Kee ou A ~ i ff +7 7 5E'/ CORNELL UNIVERSITY. THE Roswell P. Flower Library THE GIFT OF ROSWELL P. FLOWER FOR THE USE OF THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 18907 2757 Cornell University Library SF 887.B89b HiT | 3 1924 021 948 405 vet BOVINE OBSTETRICS BY M. G. DE BRUIN INSTRUCTOR OF OBSTETRICS AT THE STATE VETERINARY SCHOOL IN UTRECHT TRANSLATED BY W. E. A. WYMAN, M.D.V.,, V.S. AUTHOR OF “THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF LAMENESS IN THE Horse”; “ DOUBLE TIBIO-PERONEAL NEURECTOMY FOR THE RELIEF OF SPAVIN LAMENESS.” AUTHORIZED EDITION NEw YORK WILLIAM R. JENKINS 851-853 SIxTH AVE. 1901 a 3h 8 7 Ne, \q & G9 f COPYRIGHT, 1%)1 By WILLIAM R. JENKINS [Registered at Stationers’ Hall, London] Printed in the United States of America PRINTED BY THE PRESS OF WILLIAM R. JENKINS New York AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Within the past decades several works discussing Veter- inary Obstetrics have been issued. I refer to the text-books of Baumeister-Rueff, Harms, Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, St. Cyr and Violet, Sjostedt, Franck-Goring, Fleming and Deneubourg, who treated the subject in detail. The fact that I had to deal exclusively with bovine obstet- rics, induced me to accept Professors Dr. Bayer and Fréhner’s suggestion to write this work. A specialized treatise on bovine obstetrics demands a rather broad presentation, as it is most frequently met with in obstetrical therapy. Taking this fact into consideration, certain sections were treated in detail,—for instance, abortion, torsion of the uterus, dystokia from malpositions and partu- rient paresis. EEmbryotomy also was fully dealt with, since any years of experience have shown me the important réle it plays in a bovine obstetrical practice, and an exhibition of the various methods, especially in regard to the beginner, are desirable. The supplement, “Auxilliaries in the Study of Mechanical Obstetrics,’ reviews the manner by which the students, in comparatively short time, may acquire some dexterity in reposition and embryotomy. Most of the illustrations are original; only Figs. 13 and 74 are taken from Skellet’s work (“A Practical Treatise on the iii iv AUTHOR’S PREFACE Parturition of the Cow”); Figs. 16 and 25 I owe to the kind- ness of Messrs. Fricker and Frohner. As regards the balance, the work must speak for itself. In conclusion, I thank all who so kindly aided me in the elabora- tion and translation; I also take this opportunity to express my profound thanks to Prof. Dr. Fréhner for revising the proof sheets. M. G. DE BRUIN. Utrecht, May, 1897. TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. When the text book of “Veterinary Surgery and Ob- stetrics,” edited by Profs. Dr. Bayer and Froéhner, with the colaboration of the leading authorities and specialists of Europe, first presented itself, the importance of an original, exhaustive, practical modern discourse, written by eminent obstetrical specialists, became apparent. Since 1877 and 1895 respectively, the English speaking student has been referred to a compilation, to which we all bow in thankfulness, fully recognizing the endeavors Professor George Fleming made in behalf of the Veterinary Profession and stock breeders at that time. Since then scientific research has changed many of the old theories and given birth to innumerable new facts, playing mainly into the field of pathology and therapeutics; for instance, the pathology and therapy of abortion, puerperal infection, parturient paresis, enzootic diseases of calves, etc. The progressive spirit of the publisher, Wm. R. Jenkins, whom the profession owes already so much, enables me to present to the English speaking Veterinary Profession an authorized translation of the “Bovine Obstetrics” written by Professor M. G. de Bruin, who, as a scientist and bovine obstetrical specialist, is too well known to require further introduction. No apology, therefore, is necessary in offering Vv vi TRANSLATORS PREFACE for acceptance the independent obstetrical branch of Profs. Dr. Bayer and Fréhner’s text book on veterinary surgery and obstetrics. Its scope and arrangements, having met the re- quirements of European teachers, students and practitioners, cannot fail to meet those in English speaking countries. Encouraged by the reception given my “ Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse,” I have devoted limited moments of leisure to the translation of the Bayer-Fréhner work, being confident that Prof. de Bruin’s obstetrical treatise will improve obstetrical teaching and reading. W. E. A. WYMAN. Milwaukee, Wis. Dedicated TO MY FRIEND AND TEACHER DR. M. H. McKILLIP THE TRANSLATOR CONTENTS. PAGE AUTHOR'S PREFACE ............ 0... cece ee enc eeees arasecerteahebaiavasa itoies’s iii TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. ....... 0... ccc cccceeeee eet cenceeeeeeees Vv DEDICATION? 0:3 cusciniin ved amon howd anual eens deca saeltdaeneaeamasnuans vii CONTENTS sai wavouiiiogciaihedeevaniaddevtons seawsaadesordueaseraane ix NORMAL PREGNANCY .... ............ tee ane RH EO RERUN RRA 1 I.—CHANGES TAKING PLACE IN THE UTERUS FROM CONCEPTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG . ccsceceecccecceeeeeeereeee 1 1,—istrum and Conception .......... cece eee ee cece eee eens 1 2.—The Process of Evolution of the Uterus..........0..se.005 q TI.—THE FOTUS AND ITS ANNEXKES........... 