CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARYDATE DUE UAW lx IT .. * -* * *- - *1 ifi AUGJ TW <7 l AAV „ OAAA mnidaULL KT 1. 3 w O £UUC GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A.Cornell University Library TJ 180.B87 Five hundred and seven mechanical moveme 31924022807055 3 1924 022 807 055FIVE HUNDRED AND SEVEN Mechanical Movements, EMBRACING ALL THOSE WHICH ARE MOST IMPORTANT IN DYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM ENGINES, MILL AND OTHER GEARING, PRESSES, HOROLOGY, AND MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY; * AND INCLUDING MANY MOVEMENTS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED, AND SEVERAL WHICH HAVE ONLY RECENTLY COME INTO USE. by HENRY T. BROWN, Editor of the “American Artisan.” NEW-YORK : PUBLISHED BY BROWN, COOMBS & CO., Office of the “ American Artisan,” 189 BROADWAY. 1871.TJ /ga Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, bv HENRY T. BROWN, I11 the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.PREFACE. The want of a comprehensive collection of illustrations and descriptions of Mechanical Movements has long been seriously felt by artisans, inventors, and students of the mechanic arts. It was the knowledge of this want which induced the compilation of the collection here presented. The movements which it contains have been already illustrated and described in occasional installments scattered through five volumes of the American Artisan, by the readers of which their publication was received with so much favor as was believed to warrant the expense of their reproduction, with some revision, in a separate volume. More than one-fourth of the movements—many of purely American origin— have never previously appeared in any published collection. Although the collection embraces about three times as many movements as have ever been contained in any previous American publication, it has not been the object of the compiler to merely swell the number, but he has endeavored to select only such as may be of really practical value ; and with this end in view, he has rejected many which are found in nearly all the previously published col- lections, but which he has considered only applicable to some exceptional want. Owing to the selection of these movements at such intervals as could be snatched from professional duties which admitted of no postponement, and, to the engravings having been made from time to time for immediate publication, the classification of the movements is not as perfect as the compiler could have desired ; yet it is believed that this deficiency is more than compensated for by the copiousness of the Index, and the entirely novel arrangement of the illus- trations and the descriptive letterpress on opposite pages, which make the col- lection—large and comprehensive as it is—more convenient for reference than any previous one.iv Mechanical Movements. INDEX In this INDEX the numerals do not indicate the pages, but they refer to the engravings and the numbered paragraphs. Each page of the letter-press contains all the descriptive matter appertaining to the illustrations which face it. A /Eolipile, 474. B, Balance, compensation,.319. Barometer, 501. Blower, fan, 497. Brake, friction, 242. C. Cams, 95, 96, 97, 117, 130, 138, 149, 150, 165, 217, 272, 276. Capstans, 412, 491. Centroiinead, 40S Clutches, 47, 4S 52, 5 j. 361. Chasers, 375. Clamps, bench, 174 180, 381. screw, 190. Cock, four-wav, 395. Column, oscillating, 445, 446. Compasses, proportion, 40j. Counters of revolutions, 63. 64. 65, 66. 67, 68, 6j, 70. 71. Coupling, union, 24S. j Crank, substitutes for the, 3), 116, 123, 156, 157. i'i?, 374. 1 variable, 94. | Cranks, 92, 93, 98, too, 131, 145, 146, 156, 158, 166, 175, 176* » 220, 230, 231, 268, 279, 354, 401. 5 tell, 126,154, 156, 137. i compound. 168, 169. ’ Cyclograph, 403, 404. D. , Differential movements, 57, 38, 5 j. 60, 61. 62, 2O0, 264. i Drag-link, 231. Drill, 359. fiddle, 124. .Persian, 112. Drills, cramp, 379, 3S0. Drop, 85. Drum aud rope, 134, Driver, pile, 251. Dynamometers, 244, 372, E. Eccentrics, 89, 90, 91, 135, 137. , Ejectors, bilge, 475, 476.Mechanical Movements. v Ellipsograph, 152. Engine, disk, 347. Engines, rotary, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429. steam, 175, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335. 336, 337> 338, 339. 34°, 34b 34b 343, 344, j 345, 346, 42b 422, 423, 424. valve gear for, 89, 90, 91, 117, 135, 137, 150, 171, 179, 181, 1S2, 1S3, 1S4. 185, 1S6, 187, 18S, 1S9, 2S6, 418. Epicyclic trains, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507. Escapements, 234, 238, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298. 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 396, 402. F. Fountain, Hiero’s, 464. Fusees, 46, 358. G. Gasometers, 479, 4S0. Gauge, bisecting, 410. Gauges, pressure, 49S, 499, 500. Gear, steering, 490. Gearing, bevel, 7, 43, 49, 53, 74, 200, 226, 435. brush, 28. capstan, 412. conical, 37. • crown, 26, 219. eccentric, 219, 222. elliptical, 33, 35, 221. face, 54. friction, 28, 32, 45, 413. intermittent, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. internal, 34, 55, 57. irregular, 201. multiple, 27. mutilated, 74, 114. scroll, 191, 414. sector, 38. spur, 24. step, 44. stud, 197. / sun and planet, 39. Gearing, variable, 38. worm, 29, 31, 64, 66, 67, 143, 151, 202. Governors, 147, 161, 162, 163, 170, 274, 287, 357. Guides, 326, 327, 330, 331. Gyroscope, 355. H. Hammer, atmospheric, 471. bell, 420. compressed air, 472. steam, 47. Hammers, trip, 72, 353. Helicograph, 384. Hook, beat-detaching, 492, releasing, 251. Hooks, centrifugal check, 253. Hyperbolas, instrument for drawing, 405. I. Intermittent movements, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74. 75. 76. 88, 211, 235, 241, 364, 39S. J. Jack, hydrostatic, 467. lifting, 389. Joint, ball and socket, 249. bayonet, 245. universal, 51. L. Ladder, folding, 386. self-adjusting, 387. Lazy-tongs, 144. Level, self-recording, 411. Lever, bell-crank or elbow, 126, 155, 156, 157. knee, 164. Lewis, 493. Link, detachable chain, 399. M. Machine, Bohnenberger’s, 356. drilling, 366. polishing, 370, 393. punching, 140. warp-dressing, 383.vi Mechanical Movements. Main, flexible water, 468. Maintaining power, 320, 321. Meter, gas (wet) 481 ; (dry) 483. water, 440. Mill, Barker’s, 438. crushing, 375. tread, 377. wind, 485, 486. Miscellaneous movements, 101, 120, 153, 172, 173, 196, 203, 209, 210, 217, 218, 232, 235, 247, 252, 261, 262, 263, 263, 273, 2S1, 282, 348, 360, 368, 385, 390, 391, 415, 417, 447, 469, 48+ Motion, alternating traverse, 143. rocking, 419. self-reversing, 87. shuttle, 397. Motions, feed, 99, X2i, 155, 284, 388, 400. link, 171, 185. parallel, 32S, 329, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 33S, 331, 34°> 34b 343' pump, 86, 127, 283. traverse, 350, 362. variable traverse, 122, 125, 142, 17S. P Pantograph, 246. Parabolas, instrument for drawing, 406, Paradox, mechanical, 504. Pendulum, conical, 315. Pendulums, 315, 316, 317, 369. compensation, 316, 3x7. Pinion, 8x, 113. lantern, 199. mutilated, 114. slotted, 208. two-toothed, 205, Power, horse, 376. Presses, 105, 132, 133, 164. hydrostatic, 466. Propeller, screw, 488. Pulley, expanding, 224. friction, 267. Pulleys, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, xo, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Pulleys, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 243, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 267. anti-friction bearing for, 270. chain, 227, 228, 229. Pump, air, 473. balance, 465. bellows, 453. chain, 462. diaphrS|m, 454, steam-siphon, 476. Pumps, double-acting, 452, 453. force, 450, 451, 452. lift, 448, 449. rotary, 455, 456. Punching machine, 140. R Rack, mangle, 197, 198, 199, i mutilated, 269. Racks and pinions, 8x, 113, 1x4, 115, 11S, 119, 127, 139, ! I97, 198, X99, 269, 2S3. I Ram, Montgolfier’s water, 444. : Ratchets and pawls, 49, 75, 76, 78, 79, So. 82, 206, 225, 236, S 271. 1 Regulator, gas, 482. watch, 318. Reversing motion, self, 87. Revolver, 277. Rollers, oblique, 204, 365. Rolls, anti-friction, 250. drawing, 496 feed, 195, 207, 388. Rulers, parallel, 322, 323, 324, 325, 349, 367, S : Saw, endless band, 141. i gig, 392- , pendulum, 378. Screw, Archimedes’, 443. j differential, 266. i double reversed, 108. 1 micrometer, nx. I Screws, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109, 112, 202, 285. j endless, 31, 64^66, 67, 143, 195, 207, 275. Mechanical Movements. vii Screws, right-and-left hand, no, 151. 1 W Sectors, toothed, 130, 133, 223, 282. Water, machines for raising, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 457, See-saw, 363. 458, 459, 460, 461. Shears, 130. Weir, self-acting, 463. Stamps, 85, 351. Wheel, cam, 136. Stand, mirror, 382. lantern, 233. Stop for hoisting apparatus, 278. Persian, 441. for lantern wheels, 233. pin, 208. for ratchet wheels, 240. rag, 237. for spur gear, 239. sprocket, 254. Stops for winding watches, 2x2, 213, 214, 2:5. steering, 490. waved, 165. 1 Wheels, crown, 26, 219, 237. | I mangle, 36, 192, 193, 194, 371, ! Test, friction, 373. paddle, 487, 489. I Throstle, spinning, 496. water, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 43^, 437, 438- Toggle-joint, 140. Windlass, Chinese, X29, 352. | Tongs, lifting, 494. friction, 280. { Trap, steam, 477, 47S. Wind-mills, 485, 486. j Treadles, 82, 158, 159,160, 374, 401, 416. i Wipers, 85, 128.Mechanical Movements. 9 1. Illustrates the transmission of power by simple pulleys and an open belt. In this case both of the pulleys rotate in the same direction. 2. Differs from i in the substitution of a crossed belt for the open one. In this case the direction of rotation of the pulleys is re- versed. By arranging three pulleys, side by side, upon the shaft to be driven, the middle one fast and the other two loose upon it, and using both an open and a crossed belt, the direction of the said shaft is enabled to be reversecf without stopping or reversing the driver. One belt will always run on the fast pulley, and the other on one of the loose pulleys. The shaft will be driven in one di- rection or the other, according as the open or crossed belt is on the fast pulley. 3. A method of transmitting motion from a shaft at right angles to another, by means of guide-pulleys. There are two of these pulleys, side by side, one for each leaf of the belt. 4. A method of transmitting motion from a shaft at right angles to another whose axis is in the same plane. This is shown with a crossed belt. An open belt may be used, but the crossed one is preferable, as it gives more surface of contact. 5. Resembles 1, with the addition of a movable tightening pulley, B. When this pulley is pressed against the band to take up the slack, the belt transmits motion from one of the larger pulleys to the other ; but when it is not, the belt is so slack as not to transmit motion. 6. By giving a vibratory motion to the lever secured to the semi-circular segment, the belt attached to the said segment imparts a reciprocating rotary motion to the two pul- leys below. 7. A method of engaging, disengaging, and reversing the upright shaft at the left. The belt is shown on the middle one of the three pulleys on the lower shafts, #, b, which pulley is loose, and consequently no move- ment is communicated to the said shafts. When the belt is traversed on the left-hand pulley, which is fast on the hollow shaft, b, carrying the bevel-gear, B, motion is com- municated in one direction to the upright shaft; and on its being traversed on to the right-hand pulley, motion is transmitted through the gear, A, fast on the shaft, a, which runs inside of b, and the direction of the upright shaft is reversed. 8. Speed-pulleys used for lathes and other mechanical tools, for varying the speed ac- cording to the work operated upon. 9. Cone-pulleys for the same purpose as 8. This motion is used in cotton machin- ery, and in all machines which are required to run with a gradually increased or dimin- ished speed. 10. Is a modification of 9, the pulleys be- ing of different shape.-----------------------------------------:-------------r io Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. i i ii. Another method of effecting the same arate loose pulleys, or a series of grooves result as 3, without guide-pulleys. can be cut in a solid block, the diameters 12. Simple pulley used for lifting weights. being made in proportion to the speed of the rope; that is, 1, 3, and 5 for one block, and In this the power must be equal to the 'weight 2, 4, and 6 for the other. Power as 1 to 7. to obtain equilibrium. 13. In this the lower pulley is movable. 16 and 17. Are what are known as Span- ish bartons. One end of the rope being fixed, the other must move twice as fast as the weight, and 18. Is a combination of two fixed pulleys a corresponding gain of power is conse- quently effected. and one movable pulley. j 14. Blocks and tackle. The power ob- 19, 20, 21, and 22. Are different arrange- tained by this contrivance is calculated as ments of pulleys. The following rule applies follows: Divide the weight by double the to these pulleys :—In a system of pulleys number of pulleys in the lower block ; the where each pulley is embraced by a cord at- quotient is the power required to balance tached at one end to a fixed point and at the the weight other to the center of the movable pulley, the 15. Represents what are known as White’s effect of the whole will be = the number 2, multiplied by itself as many times as there pulleys, which can either be made with sep- are movable pulleys in the system. Mechanical Movements. 23. A contrivance for transmitting rotary motion to a movable pulley. The pulley at the bottom of the figure is the movable one; if this pulley were raised or depressed, the belt would be slackened or tightened accordingly. In order to keep a uniform tension on the belt, a pulley, A, carried in a frame sliding between guides (not shown), hangs from a rope passing over the two guide-pulleys, B, B, and is acted upon by the balance weight, C, in such manner as to produce the desired result. 24. Spur-gears. 25. Bevel-gears. Those of equal diame- ters are termed “ miter-gears.” 26. The wheel to the right is termed a “ crown-wheelthat gearing with it is a spur-gear. These wheels are not much used, and are only available for light work, as the teeth of the crown-wheel must necessarily be thin. i 27. “ Multiple gearing ”—a. recent inven- tion. The smaller triangular wheel drives the larger one by the movement of its at- tached friction-rollers in the radial grooves. 28. These are sometimes called “brush- wheels.” The relative speeds can be varied by changing the distance of the upper wheel from the center of the lower one. The one drives the other by the friction or adhesion, and this may be increased by facing the lower one with india-rubber. 29. Transmission of rotary motion from one shaft at right angles to another. The spiral thread of the disk-wheel drives the spur-gear, moving it the distance of one tooth at every revolution. 30. Rectangular gears. These produce a rotary motion of the driven gear at a varying speed. They were used on a printing-press, the type of which were placed on a rectangu- lar roller.14 Mechanical Movements. 31 33 32Mechanical Movements. 31. Worm or endless screw and a worm- wheel. This effects the same result as 29 ; and as it is more easily constructed, it is oftener used. 32. Friction-wheels. The surfaces of these wheels are made rough, so as to bite as much as possible ; one is sometimes faced with leather, or, better, with vulcanized india- rubber. 33. Elliptical spur-gears. These are used where a rotary motion of varying speed is required, and the variation of speed is de- termined by the relation between the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipses. 34. An internally toothed spur-gear and pinion. With ordinary spur-gears (such as • represented in 24) the direction of rotation is opposite; but with the internally toothed gear, the two rotate in the same direction ; and with the same strength of tooth the gears are capable of transmitting greater force, because more teeth are engaged. 35. Variable rotary motion produced by uniform rotary motion. The small spur- pinion works in a slot cut in the bar, which turns loosely upon the shaft of the elliptical gear. The bearing of the pinion-shaft has applied to it a spring, which keeps it en- gaged ; the slot in the bar is to allow for the variation of length of radius of the elliptical gear. 36. Mangle-wheel and pinion—so called 15 i ? from their application to mangles—converts ! continuous rotary motion of pinion into re- ciprocating rotary motion of wheel. The shaft of pinion has a vibratory motion, and works in a straight slot cut in the upright stationary bar to allow the pinion to rise and fall and work inside and outside of the gear- ing of the wheel. The slot cut in the face of the mangle-wheel and following its outline is to receive and guide the pinion-shaft and keep the pinion in gear. 37. Uniform into variable rotary motion. The bevel-wheel or pinion to the left has teeth cut through the whole width of its face. Its teeth work with a spirally arranged series . of studs on a conical wheel. 