rnatee ere yi eter) lhestnrs ears mes rant Sepa er i H be coe F ¥ , 4 ee : D os AD a A a . ‘ A Y ae y (hry 5 - 5 "4 ora Reenter i) c y o Srey ni ioe q eta y ate ie r — -. BEDE L6G) CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Colombia :[a handbook] OPW AREY YN n ss eS nb HO LIST OF PREVIOUS BULLETINS. Hand Book of the American Republics, No. 1. Hand Book of the American Republics, No. 2. . Patent and Trade-Mark Laws of America. Money, Weights, and Measures of the American Republics. . Import Duties of Mexico. Foreign Commerce of the American Republics. Hand Book of Brazil. . Import Duties of Brazil. . Hand Book of Mexico. . Import Duties of Cuba and Puerto Rico. . Import Duties of Costa Rica. . Import Duties of Santo Domingo. . Commercial Directory of Brazil. . Commercial Directory of Venezuela. . Commercial Directory of Colombia. . Commercial Directory of Peru. . Commercial Directory of Chile. . Commercial Directory of Mexico. . Commercial Directory of Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Uruguay. . Import Duties of Nicaragua. . Import Duties of Mexico. . Import Duties of Bolivia. . Import Duties of Salvador. . Import Duties of Honduras. . Import Duties of Ecuador. . Commercial Directory of Argentine Republic. . Import Duties of Colombia. . Commercial Directory of Central America. . Commercial Directory of Haiti and Santo Domingo, . First Annual Report, 1891. . Hand Book of Costa Rica. . Hand Book of Guatemala. WASHINGTON, D.C, U.S. As GoveRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, RAFAEL NUNEz, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA. BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS, WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. COLOMBIA. BULLETIN NO. 33. JANUARY, 1892. BUREAU OF. THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. NO. 2 LAFAYETTE SQUARE, WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. Director.—Wi.LLiaM E, Curtis. Secretary. —HENRY L. BRYAN. Translators.—Portuguese, JOHN C, REDMAN. Spanish, José 1. RopRIGUEZ. Clerks.—JouN T,. SUTER, Jr. Lzeonaxp G. Myrrs. Stenographers.—IMOGEN A. HANNA. LucRETIA JACKSON. Distributing Clerk,—HENRIETTA P. Dunn. Librarian,—TIiLuig L. PHILLiPs. Copyist.—ROSABELLE S. RIDER. While the greatest possible care is taken to insure accuracy in the publications of the Bureau of the American Republics, it will assume no pecuniary responsibility on account of inaccuracies that may’ P * wee JG TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter I. Area, Physical Geography, and Resources..............00.065 5 Chapter II. The Political Divisions...... 2.0... .ce cece cece ence eee ee eee 20 Chapter III. The Cities of the Republic Jind Saba: euiedinede relayncoulavevavea Wiki duareinne ves G 44 Chapter IV. Historical Sketch............. cc cece eee eee eee Ne iaiikis aaa 58 Chapter V. Political Institutions, Revenues, and Money ................-. 69 Chapter VI. Agriculture, Fisheries, Manufactures ..............2--..20000- 75. Chapter ‘VII.. Mines and Mining ......60 sees avsieasinngn seen veka crea eens 79 Chapter VIII. Commerce and Transportation. .......... 0... cece ence ee eee 86 Appendices A. Parcels Post Convention with the United States............. 100 B,. Port Regulationss. i666 65 ne tesa ens ioeasne te ao iew eevee 105 ‘ CVn ports Dates oo. oo is aie dbs a ete hush eadrceadaucdanua sev Sen 2E4 107 D. Commercial Directory. ....... 00.0.0 cece deen ce eee e tenses 125 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of President Nunez ........ 0.0. ce cece eee e ee een n teens Frontispiece. BR Oft ab Pear ati Ae x cs desea euiticvsyiauescbcavnign sadness vecice taabcvaqdndenedettvesan det gluse Madness Galeied aati ae 6 Scene in:the:Andest.< ..iowanasaassen oi cetas Winicwcrde vali wana wees eee 9 Indian wood! Carriers) ss. sche jive ss areruiace wine orenaviterstarsin dead siveda tie eg eal elas ae eeneelotele 15 Capitol at Bogotay icccssiucisnsince ravens cous Pau e Wewwaee ee sae see sica~ 20 Statue of ColumbuSiat Colonwcccccccas coe sees seas eamiaeoiea eel ss eeed seated 24 Group Of Nativesins.siyscasevseoneddeass Siaecianan ease essa ten eeretee Se 28 Watch: tower at Panama. .cccc.. accra es dio Gancasinn niaeraeidesa dears 4448 30 "FY PES: Of TA VES wire sence a arennrnsactveravesspeacaiene Neen PSO.GF Siig MMISARG es ES ae hee oe 34 TM AIAN WOM EN oo jcideesccisne darn Sade aia smvachveuavauisiaresnuese ceapee'e sueiataiins cased waibeas Seceteeanstenev tous Cans 40 Ruins of ancient monastery... 2.0.0... cece cece eee eee teen ene teeeeenns 46 Street:scene:, Cartagena: oi... cpicnnernaeioag ees sGancad) Quikdisedeund beadiaige gia 50 Horseien: cajev execs acivagiwes nee agree eieicepsita phe avevel obelghen wartbereuerniees ese te whats 56 Oldest fortress in America, Cartagena. ........ 0. cece eee ee eee eee e en eees 58 Chagres f0it.ccasie2css smeteiuwawhe rte ncieawemew madam ueocasebeeee aes wees 62 Home of Bolivar........... sia dedes ey eeesk Reus Saas eee es eae 69 Cartagena HALDOE 5 siscescisie hoes AES ea Deuie de eT, KARACA aE ae Et eel 72 Wiéw Of Cartagena: eniesiia ccc ccuadierarciemeinindvocecdre ace x auadigrht acyteamantiena pbla dace na 80 Freight boats on Magdalena River........... cee ce erect eee ne tenet ee eeee 86 Panama from the water gate... 0... cece cece ete eee e ere e eee eet ence ee eeeenee go Post-office at Bogota.cs: 2). seess cguimsdlesewe geese ceGe maesnoeledyane igies oes ears 100 Steamers on Magdalena Rivet......ccceas ss ciesae vss asayuiaenevewn sense css 105 MAD seco nee See eientens Send HOES SAGAS ade e@Sne St bak Kwa eaeetGes & Supplement. 3 Chapter I. Z o AREA, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, AND RESOURCES. The Republic of Colombia on the north is bounded by the Caribbean Sea; on the south by Ecuador, Brazil, and Peru; on the east by Brazil and Venezuela; on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the northeast by Costa Rica. The area of the Republic is about 51 3,845 square miles, of which about one-fourth is inhabited. The greatest length is about 1,242 miles, from the mouth of the Golfito River, in the Golfo Dulce, to the mouth of the Avatiparana, and the greatest breadth, from Puntagallinas to the left bank of the Amazon River, about 1,118 miles. Its shape is irregular, the northern peninsula reach- ing 12° 25’ north latitude, its east and west extension being be- tween 70° 4o’ and 82° 4o’ west longitude, while its southern limit is nearly coincident with the equator. Its estimated area is more than double that of Spain and Portugal, and equal to that of New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, North Carolina, and Georgia. On the Atlantic or Caribbean coast—which is upwards of 1,000 ‘miles in length—there are the following bays and gulfs: Bahia Honda, which is well protected from the strong winds of the east and north, but is, rendered unsuitable for the establishment of a port by its lack of drinkable water; El Portete Rio Hacha, of considerable commercial importance as a center of export trade; 5 6 COLOMBIA. . Dibulla; Santa Marta, a céenaga or lagoon stretching 25 miles from south to north, with a breadth of 11 miles from east to west, communicating with the lakes of Pajaral and Cuatro Bocas, and which, though rather shallow, can be navigated by flat-bottomed steamboats; Barranquilla, at the mouth of the Magdalena; En- senada de Galerazamba; Sabanilla, a very active port; Cartagena, a splendid bay, known for centuries to navigators of the Carib- bean ; Zapote, Zizpata, and Golfo de Morrosquillo; the Gulf of Darien, with the estuary of the Atrato, and the ports of Turbo, Guacuba, Candelaria, etc.; Porto-Bello, San Blas, Chagres, and Bahia Del Almirante. The coast line of the Pacific is hardly so important as that of the Atlantic, except along the Isthmus, where it forms the great Bay of Panama, with the subordinate inlets of Parita Bay on the west and the Gulf of San Miguel on the east. Along the re- mainder of the line are Cupica, San Francisco, Solano, Palmar, Charambira (obstructed by a bar), the large Bay of Malaga, pro- tected by the island of Palmas, with the harbors of Guapi and Izcuandé, the bays of Pasacaballos and Buenaventura, the har- bors of Tumaco and Trinidad, and the gulfs of Montijo, David, - and Dulce. The islands on the Atlantic side are San Andrés and Provi- dencia, near the Mosquito coast; Drago, Provision (or Bastimen- tos), and Popa, between the points of Chiriqui and Tervi; Escudo de Veraguas, to the east of the point of Chiriqui; Bard, near the Bay of Cartagena; Los Gomez, formed by the delta of the Mag- dalena. On the Pacific side, Tremaco, Gorgona, the archipelago — of Las Perlas, of which the principal island is that of: El Rey or San Miguel, and the islands of Taboga, Taboguilla, Otoque, : Cebaco, and Coiba (or Quibo). On the Atlantic side are the peninsulas of Tobolé, which shuts in on the east the lagoon of Chiriqui; San Blas, in the gulf of the same name; Mestizos, which shuts in on the north the SOUTH FRONT OF THE OLD FORT AT PANAMA. COLOMBIA. 7 ensenada de Cispata, in the gulf of Morrosquillo, and the large peninsula of la Goagira. On the Pacific side, the peninsula of Azuero, which is the largest, and Punta Burica, in the Isthmus of Panama. The most notable capes on the Atlantic side are: Tiburon, at the entrance of the Gulf of Darien; Aguja, in front of Santa Marta; and those of Tela, Falso, and Chichibacoa, in the penin- sula of la Goagira. On the Pacific side the only cape which need be mentioned is that of Corrientes, between the coasts of Quibdo y Lloro. The Isthmus of Panama connects North and South America. It is about 422 miles long; its greatest width is 118 miles, its shortest 31 miles. The principal features of the surface of Colombia consists of the three branches into which the great mountain range of the Andes divides as it enters the territory of the Republic. Near the southern boundary, between Tulcan and Timbio, the range parts into two branches, of which one, known as the Cordillera Occi- dental (western Cordillera), follows a northerly direction to the Department of Bolivar, where it ends opposite the town of Banco. The second branch follows a northeasterly direction, subdividing into two ranges to the east of Almaguer. Of these two ranges the one on the left, known as the Cordillera Central (central Cordillera), follows a northerly direction and comes to an end in the Department of Bolivar. The range on the right, known as the Cordillera Oriental (eastern Cordillera), turns more more to the northeast dividing in the Department of Santander, into two branches, one of which runs into the Department of the Magdalena where it comes to an end, and the other toward the Republic of Venezuela. In the western Cordillera the peaks of Chiles and Cumbal are covered with perpetual snow; in the central Cordillera those of Coconuco, Puracé, Huila, Quindio, Tolima, Ruiz, Mesa de Herveo, and Santa Isabel, the last four being grouped together 8 COLOMBIA. under the name of Paramo de Ruiz; in the eastern Cordillera there is only the Sierra Nevada de Chita or (Giiican). In 5° 5’ north latitude, where the Cordillera of Quindiu sinks down, the Cordillera de la Suma Paz rises to the snow limit and is the most elevated of the three ranges. It runs northeast to the Paramos of Pamplona, from which it sends out a branch to meet the massif of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. In its passage through the Department of Santander it attains in the Alto del Viejo an altitude of 12,965 feet, in Alto del Trio of 9,965, and in the Boca del Monte of 12,735. The Sierra Nevada is said to reach a height of 23,779 feet, and it is certainly covered with per- petual snow over a large part of its summit. The western Cor- dillera, or Cordillera del Choco, is the least remarkable of the three and has been worn down in many places into what are, com- paratively mere rounded hills with easy passages between. It continues northward, however, much further than the central chain, and in fact extends through the Isthmus of Panama. In the southern part of the Department of the Cauca are the following volcanoes: Sotara, (extinct), Pasto, and Chiles; near the city of Popayan, Purace; the highest snow peak of the central Cordil- lera, Huila; in the Departmen} of the Cauca, Azufral; lastly, the volcano of Chiriqui, now extinct. The most notable table-lands of the Colombian Andes are those of Tiquerres, Pasto, and Popayan, in the Department of the Cauca; those of Santa Rosa and Herveo, in the Department of Antioquia; that of Dolores, in the Department of Tolima; those — of Bogota, Juan Diaz, Ubate, and Simijaca, in the Department of Cundinamarca; those of Chiquinquir4, Sogamoso, Tunja, and Cocuy, in the Department of Boyac4; and those of Pamplona and Jéridas, in the Department of Santander. The Ilanos or plains of the Orinoco extend eastward from the slopes of the Cordillera de la Sumapaz. As far south as the Vichada they form an almost complete level, destitute of trees, and affording abundant pasturage, SCENE IN THE ANDES, EN ROUTE TO BOGOTA. COLOMBIA. / 9 while further south they are covered with forests, display consider- able irregularity of surface, and are not infrequently broken by steep rocks rising to a height of from 300 to 600 feet. The fundamental formations throughout Colombia are igneous and metamorphic, the great masses of the Cordilleras consisting of gneiss, granite, porphyry, and basalt. In many places the car- boniferous strata have attained considerable development, though they have been thrown into strange confusion by some unknown _ disturbance. Volcanic forces are still at work, as is shown by occasional earthquakes, and also by such phenomena as those at Batan near Sogamoso, where the subterranean heat is great enough to affect the local climate. Glaciers are still extant in the Paramo del Ruiz, and possibly in some of the other snow-clad heights. The slopes of the various Cordilleras are frequently covered with deep beds of gravel, and the valleys are full of alluvial deposits of very various periods. The rivers have in many instances cut remarkable passages for themselves through the mountains, and according to Codazzi, the Sogamoso has at one time been the outlet of a vast series of lakes which he believed to have occupied the highlands of Bogota, Tunja, and Velez. The numerous streams which water the territory of the Repub- lic may be grouped into four systems which are definitely distin- guished from one another by the Cordilleras and the valleys of the more important rivers. These systems are: (1) The western or Pacific system, com- prising all the streams which flow from the western Cordillera