2c cee cee e cece ee eens 15 1.—The Annexes of the Foetus........ 0.2.0. eee cece cece eee 15 2.—The Age of the Foetus......0 ccc cece ee cece cece cere eeeeee 23 8.—Nutrition of the Footus.... 2... cece eee eee etc ee reece 25 4,—The Intra-Uterine Position of the Foetus.........-.....05- 30 5:—Multiple Pregnancy .........cicsosssnaw eoeaevewreecs eserves 31 6.—Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Pregnancy........ 33 V.—Duration of Pregnancy......... 66 cee ee sence encore eeeee 43 8.—The Influence of Pregnancy on Some Diseases ............ 44 9.—Superfecundation and Superfoetation..........ceseeeeeeee 45 NORMAL BIRTH—EUTOKIA........ 1c. c cee cece eee eee renee 46 I.—THE GENITAL PASSAGE... 1... cece eee eee eee en eee teeee 46 1.—Pélvic Canlal ss cs cawiscge seas ievsiew s sone eae ioveawiew ciel ewes 46 2.—The Soft Parts of the Genital Passage............-seeeeeee 56 II.—CausEs, COURSE AND TREATMENT OF NORMAL BIRTH........ 58 1.—Labor Pains—Dolores..........cee secre eee ee eeesee ares 60 2.—Course of Normal Birth. ........ 0. cc cece cee ee eee etnies 63 III.—INVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS......... ccc cc eeeenereesceeeeneee 81 ABNORMAL BIRTH ......... 0c ce cece eect eee eee etene ee eeaeenene 88 I.—DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY .....sceceeeseeeeees 88 1x x CONTENTS PAGE 1.—Circulatory Disturbances........... cece eevee renee tenes 88 2.—Inversion of the Vagina During Pregnancy..............+ 91 3.—Paralysis of Gestation, Paraplegia Ante-partum... ....... 99 4,—Hernia of the Uterus, Hysterocele ............. cece evens 104 OSA DOM OD cect ceesiont sadabande tes teiiae near elemneammege 107 II.—DIsEASES OF THE Fa:tTus AND ITS ANNEXES... ........eeeeee 125 1.—Mummification of the Foetus........ 0... cece eee eee eee ee 125 2.—Maceratlon:s ssccicccusteeictinntrabem gaeeee Os eee waaae 129 8,—Anomalies in the Umbilical Cord .......... ccc cee e eee ee 132 4,—Diseases of the Placenta ............... Piacasudaaten sur eteversnwvsitus 182 5.—Dropsy of the Foetal Membranes............ ese eee eeeees 1385 III.—EXTRA-UTERINE PREGNANCY 2.1.0.0... cece eee cece cee eee ne 140 ABNORMAL PARTURITION—DYSTOKIA..... Loe. cece eee ences 144 I.—ABNORMALITIES IN THE MOTHER ............ ccc cece eee cece eee 144 1.—Displacement of the Pregnant Uterus ............-.....005 144 (@): Anteversio! Uterl naisarsinciactes check ewes eis 145 (0) Torsio Uteri........ ce cece cece cece eect eee e ee ee ees 149 2.—Abnormalities in the Parturient Passages ................ 170 ' Pelvic Constriction................05. sd eh eateaacanstbte eos 170 Morbid Alterations in the Cervix Uteri............... 178 Abnormalities in the Vagina and Vulva.............. 179 3.—Abnormalities of the Expelling Power. ............+..055 181 II.— ABNORMALITIES OF THE FCETUS...... cee. e eee ene ce eeees 183 1.—The Foetus Absolutely and Relatively Too Large.......... 183 2.—Emphysema of the Footus .......... ec ce cece eee e eee e eee 189 3.—Dropsy of the Foetus......... ci ccs cece eee eee teen een nee 195 GG) yd rOCe PH ANUS oss cssceis nssverniacsassasinisind es arsine ucramcrned wo 195 (b) Anasarca and Ascites ......... ccs e cece cee ee eee ec eee 197 4.—Monstrosities ........06.. ccesesscccccactccscceeseensesce 200 OBSTETRICAL OPERATIONS: ie: cue lneies eaeiedeaeiediccseaser eakncs 208 I.—OPERATIONS ON THE PARENT .......cccceseeeee ceeeeeceeeeees 208 1.—Vaginal Hysterotomy......... 2... ccc cece e ence eee eeenees 208 2:— Artificial Abortion ys. 2os:s:64 en dsjeinecensues ese nincelgia a dceasacerniavere 211 B.—Laparotomy ......cceccc cect erecer scenes seetaesesenece 214 4,—Cesarean Section, Gastro-Hysterotomia..............0085 217 II.—REPOSITIONS AND OPERATIONS ON THE FQ@TUS..... ... 0.005 221 1.—Diagnosis and Correction of Malpositions................. 221 2.—Classification of Abnormal Presentations............:.... 282 CONTENTS xi PAGE I. Longitudinal Position........06 cece ce cecccccuscuveus 234 1. Abdominal Positions............ 0.00. cccceeceeeaes 284 (a) Abnormal Position of One Fore Leg........... 234 (6) Abnormal Position of Both Fore Legs......... 238 (ec) Abnormal Positions of the Head .............. 240 (d) Abnormal Positions of the Head and Fore Legs 245 (e) The Posterior Extremity of the Body in the Parturient Passage and Abnormal Position of One Hind Leg sii cecnisadeaw ar ncee ccceus 245 (f) Abnormal Position of Both Hind Legs......... 250 2. Costal Presentations .............cc cece eee ence ees 252 8. Dorsal Presentations..............0cc cece een eeeee 253 II, Transverse Presentations.......0..ccccccececcceccucues 255 1. Transverse Dorsal Presentation ........... 00.0000. 255 2. Transverse Abdominal Presentation............... 257 DISMEMBERING OF THE FCETUS (EMBRYOTOMY)............. 260 1,—General Rules for Embryotomy ...............0. ccc ee ee ee ees 263 2.—The Instruments for Embryotomy................0006 ceeee ‘.. 264 3.—Partial Embryotomy ........... ec c ce cece cence eee eeeeees 270 The Subcutaneous Removal of One Fore Leg in the Pelvic AMV A soy Gate sath ort tvancea canes sem epee doer ohcaounsasnln aicdeeiot al aiereata i eaios 271 Removal of the Head (Decapitation) ................ 0c eee ee 278 The Subcutaneous Removal of the Head ................... 