nor indeed
did individual liberty of any kind exist. The so-called insurgent
government, whatever it might have been at its inception, degenerated
into a military despotism of a low order, in which neither property
nor life had the least security. Insurgent officers were given a dis-
cretionary power to assume entire control of all places, barrios or
municipalities, in any wise occupied by their troops, and to use the
inhabitants and their property for war purposes as their judgment
dictated, if the exigencies of defense or the desire for attack appeared
to them to warrant it. The people, of course, were obliged to con-
tribute very largely of their property acquisitions and in manual labor.

The embargoed or confiscated estates of absent owners, and the
assassination of residents on suspicion merely, indicate that the rule
of Aguinaldo and his lieutenants was relentless. The people were
powerless, except in localities where only a few Tagalo soldiers were
maintained, as in northern Luzon and some of the Visayan Islands,
and there they occasionally sought relief from the persecutions suf-
fered. Still the great majority were made to believe that the troubles
which encompassed them were slight in comparison with those they
would experience should the American soldier gain the ascendency.
The insurgent newspaper press, which was kept active, and the Hong-
kong junta’s printed productions were the only sources from which
they could obtain information, and these charged our soldiers with the
practice of barbarities in Manila and other localities of their occupa-
tion of a character scarcely equaled by Attila and his warriors. At
the beginning of the war all the native population, fearing for their
personal safety, fled upon the advance of our troops. Later, during
our operations in northern Cavite and some of the central provinces
of Luzon, where we had held troops for a time and where the
inhabitants had gained some personal knowledge of the characteristics
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 258

and conduct of our men, they remained in their habitations and appar-
ently gladly welcomed us while we were engaged in extending our
occupation; but as late as last January the people of the southern
provinces abandoned their property and hurried to the mountains on
our approach, leaving towns and cities deserted, so confident were they
that our soldiers would repeat among them the infamous crimes which
the insurgent Tagalo press bad charged them with committing in the
suburbs or in the proximity of Manila.

In northern Luzon, however, and in other sections of the islands
where the Tagalo was not supreme nor his newspapers circulated, our
troops were received with every manifestation of pleasure. This
great dread of the American soldier influenced the people where it
prevailed in giving adhesion to and supporting any form of power
which could protect them from American rapacity, cruelty, and lust.
In nearly every instance they returned to their homes so soon as they
could ascertain that their lives would not be endangered thereby and
were eager to recommence their trade and agricultural pursuits and
receive the benefits of some form of police control whereby they
would be protected from the impressment of guerrilla organizations
and the robberies of bands of ladrones. With the destruction of the
insurgent army and our rapidly increasing field of occupation, the
necessity of creating or resurrecting municipal and provincial govern-
ment became urgent.

Upon the confirmation of the Paris treaty Spain had hastily with-

drawn all departments of civil and military control throughout the
islands. Manila, the capital, we had governed since its surrender in
August, 1898, and this gave us a great advantage by enabling us to ac-
quire a knowledge of the late political situation and the means which
had been employed to conduct the affairs of this island colony; also to
deliberate upon and formulate practical methods for a temporary
military government when the time for enforcing it should arrive.
The judiciary, former municipal and provincial conditions, the requi-
sites of commerce and internal trade, immigration and international
interests and demands, public revenues and expenditures, peculiar
social questions involving domestic relations and educational privileges,
and property tenure, were the most important problems presented.
The Spanish law must be applied until Congress could direct other
rules of procedure, but application in many particulars was impossible
under the changed political relations, and quite essential modifications
became necessary. The people, too, knew nothing of public law or
measures of political or domestic control and guidance except what
they had learned of Spanish regulations and methods, and many of
these had given occasion for rebellion. It was not policy therefore to
put in force the more objectionable of their features whether of theory
or practice, nor, if the aid of the natives was deemed essential, could
the general political machinery employed be dispensed with.

Early in 1899 the speedy reestablishment of the judiciary was deter-
mined upon. With the indispensable assistance of Judge Arellano (a
native of the islands, a profound lawyer, and probably the best-posted
man living, whether Filipino or Spaniard, in Spanish political colonial
history—at least, in so far as the Philippines are concerned), a supreme
court for the islands and subordinate courts for the city of Manila
were established on May 29. The first-mentioned consisted of 9 mem-
bers—6 Filipino lawyers domiciled in Luzon, Panay, and Cebu, and 3
officers of the army, who had been duly admitted to the practice of

'
254 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

law in the courts of the United States. The orders re-creating these
courts, announcing their personnel, and appointing the necessary assist-
ant officials were set out in my former report. A mass of untinished
business, both civil and criminal, was left by the Spanish judges. To
this the supreme court applied itself assiduously and cleared up all the
eases which could properly come before it under the terms of the Paris
Treaty within a few months. Formerly appeals could be taken from
it to the court of last resort sitting in Madrid, but that proceeding being
now impossible its decisions were declared to be final and conclusive.

The courts of the first instance exercised original and certain appel-
late jurisdiction, usually within the boundaries of political provinces;
that is, the judicial district of such a court was generally limited by
province boundaries. The densely populated province of Manila had
been divided previously into four judicial districts, and we continued
that division. Hence a court for each district was duly appointed,
also a justices’ court, and the territorial jurisdiction of the justice
of the peace in each district was made coextensive with that of a
court of the first instance. But the jurisdiction of every civil court
thus constituted was not permitted to extend to or include offenses
committed by either citizens of or persons sojourning within the
Philippine Islands which were prejudicial to military adthinistration
and discipline, except by authority specially conferred hy the military
governor. In that class of cases jurisdiction remained in the provost
courts, courts-martial, or military commissions, and the punishing
power of the superior provost court was extended to enable it to deal
properly with cases of fraud involving the public revenue. The col-
lection of court records, judgment rolls, and papers connected with
unfinished cases, both civil and criminal, was serie with great labor.
In some instances important documents and court orders were found
to be missing, which have not yet been recovered.

Very slight modifications were made at the time in former prevailing
rules of court procedure or practice. A new notarial law was promul-
gated and put in operation, and regulations were published governing
the examinations and admissions to the bar of attorneys, among whom
resident United States citizens of good character were included.
Foreign residents, and some of our own good people who had lately
arrived in the islands, harshly criticised the action which had been
taken in appointing and making them amenable to what thev termed
a native court, and United States lawyers, who proposed to pursue
their profession in Manila, condemned the reestablishment of the
intricate and to them unknown court practice of the Spanish Govern-
ment. No friction ensued in the supreme court. An American
citizen charged with an offense amounting nearly to a breach of the

eace, when called upon to respond to the summons of the court of the

rst instance, denied its jurisdiction and appealed to the military gov-
ernor for protection on the plea that the proceeding instituted against
him ‘was prejudicial to military administration afd discipline.” The
court was sustained and he was compelled to answer. Some friction
resulted from the attempts of the minor courts to execute process
through certain of our officers exercising public civil functions in
accordance with the former Spanish custom, but all difficulties of this
character were happily adjusted. The territorial jurisdiction of these
civil courts could not be any more widely extended until additional
territory was acquired by driving out the insurgent troops and
securing a supervisory charge of the inhabitants. At the cities of
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 255

Tloilo and Cebu, which were surrounded by an active enemy who con-
stantly opposed us, the business complications of the communities
required judicial determination of opposing individual interests. To
meet the necessity the following instructions were issued:

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice or THE U.S. Miuirary Governor
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLaNnDs,
No. 23. Manila, P. L., June 24, 1899.

The provost courts appointed for Iloilo, Panay Island, and Cebu, Cebu Island, are,
in addition to the criminal jurisdiction vested in them, and except as hereinafter
provided, vested with civil jurisdiction coextensive with that exercised by courts of
first instance and of the peace heretofore administered for such places. These pro-
vost courts, in the exercise of the civil jurisdiction conferred, will formulate their
own procedure, which will be simple and brief. In the decisions rendered they will
be guided’ by the provisions of Spanish law recognized in General Orders 20 and 21,
c. s., this office, as continuing in force in places in the Philippine Islands under United
States military occupation when such provisions can be ascertained, and by principles
of equity and justice.

The provost courts named will take cognizance only of such civil causes as are
referred to them for trial by the authority appointing them or the successor to that
authority, and their decrees and judgments, when approved by that authority, shall
be final; and no civil cause shall be so referred in which the demand, exclusive of
ee or the value of the property in controversy, exceeds five thousand Mexican

ollars.

Provost courts shall promptly report to these headquarters, through regular chan-
ae ae civil causes of which they assume jurisdiction and the disposition made
of each.

By command of Major-General Otis:

THomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

Similar jurisdiction and powers were conferred upon the provost
court of Cavite. In Negros a judiciary was provided for in the orders
of July 22 which established its temporary government. It consisted
of three judges appointed by the military governor of that island, who
were to hold court at such times and places as the island authorities
might determine, and were to sit in banc on stated occasions in order
to hear appeals. From this court in bane appeal could be made to the
supreme court at Manila in all civil cases where the amount involved
exceeded $500 (Mexican), and in all criminal cases amounting to felony.
While awaiting the time when the judicial department would be able
to extend itself territorially, needed court officials.and assistant subor-
dinate court branches were appointed and added. Power was con-
ferred upon the civil courts to determine questions of guilt and impose
the prescribed penalties in cases arising under the orders of the mili-
tary government, which prohibited certain action detrimental to the
currency of the islands. Copper coin was greatly needed for circula-
tion. There were among the seized funds in the treasury some $300,000
of that money. If issued, there was danger that it would be collected
and shipped to Spain. Certain small amounts of this treasury cop-
per, sufficient in quantity for the business of the community, were
issued to the Manila banks monthly, and the following orders were
promulgated to guard against its exportation:

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice or THE Mititary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 41. Manila, P. I., September 27, 1899.

I. Until further orders the exportation of Spanish copper coinage from these
islands is prohibited under penalties hereinafter prescribed. s

II. All persons who have exported or may attempt to export from these islands
copper coinage in violation of the preceding paragraph shall, upon conviction, be
fined not more than 500 pesos or imprisoned not more than six months, or shall suffer
256 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court; in addition, the
coinage so exported or attempted to be exported shall be forfeited.

_ III. Offenses under this order will be tried and punished by the courts of first
instance under such provisions as to jurisdiction and appeal as govern said courts in
the exercise of their usual criminal jurisdiction. Where courts of first instance
have not been provided, said offenses will be tried and punished by the provost courts,
whose judgment in such cases, when approved by proper authority, shall be final.

By command of Major-General Otis:
Tomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

Under Spanish rule certain classes of offenses charged against
citizens were triable only by military tribunals, and certain of these
the civil courts were now directed to determine, although crimes of
the nature of a conspiracy affecting the safety or integrity of the
Government were retained within the sole jurisdiction of our military
courts. The following orders indicate the action taken:

I. The ordinary civil courts are hereby declared competent to take cognizance of
the class of offenses specified in rule 12, article 53, of the Reformed Compilation of
Provisions of Spanish Law as to criminal procedure, under their usual procedure as to
jurisdiction and appeal, excepting only such of these offenses as are, under provisions
of laws of the United States, within the jurisdiction of its military or naval courts-
martial, or are reserved by the military authorities for trial by other military tribu-
nals; the said rule 12, article 53, being hereby revoked.

II. Offenses of the class named committed prior to the date of this order and now
awaiting trial, in respect of which the said civil courts, both in the first and second
instance, have declared themselves without jurisdiction under said rule 12, will be
returned to said courts that they may take cognizance of the same and render
judgment thereon.

The people complained of the existing Spanish law regarding mat-
rimony, especially of the great expense incurred in securing the
solemnization of the marriage ceremony, or, in fact, the validity of
the marriage contract. This attendant expense, they asserted, had
influenced concubinage, or an illegal marriage copartnership, which
prevailed extensively throughout the islands, to the detriment of
morals and the insecurity of property descent. In December, 1899, a
law was promulgated on the subject, quite radical in some of its fea-
tures compared with former legal requirements, and defining the duties
of civil courts on questions arising from this domestic relation for
authoritative disposition. The importance of the proceeding and the
criticisms it has received from Spanish members of the religious
orders still domiciled in the Philippines make it advisable to present
the orders publishing the law in their entirety. They are as follows:
GENERAL ORDERS, OFFICE OF THE U.S. Mizirary Governor

In THE Puitippine IsLaNps,
No. 68. Manila, P. [., December 18, 1899.

The following provisions respecting marriage shall be in force in these islands from
and after this date:

All laws and provisions, general and particular, and even those customary, which
are in conflict with this order, are hereby revoked.

Section J. Any unmarried male of the age of 14 years or upward and any unmar-
ried female of the age of 12 years or upward, and not otherwise disqualified, are
capable of consenting to and consummating marriage.

Sec. II. Marriages between parents and children, ancestors and descendants of
every degree, between brothers and sisters of the half as well as the whole blood,
between uncles and nieces or aunts and nephews, and between stepparents and step-
children, are incestuous and void from the beginning, whether the relationship is
legitimate or illegitimate. ;

Sec. III. A subsequent marriage contracted by any person during the life of a former
husband or wife of such person, with any person other than such former husband or
wife, is illegal and void from the beginning, unless:

 
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 257

1. The former marriage has been annulled or dissolved.

2. Unless such former husband or wife was absent and not known to such person
to be living for the space of seven successive years immediately preceding such sub-
sequent marriage, or was generally reputed and was believed by such person to be
dead at the time that such subsequent marriage was contracted; in either of which
os ay subsequent marriage is valid until its nullity is adjudged by a competent

ribunal.

Sec. IV. All marriages contracted without these islands which would be valid by
the laws of the country in which the same were contracted are valid in these islands.

Sec. V. Marriage may be solemnized by either a judge or any court inferior to the
supreme court, justice of the peace, or priest or minister of the gospel of any
denomination.

Sec. VI. No particular form for the ceremony of the marriage is required, but the
parties must declare, in the presence of the person solemnizing the marriage, that
they take each other as husband and wife.

Sec. VII. The person solemnizing a marriage must make and sign a certificate
showing:

1. The real and full names of the parties and their places of residence.

2. Their ages.

3. The consent of the father, mother, or guardian, or of one having the charge of
such person, if any such be given, if the male or female be under the age of 21. For
the purpose of ascertaining these facts, the person solemnizing the marriage is
authorized to examine parties and witnesses on oath and receive affidavits, an he
must state such facts in his certificate. The marriage shall not be performed in case
of nonage unless the consent hereinbefore required shall be personally given by the
parent or guardian or person having charge of the infant, or certified in writing over
his or her signature, attested by two or more subscribing witnesses, and proved by
the oath of one of them.

Sec. VIII. The person solemnizing the marriage must, at the request of either party,
make a certified copy of the certificate, and transmit the original to or file the same
with the justice of the peace of the district within which the marriage is celebrated,
or, in default of such official, the judge-advocate or acting judge-advocate of the
military department in which the ceremony is solemnized, within thirty days after
the marriage. The written consent to the marriage of a minor shall accompany such
certificate. For failing to transmit such certificate or written consent he shall be
fined not less than $25 and not more than $50.

Src. IX. No marriage heretofore solemnized before any person professing to have
authority therefor shall be invalid for want of such authority or on account of any
informality, irregularity, or omission, if it was celebrated with the belief of the
parties, or either of them, that he had authority, and that they have been lawfully
married.

Sec. X. A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes, existing at
the time of the marriage:

1. That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was
under the age of legal consent, and such marriage was contracted without the consent
of his or her parents or guardian or person having charge of him or her, unless, after
attaining the age of consent, such party for any time freely cohabited with the other
as husband or wife.

2. That the former husband or wife of either party was living and the marriage
with such former husband or wife was then in force. ;

3. That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party, after coming to rea-
son, freely cohabited with the other as husband or wife.

4. That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party after-
wards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with
the other as husband or wife.

5. That the consent of either party was obtained by force, unless such party after-
wards freely cohabited with the other as husband or wife. : :

6. That either party was at the time of marriage physically incapable of entering
into the married state, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable.

Sgc. XI. The action to obtain a decree of nullity of marriage for causes mentioned
in ae preceding section must be commenced within the periods and by the parties
as follows;

1. For causes mentioned in subdivision 1: By the party to the marriage who was
married under the age of legal consent, within four years after arriving at the age of
consent, or by a parent, guardian, or other person having charge of such nonaged
male or female at any time before such married minor has arrived at the age of legal
consent.

4495—17
258 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

2, For causes mentioned in subdivision 2: By either party during the life of the
other or by such former husband or wife.

3. For causes mentioned in subdivision 3: By the party injured or relative or
guardian of the party of unsound mind at any time before the death of either party.

4. For causes mentioned in subdivision +: By the party injured, within four years
after the discovery of the facts constituting the fraud. .

5. For causes mentioned in subdivision 5: By the injured party, within four years
after the marriage.

6. For causes mentioned in subdivision 6: By the injured party, within four years
after the marriage.

Sec. XII. Where a marriage is annulled on the ground that a former husband
or wife was living, or on the ground of insanity, children begotten before the judg-
ment are legitimate.

Src. XIII. The court must award custody of the children of a marriage annulled
on the ground of fraud or force to the innocent parent, and may also provide for
their education and maintenance out of the property of the guilty party.

Sec. XIV. Jurisdiction in cases of nullity shall be vested in courts of the first
instance or in courts of similar jurisdiction now or hereafter to be established, with
the right of appeal as in other civil causes.

Sec. XV. The certificates required by the foregoing provisions may be substantially
in the following form:

Marriage certificate.

 

PROVINCE OF

 

, (town or city) of

 

 

 

 

 

I do hereby certify that on the —— day of , at the house of or at
church, in said (town or city) of , A. B., of , aged —— years and
— months, and E. D., of , aged —— years and —— months, were with their

 

mutual consent lawfully joined together in holy matrimony by me in the presence
of M. P., of , and R. &., of , attesting witnesses; and I do further certify
that the said A. B. and E. D. (are personally known to me, or were satisfactorily
identified by the oath of W. Z., known to me); that I ascertained, previous to the
solemnization of the marriage, that each of said parties was of lawful age to contract
the same; that consent to such marriage was duly given, as required by law, by the
(father, mother, or person having charge) of the said infant, A. B., and should both con-
tracting parties be infants, by (the father, mother, or person having charge) of the said

D., and that upon due inquiry by me made there appeared no lawful impediment
to the marriage.

Witness my hand this —— day of .—.

 

 

 

L. M.,
Parish Priest (Rector or Minister of, etc., or Justice or Judge of, ete.).
Witnesses:

 

 

 

Within the foregoing certificate may be included such additional averments as
maay be required by or be conformable to the rules or customs of particular churches.

Consent to marriage of a person under age.

 

 

PRovINcE oF , (city or town) of .
This is to certify that I, the undersigned, residing in the (city or town) of F
province of , (father, mother, or person in charge) of A. B., infant, residing
in ; , hereby freely consent to (his or her) marriage with E. D., of
; and that I know of no legal impediment to such marriage.
F. G.

 

 

 

 

 

Witnesses :

 

Affidavit of witnesses to certificate of consent.

 

 

PROVINCE OF . (city or town) of
Before me personally appeared H. I., one of the subscribing witnesses to the fore-
going certificate of consent, signed by F. G., who, being by me duly sworn, deposes
and says that (he or she) is well acquainted with the said F. G., and knows (him
or her) to be the same person who executed said certificate, and that (he or she) was
present and saw the said F. G. sign the same.
Witness my hand this day of

 

 

 

8. T.,
Notary Public, etc.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 259

; Such oath may be administered by any member of the supreme court, by any
judge of the first instance, justice of the peace, notary public, or by the person solem-
nizing such marriage, or by any person duly authorized by the laws of the place
in which the same may be administered.
By command of Major-General Otis:
Tuomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant- General.

The further extension of the civil judiciary in the islands commenced
early in January and was continued as rapidly as political conditions
warranted. The orders effecting this and announcing changes in the
personnel of the courts are brief and as follows:

JANUARY 2, 1900.
The court of first instance of the province of Pangasinan is hereby established at
Dagupan, P. I., with the same rank, attributes, and connection with the supreme
court of these islands as the courts of first instance of the city of Manila.
The following appointments are announced:
Judge, D. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.
District attorney, D. Fernando Grey.

January 16, 1900.
Courts of first instance of the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela are hereby con-
solidated into one court. This court will hold its sessions at Tuguegarao, capital of
the first-named province, and will have the same rank, attributes, and dependence
upon the supreme court of the Philippine Islands as the courts of first instance of the
province of Manila.
The following appointments are announced:
Judge, Don Vicente Nepomuceno.
District attorney, Don Modesto Naval.
January 20, 1900.
The duly appointed clerks of courts of first instance in the provinces of Pangasinan,
Cagayan, and Isabela, and in other provinces where such courts may hereafter be
established, are authorized and required to perform notarial duties within said prov-
inces until such time as notaries have been appointed for said provinces and shall
have entered upon the discharge of their duties.

January 25, 1900.

I. The necessary military duties as commanding officer of his regiment now in the
field making it impracticable for him to perform those of associate justice of the
criminal branch of the supreme court of the Philippine Islands, Col. William E.
Birkhimer, Twenty-eighth Infantry, U. 8. Volunteers, is hereby relieved from the
latter duty.

II. Lieut. Col. Thomas R. Hamer, Thirty-seventh Infantry, U. 8. Volunteers,
-having reported in obedience to paragraph 8, Special Orders, No. 258, series 1899,
headquarters Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, is announced as
associate justice of the criminal branch of thesupreme court of the Philippine Islands.

Jaxvary 31, 1900.

A court of first instance for the province of Ilocos Sur is hereby established at
Vigan, P. I., with the same rank, attributes, and dependence upon the supreme
court of the Philippine Islands as the courts of first instance of the province of Manila.

The following appointments are announced: é

Judge, Don Gaspar Bartolomé.

District attorney, Don Francisco Tongson.

The oath of office prescribed in General Orders, No. 20, this office, series 1899, will
be administered to the judge of first instance, herein appointed, by such officer of
the Army as the eae ae ay general at Vigan may designate. The judge, upon
qualifying, is authorized to administer the oath of office to the district attorney and
the subordinate officials of the court.

The duly appointed clerk of the court herein established is authorized for the
present to act as notary public by General Orders, No. 8, ¢. s., this office. In the
same manner the district attorney of this and other courts of first instance in
provinces other than the province of Manila are authorized and required to perform
the duties of registrars of property within and for their respective provinces pending
the appointment of such registrars therein.
260 REPORT OF MAJOR GENERAL OTIS.

Fepruary 13, 1900.

A court of first instance of the second class for the province of Cavite is hereby
established at Cavite, P. I., with the same attributes and connection with the
supreme court of these islands as the courts of first instance in the province of Manila.

The following appointments are announced:

Judge, Don Santiago Molina,

District attorney, Don Francisco Lalana.

A clerk and the necessary subordinate officials of this court will be named by the
judge thereof. The duly appointed district attorney and clerk are authorized by
General Orders Nos. 19 eal 8, c. s., this office, to perform respectively the duties
of registrar of property and notary public, pending the appointment of such registrar
and notary for said province.

Marcu 27, 1900.

A court of first instance for the province of Iloilo, Panay Island, P. I., is hereby
established at Iloilo, P. I., with the same rank, attributes, and connection with the
supreme court of these islands as the courts of first instance of the province of Manila.

The following appointments are announced:

Judge, D. Juan de Leon.

District attorney, D. Francisco Villanueva.

The clerk and necessary subordinate officials of this court will be named by the
judge thereof. The district attorney is authorized, under General Orders, No. 19,
c. 8., this office, to perform the duties of registrar of property for the province of Iloilo,
pending the appointment of a registrar therein.

The oath of office prescribed by General Orders, No. 20, this office, series 1899,
will be administered to the judge herein appointed by an army officer designated for
that purpose by the commanding general of the district of Visayas. The judge, upon
qualifying, is authorized to administer the oath of office to the district attorney and
subordinate officials of the court.

APRIL 24, 1900.

The territorial jurisdiction of each of the several courts of first instance and of the
peace of the province of Manila is hereby extended. both civilly and criminally, to
include the entire province.

All matters coming before such courts for adjudication or consideration shall be
assigned to the judges of first instance and to the justices of the peace, within their
respective spheres, in such manner as may be prescribed by the supreme court.

Aprit 30, 1900.

A court of first instance for the province of Pampanga is hereby established at
Bacolor, P. I., with the same rank, attributes and dependence upon the supreme
court of the Philippine Islands as the courts of first instance of the province of Manila.

The following appointments for this court are announced:

Judge, Don Enrique Macapinlac.

District attorney, Don Juan F. Garcia.

A court of first instance of the second class for each of the provinces of Nueva
Ecija and Ilocos Norte, and a similar court, but of the third class, for the province
of Bataan, are hereby established—for the first-named province at San Isidro, P. L.,
for the second at Laoag, P. I., and for the third at Balanga, P. I. These several
courts will possess the same attributes and dependence upon the supreme court of
these islands as the courts of first instance of the province of Manila.

The following appointments for these courts are announced:

Province of Nueva Ecija: Judge, Don Ramon Majfialac; district attorney, Don Epi-
fanio de los Santos.

Province of Ilocos Norte: Judge, Don Pedro L. Valdez; district attorney, Don
Policarpo Soriano.

Province of Bataan: Judge, Don Calixto Tianceo; district attorney, Don Oscar
Soriano.

The judges and district attorneys appointed in this order will repair at the earliest
opportunity to Manila and qualify in the respective positions to which they have been
appointed, before the gubernative branch of the supreme court. Commanding officers
of the nearest stations will furnish the necessary transportation.

Clerks and other necessary subordinate officials of the several courts herein estab-
lished will be appointed by the respective judges thereof, who will administer to each
the oath of office prescribed in General Orders, No. 20, of this office, series of 1899.
The duly appointed district attorneys and clerks are authorized to perform respec-
tively the duties of registrars of property and notaries public for their respective
provinces, pending the appointment of such registrars and notaries therein.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 261

May 4, 1900.

His honor, Judge Raymundo Melliza, president of the criminal branch of the
supreme court of the Philippines, who was duly appointed to that position in General
Orders, No. 20, of May 29, 1899, from this office, having tendered his resignation on
account of press of private business and impaired health, the same is accepted to take
effect from this date. In accepting the resignation of Judge Melliza, the military
governor desires to express his regret that Judge Melliza has been obliged to sever
his connection with the supreme bench, and takes the occasion to thank him for the
isto ienes services he has rendered in the interests of the Filipino people and the
United States Government. j

Upon the reestablishment of the civil judiciary its codes of procedure
received but slight amendments, although the necessity of extended
modifications in the criminal practice was recognized from the first.
The labor of effecting it was soon entered upon by members of the
supreme court, especially the chief justice and his American associ-
ates, who were ably assisted by the attorney-general. Under Spanish
methods the prisoner charged with crime had slight opportunity to
make intelligent defense, and little liberty of action or decision while
undergoing prosecution, which the laws permitting delays might extend
almost indefinitely. The native representatives of the court were very
desirous to introduce, as speedily as possible, the privileges accorded
by United States laws to its citizens until judicially pronounced guilty,
and worked earnestly to accomplish it, while still retaining intact the
laws defining and prescribing punishments for the commission of pub-
lic offenses. The full result of these labors is embodied in the follow-
ing orders:

GENERAL ORDERS, OrFicE oF THE U. S. Mizirary GovEeRNoR
} IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 58. Manila, P. [., April 23, 1900.

In the interests of justice, and to safeguard the civil liberties of the inhabitants of
these islands, the criminal code of procedure now in force therein is hereby amended
in certain of its important provisions, as indicated in the following enumerated
sections:

Section 1. The following provisions shall have the force and effect of law in crim-
inal matters in the Philippine Islands from and after the 15th day of May, 1900, but
existing laws on the same subjects shall remain valid except in so far as hereinafter
modified or repealed expressly or by necessary implication.

PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES.

Sec. 2, All prosecutions for public offenses shall be in the name of the United
States against the persons charged with the offenses. See

Sec. 3. All public offenses triable in courts of first instance or in courts of similar
jurisdiction, now established or that hereafter may be established, must be prose-
cuted by complaint or information. .

Sec. 4. A complaint is a sworn written statement made toa court or magistrate
that a person has been guilty of a designated offense. :

Sec. 5. An information is an accusation in writing charging a person with a public
offense, presented and signed by the promotor fiscal or his deputy and filed with the
clerk of the court.

Sec. 6. A complaint or information is sufficient if it shows: :

1. The name of the defendant, or, if his name can not be discovered, that he is
described under a fictitious name, with a statement that his true name is unknown
to the informant or official signing the same. His true name may be inserted at any
stage of the proceedings instituted against him, whenever ascertained.

2. The designation of the crime or public offense charged. .

3. The acts or omission complained of as constituting the crime or public offense
in ordinary and concise language, without repetition, not necessarily in the words of
the statute, but in such form as to enable a person of common understanding to
know what is intended and the court to pronounce judgment according to right.

4, That the offense was committed within the jurisdiction of the court and is
triable therein.
262 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

5. The names of the persons against whom, or against whose property, the offense
was committed, if known.

Sec. 7. Except when time is a material ingredient of an offense, the precise time
of commission need not be stated in a complaint or information, but the act may be
alleged to have been committed at any time before the filing thereof. And when an
offense shall have been described with sufficient certainty to identify the act, an
erroneous allegation as to the person injured shall be deemed immaterial.

Sec. 8. A complaint or information may be substantially in the following form:

“The United States against A B:
eo the court of , for

“AB is accused by the undersigned of the crime of (giving its legal appellation,
such as murder, arson, robbery, or the like, or designating it asa felony or misde-
meanor), committed as follows:

“That said A B, on the —— day oi , 19—, at the —— of , prov-
ince of (here set forth the acts or omissions charged as an offense), contrary
to the statute in such case made and provided.

“* (Signed) —— —.

 

 

 

 

, province of , the —— day of ;

 

 

 

”

Ssc. 9. The information or complaint may be amended in substance or form, with-
out leave of court, at any time before the defendant pleads; and thereafter, during
the trial, as to all matters of form, at the discretion of the court, when the same can
be done without prejudice to the rights of the defendant.

Sc. 10. No information or complaint is insutlicient, nor can the trial, judgment,
or other proceeding be affected by reason of a defect in matter of form which does
not tend to prejudice a substantial right of the defendant upon the merits.

Sec. 11. A complaint or information must charge but one offense, except only in
thee cases in which existing laws prescribe a single punishment for various allied
offenses.

Sxc. 12. Every person making complaint charging the commission of a crime or
public offense must inform the magistrate of all persons whom he believes to have
any knowledge of its commission; and the magistrate shall issue subpcenas for such
persons, requiring them to attend at a specified time and place as witnesses.

Src. 13. When a complaint or information alleging the commission of a crime is
laid before a magistrate, he must examine, on oath, the informant or prosecutor and
the witnesses produced, and take their depositions in writing, causing them to be
subscribed by the parties making them. If the magistrate be satisfied from the
investigation that the crime complained of has been committed, and that there is
reasonable ground to believe that the party charged has committed it, he must issue
an order for his arrest. If the offense be bailable, and the defendant offer a sufficient
security, he shall be admitted to bail; otherwise he shall be committed to prison.

Sec. 14. If the magistrate shall believe from the evidence submitted, either that
the crime complained of was not committed, or that, if committed, the person charged
did not commit it, he must set the person at liberty; but such release shall not pre-
vent the filing of a new complaint or information and the arrest of the accused
thereon at any time before the prosecution of the offense shall be barred by the
statute. In case the promotor fiscal may appeal from the order of release, the judge
shall subject the accused to such inspection and measures of vigilance as may be
deemed prudent to prevent his escape.

RIGHTS OF ACCUSED AT THE TRIAL.

Sec. 15. In all criminal prosecutions the defendant shall be entitled—

_ 1. To appear and defend in person and by counsel at every stage of the proceed-
ings. :

2. To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.

3. To testify as a witness in his own behalf; but if a defendant offers himself as a
witness he may be cross-examined as any other witness. His neglect or refusal to be
a witness shall not in any manner prejudice or be used against him.

4. To be exempt from testifying against himself.

5. To be confronted at the trial by and to cross-examine the witnesses against
him. Where the testimony of a witness for the prosecution has previously been
taken down by question and answer in the presence of the accused or his counsel,
the defense having had an opportunity to cross-examine the witness, the deposition
of the latter may be read, upon satisfactory proof to the court that he is dead or
insane, or can not with due diligence be found on the islands.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 2638

6. To have compulsory a issue for obtaining witnesses in his own favor.
7. To have a speedy and public trial.
8. To have the right of appeal in all cases.

ARRAIGNMENT AND COUNSEL.

Src. 16. When a complaint or information shall have been filed the defendant
must be arraigned thereon before the court in which it is filed, unless the cause shall
have been transferred elsewhere for trial. If the charge is for a felony (delito), the
defendant must be personally present at the arraignment; but if for a misdemeanor
(falta), he may appear by counsel.

Sec. 17. If the defendant appears without counsel, he must be informed by the
court that it is his right to have counsel before being arraigned, and must be asked
if he desires the aid of counsel. If be desires and is unable to employ counsel, the
court must assign counsel to defend him. A reasonable time must be allowed for
procuring counsel.

Sec. 18. The arraignment must be made by the court or clerk, and shall consist in
reading the complaint or information to the defendant and delivering to him a copy
thereot, including a list of witnesses, and asking him whether he pleads guilty or not
guilty as charged. The prosecution may call at the trial other witnesses than those
named in the complaint or information.

DEMURRERS AND PLEAS.

Sc. 19. If, on the arraignment, the defendant requires it, he must be allowed a
reasonable time, not less than one day, to answer the complaint or information.
He may, in his answer to the arraignment, demur or plead to the complaint or
information.

Sec. 20. Both demurrer and plea must be submitted in open court, either at
the arraignment or at such other time as may be allowed to the defendant for the
purpose.

Sec. 21. The defendant may demur to the complaint or information when it
appears on the face thereof:

1. That the offense charged is not within the jurisdiction of the court.

2. That it does not conform substantially to the prescribed form.

3. That more than one offense is charged; except only in those cases in which
existing laws prescribe a single punishment for various allied offenses.

4, That the facts charged do not constitute a public offense.

5. That it contains averments which, if true, would constitute a legal justification
or excuse. : :

Src. 22. In courts of first instance or of like jurisdiction, the demurrer must be
in writing, signed by the defendant or his counsel, and must distinctly set forth
the grounds of objection, or it shall be disregarded. The formal demurrer shall be
accompanied by such arguments in writing as the defense may desire to submit to
sustain it. Within three days after the filing of a demurrer the promotor fiscal must
file his answer thereto in writing. The judgment of the court, either allowing or
disallowing it, must be in writing and shall be filed with the papers in the case within
three days after the demurrer is heard.

Src. 23. If the demurrer is sustained, the judgment shall be final on the complaint
or information demurred to, and it shall be a bar to another prosecution for the same
offense unless the court delivering judgment was without jurisdiction, or unless the
court, being of opinion that the objection may be avoided, directs a new complaint
or information to be filed. If the court does not direct that the accused be remanded
toa court of proper jurisdiction for trial or that a new information be filed, the
defendant must be discharged or his bail be exonerated.

Src. 24. Should the demurrer be disallowed, the court must require the defendant
to plead. If he refuses, a plea of not guilty shall be entered for him.

There are four kinds of pleas to an information or complaint: (1) Guilty; (2) not
guilty; (3) a former judgment of conviction or acquittal of the offense charged, which
may be pleaded either with or without the plea of not guilty; (4) once in jeopardy,
which may be pleaded with or without the plea of not guilty. :

The plea must be oral, and a minute thereof in writing filed with the papers in the

cage.
Src. 25. A plea of guilty can be put in only by the defendant himself in open court.
The court may at any time before judgment upon a plea of guilty permit it to be with-
drawn and a plea of not guilty substituted.
Src. 26. When a defendant shall have been convicted or acquitted or once placed
in jeopardy upon an information or complaint, the conviction, acquittal, or jeopardy
264 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

shall be a bar to another information or indictment for the offense charged, or for
an attempt to commit the same, or fora frustration thereof, or for any offense neces-
sarily therein included of which he might have been convicted under such complaint
or information.

Sec. 27. If the defendant shall have been formerly acquitted on the ground of vari-
ance between the complaint or information and the proof, or if the complaint or infor-
mation shall have been dismissed upon objection to its form or substance or in order
to hold the defendant for a higher offense without a judgment of acquittal, it shall
not be considered an acquittal of the same offense.

Src. 28. A person can not be tried for an offense, nor for any attempt to commit
the same or frustration thereof, for which he has been previously brought to trial in
a court of competent jurisdiction, upon a valid complaint or information or other
formal charge sufficient in form and substance to sustain a conviction, after issue
properly joined, when the case is dismissed or otherwise terminated before judg-
ment without the consent of the accused.

Src. 29. The court may find the defendant guilty of any offense, or of any frus-
trated or attempted offense, the commission of which is necessarily included in the
charge in the complaint or information.

Sec. 30. After his plea the defendant shall be entitled, on demand, to at least two
days in which to prepare for trial.

THE TRIAL.

Sc. 31. The plea of not guilty having been entered, the trial must proceed in the
following order:

1. The counsel for the United States must offer evidence in support of the charges.

2. The defendant or his counsel may offer evidence in support of the defense.

8. The parties may then, respectively, offer rebutting testimony, but rebutting
testimony only, unless the court, in furtherance of justice, permit them to offer new
and additional evidence bearing upon the main issue in question.

4. When the introduction of testimony shall have been concluded, unless the case
is submitted to the court without argument, the counsel for the United States must
open the argument, the counsel for the defense must follow, and the counsel for the
United States may conclude the same. The arguments by either counsel may be
oral or written, or partly oral and partly written, but only the written arguments,
or such portions of the same as may bein writing, shall be preserved in the records
of the case.

Sec. 32. In courts of first instance or of similar jurisdiction, each witness must
be duly sworn and his testimony reduced to writing as a deposition by the court or
under its direction. The deposition must state’the name, residence, and occupation
of the witness. It must contain all questions put to the witness and bis answers
thereto. If a question put is objected to and the objection be either overruled or
sustained, the fact of objection and its nature together with ‘the ground on which it
shall have been sustained or overruled must be stated, or if a witness declines: to
answer a question put, the fact and the proceedings taken thereon shall be entered
in the record. The deposition must be read to the witness and made to conform to
what he declares to be the truth. He must sign the same, or, if he refuses, his
reason for such refusal must be stated. It must also be signed by the magistrate and
certified by the clerk. In cases where an official stenographer is engaged, the testi-
mony and proceedings may be taken by him in shorthand, and it will not then be
necessary to read the testimony to the witness nor for the latter to sign the same;
but a transcript of the record made by the official stenographer and certified as
correct by him shall be prima facie a correct statement of such testimony and
proceedings.

Src. 33. When two or more defendants are jointly charged with a felony, any one
of the defendants demanding it must be tried separately.

Sec. 34. When two or more persons shall be included in the same charge, the
court, at any time before the defendants have entered upon their defense or upon the
application of the counsel of the Government, may direct any defendant to be dis-
charged, that he may be a witness for the United States.

Sec. 35. When two or more persons shall be included in the same charge, and the
court shall be of opinion in respect to a particular defendant that there is not sufficient
evidence to put him on his defense, it must order him to be discharged before the
evidence is closed, that he may be a witness for his codefendant.

Sec. 36. The order indicated in sections 34 and 35 shall amount to an acquittal of
the defendant discharged, and shall be a bar to future prosecution for the same
offense.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 265

Sxc. 37. When it appears at any time before judgment is taken that a mistake has
been made in charging the proper offense, the defendant must not be discharged if
there appear to be good cause to detain him in custody, but the court must commit
him to answer the proper offense, and may also require the witnesses to give bail for
their appearance at the trial.

Suc. 38. If the promotor fiscal or his deputy fails to be present at the trial, the
za must appoint some attorney at law to perform the duties of prosecutor at the

rial.

Sec. 39. While a witness shall be under examination, the magistrate may exclude
all witnesses who have not testified. He may also cause witnesses to be kept separate,
and to be prevented from conversing with one another until all shall have been
examined.

Sec. 40. The court must also, upon the request of the defendant, exclude from the
trial every person except the officers of the court and the attorneys for the prosecu-
tion and defense. ;

Szc. 41. The defendant must be personally present at the time of pronouncing judg-
ment, if the conviction is for a felony; if for a misdemeanor, the judgment may be
pronounced in his absence.

REOPENING OF THE TRIAL.

Sxc. 42. At any time before the final entry of a judgment for conviction the defend-
ant may move, either in the court in which the trial was had or on appeal to a higher
court, for a zenpsaing of the case upon the ground of newly discovered evidence
material to his defense. The motion must be made to the court which pronounced
sentence, or to the appellate court if the case shall have been appealed, and must be
made in writing and be supported by the affidavits of the witnesses by whom such
evidence is expected to be given, or by duly authenticated copies of documents which
it is proposed to introduce in evidence. Within a like period after conviction a case
may be reopened on account of errors of law committed at the trial. The motion
must be in writing and must set forth the errors alleged to have been committed. In
courts of higher jurisdiction the decision of the court on such motions shall be in
writing, and together with the motion and affidavit, shall be attached to the papers
in the case, and any evidence admitted must be taken and recorded as upon the
original hearing. The new hearing, if allowed, shall take place in the court of orig-
inal jurisdiction.

APPEALS.

, Src. 43. From all final judgments of the courts of first instance or courts of similar
jurisdiction, and in all cases in which the law now provides for appeals from said
courts, an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court, as hereinafter prescribed.
Appeals shall also lie from the final judgments of justices of the peace in criminal
cases to the courts of the next superior grade, and the decisions of the latter thereon
shall be final and conclusive, except in cases involving the validity or constitution-
ality of a statute, wherein appeal may be mace to the Supreme Court.

Sec. 44. Either party may appeal from a final judgment, or from an order made
after judgment affecting the substantial rights of the appellant, or in any case now
permitted by law. The United States may also appeal from a judgment for the
defendant rendered on a demurrer to an information or complaint, and from an order
dismissing a complaint or information. :

Sec. 45. An appeal shall be taken by filing with the clerk of the court in which
the judgment or order was rendered, or with such court, a notice stating the appeal,
and by serving a copy thereof upon the adverse party or his attorney.

Sec. 46. If personal service of the copy of the notice of appeal can not be made, the
court may order the publication of the notice in some newspaper having general cir-
culation in the vicinity at least once each week for a period not exceeding thirty
days, and such publication shall be deemed equivalent to personal service.

Sec. +7. An appeal must be taken within fifteen days from the rendition of the
judgment or order appealed from.

Sec. 48. Upon an appeal being taken, the clerk or judge of the court with whom
the notice of appeal shall have been filed, must, within five days after the filing of
the notice, transmit to the clerk of the court to which the appeal is taken the com-
plete record in the case together, with the notice of the appeal, but upon appeals from
justices’ courts a transcript of the papers and entries in the docket will be forwarded
to the court to which the appeal is taken.

Src. 49. When several defendants are tried jointly, any one or more of them may
make an appeal; but those who do not join in the appeal shall not be affected thereby.
266 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

RECORDS OF TRIALS.

Sec. 50. It shall not be necessary to forward to the supreme court the record, or
any part thereof, of any case in which there shall have been an acquittal, or in which
the sentence imposed does not exceed confinement in prison for one year, ora fine of
250 pesos, exclusive of costs, unless such case shall have been duly appealed. But
such sentences shall be executed upon the order of the court in which the trial was
had. The record of all cases in which the death penalty, or imprisonment exceeding
one year, or a fine exceeding 250 pesos, exclusive of costs of trial, shall have been
imposed, shall be forwarded to the clerk of the criminal branch of the supreme court
within twenty days, but not earlier than fifteen days, after the rendition of thé sen-
tence. All casesinvolving sentence of death, or of imprisonment exceeding six years,
or of fine exceeding 1,250 pesos, or in which an appeal shall have been taken, shall
be submitted to the criminal branch of the supreme court, and shall thereaiter take
the same course as is now provided by law. Cases forwarded to the supreme court
involving sentences less serious than those hereinbefore last mentioned, and not
appealed, shall be referred by the clerk to the ministerio fiscal for consideration,
and if the latter return the same concurring in the sentence imposed, the record shall
immediately be returned to the trial court for execution of sentence. If the minis-
terio fiscal shall not concur in the sentence, the case shall be submitted to the crimi-
nal branch of the supreme court, and shall thereafter take the same course as is now
provided by law when that officer shall recommend a sentence in any respect more
severe than that imposed by the trial judge; and forthe consideration of the court,
without the necessity of a further defense or hearing, when that officcr recommends
a lighter sentence. a

TRIALS IN JUSTICES’ COURTS—APPEALS.

Sec. 51. Proceedings and actions before a justice’s court must be commenced by
complaint undes oath setting forth the offense charged with such particulars as to
time, place, person, and property as to enable the defendant to understand distinctly
the character of the offense charged and to answer the complaint.

Sc. 52, Every plea before a justice of the peace must be oral and entered in the
minutes.

Sc. 53. In proceedings before justices of the peace it will not be necessary to fur-
nish the accused with a copy of the complaint unless he demand the same, nor to
reduce the testimony or proceedings to writing. But each justice shall keep a docket
book in which must be entered:

. The title of the action.

. The offense charged.

. The date of arrest.

. The date of trial with minute of all adjournments.

The plea.

The names and addresses of all witnesses sworn and examined.
. The judgment of the court.

. An itemized statement of the costs.

. The filing of a notice of appeal, if the case be appealed.

Sec. 54. All cases appealed from a justice’s court shall be tried in all respects anew
in the court to which the same are appealed; but on the hearing of such appeals it
shall not be necessary, unless the appeal shall involve the constitutionality or legal-
ity ofa statute, that a written record of the proceedings be kept; but shall be suffi-
cient if the appellate court keeps a docket of the proceedings in the form prescribed
in the next preceding section. ;

OWIM IBC b He

EVIDENCE AND PROOF.