into the Pacific Ocean, and also the waters of the valley of the Atrato. (2) The central system of the Cauca River, comprising the streams which flow from the western Cordillera toward the east, and those which flow from the central Cordillera toward the west. (3) The central system of the Magdalena River, compris- ing the streams which flow from the central Cordillera toward the east, and those which flow from the eastern Cordillera toward the 10 COLOMBIA. west. (4) The eastern system, made up of the streams which de- scend from the eastern Cordillera into the rivers Orinoco and Amazon. The most important rivers which empty into the Pacific Ocean, are: The Bayano or Chepo, which flows into the Gulf of Panama; the Tuira or Darien, the most important river of the Isthmus of Panama, and which flows into the Gulf of San Miguel or Darien del Sur; the San Juan, the Dagua, the Iscuandé, the Tapaje, the Patia, and the Mira. The Atrato, which also belongs to this system, empties into the Gulf of Uraba and runs in a direction opposed to that of the San Juan, from which it is separated by a range of small hills, which constitute what is called the Isthmus of San Pablo. Were this to be pierced by a canal and the navigation of the two streams improved, there would be a complete river passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The account, however, so frequently repeated, of the possibility of passing from the Atlantic to the Pacific by means of a canal excavated about 1788 in the Raspa- ; dura ravine by some enterprising monk, seems to have little or no foundation. The Atrato rises in the slopes of the western Cor- dillera, has a course of about 300 miles, and a breadth, during the last 96 miles, of from 750 to 1,000 feet. Its depth in this lower part of its passage varies from 40 to 70 feet or even more. At Quibdo, 220 miles from its mouth, it is still 850 feet wide and 8 mele & to 20 feet deep, and as the fall of the river is only about 3 inches 3 to a mile, steamboats can pass as far as the confluence of the San Pablo and Certigui, 32 miles above Quibdo. The whole Atrato valley was once a vast estuary of the sea, whose waves broke upon the very feet of the Cordilleras. The fossiliferous rocks near the head waters of the Tuira show that the country was at one time submerged by the Pacific Ocean, shellfish of the same character as the fossils being found living both in the Pacific and Atlantic at the present time. The swamps about the Atrato River rest on beds of gold-bearing clay. COLOMBIA. It The second system is made up of the river Cauca and its afflu- ents. The former rise in the Paramo del Buey, in the central Cordillera. In the upper part of its course it flows through a volcanic region, and its waters are so impregnated with sulphuric and other acids that they are destructive of fish. These acids are mainly contributed by the head stream of the Rio Vinagre, which rises in the Purace volcano, and from the peculiarity of its waters receives this name. The Cauca follows a general direction from south to north, waters the Departments of Cauca, Antioquia, and. Bolivar, and empties into the Magdalena River below Pinillos, or the island of Mompox, through a mouth known as Guamal. Below Banco it divides into two branches, known respectively as Loba and Mompox, and reunite in what is known as the Boca de Tacaloa. Its principal tributaries are the Hondo, the Palace, the Piendamo, the Ovejas, the Quinamayo, the Palo, the Amaine, the Sonso, the Bugalagrande, the Paila, the Vieja, the Otun, the Campoalegre, the Pozo, the Arma, the San Juan, the Tarasa, the Nechi, and the San Jorge. The third system consists of the Magdalena River and its afflu- ents. The former rises in the Laguna del Buey, in the Paramo de las Papas; it follows, with some deviations, a general direction from south to north; it waters the Departments of Tolima, Cundi- namarca, Boyaca, Santander, Antioquia, Bolivar, and Magdalena, and empties into the Atlantic, through two mouths known as Ce- niza and Rio Viejo, between which stands the island of Los Gomez. The principal affluents of the Madalena are: the Paez, the Prado, the Saldafia, the Fusagasuga, the Bogota, the Riorrecio, the Lagunilla, the Guali, the Guarino, the Rio Negro, the Miel, the Nare, the Nuz, the Cafiorregla, the Carare, the Opon, the Col- orado, the Sogamoso, the Cimitarra, the Lebrija, the Semiti, the Cauca (already mentioned), and the Cesar, which rises in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and its junction with the Magda- lena forms the pretty lagoon of Zapatosa. 12 COLOMBIA. The fourth system, which is of immense extent, consists of the streams of the eastern slope of the eastern Cordillera which flow into the Amazon and the Orinoco. The Amazon waters Colombian soil for more than 100 myri- ameters (621 miles), and forms in part the boundary between Colombia and Brazil, on the one side, and Colombia and Ecuador, upon the other. Its principal Colombian affluents are: the Napo, the Putumayo, the Yupura or Caqueta, and the Rio Negro, com- posed of the Guainia and the Casiquiari. The Orinoco likewise waters the soil of Colombia. It receives the following Colombian tributaries: the Guaviare, the Meta, and the Arauca. As like- wise connected with this system should be mentioned the Sint, which rises in the Department of Antioquia and flows into the gulf of Cispata. Colombia has no lake of importance, but among its numerous lagoons the following are worthy of mention: Chiriqui, in the Department of Panama; Aguila, in the Department of the Cauca;! Zapatosa, in the Department of the Magdalena; Desparramadero de Sarare, on the confines of Venezuela; Termino, in Casanare;! Fuquene, Suesca, Guatavita, and Siecha, in Cundinamarca; Tota and Socha, in Boyaca; San Lorenzo, in Antioquia; Chucuri, in Santander; Betanci, Ayapel, and Raya, in Bolivar. In Bo- gota is the famous Guatavita into which the Muyscas are said to have thrown their treasures. Col. Codazzi demonstrated that in the highlands of Bogota, .Tunja, and Velez, where is now the densest population, there once existed a system of broad and deep lakes, which, breaking through their barriers, precipitated themselves through what is now the river Suarez or Sogamoso into the ocean, leaving the traces of their irruption boldly marked on the face of the country. The same authority conceives that this great cataclysm may have occurred within the past four centuries. Some evidence in sup- port of his theory is afforded by two great stones which have been COLOMBIA. 13 discovered on opposite sides of what must have been the borders of the principal lake. Both face towards the points of rupture of the mountains, and the faces of both are covered with sculptures, among which are distinguishable figures of the frog (the Chibcha sign of water) with outspread feet, and human figures with up- raised arms, in attitude of surprise or alarm. The climate. of Colombia is very varied, notwithstanding its tropical situation, owing to the complex system of mountains by which the territory is traversed; so. that all that one a in order to experience very marked differences of temperature is to ascend from the valleys to the mountains. On the coasts the heat is almost unceasing, though tempered by the breezes and the rains. In the interior there are valleys in which the heat is intense. The highest average temperature experienced in any part of the Re- public is 86° F.; the lowest, in the inhabited portion of the Cor- dilleras, 20° F. The lower part of the valley of the Magdalena is oppressed with almost tropical heat. The waters of the river are lukewarm, and at Honda, 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, stones exposed to the sun’s rays are too hot to place the hand upon. On the plateaus the air is salubrious and the temperature is that of perpetual spring. On the plain of Bogota, which is 8,000 feet above the sea, the thermometer ranges from 55° to 70° F., and the rain in the wet season falls but a few hours daily in the afternoon. The summits of the Cordilleras are usually covered with mists and the tops of the highest with perpetual snow. In the forests of Darien the rain falls almost unceasingly, and the gulf of Choco is seldom free from violent storms. In Colombia there are no seasons, strictly speaking; but the name summer is given to the dry period and winter to the rainy. These two sorts of weather alternate generally at intervals of three months; but in certain parts of the country it rains during six consecutive months, and in others the so-called “summer” is almost unceasing. 14 COLOMBIA. Among the natural curiosities of the country are the falls of Tequendama a beautiful cascade with an unbroken fall of over 600 feet near Bogota; the natural bridge of Pandi or Icononzo, spanning the river Suma Paz at an elevation of 600 feet; the cas- cade of the Rio Vinagre; the great orifices called Hoyo del Aire and Hoyo de los Pajaros, near Velez; the Pefion de Quiti- soque, from the symmetrically pierced summit of which fall three beautiful streams of water; the Fura-Tena and the Boqueron de Pefia Armadas, which are two stupendous cuts made by the Rio Minero, the second 10,650 feet deep; and the natural tunnel of the Rio Suarez. The minerals of Colombia are of all sorts, and very abundant. ‘Those which are produced with the greatest profit are the follow- ing: Gold, in Antioquia, in Cauca, especially in the region of the Choco, in Tolima, and in Santander; silver, in Antioquia, Cauca {municipality of Toro), and in Tolima; iron, in Cundinamarca. (la Pradera and Pacho) and in Antioquia (Amaga); copper, in Boyaca (Moniquira) and in the Department of the Magdalena; platinum, in Choco; sulphur, in Cundinamarca (Gachala); salt, in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, where there are immense beds of tock salt, and in Antioquia, Cauca, and Tolima, where there are many salt springs; emeralds, in Boyaca (Muzo, Coscuez, and Somondoco); coal, lime, niter, and chalk, throughout the country. On the banks of the river Nare, and at Quipile, in Cundinamarca, there are found rich but unexploited quarries of marble. In Cha- parral and Yaguara, in the Department of Tolima, there are wells of petroleum; and at Hatoviejo (in the neighbornood of Bogota) there are great quarries of a very fine gravel, which is useful for many purposes. From Costa Rica to Venezuela, there is hardly a department of Colombia which does not possess in its soil more or less gold. It is claimed that Choco, Antioquia, Mariquita, Popayan, Pamplona, Ocafia, Bucaramanga, and other places are exceedingly rich in that INDIANS CARRYING Woob. COLOMBIA. 1§ metal. The auriferous sands of Antioquia, according to M. Dufré- noy, afford results very nearly coinciding with those of California. Small diamonds are found with the gold, and in the same district the sulphate of mercury is abundant. In various parts of the country are mines of silver, copper, lead, iron, quicksilver, coal (in Bogota, Cali, Soata, Chiriqui, etc.), amethysts, and other varieties of rare and valuable stones and minerals. The great coal bed of Cali, it is believed, extends beyond the Cordilleras to the Pacific, and there are magnificent coal mines in Magdalena near the Caribbean coast. By a reasonable outlay these mines ought to produce an abundant supply of coal for ocean steamers, which now often depend for their fuel upon deposits in the Antilles brought across the sea for that purpose. On the table-lands of Bogota, Tuquerres, Tunja, and Pamplona rock salt abounds, and lime, sulphur, alum, mag- nesia, asphaltum, and other valuable minerals exist in inexhaust- ible quantities in various parts of the Republic. In the neighborhood of Ubala there are deposits of copper, sul- phate of lead with silver, sulphate of aluminum, and hyaline quartz. Sulphur of the best quality is found at a short distance from Gachala. There is also an enormous deposit of sulphate of iron. Mercury is found at.different points. The warm regions of the valleys and coasts produce in abun- dance coffee, cacao, bananas of all sorts, yucca, arracacha, sugar cane, indigo, cotton, tobacco, vanilla, corn, rice, beans, and a great variety of fruits and medicinal plants. In the middle region of the Andes grow readily wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and nearly all the fruits and vegetables of Europe. The wild flora is very varied, especially in the family of the orchids, so much esteemed in European markets. The forests abound in building, cabinet, and dye woods, Peruvian bark, the tagua cocoa, caoutchouc, sarsapa- tilla, vanilla, ipecacuanha, and many species of gums and resins. Vast regions of the country are admirably adapted for the produc- tion of sugar. The meadows along the Gacheta River are 16 COLOMBIA. admirably adapted to the production of coffee. The fique or mag- uey, (Fourroya fetida) isabundant. Cotton likewise flourishes in this region, though it is but little cultivated. The flora combines almost all the products of the tropical, the intertropical, and temperate zones. Within a single day’s journey one may encounter the four seasons of the year and the vegetable peculiarities of all these zones. Rice, cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, and all tropical fruits grow along the coast, and the elevated plains yield maize, wheat, potatoes, and all the European fruits. The vast forests, yet imperfectly explored, abound with valuable productions. In Popayan the cinchona grows to perfection, and the sides of the mountains of Tolima are clothed to an elevation of 8,500 feet with wax palms 200 feet high. Besides these are found the Pitayo, cedar, balsam of tolu, vanilla, lignum vite, mahogany, caoutchouc, and the tree perhaps most precious of all, the albataque, the vine of the cross, and the arisa, all remarkable specifics, the first against inflammation, the second for stanching effusions of blood, and the third for instantaneously stopping bleed- ing at the nose. Notwithstanding the luxuriance of the vegeta- _. tion, the species are not intermingled. Each kind occupies some tract of its own, where it flourishes to the almost total exclusion of others. Several geographers have with reason characterized the ‘fertility of Colombia’s soil as astonishing. In the valley of the Cauca the sugar cane will continue in con- dition on the same land without replanting for eighty years. Indian corn yields three-hundred fold. The plantain yields 138,000 pounds of fruit in a space of 250 acres. On the now useless plains of the southeastern half of the Republic,vast herds of cattle would thrive. Their fertile lands are susceptible of cultivation, and their products could find an easy market by a narrow-gauge railroad to the Magdalena River, Pi yaa gibenntrlemes = the construction of which is not an impossible or an improbable _ thing. From the forests, which exist here and there, might be COLOMBIA. 