beste rer a2 —* ee Ft oe Cre abs FACES PEOrerera rut +rercr ese arert e et aa en eerden ae ot Ee LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY a . “ZY Faltice Sz 2A CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY logy Laboratory of Orit Road 459 Sapsucker Vucrudt Cornel University Ithaca, Now York 1485 ! SS 6. fra-— LorwhS Dane. AMERICAN SPARROW HAWKS. COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS FRANK M. CHAPMAN ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Author of ‘‘ Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,’’ ‘* Bird-Life,’’ Etc. ‘ With Upward of 800 Drawings BY CHESTER A. REED, B.S. NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1903 COPYRIGHT, DOUBLEDAY, PAGE 1903 # PREFACE. O learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure, food, and habits of the birds of the world, or de- sire merely a superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are at once confronted by this question of identi- fication. From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form, color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascertain the bird’s name. Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural out- come of the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude. We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird- lovers whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use it. Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning of a new and potent interest in nature. Frank M. CHAPMAN. American Museum of Natural History, New York City, 1903. iii ILLUSTRATIONS. The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identifying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings whick most quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to present a bird’s characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance. It was impracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however, to the measurements given at the beginning of each description. The figures are based on the male bird. iv CONTENTS. PAGE [NGRODUGIIONE pie ate a ten erie ne corals eke Nare tige ae Ne Me arg RANE SWS Week LSD a A 1 Howitorleearntarbird2seN ater reyes ss oir sei usta olels so Ga vie ede muleun dv uloes seas 1 FLOWS ITASWATCH NAME Rete elacten Meanie! (cr sveiaial aire tvern tele earoceracsl e siauentalicnicte etaasotactecteress 4 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ............ 9 COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.........cccccceecceccceesecceeceeees 41 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ......---.cceeeeeceeeeeeees 257 NYE Nahe tess vene eae ee eee crake reek ee wees andlre op ons Mn haven oglu ntonmageris alee die: ty Ale es liso 291 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 3. The sign of Mars, signifying male. 2. The sign of Venus, signifying female. Ad Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage. Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plu- mage of the adult. L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat shorter. W. Wing, the distance from the ‘bend’ of the wing to the end of the longest feather T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the longest one. Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of the so-called ‘leg.’ B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip. Nore. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation 2f about ten per cent. from the figures given may be expected. The num- ber before the name of each species is that of the American Ornitholo- gists’ Union’s ‘Check-List of North American Birds.’ vi INTRODUCTION. HOW TO LEARN A BIRD’S NAME. “How can I learn to know the birds?’ is the first question of the seeker after bird-lore. The scientist’s reply, ‘“By shooting them and studying their structure and markings in detail,’’ may do for the few who, like himself, desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is em- phatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate, accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life. In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group, figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural arrangement, readily comprehend, but, further than this, accepted classifications have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to color and markings. A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they are based; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck anda Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have much difficuly in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight times out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order PASSERES, or Perching Birds, when one has only to select the color section in which it should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose identity is sought, and verify one’s selection by reading the description of the bird’s characteristics and the outline of its range. How To LEARN A Birp’s NAME. In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most sub- species resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone, and in such cases a bird’s name is to be learned by its color in connection with its distribution and the season in which it is seen. During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature with some certainty, for itis alaw that only one sub- species of a species can nest in the same area; but during migrations, and in the winter, when several subspecies of one species may be found associated, itis frequently impossible to name them with accuracy. For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in call- ing the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (Merula migratoria achrustera;) but later, when the Northern Robins (Merula migratoria) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not im- possible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds. If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observa- tion he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experi- ences. It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you can, from several points of view; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and AT ONCE enter what you see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone, can you expect to compete with those who use the gun. It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect speci- mens of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural characters. Z How To LEARN A BIRD’s NAME. To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But where the chief end in view is to learn a bird’s name, the more technical side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be of practical benefit in one’s future. labors but it will bring with it that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we know what we know. As one learns to recognize bird after bird itis an admirable plan to classify systematically one’s list of bird acquaintances under their proper Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers which pre- cede each species are arranged serially, and hence systematically. In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descrip- tions of birds’ notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird’s song to a person who has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard. An adequate method of transcribing bird’s notes has as yet to be devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life. As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be do- ing scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds’ haunts and food, their seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their young, these anda hundred other subjects connected with their lives may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life, add to our love of birds. 3 HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED. Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits. The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who classify them. Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by Linnzeus and their formation and application are governed by certain definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnean system, as it is now employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in ad- dition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied to any other animal. Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows: CLASS AVES, BIRDS. ORDER PASSERES, PERCHING Brrps. SUB-ORDER Oscines, SINGING PERCHING BIRDS. FamiLy Zurdideg, Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc. Sus-FAMILyY 7urding, Thrushes. Genus, Werula, Thrushes. SPECIES, migratoria, American Robin. The Robin’s distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone possesses, is Merula migratoria. ‘There are numerous other members of the genus Merula, but not one of them is called mzgratoria, and this combination of names, therefore, is applied to only one bird. It should also be observed that, under what is known as the ‘Law of 4 How Brros Aare NAMED, Priority,’ the first specific name properly given to an animal is the one by which it shall always be known, provided of course, the same name in combination with the generic term euployess has never been used for any other animal. The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird “Robin” and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely dis- tributed birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The Flicker (Co/aptes auratus), for instance, has over one hun- dred common or vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different birds. Our Robin(Merula migratoria) is not even a member of the same family as the European Robin (Frithacus vubecola,( If, therefore, we should write of birds or attempt to classily them only by their common names we should be dealing with such un- fixed quantities that the result would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers. Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of the scientific names. Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the Amer- ican Ornithologists’ Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomen- clature among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds employed in this ‘Color Key’ are those of the American Ornithol- ogists’ Union’s ‘Check-List of North American Birds.’ It will be observed that in this “Check-List,’ and consequently in the following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific, and sub-specific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as Merula migratoria propingua. What is the significance of this third name? In the days of Linnzus, and for many years after, it was supposed that a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied 5 How Birps ARE NAMED. from a recognized type. But in comparatively recent years, as speci- mens have been gathered from throughout the county inhabited by a - species, comparison frequently shows that specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another part of its range. At in- tervening localities, however, intermediate specimens will be found connecting the extremes. Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rain- fall a bird’s colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other the gradual changes in climate are ac- companied by gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates, Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or sub- specific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In nam- ing them a third name, or trinomial, is employed, and the possession of such a name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial rep- resentative of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades. Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer pair of tail- feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and west- _ ward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is _dark gray, without black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens sharing the characters of both eastern and western birds. We do not, therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently, apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, Merula migratoria propingua, (propingua, meaning ae related). 6 How Brrps ARE NAMED. A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern part of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color; and to this second geographical variety is applied the name Merula migratoria achrustera, (achrustera, meaning less highly colored). It may be asked, Why give names to these geographicalraces? Why not call eastern, western and southern Robins by one name, Merula migratoria, without regard to their climatic variations? In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of subspecies by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another far more than do many species, when it would clearly be in- advisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted, Quails or Bob- whites of southern Mexico, througha long series of intermediates in- habiting the intervening region, intergrade with the large, white- throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to:'the Mexican Bob-white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly differ- ent birds; a fact.of the first importance to students of the evolution of species. For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect, we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate has been definitely proven so toaltera species, both in size and color. that, as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climatic changes are accompanied by correspond- ingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals. In nam- ing these animals we are, in effect, giving a feaie to the fact’ of their evolution by environment. How Brirps ARE NAMED. The study of the distribution of birds and the mapping of their natural life-areas are also intimately connected with this recognition by name of their geographical variations, but into this phase of the” subject we will not enter. : Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degrees of difference are deserving aname. It follows, therefore,that in some cases ornithologists do not agree upon a bird’s claim to subspecific rank. In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists’ Union, and their decision establishes anomeclature, which is accepted as the standard by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume. : Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic list of North America birds, but are not described or figured in the body of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous im- pression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture of specimens. In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtednesss to William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens for description and illustration. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. The figures are all life-size, except as stated. WATER BIRDS. ORDER I. Grepes, Loons, anpD AuKks. PYGOPODES. (3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.) Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than hich, and without flutings, ‘gutters,’ or serrations on its side; wings short, never with a bright colored patch or ‘speculum’; tail rudimentary, not noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued, dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing. PIED-BILLED GREBE. Family 1. GREBES. PODICIPIDA. Toes four, with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting. FOOT OF RAZOR-BILLED AUK. 9 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. LOON. Family 2.. LOONS. GAVIIDA. Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present. Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCIDA. Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present. ORDER II. GuLLs, TERNS, JAEGERS, Etc. LONGIPENNES. (3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.) f Birds generally seen on the wing, as arule, over water. Bill strong, thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls, long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young Gulls are dark. oom, PARASITIC JAEGER. Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. STERCORARIIDE. ; Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a scaly shield. 10 SyNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. . — aK COMMON TERN. Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. LARIDA. ‘ Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail usually square (Gulls, subfamily Larine). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked (Terns, subfamily Sternine ). 7 Lf LL E < 7 aS \ KN ——— i a QA Sa Ss = = 5 te = ee = BLACK SKIMMER. oS at SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 6. SKIMMERS. RYNCHOPIDA. Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than the mandible; tail slightly forked. ORDER III. ALrsarrossEs, SHEARWATERS, PETRELS, Erc. TUBI- NARES. (2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies. ) Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually gray or black and white; no bright markings. BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS. Family 7, ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDEIDA. Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill. (Gye ne N\A \\ \ ; Sess FULMAR. LEACH PETREL. Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS. AND SHEARWATERS, PROCELLARIIDE. Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill. 12 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER IV. CORMORANTS, PELICANS, GANNETS, MAN-O’WAR BIRDS, - AND Tropic-Birps. STEGANOPODES. (6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.) Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appear- ance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four toes joined by webs. YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC BIRD. Family 9. TROPIC BIRDS. PHAETHONTIDA. Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered. ei \ Wat. Size. GANNET. Family 10. GANNETS. SULIDA. Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not ‘fluted.’ 13 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. SS —SSE= S S SSS Ss SSS’ ANHINGA. Family 11. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS, ANHINGIDA. Bill straight and slender; chin and eye Space bare; tail rounded; its middle féathers fluted. VIOLET-GREEN CORMORANT. Family 12. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORACIDA. Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish, MAN-O' WaR BIRD. 14 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BROWN PELICAN. Family 13. PELICANS. PELECANID. Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare. Family 14. MAN-O’ WAR BIRDS. FREGATID2. Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered. ORDER V. Ducks, GEESE, AND Swans. ANSERES. (1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies. ) Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks, broad and with rows of ‘strainers’ or ‘gutters’ on either side; wings short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum; tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued. Ss RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. 15 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. MALLARD. Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. ANATIDA. Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergan- sers. Subfamily Mergine.) Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind toe without alobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily 4uatine.) Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily Fudiguline.) Bill proportionately narrower than inthe River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserin@.) Large, usually white birds with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygnina.) ORDER VI. FLAmMIncoEs. ODONTOGLOSSA. (1 family, 1 species.) Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings rather short; legs long; feet webbed. 16 Bax: SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. aS | (Tee | = Nat. Oi2e,: SE OO = CO) q SEES FH Y Ayres? i GC) ddr wi ef tre Wy TAN ee BOCAS CAA 1 AMERICAN FLAMINGO. Family 16. FLAMINGOES. PHOENICOPTERIDA. Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order. OrDER VII. HeERoNns, BITTERNS, IBISES, AND SPOONBILLS. HERODIONES, (4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.) Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed; in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoon- bill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same + level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly with the neck straight, the head being extended. 17 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Family 17. SPOONBILLS. PLATALEIDA. Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare ‘in adults; toes partly webbed. WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS. Family 18. IBISES. IBIDIDA. Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed. WOOD IBIS. Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. CICONIIDA. Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate. 18 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 3S I eeeeaaanl(is 3 = Ae y oP GREEN HERON. Family.2o0. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. ARDEIDA. Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge. ORDER VIII. Cranus, Raris, Coors, GALLINULES, Erc. PALU- DICOLE. (3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies.) Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and differing from //erodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leav- ing the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from. which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion of the head when swimming, aud habit of pattering over the water when alarmed. SANDHILL CRANE. 19 Synopsis OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 21. CRANES. GRUIDA. Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults. LIMPKIN, Family 22. COURLANS. ARAMIDA. Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed. CLAPPER RAIL. 20 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. AMERICAN COOT. Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. RALLIDA, Bill variable; toes always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; wings short and rounded; tail short. OrpDER IX. SwNIpEs, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, PLOVERS, ETc. LIMICOL. (7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies. ) Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats, and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing. NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Family 24. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODIDA. Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe. 21 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Sn, + CLE BLACK-NECKED STILT. 22 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 25. AYOCETS AND STILTS. RECURVIROSTRIDA. Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved; in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight. HUDSONIAN CURLEW. Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. SCOLOPACIDZ. Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft, used as a probe. 23 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. Family 27, PLOVERS, CHARADRIDA. | ___Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales; bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout. TURNSTONE. Family 28. SURF BIRDS-AND TURNSTONES.. APHRIZIDA. Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard. 24 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER. Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. HAMATOPODIDA. : Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, com- ‘pressed, and said to be used for opening shells. Nm x MEXICAN JACANA. Family 30. JACANAS. JACANIDA€. Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some species, on its sides. LAND BIRDS. ORDER X. GROUSE, PaRTRIDGES, Bos-WHITES, Etc. GALLIN. (3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.) Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray. 25 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. TETRAONIDA. Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan. 26 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ee > se ; y BIW er ‘ OS SS oS ‘\ ae \ ) \ wats Ww h Ss aN n TURKEY. Family 32.5 TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. PHASIANIDA. Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, Turkey, Pea- cock); head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences. i CHACHALACA. Family 33. CURASSOWS AND GUANS. CRACIDA. Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level. ORDER XI. Pickons anp Doves. COLUMB. (1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies. ) Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender, grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually grayish brown. Call-notes a ee cooing. MOURNING G DOVE. Family 34. PIGEONS AND DOVES. COLUMBID#. Characters those of the Order. 27 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER XII. VuLttTures, Hawks, AND Owts. RAPTORES. (4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies. ) Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long, eurved nails ; wings large; tail rather long, usually square. = i 4 Mi) = KDE, SS Af a sy aay = = SS ge EAN \\ fyi eee MC | i yg: a) / AG Ccsetoess TURKEY VULTURE. Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. CATHARTIDA. Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare. RED-TAILED HAWK. 28 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. a FOOT OF RED-TAILED HAWK. ANN Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC. \ FALCONIDA. Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of \ \\ bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close; tarsus usually largely bare. \s we 1 1 pear ON 3 Nat $22e. BARN OWL. 29 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 37. BARN OWLS, STRIGIDA. Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail serrate; no ‘ears’; tarsus feathered. Sa LS Saal ny WSN "i | iM Was Nas $ Nat. Size, SCREECH OWL. Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC, BUBONIDA. Eyes yellow or black, set in acircular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered. ORDER XIII. ParogueTs AND Parrots. PSITTACI. (1 family, 2 species.) Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scooped- shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, general- ly square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two behind. CAROLINA PAROQUET, Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. PSITTACIDA. Characters the same as those of Order. 30 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER XIV. CucxKoos, TrRocGons, KINGFISHERS, Etc. COCCYGES. (3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.) A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close rela- tion to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad, stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moder- ately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. King- fishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium; three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for half their length. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. CUCULIDA. : Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair. COPPERY-TAILED TROGON. Family 41. TROGONS. TROGONIDA. Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate; tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above. BELTED KINGFISHER. 31 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Family 42. PICI, KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINIDA. Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes join- ed; bill, stout and long. ORDER XV. WOODPECKERS. (1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.) Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed, stiffened tail feathes, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two behind, except in Pcozdes, which has two in front and one behind. Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the crown. FOOT OF THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Si PILEATED WOODPECKER. Family 43. WOODPECKERS. PICIDA. Characters the same as those of the Order. 32 oc SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. OrDER XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS. MACROCHIRES. (3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies. ) Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hum- mingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet, in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds, usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied hues. WHIP-POOR-WILL, Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. CAPRIMULGIDA. : Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectin- ate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles. CHIMNEY SWIFT. Family 45. SWIFTS. MICROSPODIDA. Biil small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable, in Cheiura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short; plumage usually dark. RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. TROCHILIDA. Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable. often assuming the most striking shapes. 33 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ORDER XVII. FrycarcHers, Jays, BLAcKBIRDS, FINCHES, SWAL- Lows, WARBLERS, THRUSHES, AND OTHER PERCHING Birps. PAS- SERES. (18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.) Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the chind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the re- ‘maining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per cent. of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of definition, but almost any small perching bird may, with more or less certainty, be referred to the Passeves. PHOEBE. Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. TYRANNIDA. , Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the sec- ond to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical. HORNED LARK. Family 49. LARKS. ALAUDIDA. A Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well .as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary -short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing. 34 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BLUE JAY. Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. CORVIDA. Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nos- trils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest; fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long. PURPLE GRACKLE. SS BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. ICTERIDA. Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead; nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length. REDPCLE. SONG SPARROW. 35 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. EVENING GROSBEAK. CARDINAL Family 53. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLIDA. Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch: shorter; the majority are small’birds and but few are over eight inches in length. SS SUMMER TANAGER. Family 54. TANAGERS. TANAGRIDA. Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical forms, toothed or dentate. _ TREE SWALLOW. Family 55. SWALLOWS. HIRUNDINIDA. Bill short, broad and flat; feet smail and weak: wings long and narrow; tail notched and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing. 36° SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. CEDAR WAXWING. Family 56. WAXWINGS. AMPELIDA. Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested. NORTHERN SHRIKE. Family 57. SHRIKES. LANID. Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawklike; feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds. RED-EYED VIREO. Family 58. VIREOS. VIREONIDA. Bill small but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves. 37 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. = — Kor AMERICAN REDSTART. CHAT. Family 60. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTIDA. Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at the tip; in the genera Wlsonia and Setophaga, flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout; back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal length. AMERICAN PIPIT, Family 61. WAGTAILS. MOTACILLIDA. Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered’ with bristles, as in true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging motion of the tail. AMERICAN DIPPER. Family 62. DIPPERS. CINCLIDA. Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams. 38 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. BROWN THRASHER. HOUSE WREN. Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TROGLODYTIDA. Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary longest, the outer half as long; bill in thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles; in Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth. BROWN CREEPER. Family 64. CREEPERS. CERTHIIDA. Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened. Sis eS N CHICKADEE. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. PARIDA. Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (sub- family Parzne) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittin) have a long, slender bill, short, square tuil, and large feet. 39 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 1% = We SS te WS <~S \ \\ CS GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. SYLVIDZ. Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth. , WOOD THRUSH. Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. TURDIDA. Tarsus ‘booted’, without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order Passeres); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or less in length; second to fourth of about equal length. 40 COLOR KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ORDER I. DIVING BIRDS. PYGOPODES. = Family 1. GREBES. Popicipip#. 6 species. Family 2. LOONS. Gavirp#. 5 species. Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Atcip#. 21 spe- cies, 3 subspecies. Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests are made on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely found far from the water. Whenon land they may lie flat on their breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring part- ly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disap- pearance. Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore, but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest at will. The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs, sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the for- mer, they sometimes enter the water at an early age. The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape. In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When moved it does not roll away as would a hen’s egg but revolves about its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites. 42 eee *~2. Holbell Grebe (Colymbus holbelli). L. 10. Ads. Crown and hindneck glossy black; back blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white; foreneck and sides rufous. Winter. Above blackish brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale rufous. Yxg. Similar but no rufous. Notes. “An explosive Aup’’ and ‘‘An exceedingly loud harsh voice not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater volume. The calls were also given more slowly and indeed with singular deliberatiot., ca7,, car, three or four times, sometimes lengthened to caar, and again, broken and quavering like ca-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r.”’ (Brewster. ) Range.—North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally in the interior from about Lat. 50° northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and southern California, chiefly on the coasts. “3. Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5. Ads., summer. Crown, hirdneck, and throat glossy black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut; abdomen white. Winter. Above grayish black; be- low white. Range.—Northern Hemisphere: breeds largely In the interior from eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to Gulf States and southern California. 4. American Eared Grebe (Colymbus nigricollis californicus). L. 13. Ads. Above, neck all around, and upper breast brownish black; cheek tufts yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white. Winter. Grayish brown above; white below. Range.—Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Col- umbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast,and Texas southward. 5. Least Grebe (Colymbus dominicus brachypterus). L. 10 Ads. Throat black; cheeks slaty, above blackish; below grayish. Winter. Similar but no black or slate on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower California south to northern South America. *6. Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5. Ads., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish; belly white. Winter. The same, but throat white, breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes. A loud, sonorous, ‘‘cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow- uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh.”’ Range.—Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California southward. 43 Grebes and Loons. Grebes and Loons. {. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (/£chmophorus oc- cidentalis). LL. 26. Ads., summer. Crown and _hind- neck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and un- der parts white. W/enter. Crown and hindneck like back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle. Range.—Western North America; in summer eastward to Shoal ke, Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from northern California‘and North Dakota northward; winters from British Columbia to Central Mexico. ‘ “7. Loon (Gavia imber). L. 32. Ads., summer. Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and neck with white streaks; back and wings with white spots or bars; belly white. Winter Above blackish margined with grayish; no white spots; below white. Notes. A loud, maniacal taugh. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts. 8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsi’). L. 36. Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish. Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.) Range.—‘‘Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia; casual in northern Europe.’’ (A. O. U.) 9. Black-throated Loon (Gavia arcticus). L. 27; W. 12. Ads., summer. Foreneck and back bluish black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with white; crown and nape gray; belly white. Winter. Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A dismal ‘‘too- too-e-e.’’ (Turner. ) Renee No then part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Col- umbla, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island. 10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacificus). Similar to No. 9, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green; hindneck paler; smaller, W. 11. Notes. A harsh ‘‘zok, kok, kok.”’ (Murdoch.) Range.—Western North Amerlca; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico. {f. Red-throated Loon (Gavia lumme). L.25. Ads., summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy. Winter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted with white. Notes. A harsh ‘“‘gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga, gr-r.”” (Nelson. ) Range.—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern California. 44 12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L..15. Ads., summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty. Winter. Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. Yng. Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish. Range.—Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara Islands north to Alaska. Accidental in Maine. “13. Puffin (Fratercula arctica). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8. Ads. Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red. Notes. A hoarse croak. Range.— North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Green- land; winters south to Long Island. 13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7; B. 2.1. Similar to No. 13, but larger. Range.—Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland. 14. Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata). Simi- lar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish. Notes. ‘‘A hoarse snuffling, rattling note’’ (Nelson.) Range. ‘Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Colum- bia.”’ (A. O. U.) 15. Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhkinca monocerata). L. 15.5. Ads., summer. A horn on base of bill; two pairs of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast gray- ish; belly white. Wenter. Similar, but nohorn. Yug. Similar to winter ad. but no tufts. Range.—“‘North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Far- allones; in winter south to Lower California and Japan."" (A. O.U.) 45 Auk, Murres, and Puffins. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. 16. Cassin Auklet. (Ptychorhamphus aleuticus). L. 9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish; throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes. A shrill, squealing ‘‘Come bear-r-r, come hear-r-r.”” Range.—‘‘Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to Lower California;breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30° ).’’ (A. O. U.) 23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). L. 9.7. Ads., summer. No crest; above dark brown, finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged with brown. Winter. Wholly different; above gray; head dark; below white; a nearly complete white nuchal collar. Yxg. Similar to winter ad. but blacker above; sprinkled with blackish below. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian Islands; winters south to southern California. 24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Srachyramphus brevtrostris). L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. Ads., summer. Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled with buff and black; belly white. Winter. Sides of head, to above eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer tail-feathers white. Range.—Northern Japan, Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska, (A. O. U.) 25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyrampbus hypoleucus). L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty black; under surface of wing white; inner webs of outer primaries white. Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas; breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island. 26. Craveri Murrelet (Brachyramphus cravert). L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty or brownish black; sides slaty; under surface of wings dusky, some=- times mixed with white. Range.—Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad Island (lat. 28°) on the Pacific side. (A. O.U.) 34. Dovekie (Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer. Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white; throat and breast blackish brown. Winter. Similar, but throat and breast white or mixed grayish. A Range—North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat. 68° northward; winters south to Long'Island, rarely to Virginia. Ac- cidental in Michigan. 46 ei 17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus). L. 10. Ads., summer. No crest; a white plume from behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of un- der parts white. Water. Throat white. Notes. ‘A low, sonorous, vibrating whistle.”? (Nelson.) Range. “North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kurll Islands north- ward.” (A.O.U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco in win- ter. 18. Crested Auklet (Stmorhynchus cristatellus). L. lo. Ads., summer. Bill red; acrest of slender re- curved feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye; above sooty black; below grayer. Yung. Similar but bill brown; no crest or tufts. Notes. ‘‘A chirping note,’’ (Nelson.) eee Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward.” (A. O, 19. Whiskered Auklet (Simorhynchus pygmaus). L. 7.5. Ads., summer. White feathers at base of sides of bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye; acrest of slender recurved feathers; above, and throat dark slate fading into white belly. Yang. Similar but no crest; little or no white on head. Notes. ‘SA low chattering note.’? (Nelson.) : Range—‘‘North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain to Kamchatka.”’ (A. O. U.) 20. Least Auklet (Simorhynchus pusillus). L. 6.5. Ads., summer. No crest; sides of head with white feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. Wéanter. Little or no sooty on breast. Yxg. Similar to winter ad., but no white plumes. Range.—‘‘North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering Strait.” (A. O. U.) 21. Ancient Murrelet (Syxthiiboramphus antiquus). L. 10.5. Ads., summer. Nocrest; head and throat black; broad white stripes behind eye; back gray; breast and belly white. Water. Similar but throat white; no white head stripes. Notes. ‘‘A low plaintive whistle.’’ (Nelson. ) Range.—North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan northward; south In winter to Monterey, Callfornia; accidental in Wis- consin. 47 Auks, Murres, and Puffins. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. “% 27. Black Guillemot (Capphus grylie). L. 13. Ads., summer. Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at base; under surface of wings white. Winter. Above gray or black tipped with white; below white. — E Range.—Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in Ameri- ca breeds from_Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland, win- ters south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Con- necticut, and Long Island. ae 28. Mandt Guillemot (Cepphus mandti’), Similar to No. 27, but bases of greater wing-coverts white. Range.—Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates but little southward; no satisfactory United States record. eae 29. Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba). Similar to No. 27, but inner surface of wings sooty gray. Notes. A squealing, vibrant whistle. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and northern Japan; winters in same region. v¥ 30. Murre (Uria troile). L. 16; B. 1.7. Ads., sum- mer. Above and neck sooty brown; under parts and tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks. Winter. Similar, but throat white washed with sooty. Notes. A hoarse murre and equawking a-r-r-r-r-7-rh. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to Maine and,rarely, Ontario. 30a. California Murre (U. ¢. californica). Similar to No. 30 but larger, W. 8. 2; B. 1. 9. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farall- ones; winters south to southern California. ce 31a. Brunnich Murre (Uria Jomovia). Similar to No. 30, but bill shorter, B. 1.2. In summer, head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at sides and grayish at base. Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North Amer- Ica from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters south to New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan. 31. Pallas Murre (U.2. arrz). Similar to No. 31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. 1.5. Notes. ‘‘A peculiar growling or hoarse chattering note.’’ (Nelson.) Range.—North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka. 32. Razor-billed Auk (4ica torda). L. 16.5. Ads., summer. Above sooty black, foreneck browner; tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under parts, white. Wenter. Similar, but foreneck white. . Yang. Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. Notes. A hoarse eae or groan. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islanis, north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to On- tario and North Carolina. 33. Great Auk (Plautus impennis). L. 209; W. 5. 7. Ads. Above blackish; a large white spot before the eye; secondaries tipped with white;:sides of neck and the throat seal brown; belly, white. Resembling No. 32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing, however, shorter. Range.—Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on American side to Florida (in winter?)s now extinct. 48 ORDER II. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. LONGIPENNES. Family 1. SKUAS andJAEGERS. Srercoraripa. 4 species. Family 2. GULLS and TERNS. Larip&. 37 species, 1 subspecies: Family 3. SKIMMERS. RyncuHoripa&. 1 species. Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas. Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have cap- tured and catching it ere it reaches the water. Gulls (Subfamily Zaring) are usually considered so characteristic of the sea that ‘Sea Gull’ is the name popularly applied to all members of the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found on our sea coasts. Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees. Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plung- ing into the water, asdo the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by de- vouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying, come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a source of disease. For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornitholo- gists’ Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed pro- hibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them. Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily Sverninez), after they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water. They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small 49 LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no value to man, which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and direct- ness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill down- ward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them them from the Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body. Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the shells and pebbles. Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are now being made to preserve them. Skimmers nest ‘n numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand. In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandi- ble is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly, they readily pick up food. In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of the bird’s life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore, but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds becomes fully developed. ; The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however, is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other mem- bers of its group, it often builds in bushes. The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings. Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laugh- ing Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of the three. All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until act- ually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and trust to their legs for safety. 50 35. Skua (Megalestris skua). L.22. Ads. Above dark, dirty brown; below paler. Yug. Similar, but more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on head and neck. Range.—North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland {islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island. One specimen from Callfornia coast. 36. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus). L. 20; B. 1.5. Middle tail feathers rounded. Ads. light phase. Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all around, white tinged with straw; back, lower belly, upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. Ads. dark phase. Dark brown, paler below. Yung. Above blackish brown margined with rusty; below white margined with dusky and buffy. Notes. ‘‘A low, hoarse, chattering cry.’’ (Nelson. ) Range.- Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70°; winters, mainly at sea, southto South America, southern Africa and Australia. 37. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). L. 17; B. 1.1; its scaly shield Jonger than distance from end of shield to tip of bill. ds. Both phases simi- lar in color to No. 36, but central tail feathers poznted, 8.6long. Yung. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller, bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. Notes. “Loud wa.ling cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks.’’ (Nelson. ) Range.—Northern_hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly at sea. from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south to South America. 38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus). L. 21; B. 1, its scaly shield shorter than the distance from its end to the tip of bill. .4ds. In both phases resemb- ling No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in. long. Yung. Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be dis- tinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes. “A hoarse gua, a shrill phéu-phéu-phéu-pheo, when flying; or a rattling Ar-r-r-r-, kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, kré-kré-. kré-kré, the latter syllables shrill and querulous.’’ (Nelson.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one Callfornia record. 51 Skua and Jaegers. Gulls. NY \ x NS oN LZ LPL ZEEE, WKS —_ P 40. a 39. Ivory Gull (Pagophila alba). L.17. Ads. Pure white; bill yellow; feet black. Yxg. Similar, but wings and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky. Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts. 40. Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). L. 16. Hind toe naila knob. Ads. Head, neck all around, underparts, and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black. Yung. Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts with black; bill black; inner web of primaries with white. Notes. A rapidly uttered hit-a-wake, it-a- wake. Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in Amer- ica, from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great Lakes, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia. 40a. Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa trdactyla pollicaris). Similar to No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or riore in length. Notes. ‘*A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle when communicating with each other.’’ (Nelson.) Range.—‘‘North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually to southern California.”’ {A. O. U.) 41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa orevirostris). Ads. Similar to Ad. of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner web of primaries darker; bill shorter, 1.2. Yug. Sim- ilar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings. Range.—Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea.’”’ (A. O. U.) 54. Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). L. 18. Ads., summer. bill greenish yellow, a black band across tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of outer one. Ads. Winter. Similar, but head and neck streaked with grayish. Yug. Tail grayish with a broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black. Range.—North America, coast and Interior; breeds from Newfound- land, southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower California. 55. Short-billed Gull (Larus brachyrhynchus). L. 17; B. 1.50 Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their white spaces followed by black; remaining primaries tipped with white. Yuxg. Grayish brown; basal half of tailpearl. Notes. ‘“‘A sharp querulous Awew-kwew,’’ (Nelson.) ‘ Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern California. 42. Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus), L. 28; W. 17. 1; B. 2.35. No black in plumage. Ads. Primaries white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of lower mandible. Yng. Dirty white or gray, mottled with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white; outer webs brownish. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador norbward, winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long sland. 42.1. Point Barrow Gull (Larus barrovianus). Similar to No. 42, but bill through angle not so deep, (.8 as compared with .o in glaucus); primaries more distinctly tipped with white. Notes. ‘‘ki-ka-ka, kn- ha-ki, ka-léé-66, ki-léé-66, ki-léé-66, kn-ki-kn, ka- ka-ka, the ka-ka hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming.” (Nelson. ) ; Range.—‘‘Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point Barrow, southwest to Japan.” (A. O. U.) 43. Iceland Gull (Larus leucopterus). L. 25; W. 16; B. 1.75. Similar in color to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but smaller. Range.—Atlantic; breeds in Greenland: winters south in America to Great Lakes, and rarely, Long Island. 44. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens). L. 27. Ads., summer. Head, tail, and underparts white; back pearl; primaries pearl, tipped with white. Ads., winter. Head and neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white, including wings and tail. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering Straits; winters south to southern California. 45. Kumlien Gull (Larus Zumlien’). W. 16.2; B. 1.75. Similarto No. 43, but primaries with well de- fined ashy gray spaces; outer priniary tipped with white, with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of outer web. Range.—'‘North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum- berland Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States.”” (A. O. U.) 46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsoni). ‘‘Wing 18.25, culmen 2.35. Ads. In plumage exactly like L. kum- Jieni; depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus 3.05; middle toe (without claw) 2.40.”” (Ridgway.) Range.—"‘Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska.”’ (A. O. U.) 53 Gulls. Gulls. SV from Stejneger VY 47. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). L. 29. Ads., summer. Back and wings slaty black; wing feathers tipped with white. Ads., winter. Similar, but. head and neck streaked with dusky. Yung. Back grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter; primaries black; below white more or less marked with dusky. Notes. ‘‘A braying ha-ha-ba, a deep keow, keow, a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very loud and decidedly impressive.’’ (Brewster.) Range.—North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds in North America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great Lakes and South Carolina. 48. Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus), L. 26. Ads., summer. General appearance of No. 47; back lighter; primaries as figured. Ads., winter. Head and neck streaked. Yug. Above brown margined with buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little or no mottling; below brown. Range.