Sc. 55. All persons, without exception, who, having organs of sense, can perceive,
and perceiving can make known their perceptions to others, may be witnesses.
Therefore, neither parties nor other persons who have an interest in the event of the
trial are excluded; nor are those who have been convicted of crime; nor persons on
account of their opinions on matters of religious belief; although in every case the
credibility of the witness may be drawn in question by the manner in which he tes-
tifies, by the character of his testimony, by evidence affecting his character for truth,
honesty, or integrity, or his motives, or by contradictory evidence.

Src. 56. A witness must answer questions legal and pertinent to the matters at
issue, though his answer may tend to establish a claim against himself; but he need
not give an answer which will have a tendency to subject him to punishment for
felony; nor need he give an answer which will have a direct tendency to degrade his
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 267

character, unless it be to the very fact at issue or to a fact from which the fact at
issue would be presumed. But a witness must answer to the fact of his previous
conviction for felony.

Src. 57. A defendant in a criminal action shall be presumed to be innocent until
the contrary is proved, and in case of a reasonable doubt that his guilt is satisfactorily
shown he shall be entitled to an acquittal.

Src. 58. Except with the consent of both, or except in cases of crime committed
by one against the other, neither husband nor wife shall be a competent witness for
or eet the other in a criminal action or proceeding to which one or both shall be
parties.

Sec. 59. In all criminal prosecutions the evidence admitted must be relevant to the
fact at issue, the burden of proof of guilt shall be upon the prosecution, and the best
evidence must be produced of which the case is susceptible. But copies of public
records and documents, of papers lost or destroyed, and of writings properly admis-
sible in evidence which are in the possession of the opposite party and have not been
produced upon written request of the party desiring to offer them, shall be admissible
in lieu of the originals.

Sc. 60. When a defendant has been held to answer for a public offense, he may
upon application have witnesses conditionally examined in his behalf in manner as
hereinafter shown, but not otherwise. The application must be supported by affi-
davit stating: (1) The name and residence of the witness and that his testimony is
material to the defense of the action; (2) that the witness is about to leave the prov-
ince, or is so sick or infirm as to afford reasonable grounds for apprehending that he
will not be able to attend the trial.

Sc. 61. If the court is satisfied that the examination is necessary, an order will be
made directing that the witness be examined at a specified time and place, and that
acopy of the order be served on the promotor fiscal within a given time prior to that
fixed for the examination. The examination will be taken before the judge ordering
the same, or, if the order be granted by:a court of superior jurisdiction, before an
inferior tribunal to be designated in the order. The examination shall proceed, not-
withstanding the absence of the promotor fiscal, if it appear that he has been duly
notified of the hearing. The testimony shall be reduced to writing.

Src. 62. When the judge of a court shall be satisfied, by proof or oath, that there
is reason to believe that a material witness on the part of the prosecution will not
appear and testify when required, he may order the witness to give bail in such sum
as he may deem proper for such appearance. Upon refusal to give bail, the court
must commit him to prison until he complies or is legally discharged. Where, how-
ever, it shall satisfactorily appear that the witness can not procure bail as directed
by the order of the court, he may forthwith be conditionally examined. Such
examination must be by question and answer, in the presence of the defendant, or
after due notice to attend the examination has been served on him, and will be con-
ducted in the same manner as an examination at the trial. His testimony taken,
the witness must thereupon be discharged.

BAIL.

Sec. 63. All prisoners shall be bailable before conviction, except those charged
with the commission of capital offenses when proof of guilt is evident or the pre-
sumption of guilt is strong.

Sec. 64. In case of appeal after judgment, the defendant may be admitted to bail
pending action on the appeal: (1) As a matter of right if the appeal is from an
acquittal or from a judgment imposing a fine only; (2) as a matter of judicial discre-
tion in all other noncapital cases.

Src. 65. If the offense is bailable, the defendant may be admitted to bail, before
conviction, to answer the complaint or information in the court in which it is filed
or to. which it may be transferred for trial; after appeal, upon application supported
by an undertaking of bail. that he will pay such fine as the appellate court may
direct, or will surrender himself in execution of such judgment as the appellate
court may render, or that, in case the cause is remanded for a new trial, he will
appear in the court to which it may be remanded and submit himself to the orders
and processes thereof. :

Sgc. 66. When admission to bail is a matter of discretion, the court must require
that reasonable notice of the hearing of the application for bail be given to the pro-
motor fiscal. .

Sgc. 67. All personal bail bonds must be executed by a written undertaking exe-
cuted by at least two sufficient sureties (with or without the defendant, as the court
in its discretion may demand) and duly acknowledged, in substantially the follow-
ing form:
268 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

 

_ “A complaint (or information) having been filed on the —— day of , 19—,
in the court of , province of , charging (name of defendant) with the
ollsaee of (designating it generally), and he having been admitted to bail in the sum
0 pesos;

‘Now, therefore, we, and , of , jointly and severally, hereby
undertake that the above (naming the defendant) will ee and answer the
charge above mentioned in whatever court it may be tried, and will at all times hold
himself amenable to the orders and process of the court, and if convicted will appear
for judgment, and render himself to the execution thereof; or if he fails to perform
any of these conditions, that he will pay to the United States the sum of
pesos ( rns mal sum to which the defendant shall be admitted to bail).

“« (Signe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

oe

“ce ax

Sec. 68. The necessary qualifications of sureties to a bail bond shall be as follows:

1. Each of them must be a resident, householder, or freeholder within the islands.

2. Each must be worth the amount specified in the undertaking over and above all
just debts, obligations, and property exempt from execution; but the court may allow
more than two sureties to justify severally in amounts less than that expressed in the
undertaking if the entire sum justified to is equivalent to the whole amount of bail
demanded. :

Sec. 69. The sureties must in all cases justify by affidavit taken before the magis-
trate, stating therein that they each possess the qualifications named in the preced-
ing section.

Src. 70. The court may further examine the sureties upon oath concerning their
sufficiency, in such manner as it may deem proper.

Src. 71. The defendant must be discharged by the court upon its acceptance of bail.

Src. 72. After a defendant shall have been admitted to bail the court may, upon
good cause shown, either increase or reduce the amount of the same. If increased,
the defendant may be committed to custody unless he gives bail in the increased
amount he is called upon to furnish. A defendant held to answer on a criminal
charge, but who is released without bail on the filing of a complaint, may, at any
subsequent stage of the proceedings, whenever it may satisfactorily appear to the
court that he is the author of the alleged crime, be required to give bail, or in lieu
thereof may be committed to prison.

Src. 73. Bail upon appeal voust conform in all respects as provided for in other cases
of bail, except that the undertaking must be conditioned as prescribed in section 65.

Sec. 74. At any time after the amount of bail is fixed by order, the defendant,
instead of giving bail, may deposit with the nearest collector of internal revenue the
sum mentioned in the order, and, upon delivering to the court a proper certificate of
the deposit, must be discharged from custody. Money thus deposited shall be applied
to the payment of the fine and costs for which judgment may be given, and the sur-
plus, if any, shall be returned to the defendant.

Src. 75. The sureties to the bail bond may surrender the defendant at any time
prior to forfeiture, or he may surrender himself and the bail be thus exonerated.
An order of exoneration may be made by the court upon proof of surrender and after
due notice to the promotor fiscal of the proposed issuance of the order. For the
purpose of surrendering the defendant the bail may arrest him, or on written author-
ity endorsed on a certified copy of the undertaking may cause him to be arrested by
any police officer or any other person of suitable age and discretion.

Sec. 76. If without sufficient cause the defendant neglects to appear for arraign-
ment, trial, or judgment, or neglects to appear on any other occasion when his pres-
ence may be required in court, or fails to surrender himself in execution of the
judgment, the court must direct the fact of his neglect or failure to be entered in
the records of the cause, and declare the undertaking or deposit, as the case may be,
to be forfeited. But if at any time within thirty days thereafter the defendant or
his counsel appears and satisfactorily explains the neglect or failure, the court may
direct the forfeiture to be discharged upon such terms as it may consider just. If
the forfeiture is not so discharged, the promotor fiscal shall at once proceed by action
against the bail upon their undertaking.

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS.
Sec. 77. Every person unlawfully imprisoned or restrained of his liberty under

any pretence whatever may prosecute a writ of habeas corpus, in order to inquire
into the cause of such imprisonment or restraint.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 269

Src. 78. Application for the writ is made by petition, signed either by the party
for whose relief it is intended, or by some person in his behalf, and must specify :

1. That the person in whose behalf the writ is applied for is imprisoned or restrained
of his liberty, the place where and the officer or person by whom he is so confined
or restrained, naming all parties if they are known, or describing them as fully as
possible if they are unknown.

2. oe the imprisonment is alleged to be illegal, in what the alleged illegality
consists.

3. The petition must be verified by the oath or affirmation of the party making
the application.

Sec. 79. The writ of habeas corpus may be granted by a court superior to that of
Justice of the peace, or a judge thereof, within the limits of the court’s jurisdiction.

Sec. 80. Any court or judge authorized to grant the writ, and to whom a petition
for the same is presented, must, if it appear that the writ ought to issue, grant the
same without delay.

Src. 81. When the writ is issued by a member of the supreme court, it may be
made returnable before himself, or the supreme court, or before any court immedi-
ately inferior, or any judge thereof.

Sec. 82. When the writ shall be awarded it shall be in form substantially as
follows:

ce

 

» province of :
“To (naming the person having the petitioner in oe

“You are hereby commanded to have the body o
detained as alleged, before (the court of

 

 

, by you unlawfully
, or before me, or before , Judge
of, , as the case may be), at -, on the —— day of , 19—— (or forth-
with after being served with this writ), to be dealt with according to law; and have
you then and there this writ with a return as prescribed by law.

“*(Signed) gr

Sxc. 83. The writ may be served by an officer, or by any other person appointed
in writing for that purpose by the court or judge by whom it is issued or allowed.
If served by any person other than an officer, he shall possess the same power and
is liable to the same penalty for nonperformance of duty as though he were an officer.

Sec. 84. Service of the writ shall be made by leaving the original with the person
to whom it is directed and preserving a copy on which to make return of service.
If that person can not be found or has not the plaintiff in custody, then the service
shall be made on any other person having or exercising such custody.

Sec. 85. If the person to whom the writ is directed conceals himself or refuses
admittance to the officer or person charged with the service of the writ, or if he
attempts to convey wrongfully the plaintiff or petitioner out of the province after the
writ has been served, the officer or other person serving the same may arrest him or
any other person or persons resisting his authority, and bring him or them, together
with the petitioner, forthwith before the court or judge before whom the writ is
returnable.

Szc. 86. The person upon whom the writ is served must make return thereto in
writing, stating therein plainly and unequivocally whether he then has, or at any time
has had,the plaintiff under his control and constraint, and if so,the cause thereof. If
he has transferred him he must state to whom and the time of transfer; also the rea-
son or authority therefor. The return must be verified. If the plaintiff is detained
by virtue of any written authority, a copy thereof must be annexed to the return
and the original produced on the hearing. :

Sec. 87. The person to whom the writ is directed must produce the body of the
person in his custody or under his restraint, according to the command of the writ,
except when it appears by affidavit that on account of sickness or infirmity he can
not safely be brought, or where the party in restraint or custody waives the right to
be present in writing or by attorney.

Sec. 88. The court or judge before whom the writ is returned must immediately
after return proceed to hear the matter, and shall dispose of the prisoner as justice
may determine. The court or judge shall have full power and authority to require
and compel witnesses to appear and testify and to perform all other acts necessary to
a full and fair hearing of the case.

Sxc. 89. If no legal cause is shown for the imprisonment or a continuation of the
restraint imposed upon the person, the court or judge must discharge him from the
custody or restraint under which he is held. a

Sec. 90. In all cases where the imprisonment is for a criminal offense or on a crim-
inal charge, although the commitment may have been informally made or without
due authority, and although the process may have been executed or the prisoner be
held by a person not duly authorized, the court or judge, deciding that there is not

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
270 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

sufficient cause for discharge, may make a new commitment or admit to bail if the
case is bailable. All material witnesses may be required to enter into bonds to appear
at the proper time and place, as in other cases.

Sec. 91. No writ of habeas corpus can be disobeyed for defect of form, if it suffi-
ciently appear therefrom in whose custody or under whose restraint the party
alin ay or restrained is held and the court or judge before whom he is to be

rought.

Sec. 92. No person who has been discharged by order of a court or judge upon
habeas corpus can be again imprisoned, restrained, or remanded to custody for the
same cause, except in the following cases:

1. If he has been discharged from custody based on a criminal complaint, and is
afterwards committed for the same offense by legal order or process.

2. If, after discharge for defect of proof or for any defect of process, warrant, or
commitment in a criminal case, the prisoner is again arrested on sufficient proof and
committed by legal process for the same offense.

Szc. 93. When a court or judge authorized to grant a writ of habeas corpus shall
have evidence that any person within the court’s jurisdiction is unjustly imprisoned
or restrained of his liberty, it shall be the duty of such court or judge to issue the
writ or cause the same to be issued, though no application be made therefor.

Sec. 94. Any judge, whether acting individually or as a member of a court, who
shall wrongfully and wilfully refuse to issue such writ, whenever proper application
for the same shall have been made, shall forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding 5,000
pesos to the party suffering from such neglect—the same to be recovered by action in
any court of competent jurisdiction.

SEARCH WARRANTS.

Sec. 95. A search warrant is an order in writing, issued in the name of the United
States, signed by a judge or a justice of the peace, and directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to search for personal property and bring it before the court.

Sec. 96. It may be issued upon either of the following grounds:

1. When the property was stolen or embezzled. .

2. When it was used or when the intent exists to use it as the means of commit-
ting a felony.

Src. 97. A search warrant shall not issue except for probable cause and upon
‘application supported by oath particularly describing the place to be searched and
the person or thing to be seized. 2

Src. 98. The judge or justice must, before issuing the warrant, examine on oath
the complainant and any witnesses he may produce, and take their depositions in
writing.

Src. 99. If the judge or justice is thereupon satisfied of the existence of facts upon
which the application is based, or that there is probable cause to believe that they
exist, he must issue the warrant, which must be substantially in the following form:

 

 

, Province of

“The United States to any or policeman in the province of :

“Proof, by affidavit, having this day been made before me by (naming the persons
whose affidavits have been taken) that (stating the grounds of the application or, if,
the affidavit is not positive, that there is probable cause for believing), that (stating
the ground of the application in the same manner), you are therefore commanded, in
the day time (or at any time in the day or night, as the case may be), to make imme-
diate search on the person of , or in the house situated (describing it or
any other place to be searched with reasonable particularity, as the case may be),
for the following property (describe it with reasonable certainty): and if you find
the same or any part thereof, to bring it forthwith before me at 3

“Witness my hand this —— day of , 19—.

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Signed Bad

Src. 100. The officer, if refused admittance to the place of directed search after
giving notice of his purposeand authority, may break open any outer or inner door or
window of a house or any part of a house or anything therein to execute the warrant
or to liberate himself or any person lawfully aiding him when unlawfully detained
therein. No search of a vacant house shall be made except in the presence of at least
two competent witnesses, residents of the neighborhood.

Sec. 101. The warrant must direct that it be served in the daytime, unless the
affidavit positively asserts that the property is on the person or in the place ordered
to be searched, in which case a direction may be inserted that it be served at any
time of the day or night.

 

 
. REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. a7T

Sec. 102. A search warrant shall be valid for ten days from itsdate. Thereafter it
shall be void.

Src. 103. The officer seizing property under the warrant must give a detailed
receipt for the same to the person on whom or in whose possession it was found, or
in the absence of any person must, in the presence of at least two witnesses, leave a
receipt in the place in which he found the seized property.

Sec. 104. The officer must forthwith deliver the property to the court, together
with a true inventory thereof, duly verified by oath.

Sec. 105. A person charged with a crime may be searched for dangerous weapons
or anything which may be used as proof of the commission of the crime.

Sc. 106. Any person who shall procure a search warrant maliciously and without.
probable cause, and any officer who shall unlawfully exceed his authority or use
unnecessary severity in executing the same, shall be punished by imprisonment for
not more than one year, or by a fine of not exceeding 1,000 pesos, or by both such fine.
and imprisonment.

RIGHTS OF PERSONS INJURED BY THE OFFENSE.

Sc. 107. The privileges now secured by law to the person claiming to be injured
by the commission of an offense to take part in the prosecution of the offense and to.
recover damages for the injury sustained by reason of the same shall not be held to
be abridged by the provisions of this order; but such person may appear and shall
be heard, either individually or by attorney, at all stages of the case, and the court,
upon conviction of the accused, may enter judgment against him for the damages.
occasioned by his wrongful act. It shall, however, be the duty of the promotor
fiscal to direct the prosecution, subject to the right of the person injured to appeal
from any decision of the court denying him a legal right.

MISCELLANEOUS AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS,

Src. 108. The criminal jurisdiction of justices of the peace is extended to all offenses
pave the penal code designates as punishable by ‘‘arresto mayor’’ in all of its
grades.

Sec. 109. From and after the day upon which this order shall go into effect the
ordinary civil and military tribunals, each within its proper limits, shall have exclu-
sive jurisdiction over all crimes and misdemeanors with which any person or persons
living or domiciled within the Philippine Islands may be charged.

Sec. 110. All criminal actions in which, prior to, the 15th day of May, 1900, the
defense shall not have been entered upon, shall be commenced anew and thereafter
prosecuted as hereinbefore provided; all in which the defense shall have been entered
upon prior to that date shall be prosecuted to a conclusion from the stage then
reached under the late prevailing rules of procedure, which, however, shall be made
to conform as nearly as may be practicable to the provisions of this order.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barper,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

Most of the courts of the first instance have conducted their business
in an eminently satisfactory manner and given support to United States
authority. Laxity in some cases has been charged and has been prop-
erly dealt with by the chief justice of the islands, whose criticisms and
directions all respect. The appointee to the Cavite province court is
a Spaniard by parentage, though Filipino born. He was strongly rec-
ommended for appointment, and I judged when the appointing order:
was issued that complaint would be received. Expectations were
realized, and numerously signed protests came from the residents of
the most important towns of the provinces, based entirely on the fact
that the new judge was of Spanish blood. The  sauaunei were
informed that he was a Filipino by birth, having the reputation of
a good lawyer and the character of a most excellent citizen, and that
no complaints would be favorably considered unless they concerned
action committed subsequent to his selection for the bench. He zeal-
ously entered upon his duties and so performed them that he soon
became a popular and very much admired person and official.
9792 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. ‘

Until the civil judiciary was reestablished all civil matters, whether
public or individual, requiring judicial action were virtually held in
abeyance, unless they could be determined without apparent prejudice
to conflicting interests by the military authorities; for, although the
proclamation of General Merritt of August 14, 1898, continued in
force the local Spanish civil tribunals, little subsequent attention was
paid by the officers of that Government to judicial matters, whether
pending or newly arising. All criminal cases could be handled by our
military courts. A general directory order was issued shortly after
Manila was occupied by our troops defining the constitution and limits
of legally recognized courts and commissions for the trial of citizen
cffistidere residing within the lines of military occupation, and served
as a basis of instruction respecting jurisdiction and quantity of punish-
ment which might be imposed, for the many courts of that character
which were thereafter established in the different sections of the islands.
The following is the order referred to:

GENERAL ORDERS, HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE PaciFic
AND Eicuta Army Corps,
No. 8. Manila, P. I., August 22, 1898.

I. For the maintenance of law and order in those portions of the Philippines
occupied or controlled by the Army of the United States and to provide means to
promptly punish infractions of the same, military commissions and provost courts,
composed and constituted in accordance with the laws of war, will be appointed
from time to time as occasion may require.

II. The local courts, continued in force for certain purposes in proclamation from
these headquarters, dated August 14, 1898, shall not exercise jurisdiction over any
crime or offense committed by any person belonging to the Army of the United
States, or any retainer of the Army, or person serving with it, or any person furnish-
ing or transporting supplies for the Army, nor over any crime or offense committed
on either of the same by any inhabitant or temporary resident of said territory. In
such cases, except when courts-martial have jurisdiction, jurisdiction to try and
ae is vested in military commissions and the provost court as hereinafter set

orth.

III. The crimes and offenses triable by military commissions are murder, man-
slaughter, assault and battery with intent to kill, robbery, rape, assault and battery
with intent to commit rape, and such other crimes, offenses, or violations of the laws
of war as may be referred to it for trial by the commanding general. The punish-
ment awarded by military commission shall conform, as far as possible, to the laws
of the United States, or of either of the States, or the custom of war. Its sentence is
subject to the approval of the commanding general.

IV. The provost court has jurisdiction to try all other crimes and offenses referred
to in Section 11 of this order, not exclusively triable by courts-martial or military
commission, including violation of orders or laws of war, and such cases as may be
referred to it by the commanding general. It shall have power to punish with
confinement, with or without hard labor, for not more than six months, or with
fine not exceeding 3250 or both. Its sentence does not require the approval of the
commanding general, but may be mitigated or remitted by him.

V. The judge of the pri court will be appointed by the commanding general.
When in the opinion of the provost court its power of punishment is inadequate, it
shall certify the case to the commanding general for his consideration and action.

By command of Major-General Merritt:

J. B. Bascock, Adjutant-General.

Both a superior and an inferior provost court were established in
Manila, with jurisdiction defined as to classes of cases which might be
tried by them respectively, and prescribing the nature and limits of
penalties which each might impose.

The provost court followed the progress of our arms in the different
islands, and, until some time after municipal governments were formed,
all fines collected were paid to the custodian of the public island funds,
who was directed to keep a separate account of the same.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS, 273

With the AD Eo Taniene of military governors over certain defined
sections of the Philippine territory, those officers were instructed on
December 24, 1899—

I, Until such time as civil courts are established in the various provinces of the
archipelago and are in the exercise of their proper jurisdiction, military governors
designated for said provinces will establish at convenient points within the limits of
their command provost courts, designating for each a suitable officer of the Army as
provost judge. :

i. The provost courts thus established are authorized to punish by imprisonment,
with or without hard labor, for a period not exceeding one year, or by a fine not
exceeding $1,000 Mexican, or by both such imprisonment and fine.

II. The jurisdiction of said provost courts shall extend to all crimes and offenses
not capital, and all violations of military orders and regulations committed by
inhabitants or temporary residents, and not triable by courts-martial, which may be
referred to them for trial by the commanding officer at the places where they are
established. The punishment adjudged shall be at the discretion of said courts
within the limits of their jurisdiction as to punishment as herein established. In
the matter of their procedure they will conform to that of the summary court, the
respective judges rendering, on the last day of each month, transcripts of all cases
tried by them during the month, and transmitting the same through military channels
to this office. :

IV. Sentences adjudged by provost courts do not require the approval of command-
ing officers, but may be mitigated or remitted by them.

The commanding generals of the First and Second Divisions of the
Eighth Army Corps were authorized to execute these same special
powers within the territory over which they exercised military super-
vision. But it was found necessary in some instances, prior to the
establishment of a civil judiciary, to confer on the provost courts a
certain jurisdiction in civil matters, that the business of cities might
be transacted. The orders set out on page 255 of this report show the
action taken.

The business transacted by these provost courts was large and very
satisfactorily performed. They gradually yielded to the civil tribunals
when established, but in connection with the embryo municipal gov-
ernments they were of decided importance in assisting the various
provost-marshals appointed to supervise town affairs in meting out
proper punishment to disturbers of the peace. All moneys collected
by them were finally applied for the benefit of the towns, under the
_ following instructions issued from the military governor’s office:

In future, fines adjudged by provost courts outside of the city of Manila will be
paid to the provost-marshal of the place where the court may be sitting, and will
be expended by the provost-marshal, in connection with the local presidente and
alcalde, for proper municipal purposes.

The provost-marshal will on the last day of each month make a report to these
headquarters, through department headquarters, of the amount of such moneys
received as fines by provost courts, together with a statement of the amount of said
fines expended and for what purposes.

In establishing United States authority throughout Luzon the work
of military commissions was increased. Prior to the fall of 1899 upon
only two occasions were they invoked, and then to determine offenses
charged against Spanish officials continued in office after our occupa-
tion and against the editor of a Manila Spanish newspaper. These
cases have been heretofore fully reported. Now the criminal element
of a large extent of country must be restrained, and as the limited
jurisdiction of the civil courts, which Spain never permitted to try
alleged heinous crimes participated in by a combination of individuals
and tending to the destruction of the peace of communities, but reserved
them for her military tribunals, and as that jurisdiction had not been

4495—18
974 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

extended to include that class of cases, the action of military commis-
sions was forced. Strange as it may appear, this limited jurisdiction
was approved by the justices of those courts, for, as they represented,
crimes of the character withheld from their determination demanded
speedy trial and prompt punishment, which the established court prac-
tice could defeat. A case of robbery and murder of one of our soldiers
in Cavite province occupied the time of a military commission for
several weeks, but the accused person was dexterously defended and
escaped. Two noted native criminals were tried at Bayambang, in the
province of Pangasinan, and three at Tarlac, in the province of Tarlac.
After prolonged and exhaustive hearings, in which they had the bene-
fit of able counsel, all were convicted; four were sentenced to be
_hanged and one to imprisonment for twenty years. The sentences
were duly executed with a considerable degree of public formality.
The two Pangasinan criminals were jointly charged with murder under
three and with robbery under two specifications, and were found sub-
stantially guilty of all upon the testimony of the native inhabitants.
The sentence of the commission and the remarks of the reviewing
authority were expressed in the following words and figures, to wit:

SENTENCE.

And the commission does therefore sentence them, Antonio Morales and Faustino
Gonzales, natives, and each of them, to be hung by the neck until they, and each of
them, be dead, at such time and place as the reviewing authority may direct, two-
thirds of the members concurring therein.

Il. The proceedings and findings in the foregoing case of Antonio Morales and
Faustino Gonzales, natives, are approved.

The record discloses that the accused were furnished counsel by the Government,
and were accorded in all respects a fair and impartial trial. The testimony of many
witnesses, called at their instance, was heard, and the accused themselves made
statements to the commission.

The evidence abundantly establishes the allegations of the charges, with unimpor-
tant exceptions which have been duly recorded, and reveals the accused as leaders of
a band of armed native outlaws engaged in the commission of crimes against fellow
natives of the islands under circumstances of peculiar atrocity, unworthy of even a
moderate degree of civilization. No circumstance was developed upon the trial
which even suggests clemency, and the commanding general is of the opinion that
the extreme penalty of the law adjudged by the commission must be confirmed.

The sentences are approved, and will be duly executed at the pueblo of San Carlos,
province of Pangasinan, P. I., March 30, 1900, under the direction of the commanding
general Second Division, Eighth Army Corps.

In the Tarlac cases the three accused were jointly tried under four
specifications for murder and four charging robbery, all of which
were substantially proven. The commission imposed the following
sentence:

And the commission does therefore sentence Joaquin Pider and Pascual Gutierres,
natives, and each of them, to be hanged by the neck until each of them be dead, at
such place and time as the reviewing authority may direct, two-thirds of the mem-
bers concurring therein; and Silvestre Tarug, native, to be confined at hard labor, at
such place as the reviewing authority may direct, for twenty years.

The reviewing authority approved the proceedings, and directed
the execution of the sentences in the following orders:

In the foregoing case of Silvestre Tarug, Joaquin Pider, and Pascual Gutierres,
natives, the evidence shows that these three accused, with a band of Negritos, armed
with a rifle, bolos, and bows and arrows, entered the barrio of Dayacdac, pueblo of
O’Donnell, province of Tarlac, P. I., on or about February 16, 1900, and murdered
seven natives, including one woman. The established motive of these crimes was
robbery. The two accused who have received sentences of death, Joaquin Pider
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 275

and Pascual Gutierres, are shown by the evidence to have tied up two of the victims
of this murderous assault, and, compelling them to lie on the ground, chopped them
with bolos, in this way causing their death. The third accused, Silvestre Tarug,
who has received sentence of imprisonment for twenty years, is shown to have been
present with this band, aiding and abetting these murders.

The remarks of the reviewing authority in the case of Antonio Morales and
Faustino Gonzales, published in General Orders, No. 16, March 8, 1900, Department
of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, apply in this case. The crimes alleged were
committed by a band of native outlaws against fellow natives and under circum-
stances of peculiar atrocity, unworthy of even a moderate degree of civilization.

The sentences are approved. The sentences of death by hanging, awarded
Joaquin Pider and Pascual Gutierres, will be duly executed at the pueblo of
O’Donnell, province of Tarlac, P. I., on April 27, 1900, under the direction of the
commanding general of the Department of Northern Luzon. The sentence of con-
finement, awarded Silvestre Tarug, will be duly executed at the Presidio de Manila,
to which place the prisoner will be sent under proper guard. i

A military commission, convened at Calamba, Laguna, Province of
Luzon, tried three natives separately for the murder of one of our
soldiers, the natives being members of a band of guerillas which had
concealed itself in that section of country. All were sentenced to suf-
fer death by hanging. These several sentences were commuted to
twenty years’ imprisonment because of conditions stated upon review
of the cases, as follows: ,

In the foregoing case of Raimondo Hernandes, the findings of the commission are
fully sustained by the evidence of record, and the death sentence imposed by it has
the express sanction of the laws of war. The reviewing authority, however, is
unwilling to direct the execution of the sentence awarded, believing that the accused
was influenced to commit the crimes of which he stands convicted by local guerrilla
chiefs, who are the principal criminals in the affair, and that he was ignorant of the
legal consequences to himself attendant upon conviction therefor.

The sentence is confirmed, but is commuted to imprisonment at hard labor for
twenty years at the Presidio de Manila, to which point the prisoner will be sent
under proper guard.

The clemency herein exercised will not be considered as a precedent to guide or
influence the future action of the reviewing authority upon proceedings of military
commissions in cases of such gravity as the present one, and the occasion is taken
to announce that in the judicial determination of questions of guilt which involves
responsibility for the unlawful taking of human life the full rigor of the law will be
inflicted when rightfully invoked by legally constituted courts.

The foreging are the more important of a number of criminal cases
referred to military commissions for trial. Doubtless such proceed-
ings will be quite frequent in the immediate future until the country is
in a fair state of pacification, and until jurisdiction is conferred on the
civil courts to determine this class of cases.

To effect proper adjudication in matters of maritime prizes and cap-
tures resort was had to military boards. The United States never
contemplated that the use of its maritime or prize courts would ever
be nesded beyond its old territorial boundaries. Unfriendly vessels
captured by the Navy in Philippine waters were turned over at Manila
or one of the open Philippine ports to the military authorities. They
comprised vessels engaged in contraband trade, those engaged in
defrauding the public revenues, and those believed to be the property
of theenemy. Four small coasting vessels were seized and received
at Manila, and boards, each consisting of four commissioned officers,
were duly assembled to recommend what Government action should be
taken with regard to them. These boards were directed to investigate
and determine ‘‘ fully the facts connected with the submitted charges,”
to report their opinions or conclusions of law bearing upon the facts,
together with recommendations as to final disposition. They were
276 % REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

instructed to accord a fair hearing to all parties interested and were
empowered to administer oaths to witnesses brought before them.
Three of the vessels were condemned and sold at public auction, the
proceeds of sale being covered into the Treasury. The fourth vessel
was returned to the owner. In the majority of seizures these quasi
judicial proceedings were not resorted to, but fines were at once
imposed where irregularities were discovered, differing in amounts
according to the gravity of the offenses.

A determination of the validity and nature of claims made against
the government by private parties, for damages alleged to have been
suffered by reason of the act of the United States or its servants, gave
the board called on April 18, 1899, for their consideration much exact-
ing labor. In my last report I remarked that—

Sixty-four claims aggregating $605,000, Mexican, were received from residents of
southern Luzon. * * * Twenty-five claims aggregating $1,338,116, Mexican, have
been received from Iloilo. They are defectively and carelessly drawn and very
indefinite as to detail. * * * All but two of these claimants are subjects of for-
eign countries. * * * The destruction of private property as a necessary incident
of war in driving the insurgents out from defensive positions is the question involved
in most of these demands.

In April, 1899, the board asked that all claimants be directed to pre-
pare and submit their claims in accordance with certain regulations
which it recommended, and which obliged a claimant to present all
facts upon which he relied to constitute the validity of his demand.
This was done, and thereafter the board was enabled to proceed in its
work of examination with more celerity. Its conclusions on the vari-
ous demands made, though approved by the military governor, have
not been considered final, but the report of its proceedings on each
and every case is very full, and will enable any reviewing authority
to pass quickly upon the merits. These reports, soon after comple-
tion, have been forwarded to Washington, to which point doubtless
many of the interested parties will ultimately prefer their requests for
money compensation. To May 1 165 claims had been submitted to
the board. It had reported on 40 of them, and 85 awaited its consid-
eration. Forty had been returned to claimants, either upon their sub-
mitted request to withdraw the same or for the necessary revision to
make them comply with regulations governing the methods of prepara-
tion. The total aggregate of the claims submitted is nearly $2,000,000,
Mexican.

The board of officers called on January 31, 1899, to meet and confer
with a committee appointed by the acting Spanish governor-general of
the Philippines for the purpose of adjusting the affairs of the Spanish
Government in the islands, and which was directed to determine a
definite course of procedure whereby that committee could have access
to all records and documents then in possession of United States offi-
cials it might desire to consult, entered promptly upon its labors.
When called it was instructed that ‘‘ No property or records can be
delivered until the proposed treaty (Paris treaty meant) received
validity through ratification, and the board will continue its sessions
anticipating that event, when definite instructions looking to a settle-
ment of public affairs, judicial and executive, can be conveyed.” The
original members of the board were Colonel McClure, chief paymaster
of the department and corps, Major Gantenbein, of the Second Ore-
gon, and Lieutenant Hildreth, of the First North Dakota Volunteers.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 277

The exacting work required of it made an increase in membership
necessary, and on April 4 the following directions were issued:

Lieut. Col. J. A. Hull, judge-advocate, United States Volunteers, Lieut. Col. J. D.
Miley, inspector-general, United States Volunteers, and Capt. John G. Ballance,
Twenty-Second United States Infantry, are detailed as additional members of the
board of officers called in paragraph 4, poe Orders, No. 31, of January 31 last,
from these headquarters, to meet a Spanish commission appointed to bring to a set-
tlement the affairs of Spain in the Philippines and to adjust with that commission all

matters connected with thost affairs in so far as the interests of the United States
Government are concerned.

On April 23, 1899, Captain Ballance was relieved from further serv-
ice on the board, at his own request, in order to enable him to join
his regiment in the field and take command of one of its battalions.

On June 8, and at a shortly subsequent date, Major Gantenbein and
Lieutenant Hildreth were relieved from duty therewith that they
might accompany the volunteer regiments of which they were mem-
bers to the United States, and on June 28 Colonel McClure was with- °
drawn, his duties as chief paymaster of the department demanding it.
Concerning this board I remarked in my prior report:

All of the original members were sooner or later relieved and substitution made,
Lieutenant-Colonel Miley taking the place of Colonel McClure, and the former, an
officer of very marked ability, who died in September, was succeeded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Hull, of the Judge-Advocate’s Department [as president], through resulting
seniority. The duties of the board are approaching completion, and probably it can
be dissolved soon. It was found necessary to give it broad latitude of action, and
on April 22 it was empowered to administer oaths and take testimony in matters
over which it was authorized to exercise jurisdiction, either by way of investigation
or arbitrament.

The mass of work it has accomplished in effecting the settlement of
property rights between Spain and our own Government under the

aris treaty in turning over to the former such public pe and
delivering to her that portion of the Philippine records which have been
heaped up in the public archives during the past three hundred years,
as she was autitied to receive under the stipulations of the treaty, can
be only approximately estimated when the efforts of the Spanish com-
mittee of liquidation to obtain possession of all property possible under
its unadmitted construction of treaty agreements, the wide extent of
territory over which the property was scattered, and the war conditions
which prevailed throughout the islands during the period of settlement,
are taken into consideration. Both the United States and Spanish
boards were represented by able counsel, the former by a Filipino
lawyer of ripe practical experience in Philippine public affairs. The
correspondence to which the business gave rise was voluminous, and
the many special decisions rendered to meet constantly recurring ques-
tions involving title to certain public moneys, property, and documents,
and to fix the constitution of claims of individuals who looked to the
seized funds in the public treasury from which to obtain payment, were
very frequent.

This Spanish ‘‘committee of liquidation,” so termed, took cogni-
zance of strictly civil matters only. Spain looked to the senior officers
ot her army and nayy quartered in Manila to effect the proper adjust-
ment of affairs pertaining to those two branches of her executive
departments. Our board, therefore, in its settlement with Spain, had
to treat, with three of her commissions, each of which was separate
and independent of the others, and after provisional military recogni-
278 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

tion was granted to her newly arriving consular representative, vir-
tually with four. Members of her army held by the insurgents as
ener of war whom we released, and her army property, were

elivered to the resident general officer of her army; her naval pris-
oners and property were delivered to the senior naval officer present;
while all Spanish officers of a civil character whom we rescued from
the insurgents, and all property of her former civil departments in
our possession to which she was entitled, were turned over to the
“committee of liquidation.” These different and independent sources
of Spanish official action made the labors of our board and the busi-
ness connected with it much more onerous.

We had returned to Spain all Spanish prisoners of war surrendered
on the capitulation of Manila. Shortly thereafter those escaping and
rescued from the insurgents began to arrive in the city, and their™
representatives contended that by the sixth article of the Paris treaty
. the United States was obligated to return them at its expense to their
homes in the Peninsula. The argument advanced was that such of
these prisoners as were released through our efforts, but not those
escaping without our aid, were entitled to this transportation, because
the United States had promised in the treaty to transport at its own
cost ‘‘ prisoners released or caused to be released,” etc. The substance
of the reply made to this demand was that the United States obligated
itself to use its good offices to secure from the insurgents, then the
rebellious subjects of Spain, with whom she was at peace, the release
of Spaniards held by them in captivity and to return to Spain those
whose release she could thus secure; that she never promised to fight
to release them, nor was hostility with those Spanish subjects antici-
pated when the treaty was entered into; that certainly as she was not
obligated to fight for them and was not holden for home transportation
in case of their escape into our military lines, she could not be made
responsible for such transportation if she liberated them as an incident
of war, kindly subsisting and forwarding them to Manila; that if the
argument of the representatives of Spain was tenable, the interests of
the United States dictated that she make no special effort to secure them,
but leave them to escape as best they might.

However, the very liberal policy which the United States had pre-
viously practiced in all of its dealings with Spain was continued, and
these prisoners, to the number of about 5,000, were shipped to Barce-
lona at United States expense by our Quartermaster’s Department.
This number included not only the members of Spain’s army and
navy, but also the released captives who exercised public civil func-
tions at the time they were captured by the insurgents, even extending
to members of the religious orders, who, in the islands, combined public
jay duties with those pertaining to the established church.

Nearly all business connected with the Philippine exchange of sov-
ereignty, in so far as concerned delivery of records and property, was
concluded prior to April 1. The Spanish army authorities called for
the return of ordnance (especially the many pieces of artillery) which
they had lost to the insurgents and had been captured from the latter
by our troops. That portion of it asked for which had been taken in
Luzon, in Panay, and in southern Mindanao had already been returned.
That seized by us later was made the subject of request for surrender,
and the request was still pending the early part of May. A question,
too, involving the ownership of a partly constructed railway and a
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 279

considerable quantity of railway material stored at Iigan, Mindanao,
the shore terminus of the road, was under consideration. Spain
claimed that all expenditures connected with this road and material
were drawn from its army funds and hence should be surrendered
under the treaty agreements. The United States military govern-
ment contended that the property by the Spanish law was realty, and
not the subject of surrender any more than the forts and arsenals.
What later action has been taken in the matter Iam not informed.
As stated on page 225 of this report, the Spanish authorities had sold
the railroad and material to a private party, but its removal by the
purchaser had not been permitted. Under United States law the road
might be held as realty, but the unused material as personalty and
given up. \

In compliance with the general instructions received from Washing-
ton to extend to the Filipino people all measures of individual liberty
possible, and the exercise of such political privileges as they could
safely be entrusted with, thus preparing them to take supervision of
their public affairs and conduct self-government, military control was
relaxed and released in many particulars, and as rapidly as existin
circumstances warranted. The civil courts were reestablished an
their criminal jurisdiction extended beyond the limits which Spain
had permitted, that individual liberty might be secured. Spain’s gov-
ernment in the islands, commonly supposed to be to a considerable
extent civil in character, was in fact not far removed from a military
despotism. Nearly all territory was placed under the immediate
authority of army or navy officers, who forced from the inhabitants
compliance with decrees and military orders by their troops or mili-
tary police. The nineteen civil provinces of Luzon enjoyed civil gov-
ernment in name only, and their inhabitants had no greater individual
privileges than those accorded to the people dwelling within the many
military provinces of that island. Now, by the amendments of former
Spanish rules which had been introduced, the inhabitant who was
charged with a criminal misdemeanor was entitled to a fair and open
trial on written complaint or information, to be confronted by his
accusers, to the writ of habeas corpus, to be admitted to bail, to the
privilege of appeal, to be assigned counsel, to be considered innocent
until legally declared guilty—the same as one of the most favored
citizens of the United States. It remained to give him such political
functions or privileges as he was capable of exercising. To what
extent they could be granted depended upon his intelligence, integrity,
and wishes.

Another preliminary and very important consideration was to deter-
mine what particular form of government was best suited for towns
and cities and possibly for provinces, their condition and the prac-
tices and tendencies of the inhabitants being considered. The native
who possessed property, or who had taken any part or interest in the
general affairs of the barrio in which he was domiciled, had some
practical knowledge of municipal matters and the manner in which
they had been conducted. The Spanish municipal governments were
to a certain extent a development of the former family, clan, or tribal
village customs, although, by a burdensome taxation which the general
government imposed upon industries of every character, they failed to
satisfy the people. But the people knew nothing else, and had no
conception of civil liberty in the abstract, in so far as their individual
280 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

rights and the duties they owed to the State were concerned, as was
quite satisfactorily shown by the labors of Mabini, Aguinaldo’s chief
adviser, in his efforts to introduce municipal reforms. They, too,
were politically corrupt, however honest their intentions in private
business dealings, and office was valued more for the illegal pecuniary
gains to be derived from it than on account of the personal promi-
nence it conferred. The question presented in creatin ee gov-
ernments was whether those of the character or those having the main
attributes of the formerly existing ones could be so constructed as to
be susceptible of expansion'in the proper direction. The people under-
stood and desired them, and the municipio must be the basis whereon
to build the fabric of a general centralized government which would
insure the liberty of the citizens and the welfare of the subjects.

As d temporary measure we had established simple local govern-
ments, under military supervisory restrictions, in the towns and cities
of the several provinces of the islands, with the exception of Manila,
very soon after our troops occupied them, adopting the forms and the
principal sources of revenue for strictly municipal support which
were in vogue under Spanish domination. The order directing this
was published on August 8, 1899, and required the senior officer pres-
ent with the troops to put its provisions in force, the last of which
recited that those provisions were ‘‘tentative in character and subject
to amendment by enlargement or curtailment as special conditions or
developments may make necessary.” The order merely announced a
crude plan by which the essential forms of a municipal government
‘might be exercised and revenue obtained for the purpose—all under
the supervisory charge of the senior military officer present. The
plan worked fairly well, under the conditions then prevailing, in pre-
serving the peace of communities, in punishing criminals, in furnish-
ing money for the enforcement of sanitary measures, and the estab-
lishment of a few primary schools. But for the larger towns it was
little else than an adjunct in military control, although the inhabitants
had a voice (subject to military veto) in the election of their agents,
by whom the plan was carried out. ;

It was now proposed to give the people enlarged privileges in the
management of their local affairs, to bestow upon them as much
authority as it was believed they could exercise properly and as the
safety of the established government would permit. An intimate
practical knowledge of their capacities, virtues, iniquities, and politi-
cal tendencies was essential to formulate wisely, and this no one con-
nected with the army possessed. The advice and assistance of Chief
Justice Arellano and Attorney-General Torres, men who thoroughly
understood native character and knew Philippine social conditions by
intuitive perception and lifelong association, was requested. They
consented to serve as members of a board to be called to take the sub-
ject under consideration, and the following orders were issued:

GENERAL ORDERS, OrFicE oF THE U.S. Miuitary Governor
Ix THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 18. Manila, P. I, January 29, 1900.

It being necessary and expedient at the present time to develop the abridged form
of municipal government announced in General Orders, No. 48, of August 8 last, from
the Headquarters of the Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, and pre-
scribed to meet the temporary requirements of towns of the Philippines which should
be rescued from the control of armed insurgents, a labor which under present cir-
v

REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. i 281

cumstances requires careful consideration and mature deliberation, and in which the
chief justice of the supreme court and the attorney-general of the islands have, upon
request, consented to render assistance, a board is hereby called to take the subject
under advisement and deliberation and to formulate and report as soon as practica-
ble a plan of municipal government which shall contain all necessary features to
meet ain and which shall be as liberalin character as existing conditions
permit. 2

Detail for the board: His honor, Cayetano Arellano, president of the audiencia;
the Hon. Don Florentino Torres, attorney-general of the islantls; Lieut. Col. E. H.
Crowder, Thirty-ninth Infantry, associate justice of the civil branch of the audiencia;
Hon. R. W. Young, associate justice of the criminal branch of the audiencia; Lieut.
Col. T. R. Hamer, Thirty-seventh Infantry, associate justice of the criminal branch
of the audiencia.

By command of Major-General Otis:

Tuomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

The board labored earnestly for two months and the results of its
labors are contained in orders promulgated on March 29, 1900, which
are set out below in their entirety.

GENERAL ORDERS, Orricr oF THE U. S. Mittary Governor
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 40. Manila, P. I, March 29, 1900.