274 The Subcutaneous Removal of One Hind Leg in the Pelvic CANA a ciicsefasore aie eats deere ees seme potes elo Daw amare ne enews 275 The Subcutaneous Removal of a Fore Leg Retained Under tho. Abdomen: 1 scccwwsssiaes eons saeeseonarre tana ae4 x 277 The Subcutaneous Removal of a Hind Leg Retained Under the AbdOMEN ssscsawaeeeeea ce SORE Rais oe acct. 277 The Turning or Version of the Calf Following Division...... 279 4.—Complete Embryotomy ......... 0. cc ccc e cee sete essere eeeeeeee 281 AUXILIARIES IN THE STUDY OF MECHANICAL OBSTETRICS. 290 DISEASES DURING AND FOLLOWING THE ACT OF BIRTH... 294 1.—Sprains, Luxations and Fractures Following Parturition...... 294 2.—Injuries of the Uterus, Vagina and Vulva..............eee0 299 8.—Prolapsus of the Uterus. ......... 6. ccc cece eee e te cece ene eees 309 4 —Retention of the Afterbirth ........ 0... ccc c cece eee ence neee 326 Di WO GOmMebribiS:s oie. csccieiers cgiocesd swroieiataiaisho tee eieisieeg dutamenine. Greeacegnas’ 332 (a) Acute Catarrhal Endometritis.............. eee e ee eee eens 332 (b) Chronic Endometritis........... 000. sce c cece eee e ees 334 xii CONTENTS PAGE 6.—Puerperal Infection..........cceeecceececeeetoe 1943 Sawoouee 236 (a) Septic Infection....... 0... cece ccc eee cece eee e cece cece 336 1. Puerperal Phlegmon,..............00 eee ee cee ceeeeee 836 Di (MEtEIbIS SEP CAs so -asastiadvisnnutss ontant minteie Mae ere eRe ae ee 338 8. Acute Puerperal Septicaemia .............. cece eee eee 341 (b) Pyeemic Infection..........ccc cece eee ee ee cee ee cence eee 344 1. -Polyarthribiss 6 s.c024-8 Sie,0 eso neuen abe aine ee Se cwereeda ers 344 2. Metastatic Synovitis......0 cee cee eee eee ence eee 348 8. Chronic Parametritis ...... ccc. cee cece cece econ eees 348 7.—Puerperal Intoxication..........0. cc cece ete eevee nee eeeeeeens 350 (a) Intoxication due to Retained Lochia............0eceeeees 350 (b) Putrid Puerperal Intoxication..........0 ccc cece cece eens 351 8.—Parturient Paresis..iecesecsceccesesacconneven NEES) die eak 353 DISEASES OF THE YOUNG CALF... ccc sec ce eee r cece tee eseeeeneeeeeeens 368 1.—Asphyxia Neonatorum........ 0... cece cece cence eee e ences 368 2.—Persistence of the Urachus...........eececeee cece sceeeeeeees 370 3.—Fatal Enzootics of Calves.......... ccc cece cece cee cee cs eeeeeee 871 (a): Calf Dysenteryiy.: 5.224503 ses Hes aaes aWakene se oeeses a 371 (b) Septic Pleuropneumonia of Calves,..........ceeesecceees 374 (ec) Calf Septiczeemia (Jensen) ........ ccc esse cece cece ences 375 (d) Bacterizemia (Hemorrhagic Nephritis and Cystitis) ...... 376 INDEX........ 200000 er eeeeeecees 0 69 6's ste MOUNT ET Ts Oe weane Ga se 379 A.—_NORMAL PREGNANCY. I. CHANGES TAKING PLACE IN THE UTERUS FROM CONCEPTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG. 1.—Gistrum and Conception. ‘The development of the young begins as soon as the mature ovum comes in contact with the vitalizing fluid. In the female an ovum capable of fecundation is only found at the age of puberty. The age of puberty in the cow varies. In the finely bred animal this period may be induced to set in earlier by inten- sive feeding, proper care, and careful selection of the parent. It even may become inherited, provided the succeeding genera- tions live under the same favorable conditions. Puberty of the cow is usually present some time before the animal is allowed to be served. From the agriculturist’s standpoint, it is desirable to have the first calf come in the two-year-old female. Some even require the heifer to be three years old before she gives birth. A great many points are in favor of the latter age. Experience teaches that delivery is easier when the pelvis is not too young and the various diameters are in proper relation to each other. At the same time cows develop better, thus being of greater value in old age, doing good service until ten to twelve years old. The act of parturition in the two-year-old is often difficult on account of the narrow and juvenile pelvis, and the value of the cow deteriorates sooner. The dairyman, especially one with limited capital, demands the first calf at two years, in order to utilize the milk as soon as possible. When fed and cared for properly, the disadvantages of an early pregnancy 1 2 BOVINE OBSTETRICS may be diminished to such an extent as to make this a valuable method of breeding. The Holstein usually bears the first calf at two to two and one half years, when lactation begins. The animal, therefore, is served when fifteen to twenty months old. It is not rare— in fact, it is the rule—to get three thousand quarts of milk at the first lactation, the quantity increasing to six thousand quarts and more with the second calf. On an average, the cow reaches puberty at ten months. Nevertheless, it may occur at five to six months and conception take place. Some years ago I performed embryotomy in a thirteen months old heifer. The calf was of normal size and too large for this female, and for this reason embryotomy was performed. The calf without intestines and skin weighed fifty pounds. The heifer stood the operation well, and became a good milker. The best age to serve the cow may -be said to be at one and a half to two years. During puberty, at certain intervals, ripe ova leave the ovary, which, on reaching the Fallopian tube, either are fer- tilized or succumb, depending whether coition takes place or not. This process, characterized l-y a series of phenomena, is known as estrum. Of the visible signs one may mention: The whole behavior changes; the cow runs about with the tail