17 extracted large quantities of gums, fibers, and precious woods. Coffee and cacao might be made to yield rich harvests. Throughout the region to the south of Gachala the quina, or Peruvian bark, is produced. In the districts of Gacheta, Gachala, and Ubala there grows spontaneously the plant commonly known as laurel (Myrica arguta), which yields a species of vegetable wax, which promises to be of great importance in industry and the arts. This wax is greenish, brittle, and of a disagreeable odor; but on being prop- erly treated it loses those objectionable qualities and becomes white. In some parts of the Republic, as in Cauca, large quan- tities of it are secured and mixed with tallow, to make candles for lighting. The wax is obtained by boiling the fruit of the laurel. in water. The fruit so treated yields as high as 25 per cent of wax, and one plant may give from 15 to 25: pounds of the fruit a year. This wax, furthermore, is susceptible of saponification. In certain parts of Colombia is found the arracao, a tree which yields a brilliant rose-colored dye which is applicable to wood as a sort of varnish, brilliant in proportion to the number of coats ap- plied. Mixed with the juices of the yucca leaf, this dye becomes quite black without losing its brilliancy. Near Medina occurs a singular sort of tree, known as leche-miel (Lacmelles edulis), the bark of which exudes a milk-like juice which Baron Humboldt analyzed and found to contain the same caseine, and the same nutritious qualities as cows’ milk. In the same re- region is found the dwarf palm commonly known as vegetable ivory. The fruit of the malagueta (Xylopia longifolia) is highly es- teemed for its medicinal qualities, it being deemed especially use- ful in fevers, dysentery, etc., and as an antidote. to the poison of snakes. _ The currucai (Iséca helerophila) yields a resin which is very white, aromatic, and rich in turpentine. When subjected to heat Bull. 33 Zz 18 COLOMBIA. this resin becomes a brilliant paste similar to Burgundy pitch, for which latter substance, in most of its uses, the former might be substituted. On the banks of the Gazcunta River there grows in great abun- dance the necha (Fevilla tarrilla), which is highly recommended for the treatment of cancer, tumors, and nervous debility. The fruit contains a large proportion of a very fine oil, susceptible of varied applications in the arts. The sarsaparilla (Smilax officinalis), a plant of very great com- mercial importance, grows in great abundance on the Llanos of Colombia. It flourishes in a temperature of from 75° to 86° F., and at an elevation of from 1,000 to 2,600 feet above the level of the sea. The cacao grows wild about Medina, and though the grains are smaller than in the cultivated plant, it is more rich in oil and, if cultivated, would excel in quality., The cacao popularly known: as cacao cuadrado (Herrania pulcherrima) is exceedingly abundant throughout the territory of San Martin, immense groves of it be- ing found there as also on the Orinoco, and it seems to be the sort which, as cultivated in Venezuela, has a great reputation in Eu- rope. The cachipai palm (Bactris gachépaes) is interesting both for its wood and its fruit, the former being strong, compact, and lustrous, while the latter has a fleshy pulp which when cooked is a palata- ble, wholesome, and nutritious food. The Colombian fauna is very varied, and presents almost all the types which characterize the great American fauna. Among domestic animals there are very fine cattle on the llanos, or plains, and others, carefully bred and crossed with European varieties, : in the savannah of Bogota and the valleys of Ubaté, Chiquinquira, and Sogamoso; excellent horses and mules, of Andalusian breed, in the same places and in the valley of the Cauca; sheep, goat, asses, swine, etc. COLOMBIA. 19 The herds of cattle and horses of European origin are very numerous, and the plains upon which they feed and multiply are of immense extent. The intertropical regions abound in wild animals. Among the native animals are the puma, jaguar, bear, sloth, deer, armadillo, cavy, opossum, tapir, many kinds of monkeys, the condor, parrots, humming birds, etc. Of monkeys there are at least seventeen dis- tinct species; the feline race is represented by seven or eight, in- cluding the puma and the jaguar; there are two species of bears; the alligator swarms in the Magdalena and some of the other rivers; deer are common at various elevations; the sloth, the arma- dillo, the guagua, the opossum, and the cavy prevail in the forests; and the tapir or danta wanders in the higher regions. Among the birds may be mentioned the condor and ten other birds of prey, several species of swallows, numerous varieties of parrots, paro- quets, lorries, and cockatoos, cranes and storks, the pleasant-singing tropial, and the strangely colored sol-y-lune which takes its name from the figure of the sun and moon on its wings. The boa constrictor, the yaruma, the cascabel, and various other serpents are frequent enough in the warmer regions, but are not. met with at a greater height than 5,400 feet above the sea. Insects are abund- antly. represented, the most important practically being the ants, which in some districts, as for instance the Isthmus, are almost a plague. Turtle abounds on the coast, and pearl oysters are the object of a very considerable fishery. Chapter IT. THE POLITICAL DIVISIONS AND THEIR RESOURCES. Colombia is divided into nine political divisions, now termed departments, which were formerly independent States, each having separate legislatures. These departments, geographically arranged, are Panama, Cauca, Tolima, Cundinamarca, Boyaca, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena, and Bolivar. DEPARTMENT OF PANAMA. The department of Panama is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea; on the west by the Republic of Costa Rica; on the south by the Pacific Ocean; on the east by the department of the Cauca. The area of Panama is 32,380 square miles, of which only about... one-half is inhabited. Its greatest length, from the Darien range to that of La Cruz, on the side of Costa Rica, is about 420 miles. The widest part of the Isthmus lies between the mouth of the Escribanos River, on the Atlantic side, and the point of Mariato on the Pacific, a distance of about 118 miles. The narrowest part lies between the Gulf of San Blas, on the Atlantic, and the mouth of the river Chepe, on the Pacific, a distance on a straight line of 31 miles. Panama is thus a little smaller than the islands of Cuba and Hayti, and not half the size of Paraguay. If the territory of the department were to be as densely populated as Belgium was said to be in 1860, it would contain no less than 9,000,000 inhab- itants. 20 . ‘WLODOG LV TOLIdVO COLOMBIA. 21 A massive range known as the Cordillera de Baudo, traverses the isthmus through nearly its whole length, dwindling away in the neighborhood of Panama. This range approaches now the southern coast and again the northern, and though not a very ele- vated one (1,557 feet, average height, with peaks of from 2,296 to 2,624. feet, and passes less than goo feet high), it gradually in- creases in both height and breadth as it approaches Veraguas; in Chiriqui it reaches its greatest elevation and runs through the mid- dle of the department into Costa Rica. Various rivers flow into either the Atlantic or the Pacific, some through long and narrow valleys, others by shorter courses. The principal river of the department is the Tuira or Darien River. It rises in the heights of Aspaves and receives the waters of a number of tributaries, among which may be named the Nique, Balsas, Paya, Puero, Cano, Limon, Chucunaque (which itself has several tributaries navigable for small vessels), and the Tayecua or Marca. As thus increased, the Tuira flows into the Gulf of San Miguel on the Pacific coast. The river Coclé is some 70 miles long, being navigable for small vessels for about 40 miles. It rises in the Andes and receives the waters of fourteen tributary rivers and a multitude of brooks. The Rio de los Indios and the Calabébora rise in the desert range which traverses the isthmus and empty into the Atlantic. The first is navigable for 18 miles and the second for 21. The Dora- ces forms the boundary with Costa Rica. The Chiriqui and the Guazaro flow into the Atlantic. Another important river of the department is the Bayano, or Chepo, which rises in the Andes and flows west and then south- west into the gulf of Panama. It is about 160 miles in length, and is navigable for 125 miles. It collects on its course the waters of a number of tributary streams. The river Chagres is 102 miles long and navigable for about 60 miles. It receives the waters of more than twenty-one tributaries, and flows first southwest and then 22 ; COLOMBIA. northwest, finally emptying into the Caribbean. Part of its chan- nel has been utilized in the construction of the interoceanic canal. The Samba River rises in the heights of Aspave and flows nearly parallel with the southern coast until it empties into the gulf of San Miguel. It is navigable some 93 miles, The Chico and the Santa Maria flow into the Parita Gulf, the San Pedro and San Pablo flow into the Ensenada de Montijo, the Tabasara, San- tiago, Fonseca, and Chiriqui-viejo em pty into the gulf of Alanje, and the Golfito flows into the Golfo Dulce, on the boundary of Costa Rica. The department of Panama has no considerable lake or lagoon, unless we accept what is called the lake of Chiriqui, on the At- lantic coast, which is rather a large bay than a lake. There are, however, a number of places, chiefly on the coast, and on the banks of rivers, where marshes or ponds, more or less permanent and extensive, are to be found. Both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts are sprinkled with islands; in some spots so thickly grouped as to constitute archi- pelagoes. | On the Atlantic side there are some 630 islands and islets, with an aggregate area of 147 square miles, of which about 115 square miles are susceptible of utilization for lumbering or colonization. The remainder is waste, unsheltered, and lacking both water and vegetation. At certain spots fish and turtle abound. The islands of this department on the Pacific coast are larger and more numerous than those on the Atlantic side. In the group known as the Archipelago de las Perlas the principal island is that of San Miguel, which is about 16 miles long by 7 or 8 miles wide. The largest island on the coast is that of Coiba, a few miles from Bahia Honda, whose greatest length is some 22 miles and its greatest breadth is 15 miles. These Pacific islands are said to number in all 1,053, with an aggregate area of about 500 square miles. COLOMBIA. 23, The department of Panama has on the Atlantic side some 478 maritime miles of coast, 240 between the mouth of the Tarena River and Colon and 238 between Colon and Costa Rica. On the side of the Pacific the coast of Panama is 767 maritime miles in length (about 866 ordinary miles). On the Atlantic coast the principal ports or bays are those of Colon or Aspinwall, Almirante, Chiriqui, San Blas, Caledonia, and Puerto Bello. Besides these there are some 25 smaller ports Colon, or Aspinwall, is built upon the island of Manzanillo, which divides an inlet of the sea, of some 5 miles in depth, into what are known as the ports of Manzanillo and Naos or Newbay. On the Pacific coast the principal ports or bays are those‘of Panama, San Miguel, Montijo, and Golfito. There are in addi- tion some 30 smaller.ports, among which may be mentioned that of Bocachica, which serves as the port for the town of David. The climate of the department varies very much, it being in certain regions warm but healthful, in others damp and sickly, and in others cold and salubrious. ‘The whole coast, from the boundary of Costa Rica to the gulf of Uraba, has a hot and damp climate, in which it is difficult for the white race to flourish, by reason of swamps and marshes whose exhalations are extremely unwholesome. To this is added the intensity of the heat, aggravated by the great humidity produced by the frequent rains, and by the aqueous vapors rising from the sea which the prevailing winds carry to the wooded plains that fringe the entire territory, There is a part of the Pacific coast to which this does not apply, for, from Panama to Cape Burica, where there are no marshes or wooded plains, but on the contrary cereal-bearing fields, and rivers which water and fertilize that gen- erally inhabited region. The climate is as a rule warm but not so damp, which permits the inhabitants to enjoy good health. The cordilleras are all cool and salubrious, but their slopes are unin- habited, both on the southern side, which bears the cereal grasses and on the northern, which is covered with woods. 24 COLOMBIA. The coast from Panama to El Choco is unhealthy. The interior of the isthmus of Darien is very sickly, and only the negroes and Indian half-breeds can stand its excessively rainy climate, hot and damp, and its atmosphere, which the marshes make malarious. Though about the Darien cordillera the temperature is milder, it can not be said that the region is salubrious; and it will never be until the great woods and groves shall have disappeared. In Puerto Bello the climate is unhealthy, and the heat excessive by reason of the stagnation of the air, and because the port is sur- rounded by high mountains, and noxious exhalations emanate from vegetable matters, both terrestrial and aquatic. The nights there are often stifling, and the days marked by rains with thunder and lightning, such as can not but terrify the unaccustomed visitor. It may be said that it rains in the department of Panama at least nine months in the year, and that, too, in extraordinary quantities. There occur, too, brief but very hard “scuds” or showers, and much thunder and lightning—a sure proof of the abundance of electricity in these regions. The dry months are February, March, and a part of April, and the hottest months are August, September, and October, in which the heat becomes almost unbearable. In the other months the breezes and the continual rain render the heat less intense, though on the other hand they make the climate disagreeable. In the territory which formerly constituted the provinces of Chiriqui and Veraguas the heat is intense, though tempered by the rains from April to December. In the part of the isthmus bor- dering upon the Cauca it rains all the year round, at such a rate as to make the rainfall go cubic inches, while in Europe it is only 28 or 29, Gold is obtained from the rivers Marca and Balsas, in South Darien. There still lives the tradition of the famous mines of Cana or Espiritu Santo, in the neighborhood of the Tuira. Atone time they were called “ Potosi,” on account of the abundance and £ 1 & toe uF ote =a cee ao oh ey u ‘a STATUE OF COLUMBUS AT COLON. COLOMBIA. 