The board of which his honor Don Cayetano Arellano, chief justice of the Philip-
ines, is president, and which was called in General Orders, No. 18, of January 29
ast, from this office to submit a form of municipal government for such of the muni-
cipios of the islands as are prepared to adopt representative control over their own
civil affairs, and which may become applicable to others as soon as they demonstrate
a fitness for self-administration, having reported a plan of government which meets
existing conditions, the same is approved and will receive practical application in
accordance With the mode of procedure therein outlined.

It is with great satisfaction that the United States authorities, in consonance with
former promises, promulgates in this order the law by which the municipalities of the
towns of the Philippines are to be established and governed in the future. The law
is inspired by a genuinely liberal spirit and the principles of autonomous government.
It isin itself educating. It is calculated to urge on the people in the path of true
progress, if they are desirous to understand their duties as free citizens and make
legitimate use of their privileges.

For the first time the Philippine people are to exercise the right of suffrage in the
election of municipal officers—a right only slightly restricted by conditions which
have been imposed for the purpose of rewarding as well as encouraging the people
in their just and natural aspirations to become educated, and worthy to enjoy all the
benefits of civilization.

With the new municipalities, a really autonomous and decentralized municipal gov-
ernment will be established in the towns, since no provincial assembly is created in the
capitals of the provinces or districts, and each municipality is the legitimate adminis-
trator of the interests of its town, and will keep, preserve. and expend for the public
welfare the municipal funds. The intervention which has been bestowed upon the
governors of provinces, or the supreme island authorities, is in the interest of the
towns themselves, as well as of the country in general, because supervision and watch-
fulness are always indispensable to prevent transgressions of the law, and the harm
consequent tpon a noncompliance with its precepts. It will be noted also that the
ample powers given the alcalde (the representative of the executive power) to punish
and repress misdemeanors and infringements of a governmental or administrative
character, provide that before a penalty or correction can be applied the accused
must be heard, and allowed to submit evidence in his behalf—a proceeding hereto-
fore unknown in these islands.

A reading of the provisions of the law clearly demonstrates the purposes, tenden-
cies, and beneficent intentions of the United States Government. Naturally, it is
impossible to frame legal provisions which are perfect, but these are susceptible of
future improvement in order that they may meet future necessities and keep pace
with the development in political knowledge of the Philippine people,. with whom
now rests the creation of municipalities which shall faithfully administer their inter-
ests and protect their rights and liberties. Their action is limited by the law solely
by a desire to establish prudential measures for the common welfare, such as appear
—_

282 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

to be necessary to secure the prosperity and the moral and material advancement of
the country. And if, notwithstanding the prudent foresight of the United States
Government as herein expressed, errors should occur and abuses should be commit-
ted by the municipalities in the management of their interests, the abuses will be
strongly repressed in accordance with the penal law, and responsibility for errors
committed must be charged to the electors, who, it is to be hoped, after having seen
that they have chosen incompetent or unworthy officers, will endeavor to exercise
the elective franchise more wisely in the future. By such a course of action they
will demonstrate that they possess the qualifications necessary to free citizenship ;
that they have a clear idea of their rights and liberties; that they know how to guard
ae common interests, and that they honestly desire the progress and happiness of
the country.

The dalle wing are the provisions of law (subdivided into chapters and articles)
which have been determined upon and which will be carried into execution as rap-
idly as practicable:

CHAPTER ONE.
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION.

ARTICLE 1. The towns of the Philippine Islands shall be recognized as municipal
corporations, with the same limits as heretofore established, upon reorganizing under
the provisions of this order.

All property vested in any town under its former organization shall be vested in
the same town upon becoming incorporated hereunder.

Art. 2. Towns so incorporated shall be designated as ‘‘ municipios,”’ and shall be
known respectively by the names heretofore adopted. Under such names they may,
without further authority, sue and be sued, contract and be contracted with, acquire
and hold real and personal property for the general interest of the town, and exer-
cise all the powers hereinafter conferred.

The city of Manila is exempt from the provisions of this order.

Arr, 3. The municipal government of each town is hereby vested in an alcalde
and a municipal council. The alcalde and councilors, together with the municipal
lieutenant, shall be chosen at large by the qualified electors of the town, and their
term of office shall be for two years from and after the first Monday in January next
after their election and until their successors are duly chosen and qualified: Provided,
That the alcalde and municipal lieutenant elected in 1900 shall hold office until the
first Monday in January, 1902, only; and that the councilors elected in 1900 shall
divide themselves by lot into two classes; the seats of those of the first class shall be
vacated on the first Monday of January, 1901, and those of the second class one year
thereafter, so that one-half of the municipal council shall be chosen annually.

Art. 4. Incorporated towns shall be of four classes, according to the number of
inhabitants. Towns of the first class shall be those which contain not less than
25,000 inhabitants, and shall have eighteen councilors; of the second class, those con-
taining 18,000 and less than 25,000 inhabitants, and shall have fourteen councilors;
of the third class, those containing 10,000 and less than 18,000 inhabitants, and shall
have ten councilors; of the fourth class, those containing less than 10,000 inhabitants
and shall haye eight councilors. Towns of less than 2,000 inhabitants may incor-
porate under the provisions of this order, or may, upon petition to the provincial
governor, signed by a majority of the qualified electors thereof, be attached as a
barrio to an adjacent and incorporated town, if the council of the latter consents.

CHAPTER Two. .
ELECTIONS.

Art, 5. The electors charged with the duty of choosing elective municipal officers
must be male persons, 23 years of age or over, who have had a legal residence in the
town in which they exercise the suffrage for a period of six months immediately pre-
ceding the election, and who are not citizens or subjects of any foreign power, and
who are comprised within one of the following three classes:

1. Those who, prior to the 13th of August, 1898, held the office of municipal cap-
tain, gobernadorcillo, lieutenant, or cabeza de Barangay.

2. Those who annually pay 30 pesos or more of the established taxes.

8. Those who speak, read, and write English or Spanish.

Art, 6. Each elector shall, before casting his ballot, take and subscribe the follow-
ing elector’s oath, which shall be administered by the municipal secretary.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 283

Elector’s oath.

 

 

I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am a male resident of the
town of in the ; and shall have resided therein for the period of six
months next preceding the next municipal election; that at the date of such election
I shall be —— years of age; that I am not a subject or citizen of any foreign power;
that I, , and in all respects shall be entitled to vote therein at the next
election for municipal officers; furthermore, that I recognize and accept the supreme
authority of the United States of America, and will maintain true faith and allegi-
ance thereto; that I will obey the laws, legal orders, and decrees duly promulgated
by its authority; and that I impose upon myself this obligation voluntarily and with-
out mental reservation or purpose of evasion, so help me God.

[Signature of the elector.]

Subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me this —— day of , 1900.
[Signature of municipal secretary. ]

Art. 7. The following persons, although they may possess the qualifications
required in article 5, shall be disqualified from voting: Defendants in criminal cases
pending trial; those who have been gubernatively corrected three or more times for
misconduct; those who have been subjected to corporal punishment or disqualifica-
tion; those who are subject to civil interdiction or to the vigilance of the authorities
through sentence of a court of justice; debtors to any municipal, provincial or treas-
ury fund; those who have contracts with the municipal council to be finished within
the nounicipal term; those who have a suit with the municipality to which they
belong; and insane and feeble-minded persons.

Art. 8. General municipal elections (except the first, for which special provision
is hereinafter made) shall be held on the first Tuesday in December of each year,
and the officers elected thereat shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of
January following. In order to provide properly for municipal elections, the alcalde,
during the first five days of the month next preceding the month in which any gen-
eral election is to be held, shall prepare and cause to be posted a proclamation in
triplicate, specifying the place where and the hours during which the election shall
be held, and notifying all persons qualified as electors to appear before the municipal
secretary during the first fifteen days of the month in which the proclamation is
dated, for the purpose of taking the elector’s oath. It shall be the duty of the sec-
retary, and he is empowered to administer the oaths, but without fee. One of the
copies of the proclamation shall be posted at the door of the municipal building, and
the other two at other public and conspicuous places within the town. Between the
15th and 20th days of the month the alcalde shall prepare from the oaths thus taken
in duplicate, and cause to be posted, as hereinbefore prescribed, the lists of the quali-
fied electors, alphabetically arranged according to surnames, and shall accompany
such lists with a notice specifying a term of five days prior to the election, in which
any qualified elector may demand his enrollment in said list, or the exclusion there-
from of the name of any person not having the right to vote, which demand shall
be made to the alcalde, and shall be determined by the alcalde, the municipal
lieutenant, and the attorney sitting as a board for the purpose.

Special elections shall be held on the fourth Tuesday succeeding the call for the
same; the calling and holding of such elections shall conform in all respects, as
nearly as may be, to the requirements of this order. a

Arr. 9. Municipal elections shall be held in the house of the municipality, and
shall be presided over by a board of election judges consisting of three qualified
electors not holding municipal office nor being candidates therefor, who, together
with two tellers, possessing like qualifications, shall be designated in writing prior to
the day of election, by a majority vote of a board consisting of those members of the
municipal council who have the longest unexpired terms of office. The senior mem-
ber of the board of judges shall act as its chairman. In case of the absence at the
election of any member of the board of judges or of a teller, or their disqualification
at any stage of the election, the vacancy or vacancies shall be immediately filled by
a majority vote of the entire number of the remaining election judges and tellers.

Arr. 10. The election shall be by secret ballot; each ballot shall contain the
names of the persons voted for and the offices for which they are respectively pro-
posed. No person shall be deemed elected to any office unless he shall have received
a plurality of the votes cast for said office.

Arr. 11. Immediately after the close of the election, the ballots shall be canvassed
by the board and a certificate of the result of the polling shall be prepared in dupli-
cate and signed by the members of the board and by the tellers. Duplicates con”
taining the additional statement that a term of three days is granted in which any

 

 

 

 

 
284 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

resident of the town can present to the board, or to the chairman thereof, in writing,
such objections as he may deem just and legal against those declared elected, hall
be prepared by the bear: and posted, one on the door of the municipal building,
and the other in the square or market place of the town.

On the day following said term of three days, a duplicate of the election certifi-
cate with the original electors’ oaths and the objections made, if any, shall be sent
by the chairman of the board to the governor of the province. If the governor
find the election legal, he shall, within three days after the receipt of said documents,
direct the newly elected officers to qualify and enter upon their duties on the day
fixed by this order. If, upon examining the aforesaid documents, the governor
determines that there has been an illegality committed in said election, affecting the
validity thereof, in whole or in part, he may order a special election to fill the
offices affected, or take such other and further action as he may deem expedient.

Art. 12. In case of the absence of the alcalde, or temporary inability to discharge
his duties, the municipal lieutenant shall assume his office. In like manner the
municipal attorney will substitute the municipal lieutenant. In case of a vacancy in
the office of alealde, the provincial governor shall appoint a successor. A vacancy
in the office of municipal lieutenant or among the councilors will be filled by the
municipal council from among the residents of the town having the qualifications
specified in article 13. Persons thus substituted as alcalde, municipal lieutenant, or
councilor shall serve only for the unexpired term for which selected and until their
successors have been chosen.

CHAPTER THREE.
OFFICKRS—THEIR QUALIFICATIONS AND DUTIES.

Arr. 13. An alcalde, municipal lieutenant, or councilor must have the following
qualifications:

1. He must be a duly qualified elector of the municipality in which he is a candi-
date, of 26 years of age or over, and have had a legal residence therein for at least
one year prior to the date of election.

2. He must correctly speak, read,and write either the English language or the
local dialect.

Arr. 14. In no case can there be elected or appointed to municpal office ecclesias-
tics, soldiers in active service, persons receiving salary from municipal, provincial,
or government funds; debtors to said funds, whatever the class of said funds; con-
tractors of public works and their bondsmen; clerks and functionaries of the admin-
istration or government while in said capacity; bankrupts until discharged, or insane
or feeble-minded persons.

Art. 15. Each and every person elected or appointed to a municipal office under
the provisions of this order shall, before entering upon the duties thereof, take and
subscribe before the alcalde or town secretary the following oath of office:

 

 

 

 

 

Oath of office.
I, ——, having been as of the municipio of —, in the
province of , do solemnly swear that I have the prescribed qualifications to

bold office in said town; that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the
United States of America and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; that I
will obey the laws, legal orders, and decrees promulgated by its duly constituted
authorities; that I impose upon myself this obligation voluntarily, without mental
reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the
duties of the office upon which | am about to enter. So help me God.

[Signature of officer. ]

Subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me this —— day of , 19—.
[Signature of alcalde or municipal secretary. ]

 

Art, 16. Every municipal officer nb with the duty of collecting taxes and
the custody of municipal funds shall, before entering upon the duties of his office,
execute a bond, with good and sufficient sureties to be approved by the alcalde, pay-
able to the town, in such penal sum as may be directed by ordinance or resolution,
conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of the office and the payment
of all moneys received by such officers for and in behalf of said town. The bond
of the treasurer shall be fixed at a sum not less than the estimated amount of the
aggregate taxes for the current year.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 285

Ant. 17. The alcade shall be the chief executive of the town, and is empowered
to delegate to the municipal lieutenant the performance of subordinate administra-
tive duties.

Art. 18. The alcalde shall pena at all meetings of the municipal council, but
shall not vote except in case of a tie, when he shall give the casting vote.

Arr. 19. The alcalde has power—

1. To appoint, by and with consent of the council, all nonelective municipal offi-
cers and employees that may be provided for by law or ordinance, and at any time,
for cause, to suspend or discharge the same.

2, To cause the ordinances of the town to be executed; to supervise the discharge
of official duties by all subordinates; and to perform all other duties which may be
prescribed by ordinance or law.

3. To recommend to the municipal council, at any time, such measures connected
with the public health, cleanliness, or ornament of the town, or with the improve-
ment of the government and finances thereof, as he may deem expedient.

4, To approve ordinances adopted by the municipal council, such approval being
necessary to the validity of the ordinance.

5. To issue orders relative to the city or rural police or to public safety, or for the
purpose of avoiding conflagrations, floods, and the effects of storms or other public
calamities.

6. To draw warrants on the town treasury for legitimate payments authorized by
the council.

7. To exact the punctual payment of taxes.

8. With the assistance of the municipal attorney, one councilor, and one secretary,
to hold such public auctions as may be authorized by the municipal council, and to
preside thereat.

9. After due trial, in which the accused and his witnesses shall be heard, to punish
violations of municipal ordinances and regulations, either by admonition, disciplinary
punishment, or fine and imprisonment, as provided in paragraph 14 of article 33:
Provided, That the jurisdiction conferred by this paragraph may at the discretion of
the alcalde, and upon his authorization in writing, be exercised by the municipal
lieutenant. Such fines shall be paid in coin and shall be covered into the town
treasury by the alcalde.

10. To examine and inspect the books, records, and papers of any officer or agent
employed by the town.

11. To sign the journals of the municipal council.

Art. 20. The office of the municipal attorney shall be filled by a lawyer, if there
shall be one in the municipality, or, in default of a lawyer, by the person best qual-
ified for the office. He shall be the regulation substitute of the municipal lieutenant,
and must attend to all suits and matters and things in which the town may be legally
interested; and must give his advice or opinion In writing whenever required by the
alcalde or municipal council. He shall act as censor of the minutes of the sessions
of the municipal council and ali other documents drafted or decreed by the munici-
pality. He shall attend all sessions of the council, but shall have no vote therein.
He shall also do and perform all such things touching his office as may be required
by ordinance or by the council.

Arr. 21. The municipal secretary shall keep his office at the place of meeting of
the municipal council, or at some place convenient thereto, as the council may direct.
He is clerk of the municipal council, whose meetings it shall be his duty to attend,
and he must keep the journal of the proceedings thereof, and all records and acts of
the town, and must countersign all warrants ordered by the council to be drawn on
the town treasury, and do such other things as the municipal council may by ordi-
nance provide.

Art. 22. The treasurer shall receive all moneys that come to the town from
any source, keep a detailed account thereof, and pay the same out only on the order
of the council upon the warrant of the alcalde, countersigned by the secretary, and
do and perform all such other acts as are prescribed for him by ordinance. He must,
on the first day of each month, make out and present to the alcalde a full and com-
plete statement of the receipts and expenditures of the preceding month, copies of
which statement the alcalde must cause to be posted in at least two public and con-
spicuous places within the town.

Arr. 23. The treasurer shall give to every person paying money to the town treas-
ury a receipt therefor, witnessed by at least one disinterested person, specifying the
date of payment, and upon what account paid; and he shall immediately file a
duplicate of said receipt with the alcalde. bec ‘ :

Arr. 24. All warrants for the payment of money shall be paid in the order in which
they shall be presented and the treasurer shall note on the back of each warrant
286 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

peed to him the date of such presentation, and when payment is made the
ate of such payment: Provided, That any such warrant shall be paid by the treasurer
upon the presentation, in case a sufficient amount of money shall remain in the
treasury to pay all warrants previously issued.

Arr. 25. The treasurer shall keep all moneys belonging to the towns separate and
distinct from his own money; nor shall he be permitted to make profit out of public
money or use the same for any purpose not authorized by law.

Art. 26. The duties, powers, and privileges of officers in any way connected with
the town government not herein prescribed shall be defined by the municipal coun-
cil, and the defining by this order of the duties of town officers shall not preclude
the municipal council from defining by ordinance further and additional duties to be
performed by any such officer.

Art. 27. The offices of the municipal lieutenant and councilor are honorary and
gratuitous. The offices of the alcalde, municipal attorney, and municipal treasurer
shall be compensated, the salaries being fixed, as in the case of other compensated
municipal offices, by the council, as the resources of the corporation will justify, but
shall not exceed in case of corporations of the first class, for alcalde, 1,200 pesos;
for municipal attorney, 1,000 pesos, and municipal treasurer, 800 pesos; for other
class of corporations the salaries for these offices shall not exceed, for those of the
second class, 1,000, 800, and 600 pesos, respectively; for those of the third class, 800,
600, and 400 pesos respectively, and for those of the fourth class, 600, 400, and 200
pesos respectively. The salary of the alcalde, during the period he is substituted by
the municipal lieutenant, shall be drawn by the latter. The discharge of the duties
of alcalde, municipal lieutenant, and councilor is obligatory for the term of two
years, and no exemption shall be admitted unless claimed before election and men-
tioned in thisorder. A second reelection to any municipal office is prohibited except
after two years.

Art. 28. The following persons may be excused from discharging the duties of
alcalde, lieutenant, and councilor upon written demand made to the municipal sec-
retary prior to the date of election:

1. Those who are or shall be over 62 years of age at date of election.

2. Those physically disabled.

3. Those who have discharged the same duties for two previous terms.

Art. 29. The term of office of all appointive officers shall be until the end of the
pete of the alcalde appointing them, unless sooner removed as provided in this
order.

Art. 30. Every officer of the municipality shall, at the expiration of his term,
deliver to his successor in office all properties, books, and effects of every descrip-
tion in his possession belonging to the town or pertaining to the said office. Upon
his refusal to do so he shall be liable for all damages caused thereby and to such pen-
alties as may be by ordinance prescribed. .

Art. 31. No officer shall be directly or indirectly interested in any contract, work,
or business of the municipality, nor in the purchase of any real estate or any other
property belonging to the corporation.

Art. 32. If any town officer, at any time during his term of office, shall remove
his residence from the limits of the municipality his office shall thereby become
vacant. j

CHAPTER FOUR.
THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL.

Art. 33. The municipal council has power—

1. To create the offices of municipal attorney, treasurer, secretary, and such other
offices as may be necessary, and to prescribe their duties.

2. To establish and fix the salaries of town officers and employees and also to pre-
scribe official fees when allowed by law, causing a list of the same to be posted in
like manner with ordinances, subject to the limitations expressed in article 40.

3. To manage the finances and property of the town.

4. To regulate the streets, sidewalks, wharfs, and piers in the town, and the use
thereof, and to prevent and remove obstacles and encroachments upon the same.

5. To establish or authorize slaughterhouses and markets, and regulate the same.

6. To provide for lighting, sprinkling, and cleaning the town.

7. To provide for licensing every business not prohibited by law and to fix the
amount of license tax for the same.

8. To regulate the keeping and use of animals.

9. To suppress games of chance, gambling houses, disorderly houses, nuisances of
every description, and all kinds of vice and immorality.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 287

_ 10. To prohibit the burial of the dead within the town except in such places and
in such manner as the council may determine. ‘

li. To establish and regulate a police department, and maintain and regulate
municipal prisons.

12. To establish and regulate a fire department.

18. To establish and maintain schools.

14. To impose penalties for violation of ordinances; but no single penalty must
exceed a fine of 125 poe or imprisonment for fifteen days, or both; imprisonment
shall be imposed in lieu of unpaid fines at the rate of one day’s imprisonment for
each peso of the fine.

15. To require any land or building to be cleansed at the expense of the owner or
occupant, and upon their default to have the work done and to assess the expense
upon the land and building.

16. To adopt measures to prevent the introduction and spreading of disease.

17. To levy and collect taxes as hereinafter provided.

_ 18. To establish, alter, extend, grade, pave, or otherwise improve streets, alleys,
sidewalks, or public grounds, and to vacate the same.

19. To make appropriations for lawful town expenditures.

20. To make such provisions for the care of the poor and the sick as it may deem
necessary.

21. To purchase, receive, hold, sell, lease, convey and dispose of property, real
and personal, for the benefit of the town: Provided, That the express authorization
the governor of the islands shall be necessary to alienate or constitute any lien upon
any real property of the town. :

22. To erect all needful buildings for the use of the town.

23. To construct and maintain waterworks for the purpose of supplying the
inhabitants with water; and to control the water and water courses within the town.

24, To regulate and prevent the throwing or depositing of dirt, garbage, or any
offensive matter in any street, alley, park, or public era

25. To regulate the numbering of houses and lots.

a oe name streets, avenues, and other public places and to change the names
ereof.

oo te construct and keep in repair bridges and viaducts and to regulate the use

thereof.

28. To construct and keep in repair public drains, sewers and cesspools, and to
regulate the construction and use of private plumbing, sewers, drains and cesspools.

29. To license and regulate the manufacturing, selling, giving away, or disposing
in any manner of any intoxicating malt, vinous, mixed, or fermented liquor, and to
determine the amount to be paid for such licenses.

30. To prohibit and punish the keeping or visiting of any place where opium is
smoked or sold for the purpose of smoking. ‘

31. To provide for and regulate the inspection of meats, fruits, poultry, milk, fish,
vegetables, and all other provisions.

32. To provide for the inspection and sealing of weights and measures, and to
enforce the keeping of the proper weights and measures by vendors.

33. To prevent intoxication, fighting, gambling, and all disorderly conduct; to
restrain riots, disturbances, or disorderly assemblies.

34. To arrest, fine, or set to work on the streets or elsewhere all vagrants and per-
oe found in the town without visible means of support or some legitimate

usiness.

35. To provide for the punishment of mendicants, common prostitutes, or habitual
disturbers of the peace.

36. To prohibit cruelty to animals.

37. To regulate the establishment and to provide for the inspection of steam
boilers.

38. To regulate or prohibit the running at large of animals within the limits of the
town.

39. To license, tax, regulate or prohibit the keeping of dogs, and authorize the
destruction of the same, when at large contrary to ordinance.

40. In its discretion to divide the town into districts for taxation and administra-
tive purposes, and to appoint one or more councilors for the inspection and supervi-
sion of the same. ;

41. To establish a post-office and provide for the collection and delivery of mails;
but such regulations must be in harmony with the postal service and rules estab-
lished by the general government. x

42. To make such ordinances and regulations, not repugnant to law, as may be
necessary to carry into effect and discharge the powers and duties conferred by this
288 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

order, and such as shall seem necessary and proper to provide for the health and
safety, promote the prosperity, improve the morals, peace, good order, comfort, and
convenience of the town and the inhabitants thereof and for the protection of
property therein; and to enforce obedience thereto with such lawful fines or penalties
as the municipal council may prescribe under the provisions of subdivision 14 of
this article.

Art. 34. The municipal council shall, at the beginning of each year, by a majority
vote of the entire council, resolve itself into committees to take charge of the police,
health, plantations, irrigation, live stock, public works, roads, schools, and other
municipal affairs.

Art. 35. The majority of the council elected shall constitute a quorum to do busi-
ness, but a smaller number may adjourn from time to time and may compel the
attendance of absentees under such penalties as may be prescribed by ordinance.

Art. 36. The municipal council shall prescribe the time and place of holding its
meetings: Provided, That at least one méeting shall be held each week.

The alcalde or any two members of the council may call a special meeting by giv-
ing a written notice of it to each of the members of the council, which notice shall
be served personally or left at his usual place of abode.

Art. 37. The sessions or meetings of the municipal council shall be public, and the
person presiding has authority to exact from all present due respect and proper
deportment, to prevent disturbances and disorder, and to order the room cleared of
any or all present who give reason for such action by improper behavior. The
council may decide to hold sessions with closed doors if the nature of the business in
hand requires such action.

Art. 38. The municipal council shall determine its own rules of procedure, punish
its members for disorderly conduct, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the
members, the council may suspend or expel a member for cause.

Art. 39. The council shall keep a journal of its own proceedings. The ayes and
nays shall be taken upon the passage of all ordinances and all propositions to create
any liability against the town, or at the request of any member, and shall be entered
upon the journal. The concurrence of the majority of the members of the municipal
council shall be necessary to the passage of any ordinance or of any proposition
creating indebtedness; other measures, except as otherwise specially provided in this
order or by due authority, shall prevail upon the majority vote of the members
present at any meeting duly called and held.

Art. 40. All ordinances, before taking effect, shall be posted within the town in at
least two public places, and shall go into effect on the tenth day after posting the
same, unlevs the ordinance shall provide that it shall take effect at an earlier or later
date: Provided, That no ordinance creating a municipal office or prescribing the com-
pensation thereof shall take effect until it has been sopraverl by the provincial
governor.

Art. 41. Questions which may arise relative to the constitution or attributes of the
municipal government shall be submitted to the military governor for decision
through the provincial governor, with the recommendations of the latter.

‘
CHAPTER FIveE.
TAXATION AND FINANCES.

Art. 42. The revenues of the towns, which shall be devoted exclusively to local
public purposes, shall be derived from the following sources:

. Fisheries.

. Certificates of ownership of large cattle.

. Certificates of transfers of title.

Rents and profits from city and country property belonging to the town.

. Billiard tables.

. Theatrical performances and horse races.

Markets.

. Slaughterhouses.

. Tollbridges, ferries, and fords.

10. Stabling of animals.

11. Tax for lighting and cleaning.

12. Municipal fines. ‘

13. Bathing establishments in public waters.

14. Professional or specia] institutions of instruction.

15. Licenses to erect buildings, and other licenses allotted to municipalities by

CO CO NID OR Co DOE
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 289

16. Public carriages and those used in funerals, and carts used for the transporta-
tion of freight, within the limits of the towns.

17. Issuing of certified copies of resolutions or of documents on file in the munici-
pal archives.

18. The sale of spirituous or fermented drinks, either in permanent establish-
ments, by peddlers, or by the manufacturers thereof.

19. Cafés, restaurants, hotels, inns, lodging houses, and other similar establishments.

20. The stamping and restamping of weights and measures.

21. Carriages, carts, and horses.

22. Municipal cemeteries.

23. Road or street tax.

24. Other taxes which may be imposed,. according to the requirements and condi-
tions of each town.

25. A general division among all residents and property owners, in proportion to
the means and resources of each, to cover the expenses of the service of the munici-
pality or of such part thereof as is not provided for by receipts from the preceding
sources. :

Art. 43. Rates of taxation imposed by the municipal council upon industries pay-
ing industrial taxes to the general government shall not exceed 25 per cent of such
industrial taxes.

Art. 44. Rates of taxation shall be fixed by ordinance and may be changed from
time to time as the council may deem proper, but ordinances imposing taxes under
subdivisions 24 and 25 of article 42, or changes therein, before taking effect, shall be
submitted to the governor of the islands for his action through the provincial gov-
ernor, with the recommendations of the latter.

In levying taxes the council shall endeavor to provide for sufficient revenue to cover
the estimated annual expenses of the town.

Arr. 45. During the month of January of each year the council shall cause to be
made a report giving:

1. An inventory of all buildings, lands, and other property, real and personal,
belonging to the municipality.

2. An itemized estimate of the revenues of the town from all sources during the
current year, with a statement opposite each item of the amount realized from that
source during the last preceding year.

3. An itemized estimate of the ordinary expenses of the town for the current year,
with a statement opposite each item of the corresponding expenditures for the last
preceding year. The estimated ordinary expenses must not exceed the estimated
resources. This estimate shall include a statement of outstanding indebtedness, if
such exists.

4, An estimate of such extraordinary expenditures, if any, as may be required
through unusual necessity, or to make permanent improvements. Such estimate
shall state the approximate total expenditures by reason of such necessity or improve-
ment, the amount which it is expected to expend during the current year, and source
or sources from which it is proposed to secure the necessary funds; also an itemized
statement of extraordinary expenditures for the last preceding calendar year. The
reports hereinbefore provided for shall be in such form as may be prescribed by
higher authority, or, in the absence of such prescribed form, shall be written in an
orderly and intelligible manner.

Such report, when approved, shall be attested by the alcalde and town secretary,
and shall be forwarded in duplicate to the governor of the province for his action.
If approved by the latter he shall forward one of the copies with his approval
indorsed thereon to the alcalde to serve as a guide to the municipality in the
administration of the finances of the town. :

Any increase in expenditures beyond the amounts thus estimated and approved
will be understood to be illegitimate and can not be approved if the total amount of
the same should exceed the resources. ae :

Arr. 46. Taxes and imposts shall not be leased by the municipal council, but shall
be collected by municipal employees, or in such other manner as the council may
determine. :

Arr. 47, The alcalde shall take measures to compel the payment of delinquent
taxes and may make use of judicial compulsion when necessary, following the mode
of procedure provided in such cases by the general government of the islands.

Arr. 48. When taxes are paid directly to the treasurer he shall receipt therefor as
provided in article 23. When collected by any other duly authorized person, the
latter shall give the taxpayer a receipt signed by the treasurer and by himself. The
treasurer shall retain a duplicate of all such receipts issued by him to collectors, so as
to verify collections reported by the latter. Collectors will turn over to the treas-

4495—19
290 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

urer, once each week, all amounts received by them during the week, with an
itemized statement of the persons collected from and the respective amounts received.
The treasurer will receipt to the collectors for amounts thus turned over, as provided
in article 23.

Art. 49. At the termination of the period of collection, the person in charge of
the same will return to the municipal council an account of those taxes that could
not be collected; and the collector will not be held liable for the uncollected portion
unless because of negligence or bad faith on his part.

Art. 50. Taxation shall be uniform and just. Persons deeming themselves injured
by any tax levy may protest to the council, whose duty it shall be to consider and
determine such protests at once. Should the protest be disregarded, the protestant
may appeal in writing to the provincial governor through the alcalde; the latter shall
note upon the appeal papers the action taken by the council.

Arr. 51. A public improvement deemed necessary by the municipal authorities,
not exceeding 2,000 pesos in cost, may be made by the council with the prior
approval of the provincial governor. If the estimated cost should exceed that sum,
the proposed expenditure will be submitted to the governor of the islands for his
action by the provincial governor, with the recommendation of the latter.

Should any such improvement prove to be more expensive than estimated and
approved, that fact, as soon as ascertained, will be reported to the provincial
governor for his action.

No improvement will be authorized which can not be paid for from the ordinary
revenues of the town, or from some extraordinary tax duly proposed and approved.

Art. 52. The treasurer, during the month of January of each year, shall pre-
pare itemized statements of the income and disbursements for the preceding
calendar year. The latter shall be duly verified and submitted to the council,
which shall carefully audit the same, comparing the statement of income with
the duplicate receipts in the hands of the alcade, and the statement of disburse-
ments with the warrants in the hands of the treasurer. If, after this and such
further examination as the council may desire to make, the statements are found to
be correct, they will be attested by the members of the council. Should any mem-
ber not be in favor of approving the statements or any item therein, he will indorse
his disapproval in writing thereon, mentioning the items objected to and the reasons
therefor. Certified copies of the statement, with the signatures thereto and indorse-
ments thereon, shall at once be forwarded to the provincial governor.

CHAPTER Srx.
THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR—DUTIES AND POWERS IN RELATION TO THE TOWNS.

Art. 53. The governor of the province shall be ex-officio president of all municipal
councils within the province and shall have general supervisory charge of the munic-
a affairs of the several towns and cities therein organized under the provisions of
this order, and in his said supervisory capacity may inspect or cause to be inspected,
at such times as he may determine, the administration of municipal affairs and each
and every department thereof, and may hear and determine all appeals against the
acts of municipal corporations or their officers. He, or those whom he may desig-
nate in writing for that duty, shall at all times have free access to all records, books,
papers, moneys, and property of the several towns and cities of the province, and
may call upon the officers thereof for an accounting of the receipts and expendi-
tures, or for a general or special report of the official acts of the several municipal
councils, or of any and every of them, or of any and every of the officers thereof, at
any time, and as often as he may consider necessary to inform himself of the state
of the finances or of the administration of municipal affairs; and such requests when
made must be complied with without excuse, pretext, or delay. He may suspend
or remove municipal officers, either individually or collectively, for cause, and
appoint substitutes therefor permanently, for the time being or pending the next
general election, or may call a special election to fill the vacancy.or vacancies caused
by such suspension or removal, reporting the cause thereof with a full statement of
his action in the premises to the governor of the islands without delay. He shall
forward all questions or disputes that may arise over the boundaries or jurisdictional
limits of the city, towns, or municipalities to the governor of the islands for final
determination, together with full report and recommendations relative to the same.
He may, with the approval of the governor of the islands, authorize the cities and
towns to form among themselves associations or communities for determined ends,
such as the construction of public works, the creation and foundation of beneficent,
charitable, or educational institutions, for the better encouragement of public inter-
ests or the use of communal property.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAE OTIS. 291

CHAPTER SEVEN.
PROVISIONAL ARTICLES.

Art. 54. It shall be the duty of commanding officers of military districts, imme-
diately after the publication of this order, to recommend to the office of the military
governor in which towns within their commands municipal governments shall be estab-
lished, and upon approval of recommendations, either personally or through subordi-
nate commanders designated by them, to issue and cause to be posted proclamations
calling elections therein. Such proclamations shall fix the time and place of election
and shall designate three residents of the town who shall be charged with the duty of
oe electors’ oaths, of preparing, publishing, and correcting, within speci-
fied dates, a list of electors having the qualifications hereinbefore set forth, and of
presiding at and making a due return of the election thus appointed. The proclama-
tion shall specify the offices to be filled; and in order to determine the number of
councilors the commanders charged with calling the election shall determine from.
the best available evidence the class to which the town belongs, as hereinbefore
defined; the classification thus made shall govern until the taking of an official cen-.
sus. The first alcaldes appointed under the provisions of this order shall take and!
subscribe the oath of office before the commanding officer of the military district or:
some person in the several towns designated by said commanding officer for the said.
purpose, whereupon the alcalde so sworn shall administer the said oath of office to
all the other officers of the municipio there elected and afterwards appointed.

The election returns shall be canvassed by the authority issuing the election proc-
lamation, and the officers elected shall assume their duties on a date to be specified
by him in orders.

Arr. 55. Until the appointment of governors of provinces, their duties under this
order will be performed by the commanding officers of the military districts. They
may, by designation, confer on subordinate commanding officers of subdistricts or
of other prescribed territorial limits of their commands the supervisory duties
herein enumerated, and a subordinate commander so designated shall perform all
and every of the duties herein prescribed for the superior commanding officer.

Art. 56. For the time being the provisions of this order requiring that alcaldes
be elected, in all cases shall be so far modified as to permit the commanding officers
of military districts in their discretion either to appoint such officers or to have them
elected as hereinbefore prescribed.

The term of office of alcaldes, appointed under this authority, shall be the same
as if they had been elected; at the expiration of such term the office shall be filled
by election or appointment.

Art. 57. The governments of towns organized under General Orders, No. 43, Head-
quarters Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, series 1899, will con-
tinue in the exercise of their functions as therein defined and set forth until such
time as municipal governments therefor have been organized and are in operation
under this order.

By command of Major-General Otis:
M. Barger,

Assistant Adjutant-General.

This order was published in both the Spanish and English languages,
as indeed were all promulgated directions and instructions with which
it was desired that the people should beeome acquainted. It provides
a municipal form of government which is an extended development of
the one formerly in force in the principal cities of the islands, with
certain harsh and burdensome features eliminated. The important
new features introduced gave a carefully restricted suffrage, protected
the liberty of the citizen, permitted the expenditure of the entire
revenue for municipal purposes, placed eligibility to municipal office
within proper restraints, conferred a general supervisory charge on
governors of provinces, to whom appeal could be taken and from
whose decisions appeal could be moved to the chief executive of the
islands in cases involving the rights of citizens or upon questions
which concerned the integrity of the municipal corporation or its
officers, thus establishing that privity of relationship which should
exist between a self-governed town and the supreme State authority.
292 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

All restrictions placed upon suffrage and eligibility for municipal
office were contended for by the Filipino members of the board
which formulated the plan of government as absolutely necessary
until the mass of the people became more enlightened; and construing
them strictly according to their meaning and intent, they work no
hardship, since the taxpayer who contributes thirty Mexican dollars
annually or the citizen who can read, speak, and write either English
or Spanish, whether a tax contributor or not, is at liberty to cast his
vote.

This scheme of government was to be put in operation on the
approved recommendation of district commanders in such of the towns
and cities as might request it and could show that they were fitted for its
practical application. It is experimental, and possibly may be consid-
ered tentative, adapted to conditions until military shall be succeeded by
civil control in the islands; but it is believed by those who havea knowl-
edge of the average intelligence of the people that if faulty it is because
of its liberality. It has, I believe, been put in force in two or three of
the larger cities, and in a few months its failure or practicability will
be demonstrated. Iam of opinion that it will furnish the foundation
upon which can be erected a stable civil government, the building of
which, whatever course of governmental procedure may be adopted,
will require the patient labor of years.

The gradual resumption and increase of business in the Philippines
necessitated action on the part of the government in matters which
required its protection, or in those in which it had property interests.
The work of the bureau of patents, copyrights, trade and industrial
marks, designs or models, formerly conducted by Spanish regulations
in separate offices under the supervision of the Direccién General de
Administracién Civil must be revived, both for the safety of the
already acquired property rights of the natives and Spaniards who had
availed themselves of the Spanish laws, and also to meet the requests
of United States citizens who sought to introduce their inventions and
trade products in the islands. As early as June 26, 1899, orders were
issued consolidating the separate bureaus ito a single office desig-
nated ‘‘ Office of Patents, Copyrights, and Trade-marks,” of which
Captain Ahern of the Ninth Infantry was placed in charge; and he
was instructed to forward for the consideration of the military
governor such matters of administration as by Spanish regulations
required the attention of authority superior to that which the director
general of the civil administration exercised. The principal Spanish
regulations governing the subject had been collected and translated
into English, and Captain Ahern was obliged to inform himself as to
details of procedure and systematically organize his office. Before it
was established War Department instructions were received contain-
ing the following:

In territory subject to military government by the military forces of the United
States, owners of patents, including design patents, which have been issued or which
may hereafter be issued, and owners of trade marks, prints, and labels duly regis-
tered in the United States Patent Office under the laws of the United States relating
to the grant of patents and the registration of trade marks, prints, and labels, shall
receive the protection accorded them in the United States under said laws; and an
infringement of the rights secured by lawful issue of a patent or by registration of a
trade mark, print, or label, shall subject the person or party guilty of such infringe-

ment to the liabilities created and imposed by the laws of the United States relating
to said matters.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 2938

This protection was accorded in the Philippines provided the party
in interest filed in the office of the military governor a duly certified
copy of the patent or of the certificate of registration of the trade-
mark, print, or label, if the property rights granted to individuals
under the Spanish laws were not infringed.

The instructions placed in force in the islands, to a certain extent,
the United States patent law and at the same time announced the active
existence of the Spanish law on the subject. That is, citizens of the
United States had the benefits of its law of patent and trade mark
protection, while Filipinos and Spanish subjects who had acquired

rotected rights by Spanish law must abide by its provisions. The
Spanish law was attended by considerable public revenue, whereas the
object of the United States law was to encourage and reward inventive
genius in mechanics and arts and to stimulate legitimate trade. Both
laws were applied. Inhabitants of the islands were served with the
following information issued from the office of the military governor:

Notice is hereby given to all holders of letters patent granted under Spanish law,
who wish protection continued in these islands for said patents, that the require-
ments of the law under which said letters patent were granted must be complied with.

Payment of the annual progressive tax on said patent rights, as prescribed by
Article No. 13, Royal Decree of July 30, 1878, should be made at the offies of patents,
copyrights, and trade-marks. me

This savored somewhat of class legislation and appears erroneous for
that and other reasons. It would seem that all patentees should be
placed on the same footing with regard to privileges granted by the
‘government. In the months during which this bureau has been in
operation (from June 26, 1899, to May 1, 1900) 461 certified copies of
United States letters patent and 374 certificates of registration of
United States trade-marks have been filed with it, in accordance with
War Department instructions. Payment for the services of inter-
preter, the necessary office clerks, and other office expenditures have
been nearly met by the exacted fee of $1 for filing each of these certi-
fied copies and certificates.

The mining interests ‘of the islands, confined almost entirely to coal
production, were inactive except in certain sections dominated by insur-
gent troops, where small quantities of lignite for home use and to sup-
ply the enemy’s small steamers were mined. With the opening up of
the territory, prospectors from the United States and other countries
were quite numerous and zealous, and inhabitants holding concessions
from the Spanish Government desired to recommence their mining
industries and requested assistance and military protection. Pros-
pectors moved with our troops, and, in many instances, penetrated the
country prior to our occupation. In northern and eastern Luzon this
fact was very noticeable. In Mindanao American prospectors entered
the interior and subsequently visiting the city of Zamboanga, the
headquarters of a military district, endeavored to have record made of
mining claims they professed to have taken up according to the provi-
sions of the United States mining laws. Action on their requests was
complied with by some of our officers in so far as concerned the open-
ing of a record book and entering therein names, claims, and localities,
although they were informed at the time entry was made that the
United States law did not prevail. This action was interdicted as soon
as ascertained, as it was thought it might give rise to future disagree-
294 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

able ce aN in encouraging demands for priority of individual
interest. On March 10, 1900, the following orders were sent out:

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice or Unrrep States Mivirary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 31. Manila, P. I., March 10, 1900.

The mining bureau (inspeccién general de minas), heretofore administered as a
bureau of the direccién general de administracién civil, is hereby reestablished and
placed in charge of First Lieut.C. H. Burritt, Eleventh Cavalry, U. 8. Volunteers,
who will receipt to the chief engineer officer of the Department for all records, docu-
ments, and property pertaining to said bureau.

By command of Major-General Otis:
M. Barser,
alssistant Adjutant-General.

Lieutenant Burritt brought to his assistance, in the execution of the
duty assigned him, a practical and legal experience of mining laws and
mining methods prevailing in the United States. The work of securing
and translating into the English language the Spanish decrees on the
subject which had received varied and partialamendments from time to
time, and in establishing his bureau, necessarily involved much labor,
but he has succeeded sufficiently to accomplish practical work. The
islands are rich in coal, much of which is equally of as good and some of
better quality than that furnished by Japan, and with the development
of the mines already in working order, and those about to be opened,
our Navy, Army and coasting vessels, railroads, and steam machinery
of every character can be abundantly and cheaply supplied, soon. A
great need is coal near Manila for our transports, thereby saving the jour-
neys to Japan for coaling purposes and the time required for the extra
' sea travel. Private enterprise, if encouraged, will place it on the shore
of Subig Bay at a much less expense than it can be secured from Japan
or any port of the Eastern Hemisphere, outside of the Philippines.

Suflicient exact knowledge has not been obtained as yet to report
truthfully on the mineral wealth of the islands, but, according to
statements made by the inhabitants and apparently on well-based
rumor, gold, silver, galena, iron, and a number of other metals can
be found in paying quantities. Valuable information on this subject
is contained in the report of the late Philippine Commission, of which
Prof. J. G. Schurman was president.

The timber resources of the islands are abundant and of great value.
Almost every kind of the tropical hard woods abound, and these, with
the soft woods, have been classified by the Spanish Government into
four or five groups, numbering, all told, over 300 varieties, of which,
by Spanish law, more than sixty, on account of their value, could not
be used by the inhabitants for fuel. The timber interests have been
poorly prosecuted, as modern machinery for cutting and preparing
lumber for the market has not been introduced, and the primitive
processes employed are fully as wasteful and extravagant as those
which attend the methods of working the sugar cane. However, when
our occupation of the city of Manila began the price of building lum-
ber was considered very low, but the dewande of the city in which
new structures were needed on account of the increase of population
and business carried the price to an exceedingly high figure. As soon
as timber sections of the country were opened to trade great eager-
ness was manifested by the inhabitants to obtain not only building
lumber, but also wood for fuel. To protect the large Government
interests it was necessary to reestablish the forestry bureau, and the
following orders were issued:
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 295

GENERAL ORDERS, OFFICE oF THE UniTEp States Mitirary GOVERNOR
: IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 50. Manila, P. I., April 14, 1900.

Capt. George P. Ahern, Ninth U.S. Infantry, is hereby appointed in charge of the
forestry bureau (inspeccién general de montes), heretofore administered as a bureau
of the direccion general de adminiateaclon civil.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barser, .
Assistant Adjutant-General.

Former Spanish methods will require modification, but action in
that direction should await careful investigation of Government inter-
ests and.a determination of the proper methods to be pursued by which
the welfare of the inhabitants in general can best be subserved.