33. A means of converting rotary motion, ! by which the speed is made uniform during ! a part, and varied during another part, of the j revolution. i 39. Sun-and-planet motion. The spur- gear to the right, called the planet-gear, is tied to the center of the other, or sun-gear, by an arm which preserves a constant dis- tance between their centers. This was used as a substitute for the crank in a steam en- gine by James Watt, after the use of the crank had been patented by another party. Each revolution of the planet-gear, which is rigidly attached to the connecting-rod, gives S two to the sun-gear, which is keyed to the fly-wheel shaft.Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 17 40 and 41. Rotary converted into rotary motion. The teeth of these gears, 'being oblique, give a more continuous bearing than ordinary spur-gears. of the spring as it uncoils itself. The chain is on the small diameter of the fusee when the watch is wound up, as the spring has then the greatest force. 42 and 43. Different kinds of gears for transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another arranged obliquely thereto. 44. A kind of gearing used to transmit great force and give a continuous bearing to the teeth. Each wheel is composed of two, three, or more distinct spur-gears. The teeth, instead of being in line, are arranged in steps to give a continuous bearing. This system is sometimes used for driving screw propellers, and sometimes, with a rack of similar character, to drive the beds of large iron-planing machines. 45. Frictional grooved gearing—a com- paratively recent invention. The diagram to the right is an enlarged section, which can be more easily understood. 46. Fusee chain and spring-box, being the prime mover in some watches, particu- larly of English make. The fusee to the right is to compensate for the loss of force 47. A frictional clutch-box, thrown in and out of gear by the lever at the bottom. This is used for connecting and discon- necting heavy machinery. The eye of the disk to the right has a slot which slides upon a long key or feather fixed on the shaft. 48. Clutch-box. The pinion at the top gives a continuous rotary motion to the gear below, to which is attached half the clutch, and both turn loosely on the shaft. When it is desired to give motion to the shaft, the other part of the clutch, which slides upon a key or feather fixed in the shaft, is thrust into gear by the lever. 49. Alternate circular motion of the hori- zontal shaft produces a continuous rotary motion of the vertical shaft, by means of the ratchet-wheels secured to the bevel- gears, the ratchet-teeth of the two wheels being set opposite ways, and the pawls act- ing in opposite directions. The bevel-gears and ratchet-wheels are loose on the shaft, and the pawls attached to arms firmly se- cured on the shaft.18 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 19 50 and 51. Two kinds ot universal joints. • 52. Another kind of clutch-box. The disk-wheel to the right has two holes, corre- sponding to the studs fixed in the other disk; and, being pressed against it, the studs enter the holes, when the two disks rotate together. 53. The vertical shaft is made to drive the horizontal one in either direction, as may be desired, by means of the double-clutch and bevel-gears. The gears on the horizontal shaft are loose, and are driven in opposite directions by the third gear ; the double- clutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on the horizontal shaft, which is made to ro- tate either to the right or left, according to the side on which it is engaged. 54. Mangle or star-wheel, for producing an alternating rotary motion. 55. Different velocity given to two gears, A and C, on the same shaft, by the pinion, D. 56. Used for throwing in and out of gear the speed-motion on lathes. On depressing the lever, the shaft of the large wheel is drawn backward by reason of the slot in which it slides being cut eccentrically to the center or fulcrum of the lever, 57. The small pulley at the top being the driver, the large, internally-toothed gear and the concentric gear within will be driven in opposite directions by the bands, and at the same time will impart motion to the inter- mediate pinion at the bottom, both around i its own center and also around the common center of the two concentric gears. 58. For transmitting three different speeds by gearing. The lower part of the band is shown on a loose pulley. The next pulley is fixed on the main shaft, on the other end of which is fixed a small spur-gear. The next pulley is fixed on a hollow shaft run- ! ning on the main shaft, and there is se- i cured to it a second spur-gear, larger than i the first. The fourth and last pulley to the left is fixed on another hollow shaft running 1 loosely on the last-named, on the other end of which is fixed the still larger spur-gear nearest to the pulley. As the band is made to traverse from one pulley to another, it transmits three different velocities to the shaft below. 59. For transmitting two speeds by gear- ing. The band is shown on the loose pul- ley—the left-hand one of the lower three. The middle pulley is fixed on the same shaft as the small pinion, and the pulley to the right on a hollow shaft, on the end of which is fixed the large spur-gear. When the band is on the middle pulley a slow motion is transmitted to the shaft below ; but when it is on the right-hand pulley a quick speed is given, proportionate to the diameter of the gears.20 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 21 I 64. Another arrangement of jumping motion. ; Motion is communicated to worm-gear, B, by j worm or endless screw at the bottom, which is • fixed upon the driving-shaft. Upon the shaft • carrying the worm-gear works another hollow ■ shaft, on which is fixed cam, A. A short piece ■ of this hollow shaft is half cut away. A pin • fixed in worm-gear shaft turns hollow shaft and . cam, the spring which presses on cam holding ; hollow shaft back against the pin until it arrives • a little further than shown in the figure, when, the direction of the pressure being changed by the peculiar shape of cam, the latter falls down suddenly, independently of worm-wheel, and re- mains at rest till the pin overtakes it, when the same action is repeated. 65. The left-hand disk or wheel, C, is the driv- ing-wheel, upon which is fixed the tappet, A. The other disk or wheel, D, has a series of equi- distant studs projecting from its face. Every ro- tation of the tappet acting upon one of the studs in the wheel, D, causes the latter wheel to move the distance of one stud. In order that this may not be exceeded, a lever-like stop is arranged on a fixed center. This stop operates in a notch cut in wheel, C, and at the instant tappet, A, strikes a stud, said notch faces the lever. As wheel, D, rotates, the end between studs is thrust out, and the other extremity enters the notch ; but immediately on the tappet leaving stud, the lever is again forced up in front of next stud, and is there held by periphery of C pressing on its other end. 66. A modification of 64 ; a weight, D, attached : to an arm secured in the shaft of the worm-gear, ■ being used instead of spring and cam. I 67. Another modification of 64 ; a weight or tumbler, E, secured on the hollow shaft, being used instead of spring and cam, and operating in combination with pin, C, in the shaft of worm-gear. 68. The single tooth, A, of the driving-wheel, B, acts in the notches of the wheel, C, and turns the latter the distance of one notch in every revolution of C. No stop is necessary in this movement, as the driving-wheel, B, serves as a lock by fitting into the hollows cut in the cir- cumference of the wheel, C, between its notches. 60. For transmitting two speeds by means of belts. There are four pulleys on the lower shaft, the two outer ones being loose and the two inner ones fast. The band to the left is shown on its loose pulley, the one to the right on its fast one ; a slow motion is consequently transmitted to lower shaft. When band to the right is moved on to its loose pulley, and left-hand one on to its fast pulley, a quicker motion is transmitted. 61. For transmitting two speeds, one a differ- ential motion. The band is shown on a loose pulley on lower shaft. The middle pulley is fast on said shaft, and has a small bevel-gear se- cured to its hub. Pulley on the right, which, like that on the left, is loose on shaft, carries, transversely, another bevel-gear. A third bevel- gear, loose" upon the shaft, is held by a friction- banc! which is weighted at the end. On moving band on middle pulley a simple motion is the re- sult, but when it is moved to right-hand pulley a double speed is given to shaft. The friction- band or curb on the third bevel-gear is to allow it to slip a little on a sudden change of speed. 62. For transmitting two speeds, one of which is a different and variable motion. This is very similar to the last, except in the third bevel-gear being attached to a fourth pulley, at the right of the other three, and driven by a band from a small pulley on shaft above. When left-hand belt is on the pulley carrying the middle bevel- gear, and pulley at the right turns in the same direction, the amount of rotation of the third bevel-gear must be deducted from the double speed which the shaft would have if this gear was at rest. If, on the contrary, the right-hand belt be crossed so as to turn the pulley in an op- posite direction, that amount must be added. 63. Jumping or intermittent rotary motion, used for meters and revolution-counters. The drop and attached pawl, carried by a spring at the left, are lifted by pins in the disk at the right. Pins escape first from pawl, which drops into next space of the star-wheel. When pin escapes from drop, spring throws down suddenly the drop, the pin on which strikes the pawl, which, by its action on star-wheel, rapidly gives it a por- tion of a revolution. This is repeated as each pin passes.22 Mechanical Movements.I Mechanical Movements. 23 69. B, a small wheel with one tooth, is the driver, and the circumference entering between the teeth of the wheel, A, serves as a lock or stop while the tooth of the small wheel is out of operation. 70. The driving-wheel, C, has a rim, shown in dotted outline, the exterior of which serves as a bearing and stop for the studs on the other wheel, A, when the tappet, B, is out of contact with the studs. An opening in this rim serves to allow one stud to pass in and another to pass out. The tappet is op- posite the middle of this opening. 1 tached to a fixed support. As the wheel, ; D, revolves, the spring, B. passes under the j strong spring, C, which presses it into a tooth of the ratchet-wheel, A, which is thus made to rotate. The catch-spring, B, being released on its escape from the strong spring, C, allows the wheel, A, to remain at rest till D has made another revolution. The spring, C, serves as a stop. j 74. A uniform intermittent rotary motion in opposite directions is given to the bevel- gears, A and B, by means of the mutilated bevel-gear, C. 71. The inner circumference (shown by dotted lines) of the rim of the driving-wheel, B, serves as a lock against which two of the studs in the wheel, C, rest until the tappet, A, striking one of the studs, the next one below passes out from the guard-rim through the lower notch, and another stud enters the rim through the upper notch. 72. Is a tilt-hammer motion, the revolu- tion of the cam or wiper-wheel, B, lifting the hammer, A, four times in each revolu- tion. 73. To the driving-wheel, D, is secured a bent spring, B ; another spring, C, is at- 75. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod, C, transmits an intermittent circu- lar motion to the wheel, A, by means of the pawl, B, at the end of the vibrating-bar, D. 76. Is another contrivance for registering or counting revolutions. A tappet, B, sup- ported on the fixed pivot, C, is struck at every revolution of the large wheel (partly represented) by a stud, D, attached to the said wheel. This causes the end of the tap- pet next the ratchet-wheel, A, to be lifted, and to turn the wheel the distance of one tooth. The tappet returns by its own weight to its original position after the stud, D, has passed, the end being jointed to permit it to pass the teeth of the ratchet-wheel.1 Mechanical Movements. 25 i 77. The vibration of the lever, C, on the center or fulcrum, A, produces a rotary movement of the wheel, B, by means of the two pawls, which act alternately. This is almost a continuous movement 78. A modification of 77. 79. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod, B, produces a nearly continuous rotary movement of the ratchet-faced wheel, A, by the pawls attached to the extremities of the vibrating radial arms, C, C. 80. Rectilinear motion is imparted to the slotted bar, A, by the vibration of the lever, C, through the agency of the two hooked pawls, which drop alternately into the teeth of the slotted rack-bar, A. 81. Alternate rectilinear motion is given to the rack-rod, B, by the continuous revo- lution of the mutilated spur-gear, A, the spiral spring, C, forcing the rod back to its original position on the teeth of the gear, A, quitting the rack. 82. On motion being given to the two treadles, D, a nearly continuous motion is imparted, through the vibrating arms, B, and their attached pawls, to the ratchet-wheel, A. A chain or strap attached to each treadle passes over the pulley, C, and as one treadle is depressed the other is raised. ! 83. A nearly continuous rotary motion i is given to the wheel, D, by two ratchet- • toothed arcs, C, one operating on each side of the ratchet-wheel, D. These arcs (only one of which is shown) are fast on the same rock-shaft, B, and have their teeth set op- ! posite ways. The rock-shaft is worked by i giving a reciprocating rectilinear motion to the rod, A. The arcs should have springs applied to them, so that each may be capable of rising to allow its teeth to slide over those of the wheel in moving one way. ! 84. The double rack-frame, B, is sus- ! pended from the rod, A. Continuous rotary motion is given to the cam, D. When the shaft of the cam is midway between the two racks, the cam acts upon neither of them ; but by raising or lowering the rod, A, either ; the lower or upper rack is brought within range of the cam, and the rack-frame moved to the left or right. This movement has been used in connection with the governor of an engine, the rod, A, being connected with the governor, and the rack-frame with the throttle or regulating valve. 1 85. Intermittent alternating rectilinearmo- tion is given to the rod, A, by the continu- ous rotation of the shaft carrying the two cams or wipers, which act upon the projec- tion, B, of the rod, and thereby lift it. The rod drops by its own weight. Used for ore- stampers or pulverizers, and for hammers.86. A method of working a reciprocating pump by rotary motion. A rope, carrying the pump-rod, is attached to the wheel, A, which runs loosely upon,the shaft. The shaft carries a cam, C, and has a continuous rotary motion. At every revolution the cam seizes the hooked catch, B, attached to the wheel, and drags it round, together with the wheel, and raises the rope until, op the ex- tremity of the catch striking the stationary stop above, the catch is released, and the wheel is returned by the weight of the pump- bucket. 87. A contrivance fora self-reversing mo- tion. The bevel-gear between the gears, B and C, is the driver. The gears, B and C, run loose upon the shaft, consequently mo- tion is only communicated when one or other of them is engaged with the clutch-box, D, which slides on a feather on the shaft and is shown in gear with C. The wheel, E, at the right, is driven by bevel-gearing from the shaft on which the gears, B, C, and clutch are placed, and is about to strike the bell- crank, G, and produce such a movement thereof as will cause the connecting-rod to carry the weighted lever, F, beyond a per- pendicular position, when the said lever will fall over suddenly to the left, and carry the clutch into gear with B, thereby reversing the motion of the shaft, until the stud in the wheel, E, coming round in the contrary di- rection, brings the weighted lever back past 1 the perpendicular position, and thereby again • causes it to reverse the motion. 