25 fineness of the ore produced. There are likewise gold mines in the neighborhood of the rivers Coclé, Belen, and Indias and their tributaries. Of these the most noteworthy is that of San Antonio, on the Coclé, which is reported as yielding $40,000 a year. Other mines are found at las Tablas, las Minas, el Mineral de Veraguas, Sona, Lovaina, Gualaca, and San Lorenzo. Salt is found in abundance throughout the department, and at many points its production is more profitable than that of gold. Copper is found near San Felix, and near the road from David. to Bocas del Toro. It exists also, there is reason for thinking, in the old province of Azuero. Iron is to be found in and about the Cerro de San Cristobal and in the ancient province of Azuero, according to indications. Mineral coal is found near las Bocas de Toro and in Golfo Dulce. Mineral waters are found in the districts of Santiago and Calo- bre, near the headwaters of the Chonguinola, near the volcano at the foot of the Castillo Mount, near the Chiriqui River, in the Méndez ranch, near the Yeguas Pass, in Pan de Azucar, and on the banks of the Gallequi River, near San Felix. Pearls are found not only in the Archipelago de las Perlas, but in many other spots on the sea bottom, which would seem to be almost covered with these precious stones. As many as one mil- lion shells a year are said to be secured by divers, and though all do not contain pearls they are available as mother-of-pearl. Chalk and lime also abound in various parts of the department. The following woods, used for making dyestuff, are found in the department: Uvilla, curtidora, divi-divi, dragon’s blood, tuno,, mulberry, Brazilian wood (brasilete), igua, aguacate colorado, guayacan, afiil amarillo de yuca, carocolito (purple shell), mu- queva, ojo de venado (black), tagua de montafia (indelible car- mine), and nazareno (purple). The department yields woods of excellent quality and colossal growth, principally in South Darien, though they abound also in 26 COLOMBIA. the mountains along the coasts and in the islands of both seas. The following may be named: Gacique, coroti, and espavé, fit for shipbuilding, and not infested by any sort of insect whatever ; caimito, hueso, cerezo, macano, madrofio, naranjillo, bola, and laurel, excellent for polished work and building, as are also the mora and guayacan, which are, furthermore, incorruptible; nis- pero and espinoso, which make the best boarding known; mahog- any (black, red, or veined), rosewood, rosilla, quira, cocobobo, and roble amarillo (yellow oak), which do not rot; roble comun (common oak), adapted for ship timbers; ¢l manzanillo (manchi- neel), a building and cabinet wood ; jicarrillo, and espino amarillo. Among furniture woods may be named the cedars known as cebolla, espina, real, and papaya, all of excellent quality and ex- empt from the attacks of the “comejen” (timber worm); amarillo de Guayaquil, which is incorruptible; algarrobo del Perd, tjagua de montafia, alcornoque, chuchipate, and chachojo, all very useful for building; maderon, very durable and available for inlaid work ; alfahillo, the same; tanjiro, similar to mahogany; jigua blanca, jigna negra, saponario, the leaves and bark of which are used as soap; majagua, used by the Indians for making ropes; palo de lana (wooltree), similar to the ceiba or silk cotton tree, and which grows to a height of more than 100 feet, and is used for canoes; hobo, a durable and colossal tree; bongo and balso, trees of considerable thickness, but very light, resembling cork, and used for making rafts; yaya, very durable; mangle, cavalero, pena, salado, and colorado, the last very durable and suitable for shipbuilding; culuba, much used for making mats, etc.; gachapala, and maria, good for masts; murciélago, hobo de puerco (é de cerco), bari- gon, haya, raton, carcun, sibo, and terciopelo, all useful to carpen- . ters, as are also the guayabito de montafia, cerezo silvestre (wild cherry), pavo, mostrenco, and conaza. The department produces cloves, equal in fragrance to those of Ceylon; palosanto, from which is obtained the famous balsam COLOMBIA. 27 maria; copaiba, caucho, almaciga (mastic), copachi, chutra, ca- rafia, cabima, cateba, croton palo de sangre, saumedio, jigua- canelo, balsamo de drago, chiriqui, chinchire, tustele (yielding rubber, like the caucho), and palo de vaca. Honey and beeswax are produced in great abundance. The following fruits and vegetables are produced on the isthmus, both wild and in cultivation: Aguacate, cacao, coco, pomaroda, mango, mamei del pais, na- ranjo dulce, naranjo agrio, limon, torovijo, marafion, guanabano, membrillo (quince), guayabo zapote, brevo, hicaco, anon, hagua, fiame, uvito guagabilla, calanva, nispero, cerezo, higo (figs), cal- mito, higo chumbo, granado, papayo, sabio, granadillo, ciruela (plum), guate, curubo, pifio, pifiuelo, sapoya, cerenjena (egg- plant), tomate (tomatoes), melon, sandia, calabaza dulce (squash), and eight sorts of aji (capsicum). Among the palms of Panama we may note the wine palm, the oil palm, the corozo, the royal, the chontadura, the umbrella palm, the cabeza de negro palm, the taparro, and the cocoa palm, which is remarkable not only for its fruit, but for being planted around settlements to protect houses from lightning as it serves as a very efficient sort of lightning rod. The great forests of Panama contain many wild animals, among which we may name the tiger, black or spotted, the jaguar of Darien, as voracious as that of Venezuela, the cougar, the javali, or wild boar, the chunzo, erizo (hedgehog), lion, red, yellow, or black, oso hormiguero (ant bear), tigrillo (small tiger), zorro (fox), conejo (rabbit), tapir, venado (deer), puerco espin (porcu- pine), gato (cat), mono (monkey), and armadillo. On the Atlantic coast there are the tortoises, whose shell is so largely used, and white and green turtles. On the Pacific, besides the pearl oysters, there are found many kinds of oysters and mus- cles, and crustaceans, such as lobsters, crabs, shrimps, etc. In the sea the animals to be feared are the tintorera (cuttlefish), the 28 COLOMBIA. guaza, the manta, and the shark. In both oceans there abound the ceruzati, a fish weighing 55 pounds, and the mero, which weighs over 110. There are found also the bagre, the peztierra, the quichavo, the paro, and the casus, of some size, and the hurel, barbado, sabalo, hurello, corvina, cominata, and ruejo, of very fine ~ flavor. There are in Panama two kinds of alligators and many kinds of iguanas. Among serpents we find the boa, the berrugosa, the equis, the bejuco, the cazadora, the boba, the viper, of many kinds and very poisonous, coral, and many sorts of lizards. DEPARTMENT OF THE CAUCA. The department of the Cauca is bounded on the northwest by the department of Panama, on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the east by the departments of Bolivar, Antioquia, Tolima, and Cundinamarca, and the Republics of Venezuela and Brazil; on the south by Brazil and Ecuador, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The area of this department is 6,668 square myriameters (257,424 square miles), of which 585 are inhabited and cultivated and 6,083 unoccupied. This includes the territory of Caqusta and the districts of Huila, Inza, and Paez, which were all attached to the department at its creation. In the southern part of Cauca the Cordillera of the Andes divides into three branches. In this region are found the high table-lands of Pasto and Tuquerres and the volcanoes of Chiles, Sotara, Cumbal, and Pasto. The western Cordillera traverses the department from south to north parallel with the coast of the Pacific, and parallel with the western lies the central Cordillera, which keeps the same direction as far as the department of Antioquia, where it breaks up into several branches and finally dwindles away in Bolivar. In this Cordillera are found the volcano of Puracé and the snow ‘SSAILLVN JO dnous - COLOMBIA. 29 peaks of Coconuco, Huila, Quindio, and Mesa de Herveo. We may treat as a continuation or offshoot of the western Cordillera the Cordillera de Baudo, which likewise traverses the department of the Cauca very close to the coast of the Pacific and which pro- longs itself into the Isthmus of Panama. The following rivers of the department flow into the Pacific: The Baudo, the San Juan, the Dagua, the Micay, the Timbiqui, the Guapi, the Iscuandé, the Tapaje, the Patia, with its principal affluents; the Guachicon, the Mamaconde, the Mayo, the Guait- ara, the Telembi, and the Mira. The Atrato rises in the Farallones del Citara. It runs at first towards the west and then towards the north, emptying finally into the Gulf of Uraba, after traversing an immense region and receiving on the way the waters of many affluents, among which may be mentioned the Andagueda, the Quito, the Piedragorda, the Bevara, the Arquia, the Murri, and the Sucio. The Atrato is navigable from its mouth to Lloro. The Leon or Apurimiando, which has its source in Antioquia, flows through the department and empties into the Gulf of Darien. The eastern part of Cauca is watered by the Amazon, which forms the boundary on the south, and by the affluents of that great river, the principal of which are the Napo, the Putumayo, the Caqueta, the Baupés, and the Rio Negro. The Guaviare, which forms the boundary with Cundinamarca, and the Casiqui- are, which unites the Rio Negro with the Orinoco, flow into the Orinoco. The San Juan rises in the Caramanta Mountain, 10,075 feet above sea level. It receives the waters of the Tatama, Tado, Ta- mana, and several other tributaries, and flows over a course of 245 miles into the ocean, which it enters through seven mouths. Its width ranges from 300 to 1,200 feet, and for about 140 miles it is navigable by small steamers. Its banks are high and devoid of marshes. 30 COLOMBIA. The Baudo rises in the Tertiary Range of the same name, and flows for the most part from north to south, parallel to the coast. After uniting with the Pepe, it takes a westerly direction to flow into the Pacific. It is about 142 miles long and navigable for small vessels for four-fifths of that distance. It receives the waters of 7 rivers and 35 smaller streams. Through one of these, the Nacora, boats can pass into the rivers Valle and Chorri, which flow into the South Sea. The Dagua rises in the Western Cordillera, some 15 miles from Cali. It is navigable for 62 miles. The Patia may be said to rise in the Volcano of Sotara, although it is known by other names till after its junction with the Timbio. Its .course is south southwest, until it joins the Guai- tara, after which it flows northwest into the Pacific. It is naviga- ble for 280 miles. The Mira rises in Ecuador and enters Colombia at the point where it joins the San Juan. It empties into the Pacific through seven or more mouths. It is navigable by steamers for 27 miles; and by smaller vessels for twice that distance. The Cauca rises in the Paramo del Buei, near the lake of the same name, and flows in a generally northeast direction, traversing the most populous region of the department, through a long and narrow valley between the Andean ranges, into the Department of Antioquia. It receives in its course (within the Department of the Cauca) 96 rivers and 466 known streams of smaller size. It is navigable for 300 miles. There are in the Department of the Cauca quite a number of lagoons or ponds, but no lake of any importance in point of utility. They amount for the most part to but little more than the swamp- ing of little tracts by the overflow of rivers in regions where the lay of the land is too nearly level to permit of the ready escape of the water. The only lake which need here be mentioned is that of Cocha, formerly called Mocoa, after the tribe of Indians whom the Spaniands found located there. WATCH TOWER OF THE OLD CASTLE, PANAMA. COLOMBIA. 31 The department includes a number of islands, of which the fol- lowing may be mentioned: Tumaco, which is inhabited and was formerly the capital of the canton of that name; Gorgona, which has a range of hills with seven peaks, and the coasts of which are inhabited; Cascajal, con- taining the town of Buenaventura, and which is noticeable for its port and the very good water furnished by its little stream of San José; Palmas, at the entrance of the bay of Magdalena, high, in- habited, and covered with palm trees. All of the islands together do not measure more than some 77 square miles. On the Atlantic coast the department has several ports. The bay of Candelaria is wide and roomy, but has only low lands around it. It is sheltered from all winds except those from the northwest. The whole gulf of Uraba might be called a port, since below Candelaria it is protected from the northers. On its Pacific coasts the department has the port of Charambira, from which communication can be had, through the San Juan, with the ancient province of Choco. Others worthy of mention are the “ensenadas” of Docampado, Catripe, Arasi Coqui, Puer- tococal, and the bays of Cabita, Solano, Nabuga, Limones, and Cupica. Buenaventura Bay is an inlet some 15 miles in depth. The port of Tumaco has to be approached against contrary winds, through a single narrow channel. In the region of Tuqueres, the southernmost portion of the Department of Cauca, the climate is for the most part cold and healthful. Lower down, near the Patia, it is hot and unwhole- some. The rains begin about the middle of September and con- tinue until about the middle of December. Between that time and the middle of January there is about a month of summer, and then the rains recommence and continue through February, March, April, and May. By the middle of June the summer has regu- larly set in and continues until the middle of September. In the region of Pasto the climate asa rule is cold or temperate 32 COLOMBIA. and healthful. The rains begin in the middle of September and last through October and November. December, January, and partof February are summer months; March, April, and May constitute a severe winter season, and then summer holds again until the middle of September. Within the region of Popayan, in this