—'‘North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea.”’ (A. O. U.) 49. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis). L. 24. Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back slaty gray; outer primaries black, a large white spot near tip of first one. Ads., winter. Crown and hind neck streaked with brownish. Yuxg. Grayish brown mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. Notes. Ooéék, o0€&h, o0€€k; ca-ca-ca, and other calls. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California te British Columbia. 57. Heermann Gull (Larus heermaui). L.17. Ads., summer. Bill red;head and throat white, shading into slate above and below; tail blackish, tipped with white; primaries black. Ads., winter. Head and neck streak- ed with grayish brown. Yug. Uniform grayish rown. Range.—Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan, Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Van- couver Island; winters south to Panama. 54 % 51. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). L.24. Ads., summer. White spaces at end of outer primaries sometimes joined. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and neck, streaked with grayish. Yung. Above ashy brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brown- ish black; tail the same; sometimes margined with buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or streaked with dusky. Notes. Cach-cach-cach; hah, hah, hah, and other notes. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine, Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters south to Cuba and Lower Californla. 52. Vega Gull (Larus vege). Similar to No. 51, but back said to be darker; feet yellow. Range.—‘‘Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south In winter to Cal- ifornia and Japan.’’ (A. O. U.) 53. California Gull (Larus californicus). L. 20. Ads. Similar to No. 54 but larger; a red spot near tip of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger and nearerend. Yung. Similar to No. 54 but darker; tail nearly uniform fuscous. Range.—Western North America; breeds chiefly in interior, from Utah to Lat. 68°, 30’; winters from British Columbia to Mexico. Gulls. Gulls. “ 58. Laughing Gull (Larus airicilla). L. 16. Ads., summer. Head dark slate; tail white; bill with red- dish. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and throat white with grayish on nape and behind eyes.. Yung. Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. Notes. A nasal cow-ow, also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, long- drawn laugh. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina tonorthern South America. i ry 59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklini). L.15. Ads., summer. Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip with white. Ads., winter. ‘‘Head mainly white, with [its] sides and back grayish dusky.”” Yng. ‘‘Top and sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky, tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky; rete tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white.’’ ailey. ( ae of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minneso- ta northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to South America. 60. Bonaparte Gull (Larus philadelphia). L. 14. Ads., summer. Outer web of outer primaries and tip black; inner web and shaft white; billblack. Ads., win- ter. Similar, but throat and head white, its back grayish. Yung. Tail white, tipped with black; outer primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space near tits white; rest of plumage much asin young of No. 8. Ps Neen America; breeds In Interlor from Hudson Bay and Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and Maine to Lower California and Gulf of Mexico. 61. Ross Gull (Rhodostethia rosea). L. 13.5: Bill small.7; middle tail feathers longest. Ads., summer. White areas tinged with pink; a black collar. Ads., winter. No collar; a black spot before eye. Yung. Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl; ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white, washed with pearl. Range.—‘‘Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchat- ka, Point Barrow, Alaska, and Disco Bay, Greenland.’”’ (A. O. U.) 62. Sabine Gull (Xema_ sabinii). L. 14, Tail slightly forked. Ads., summer. Head and _ throat slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black, tipped with Dello outer primaries black, small tip and inner half of inner web white. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and throat white; nape region dusky. Yng. Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy brown; ferehead and underparts white. Notes. ‘A single harsh grating note.’’ (Nelson.) Range —Arctic reglons; breeds in America from St. Michaels, Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on At- lantic coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific coast to Peru. 56 64. Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia). L. 21. T. 6., forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. Ads., breeding. Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below white; przmartes frosty black. After breeding, crown_streaked black and white; bill more orange. Yung. Similar to last but wings and tail with blackish. Notes. A loud, harsh “‘hay-awh’’ or ‘‘key-rak.’’ Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south of United States; three California winter records. 65. Royal Tern (Sterna maxima). L. 19; T. 7, fork- ed 3.5; B. 2.5. Ads., summer. Primaries frosty black, white on tnner two-thirds of tnner web except at tip, where frosty; bill orange red; crown black; above pearl; below white. Ads., winter. The same, but head white with black streaks. Yug. Similar to winter ad. but wings and tail with grayish. Range.—Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to Gulf States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California southward. 66. Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7. Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more slender. Ads. Tinged with shell pink below. an ge.—''Pacific coast of America from California to Chill.”” (A. . U2) ; 67. Cabot Tern (Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida). L. 16; T. 5-5, forked 2.7. Ads., breeding. Bill black, the tip yellow; crown black; above pearl; below white; primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head white; nape with black streaks. Yug. © Similar to last but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill less yellow. Range.—Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north along Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina; wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West Indies and Central America. +s . 57 Terns. Terns. 63. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). L. 14.5; T. 5.5. Ads., summer. Bill thick, short, black; tail short, forked only 1.5; crown black; above pearl; below white. Ads., winter. Head white, with black patch before and behind eye. Yxg. Similar, but above edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with gray- ish. Notes. A high, thin, somewhat reedy ¢ee-tee-tee, sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid. Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to Florida and north to Virginia; wanders north rarely to New Bruns- wick; winters from southern Texas southward. 73. Aleutian Tern (Sterna aicutica). L. 14. T. 6.7, forked 3. | Ads., summer. Above and below pearl gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; fore- head white; line from bill to eve black. Ads., winter. ‘‘With rather more white on forehead.’”? (Gat. B. M.) Notes. ‘‘A thin, clear, trilling whistle.’’ (Nelson.) Range.—Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan. 4% 74, Least Tern (Sterna antillarum). L. 9; T. 3.55 forked 1.7. Ads., summer. Bill yellow, black at tip; forehead white; a black line from bill to eye; crown black; above pearl; below white. Ads., winter. Crown white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. Yung. Sim- ilar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. Notes. “A sharp Squeak much like the cry of a very young pig following its mother.’’ Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South America northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern Cali- fornia; winters south of United States. 76. Bridled Tern (Sterna anccthetus). L.15. Ads. Forehead and line over eye white; lores and crown black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown; outer tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones grayish brown. Notes. A soft qua. Range.—Tropical regions; north in Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual in Florida. 58 69. Forster Tern (Sterna forster’). L. 15; T.7, forked. 4.- Ads., summer. Inner web of outer tail feather dusky; below pure white; bill orange, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Crown white or grayish; a large black spot about eyes; bill black. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but above with brownish. Notes. A long drawn, deep, reedy cack and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet. Range.—North America; breeds locally north to California, and from Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wan- ders to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas south to Brazil. “70. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). L. 15; T. 5.5, forked, 3.2 Ads., summer... Outer web of outer tail feather dusky; below white, washed with dusky; Dill red, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Forehead and underparts white; bill black. Yng. Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail eer Notes. A vibrant, purring, ¢earrr, and other calls. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains; breeds locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil. ¥% 71. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradiscea). L. 15.5; T. 7.2 forked 4.5. Similar to No. 70, but summer ad. with bill wholly bright red; tail longer; tarsus shorter, -6 instead of .7. Notes. Like tearr of No. 70, but shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a pig. (Brewster.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north to Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands qd Alaska; winters south to California and Virginia. 72. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli).Ls 15.5; T. 7.5, forked, 5.2. Ads., summer. ‘Bill lia ck, reddish only at the base; below white tinged with shell pink; tail wholly white; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Forehead with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy cack. Range.—Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America on east coast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela. 59 Terns and Skimmer. 75. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa). L. 17. Ads., summer. Above black, forehead and underparts white; tail black, except outer feathers which are mostly white. Yng. Sooty slate; linings of wings white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers tipped with white. Notes. A squeaky guack, a nasal ker- wacky-wak, and other calls. Range.—'Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In Amer- ica from Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to New England.’ (A. O. U.) “77. Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis). L. 10. Ads., summer. Head and underparts black; back, wings, and tail slate. Ads., winter. Forehead, nape, and underparts white, head gray. Yung. Simi- lar to last, but above with brownish margin. Notes. A sharp peek. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds in Interior from California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Atlan- tic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United States to Chili. 79. Noddy (Azxous stolidus). L.15. Ads. Crown silvery white; rest of plumage sooty brown, Yng. Sim- ilar, but all Sooty brown except white line from bill to eye. Note, British Columbia; winters from south- ern California south to northwestern Mexico. 403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber). L.9. Ads. Crown, whole throat and breast dull red; in other respects resembling No. 402. Notes. Jay or chaé, peeve, pinck, and peurr. (Bendire.) Range.—Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north to southern Oregon. 403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. 7. notkensis). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red brighter; belly yellower. Range.— Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cali- fornia, north to southern Alaska. % 404, Williamson Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyrot- deus). L.9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. Gy. Above black; a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-cov- erts white. 4d. 2. Crownand throat brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. Yng. Similar to 2, but breast barred like sides. Notes. A shrill buit-buit uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is brok- en or interrupted. Range.—Hicher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern California and western Texas into Mexico. 408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus). L. 11. Ads. Breast and a collar around the neck gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish red; above shining green black. Yung. No gray collar; crown suffused with red. Notes. A weak, Heapine twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent ird. Range.— Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizo- na, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; winters from southern Oregon aud Colorado south to western Texas and southern California. 152 406. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythro- cephalus). 1.9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red; ° end half of secondaries white. Yung. Whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck, Rer-r-ruck. Range.—Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and oc- casionally from New York, southward. 407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). L.9.5. Breast band streaked with white; trump white. Ad. ¢{'. Forehead, white, crown, nape, and breast-spot red. Ad. @. Center of crown witha black band of same width as white band on forehead. Notes. A loud tchurr, tchurr. Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. 407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. baird?). Similar to No. 407, but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Callfornia to southern Oregon. 407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. /.' angust- ifrons). Ad. §. Similar to No. 407, but'smallér,* W. 5.2; the throat brighter yellow. 4d. 2. With black crown-band wider than white forehead band. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus). L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. og. Top of head and nape entirely red. Ad. 9. Nape red,crown grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A hoarse, chth-chib. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as Massachusetts. 410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus auri- frons). L, 10.5; center of belly yellow. Ad. 3. Fore- head yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. @. Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray. Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.) Range.—Mexico, north to central Texas. 411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropygialis). L. to. Center of belly yellow. Ad. g. Top of head and nape sooty gray; a red-crown patch. Ad. 2. Top of head and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dcehirr, dchurr; when flying, a shrill Aw#t like call-note of Phainopepla. (Bendire.) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, and Lower California. 153 Woodpeckers. Woodpeckers. ‘ 412. Southern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). Small- er than No. 412a, W. 5.6. Range.—Southeastern United States north to South Carolina. Y\412a, Northern Flicker (C, a. luteus). L.13; W. 6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown;, a scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad. 6. With black patches on the sides of the throat. Ad. . Without black throat patches. Notes. A loud, emphatic keé-ver; a low chuckle when taking flight; a weéchew repeated and used only when two or more birds are together; and a mellow cah-cah-cah-cih, repeated, doubtless a song. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains era Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413 at the western border of its range. “ 413. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. Ad. oj. Patches at side of throat red. 4d. ‘9. No red throat patches. Notes. Resemble those of No. 412. Range.—Western United States, except northwest coast region; east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with’ No. 412 at the eastern border ofits range. ‘413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior). Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back vinous-brown. Range.—Pacific coast region; reeds Gh Oregon Bonne to anus ern Alaska; winters south to northwest California. 414, Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). L. 123 W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings and tail yellow. Ad. oi. No red band on nape; throat bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. Ad. a. No red on sides of throat. Notes. ‘Resemble those of No. 412. (Bendire.) Range.—'‘Central and-southern Arizona from ae 34° to southern Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30° (A. O. U. 414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens)... Simi- lar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker. (Anthony). Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30° 415. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Sim- ilar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more, more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 154 ORDER XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMING- BIRDS. MACROCHIRES. Family 1. GOATSUCKERS, CaprRIMULGID®. | 6 species, 6 sub- species. Family 2. SWIFTS. Micropropip#, 4 species. Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS, Trocuirip®. 17 species. . The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting... Our species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. ' Goat- suckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering” loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective. Swifts are birds-of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy- five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can sur- pass them.in power of flight, but with feet so weak, and small that many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when-resting, cling to a vertical surface and-use their tail to aid their feet in supporting themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white. Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and_Ecua- dor. Only one’ species is found east of the Mississippi, and: ‘nine of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican border. Hummingbirds nests ‘are the most exquisite of birds’»homes. Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white... The young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least, spend about three weeks in the nest. The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and ex- cited chipperings. 155 Goatsuckers. 416. Chuck-will’s-widow (Axtrostomus carolinensis). L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches near their base. 4d. ¢’. End half of outer tail- feathers white, rusty, and black on outer webs; chin chiefly rusty; throat-patch buffy. Ad. 9. No white in tail. Notes. A loudly whistled chuck-will’s-widow, repeated many times. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern Florida southward. + 417. Whip-poor-will (Axtrostomus vociferus). L. 9.7- Mouth bristles without branches. Ad. 3’. Three outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white: white on inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad. 2. Three outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat patch rusty buff. Notes. A rapid, vigorous, whistled whip-poor-will, repeated many times. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. 417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (4. v0. macromy- stax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch rusty; white on inner web ot outer feather Jess than 1.3 wide. Range.—‘‘Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala.’’ (Bailey.) 418. Poor-will (Phalenoptilus nuttalli). L. 7.7. Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad. @. Three outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color the wings of certain moths. Ad. 2. Similar, but tail- tips buffy. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, cow- day, pearl-rob-it, puir-whee-er. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Mon- tana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward. 418a. Frosted Poor-will (P. x. tidus). Similar to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter, more frosty. Range.—‘‘Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to northern Mexico,"’ (Bailey.) Lower Califorr ia. 418b. California Poorwill (P. 1. californicus). Similar to No. 418, but darker. Range.—Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; winters from southern California southward. 156 419. Merrill Parauque (Nyctedromus albicollis mer- rilli). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. Ad. 6. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather white except at base. Ad. 2. Outer tail-feathers brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white at tip. Notes. A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and sometimes running into a whit-whtt-whit, ker-whee-you. Range.—Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of Rio Grande. K 420. Nighthawk (Chordeiles wirginianus). L. 10; W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad. o. Above black with white and buff markings; throat and band near end of tail white. Ad. 2. Throat rusty, no white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent; and in the breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving from a height earthward. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida to Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, and Alaska; winters south of United States. 420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryi). Simi- lar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more numerous; belly washed with rusty. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south of United States; exact distribution unknown. 420b. Florida Nighthawk vr v. chapmant). Simi- lar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and paler; white and buff markings above larger and more numerous. Range. Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in winter to South America. 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (C. 0. sennett:). Simi- lar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevail- ing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks. Range.—Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the United States. 421. Texan Nighthawk (Chordeles acutipennis tex- ensts). Wing quills with rusty spots; outer primary shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed with rusty buff. 4d. of. Throat-patch and band near end of tail white. Ad. 2. No white band in tail. Notes. A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a humming sound. (Merrill. ) Range.—Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, south- ern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in California; winters south of United States. 157 Goatsuckers. Swifts. 422. Black Swift (Cypselordes niger borealis). L. 73 W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. Ads. Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye; ese whitish. Notes. Generally silent. (Ben- ire. Range.—Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states. % 423. Chimney Swift (Chatura pelagica). L. 5.4; W. 4.9. Tail with protruding spines. Ads. Above sooty, rump and underparts paler; throat whitish. Notes. A rolling twitter. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to Central America. 424. Vaux Swift (Chetura vauxii). L. 4.5; W. 4.4. Ads. Similar to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat browner. Notes. Resemble those of No. 423, but are less frequently uttered. (Bendire.) Range.—Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally, north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona; winters south of United States to Central America. +425. White-throated Swift (4éronautes melanoleu- cus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads. Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic twitter. Range.—Western United States; east to western Nebraska and Black Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pa- cific coast north to Lat. 38°; winters south of United States to Cen- tral America. 158 426. Rivoli Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens). L. 5.1. Asmall white spot behiad eye. 3g Crown purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail somewhat more bronzy. Ad. 9. Above bronzy green, all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat feathers green centrally. Yng. 3. Throat with more or less green, belly and above more bronzy thanin Q. Range.—Nicaraugua, north in mountains to mountains of southeast- ern Arizona,and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United States. 429. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus alex- andrt). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. 3’. Chin and upper throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked, feathers pointed. Ad. Q. Throat yrayish white; chin buffy; tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. Yung. g'. Similar to 9, but throat with dusky spots. Range.— Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters south of United States. 430. Costa Hummingbird (Calypte cost#). L. 3.1. No rusty in plumage. Ad. o’. Crown, throat and lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green. Ad. 9. Below grayish white; above grayish green; outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip white. Yug. 3. Similar to ¢, but throat usually with some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border southward. 437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer.) L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. &. Throat purplish pink, feathers at its side much lengthened; tail teathers very narrow, the outer ones less than .o5 in. wide on end half. Ad. 2. Below nearly uniform rusty buff, above bronzy green; tail-feathers white-tipped. Range.—‘‘From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the city of Mexico and Puebla.’’ (Bailey.) 440. Xantus Hummingbird (Basilinna xantust). L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. Q’. Chin, forehead and cheeks dlack; throat green; tail rusty brown. Ad. Y. Below uniform rusty, above green; outer tail-feathers rusty brown. Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 29°; most common in Cape Region. 159 Hummingbirds. Hummingbirds. 427. Blue-throated Hummingbird (Caligena clem- ence). L. 5.2. A white stripe behind, and a smaller one before eye. Ad. g’. Thrvat blue; belly grayish; back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly white tipped. 4d. 9. Similar but throat dusky gray. Range.— Southern Mexico north, in mountains to mountains of southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. 438. Reiffer Hummingbird (Amazilis tacatl). L. 4.1. Ads. Above, throat and breast shining green; belly grayzsh; tail square, rusty brown, xarrowly mar- gined with coppery. Yxg. Similar but more rusty above. Range.—Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. 439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amagilis cerotnt- ventris chalconota). Similar to No. 438, but belly rusty gray, tailforked and broadly margined with coppery green. Range.—Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. : 440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Baszdinna leu- cots). L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. of. Chin, forehead and cheeks blue, throat and breast green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. 9. Crown rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with eee outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng. <. imilar. Range.—Nicaraugua north, in spring, through mountains to south- erm Arizona. 441. Broad-billed Hummingbird (Jache latirostris). L.4. Ad. go’. Above green; below darker; throat purplish blue; tail darker. 4d. 9. Below gray; outer tail-feathers green at base,then bluish black tipped with gray. Yung. Gg’. Similar to Ad. &, but tail blue Dae with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green eathers. Range.—Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. * 428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus col- ubris). L. 3.5; W.1.5. Ad. G'. Throat ruby, chin blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. @. Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. Yug. gf’. Like Y but throat with dusky spots. (See next page.) Range.— Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern Florida to Central America. 