1 ! 88. Continuous rotary converted into in- ; term it tent rotary motion. The disk-wheel, B, carrying the stops, C, D, turns on a center eccentric to the cam, A. On con- • tinuous rotary motion being given to the I cam, A, intermittent rotary motion is im- | parted to the wheel, B. The stops free them- ; selves from the offset of the cam at every half- > revolution, the wheel, B, remaining at rest | until the cam has completed its revolution, when the same motion is repeated. 89. An eccentric generally used on the crank-shaft for communicating the recipro- cating rectilinear motion to the valves ol steam engines, and sometimes used for pumping. • 90. A modification of the above ; an elongated yoke being substituted for the circular strap, to obviate the necessity for ; any vibrating motion of the rod which works 1 in fixed guides, i 91. Triangular eccentric, giving an inter- ' mittent reciprocating rectilinear motion, used in France for the valve motion of steam ; engines. i 92. Ordinary crank motion.28 Mechanical Movements. 93 98 97 98 jMechanical 93. Crank motion, with the crank-wrist working in a slotted yoke, thereby dispens- ing with the oscillating connecting-rod or pitman. 94. Variable crank, two circular plates re- volving on the same center. In one a spiral groove is cut; in the other a series of slots radiating from the center. On turning one of these plates around its center, the bolt shown near the bottom of the figure, and which passes through the spiral groove and radial slots, is caused to move toward or from the center of the plates. 95. On rotating the upright shaft, recipro- cating rectilinear motion is imparted by the oblique disk to the upright rod resting upon its surface. 96. A heart-cam. Uniform traversing mo- tion is imparted to the horizontal bar by the rotation of the heart-shaped cam. The dotted lines show the mode of striking out the curve of the cam. The length of traverse is divided into any number of parts ; and from the center a series of concentric circles Movements. 29 ♦____________________________ are described through these points. The outside circle is then divided into double the number of these divisions, and lines drawn to the center. The curve is then drawn through the intersections of the con- centric circles and the radiating lines. 97. This is a heart-cam, similar to 96, ex- cept that it is grooved. 98. Irregular vibrating motion is produced by the rotation of the circular disk, in which is fixed a crank-pin working in an endless groove cut in the vibrating arm. 99. Spiral guide attached to the face of a disk; used for the feed-motion of a drilling machine. 100. Quick return crank motion, applicable to shaping machines. 101. Rectilinear motion of horizontal bar, : by means of vibrating slotted bar hung from I the top.Mechanical Movements. 702 103 <7 106 JOS ioa 107 no 109 Mechanical Movements. 3i 102. Common screw bolt and nut; rec- tilinear motion obtained from circular mo- tion. 103. Rectilinear motion of slide produced by the rotation of screw. 104. In this, rotary motion is imparted to the wheel by the rotation of the screw, or rectilinear motion of the slide by the rota- tion of the wheel. Used in screw-cutting and slide-lathes. 105. Screw stamping-press. Rectilinear motion from circular motion. 106 and 107. Uniform reciprocating rec- tilinear motion, produced by rotary motion of grooved cams. 108. Uniform reciprocating rectilinear mo- tion from uniform rotary motion of a cylin- der, in which are cut reverse threads or grooves, which necessarily intersect twice . in every revolution. A point inserted in the groove will traverse the cylinder from end to end. 1 109. The rotation of the screw at the left- hand side produces a uniform rectilinear movement of a cutter which cuts another screw thread. The pitch of the screw to be cut may be varied by changing the sizes of the wheels at the end of the frame. i no. Uniform circular into uniform recti- linear motion; used in spooling-frames for leading or guiding the thread on to the spools. The roller is divided into two parts, ! each having a fine screw thread cut upon it, one a right and the other a left hand screw. : The spindle parallel with the roller has arms I which carry two half-nuts, fitted to the ; screws, one over and the other under the roller. When one half-nut is in, the other is out of gear. By pressing the lever to the right or left, the rod is made to traverse in , either direction.Mechanical Movements. 33 111. Micrometer screw. Great power can be obtained by this device. The threads are made of different pitch and run in differ- ent directions, consequently a die or nut fitted to the inner and smaller screw would traverse only the length of the difference be- tween jthe pitches for every revolution of the outside hollow screw in a nut. 112. Persian drill. The stock of the drill has a very quick thread cut upon it and re- volves freely, supported by the head at the top, which rests against the body. The but- ton or nut shown on the middle of the screw ' is held firm in the hand, and pulled quickly up and down the* stock, thus causing it to revolve to the right and left alternately. 113. Circular into rectilinear motion, or vice versa, by means of rack and pinion. 114. Uniform circular motion into reci- procating rectilinear motion, by means of mutilated pinion, which drives alternately the top and bottom rack. 115. Rotary motion of the toothed wheels produces rectilinear motion of the double rack and gives equal force and velocity to each side, both wheels being of equal size. 116. A substitute for the crank. Recip- rocating rectilinear motion of the frame car- rying the double rack produces a uniform rotary motion of the pinion-shaft. A sepa- : rate pinion is used for each rack, the two j racks being in different planes. Both pinions | are loose on the shaft. A ratchet-wheel is fast on the shaft outside of each pinion, and • a pawl attached to the pinion to engage in ! it, one ratchet-wheel having its teeth set in ■ one direction and the other ‘having its teeth ■ set in the opposite direction. When the j racks move one way, one pinion turns the shaft by means of its pawl and ratchet; and when the racks move the opposite way, the other pinion acts in the same way, one pinion always turning loosely on the shaft 117. A cam acting between two friction- rollers in a yoke. Has been used to give the movement to the valve, of a steam en- gine. 118. A mode of doubling the length of stroke of a piston-rod, or the throw of a crank. A pinion revolving on a spindle at- tached to the connecting-rod or pitman is in gear with a fixed rack. Another rack carried by a guide-rod above, and in gear with the opposite side of the pinion, is free to tra- verse backward and forward. Now, as the connecting-rod communicates to the pinion the full length of stroke, it would cause the top rack to traverse the same distance, if the bottom rack was alike movable ; but as the latter is fixed, the pinion is made to rotate, and consequently the top rack travels double the distance.34 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 35 119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of ; the bar carrying the oblong endless rack, : produced by the uniform rotary motion of ’ the pinion working alternately above and below the rack. The shaft of the pinion moves up and down in, and is guided by, the slotted bar. , the double rack gives a continuous rotary ; motion to the center gear. The teeth on ! the rack act upon those of the two semi-cir- cular toothed sectors, and the spur-gears at- tached to the sectors operate upon the cen- ter gear. The two stops on the rack shown by dotted lines are caught by the curved piece on the center gear, and lead the toothed sectors alternately into gear with the double rack. 120. Each jaw is attached to one of the two segments, one of which has teeth out- side and the other teeth inside. On turning the shaft carrying the two pinions, one of j which gears with one and the other with the ‘ other segment, the jaws are brought to- gether with great force. 124. Fiddle drill. Reciprocating recti- linear motion of the bow, the string of which passes around the pulley on the spin- dle carrying the drill, producing alternating rotary motion of the drill. 121. Alternating rectilinear motion of the rod attached to the disk-wheel produces an intermittent rotary motion of the cog-wheel by means of the click attached to the disk- wheel. This motion, which is reversible by throwing over the click, is used for the feed of planing machines and other tools. 125. A modification of the motion shown in 122, but of a more complex character. 126. A bell-crank lever, used for changing the direction of any force. 122. The rotation of the two spur-gears, with crank-wrists attached, produces a va- riable alternating traverse of the horizontal bar. 123. Intended as a substitute for the crank. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of 127. Motion used in air-pumps. On vi- brating the lever fixed on the same shaft with the spur-gear, reciprocating rectilinear motion is imparted to the racks on each side, which are attached to the pistons of twro pumps, one rack always ascending while the other is descending.36 Mechanical Movements.r Mechanical Movements. 37 128. A continuous rotary motion of the shaft carrying the three wipers produces a reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rec- tangular frame. The shaft must revolve in the direction of the arrow for the parts to be in the position represented. 129. Chinese windlass. This embraces the same principles as the micrometer screw’ in. The movement of the pulley in every revolution of the windlass is equal to half the difference between the larger and smaller circumferences of the windlass bar- rel. 130. Shears for cutting iron plates, etc. The jaws are opened by the weight of the long arm of the upper one, and closed by the rotation of the cam. 131. On rotating the disk carrying the crank-pin working in the slotted arm, reci- procating rectilinear motion is imparted to the rack at the bottom by the vibration of the toothed sector. j bars move toward perpendicular positions and force the lower disk down. The top disk must be firmly secured in a stationary position, ekcept as to its revolution. 133. A simple press motion is given through the hand-crank on the pinion-shaft; the pinion communicating motion to the toothed sector, which acts upon the platen, by means of the rod which connects it there- with. 134. Uniform circular motion into recti- linear by means of a rope or band, which is wound once or more times around the drum. 135. Modification of the triangular eccen- I trie 91, used on the steam engine in the ' Paris Mint. The circular disk behind car- j ries the triangular tappet, which communi- cates an alternate rectilinear motion to the valve-rod. The valve is at rest at the com- pletion of each stroke for an instant, and is ! pushed quickly across the steam-ports to the end of the next. 132. This is a motion which has been 136. A cam-wheel—of which a side view used in presses to produce the necessary is shown—has its rim formed into teeth, or pressure upon the platen. Horizontal mo- ! made cf any profile form desired. The rod tion is given to the arm of the lever which' to the right is made to press constantly turns the upper disk. Between the top and against the teeth or edge of the rim. On bottom disks are tw’O bars which enter 1 turning the wheel, alternate rectilinear mo- holes in the disks. These bars are in ob- 1 tion is communicated to the rod. The char- lique positions, as shown in the drawing, acter of this motion may be varied by alter- when the press is not in operation ; but ing the shape of the teeth or profile of the when the top disk is made to rotate, the , edge of the rim of the wheel.38 Mechanical Movements. 140 143 144 139 145 (oT)Mechanical Movements. 39 137. Expansion eccentric used in France to work the slide-valve of a steam engine. The eccentric is fixed on the crank-shaft, and communicates motion to the forked vi- brating arm to the bottom of which the valve-rod is attached. 138. On turning the cam at the bottom a variable alternating rectilinear motion is im- parted to the rod resting on it. 139. The internal rack, carried by the rectangular frame, is free to slide up and down within it for a certain distance, so that the pinion can gear with either side of the rack. Continuous circular motion of the pinion is made to produce reciprocating rectilinear motion of rectangular frame. 140. The toggle-joint arranged for a punching machine. Lever at the right is made to operate upon the joint of the toggle by means of the horizontal connecting-link. 141. Endless-band saw. Continuous ro- tary motion of the pulleys is made to pro- duce continuous rectilinear motion of the straight parts of the saw. 142. Movement used for varying the length of the traversing guide-bar\vhich, in silk machinery, guides the silk on to spools or bobbins. The spur-gear, turning freely on its center, is carried round by the larger circular disk, which turns on a fixed central stud, which has a pinion fast on its end. Upon the spur-gear is bolted a small crank, to which is jointed a connecting-rod attached to traversing guide-bar. On turning the disk, the spur-gear is made to rotate partly upon its center by means of the fixed pinion, and consequently brings crank nearer to center of disk. If the rotation of disk was •• continued, the spur-gear would make an en- I tire revolution. During half a revolution ! the traverse would have been shortened a certain amount at every revolution of disk, according to the size of spur-gear ; and dur- ! ing the other half it would have gradually lengthened in the same ratio. 143. Circular motion into alternate rec- tilinear motion. Motion is transmitted through pulley at the left upon the worm- shaft. Worm slides upon shaft, but is made i to turn with it by means of a groove cut in : shaft, and a key in hub of worm. Worm is s carried by a small traversing-frame, which slides upon a horizontal bar of the fixed frame, and the traversing-frame also carries the toothed wheel into which the worm gears. One end of a connecting-rod is attached 5 to fixed frame at the right and the other end to a wrist secured in toothed wheel. On turning worm-shaft, rotary motion is trans- mitted by worm to wheel, which, as it re- volves, is forced by connecting-rod to make an alternating traverse motion. j 144. A system of crossed levers, termed j “ Lazy Tongs.” A short alternating recti- ! linear motion of rod at the right will give a similar but much greater motion to rod at i the left. It is frequently used in children’s ' toys. It has been applied in France to a : machine for raising sunken vessels ; also I applied to ships’ pumps, three-quarters of a : century ago. 145. Reciprocating curvilinear motion of the beam gives a continuous rotary: motion to the crank and fly-wheel. The small standard at the left, to which is attached one ‘ end of the lever with which the beam is con- * nected by the connecting-rod, has a horizon- ’ tai reciprocating rectilinear movement. 40 Mechanical Movements. r I Mechanical i j Movements. 41 ! 146. Continuous rotary motion of the disk produces reciprocating rectilinear motion of the yoke-bar, by means of the wrist or crank- pin on the disk working in the groove of the yoke. The groove may be so shaped as to obtain a uniform reciprocating rectilinear , motion. 147. Steam engine governor. The oper- ation is as follows :— On engine starting the spindle revolves and carries round the cross-head to which fans are attached, and on which are also fitted two friction-rollers which bear on two circular inclined planes attached securely to the center shaft, the cross-head being loose on the shaft. The cross-head is made heavy, or has a ball or other weight attached, and is driven by the circular inclined planes. As the speed of the center shaft increases, the resistance of the air to the wings tends to retard the rota- tion of the cross-head; the friction-rollers therefore run up the inclined planes and raise the cross-head, to the upper part of which is connected a lever operating upon the regulating-valve of the engine. 148. Continuous circular motion of the spur-gears produces alternate circular mo- j ! tion of the crank attached to the larger gear. 149. Uniform circular converted, by the cams acting upon the levers, into alternating rectilinear motions of the attached rods. 150. A valve motion for working steam expansively. The series of cams of varying throw are movable lengthwise of the shaft so i i that either may be made to act upon the lever to which the valve-rod is connected. A greater or less movement of the valve is ; produced, according as a cam of greater or less thro\y is opposite the lever. 