department, there is every species of climate, from the scorching heat of the Pacific . coast to the piercing cold of Coconuco, Puracé, and Huila. The whole valley of the Patia is unhealthy, it being boxed in between high mountain ranges and especially subject to malarial influences. The rest of the region enjoys a wholesome climate. It is estimated that in this part of the department there is an annual rainfall of from 60 to 120 inches (five times the quan- tity assigned to Europe). There are violent winds and thunder- storms. The valley of the Cauca River has a wholesome climate, though warm, but at the seasons of low water fevers are apt to occur. The banks of the Cauca, covered with canebrakes, have a hot and unhealthy climate. In the valley it rains during March, | April, May, September, October, and November; the others are summer months. In the mountains the rains are frequent all the year through, and hail and snowstorms occur on the peaks during the summer. The climate of the region of Barbacoas, is sufficiently uniform. The coasts of the ocean are swept by western winds, and, though hot and damp, are not unhealthful. But the lands near the cane- brakes and mangrove swamps, and those along the banks of the rivers, are exceedingly unhealthy. Near the headwaters of the rivers the climate isnot bad. Where the elevation exceeds 3,000 feet it is not unhealthy, though there is much rain. The climate of the region of Buenaventura, varies considerably . in the different sections. The districts of Cali and Roldanillo have a warm but healthy climate, except at the beginning and COLOMBIA. ‘ 33 the end of the rainy season, when intermittent fevers prevail in the neighborhood of wet or marshy lands. Upon the cordillera it is cool and healthful. In the district of Raposo, owing to the heavy woods and mangrove swamps, the climate is very damp, and, as it is also hot, fevers and dysentery prevail. On the Pacific slope the rains are frequent throughout the year. The lower portions of the valleys of the Atrato, the San Juan, and the Baudo in the region of the Chocé, are exceedingly hot and damp and consequently unwholesome, though the intermit- tent fevers which prevail are not usually dangerous ones. The shores of the Pacific and other lands which are ventilated by the ocean breezes are healthful, notwithstanding the moisture and heat. In the highlands, above an altitude of 3,000 feet, the climate is temperate and healthful. Gold is found both in river bottoms and in veins in a great many localities scattered through the department of the Cauca. There are many mines, some of which have been known for a long time, but the working of these rich deposits is and has always been partial and desultory. Silver is found at Quilichao, Caloto, and Cerrorico, and there are indications of its presence at Andagueda and Bebara. Platinum is found at Guapi and in the gold placer mines of Bar- bacoas, Iscuandé, and Micai, though not in very large amounts. It occurs with gold in the basins of ‘the Atrato and San Juan, chiefly in Yoro, Yato, and Chacaranda, where it abounds. Copper is found in the Tablas River and at San Lorenzo, Yumbo, Yotoco, Cali, Pichinché, and Andagueda. Iron of excellent quality is found near Cali. It abounds in Yumbo, and also at Vijes and Yotoco. Salt is obtained in considerable quantities ina number of places. There are found besides, within the department, chalk, slate, ame- thysts, emeralds, coal, marble, lapis, jet, lapis lazuli, tin, lead, ocher, etc. Bull. 33-3 34 COLOMBIA. Mineral springs whose water is impregnated with iron, sulphur, etc., are found in various localities within this department. DEPARTMENT OF TOLIMA. The Department of Tolima is bounded on the north by Antio- quia; on the east by Cundinamarca and Cauca; on the south and west by Cauca. The area is 18,434 square miles. The territory of Tolima, situated in the angle formed by the separation of the Andes, at the Paramo de las Papas, into the central and the eastern cordilleras, is part of the basin of the Magdalena, extending from south to north, a length of 315 miles, from the Paramo de las Papas to the river Miel, the boundary on the north between this department and tha of An- tioquia. The highest peaks of the central cordillera are the Paramo de Guanacas, the Nevado del Huila, Barragan, the Nevado del Quindio, the Nevado de Santa Isabel, the Paramo de Ruiz, the Mesa de Herveo, and the splendid Nevado del Tolima, from which the department derives its name. The central cordillera of the Andes divides the department of Tolima from the department of the Cauca. In its beginnings this cordillera is known as the Paramo del Buey, and contains - peaks rising some 290 meters above the general level of the range. Among these are found the sources of the rivers Magdalena and Cauca, at an elevation of 12,857 feet. For about 15 miles of its length this cordillera maintains an alti- tude of from 13,000 to 14,625 feet. Five snow-covered peaks, known as the Coconuco, rise in one connected group, to heights ranging from 15,600 to 15,950 feet. The most northerly of the five is the volcano of Puracé, which constantly emits gases and vapors through a number of craters. From the volcano of Puracé the cordillera takes a northeasterly direction, forming the paramo of Guanacas, the height of which, Tyres oF NATIVES. COLOMBIA. 35 ‘along the road to Papayan, is 11,433 feet, with peaks 650 feet higher still. The range then runs northwesterly, as the Paramo de Moras, 11,316 feet high. Turning again to the northeast, it swells into the Huila, crowned with three peaks covered with per- petual snow, the highest of which is 18,525 feet above the level of the sea. The Huila is thought to be an extinct volcano. From this point the cordillera has in general a northerly direction, finally passing into the department of Antioquia on the north. The eastern cordillera of the Andes begins at the Paramo de las Papas, under which name it runs parallel with the Paramo del Buei for about 6 miles, turns suddenly toward the-south for some 12 miles, reaching the height of 14,950 feet in the peak of Cu- tanga. The range then, after devious turnings, runs east and northeast into the department of Cundinamarca. One of its off shoots forms, in latitude 2° 30’, the ridge which divides the waters which flow into the Orinoco from those which find their way into the Amazon. : All the streams of the department flow, directly or indirectly, into the Magdalena. Among those which rise in the central Cor- dillera the following may be named: The Paez, the Yaguara, the Aipe, the Plata, the Saldafia, the Luisa, the Coello, the Totare, the Riorrecio, the Lagunilla, the Sabandija, the Guali, the Gua- rind, and the Miel. The more important of those which rise in the eastern Cordillera are: The Suaza, the Gigante, the Neiva, the Frio, the Fortalecillas, the Cabrera, the Prado, and the Fusagasuga (which forms the boundary between Tolima and Cundinamarca). The Magdalena River rises in the Paramo de las Papas out of a small lake known as Laguna del Buei. From this source to the point at which the river leaves the department the distance in direct line is 347 miles, but along the actual course of the stream it is 478 miles. For about 124 miles the river is navigable for steamers, not uninterruptedly, however, as the Salto de Honda separates this course into two sections, divided by an 36 COLOMBIA. interval of some 30 miles. For smaller boats the navigation ex- tends 280 miles further. Another considerable river of the de- partment of Tolima is the Saldafia, which is navigable for small vessels about 75 miles. The river Paez may likewise be men- tioned. In its course through the department the Magdalena re- ceives the waters of 39 rivers of some importance which them- selves receive those of more than 40 recognized though smaller streams. Besides the Laguna del Buei already mentioned. and which is famous as the source of the Magdalena River, the following lakes of the department of Tolima may be specified: The Laguna del P4ramo, out of which flow two rivers, the Amoya, and the Cu- cuana. The Lagunetas, near Herveo, is remarkable for a multi- tude of curious aquatic plants, the abundance of which in certain portions of the lake gives to the latter the appearance of a number of distinct sheets of water. Its outlets are the Chinchina and the Guali. Finally, in the Paramo of San Felix, at a place called Vallealto, there is an unnamed lake out of which flow the river Miel, a tributary of the Magdalena, and the Arma a tributary of the Cauca River. As the department of Tolima comprises the wide valley of the upper Magdalena‘and a great part of the eastern and central Cor- » dilleras of the Andes, it naturally has every variety of climate, (ne from that of the torrid regions to that of the paramos and eternal — snows. In the paramos the average temperature ranges from 45°.” to 54° F. The highest is 63° and the lowest 36°. Throughout the forests of the eastern Cordillera, in the cinchona region, the cli- mate is healthy, the average temperature being from 52° to 57, F Along the valley of the Magdalena from San Agustin to Nare the average temperature ranges from 70° to 85°. The maximum heat is go° and the minimum 63°. In the valleys of Melgar, Cundai, Payandé, Miraflores, Ataco, and Chaparral the average cemperrere ranges from 77° to 81°. COLOMBIA. 37 The great valley of the Magdalena, extending as it does from 2~ north latitude to beyond 6°, experiences two rainy seasons and two dry ones. The sun passes over these places twice during each year, and by its direct heat so rarefies the atmosphere as to cause the rushing in of the cooler air of other localities, which in its turn condenses into continued rains the aqueous vapor which abounds in the atmosphere. For the department as a whole it may be said that March, April, May, September, October, and ‘November are the rainy months. Gold is found in many portions of the department, and can be washed out of the sands of the rivers Saldafia, Ata, Blanco, Ana- micht, and Cabrin. Silver likewise occurs in various places in this department. The principal mines are said to be those of Santa Ana. Other mines of which mention is made are those of San Juan, Hervi, ‘Malpaso, Guarino, Puano, Cristo de Lajas, and San José de Frias. Copper is found in Natagaima in very great abundance. There are veins of over six feet through at la Mohosa, la Vieja. and the Quebrada del Cauca. It is found also about the River Luisa, and an excellent ore is obtained at Rioblanco. Other minerals found within the department are amethysts, rock crystal, magnetic ore, lime, jet, chalk, talc, iron pyrites, coal, asphaltum, cinnabar, lead, sulphur, alum, sulphate of iron, sul- phate of magnesia, etc. DEPARTMENT OF CUNDINAMARCA. The Department of Cundinamarca is bounded on the north by the Republic of Venezuela and the departments of Boyaca and Santander, on the west by the departments of Antioquia and Tolima, on the south by the department of the Cauca, and on the east by the Republic of Venezuela. 38 COLOMBIA. The area of Cundinamarca is about 92,000 square miles, of which only a small part is inhabited. The eastern Cordillera of the Andes enters the department of Cundinamarca and traverses it from south to north, separating into various branches. The most mountainous part is the western, towards the Magdalena river. The most notable heights are the Nevado of Sumapaz and the “paramos” of Chamisal, Cruz- Verde, Pasquilla, el Hato, Sumapaz, and Choachi. To the east of the eastern Cordillera is found the principal plain of Cundinamarca, known as the eastern region, which is very fertile and abounds in cattle. On the west lies the deep valley of the Magdalena, and the center comprises the rich sa- vannahs of Bogota, Ubaté, and Simijaca, the site in ancient times of an immense lake. . The innumerable streams of the eastern region almost all flow into the Meta and the Guayabero, which are tributaries of the Orinoco. Among the tributaries of the Meta in Cundinamarca may be named the Cabuyaro, the Guatiquia with its affluents, the Guacaravia and the Humea; the Rio Negro, the Guayuriba, the Chichimene, the Guamal, and the Pajure. Those of the western section flow into the Magdalena; of these the following are’ worthy of mention: The Fusagasuga, the Bogotaé (known as the “Funza,” in the earlier part of its course, before it precipitates itself over the splendid falls of Tequendama), the Seco, and the Rio Negro, which has many affluents and waters a vast and fertile region. The river Suarez rises in the lake of Fiquene and fol- lows a northerly direction. The Sumapaz River, though small, is remarkable for the natural bridge of Icononzo, near Pandi. DEPARTMENT OF BOYACA. The Department of Boyaca is bounded on the north by Vene- zuela and Santander; on the east by Venezuela and Cundinamar- ca; onthe south by Cundinamarca; on the west by Cundinamarca, COLOMBIA. 