On the subject of schools and educational institutions, I remarked in

my last annual report, in part, as follows:
_ In Manila and a few other cities where our troops are stationed to give inhab-
itants protection, schools have been established. Parents and children are eager
for primary-school instruction and are very desirous to acquire a speaking knowl-
edge of the English language. In the city of Manila more than 5,000 children are
attending these schools, which are maintained at a cost of nearly 10,000 Mexican
dollars a month. * * * The higher education, which the islands have hitherto
enjoyed, as well as that of a minor character, has been entirely under the control of
the religious orders and has centered in Manila. The Dominican order, rich in
landed estates acquired through a series of years, inaugurating its educational policy
under royal assistance, money contribution, and decrees when the educational field
was entirely in the possession of the clergy, and seizing on by degrees to the educa-
tional institutions and scientific schools organized by the Jesuits under royal protec-
tion and conducted with funds from individual testators after that order had been
driven from the islands, built up the University of Manila and gradually incorporated
in it these Jesuit foundations. Great effort was made to sever them from Dominican
authority by recent Spanish statesmen of advanced ideas, but without success, and
now the leading Filipimos demand that severance and a return to state supervison.

The Manila schools have constantly increased in number of attend-
ants, which now approximates 6,000, and in a corresponding additional
expenditure of the public moneys for their maintenance. ‘The system
of teaching, the school supplies, and accommodations have gradually
improved, and the coming schoo] year bids fair to accomplish gratifying
results. Assoonas new territory was acquired its inhabitants expressed
the same desire for primary-school teaching as had been manifested in
Manila, and they were accommodated in so far as our meager resources
would permit, soldiers in some instances being temporarily detailed
as instructors. The inhabitants were informed that they would be
expected to furnish the necessary school building, and that books,
writing paper, and kindred material in moderate quantities would be
supplied by the Government authorities. On March 30, 1900, Capt.
Albert Todd, of the Sixth Artillery, who had been acting as auditor
of the islands, was relieved from that office by Mr. Walter G. Cole-
man, the appointee of the War Department, and was detailed to take
temporary charge of public school instruction. In a report submitted
May 2 he summarizes school work accomplished and in contemplation,
from which we give extracts:

Unirep States Miirary GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES,

DEPARTMENT PuBLIC INSTRUCTION,
Manila, May 2, 1900.
The Secretary To THE Miuitrary GovERNOR IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Sir: I have the honor to make the following report of the operations of this depart-
ment since the date of its organization under General Orders, No. 41, office military
governor, March 30, 1900:

Previous to that time such distribution of books as has been made was done under
the direction of Mr. G. P. Anderson, superintendent of the schools in Manila. There
296 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

had come into his possession a quantity of books, paper, chalk, etc., taken over from
the Spanish Government, and also certain amounts purchased in the United States
and Manila, and a number of flags donated by Lafayette Post, Grand Army of the
Republic, No. 140, Department of New York. From these he has made issue to the
schools in Manila and to certain ones in the provinces. The inclosed paper marked
A shows amounts received from various sources, amounts issued, and balance on hand
May 1, 1900. The same paper shows books and other supplies ordered from the
United States but not yet received. The books referred to in the inclosed letter from
the secretary of insular affairs in Washington are a part of these orders.

Purchased int, Manilazo. 4 ees seeSodosesocecewsnee ceo eooascebawmelsumee $730. 82
Purchased in United States, received.....-...------------+------------ 2, 243. 40
Ordered from United States, not received (estimated) ........----.----- 38, 806. 60

41, 780. 82

or $84,397.26 in Mexican.

In addition a request is this day submitted for a of another order for sup-
plies aggregating about $1,650 Mexican. It is hoped that these various supplies will
serve for the needs of the schools in the islands for about three months; and as to
books, for a considerably longer period on the present basis of instruction. * * *

As intimated in the last paragraph, at first I think only reading, writing, and speak-
ing English should be attempted, except in Manila and possibly in some few other
places. I regard a ready acquaintance with the English tongue; to read, to write, to
speak it, as of the first importance, and enough to demand for the present the entire
efforts of our educational forces. Geography, history, arithmetic, not to mention
what are called the higher branches, are the same in all languages, and it is not
deemed expedient or necessary that special text-books for them should be prepared,
either in Spanish or the various native dialects, or purchased in any large quantity.
But suitable and adequate elementary dictionaries, primers, charts, and readers
should be prepared as soon as possible. While in some cases It may be necessary to
work through the medium of Spanish, in general it is believed English should be
taught directly from the dialects, and the booksshould be written to that end. * * *

Action has already been taken by this office toward obtaining copies of all school
laws, reports, etc., from the various States of the Union, and also samples of text-
books and various school appliances. It is realized, of course, that as yet our Gov-
ernment is but at the threshold of public education in the Philippines, and I regard
it best to accumulate expert opinions in order that well-digested and feasible plans
may be devised. The supplies already ordered will begin the work, but the future
will demand large outlays of money and the labor of experienced and competent
educators.

Very respectfully, ; ALBERT Topp,
Captain, Siath Artillery, in Charge Department.

Regarding the character of the text-books in so far as special lan-
guage is concerned, the wish of the people is contained in the reply of
a representative Filipino, to whom I made the remark that it was
doubtful if sufficient text-books in both Spanish and English could be
secured; ‘‘Give the children the English books and they will learn
English quicker.” That course 1am informed is pursued in Hong-
kong and has been very successful. These simple methods of instruc-
tion, very hastily put in operation to answer the pressing importuni-
ties of native parents, have now been established in many of the
islands. The system is crude, of course, but will give comparative
pier peas and compensating results until a better one can be inau-

urated.
: The demand of representative Filipinos that certain advanced edu-
cational institutions be taken from the control of the religious orders
and returned to State supervision has been acted upon only in a single
instance, and that action merely extended to the temporary closing of
the medical college of San Jose, an institution founded by the Jesuits,
operated by the Spanish Government after the expulsion of that order
from the islands, and during late years attached to the University of
Manila, which is claimed by the Dominicans as its sole property, with
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 297

vested right of management. Pending deliberation on the subject of
a reorganization in the management of the college, the authorities of
the university reopened it for instruction and received students, when
the provost-marshal-general was directed to close it, take formal pos-
session of and retain the same until matters in controversy could be
determined. Correspondence between the military and ecclesiastical
authorities followed, and was still being pursued when I left the islands.
The controversy broadened into an argument on the powers of the
ecclesiastical orders to take part in what was considered the functions
of civil government, and there gradually entered therein the question
of the validity of certain transfers of real property by those orders to
foreign syndicates; also the right to demand from the United States
hoe for church occupation by Spanish prisoners of war. In the

ficial Guide for the Philippines on the subject of Spanish govern-
mental organization, the college of St. Joseph is entered as a pious
establishment, under the heading of ‘‘ Pious works,” with these remarks:

Founded by the Society of Jesus. At present it is under the immediate dependency
of the vice-royal patronate, which has an administrator. The direction is under the
charge of the rector of the university. In it are established the branches of medi-
cine and pharmacy of the university. It is a good establishment, with all the
improvements required for the sciences there taught.

From the same authority we learn the following:

In accordance with article 89 of the constitution of the Spanish monarchy, the
Philippine Islands, as well as the other foreign provinces, will be governed by special
laws. By virtue of the constitution the supreme direction of all the affairs relative
to the government and administration of the Philippine Archipelago is exercised by
the King, with his council of ministers, the secretary in charge being the minister
of colonies, who resolves by royal order all matters relative to the branches of grace
and justice, politics, finance, government and foment in which the sanction of the
monarch is not necessary, advising, when he may judge proper, with the council of
the Philippines, a body dependent from the ministry of colonies, etc. *

The government of the Philippine Archipelago is vested exclusively in the
Governor-General, who is the only and legitimate representative of the supreme
power of the Government of the King of Spain in these islands, and as such is the
superior chief in all pertaining to public administration, with the right as such of
exercising superior inspection over the same and the courts of justice. * * * This
high office * * * has annexed to it the office of vice-royal patron of the Indies
as * * and president of all the corporations and societies that have an official
character.

To assist the governor-general in his duties there were two advisory
boards, namely, the board of. authorities, instituted in 1850, and the
council of administration, created in 1861 and reorganized under royal
decree of May 13,1893. Members of the board of authorities consisted
of the governor-general of the islands as president, the archbishop of
Manila, the officer second in command of the army in the Philippines,
and the commandant-general of the navy, together with the officers
conducting civil administration, the chief justice, and the attorney-
general. Thecouncil of administration was composed of fifteen ex-officio
councilors, six delegate councilors, and four councilors of royal appoint-
ment. The first class consisted of the governor-general as president,
the metropolitan archbishop, the officers exercising immediate com-
mand of the army and navy in the Philippines, the chief justice, the
civil officers of administration, and the five superiors of the religious
corporations which had charge of the five dioceses into which the Phil-
ippine Archipelago was divided, and the presidents of the Manila
Chamber of Commerce and the Society of Friends. .
298 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The general departments of the Spanish Philippine government may
be designated as political, ecclesiastical, judicial, military, and adminis-
trative. The ecclesiastical acted ‘‘subject to the prerogatives of the
royal patronship vested in the kings of Spain by virtue of divers bulls
of the Roman pontifis,” which prerogatives were exercised in the Phil-
ippines by its governor-general as vice-royal patron; but the purely
spiritual matters were supposed to be conducted by the regular and
secular clergy. The ecclesiastical branch of the government had super-
vision of all religious and charitable corporations and institutions, and
of all the funds by which they were maintained. These funds were
administered by the ‘‘ Direction and Administrative Boards of Pious
Works.” The first was presided over by the archbishop of Manila,
and had the chief justice, the intendente general of internal revenue,
and the attorney-general as members. It supervised the administra-
tive board on all questions regarding expenditures and disposition of
funds, the accounts of which the latter kept. This ecclesiastical depart-
ment had charge of public instruction, which was divided into three
classes: Superior, elementary, and primary. The first was said to be
in charge of the University of Saint Thomas, the second of the munici-
pal atheneum, of the normal school of masters, and of the college of
Latinity incorporated into the university, and the third of the masters
and mistresses of the towns of the archipelago. The normal school of
masters and the municipal atheneum were under the charge of the
Jesuits. In the first the title of master of primary instruction was
sees which gave the right to teach in the primary schools of the
islands.

From the above it will be perceived that the representatives of the
church took an active part in the administrative affairs of the islands,
and the governor-general in matters which would be considered gen-
erally as purely ecclesiastical, for he had the right ‘‘to confer all
ecclesiastical benefices upon parish rectors, missionaries, coadjutators,
etc.; to inspect all religious corporations, brotherhoods, fraternities,
and others which are regulated by the laws of the Indies.” All these
prerogatives, it was contended, inhered in his office by virtue of the

ower exercised as vice-royal patron of the church, which was con-
ferred by the Vatican; that these powers had lapsed by death and
had returned to the church; that the religious orders Were duly in-
corporated and had the right to manage their properties and the col-
leges and schools which they had established. This old question of
the source of power known as vice-royal patronage, which had been
argued so long by Spanish statesmen—one party contending that it
was‘a voluntary concession from the Pope, expressed in various bulls
issued, the other that if in the nature of a concession it was an
acknowledgment by the Pope of the rights of Spain because of con-
quest to manage its own Philippine affairs, hence was coupled with
royal prerogative—was almost in danger of a revival. The claim of
the Spanish archbishop and the religious orders that very many of
the civil functions which the governor-general as representative in
the islands of the sovereignty of Spain exercised were powers which
belonged to him solely as patron of the church, and hence virtually as
representative of the Pope, could not be admitted. His Grace Arch-
bishop Chapelle, apostolic delegate to Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philip-
pines, shortly after his arrival in Manila from the United States,
renewed the subject in a letter in which he advocated the necessity of
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 299

returning the friars to their former parishes throughout the islands
as soon as practicable in order to secure the pacification of the people.
To this letter reply was made on February 15, of which the following
is a partial copy:

One other issue, although more germane to the subject-matter presented than those
already referred to, is raised by your remark that it is not ‘the purpose of the
American Government that its governor should take upon himself the ecclesiastical
functions of the Spanish captains-general as vice-regal patron of the church.”” You
mean, of course, that the United States military governor can not assume the title
and functions of the former governors-general of Spain, whose title was that of
‘‘vice-royal patron of the Indies,’’ and whose functions extended to a supervision of
all matters of state connected with the islands, and included certain powers of
appointment and control which were of an ecclesiastical character. As you are
aware, there has always been a radical difference of opinion as to the sources of
these supervisory powers. Spanish statesmen hold that they flowed naturally from
the sovereignty of Spain, whose title to the Philippine Islands and whose right to
exercise every right of sovereignty is based upon the acknowledged fact of discovery
and conquest, which is conceded by the civilized world to furnish indisputable evi-
dence of absolute ownership. The church contends that the supervisory charge over
its affairs and the properties of the various religious orders here established, which
the governor-general has exercised as vice-royal patron, is derived from the Vatican
and was conferred upon the King as royal patron of the church by certain papal bulls,
which simply are pontifical concessions unaccompanied by a continuing power, and
that this view is acknowledged and confirmed in the concordat of 1753; that the
Spanish monarch, in return for this extraordinary privilege conferred by the Vatican,
was obliged to protect and support the church and compensate its clergy. This last-
expressed opinion your grace appears to entertain, and you conclude that the King
of Spain who enjoyed this privilege, which was personal in its nature or rather
Boe to the kingly person, is now dead to the Philippines, and that therefore the
same has reverted to the donor; and you also conclude, as I believe, and with reason,
that under the Constitution of the United States there can not exist any privity of
relationship between that Government and the Holy See; hence the United States
can not claim or exercise any privilege or prerogative (by whatever name it may be
called and from whatever source derived) which is purely ecclesiastical in character.

In answer to these divergent opinions it may be said:

First. That the office of the governor-general of the Philippines no longer exists,
and that the title of “‘vice-royal patron of the Indies”’ is relegated to the past. The
military governor in the Philippines is merely the agent of the United States to take
action under the instructions of the Executive head of that Government for the pro-
tection of its rights and the execution of its obligations.

Second. That whatever rights of public control were inherent in the Crown of
ee have descended to the United States by conquest and subsequent treaty stipu-
ations. ,

Third. That the United States can exercise those rights in manner and form as did
the King of Spain, except as prevented by its Constitution and laws.

Fourth. Under Spanish law as universally recognized, even by the Catholic Church,
religious institutions could not be established without the authority of the Crown of
Spain, and when so established there was reserved to the Crown the most complete
and universal right of patronage, against which the law did not admit either custom
or prescription.

Fifth. That under the Constitution of the United States the ‘‘ Congress shall make
no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibit the free exercise thereof,”’
and Congress has refrained from legislating upon purely church matters, and has
never asserted that it hasthe power to interfere with religious communities in either
appointment to ecclesiastical office or particular features of church government.

Sixth. The United States recognizes the right of religious communities, as associa-
tions or corporations, to hold ami administer such properties, both real and personal,
as may be necessary to accomplish the legitimate purposes for which they have been
established, and all such properties are as much under the protection of the law and
subject to judicial investigation as are those of associations or corporations of a
purely civil character. In the case of these property holdings of the so-called relig-
ious orders in the Philippines, they are also protected by the eighth article of the late
Paris treaty of peace, which declares that ‘‘the property or rights which by law
belong to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds of * * * ecclesiastical
or civil bodies’’ shall not be impaired.
300 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Seventh. The property holdings of the religious corporations are believed to be to
a considerable extent in the nature of trusts, really trust estates, the revenues of
which must be applied to particular uses, as for the support and education of the
poor, or of certain specified classes of individuals, as well as for purposes and service
strictly religious. All such trusts are denominated charities, and courts of civilized
nations hold that the property involved is in a measure public property, applicable
only to the specific purposes to which it is devoted, but within such limits is conse-
crated to the public use; and Chancellor Kent lays down the principle of law as
follows: ‘‘In this country the legislature or government of the State, as parens patrie,
has the right to enforce all charities of a public nature by virtue of its general super-
intending authority over the public interests, when no other person is intrusted with
it.” The United States courts hold that the prerogative of parens patriz is inherent
in the supreme power of every State whether lodged in royalty or legislature, and it
can be exercised whenever the rightful or correct administration of trust properties
is called in question.

Eighth. Conceding that the friar communities of the Philippines are entitled to
administer the properties legally vested in them by Spanish law, whether absolutely
or in trust, the nature, character, and investiture of all properties claimed by them,
and from the possession of which they were driven by Spanish rebels, become matter
for a legitimate official inquiry and determination. This preliminary inquiry, I
believe, is the right andduty of the United States authorities to institute, and as the
Government’s agent in the Philippines I am not at liberty to perform any action

~ which would interfere with those interests or obligations.

Your grace will perceive that in the above remarks, brief as they necessarily must
be when conveyed in the shape of correspondence, it is acknowledged that the United
States can not take action in appointment to ecclesiastical office, nor in religious
reforms, observances, and purely church administration; that it can not exercise in
any way the formerly existing powers (whether conveyed by the Holy See or inher-
ent in royal prerogative it matters not) which devolved upon the King of Spain as
royal patron of the Roman Catholic Church within his Indian possessions, but that
of right and in consonance with duty it must exercise that general supervision, when
its power is invoked, over the property holdings of religious as well as over those of
civil associations and corporations, and especially over those properties which are
governed by the principles of equity jurisprudence. In this announcement it is not
conceded that even the churches and other religious edifices are the property of the
friars, although in their possession, as it might be held, possibly, that some of them
belong to provinces and municipalities of the islands, since they were constructed by
means of the public civil funds collected as taxes to sustain the civil government,
which the King of Spain intended (as must be legally concluded in the absence of
declaration of intention to the contrary) should inure to the use and benefit of the
people. Any arising complication of this character might bring in question the titles
of churches constructed on land claimed by the religious orders, much of which they
can undoubtedly show that they own in fee simple through legitimate purchase.
And a complication has arisen by the recently discovered transfer of some of these
friar estates. In passing their title to large tracts of land, did they convey to the
profane syndicate purchasers the sacred edifices constructed thereon? If friars owned
these edifices they certainly passed with land conveyed, and in my examination of
the title deed I failed to find reservation. These syndicates demand to be placed in
possession of their purchased estates, and certainly we should protect the people in
their legal rights and ascertain what they are before these demands are complied
with. Religion and humanity compel it.

We come now directly to the real substance of the letter of your grace, which is
that the friars must be placed at once in possession of their properties and parishes,
not only as a legal right due them, but for controlling political reasons, since that is
the sure and _ only course which can be followed to bring pacification to the islands.
Some of the legal objections to such a course are given above. That it would satisfy
or pacify the inhabitants I am firmly of the opinion that it would not, and hence it
loses its force as a political necessity. On the contrary, after a careful study of the
nature and disposition of the people of the islands (and I have persistently inter-
viewed leading men from all sections of the same at every opportunity during the
last eighteen months of my stay here), I am positive that no act on the part of the
United States Government would so excite, irritate, and cement them in rebellion as
to place among them the members of four of the eight religious orders domiciled here.
You allude to the temper of the aa of southern Luzon, whom you are aware
would not receive them. I speak for other portions of Luzon and the southern
islands. Even now the people of Panay are engaged in circulating a petition pray-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 801

ing that the friars be not permitted to return, and should they do so I am certain
that their lives would not be secure. A like bitter sentiment prevails in Negros, and
is perceived in Samar and extreme southeastern Luzon. We can not force the friars
upon the people against their consent, and you, as a distinguished American citizen,
would not advocate such action. If I am mistaken in my impressions, the circula-
tion of these religious men among the people dwelling beyond the contines of Manila
would show my errors; but, having an interest for their personal safety, I could not
encourage such a test. Since your arrival I have labored with Filipinos of education
and prominence who profess Catholic doctrine and lead consistent lives, to ascertain
their views, informing them of my opinion that the reception by the people of those
friars against whose reputation no moral taint is known appeared to be the best solu-
tion of the church difficulty which now confronts us and which I think to be serious,
and they have invariably asserted that the Filipinos will not receive them. I would
that I could entertain your views in the matter, that we might consistently act as
you advise, but I am powerless to do so.

Your grace will pardon the length of this letter. Certain matters which you
called up needed answer, and J have attempted reply. I am not versed in either the
canon or civil law, and of the statutary and common law of our country I know but
little. My opinion on legal points, therefore, is not of value. I am fully convinced,
however, that this question of friar property requires much investigation and careful
determination before radical Government action is taken. Iam not willing to inau-
tread such action until instructed by superior authority as to its proper nature and
extent.

With assurances of high esteem, believe me, your most obedient servant,

E. 8. Orts,
Major-General United States Volunteers,
United States Military Governor in the Philippines.

Later, the College of San Jose and the phantom of vice-royal patron-
age again became the subject of official correspondence. Allusion to
that and other matters which were related to church establishments
and friar estates, in a friendly conversation to which little importance
was attached at the time, appears to have given rise to the following
communications:

Mantua, April 6, 1900.
Major-General Orts,
Military Governor of the Philippines.

Sir: In the hope that before the arrival of the United States civil commission you
may for your own sake modify sume of the views which you expressed to me in our
conversation yesterday, and to the end that I may state my position more clearly
than I did, I beg to make the following remarks:

You told me that from the fact of the Spanish Government having contributed
toward the erection of the cathedral of Manila one-third of its cost, you had been
advised that said cathedral ought to be considered as Government property, although
a aed that it should be dedicated forever to the purposes of the Roman Catholic

urch.

I answered that even if such contributions were as a matter of fact given, that
money was as absolutely appropriated for that purpose as were the funds which the
Spanish Government regularly contributed toward the maintenance of Catholic wor-
ship in these islands. That the Spanish Government under solemn conventions with
the Holy See had the right to do so, no man who has studied Spanish law and politi-
cal history will dream of denying. Moreover, the cathedral of Manila has been
since its erection recognized by the Spanish Government as belonging absolutely to
the Catholic Church, and the diocesan authorities as having from the time of its
dedication full control over it as a building belonging to the archdiocese of Manila.
I am bound to conclude that your legal advisers have been clearly mistaken in the
opinion which they have given you.

With regard to your depriving the medical faculty of the University of Santo
Tomds of the ancient and undisputed right to confer medical degrees, you, as mili-
tary governor in these islands, could have done so only for the purpose of public
safety and temporary expediency, as such measures are taken under martial law.
You acknowledged to me that the final decision concerning the properties and
administration of the medical faculty of said university could be rendered only by
other Federal authorities.
302 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

_ Your refusal to allow at the present time the medical faculty of the university to
give degrees in medicine and pharmacy, notwithstanding the earnest petitions of
clever young men who have concluded with distinction their course of studies in
that celebrated institution desiring to obtain university degrees, and being loyal to
the American flag, supposes that your Government looks upon the exercise of such
venerable and ancient vested rights, which in the past have been used so wisely, as
dangerous to public safety. That such a fear is groundless any man who knows the
situation here in Manila will readily understand.

As you know, it was clearly understood at the time of capitulation that the then
existing teaching institutions should not be disturbed or deprived of their rights.
The various faculties of the University of Santo Tomds are thoroughly loyal to the
American Government. You said nothing to me as to the standard of the course of
studies pursued. It could be easily proven that the medical and pharmaceutical
standards of examination are at least as high in the College of San Jose as those
approved. of by many of our American medical faculties. In saying this I know
whereof I am writing; why, then, should we buffet our friends and wink at the
wicked machinations of our enemies?

I understood you, moreover, to say that the transfer of properties by religious cor-
ee in 1898 were invalid and that you had therefore refused those transfers to

e registered. It is clear that until the Paris treaty was ratified, the Philippine
Islands were not under the sovereign jurisdiction of the United States, but under
that of Spain, and therefore it is evident that up to that time transfer of property
could be legally made under the sanction of Spanish law.

From the principle enunciated by you it would clearly follow that all transfers of
property from the beginning of our war with Spain until the ratification of the treaty
of Paris would also be null and void. I submit that this principle can not be held.
It would be no valid answer to say that the titles which the friars held were clouded.
So might other titles have been. The properties in question belonging to religious
corporations should not be dealt with in a different manner from properties claimed.
by civil corporate bodies, for it is clearly stated in one of the clauses of the treaty of
Paris that the properties of ecclesiastical corporations will be guaranteed by the
United States Government in the same manner as the properties of any other cor-
porate body. This is another clear and solemn declaration of our fundamental law
which condemns all class legislation as entirely repugnant to a republican form of
government.

It isan elementary principle that long undisturbed possession carries with it the
resumption that the actual holder has a valid title. He can not be ousted unless
is title is in the first place clearly proven invalid. To decide otherwise would be

either confiscation or criminal usurpation, which, I am sure, the Federal judicial
authorities will never countenance. I must avow that Iam greatly surprised at the
opinions given by your legal advisers. Some of them, no doubt, labor under the
delusion that the old relation between church and state practically exists yet in these
islands, and that an American governor may act in the quality of vice-royal patron
of the church as the Spanish captain generals did. Some other of your advisers
seem to me to be animated with a narrow-minded spirit of hostility to the Catholic
Church, whilst they should look at the question presented to them from a disinter-
ested and American point of view.

As you seem to greatly disapprove the course of the newspaper Libertas, espe-
cially concerning the orders you have given about civil marriage, I shall make a
thorough investigation of the matter; an ample apology will be made for anything
that might have been said contrary to Catholic doctrine and to American interests.
As self-defense is the first law of nature, you can not blame the organ of a religious
corporation to defend the interests of said corporation when they are, as they have
been for months past, unjustly, calumniously, and vilely attacked by a certain press
here in Manila which is anything but friendly to us Americans. Moreover, non-
Catholic ministers of the Gospel have most viciously attacked here in Manila the
friars, and openly held up to ridicule the religion of the immense majority of the
people of this archipelago.

‘Permit me, General, to avail myself of this occasion to thank you sincerely for the
courtesy and kindness ‘with which you have treated me personally since my arrival
in Manila.

With sentiments of the highest regard and profoundest esteem, I remain,

Your obedient servant,
P. L. CHAPELLE,
Abp. N. O., Del. Ap.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 308

OFFICE OF THE UniTep Srares Minirary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,

: Manila, P. I., April 12, 1900.
Right Rey. P. L. Cu apexuz, .
Archbishop of New Orleans, Delegate Apostolic to Cuba,
Porto Rieo, and the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I.

Sir: In reply to your letter of the 6th instant, permit me to state by way of intro-
duction, that I have no legal advisers in the strict sense of the term and that my
views, which you request me to modify for my own sake before the arrival of the
United States civil commission, are apparently misunderstood by you. Further, that
as far as Government action is concerned, it is of little importance what the charac-
ter of those views may be.

In the conversation which you mention and which followed the very friendly call
with which your grace honored me, I alluded to the fact that the payment of rentals
for certain church buildings occupied by the United States authorities had been
directed, and remarked that I had received a heavy claim for rental arising from the
occupancy of the Manila cathedral by the Spanish troops while prisoners of war.
This I intimated was without validity, as those troops were occupying the cathedral
as a ‘‘cuartel’’ before the surrender of the city, and under the terms of surrender
the Spanish authorities stipulated that their troops should continue in the occupancy
of their ‘‘cuartels’’ until final disposition was determined upon; that the Spanish
Government had an undoubted right to continue in such occupancy without assistant
or deterrent action on the part of the United States; that the Spanish Government had
probably taken possession under an emergency; that it doubtless had the requisite
authority to do so, independent of any very stern war necessity; that it had contributed
largely to the erection of the edifice from the public civil funds, amounting to at least
one-third of its cost. (It has since been ascertained that the general government and
the municipality of Manila paid two-thirds of the cost of the edifice.) I believe that
you agreed with me that the claim made against the United States Government had
no legal basis.

The subject of the transfer of friar estates was then alluded to, and I remarked that.
there had been very large transfers since October, 1898, to which I understood you
to say that these transfers had been the subject of action since 1890. I then
remarked that certain deeds of transfer which I had seen, and the proceedings con-
nected therewith, did not appear to satisfy the registry laws of the islands.

In regard to the Medical College of San Jose, I based the action taken by the
United States authorities on facts which had been found, and said that all matters
connected with the subject of friar estates must be passed upon by superior authority,
and that any action which I might take would be of a temporary character.

The subject of newspaper controversy was introduced, I believe, by an allusion
to the part recently taken by * * * and which I pronounced indiscreet, to which
you assented. Your Grace informed me that a certain newspaper was about to or
might soon indulge in a series of articles of a certain nature which you stated, when
I virtually acknowledged that such articles would be defamatory and should not be
published; and in the conversation which ensued I expressed the opinion that all
newspapers gave trouble, even the paper published by the friars called the ‘‘Liber-
tas,’”’ which I had been officially informed had made a direct attack upon the validity
of the marriage law recently promulgated.

The above, as I recollect, covers the substance of our conversation, except that I
expressed the view that all moneys appropriated for the erection of the cathedral
were given for certain purposes and uses, which should be executed. .

In my communication of February 15 I gave my opinion quite fully. upon the
changed relation of church and state in these islands, brought about by their cession
to the United States, and remarked that the latter would not claim or exercise any
privilege or prerogative which was purely ecclesiastical in character, intimating,
however, that it might have supervision over church properties and the administra-
tion of the same. That opinion has not been changed. Still, as I have already said,
it is of slight importance what opinion I may hold upon these points. The new civil
commission will soon arrive, and I presume that the consideration of all such ques-
tions has been delegated to it by the executive power of our Government.

In conclusion, your Grace will permit me to say that I considered our recent con-
versation unofficial, embracing a recital of recent events, with comments thereon, and
an exchange of private impressions; hence I have attached no importance to it.

With assurances of highest esteem, believe me,

Most sincerely, yours,
. : E. 8. Ors,
Major-General, U. 8. Volunteers, Military Governor.
304 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The foregoing reply was very hastily written and did not discuss
the newly asserted ‘‘venerable and ancient right” of the University
of St. Thomas to conduct the affairs of the College of St. Joseph,
hitherto invariably denied, since it is believed that the management
of the college vests legally in civil government, which exercised it for
many years after the expulsion of the Jesuits, when the property of
that order became strictly colonial, and subsequently descended to the
United States by the terms of the Paris treaty. This was the conten-
tion of the large Filipino medical society, and was in consonance with
the theory formerly entertained by Spanish statesmen. Nor was it
deemed important to consider again ‘‘ royal patronage,” which by for-
mer unqualified admissions lost existence with the passing of Spanish
sovereignty. The closing of the college to await the investigation,
which the claim of interested representative Filipinos made necessary,
did not deprive candidates for medical honors of the privileges they
desired to obtain, as a medical board had been called which passed
upon their professional qualifications, and through this those found
qualified were admitted and licensed to assume the duties of physi-
cians. Iam clearly of the opinion that the property of the College of
San Jose, real and personal, except such portion as may have been
supplied by the Dominican order (the order with which royal assistance,
public funds, and private bequests has developed the University of Santo
Tomas), belongs to the United States Government. But owing to the
many questions which arose to be decided in order to make the con-
summation of action in accordance with that opinion justifiable in the
judgment of all parties claiming interest (questions, too, which will
have weight in reaching conclusions as to the character of the legal
status of friar estates in the Philippines, and must receive mature
judicial determination), the contemplated proceeding of reorganizing
the college under a strictly civil management, has been held in abeyance.

In the communications which we have herein set out during this
discussion of superior education, in which the College of San Jose
figures largely, other matters arising from the relationship existing
between the military government and church property have been
introduced. More definite allusion will be made to them at once, the
subject of superior teaching being dismissed with the remark that no
definite action on the part of the military government has been taken
with regard to it further than to reestablish the nautical school of the
islands, to which reference will be made hereafter. The higher edu-
cational institutions of Manila, controlled by the friar orders, have
been in active operation during the year, with the exception of the
medical college of San Jose.

Classed among ‘‘pious establishments” under the ecclesiastical
branch of the general government was the corporation of ‘‘The Mount
of Piety and Bovine Bank of Manila.” This institution had received
large deposits, had contracted many loans, and was in fact a Govern-
ment institution. The management prescribed by the Spanish Govern-
ment had been continued, and rumors of illegal transactions were
circulated. The inspector-general of the department and corps,
Lieutenant-Colonel Miley, was directed to make a thorough investi-
gation of its affairs, which he did, finding much material for adverse
criticism. A letter of which the following is a copy was thereupon
transmitted:
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 805

OFFICE oF THE Unrrep Srares Miuirary GovERNOR
In Tue Purirerine IsLanps,
Manila, December 30, 1899.
His Grace the ArcupisHor or MANtba.

_Sir: My attention has been repeatedly called to the management of certain chari-
ies located in Manila alleged to be public in their nature and all under the collective
designation ‘‘ obras pias.’’ On pages 293-296 of the Official Guide of the Philippines,
1898, I find it stated that these charities are directed and administered by two boards
denominated the directive and administrative boards of pious works. The attributes
of the former appear to extend to matters of general control and supervision, for
which purpose it exercises inspection over the latter. You appear as president of
the directive board, and associated with you as members are several prominent civil
officials of the Government, including the intendente general, president supreme
court, and the attorney-general. The administrative board was presided over by
an associate justice of the supreme court, and had a recording secretary, an account-
ant, and an agent, all named by the Governor-General upon the recommendation of
the directive board; and it appears that said administrative board was required to
submit statements of its administration every six months, one copy to the directive
board and one to the Governor-General.

To assist me to an understanding of the legal status which the institution known
as the ‘‘obras pias’’ may have, and of the duties and obligations devolving upon
the Government in respect to it, I have the honor to request that in your official
capacity as president of the directive board you will cause to be furnished me
(1) all laws, decrees, and orders in force pertaining to said institution; (2) the
personnel of its directive and administrative boards at the time of United States
occupation, to wit, August 13, 1898, and (3) their personnel as at present constituted,
together with the changes that may have been made therein during the period of
United States control and the authority by which such changes were made.

It is desired that a list of the specific charities under the control and administra-
tion of these boards should also be submitted. If any are exclusively supported by
alms or donations, that fact should be stated, and if any are possessed of resources,
real or personal, or both, a list of the same is desired with statement of the source
from which derived, private or public. If there are other charities which, though
similar to the above, are not included among the ‘‘obras pias,’’ and whose adminis-
tration has been heretofore, either in whole or in part, vested in the church, but
under the supervision of the Government, I should be pleased to receive similar
data from you respecting them.

I should also be much gratified if your Grace could find it convenient to acquaint
me, at an early date, with your views as to what the future management and control
of these several charities should be under the new conditions. :

Very respectfully,
E. 8. Orts,
Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, Military Governor.

Courteous response was made to this written request and the affairs
of the institution are still under consideration in connection with those
of other incorporated entities designated ‘‘pious establishments” and
managed for the most part by the organized clergy of the islands.
Periodical official inspections of the accounts of the bank were insti-
tuted, and while it is believed a shortage in funds occurred during the
early period of United States occupation, proper accountability is now
being enforced.

In regard to Church ip aa used for military purposes the fol-
lowing letters indicate the general action taken:

OrFicE or THE Unrrep Sratzs Minirary GOVERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDS,
Manila, P. I., February 14, 1900.

His Grace ARCHBISHOP CHAPELLE,
Apostolic Delegate, Islands of the Philippines.

Dear Sir: Iam in receipt of two communications containing requests preferred by
his grace the archbishop of Manila submitted through you with remark; the one
asking for the return to the Church authorities of a convent at Malabon, I believe;
the other asking that certain sacred articles belonging to the Church and now held
in possession by certain officers of the United States Army be turned over to the
archbishop of Manila.

4495—20
3806 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

I was not aware that the action complained of at Malabon had been taken, and
written directions to have the property returned to the party from whom taken will
be issued at once. I believe there are certain articles belonging to the Church in the
possession of the commanding officer of the arsenal, who informed me of that fact a
few days ago and who was directed to retain"them in his keeping until prOeee dispo-
sition could be made. He will now be directed to turn them over to his grace the
archbishop of Manila, as requested.

Iam greatly annoyed that acts of this character should be committed, and have
given Yepentall directions to officers to prohibit them. These instructions have been
regarded in general. At the south, especially at Taal and a few other cities, churches
and convents were guarded, and soldiers not permitted to interfere. The command-
ing officer at Taal is now guarding the church there, anxious to turn it over to its
piece representative. The commanding officer of another regiment placed one of

is officers in arrest for attempting to enter a church, and retained him in captivity
for ee time, although he had not attempted to take possession of or remove any
articles.

Of the churches and convents occupied in these islands by the United States
troops, only four have been used from which insurgent soldiers have not been driven.
The archbishop of Manila and _ his associates have on one or two occasions made
tender of church and convent edifices for the United States troop occupancy in case
they were desired for that purpose.

Very respectfully,
E. S. OT!18,
Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, U. S. Military Governor in the Philippines.

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES MiILirary GOVERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDSs,
Manila, P. I., March 17, 1900.

His Grace the Right Reverend Archbishop CHaPELLE,
Apostolic Delegate for Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands, Manila.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the
15th instant, in which you inform me that his grace the bishop of Cebu intends to
visit his diocese very soon, stating your belief that he will be gladly received by the
inhabitants of that island; and you suggest that the commanding officer of United
States troops in that section be invited to extend to the bishop the courtesies due his
position, remarking that attention bestowed would be highly appreciated by the
recipient, the clergy, the people, and yourself.

‘You further invite my attention, first, to certain claims for rent believed to be due
by the United States Government for its occupancy of the Malate Convent; second,
to the allegations of the parish priest of the pueblo of Dolores, Tayabas province,
charging the cruel killing of a boy and the robbing of the church there by United
States troops on February 22 and 27 last past.

‘You also inclose with your communication the application of the right reverend
bishop of Nueva Segovia for the payment of a rental for church buildings at Vigan,
which he states are occupied by our military forces.

In reply thereto permit me to state that from information obtained I am of opinion
that the right reverend bishop of Cebu will be favorably received by the people of
the city of Cebu, and I desire to express my pleasure that he has determined to make
his contemplated visit. I will communicate to the commanding officer of the troops
there his intention and bespeak for him the courteous welcome he desires.

The payment of rental for the occupancy of the Malate Convent, which I directed
to be adjusted some months ago, will be attended to at once.

The acts of wanton cruelty and robbery alleged to have been committed in the
pueblo of Dolores will be thoroughly investigated.

The communication of the right reverend bishop of Nueva Segovia has been
referred to the commanding general of the district of northwestern Luzon for report
upon extent and character of occupancy by United States troops of church property
at Vigan.

With assurances of high consideration and esteem, I remain,

Most sincerely, vours,
E. 8. Orts,
Major-General, U. S. Volunteers, U. S. Military Governor in the Philippines.

The transfer of real estate to which the religious orders claimed title
and right of immediate possession to foreign business syndicates or
corporations was attempted immediately upon United States occupa-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 807

tion, and, Judging from the dates of certain real-estate options or con-
tracts, prior thereto.

The friar estate, consisting of nearly all land from the Laguna de
Bay westward to the seacoast and from the shore of Manila Bay
southward to the Cavite province southern line, containing some
12,000 or 14,000 acres of land and centering at the town of Imus, was

assed to a foreign syndicate, and the title deeds were transmitted by
it to the Washington authorities for acknowledgment of validity of
transfer, on the plea that the registry office of Cavite province had
been destroyed by the insurgents and had not been reestablished
making registration under Spanish law impossible. The papers were
sent to Manila for remark and were submitted to Chief Justice Are-
Nano for opinion upon the question of right to register under the
Spanish law. After an exhaustive review of that law, the chief justice
rendered the opinion that the title deeds did not show compliance with
the registry law and could not be registered; whereupon the papers
Li Lea to Washington with the full copy of the opinion sub-
mitted.

In December a commuication was received from a British subject,
Mr. Warner, of the Manila business firm of Warner, Barnes & Co.,
asking that protection be furnished to engineers engaged in surveying
a friar estate embracing the town of Pasay and environments, province
of Manila, to which the following reply was rendered:

OrricE or THE Unrrep States Minirary GovERNor
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
Manila, P. I., December 12, 1899.
Mr. CO. I. Warner,
Messrs. Warner, Barnes & Co., Manila, P. I.

Sir: Iam directed by the military governor to acknowledge receipt of your com-
munication of the 11th instant, wherein you ask for protection for members of an
engineer corps who are engaged in the work of surveying, remeasuring, and erecting
corner monuments on the property known as Hacienda a, Pasay.

In connection therewith a petition has been received from the inhabitants of that
town challenging your title to property or your right to engage in this work. You
will, therefore, postpone any further proceedings in the matter until it can receive
proper investigation. :

Very respectfully, C. H. Murray,
Major and Inspector-General, U. 8. V., Secretary.

In February Mr. R. H. Andrews, a British subject, claiming to repre-
sent the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited,
made application to be placed in possession of the company’s recently
acquired land. The application and the correspondence which ensued
are as follows:

Mantua, P. I., February 12, 1900.
The SECRETARY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNOR IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Sir: The Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, incorporated
in Manila, has acquired the ownership of the following lands on the island of Luzon,
Viz:

 

Estate. Province. Acres.

 

Calamba ...
Santa Rosa.
BINaT. oo nne
Santa Cruz de Malabon..

 
 
  

 

 

 
3808 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

At present these lands are largely in the possession of tenants of the company,
holding possession by leases from the former proprietors. Since the 4th of February,
1899, these tenants have been forced by the rebel government to pay to them the
rents. These rents are yet being secretly collected by the emissaries of the rebel
government. It is now the intention of this company, wherever practicable, to assert
ownership and collect the currentrents, and they respectfully ask military protection for
the persons of the administrator and his agents wherever the United States has estab-
lished its authority. We have been requested by many principal tenants to organize
our administration so that the work of planting and harvesting crops may proceed
and they may be secured from illegal extortion, as they wish in many cases to pro-
cure the assistance of the company to provide them with animals and means to carry
on their farming operations.

I have the honor to be, yours, very respectfully,

R. H. Anprews, Managing Director.

Orrice oF THE Unitep States Minirary GovERNoR
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
Manila, February 18, 1900.
Mr. R. H. ANDREWs,
Managing Director the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited,
Manila, P. I.

Sir: I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of February
12, and to state in reply that nothing is known at this office of the company entitled
as above indicated, nor of the ownership of the land which you say it has acquired.

It is not understood how the company you name could have acquired title to 225
square miles of territory in populous districts of Luzon and the charge of sucha
numerous tenancy as now occupies that territory.

Very respectfully, C. H. Mvrray,
Major and Inspector-General, U. S. V., Military Secretary.

Tue PHILippine Sugar Estates DEVELOPMENT Company, LiITED,
Manila, P. I., February 14, 1900.
Maj. C. H. Murray,

Inspector-General, U. 8. V., Military Secretary.
Str: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter dated 13th instant.
The Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, was incorporated
on the 29th of January, 1900, and registered in the Registro Mercantil, in this city,
on the 13th of February, 1900, under the existing laws.
The company acquired title to the mentioned lands by purchase and transfer, and
the necessary deeds have been executed and delivered.
The company has an office at No. 17 Anloague, Binondo, and has already com-
menced administration.
Very respectfully, R. H. ANnDREws,
Managing Director.

OFFICE oF THE Unitep States Mitrrary GovERNoR
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
Manila, P. I., February 26, 1900.
Mr. R. H. ANDREWS,
17 Anloague Street, Manila, P. I.

Str: In connection with your request recently submitted to this office in regard to
the Sugar Plantation Company of the Philippines (Compania de Hacienda Azuca-
rera de Filipinas), I am directed by the military governor to request that you submit
to this office the articles of incorporation of said company.

It will facilitate the disposition of the matter in hand if you will furnish both
English and Spanish copies of said articles.

Very respectfully, C. H. Murray,
a: Major and Inspector-General, U. 8. V., Secretary.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 309

Orrick oF THE Unrrep States Minirary GovERNoR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
Manila, P. I., March 10, 1900.
To Mr. R. H. Anprews,
Managing Director the Philippines Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited,
Manila, P. I.

Sir: I am directed by the military governor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of this date inclosing certain papers (enumerated below) in connec-
tion with the estates to which you assert ownership.

1. No. 475. First. Copy of deed of sale of various country properties situated in
the provinces of Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, and Bataan, August 8, 1898.

2. Translation in English of the above.

3. No. 75. First. Copy of articles of incorporation of the Philippine Sugar Estates
Development Company, Limited, in Spanish, dated January 29, 1900.

4, Translation of the same in English.

5. Description of the eight estates claimed by this corporation in English.

6. By-laws of the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, in
Spanish, dated January 29, 1900.

Respectfully, C. H. Murray,
Major and Inspector-General, U. S. V., Secretary.

The papers submitted were referred to Attorney-General Torres for
examination, and for report upon the legality of this real-estate trans-
fer. He soon thereafter rendered an opinion, relying exclusively
upon facts which the papers disclosed. ide first deals with the ques-
tion of the right of foreigners to hold real property in the islands,
citing the royal decrees on the subject, thereafter deduces the facts in
this particular case and draws his inferences. The opinion is as follows:

. Mania, P. I., April 2, 1900.

In none of the ancient laws or provisions upon the subject of vacant lands belong-
ing to the state is there any provision found relating to the occupation, possessing,
or acquirement of lands of this description by foreigners.

Regulations of June 25, 1880.—Neither in the regulations for the adjustment of
lands, dated June 25, 1880, nor the royal decree of September 26, 1884, nor the royal
order of September 7, 1888, is there any provision found referring to the right of
foreigners to acquire and hold vacant lands.

Regulations of January 26, 1889.—Only in the regulations for the sale of lands of
the state, approved by royal decree of January 26, 1889, published in the Manila
Gazette of March 20, 1889, is it provided that adjudications of vacant lands of the
state to foreigners can be made, and then only under the conditions expressed in
article 21 of said regulations, which are:

First. That they reside in the Philippines and be registered in the respective con-
sular records.