160 431. Anna Hummingbird (Calppte anne). L. 3.6. Ad. 3. Crown and throat glittering purplish pink; feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. Q. Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white tip. Yxg. Similar but browner above. Range.—Western United States, from northern Lower California north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island. 432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platy- cercus). L.4. Ad. 3’. Outer primary very narrow, end sharp; crown green, throat pz; tail green above, purplish below without white tips. Ad. 9. Outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty. Range.—Rocky Mountains; west, rarely to eastern Californias north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States. 433. Rufous Hummingbird (Selaspborus rufus). L. 3.6. Ad. §. Nextto middle pair of tail-feathers notched near tip of inner web; back reddish brown some- times washed with green. Ad. @. Sides rusty, back green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby, outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a white tip, the feather more than .12 wide; middle tail- feathers green at base, end black. Yung. g’. Similar to 2 but al/ tail-feathers rusty at base. Range.— Western United States; breeds from the hlgher mountains of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; dur- ing migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico. 434. Allen Hummingbird (Selasphorus allent). L. 3.6. Ad. 3. Crownand back green, and tail rusty tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other respects like No. 433. Ad. 2 and Yung. 3. Like the same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in, wide. Range. - Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British Corl migrates south through Arizona, and southern California to Mexico. 435. Morcom Hummingbird (4tthis morcom?). L.2.9. Ad. 2. Above bronzy green; middle tail- feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal _ half; rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty, throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male unknown. Range.~ Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one specimen.) 436. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope). L. 3. Ad. . Throat purplish pink, white at base showing through; above green. Ad. &. Sides rusty, throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black, then_white cz mearly equal amounts. Yung. 3. Similar to 2. Range.—Mountains of western United States; breeds north to Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and eastern California; winters south of United States; rare on Pacific coast of United States. 161 Hummingbirds. ORDER XVII. PERCHING BIRDS. PASSERES. Family 1. FLYCATCHERS. , Tyrannipat. 32 species, 7 sub- species. Family 2. LARKS. Atraupipa. 1 species, 13 subspecies. Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvip#. 21 species, 14 sub species. Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. IcTERIDH. 18 species, 14 subspecies. Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLID&. 87 species, 92 subspecies. Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanacrip#. 4 species, 1 subspecies. Family 7. SWALLOWS. HIruNpDINID&. 9 species, 2 subspecies. Family 8. WAXWINGS. AMPELID#. 3 species. Family 9. SHRIKES. Lanup#. 2 species, 3 subspecies. Family 10. VIREOS. VirEonrtp&. 13 species, 10 subspecies. Family 11. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTID&. 55 species, 18 subspecies. Family 12. WAGTAILS. MoraciLiip&. 3 species. Family 13. DIPPERS. Crncirpa. 1 species. Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TrocLopytTip#. 26 species, 24 subspecies. Family 15. CREEPERS. Crrtuimpa. 1 species, 4 subspecies. Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Paripa&. 21 species, 20 subspecies. Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sytvip2&. 7 species, 3 subspecies. Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turpipa#. 13 species, 14 subspecies. The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds, which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscznes, or Sing- ing Perching Birds, which includes all our remaining Perching Birds. While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ, they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument. 162 PERCHING BIRDS. The Flycatchers, (Family TZyzvannid~) number somewhat over three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these are found only on our southern borders. Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perch- ing, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance. Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees, has been found to consist of 90 per cent. insects, mostly injurious spe- cies, while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found be- ing drones. The true Larks, (Family Alaudide) are chiefly Old World birds, the Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in the United States. The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be com- pared with those of its famous relative. The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidz) number about two hundred species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere. To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of their family. The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rare- ly at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are repre- sented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are 163 PERCHING BIRDS. migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows. While the Crows and Jays are technically ‘Song Birds’ their voices are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more or less ease. _ The Starlings, (Family Sturnid@) are Old World birds represented in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the sur- rounding country. The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family /cteridg) number about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where, migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they be- come among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds. The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a single tree. The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc.,(Family -yingillide) number nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world, except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting North America. ; Varying widely in color, the Fringillidae all agree in possessing stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds. on which they feed so largely. The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification, are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals, etc., frequent trees or bushy growths, where their plumage -either harmonizes with their surroundings or where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation. Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them 164 PERCHING BIRDS. indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons. Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them, from the field student’s point of view, highly important members of the great class Aves. From an economic standpoint the Fringillide are no less deserving of our esteem. Some species are of incalcuable value as destroyers of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made, Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 fons of weed seeds, chiefly of the ragweed. : The Tanagers, (Family Zanagridz) are found only in the New World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics. As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of their plumage. Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their fam- ily as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical. Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers un- dergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male.of our Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the following spring. Itis worn, however, only during the nesting season after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired, the wings and tail, however, remaining black. Swallows, (Family Hirundinidz) are of world-wide distribution, and as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer, and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil. Birds of the air, the aerial habits of Swallows are reflected in their 165 PERCHING BirRDs. long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and ey widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding. In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character. Compare for instance, the mud- made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff Swallows with the tunelled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes how little the character of a bird’s home may depend on the structure of it's builder. The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, ‘“‘consists of many small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either inju- rious or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination.” The true Waxwings, (Family Ampelid~) number only three species with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, .with our Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly. Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits, chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims. The Shrikes, (Family Lanzide) are represented in America by only two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family being found inthe Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths, or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch ofalimb. This proceed- ing enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observ- ed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dis- secting their food. Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great de- stroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes. The Vireos, (Family l’ireonide) number fifty species, all American. 166 PERCHING BIRDS. They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds. Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family. They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmis- takable. The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped struct- ures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which they are most skilfully woven. The Warblers, (Family MMZniotiltidg) like the Vireos are distinctly American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North Amer- ica birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single local- ity in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at, the height of the spring migration, when the woods often swarm with them as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larg- er number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in Sep- tember they return to us in increased numbers. The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers es- * pecially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them as we may there are still species which have escaped us. By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and Helminthophila); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia,) while others still feed in the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seturus). Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our most beneficial birds. Most of the Wagtails (Family Motacillidz), are inhabitants of the 167 PERCHING BIRDS. Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distrib- uted species. Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tip- ping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest. The Dippers (Family Ciuclidz) though numbering only twelve species are distributed throughout the larger part of the, world from the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia and Africa. - Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain torrents, over and znder which they seem equally at home. Darting into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming a waterproof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young are well protected by an effective roof. The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Zyveglodytide) form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Zroglody- ting) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of which are confined to America. The. Thrashers and Mockingbirds, (Subfamily J@ming) number some fifty species, all of which are con- fined to America. As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely - passed near or on the ground. Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability. The Creepers, (Family Certhdid~) number twelve species, only one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico or of'California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine. The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick 168 PERCHING BIRDS. out an insect’s egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related. The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family Paridz), like the Wrens and Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches, (Subfamily Szétzxz@) number about twenty species, only four of which inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Paviz~) number some seven- ty-five species, of which thirteen are American. Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes, however, are long, and their nails large and BUDE; evidently giving them a fant grip on the bark of trees. The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these birds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and suet which we spread for him at that season. Feeding largely on the eggs or larve of insects particularly injurious to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to men, The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Sy/- viide) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets, (Subfamily Reguling) seven species, three of which are American; the Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily Polzoptilinz) some fifteen species, all Amer- can; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sy/vziz@) about one hundred species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast of Alaska. The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistakeu for Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field, they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musi- cal cong, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs. The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest beautifully covered with lichens. 169 PERCHING BIRDS. The Thrushes, (Family 7urdid@) are variously classified by different ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists’ Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires, and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species, of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily 7urdine). ‘The members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them being among the best known song birds, and froma musical point of view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds. If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be awarded singing birds. . In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and subspecies included in the preceeding families of the Order Passeres are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups pro- posed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well asin another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling our Perching Birds are grouped as follows: 1. With red markings. 2. With blue markings. 3. With orange or yellow markings. 4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of patches or uniformly colored areas. 5. Brownish, generally streaked birds. 6. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings. 7. Gray, black, or black and white birds. While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrange- ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading struct- ural characters. (see page 2.) Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by re- ferring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9. 170 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 607. Louisana Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). L. 7.5. Ad. g\. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head more or less red. Ad. 9. Above olive-green, head rarely red-tingéd; below dusky greenish yellow; wings and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish white wing-bars. Yuxg. 3. Like 9, but head and rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clit- tuck; song, resembles that of No. 608. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Cen- tral America. © 608. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas). L. 7.4. Ad. 3. Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad. @. Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish brown, no wing-bars. Yung. ¢'. Like Y, but brighter, wing-coverts black. Ad. ¢', Winter. Like Yng. 8, but wings and tail black. Notes. Call, chip-churr; song, a rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin’s song, but less musical, Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, tree-top; re- peated with pauses. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. 609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8. Bill large. Ad. 3g. Vermilion, back grayish;tail dull red. Ad. No wing-bars; above grayish olive; crown and tail greener; below dusky yellow. Yung. 3. Like 9 and variously intermediate between it and ad. ©. Notes. Call, clut-tuck; song, like that of No. 608, but somewhat more robin-like. Range.—From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Ari- zona; winters in Mexico and Central America. 610. Summer Tanager (‘Piranga rubra) L. 7.5; W.3.8 Ad. og. Rosyred. Ad. 9. Olive-yello above, dusky saffron below. Yung. of’. Variously in- termediate between 4d. g' and Y. Notes. Call, chichy-tucky-tuck, song, resembles in form that of No. 608 but is more musical and less forced. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains;.breeds from Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America. 610a. Cooper Tanager (P. 7. coopert). Similar to Ae 610, but larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors paler. Range.—‘‘Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico; south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado.” 171 Pershing Birds Marked With Red. * 593. Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). L. Ww. 3.7; 7.4.1. Ad. Q. Forehead with a well- aeaned binele band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage) tipped with olive-brown or olive-gray. Ad. 9. Above olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red edged with olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray; breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter. Notes. Call, a sharp, insignificant tsp; song, a rich, sympathetic "whistle, whe-e-c-you, whe-e-e, hurry-hurry- hurry, quich-quick-quick, and other notes. Range.—Eastern United States: resident from northern Florida and eastern Texas north to southern New York and lowa. 593a. Arizona Cardinal (C. c. superbus). Largest of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. Ad. Paler, more rosy, than No. 593; margins to back feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually sep- arated by base of culmen. Ad. Y. Gray above like No. 593¢, but breast richer, much as No. 593d; gray of throat more restricted and often confined to the chin. Range.—Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. 593b, Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Simi- lar to No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3-6; T. 4; G' with even less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; 2 paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined. Range.—Southern Lower California. 593c. Gray-tailed Cardinal (C. c. canicaudus). W. 3.7. Ad. 3. Red bright as in No. 593d, but black on forehead narrower, usually separated by base of cul- men. Ad. 2. Grayer than 9 of No. 593, the edgings of wings and tail usually gray wethout an olive tinge. Range.—Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and north- eastern Mexico. 593d. Florida Cardinal (C. c. foridanus). Smaller than No. 503, W. 3.4; d’ averaging deeper red; 2 darker and richer in color, particularly on breast. Range.—Southern half of Florida. 594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia iene stnuata). L. 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. 3’. Gray; in fresh plumage washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally dull red; under wing- coverts, center of breast and of belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red. Aan Qh Usually little or no red about bill or on under- parts. Notes. Call, several flat, thin notes; song, a clear, straight whistle. (Bailey. ) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwest- ern New Mexico, and Arizona. 594a. Texas Oardinal (P.s. texana). Similar to No. 594, but bill larger; upperparts averaging slightly grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier. Range. —Northeastern Mexico, north to southern Texas. 594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsule). Similar in color to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with the bill larger; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. 172 Perching Birds Marked With Red. % 615. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leucura). L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. 3. Rosy red in varying amounts; belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. @. Gray, head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. Yng. &. Like 9, but with head and rump reddish. Notes. Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain. ) Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District of Columbia and Kansas. 515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. mon- tana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw.) Range.—''Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho to New Mexico.’’ (Ridgway.) 515b. Galiforia Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. californica). Similar to No. 515, but G' with red much _ brighter; feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers; Q with little if any greenish on rump. Range.—Higher parts of ‘‘Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer County and south to Fresno County, California’ (Grinnell.) 515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. alascensis). Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. (Ridgw.) Range. -‘‘Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breed- ing in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Colum- bia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc."’ (Ridgway.) 515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. ¢. flammutla). Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail grayish brown instead of dull blackish. Range.—‘‘Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.’’ (Ridgway.) % 521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor). L. 6.1; W. 3.4; B..66. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. 3. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or yellow. Ad. 9. Olive-green, rump and underparts yellower. Yung. Resemble Ad. 2. Notes. Calls, when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and musical, but of small volume. Range.—Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from northern New England (in Alleghenies from Georgia) north and west to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually to South Carolina and Louisiana. % 521!a Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Simi- lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78. Range.—‘‘Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala.”’ (A. O. U.) : 173 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxéa Jeucoptera). L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. of. Rose- pink; middle of back black; wings with two white bars. Ad. 2. Olive-green and dusky; rump and under- parts yellower; wings with two white bars. Yung. Like Ad. 2. Notes. Resemble those of No. 521. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward; winters south irregularly to Virginla, Ilinols, British Columbia, and Nevada. %595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludovicia- na). L. 8 Ad. of. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. 4d. 9. Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a white line over eye; two white wing-bars. Yng. g’. Resem- bles 9, but under wing-coverts rose; breast more or less rose-tinged. Notes. Call, a sharp, steely peek; song, arich, fluent, joyous carol. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. * 517. Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus). L. 6.2; W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large, partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feath- ers; tail slightly forked. Ad. oj’. ull rose, head and rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe over theeye. Yung. Resemble Ad. 2. Notes. Call, creak, creak, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, rapidly flowing warble. (Seepage 175.) Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of Mexico, 517a. California Purple Finch (C. p. californicus). Similar to No, 517, but of duller and darker; ¢ decided- ly olive greenish above. (See page 175.) Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds Inthe mountains of Callfor- nla; west of the Slerra north to British Columbia; winters from cen— tral Oregon to southern Arizona. 174 te Perching Birds Marked With Red. 518. Cassin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L. 6.5. Ad. 3. Similarto Ad. gj of No. 517 and No. 517a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply defined; crown as bright but appearing lke a_cap; be- low much paler. 4d. @. Similar to Ad @ of No. 517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black, both above and below. Notes. Resemble those of No. 517. Range.— Western United States, east to the eastern base of the Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico north to British Columbia. % 519. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. g.. Throat, breast, forehead, line over eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with brownish. Ad. Y. Above brownish gray obscurely streaked with brownish, zo olive tint; below white streaked with brownish. Ad. G' in Winter. Red areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yung. Resemble Ad. @. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus, chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, re- mindirg one of that of No. 517, but recognizably diff- erent. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and Oregon. 5 19b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus). Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more ex- tended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts. Range,—Southern Lower California. 519c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. clementis) Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging short- er, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; colora- tion somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.) Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, Lower California. 520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus). Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown without red suffusion. Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower Californla. 520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus me- gregort). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Benito Island, Lower California. 175 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannit). L. 6.1; W. 3.3. Aredcrown-patch. Ad. o'. Rump, lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked; breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink. In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with buff. Ad. 2. Similar to ¢', but no pink on breast or rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked. Range.—Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador. 527a. Hoary Redpoll (4. 4. exilipes). Similar to No. 527. but smaller and darker; rump still wate, but Ene sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; re Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; In America, winters south irreg- ularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan. %528, Redpoll (Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. o'. Above blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides heavily streaked. 4d. 2. Similar, but no pink on rump or breast. Yng. 3. Like female. Notes. Call like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit; song like that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.) Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in Amer- Ica, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia, Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California. 528a. Holbell Redpoll (4. 2. holbellit). Similar to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.33 B. .38. Range.—Breeds In northern parts of northern hemisphere; !n Amer- ica, winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, On- tario, and Massachusetts.) 4 . . 528b. Greater Redpoll (4. 1. rostrata). Similar to No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28. Range.