151. Continuous circular into continuous but much slower rectilinear motion. The worm on the upper shaft, acting on the toothed wheel on the screw-shaft, causes the right and left hand screw-threads to move j the nuts upon them toward or from each j other according to the direction of rotation. ! 152. An ellipsograph. The traverse bar (shown in an oblique position) carries two i studs which slide in the grooves of the cross- ! piece. By turning the traverse bar an at- tached pencil is made to describe an ellipse by the rectilinear movement of the studs in the grooves. 153. Circular motion into alternating rec- tilinear motion. The studs on the rotating disk strike the projection on the under side of the horizontal bar, moving it one direc- tion. The return motion is given by means i of the bell-crank or elbow-lever, one arm of ; which is operated upon by the next stud, ! and the other strikes the stud on the front of the horizontal bar. 154. Circular motion into alternating rec- tilinear motion, by the action of the studs on the rotary disk upon one end of the bell- crank, the other end of which has attached to it a weighted cord passing over a pulley. 1 42 Mechanical Movements.r 1 j Mechanical Movements. 43 ; 155. Reciprocating rectilinear motion into intermittent circular motion by means of the pawl attached to the elbow-lever, and operating in the toothed wheel. Motion is given to the wheel in either direction accord- ing to the side on which the pawl works. This is used in giving the feed-motion to planing machines and other tools. \ 156. Circular motion into variable alter- nating rectilinear motion, by the wrist or crank-pin on the rotating disk working in the slot of the bell-crank or elbow-lever. 157. A modification of the movement last 1 described ; a connecting-rod being substi- tuted for the slot in the bell-crank. 158. Reciprocating curvilinear motion of the treadle gives a circular motion to the disk. A crank may be substituted for the disk. 159. A modification of 158, a cord and pul- ley being substituted for the connecting rod. 160. Alternating curvilinear motion into alternating circular. When the treadle has been depressed, the spring at the top ele- vates it for the next stroke ; the connecting band passes once round the pulley, to which it gives motion. 161. Centrifugal governor for steam en- gines. The central spindle and attached arms and balls are driven from the engine by the bevel-gears at the top, and the balls fiv out from the center by centrifugal force. If the speed of the engine increases, the balls fly \ out further from the center, and so raise the | slide at the bottom and thereby reduce the ' opening of the regulating-valve which is connected with said slide. A diminution of ; speed produces an opposite effect. : 162. Water-wheel governor acting on the | same principle as 161, but by different j means. The governor is driven by the top horizontal shaft and bevel-gears, and the j lower gears control the rise and fall of the shuttle or gate over or through which the water flows to the wheel. The action is as follows :—The two bevel-^ears on the lower part of the center spindle, which are fur- nished with studs, are fitted loosely to the said spindle and remain at rest so long as the governor has a proper velocity ; but im- mediately that the velocity increases, the balls, flying further out, drawr up the pin which is attached to a loose sleeve which slides up and down the spindle, and this pin, coming in contact with the stud on the upper bevel gear, causes that gear to rotate with the spindle and to give motion to the lower horizontal shaft in such a direction as to make it raise the shuttle or gate, and so reduce the quantity of water passing to the wrheel. On the contrary, if the speed of the governor decreases below that required, the pin falls and gives motion to the lower be- vel-gear, which drives the horizontal shaft in the opposite direction and produces a con- trary effect. 163. Another arrangement for a water- wheel governor. In this the governor con- trols the shuttle or gate by means of the cranked lever, which acts on the strap or belt in the following manner:—The belt runs on one of three pulleys, the middle one of which is loose on the governor spindle and the upper and lower ones fast. When the governor is running at the proper speed the belt is on the loose pulley, as shown ; but when the speed increases the belt is thrown on the lower pulley, and thereby caused to act upon suitable gearing for raising the gate or shuttle and decreasing the supply of wa- ter. A reduction of the speed of the gover- nor brings the belt on the upper pulley, which acts upon gearing for producing an opposite effect on the shuttle or gate. j44 Mechanical Movements.  Mechanical 164. A knee-lever, differing slightly from the toggle-joint shown in 40. It is often used for presses and stamps, as a great force can be obtained by it. The action is by raising or lowering the horizontal lever. 165. Circular into rectilinear motion. The waved-wheel or cam on the upright shaft communicates a rectilinear motion to the upright bar through the oscillating rod. 166. The rotation of the disk carrying the crank pin gives a to-and-fro motion to the connecting-rod, and the slot allows the rod to remain at rest at the termination of each stroke ; it has been used in a brick-press, in which the connecting-rod draws a mold backward and forward, and permits it to rest at the termination of each stroke, that the clay may be deposited in it and the brick extracted. i 167. A drum or cylinder having an endless | spiral groove extending all around it; one half of the groove having its pitch in one, i and the other half its pitch in the opposite ! direction. A stud on a reciprocating recti- ; linearly moving rod works in the groove, and so converts reciprocating into rotary motion. ’ This has been used as a substitute for the crank in a steam engine. 168. The slotted crank at the left hand of the figure is on the main shaft of an engine, ; and the pitman which connects it with the reciprocating moving power is furnished • with a pin which works in the slot of the ' Movements. 45 crank. Intermediate between the first crank and the moving power is a shaft carrying a • second crank, of an invariable radius, con- nected with the same pitman. While the first crank moves in a circular orbit, the pin j at the end of the pitman is compelled to : move in an elliptical orbit, thereby increas- ’ ing the leverage of the main crank at those points which are most favorable for the i transmission of power. : 169. A modification of 168, in which a link is used to connect the pitman with the main crank, thereby dispensing with the slot in the said crank. 170. Another form of steam engine gov- ernor. Instead of the arms being connected i with a slide working on a spindle, they cross i each other and are elongated upward beyond ; the top thereof and connected with the valve- rod by two short links. 171. Valve motion and reversing gear used in oscillating marine engines. The two eccentric rods give an oscillating mo- tion to the slotted link which works the curved slide over the trunnion. Within the slot in the curved slide is a pin attached to the arm of a rock-shaft which gives motion to the valve. The curve of the slot in the slide is an arc of a circle described from the center of the trunnion, and as it moves with the cylinder it does not interfere with the stroke of the valve. The two eccentrics and link are like those of the link motion used in locomotives.46 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 47 A mode of obtaining an egg-shaped 172. elliptical movement. 173. A movement used in silk machinery for the same purpose as that described in 142. On the back of a disk or bevel-gear is secured a screw with a tappet-wheel at one extremity. On each revolution of the disk the tappet-wheel comes in contact with a pin or tappet, and thus receives an in- termittent rotary movement. A wrist secured to a nut on the screw enters and works in a slotted bar at the end of the rod which guides the silk on the bobbins. Each revo- lution of the disk varies the length of stroke of the guide-rod, as the tappet-wheel on the end of the screw turns the screw with it, and the position of the nut on the screw is therefore changed. 174. Carpenters’bench-clamp. By push- ing the clamp between the jaws they are made to turn on the screws and clamp the sides. 175. A means of giving one complete re- volution to the crank of an engine to each stroke of the piston. 176 and 177. Contrivance for uncoupling engines. The wrist which is fixed on one arm of the crank (not shown) will communi- cate motion to the arm of the crank which is represented, when the ring on the lat- ter has its slot in the position shown in 176. But when the ring is turned to bring the slot in the position shown in 177, the wrist passes through the slot without turning the crank to which said ring is at- tached. 178. Contrivance for varying the speed of the slide carrying the cutting tool in slotting and shaping machines, etc. The driving- shaft works through an opening in a fixed disk, in which is a circular slot. At the end of the said shaft is a slotted crank. A slide fits in the slot of the crank and in the circu- lar slot; and to the outward extremity of this slide is attached the connecting-rod which works the slide carrying the cutting tool. When the driving-shaft rotates the crank is carried round, and the slide carry- ing the end of the connecting-rod is guided by the circular slot, which is placed eccen- trically to the shaft; therefore, as the slide approaches the bottom, the. length of the crank is shortened and the speed of the con- necting-rod is diminished. 179. Reversing-gear for a single engine. On raising the eccentric-rod the valve-spin- dle is released. The engine can then be re- versed by working the upright lever, after which the eccentric-rod is let down again. The eccentric in this case is loose upon the shaft and driven by a projection on the shaft acting upon a nearly semi-circular projection on the side of the eccentric, which permits the eccentric to turn half-way round on the shaft on reversing the valves. 180. This only differs from 174 in be- ing composed of a single pivoted clamp operating in connection with a fixed side- piece.48 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 49 181 and 182. Diagonal catch or hand-gear used in large blowing and pumping engines. In 181 the lower steam-valve and upper eduction-valve are open, while the upper ! steam-valve and lower eduction-valve are shut; consequently the piston will be as- J cending. In the ascent of the piston-rod the lower handle will be struck by the pro- jecting tappet, and, being raised, will be- I come engaged by the catch and shut the upper eduction and lower steam valves ; at the same time, the upper handle being dis- engaged from the catch, the back weight will 1 pull the handle up and open the upper steam and lower eduction valves, when the pis- ton will consequently descend. 182 repre- sents the position of the catchers and han- dles when the piston is at the top of the cylinder. In going down, the tappet of the piston-rod strikes the upper handle and throws the catches and handles to the po- sition shown in 181. 183 and 184 represent a modification of 181 and 182, the diagonal catches being su- perseded by two quadrants. 185. Link-motion valve-gear of a locomo- tive. Two eccentrics are used for one valve, i one for the forward and the other for the J backward movement of the engine. The . 1 extremities of the eccentric-rods are jointed to a curved slotted bar, or, as it is termed, a link, which can be raised or lowered by an arrangement of levers terminating in a han- ’ die as shown. In the slot of the link is a 1 slide and pin connected with an arrangement of levers terminating at the valve-stem. The link, in moving with the action of the eccen- j tries, carries with it the slide, and thence ! motion is communicated to the valve. Sup- pose the link raised so that the slide is in the middle, then the link will oscillate on the pin of the slide, and consequently the valve will be at rest. If the link is moved so that the slide is at one of its extremities, ; the whole throw of the eccentric connected 1 with that extremity will be given to it, and the valve and steam-ports will be opened to the full, and it will only be toward the end of the stroke that they will be totally shut, consequently the steam will have been ad- mitted to the cylinder during almost the en- tire length of each stroke. But if the slide is between the middle and the extremity of the slot, as shown in the figure, it receives only a part of the throw of the eccentric, and the steam-ports will only be partially opened, and are quickly closed again, so that the admission of steam ceases some time before the termination of the stroke, and the steam is worked expansively. The nearer the slide is to the middle of the slot the greater will be the expansion, and vice versa. 186. Apparatus for disengaging the eccen- tric-rod from the valve-gear. By pulling up the spring handle below until it catches in the notch, a, the pin is disengaged from the gab in the eccentric-rod. 187 and 188. Modifications of 186.5° Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 51 189. Another modification of 186. ’ j 1 190. A screw-clamp. On turning the; handle the screw thrusts upward against the j holder, which, operating as a lever, holds i down the piece of wood or other material | placed under it on the other side of its ful-! crum. j 191. Scroll-gears for obtaining a gradually ' increasing speed. J 192. A variety of what is known as the , “mangle-wheel.” One variety of this was illustrated by 36. In this one the speed varies in every part of a revolution, the groove, b, d, in which the pinion-shaft is guided, as well as the series of teeth, being eccentric to the axis of the wheel. 193. Another kind of mangle-wheel with its pinion. With this as well as with that in the preceding figure, although the pinion continues to revolve in one direction, the mangle-wheel will make almost an entire re- » volution in one direction and the same in an opposite direction ; but the revolution of the wheel in one direction will be slower than that in the other, owing to the greater radius j of the outer circle of teeth. I j ! 194. Another mangle-wheel. In this the i | speed is equal in both directions of motion,! only one circle of teeth being provided on the wheel. With all of these mangle-wheels the pinion-shaft is guided and the pinion kept in gear by a groove in the wheel. The said shaft is made with a universal joint, which allows a portion of it to have the vi- bratory motion necessary to keep the pinion in gear. 195. A mode of driving a pair of feed- rolls, the opposite surfaces of which require to move in the same direction. The two wheels are precisely similar, and both gear into the endless screw which is arranged be- tween them. The teeth of one wheel only are visible, those of the other being on the back or side which is concealed from view. 196. The pinion, B, rotates about a fixed 1 axis and gives an irregular vibratory motion to the arm carrying the wheel, A. 197. What is called a *• mangle-rack,” A continuous rotation of the pinion will give a reciprocating motion to the square frame. The pinion-shaft must be free to rise and fall, to pass round the guides at the, ends of the rack. This motion may be modified as follows :—If the square frame be fixed, and the pinion be fixed upon a shaft made with a universal joint, the end of the shaft will describe a line, similar to that shown in the drawing, around the rack. I52 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 53 198. A modification of 197. In this the pinion revolves, but does not rise and fall as in the former figure. The portion of the frame carrying the rack is jointed to the main portion of the frame by rods, so that when the pinion arrives at the end it lifts the rack by its own movement, and follows on the other side. 199. Another form of mangle-rack. The lantern-pinion revolves continuously in one direction, and gives reciprocating motion to the square frame, which is guided by rollers or grooves. The pinion has only teeth in less than half of its circumference, so that while it engages one side of the rack, the toothless half is directed against the other. The large tooth at the commencement of each rack is made to insure the teeth of the pinion being properly in gear. 200. A mode of obtaining two different speeds on the same shaft from one driving- wheel. 