Second. That in case they transfer their residence or domicile to another country,
they must dispose of the real property which they have acquired to a resident in the
Philippines ; and

Third. That in case of succession the heirs or devisees who do not possess residence
in the Philippines, and do not meet other legal conditions, must dispose of the lands
to residents. 2

The acquisition of real property in Philippine territory by foreign associations,
eigen or concerns, whether domiciled in the islands or not, is absolutely pro-

ibited.

Royal decree of February 18, 1894.—The royal decree of February 13, 1894, pub-
lished in the Manila Gazette of April 7, 1894, establishing regulations relating to the
adjustment and alienation of public lands and property of the towns and its use as
coramons in the Philippines, provides in article 4 that full ownership of all public
lands which may have been subject to adjustment according to the royal decree of
June 25, 1880, and which adjustment had not been petitioned for sue to the date
of the publication of this decree in the Manila Gazette, shall be understood to have
reverted to the State. No claim upon such lands which any person who may have
been entitled to petition for their adjustment may make shall prevail in any or at
any time, unless the petition is made prior to the date indicated.
310 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

Article 18 contains the following: ‘‘Adjudications of public lands to persons not
Spanish subjects can only be made under the following conditions:

‘First. That the persons to whom the lands are adjudicated reside in the Philip-
pines, and are registered in the respective records.

“Second. That if they transfer their residence or domicile to another country they
shall be required to sell the real property which they may have acquired to a resi-
dent in the Philippines.

“Third. That in case of succession, the heirs or devisees who do not possess residence
in the Philippines, or other prescribed legal conditions, shall be under the same
obligation to sell the property as the first owners.”’

Acquisition of real property in territory of the Philippine Islands by foreign asso-
ciations, companies, or corporations is absolutely prohibited whether they are domi-
ciled in the islands or not.

Law of 1870 in regard to foreigners.—The law of foreigners of July 4, 1870, pub-
lished in the Manila Gazette of September 18, 1870, in article 3, divided foreigners
into three classes—domiciled, transient, and emigrant.

Article 31 provides that no foreigner shall be an elector or eligible for public offices
filled by popular election, nor other offices, nor to ecclesiastical benefits as expressed
in article 32, nor is he subject to military service according to article 37.

Article 38 says: ‘‘ Foreigners may acquire and possess all sorts of real and personal
property in Spanish colonial territory.”

Article 40 says: ‘‘Foreigners may engage in wholesale and retail commerce, but
are subject to the operation of the code of commerce and other laws, regulations, or
provisions in force on this subject. The existing prohibitions regarding the discharge
of public mercantile functions by foreigners remain in force.’

The civil code took effect December, 1889.—The civil code was published in the Manila
Gazette, No. 317, dated Sunday, November 17, 1899, together with the royal order of
August 6 and the royal order of July 31 of the same year, extending its operation to
the Philippines, and took effect from December 8 of the same year, viz, 1889.

Article 10 provides as follows: ‘‘ Personal property is subject tothe law of the nation
of the owner; real property to the laws of the country in which itis situated. Never-
theless, legal and testamentary succession, both as to its order and as to the propor-
tion of the rights of succession and as to the validity of its dispositions, is subject to
the national law of the person whose succession is in question, whatever may be the
nature of the property or the country in which the property is situated.”

Article 27 provides: ‘‘Foreigners enjoy in Spain the rights which the civil laws
grant to Spaniards, excepting as provided for in article 2 of the constitution of state
or international treaties.”’

Article 28 provides: ‘‘Corporations, establishments, and associations recognized
by law and domiciled in Spain shall have the privileges of Spanish nationality, pro-
vided always that they have the character of legal entities according to the provisions
of the present code. Associations domiciled in foreign countries shall have in Spain
the consideration and rights determined by treaties or special laws.”’

Two plans have predominated, as a general rule, in international law as applied to
private persons who are foreigners, to wit: One granting to foreigners all the privileges
of civil law without any condition of reciprocity; another having reciprocity as its
basis and a measure of the rights which may be granted to foreigners in each State.
Of these two plans the Spanish code of commerce accepted the first, establishing the
rule that foreigners not naturalized or domiciled may engage in commerce in Spanish
territory, subject to the rules agreed upon in treaties.

* * * * * * *

The code of commerce took effect from the 9th of December.
* * * x * * *

The last paragraph of article 21 provides: ‘‘Foreign associations desiring to create
or establish branches in the Philippines shall submit and record in the register, in
addition to their regulations and the documents which are required from Spanish
associations, certificates issued by Spanish consuls to the effect that they have been
organized and authorized according to the laws of their respective countries.”’

As the archipelago during the Spanish sovereignty was ruled and governed by
special laws communicated by the colonial minister by means of royal decree all
legal dispositions published in those islands are changed or repealed by the same
means by which they were put in force—i. e., by royal decteee or royal orders issued
by the colonial minister. Following this principle in the matter of public lands said
royal decree of February 13, 1894, is preferable as to application and observance of
the said law of foreigners, the neuen and the commercial and civil codes, espe-
cially when the fact is considered that said royal decrees were issued for the purpose
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 311

of regulating the adjustment and alienation of public lands belonging to the State
and matters relating to the property of the towns subject to use as commons.

Instrument of sale of the eight plantations of the Dominican friars.—By a written instru-

ment, dated August 8, 1898, some days before the capitulation of Manila and its
surrender to the army of the United States, which took place on the 13th of said
month, Father Candido Garcia, the representative of the Corporation of the Spanish
Dominicans, resident in the capital, sold eight parcels of agricultural property or
plantations, situated in Calamba, Binan, Santa Rosa, Naic, Santa Cruz de Malabon,
Pandi, Lolomboy, and Orion, to Mr. Richard Henry Andrews, a British subject, for
the sum of 3,830,000 pesos, for the purpose of organizing with said property an agri-
cultural joint stock company within two years, with the proviso that said corpora-
tion should have no right to recover the property after said company had once been
organized and registered, and that it should be bound to conform to the by-laws of
the company.

In an instrument made in Haiphong, Tonkin, dated January 16, 1899, before the
notary, Francis M. Mercier Lois, and two witnesses, Sefior Don José Torres, bishop,
and four Dominican priests, resident in said French colony, declared that they had
agreed and resolved to organize a universal association of all properties in all parts of
the world of which they were owners for the purpose of engaging in all sorts of
legitimate business and performing all sorts of operations for the purpose of acquir-
ing property and mortgages and the loans useful and necessary for making profits.

It was provided that the association should be administered by the managing
director, who is the only person authorized to sign for and manage the business for
the association, with full general powers under all circumstances and other special
powers stated in the document or act of constitution. It is finally stated that for the
execution of the agreement the parties thereto designate their respective homes in
Haiphong as their domiciles.

Articles of incorporation.—By a written instrument, dated January 29, 1900, in this
capital, Mr. Richard Henry Andrews, a British subject and merchant, Don Baldo-
mero de Hazanas, a Spaniard and an attorney at law, acting as general and special
agents of the universal association of property before mentioned, which association
has its domicile in Tonkin, according to the power of attorney which is quoted, and
Sefior Barry Baldwin, whose nationaliiy is not stated, formed and founded by mutual
agreement a joint-stock company called the Philippine Sugar Estates Development
Company, Limited.

The capital stock of the company is 5,000,000 pesos, and as the principal condition
Mr. Andrews conveys to the company organized the title to the eight plantations,
which is obtained from the Dominican fathers of the Philippine Islands represented
by Father Candid Garcia Sales. .

Sefior Hazanas, in the name of said association in Tonkin, conveys to the joint-
stock company organized all the rights which the said association of the province of
the Holy Rosary-has acquired by the agreement of the said date, January 29, 1900.

The number of shares into which the capital stock of 5,000,000 pesos is divided is
50,000, of the par value of 100 pesos each.

Of these shares 41,015 shares, of the par value of 4,101,500 pesos, go to the univer-
sal association of property domiciled in Tonkin, and become the property of said
association as the founder of the other and the concessionaire of the rights of the
Dominican corporation to that part of the purchase price of the real property sold
by it to Mr. Andrews, which Mr. Andrews still owed, and of the other rights
reserved by the former association in the agreement of August 8, which it afterwards
conveyed to the association represented by Mr. Hazanas, with credits calculated at
200,000 pesos.

Eight hundred shares, of the par value of 80,000 pesos, go to Mr. Richard Henry
Andrews, and become his property as founder, and as grantor to the association
organized, of the title to the property which he has acquired and conveys to the
same.

One hundred shares, of the par value of 10,000 pesos, shall be retained in the treas-
ury and be delivered to Mr. Baldwin as founder, when he subscribes for 2,300 shares,
of a par value of 230,000 pesos, which he agrees to place.

The result of the three documents quoted is as follows: According to the first, on
the 8th of August, 1898, Spanish sovereignty still ruling in the archipelago, the rep-
resentative of the Corporation of Dominican Friars, resident in this capital, sold
eight haciendas or parcels of agricultural real property, being the property of said
corporation, to the British subject, Mr. Richard H. Andrews;

That, according to the document dated January 29, 1900, said Mr. Andrews, a Mr.
Barry Baldwin, whose nationality is not stated, but who appears to be a foreigner
also, and the other foreigner, a Spanish subject, Don Baldomero de Hazanas, repre-
312 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

senting the universal association of property in Haiphong, Tonkin, by a bishop
and four Spanish Dominican friars, as stated in an instrament made in said French
colony on the 16th of January, 1899, organized the joint stock company entitled The
Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited; and Mr. Andrews con-
veyed to said joint stock company the title to the eight plantations purchased from
the Dominican friars, which represented the greater part of the capital stock; and as
Mr. Andrews had only paid to them 1 per cent of the purchase price of the prop-
erty,.the universal association of Tonkin, represented by Sefior Hazanas, acquired
the interest which the Dominican corporation possessed to said plantations, or to
their purchase price which Mr. Andrews, the purchaser, still owes according to
another instrument of conveyance dated January 29, 1900, issued by the represent-
ative of the Corporation of Dominican Friars of this capital in favor of said associ-
ation, also of Spanish Dominican friars domiciled in Tonkin.

From all the foregoing it is deduced:

First. That the said company or association organized in this capital is a foreign
company.

Second. That the concessionaire and true owner at present of said eight planta-
tions situated on this island of Luzon is thus a foreign association, organized by
foreign friars resident in Tonkin, their representative in this capital being also a
foreigner, whose company, composed of individuals domiciled in said French colony,
is the possessor and owner of the large majority of the shares of stock of said joint
stock company organized in this capital.

In order to show that the absolute prohibition established in the second and last
pat of condition third of article 18 of the royal decree of February 13, 1894, issued

y Minister Maura, is applicable to the joint stock company for which Mr. Andrews

s agent, it is not necessary to examine the titles of ownership of the eight planta-
tions sold by the friars to a foreigner and representing the principal basis of the
capital stock of the foreign joint stock company. ‘It is sufficient to read simply the
second part of said third eandiGon of said decree, by which the acquisition of real
property, i. e., all sorts of lands in the Philippines, is absolutely prohibited to foreign
associations, companies, or concerns, whether domiciled in this archipelago or not,
they being incapable of acquiring and owning real property according to the definite
declaration of the law.

The title deeds to ownership of said eight parcels of real property undoubtedly
state— 5

First. To what class of lands the said eight parcels of real property belong, their
history, and how they were acquired.

Second. Whether the original owners, being citizens of this territory, have been
awarded the lands by adjustment with the State according to the royal. decree of
June 25, 1880.

Third. Whether the property is recorded in the respective registers of property.

Under all circumstances and notwithstanding the contents of said titles, it is cer-
tain that, by virtue of said Maura decree, foreign associations, companies, or con-
cerns were absolutely prohibited from acquiring real property in the territory of
these islands, whether domiciled in these islands or not. Consoquantly, if the
Government of the United States maintains the force of the often-quoted royal
decree of February 13, 1894, in the Philippines, which decree was in force at the
time the hovereigaiy of the Union superseded that of Spain, Mr. Andrews could not
legally convey the eight before-mentioned plantations to the associations of joint
stock company, of which he is managing partner, inasmuch as a foreign company
could not and can not possess or acquire real property in this archipelago, and much
less could the Corporation of Spanish Dominican Friars of this capital make a lawful
grant or conveyance of its ownership and rights in said plantations to the Universal
Association of property organized by members of the said corporation domiciled in
pe Tonkin, according to the express prohibition stated in said decree of

ura.

This royal decree, being the last legal disposition in order of all those quoted
above, having been issued in 1894 (long after the codes, the laws of foreigners, and
the regulations quoted), has repealed all provisions of the same relating to real prop-
erty which foreigners and foreign associations, companies, and concerns may have
acquired or possess in these islands. It is also very necessary to consider that said
Maura decree was issued for the express purpose of regulating the adjustment and
alienation of public lands and matters connected with the property of the towns and
its use as commons. :

The foregoing is the opinion of the undersigned, whose duty it is, in view of the
documents examined and the legal dispositions quoted, to give this information con-
cerning the private persons interested for the Government of the United States in
the Philippines, with deference always to a more correct opinion.

FLoREntINO TorREs.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3138

This opinion suffers somewhat in expressed clearness, because of
the faulty translation from the Spanish which we have been obliged
to present, but it appears to be eatinatiee and conclusive. It refutes
the charge made on page 302 of this report, that the military govern-
ment of the islands was applying the United States law or some law
other than the Spanish (which was applicable to conditions) in consid-
ering illegal the transfers of friar estates, and was withholding the
assistance which it should render. The cases cited include all which
have been presented for determination or government action.

In my last annual report I said: '

_ The Banco Espafiol-Filipino is the only bank which has the power to make paper
issue. Under Spanish concession and in return for loans made to that Government,
it was granted the privilege of issuing its notes amounting to three times its capital
stock of $1,500,000, and its paper dollar is considered the equivalent of the Mexican
silver dollar. The Spanish Government had representation in the management of
this bank, and recently the bank invited the United States authorities here to avail
themselves of this privilege by the appointment of an accredited agent, which invita-
tion has been declined, as such action might be construed to be an acknowledgment
on the part of the United States of its obligation to recognize under treaty promises
the validity of the Spanish concession.

The paper issue of the bank amounts to one and one-half millions of
Mexican dollars, which are now popular with the inhabitants. The
bank was embarrassed for a time because of the loan of nearly $1,800,000
to the Spanish Government, but it has recovered and its stock has con-
siderably appreciated. As no government action had been taken in
acknowledgment of its Spanish concession, it, on September 14 of last
year, served a paper pleading its right to such recognition, to which
reply was made that the plea must await the consideration of supreme
United States authority. The correspondence is here inserted to show
the nature of the claim and the force of the argument by which it was
supported.

Mania, September 14, 1899.
The Unirep States Mitirary GovERNOR IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Sir: The Spanish Philippine Bank, founded with proper authorization in 1851, has
since that time enjoyed the exclusive privilege of issuing notes payable at sight and
to the bearer, and, recognized by royal decree of February 7, 1896, acquired an
extension of its privilege of exclusive fiduciary issue to the year 1927.

This exclusive privilege of issue for fiduciary circulation, recognized, as you are
aware, in many nations, is a right pertaining to the sovereign power, which may
either reserve it for the State or public treasury, hold it in abeyance, or instead of
monopolizing it may authorize the free exercise of the privilege. Again, it may
concede the monopoly as an exclusive privilege in favor of some determinate person
or corporation to the exclusion of all others, imposing upon both natives and foreign-
ers the prohibition of conducting similar operations in the territory. This point, as
a universal principle of law, requires no further demonstration.

In case the public power chooses to concede the monopoly in favor of a determi-
nate entity,.such as is the Spanish Philippine Bank in these islands, the act per-
formed by the sovereign power constitutes what is called in positive law a conces-
sion—either administrative, gratuitous, or onerous, but always obligatory upon the
conceding party and the concessionaire as termed in legal entail—which has all the
efficiency of a royal right, although it may be originally and essentially a personal
right. This point, it would appear, requires no further demonstration, as it is a
sequel of the principle already established and is so construed in Spanish laws.

' Being an entail of right, which is strictly obligatory on the party making the con-
cession and upon the concessionaire, the privilege to the latter is of a strictly
onerous character, and the former may not withdraw it at plesam, but is obliged to
maintain it for the period assigned, unless on account of some well-founded and
powerful public exigency it becomes necessary to rescind the concession; and even
then complete indemnification for all loss and injury suffered by the concessionaire
must first be made: The legal conclusion is obvious, also the subsidiary obligation,
814 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

it being the only manner in which failure to comply with obligations which are
efficient in principle can be adjusted. “Moreover, express legislation and continuous
jurisprudence in Spanish written law can be adduced. Hence the concession of a
right pertaining to the sovereign power to a private entity is an efficient title which
causes, as an effect, the incorporation into the property of the concessionaire of the
right alienated by the State, so completely that it becomes his just the same as
the property and rights which form his estate, by whatever title he may have
acquired them. This assertion seems to be a true corollary to the foregoing propo-
sitions.

When sovereignty over peoples and territories is changed or transferred, the
public ties connecting the extinct power with the inhabitants of the dismembered
and annexed country are broken; but the rights incorporated into the property of
individuals, corporations, and associations remain unchanged. They are rights
which suffer no change whatever, because they had substance and life of their own,
independent to their subordination to the sovereign. This is a principle universally
recognized in international law, confirmed in all treaties occasioned by the most
recent wars recorded in history. Among many precedents which might be cited,
the following is prominent because of its analogy:

By article 7 of the treaty of the 27th of March, 1864, upon the annexation of
Greece to the Ionian Islands, the King of the Hellenes assumed as though executed
by himself all obligations and contracts legally celebrated by the previous govern-
ment or in its name by the British protectorate, with either foreign governments,
companies, associations, or private individuals. Express mention was then made
among these obligations of the privileges and concessions made to the Ionian Bank,
us Austrian Lloyd Maritime Company, and the Malta and Mediterranean Gas

ompany.

The concession of the privilege under consideration is of an onerous character.
The royal decree of February 7, 1896, which authorized the extension of the privi-
lege for a further period of twenty-five years not only imposed conditions and rules
upon its exercise and exploitation, but also determined and specified statutory bases,
the respect and maintenance of which can not be disconnected from the preserva-
tion of the concession itself. This privilege is not conceded to any bank but the
Spanish-Philippine Bank, nor can it be regarded as transferable. Itisin the extreme
personal. The concessionaire who obtained it is obliged to have the cash capital,
which as a minimum is designated in article 1 of the royal decree. He may augment
this capital, as per article 2. He must limit himself to operations authorized directly
or by reference in article 5. He is obliged to make his by-laws conform to articles 6
and 7, the approval of which is reserved to the minister of colonies by article 9, and
by way of compensation for these advantages he is obliged to render the treasury the
services stipulated in favor of the State in article 8.

An eminent Spanish statesman, regarded as one of the most learned in the science
of law, upon being consulted as to the status of the Spanish-Philippine Bank after
the treaty of Paris, rendered a brilliant opinion, from which we will literally tran-
scribe the following lines: :

‘Article 9 of the treaty of Paris is intended to regulate this subject of change of
nationality, and provides ‘that Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in
the territory over which Spain by the present treaty relinquishes or cedes her sov-
ereignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, retaining in either
event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such prop-
erty or of its proceeds; and they also shall have the right to carry on their industry,
commerce, and professions, being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are appli-
cable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they may preserve
their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, before a court of record, within a
year from the date of exchange of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their
decision to preserve such allegiance; in default of which declaration they shall be
held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of the territory in
which they may reside.’

“Tt is evident that the first-cited paragraph of article 9 refers exclusively to natu-
ral persons, the only ones which can be included within the initial phrase which I
have underscored. It does not, therefore, concede to the bank the faculty of retain-
ing Spanish nationality by means of the requisite of declaration within the year.
Article 9 has, in addition, a second paragraph, which reads thus: ‘The civil rights
and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the
United States shall be determined by the Congress.’ These latter therefore became
at once subject to the sovereignty of the North American Republic. If the second
paragraph be interpreted as limited to natural persons the exclusion of the bank, as
regards the ability to retain, by means of expressed option, the old Spanish nation-
ality, is sufficient; and if it is assumed that a body corporate constituted in Manila
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 815

and there created is native to the Philippines, the declaration of the second paragraph
of article 9 brings us to the same conclusion.

“The text of the treaty gives plain evidence that no distinct and deliberate thought
was given in order to define the nationality of bodies corporate. The omission sig-
nifies that these persons obtained no franchise or exception, and they required this
in order to become separated from the collective neutralization of all the inhabitants.
Although it is idle, after what has been said, to discuss the intentions of the high
contracting parties of Paris, but little is risked in supposing that in case express men-
tion had been made of bodies corporate constituted and domiciled in the Philippines
they would not have been conceded the privilege of retaining the old nationality,
inasmuch as it was not granted natural persons born in the Philippines, even though
their parents were Peninsular Spaniards. Even those systems of law which treat
with the greatest respect the autonomy of the body corporate do not go so far as to
give it advantages, nor to entirely make it equal to a human being in respect to its
civil personality and its various attributes. It is the opinion of the lawyer under-
signed, beyond doubt, that by virtue of the treaty of Paris the Spanish-Philippine
Bank lost the Spanish nationality which it formerly had, and as a body corporate is
at present numbered among the subjects of the United States of America, to which
the sovereignty of the archipelago was transferred.”

As representative of the stockholders who formed this banking association, which
for nearly half a century, although surrounded by an atmosphere of restriction, has
enjoyed a successful existence, thanks to this privilege of fiduciary issue, it is exceed-
ingly gratifying to the board of directors that such is the status of the bank. The
time has arrived for them to appear before the superior authority of your excellency,
as the representative of the sovereignty which has taken the place of its former pro-
tector, and to offer you the assurance of respectful adhesion and acknowledgment,
informing you that among the prerogatives which the new Government possesses by
virtue of the tutelary functions, is that of naming as a member of the board of direct-
ors of the bank a representative who has a name and power of government syndic,
whose appointment, should your excellency please to make such, would be accepted.
with great pleasure for the present by the board and later by the general meeting of
shareholders, who will be notified, and the entire association will feel grateful for
the honor thus conferred by the Government so worthily represented by your
excellency, whose life may God guard many years.

For the Spanish-Philippine Bank,

Venancio Baas, Director.

OrricE oF THE Unirep States Mitirary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
Manila, P. I., October 7, 1899.
Mr. Venancio BaLpas,
Director Spanish-Philippine Bank, Manila, P. I.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the
14th ultimo, in the matter of the bank of which you are a director, as to its status
under United States sovereignty, and particularly as to its exclusive privilege of
fiduciary issue in the Philippine Islands, which under the terms of the bank’s char-
ter and the royal decree of February 7, 1896, you claim it has the right to enjoy until
1927.

While I have not had the opportunity as yet to fully acquaint myself with the laws
and decrees under which the bank is organized and conducts its business, I am pre-
pared from the limited examination I have made to indicate my substantial concur-
rence in the view I understand you to express, that by the terms of the treaty of
Paris the bank has became impressed with the nationality of the Philippines and is
subject to the authority of the United States, and that it has not the option even
under the treaty to continue its business in these islands retaining its previous nation-
ality. I may also give concurrence to the view that while the bank entity does not
fall within the strict letter of the second paragraph of article 9 of the treaty, it
may be possibly within its spirit. But in the absence of necessity for immediate
action, the bank’s status and privileges, particularly those relating to fiduciary issue
and which are peculiarly appropriate because of their nature for the determination
of Congress, should in my opinion be reserved for the action of that body.

For the reasons indicated, and as neither the necessity or advisability for imme-
diate action is demonstrated, I must decline for the present to act upon the several
requests contained in your letter, and await the action of higher authority, to whom
this correspondence will be submitted.

Very respectfully, E. 8. Orts,
Major-General, U. S. Volunteers,
U. S. Military Governor in the Philippines.
316 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The cable and railway concessions granted by Spain to The Eastern
Extension, Australia and China Telegraph Company, Limited, and The
Manila Railway Company, Limited (both foreign corporations), gave
rise to a good deal of official correspondence—that with the cable com-
pany on demands for payment of United States Government service
which it had performed, and that with the other company on 1 aon
subvention claims and railway requests for certain specified Govern-
ment action.

The cable company had received three concessions, dated, respec-
tively, February, 1879; October, 1897, and March, 1898. The first
gaye it permission to lay a cable between Cape Bolinao, western coast
of Luzon, and Hongkong, a distance of £75 miles. The company was
to receive a subsidy of $4,000a month during ten years, and the exclu-
sive privilege of maintaining a line between the two points for forty
years. The line was opened on May 8, 1880; hence subsidy terminated
May 7, 1890. The Spanish Government was given priority in trans-
mission of messages, and free service during period of subsidy, or ten
years, and thereafter priority of transmission and one-half rates until
the termination of the period of exclusive privilege, or until 1920. The
second is known as the Visayas cables concession of 240 miles. It per-
mitted the company to lay a line between Luzon and Panay, between
Panay and Negros, and between Negros and Cebu, and paid in monthly
installments a subsidy of £4,500 per year for twenty years. The line
was opened for traftic in October, 1897; hence subsidy does not termi-
nate until 1917. The Spanish Government was to receive priority of
transmission of messages at half rates and 10 per cent of the profits of
the cable business after deducting expenses, which were not to exceed
£6,000 per year. The third concession permitted the extension of the
Hongkong and Cape Bolinao cable to Manila. Spain promised to
extend the monopoly, or exclusive cable privilege granted to the com-
pany in the Hongkong and Cape Bolinao concessions for twenty
years. Hence company holds exclusive privilege of operating a cable
line between those two points until 1940. This concession also gives
to the company exclusive landing rights in all the Pacific Spanish pos-
sessions, with exemption from taxation, Spain, however, reserving the
right to redeem this exclusive landing privilege by paying £5,000 a year
during the unexpired portion of the extension time. It was also agreed
in this concession that during the first ten years of the extended period
of the extension privilege Government dispatches would be transmitted
free, during the next ten years at one-fourth of the ordinary traffic
rates, and during the remainder of the period at one-half commercial
rates.

To be somewhat more explicit as to money considerations promised
by the Spanish Government and the privileges the company was to
enjoy, they were, as apparently understood by the cable company and
oe by an English translation of the published concessions, as

ollows:

First. As to the Hongkong and Bolinao concession, Government has
privilege in priority of transmission, and free transmission of Govern-
ment telegrams over the Bolinao-Hongkong cable. No subsidy pay-
ments, as they terminated in May, 1890. The company has the exclu-
sive privilege until 1920 of laying and maintaining cables between
terminal points, namely Hongkong and the coast of Luzon between
Cape Bojeador and Cape Bolinao.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 317

Second. As to the Visayas cables concession of October, 1897: The
company is to work at its own expense and risk the cables for twenty
years; that is to say, until N ovember, 1917, receiving £4,500 a year to
that date. Government is to have priority of transmission of mes-
sages and to pay half rates (or 25 centimes of a franc, equal at present
exchange to 10 cents Mexican per word), and to receive 10 per cent of
the profits of the business after deducting the expenses of operations,
which are calculated at and not to exceed £6,000 per year. The
Government also to receive a surcharge of 5 ventimes of a franc on
messages to places beyond the islands of Panay, Negros, and Cebu.
The company has exclusive landing rights in the islands of Luzon,
Panay, Negros, and Cebu for the twenty years; also grant of land for
building offices at the different stations. ;

Third. As to the Hongkong and Bolinao extension concession of
March, 1898: No money is to be paid by Government, but the com-
Ree receives an extension of its monopoly for twenty years (to expire

ay 8, 1940) of the right to work and lay cables between Hongkong
and Manila, and an extension of the landing rights for a period of twenty
years of joining all Spanish possessions in the Pacific and of connect-
ing them with other countries, to reckon from the date the Hongkong-
Manila cable is open for working. The Government may at any time
redeem this exclusive privilege by the annual payment to the company
of £5,000 for each year that remains unexpired; but the com-
pany will retain the landing rights between Hongkong and Manila.
The company has a right to exemption from taxation and local rates
and the employees to have the same privileges and immunities as those
of the Government. Government telegrams will be free of charge
over the Manila-Hongkong cable for the first ten years of this last con-
cession, at one-fourth of the ordinary traffic rates for the next ten
years, and at one-half of those rates thereafter, and until the expira-
tion of the concession in 1940. The Government has the right to levy
a terminal tax of 25 centimes of a franc on all full-rate traftic emana-
ting from Luzon and passing over this cable, and 9 centimes of a franc
on all press work. The company also has the right to a free land
grant for building a station in Manila.

Taking the first and third concessions together, Government will
have free service till1907; from thence to 1917 it will pay one-fourth
of the commercial rates, and thence to 1940 half rates, and is entitled
to priority in transmission of messages. Under the second concession
(Visayas cable) Government must pay £375 per month until 1917 and
25 centimes ofa gold franc for every word transmitted, but will receive
10 per cent of the profits after deducting expenses of operating lines,
such expenses to be considered as limited to £6,000 a year.

The claims received from the cable company arise under the second
or Visayas concession. The United States has paid full commercial
rates, or 60 cents for every word transmitted, over the Manila and
Hongkong line which the first and third concessions affect. Hence, if
the last-mentioned concessions are held to be obligatory, the company
isindebted to the Government. The claims which Tans been presented,
and which have been prepared in accordance with the terms of the
second concession, cover a considerable period of time prior to the
ratification of the Paris treaty, during which, it is contended, that
the Spanish Government is responsible. It is at least so till December
10, 1898, when the provisions of the treaty were completely formu-
318 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

lated and agreed to by the commissioners. However, as the landin
station of the company at Capiz, northern Panay, and the overlan
Panay telegraph line to Iloilo could not be utilized on account of the
action of the insurgents, the War Department on February 28, 1899,
authorized it to extend its cable facilities from Manila to [loilo, thus
cutting out its Capiz connection, which it did, and gave the United
States telegraphic service with its troops stationed at Iloilo. It com-
pleted this work on March 18, since which date Government has been
charged the preferential rates of the concession. Later, under War
Department authority, itabandoned its overland facilities across Negros
and Cebu, and laid cable direct from the city of Iloilo to Cebu. This
War Department authorization might be considered tacit recognition,
but the military administration never recognized in any manner the
first and third concessions. The company’s bills are still held in abey-
ance, awaiting instructions from Washington, to which all correspond-
ence has been sent.

The concession to The Manila Railway Company, Limited, with
terminals at the cities of Manila and Dagupan, gave subvention pay-
ments in case of reduced earnings of road after completion and granted
property, powers, and privileges of a somewhat extraordinary char-
acter. The railway was taken possession of by insurgents shortly after
the war of the rebellion was inaugurated and was recovered by the
military authorities in December, 1898, which operated it until March,
1900, when the following orders were issued :

IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLaNDs,
No. 8. Manila, P. I., March 10, 1900.

I. Mr. Horace L. Higgins, resident representative of the Manila and Dagupan
Railway Company and its duly appointed general manager and chief engineer,
who has heretofore declined to receive or take possession of the said road, its stock,
or property since its capture from insurgent supervision and control without an
invoiced statement on the part of the United States authorities of the condition
of said road and property and damages sustained by it since February 4, 1899,
having now signified his willingness and desire to receive the same on behalf of
the company upon receipt of agreed inventory of the property which is in the
actual possession of the United States Government—the said inventory to be taken
by a board of army officers in connection with agents whom he may name:

Now, therefore, a board is hereby appointed to meet at the railway offices in
Manila on Thursday next, the 15th instant, at the hour of 9 o’clock a. m., which, in
unison with the agents appointed by Mr. Higgins, will carefully take account of stock
and enumerate all railway property which is at present, or has been, in the actual use
of the United States Government since the road or any portion of the same has been
operated by it for its convenience and benefit. The board will also state in its report
ot inventory the condition of the road and roadbed when captured from the insur-
gents (noting particularly whatever damage resulted from the act of God or the
public enemy), its present condition, the cost of labor and material expended
thereon by the military authorities since its capture, and the purposes of the outlay.

Detail for the board: Capt. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers; Capt. Charles
W. Mead, Thirty-sixth Infantry, United States Volunteers; First Lieut. Charles F.
ee Second United States Artillery; Second Lieut. William P. Wooten, Corps of

ngineers.

The board will expedite its labors in order that transfer of the road to the owners
of the same may be made as soon as practicable.

By command of Major-General Otis:

SPECIAL ORDERS, OFFICE OF THE Unrrep States Mriuirary GovERNOR

M. BARBER,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 319

SPECIAL ORDERS, Orrice or THE Unirep Starrs Mrurrary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 9. Manila, P. [., April 6, 1900.

I. For temporary purposes, and to meet existing emergencies, the request of
the Manila and Dagupan Railway for a modification of past existing passenger and
gk toe rates is approved in part, and the modified rates are fixed as follows:

The maximum charge for traffic, both passenger and freight (the classification
heretofore prevailing being continued), shall be:

 

PASSENGER,

Mexican.

Ist-class passage, per kilometer ....-..2 20-22-02 eee eee ec een eee eee cece cence $0. 038
2d-class passage, per kilometer ._.._.. 2-2-2222 - cee ence ec ee eee eee eeeeeeeee 0. 029
3d-class passage, per kilometer ....-...-2...202 2200 ec2e cece eee e cence eee 0. 016
ist class, per ton per kilometer.......-...-2-22---22--eeecee cee cec eee eeeee $0. 047
2d class, per ton per kilometer ......222 2222222 eee cece cece eee c econ ee eeee . 033
3d class, per ton per kilometer ..... 222222022 eee ee eee eee cee eee eee eee . 024
4th class, per ton per kilometer.......2.22 22202220 e eee cee eee ee eee eee ee . 020

The above freight rates are applicable to all hauls of 20 kilometers or more, and
for hauls less than 20 kilometers the maximum charge may be the same as for a haul
of that distance.

EXPRESS RATES.

The maximum charge shall be, per ton per kilometer, $0.20 (Mexican).
This rate shall prevail for all hauls of 20 kilometers or more, and for hauls less than
20 kilometers the maximum charge may be the same as for a haul of that distance.

GOVERNMENT TRANSPORTATION,

Government service shall have precedence over all other railway transportation
business, and the entire rolling stock of the road must be held available for its neces-
sities in cases of emergencies, as determined, announced, and directed by the military
authorities.

At the option of the Government its transportation service may be conducted on
a car kilometer basis instead of computing its railway dues on the above classification
of rates, as has hitherto been done.

On the car kilometer basis the following maximum rates may be charged:

Mexican.
For a 7-ton wagon, per kilometer..-.....---------2---------------- ee ee eee 80. 14
For a 14-ton wagon, per kilometer .-.....-.--.----------------------------- 0. 28
Passenger car, per kilometer ...--...-.-.---.--------- 2-2 eee eee ee eee eee 0.14

and the above schedule of rates shall be applicable to all hauls of 20 or more kilo-
meters, shorter distance being computed at 20 kilometers. q

The Government will furnish train guards and give such other protection as in its
judgment may be required. The municipal authorities, upon call from commanding
officers of districts, will confer such limited police powers on civilian employees of
the road at its several stations as may be considered necessary.

Employees on trains will request commanders of train guards to arrest disorderly
persons, or those interfering with the proper operation of the road, with which
requests these commanders, in their discretion, will comply.

In the transaction of non-Government business the railway authorities shall make
an equitable distribution of the facilities of the road among all persons desiring to
utilize it as a common carrier.

The schedules of trains shall be submitted to this office for approval.

Any character of transportation, or a retention of rolling stock by Government for
special purposes, not hereinabove provided for, shall be matter for special agreement.

II. The chief signal officer of the department will furnish to the authorities of the
Manila and Dagupan Railway Company a sufficient quantity of wire and fixtures to
complete the laying of two additional telegraph wires on the telegraph railway line,
this being required to meet the necessities of the military government.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barser,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
3820 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

It was desired, soon after the road was captured, that the company
take possession of and operate it, but the delay which intervened is
explained in the following correspondence, and there is shown therein
to a certain extent the nature of the concession under which the com-
pany claims ownership:

Ferro Cargit DE Maniza A Dacupay, . .
Manila, January 25, 1900.
Maj. C. H. Murray,
Inspector-General, U. S. Volunteers,
Secretary to Military Governor, Manila, P. I.

HANDING OVER OF RAILROAD, INVENTORIES, AND ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES,

Dear Sir: In answer to your indorsement No. 1 to our letter No. 79 G. A., of 15th
ultimo, viz: ‘‘By command of Major-General Otis the management of the railroad
will be turned over to the railway company at any time desired, the line having been
temporarily repaired, suitable for present service by the United States Army.” I
would respectfully state:

That on June 10, 1899, the same offer was verbally made to me by the military
governor, and on the 15th of the same month, after having seen the depot quarter-
master and asked as a preliminary step that a joint inventory of property and assess-
ment of damages should be made, I received the reply that ‘‘the railway property
was considered as captured from the insurgents; that whatever there was, as such,
would be turned over to me; that we could inventory our property at our conven-
ience, but that the United States Government declined to take part.”’

On June 17 I, representing the Manila Railway Company, pointed out that this
decision on the part of the Government made it impossible for me at that time to
again resume the management.

Your answer, received on the 18th of June, 1899, being to the effect that ‘‘the
matter of exchanging formal inventories * * * could not be considered. The
United States would hand over the railway property in its possession and all of which
it took from the insurgents without any formality whatever, and it would be delivered
into the hands of Mr. Higgins at any time he might be able to operate the road,”’
on the 23d June, 1899, I respectfully protested against this decision and asked for
a reconsideration, * * * also stating that I considered the inventory of property
to be of such vital importance for the company that in case of the Government
refusing to consider the matter I would propose to ask the British consul to name an
independent person or persons to be present at the inventories and would invite an
agent or agents of the United States Government to be also present. Your answer
of the 29th being—

“The military governor directs me to say that there is no objection to the action
Mr. Higgins contemplates, * * * but the United States declines to commit itself
to any action which may constitute a basis for future claims. * * * The offer has
been made on the part of the United States to turn over * * * property which
still remains good. A nonacceptance of this offer may absolve the United States
from payment of any damages which might be preferred arising since the date of
that offer.’ * * *

On the 30th June I had the honor of advising you that the British consul had
named two independent persons, with the necessary technical knowledge, to be pres-
ent at our inventories, which would be commenced on the 5th July.

From this latter date up to the 4th August, although some minor difficulties had
to be arranged, everything went well, a workable arrangement having been come to
with the depot quartermaster about the issue of stores and material, etc., the store
inventories furnished at Manila and well in hand at Caloocan. Between the 4th and
9th of August, however, all our work and arrangements were rendered useless by
arbitrary action on the part of the United States officer in immediate charge of the
line. This I had the honor to inform you of at that time, protesting against said
action, no answer having been received to my protest up to present date.

Between the 9th August and 7th November nothing further was done with regard
to railway inventories or assessment of damages. But on the 8th November, a second
arrangement having been come to with Major Devol, depot quartermaster, we again.
started on the inventories of the running stores and material, completing same on the
15th December, I then having the honor of pointing out the importance of some
arrangement being made with regard to permanent repairs * * * and asking if
some indication could be given with regard to handing over the line.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS, B21

Circumstances have considerably altered since the first offer of the Government to
turn over the railroad property, provinces which were then in rebellion having been
pacified, and the whole extent of the railroad since the 20th November, ultimo, bav-
ing been under the control of the military authorities.

‘The foregoing is, I believe, an exact resumen of what has taken place up to date
with regard to the handing over of the line, and I need hardly add that the interests
of the company have and are suffering great prejudice by the delay, entire stoppage
of ate revenue, and want of a definite and equitable arrangement with the Govern-
ment.

_ I would here say that since the 10th June I have kept the three following points
in view:

(1) To be able to respond to the company for property under my immediate charge
at 4th of February, 1899, eee : A

_(2) To take over management without any friction and without upsetting commu-
nication and transport arrangements between Manila and the front.

(3) To as soon as possible get the line into such a state of repair as would enable
same without danger to be opened to the general public as far as military regulations
and requirements would permit.

I would now respectfully point out that so as to be able to come to any definite
arrangement it is absolutely essential that a joint assessment of damagés sustained by
the road and accessories be made between the Government and company, as without
this procedure it would be impossible for me to submit to my company for their
action a valid statement of facts.

I would therefore solicit that a joint assessment of damages sustained, with a view of ascer-
taining cost of puting the road and ACCESSORIES INTO THE SAME STATE AS
THEY WERE 1N ON THE 4TH OF FEBRUARY, 1899, be made at the date of
handing over the railroad property, as failing this requisite it would be impossible for
me without evident prejudice to the interests of the company to again take over the
management.

Yours, very respectfully,
Horace L. Hicerys,
General Manager and Chief Engineer.

OFFICE oF THE Unirep Sratres Mitirary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
Manila, P. I., February 11, 1900.
Mr. Horace L. Hiearns,
General Manager and Chief Engineer,
Manila and Dagupan Railway Company, Manila, P. I.

Sir: The Military Governor directs me to inform you that he has considered your
letter of the 25th ultimo, wherein you set out the correspondence which has taken
place on the subject of turning over the possession of the Manila and Dagupan Rail-
way by the United States authorities to you as its legal resident representative; also
the action which has been taken by you and the United States authorities to accom-

. plish such transfer; this in partial response to an indorsement from this office on
your inquiry of December 15th last, asking ‘‘if the present situation permits that
some indication be given by the Government to the company with regard to the
handing over of the line,’’ which indorsement is in language as follows:

“The road is now in working order throughout its entire distance, having been
recovered from the insurgents, and is at least temporarily repaired, suitable for present
service by the United States Army. It will be turned over to the railway company
at any time desired; in fact, the authorities of the United States War Department
would be glad to have Mr. Higgins take over the road and operate it, that Depart-
ment paying a fair compensation for all services rendered it.”’

After presenting your ‘‘résumé of what has taken place’’ and the reasons for your
recent course, you reach the following conclusions, viz: ‘‘To be able to come to any
definite arrangement it is absolutely essential that a joint assessment of damages sus-
tained by the road and accessories be made between the Government and the com-
pany, a¥ without this procedure it would be impossible for me to submit to my
company for their action a valid statement of facts. I would therefore solicit that a
joint assessment of damages sustained, with a view of ascertaining cost of putting
the road and accessories into the same state as they were in on the 4th day of Feb-
ruary, 1899, be made at the date of handing over the railroad property, as failing this
requisite it would be impossible for me without evident prejudice to the interest of
the company to again take over the management.”’

4495—21
822 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The facts cited by you, in so far as you cite the action of the United States Govern-
ment, are, I believe, correctly set out in your letter, but you omit to state that in a
conference with the military governor the latter urged you to take over and operate
the road, and offered to turn over to you, without cost, claim, or demand for pay-
ment, sufficient new and unused rails, with ties or sleepers for the same, to lay 8
miles of track, which property the United States had recently purchased and deliv-
ered in Manila at a cost of $265,000 (Mexican), exclusive of cost of transportation of
rails from place of purchase in the United States, and with which you might place
the road in fair condition; and you were told furthermore that no claim would be
made for large labor payments which the United States had met in order to restore
the breaks in the road resulting from the wanton attempts of the insurgents to effect
its complete destruction.

It now appears that you decline to receive the property because the United States
authorities will not unite with you in making ‘‘a joint assessment of damages sus-
tained by the road and accessories’’ since the 4th day of last February, with a view of
ascertaining cost ‘‘of putting the road and accessories into the same state that they
were in”’ on that date. That is, if you are correctly understood, you demand that
the United States shall unite with you in establishing the basis and amount of a
claim to be preferred against the former by the railway company to cover all railway
losses during & period from February 4, 1899, to date of prospective transfer—the
claim to include all railway damage and losses during that entire period—and this
notwithstanding the fact that the Government of Spain is responsible for such losses
or damages (if any responsibility attaches to any goverment) to April 11, the date of
ratification of the late Paris treaty, and that all damages dore to the railway were
inflicted thereon while in possession of the insurgents and being operated by them
or the duly appointed agents of the railway company under the insurgent direction.
That is, simply stated, you demand as a condition precedent to taking over the road
an assessment by the United States Government, guided by agents of your company,
of all losses suffered by the road at the hands of insurgents since February 4 last,
with the intention on your part of making a future claim for amounts thus assessed
against that Government, notwithstanding the fact that the United States Government
has no information as to the amount of property the road possessed at the time it
took possession of the same, and the further fact that it has not committed any of
the damages which the road has suffered, that being the deliberate work of insur-
gents or of floods during insurgent occupancy.

It wiil readily occur to you that the United States authorities in these islands can
not place themselves in the position you desire unless the Government is obligated
to repair or make good through money payments, or by its labors, the losses and
damages sustained by the road since the 4th of February, 1899. And it is doubtless
clear to you that such obligations do not attach unless they arise under some very
special, specific conditions which are contained in the franchise which the road
enjoys, since it is a well-established rule of law that a government is not obligated to
reimburse the inhabitants of a country for pecuniary losses suffered by them through
the act of God, or the public enemy, whether belligerent or insurgent, or whether
that enemy consists merely of unlawful combinations of individuals engaged in hos-
tile action. The law not only absolves the Government from liability for such losses,
but even permits it to destroy individual property without making recompense,
when such destruction becomes necessary in the establishment of peace.

The conclusion that there exist special conditions which make Government
responsible for these railway damages or losses the United States can not accept.

By referring to the numerous royal decrees and orders which contain the various
concessions enjoyed by the road, it is ascertained that the completed franchise as
finally determined upon was granted on the 21st day of January, 1887. It was torun
for ninety-nine years. The work of construction was to commence within six
months following the date of the franchise, and the road was to be entirely finished
and in working order within four and one-half years from that time. That during
the construction of the road the Spanish Government agreed to make good all losses
suffered by it in cases of ‘‘ force majuere,’’ as expressed in article 40 of the schedule
of general conditions for the contracts of public works. Referring to article 40, here
alluded to, we find that it reads as follows:

‘The contractor shall not be entitled to indemnification for the losses and damages
caused to the works except in cases of ‘force majuere.’ For purposes of this article
the only cases to be considered as ‘force majuere’ shall be the following:

‘First. Fires caused by atmospheric electricity.