—‘‘Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.),and west to Manitoba.” (Ridgway.) * 749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. gf. A more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. 4d. 2 and Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a wren-like cack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical, varied, flute-like whistle. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward and southin the Rocky Mountains to Arizo- na and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Car- olina and Oregon southward to Central America. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelii). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above, more buffy below. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern. Alaska; winters south- ward to California. 176 Perching Birds Marked With Red. 750. Dusky Kinglet (Regulus obscurus). Similar to No. 749, but above sooty olive. 4d. 3. With crown- patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.) (See page 176.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. —European Goldfinch (Carduelds carduelis). L. 5.50. Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band; inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below white tinged with brownish. Notes. Call, twit; song, “sweet and varied.”’ (See page 176.) Range.—Introduced in this country. near Hoboken, N. J., in 1873; now not uncommon near New York City. 443, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forfica- ta). L. 14.5. Ad. 3. Above gray, back washed with red or yellow; crown-patch red. 4d. 9. Similar, but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. Notes. Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing. Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Cen- tral America; accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and Hudson Bay. 471. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus). L.6. Ad. 3. Crown and underparts red; back grayish brown. Ad. 2. Above -rownish, below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or yellow. Yug. dh. Similar to @ but spotted with red below and on crown. Notes. A shrill qi-bréé, z0-bréé, uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up in the air. (Bendire.) Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely) ; ‘‘winter vis- tant to southern California.” (Grinnell.) 688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4. Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch in wings and outer tail-feathers white. Range—Mexican plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona 690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons). L. 5.2. Ads. Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck red, crown and ear- -coverts black, nape band and rump whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes. A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.) Range.—From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to south. ern Arizona and western New Mexico. 177 Perching Birds Marked With Red. ° “ 498. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius pheniceus). L. 6’, 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. ¢. Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in summer whitish. 4d. 2. Above brownish black, widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. Yng. o'. Similar to Ad. , but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call, chat, chick, areedy cack; song, a chorus song, aliquid Aong-quér-réé} alarm note a shrill chee-e-e-e-e. The notes of this species are subject to much variation with locality, but I find it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when heard. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois southward. 498a. Sonoran Red-wing (A. pf. sonoriensis). Sim- ilar to No. 498, but larger, bill more slender; @ paler, stealing below browner. W. @, 4.8; B .95; depth at ase .5. Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas. 498b. Bahaman Red-wing (4. ~. brvanti). Simi- lar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female streaked below with brownish instead of black. Range.—Bahamas and southern Florida. 498c. Florida Red-wing (4. p. floridanus). Simi- lar to No. 498, but smaller, the bill longer and more slender; g', W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4. Range.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along Gulf coast to Texas. 498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Simi- lar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportion- ately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5. Range.—Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other Interior districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.) 498e. San Diego Red-wing (4. p. neutralis). Sim- ilarto No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the 2 with streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5. Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.) 498f. Northwestern Red-wing (4. 9. caurinum). Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat longer and more slender, the 2 with median wing- coverts deeper buff, the 2 much darker, streaks be- low wider, darkest 2 of group. W. 4.8; B..9; depth at base .45. Range.—Pacific coast from north California to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California. 178 Perching Birds Marked. With Red. 499, Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator californicus), Ad. 3. Similar to No. 498, but median wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black, concealing as arule, their brownish bases. Ad. @. Very different from 2 of No. 498; above and below blackish slightly edged with rusty. Notes. Similar in character to those of No. 498, but with easily recogniz- able differences. (See page 178.) Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California northward, west of Slerra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washing- ton; migratory at north part of range. 500. Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor). Ad. 3. Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing- coverts darker, median wing-coverts whzte; in winter black more or less edged with grayish brown; median wing-coverts dingy. 4d. 2. No rusty; above black- ish edged with grayish; below black bordered with whitish. Notes. ‘‘Said to be quite different’ from those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.) Range.—Northem Lower California north to southern Oregon; local in valleys of interior. 523. Aleutian Leucosticte (Leucosticte griseonucha). Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut- chocolate; larger, W. 4.4. Range.—Islands of Bering Sea (resident); In winter, Shumagin Islands, lower portion of Aliaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island. 524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte (Leucosticte tephro- cotis). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. Ad. g'. Reddish brown more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail- coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, and lower belly tipped with pk; forecrown black; hindhead gray; cheeks down to blackish throat browit. Ad. @. Similar but duller. Yung. Nearly uniform brownish; margins of primaries showing some pink. Notes. A quick alarm note, qu, quz. (Silloway.) Range.—Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra ‘Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on White Mountains (Grinnell); northin Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska. 524a, Hepburn Leucosticte (ZL. ¢. iittoralis). Sim- ilar to No. 524, but cheeks gray like hindhead; throat often grayish. ° Range.—Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as far north as Kadiak Island. 525. Black Leucosticte (Leucosticte atrata). Simi- Jar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish_ black in Ad. 3’, or dusky slate brownish in Ad. 2 and Yung. Range.—Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; ‘winters south to Colorado and Utah. 526. Brown-capped Leucosticte (Leucosticte aus- tralis). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradually into brown of nape and back. Range.—Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet alti- ‘tude, winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico. 179 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. 599. Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospiza amena). L. 5.5. Ad. 3. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon, throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In winter more or less tipped w th rusty. 4d. 9. Middle wing-coverts tipped with whitish; above grayish brown with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and lesser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. Yung. Like , but browner, no blue. Notes. Suggest those of the Indigo Bunting. Ringe.—Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. 600. Varied Bunting (Cyanospiza versicolor). L. 5.5. Ad. 3%. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, nape red. Ad. Q. Above brownish gray; below whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on rump, wings and tail. Much like 2 of No. 598, but less brown above and no streaks below. Yung. Re- semble 2 Range.—Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. 600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. o. pulchra). Similarto No. 600, but slightly smaller, rump more purple, throat with less red. Range.—Southern Lower California. 601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospira cris). L. 5.4. Ad. 3. Below red, rump duller, back green, head dark blue. Ad. 2. Bright, shining olive-green above; greenish yellow below. Yung. . Like 2;second year variously intermediate between Ad. d' and @. Notes. Resemble those of the Indigo Bunting but possess less volume. Range.—Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; win- ters in Mexico and Central America. yo 654, Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica cerulescens). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of primaries. Ad. g’. Throat and sides black; belly white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers with white. 4d. 9. Grayish olive-green; below yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above coverts; tail witha bluish tinge. Yug. ’.. Like Ad. o, but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, a sharp, characteristic chips song, usually, zwee-zwee-gwee in an ascending scale. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Min- nesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and South America. 654a. Cairns Warbler (D, c. cazrns?). Similar to No. 654, but G’ darker, the back with more or less black; @ darker and duller. Range.—Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghenles; winters. - south of United States, 180 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. 658. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerula). L. 5. Ad. 3. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray- blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail white. Ad. 9 and Yung. @. Above blue-gray washed with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line overeye. Notes. Call, a warbler dsp and tchp of the Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.) Range.—Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; gener- ally rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and winters in Central and South America. 597. Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca cerulea). L. 7; W. 3.4. Ad. 3. Deep, dark blue, back blacker and sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brown- ish above and below. Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, deepest on head; below grayish white washed with buffy: wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or less blue, particularly about head. Yug. dv. Like &, but browner. Notes. Call, a strong, harsh, pichick; song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. TRide we Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to Maryland and southern IIlinois; winters south of United States into Oneke and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and uebec. 597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. ¢. Jagula). Sim- ilar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6: male brighter blue; back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser coverts and averaging wider than those of No. 597. Female averaging paler, less brown. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; winters in Mexico and Central America. ~ 598. Indigo Bunting (Cyanospiza cyanea). L. 5.4. No white wing-bars. Ad. g’. Deep blue, darkest on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less mixed with blue. Ad. 2. Above brown; below whitish washed with brown with a suggestion of streaks; lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually tinged with blue. Yxg. Similar to 2 but below more streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge. Notes. Call, a sharp prt; song, a tinkling, unsympa- thetic, rapid warble, July, July, summer-summer’s here; morning, noontide, evening, list to me. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Col- orado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central America. 181 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. * 766. Bluebird (Sialza stalis). L.7. Ad. 3. Above, including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast rusty brown, belly whitish.. 4d. 9. Above grayer, below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have upperparts tipped with rusty. Notes. Call, tur-wee, tur-wee; song, a rich and sweet but short warble. © Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and southern Illinois southward 766a. Azure Bluebird (S. s. azurea). Similar to No. 766, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more cerulean. Range.—Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona. 767. Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana occidentalis). L.7. Ad. 3’. Above bright blue,foreback with more or less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; throat blue, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Ad. : Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated; throat bluish gray, breast paler than in J. Notes. ca suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and wilder. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during mi- grations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.) 4.767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird (S. m. bairdt). Similar to No. 767, but foreback wholly rust-brown. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico. 767b. San Pedro Bluebird (S. m. anabdela). Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in ex- tent, usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on back, and divided into two patches on breast by back- ward extension of blue of throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. +768. Mountain Bluebird (Sialia arctica). L. 7.5. Ad. 3. Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. @. Above brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast gray- ish buff; belly whitish. Notes. Call, suggests that of No. 766, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp, (Ridgw.) Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to the Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary states south into Mexico. 182 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. * 477. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). L. 11.7. Ads. Above gray-blue, breast and sides washed with grayish; white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch long. Notes. Waried; commonly aloud harsh yay jay; often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of other birds, particularly of common Hawks. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; resident, except at northern part of range. 477a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c. florincola). Simi- lar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly barred with black and tipped with white. Range.—Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas. 482. Arizona Jay (Apbelocoma sieberii arizone). L. 13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. Ads Above grayish blue, head, wings and tail brighter than back; ‘below unstreaked, gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. Notes. Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.) Range.—Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and Arizona. 482a. Couch Jay (4. s. couchi). Similar to No- 482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat whiter. Range.—'‘Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas In the Chisos Mountains.’’ (Bailey.) %492. Pinon Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus). L. 11; T. 4.8. Ads. Above nearly uniform grayish blue, head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streak- ed with white. Notes. Variable, some as harsh as those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magpie; others like Jays’ common calla shrill, querulous, peeh, peeh; sy on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Ben- dire. Range.—Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. 183 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. 479. Florida Jay (Apbelocoma cyanea). .L. 11.5. Ads. Foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head, nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast- streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray; belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. Notes. Harsh and unmusical calls. ; Range.—Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of the peninsula, 480. Woodhouse Jay (Aphelocoma woodhousei). L. 12;W.5. Ads. Back grayish or brownish blue, usual- ly not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings and tail blue; throat gray; belly dingier; breast streaked with blue; wader tazl-coverts blue; a narrow white line over eve. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper. Range.—Western United States (chlefly Great Basin region), from northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the Sierras. e 480.1. Blue-eared Jay (Apbelocoma cyanotis). Re- sembling No. 480, but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-cov- erts white; back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line over eye less evident. Range.—'‘Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, Texas,’’ (Bailey.) 480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texana). Similar to No. 480.1, but white line over eye more distinct, below paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks. Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.) Range.—'‘Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Countles west to the Davis Mountains.’’ (Bailey.) 481. California Jay (Aphelocoma californica). Sim- ilar to No. 480. but back brown; usually sharply de- fined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly whiter; breast lessstreaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a harsh, metallic squawking. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to southern Wachington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada. 48la. Xantus Jay (4. c.hypoleuca). Similar to No. 481, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts de- cidedly whiter. Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 28°. 481b. Belding Jay (4. c. obscura). Similar to No. 481, but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (An- thony.) Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. 481.1. Santa Cruz Jay Lseiasenia msularts). Similar to No. 481, but larger; . 5.6; blue areas much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty tinged with blue. Range.—Santa Cruz Island, California. 184 Perching Birds Marked With Blue. 478. Steller Jay (Cyanocitta steller’). L. 13. Ads. J Crest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a loud, harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a whistler. Range.—Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island. 478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C. s. frontalis). Similar to No. 478, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes extends to the crest. Range.—'‘Southern coast rangesand Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower Cal- ifornia.’’ (A. O. U.) 478b. Long-crested Jay (C. s. diademata). Simi- lar to No. 478, but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise, as in No. 478a; crest longer, the forehead with pale, bluish white streaks; a white spot over the eye. Range.—‘‘Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, andthe higher ranges of northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico.’’ (Bendire.) 478c. Black-headed Jay (C. s. annectens). Be- tween No. 478 and No. 478b. Forehead streaks, and spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as in former. Range.—Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia. 478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottw). Sim- ilar to No. 478, but darker,sooty slate above,blue deeper. Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. 483. Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens). L. 11. Ads. Crown and patches at side of throat blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green; outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and belly greenish yellow. Notes. Noisy and harsh often suggesting certain of the Blue Jay’s calls. Range.—Lower Rlo Grande Valley, Texas, and south into north- eastern Mexico. 185 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. - 503. Audubon Oriole (Jcterus audubonit). L. 9.5. Ads. Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow; back greenish yellow. Yang. Greenish yellow below; olive-green above. Notes. See No. 507. Range.—Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as San Antonio, Texas; resident. 504. Scott Oriole (Jcterus parisorum). L. 8; B. .95} Ad. 3. Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and belly yellow; rest of plumage black. 4d. 9. Yellow- ish below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars. Yng. 3. Like female, but throat black. Notes. See No. 507. Rae eee tableland, migrating north to western Texas, northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California; winters in Mexico. m 505. Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus sennetti). L. 8; B. .75. Ad. 3’. Orange; forehead, face, throat, foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and tips to greater ones white. 4d. 2. Yellowish below, brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars. Yng. &. Like @, but throat black. Notes. See No. 07. Hae Nesicee migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters In Mexico, x ry 505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (J. c. xelsoni). Sim= ilar to No. 505, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of orange. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, st of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico. wi . 4507. Baltimore Oriole (Jcterus galbula). L. 7.5. ) Ad. 3. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange; wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. Ad. 9. Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black; rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow, throat generally blackish. Notes. The notes of all the orange and black Orioles known to meare mellow, musical, querulous whistles generally given in detach- ed Pacis all much alike in character but dis- , tinguishable when one becomes familiar with them. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America. 508. Bullock Oriole (Jcterus bullockt). L. 7.5. Ad. 8. Cheeks, most of underparts, forehead and fie over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower; center of throat, crown, foreback and middle _tail-feath- ers black; a large white wing-patch. Ad. 9. Above olive grayish brown; below _ yellowish, _ belly whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median cov- erts tipped, greater coverts externally margined with white; chin sometimes blackish. Yung. @. Like 2, but center of throat and lores black. Notes. See No. 07. ; Maree wrencee North America, from Mexico north to Assinibola and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; winters in Mexico. 186 ei id ae eS . Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 637. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. Ad. cy. Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back greenish yellow; rump gray. Ad. 2. Crown green- ish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in tail. Notes. Call, a shirp, metallic chink; song, a “high pitched, penetrating and startling”’ ‘‘peet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet.’’ (Jones.) : Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Virginla, Ohio, andsouthern Minnesota; winters in .he tropics. 651. Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2. Ad. §. Head and breast orange brown, a black band through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing- bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. 4d. é Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye-band dusky; breast yellow; belly white. Notes. Song, a liquid qucrt quirt, quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.) Range.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountalns of Arizona and New Mexico. 662. Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica blackbur- mice). L.5.2. Ad. 3. Throat, line over eye, center of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white; tail-spots white. Ad. 9. Yellow areas paler; above grayish streaked with blackish. Yug. and Ad. in Win- ter. Similar to Ad. 9, but throat paler, back browner; wing with two distinct bars. Notes. Song, wee-see-wee- see, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee, in an ascending scale, the last shrill and fine. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng- land (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region, (and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics. 687. Redstart (Setophaga-ruticilla). L.5.4. Ad. Go’. Black; sides of breast, band in wings andin tail rich salmon. Ad. 2. Sides of breast, band in wings and in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray; be- below whitish. Yung. Q'. Intermediate between adults. Notes. Song, ching, ching, chee; ser-wee, swee, swe-c-e. Range.—North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in the West Indies, Central and South America. 748. Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa). L. 4.1. Ad. f. Crown orange and yellow bordered by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish 0 ive- ‘green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing bordered basally by yellowish white. Ad. 2. No orange in crown, its whole center yellow. Notes. Call, a fine, high #-t; song, five or six fine, shrill high-pitched ‘notes ending in a short, rapid, rather ex- plosive warble abet, tree, tree, tree, tt, ti, ter, te-ti-t1.”” Range.—North America; breeds from northern United States north- ward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alle- ghenies to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding limit to the Gulf States and Mexico. i 748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s. olivaceus). Similar to No. 748, but upperparts brighter olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Slerra Ne- vada of Callfornia north to southern Alaska. 187 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange, 666. Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chryso- arta). L. 5. Ad. g’. Throat, crown and back lack; cheeks and spot in forehead yellow; a narrow black line through eye; wing-bars and _ tail-patches white. Ad. 2. Above olive green with black streaks; cheeks duller than in ', eye-streak dusky; throat yellow, breast blackish; belly white. Notes. Song, tser, weasy-weasy, twea, resembling song of No. 667. (Nehrling.) Range.—Western central and southern Texas and south through eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.) 667. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). L.5. Ad. S. Throat and breast black; cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; wing-bars and tail patches white. Ad. 2 and Yng. G'. Similar, but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellow- ish; belly t2uged with yellow; back without black streaks. Yng. 2. Throat and breast yellowish white, little or no black. Notes. Song, a droning 7éé, ¢éé, zé-ée, 7éé. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America. 668. Townsend Warbler (Dendroica townsend\. L.5.1. Ad. 3. A black eye-patch bordered by yel- low stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. 9. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few black streaks. Yung. Similar,but yellower. Notes. Song, de-de, de-de, de, like that of No. 677. (Merrill. ) Range.—Western North America; breeds from mountains of south- ern California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migra- tions to western Texas: winters in Mexico. 669. Hermit Warbler (Dendroica occidentalis). L. 5.1. Underparts wthout streaks. Ad. 3. Crown and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. 4d. 2. Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray, usually without spots. Yuxg. 9. Similar, but yellow- er. ae 3. Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks yellow; back olive-green with concealed black spots. Much like Yng of No. 667, but forehead yellower, no streaks below. Notes. Song, qeegle-zeegle-ceegle-ceck. (Barlow. ) Range.