39 Santander, and Antioquia. The area of Boyaca is about 36,000 square miles, of which about one-fourth is inhabited. The eastern Cordillera of the Andes traverses the department of Boyaca from south to north, with branches on each side, the principat of which take an easterly direction and terminate on the plains of Casanare. The most notable heights in these ranges are the Sierra Nevada de Chita, the Boqueron del Consuelo, the Picachos de Ture, the Paramo de la Rusia, and Llanorredondo. The majority of the rivers which water Boyaca descend from the eastern Cordillera, some towards the east and the others towards the west. Among the former the principal is the Meta, which is navigable from the confluence of the Humadea with the Rio Negro, and the principal tributaries of which are the following: . The Upia, the Tua, the Barroblanco, the Cusiana, the Charte, the Cravo, the Tocaria, the Pauto, the Ariporo, the Chire, the Casanare, the San Ignacio or Rio de Tame, the Cuiloto, the Ele, and the Lipa. The Carpanaparo flows directly ta the Orinoco, into which also flows the Arauca which forms the boundary between Boyaca and Venezuela. The principal river of the central region is the Chicamocha or Sogamoso, which after entering Santander flows ‘into the Suarez. The western part of Boyaca is watered by the Suarez; the Minero, which afterwards joins with the Orta to form the Carare, an affluent of the Magdalena; and the Rio Negro, which forms the boundary with Cundinamarca. The eastern Cordillera of the Andes, with its ramifications, di- vides the department of Boyaca into two great regions: the eastern, which is level, low, of a hot climate, almost uninhabited and wa- tered by many rivers, and the western region, high, cold, and health- ful and abounding in savannahs and table-lands which afford nial pasturage and are well adapted for agriculture. DEPARTMENT OF. SANTANDER. The Department of Santander is bounded on the north, north- east, and east by the Republic of Venezuela; on the south and 4o COLOMBIA. southeast by the department of Boyaca; on the southwest by Cundinamarca; on the west by Antioquia, Bolivar, and Magda- lena, and on the northwest by Magdalena. The area of this department is about 16,000 square miles. The surface of Santander is extremely unequal and miountain- ous, by reason of the many and complicated ramifications of the eastern Cordillera, which, towards the north, divides into two principal branches, one on the left, which continues in a north- erly direction and enters the department of the Magdalena under the names of Sierra de Motilones and Valledupar, and one on the right, which takes the direction of Venezuela and comes to an end near the coasts of Cumana. The principal heights of the Cordilleras of Santander are the Paramo de Angostura, the Pico de la Colorada, the Paramo de la Laguna, and the Paramo de Cachiri. . The chief valleys are those of the Magdalena and the Soga- moso, the Zulia, and the Catumbo. Among the table-lands may be mentioned those of Pamplona, Jéridas, Juan Rodriguez, and Mesarrica. The principal rivers of Santander flow some towards the north, others towards the west, and others towards the east. Among the first may be mentioned the Catatumbo, which, with its affluents, the Tarra, the Sardinata, the Zulia, and the Tachira, empties into the lake of Maracaibo. Those flowing towards the east are the Nula and the Sarare, which are tributaries of the Apure. Towards the west, in search of the Magdalena, flow the Lebrija, the Soga- moso, which is formed by the union of the Chicamocha and the Suarez and is navigable almost throughout its course, the Colo- tado, the Opon, and the Carare. DEPARTMENT OF ANTIOQUIA. The Department of Antioquia is bounded on the nortlr by the departments of Bolivar and Cauca, on the east by Santander and : NATIVE INDIAN WOMEN RETURNING FROM MARKET. 7 COLOMBIA. 41 Boyaca, on the south by Tolima and Cauca, and on the west by Cauca. The area of Antioquia is about 21,000 square miles, of which about two-thirds is inhabited. The very numerous mountains of Antioquia are ramifications of the central Cordillera and of the Cordillera del Citara (a branch . of the western Cordillera), which divide the territory of the Department into three well-marked river basins: that of the Cauca in the center, that of Magdalena on the east, and that of the Atrato on the west. On its left bank the Cauca receives the following tributaries : The Cartama, San Juan, Tonusco, Ituango, Taraza, and Man. On the right it receives the Chinchina, the Pozo, the Arma (which flows in an exceedingly deep channel), the Poblanco, the Aburra, the San Andrés, and the Nechi, which receives the Porce and the — Bagre and is navigable from Zaragoza to its mouth. Into the Magdalena the following rivers flow: The Miel, which rises in the Paramo de la Picona under the name of the Rio Dulce and has for tributaries the Moro and the Samana del Sur; the Riolaro, the Cocorna; the Nare, with its principal affluents, the Nus and the Samana del Norte; the San Bartolomé 6 Cafior- tegla; the Ite, and the Tamar. The principal rivers of Antioquia which flow into the Atrato are the Arquia, the Murri, and the Sucio. The following rivers also have their sources within the limits of Antioquia: The Leon (or Apurimiando), which flows into the Gulf of Uraba; the Sinu, which flows into the Caribbean Sea; and the San Jorge, tributary of the Cauca. The soil of the department of Antioquia is quite sterile, but tich in mines of gold; its mountains are crossed by humberless veins, and its river beds form an uninterrupted series of gold- bearing sands. The richest sections are said to be in the lands watered by the Porce and Nechi Rivers. It would be difficult, ‘even impossible, to estimate the value of the precious metals taken 42 COLOMBIA. from Antioquian soil since the conquest, but even more difficult to form an idea of what still remains. DEPARTMENT OF THE MAGDALENA. The Department of Magdalena is bounded on the north and northeast by the Caribbean Sea; on the east by the Gulf of Mara- caibo, the Republic of Venezuela, and the department of Santan- der; on the south by Santander; on the west by Bolivar, from which it is separated by the Magdalena River. The area of the department is about 30,000 square miles, of which nearly one-third is inhabited. A branch of the eastern Cordillera of the Andes traverses the eastern part of the department from south to north, under the local names of Sierra de Motilones and Sierra de Valle-Dupar, and forms the watershed which divides the streams which flow into the Lake of Maracaibo from those which go to seek the Cesar and Magdalena rivers. Towards the north of the department there is another mountain system which is wholly independent of the Andes. The heart or core of this system is the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, com- prising five snow-clad peaks, the highest of which is 17,355 feet high, and sends out offshoots in every direction in such wise as to resemble a star in shape. The Magdalena River waters the department on the west, re- ceiving numerous affluents, among which may be named the Lebrija and the Rancheria. The Cesar River runs in a southerly direction into the Magdalena. The Magdalena and the Cesar flow through the deepest and most extensive valleys in the depart- | | ment. The Goagira Peninsula is almost wholly composed of low, flat lands. DEPARTMENT OF BOLIVAR. The Department of Bolivar is bounded on the north by the | Atlantic Ocean; on the east by the Departments of Magdalena © COLOMBIA. 43 and Santander, from which it is divided by the Magdalena River; on the south by Antioquia; on the west by Cauca and the At- lantic. The area of the department of Bolivar is nearly 30,000 square miles, of which less than one-half is inhabited. The department of Bolivar may be said to be in its eastern part a vast plain, low, and almost wholly withdrawn from the . Mountain system of the country. Towards the south, along the boundary between Bolivar and Antioquia, is the range known as the Serrania de Ayapel; that of San Jeronimo traverses the entire department from south to north, and that of Abibe, which ap- proaches the Point of Arboletes, all three being ramifications of the western Cordillera. Some offshoots of the central Cordillera enter the department from Antioquia and dwindle away near the banks of the Magdalena. The Magdalena waters all the eastern portion of the department. The Magdalena receives the waters of the Cauca, which in its turn has the San Jorge as a tributary. The Sind, which has its rise in Antioquia, waters the western region of Bolivar and empties into the Atlantic through the Gulf of Cispata. All of these rivers are navigable by steamers, as is. also the Canal del Dique, an artificial arm of the Magdalena, which is a means of communication between Cartagena and the interior of the Republic. Chapter ITT. THE CITIES OF THE REPUBLIC. Bogota is the capital of the Republic and the Department of Cundinamarca. It has 100,000 inhabitants, and is picturesquely situated in the savannah of the same name, at the foot of the heights of Guadalupe and Monserrate. It was founded by Gon- zalo Jiménez de Quesada on the 6th of August, 1538, and consti- tuted a city by the Emperor Charles V. It is an archiepiscopal ~ see, and contains thirty edifices dedicated to the Roman Catholic faith, counting both churches and chapels, among which may be specially mentioned the cathedral, on account of the elegance and purity of its style of architecture, and the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, which has just been erected in the suburb of Chapinero, and will rank as one of the handsomest temples in the Republic. Among the National Government buildings are the capitol, in course of erection,:and the ancient convents of Santo Domingo’ and San Francisco, which have been adapted to official uses. The city contains a mint, a public market, three cemeteries (one of them for Protestants), a national library with more than 40,000 volumes, a museum of antiquities and natural curiosities, an astro- nominal observatory founded by Don José Celestino Mutis, the celebrated scientist; a university, with faculties in law, medicine, *™ natural sciences, and engineering; an ecclesiastical seminary, an institute of fine arts, and many public and private institutions for the education of the young of both sexes. Other notable |; _ 44 COLOMBIA. 45 buildings in Bogota are the National Theater, which is being im- proved and will be one of the finest in America; the municipal building; the pandtico, or penitentiary; the hospital, and the hospicio, or poor house. There are’ three parks, those of San- tander, Centenario, and Martyrs, there being in the first named a bronze statue of General Santander, while in the second there is a magnificent chapel: (or “templete”) in which is to stand a statue of the liberator, Simon Bolivar. In the principal square there is. another statue of Bolivar, which is a fine work of art. The city is. abundantly supplied with water, and enjoys a delicious climate. The streets are not wide, but are almost all paved. The dwelling houses are generally comfortable and of good appearance. A regular water service and a general system of sewers are in the course of introduction. The city of Zipaquira is on a beautiful plain of singular fertility, is notable for the rich mine of salt which is being worked by the National Government, and supplies nearly all the towns of Cun- dinamarca and Boyaca, as well as many of those of Santander and Tolima. Zipaquira is the principal center for the trade with Cun- dinamarca and Santander, sugar, cotton, rice, tobacco, and blankets. being brought there to be exchanged for salt. Facatativa is at the western end of the savannah of Bogota, and connected with the capitol by both a steam railway and a wagon road, is the center of an active trade between the warm regions and the cold ones, and derives great profit from the carriage of foreign merchandise going from Honda to Bogota. La Mesa is a picturesque city with a genial climate, located on a high and pleasant plain. It is the chief center of the commerce between the towns of Cundinamarca and those of Tolima. Caqueza and Fomeque are. the most important towns of the eastern part of Cundinamarca. Guaduas is situated in the center of a beautiful valley. It is especially important as a stage between Honda and Bogota. Fusagasuga is a summer resort and watering place, with a , 46 COLOMBIA. delicious climate and a great abundance of water, fruits, and vege- tables. Choconta is noted for the manufacture of saddles and harness, in which a brisk trade is done. Tunja, 6,000 inhabitants, is the capital of the department of Boyac4, founded by Capt. Gonzalo Suarez Rendon in 1538; a town of some importance in the colonial period, but which has fallen off during recent years. It covers a considerable area, and the houses are generally high and solidly built in an old style. It contains a number of churches and convents, and is the seat of the bishop of the diocese. Sogamoso is ina rich valley, a cheerful town, the chief com- mercial center of the department. Santa Rosa is pleasantly situated, and noted for the tastefulness of its dwellings. Chiquinquira, a large town, of some commercial importance, is much frequented by pilgrims to its Sanctuary of the Virgin, which is probably the finest temple in the Republic. Moniquira, on the river of the same name, originally a settle- ment of the Aborigines, produces sweetmeats and conserves on a large scale. In its neighborhood there is a rich copper mine. E] Socorro, a large, well-built, and commercial city of 18,000 inhabitants, was at one time capital of the department of San- tander. Zapatoca, on the left bank of the river Suarez, which is crossed by a handsome iron bridge, is one of the most industrious towns in Santander. San Gil, on the: river of the same name, is situated in a narrow valley, which hems it in; but its plan is quite regular, its houses comfortable, and its general aspect an agreeable one. It contains a handsome church and several chapels, a hospital, an endowed college, and a fine iron bridge over the river. Vélez is a town formerly of great importance; its houses are good, its climate agreeable, and it produces very fine preserves. WNADV.LUVD ‘AUALSVNOIN AN3IONY 4O SNINY Hye) : Lily = f2 SS COLOMBIA. 47 Piedecuesta is situated in a picturesque valley with a genial cli- mate and abundant water. The town is neat and cheerful, the houses comfortable, and the inhabitants very industrious. Bucaramanga, the capital of the department of Santander, a rich commercial city of 18,000 inhabitants, has grown rapidly of late years and will no doubt be much benefited by the railway built to connect it with the Magdalena. The dwelling houses are com- modious and elegant, the streets straight, wide, and clean Giron, famous for its tobacco and its gold mines, contains also a church which is undoubtedly the finest in Santander. Pamplona, an ancient city, was large and very important in the colonial period but is now considerably reduced. It is an Epis- copal see, and contains a handsome cathedral, the chapels of various abandoned convents, and an endowed college. San José de Cacuta, a town of recent origin, which had begun to grow very rapidly when it was destroyed by an earthquake, May 18, 1875. It has since been rebuilt, and is to-day the handsomest and commercially the most active town in Santander. A well- built railway connects it with the river Zulia, which is navigable by steamers. Ocafia has a genial and healthful climate, and is situated on a sandy plain on the banks of the little stream known as the Rio Grande. It contains seven churches, and had at one time a num- ber of convents. Neiva, the former capital of the department of Tolima, with 10,000 inhabitants, is situated in a warm but healthful valley on the right bank of the Magdalena. The city is very clean, its streets are wide and straight, and almost all the houses have tiled . roofs. It has an endowed college for males, and is the center of an active trade both with the neighboring departments and with foreign countries. The steamers on the upper Magdalena visit the place, though not with any great degree of regularity. Ibagué, the present capital of the department of Tolima, is 48 COLOMBIA. picturesquely situated between the rivers Chipalo and Combeima, affluents of the Coello. It has an endowed college. The houses have tiled roofs. A few rods from the town the Combeima is spanned by a fine iron bridge by which Tolima is connected with Cauca by way of Quindio. Honda, at the confluence of the Magdalena and the Guali, a place of great commercial importance as the head of navigation on the lower Magdalena, through which passes the traffic of all the cen- tral region of the Republic. It was a richand popular city in the colonial period, with several convents and churches, a hospital and handsome public buildings, but it was almost completely destroyed by the earthquake of 1805. Medellin, capital of the department of Antioquia, 3c,000 inhab- itants, situated at the foot of the peak of Santa Elena, on the bank of the Medellin River. The city is large, its streets are wide, straight, and clean, the water supply is abundant, and the dwellings are attractive. It is the residence of the bishop of the diocese, and contains a university, a seminary, several public and private educa- tional establishments, a hospital, a lunatic asylum, a house of ref- uge, a charitable institution, two orphan asylums, a convent of _ barefoot Carmelites, a theater, a mint, a public museum and library, five churches and two chapels, several printing offices, a school of arts, a park, handsome public drives, several banks, and many rich commercial houses. Antioquia, formerly a flourishing city, on the left bank of the river Cauca, is the residence of the bishop of Antioquia, and con- tains a handsome cathedral, a seminary, a hospital, and commo- dious dwellings. Santa Rosa de Osos y Remedios, noted for the wealth of its gold mines. : Rio Negro, near Medellin, has a healthful and agreeable climate and isa well-built and cheerful town, with a hospital, a theater, and handsome gardens. COLOMBIA. 