“Second. Damages caused by earthquakes.

oo ‘Damages due to the commotions of the grounds where works are con-
structed. :
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3823

me Fourth. Damages caused by force of arms, popular seditions, or riotous robberies.

The contractor shall subject himself to the provisions of articles 2,3, 4, and 5 of

the regulations of July 17, 1868, for the purpose of claiming and obtaining the
indemnification of the damages by him suffered.”’ —

Reterring to these regulations it is seen that contractors, in cases of ‘‘ force majuere,’’
shall be indemnified for losses resulting from unusual floods; ‘‘(10) damages caused
in time of war by belligerent forces; (11) damages caused by popular insurrections;
(12) riotous robberies; (18) destruction by curtRauations’

It appears, then, that this protection was given the railroad company while the
road was being constructed, and was not intended to follow it during the ninety-nine
years, the period of time over which the concession extended. This conclusion must
be reached, unless it is positively stated in the franchise that such extension of the
application of the ‘‘force majuere’”’ regulations, intended for the protection of con-
tractors while engaged in the construction of public works, covers the period of the:
ninety-nine years, the full term of the railway concession.

Such positive declaration or agreement between the Spanish Government or the
railway company does not exist, and that the Spanish Government did not intend
that there should be any misconstruction of intention in this particular, it placed in
the last clause of section 6 of the concession agreed upon this condition:

‘‘There shall also be taken into account, for the corresponding increase of the capi- -
tal which is to bear the interest, the amount of the losses and prejudices caused to
the works during the construction of the line, in the cases of ‘force majuere,’ referred
to in article 40 of the schedule of general conditions for the contracts of public works,
when, according to the provisions of the regulation for the declaration and payment
of prejudices, approved by decree of the provisional government of the 27th of
November, 1868, the payment thereof to the concessionaire is proper, who in this
case shall be considered as contractor.”

This, in itself, appears to be the equivalent of a positive declaration to the effect
that payment for losses and prejudices ‘caused in case of ‘‘force majeure’’ is limited
as to this railway to the period of construction.

Had you in your request merely asked the detail of officers to assist you in taking
an account of the stock of the railway preparatory to having the same turned over
to you it would have been readily complied with.

It is greatly regretted that you have declined to receive the management of the
railway, as offered, since your compliance would have greatly simplified matters;
would have, it is believed, been beneficial to the company you represent, and to the
inhabitants who live along the line of the road and greatly desire to ship their crops
and merchandise.

The military authorities are therefore obliged to continue in possession much

ainst their inclination and desires, and must look to it that civilians receive some
of the advantages in the operation of the road now contemplated.

Inclosed please find copy of an order issued the 10th instant, and which is
intended to take effect to-morrow.

Very respectfully,
C. H. Murray,
Major and Inspector-General, U. S. V., Military Secretary.

The subvention claims of the road have been presented by the consul
for Great Britain at the end of each quarterly period of the year. The
first was for $30,293, Mexican, and the one presented for October,
1899, was for $106,994, it covering a period when the road was not in
the pussession of the company, and is therefore for the highest demand

ossible for subvention under the concession. These claims are calcu-
ated on an 8 per cent payment, payable quarterly, guaranteed by
Spain on a capital limited in the guaranty to $5,353,700.87, Mexican,
less one-half of the gross earnings of the road for the time covered by
the payment. All have been forwarded to Washington with explana-
tion.

Something in the nature of concession has grown up through the prac-
tice of the Spanish Government and subsequent action of the United
States, as the former permitted Chinese residents to establish in the
city of Manila, on ground purchased by them, a hospital, a cemetery,
and schools, which they formerly controlled under the supervision of
324 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

one of their number appointed by the Governor-General of the islands
and called ‘‘ captain of the chinese.” No question having any inter-
national significance could arise by reason of this permission prior to
United States occupation, as the Chinese Government did not have,
nor could it obtain, consular representation in the Philippines. A
Chinaman entering the islands came as an individual immigrant and
was treated asa Spanish subject, whose business and domestic relations
were entirely under the control of the local laws. The local law
administered upon the estate of a deceased resident Chinaman the same
as if he had been a Spanish citizen. The consular privileges which
have been granted China by the United States has had the effect to
influence Chinamen residing in the Philippines to claim former nation-
ality and the protection of the Chinese consulate, and the consul has
appointed subordinates in different sections of the islands, professedly
to look after the interests of his countrymen, although these subagents
have not received government recognition. He has, however, taken
upon himself the management of the institutions which Chinese socie-
ties had built up under the rule of Spain, but not without the protest
of many members of those societies.

I remarked in my former report, in speaking of the relations between
the Filipinos and Chinese, that ‘‘not only was the active race enmity
and the unfortunate existing conditions which were more or less its
consequences giving trouble, but the Chinamen themselves were divided
into warring factions.” The first consular appointee was bitterly
opposed by a large class of Chinese residents, who presented a numer-
ously signed petition for his removal. His successor was the object
of bitter attack. Charges of interference with private rights and mal-
feasance in office were presented. On July 20, 1899, a petition was
received citing that the Chinese institutions in Manila had been main-
tained by collections of money from outgoing Chinamen with the
sanction of the Spanish authorities, with whom the records of the same
were filed, and that they were managed by a board of twelve directors,
composed of representative Chinese residents of the city; that the
consul had arbitrarily assumed control of the institutions, or that after
his repeated demands the board of directors had decided to transfer
the management of the institutions to him and thus relieve themselves
from further responsibility and trouble; that since transfer every
Chinaman leaving Manila bad been forced to pay to the consul the sum
of $6 each, ostensibly for the support of the institutions, but that not-
withstanding these required payments the institutions were not sup-
ported, and the petitions asked that their control be returned to them.
They concluded their petition as follows: ‘‘As there seems to be no
other manner in which a speedy and adequate remedy can be secured
for the matters above set forth, we respectfully lay the matter before
your excellency, and request such relief and assistance as may serve
to place the said matters on a satisfactory and business-like basis.”
This was followed soon after by another paper bearing 159 signatures,
addressed to the military governor, and reciting:

We, the undersigned petitioners, Chinese merchants, business men, and residents
of the city of Manila, would respectfully show:

That the other Chinese residents of the islands are being greatly annoyed and
harrassed by the present consul-general in this city, Li Yung Yew, and are being
required to pay, by order of the said Chinese consul, fees and taxes which are unjust,

uncalled for, and extortionate, as the following statement will show. Previous to
the installation of the present consul the Chinese consul-general collected from all
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3825

Chinese leaving the city of Manila for China a fee of $3, which was divided into four
funds, as follows: Registration fee ee 50 cents; passport, $1; Chinese
Hospital and Cemetery Association, $1; Anglo-Chinese school, 50 cents. This fee of
$3, therefore, was found abundantly sufficient to meet all demands, but for some rea-
son, which he has not seen fit to explain, the present consul-general, immediately
upon assuming the duties of his office, doubled up all fees, collecting,$6 from ail
Chinese leaving Manila instead of $3 as formerly. This fee of $6 is supposed to be
apportioned as follows: School, $1; registration, once each year, $1; Chinese Hospi-
tal and Cemetery Association, $2; consulate, $2. It will be noticed from the above
that previous to the arrival of the present consul Chinese were required to register
but once at Chinese consulate, for which a fee of 50 cents was charged, but under the
present administration it is required that he register each year, for which a fee of $1
is charged; moreover, said consul has forced all Chinese to submit to this heavy
extortion by threats of arrest and confinement unless they comply with his orders,
and he has had it printed in Chinese characters on all passports issued by him that
unless Chinese register as required by him they will not be allowed to remain in
these islands ‘‘according to American Jaw.”? He has also sought to enforce these
taxes by issuing proclamations to all Chinese passenger agents, instructing them not
to sell any tickets to Chinese to leave these islands unless the purchaser holds a pass-
port, and in order to assure himself that these orders are strictly obeyed the said con-
sul places on all steamers about to sail from Manila his interpreter, Lee Kwong
Hing, for the purpose of examining all Chinese passengers to see that they have the
required passport. The said Hing upon such occasions is accompanied by one or
more American guards, and in case any Chinese shall be found on the steamer who
do not hold the passports required, the said Chinese are then and there arrested,
a before the consul, fined, and required to take the passport issued by the
consul. ;

The Anglo-Chinese school above referred to was started as a free institution, to be
sustained by fees collected by the consulate from Chinese leaving for China, but since
taking charge of the said school the said consul refuses to permit any pupils to attend
the said school except at a charge of $4 per month for day pupils and about $3 per
month for night pupils. On an average 500 Chinese per month leave Manila for
China, and as $1 out of the $6 collected from each of these is supposed to be appro-
priated for the school fund the school has from this source an income of $500 a month.
As the expenses of said school amount to a trifle over $300 per month your peti-
tioners respectfully state that they have no knowledge as to what is done with the sur-
plus income for the said school, excepting the statement made by the said consul to
the effect that he, the said consul, was holding the surplus in trust.

For the purpose of assisting in the management of the various institutions above
referred to and on other matters the said consul has appointed a committee of twenty-

- four persons, among whom are Messrs. Lim Ah Im, Koo Hoon Eng, Koh Ley, See Tiat,
Ung Lum Tian, and others. The members of this committee hold private meetings
of a judicial nature for the purpose of passing upon all civil differences arising between
Chinese in this city, and the rulings and judgments of this committee are often most
obviously unfair, unbusiness-like, and unlawful. They are a source of great dissatis-
faction and discontent to other Chinese residents of the city. This committee isnom-
inated and influenced by the said consul and is merely a figurehead and convenience
forhim. * * *

Your petitioners would respectfully state that our Emperor saw fit to appoint a
consul here in this city for the purpose of protecting the interests of Chinese subjects;
but your petitioners are constrained to believe that the present consul has lost sight
of the objects of his appointment and is devoting himself entirely to his own personal
and selfish purposes, at the expense of your petitioners and other Chinese residents.
We have patiently borne with his extortions, exactions, and neglect of duty until we
have become convinced that it is our duty to protest against the present state
of affairs being allowed to continue. We have no personal animosities against Li
Yung Yew, nor personal grievances to avenge, but as law-abiding citizens, paying
our taxes to the American Government and conducting ourselves in an orderly
manner, we do earnestly protest against the treatment to which we and our fellow-
citizens are being subjected by the said consul.

Your petitioners therefore earnestly request that your excellency will take
such steps as will afford us the necessary relief in the premises, either by suspending
recognition of the said consul or by such other acts as your excellency may see fit,
and we would further respectfully ask that your excellency cable the President of
the United States the substance of the contents of this petition (such cabling to be
at the expense of your petitioners), and your petitioners take the liberty to suggest
to your excellency that in case the said consul shall be removed or suspended, that
your excellency appoint a captain of Chinese, similar to such appointments under
Spanish administration.
326 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

olen Goes petition may receive your careful and favorable consideration, we beg
to subscribe ourselves, ete. * * *

Still another petition, dated October 5, 1899, and signed by 16 China-
men, was submitted, citing briefly the same facts as the former ones
and closing with the following request:

We are convinced, therefore, that the passport of the Chinese consul is entirely
superfluous and an unnecessary burden upon the Chinese of the islands, and we
appeal to your excellency to see that the same is abolished or that it may be collected
on a basis more fair and adequate for all parties concerned.

The allegations made against the consul would, if substantiated. show
that he was extending his official powers beyond their legitimate limits,
and the substance of the charges received were referred to him ‘for
any remarks he might desire to make on the subject.” They were also
referred to Major West. U. 8. Volunteers, inspector-general at military
headquarters, who was directed to make a careful investigation into the
institutions concerned, their dates of organization, value. and in whom
vested; also, their source of supply and the methods of conducting the
same. He was further instructed to inquire into the allegations made
against his honor, the Chinese consul-general, of unwarranted action
charged against him in connection with these properties and which were
claimed to be the properties of Chinese residents.

While investigation was being made the difficulty assumed a new
phase. The consul-general complained that an Amoy Chinaman, he
who had formerly exercised the office of *‘captain of Chinese.” had
caused a certain notice to be posted in the public places of the city,
“‘which contains derogatory statements in regard to my consulship.
* * * The proclamations are issued falsely for the purpose of
injuring the relations of the Government of the United States and
China, and I respectfully request that the author be compelled to
remove them and make an apology for the wrongful issuance of the
same.” The complaint was immediately, on October 17, referred to
the provost-marshal-general, who was directed to summon the offender,
give him certain instructions, and cause the posters to be removed.
The next day the following communication was received, and the reply
hereafter appearing was returned:

Mania, October 18, 1899.

ExcELLency: We, the undersigned, members of the foreign consular corps at
Manila, respectfully request to place before your excellency’s notice the following,
which deals with a duly appointed and legally recognized member of the consular
corps.

On the 16th instant publicly appeared, posted conspicuously about Manila, a
eg in the Chinese language, copy and translation of which is herewith
inclosed.

The foreign consular corps, not being able to take cognizance or act in accordance
with privileges granted to those representatives possessing extra-territorial jurisdic-
tion, beg to place the matter before your excellency for consideration and attention.

We have the honor to be, excellency, your most obedient servants,

Leis ALARiN As,
Consul-General for Spain,
Li Yuxe Yew,
Imperial Chinese Consul.

Krucer, Dr.,
German Consil,
K. Muimasnyy,
ALI. J. Mos Consul.
8S, H. Harrorp,
A. B. M.’s Consul.
G. DE BrERarp,
Consul for France.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. s27°

Mantua, P. I., October 22, 1899.
To the honorable Luis Marrnas,

Consul-General for Spain, Dean of the Consular Corps, Manila, P. I.

_ Se: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of a communication of the 18th
instant bearing the signatures of the representative consuls of foreign countries rep-
resented in these islands, wherein my attention is invited to an inclosed copy of a
paper which was published and conspicuously posted in the city of Manila on the
16th instant, and which is considered to be defamatory of the character of a, repre-
sentative of the corps.

In reply permit me to state that previous to the receipt of the communication a
representative or official of the consul-general of China called at this office and
requested an audience. Upon being admitted he presented a complaint, signed by
himself as secretary to the consul-general of China, wherein he stated that ‘Many
circulars in Chinese handwriting are posted on the walls of Manila which contain
derogatory statements in regard to my consulate. They are letters that bear the
signature of Carlos Palanca.’’

Although this party complainant was neither accredited in any way by the consul-
general of China, nor apparently authorized in any manner to submit an official com-
plaint, I received him courteously and in good faith, and immediately sent for the
provost-marshal-general of the city, whom in person I instructed to see to it that
the consular representative of China received the respect and attention to which his
position as an accredited agent of a foreign country entitled him; that he would
inform Carlos Palanca, who was defaming the good name and reputation of the
consul-general, that if by any published word or act he repeated his indiscretion he
would be severely dealt with by the military government, and intimated further
that his removal from the island would be the consequence.

Furthermore, I dictated and caused to be sent to the provost-marshal-general
instructions which appear by indorsement on the written complaint of the secretary
of the Chinese consul in words and figures as follows:

“Respectfully referred to the provost-marshal-general, who will summon Mr.
Carlos Palanca to appear before him and will instruct him that if in the future he
circulates by poster or otherwise matter defamatory to the Chinese Government or
its representatives in Manila means will be taken to severely punish him.

‘The provost-marshal-general will cause the objectionable posters or placards to
be removed from the public places in the city and will call upon the Chinese consul-
general to furnish the information as to their locality.”

On the 19th instant the provost-marshal-general returned the papers in the case
with report that the objectionable poster had been removed, that Mr. Palanca had
been duly warned, etc.

It seems, however, from a communication which accompanied the papers when
returned, and which bore the signature of Mr. Carlos Palanca and was dated the 19th
instant, that he, Palanca, had previously visited the provost-marshal-general and
obtained some permission, tacit or otherwise, to post a copy of certain instructions
which he stated he had received from his superiors in the Amoy province.

What this all refers to I have no knowledge, but Mr. Palanca will now be informed
that he is not recognized by this Government as an agent in any manner whatsoever
for China, or any of its provinces; that such character vests solely and exclusively
in the resident duly accredited Chinese consul-general, the Hon. Li Yung Yew, and
that should he interfere with the conferred rights or dignities of that officer he will
be dealt with according to his deserts under the law applicable to such offenses.

Please make known to the honorable members of the consular corps that they will
receive the respect due them from the Government of the United States and convey
to them the assurance of my esteem.

Very respectfully, ; E. 8. Oris,
Mijor-General, U.S. V., Military Governor.

The information conveyed to the offender is contained in the follow-
ing copy of a communication then issued:

Mania, P. I., October 22, 1899.
Mr. Cartos Paranca, Manila, P. I.

Sir: The military governor is of the opinion that the charge which has been made
against you of an attempt to discredit the consular representative of the Chinese
Empire resident in Manila, and to exercise functions of a political nature wherein
the status of Chinese residents are concerned, is apparently substantiated by your
communication of the 19th instant, addressed to the provost-marshal-general, and
the alleged interviews published in newspapers in which you appear as a party.
I am therefore directed to inform you that the Hon. Li Yung Yew is the accredited
328 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

and duly acknowledged representative of the Chinese Government to attend to the
interests of the Chinese inhabitants resident in the Philippines, and that no other
representative of that Government is or can be recognized here. The Chinese
consul-general has been placed here by his Government to look after the interests of
Chinese residents in the Philippines, and his status and dignity will be given that
protection which international law demands. Any further interference on your part
in matters over which he has right of jurisdiction, either by act or published word,
will be considered an interference with his exclusive functions and will be followed
by the proper legal remedy, even to your removal from the islands should a remedy
of that nature be deemed necessary.
Very respectfully, Tueo. ScHwan,
Brigadier-General, U. S. V., Chief of Staff.

During the progress of these proceedings the Chinese consul-general
was endeavoring to discipline his refractory countrymen, some of whom
declined to register at his consulate and pay registry fees according to
his instructions. He had called in person at the military governor’s
office on several occasions, seeking to have the instructions confirmed
and enforced by military orders, asserting fraudulent practices by
those who had formerly been in charge of the Chinese schools and
charitable institutions of the city; and, finally, upon receiving certain
information through the Chinese minister at Washington from our
State Department, he made formal demand that the military govern-
ment jock to their execution, when the following letter was sent him:

OFFICE oF THE Unitep Srates Miuirary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLAnps,
Manila, P. I., December 10, 1899.

To the Honorable the Cutnesz ConsuL-GENERAL,
Manila, P. I.

Sir: By direction of the military governor I have the honor to acknowledge the
receipt of your letters of the 25th of October, November 3, 22, and 25 last, in which
you discuss certain supposed existing regulations governing the admission of Chinese
to this port, and to invite your attention to the following explanatory remarks and
declaratory announcements:

The original regulations to which you refer were promulgated by the collector of
customs in his printed circular of September 24, 1898. One of the provisions con-
tained in that circular was inserted by the collector of customs without authority. It
reads as follows: ‘‘All Chinese entering the port shall register at the office of the
Chinese consul or consular agent.’”’? The attention of the military governor having
been called thereto he directed its cancellation in a letter sent to the collector of cus-
toms, of which the following is a copy:

OrFIcE oF THE Unitep States MiLIraRy GOVERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINES,
Manila, P. [., November 4, 1898.
CoLLector or Customs, Manila, P. I.

Str: In response to your communication of the 2d instant, wherein you request
that the order under date of September 24 be amended by striking out the following
lines: ‘‘All Chinese entering the port shall register at the office of the Chinese consul
or consular agent,’”’ I am directed to inform you that the clause does not appear in
any of the instructions issued from this office to the customs collector, but in some
way seems to have found place in the printed notice issued by your predecessor on
the 24th of September last. You will amend that printed notice by striking out the
words appearing near the bottom of the third page of the same and reading: ‘‘All
Chinese entering the port shall register at the office of the Chinese consul or consular
agent.’’

? Very respectfully, C. H. Murray,
Captain, Fourth U. 8S. Cavalry, Aid.

It is not known that the collector took the action ordered, and presumably he did
not, for some time after the instructions were given the business pertaining to Chi-
nese immigration was transferred from the collector of customs to the captain of the
port, and the latter states that he was not aware of the directed amendment and -
continued to enforce registration as prescribed in the circular as originally issued.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 329

Subsequently, when the military governor was called upon by the authorities at
Hemenaon to report the practices which had been inaugurated here with reference
to the admission of Chinese, he directed the captain of the port, who then had charge
of the matter, to state the practices pursued, and his responsive report contained the
following paragraph:

On being released from the vessel and being allowed to land, all Chinese must
at once register at the Chinese consulate, paying a registration fee, a hospital fee,
and the cost of landing him from the steamer with his baggage, usually 50 cents,
Mexican money. Any Chinese arriving and registering who are known to be
deported criminals will not be allowed to land.”

Relying upon the correctness of the response of the captain of the port, this para-
raph was in substance transmitted to Washington by letter of April 1, 1899—the
act that the practice reported did not conform to the existing regulations escaping

the notice of the governor-general at the time. It appears that a copy of this letter
was furnished by the War Department to the Department of State, and that the
Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. Adee, communicated the substance to the Chinese
minister resident in Washington, in a letter dated August 18, 1899; and it is assumed
that a copy of Mr. Adee’s letter has been furnished you by your Government, for I
find such copy inclosed with your letter of November 22 last, in which you invite
special attention to one of its paragraphs containing the language of the captain of
the port as hereinafter cited. It is now understood that you construe this letter of
the Assistant Secretary of State to be the equivalent of a regulation, authorized or
sanctioned by that official, requiring all Chinese, or at least all arriving Chinese, to
register at your consulate, for in your letter of the 22d ultimo yousay, with reference
to the quoted portion of the letter, ‘‘It therefore becomes incumbent upon all Chinese
ie register at this consulate, and certainly all those arriving at this port from time to
ime. .

This construction is in no sense justified, It can not haveescaped your notice that
the letter of the Assistant Secretary of State, from which the quoted paragraph is
taken, purports to be nothing more than a statement for the information of the
Chinese minister of all the requirements caused to be imposed by the military gov-
ernor in the Philippines, with whose discretion in such matters the Assistant Secre-
tary expressly stated, ‘‘it seems appropriate and desirable not to interfere.’’ The
letter should not, therefore, have been interpreted by you as establishing regulations
upon which you could properly base any consular action or policy, but as referring
to those regulations already established by the military governor, whose authority
to a in such matters as the military situation required was by Mr. Adee fully recog-
nized.

When some time since this business connected with Chinese inmigration was trans-
ferred back to the supervision of the collector of customs the regulations, as amended,
were put in practice and have since continued in force. Prior to this enforcement I
regret to say that incoming Chinese have been put to the inconvenience of registering
at your consulate, which was not contemplated, and have been subjected by you to
the payment of registration fees not expressly authorized in the official regulations
established by this office. It is admitted, however, that authorization of registration
fees were with some reason assured under the regulations as they existed prior to
November 4, 1898, also both registration and hospital fees as it has existed until
recently. You will please take note that from this date that incoming Chinese are
in no way obligated by this Government to register at your consulate; that their right
to come here and remain in no way depends upon such registration; likewise that
their right to leave this country does not depend upon their having first obtained a
consul’s certificate or passport.

The military governor has been forced to this conclusion because by prescribing a
course 0’ conduct on the part of the Chinese, as recommended by you, their rights and
privileges would be encroached upon, and at the present time an execution of your
recommendations is not believed to be in the interest of the United States Govern-
ment or the Chinese inhabitants. Itis possible that your requested requirements
may be imposed in the future, but you will not assume that they exist in advance of
notice to that effect from this office. All papers necessary for the ingress and egress
of Chinese can be obtained from the proper officials.

Other portions of your letter relating to fees (subscriptions) collected from departing
Chinese for the support of certain Chinese charities will receive consideration when
report is rendered by Lieutenant-Colonel Crowder, U. 8. Army, whom I have desig-
nated to make full investigation, and who will call upon you for this purpose.

‘Very respectfully,
Tuero. ScHwAN,
Brigadier-General, U. 8. V., Chief of Staff.
330 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The matter of ownership or right of management of these Manila
Chinese institutions has not as yet been adjusted. If the Chinese in
the Philippines are to be considered as island subjects, according to
the former Spanish practice, their administration of them as subjects,
or as properly created societies of such subjects, and the investiture
of the title of real estate connected therewith in those subjects would
uot be attended by any legal difficulties; but if, on the contrary, they
are to be considered as Chinese citizens under the protection of their
consular officer, as they now claim to be, they can not hold real prop-
erty in Manila, and those institutions belong to.the United States
unless some special governmental concession is granted. Certainly the
consul-general of China is without authority to dictate concerning
them, and he is not within the limits of his consular jurisdiction when
he attempts to collect money for their support.

Until the middle of September, 1899, the question of Chinese
immigration gave annoyance. When previously reporting on this
matter I said that the subject ‘‘had to be considered very soon after
occupation. Many of this class of inhabitants had returned to China
during the three years of political agitation which had preceded the
surrender of Manila. Now, when the United States took possession
and a more stable government was predicted, they sought to return.
Large numbers, too, who had never resided in the Philippines endeav-
ored to enter in order to take advantage of the reviving trade facilities
anticipated. * * * After due consideration of the perplexing ques-
tions which presented themselves upon the opening of the port of
Manila * * * the conclusion was reached that the application of
United States Statutes controlling such immigration to United States
territory furnished the best solution.” This was done as a military
necessity, and so recognized by our Government and China; but the
practices at Asiatic seaports permitted numbers of Chinese who had
never resided in the Philippines to seek entrance at Manila, and put
to the test all the safeguards adopted to enforce the rule. During the
above-mentioned month two vessels arrived from the southern Chinese
ports having on board 1,696 Chinamen. After an examination con-
tinuing through several days some 800 were rejected for inability to
show right to disembark, and the steamship company was directed to
return them to the ports at which they had taken passage. The resi-
dent Chinese consul-general asked that they be permitted to land, and
upon his promise to take the necessary precautionary measures to
prevent those of his countrymen not entitled under the policy adopted
to enter the Philippines the requested permission was given. Since
then very little annoyance has been experienced.

On April 28, 1900, one of the proofs of former residence which had
been applied, namely, the United States consular certificate issued at
the port of embarkation was set aside and the following instructions
issued:

The provisions of circular notice issued from the office of the collector of customs
of Manila, P. L., dated September 24, 1898, making as a necessary preliminary for
the admission of those Chinese laborers to the Philippine Islands who claim to be
former residents thereof, with property interests in the same, an United States con-
sular certificate of the United States consul at the Chinese port of departure certi-
fying to such former residence is rescinded...

Hereafter the only evidence of such residence admissible will consist of the duly
issued cedula, with satisfactory proof supporting the genuineness of the cedula, and

the fact of former residence connected with the fact of having property or domestic
interests still remaining in the islands.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 831

On a preceding page’ (43), in a telegram of General MacArthur’s
there recorded, it appears that the insurgent authorities asked on
October 20, 1899, permission to send to Manila for conference a mili-
tary commission to arrange difficulties connected with the delivery of
the sick Spanish civil and military prisoners and ‘‘other matters of a
specific character” not specified. The proposed conference was de-
clined for reasons which I said “will hereafter appear in this report.”
By reference to my report of last year it will be seen that Aguinaldo
issued a decree in the summer of 1899 directing his troops not to per-
mit a vessel flying the American flag to enter any coast port under
his control; and as all inter-island commerce was carried on under
that flag it was by his order virtually suspended indefinitely. One
merchant vessel, which was cleared at Manila for the port of San Fer-
nando, northern Luzon, before the existence of this decree was ascer-
tained, was seized and subsequently burned. At this time the Span-
ish officials in the island were exerting themselves to secure the
release from the insurgents of the Spanish prisoners in their posses-
sion and had held conferences with Aguinaldo on the subject through
a committee which had been permitted to- proceed from Manila to
Tarlac for that purpose. The results were not reported, but negotia-
tions a to be in a state of active prosecution and it was
rumored, quite truthfully as then believed, that the insurgents were
looking forward to recognition and a large money payment as a con-
sideration for the release of those prisoners. On September 5 this
letter was received:

Maj. Gen. E. S. Orts,
Military Governor of the Philippines.

GENERAL: Some days ago I received in a sealed envelope a decree of Don Emilio
Aguinaldo, copy of which I have the honor to inclose herewith. From it you will
see that the civil prisoners and military prisoners who are ill, are at liberty and
concentrated, and nothing now remains to be done but to go for them at the ports indi-
cated. Although I have your overland pass, for which I give my best thanks, I leave
to your consideration the insurmountable difficulties which will be encountered in an
attempt to bring overland a relatively large number of prisoners, the majority of them
disabled. In view of this and relying upon the highly humanitarian purpose I have
in view, as well as upon the fact that no negotiations whatever are contemplated,
but merely the withdrawal of the sick prisoners already liberated, as has been stated,
I earnestly beg your decision at the earliest possible date. I am able to dispose of
vessels flying the English or Spanish flag for the purpose of effecting the desired voyage.

Your most respectful servant, Nicouas JARAMILLO,

Brigadier-General, Spanish Army.

The inclosure, to which reference is made in the foregoing commu-
nication, is as follows:

Mantua, September 5, 1899.

[Philippine Gazette.—_Supplement to No. 3, July 8, 1899.]
PRESIDENCY—DECREE.

Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, president of the Philippine republic, captain-
general and commander-in-chief of the army.

Referring to my former decree of the 2d of June last, by which the mixed com-
mission created by the decree of January 23 of the present year was dissolved, the
powers of its members devolving upon the secretaries of war and finance, and being
anxious to put those decrees into prompt execution, thus alleviating the situation of
the prisoners, as well as to please the Spanish commission in its negotiations in this
matter, thus affording a proof of the esteem in which its members are held by the
Philippine people, by agreement with the council of government, I decree the
following:

ARTICLE 1. Civil prisoners, and sick military prisoners who are included in the provi-
sions of my decree of January 23 last, will be concentrated on the 31st instant in the ports
382 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

hereinafter named: Those of the provinces of Isabela,Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra,
Bontoc, Lepanto, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, and Union, at San Fernando de la Union;
Nueva Ecija and Bulacan, at Dagupan; Albay, Sorsogon, and the Camarines, at Daet;
Laguna, Tayabas, Cavite, and Batangas, at Santa Cruz or Calamba.

Art. 2. Vessels entering the said ports for the purpose of withdrawing the said
prisoners will display in aidition to the Spanish flag a white flag with a red cross, and
the prisoners comprised in this decree shall be immediately delivered by the author-
ties of the places indicated to the person or persons who may come duly commis-
sioned by the Spanish authorities for this purpose, minutes of receipt and delivery to
be drawn up by both parties. ,

Art. 3. Orders will be issued by the departments of war and of the interior for
the exact and immediate execution of this decree.

Done in Tarlac, July 5, 1899.

The President of the Republic.

Emitio AGUINALDO.
The President of the Cabinet.

Pepro A. PaTERNo.

After careful deliberation on the request of September 5, and the
facts attending the same as then understood, this reply was returned:

Maniua, P.I., September 8, 1899.
Brig. Gen. NicotAs JARAMILLO,
Of the Spanish Army, Manila, P. I.

GENERAL: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the
5th instant and have given it mature consideration. While moved by humanitarian
sentiments with a desire to accede to your request, Iam, as agent of the United States
Government, unable to do so; and the so-called ‘‘decree’’ issued by Aguinaldo
would alone stop favorable action on my part. To countenance in any manner the
presumption of Aguinaldo to limit a Luzon port to Spanish shipping, would not only
be humilating, but under existing circumstances ridiculous.

I trust, with the expected augmentation of our Army and Navy, that all points on
the coast of Luzon will soon be brought to a condition of peace and tranquillity, when
the efforts of the United States to assist you in your endeavors to effect the release
of Spanish prisoners, both. with men and money, will be at your service.

I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
E. 8. Orts,
Major-General, U. S. V., Military Governor.

A few days after this reply had been made it was deemed expedient,
considering the reported physical condition of these Spanish prisoners,
which called for the use of every possible expedient to effect their
release from captivity, to ask instructions from superior authority,
and on September 19 I cabled the following:

Spanish officials here ask to send vessel flying Spanish flag to Dagupan and other
northern Luzon ports to obtain large number civil and sick military prisoners held
by the insurgents, to be released in accordance with insurgent decree of January 24.
Under recent insurgent announcement delivery will not be made to American
vessel. Spanish officers solemnly assert that no money will be paid insurgents for
these prisoners. Thus far I have declined permission of this request, fearing execu-
tion of secret injurious negotiations and being unwilling to countenance insurgent
presumption. Many of these prisoners reported sick and should be brought to
Manila. If American vessel applied at northern ports for them they would be taken
into the interior. Spanish vessel in harbor awaiting result of decision. Shall ship
be permitted to go for prisoners? ,

In response I was directed ‘‘to offer one of our own vessels to
receive prisoners from the insurgents and transport them to Manila,
with every assurance to insurgents against hostile action by such
vessel.” Upon receipt of these instructions I held a conversation
with General Jaramillo, informing him that we would send for the
prisoners if the insurgents could be induced to deliver them, and the
general soon after submitted the following letter:
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL QTIS. 333

. Mania, P. I., September 24, 1899.
Maj. Gen. E. §. Ors,
Military Governor of the Philippines.

Genera: In view of your absolute refusal to permit Spanish steamer P. de Satrus-
tegui to go to bring in the Spanish prisoners now liberated, I have ordered the com-
mission to go overland or by river route, probably by this latter, making use of the
pass with which you was pleased to provide me.

_ The commission, which leaves next Wednesday, will endeavor to obtain permis-
sion from Aguinaldo for a vessel flying the flag of your nation and that of the Red
Cross Society to proceed to any of the ports that may be agreed upon for the purpose
of bringing in the prisoners, which course has your authorization according to your
statement made verbally yesterday.

Your respectful servant, Nicouas JARAMILLO,
Brigadier-General, Spanish Army,

The commission departed for Tarlac as intimated, but failed of suc-
cess. To its labors reference is made in the captured dispatch of
November 15, which is in part set out on page 138, and wherein is
found the statement that ‘‘Spanish commissioners try to deceive us,
dealing with us as insurgents. Our Government sent them away and
they withdrew greatly displeased.” The visit of these commissioners,
however, furnished the insurgents with another opportunity to display
their cunning in diplomacy. For a short time after the commission
returned to Manila they endeavored to make this subject of prisoner’s
release an international affair between them and the United States, and
it was in the prosecution of this endeavor that they sought permission
on October 20 to send some of their representative men to Manila ‘‘ to
arrange with General Otis difficulties connected with the delivery of
the said Spanish civil and military prisoners.” A so-called decree,
issued two days prior to the date they made their application (the
decree was subsequently obtained), reveals their object clearly. It is

as follows:
(Secretariat of foreign affairs.]

DECREE.

Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, president of the Filipino republic, captain-general
and commander-in-chief of the army.

It having been stated by the commission’ of the Spanish Government here in the
interests of the prisoners that General Otis, commander of the enemy’s forces, openly
opposes Spanish vessels coming for the civil and sick military prisoners liberated by
an act of clemency of our government under the decree of January 23d ultimo, and
that therefore the said commission is obliged to request our permission for the entry
into our ports of American vessels with the sole humanitarian object of withdrawing
said prisoners; and ot aay ae Ses

Considering that the petition of the Spanish commissioners is inadmissible as it is
an infraction of the provisions of our decree of July 24 last, closing to the enemy’s
vessels ports in the territory of the Filipino republic; and

Considering, however, that the decree of the 23d of January should not be allowed
to remain ineffectual against the clemency and humanity of the Filipino people, who
will not be pleased at seeing its noble desires frustrated, for which reason the govern-
ment should take means for the fulfillment of the same but without detriment to our
sovereignty or national dignity; and :

Considering that it is lawful in warfare to hold parley under a white flag for the
purpose of carrying out acts of humanity such as, for instance, withdrawing sick and
wounded, burying the dead, or exchanging prisoners within the enemy’s camp with-
out such acts signifying submission or humiliation of the party obliged to perform
them, inasmuch as the humanitarian purposes of the same are superior to the public
right in question; : : .

Therefore, I, the president, on motion of the secretary of foreign affairs, and by
agreement with the council of government, using the powers in me invested, hereby
decree:

ArticLe 1, The Spanish prisoners included in the decree of the 23d of January,
ultimo, shall be delivered to the Republic of the United States, a military commis:
334 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

sion for that purpose to be sent to offer said delivery in the name of the Philippino
government to hisexcellency, General Otis, representing the United States in Manila,
under such formalities as may be proper in accordance with the dignities and de-
corum of both belligerents.

Art. 2. This delivery shall be carried out in the ports designated by the decree of
August 29 last, and in accordance with such formalities as may be agreed upon by
the two commanding generals of the belligerent forces without detriment to our
national sovereignty and honor.

Art. 3. The secretary of war, acting in conjunction with the secretary of foreign
eu affairs, is hereby charged with the execution of the mandate set forth in this

ecree.

Given in Tarlac 18th October, 1899.

President of the republic.
EmiItio AGUINALDO.
Secretary of foreign affairs.
FELIPE BUENCAMINO.

This matter of insurgent application for a conference, submitted
when our troops under General Lawton were proceeding northward on
the flank of their main army and when General MacArthur was about
to press them at the front, was rightly interpreted at the time it was
made—merely as a ruse to impede our operations, or possibly entangle
us in some form of recognition of their pretended government. It
was believed that we could effect the release of the Spanish prisoners
by force much better than through negotiations, an the belief was
verified by quickly following events.

At this time, too, the subject of the Spanish residents of the Philip-
pines who desired to preserve their nationality was presented for con-
sideration, and the following instructions were issued:

GENERAL ORDERS, OFFICE oF THE U.S. MiuiTary GOVERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 50. Manila, P. I., October 27, 1899.

1. The treaty of peace between the United States and Spain provides that Spanish
subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the Philippine Islands, may, in case
they remain in said islands, preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by mak-
ing, before a court of record (ante una oficina de registro) within a year from the
date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty a declaration of their decision to
preserve such allegiance, in default of which declaration they will be held to have
renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of Philippine Territory.

2. To provide means for carrying out this provision of the treaty, the registrars of
property for the north and south districts of the province of Manila, and for territory
outside of said province and within the island of Luzon, the presidents of municipal
councils appointed under the provisions of General Order's, No. 43, these headquarters,
dated August 8, 1899, are designated as the officials before whom the declaration of
intention to preserve allegiance to the Crown of Spain may be made. In the islands
constituting the Visayan military district the execution of this order will be com-
mitted to such offices of registry or civil courts of record as the commanding general
of said district may direct.

In all places where it is impracticable to designate the proper civil officers before
whom these declarations may be made, judges of the provost courts are authorized
to execute them.

3. These declarations shall be in writing, in triplicate, setting forth the name and
surname of the declarant, his age, nationality, civil status, and profession, the name
of his wife and children, and of parents, date, and signature of the declarant attested
by two witnesses, to be acknowledged before the officer charged with receiving said
declarations, following forms furnished. One of these declarations will be sent to
the secretary of the a. governor at Manila for file, one will be retained for file
in the office where executed, and one given to declarant.

4, Presidents of municipal councils charged with the execution of this order will
perform such duties under the supervision of the nearest military commanders, to
whom they will turn over all completed declarations required to be forwarded to
these headquarters for the necessary action.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 335

5. These declarations will be carefully abstracted in a register kept for that pur-
pose in the office of the secretary of the United States military governor at Manila,
entries to be alphabetically arranged. No fees of any character will be exacted for
the execution of any papers or records provided for in this order.

By command of Major-General Otis.

Tuomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

There were many resident Spaniards who were doubtful what course
to pursue, and among them especially were a large number of seamen,
natives of the Basque provinces of Sain Political or public affairs
were in such a disorganized condition that, in their opinion, results
were very uncertain. If the United States could succeed within a
reasonable period in establishing order and civil government in the
islands so that trade and commerce could be resumed, they desired to
remain and permit their Spanish nationality to lapse. Many there-
fore asked that, if ean the time given in the Paris treaty in which
to preserve Spanish citizenship might be extended, and their request
was duly submitted to the proper authority. The extension of that
time until October 11, 1900, was highly appreciated, and probably
many of the better class of Spaniards have elected to permanently re-
tain their Philippine domicile. :

The decree of the insurgent authorities directing the seizure of all
vessels flying the American flag which might enter the coast ports,
issued in the summer of 1899, suspended lawful coasting trade except
as to the few ports then held by our troops. A few Manila merchants
desired, as they said, to take the chances attending the dispatching of
vessels and promised to make no claim against the United States in
case of loss, but they proposed to send them out under heavy insurance,
paying large premiums for war risks, which insurance, if the insurance’
companies were forced to pay, they might ultimately seek to recover
fromtheGovernment. Thecustomsauthorities were instructed to with-
hold all clearances of vessels, except for the ports of Iloilo and Cebu, and
these instructions were enforced until the latter part of December.
The Navy kept all coasting water routes under close observation and
seized a number of vessels against which there were strong suspicion
and quite satisfactory proof that they were engaged in illicit trade.
In October three small schooners were captured off the southern coast
of Luzon and brought to Manila for adjudication. Boards of officers
were convened to determine questions of alleged guilt, and after patient
hearing of all parties in interest two were condemned‘and sold at

ublic auction and the third turned back to the owner, he having pro-
Naesd testimony to show that he was a loyal inhabitant of Luzon and
that the vessel had been forcibly taken from him for insurgent use by
the insurgent troops.

Trade in the southern waters of the Philippines had formerly been
carried on with the Sandakan, Labuan, and Singapore merchants,
those of the latter city more especially. After we had taken posses-
sion of Jolo, which was on May 19, 1899, the Singapore merchants
made application to our consul-general stationed in that city to be per-
mitted to recommence their old trade with the Jolo Archipelago. To
his questions, presented from time to time, as to whether this trade
could be resumed the invariable answer returned was that the condition
of affairs did not warrant it. Notwithstanding the position taken, a
number of trading vessels appeared in those waters, were arrested by
336 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

the ships of our Navy, and either turned back to their foreign ports
or were seized, brought to Manila, and turned over to the military
authorities for disposition. In May the commander of the United
States cruiser Cast:ne instructed a British trading vessel to depart from
the Mindanao coast. This gave rise to correspondence, the entire sub-
stance of which is epitomized in the following letter:

Orrice oF THE U.S. Mizirary GOVERNOR IN THE PHILIPPINES,
Manila, P. I., September 80, 1899.
Hon. J. A. Moseuey, Jr.,
United States Consul-General, Singapore.

Sir: On June 20 last I received from your predecessor a communication inclosing
a letter which he had received from the law firm of Rodyk & Davidson, of Singa-
pore, protesting in behalf of their client, the owner of the British ship Will-c? -the-
Wisp, against the action of the commander of the U. 8. cruiser Castine in interfering
with that vessel while trading in the Sulu Archipelago, and claiming damages to the
amount of $10,000 (Mexican) for losses sustained by such interference, which is
alleged to have been in violation of the protocol signed in Madrid the 11th of
March, 1877, etc.

The papers were duly referred to the commander in chief of the United States
naval forces on the Asiatic Station for a statement of facts, which was received at
this office August 31.

By that statement it appears that the U. 8. ship Castine, upon her arrival at Zam-
boanga on May 18, boarded the JI%ll-o’-the- JVisp in that harbor, but ascertained that
the master and papers were on shore. The boarding officer left word for the master
of the ship to report to the captain of the Custine with his papers for inspection.
This was done and the papers were found to be regular, except that the Will-o’-the-
Wisp was cleared for Zamboanga, Cottabato, and perhaps Davao; the vessel had
been to Sulu, Siassi, and other ports. The captain of the vessel was thereupon
instructed that trade was prohibited at all ports in the Philippines not in the posses-
sion of the United States troops, and was directed not to land anything more at
Zamboanga. The captain of the Castine thinks he may have given the master of the
Will-o’-the- Wisp instructions not to trade in the Sulu Archipelago.

Soon thereafter communication was held between the United States war vessel
and the Spanish authorities still at Zamboanga which indicated that the steamer
Will-o’-the- Wisp should be watched, and she was thereupon searched for arms and
ammunition. Nothing contraband was found upon her and she sailed that after-
noon, cleared for Sandakan. It was ascertained that the JVWl-o’-the- Wisp had been
Hovering about Caldera Bay and other places west of Zamboanga the preceding day
and night, and there was little doubt that she was in communication with the
ne The captain of the Castine subsequently regretted that he had not
seized her, but he had not received full reports of the facts until after she had sailed
for Sandakan. Under these facts it is evident that the claim of the owner of the
British steamer has no merit. All ports of Mindanao had been closed, or at least
trade with them prohibited. Whatever the terms of the protocol between Spain
and Great Britain as to trade privileges in the Sulu Archipelago, the United States
had and has the undoubted right to close the port of Jolo and other ports in the
Sulu Archipelago, if conditions of war justify it, and the finding of such fact of
justification rests with the United States.

Very respectfully yours,
E. 8. Orts,
' Major-General, U. 8S. V., United States Military Governor in the Philippines.

The Custéne seized the British steamer Labuan on October 29 in
Caldera Bay near Zamboanga. She was turned over to the Manila
captain of the port by the naval authorities, and her captain imme-
diately placed his case in the hands of the resident consul of his gov-
ernment, who appeared in person in his behalf. The result is given in
a communication, of which the following is a copy:

Mania, P. I., November 7, 1899.

Capt. 8. H. Harrorp,
H. B. M. Consul, Manila, P. I.
Srr: I have the honor to inform you that, as stated in the communication addressed
to you on November 1, I referred log book and certain other papers in the case of the
steamship Labuan to the commander in chief United States naval forces on Asiatic
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 337

Station, stating that I had no knowledge of this matter and presumed it was one aver
which the United States naval authorities exercised supervision.