201. A continual rotation of the pinion (obtained through the irregular shaped gear at the left) gives a variable vibrating move- ' ment to the horizontal arm, and a variable reciprocating movement to the rod, A. j 202. Worm or endless screw and worm- I wheel. Modification of 30, used when ; steadiness or great power is required. ! i 203. A regular vibrating movement of the ! curved slotted arm gives a variable vibration to the straight arm. ) { 204. An illustration of the transmission of 1 rotary motion from one-shaft to another, ar- ranged obliquely to it, by means of rolling contact. | 205. Represents a wheel driven by a pin- ion of two teeth. The pinion consists in re- ! ality of two cams, which gear, with two dis- ! tinct series of teeth on opposite sides of the j wheel, the teeth of one series alternating in J position with those of the other. 206. A continuous circular movement of the ratchet-wheel, produced by the vibration of the lever carrying two pawls, one of which engages the ratchet-teeth in rising and the other in falling.Mechanical Movements. 55 207. A modification of 195 by means of two worms and worm-wheels. 208. A pin-wheel and slotted pinion, by which three changes of speed can be ob- tained. There are three circles of pins of equal distance on the face of the pin-wheel, and by shifting the slotted pinion along its shaft, to bring it in contact with one or the other of the circles of pins, a continuous ro- tary motion of the w’heel is made to produce three changes of speed of the pinion, or vice versa. * 209. Represents a mode of obtaining mo- tion from rolling contact. The teeth are for making the motion continuous, or it w’ould cease at the point of contact shown in the figure. The forked catch is to guide the teeth into proper contact. 211. A continuous rotary motion of the large wheel gives an intermittent rotary mo- tion to the pinion-shaft. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is cut of the same curve as the plain portion of the cir- cumference of the wheel, and therefore serves as a lock while the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion-shaft commences another revolution. 212. What is called the “Geneva-stop, used in Swiss watches to limit the numbei of revolutions in winding-up ; the convex 1 curved part, a. b, of the wheel, B, serving as ' the stop. 213. Another kind of stop for the same purpose. 210. By turning the shaft carrying the • curved slotted arm, a rectilinear motion of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar. 214 and 215. Other modifications of the stop, the operations of w’hich will be easily understood by a comparison with 212.Mechanical Movements. 57 216. The external and internal mutilated cog-wheels work alternately into the pinion, and give slow forward and quick reverse motion. 217 and 218. These are parts of the same movement, which has been used for giving the roller motion in wool-combing machines. The roller to which wheel, F (218), is secured is required to make one third a revolution backward, then two thirds of a revolution forward, when it must stop until another length of combed fiber is ready for delivery. This is accomplished by the grooved heart- cam, C, D, B, e (217), the stud, A, working in the said groove ; from C to D it moves the roller backward, and from D to e it moves it forward, the motion being trans- mitted through the catch, G, to the notch- wheel, F, on the roller-shaft, H. When the stud, A, arrives at the point, e, in the cam, a projection at the back of the wheel which carries the cam strikes the projecting piece on the catch, G, and raises it out of the notch in the wheel, F, so that, while the stud is traveling in the cam from e to C, the catch is passing over the plain surface be- tween the two notches in the wheel, F, with- out imparting any motion ; but when stud, A, arrives at the part, C, the catch has dropped in another notch, and is again ready to move wheel, F, and roller as required. 219. Variable circular motion by crown- wheel and pinion. The crown-wheel is placed eccentrically to the shaft, therefore the relative radius changes. 220. The two crank-shafts are parallel in direction, but not in line with each other. The revolution of either will communicate motion to the other with a varying velocity, for the wrist of one crank working in the slot of the other is continually changing its distance from the shaft of the latter. 221. Irregular circular motion imparted to wheel, A. C is an elliptical spur-gear rotat- ing round center, D, and is the driver. B is a small pinion with teeth of the same pitch, gearing with C. The center of this pinion is not fixed, but is carried by an arm or frame which vibrates on a center, A, so that as C revolves the frame rises and falls to enable pinion to remain in gear with it, not- withstanding the variation in its radius of contact. To keep the teeth of C and B in gear to a proper depth, and prevent them from riding over each other, wheel, C, has attached to it a plate which extends beyond it and is furnished with a groove, g, h, of similar elliptical form, for the reception of a pin or small roller attached to the vibrating arm concentric with pinion, B. 222. If for the eccentric wheel described in the last figure an ordinary spur-gear mov- ing on an eccentric center of motion be sub- stituted, a simple link connecting the center of the wheel with that of the pinion with which it gears will maintain proper pitching of teeth in a more simple manner than the groove. 223. An arrangement for obtaining vari- able circular motion. The sectors are ar- ranged on different planes, and the relative velocity changes according to the respective diameters of the sectors. 224. This represents an expanding pulley. On turning pinion, d, to the right or left, a similar motion is imparted to wheel, c, which, by means of curved slots cut therein, thrusts the studs fastened to arms of pulley outward or inward, thus augmenting or diminishing the size of the pulley.58 Mechanical Movements.1 11 1 Mechanical ,1 . . 1 Movements. 59 jt '[ 225. Intermittent circular motion of the The links being in different planes, spaces i ratchet-wheel from vibratory motion of the are left between them for the teeth of the arm carrying a pawl. pulley to enter. 226. This movement is designed to double 228. Another kind of chain and pulley. the speed by gears of equal diameters and numbers of teeth—a result once generally 229. Another variety. supposed to be impossible. Six bevel-gears are employed. The gear on the shaft, B, is 230. Circular motion into ditto. The con- in gear with two others—one on the shaft, necting-rods are so arranged that when one ; F, and the other on the same hollow shaft pair of connected links is over the dead i with C, which turns loosely on F. The gear, point, or at the extremity of its stroke, the D, is carried by the frame, A, which, being other is at right angles ; continuous motion fast on the shaft, F, is made to rotate, and is thus insured without a fly-wheel. therefore takes round D with it. E is loose on the shaft, F, and gears with D. Now, sup- 231. Drag-link motion. Circular motion pose the two gears on the hollow shaft, C, is transmitted from one crank to the other. were removed and D prevented from turning on its axis ; one revolution given to the gear 232. Intermittent circular motion is im- on B would cause the frame, A, also to re- parted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the ceive one revolution, and as this frame car- arm, B. When the arm, B, is lifted, the ries, with it the gear, D, gearing with E, one pawl, C, is raised from between the teeth of revolution would be imparted to E ; but if the wheel, and, traveling backward over the gears on the hollow shaft, C, were re- the circumference, again drops between two placed, D would receive also a revolution on teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with its axis during the one revolution of B, and it the wheel. thus would produce two revolutions of E. 227. Represents a chain and chain pulley. 233. Shows two different kinds of stops for a lantern-wheel. Mechanical Movements. 6i 234. Represents a verge escapement. On oscillating the spindle, S, the crown-wheel has an intermittent rotary motion. 235. The oscillation of the tappet-arm pro- duces an intermittent rotary motion of the ' ratchet-wheel. The small spring at the bot- | tom of the tappet-arm keeps the tappet in ! i the position shown in the drawing as the i arm rises, yet allows it to pass the teeth on the return motion. 236. A nearly continuous circular motion ■ is imparted to the ratchet-wheel on vibrating the lever, a, to which are attached the two pawls, b and c. zyj. A reciprocating circular motion of the top arm makes its attached pawl pro- duce an intermittent circular motion of the crown-ratchet or rag-wheel. 238. An escapement. D is the escape- wheel, and C and B the pallets. A is the axis of the pallets. 239. An arrangement of stops for a spur- gear. 240. Represents varieties of stops for a ratchet-wheel. 241. Intermittent circular motion is im- parted to the wheel, A, by the continuous circular motion of the smaller wheel with one tooth. 242. A brake used in cranes and hoisting machines. By pulling down the end of the lever, the ends of the brake-strap are drawn toward each other, and the strap tightened on the brake-wheel.Mechanical Movements. 63 243. Represents a mode of transmitting power from a horizontal shaft to two vertical ones by means of pulleys and a band. 244. A dynamometer, or instrument used for ascertaining the amount of useful effect given out by any motive-power. It is used as follows :—A is a smoothly-turned pulley, secured on a shaft as near as possible to the motive-power. Two blocks of wood are fit- ted to this pulley, or one block of wood and a series of straps fastened to a band or chain, as in the drawing, instead of a com- mon block. The blocks or block and straps ■ are so arranged that they may be made to bite or press upon the pulley by means of ; the screws and nuts on the top of the lever, ! D. To estimate the amount of power trans-■ mitted through the shaft, it is only necessarv to ascertain the amount of friction of the ; drum, A, when it is in motion, and the num- ber of revolutions made. At the end of the lever, D, is hung a scale, B, in which weights are placed. The two stops, C, C', are to maintain the lever as nearly as possible in a horizontal position. Now, suppose the shaft to be in motion, the screws are to be tight- ened and weights added in B, until the lever takes the position shown in the drawing at the required number of revolutions. There- fore the useful effect would be equal to the product of the weights multiplied by the ve- locity at which the point of suspensior. of the weights would revolve if the lever were at- tached to the shaft. 245. Bayonet joint. On turning the part, A, it is released from the L-shaped slot in ; the socket, B, when it can be withdrawn. | 246. Represents a pantograph for copying, ' enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. One : arm is attached to and turns on the fixed point, C. B is an ivory tracing-point, and 1 A the pencil. Arranged as shown, if we ; trace the lines of a plan with the point, B, the pencil will reproduce it double the size. By shifting the slide attached to the fixed point, C, and the slide carrying the pencil along their respective arms, the proportion to which the plan is traced will be varied. 247. A mode of releasing a sounding- weight. When the piece projecting from the bottom of the rod strikes the bottom of the sea, it is forced upward relatively to the rod, and withdraws the catch from under the weight, which drops off and allows the rod to be lifted without it. 248. Union coupling. A is a pipe with a small flange abutting against the pipe, C, with a screwed end; B a nut which holds them together. 249. Ball-and-socket joint, arranged for tubing. 250. Anti-friction bearing. Instead of a shaft revolving in an ordinary bearing it is sometimes supported on the circumference of wheels. The friction is thus reduced to the least amount. 251. Releasing-hook, used in pile-driving machines. When the weight, W, is suffi- ciently raised, the upper ends of the hooks, A, by which it is suspended, are pressed in- ward by the sides of the slot, B, in the top of the frame; the weight is thus suddenly released, and falls with accumulating force on to the pile-head.64 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 65 252. A and B are two rollers which require to be equally moved to and fro in the slot, C. This is accomplished by moving the piece, D, with oblique slotted arms, up and down. 253. Centrifugal check-hooks, for prevent- ing accidents in case of the breakage of ma- chinery which raises and lowers workmen, ores, etc., in mines. A is a frame-work fixed to the side of the shaft of the mine, and having fixed studs, D, attached. The drum on which the rope is wound is provided with a flange, B, to which the check-hooks are attached. If the drum acquires a dangerous- ly* rapid motion, the hooks fly out by centri- fugal force, and one or other or all of them catch hold of the studs, D, and arrest the drum and stop the descent of whatever is attached to the rope. The drum ought be- sides this to have a spring applied to it, otherwise the jerk arising from the sudden stoppage of the rope might produce worse effects than its rapid motion. 254. A sprocket-wheel to drive or to be driven by a chain. j 255. A flanged pulley to drive or be driven ' by a flat belt. ■ 256. A plain pulley for a flat belt. 257. A concave-grooved pulley fora round band. 258. A smooth-surface V-grooved pulley for a round band. 259. A V-grooved pulley having its groove ' notched to increase the adhesion of the I band. 1 : 260. A differential movement. The screw, C, works in a nut secured to the hub of the • wheel, E, the nut being free to turn in a j bearing in the shorter standard, but prevent- ! ed by the bearing from any lateral motion, i The screw-shaft is secured in the wheel, D. I The driving-shaft, A, carries two pinions, F and B. If these pinions were of such size as to turn the two wheels, D and E, with an equal velocity, the screw would re- main at rest; but the said wheels being driven at unequal velocities, the screw tra- vels according to the difference of velocity. 1 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. 67 261. A combination movement, in which the weight, V/, moves vertically with a reciprocating movement; the down-stroke being shorter than the up-stroke. B is a revolving disk, carrying a drum which winds round itself the cord, D. An arm, C, is jointed to the disk and to the upper arm, A, so that when the disk revolves the arm, A, moves up and down, vibrating on the point, G. This arm carries with it the pulley, E. Suppose we detach the cord from the drum and tie it to a fixed point, and then move the arm. A, up and down, the weight, W, will move the same distance, and in addition the movement given to it by the cord, that is to sav, the movement will be doubled. Now let us attach the cord to the drum and re- volve the disk, B, and the Weight will move vertically with the reciprocating motion, in which the down-stroke will be shorter than the up-stroke, because the drum is continu- ally taking up the cord. 262 and 263. The first of these figures is an end view, and the second a side view, of an arrangement of mechanism for obtaining a series of changes of velocity and direction. D is a screw on which is placed eccentrically the cone, B, and C is a friction-roller which is pressed against the cone by a spring or weight. Continuous rotary motion, at a uni- form velocity, of the screw, D, carrying the eccentric cone, gives a series of changes of velocity and direction to the roller, C. It will be' understood that during every revolu- tion of the cone the roller would press against a different part of the cone, and that it would describe thereon a spiral of the same pitch as the screw, D. The roller, C, would receive a reciprocating motion, the movement in one direction being shorter than that in the other. 264. Two worm-wheels of equal diameter, but one having one tooth more than the other, both in gear with the same worm. Suppose the first wheel has ico teeth and the second 101, one wheel will gain one re- volution over the other during the passage of 100 x 101 teeth of either wheel across the plane of centers, or during 10,100 revo- lutions of the worm. 265. Variable motion. If the conical drum has a regular circular motion, and the fric- tion-roller is made to traverse lengthwise, a variable rotary motion of the friction-roller will be obtained. 266. The shaft has two screws of different pitches cut on it, one screwing into a fixed bearing, and the other into a bearing free to move to and fro. Rotary motion of the shaft gives rectilinear motion to the mova- ble bearing, a distance equal to the difference of pitches, at each revolution. 