elevated, bellows and rides other cows; she may leave the pasture to get near the bull; appetite as a consequence of the excitement is diminished, and the urine is passed in small quantities. The local examination reveals hyperemia of the genital organs, especially the vulva; it is swollen, and in animals with light skin a slight redness is noticeable. Now and then a little blood or reddish mucus flows from the vulva, to adhere and coagulate on the long hair of the inferior commissure. At times the hemorrhage is considerable, so that it may be termed a true menstruation. (Numan.) The udder also changes, showing some swelling. During the period of lactation the quantity of milk decreases and its character changes; it does not churn well and resembles colostrum. Occasionally cestrum is only recognized by a small (ESTRUM AND CONCEPTICN 3 flow of bloody mucus from the vulva; this is known as “still bulling.” The beginning of cestrum is indistinct, reaches its height in a cow in twenty-four hours, and then declines. At the outset of cestrum the female does not take the bull. The period of cestrum in the cow is twenty-four to thirty-six hours. In case conception does not take place, it repeats itself every three weeks. Whenever conception takes place, it is, as a rule, wanting during pregnancy. Four weeks after parturition cestrum appears. Although no definite time exists for concep- tion, it seems to occur more readily in spring. During cestrum weak uterine contractions occur, which open the cervix sufficiently to permit the introduction of a finger. As a conse- quence of these contractions a mummified foetus may be ex- pelled. Some cases are on record where a cow was covered during the period of wstrum. The following day a dried foetus was expelled; nevertheless the animal remained preg- nant (Franck). As previously stated, cestrum represents a series of symptoms arising from the ovaries and of great importance to us. . At an early age—in the foetal ovary—the Graafian follicle has been proved to exist. During puberty a decided hyper- zemia of the ovary occurs, and one or more follicle enlarge and project above the ovary, giving the latter the appearance of a mulberry, and at this moment “the Graafian follicle is matured.” The Graafian follicle bursts, and the ovum is received by the fibriated extremity of the oviduct. The pavilion of the tube containing non-striated muscular tissue grasps the ovary with its fimbriz. The ovum is a cell with a diameter of 7, to 2; mm., and consists of a rather thick and transparent membrane (vitelline membrane, zona pellucida), and its contents, the yolk or vitellus, made up of a number of granules joined by ai viscid fluid. The vitellus contains the germinal vesicle and the germinal spot. Studies within the last few years show that the egg cell undergoes a number of microscopical changes before fecundation can take place. Corpus Luteum.—When the Graafian follicle ruptures and 4 BOVINE OBSTETRICS empties, a cavity should be formed. Such is actually the case, but it is filled immediately with blood from the vessels in its wall. It is a hemorrhage per rhexin. The blood coagulates, the site of rupture closes, and the coagulum becomes incarcerated. The inner lining of the Graafian follicle granulates and forms a number of young connective tissue cells in the coagulum. The greater part of the coagulum is absorbed and replaced by young connective tissue. The remaining pigment causes a yellow or orange tinge of the connective tissue mass, for which reason the body replacing the Graafian follicle is termed “yellow body” (corpus luteum). When impregnation follows, and thus the periodical hypersmia of the ovum ceases, regres- sion of the corpus luteum is manifested, yet it can be recognized shortly before gestation ends. When fecunda- tion does not take place and periodical ovarian hyperemia a every three weeks, the coagulum is absorbed and ittle scar tissue forms. The hyperemic condition of the genital apparatus is lcoked upon as a reflex act, induced by the pressure of the Graafian follicle upon nerve endings causing an irritation of the vaso-dilators. This congested state causes a mucoid fluid, containing many leucocytes and fat globules, to be thrown oft by the mucosa of the Fallopian tube. In this liquid the fecundated egg rests. (Franck.) CONCEPTION. During coition the penis in all probability enters the cervical canal, and the semen is poured into the uterine cavity. The spermatozoa may reach the egg either by their own movement or the antiperistalsis of the uterus and tubes. At the moment of ejaculation and already previously the uterus contracts, thus narrowing its lumen. Later the uterine muscle relaxes, a negative pressure, and aspiration of the semen follows, which is now carried to the Stunt by the factors already enumerated. a This is a rather rapid process, as one hour after coition spermatozoa can be detected in the Fallopian tube (Franck). STRUM AND CONCEPTION 5 The egg, having left the ovary and resting in the oviduct, on coming in contact with the spermatozoa may now become fecundated to undergo various changes. In most cases fecund- ation takes place in the pavilion, rarely in the ovary, to be discussed later under “ Extra Uterine Pregnancy.” Numerous conditions may interfere with impregnation, and sterility oceurs. Conception, for instance, may be prevented when the semen does not meet the ovum; other causes may interfere with coition. Retention Cyst of the Vulvo-Vaginal Glands (the glands of Bartholin).