, The papers and records which were received with your note of November 1 con-
sisted of the official log of the steamship Labuan, notice of seizure of said steamer by
the U. S. 8. Castine in Caldera Bay, dated October 28, receipt of the commanding:
officer of that vessel for a register, clearance papers given at Jolo, a manifest of
cargo, and a list of passengers; also protest of the captain of the Labuan, dated Octo-
ber 28, 1899, and addressed to the commanding officer of the war ship Castine, and
a communication without specific date addressed to her British Majesty’s consul at
Manila and signed by the master of the steamship Labuan, informing the consul of
the fact of seizure and asking him for assistance, all of which are herewith returned.

These records and papers upon being duly referred to the commander in chief of
the United States naval forces on the Asiatic Station were returned on November.3,
with the statement that ‘‘the Labuan wasseized for entering a port for which she had
not cleared, for imperfect papers, and also that she was suspected of smuggling arms.
Upon search the arms were found and I have directed that the vessel be turned over
to the captain of the port to be dealt with by the customs authorities.”

The case has now been submitted to me for final decision, and I have given it as
thorough an examination as means at hand permit.

The official log book of the Labuan received from you, and which is returned here-
with, contains, under date of October 27, 1899, 7 o’clock p. m., what purports to be a
history of the affair complained of. Therein the captain of the Labuan cites that he
left Sandakan on October 25 with a proper clearance on a voyage to Sulu, where,
upon arrival, he intended to ask permission to proceed to Cottabato and bring from
there several families which he was recommended to do by the acting governor of
North Borneo; that at 4.30 p. m. October 26, he in person applied at Sulu for the
necessary papers, but could only get permission to visit the U. 8. S. Castine, which
was cruising in the vicinity of Masinglok; that he then obtained clearance to Castine
and left Sulu at 9 a. m. October 27; that he left the original bill of health and mani-
fest at Sulu; that he knew the Castine was cruising from Masinglok to Caldera Bay,
as he had taken stores to her in the latter place; that at 6 o’clock that evening as he
was nearing Caldera Bay, and it becoming dark and the sky being cloudy, raining,
etc., he thought it advisable to steam into Caldera Bay and anchor for the night, as
under conditions of weather he did not think navigation safe. He further states
that he observed smoke from that quarter which he thought might be the Castine ;
that he arrived and anchored in Caldera Bay at about 7 p. m., and that he was at
once boarded by the Castine and was surprised to find that it was supposed he
had come on some dishonest errand; that an armed force to seize and search his
vessel was placed thereon to whom he furnished every facility for executing its
orders and everything was found all right, but that on the following day the Castine
ordered the Labuan to be brought alongside of her, a prize crew to be placed thereon,
and the vessel to be taken to Manila.

It will be observed that this entire entry was made after the seizure of the Labuan
by the Castine, and not upon the several dates of specific occurrences, and hence
has little weight in law as proof of facts. :

I find by consulting the papers seized by the commanding officer of the Castine
and received from the United Btatas naval authorities, which consist of a diary book,
list of passengers, manifest, the Jolo clearance, and a certificate of registry, the fol-
lowing facts: The manifest, which bears the signature of the master of the Labuan,
shows that a cargo was shipped at Sandakan for Cottabato, belonging to 8. A. Koreski,
and is consigned to order. This evidently establishes the fact that it was the inten-
tion of the vessel to carry merchandise to Cottabato, a port which it had no right to
enter. I also find that there was an error in the amount of merchandise manifested,
but not so great as to raise a grave suspicion of manifest intention. By the Jolo
clearance it is observed that the Labuan was cleared with permission to leave that
port for the purpose of visiting the U.S. 8. Castine at Masinglok and for no other
purpose. From the list of passengers prepared by the master of the Labuan after
seizure it is seen that the passengers on board were destined for Cottabato, a port
which it was the evident intention of the Labuan to enter, although after seizure the
master of the Labuan makes it appear that he only intended to enter that port upon
permission obtained from the faite States authorities. Examining the log, .or
what purports to be a ‘‘rough diary for 1899,’’ I find the following entries: On date
October 25, at Sandakan, the loading of the Labuan with merchandise belonging to
8. A. Koreski was commenced at 2 o’clock p. m. and finished at 6 o’clock that
evening, when the vessel left that port and proceeded to sea; that on October 26, at
4.30 p. m., the vessel arrived at Sulu; that on October 27 she left Sulu and proceeded
toward Zamboanga to meet the United States warship there, ‘‘weather fine, sky

4495—22
338 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

overcast, wind northeast, light,’’ and the following note is entered under the diary
for that day by the commanding officer of the Castine: ‘‘The British ship Labuan, of
which H. D. Pfort is master, seized by my order for entering and anchoring in Cal-
dera Bay without clearance for that port and without legitimate reasons, and with
imperfect papers.’”’

The commanding officer of the Castine reports that on the evening of October 27
he was anchored in Caldera Bay, where his lights were either out or screened so that
he could not be observed; that the U. 8. 8. Yorktown was at Masinglok and was
using her searchlights, which were plainly visible in the vicinity of Caldera Bay;
that he observed the vessel Labuan making for the bay long before he could be
observed, and that his presence there wasa surprise to the Labuan; the weather was fine,
not making it necessary for the Labuan to change her course and proceed to Caldera
Bay for protection, and that she could have proceeded on to Masinglok, her con-
fessed destination, and made known her business there to the Yorktown. Ue further
states that the movements of the Labuan were very suspicious, sufficient to establish
the fact that she had engaged or was about to engage in illicit trade, and from all

- facts reported that conclusion would appear to be warranted.

It is believed, therefore, after full deliberation upon the case that the Labuan had
entered upon a trade forbidden it by law, and it is legally punishable for its action,
which might with propriety be extended to confiscation. She had visited these
same waters some time before, had been warned of the consequences of such action,
and therefore is without excuse. The customs authorities will impose a fine of $2
per net ton for these manifestly illegal actions of the Labuan, which, when paid, she
will be released and permitted to return to her home port.

Very respectfully,
E. 8. Otts,
Major-General, U. S. V., United States Military Governor in the Philippines.

The fine was paid, the steamer released, and she departed at once for
Sandakan, where, I have been informed, the captain entered protest
for the unjust treatment received from the United States, but have not
learned that any official action has been taken upon his complaint.

Another case which necessitated careful investigation arose upon
goods shipped by the British ship ZcJel/v. The vessel came into the
port of Manila on October 21 and declined to discharge all the cargo
manifested for it on the plea that the circumstances attending the ship-
ment gave her the option to return it to the home port of Singa-
pore, visiting the Philippine ports on her homeward voyage should
she desire to do so. The case was taken up by the consul-general for
Germany, who submitted an argument in behalf of the shippers. The
folowing reply cites facts and indicates the action taken:

Manixa, P. I., November 7, 1899.
Hon. Dr. Frep. Krucer,
Consul-General of Germany at Manila, P. TI.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 5th
instant, in which you inform me that the British steamship Libelle, chartered by the
German East Indian Steamship Company, Limited, left Singapore recently with 1,000
tons of merchandise consigned to definite ports; that in addition thereto she took on
from three to four hundred tons of merchandise which belonged to the German firm,
Messrs. Behn, Myer & Co., at Singapore, to complete her cargo, and which latter

oods were shipped on speculation; that clearance was demanded from the United

tates consul at Singapore for this surplus cargo, with the request that option be
given to discharge it either at Jolo, Cebu, Iloilo, Manila, etc., leaving the port of
discharge a matter of discretion with the shippers, to be used in accordance with pre-
vailing market prices; that the consul objected to such a clearance, but advised that
this surplus cargo be manifested to Jolo and there instructions be sought; that fol-
lowing this advice the goods were sent to Jolo, where certain of them were discharged,
the captain of the port there noting on the original manifest the fact, with amount
discharged, but furnishing no new manifest, and then cleared the vessel for Cebu;
that upon arrival at Cebu the custom-house official declared the papers irregular,
telegraphing to Manila for instructions; that after four days’ delay the Cebu authori-
ties permitted the vessel to discharge what she desired, and a new manifest was fur-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 339

nished for Manila without mentioning optional ports, notwithstanding the protest of
the agent of Messrs. Behn, Myer & Co.; that on arrival at Iloilo the custom-house
authorities there permitted the landing of goods, notwithstanding they were mani-
fested for Manila, and cleared the vessel for the last-named point; that on arriving at
Manila certain of the goods were permitted to be landed, when the agent of the busi-
ness firm above mentioned requested permission to retain the remainder on board and
take them to Sandakan or Singapore by way of Jolo; that the Manila customs authori-
ties refused to do this, but directed that the goods manifested at Cebu for Manila
should be discharged at the last-named port, where prescribed duties must be paid.

Upon this statement of facts you have drawn the following conclusions, viz: That
optional ports resting in the discretion of the owner of the goods is in accordance
with custom, and has been defeated in this instance by the action of the United
States consul at Singapore and not through any irregularities which can be charged
to Messrs. Behn, Myer & Co.; or, it may be, by the irregular action taken by the
United States officials at Cebu, who forcibly cleared the vessel for Manila, and that
this irregularity of United States customs officials has prejudiced the rights of inter-
ested parties who are blameless and must suffer consequent pecuniary loss. In sup-
port of these conclusions you are pleased to quote that in a similar instance to the
one in question the courtesy now asked for by you, viz, that these surplus goods be
manifested to Sandakan or Singapore, was extended by the military authorities at
Manila, and you ask that the military governor may view the case as he did the
one in which courtesy was extended, and issue orders under which the vessel can
proceed with that part of her cargo not yet unloaded without the payment of
prescribed customs dues at this port.

In reply, I have the honor to state that, after making as full an investigation as
possible, I am unable to gain a knowledge of all material facts in the case. The
ship’s manifest, which is now before me, shows a large shipment to Jolo as destina-
tion, and there appears noted therein a large quantity of merchandise belonging to
Messrs. Behn, Myer & Co., consigned to Jolo. On this manifest there appears noted
in the column of remarks the discharge of some of these goods at Jolo, but by whom
entered is not known. The manifest contains a certificate of United States consul,
Singapore, to the effect that it is the intention to ship the merchandise mentioned
in the manifest to the port of Jolo in the vessel Libelle. The collector of the port at
Iloilo, under date of October 18, writes to the collector of customs of Manila that the
Trbelle leaves that port for Manila, her manifest as certified there being a copy of the
original one which is retained in that office. He adds: ‘“‘You will notice certain
articles manifested from Jolo to Manila which are being carried with the consent of
the captain of the port at that place. All duties on the merchandise she carries are
to be collected at Manila.’’ Accompanying this notice is the Iloilo manifest of October
18, which shows a considerable shipment by Messrs. Behn, Myer & Co., to ‘‘order’’
as consignees. What portion of these goods have been entered here at Manila I am
unable to state, not having informed myself on that point, but it is sufficient to
know that part of them have been entered here and part of them are still retained
on the vessel pending request to transfer them back to North Borneo or Singapore,
at the option of the owner, by way of American ports.

It also appears that the Libelle_has visited on her voyage to this point two closed
ports of the Philippines, but under, as alleged, the permission of the officers of the
United States Navy, and has therefore availed herself of Philippine trade throughout
the length of the islands, paying duties, of course, at the open ports for such goods
as she desired to and did land thereat. This proceeding on the part of the Libelle
has been irregular and illegal, and could only have been consummated by the erro-
neous action of our several port authorities, which, although in the interest of the
Tibelle, you now plead as a tacit authorization for further irregularities.

Under former Spanish customs law and the law which now prevails in the Philip-
pines, except in a few special instances wherein modifications have been made in the
interests of the merchants, this vessel should have paid full duties on all goods mani-
fested for the different ports and at the ports for which they were manifested. The
application of any other rule would be detrimental to interisland commerce and the
interests of other merchant inhabitants. I see no reason, therefore, nor in fact can
Idiscover any excuse, having the United States interests and those of the merchants
of the island at heart, for setting aside the instructions which were given several days
ago to the customs authorities of Manila to impose prescribed duties on all merchan-
dise on board the Libelle which has been manifested to this port.

Very respectfully,
E. 8. Ot1s,
Major-General, U. S. V., Military Governor.
3840 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The efforts of native merchants and small trading crafts to exchange
commodities with inhabitants of islands the ports of which were held by
insurgent troops were frequent, and gave occasion for the determina-
tion of many questions which concerned lawful interisland commerce.
In September the collector of customs of Iloilo asked ‘‘if vessels
found with fraudulently signed papers could be seized and held by
Government, and what process of law would be necessary to condemn
them as prizes.” These questions were submitted to Lieutenant-
Colonel Crowder, judge-advocate of the department, for opinion, which
he submitted and which received concurrence. He stated:

The fact that a vessel has been found with fraudulently signed papers certainly
renders the character of the vessel and her actions suspicious, and justifies her
seizure and detention for further examination. If the fraudulently signed papers
are of a character described in Customs Tariff and Regulations, the penalties
therein prescribed may be enforced; this as a matter of administration and by the
collector of customs here, upon the facts being reported to him, whose jurisdiction
to finally determine such questions is made exclusive by Tariff Circular No. 65, War
Department, Washington, May 5, 1899. The belief is expressed in the inclosed letter
that the vessels referred to as having fraudulently signed papers are owned or employed
by persons claiming protection and owing allegiance to the Government of the United
States, and have been engaged in trading with insurgent ports closed to trade by the
United States military authorities. These facts being established, not only may
such vessels when seized by the said authorities be confiscated, but the parties
engaged in such traffic may be tried and punished therefor by the military commis-
sions and provost courts; and such confiscation may be decreed by military orders,
usually based upon the report of a board convened to determine the facts. Vessels
so seized are not prizes, and their condemnation as such would be unnecessary and
inappropriate. It is recommended that the collector of customs at Iloilo be instructed
to seize and detain all vessels where the evidence shows that they have been engaged
in trade with insurgent ports closed to trade by the military authorities, and to make
ropes of same, with evidence, through regular channels to the military governor for

is action.

The Navy gunboats seized a number of these small trading boats
while plying an interisland trade and delivered them to the Cebu port
authorities. In response to the application of the port’s captain to be
instructed as to what disposition he should make of these vessels he
was ordered to release certain of them and the seizure of others was
made the subject of careful investigation, with results as published in
the following order:

SprcraL ORDERS, Orrice oF THE U. 8S. Miuirary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 7. Manila, P. I., March 7, 1900.

I. Upon the report of the collector of customs of Cebu that he holds certain small
coasting vessels delivered to him by the naval authorities as the results of capture
for engaging in illicit trade, and upon his application for instructions as to the dispo-
sition of the same, it has been ascertained by careful consideration of facts presented
that three vessels, the Pineda, M. del Rosario, and the Concepciones, were seized by
the naval authorities on June 19, July 20, and December 15, 1899, respectively—the
firgt two named on the coast of Leyte and the last at Surigao, Mindanao—all flying
at the time of capture the insurgent flag and equipped for interisland trade. In the
cases of the Pineda and M. del Rosario the owners confess that their vessels were
trading under the insurgent flag off the coast of Leyte, but deny the use of that flag
by their authority. In the case of the Concepciones it appears from the shipping
book captured with the vessel that she had been engaged for nearly a year in con-
ducting an insurgent trade along the northern coast of Mindanao, having made many
trips to the small ports of that island, and collecting hemp at the port of Surigao.
Her many clearances were furnished by insurgent officers and the insurgent flag was

- displayed during this whole period of time.

The facts confessed and established by abundant proof in the case of each of these
vessels are amply sufficient to warrant their condemnation and public sale, and the
only plea which can be urged in palliation of the offenses committed must be based.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3841

on the needs of the inhabitants of near islands for food supplies during the time
legitimate trade was suspended and the presumed tacit consent of the Cebu collector
of customs to permit an interisland exchange of commodities to be carried on by the
smaller coasting vessels. ;

This plea constitutes no defense in law, but presents a ground upon which to base
a mild form of the legal punishment merited, which, on account of conditions lately
prevailing in the southern islands and the particular circumstances attending the
illicit use of these vessels, it might be sufficient to impose, as it may serve as a proper
warning against future action of this character.

It is therefore ordered that the Cebu collector of customs deliver up these vessels
and all property found on same at time of seizure, or its equivalent in money, to the
owners thereof or their duly accredited agents, upon the payment of fifteen (15) per
cent of the ascertained value of the vessels, with submission by them of properly pre-
pared waiver on their part of all future claims or demands against the United States
authorities by reason of seizure and detention as above shown. Should this action
not prove satisfactory to the owners, or if protest of any kind is made to payment or
the waiver of future possible demands as above indicated, or if the legality of this
action is in any wise questioned, the cases will be reported to this office, that con-
demnation proceedings may be instituted.

II. In the matter of the coasting vessel Surigao, seized in December last by the
United States naval authorities in the port of that name for conducting illegal trade
and turned over to the collector of customs of the port of Cebu, the following facts
are found, namely:

The captain of the vessel, under date of the12th ultimo, pleaded that the vessel was
engaged in the coasting trade and in the transportation of insurgent troops under com-
pulsion, a force ofarmed insurgents having been kept onsame continually, and, further,
that he was constantly under arrest and made to obey the insurgent authorities on
the Mindanao coast under penalty of death for disobedience. His statement is in
part substantiated by original communications and instructions of insurgent officers
which he submits with the same, more especially during the months of August and
November of last year. The proof is conclusive that upon certain days of those two
months he was obliged to peform insurgent service, but the fact of the vessel being
on the insurgent coast of Mindanao and in ports of that island for the greater portion
of the year is not covered by either proofs or statements, and it is fair to presume that
she was there employed illegally by the owner’s connivance or consent.

A fine of $100 will be imposed, which, when paid, and when a proper agreement to
waive all claims for damages which might wrongfully be presumed to arise against
the United States for any act taken either by reason of seizure or detention is sub-
mitted, the vessel will be surrendered to the owner.

By command of Major-General Otis.

M. Barser,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

Trade in the waters of the Jolo Archipelago and those of the islands
of Basilan and Mindanao, which were under the watchful supervision
of the United States naval vessels, continued to give trouble, as the
merchants of Singapore and Labuan ‘still pleaded their claimed rights
of open trade facilities with all ports of the archipelago under the old
protocols between Spain, Germany, and Great Britain. We had
placed garrisons at Siassi and Bongao in the archipelago, and at Zam-
boanga, Cottabato, and Davao on the southern Mindanao coast. Gen-
eral Bates had been sent south to obtain information and report upon
the former archipelago trade conditions and to recommend such modi-
fications as the new situation demanded. On December 10 he was
advised as follows:

Mania, P. I., December 10, 1899.

Brig. Gen. J. C. Barus, U.S. V.,
Commanding District of Mindanao and Jolo, Zamboanga, Mindanao.

Str: Before formulating any trade regulations for the Jolo Archipelago and the
islands of Palawan and Balabac your views are desired upon the subject. Your
cable from Labuan was understood to mean that trade was conducted by Sulu and
Palawan Moros with Sandakan and Labuan, and that it would not be wise to place
restrictions upon it at the present time. You were informed that by the transfer of
342 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

sovereignty under the late Paris treaty the former trade protocols of 1877 and 1885
fell, so that the customs regulations of the Philippines can be put in force legally in
the archipelago. :

Knowing that the Moros of the archipelago supply Sandakan with its subsistence
and horses to a great extent and look upon that place as its most available market,
the wisdom of your cable caution was appreciated. ;

We are now in receipt of a communication from the United States consul-general
at Singapore containing complaints of merchants because of the restrictions we have
imposed in not permitting any foreign trade at present. Admiral Watson instructed
his officers differently, and made the prohibition apply to ports where we had no
troops. Little attention was paid to them at this office, but the foreign merchants
appear to misunderstand our wholesale restrictions because of them.

The consul-general sent complaints concerning the action of the captain of the
port of Jolo in clearing vessels which he declined to clear at Singapore, and which
thereupon went to Sandakan, were cleared for Jolo, and there were cleared for other
Philippine ports. It is not known here what the captain of the port of Jolo is gone
in this respect. The Libelle and Labuan, the first of which was made to discharge al
merchandise manifested for this port and the other to pay a fine for illegal trading,
justified their illegal course under our customs regulations by the action taken at
Jolo and that of the captain of one of the naval vessels in giving them a quasi per-
mission to trade generally in the islands.

Our consul-general at Singapore has been answered that general trade could not
be opened until we were able to understand all conditions and adopt regulations to
govern it. As soon as we receive your recommendations upon the subject we will
endeavor to formulate these regulations.

We cannot, however, grant much to foreign interests, as in that event the United
States might justifiably set aside our proceedings under a strict construction of law.
Foreign merchants can trade in the Sulu Archipelago only upon the conditions by
which they must conduct their trade with other islands of the Philippines. Please
forward your views as soon as practicable.

Vesy respectfully,
C. H. Murray,
Major and Inspector-General, U. S. V., Secretary.

The nature of the Singapore complaints referred to in the above
communication to General Bates as having been submitted by our con-
sul-general at Singapore are sufficiently indicated in the following
copy of a letter addressed to the latter: :

Mania, P. I., December 10, 1899.
Hon. R. A. MosgEtey, Jr.,
United States Consul-General, Singapore.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communications, the one
dated the 24th and the other the 28th of November. The first contains clippings
from the Singapore Free Press, headed ‘‘Sandakan and Labuan notes,’’ and the sec-
ond a copy of note addressed to you on November 27 by the colonial secretary at
Singapore, inquiring if the restrictions imposed on British ships trading with Sulu,
Palawan, and Balabac have been withdrawn, with your reply thereto.

In your communication of November 24 you state that a certain commercial firm
submitted complaint that the British steamer Teresa was refused clearance for Sulu
by you and had been cleared at Sandakan for Jolo, where her cargo was received.
You speak also of the action of the steamer Clive, and request that I cable the State
Department to grant you permission to appoint a consular agent at Sandakan and
Labuan to assist you in properly carrying out any trade regulations, in so far as clear-
ance of vessels is concerned, which may be adopted for the Sulu Archipelago.

I have no knowledge of the facts you convey further than the information con-
tained in your note. The former Sulu trade was a subject which gave great annoy-
ance and apprehension to the Spanish authorities, and it was for the purpose of
arresting this trade, until conditions could be learned and until some suitable regu-
lations to govern it could be formulated, that foreign trade was prohibited. Gen-
eral Bates was sent there to study and report upon conditions, and I have not yet.
received his report. Of course, the former trade protocols between Spain, Ger-
many, and Great Britain fell with the transfer of the islands under the late Paris
treaty. The officer at Jolo in receiving and manifesting merchandise has been act-
ing without specific instructions, but I presume he has endeavored to follow former
practices. I expect to hear from General Bates, who is now at Zamboanga, very
shortly. * * *
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS, 38438

In reply to your note of the 28th, I have the honor to inform you that I will com-
municate to you any trade regulations affecting foreign merchants as soon as they
may be determined upon.

In the meantime trade matters must remain in abeyance. The inconvenience
which a few merchants may suffer are light in comparison with the vast conflicting

interests which in the southern Philippine Islands present themselves for settle-
ment. * * *

Very respectfully,
; E. 8. Orts,
Major-General, U. 8. V., U. 8. Military Governor in the Philippines.

At the date the foregoing communications were written troops
were moving from Zamboanga to garrison five additional stations on
the southern Mindanao coast, also the naval station of Buasilan; and
the ports of Jolo, Siassi, and Bongao, of the Jolo Archipelago, had
been garrisoned for some time, so that affairs were in condition to
open up that whole section of country to trade. Accordingly, on
December 26, the following orders were issued:

GGNERAL ORDERS, OFFICE oF THE U. 8. Miuitary GovERNOR
IN THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs,
No. 738. Manila, P. I., December 26, 1899.

I. Trade and commercial intercourse with the ports of the Sulu Archipelago, with
those of Zamboanga, Cottabatto, and Davao of the island of Mindanao, and withthe
island of Basilan will be reestablished upon the receipt of this order at the various
ports affected, the same to be piisecutetl under the customs regulations adopted and
prevailing in other sections of the Philippines.

The ports of Zamboanga; Mindanao; Jolo, island of Jolo, and Siassi, island of
Siassi, are declared to be open ports for the time being and will receive the necessar
equipment. The commanding general of the district of Mindanao and Jolo will
designate and appoint collectors and inspectors of customs, subject to the approval of
this office, and will cause to be detailed such assistants as may be necessary. At
por where the services of captains of ports are demanded, the same officers will per-

orm the duties of both collectors of customs and port captains. The treasurer of the

islands, the collector of customs, and the captain of the port of Manila will supply
the various officers appointed with all orders, circulars, books, blanks, and instruc-
tions necessary to guide them in the performance of their duties.

II. The commanding general of the district of Mindanao and Jolo will appoint,
subject to the approval of this office, collectors of internal revenue for the various
more important towns and districts within his command. The collector of internal
revenue at Manila will furnish upon application all books, blanks, circulars, orders
ae instructions, and blank cedulas required by them to execute the labors of their
office.

By command of Major-General Otis:

Tuomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

In the course of a month after the Philippine customs laws had been
made operative in the archipelago, the sultan petitioned for a suspen-
sion of the same until his people could recover from the great losses
they had suffered by, as he stated, the death from disease of 97 per
cent of their cattle. In forwarding this petition the commanding
officer at Jolo recommended a temporary suspension of those laws in
the matter of articles of food and of household and agricultural imple-
ments, stating that the Moros were very poor and could not well meet
the unexpected demands which the immediate practical application of
the customs tariff imposed, and that if exception could be made in
respect to trade carried on by Moros, but not by Chinese and other
foreigners, it would have the effect to encourage the former to engage
in mercantile pursuits. In considering the subject cognizance was
taken of the fact that the past trade of the Moros of the archipelago
was largely confined to an exchange of live stock, fruits, and vege-
tables with the inhabitants of North Borneo for needed articles of
344 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

consumption and of house and farm implements, which trade was
carried on by means of the Moro small boats, and could not well be
interfered with. A temporary relief from some of the provisions of
the tariff was thought to be judicious, and the following orders were
issued:

GENERAL | Orricre or THE U.S. Mizitary GOVERNOR

IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 30. Manila, P. I., March 10, 1900.

. For the immediate relief of the native inhabitants of the Jolo Archipelago, who have
heretofore been granted free-trade privileges, and who it is reported have suffered
materially during the past year from loss of cattle and a consequent minimum supply
of native food products, the prescribed customs dues on the importation of cattle,
articles of food, petroleum, tobacco, matches, clothing and articles for use in the
manufacture of the same, sewing machines, agricultural implements and machinery
for use in preparing products of the soil for home consumption or export, are sus-
pended until December 31 next, provided such articles of consumption, trade, or mer-
chandise are owned, imported, and handled by the native inhabitants of the islands,
and that all business connected therewith in the islands is conducted by and between
these inhabitants. The Moro inhabitants of the islands will also be permitted during
the present year to export free of duty all products of the soil, they being solely con-
cerned in person and interest in handling and shipping the same.

The present existing provisional customs tariff and regulations will remain in force
in that archipelago in all cases of importation or exportation in which other than
natives are in any wise interested whether as principals or agents.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barser,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

As has been mentioned, the ports of Zamboanga, Jolo, and Siassi
were declared to be open ports on December 26, 1899. Those of Manila,
Hloilo, and Cebu had been ports of that character since occupation by
United States troops—Manila, the chief port of the islands since
August 13, 1898; Iloilo, since February 22, and Cebu, since March 14,
1899. These six ports remain open to foreign shipping and are greater
in number by two than Spain maintained, as Jolo and Siassi have been
added to the four others above named. Until December 26, 1899, the
United States held but three of all the Philippine ports, open or inter-
island, with the exception of those in the Jolo Archipelago and Zam-
boanga, viz, Manila, lloilo, and Cebu. On that date Cottabatto, Davao,
and Basilan were scheduled for the resumption of trade. But now
our troops were taking possession very rapidly of the important points
in all the islands, and the coasting ports were being opened up for inter-
island commerce as soon after occupation as the necessary arrange-
ments could be effected. Fifty-one of them were made available for
trade during the ensuing four months, and comprised all the impor-
tant harbors in twelve of the most important islands, nearly all of which
provided the small adjacent coast villages of a more or less extended
seacoast with all needed trading accommodations. Of these 51, 16
were declared open in January, 12 in February, 11 in March, and 12 in
the month of April; and of this total number 25 were within Luzon,
6 in Mindanao, 6 in Leyte, 3 in Panay, 2 in Cebu, and 2 in Samar.
The large island of Negros has no harbor facilities.

The merchants doing business at the open ports were anxious to
secure the last year’s crop of hemp, tobacco, and sugar, and the inhab-
itants were equally eager to dispose of those products and obtain in
return the merchandise usually received in payment for the same.
The advance in money values of the staple products of the islands in
the foreign markets created a lively competition among resident
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3845

merchants to secure those products in the largest quantities possible
at the earliest date, in order to reap the advantages of the inflated
market prices, and estimating with a fair degree of accuracy, by con-
sidering directions in which troops were operating, when shipping
ports would be taken into our possession, they prepared themselves in
advance with all the vessel accommodations they could command to
avail themselves of port clearances immediately upon the announce-
ment that they would be issued. The various ports were officially
declared open for trade as soon as troops could assume quiet possession
and the necessary customs officers and port captains could be appointed
and acquaint themselves with their duties—officers serving with the
occupying military forces being selected to fill those positions, and
generally by selection prior to occupancy.

The resumption of trade and commerce under the pending business
excitement imposed very onerous labors upon the port and customs
authorities of Manila, Cebu, and Iloilo ae three ports at which
products for foreign shipment are usually gathered), but more espe-
cially upon those of Manila, where the great bulk of the commerce
of the islands centers. To prepare for this contemplated increase of
business the services of the departments immediately concerned were
placed in improved condition and the following shipping instructions
were issued:

GENERAL te Orrice or tHE U. 8. Mitrrary Governor
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 69. Manila, P. I., December 21, 1899.
* * * * * * *

II. Anricie 1. The right to engage in the coasting trade of the Philippine Archi-
pelago is limited to vessels possessing the certificate of protection described in Tariff
Circular No. 81, dated War Department, Washington, July 8, 1899, and which have
been granted the license hereinafter prescribed.

ARTICLE 2. The coasting trade service shall be under the general control and super-
vision of the central customs administration at Manila; also the direct supervision of :
collectors of customs of the principal ports of the islands nearest to which this coast-
ing trade may be carried on.

ARTICLE 3. All vessels of the class designated in article 1 of this regulation shall,
prior to engaging in the coasting trade, take out a license therefor. This license may
be issued by the collectors of customs in the principal or open ports of entry. But
two forms of license will be issued, the first for vessels engaged in the general trade
of the Archipelago and the second for smaller craft trading only within a particular
section of the islands. Vessels having the first form of license will be required to
use revenue stamps required by first and second clauses of section 371, United States
Provisional Customs Tariff and Regulations. Vessels having the second form of
license will be exempt from this requirement. For each license granted a fee of $1
for each ton of registered tonnage of the vessel will be charged, and said license must
be renewed annually.

CLEARANCE.

Arricte 4. The master of every vessel licensed for carrying on the coasting trade
shall, previous to the departure of such vessel from the port where she may then be,
make out and subscribe duplicate manifests of the whole of the cargo on board such
vessel, specifying in such manifests the marks and numbers of the packages and the
names of the respective consignees. He shall deliver such manifest to the collector
or other customs official, before whom he shall swear to the best of his knowledge
and belief that the goods therein contained, if foreign, were legally imported and

hat the duties thereon have been paid or secured. Thereupon the said collector or
customs official shall certify the same on the manifests, one of which he shall return
to the master with a permit specifying thereon, generally, the lading on board such
vessel, and authorizing him to proceed to the port of his destination, retaining the
duplicate.
846 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

If any vessel, being laden and destined as mentioned in this section, shall depart
from the port where she may then be without the master having first made out and
submitted duplicate manifests of the lading on board such vessel in the form and
manner prescribed herein, such master shall be liable to a penalty of 100 pesos.

ENTRY.

ARTICLE 5. The master of every vessel licensed for carrying on coasting trade shall,
previous to the unlading of any part of the cargo of such vessel, deliver to the col-
lector or other customs official residing at the port of unlading, or, if there be none
such, to the collector or other customs official residing within 5 miles thereof by
navigable water, the manifest of the cargo certified by the collector or customs offi-
cial of the port from whence she sailed. Thereupon the collector or customs official
shall grant a permit for unlading a part or the whole of such cargo as the master or
commander may request. If there is no collector or other customs official residing
at or within 5 miles by navigable water of the port of her arrival, the master of such
vessel may proceed to discharge the lading from on board such vessel, provided he
has received permission from competent authority at the port of sailing to enter and
discharge cargo at such port, but he shall deliver to the collector or other customs
official residing in the first port where he may next afterwards arrive, and within
twenty-four hours after his arrival, the manifest showing his authority to enter the
unequipped port and noting thereon the times when and places where the goods
therein mentioned have been unladen, to the truth of which, before the last-men-
tioned collector or customs official he shall swear.

If the master of any such vessel mentioned in this section shall neglect or refuse
to deliver manifest at the time or in the manner directed, he shall be liable to a
penalty of 100 pesos.

REPORT OF MASTER.

ARTICLE 6. The master of every vessel employed in the coasting trade which shall
from any cause put into a port or place other than those to which she was cleared,
shall, within twenty-four hours, or as soon thereafter as weather and sea will permit,
of his arrival, if there be any officer of customs residing at such port, make report of
his arrival to such officer, with the name of the place he came from, and to which
he is bound, with an account of his lading; and every master who neglects or refuses
so to do, shall be liable to a penalty of 20 pesos.

FOREIGN VESSELS BARRED FROM COASTING TRADE,

ArtTIcLE 7. No merchandise shall be transported by water, under penalties here-
inafter prescribed, from one port of the Philippine Islands to another port of the
Philippine Islands, either directly or via a foreign port, or for any part of the voyage,
in any other vessel than those described in article 1. But this section shall not be
construed to probibit the sailing of any foreign vessel from one open port to another
open port of the Philippine Islands; provided. that no merchandise other than that
imported in such vessél from such foreign port which shall not have been unladen
shall be carried on such voyage.

Passengers shall not be received at one Philippine port for another Philippine
port by a vessel not licensed for the coasting trade, but passengers arriving upon a
foreign vessel from a foreign port may continue their voyage to the port of destina-
tion oy the same vessel.

PENALTIES.

ARTICLE 8. Vessels found engaged in the coasting trade of the Philippine Islands
without being specially authorized thereto in the manner herein specified shall, if
laden with merchandise of the growth, product, and manufacture of the Philippine
Islands only, or in ballast, if of 5 tons burden or less, be liable to a fine of not less
than 50 nor more than 200 pesos; if of more than 5 tons burden and less than 20 tons,
she shall be liable to a fine of not less than 100 nor more than 500 pesos; and if of 20
tons burden or upward, to a fine of not less than 300 nor more than 1,000 pesos:
Provided, That if such vessel shall have on board any article of foreign growth, prod-
uct, or manufacture beyond what is necessary for sea stores, and which has not been
properly entered or legally imported, then, in addition to the fines herein specified,
such goods of foreign growth shall be forfeited.

UNEQUIPPED PORTS.

ARTICLE 9. Vessels licensed for the coasting trade will not be allowed to call at
unequipped ports along the coast of the archipelago without special permission of
the military governor or department or district military commander, who, in author-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 347

izing such trade, will prescribe the conditions under which it is permitted. Vessels
found violating this section shall be subject to a fine of not less than 100 pesos or
more than the value of the cargo, provided the value thereof exceeds 100 pesos.

ADJUDICATION OF PENALTIES AND APPEALS.

ArricLE 10. The fines and forfeitures which shall be incurred by virtue of these reg-
ulations shall be administratively adjudicated by the collectors at the principal ports
of the islands, from whose decisions appeal may be taken to the collector of customs
at Manila for final determination.

REGULATIONS AND BLANK FORMS.

ARTICLE 11. The collector of customs at Manila is charged with the duty of pre-
paring for the approval of the military governor a project of regulations for carrying
this order into effect, and the necessary blank forms.

By command of Major-General Otis:

Tuomas H. Barry,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

The regulations and blank forms called for in the last article of the
above-copied orders were duly prepared, approved, printed for dis-
tribution, and promptly issued to all officers appointed to execute the
duties of customs and port officers, so that there was little friction in
the transaction of the business which was suddenly so greatly aug-
mented in those special departments of the civil service. All available
shipping of the islands was employed to its full limit. The customs
receipts, which for September, 1899, and the three following months,
during which period Aguinaldo’s decree against the American flag was
operative, averaged $773,000 (Mexican), and were, for March and April
1900, two and one-quarter millions, and for the month of May alone
one and one-third millions. Those receipts are, I believe, still increas-
ing in a corresponding ratio, as I notice that during July they were
$1,705,000 (Mexican), of which Zamboanga, Jolo, and Siassi contrib-
uted $15,000, and Iloilo and Cebu $321,000.

As it was necessary that all inter-island commerce be carried on under
the American flag in American registered vessels to which certificates
of protection must be issued, the transfer of vessels to United States
citizens was frequent, and while in these transactions legal methods
of proceedings were observed, fraud was practiced doubtless in some
instances., The privilege of flying the flag and receiving the certificate
was granted native Filipino shippers who subscribed to the oath of
allegiance, and many took advantage of it; but to obtain registry
and the certificate it was necessary to send the vessel to an open port
and await the certificate from Manila. This delay was attended with
hardship in the case of small crafts employed on the coast distant from
Manila, and instructions were given to meet it by the announcement
that the provision regarding the certificate was not ‘‘intended to apply
to crafts or small boats engaged in trade conveying produce, merchan-
dise, or passengers from an unequipped to any near equipped ports,
but only to vessels carrying on a general coasting trade among the
islands or which may ply between equipped ports.” In the matter of
these small coasting vessels the following instructions were published:

Hereafter the owners of small boats which have a less capacity than 15 gross tons
burden who may wish to carry on a local trade at any of the equipped ports and near
coast points, upon their application at the nearest equipped ports and on taking the
oath of allegiance to the United States Government, will be granted licenses to run
for one year permitting their vessels to engage in legitimate seacoast traffic between
the ports where applications are made and the near or adjacent seacoast towns and
348 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

villages, they paying for the same 1 peso per ton for each ton of a vessel’s gross ton-
nage, the payment to be evidenced by affixing to the licenses granted revenue stamps
amounting in full to the sum paid; minimum will be 1 peso. :

Licenses so issued will be numbered consecutively, beginning with No. 1 each year,
and each boat so licensed shall be conspicuously marked with number of license,
name (if any) of boat, and name of port at which licensed. No licenses shall be
issued to persons not possessing United States certificates of registration (cedulas).

Inspectors of customs at interior ports to whom such applications and payments
are made will grant licenses or permits of a special form, to be furnished them by the
collector of the islands and of the port of Manila. The latter will at once prepare
such forms, suited and covering the necessities of the case, also printed form of oath
of allegiance, and cause them to be sent as soon as practicable to the several inspectors
stationed at the various island interior ports.

To extend throughout our constantly increasing territory the internal
revenue machinery was more difficult. That revenue was derived for
the most part from the sale of cedulas or tickets of personal identifica-
tion, and what was known as the urbana and industrial taxes imposed
under Spanish Jaw on all private buildings and on business enterprises,
incomes, and salaries. Speaking of cedulas, in my former report I said:

However, the cedula tax might have yielded something, for although this is the
most hated by the natives of all taxes formerly imposed upon them, they desire the
cedula, as this simple means of identity is valuable to them in conducting business
and when journeying through the islands. In response to the express desire of the
inhabitants of Manila for this ticket it was given on personal application at a nominal
sum sufficient to defray the cost of issuance, and over sixty thousand of them were
distributed in a short space of time from the Manila office of internal revenue.

The inhabitants of the interior still requested this United States
cedula ticket, and they were supplied upon application at the nominal
cost of a peseta each, although they heel pupalaced the cedula issued
by the insurgent authorities at a price ranging from one to five dollars.
Spain had never been able to levy a real estate tax, as either title to
property appeared to be too insecurely vested to warrant it, or because
of the too great opposition of parties interested, notwithstanding the
decree of 1880, which was formulated to determine and establish the
matter of individual title, making it rest on long-continued possession.
The urbana levy, a near equivalent, was a tax on the money value of
the house as found by duly appointed assessors, and the industrial was
a tax on the business houses or stores much in the nature of a license,
and a pro-rata share of salaries above a certain-named amount. The
public money for the support of the cities was raised by a tax or license
on markets, fisheries, saloons, slaughter houses, etc., tolls on highways
and bridges, rents on city property, and a tax, when necessary, not to
exceed 10 per cent of the amount of the urbana and 25 per cent of the
industrial taxes. To satisfy outlying obligations which the ordinary
tax levies failed to meet, surtaxes, various in kind, to be applied to the
liquidation of certain classes of indebtedness, were frequently imposed,
and thus the tax levy was complicated and its yields uncertain in amount.
On April 10 these surtaxes were discontinued, and the application of
the revenue laws simplified by the following orders:

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice oF THE U. 8. Minrrary GovERNoR
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
No. 53. Manila, P. I., April 17, 1900.

The assessment and collection of surtaxes on the industrial tax, as authorized by
decrees of July 24,.1884, June 19, 1890, and August 21, 1896, and on the direct tax
on house property, as authorized by the decrees of July 24, 1884, and June 14, 1878,
for periods subsequent to July 1, 1900, inclusive of that date, is prohibited. All laws
and provisions in conflict with this order are hereby revoked.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 349

Taxpayers who may have already paid such surtaxes for periods commencing
July 1, 1900, may have the amount thereof credited against any delinquent taxes
with which they may be chargeable on that date or against any taxes which may here-
after become due.

By command of Major-General Otis.

M. Barzer,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

The conversion on April 7, 1900, of the former department of the
Philippines into the division of that designation with its four separate
departments, each having a number of defined districts, as shown on
pages 246-248, made the application of the revenue laws through offi-
cers of the Army under military supervision practicable. Those orders
are as follows:

GENERAL ORDERS, Orrice or THE U. 8. Mizirary Governor
: IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDs,
No. 54. Manila, P. I., April 18, 1900.

The commanding general of each department of the division of the Philippines
will detail a discreet officer of business ability and experience to supervise, under his
instructions, the internal-revenue affairs in the territory of his command, and will
appoint in each district of his department an internal-revenue officer, who shall be
charged with the imposition and collection of the general revenue of the district to
which appointed; and in some of the more important districts, wherein such labors
will prove excessive, an assistant will be furnished to render him such aid as may be
necessary.

These district internal-revenue officers, under department supervision, will trans-
act the business in their several districts connectcd with the collection of the urbana
and industrial taxes belonging to, or which concern, the internal-revenue funds of
the islands. They will make requisition for all funds or property required in the
performance of their duties direct on the collector of internal revenue of the islands,
of Manila, to whom all collections of every character will be transmitted for deposit
with the general treasury. The latter officer will furnish district collectors the
instructions necessary to fully understand the requirements of their positions; also
with the general rules for the imposition, administration, and collection of such
taxes; all blank forms and returns required in the conduct of their business; the
property essential in the several offices which they may be forced to establish, and
the money with which to pay the required clerical or attending force. He will
secure, by approved requisition on that branch of the quartermaster department
charged with the disposition of property purchased with the public civil funds,
printed blanks, stationery, and other property, and from the treasurer—through
auditor’s warrant—the funds to meet the money expenditures incurred.

Officers concerned will note that by the removal of all surtaxes after July 1, 1900,
under the provisions of General Orders, No. 53, of April 17, and by article 43, General
Orders, No. 40, of March 29 last, from this office (wherein municipalities are permit-
ted to levy a tax not to exceed 25 per cent on the general industrial taxes imposed),
that the collection and disposition of the general internal-revenue funds have been
mauch simplified. Should municipalities desire to collect a permitted industrial tax
at the same time that the other taxes of that character are collected by the General
Government, internal-revenue officers may look to the collection of the same, upon
municipal request, and turn it into the municipal treasury under such formalities as
may be hereafter prescribed.

By command of Major-General Otis:

M. Barser,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

The internal-revenue receipts can not be said to have been as yet
materially augmented, considering the full amounts which should be
realized under the prevailing laws, although for the eight months end-
ing April 30 last they were $752,283 Mexican, as against $577,748 for
the entire year ending August 18, 1899, an average monthly increase
of nearly 100 per cent. Still the majority of the appointed collectors
had not, to the latest of the above-named dates, completed preparations
to enter upon the collection of either the urbana or industrial taxes.
350 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

And haste in these matters was not intended, as the majority of the
people are in poverty, having suffered severely in landed and personal
estate during several years of almost constant warfare, need time and
assistance to rebuild their destroyed habitations and villages, and to
regather the stock and implements necessary to carry on agriculture.
The urbana and industrial taxes, if imposed in strict accordance with
the former prevailing Spanish custom and the still prevailing Spanish
law, would bear heavily on the poorer classes of inhabitants. The
owners and occupants of dwellings erected on vacant ground or that
leased for a term of years must contribute to the public revenues while
the owners of the land escape, and the small shopkeepers and the people
receiving moderate salaries must pay government quite largely for the
privileges they are supposed to enjoy.