267. Friction pullev. When the rim turns in the opposite direction to the arrow, it gives motion to the shaft by means of the pivoted eccentric arms ; but when it turns in the direction of the arrow, the arms turn on their pivots and the shaft is at rest. The arms are held to the rim by springs. 268. Circular into reciprocating motion by means of a crank and oscillating rod. ! 269. Continued rectilinear movement of the frame with mutilated racks gives an alternate rotary motion to the spur-gear.68 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 69 the bar. The cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across its center. 277. Col. Colt’s invention for obtaining ; dog is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. i | 278. C. R. Otis’s safety-stop for the plat- apart, and vice versa. '2.']^.. An engine-governor. The rise and fall of the balls, K, are guided by the para- bolic curved arms, B, on which the anti- friction wheels, L, run. The rods, F, con- necting the wheels, L, with the sleeve move it up and down the spindle, C, D. 275. Rotary motion of the worm gives a rectilinear motion to the rack. 276. Continuous rotary motion of the cam gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion to 270. Anti-friction bearing for a pulley. 271. On vibrating the lever to which the two pawls are attached, a nearly continuous ; rectilinear motion is given to the ratchet- • the movement of the cylinder of a revolving bar. - ! fire-arm by the act of cocking the hammer. ! As the hammer is drawn back to cock it, the 272. Rotary motion of the beveled disk j a, attached to the tumbler, acts on the cam gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion ; ratchet, A, on the back of the cylinder. The to the rod bearing on its circumference. 273. Rectilinear into rectilinear motion. When the rods, A and B, are brought to- , , xi r , iI0rm 01 a noistmg apparatus. A are we p-ether. the rods, C and D, are thrust further s stationary uprights, and B is the upper part of the platform working between them. The rope, <7, by which the platform is hoisted, is attached by a pin, b, and spring, c, and the pin is connected by two elbow levers with two pawls, n cylinder printing-presses. 398. Continuous circular motion into in- termittent circular—the cam, C, being the driver. ! j 399. A method of repairing chains, or ’ tightening chains used as guys or braces, j Link is made in two parts, one end of each ; is provided with swivel-nut, and other end ‘ with screw ; the screw of each part fits into nut of other. 400. Four-motion feed (A. B. Wilson’s patent), used on Wheeler & Wilson’s, Sloat's, and other sewing machines. The bar, A, is forked, and has a second bar, B (carrying the spur or feeder), pivoted in the said fork. The bar, B, is lifted by a radial projection on the cam, C, at the same time the two bars are carried forward. A spring produces the return stroke, and the bar, B, drops of its own gravity. 401. E. P. Brownell's patent crank-mo- tion to obviate dead-centers. The pressure on the treadle causes the slotted slide, A, to i move forward with the wrist until the latter has passed the center, when the spring, B, forces the slide against the stops until it is again required to move forward. 402. G. O. Guernsey's patent escapement for watches. In this escapement two bal- ance-wheels are employed, carried by the same driving-power, but oscillating in op- posite directions, for the purpose of coun- teracting the effect of any sudden jar upon a watch or time-piece. The jar which would accelerate motion of one wheel would re- tard the motion of other. Anchor, A, is secured to lever, B, having an interior and exterior toothed segment at its end, each one of which gears with the pinion of bal- ance-wheels.98 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements, 99 403. Cyclograph for describing circular arcs in drawings where the center is inaccessible. This is composed of three straight rules. The chord and versed sine being laid down, draw straight sloping lines from ends of former to top of latter, and to these lines lay two of the rules crossing at the apex. Fasten these rules together, and an- other rule across them to serve as a brace, and insert a pin or point at each end of chord to guide the apparatus, which, on being moved against these points, will describe the arc by means of pencil in the angle of the crossing edges of the sloping rules. 404. Another cyclograph. The elastic arched bar is made half the depth at the ends that it is at the middle, and is formed so that its outer edge coincides with a true circular arc when bent to its greatest extent. Three points in the required arc being given, the bar is bent to them by means of the screw, each end being confined to the straight bar by means of a small roller. 405. Mechanical means of describirg hyperbolas, their fcci and vertices being given. Suppose the curves two opposite hyperbolas, the points in vertical dotted center line their foci. One end of rule turns on one focus as a center through which one edge ranges. One end of thread being looped on pin inserted at the other focus, and other end held to other end of rule, with just enough slack be- tween to permit height to reach vortex when rule coincides with center line. A pencil held in bight, and kept close to rule while latter is moved from center line, describes one- i half of parabola; the rule is then reversed for the other ’ half 406. Mechanical means of describing parabolas, the base, altitude, focus, and directrix being given. Lay straight i edge with near side coinciding with directrix, and square ’ with stock against the same, so that the blade is parallel i with the axis, and proceed with pencil in bight of thread, ' as in the preceding. i 407. Instrument fcr describing pointed arches. Hori- , zontal bar is slotted and fitted with a slide having pin for : loop of cord. Arch bar of elastic wood is fixed in horizon- tal at right angles. Horizontal bar is placed with upper : edge on springing line, and back of arch bar ranging with jamb of opening, and the latter bar is bent till the upper side meets apex of arch, fulcrum-piece at its base insuring its retaining tangential relation to jamb ; the pencil is secured to arched bar at its connection with cord. 1 408. Centrolinead for drawing lines toward an inaccessi- ble or inconveniently distant point; chiefly used in per- ; spective. Upper or drawing edge of blade and back of movable legs should intersect center of joint. Geometrical i diagram indicates mode of setting instrument, legs forming i it may form unequal angles with blade. At either end of dotted line crossing central, a pin is inserted vertically for i instrument to work against. Supposing it to be inconve- i nient to produce the convergent lines until they intersect, ! even temporarily, for the purpose of setting the instrument | as shown, a corresponding convergence may be found be- • tween them by drawing a line parallel to and inward from ; each. , 409. Proportional compasses used in copying drawings on a given larger or smaller scale. The pivot of com- passes is secured in a slide which is adjustable in the longi- tudinal slots of legs, and capable of being secured by a set screw, the dimensions are taken between one pair of points and transferred with the other pair, and thus en- larged or diminished in proportion to the relative distances of the points from the pivot. A scale is provided on one or both legs to indicate the proportion. 410. Bisecting gauge. Of two parallel cheeks on the cross-bar one is fixed and the other adjustable, and held by thumb-screw. In either cheek is centered one of two short bars of equal length, united by a pivot, having a sharp point for marking. This point is always in a central posi- tion between the cheeks, whatever their distance apart, so that any parallel sided solid to which the cheeks are adjust- ed may be bisected from end to end by drawing the gauge along it. Solids not parallel sided may be bisected in like manner, by leaving one cheek loose, but keeping it in con- tact with solid. 411. Self-recording level for surveyors. Consists of a carriage, the shape of which is governed by an isosceles triangle having horizontal base. The circumference of each wheel equals the base of the triangle. A pendulum, when the instrument is on level ground, bisects the base, and when on an inclination gravitates to right or left from center accordingly. A drum, rotated by gearing from one of the carriage wheels, carries sectionally ruled paper, upon which pencil on pendulum traces profile corresponding with that of ground traveled over. The drum can be shifted vertically to accord with any given scale, and hori- zontally, to avoid removal of filled paper.Mechanical Movements. ioi 412. Wheel-work in the base of capstan. Thus provided, the capstan can be used as a simple or compound machine, single or triple purchase. The drumhead and barrel rotate independently ; the former, being fixed on spindle, turns it round, and when locked to barrel turns it also, forming sin- gle purchase ; but when unlocked, wheel- work acts, and drumhead and barrel rotate in opposite directions, with velocities as three to one. 413. J. W. Howlett's patent adjustable frictional gearing. This is an improvement on that shown in 45 of this table. The upper wheel, A, shown in section, is com- posed of a rubber disk with V-edge, clamp- ed between two metal plates. By screwing up the nut, B, which holds the parts toge- ther, the rubber disk is made to expand radially, and greater tractive power may be produced between the two wheels. 414. Scroll gear and sliding pinion, to produce an increasing velocity of scroll- plate, A, in one direction, and a decreasing velocity when the motion is reversed. Pin- ion, B, moves on a feather on the shaft. 415. P. Dickson's patent device for con- verting an oscillating motion into intermit- tent circular, in either direction. Oscillat- ing motion communicated to lever. A, which is provided with two pawls, B and C, hing-, ed to its upper side, near shaft of wheel, D. j Small crank, E, on upper side of lever, A, ; is attached by cord to each of pawls, so that when pawl, C, is let into contact with inte- rior of rim of wheel, D, it moves in one direction, and pawl, B, is out of gear. Mo- tion of wheel, D, may be reversed by lift- ing pawl, C, which was in gear, and letting opposite one into gear by crank, E. 416. A device for assisting the crank of a treadle motion over the dead-centers. The helical spring, A, has a tendency to move the crank, B, in direction at right-angles to dead-centers. 417. Continuous circular motion into a rectilinear reciprocating. The shaft, A, working in a fixed bearing, D, is bent on one end, and fitted to turn in a socket at the upper end of a rod, B, the lower end of , which works in a socket in the slide, C. Dotted lines show the position of the rod, B, and slide, when the shaft has made half a revolution from the position shown in bold lines. 418. Buchanan & Righter’s patent slide- valve motion. Valve, A, is attached to lower end of rod, B, and free to slide hori- zontally on valve-seat. Upper end of rod, B, is attached to a pin which slides in verti- cal slots, and a roller, C, attached to the said rod, slides in two suspended and verti- cally adjustable arcs, D. This arrangement is intended to prevent the valve from being pressed with too great force against its seat by the pressure of steam, and to relieve it of friction. 419. Continuous circular motion con- verted into a rocking motion. Used in self- rocking cradles. Wheel, A, revolves, and is connected to a wheel, B, of greater radius, which receives an oscillating motion, and wheel, B, is provided with two flexible bands, C, D, which connect each to a stan- dard or post attached to the rocker, E, of the cradle. 420. Arrangement of hammer for striking bells. Spring below the hammer raises it out of contact with the bell after striking, and so prevents it from interfering with the vibration of the metal in the bell.!Mechanical Movements. 103 421. Trunk engine used for marine purposes. The piston has attached to it a trunk at the lower end of which the pitman is connected directly with the piston. The trunk works through a stuffing-box in cylinder-head. The effective area of the upper side of the piston is greatly reduced by the trunk. To equalize the power on both sides of piston, high-pressure steam has been first used on the upper side and afterward ex- hausted into and used expansively in the part of cylinder below. 422. Oscillating piston engine. The profile of the cylinder A, is of the form of a sector. The piston, B, is attached to a rock-shaft, C, and steam is admitted to the cylinder to operate on one and the other side of piston alternately, by means of a slide-valve, D, substantially like that of an ordinary reciprocating engine. The rock- shaft is connected with a crank to produce rotary motion. 423. Root’s patent double-quadrant engine. This is on the same principle as 422 ; but two single-acting pistons, B, B, are used, and both connected with one crank, D. The steam is ad- mitted to act on the outer sides of the two pis- tons alternately by means of one induction valve, a, and is exhausted through the space between the pistons. The piston and crank connections are such that the steam acts on each piston dur- ing about two-thirds of the revolution of the crank, and hence there are no dead points. •424. Root's double-reciprocating or square piston engine. The “ cylinder,” A, of this en- gine is of oblong square form and contains two pistons, B and C, the former working horizon- tally, and the latter working vertically within it ; the piston, C, is connected with the wrist, <7, of the crank on the main shaft, A The ports for the admission of steam are shown black. The two pistons produce the rotation of the crank without dead points. 425. One of the many forms of rotary engine. A is the cylinder having the shaft, B, pass cen- ; trally through it. The piston, C, is simply an , eccentric fast on the shaft and working in contact ; with the cylinder at one point. The induction and eduction of steam take place as indicated i by arrows, and the pressure of the steam on one side of the piston produces its rotation and that . of the shaft. The sliding abutment, D, between the induction and eduction ports moves out of the way of the piston to let it pass. I 426. Another form of rotary engine, in which I there are two stationary abutments, D, 1), within 1 the cylinder, and the two pistons, A, A, in order to enable them to pass the abutments, are made i to slide radially in grooves in the hub, C, of the ' main shaft, B. The steam acts on both pistons at once, to produce the rotation of the hub and , shaft. The induction and eduction are indicated by arrows. 427. Another rotary engine, in which the : shaft, B, works in fixed bearings eccentric to the cylinder. The pistons, A, A, are fitted to slide in and out from grooves in the hub, C, which is concentric with the shaft, but they are always ra- dial to the cylinder, being kept so by rings (shown dotted) fitting to hubs on the cylinder- ■ heads. The pistons slide through rolling pack- ings, a, a, in the hub, C. ; 42S. The india-rubber rotary engine in which the cylinder has a flexible lining, E, of india- , rubber, and rollers, A, A, are substituted for pis- ' tons, said rollers being attached to arms radiat- ' ing from the main shaft, B. The steam acting between the india-rubber and the surrounding rigid portion of the cylinder presses the india- rubber against the rollers, and causes them to revolve around the cylinder and turn the shaft. 429. Holly’s patent double-elliptical rotary engine. The" two elliptical pistons geared to- gether are operated upon by the steam entering between them, in such manner as to produce their rotary motion in opposite directions. These rotary engines can all be converted into pumps.Mechanical Movements. iOS 430. Overshot water-wheel. 431. Undershot water-wheel. 432. Breast-wheel. This holds interme- diate place between overshot and undershot wheels ; has float-boards like the former, but the cavities between are converted into buckets by moving in a channel adapted to circumference and width, and into which water enters nearly at the level of axle. 433. Horizontal overshot water-wheel. 434. A *plan view of the Fourneyron tur- bine water-wheel. In the center are a num- ber of fixed curved “ shutes” or guides, A, which direct the water against the buckets of the outer wheel, B, which revolves, and the water discharges at the circumference. 