—This cyst, of potato to fist size, is situated on the lateral vaginal wall near the labiw, and filled with a thick, slimy, brownish fluid containing blackish lumps. This obstacle is easily obliterated by incising the cyst wall, after- treatment not being necessary. Tumors in the vagina interfere with coition, They are usually pedunculated leiomymomata, frequently located at the inferior vaginal wall of the vaginal portion of the uterus. Adhesions of the vaginal walls, resulting from an injury to the mucosa of the genital canal, caused by too frequent service of the heifer.—Vogt described this affection first in 1878; later Harms, in his work on obstetrics. Lately this traumatic colpitis has been observed by many veterinarians. By it we understand lesion of the mucous membrane and deeper layers of the vagina, the result of coition, leading to pus. formation, adhesions, or even septicemia. This traumatism. is mainly seen in heifers running with young bulls. After they become impregnated, heat occasionally returns, because the fecundated ege succumbs. As a result of repeated coition a vaginitis sets in. The patient stands about with arched back, the vulva is cedematous, they strain continuously. A bloody, slimy, or purulent fluid flows from the vulva; appetite and rumination are more or less decreased. The temperature is now normal and then elevated. Unless such animals are: treated, emaciation takes place shortly, and local examination three to four weeks later reveals adhesions of the walls of the vagina, and posteriorly to it a thin fluid manifested by fluctua- 6 BOVINE OBSTETRICS tion is noticeable (Pyocolpos). The quantity of pus may amount to five or six quarts. Early attention results usually in complete recovery. The treatment consists of astringent and disinfecting injections. Of special value are a 2 per cent. solution of alum, or a 1 per cent. pyoktanin. Should adhesions and accumulations of pus be present, the wall is to be perforated with a trocar and the opening enlarged with a finger; this is followed by ordinary surgical treatment. Experience teaches that such animals are often of little value as breeders. Vaginismus or Elytrospasmus. — From an etymological standpoint this name is correct. It indicates a spasm of the vaginal constrictor muscle, caused by a hyperasthesia of that portion where the vestibule joins the vagina. Wagenheuser first observed this affection in the cow. According to his opinion, it is a neurosis with abnormal irritability of the vaginal inlet,a part richly endowed with sensory nerves. In man this diseaseewas first described by Marion Sims. This hyperasthesia produces reflexly, by the slightest stimulus, contractions of the constrictor cunni muscle, even of the pelvic muscles. By it the introduction of the penis into the vagina is interfered with. The mucosa of the vagina is injected, slightly red, but no catarrh is present. If the hand is introduced into the vagina, the patient trembles, collapses and falls down. A mere touch of that part is often sufficient to bring on these spasmodic contractions. Similar symptoms accompany micturition. .The animal crouches with pain, but does not strain. The urine flows frequently and in small quantities. Post mortem examination does not show any pathological changes in the genital ap- paratus. One also meets with cases where copulations are not followed by conception; the spermatozoa then do not come in contact with the ovum. This occurs when the os uteri is obstructed, frequently the case in the cow. In consequence of the inspissated semi-liquid secretion of the palma plicata, the PROCESS OF EVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS 7 surfaces of the mucous membrane adhere, thus preventing fecundation. Therapeutics demands the removal of the mucus and the opening of the os uteri with the finger or dilator. Sterility may also be caused by occlusion of the ovarian extremity of the Fallopian tube (Harms), absence of os uteri, uterus (Hekmeijer), or chronic endometritis. 2.—The Process of Evolution of the Uterus. As soon as conception takes place the uterus undergoes numerous changes, enabling it to fulfil its task, primarily noticeable in the mucous membrane. Hypéreemia, which sets in during cestrum, continues, also increased secretion and desquamation. The greater amount of blood causes increased metabolism, increased nutrition and hypertrophy of the organ, increasing in ratio with the dimensions of the embryo, which is known as foetus at the moment circulation within it is completed. In single pregnancy, the fecundated horn, if twins, both cornua usually increase in size. As pregnancy advances the uterus increases in size and changes its position. In the latter stages it lies in the right inferior abdominal region, as the rnmen extends from the left flank to the right lower lateral region. The uterus is related on the left to the rumen, on the right it rests against the abdominal parietes. The anterior free end, not supported by the broad ligaments, is covered by the great omentum. The broad ligaments simply enclose the non-pregnant uterus. They continue to carry blood vessels to the uterus, which often become greatly enlarged; the lumen of the uterine artery, for instance, increases four to five times, the smaller vessels become quite large and the network of lymph vessels expands. The broad ligaments become broader and longer, numerous muscular fibres form and unite into broad, muscular bands. Increase of size of the uterus is accompanied by a very slight decrease in the thickness of its wall, which is entirely out of proportion to the increase in size ; thus, hyper- 8 BOVINE OBSTETRICS plasia, hypertrophy, or both must take place. The outer layer of the uterus is formed by the serosa, which may be considered of peritoneal origin. The part toward the ab- dominal cavity is an endothelial layer; the layer below it is united to the muscularis. The muscularis is composed of two 4 | + (hell pr a WELLE alli, ie Me ili | I \! Fig. 1.