49 Abejorral, a handsome and important town, is peopled with rich and industrious inhabitants, who are devoted to agriculture. Marinilla, a short distance from Rio Negro, has a number of good dwellings and an endowed college. . Sons6n, a very rich and flourishing town, is noted for the fertility of its fields, the wealth of its mines, and the industry and morality of its inhabitants. Manizales, a town of recent origin, but growing fast, being the center of the trade between the southern part of Antioquia and the departments of Cauca and Tolima, is situated on the frontier of Cauca, and its position makes it, in a military sense, the key ot Antioquia. It has suffered somewhat from earthquakes. Salamina, after Manizales, is the most important town of south- ern Antioquia. Popayan, capital of the department of Cauca, with 6,000 in- habitants, was founded by Sebastian de Belalcazar, in 1536, at the foot of the volcano of Puracé. It is an Episcopal see and contains a mint, a seminary, a public college, and several schools, and other educational institutions. Among its Catholic churches the most important are the cathedral and the Church of San Francisco, and among its public buildings the Episcopal palace and the Govern- ment house. The cemetery is considered one of the finest in the Republic. The climate of Popayan is very agreeable, its area large, and its houses comfortable and well built. Thunder storms are common and the eruptions of Puracé frequent but harmless. Close to the town the Cauca River is crossed by a fine bridge of masonry. Pasto, at the foot of the volcano of Pasto (or la Galera), has a beautiful situation, with a delightful climate and is abundantly sup- plied with water. The town is large, the houses having almost all tiled roofs and the streets being straight and well paved. It has twelve churches and five convents (suppressed), a seminary, and an endowed college. It is an Episcopal see, and was formerly Bull. 33-4 50 COLOMBIA. the capital of the old province of Pasto. Its inhabitants are hardy, hospitable, and industrious. They manufacture woolen cloths and a great variety of curious wooden ware, and carry on an active trade with Ecuador. Barbacoas, is situated at the confluence of the Guagiii and the Tolembi, which together flow into the Patia only a short distance off. Through these rivers steam navigation is opened to the Pa- cific. This town carries on an active trade with Tumaco and the towns in Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. Some very rich gold mines are worked in the neighborhood. Tuguerres, a large town of straw-thatched and poorly built houses, has a very cold climate, but is surrounded by beautiful plains of extraordinary fertility. Not far away is the volcano of Taguerres, whose summit, composed almost exclusively of sul- phur, gives out a strong odor, noticeable at some distance. Quibdo, on the right bank of the Atrato, the market for the gold of Choco. Buenaventura, on a little Saad of the Pacific, is the most im- portant port of Cauca, through which most of the commerce ot the department goes. The submarine cable touches there, and it is the starting point of the railway to Cordoba. Buga, a short distance from the Cauca River, and in easy com- munication with the Pacific, was a very important place in the colonial period, and still ranks among the first in the department by its population and agricultural wealth. Cali, 16,000 inhabitants, the most important city in Cauca as to both population and trade, is situated on the Cali River, which is spanned by a handsome bridge. The houses are comfortable and attractive, and the streets wide, straight, and clean. It ‘has. seven Catholic churches, of which the most important are those of of San Francisco and San Pedro, two convents and several educa- tional establishments. Palmira, a flourishing agricultural town, is noted for the tobacco ARAARR “VNS9VLUVO “ANSOG Lays COLOMBIA 51 cultivated in its neighborhood, which is known as “ tabaco de olor” (odorous tobacco) ; it enjoys a great reputation and is greatly sought after. Cartago, on the banks of the River La Vieja, produces cacao, coffee, and tobacco in considerable quantities, and in its pastures large herds of cattle feed. Cartagena, 11,000 inhabitants, capital of the department of Bolivar, was founded by D. Pedro de Heredia in 1 533, on a sandy island in the splendid bay of Cartagena on the Carribean coast. The city proper is surrounded by thick walls and many bulwarks. From this the Gate of the Bridge leads to the ward or suburb of Jetzemani, which is in turn connected by three bridges with an outer ward named el Pie de la Popa from the neighboring mount of la Popa, on whose summit stands a great building for- merly a convent, now a military hospital. Cartagena is one of the handsomest cities of the Republic, and was commercially the most important in the colonial period, during which it was on sev- eral occasions taken and sacked by pirates and corsairs. The Spanish Government made it one of the strongest places on the continent, by fortifications costing $59,000,000. On the main- land stands the castle of San Felipe, and at the entrance of the bay those of San Fernando and San Jose, the latter almost in ruins. Cartagena is an Episcopal see and contains many handsome and well-built churches, such as the cathedral and the churches of Santo Domingo and San Juan de Dios. It has a national custom- house, a handsome theater, primary and professional schools, a hospital, a house of detention, three banks, a revolving light in the tower of the old convent of La Merced, and a stationary one on the castle of San Fernando, a good public library, a marble statue of the illustridus’ José Fernandez Madrid, and several public buildings. In the Plaza de la Independencia there is a handsome promenade ornamented with busts of the patriots who were shot there in 1816. This city was the first to declare independence from 52 COLOMBIA. Spain in 1811. In 1815 it endured a memorable siege by the Spanish army, which won for it the title of “heroic city,” and it has since been besieged several times during the civil wars. Barranquilla, on the western bank of the Magdalena, fifteen miles from the river’s mouth, and connected by railway with the port of Sabanilla. Barranquilla is the river port from which start the steamers which navigate the Magdalena, and is the site of the custom-house, which was formerly at Sabanilla. The city has a considerable population, and contains many merchants and other strangers drawn thither by the activity of its commerce. It manu- factures fine brandies, soaps, bricks, and tiles, and has a good ship- yard and public aqueduct. Mompox, on the western bank of the Magdalena, was formerly a flourishing and important port, but the course of the river having changed, steamers can no longer approach the city, and this has much diminished the commercial importance of the place. It played a distinguished part in the war of independence, and con- tains a college which was generously endowed by Don Pedro Martinez Pinillos,‘and a very fine cemetery. E] Carmen, noted for its tobacco ; Corozal, surrounded by large and fertile plains; Magangué, near the confluence of the Cauca, and the Magdalena, famous for its fairs, are other towns of Bo- livar: Santa Marta, capital of the Department of Magdalena (5,000 inhabitants), founded by Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1525. In the colonial period it was very important, and even down to more re- cent times it was a commercial center of the first rank. It isa port of entry, and is soon to have railway communication with the Magdalena River. It is an Episcopal see, with a seminary and a handsome cathedral, a hospital, a public library, and a handsome cemetery. The neighboring estate of San Pedro Alejandrino is remembered as the place where the liberator, Bolivar, died in 1830. COLOMBIA. 53 Rio Hacha is a much frequented port of entry, having steamship communication with the United States. Panama, 25,000 inhabitants, capital of the department of that name, is situated at the head of the bay of the same name, a handsome city, of great importance from early colonial times, with a very active trade, and largely peopled by foreigners. It is an Episcopal see, and has a -seminary, two hospitals, a theater, a cathedral, and several other churches, and some ancient convents. Colon, or as it is called in the United States Aspinwall, con- nected with Panama by a railway 49 miles in length. It was partly burned down during the civil war in 1885, but has since been rebuilt. It is situated on the island of Manzanillo, and was founded as late as 1855. It has a famous statue of Columbus, the gift of the Empress Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III. Penonomé, David, Los Santos, and Santiago, are towns of less. importance. Bocas del Toro is the capital of the district of the same name, and Yaviza the capital of the district of Darien. No complete census of Colombia has been made; but, on the basis of partial enumeration and other data, it is estimated that the population of the Republic is not less than 4,000,000, which is equivalent to about 300 inhabitants to the square myriameter (38 square miles.) The dominant race in the Republic is the white, of Latin origin, who came to America with the conquerors. The pure indigenous race is found in the territories inhabited by savages, less than 200,000 in number. In the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyaca, and in parts of the Cauca, the aboriginal elements of the population are found in the lower classes, with well-defined charac- teristics, but largely mixed with the white. The negro race, of African origin, abounds in the valley of the Cauca, in Antioquia, in Bolivar, and in Panama, where there are also many mulattoes and mestizos (of mixed white and Indian blood). In the depart- ments of the interior negroes are very rare. 54 COLOMBIA. The population of Colombia is not at all evenly distributed over its territory; the greater portion lives in the Andine regions, at an elevation of from 2,500 to 8,600 feet above the level of the sea, and along the coasts and river banks. According to recent estimates by Don Carlos Martinez Silva, an acknowledged authority, the population, by departments, is as tollows : Cundinamarca, 500,000, one-fourth whites and the rest Indians and half-breeds. Boyaca, 508,000, most of them of the native race, either pure or mixed with the white ; negroes rare. Santander, 425,000, without counting the uncivilized Indians living near the banks of the Opon and the Carare. Tolima, 230,000, some whites and some half-breed Indians. Many of the inhabitants came from Antioquia. Antioquia, 400,000 inhabitants, almost all white ; some negroes ; hardly any Indians. Cauca, 438,000, without counting the uncivilized Indians. The whites predominate, but there are many Indians in the south and on the mountains, and a number of negroes in the valley of the Cauca. Bolivar, 325,000, mostly whites, with some of the negro race, pure or mixed. Magdalena, 127,000, of whom about 40,000 are uncivilized Indians. Panama, 290,000, whites, negroes, Indians, and mixed; the latter three predominating. The common people are industrious, simple, hospitable, and of . singular probity. Life and property are absolutely safe. High- way robbery would be a novelty, and courtesy to strangers is pro- verbial. ‘The upper classes are well educated, intelligent, desirous of progress, courteous to strangers, patriotic, and sensible. The government is a centralized republic. Absolute peace has been COLOMBIA. a SS maintained since 1885. The property and rights of foreigners are respected and protected. The disposition of the Government and ot all classes is friendly to foreigners, and with rare exceptions the people are especially inclined to the citizens and institutions of the United States. The better classes of the people are distinguished for intelli- gence, festive humor, hospitality, and generous impulses. The educated classes rank among the first in South America for their scientific and literary culture. The women of Medellin, Bogota, Ocafia, and other cities are celebrated by travelers for their grace and beauty. In Bogota the French fashions predominate, and the inhabitants incline to European manners. Gaming is universal, and cock-fighting is a favorite sport. On the coast the people, owing to the climate, are wanting in energy. The llaneros on the plains wear nothing but a shirt and light drawers, a straw hat and bark sandals. They ride without a saddle, and live almost entirely on beef. ' Throughout the country the prevailing language is the Spanish, which is written with notable purity and elegance in the principal literary centers, such as Bogota, Popayan, and Medellin. Almost _all the inhabitants of aboriginal descent have forgotten