The Spanish method of collecting these taxes was a sure and easy
one. The barrios of a city or town are not only the contiguous sub-
divisions into which a municipality is divided, but they may be many
miles distant therefrom and attached simply for protection or admin-
istrative purposes. The people of the barrio are supposed to have
been originally of the same family or clan, and over it a chief (gener-
ally aman of property) was appointed, who was obliged to collect
and turn in to administrative officers of provinces all public reve-
nue demanded, or suffer the consequences of charged neglect by fine
or imprisonment. How much he collected was of no consequence, pro-
vided he turned into the public treasury the fullamounts levied. The

osition was generally sought, as it conferred authority, individual

istinction, and personal pecuniary gain when conscience did not in-
tervene. An important requirement devolving upon us prior to mak-
ing tax collections was to place the people in fixed settlement in former
homes and induce them to engage earnestly in civil pursuits, which
could be accomplished only by convincing them that they would receive
adequate protection—a thing difficult to do because of the statements
constantly circulated by insurgent guerrillas that Tagalo independence
would soon be granted by the United States. It was also of primary
importance to instruct them in the new and liberal form of municipal
government granted them, to assist in the organization of schools
which they requested, to improve the means of local communication
and their seacoast harbors and waterways.

On pages 249-250 of this report allusion has been made to the pub-
lic highway improvements in progress and contemplation, which were
viewed by the inhabitants with great satisfaction. The work in a
minor degree was extended to other islands, and assurances were given
to officers commanding territorial districts that an economical use of
pele money would be allowed for necessary highway facilities.

ork on the more important harbors of Iloilo, Cebu, Dagupan, and
others was being done, all of which increased the confidence of the
people in our good intentions. The Spanish Government had adopted
several years ago an expensive scheme for the improvement of Manila
Harbor, had performed considerable of the labor required to execute
it, by building a long breakwater, which was approaching completion,
and had on hand a large amount of harbor machinery and material
which fell into our possession by the cession of the islands. The
money to defray the expenses of the work was drawn from the Manila
customs receipts, of which a percentage was set aside for that purpose.
The chief engineer of the department and corps was directed to take
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3851

under consideration and study the needs of the harbor, the scheme on
which the Spanish authorities had been proceeding, to fix upon a
project which would meet requirements, and to submit the same, with
lans and estimates, to the office of the military governor. This
irected duty was being performed at the time of my departure from
the islands.

On February 8 last the instructions of His Excellency the President
of the United States extending to the Philippines the operations of
the provisions of the act of Congress of February 15, 1893, regard-
ing the powers and duties of ‘‘The Marine-Hospital Service,” were
published. They directed the establishment of the headquarters of
the service at Manila, and gave its officers, acting under such regula-
tions as the United States Treasury Department might prescribe,
exclusive quarantine supervision of the islands. They appropriated
from the island revenues an amount not to exceed $300,000 annually to
defray the cae of the service, from which the epidemic fund must
be reimbursed for the cost of disinfecting appliances and materials
ordered from abroad. The old Spanish quarantine station of Mariveles
on the north shore of Manila Bay was announced as the Manila station
of the incoming service; troops were placed there, and the old plant
with its buildings (four of which could be utilized) were turned over,
together with $30,000 with which to meet the necessary immediate
expenditure. With quarantine branches established at Iloilo and
Cebu the service will be able to execute the duties expected from
it. The announcement that Manila had been visited by the bubonic
plague appears to have created considerable excitement in foreign
ports and those of the United States. The disease was discovered in
Manila, but did not prevail to the extent it manifested itself in many
of the Asiatic ports. The thorough police, quarantine, and house-to-
house visitation to which the city was subjected prevented any alarm-
ing increase, and little heed was given it by the citizens generally.
It is possible that the plague had. existed there some time before dis-
covery, but not in virulent type. The native physicians attached
little importance to the fact of discovery.

The nautical education required by the inhabitants in order to carry
on their interisland commerce was not neglected, as the system of
instruction inaugurated by the Spanish Government was early revived.
To this a brief allusion is made on page 304, with the remark that it
would receive further comment. By the great assistance received
from the Navy we were enabled to open the nautical school during the
fall of 1899, in compliance with the following orders:

‘GENERAL ORDERS, OFFICE OF THE U.S. Miztirary GovERNOR
IN THE Puiippine IsLanps,
No. 55. Manila, P. I., November 9, 1899.

The Escuela Nautica, hereafter to be known as the Nautical School of the Philip-
pine Islands, will be reopened as soon as the requisite arrangements for the purpose
can be perfected, probably about December 1, next. The superintendent of the
school will be an officer of the United States Navy, appointed by the commander in
chief of the United States naval forces on Asiatic Station. He will be under the -
immediate direction of the military governor.

Instructors, except the instructor in English, will be selected from the former staff,
or from the graduates, of the Escuela Nautica. Instruction will at present be given
in Spanish only. For the purposes of practical instruction, the institution will be
provided with a school-ship, as soon as a suitable vessel can be obtained.

The course will embrace three years.
852 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS,

Candidates for admission to the school must have the consent of their parents or
guardians, and will present their applications in person at the office of the superin-
tendent of public instruction between 9 o’clock a.m.and noon on week days. They
must be residents of the Philippine Islands, between 14 and 18 years of age, of sound
mind and body, not colorblind. or near-sighted, and of good character. They must
be able to read and write, and have a competent knowledge of grammar, composition,
and arithmetic. After June 1, 1901, they must also have a fair knowledge of the
English language. Former students of the Escuela Nautica will be classed according
to their knowledge, after examination.

Not more than 60 students will be admitted. Students are expected to live at
home, and to provide their own text-books, except books for the study of the English
language, which latter, as well as stationery, will be supplied by the school.

By command of Major-General Otis:

THomais H. Barry,

Assistant Adjutant-General.

Lieut. Commander J. V. Cottman reorganized the school and was
succeeded as superintendent in January, 1900, by Lieutenant Cooper,
of the Navy. These officers, through the ability and zeal which they
have bestowed upon the institution, have brought it to an excellent
standard of efficiency and made it popular with the native youths, who
are eager to obtain entrance.

Postal facilities, under the efficient supervision of the director of
posts, Mr. F. W. Vaille, were early given to the inhabitants of the
islands. Mail for all points occupied by troops, where post-offices
had not been established and civilian postal employees had not been
secured, was sent to commanding officers, with instructions to attend
promptly to its disposition and distribution. On August 22, 1899, a
complete schedule of postal rates for domestic and foreign matters,
including charge of service between the United States and the islands,
based largely upon United States postal laws, was published, and this
schedule of rates prevailed until January 9, when there were put in
practical application the instructions of the Postmaster-General that
‘‘all mail matter passing between the United States and Porto Rico,
Guam, and the Philippine Archipelago, or between these island posses-
sions of the United States, shall be subject to the United States domestic
classification, conditions, and rates of postage.” The postal department
has been conducted with marked ability and has more than paid the
cost of maintenance. Nothing has been received by it from the island
revenues and it had on hand last May a balance of about 819,000. The
system introduced is a great improvement upon the one which prevailed
during the Spanish control of the islands, both as regards security of
mail and its prompt delivery, and the extension of the same has almost
kept pace with the advance of the troops.

The Spanish royal decree of May 16, 1886, which required the use
of stamped paper in all official transactions and the affixing of stamps
to business paper, private receipts, and bank checks, had almost gone
into disuse in so far as many of its provisions were concerned. The
law in its application was revived as soon as practicable, although in
this matter, as in many others which concerned the public revenue, it
required time and patience to ascertain and intelligently construe that
and other revenue laws, embodied as they were in uncodified decrees
in Spanish text extending over a series of years; and the majority of
the former Spanish officials had abandoned the public offices without
imparting information as to the particulars or even the nature of
their duties. A large quantity of stamped paper and stamps were
on hand. Certain civil branches of the Government used them, more
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 3538

especially the courts, as was necessary, in order to make valid their
proceedings requiring public record. Officers of the army who con-
trolled other branches were ignorant of legal requirements, and private
parties having information were apt to evade them. Orders requir-
ing the enforcement of the stamp law were issued, but saving from its
operations certain former directions, as the following instructions pub-
lished November 18 and 27, 1899, indicate:

Paragraph 5, article 19, chapter 2, of Spanish royal decree issued May 16, 1886,
which requires the use of stamps on receipts, and which fifth paragraph reads as fol-
lows: ‘“‘Government employees—active or retired—each time they sign a receipt for
any part of their salaries, whether in a list, warrant, or any other form,’’ is tempo-
rarily suspended in the case of that class of employees who receive respectively as
monthly compensation sums less than $50 Mexican, and will not be considered as in
force until by future directions the suspension is removed.

_All existing decrees or orders at variance with these instructions will, during this
directed suspension, remain inoperative.

In the matter of purchases between officers and the several supply departments of
the army, and in all cases of expenditures by regimental medical officers from civil
funds furnished those officers with which to purchase special articles of diet for the
regimental sick, the legal requirement of affixing internal revenue stamps on receipts
or vouchers which accompany accounts current are suspended.

One of the complaints against the Spanish Government presented
by its Filipino subjects in their arraignment of abuses suffered was,
that natives employed in the public service of the islands received far
less compensation than Peninsular Spanish employees for the perform-
ance of equivalent duties. The fact was admitted by that Government
in the treaty of Biac-na-bato and promise given that in future no dis-
tinction in class as regarded money payments should be permitted.
When our Government assumed the management of public affairs Fili-
pino clerical assistance was very limited, as many of the native
employees had cast their lot with the insurgents, and the foreign lan-
guage employed in the transaction of business was not understood by
us. It”became necessary therefore to detail soldiers having clerical
capacity for duty in the various departments, who, upon discharge
from military service, were taken into civil employment, and they
demanded the wages prevalent in the United States. An American
clerk of good ability must be paid $100 in gold monthly, whereas the
Filipino clerk performed equally valuable labor for $50 Mexican. It
was considered necessary to advance the wages of the native, which
was done after several complaints were submitted charging unjust dis-
crimination in the matter of salary against him in accordance with the
former practice of Spain, but not to the extent of making his salary the
equivalent of that which the American received. A correspondin
increase in the price of all Filipino labor, skilled and unskilled, resulted,
much to the annoyance of the wealthy inhabitants, who charged the
American Government with unsettling and very materially advancing
the prices not only of labor, but of subsistence. They failed, however,
to make thankful acknowledgment of the increased values of their real

roperties and market commodities, for which the presence of the
Dinited States troops was responsible.

During the latter years of Spanish domination in the islands, wages
and the prices of home products gradually decreased, due to the grad-
ual reduction in the market price of silver. They were determined
when silver was at par and were paid in the Mexican silver dollar
which was the unit of value in the Philippine currency. The common
laborer received $6 per month, or 25 cents per day Mexican, the

4495—28
3854 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

skilled workman and accountant from $20 to $50 per month Mexican,
according to the importance of the services rendered. All public sal-
aries had been fixed in Mexican currency when it was equal in pur-
chasing power to gold, and they remained as then fixed; hence could
not be considered in 1898 as equal to one-half in amount what they
were at the time they were determined upon and fixed. Within a few
months after our occupation of Manila began the daily wages of the
common laborer advanced to 70 cents, his monthly pay to from $12 to
$18, all in Mexican; and the monthly compensation allowed our native
police at present is $25 Mexican, while our native scouts employed for
service with the troops are paid monthly as many Mexican dollars as our
private soldier receives dollars in gold. The judgesand officials of the
civil courts were paid salaries computed several years ago in Mexican
silver, and the salaries remained ene until recently—the chief
justice receiving for his distinguished and indispensable services about
as much pecuniary compensation as the captain of one of our infantry
regiments. During the past two years the market value of city real
estate and all rentals have advanced 100 per cent, and the prices of
all articles of food and clothing have increased in like ratio. It would
be well-nigh impossible for the Filipino to secure what are now
deemed the essentials of existence from former wages. The advance
in wages has hardly kept pace with the advance in prices, and still the
native obtaining it considers his condition and lot in life improved.
To meet the increasing demands of living, the salaries of the supreme
court judges and officials were advanced last April about 20 per cent
without their request or knowledge, but much to their surprise and
gratification, and the presidentof the supreme court conveyed acknowl-
edgments in the following terms:

[Corte Suprema de Justicia de las Islas Filipinas.]

To His Excellency the Unirep States Mitirary GovERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES.

Sir: On behalf of my associates in this court, and for myself, I desire to comply
with a most grateful duty in manifesting to your excellency our gratitude for the
consideration shown by you in ordering an increase of our salaries.

I, in particular, take this opportunity to state to your excellency that I deem my-
self most highly honored by the many distinctions which your excellency has seen
fit to confer upon me.

Receive, sir, this manifestation of our regard and gratitude.

C. 8. ARELLANO,
President Supreme Court.

Mania, April 30, 1900.

The entire native civil departmental force of the islands and all
native and Chinese governmental employees of every class, together
with many of American and European nativity and citizenship,
whether employed for strictly civil duties or for labor in connection
with the troops, are paid in the currency of the country, in which
amounts of compensation to be received are agreed upon when serv-
ices are contracted for, whatever the market value of silver at time of
payment. All employees secured in the United States and some hired
in the islands receive in pay for services, by prior agreement, fixed
amounts in gold, as must also all United States officers and soldiers.
The consideration appearing in contracts for the furnishing of material,
supplies, or labor is generally definitely expressed in the currency of
the country—always so unless purchases abroad are involved, and even
then in many instances. All public money receipts obtained from cus-
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 355

toms and internal revenue are calculated in the monetary unit of the
Philippines, the silver peso, and are paid in that currency. All public
remittances from the United States are in gold.

_ The only sufferers from these two kinds of currency which are in
circulation would appear to be holders of gold who are obliged to con-
vert the same into silver through the island banks, and the exporting
merchants who require large amounts of silver for island purchases in
seasons when silver is scarce and difficult to obtain; for all private busi-
ness and enterprises are conducted on the silver basis of which the
mass of the inhabitants have knowledge only. Still the importing
merchant can not be certain of the pecuniary results which will attend
his foreign purchases. With silver he buys in Manila the gold with
which to make his foreign payments, and fluctuating rates of exchange
may add materially to his future profits or involve him in loss, espe-
cially if he is obliged to contend with sharp competition. The ques-
tion of the currency has been the subject of much study. Until the
revenues are paid in gold it will not be circulated in the islands, but
will be hoarded or gathered and shipped to other countries as has been
done during the past two years; and the revenues can not well be col-
lected in gold until the complicated revenue laws are amended and it
is furnished in sufficient quantities through Government aid to inaugu-
rate such action. To oblige the inhabitants to make gold payments
for customs dues and internal taxes in the present state of affairs would
compel them to barter their silver for gold at very high rates of
exchange, which they could ill afford. The following extracts from
last year’s report are explanatory of existing conditions:

The money in circulation, therefore, in the Philippines is less than thirty millions
of silver dollars or the equivalent—a very small sum to transact the volume of busi-
ness; but then a large share of this trade depends upon credit and the exchange of
the country’s products, so that comparatively little money is required to conduct it.
However, during the yearly periods of greatest exportation money to move the
crops becomes very scarce and the rates of exchange high. * * * In Spanish
times when money was in great demand the price of the Mexican dollar was con-
siderably above its Hongkong value in gold and sold in Manila for from 10 to 15 per
cent more than its actual value. The currency of the country still fluctuates daily
according to the price of silver in the great money markets of the world and has no
stable value. This, however, appears to affect very little ordinary business unless
purchases of merchandise and services must be paid in gold, when these fluctuations
enter largely into the calculations of profit and loss. The merchant who buys gold
in Manila must pay not only the rate of exchange, but the estimated cost of trans-

porting the metal, and if he wishes to convert gold into silver he must pay high
exchange rates and the cost of shipment of the Mexican dollar. The public revenue
is paid in the currency of the country, as is most expedient, else daily silver
fluctuations would necessitate daily difficult calculations upon the gold value of the
money offered at the various public offices; but as it is for the most part expended
here for services and on local contract purchases, the difficulties attending rates of
exchange are not serious. ‘

To the question of the practicability of collecting customs duties in
United States currency I replied briefly by cable on March 9, 1900,
as follows:

Can collect customs duties in United States currency if Mexican dollar is given fixed
value for successive period of month or three months. Would probably increase
circulation; not result in saving exchange. Little gold available; large amounts
exported to China and hoarded. Gold duty payments would compel merchants to
pay high fluctuating prices for gold. Tariff complicated; reduction to gold difficult
unless Mexican dollar given fixed value for certain definite time. Gold not circulat-
ing in hemp, tobacco, sugar, copra districts; natives not educated to it, and as producers
would be at mercy of purchasers. If duties collected in gold, Government would
3856 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

still need Mexican dollars for island expenditures, for which exchange must be paid,
and thus double standard continued. Gold payments in all Government transactions
would raise price labor and commodities and unsettle business. Natives prefer two
pesos to one gold dollar. Time not propitious to change money standard.

To fix the uniform rate of the Mexican dollar for a certain definite
period of time, either by large purchases in foreign markets or arbi-
trarily, was not favorably considered by the Treasury Department, and
it advised that for the present ‘the accounts of moneys received from
duties. taxes, etc., by the military government of the United States in
the Philippines be kept in the currency of the country—the Mexican
standard.”

The limited amount of Filipino money in circulation (about thirty
millions of silver dollars) is increasing probably, as the Spanish decree
of 1878 prohibiting the importation of Mexican dollars of a mintage
later than that date except under excessive duty payments has not
been enforced. In the summer of 1899 there was not sufficient copper
coin in circulation to enable the natives to carry on the business of
marketing their produce and making the payments demanded by the
city license and market laws, as it had been collected and shipped for
the slight premium realized for its sale in foreign parts. Merchants
desired to import from Singapore, but the suggestion was not favorably
considered, and the difficulty was met by issuing to the banks of Manila
certain amounts of the copper coin belonging to the Spanish seized
funds which were on deposit in the general treasury. There were
there in store $300,000 in this coin, and from it issues were directed to
be made to the city banks for circulation in sumsas requested, but the
total to be delivered to them was not to exceed $10,000 in any one
month. A brief allusion to this subject has already been made on page
255, and the orders issued to prevent the shipment of the coin are
thereon set out.

The customs regulations have received occasional amendment, but
only in minor particulars and when cases arose which they did not meet.
The first revised codification was issued on October 26, 1898, to take
effect on the 10th of the following month. The second was published
on October 23, 1899, under the following explanatory instructions:

The ‘‘ Customs tariff and regulations’? promulgated in General Orders of October
26, 1898, from this office, having been amended from time to time since that date, the
following revised printed schedule of the same, which contains all amendments to
September 1 last, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.

Upon the occupation of any ports or places in the Philippine Islands by the forces
of the United States, not as yet in United States occupancy, this order will be pro-
claimed and enforced. ;

Verv few amendments have been made since the last above-cited
date, and the regulations still in force are substantially those pre-
scribed by Spain prior to the late Spanish war. In many features
they bear heavily on the inhabitants, also on our merchants, who nat-
urally desire to secure those advantages of trade which the cession of
the islands to the United States was supposed to confer. The Board
of Commerce of San Francisco took this matter up for consideration,
and relying upon what it was informed was the customs practice in
Manila, charged that merchandise manufactured in and shi ped to the
Philippine Islands from the United States was subject toa igher duty
than Spain paid on the same classes of goods. To this charge a reply
was rendered on October 7, 1899, that ‘‘the same customs duties are
exacted on all goods and merchandise introduced from the United
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 857

States as from Spain or any other foreign country. For a short time
after the eae. of Manila goods purchased in Spain before the
war were admitted under the old Spanish preferential rates, but this
has not been done for nearly a year past.” An answer might have

ore found in my annual report of August, 1899, wherein I stated
a —

_ The orders of the President wisely directed in effect a continuance of late prevail-
ing customs duties with very slight modifications, and the public interests demand
that relief should be extended to the people of the islands through the resump-
tion of trade. These modifications, however, slight as they were and unavoidable
under the circumstances, were the sources of grievances on the part of individual
merchants, which they presented through the consuls of their governments or in
person. The least change in the tariff schedule affected those who were stocked or
those who wished to import merchandise, and gave competitors unfair advantages.
oe had bought goods in Spain at high market rates for the purpose of securing
the Spanish trade privileges on home products, and were unable to have delivery
madein Manila on account of the war. They therefore asked to have the Spanish
trade privileges extended to these special goods to avoid the great pecuniary loss
which they must otherwise suffer. Fereated requests of this character occasioned a
great deal of correspondence, and the concession of September 29 was thereupon
granted, which was to the effect that all such goods as might be entered prior to
November 10, the date on which the amended tariff regulations were to go into
effect, might, upon due proof of facts, be admitted under the old Spanish customs
rules. Even this concession did not meet the merchants’ demands, and they con-
tended for a longer time in which to present their goods, but had to be denied after
fruitless argument by both parties in interest.

In November the War Department directed the Manila collector of
customs to report if the rate of duties on articles of subsistence could
not be reduced without public detriment. Reply having been delayed,
subsequent call was made for the report, when the following communi-
cation was transmitted:

Mantua, P. I., April 14, 1900.
The AssIsTANT SECRETARY OF WAR,
Washington, D. C.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a cable message informing me
that a communication had been sent to the collector of customs on November 22 last,
inquiring if a reduction of duties on food products was not practicable and if it would
not be for the public interest, to which no response had been received. To this I
cabled yesterday that reply to the communication had been mailed on March 10 last,
and, further, that article 4 of the Paris treaty, which admitted Spanish ships and
merchandise to our ports on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United
States, would reduce tariff rates, which would be unwise at this time, but that a reduc-
tion of 50 per cent on certain food products mentioned would be beneficial and that
the ee of duties on fresh meats and vegetables had been temporarily sus-
pended.

In explanation of this message I desire to say that reduction in tariff rates on such
products as are extensively imported to the islands from the United States would be
beneficial to the business interests of the country and the Philippine people, but a
reduction on those products which Europe produces to a very large extent would
reduce our revenue and give few compensating advantages. Foreign merchants here
would import in Spanish vessels by way of Barcelona and other ports of Spain, as
they did formerly, notwithstanding all the restraining influences which Spain could
impose, hence Europe would reap the advantages of our trade.

By reference to the letter of the collector of customs forwarded on March 10, it
will be seen that flour, of which a small quantity is consumed here (the inhabitants
rely upon rice), is brought from foreign ports, but in the matter of canned fruits and
vegetables the United States must be relied upon. The heavy duties imposed upon
those articles make their sale here impracticable, and a material reduction of duties
would assist greatly the business of the United States and be of material advantage
to the inhabitants of these islands. The increase in importation which would follow
a material reduction on this class of goods would probably result in a greater revenue
than is now received from that source. The same may be said of bacon, butter, lard,
and other articles of a like. character which must be sought in United States markets.
358 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

The suspension of duties on fresh meats and see ube was made necessary at the
time Manila was cut off from otherisland ports. It was impossible to get fresh meats
and vegetables from the interior for the large Manila population, and the high duties
made it impracticable to obtain them from other Asiatic ports. By suspending duties
we were enabled to get fresh beef and a large amount of vegetables from Chinese
ports, and by these means the Manila population was carried through the mouths of
the war. Vegetables were obtained at a comparatively moderate figure, but owing
to the prevalence of cattle disease in China it was hard to obtain meats, and the price
of fresh beef rose 200 per cent, making it almost impossible for the laboring classes to
obtain a supply. By reason of the cattle disease throughout the island, which has
prevailed for the last two years, it is now well-nigh impossible to secure sufficient good
meat for the Manila market at a reasonable figure. We are at present securing it from
the smaller islands, and probably in the course of a few weeks it will be abundant.

With the large increase in wages which has followed United States occupation (a
rise of more than 100 per cent), the price of all commodities has correspondingly
advanced and probably old prices will never again prevail.

As regards the tariff, it may be said to be a very complex one, made so by numer-
ous amendments which Spain engrafted upon the original scheme to meet temporary
pecuniary difficulties. It is complex, cumbersome, and needs recasting.

Very respectfully,
E. 8. Otts,
Major-General, U.S. V.,
U.S. Military Governor in the Philippines.

I have been informed that by direction of the War Department a
board of officers has been called very recently to recommend the modi-
fication or revision of the customs regulations, two of the members of
which have had extended practical experience in their application.
The board’s report will contain valuable recommendations and sugges-
tions looking to the welfare of. the inhabitants of the islands and the

rowth of American trade therein. On September 20, 1899, Lieutenant-

olonel W. F. Spurgin was appointed to the position of collector of
customs of the islandsand of the chief port of Manila, made vacant by the
death of Lieutenant-Colonel Miley. The service has steadily improved
as regards character and ability of employees and methods of transact-
ing business, also in the addition of facilities and accommodations.
Old buildings have been renovated and new substantial storehouses,
made necessary by gradually increasing trade, have been erected during
the past year. ;

The internal-revenue bureau has been a fertile field of research and
discovery for the officers connected with that department of the civil
service. The particular features of Spanish taxation were difficult to
determine, and what portion of the taxes collected belonged to the
general and what to subordinate governments was at first matter of
contention between our interested officers. Until 1893 all provinces
and cities of the islands were under the direct control of the officers
of the general government. In that year the Spanish minister of
foreign colonies, Minister Maura, proposed the reorganization of mu-
nicipalities, giving all having a numerical population above a certain
number municipal councils, which should have power to conduct their
own internal affairs, subject to the inspection of administrative officers
of provinces. In addressing his project to the Queen he made use of
the following significant language:

The local institutions of the Philippine Archipelago have arrived at such a state of
decadence and misunderstanding that those of their members who have not been
corrupted are atrophied and useless. * * * The general administrators assumed
cares that are naturally incumbent upon inhabitants of cities, and as a consequence

it was necessary to take charge also of administering the local resources, hoping for
better results than those obtained from the administration of native tribunals.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 859

A royal decree of May 19, 1893, confirmed Minister Maura’s rec-
ommendations, and the Philippine municipal and provincial govern-
ments which followed were supposed to conform to its directions.
The administration officers of the provinces (each of which contained
a number of municipalities) collected and transmitted to Manila, the
seat of the colonial government, all taxes and imposts intended for the
general revenue. * The money needed for the support of the municipios
was collected by officers of the municipalities—taxes, licenses, and
imposts being levied on certain property, business enterprises, etc.,
as particularly prescribed in the Maura decree and as more fully
indicated on pages 348 and 349.

The city of Manila was excepted from the operations of this decree
and was governed by special laws previously proclaimed. In Manila
municipal affairs the governor-general and officers administering de-
partments of the general government directly interposed. As shown on
page 280, we attempted the organization of the municipal government
very soon after we had assumed permanent occupation of a city, fol-
lowing the provisions of the Maura law of 1893 as closely as military
requirements permitted. Later, and on March 29, 1900, we published
the orders set out on pages 281-291, which provide for a comprehensive
and complete form of municipal government, but in neither instance
did we provide for the imposition or collection of the general internal
revenue over which, under the Maura law, the provincial assemblies
had supervision. That work was delayed until April 18, 1900, when
commanders of military departments were directed (see p. 349) to detail
officers who should place in operation, under the general instructions
to be furnished by ihe collector of internal revenue of the islands, the
machinery to collect in the several provinces or military districts the
taxes denominated ‘‘urbana” and “industrial,” the per cent of tax
on buildings and incomes to be that last levied by Spain, surtaxes
omitted, and valuation of property and amount of income to be deter-
mined through reports and investigation.

As heretofore remarked, haste was not contemplated, as time was
necessary to allow the people to reestablish their homes and business
occupations. Little revenue has therefore been as yet received from
portions of the islands other than the cities of Manila and Iloilo, and
that returned has been from the sale of cedulas, mostly. In the city of
Manila these taxes have been very carefully placed by First Lieutenant
Charles H. Sleeper, formerly of the Colorado regiment, but now of
the Thirty-seventh U. S. Volunteers, who was appointed collector of
internal revenue on March 20, 1899, having from September, 1898, to
that date occupied the position of deputy. On March 30 last the inter-
nal revenue receipts for the quarter were $318,000, with a gradually
increasing ratio, the great majority of which was paid by the inhabit-
ants of Manila. At the present time the receipts should be double
that amount, as other cities are contributing, and this revenue results
from the urbana, industrial, and stamp taxes, the many minor sources
of internal revenue having been left as yet unconsidered. This
whole internal-revenue system of the Philippines needs revision. It
can not be imposed as it comes to us from Spain without imposing
great hardships on the poorer classes.

The reports of the treasurer of the islands show the total of public
receipts for the nine months ending April 30 last to have been
$9,619,000 Mexican, and for the first four months of the present year
360 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

within eleven thousand of five millions of dollars, or at the rate of
$15,000,000 Mexican per year. It is believed that the public receipts
for the present year will aggregate twenty millions, a sum greater by
two and one-half millions than Spain ever obtained in the same period,
and this notwithstanding that no revenue has been received from lot-
teries; the gambling, opium, and cockfighting contracts; very little
from cedulas and none from convict labor; Chinese capitulation taxes,
sales of public lands, profits of the mint and local consumption,
tobacco taxes, from all of which Spain realized annually more than
$6,000,000. The customs collection alone for the four months ending
July 31 last, since the ports of the islands have been opened to trade,
amount to $5,500,000 Mexican. From this source alone it is fair to
oe that fifteen millions will be realized for the year ending

ecember 31, and Spain never secured more than half that amount in
the same period. In my last annual report I remarked that *‘ with
the restoration of peace and active business conditions, the develop-
ment of natural resources, the introduction of machinery and practical
business enterprises, the construction of railroads and highways, and
the encouragement of the people in profitable labor, I am convinced
that trade and commerce would be greatly increased and the amount
of revenue doubled in a short period of time without imposing the
burdens which were complained of during Spanish supremacy.” The
results of the year have strengthened that conviction.

The total of treasury receipts during the first year of Manila occu-
pation (the year ending during August, 1899) were $8,239,435 Mexican.
The treasury balance on August 31, 1899, was 1,364,085 pesos. Since
then to April 30, 1900, a period of eight months, there were received
$8,596,316. During this latter period the treasurer transferred to
meet the expenses of the customs department nearly $151,000; for
internal-revenue expenses, $56,000, and for miscellaneous expenditures,
$7,051,697. Both the customs and internal revenue departments have
erected or extensively renovated buildings which were required for or
which were in use. The miscellaneous expenditures have been made
in both the war and civil branches of the Government, largely in the
purchase and hire of vessels and land transportation, in the erection of
barracks, hospitals, stables, storehouses, and other buildings for mili-
tary purposes, in the erection of bridges and public market accom-
modations and kindred needed city improvements, and in railway
construction.

The expenditures have been made by a.few officers, who have been
held to a strict accountability and whose accounts have been subjected
to periodical inspections. As early as September 5, 1898, regulations
for the disbursement of the public funds were issued. They required
that timely requisitions be submitted to headquarters by chiefs of
departments, in which the purposes for which funds were requested
with amounts in detail must be stated: that upon these requisitions
the military governor would make such allotments of funds as he
deemed necessary and draw warrants therefor on the treasurer: that
at the end of each month officers charged with the disbursement of
funds must render to the auditor of public accounts complete returns
of all receipts and expenditures upon certain authorized blank forms
which were prepared and distributed. The office of auditor was
created, Major Charles E. Kilbourne, of the pay department, was
appointed to the position and was directed to carefully examine all
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 861

returns and report the results of his investigations. Major Kilbourne
was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel C. L. Potter, U. S. Volunteers,
who was called upon to perform the duties of auditor in connection
with those devolving upon him as chief engineer of the military depart-
ment (Major Kilbourne having been appointed treasurer to succeed
Major C. H. Hep le who was ordered to return to the United States),
- and Lieutenant Colonel Potter was relieved, his labors as chief engineer
requiring it, on September 20, 1899, by Captain Alfred Todd, Sixth
Artillery, who was in turn relieved by Mr. Walter G. Coleman (the
duly appointed auditor of the United States War Department) on
April 1, 1900. It is believed that expenditures have been ag economi-
cal as the exigencies of the service and the needs of the inhabitants
ds ae and that all are properly covered by satisfactory vouchers.
ull returns are on file for future investigation or reference.

The duties of the treasurer, requiring experience in approved
methods of accountability, have been exacting. The Spanish-seized
funds with explanatory documents of individual ownership were, after
having been verified by a joint commission, retained in large sealed
safes until the questions of possessory right and individual interest
were fully adjusted, when private parties received the money due them
and the balance of the funds was properly reported. All insurgent-
seized funds have been treated as special deposits—those known to
belong to the late insurgent government, and which are represented
by certified bank checks and drafts having face value, aggregate about
$300,000 Mexican. This paper was captured while in the possession of
officers of that government or their agents, and was drawn against
funds on deposit with the local banks, which were called upon to
certify the same and did so.

The money expended to police and improve the city of Manila, to
make the necessary repairs on roads and bridges, to place Government
buildings which were dilapidated in a proper state of preservation,
to stamp out the infectious diseases of smallpox and bubonic plague, to
maintain a large native police battalion numbering 250 men, together
with the money required to defray the ordinary incidental expenses,
has been greater by about one-half than the city’s collected receipts.
What those receipts did not supply has been taken from the general
fund, as the expenditures were considered to be imperative. The
population of Manila is much congested. The city is the capital of
the Philippines and is destined to become one of the most important
of the Asiatic ports. The headquarters of a large army has been
maintained there, and it is the distributing point of the military sup-
plies needed at the great number of military stations which have been
established throughout the islands. ‘The work of the provost-marshal-
general has been incessant and has required for its execution adminis-
trative ability of a high order and in many respects very delicate
manipulation. Business men from-Europe and America, agents of
large foreign business corporations, the roving population of the
Asiatic coast, the natives of the islands, the soldiers granted leave to
absent themselves from their respective commands, have sought it for
business purposes, for indulgence in criminal propensities, and for
amusement and recreation.

The floating population is large and difficult to keep in check. The
liquor traffic has always been extensive, especially in the matter of
intoxicating native drinks. This traffic has been the subject of
362 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

concern and mature deliberation. In reducing the number of licenses
which Spain granted freely the natives complained grievously that
they were deprived of the privileges which Spain bestowed. Notwith-
standing these complaints they were greatly diminished, but could not
be entirely withheld, nor could the traffic be destroyed by any means
within our power. Experience led to the belief that it could be con-
trolled through careful manipulation under a stringent license law,
and General EK. B. Williston, the provost-marshal-general of the city,
caused to be prepared and submitted certain recommendations on the
subject which were embodied in orders and duly promulgated. The
orders aré as follows:

GENERAL ORDERS Orrice U. 8. Mrurrary GovERNOR
In THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
‘No. 2. Manila, P. I, January 4, 1900.
# * *

* * * *

II. Commencing February 1, 1900, the following regulations shall govern the issue
of licenses for the sale of liquors within the city of Manila, but neither the wholesale
liquor houses of the city, nor the present rules concerning the sale of ‘‘native vino,”
‘tanisado,”’ and other intoxicants commonly known as ‘‘native drinks” shall be
effected thereby:

1. The city is hereby divided into two districts known as first license district and
second license district.

The first license district shall include all that portion of the city within the follow-
ing boundaries:

Commencing in the district of Quiapo at the intersection of Calle Globo de Oro
and Calle Echague, thence in a northwesterly direction along Calle Echague to Plaza
P. Goiti; thence in a northeasterly direction along said plaza and Plaza Santa Cruz
to the intersection of Calle Almansa and Plaza Santa Cruz; thence in a northerly
direction along Calle Enrile to Calle Lacoste; thence in a westerly direction along
Calle Lacoste to Calle Sacristia; thence along Calle Sacristia in a southwesterly direc-
tion to the Plaza Calderon de la Barca; thence northwesterly along said Plaza, Calle
Jolo, and Calle Lemery to Calle Azcarraga; thence southwesterly along said Calle
Azcarraga to the Bay of Manila; thence southerly along the shore line of the bay to
the Pasig River; thence westerly along the north bank of the Pasig River to the
Puente Colgante; thence along the north approach to said bridge to the point of
beginning, viz, intersection of Calle Globo de Oro and Calle Echague, and all front-
ages on all the streets and plazas above named within said district.

The second license district shall include all parts of the city within the city limits
and its attached barrios, not included in the first license district.

2. For saloons or shops where beer, whisky, cordials, and other intoxicating liquors
are kept for sale to be drunk on or about the premises, a license may be issued for
periods of six months on payment of $600 Mexican currency, if located within the
first license district, and $250 if located within the second license district.

3. For saloons or shops where beer and light wine only are kept for sale to be
drunk on or about the premises the license fee shall be $100 Mexican currency for
six months, if located within the first license district, and $50 if located within the
second license district.

4. None of the above-mentioned licenses shall be construed to include the privilege
of selling native wine commonly called ‘‘vino,”’ ‘‘anisado,’’ and other intoxicating
drinks commonly called native drinks,

5. The holders of licenses for the sale of any intoxicating liquors must at all times
maintain a quiet and orderly place, and under no circumstances sell or serve or per-
mit any servant or agent to sell or serve intoxicating liquor to any person while said
person is in a state of intoxication, or allow or permit a person while in a state of
intoxication to remain in or about the premises where the liquors are kept for sale.

6. All saloons or shops where intoxicating liquors are kept for sale must be closed
and remain closed on Sundays, and on week days between the hours of 8.30 p. m.
and 6 a. m., and it shall be unlawful to sell any intoxicating liquor between the
hours above named and on Sundays, except as follows:

Bona fide hotels may be granted the additional privilege of serving liquor to bona
fide guests of the hotel in the rooms of the hotel and at meals at all hours of the day
and on Sundays (the same being so stated on the license) on the payment of an
additional license fee as follows:

For hotels holding a license of the class mentioned in paragraph 2 of this order,
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 363

$200, Mexican currency, for six months if located in the first license district, and
$100 if located in the second license district.

; For hotels holding a license of the class mentioned in paragraph 3 of this order, $75
if located in the first license district, and $40 if located in the second license district.

7. It shall be the duty of every holder of a license for the sale of intoxicating liquor
to comply strictly with every police regulation now in force or that may hereafter be
issued by proper authority, and any violation of any of the provisions of this order
or any other regulation in force, shall subject the guilty party to a fine or imprison-
ment, or both, and to a forfeiture of the license.

8. All licenses herein mentioned shall be issued by the department of licenses.

No licenses will be granted for the sale of any intoxicating liquor in the public

markets or in kioskos, booths, or stands, situated in the public streets or plazas, or to
street vendors or Pe

By command of Major-General Otis:

Tuomas H. Barry,

Assistant Adjutant-General.
_ These instructions have been faithfully executed. The restraining
influences have resulted in placing the liquor traffic under the control
of the police and their officers, and have been attended by the reforms
anticipated and promised. J doubt if there is anywhere a more quiet
and orderly city than Manila has been for the past year, and this
notwithstanding its great mass of floating population of divers
nationalities and the dense ignorance of a portion of its inhabitants;
or a city in which proper punishment for crime is more swift and sure.
The records of the courts, both civil and military, are cited in proof
of this statement, and the native applications for redress for supposed
wrongs or injuries suffered show that the native population has confi-
dence in the justness of our Government.

Not only is the population and business of the city increasing, but
that population is passing through a rapidly changing social environ-
ment, due to the introduction of new methods and improved labor con-
ditions, also to recent greatly augmented real property values. The
site of a good part of the city is but from 3 to 4 feet above tide water.
It is cut centrally by the Pasig River, from which extending into por-
tions of its important business localities are esteros now made availabe
for transporting by water its supplies and merchandise. The low level
of the place makes it difficult to construct a general system of sewer-
age which for the preservation of health is the subject demanding
early consideration. By confining and walling the esteros which are
swept by tide water, an important canal system could be obtained and
the most of the present accumulating sewage could be sent out to sea.
This would impose a heavy expenditure, but will in time be accom-
plished; and so beneficial would it be to the trade and commerce of
the islands that the general revenue might with propriety be appropri-
ated for the work. But public improvements, especially in the matter
of transportation facilities, are demanded throughout all the larger
islands and would be attended by a compensating increase in the prod-
ucts of the soil and commercial activity while it would advance with
rapidity the education and enlightenment of the inhabitants. The
general revenue can not be expended more advantageously than for
this internal development.

In concluding this report, in which I have endeavored to separate
affairs of a strictly military character from those connected with civil
matters, I desire to add to the first portion (that which presents the
operations of troops) a brief statement of war casualties, which was
inadvertently omitted therefrom. During the eight months of active
campaigning—from August 31, 1899, the date of my former annual
364 REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS.

report, to May 1 last—our entire loss in killed and wounded was: In
officers, 16 killed, 32 wounded, and 9 who subsequently died as the
result of wounds; and in enlisted men, 177 killed, 473 wounded, and
56 who died from wounds received. The missing from all causes
were 2 officers and probably 50 or 75 enlisted men, a number of whom
have been recaptured or have escaped and returned to their com-
mands. Attention is invited to page 198, wherein comment is made
on the causes and nature of these captures. Our loss by death
through disease was 11 officers and 623 enlisted men. The aver-
age enlisted United States military force in the Philippines, including
all officers and enlisted men, for this eight months period numbers
54,204. It will therefore be perceived that our death loss, considering
strength, the great number of engagements which took place, and the
extended field of operations, was surprisingly slight, it being only a
loss through casualties in battle of 1.56 per cent and from disease of
1.17 per cent of the entire strength of the command, or a total loss of
2.73 per cent from all causes. These figures only record actual deaths
in the Philippines, and do not include the men who were returned to
the United States on account of sickness contracted in the Philippines,
some of whom died after leaving the islands. Our loss in effective
strength by sickness is given on page 15.

In any attempt to approximate the number of United States troops
which must be maintained in the Philippines for purposes of
police, either in the immediate or distant future, intelligent calcula-
tion can not be made. Spain, during the latter years of her control
there, had about 25,000, largely made up of natives until 1894 and
1895, and subsequently when she dispatched her home troops to quiet
the rebellion. A number of the native military organizations deserted
to the enemy, while some adhered to her fortunes to the last. With
comparative peace restored an army of 25,000 or 30,000 men would be
ample to give the inhabitants all needed protection, and possibly a less
number would prove sufficient. For the ensuing year it would seem
to me that 40,000 soldiers should be maintained there, while the
inhabitants are becoming settled in homes and civil pursuits.

Iam convinced from observation, investigation, and the expressed
opinion of the educated men of the islands that the declared guerrilla
warfare will cease within a few months, and that ladrone organizations
or robbers in smal] bands who well know the legal penalties they invite
will alone remain to terrorize the people. It will cease so soon as a
few insurgents of former influence (among whom I class particularly
members of the insurgent Hongkong junta who have fattened on the
proceeds of the money forcibly taken from the natives) lose their

ower to deceive the inhabitants with the statements that the United
States troops are retained in the Philippines to impoverish and enslave
them, and that only by continuing their feeble resistance a little longer
can they hope to escape those disasters. It will cease so soon as the
people gain knowledge of the fact that whatever policy controls the
political affairs of the United States that Government must continue
to hold the islands, as it is bound in morals and law to do, at least
until a government sufficiently strong and enlightened to protect life
and vested individual property interests and to administer justice can
be established. The people are acquiring this knowledge rapidly.
The ladrone element is large, and in Spanish times was more numerous
in some of the islands than it isat present. The American soldier has
the inclination and ability to crush it and will be successful.
REPORT OF MAJOR-GENERAL OTIS. 865 —

In how far native troops can be made available to supply the Philip-
pine quota of our Army is also matter of speculation. Any number
of natives can be obtained who would gladly enter the military service
for much less pay than our American soldiers receive, and in whose
loyalty I would have confidence. None of the 1,000 employed as scouts
has thus far deceived us, and the native police organizations of cities
have performed important duties. But with all of them we have had
difficulties because of the cruelties they practice on their own people.
With them looting is no crime, and the application of torture to exort
confession of guilt or information is not only legitimate but in conso-
nance with the proper performance of duty. They have been difficult
to manage for these reasons, and our officers and noncommissioned
officers In charge have learned to keep them within controlling dis-
tances. The citizens of Manila submitted many complaints of the
cruelty of the native police when making arrests, and the inhabitants
of the islands fear the approach of the native scout, be he Macabebe,
Tagalo, or Visayan. hether these tendencies are proof of traits of
character or have been acquired under Spanish influence it will require
time to remove them, ard until removed the native soldier must have
the close supervision of our officers, although subordinate official posi-
tions might now be given to young Filipinos of education who would
be glad to secure them. The adoption of a policy which shall very
gradually create native military organizations under the command of
our officers would, I believe, be attended with success.

In the Philippine civil service it has been our constant aim and labor
to employ as many of the native inhabitants as its successful prosecu-
tion would permit, and the number of such employees has been grad-
ually increasing. Filipinos now occupy many public positions of
responsibility and trust. In nearly all instances they have performed
their duties satisfactorily. Prior to making important appointments,
the opinions of prominent native citizens of integrity have been sought,
and results have proven that their recommendations in response to our
requests have been judicious and conservative.

It will be perceived by this report that the most perplexing ques-
tions of civil administration, those having international significance,
those relating to foreign commerce, internal affairs,and business in
general, have arisen for determination during our most active war
operations. All had to be met by officers of the Army and Navy, who
exercised chief supervision of all civil departments, with the exception
of that of the civil courts, over which a distinguished Filipino pre-
sided. The chief port officer of the islands, an officer of the Navy,
while performing the arduous and delicate duties of his position in
matters of shipping, has, in concert with the Navy, which was requested
to take charge of coast lights and assist in the survey of harbors,
reestablished and since maintained all the important abandoned light-
houses, so that past perils attending navigation throughout the island
waters have been removed.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
E. 8. Ors,
Major-General, U. S. Army.
  

Longitud del Meridiano de Manila.

  
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 
   
 
 
 

 

 

    
  
 
    
   
    

 

 
  
 

  
 

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MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Var? O°

BaseD ON Map oF MonTERO Y Gay, ISSUED BY THE MILITARY INFORMATION BUREAU,
ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE.

REPRODUCED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

BRIGADIER GENERAL A. W. GREELY

CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, U. S. ARMY.

 

 

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BRIGADIER GENERAL A. W.

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IN THE

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ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE.

REPRODUCED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

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CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, U. S. ARMY.

 

 

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CORRECTED TO JULY Itsr7T, 1900.

     
 

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MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES

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PB ORAHAM PHoTO.LITH. WAsHinGTON 1 C
REFERENCES.

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