—Sexual Organs of the Cow. a, Cavity of the vulva; b, vagina; ¢, urinary meatus and its valve; d, canals of Gaertner; ¢, external os uteri; f, internal os uteri; g, body of the uterus; h, empty horn; i, broad ligament; k, ovary; 1, oviduct. layers, an outer or longitudinal one, an inner concentric or circular one. The former is continued through the os uteri into the vagina. During pregnancy the muscular elements of the uterus increase in size. PROCESS OF EVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS Lenera (LL) anp Wiprs (B) or Muscte Crtis or Bovine Urerus (IN MicroMILLIMEreErs). Non- At the 14 Days pregnant 10 12 18 21 51g 8 end of post Uterus Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks | Months | Months /Pregnancy| partum LIBRIS hl|e (eB Ble S| Bl ele ae | fe) oT 83 | 2.8 | 281 | 8.2 | 384] 3.2 |396/ 3.6 |576| 4.0 | 768) 6.4 | 599) 6.0] 691) 4.8) 714) 6.0) 89) 3.2 89| 28/371 | 2.4] 460] 4.0 | 460] 4.0 | 614| 4.8 | 755} 4.8 | 652 | 6.4 | 665)| 3.2 | 806) 6.8 | 204} 2.8 89 | 8.2 | 384] 3.2 | 884} 4.4.} 512 | 4.8 | 640] 3.2 | 832 | 6.0 | 819} 6.4 | 768 | 6.4 | 652} 5.2 | 102 | 3.6 160 | 3.6 | 307 | 3.6 | 448] 3.6 | 471] 3.2 | 627] 4.0 | 780| 4.0 | 763 | 4.8 | 819) 6.0 | 857| 5,6 | 115 | 4.4 89 256 422 524 524 678 678 883 755 128 102 320 448 550 448 652 599 793 768 140 140 384 422 652 524 691 704 768 691 76 115 384 460 691 614 627 844 806 704 64 108 320 371 460 588 742 832 727 742 102 76 422 448 614 512 883 727 768 844 128 89 371 422 448 409 793 819 793 727 166 179 358 396 537 435 780 780 714 806 179 166 307 409 512 537 806 755 806 665 115 134 409 435 550 524 832 657 665 704 153 AVERAGES 115 | 3.1 | 345 | 3.1 | 422 | 3.8 | 524] 3.9 | 587} 4.0 | 755] 5.5 | 727 | 5.9 | 755 | 5.1 | 742 | 5.9 | 115 | 3.5 10 BOVINE OBSTETRICS According to Kilian, the increase of volume during preg- nancy depends on an increase in numbers and size of the muscular elements. Kolliker traces the evolution of the uterine muscle in the beginning of gravidity both to hyper- plasia and hypertrophy. According to him, the former only is of importance after the fifth month. Already at the end of the sixth month he found muscle cells of ~, to } mm. in length, in all the layers of the muscularis. Reichman measured numerous muscle cells of the gravid uterus at various stages in the physiological laboratory of the Utrecht Veterinary School. For this purpose he took small pieces of the uterine wall of slaughtered pregnant animals and removed the mucosa and serosa. The further pregnancy had advanced the easier was the isolation of the uterine muscle,— in all probability due to an increase of loose connective tissue between the layers. The muscle was cut into little pieces of 7 mm. and macerated in 30 percentic nitric acid; 48 hours later rinsed in distilled water, the water renewed and the little pieces shaken in it. This isolated the muscle cells the easier the further pregnancy had progressed. The muscle cells of the empty uterus appear spindle shaped, somewhat swollen in the middle while the ends are pointed, the nucleus is long. Cells with several nuclei were not observed ; after the twenty- first week smaller muscular elements became also noticeable. The measurements proved that as pregnancy advances the muscle cells increase more in length than in width. Up to the twenty-first week both length and thickness increased; after that period the diameter remained stationary. Therefore the increase in size of the uterine muscle up to the fifth month must be attributed to hypertrophy; later, new muscle cells appear, and then only hyperplasia can be spoken of. The mucosa undergoes the most important changes, especially where the fecundated ovum develops. A new organ is formed, or rather a number of new formations arise, the placentz materne. These growths, all built alike and forming together the placenta, regress after parturition, and the mucous mem- brane of the uterus returns to its original state. PROCESS OF EVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS ‘11 In the non-pregnant uterus, in the Fallopian tube are found numerous small prominences resembling scars or warts; their color is lighter than that of the uterine mucosa; they are of a longish shape, their long axis being at a right angle to the long axis of the tube. In cows which have borne several calves they are more distinct than in the heifer. These are the cotyledons, or caruncul ; into their surface the villi of the chorion are inserted. During pregnancy follicles form at the site of the cotyledons. Each mass of follicles enlarges, becomes movable and pedunculated. Since the cow has Fig. 2.