435. Warren’s central discharge turbine, plan view. The guides, a, are outside, and the wheel, £, revolves within them, discharg- ing the water at the center. J 436. Jonval turbine. The “shutes” are • arranged on the outside of a drum, radial to f . • a common center and stationary within the I trunk or casing, A The wheel, r, is made ' in nearly the same way ; the buckets exceed ; in number those of the shutes, and are set ! at a slight tangent instead of radially, and ! the curve generally used is that of the cy- i cloid or parabola. 437. Volute wheel, having radial vanes, a, against which the water impinges and car- i ries the wheel around. The scroll or volute casing, b, confines the water in such a man- ■ ner that it acts against the vanes all around ■ the wheel. By the addition of the inclined buckets, r, c, at the bottom, the water is , made to act with additional force as it ; escapes through the openings of said buckets. 438. Barker’s or reaction mill. .Rotary motion of central hollow shaft is obtained by the reaction of the water escaping at the ends of its arms, the rotation being in a direction the reverse of the escape.Mechanical Movements. 439. A method of obtaining a reciprocating • motion from a continuous tall of water, by means of a valve in the bottom of the bucket which opens by striking the ground and thereby empty- ing the "bucket, which is caused to rise again by ’ the action of a counter-weight on the other side of the pulley over which it is suspended. 440. Represents a trough divided transversely into equal parts and supported on an axis by "a frame beneath. , The fall of water filling one side of the division, the trough is vibrated on its axis, and at the same time that it delivers the ; water the opposite side is brought under the j stream and filled, which in like manner produces ' the vibration of the trough back again. This : has been used as a water meter. i 441. Persian wheel, used in Eastern countries , for irrigation. It has a hollow shaft and curved floats, at the extremities of wrhich are suspended buckets or tubs. The wheel is partly immersed in a stream acting on the convex surface of its floats, and as it is thus caused to revolve, a ' quantity of water will be elevated by each float * at each revolution, and conducted to the hollow ; shaft at the same time that one of the buckets ’ carries its fill of water to a higher level, where , it is emptied by coming in contact with a sta- tionary pin placed in a convenient position for ; tilting it. j 442. Machine of ancient origin, still employed i on the river Eisach, in the Tyrol, for raising ; water. A current keeping the wheel in motion, i the pots on its periphery are successively im- mersed, filled, and emptied into a trough above ' the stream. } 443. Application of Archimedes’s screw to rais- • ing water, the supply stream being the motive j power. The oblique shaft of the wheel has ex- > tending through it a spiral passage, the lower end of which is immersed in water, and the stream, acting upon the wheel at its lower end, produces its revolution, by which the water is j conveyed upward continuously through the spiral passage and discharged at the top. ! 444. Montgolfier’s hydraulic ram. Small fall of water made to throw a jet to a great height or furnish a supply at high level. The right- ; hand valve being kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through the pipe in the direction of the arrow escapes thereby till its pressure, overcoming the resistance of weight or spring, closes it. On the closing of this valve the momentum of the current overcomes the pressure on the other valve, opens it. and throws a quantity of water into the globular air-cham- ber by the expansive force of the air in which the upward stream from the nozzle is maintained. ! On equilibrium taking place, the right-hand valve opens and left-hand one shuts. Thus, by : the alternate action of the valves, a quantity ot 1 water is raised into the air-chamber at every : stroke, and the elasticity of the air gives uni- formity to the efflux. 445 and 446. D’Ectol’s oscillating column, for elevating a portion of a given fall of water above ; the level ot the reservoir or head, by means of i a machine all the parts of which are absolutely fixed. It consists of an upper and smaller tube, which is constantly supplied with water, and a lower and larger tube, provided with a circular plate below concentric with the orifice which re- ; ceives the stream from the tube above. Upon i allowing the water to descend as shown in ; 445, it forms itself gradually into a cone on the ! circular plate, as shown in 446, which cone : protrudes into the smaller tube so as to check ! the flow of water downward ; and the regular \ supply continuing from above, the column in the : upper tube rises until the cone on the circular i plate gives way. This action is renewed peri- ' odically and is regulated by the supply of water. ; 447. This method of passing a boat from one shore of a river to the other is common on the Rhine and elsewhere, and is effected by the ac- tion of the stream on the rudder, which carries . the boat across the stream in the arc of a circle, 1 the center of which is the anchor which holds ! the boat from floating down the stream.Mechanical Movements. 109 448. Common lift pump. In the up- stroke of piston or bucket the lower valve opens and the valve in piston shuts ; air is exhausted out of suction-pipe, and water rushes up to fill the vacuum. In down- stroke, lower valve is shut and valve in pis- ton opens, and the water simply passes through the piston. The water above pis- ton is lifted up, and runs over out of spout at each up-stroke. This pump cannot raise water over thirty feet high. 449. Modern lifting pump. This pump operates in same manner as one in previ- ous figure, except that piston-rod passes through stuffing-box, and outlet is closed by a flap-valve opening upward. Water can be lifted to any height above this pump. 450. Ordinary force pump, with two valves. The cylinder is above water, and is fitted with solid piston ; one valve closes outlet-pipe, and other closes suction-pipe. When piston is rising suction-valve is open, and water rushes into cylinder, outlet-valve being closed. On descent of piston suction- valve closes, and water is forced up through outlet-valve to any distance or elevation. 451. Force pump, same as above, with addition of air-chamber to the outlet, to pro- duce a constant flow. The outlet from air- chamber is shown at two places, from either of which water may be taken. The air is compressed by the water during the down- ward stroke of the piston, and expands and presses out the water from the chamber during the up-stroke. 452. Double-acting pump. Cylinder closed at each end, and piston-rod passes through stuffing-box on one end, and the cylinder has four openings covered by valves, two for admitting water and like number for dis- charge. A is suction-pipe, and B discharge- pipe. When piston moves down, water rushes in at suction-valve, 1, on upper end of cylinder, and that below piston is forced through valve, 3, and discharge-pipe, B ; on the piston ascending again, water is forced through dis charge-valve, 4, on upper end of cylinder, and water enters lower suction- valve, 2. 453. Double lantern-bellows pump. As one bellows is distended by lever, air is rarefied within it, and water passes up suc- tion-pipe to fill space ; at same time other bellows is compressed, and expels its con- tents through discharge-pipe ; valves work- ing the same as in the ordinary force pump. 454. Diaphragm forcing pump. A flexi- ble diaphragm is employed instead of bel- lows, and valves are arranged same as in preceding. 455. Old rotary pump. Lower aperture entrance for water, and upper for exit. Cen- tral part revolves with its valves, which fit accurately to inner surface of outer cylinder. The projection shown in lower side of cyl- inder is an abutment to close the valves when they reach that point. 456. Cary’s rotary pump. Within the fixed cylinder there is placed a revolving drum, B, attached to an axle, A. Heart- shaped cam, a, surrounding axle, is also fixed. Revolution of drum causes sliding- pistons, f, c, to move in and out in obedi- ence to form of cam. Water enters and is removed from the chamber through ports, L and M ; the directions are indicated by arrows. Cam is so placed that each piston is, in succession, forced back to its seat when opposite E, and at same time other piston is forced fully against inner side of chamber, thus driving before it water al- ready there into exit-pipe, H, and drawing after it through suction-pipe, F, the stream of supply.Mechanical Movements. i i i 457. Common mode of raising water from wells of inconsiderable depth. Counter- balance equals about one-half of weight to be raised, so that the bucket has to be pulled down when empty, and is assisted in elevating it when full by counterbalance. 45S. The common pulley and buckets for raising water ; the empty bucket is pulled down to raise the full one. 459. Reciprocating lift for wells. Top part represents horizontal wind-wheel on a shaft which carries spiral thread. Coupling of latter allows small vibration, that it may act on one worm-wheel at a time. Behind worm-wheels are pulleys over which passes rope which carries bucket at each extremity. In center is vibrating tappet, against which bucket strikes in its ascent, and which, by means of arm in step wherein spiral and shaft are supported, traverses spiral from one wheel to other so that the bucket which has de- livered water is lowered and other one raised. 460. Fairbairn’s bailing-scoop, for elevat- ing water short distances. The scoop is connected by pitman to end of a lever or of a beam of single-acting engine Distance of lift may be altered by placing end of rod in notches shown in figure. 461. Pendulums or swinging gutters for raising water by their pendulous motions. Terminations at bottom are scoops, and at top open pipes ; intermediate angles are formed with boxes (and flap valve), each connected with two branches of pipe. 402. Chain pump; lifting water by con- tinuous circular motion. Wood or metal , disks, carried by endless chain, are adapted to water-tight cylinder, and form with it a , succession of buckets filled with water. Power is applied at upper wheel. , 463. Self-acting weir and scouring sluice. , Two leaves turn on pivots below centers ; upper leaf much larger than lower, and turns : in direction of stream, while lower turns against it. Top edge of lower leaf overlaps i bottom edge of upper one and is forced j against it by pressure of water. In ordinary i states of stream, counteracting pressures i keep weir vertical and closed, as in the left- hand figure, and water flows through notch , in upper leaf; but on water rising above ordinary level, pressure above from greater ' surface and leverage overcomes resistance below, upper leaf turns over, pushing back lower, reducing obstructions and opening at bed a passage to deposit. 464. Hiero’s fountain. Water being poured into upper vessel descends tube on right into lower; intermediate vessel being also filled and more water poured into upper, confined air in cavities over water in lower and intermediate vessels and in communi- cation tube on left, being compressed, drives by its elastic force a jet up central tube. ; 465. Balance pumps. Pair worked re- : ciprocally by a person pressing alternately : on opposite ends of lever or beam.112 Mechanical Movements.Mechanical Movements. ii3 466. Hydrostatic press. Water forced by the pump through the small pipe into the ram cylin- der and under the solid ram, presses up the ram. The amount of force obtained is in proportion to the relative areas or squares of diameters of the pump-plunger and ram. Suppose, for in- stance, the pump-plunger to be one inch diameter and the ram thirty inches, the upward pressure received by the ram would be 900 times the downward pressure of the plunger. 467. Robertson’s hydrostatic jack. In this the ram is stationary upon a hollow base and the cylinder with claw attached slides upon it. The pump takes the water from the hollow base and forces it through a pipe in the ram into the cylin- der, and so raises the latter. At the bottom of pipe there is a valve operated by a thumb-screw to let back the water and lower the load as gradually as may be desired. 46S. Flexible water main, plan and section. Two pipes of 15 and 18 inches interior diameter, having some of their joints thus formed, conduct water across the Clyde to Glasgow Water-works. Pipes are secured to strong log frames, hav- ing hinges with horizontal pivots. Frames and pipes were put together on south side of the river, and, the north end of pipe being plugged, they were hauled across by machinery on north side, their flexible structure enabling them to follow’ the bed. 469. French invention for obtaining rotary motion from different temperatures in tw’O bodies of w’ater. Two cisterns contain water : that in left at natural temperature and that in right i higher. In right is a water-wheel geared with Archimedean screw in left. From spiral screw of the latter a pipe extends over and passes to the under side of wheel. Machine is started by turning screw in opposite direction to that for raising water, thus forcing down air, which ascends in tube, crosses and descends, and im- parts motion to wheel; and its volume increasing with change of temperature, it is said, keeps the machine in motion. We are not informed how’ the difference of temperature is to be maintained. 470. Steam hammer. Cylinder fixed above and hammer attached to lower end of piston-rod. Steam being alternately admitted below’ piston and allowed to escape, raises and lets fall the , hammer. i 471. Hotchkiss's atmospheric hammer; de- rives the force of its blow’ from compressed air- Hammer head, C, is attached to a piston fitted to a cylinder, B, which is connected by a rod, : D, with a crank, A, on the rotary driving-shaft. As the cylinder ascends, air entering hole, e, is i compressed below piston and lifts hammer. As cylinder descends, air entering hole, e, is com- pressed above and is stored up to produce the blow by its instant expansion after the crank and connecting-rod turn bottom center. ; 472. Grimshaw’s compressed air hammer. . The head of this hammer is attached to a piston, : A, w’hich works in a cylinder, B, into which air is admitted—like steani to a steam engine— : above and below’ the piston by a slide-valve on ; top. The air is received from a reservoir, C, in j the framing, supplied by an air pump, D, driven ; by a crank on the rotary driving-shaft, E. I 473. Air-pump of simple construction. Smaller 1 tub inverted in larger one. The latter contains j water to upper dotted line, and the pipe from 1 shaft or space to be exhausted passes through it | to a few’ inches above w’ater, terminating W’ith ! valve opening upward. Upper tub has short j pipe and upwardly-opening valve at top, and is | suspended by ropes from levers. When upper tub descends, great part of air within is expelled ; through upper valve, so that, w’hen afterward ; raised, rarefaction within causes gas or air to • ascend through the lower valve. This pump w’as successfully used for drawing off carbonic acid from a large and deep shaft. 474. /Eolipile or Hero’s steam toy, described by Hero, of Alexandria, 130 years B.c., and now’ regarded as the first steam engine, the rotary form of w’hich it maybe considered to represent. From the low’er vessel, or boiler, rise tw’O pipes conducting steam to globular vessel above, and forming pivots on w’hich the said vessel is caused to revolve in the direction of arrow’s, by the escape of steam through a number of bent arms. This works on the same principle as Barker’s mill, 438 in this table.Mechanical Movements. 