—Western United States; breeds in high mountains from British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast district of United States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Low- er California, Mexico, and Guatemala, (Bailey.) 684. Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia mitrata). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feather with white patches. Ad. §'. Fore- head and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green. Ad. 2. Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually with black. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a gracefully whistled you must come to the woods, or you wont seé me. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti- cut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in Central America. 188 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 531. Lawrence Goldfinch (Astragalinus lawrence). L. 4.7. Ad. &. Crown, throat and front of cheeks black; body gray; breast, rump, wings and, to a less de- gree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large white spots near the end. 4d. 8. Similar, but no black, back browner and without yellow. Notes. Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker. Range—California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower eallornla north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New exico. 642. Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophila chry- soptera). L.5. Ad. 3. Crown yellow, wing-bars broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. Ad. Q. Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. Notes. Song, a lazy zee-zee-zee-zee allon same note. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Mich- igan, and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters In Cen- tral America. 678. Connecticut Warbler (Geothiypis agilis). L. 5.5. Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. Ad. 6’. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; be- low yellow, sides greenish. Ad. 9 and Yng. Throat and breast olive brown; belly yellow; back brownish olive-green; crown browner. Notes. Call, a sharp peck; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellowthroat and also that of Ovenbird, free-chapple, free-chapple, free- chapple, whoit. (Seton.) Range.—Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba; known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America. 679. Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia). L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. Ad. g'. No white eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat black- ish; breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly yellow; back olive-green. Ad. 2. Head slaty; throat and breast grayish; an inconspicuous white eye-ring. Yng. Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow. Notes. Song, clear and whistled, zee te-o te-o te-o we-se, the last couplet accented and much higher pitched. ( Jones.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng- land, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters in Central and South America. 680. Macgillivray Warbler (Geothlysis tolmez), L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incom. plete white eye-ring showing above and below eye, Range.—Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern Cal- {fornia north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Ne- braska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America. 189 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 656. Audubon Warbler (Dendroica auduboni). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and throat usually with yellow. Ad. 3. Throat bright yellow; breast black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. 9. Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright; less white in wings. ©, Winter. Like same plumage of No. 655, but throat yellowish; more white in tail. ©, Winter. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes without yellow, when like No. 655, but white on four or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three. Range.—Western United States; breeding !n higher mountains from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia; winters south into Mexico. 656a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. sigrifrons). Similar to No. 656, but 4d. g with forehead, sides of crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined with bluish gray. Jn winter. Bluish gray, not brown- ish above. Ad. 9 darker, more heavily streaked with black above. (Ridgw.) Range.—Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona. 657. Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica maculosa). L. 5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band across middle of tail. Ad. gG. Crown ashy, back black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow streaked with black. Ad. 9. Duller; fewer black stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. Yng. and Ad in winter. Crown and sides of head brownish ashy, back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally streaked. Notes. Song, aloud, clear whistle, chee-to, chee-to, chee-tee-ee, uttered rapidly and witha falling in- flection. (raneiles) Range. Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rock- fes; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and south along the Alleghanles to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America. 663. Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica domini- ca). L. 5.2. Ads. Throat and line from bill to eve yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray; two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. Notes. Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that of Indigo Bunting but shorter. Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies. 663a. Sycamore Warbler (D. d. albilora). Simi- lar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white or with but traces of yellow. Range.— Mississippl Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kanas, southern Indlana, southern Illinols, and West Virginia; winters in Mexico and Central America. 664. Grace Warbler (‘Dendroica graciw). L. 5. Ad. S. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray; above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing- bars and tail-patches white. Ad. @. Similar, but duller, back sometimes brownish. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, and Arizona. 190 ‘ Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 686. Canadian Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis). L. 5.6. No white in wings ortail. Ad. og’. A neck- lace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow; forehead black. Ad. Q and Yung. Qo’. Black areas smaller. Yng. 2. Slightly yellowish above; necklace slightly indicated by dusky spots. Notes. Song, tu-tu, tswe, tu, tu, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch. (Jones.) (See page 190.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, cen- tral New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manito- ba, and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in Central and South America. 640. Bachman Warbler (Helminthophila bachmanit). L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch more or less distinct. Ad. g&. Breast-patch and crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow; back olive-green, hindhead grayish. Ad. 9. Above grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish with a yellow tinge. Notes. Song, when migrating,re- sembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or Chippy. _ (Widmann). Range,—Southeastern United States, west to Loulsiana, north to Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed only in Missouri; winters south of United States. 641. Blue-winged Warbler (Helminthophila pinus). L. 4.8. Ad. 3’. Crown and underparts yellow; back olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. Ad. @. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. Notes. Song, a wheezy, swee-chee, the first inhaled, the second exhaled; also, later, wéé@, cht-chi-cht-cht, chtir, chéé-chiir. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti- cut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States. 670. Kirtland Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi). L. 5.7. Ad. Gg. Above bluish gray streaked with black; below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing- bars grayish; tail-patches white. 4d. 2. Similar, but browner. Notes. Song, said to resemble that of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throat- ed Warbler. Range.—Eastern United States; has been found from April to Oc- tober in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virgin- ia, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and On- tario, in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer of 1903 In Oscoda County, Michigan; winters In Bahamas where some fifty specimens have been taken. 671. Pine Warbler (Dendroica Digorsit). 5.5: Ad. 3. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above bright yellowish green; wing-bars and _tail-patches white. 4d. @. Similar, but breast duller, back browner. Yung. g. Similar to Ad. oj, but browner. Yng. 2. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all yellowish; back olive-brown. Notes. Song, sug- gesting a Chipping Sparrow’s but more musical. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Gulf States. 191 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail (Budytes flavus leu- costriatus). L.6.5. Ad. 3. Crown bluish slate, a white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow; wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. Q. ~ Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars browner. Notes. Call, a sharp, plé-plé-ple; song, a low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the wing. (Nelson. ) (See page 191.) Rees oe Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern aska. 529. American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis). L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Ad. do. Yellow, cap, wings and tail black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of tail-feathers tipped with white. 4d. 2, Above gray- ish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish; wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to tail not distinct. Yung. d\ and Ad. Sin winter. Simi- lar to 9 but wings and tail black; white markings grayer than in summer. Notes. Calls, when perch- ing, hear me, hear me, dearie, soft and sweet, when fly- ing, per-chic-o-ree; per-chic-o-ree; song, sweet, rapid, varied and canary-like. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from northern United States to the Gulf States. 529a. Western Goldfinch (4. ¢. pallidus). Similar to No. 529, but larger, W. 3.05. Ad. ', in summer, similar in color to No. 529. @ and &, 2 winter. Much paler, the white areas greater in extent. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to British Columbia. 529b. California Goldfinch (4. #. salicamans). Similar to No. 529, but wings and tail shorter and color darker. Ad. Sin summer. With back always (?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker than No. 529, but with white areas as large as in 520a. (Ridgw.) Range.—Californla, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California north to Washington. i 530. Arkansas Goldfinch (Astragalinus psaltria). L. 4.1. Ad. 3’. Cap, wings, and tail black, most of primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive- green, often marked with black; below yellow Ad. 9. No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish; wings and tail brownish black, former with white much reduced, latter with little or no white. Yung. Re- semble female. Notes. Call, se-e-e-ep; song, sweet varied and musical. : Range.—Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific: breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward. . 530b. Mexican Goldfinch (4. p. mexicana). Re- sembles No. 530, but cheeks and entire upperparts black; ¢ as in No. 530. Range.—Mexico, north to southern Texas. 192 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 685. Wilson Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). L. 5. No white in plumage. Ad. o’. Crown shining bl :ck; forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive- green. Ad. 9. Similar, but crown-patch often smaller, sometimes absent. Yung. 9. Crown-patch absent. Notes. Song, ’tsh-’tsh-"tsh-’tshea. (Nuttall ) Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia. north- eastern Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re- gion; winters in Mexico and Central America; ‘‘occasional during mi- gration in Colorado... and other parts of the Rocky Mountain dis- trict’ (Ridgw) (See page aa 685a. Pileolated Warbler (WV. p. pileolata). Sim- ilar to No. 685, but yellow deeper, clive brighter. Range.—Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky Mountain district from western Texas in higher mountains, north- ward to Alaska, coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and Queen Charlotte Islands; 1n migrations over all of western North Amer- ica and east to Minnesota; in winter south to Central America. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) 685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler (H’. p. chryseo- ja), Similar to No. 685a, but still brighter, richer yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) 677. Kentucky Warbler (Geothlyps formosa). L. 5.6. No white in plumage. 4d. o'. Cheeks and crown black. the latter tipped with ashy; back olive- green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow. Ad. &. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks; yellow duller. Notes. Song, a loud musical whistle, turdie, turdle, turdle, suggesting notes of Carolina Wren. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska; winters in Central and northern South America. 681. Maryland Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas). L. 5.2; W. 2.1. 4d. g'. Forehead and cheeks black, bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides brownish. Ad. 2. No black mask; above dull olive- green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brown- ish. Yung. g. Similar to Ad. 2, but browner; breast yellow; cheeks and forehead with more or less _half- concealed black. Notes. Calls, pit, chit, or chack; song, variable, often wichity, wichity, wichity. Range.—‘‘Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding In Vir- ginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and In upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; .... south in winter to Bahamas....’’ (Ridgw.) 681a. Western Yellow-throat (G. %. occidentalis). Similar to No. 681d, but yellow below richer, border of mask whiter and broader. Range.—Arid western United States; east to western portions of Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to southern California; breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.) 193 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 681b.~ Florida Yellow-throat (G. ¢. zgnota). Simi- lar to No. 681d, but yellow below more extended and deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts, especially hindhead, browner. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States from southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf low- lands to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina southward; alsoin Cuba. (Ridgw.) 681c. Pacific Yellow-throat (G. ¢. arizela). Sim- ilar to No. 681a, but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.) Range.—‘‘Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward; breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas.’’ (Ridgw.) 681d. Northern Yellow-throat (G. ¢. brachidactyla). Similar to No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2. Ad. 3’. More yellow below, more olive-green above. Ad. 2. Usually with yellow below brighter and more extended. (Ridew.) Range.—Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and south through Mississsipp! Valley to upland districts of the Gulf States and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Cen- tral America. (Ridgw.) 68le. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat (G. #. senuosa). Similar to No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1. (Ridgw. ) Range.—Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. 682. Belding Yellow-throat (Geothlypis beldingi). L. 5.7. Ad. 3’. Black mask crossing head diagonally bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in ne 681a. Ad. 2. Similar to of No. 681, but arger. \ Range.—Lower California. 682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat (Geothlyp-s pol- tocephala). L.5.7. Ads. Lores and forehead black, crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow. eee ues Rlo Grande Valley in Texas and southward into exico. 194 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 645. Nashville Warbler (Helminthopbtla rubricapilla) . L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in tail. Ad. og’. A chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright yellow. Ad. 9. Similar, but little or no chocolate in crown; yellow duller. Yxg. Head brownish; under- parts washed with brownish, particularly on throat and flanks. Notes. Song, he-tsee-ke-tsce-he-tsee-chip-ce. chip-ee-chip-ee-chip, first half like Black and White Warbler’s, second half like Chipping Sparrow’s. (Langille. ) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, Connecticut, and northern Illinofs, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters south of United States. 645a. Calaveras Warbler (H. 7. gutturalis). Sim- i to No. 645, but rump brighter; underparts richer Bear aime orectarn United States; breeds on high mountains, from the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, northern Idaho; south In migration to Lower California and Mexico; southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.) 648, Parula Warbler (Compsothlypis americana). L. 4.5; W. 2.3. Ad. 3. Above grayish blue, a yellowish patch in the back, breast yellow washed with chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly, wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white. Ad. &. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no risus Notes. A short, little, guttural, lisping trill. Range.—Breeds In south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbla and Mount Carmel, Illinols (Brewst ); winters from Gulf States southward. 648a. Northern Parula Warbler (C. a. usnec). Similar to No. 648, but bill averaging slightly smaller, the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging wider; the chestnut wash stronger. Range.—Breeds in New England, New York and west along the northern tler of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada; winters from Gulf states southward. 649. Sennett Warbler (Compsothlypis nigrilora). L. 4.5. Similar to No. 648, but yellow below reaching to belly; breast without black and with only a slight brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. Notes. Song probably resembles that of No. 648. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico. 746. Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps). L. 4.2; W. 2.2; T. 1.9. Ad. g'. Head and throat yellow; forehead usually with some concealed orange-brown; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish gray; belly whitish. Ad. 9. Similar, but less yellow. Range.—Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah and southern Nevada. 746a. Baird Verdin (4. f. lamprocephalus). Simi- lar to No. 746, but tail shorter; wing somewhat short- er; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Ober- holser. Range.—Lower California. 195 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 650. Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina). L. 5.1. Ad. Q’. Ear-coverts and wash on throat chest- nut; crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots; below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broad- ly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. Q and Yng. &. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. Yug. @. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged with yellow; wing-bars narrow. Notes. Song, a wiry “a-wit, a wit, a-wit, a-wit, repeated. (Butler.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng- land, rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south of United States. 652. Yellow Warbler (Dendroica estiva). L. 5.1. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. Ad. ¢. Crown yellow, back bright yellowish green: below yellow thickly streaked with reddish brown. Ad. 2 and Yng. oC. Diller above, crown like back; below much paler, few or no streaks. Yng. 9. Similar to last but still duller. Notes. Song, arather loud wee-chee, chee, chee, cher-wee, variable in form but recognizable in tone. Range.—North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Van- couver north, and southwestern United States, (western Texas to Arizona. (Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and win- ters in Central and South America. 652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. @. sonorana). Similar to No. 652, but g much yellower, less green above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer sometimes almost wanting. Ad. @. Similar to Ad. of No. 652, but grayer above and whiter below. Range.—Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. 652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbier (D. ce. rubzginosa). Similar to No. 652, but ¢‘ darker above, the crown of about the same color as back; @ duller. Range,—Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and In Alaska; winters south of United States. 653. Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica bryant? castan- eiceps). L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. Ad. 3. Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive- reen; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish rown. Ad. &. Olive-green above; yellow below. Range.—Cape Region of Lower Callfornia and Pacific coast of Cen- tral America and Mexico. 672, Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum). L. 5.2. No white wing-bars; tail patches white. Ads. Crown dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow; breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; belly much paler, often grayish washed with yellow; back olive-brown; rump brighter. Ad. in Winter and Yng. No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown indis- tinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white washed with yellow and streaked with brownish; under tail-coverts bright yellow. Notes. Call, a recog- nizable chip; song, a short, simple trill. Range.— Eastern North America; breedsin interlor of British Amer- ca west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley and rarely north Atlantic States; winters In Florida and West Indies. 196 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 672a. Yellow Palm Warbler (D. p. hypochrysea), Similar to No. 672, but underparts entirely bright yel- low; upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow. Range. Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia north- ward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and winters in Florida and west to Louisiana, 673. Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7. Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. Ad. Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots in the back; below yellow, sides with black streaks. Z Niouence Ad. 8. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots i Wavbler smaller, sometimes absent. Yug. Similarto Q Ad., but browner. Notes. Song,a high, thin ee, zee, cee, zee, zee-e, zee, the next to last highest. (See page 196.) Range.—Eastern United States; breed® from Florida to Massachu- setts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from south- ern Florida into the West Indies. Lawrence Warbler (Helminthophila lawrencei), Re- sembles No. 641, but has a black breast patch and a broad black stripe through the eye as in No. 642. It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some ; — 15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to re- & PP Brewster semble to those of both No. 642 and No. 641. MRSEISS Brewster Warbler (Helminthophila leucobronchialis). Ss Resembles No. 642 above, but is white usually tinged with yellow below, this type being connected with No. 641, by specimens showing more green above and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are believed to account for these birds of which somewhat over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641. 644. Virginia Warbler (Helminthophila virginic). L. 4.5. No white in wings or tail. 4d. @. Above gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yel- lowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under tail- coverts yellow. dd. @. Similar, but less (sometimes no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts; duller below. Yug. No crown patch; below washed with buff, little or no yellow on breast. Notes. Very musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so small a bird. (Aitken.) Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely Wyoming) south into Mexico. 655. Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. Ad. ¢. Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white, breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer tail- feathers with white. 4d. 9. Browner above, less black on breast. Gz winter. Above brown, back indis- tinctly streaked with black; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black: Yung. 9. Similar, but less yellow on crown and sides. Notes. Call, a character- istic ¢chip; song, a trill. Range.—Eastern North America, west in. migrations, to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south into West Indies and Central America. 197 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 659. Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensyl- vanica). L.5. Ad... Sides chestnut, crown yel- low; back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek- patch and sides of throat black. Ad. 9. Crown dull- er; chestnut and black reduced. Yung. Above bright yellow-green, back with or without black spots; be- low grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. Notes. Song, resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey and Central Illinois norch to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south In the Alleghenies to South Carolina); winters in Central America. 604. Dickcissel (Sprza americana). L. 6.2, Ad. do. Breast, bend of wing, line over eye and at side of throat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; no white in tail. Ad. 2. Less yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. Notes. Song, an earnest, but unmusical dick, dick,che-che-che, che. Range.—Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alle- ghenies; breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America. 618. Bohemian Waxwing (4mpelis garrulus). L. 8. Crested. Ads. Brownish gray; under tail-coverts, fore-crown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; throat and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with red tips; tail tipped with yellow. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California 619. Cedar Waxwing (Ampelis cedrorum). L. 7. Crested. Ads. Grayish brown; belly yellowish; un- der tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills; secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and rarely with red tips. Notes. A fine, lisping note; a string of notes usually uttered when taking flight. Range.—North America; breeds from Virginia and the highlands of South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America. 628. Yellow-throated Vireo (Virco flavifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat and breast right yellow, belly white; above bright olive-green, rump gray; two white wing-bars. Notes. Call, a scolding cack; song like Red-eye’s but richer, more deliberate, see me; I’m-* bere; where are you? in varying forms; also a mellow trill. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics. 683. Yellow-breasted Chat (Jcteria virens). L.7.53 T. 3.07. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow; low- er belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at side of throat white. Notes. Call, a gasping, mew- ing keé-yuck and chut, chut, song, of whistles, caws and chucks, sometimes uttered in flight. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico (but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and Massachusetts (locally) ; winters in Mexico and Central America. 683a. Long-tailed Chat (/. 0. longicauda). Simi- lar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer. Range.—Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters In Mexico. 198 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). L. 10. Ad. of. Black; head and breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white, black tipped. Ad. 2. Brownish, line over eye, throat and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuck; song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily contortion. The young utter a rolling, ua ie call. Range. —Western North America, east to Kansas, northern IIlinois, and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds locally from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Californ- ia north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern Britlsh Columbia; winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward. 501. Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). L. 10.7; W. 4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff; below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls, a nasal note and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or grace notes. Range.— Eastern North America west to about Long. 100° , north to New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois southward. 5Ola. Texas Meadowlark (S. m. hoopesi). Similar to No. 50rb, but yellow not spreading on to sides of the throat. Notes. Resemble in character those of No. 5o1. Range.—Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Son- ora, Mexico. 501b. Western Meadowlark (S. m. neglecta). Sim- ilar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually distinct, zot confluent along shaft; yellow of throat spreading on toits sides; general color paler. Notes. Calls, a liquid chack and a wooden, rolling b-r-7-7-7-7-7-7; song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. sor. 501!c. Florida Meadowlark (S. m. argutula). Sim- ilar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4-4. Range.—Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana. - 514. Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina). L.8 Ad. g'. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. ¢. Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yel- lowish; throat and belly whitish; ¢az-coverts and tail- feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes. Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.) Range.—Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in win- ter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually through New York to New England. 514a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana). &' not distinguishable from f' of No. 514; 2 more buffy, especially below. Range.—Mountains of western United States from New Mexico north to British Columbia. 199 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. EASTERN HORNED LARKS. 474*, Horned Lark (Ofocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W. ot’, 4.3; 2, 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ad. c', winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly yellow; black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish in- distinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail- coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of outer feathers white. ', summer. Yellow areas whit- er; black areas more distinct; back pinker. Ad. §&, winter. Similar to 3’, but throat and line over eye less yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly streaked. 2, summer. More distinctly streaked above. Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twit- tering warble sung during soaring flight. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinols. 474b. Prairie Horned Lark (O. a. praticola). W. SO 4; 2, 3.8. Line overeye white. Similar to No. 474, but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally white, the throat often white and never so yellow as in winter specimens of No. 474. Range.—Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas. 474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W.o3 3.9; 2, 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow. Range.— Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande, NORTHERN HORNED LARKS. 474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W. 3, 4.4; 2, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yel- Jow in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye white; back brown with grayish edgings. Range.—‘‘In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Val- ley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and ontana.’’ (Oberholser.) 474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyt?). W. 3, 4.4; 9, 4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eve white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 4744. An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a Range. —‘‘In summer, British America from the west shore of Hud- son Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long Island).’’ (Oberholser.) * Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area which each form alone inhabits at this season. But during their mi- grations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is. usually not possible to Identify them in the field. The reader is re- ferred to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The Auk, vrr, 1899, pp. 138-150), and H. C, Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx1v, 1902, pp, 801-884)> 200 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. WESTERN HORNED LARKS. 474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolema). W. 6, 4.1; , 3-8. Forehead and line over eye very slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat ellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resem- iS No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked above. Range.—‘‘In summer, western United States from central Dakota, western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California.’’ (Ober- holser.) 474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actia). W. 3; 3-93 2, 3.6. ', summer. Back of head and nape, spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always, forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. <, winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less tipped with yellowish. 9, swmmer. Crown and back uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pink- ish gray. @, winter. Less distinctly streaked; black areas tipped with whitish. Range.—Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California. 474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (O. a. rubea). Similar to No. 472e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc., much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with blackish and more ruddy in tone, zot sharply defined from nape; yellow areas richer in color. Range.—Sacramento County, California. 474g. Streaked Horned Lark (O. a. strigata). Cinnamon areas less extensive: but nearly as deeply colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streak- ed with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and breast washed with yellow. Range —‘‘In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Wash- ington, south to northern California.’’ (Oberholser.) 474h. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W. 3, 45 2, 3-8. Nearest to No. 474], but the male differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above, back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks; color deeper, browner, more ruddy. Range.—‘‘In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahva, Mexico.’’ (Oberholser.) 474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrill). W., 4; 2, 3-8. Similar to No..474b, but somewhat darker above, the line over the eye usually tinged. with yel- low. é Range.—‘‘In summer, northwestern United States, and southern British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, northward through Oregon ani Washington east of the Cas- cade Mountains to British Columbla and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to central California.’ (Oberholser.) 201 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 474j. Sonoran Horned Lark (0. a. pallida). W. Go’, 3.8; 2, 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No. 4741, but is still paler. Range.—‘‘Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of California, Mexico.’ (Oberholser.) 474l. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. occidentalis). W. o’, 4; 2, 3-8. No distinct blackish streaks above; back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow. Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; differs from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked above. Range.—In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; in winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and southeast Texas.’’ (Oberholser. ) 474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Sim- ilarto No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast usually without a yellow tinge. Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California. 446. Couch Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus couchii). L.9.5. Ads. Throat white, breast and belly yellow, tail dark brown, crown gray with an orange patch, back grayish green; Yung. Similar, but no crown-patch. Range.—Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas, 447, Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticals). L. 9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over breast to yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather wholly white, above resembling No. 446. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. Squeaky, ‘rattling, rolling notes; a noisy bird. Range.—Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta southern British Columbia, west to the Pacific; winters south of United States, to Central America. 448. Cassin Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans). L. 9. Ads. Throat and breast dark grav, belly yellow; | tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white; above asin No. 447. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.) Range.—Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north through Rockies, from western Texas, New_ Mexico and Arizona, to southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; win- ters south of United States to Central America, 449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L. 11. Ads. Back brown, wings and tail externally rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye and across nape white; throat white, below yellow. Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.) Range.—Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas. 202 Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange. 451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (Myrodynastes lu- tetventris). L. 8. Below’ sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yang. With no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, anda single note. (Poling.) Range.— Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona. 452. Crested Flycatcher (Mriarchus crinitus). L. 9g. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust- brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright sulphur; back grayish olrve-green; greenest above and yellowest below of our larger Myzarcht. Notes. Loud, chuckling, grating whistles. Range - Eastern North America; west to the Plains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern Florida south to northern South America. 453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Mprarchus mex- tcanus), L.9.2;W.4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than in No. 452; back rayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes. Reesnble those of No. 452. (Merrill. ) Range.— Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, exas. 453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magis- ter). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler. Range.—'‘ Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and south- west New Mexico; south In winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico.’’ 454. Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myzarchus cineras- cens). L.8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our Mriarch?. Notes. A rather resonant but wooden chiick-pr-r-r-r. Range.—Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico and Central America. 454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c. nutting?). Simi- lar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky. Range. —Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters n Central America. = 454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c. pertinax). Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower California. 455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myzarchus lawrencet olivascens). L.7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peewr. Range.— Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado. 203 Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown. 587. Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. Ad. 3’. Above and breast black; sides reddish chest- nut; belly white. 4d. 9. Above and breast brown. Call, chewink or towheé; song, a loud, not over musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain JJ try. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win- ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. 587a. White-eyed Towhee (P. e. allen’). Similar to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath- ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes. Call, towhee, much sharper than.that of No. 587. Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. 588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L. 8.7. Ad. 3. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. @. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings thanin o&. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song, suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical. Range.— Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west- ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. 588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Simi- lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on back less num- erous; white tip to outer tail-feather Jess than 1.3 long. Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory In the northern part of range. 588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m, oregonus). Similar to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edg- ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark- ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper. Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to southern California. 588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementa). Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.) Range.—‘‘San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat- alina Islands,’’ southern California. (Grinnell.) 288d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black. Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south Into Lower California. (Ridgw.) 588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. maguirostris). Sim- ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal- er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster. ) ange.—Cape Region of Lower California. 589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pzpzlo consobrinus). Sim- ilar to No. 588b in restriction uf white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; 4d. of sooty rather than black (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 204 Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown. 457. Say Phoebe (Sayornis saya). L. 7.5. Ads. Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive phee-eur; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.) Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 1009 : breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts. 591. Canon Towhee (Pifilo fuscus mesoleucus). L. 9.; W. 3.7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times; in flight a robin-like screep-eep-ecp. Range.—Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and Arizona; resident. 59!a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3. 3. Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, with- out cinnamon. Range —Southern Lower California. 591b. California Towhee (P. f. crissalis) W. 3. 9. Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly. Range.—California, west of the Sierra. 591c. Anthony Towhee (P. 7. senicula). W. 3. 7. Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter. Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern California. 592. Abert Towhee (Pifilo abertt). L.9. Ads. No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, aloud, clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurr- ed Towhee group. (B. B. and R.) Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah. 205 Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown. 506. Orchard Oriole (Jcterus spurius) L. 7.3. Ad. do’. Black; breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-cov- erts chestnut. 4d. 2. Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yxg. Male. First fall like ¢; first spring like 2, but throat black. Notes. Song much richer.and more finished than that of the orange and blaek Orioles; the difference is inde- scribable but easily recognizable. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; wintersin Central America and northern South Amer- Ica. 6 592.1. Green-tailed Towhee (Orcospiza chlorura). L. 7. AMENIGAMISCOtEn scyoe' oar ste c= {itGai|Melvetescotensse arse ooner-s 165 White-winged Scoter........ TOG POUT SGOLGT asc cttates tc otro 167 a Ruddy Ducky cists wasers te or [168]Masked Duck.............. 169 Lesser Snow Goose........- 169a Greater Snow Goose.......- 165s BluesG:00Ses5 --ae ee 170 Ross Snow Goose......... [171] White-fronted Goose. ....... 171a Amer. White-fronted Goose. . [ez sni Beans Goosenc scneoo ss. T7ze Canada Manse cia swestseear- 172a ‘Hutchins Goose-. -..- 2 2 2 '172b White-cheeked Goose. ...... 172c (Cackling Goose2® .. feo. sc Bs) (Brantewer. oes oe. aes 174a= eBlackiBrants. vases ose oe [275] Barmacle\Goose:-.- 2... L7O UE Mperars GOOSE ae arene 177. Black-bellied Tree-duck ..... 262 SCIENTIFIC NAME. PacE GasaréacaSarCa~.= = 42 hese A.V. Spatularely peata’. /<< << seis 78 Dafila‘acutas<<. o8d. cs careers 76 AIX'SPOUSA, 2216 52s er 78 Netta rafing).= =. 2 ssss neater A.V. Aythya americana ......-...-- 79 soe (MallISNCEa tries eee 79 <€ [Marilay.% a. hase en <0) 5 atliniSs s.r 5 gambell 2... 6. ))picoideus aso (S|) pubescens. -.-r = yaar mas) OY ‘ gairdnerii...150 oe cs homorus....150 ce s medianus....150 ss oa nelsoni...... 150 ah u turatl: = eer I5I ef borealise: ee eeee ISI a scalaris bairdi,...... I51 es ‘¢ — Jucasanus.. . 151 i Nuttallii oe eee 151 ue ANIZOM A. wt ete eee eT Xenopicus albolarvatus........ ISI Picoides'arcticusy. 7.9.6 yer 149 ne americanus.........149 - ‘* fasciatus....149 i‘ ‘) jdorsaliseanes 149 Sphyrapicus VanlUSh ses verter 152 ot nuchalis....152 ns MWNeelerage ooo Od om 60 152 se >, NOLKENSIS seemlige “« thyroideus..152 Ceophloeus pileatus eee 149 “« ~~ abieticola ...149 Melanerpes erythrocephalus.. ..153 rs formicivorus....... 153 Me 6" bairdity seats _ “¢ angustifrons. 153 Asyndesmus torquatus ........ 152 Centurus carolinus............ 153 $07) AUTITLONS cheers cre eaters 153 AO.U. No. 41 412 412a 413 4l3a 4l4 414a 415 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. COMMON NAME. Gila Woodpecker........... Southern Flicker............ Northern Flicker... ...0+-0++8 Red-shafted Flicker.......... Northwestern Flicker........ Gilded! lickers... 0. . 0% Brown Flicker...... Guadalupe Flicker... Basen ies ORDER MACROCHIRES. Family CAPRIMULGIDAi. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. 416 ~ 417 4174 418 418a 418b 419 420 420a 420bD Chuck-will’s-widow......... Whip-poor-will............. Stephens Whip- peers -will..... Poor-will . ead Frosted Poor- “will. spaces Dusky Poor-will..........4 Merrill Parauque............ INigithawkeascrcttstee sounds ciseseecs Western Nighthawk......... Florida Nighthawk.......... 420c Sennett Nighthawk....... 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 [431. 432 433 Texan Nighthawk........ a SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Centurus uropygialis.......... 153 Colaptes AUILALUS 2 seca stems eee tee 154 + luteus-3 254: 154 He cafer collaris........ 154 c “sf saturatior.154 ne chrysoides ..........154 Se «« brunnescens.154 i rufipileus,.........- 154 GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, ETC. Antrostomus carolinensis ...... 156 a vociferus. . naa kbO) se oe macromystax. 156 Phalzenoptilus MUtal lis see ces 156 “* nitidus....156 ee a5 californicus. 156 Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli..157 Chordeiles virginianus,........ 157 oo ween hyllacetyers 157 tg ‘« chapmani....157 ee sok ESCMMEGU een oS 7, a acutipennis texensis. .157 Family MICROPODIDA. SwiFTs. Black Swifts ec. 24 he. a2. Chimney Swifts we ese. Vaux Swift.... White-throated Swift........ Cypseloides niger borealis..... 158 Cheetura pelagica............. 158 ie AAV Mill creesteneccen eee a ears 158 Aeronautes melanoleucus...... 158 Family TROCHILIDA:. HUMMING BIRDS. Rivoli Hummingbird......... Blue-throated Hummingbird... Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Black-chinned Hummingbird.. Costa Hummingbird......... Anna Hummingbird......... 1]Floresi Hummingbird...... Broad-tailed Hummingbird.... Rufous Hummingbird........ Eugenes tulgensi ri. 2 eh» 3. 159 Cceligena clemenci@ .......... 160 Trochilus colubris............. 160 ‘ alexandri sacri ae 159 Gaally DUS COStae ee ee tre ck aes ns « 159 re ANIM Alstesereateiarayereecra iss 161 Selasphorus floresii........... A.V ss platycercus......... 161 au HUTUSHeeusereerscreehesae- 161 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Ree COMMON NAME. 434 Allen Hummingbird......... 435 Morcom Hummingbird....... 436 Calliope Hummingbird....... 437 Lucifer Hummingbird........ 438 Rieffer Hummingbird........ 439 Buff-bellied Hummingbird.... 440 Xantus Hummingbird........ 440.1White-eared Hummingbird . .. 441 Broad-billed Hummingbird.... SCIENTIFIC NAME, Selasphorus alleni.. .:... ese 161 Atthis morcomi... Stellula‘calliopes a... a-epeeners @alothorax lucifer -nriaa serra 159 Amazilis tzacatl “ cerviniventris chalconota. 160 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS. Family COTINGIDA:. COTINGAS. [441.1] Xantus Becard............ Family TYRANNIDA. 1.442] Fork-tailed Flycatcher....... 443 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher..... AVA ACTIN nayarvavers eictetstate enclose AAG mest aby isi DIT deatanielste tale slate 446° Couch Kingbird.......5...<. f 447 Arkansas Kingbird.......... 443 — Cassin Kine Ditd: i252 2. oar 449 Derby Flycatcher........... [450] Giraud Flycatcher .. peer 481 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. . 452 Crested Flycatcher. . : 453 Mexican Crested Flycatcher. : 453a Arizona Crested Flycatcher. . 454 Ash-throated Flycatcher. . 45421 Nutting Flycatcher.. 5; 4546 Lower California FI yeatcher. {455 |Lawrence Flycatcher.. 4554 Olivaceous Flycatcher....... ATC © Malet Oe De meneame statyeue cuciea erent AIG Time a Viale MCD eh raiarchertys ata crsley seerets AIS Oma aly Pine Deere etsy shstateyctelete 45;8a Western Black Phoebe...... 459 Olive-sided Flycatcher...... 460 Coues Flycatcher. Bre 46t Wood Pewee. erties 4062 Western Wood Pewee. aa Basilinna xantuSi..............159 £€ T@UCOLIS sto freyaeioee eee 160 lache latirostriS...-. 2... 0% s)-- = loo Platypsaris albiventris........ A.Y. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. Muscivora Bear Eee AG Ve fe forficata. . ie Tyrannus tyrannus . dominicensis. . : ie melancholicus couchii202 oe VLU Calis: atcrenclopenmes 202 se VOciferans'=. snes 202 Pitangus derbianus,........... 202 . Myiozetetes similis superciliosusA.V Myiodynastes luteiventris...... 202 Myiarchus crinitus............ 202 oe mexicanus . + «202 of oe magister - 203 as cinerascens. . 202 ‘o of nuttingi J202 ie er pertinax.. 202 rd lawrencei.. . ...... A.V. ss “« olivascens. 202 Sayornis phceebe..............208 ON OSA al cre Bieetelsererect oie 205 So) eTIBRIGAMSH fey atetone merece 251 a «> Semiattal ete) 25 Nuttallornis borealis. . 208 Contopus pertinax pallidiventris 208 cs VAT EM Sete cyeteier center 208 ui richardsonii.. .......208 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ONE COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pace 462a Large-billed Weod Pewee.... Contopus richardsoni Sa z 208 463 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.... Empidonax flaviventris.. .. 211 464 Western Flycatcher......... difficilis . ee aD 464.1 St. Lucas Flycatcher........ Wt cine ritius : Se ee lO 464.2 Santa Barbara Flycatcher.... ee INSUNGOld se ssn ee eeLO. 465 Green-crested Flycatcher.... oh virescens......... 210 400 Traill Flycatcher.).... 05... sf tra ilies ntetrore cee eG 466a Alder Flycatcher............ a fal mOrUitless-<4205) AO7mbeastEly.catchenran. «<1 ste « ui MIMMUS ces 20D) 468 Hammond Flycatcher........ e NamMmondl: cet. 200) 469 Wright Flycatcher.......... ce Wit SLU teenie cies pea 469.1 Gray Flycatcher............ Ss PTISEUSie a eis ao 206 [470] Fulvous Flycatcher.......... es fulvitrons..... eas Ve 470a Buff-breasted Flycatcher..... ie Hip pygmzeus. 115 471 Vermilion Flycatcher........ Pyrocephalus rubineus mexican- us . : ml, 472 Beardless Flycatcher........ Ornithion imberbe. . Se eERL OO) 472a Ridgway Flycatcher........ “ «C ridgwayl... 199 Family ALAUDIDZE. LARKS. [473 ]Skylark.. tie seine es Alalidaarvensis. . Peeiesite needs 474 Horned Lark. ee afet Otocoris alpestris. . See LOO 474a Pallid Horned Lark.. ie ‘ arctic ee Pe 200 474b Prairie Horned Lark. ce us i praticolas....200 474c Desert Horned Lark... Sees a “Jeucolama...201 474d Texan Horned Lark......... ge Se CUA a. 200 A74e Californian Horned Lark..... es <1) saGtiac. Ol 474f Ruddy Horned Lark......... a 6S" eYuUbe age. as 201 474g Streaked Horned Lark....... ae SS Strigata. «201 474h Scorched Horned Lark....... ce BO AGUSTAN se vet 201 474i Dusky Horned Lark......... OG ae merrilli...... 201 474) Sonoran Horned Lark........ a foe) pallidans.eate 201 474k Hoyt Horned Lark.......... a SS No ytiens se 3/6 200 4741 Montezuma Horned Lark..... fe “« occidentalis. . 201 474m Island Horned Lark.......... os ‘« insularis ....201 Family CORVIDA:. Crows, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. 475 American Magpie........... Pica pica hudsonia... 476 Yellow-billed Magpie........ Pica nuttalli. Bh cae PA 7pm) WCU AN erro teveratn etsy steteh saya lari 6 Cyanocitta cristata . STS T 4774 Florida Blue Jay............ tr florincola. . . 182 VAY Si SHEMET Ayub srehelols)atteser aye ye lecarer si: ce stelleri. ‘ 185 478a Blue-fronted Jay............ “a ie frontalis . eae SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Aa: COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE 478b Long-crested Jay........6.. Cyanocitta stelleri diademata...185 478c Black-headed Jay.........4. ue ‘* —annectens..- 185 478d Queen Charlotte Jay........ ne «¢ carlotta ....185 AZO neRLOTiC awd Aye. tramp sities ctetsisiecl ors Aphel ocoma cyanea ....-.---.184 480 Woodhouse ne deetas a abode oe woodhouseli..<..184 480.1 Blue-eared Hy Sietesto ate oe Cy anOtiseents items 184 480.2 Texan Jay.. a leech leo ucanard oo 184 481 California Jay. ey californica....... 184 481a Xantus Jay.. Mma aheire ue ‘« hypoleuca. 184 ASTM dine ya vie crete sielerenacustateteyens ee ge obscura. 184 ASMatooantanGnuz Vaya ceases ce iets ce insularisi..ve-naae 184 A482) PATIZONALI Avian! jetaeaieceeyerer asst: a sieberii arizone..183 AS 2AM Ouch AY ss tuetetefeterscoimaterasts re «* | couchii. . 183 4S su GTECM el AVierscietstatees weiettensienots Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens. .185 484 Canada Jay.. ......-- Perisoreus canadensis... - = «a. 252 484a Rocky Mountain n Jay. Wa cues ns ‘¢. capitalis.2i.252 484b Alaskan Jay... Se eres a ‘« fumifrons. ..252 ACACIA DTAGOn Jays. = rerat-iteal-t- chy: ue ‘« nigricapillus. 252 midis Oyteeorln his on bone oubn cmon ‘ig ODSCUTUS seer yaser 252 AS RamGsa Va lalate si ofc ileal kesh is ft VOnISCUS ieee g 486 American Raven..........5- Corvus iGordx. ee ea eee 255 486a Northern Raven .......... ar wG ‘¢ principalis#eeeree 255 487 White-necked Raven........ ‘« cryptoleucus..... +255 488 American! Crow .). accent. fe “americanus. 2... ssemma5is AdSawlel OrldauG@ wowaret. ciety tus cts es cc | pascuus..ee 255 489 Northwest Crow............ oy GaurinUS!®. 1) ecnere 255 AGO mer IShs © LOwmerscapaterstetstep seas us OSSifragus”. + .).)4- cleus 255 491 Clarke Crow............... Nucifraga columbiana ......... 252 4O2s PINON Vaiss eiteho chro: Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. . 183 Family STURNID. STARLINGS. [493]Starling.......... Sturnus vulgaris.............. 253 Family ICTERIDAZ. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. AOA eo! linktcnfaicks stabs etaena! ese Dolichonyx oryzivorus ........ 251 495 Cowbird.. Se arejeeree) = MOLOtITUSHAteT ps trateiepater seneee 253 495a Dwarf Cowbird,. fg “« obscurus.....-.253) 496 Red-eyed Cowbird.. ... Callothrus robustus........... 253 497. Yellow-headed Blackbird. . Meenas Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199 498 Red-winged Blackbird.. Agelaius PHcEnicens eee 178 498a Sonoran Red-wing.......... au sonoriensis. . 178 498b Bahama Red-wing.......... cs “ bryanti...... 178 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. aes COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE 498c Florida Red-wing.. Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus..178 498d Thick-billed Red- -wing. OPPS TOL LS ictscetens « 178 498e San Diego Red-wing........ < «neutralis....178 498f Northwestern Red-wing...... as ‘* caurinus....178 499 Bicolored Blackbird.......... Si Boece oetet californicus..179 500 Tricolored Blackbird........ *« tricolor... 17 501 Meadowlark.. shee Sturnel Jagimalem ai eisraatseesttsl et « 199 5o1a Mexican Meadowlark........ Se MOG PeSI- chr « 199 501b Western Meadowlark........ te Same nlerl ectarcr. LOG soic Florida Meadowlark.......... es « argutula ....199 { 502 ]Troupial.. ero: Icterus icterus...............A.V. 503 Audubon Oriole... : se audubonii...........186 LOA OCOMIOMOlC sr arsclests ales sl. «6 A PARISOFUM. «2.00. i. panels 186 505 Hooded Oriole. . : fe cucullatus sennetti...186 505a Arizona Hooded Oriole. . ss ce nelsoni..... 186 506 Orchard Oriole............. as SPU USsniet. mercer 206 507 Baltimore Oriole............ i PalbUlaeasaceeteheiecetene.s 186 508 Bullock Oriole.............. es bullockis gs J.) 051 eee TOO 509 Rusty Blackbird.......... Scolecophagus carolinus....... 254 §10 Brewer Blackbird........... es cyanocephalus...254 511 Purple Grackle............. Quiscalus CUISCUla reise rperersyars 254 511a Florida Grackle............. uu cose bar ce 254 511b Bronzed Grackle.... “ “« eeneus. 254 513 Boat-tailed Grackle.......... Megaquiscalus major.. 2254 513a Great-tailed Grackle........ ‘« macrourus. 254 Family FRINGILLIDAZ. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. §14 Evening Grosbeak.. . Hesperiphona vespertina.. 199 514a Western Evening Grosbeak... re montana. - 199 515 Pine Grosbeak.........6-.05 Pinicola enucleator leucura..... I7I 515a Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak... Be ‘« —montana....171 515b California Pine Grosbeak.... es «californica .. 171 515c Alaskan Pine Grosbeak..... co ‘« alascensis... 171 ‘515d Kadiak Pine Grosbeak....... a ‘« flammula....171 [516 ]Cassin Bullfinch............ Pyrrhula cassini..........++- A. V. Siz (Purple inchs. stein. a. « Carpodacus purpureus.. . 171 s17a California Purple’'Finch...... « californicus. 171 518 Cassin Purple Finch........ us CASSINI sles Saenalcae = 175 519 House Finch.......... canes es mexicanus frontalis.- 175 519b St. Lucas House Finch...... se «« ruberrimus : 175 519c San Clemente House Finch .. a «« clementis....175 520 Guadalupe House Finch..... us AMpluSmeame sets elcsien 175 520.1 San Benito House Finch..... ss MESTSC Ons atv nerstcclats 175 521 American Crossbill..... ++... Loxia curvirostra minor........ 173 277 A.O.U. No. 521a 522 523 524 524a 525 526 527 527a 528 5284 528b 529 5294 529b 530 ae 533 534 534a 535 536 536a 537 538 539 540 5404 540b 541 542 542a 542b 542C 543 544 544a 544b 544c 545 546 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. COMMON NAME. Mexican Crossbill........... White-winged Crossbill...... Aleutian Leucosticte.... ... Gray-crowned Leucosticte. .. Hepburn Leucosticte........ Black Weewcosticte: wy. ott Brown-capped Leucosticte.... Greenland Bese Seite Hoary Redpoll Redpoll. . Holboll Redpoll.. Greater Redpoll.. sean American Goldfinch. . Sse oe Western Goldfinch.......... Willow Goldfinch. .......... Arkansas Goldfinch......... Mexican Goldfinch.......... Lawrence Goldfinch. [532] Black-headed Goldfinch... Pine Siskin.. Snowflake. . ee ert Pribilof Snowflake. eter tetne ees McKay Snowflake........... Lapland Longspur.......... Alaskan Longspur.......... Smithy ones pulteenteysrcerack ee Chestnut-collared Longspur.. McCown Longspur Vesper Sparrow.. Beh Western Vesper Sparrow. : Oregon Vesper Sparrow..... Ipswichvs parnowa teeters Sandwich Sparrow... Savanna Sparrow. . dea osts Western Savanna Sparrow. ys Bryant Marsh Sparrow Belding Marsh Sparrow...... Large-billed Sparrow........ St. Lucas Sparrow.......... Abreojos Sparrow........... San Benito Sparrow......... Baird Sparrow ..... Grasshopper Sparrow... 278 SCIENTIFIC NAME. _ PaGs Loxia curvirostra stricklandi....173 fe leucoptera. 220 56 ae) eee Leucosticte griseonucha....... 179: eS tephrocotis ..... 179. fe~ littoralis..% 170; ot ALATA care: shel eretetonetetens 179 Se australiS —.).).:)sne 179 Acanthis hornemannii.........176 is fe xillpes i ypen tes fs linaniais. 2 eee 176 og “* holboclliig= sae of TOSttatalsacers 176 Astragalinus tristis.. ape LOD se pallidus. ana 192 us «« salicamans.. 192 He psaltria .. Sica eee t SS mexicanus 102 = lawrencel.. -.+ 189) Spinus notatus........ ae i Pintis ae oer eee gee 225, Passerina nivalis..:. 2. 22) ene 211 a «« townsendi.... 211 UG hyperboreus.. 20 Calcarius lapponicus. . ie 200} us alascensis. 219 ‘ Picts: ate eee 220 mS ornatus... soles Rhynchophanes mccownli......218 Pooecetes PLA MUNEUS jr. tatl eters 221 < @ “confinis< 122 tS +e affinis ....221 Passerculus princeps. .........225 “ sandwichensis ....223 ‘ «savanna . 223 oe ‘« alaudinus 223 fe «« bryanti. .223 oe Ie lGiinaiitay erect 223, me NOSECATUS cteriers eee es “* guttatus .. ce ce “e oe Coturniculus bairdii. .. . 2235 halophilus.224 sanctorum.224 .. 224, ‘* savannarum passerinus.224 — SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. oe COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pace 546a Western Grasshopper Coturniculus savannarum bima- Sparrows at.tarcleseis ese GUILATUISee Meee tater etone fue vases 224 546b Florida Grasshopper Sparrow. ut ‘« floridanus.. .224 547 Henslow Sparrow........... sf henslowii.. sod 547a Western Henslow Sparrow... au ou occidentalis. 224 548 Leconte Sparrow............ ib [ecOnteil. cc... 2 2: 220 549 Sharp-tailed Sparrow........ Ammodramus caudacutus......225 549.1 Nelson Sparrow..........-. es MEIS OMe retates vier 225 549a Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow = ** subvirgatus 225 550 Seaside Sparrow..........+. os maritimus......226 550a Scott Seaside Sparrow....... ss “« peninsulz . 226 550b Texas Seaside Sparrow...... 6 “oe schnettiv. 220 550c Fisher Seaside Sparrow...... uy emer fisheries 220 550d MacGillivray Seaside Sparrow ae « macgillivraii 226 551 Dusky Seaside Sparrow..... a nigrescens...... 226 Bboy MICAT Kae PANLOW sjatslsdere cle ielelse/e.s Chondestes grammacus........ 228 552a Western Lark Sparrow...... we eae 4225 553. Harris Sparrow. . eget ZonobichiA CUS TU Aceves repens t, 220) 554 White-crowned Sparrow... it leucophrys fhe bo 227 554a Gambel Sparrow............ oe oe gambeli. .227 554b Nuttall Sparrow.........06. ie nuttalli..227 557. Golden-crowned Sparrow.... fee CORO MACH tera etenerarses 22, 558 White-throated es seh agels ec AUDGOMStavetares esfese ane 227 559 Tree Sparrow.. Sepacere Spizella monticola. . Bey nepi es de ee 559a Western Tree Sparrow. Meee: sis ochracea. ma 5222 560 Chipping Sparrow.......... SOCIALISM ae aisteetceessncveueee eat 222 560a Western Chipping Sparrow.. CM AY iO ae, aeletets areas 22 561 Clay-colored Sparrow....... SCM AlliC Amare a ducts gee sire 228 FO2 BLeWel SPabrOW n-ne... - CNL) HEVVE Til nuner srapencceU cases eps teuen 2 25 563 Field Sparrow.. ceoetian i) 1, ot TORUS LA tenors conan ean Ree 503a Western Field Sparrow. saeeks a ee ALEN ACCA ences tae 222. 564 Northern Sparrow.......... (OPA WVOTLMENI Gs tetonmr ate cre 28 565 Black-chinned Sparrow. ee ttattts SOD atnOgulaniSaerae sarees 2 10 566 White-winged Junco........ Uuncoikent ogee. eens 240 567 Slate-Colored Junco........ OG Johieinovelistae pataceeapo ape c 240 567a Oregon Junco.............. Hf PS OLECAIUSe fanart 2AM 567b Shufeldt Junco......eeeeees ad Se Shufeldticn jie oan s67c Thurber Junco.......... Oe oe see CEUNGD EM resceras lent: 241 567d Point Pinos Junco.......... cs JE MOSUS saytanheee roa 567e Carolina Junco............. us ‘¢ carolinensis...... 240 567.1 Montana Junco............. So RseeMNOMCAMUS seuesgeeuyicye (517 2A 568 Pink-sided Junco,,.......... ECM TMCARTISIC ena pets cigs. clits 21 569 Gray-headed Junco......... WU RINGS cee boon ooe 241 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. are: COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE 570 Arizona JUNCO........eeeeee Junco phzonotus palliatus ..... 241 570a Red-backed Junco.......... cc dorsalis...... 241 Smarr ruin Oke. ctere share eecefrels CC “Baird: sswoe ner ener 240 571.1 Townsend Junco........+.- COV tOW MSN! yar. aera 240 572 Guadalupe Junco........... fe IMSUIATIS trae eteie aerate eree4o. 573 Black-throated Sparrow...... Amphispiza bilineata. .........249 573a DesertBlack-throated Sparrow a deserticola 249 BAe Silas DAG OW) cietaret-teret stats Rotatete “ bellies: /.erantte seer 228 57Aa Sage Spartow sere -sts ew ei is > ee ‘« nevadensis.. ..228 574b Gray Sage Sparrow......... us £67 SCINEHEM tartare ae) 575 Pine-wood Sparrow......... Peuczea estivalis.............. 221 575a Bachman BUG ONe: Sa ae ue ‘¢ bachmanii..... 221 570 Arizona Sparrow...........- oC Dotter ne 2 ene: serene 221 578 Cassin Sparrow.. he (© CASSINI ss) ve ae nee 579 Rufous-winged Sparrow. . Aimophila carpalis............220 580 Rufous-crowned Sparrow. SS TUfICEPS.i.. 6 ne 220) 580a Boucard Sparrow........... cs s¢ scdtti.. .. 2.220 580b Rock Sparrow... .....eeeeeee fs s efemceca. .. . 220 580c Laguna Sparrow...........- es Se sororia. .....220 581 Song Sparrow...........06- Melospiza cinerea melodia...... 229 581a Desert Song Sparrow. ...... fallax Gece 220 581b Mountain Song Sparrow. .... ne ‘Ss mOolitana sees 220 581c Heermann Song Sparrow .... Bs ‘ heermanni. ..229 581d Samuel Song Sparrow....... ae ‘« samuelis.. ...230 581e Rusty Song Sparrow........ Ws ‘¢ “MOrphnaeecare 230 581f Sooty Song Sparrow........ a foo Hun eee ere 230 581g Brown Song Sparrow-. ...; ie 6¢RIVulaniStretecnens 229 581h Santa Barbara Song Sparrow. s «« graminea..... 230 581i San Clemente Song Sparrow. m « clementa..... 230 581j Judd Song Sparrow......... = ue o> judi ryote 229 4 581k Merrill Song Sparrow....... ce COD SHE THI acer 229 5811 Alameda Song Sparrow...... ne « “pusillulay. ..<230;m 581m San Diego Song Sparrow .... oe « “cooperi. ..... -240m 581n Yakutat Song Sparrow....... ag 6) Mcaliningves er 230: 5810 Kenai Song Sparrow......... ae «« kenaiensis.....230 — 581.1 Bischoff Song Sparrow....... oe «« insignis ....--230 — 582 Aleutian Song Sparrow...... 06 cinerea... 2.0.4...) 2308 eam eineoln SpanrOw, ace sues al: sis lincolnii.... .. as. !220nam 583a Forbush Sparrow ........... is «striata... .. .. 2am 584 Swamp Sparrow............ wet peorgiana.... ......eggmm FOS OX SPANLOW ceslelsererecaeiaufe rte Passerella iliaca............+ 231 *The species of Junco are here given as In the ‘Check-List’, the A. O. U. not having as yet acted on Ride in way’s revision of this group which Is followed, essentially, in the body of the book. 280 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. aU: COMMON NAME. 585a Townsend Sparrow 585b Thick-billed Sparrow 585c Slate-colored Sparrow. ...... 585d Stephens Sparrow........... 586 Texas Sparrow............. 587. Towhee 587a White-eyed Towhee ........ 588 Arctic Towhee............. 588a Spurred Towhee 588b Oregon Towhee 588c San Clemente Towhee 588d San Diego Towhee 588e Mountain Towhee 589 Guadalupe Towhee.......... 591 Canon Towhee 591a Saint Lucas Towhee........ so1b California Towhee 591c Anthony Towhee 592 Abert Towhee.............. 592.1 Green-tailed Towhee 593 Cardinal 593a Arizona Cardinal........... 593b Saint Lucas Cardinal 593c Gray-tailed Cardinal........ 593d Florida Cardinal 594 Arizona Cardinal wets we esos i ae ee ee a ee 594a Texas Cardinal............. 594b Saint Lucas Cardinal........ 595 Rose-breasted Grosbeak..... 506 Black-headed Grosbeak...... 597 Blue Grosbeak............. 597a Western Blue Grosbeak...... 598 Indigo Bunting. ............ 599 6Lazuli Bunting............. 600 Varied Bunting............. 6o0a Beautiful Bunting........... 601 Painted Bunting ............ 602 Morellet Seed-eater......... [lOOZNGrassquityipcsc. alec welee 1s [603.1] Melodious Grassquit....... GOAN DICKGCISSE Ne tcteveieeieletets aiaie «10 605 Lark Bunting.............+. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis . 231 ag «« —-megarhyncha.. .231 Bi Sf SSchistaceala’....r223 1 i «« stephensi.......237 Arremenops rufivirgata........215 Pipilo erythrophthalmus. ...... 204 ts fe alleni...204 ‘« maculatus arcticus.......204 ce ce megalonyx ..-.204 on Be oregonus.. ....204 a se clementa. ... .204 a au atratus........ 204 Hi “ magnirostris ...204 WaeCONSODTINUS tas sie aleve! shetel erste 204 “« fuscus mesoleucus....... 205 es Soma O12 Ul alareere sieettenese 205 a poems ChISSAll Seren emerster ee 205 cs fo) Seniculay wats 205 SSMAD ELE ercastestiatecerseteterratac 205 Oreospiza chlorura . nie ht ZOO Cardinalis cardinalis ..........172 i «« superbus. ..172 s po eONeUSi rs ee liz. 2 oe “* canicaudus .172 oy «« floridanus. .172 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata........... 172 SS tex anaseus 172 is ‘« peninsule. .172 Zamelodia ludoviciana......... 174 eS melanocephala...... 207 Guinacarczenuleae crt te 181 cc ios lazulaeere cea Cyanospiza cyanea............ 181 te amoena............180 ae versicolor .........180 uy «« pulchra ..180 fe Cidieoua pane aaaods 180 Sporophila morelleti........... 249 NAT ISWDIGOLOL ec «chee etmole terol cieneys A.V. SOMRCA MOL Ati crers!s tral sis) ater cge eye A.V. Spiza americana. ....... -198 Calamospiza melanocorys ...... 251 281 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 4.0.U. oi COMMON NAME. Family TANAGRIDA. TANAGERS. [606] Blue-headed Euphonia....... 607 Louisiana Tanager.......... 608. ‘Scarlet Tanager: +...2...23- 609 Hepatic Tanager...... ; 610 Summer Tanager........... 610a Cooper Tanager..........6. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Euphonia elegantissima....... A.V. Piranga ludoviciana. .........-171 «« erythromelas .........171 SO Nie patica sae ce sli reel 6 rurale, he. sgt ote eeeeeelial se fC NGOOPETI a eis arelesters 17I Family HIRUNDINIDAZ. SWALLOWS. GlUn -RURpleMManti Ia s-trew + + = me 611a Western Martin............ 611.1 Cuban Martin.............. 612) Clit Swallows. - 22. .).2. 2% [612.1]Cuban Cliff Swallow...... 612.2 Mexican Cliff Swallow ...... 613. Barn Swallow.............. 614 Tree Swallow. : oP 615 Violet-green Swallow.. 615a St. Lucas Swallow. [6r5. 1] Bahaman Swallow........ 616 Bank Swallow....... 617. Rough-winged Swallow . eee ee eee Progne subis. Ha loldh slatlete diate PAG ‘ af hesperia jarepiarae 250 ‘6 SehyptolewGarcie set ieate 250: Petrochelidon lunifrons. ....... 250 ue fulvayas eee ABV ce melanogastra ....250 Hirundo erythrogastra ........250 Iridoprocne bicolor............ 250 Tachycineta thalassina lepida.. 250 ‘ ‘« ~ brachytera256 Callichelidon cyaneoviridis....A.V. Ripaiaylpariae.. meters sacchari 211 Stelgidopteryx serripennis..... 211 Family AMPELIDAE. WaxwinNGs. 618 Bohemian Waxwing......... 619 Cedar Waxwing............ 620 ey Phainopeplacs- tacts -cvecisets): Family LANIIDA. 621 Northern Shrike............ 622 Loggerhead Shrike.......... 622a White-rumped Shrike........ 622b California Shrike........... 622c Anthony Shrike............ Family VIREONID-€. 623 Black-whiskered Vireo....... 624 'Red-eyed Vireo.......-...-- 625 Yellow-green Vireo.......... 626 Philadelphia Vireo.......... 627 Warbling Vireo............. 627a Western Warbling Vireo .... Ampelis garrulus ...........--198 ) \Gednonuim sis ce terre 198. Phainopepla nitens............ SHRIKES. Lantus borealis. %.\.in.).-vae eter 248 ©) sludovicianus =j-erce re rake 248 ae ss excubitorides248 oe sf gambeli..... 248 anthonyi....248 VIRENS, Vireo calidris barbatulus .......212 £* VOMVAGEUS esis iecaslc ener 212 66 HlaVOVAniGISt, per ereeceres 228 ‘¢ philadelphicus........ jars zal SOUS eratetssPercnateepalchcnel oeteneee 213 af (f" SSWAIMSOM Ms: «ea elealice A.O.U. No. 628 62 629a 629b 629¢ 620d 630 631 631a 631b 631c 632 632a 632c 633 633a 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 O41 642 643 644 645 645a 646 646a 646b 647 648 648a 649 650 651 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. COMMON NAME. é SCIENTIFIC NAME. PAGE Yellow-throated Vireo....... NiTCOTlaviltOnS...0- srs os ste ses 198 Blue-headed Vireo.......... Sam SOMLANIU Sette eters fey 15,9 213 @WassineWaTreon weno a we ae oe aes oe £05 ACASSINM Kes 4 ws cenen gs DF Plumbeous Vireo............ te ind APLUIMIDEUS ee. rca 20S Mountain Solitary Vireo..... a So AIT COLAM anata na 0S St. Lucas Solitary Vireo, .... os ‘* Jucasanus .......213 Black-capped Vireo. ........ See miatniGa PlllwSe adore. orev scans 245 White-eyed Vireo........... noveboracensis., .?..... 213 Key West Vireo............ fi i maynardi...213 Benmudagviteor cn. cess os 2 ie oe bermudianus213 Small White-eyed Vireo...... ss “s micrus...... 213 FteOme VANE OR etncie te a -cstecetene *« huttoni. Rid ti pete Mga 2 M2. Stephens Vireo! eee = . os aero) Family CINCLID4E. DIPPERS. zor American Dipper......-.... Cinclus mexicanus.¢ 20... -247 Family TROGLODYTIDA. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. 702 Sage Thrasher............. Oroscoptes montanus......... 233 OR MONNOCKINGDIFG. : crlettetsiecteicieis « Mimus polyglottos.. aval 2A8 703a Western Mockingbird....... ce leucopterus.. 248 OAM @AtDITG ts siareetstelstes-1s 6 pteees Galeries carolinensis...... 247 705 Brown Thrasher............ Toxostoma rufum............. 233 706 Sennett Thrasher........... “6 longirostre sennetti.233 707. Curve-billed Thrasher....... cs curvirostre ........ 216 7o7a Palmer Thrasher........... ue 6G palmeri..216 708 Bendire Thrasher......... te se benditeitirss s californica: 2-1 ormpeers Family TURDIDA. THRUSHES, SOLITAIRES, STONECHATS, BLUE- BIRDS, ETC. 754 Townsend Solitaire.......... Myadestes townsendii......... 247 758 Wood Thrush.............. Hylocichla mustelina . 233 756 Wilson Thrush. ..........-. we fuscescens. . Jeto38 756a Willow Thrush. ...........- ss us salicicola. 238 757 Gray-cheeked Thrush....... ue ENGR 5 Godba med 6 2 239 757a Bicknell Thrush ............ a Se bicknell ifeeerss 2390 758 Russet-backed Thrush....... i ustulata. ./.). <4 4s236 758a Olive-backed Thrush........ bs a swainsonii . . 239 758b Monterey Thrush........... a6 “ cedica.......239 758c Alma Thrush............... ‘ fe almz.......239 759 Alaska Hermit Thrush....... oe guttata Teo 759a Audubon Hermit Thrush..... ff ng auduboni... .238 759b Hermit Thrush. ............ is cu’ pallasiigeeeeaoes 759c Dwarf Hermit Thrush....... es ee Nana soeeee 238 [760]Red-winged Thrush......... Turdus iliacus. -A.V. 761 American Robin............ Merula migratoria. . aoe 204 761a Western Robin..........e00- a propinqua.. . 207 701h Southern Robin...........4. ue ef achrustera .. . 207 762 St. Lucas Robin............ S 2COnTINIS s).1. see eee 207 FOR) VarieGMNMGUShin- crs wetter Ixoreus nzvius,...... 207 763a Pale Varied Thrush......... se as meruloides.. soca 207 [764]Red-spotted Bluethroat. . Cyanecula suecica. Ae OGM CALA Tice reysicit-teietenctole toners Saxicola cenanthe.............248 765a Greenland Wheatear........ se «« ~leucorhoa..... 248 7OOMPB Webitdes ceteris Sialialsialisi-cstnuestcue rset 182 288 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMEICAN BIRDS. Nee COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME, 766a Azure Bluebird. ............ Sialia sialis azurea...... 767. Western Bluebird eyes stoietelste ‘*« mexicana occidentalis... 767a Chestnut-backed Bluebird.... fs sg Dalrdieae essere : 767b San Pedro Bluebird.,........ ‘ oa anabele....... 768 Mountain Bluebird.......... CSET Gil Gamat statue fevneess tomer aalnes INDEX ~e Acanthis hornemannii............... 176 a exilipes ....... 176 ITALIAN pien at. ee svi eisaretn: 176 peep O| Gel lise tgee wee anes octee 170 peel OSU ACA set ccever eter tele lycte veo 176 Accipiter atricapillus. . S olehd daa itwialinton 131 striatulus........ 131 GOODEN Sie eyes eat te ote hegre at 131 VLOKA eters vec ciecetevay SoS sisuatasel eters 131 PACEILISOMAGUIATIAN oa caih's 'asiew te saris als 197 Actodromas acuminata.............6. 109 Dail iityaptes ne genie tony wie eo strenceavates si 109 UISGIEO Steir vad te aus pisenesofeyersducs 109 MAGUIAT AR a «: BsteGnain seeteld os aete a ak Ye 109 IMUM Ae taht eoreties hopes acs arene 109 /Echmophorus occidentalis.... ..... 144 ve oialitis hiaticula...2- 4 0io.se--.-s- © 112 MELO Ase teen ans sa cases, «sano 112 eae CINCUIMGINCtAree sh aynce oer siate « 112 MUM OS Be rei tere tenevevogetevsaresetatensiiens teers: caiedel 0 112 SOMIPAMMACAG aii peu estes | cessie ote ieiens 112 Aéronautes melanoleucus.......... .-158 AE Sire lAtaMtISNCfilraisy os -\2' bis soe etalepere 260 MAS ICALA area hice naire ernie weg 65 SCALATIS Marke saree saienh v eaaimeloet 260 Agelaius gubernator californicus...... 179 phoeniceus REPRO ie ahaa a a cbatayats 178 DGyaintiinsrenatiar ce eyeleectc a 178 os GAULINUS taicimeet eedioure 178 e HLOTIGAIMUS secre etrieteae ace 178 ON Smen tates otters 4.) 178 “ MEUTHALISCRe eR arate er rer: 178 i sonoriensis ............. 178 EGO] ONE sos Pace ters ones cpt te 179 AimophilasearpaliS..s.-20 5. <2 sep. 220 CUI CE DSi wrete testes ee aires 220 ag ereMmoccaty, naveevin heaven? 220 ns SGCOUEI IG shies teese clon cleres fe tress 220 af SOLOK AR ey ie alent ois 220 AIX SPONSAmslelajetein'g sce rein) ot me etiee 78 AS AIAN AAT A aictire hes takeier a iene eae cp etel cs) ere 89 AlaudalarvensiSz. ices cc cect eee ses 275 A laUdidercncocisals's aces inte gcse ers. « 34, 163 Albatross, Black-footed.............. 62 AN SAMS siecsle x tisisle ale BOR 62 Short-tatledaccs cs +e one pep see 12, 62 SOOR Voie paca ce stertetiela siete lereistet oto 62 SYEMOWENOSEO ee; circles ecietetersiara t= « 62 AICAOKGAN Arista mec sive ts oh ce he oe 48 AMlcedimid eg. farar cco rkisy sciatic t «i 32, 154 Alcid Bisnis aaa Gh sie bts, ae aoe hee 10 PANE salledrmuytes ae vceMeh ata Nh searcke Aces 40 Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota....160 CZACatl Pease ne cepedents sk pase 160 Ammodramus caudacutus............ 225 NENSlOWAlsp sass acele okt Ceasers 224 SOIOccIdentalisees we 26.4 tn 22 [CONTECH Rees eaeetnens es hy225 HUVeALIGIMMUS seen sis racc xterra naa aceie eat ZO ee SIU Marre estas ecteesereens 220 ss macgillivraii..........- 226 i peninsul#.......... 35226 im SEMMETE te oye wiles et ates . -226 MEISOM ce orretsnetnscn Pe a eee oes ee 225 ie SUDMIF SALISH A eg teewietinnt 22 nigrescens.... i tlois? date bene 256 Armnpelid ey iin pliseaier te ers pera 215 chrysoides. .22.).-/. 024-2 pec 154 Glvaradniiclaeve es ee ee acta aoe 24, 100 “ brunnescens.......- 154 Charadrius dominicus eStats ae tees 110 FUP PILEUS (3:0) Sars S ees a ele tee eee 154 fulvuS 2 s.2242see 110 © Colinus ridgwayi......... -..--+..- 115 Charitonetta albeola...... .......-:. 80 virginianus Beer eer: + hae eee 115 Ghat, Wong-talledhs. yack eteeks nes 198 tS floridanus=:=*#*5-- eee 115, Yellow-breasted........ ..... 38, 198 {C~ stexanusi. 2. ce2> rere 115 Chaulelasmus streperus.. .......... 77, Golumbatfasciatal =. 22.4 27-0. eeeeee 124. M@henecerulescensiy socee ens cease 185 a VIOSC29 eo, eee 125 by PODOKEAe eae too bh srase tors. ste 84 flaviroStriSisn ics 322 es eee 124 e NivaliSweahetsaaseetee 84 leucocephal@. --- <5 3.2 eee eee re Tone TOSSIi ete atetencls Meee eet eaeimers waersears 847 (Columbaewee see ec iceee eee eee 27,123 Ghewinkeye tise trie neis sts ols lets srerohet' 204°, 'Columbidee.2. gets once eee 27,123 @hickadee so owe ree nee so eis ceeans 39 ©Columbigallina passerina bermudiana. 126. NAS KAS ec ciate OM we ear eee 244 pallescens. 126 Barlow sear en sos een aaeee 244 < terrestris ..126 Black-capped!j2-. ce. 2 see sates 245. ‘Colymbus auritus:22. 2.2 esa ceases 43 Galiforinale esi eee soca sae 244 dominicus brachypterus.......... 43 Gamadlalivesret cs spree cr raae ane 244 holboel lite ance eee eee 43 @arolinatctehSe ss seaanceee 245 nigricollis californicus...... oat 43 Chestnut-backed........... .... 244 Compsothypis americana. ~aeaees oe 195. Golumbiandyye tee cceoe oasis eee 244 usne! cece we 195. HUdSOMianse. ses sw meas tre 244 nigrilora......... 7 eee aneeee 195 Kowakktsues cree bsaten satu te antares 244- ‘Condotasiees. 2s, «athe cite ce rane 129 one=tanledi ses. cee 4% sigan s Acts 245 Contopus borealis................... 208 VRE XCLG ATI eee creche eveNeia t= --6.....- TSSe) \OMeECEIA ei retetqeeds heat fee oto) ei crermiai 12, 61 a (INOaws Gaedeoneqadacapr T8350) DIppers rece os scott eee tase 38, 247 a Giademataastee secs srceee 185 Dolichonyx oryzivorus.... .......... 251 £ frontalise Nc ss ce ee te 195 Dove, Bermuda Ground... ......... 126 Cyanopiza amoena..........-+...-4- 180 Blue-headed tie icse sss ssemeta cei tee 126 GIEISM ee Mee riers new iet ie nie 180 Ground ene cee Sees 126: GYAN CAN re eras ee retepevem | eyedaieicierere/eravere 181 IncabeNcrgeetictec tna conics rectly 126: VETSICOLOnM rseyels cies) -vaseivieyeiserctataster 189 Key West @uailwi.0 0. cciecten as 126: lol lobes we odecnmaaade at 189 Mexicani Grounds 2222). ‘obsoletuss....ssen elafeleefa L3G Harlequins .cijecis sates e's SParverlus .- 2.0 +s saeepitcee eee 137 WaloradOnsaeasi ccc cicioncmiacuidetele peninsularis. .......... 138 WESSETISGAUP weteyelcietsy) win slt usbstelerers <-) phalecnale esses emer 138 Masked........ Rey cleriketecetentachtet: Falcon, Aplomado ...,......... Soe sl 3y, INVOttleGl Weyer tietehe Vectaksteteteieiavein eters Peale: eee. eee eee eee Red-legged Black...... ........- 77 Prairies &. cnecns aee eee nee Ring-neckedis.jie ose silee(erea sere 79 Faleonidgy:) ssc. occas ee eer RTA eet costctorsts telersretercherascleratere eye's 80 Finch, California Purple Rufous-crested 2.505.025 sete. 262 ASSIN 2). 2 ae Weep Scaup Soe kansean Bese host seciceee 79 Guadalupe House Wedd hss coe ce eran ate etree 78 GUSE NYE y sdiace el evectetey merece rete Pines. Jim neee emer Eagle, aelie Bald Wiaercrwenct mors 136 Burple: i. cic spac tetastetetrer sete REE AC eniereroTaNKehatee wlctee seen 136 San Benito House. ............-175 Calden stan Neve ere eens 136 San Clemente House............ 175 Ectopistes migratorius Berea eneets etek 125 Sti WucastHouses ey sueeee cree 175 Bigret wAmenicamy sce reretecsslswiueer fetes 96. “Rlamingodeii.s2.. ce tirereleisieerereleratereeeys 7,89 Egretta candidissima ................ 02 Flicker Browm's soe. ciercisistaeeese eras 154 Eiders American) (eedase sae teri 82 Gilded)? :.!...03 S.50n0 eee eee 154 Greenland. 2) he eee na 82 Guadalupe). <).\- 262 Slender=billedesiaesiccaelestcccs a 63 Beatle sists Seite ate tsinieavaspetie woes .262 Fulmarus glacialis .......0esseeeeee 63 BlWer rs eis asics cise oirisjaiaveiwoiela'eiss elsle 85 © glupischa.........- 63 Gana are rreraisictctersiattte lelete retatoer 86 TOUS ERSINmeriocndotea? sr erelaemurelerst- 63 Gackling einer ascseuetenaeon te 86 EM PerOrsiy ne ccs oer teleersieiers 85 MGA Wall Pepper ers re ata a eaters 77 Greater Snow. Galeoscoptes carolinensis ........... 247 HutchinSeus sec elt ec hla Galline - see cece eee eee 25, 113 eesser Snowe sicotecn eee Gallinago delicata.............. ss. 105 ROSSESNOW ee ee eee Gallinula galeata............s00 sees 99 White-cheeked Gallinule, Florida.............eeseees 99 Wihite-fronted. cic... es. 85, 262 rnp lepeyecstepivsyevetevatere syaie io stetetoicrs: 99 Goshawk, American................. 131 KGarinet ener eyetersre aislorstatererelonsparsrorac 13, 69 IM cixicanisene en nic wa ance 131 Gavialadamsilyecs-ttsee soe cele) s- e+ 44 Weestennt: iisisrcty cess caisctie eaentert 131 AGLI Cateye steetaeraefvaieres sWieece ester: - 44 Grackle, Boat-tailed............ 254 RITA Teele paret ese ane tatete vars olen catersnst ones 44 Bionzedhacihcs feces cues. 254 INGE etater sc srarsstelersatejetelel ete ats . 44 Belonidanctsectets scccwen cenieiteare ne 254 AGI {IGA Aare Nests fete eiettatee seus 44 Greatetailed|e/srejajs\s sieve feiasclets o): +254 Gaviide POPE RE oc nea deer eters hete te 10 Rugpletiaccmatctlterdcaaa ces 35, 254 Gelochelidon nilotica ....... -.. sin Geel (Giganron Seite iaeememonseonasacesnos 43 Geococcyx californianus........... -146 Lol bb oell erierctekefelessre crs ce stelolstofey Vs 43 Geothlypis agilis 12. .2.200-.ee- es. 189 FHOrmed Siesselajo crs vie seam eictelemtorea ss 43 lxalclinyal © ) “ Beébooomoaaascoac 104 Weastiseymnrtes sate nere errno 43 TOMO! yoeenoodndsads sdbaccs 193 Bieds billed tersters ct ect terest 9, 13 philadelphia...:.... ..--...----: 189 WiESTET Meri. mek ircteleretec iucererre 44 poliocephala......s00.+ +--+ 194 Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine............ 173 Tollilal) goneonouodgooedAee, ooo - 189 Blac leaded a0) 0s .sc. cue 207 CEMCNGR? . eoodnbagoos mroloades 193 Bluecietiteccinciteccinakecseee 181 Gi" (Rivas Gooddodadaues oo: 194 EIS giaietesvetotarcteieteskepeterscctotscts 36, 199 INDEX. Grosbeak, Kadiak Pine.............. 173 Bimectihge paar aeler aga vas ront sears «ane 173 Rocky Mountain Pine. itatee deeetys 173 Rose-breasted .............. -. 174 Western Blue........ Rifle cca 181 Western Evening...... '.---.... 199 Grouse, Alaska Spruce......:....0005 117 @anaday ee aie ween: 117 Canadian Ruffed .. .......... 118 Columbian Sharp-tailed...... .. 121 DUSK iene k ee mens hove 117 raniclinses irae eeetted eas 2 117 GrayaRutiedi wes A taesedes 118 Hudsoniam Spruce.....-....205... 117 @regonWRutted) saree wes a: 118 Prairie Sharp-tailed........../... 121 RIC ATASO DS ye) isierehel cxeleaeton 117 Riittedh ts: scp sees vale e's state 26, 118 BES») Rrobiasbnnds sbneutarices 122 Sharp-tailed......+ssss+ 0s Sea I21 SOOTY Mu cteeccrcicye Mitemieyeewl tne rssh 117 Grud eee se eee ei eisce ce ee 7205.05 Grus/americamas7.<)) lew. Snedete eye 96 CAaMadensis) Sei. tvs. «cnet ahisleiaiee 96 memicatna’t Ui Aienetras see ears sts 96 (Guanacallpa ee epee eracmucderste«ietatete +. QO PUTA pia sytetcl sete eleitiansreautecent torstetat 89 Guillemot, Black............. ee oe 48 Mamata. tree S xrstoredeeeralerss ister 48 PISO Raves acle ic ternwie actewles stot 48 Guiraca czrulea os se ie ee 181 ce lazulatesiic: = icaurinumcice- ass: 139 VARIN cman tayaenaics sare ieioecs 139 pgummcllemiicgen crete iantiasncresaie 139 “vehelveolum ss. .00sts4 oe oe 139 Tachycineta thalassina lepida......... 250 brachyptera....250 sanavers@Oopeliare sacs seus see siele 171 Lepationesecctc enact bea eileen 171 IS OUISTAT ales ietsterieters, cittese ecoe nies 171 Scanletmernerhictecreens nc ac eiceictenta: 17 SUMMMMEL Ee eteversttere sieves aia lalo mn 6 36, 171 IWEESECTM ails cists imanctero noe cieer scams: 171 slianagridzescim co. ss