—Cotyledon of a non-pregnant Uterus, cross section. (Mag, 57). a, Ciliated epithelium ; }, connective tissue with several cells; c, blood vessels. numerous cotyledons in every tube—40 to 60—respectively placentz materne, one speaks of a multiple placenta (placenta multipla). The cotyledons are convex. Their surface shows numerous depressions and is covered with pavement epi- thelium. The cotyledons do not contain any muscle tissue: this is very important to explain the expulsion of the afterbirth in the cow. It will be discussed fully (retention of the after- birth) under its proper head. When single placentz, respect- 12 BOVINE OBSTETRICS ively cotyledons, are situated about the internal opening of the os uteri (vrificium uteri internum), a placenta previa—so termed because it is first detected on exploring the cavity—is formed (Franck). Besides the larger follicular masses (cotyle- Fig. 3.—Pregnant Uterus, with Cotyledons. a, Maternal placenta ; b, cervical canal ; c, placenta previa, or accessory cotyledons, dons), one also finds a number of mulberry-like prominences of the same structure as the placente uterine, and which are also capable of executing the functions of the cotyledons. For PROCESS OF EVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS 13 this reason they are known as accessory placentsy (placente Fig. 4.—Cotyledon of a Pregnant Uterus, cross section. a, Blood vessels; b, possibly glands, resembling on first sight the mammary glands, Fig. 5.—Uterine Wall with Glands, not pregnant. (Mag. 5%.) a, Ciliated epithelium: b, uterine glands (longitudinal section); ¢, cross section of uterine glands; d, blood vessels; e, submucous connective tissue. 14 BOVINE OBSTETRICS accessoriv). That these placente really can replace the coty- ledons, a case described by St. Cyr and Violet indicates : A primipara suffering with prolapsus uteri had nearly all the cotyledons destroyed, and in order to prevent hemorrhage and infection each cotyledon was ligated and removed. Next reposition of the prolapsed uterus was effected, the animal recovering shortly. One year later the cow gave birth to a healthy calf without assistance. Fig. 6.—Uterine Walls with Glands, pregnant. (Mag. 57.) a, Mucosa; b, sub-mucosa ; ¢, glands. Our literature enumerates several cases where pregnancy again occurred after forcible removal of the cotyledons. On the surface of the cotyledons union with the chorion takes place ; into the depressions of the placentee maternee the villi of the placentz fcetalis are inserted. The uterine glands (glandulcee uterince), somewhat wave-like in the non-pregnant uterus, enlarge during pregnancy by throwing out bud-like processes; the exerctory duct is of a corkscrew shape. THE ANNEXSS OF THE F@TUS 15 : II. THE FETUS AND ITS ANNEXES. 1.—The Annexes of the Feetus. At the moment the product of conception possesses all its organs, it is termed a fetus. The foetus is surrounded by Fig. 7.—Foetal Membranes. u, Amnion; 6, fetal placentae. its annexes, protecting it against external influences, insuring — nutrition and union with the mother. They are: the chorion, with the placentz foetalis ; the amnion, the allantois, or so-called | foetal urinary bladder; the umbilical vesicle and the wmbilical 16 BOVINE OBSTETRICS cord. The foetal membranes are the chorion, amnion and allantois. THE CHORION. The chorion, or vascular membrane, is the outer envelope surrounding the foetus and the two inner membranes, and adapts itself closely to the outer surface of the mucous mem- brane of the uterus. Its inner surface is partly loosely united to the outer layer of the allantois and partly closely related to the amnion, viz. that portion opposite the back of the foetus. It has very many blood vessels, which eventually ramify in the placente. The chorion has a greater surface than the mucosa of the fecundated horns. For this reason it is situated in the non- impregnated horn and body of the uterus. When a pregnant uterus and contents, for the sake of demonstration, are placed upon a table, and the wall of the uterus is carefully incised down to the chorion and the incision carried over the whole convexity, one notices that the chorion is folded here and there and that quite a large piece can be removed from the non-impregnated tube. The uterine portion of the chorion in the beginning of the foetal period possesses a number of dark-brown villi. Between these villi the chorion is smooth and transparent. For this reason Franck terms the smooth portion chorion levis, and the villous one, chorion villosum. Those villi opposite to the cotyledons develop more and more to form the foetal placentee (placentce fetales); they belong, therefore, to the chorion. The foetal and maternal placente are present in equal numbers. They rest upon the chorion, non-pedunculated, and each foetal placenta surrounds the maternal placenta, its outer surface therefore being concave. The size of the foetal placentz varies. The larger ones in the highly pregnant animal are 10 cm. long and 5 to 6 cm. wide. When loosened from the maternal placentze and spread out they have a diameter of 14 cm. and 7 cm. respectively. The smallest ones are of the size of a mulberry. The foetal placenta is made up of a number of vascular THE ANNEXES OF THE FETUS 17 villi. Each villus consists of a thin connective tissue layer Fig. 8.—Chorion Papille. (Mag. 57.) @, Blood vessel with red blood corpuscles; b, epithelium; c, papilla, Fig. 9.