115 475- Bilge ejector (Brear’s patent) for discharging bilge- water from vessels, or tor raising and forcing water under various circumstances. D is a chamber having attached a suction-pipe, B. and discharge-pipe, C, and having a steam- \ pipe entering at one side, with a nozz.e directed toward the i discharge-pipe. A jet of steam entering through A expels ; the air from D and C, produces a vacuum in B, and causes J water to rise through B, and pass through D and C, in a ! regular and constant stream. Compressed air may be used as a substitute for steam. bottom of the tank. As gas enters, vessel, A, rises, and vice versa. The pressure is regulated by adding to or reducing the weights, C, C. 4S0. Another kind of gasometer. The vessel. A, has permanently secured within it a central tube, <2, which slides on a fixed tube, b, in the center of the tank. 476. Another apparatus operating on the same principle as the foregoing. It is termed a steam siphon pump ' (Lansdell’s patent). A is the jet-pipe ; B, B, are two suc- tion-pipes. having a forked connection with the discharge- pipe, C. The steam jet-pipe entering at the fork offers no obstacle to the upward passage of the water, which moves upward in an unbroken current. ; 477. Steam trap for shutting in steam, but providing for ; the escape of water from steam coils and radiators (Hoard & Wiggin’s patent). It consists of a box. connected at A with the end of the coil or the waste-pipe, having an outlet at B, and furnished with a hollow valve, D, the bottom of which is composed of a flexible diaphragm. Valve is filled with liquid, and hermetically sealed, and its diaphragm i rests upon a bridge over the outlet-pipe. The presence of : steam in the outer box so heats the water in valve that the ; diaphragm expands and raises valve up to the seat, a, a. i Water of condensation accumulating reduces the tempera- 1 ture of valve ; and as the liquid in valve contracts, dia- ■ phragm allows valve to descend and let water off. 47S. Another steam trap (Ray’s patent). Valve, a, closes and opens by longitudinal expansion and contraction of waste-pipe, A, which terminates in the middle of an at- tached hollow sphere, C. A portion of the pipe is firmly secured to a fixed support, B. Valve consists of a plunger 1 which works in a stuffing-box in the sphere, opposite the ’ end of the pipe, and it is pressed toward the end of the pipe by a loaded elbow lever, D, as far as permitted by a stop-screw, b, and stop, c. When pipe is filled with wafer, . its length is so reduced that valve remains open ; but when ; filled with steam, it is expanded so that valve closes it. ; Screw, b, serves to adjust the action of valve. i 479. Gasometer. The open-bottomed vessel. A, is ar- ranged in the tank, B, of water, and partly counterbalanced , by weights, C, C. Gas enters the gasometer by one and leaves it by the other of the two pipes inserted through the i 481. Wet gas meter. The stationary case. A, is filled with water up to above the center. 1 he inner devolving drum is divided into four compartments, B, B, with inlets around the central pipe, a. which introduces the gas through one of the hollow journals of the drum. This pipe is turned up to admit the gas above the water, as indi- cated by the arrow near the center of the figure. .As gas enters the compartments, B, B, one after another, it turns the drum in the direction of the arrow shown near its peri- phery, displacing the water from them. As the chambers pass over they fill with water again. The cubic contents of the compartments being known, and the number of the revolutions of the drum being registered by dial-work, the quantity of gas passing through the meter is registered. 4S2. Gas regulator (Powers’s patent) for equalizing the supply of gas to all the burners of a building or apartment, notwithstanding variations in the pressure on the main, or variations produced by turning gas on or off, to or from any number of the burners. 'I he legulatcr-valve, D, of which a separate outside view is given, is arranged over inlet- pipe, E, and connected by a lever, d, with an inverted cup, H, the lower edges of which, as well as those of valve, dip into channels containing quicksilver. There is no escape of gas around the cup, H, but there are notches, b, in the valve to permit the gas to pass over the surface ot the quicksilver. As the pressure of gas increases, it acts upon the inner surface of cup, H, which is larger than valve, and the cup is thereby raised, causing a depression of the valve into the quicksilver, and contracting the opening notches, b, and diminishing the quantity of gas passing through. As the pressure diminishes, an opposite result is produced. The outlet to burners is at F. 483. Dry’gas meter. Consists of two bellows-like cham- bers, A, A',°which are alternately filled with gas, and dis- charged through a valve, B, something like the slide-valve of a steam engine, worked by the chambers, A, Ab Ihe_ capacity of the chambers being known, and the number of times they are filled being registered by dial-work, the quantity of gas passing through the meter is indicated on the dials.116 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 117 484. A spiral wound round a cylinder to ’ sistance or lift, and while in the water are convert the motion of the wind or a stream in the most effective position for propulsion, of water into rotary motion. ! 490. Ordinary steering apparatus. Plan 485. Common wind-mill, illustrating the , view. On the shaft of the hand-wheel there production of circular motion by the direct j is a barrel on which is wound a rope which action of the wind upon the oblique sails. 1 passes round the guide-pulleys and has its 486. Plan of a vertical wind-mill. The • opposite ends attached to the “ tiller ” or sails are so pivoted as to present their edges ! lever on the top of the rudder ; by turning in returning toward the wind, but to present • the wheel, one end of the rope is wound on their faces to the action of the wind, the ■ and the other let off, and the tiller is moved direction of which is supposed to be as in- inzone or the other direction, according to dicated by the arrow. | the direction in which the wheel is turned. 487. Common paddle-wheel for propelling ; 491. Capstan. The cable or rope wound vessels ; the revolution of the wheel causes ; on the barrel of the capstan is hauled in by the buckets to press backward against the ■ turning the capstan on its axis by means of water and so produce the forward move- 1 hand-spikes or bars inserted into holes in ment of the vessel. ! the head. The capstan is prevented from 488. Screw propeller. The blades are turning back by a pawl attached to its sections of a screw-thread, and their revo- (lower part and working in a circular ratchet lution in the water has the same effect as ; on the base. the working of a screw in a nut, producing ’ 492. Boat-detaching hook (Brown & Lev- motion in the direction of the axis and so | el's). The upright standard is secured to propelling the vessel. ! the boat, and the tongue hinged to its up- 489- Vertical bucket paddle-wheel. The per end enters an eye in the level which buckets, <7, <7, are pivoted into the arms, h, • works on a fulcrum at the middle of the at equal distances from the shaft. To the I standard. A similar apparatus is applied at pivots are attached cranks, c, c, which are j each end of the boat. The hooks of the pivoted at their ends to the arms of a ring, ; tackles hook into the tongues, which are d, which is fitted loosely to a stationary ec- j secure until it is desired to detach the boat, centric, e. The revolution of the arms and , when a rope attached to the lower end of buckets with the shaft causes the ring, d, ; each lever is pulled in such a direction as to also to rotate upon the eccentric, and the I slip the eye at the upper end of the lever action of this ring on the cranks keeps the i from off the tongue, which being then liberat- buckets always upright, so that they enter ’ ed slips out of the hook of the tackle and the water and leave it edgewise without re- 1 detaches the boat.Mechanical Movements. 119 493. “ Lewis/’ for lifting stone in building. It is composed of a central taper pin or wedge, with two wedge-like packing-pieces arranged one on each side of it. The three pieces are inserted together in a hole drilled into the stone, and when the central wedge is hoisted upon it wedges the packing-pieces out so tightly against the sides of the hole as to enable the stone to be lifted. 494. Tongs for lifting stones, etc. The pull on the shackle which connects the two links causes the latter so to act on the upper arms of the tongs as to make their points press them- selves against or into the stone. The greater the weight the harder the tongs bite. 495. Entwistle’s patent gearing. Bevel-gear, A, is fixed. B, gearing with A, is fitted to ro- tate on stud, E, secured to shaft, D, and it also gears with bevel-gear, C, loose, on the shaft, D. On rotary motion being given to shaft, D, the gear, E, revolves around A, and also rotates upon its own axis, and so acts upon C in two ways, namely, by its rotation on its own axis and by its revolution around A. With three gears of equal size, the gear, C, makes two revolutions for every one of the shaft, D. This velocity of revolution may, however, be varied by changing the relative sizes of the gears. C is represented with an attached drum, C'. This gearing mav be used for steering apparatus, driving screw-pro- pellers, etc. By applying power to C, action may be reversed, and a slow motion of D obtained. 496. Drawing and twisting in spinning cotton, wool, etc. The front drawing-rolls, B, rotate faster than the back ones, A, and so produce a draught, and draw out the fibers of the sliver or roving passing between them. Roving passes from the front drawing-rolls to throstle, which, by its rotation around the bobbin, twists and winds the yarn on the bobbin. 497. Fan-blower. The casing has circular openings in its sides through which, by the revo- lution of the shaft and attached fan-blades, air is drawn in at the center of the casing, to be forced out under pressure through the spout. 498. Siphon pressure gauge.. Lower part of bent tube contains mercury. The leg of the tube, against which the scale is marked, is open at top, the other leg connected with the steam- boiler or other apparatus on which the pressure is to be indicated. The pressure on the mer- cury in the one leg causes it to be depressed in that and raised in the other until there is an equilibrium established between the weight of mercury and pressure of steam in one leg, and the weight of mercury and pressure of atmos- phere in the other. This is the most accurate gauge known ; but as high pressure requires so long a tube, it has given place to those which are practically accurate enough, and of more convenient form. • 499. Aneroid gauge, known as the “ Bourdon gauge,” from the name of its inventor, a French- man. B is a bent tube closed at its ends, secured at C, the middle of its length, and having its ends free. Pressure of steam or other fluid ad- : mitted to tube tends to straighten it more or less, according to its intensity. The ends of tube.are : connected with a toothed sector-piece gearing, ! with a pinion on the spindle of a pointer which indicates the pressure on a dial. 500. Pressure gauge now most commonly used. Sometimes known as the “ Magdeburg gauge,” from the name of the place where first manufac- tured. Face view and section. The fluid whose pressure is to be measured acts upon a circular metal disk, A, generally corrugated, and the de- flection of the disk under the. pressure gives : motion to a toothed sector, e, which gears with a pinion on the spindle of the pointer. 501. Mercurial barometer. Longer leg of bent tube, against which is marked the scale of inches, is closed at top, and shorter one is open to the atmosphere, or merely covered with some porous material. Column of mercury in longer leg, from which the air has been extracted, is held up by the pressure of air on the surface of that in the shorter leg, and rises or falls as the pressure of the atmosphere varies. The old- fashioned weather-glass is composed of a similar tube attached to the back of a dial, and a float inserted into the shorter leg of the tube, and geared by a rack and pinion, or cord and pulley, with the spindle of the pointer.i Mechanical Movements. 121 502. An “epicyclic train.” Any train, of gearing the axes of the wheels of which re- volve around a common center is properly known by this name. The wheel at one end of such a train, if not those at both ends, is always concentric with the revolv- ing frame. C is the frame or train-bearing arm. The center wheel, A, concentric with this frame, gears with a pinion, F, to the same axle with which is secured a wheel, E, that gears with a wheel, B. If the first wheel, A, be fixed and a motion be given to the frame, C, the train will revolve around the fixed wheel and the relative motion of the frame to the fixed wheel will communi- cate through the train a rotary motion to B on its axis. Or the first wheel as well as the frame may be made to revolve with dif- ferent velocities, with the same result ex- cept as to the velocity of rotation of B upon its axis. In the epicyclic train as thus described only the wheel at one extremity is concen- tric with the revolving frame ; but if the wheel, E, instead of gearing with B, be made to gear with the wheel, D, which like the wheel, A, is concentric with the frame, we have an epicyclic train of which the wheels at both extremities are concentric with the frame. In this train we may either communicate the driving motion to the arm and one extreme wheel, in order to produce an aggregate rotation of the other extreme wheel, or motion may be given to the two extreme wheels, A and D, of the train, and the aggregate motion will thus be commu- nicated to the arm. 503. A very simple form of the epicyclic train, in which F, G, is the arm, secured to the central shaft, A, upon which are loosely fitted the bevel-wheels, C, D. The arm is formed into an axle for the bevel-wheel, B, ’ which is fitted to turn freely upon it. Mo- tion may be given to the two wheels, C, D, in order to produce aggregate motion of the • arm, or else to the arm and one of said ; wheels in order to produce aggregate mo- ; tion of the other wheel. 504. “Ferguson’s mechanical paradox,”, designed to show a curious property of the epicyclic train. The wheel, A, is fixed upon a stationary stud about which the arm, C, D, revolves. In this arm are two pins, M, N, upon one of which is fitted loosely a thick wheel, B, gearing with A, and upon the other are three loose wheels, E, F, G, all gearing with B. When the arm, C, D, is turned round on the stud, motion is given to the three wheels, E, F, G, on their com- mon axis, viz., the pin, N ; the three form- ! ing with the intermediate wheel, B, and the wheel, A, three distinct epicyclic trains. Sup- pose A to have twenty teeth, F twenty, E twen- ty-one, and G nineteen ; as the arm, E, C, D, is turned round, F will appear not to turn on its axis, as any point in its circumference will always point in one direction, while E will appear to turn slowly in one and G in the other direction, which—an apparent para- dox—gave rise to the name of the apparatus.122 Mechanical Movements, 505. Another simple form of the epicyc- lic train, in which the arm. D, carries a pin- ion, B, which gears both with a spur-wheel, A, and an annular wheel, C, both concentric with the axis of the arm. Either of the wheels. A, C, may be stationary, and the revolution of the arm and pinion will give motion to the other wheel. 506. Another epicyclic train in which nei- ther the first nor last wheel is fixed. zzz, zz, is a shaft to which is firmly secured the train-bearing arm, /, which carries the two wheels, d, e, secured together, but ro- tating upon the arm itself. The wheels, b and c, are united and turn together, freely upon the shaft, zzz, 11; the wheels, f and g, are also secured together, but turn together freely on the shaft, zzz, 11. The wheels, c, d, e and f constitute an epicyclic train of which c is the first and f the last wheel. A shaft, A, is employed as a driver, and has firmly secured to it two wheels, a and //, the first of which gears with the wheel, b, and thus communicates motion to the first wheel, r. of the epicyclic train, and the wheel, //, drives the wheel, g, which thus gives motion to the last wheel, f Motion communicated in this way to the two ends of the train produces an aggregate motion of the arm, A /, and shaft, zzz, n. This train may be modified ; for instance, suppose the wheels, g and f to be disunited, g to be fixed to the shaft, zzz, zz, and f only running loose upon it. The driving-shaft, A, will as before communicate motion to the first wheel, c, of the epicyclic train by means of the wheels, a and b, and will also by Zz cause the wheel, g, the shaft, zzz, zz, and the train-bearing arm, Z\ /, to revolve, and the aggregate rotation will be given to the loose wheel, f. 507. Another form of epicyclic train de- signed for producing a very slow motion, zzz is a fixed shaft upon which is loosely fitted a long sleeve, to the lower end of which is fixed a wheel, D, and to the upper end a wheel, E. Upon this long sleeve there is fitted a shorter one which carries at its extremities the wheels, A and H. A wheel, C, gears with both D and A, and a train-bearing arm, zzz, zz, which revolves freely upon the shaft, zzz, carries upon a stud at zz the united wheels, F and G. If A have 10 teeth, C 100, D 10, E 61, F, 49, G 41, and H 51, there will be 25,000 revo- lutions of the train-bearing arm, zzz, zz, for one of the wheel, C.J'he