—Chorion Papilla. (Mag. 1020.) a, Epithelium, with capillary vessel; b, white, transparent, bright strip, possibly uterine milk. and capillary layer, and externally of a layer of pavement 18 BOVINE OBSTETRICS epithelium. Each villus dips into a depression of the mater- nal placenta. Since the villi of the latter are similarly constructed, it is readily seen that the capillaries. of the chorion and of the uterine mucous membrane, respectively placentze materne, are separated from each other by a double layer of epithelium. (Franck.) The placente unite mother and foetus. Of course there is no direct vascular communication, but the blood vessels adhere intimately to each other, the length and great number of villi thus producing an extensive surface. Upon the chorion levis —the portion between the placentz foetales—are found here and there agglutination of villi. Franck terms these placentee accessorice, as they can replace the placente. In fact, it seems when many cotyledons are wanting, these placente accessorize of the chorion can establish union with the same placentz of the uterus and nourish the foetus. Strebel mentions a case where the regular foetal placentz of the chorion were absent while the surface was covered with villi. These wart-like projections of grain size were red. This placenta resembled the one of the mare. Exploration of the uterus after parturition showed that its normal cotyledons were absent and replaced by analogous elevations representing the placentee materne. COTYLEDONOUS FLUID, OR UTERINE MILK. On the surface of the cotyledons of the cow is found a fluid which must be looked upon as an emulsion. It is a whitish, reddish emulsion of alkaline or neutral reaction, of a specific gravity of 1.036. It contains cylindrical epithelium, roundish, multi-nuclear cells, many fine fat globules and salts. Gamgee found in 1000 parts of uterine milk: H,O, 879.1; solids, 120.9; albumin with the cells, 104; alkaline albumin- ates, 16; fats, 12.33; organic salts, 3.74; also kreatin, kreatinin and xanthin. Colin removed of a calf foetus weighing 5.9 kg. 765 g., and of a grown goat foetus 285 gr. (Franck.) As to the importance of this fluid, opinions differ. Colin’s THE ANNEXES OF THE F@TUS 19 view—rather improbable—thinks it a post-mortem product of, decomposition, and denies it any importance. Others consider it of great importance in the nutrition of the embryo. This opinion is defended by Bonnet, while Franck refers to the similar composition of the cotyledonous fluid and colostrum. According to Ercolani, the uterine milk is a product of the uterine glands; according to others, it follows fatty degenera- tion and loosening of the epithelium of the surface of the cotyledons. Many investigators have been unable to prove the existence of this fluid infra vitam, probably as it is immediately absorbed after being secreted. Post-mortem. examination shows more or less quantities of uterine milk. Franck states that possibly somé cotyledonous fluid may still be formed when the placental circulation stops, viz., after death of the mother. At that moment no further absorption by the chorion villi can take place, and an accumulation of the uterine milk results. The greatest mass of the foetal envelope is formed by the chorion. Also from a practical standpoint the chorion is of importance. Outside of its great importance as to nutrition of the foetus, an exact knowledge in regard to the expulsion of the afterbirth is necessary. It also plays an important role in dropsy of the foetal membranes. ‘AMNION, TUNICA OVI INTIMA. The amnion is formed by the external layer of the. blastoderm. Beginning at the navel, it surrounds the foetus like a sac, enclosing the latter entirely. This sac contains a fluid, the liquor amnii. The amnion represents a thin membrane of little resist- ance. Its inner surface in ruminants shows numerous little yellow projecting spots, named by Claude Bernard, plaques glycogénique, as they are composed of glandular tissue capable of producing glycogen, thus replacing the function of the liver until the latter is completely developed (Joulin, St. Cyr and Violet, Traité d’ Obstétrique). According to Lecoq, they are changed parts of the foetal skin, their histological structure 20 BOVINE OBSTETRICS rather corroborating this view. In fact, microscopical exam- ination reveals a close similarity with the skin. These plaques are most numerous about the amniotic portion of the umbilical cord. The external surface of the amnion is partly in contact with the allantois, and laterally and at the back of the foetus with the face of the chorion. If distended, it is of oval shape, but depressed about the umbilicus, giving it a kidney or bean shape (F. Lecoq). The liquor amnii during the first half of pregnancy in the bovine is a thin, amber-colored liquid of alkaline reaction, secreted by the internal face of the amnion. The quantity increases up to the middle of pregnancy, to decrease from then on. Its watery consistency up to the middle of pregnancy changes into a mucoid, opalescent, stringy mass. Robin (St. Cyr and Violet) gives the following composi- tion : EEO corn ai A concise and practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The only work on the subject in the English language. Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, cloth...2 00 — **Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy.’’ By A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College, 12mo, cloth. 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