their ancient tongues, to such a point that it is now difficult to study and classify those languages. Only the savage tribes, which have never been christianized, and some residents of Tierra Adentro, in the department of the Cauca, retain their primitive speech. The effort is being made in Colombia to diffuse instruction in all the sciences and liberal arts, and for this purpose there have been established universities, colleges, seminaries, institutes, libra- ries, and primary and normal schools, in which more than 300,000 pupils of both sexes are being taught. There is also an astronomical observatory at Bogota, that is at an elevation of 8,600 feet above the level of the sea. During recent years the scale on which public instruction is + 56 COLOMBIA. afforded in Colombia, has: increased appreciably. More than 100,000 children attend the public schools maintained at the expense of the departments, and as there is no restriction on the liberty to teach, there are many private schools for both primary and professional instruction. The Government maintains a national university comprising four faculties: philosophy and letters, medicine and natural sci- ences, law, and mathematics. It supports, besides, an institute of fine arts, an academy of music, an artisan’s institute, various nor- mal schools for the training of teachers, and a school of mines at Medellin. The departmental governments maintain, upon their part, various colleges and scientific institutes, among which the uni- versities of Antioquia and Cauca are specially worthy of mention. There are, besides, in the Republic several colleges supported by revenues of their own, produced by old endowments, such as those of Nuestra Sefiora del Rosario and San Bartolomé, in Bogota, which are incorporated with the university: that of La Merced for girls, in Bogota ; that of San Simon, in Ybagué; Santa Librada, in Neiva; Guamenta, in San Gil; Jesus Maria y José, in Chi- quinquira ; Boyaca, in Tunja; Santa Librada, in Cali; two in the city of Pasto, and one in Pamplona. In each Episcopal diocese there is a seminary for the education of priests. These seminaries are maintained by their own rev- enues, and are managed independently of the civil authorities. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the State, but other creeds are tolerated. Almost all Colombians profess the Roman _ Catholic religion. The uncivilized Indians are idolaters. Though a concordat with the Holy See was entered into after the adoption of the constitution of 1886, religious liberty is ex- pressly guaranteed by articles 39 and 4o of that constitution, the text of which is as follows: Art. 39. Nobody shall be molested on account of his religious opinions, or COSTUME OF NATIVE HORSEMEN. COLOMBIA. 57 compelled by the authorities to profess beliefs or observe practices contrary to his conscience. Arr. 40, The exercises of all forms of worship not contrary to Christian morals or to the laws shall be permitted. Acts contrary to Christian morals or subversive of social order shall be dealt with according to the ordinary laws. Chapter IV. HISTORICAL SKETCH. On the 14th of September, 1502, Columbus discoved Cape Gracias 4 Dios, which was afterwards to be the extreme point of the Colombian coast in that direction. In October, 1502, he dis- covered Almirante Bay, now known as Bocas del Toro. Colum- bus named the region Zerabora. He found there specimens of fine gold, and the natives declared that that gold had been brought from certain spots in the west, one of which they called Veragua. From Almirante Bay Columbus proceeded to the great lagoon of Chiriqui, known as Alburema, and then followed the coast of Veragua to Puerto Bello. On the gth of November he continued his search for the passage to India which he hoped to find, but owing to the bad condition of his ships and the violence of the storm he was obliged to seek shelter among some small islands near the coast. The abundance of food, and the cornfields, which could be seen both on the islands and the mainland, led him to name this refuge Bastimento (place of supplies). On the 23d of November he was driven by stress of weather into a little port, which he named Retrete. Unable as he was to take back to Spain the important news of the discovery of an interoceanic passage, Columbus wished at least to gratify the general eagerness to find new sources of wealth by carrying home numerous specimens of gold and a full descrip- tion of the mines of Veraguas. With this end in view, he started from Retrete on the 5th of December and took a westerly course. 58 OLDEST FORTRESS IN AMERICA, AT CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA. 59 After suffering fifteen days of hardship and danger, being exposed to aterrible storm, the explorers on the 7th of January, 1503, reached the mouth of the Belen River, known to the Indians as Kiebra. The inhabitants of the country on its discovery were, like those of Mexico and Peru, distinguished into two grand branches, the savages of the lowlands and coast regions and the semicivilized race of the table-lands. The Colombian highlanders were the Muyscas or, more properly, Chibchas, the word Muysca, in the Chibcha tongue, merely signifying “men” or “people.” The origin and the elements of civilization introduced among them were attributed to two mythical beings, Bochica and Nemtereque- teba, who are frequently confounded one with the other. The country was ruled by three powers. The spiritual chief was the electoral high priest of Iraca or Sogamoso; the temporal princes were the Zaqui of Hunsa, or Tunja, and the Zipa of Funza, who would seem to have been in the feudal constitution originally subordinate to the Zaqui. The Chibchas had a regular system of computing time. For money they used small circular gold plates, all cast of equal size. Their temples of the sun were built with stone columns, some vestiges of which were discovered in Leiva at the beginning of the’ present century. Their language was rich, sweet, and harmo- nious. The people were frugal and industrious, but little versed in the art of war, for, although numbering about 2,000,000, Que- sada subjugated them with 200 Spaniards. | Other architectural relics in various parts of the country were probably the work of a still more highly cultivated race than the Chibchas, and perhaps allied to the Aymaras of Upper Peru. Of the origin of the coast Indians, such as the Mesayas, Goa- jiros, etc., still] mostly in a savage state and speaking their own language, little is known, except that they bear no resemblance to any of the other American families. In 1508 Ojeda obtained from the Spanish Crown a grant of the 60 COLOMBIA. district from Cape Vela westward to the Gulf of Darien, while the rest of the country from the Gulf of Darien to Cape Gracias 4 Dios was bestowed on his fellow-adventurer Nicuessa. The two territories, designated, respectively, Nueva Andalucia and Castilla del Oro, were united in 1514 into the province of Tierrafirma and intrusted to Pedro Arias de Avila. During 1513 Vasco Nufiez de Balboa started from Antigua del Darien, and was the first European to cross the isthmus. Stand- ing on a height, he discovered the Pacific Ocean, on the 25th of September, 1513. The line traveled by Balboa was that from Puerto Carreto to the Gulf of San Miguel, so called because dis- covered on the day which the church assigns to St. Michael. Diego de Albites and Pedro Guzman were the first Spaniards to reach a small fishing station on the Pacific, known by the natives as Panama, on account of the abundance of fish and mussels. It was here, according to some histories, that Colonel Pedro Arias de Avila, the first governor of Castilla del Oro, founded the city ot Panama. According to Prescott the city was first founded on the Atlantic coast, and transferred to the Pacific in 1519, at the point now known as Panamaviejo. In 1514 Gabriel Rojo established himself at Agia, at the mouth of the Aglamonte, which was fortified by Davila in 1516. In 1532, however, the inhabitants of both Agla and Antigua del Darien removed, under the leadership of Davila, to Nombre de Dios and Panama. On the 6th of August, 1536, General Gonzalo de Quesada started from Santa Marta with 700 infantry and 80 horse on an exploring expedition into the interior of New Granada. He led his party through the mountains of the Chimilas, and by Chiri- guana, Tamalameque, the Serrano River, Barrancabermeja, and as far as the farthest peak of the Sierra de Opon. After resting tor a while at the heights of Velez, in Santander, they descended the Saravita, or Suarez, passed through the valley of Ubasa, COLOMBIA. 61 v Sorocata, Turca, and by Gacheta to the country of the Chibchas. The 167 men who alone remained alive of the entire force, cap- tured Mequeta, the Chibcha capital, and afterwards Usaquen, Guasca, Guatavita, and ‘Choconta. By the middle of the century the Spanish power was fairly es- tablished, and flourishing communities arose along the coasts and in the table-lands of Cundinamarca, formerly occupied by the Muyscas. For the better government of the colony the Spanish monarch erected a presidency of New Granada, which continued till 1718, when it was raised to the rank of a viceroyalty. In the following year, however, the second viceroy, Don Jorge Villa- longa, Count de la Cueva, expressing his opinion that the main- tenance of this dignity was too great a burden on the settlers, the viceroyalty gave way to a simple presidency. In 1670 Fray Alonzo Ronquillo, of the order of Preaching Friars, founded the city of Medina. In 1680 the buccaneers crossed the isthmus, starting from the same point as Balboa, and, aided by the Indians, descended the Chucunaque and took the city del real de Santa Maria. In 1685 the mines of Cana were shut up by royal decree in order to put a stop to the incursions of the filibusters. The road leading to the mines was closed, and the locality ceased to be in- habited. In 1698 a colony of Scotchmen was established at what is still known as Puerto Escocér. This colony was promoted by Patter- son, the founder of the Bank of England. One year later the colony was abandoned, though it had at the entrance of the port two batteries of 52 guns each and a garrison of some 600 men. The intention of the founder was to establish an important colony on the Pacific, but the colonists were expelled by Pimiento, Cap- tain General at Carthagena. A number of Spanish settlements were made along the rivers which flow into the Pacific, but in 1719 the natives rose against the Spaniards and destroyed these colonies. 62 COLOMBIA. In 1740 General Martinez de la Vega arranged a peace with the Indians, and Jesuits from Santa Fé ‘and Panama founded set- tlements at Molineca, Balsas, Tucubti, Chucunorena, Cape, and Yaviza. But hardly had these been founded when the Indians rose again, and the fathers had to flee for their lives. In 1740 the viceroyalty was reéstablished, and continued as long as the Spanish authority, including within its limits not only the present Colombia, but also Venezuela and Ecuador. An in- Surrection against the home government was formally commenced in 1811, and an incessant war against the Spanish forces was waged till 1824. In 1819 the great national hero, Bolivar, effected a union between the three divisions of the country, to which was given the title of the Republic of Colombia; but in 1829 Vene- zuela withdrew, and in 1830 Quito or Ecuador followed her ex- ample, ‘The Republic of New Granada was founded November 21, 1831, and in 1832 a constitution was promulgated, and the territory divided into three republics. About the middle of the last century several’ bands of filibus- ters, led by Miguelillo, Pierre, Pierro (a priest), Daniel (a Hol- lander), and others, infested Panama and committed all sorts of excesses, attacking vessels and crossing the isthmus from Porto- bello to the Pacific. Some of them were captured and executed at Cartagena; others were killed by Indians; some settled on the islets of San Blas, to live by catching turtles; the rest distributed themselves between the Gulf of Darien and Caledonia, where they built houses and planted fields. In 1758 the Indians rose, at the instigation of the English, killed some go of these settlers, mostly French, and drove away the rest. In the year 1785, the Viceroy-Archbishop Antonio Caballero y Gongora established forts at Mandinga, Concepcion, Carolina, ‘and Caiman, on the gulf of Darien. During the same year Ariza, the Governor of Darien, established the fort at Principe with a CASEMATES OF THE OLD FORTRESS AT PANAMA. COLOMBIA. 63 garrison of 200 men. Ariza then opened a road from the fort to the mouth of the Sucubti, intending to continue the road thence to Carolina. This was the route which Balboa had followed. Under a treaty made in 1790 with the chief cacique of the In- dians, the Spaniards abandoned the forts upon the coast, and those on the rivers Sabana, Chucunaque and Tinra. The territory of the present Republic of Colombia corresponds ' approximately to that of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, which lasted until 1819. New Granada then united with Venezuela and Ecuador to form the (first) Republic of Colombia, which was divided in 1831. New Granada thereafter divided its territory into five departments, namely : Cundinamarca, Boyaca, Magdalena, Cauca, and the Isthmus. These were subdivided into provinces, the provinces into cantons, and the cantons into parochial districts. The President was to hold office for four years; and the first on whom the dignity was bestowed was General Santander. His. position, however, was far from enviable, for the country was full of all the elements of unrest and contention. One of his meas- ures, by which New Granada became responsible for half of the debts of the defunct Republic of Colombia, gave serious offense to a large party, and he was consequently succeeded, not as he de- sired, by José. Maria Obando, but by a member of the Opposition, José Ignacio de Marquez. This gave rise to a civil war, which. ‘lasted till 1841, and left the country weak and miserable. The contest terminated in favor of Marquez, and he was succeeded in May, 1841, by Pedro Alcantara Herran, who had assisted to obtain the victory. In 1840 the province of Cartagena seceded, and the new President had hardly taken office before Panama and Veragua also declared themselves independent, under the title of the State of the Isthmus of Panama. Their restoration, however, was soon effected; the constitution was reformed in 1843; education was fostered, and a treaty concluded with the English creditors of the Republic. Further progress was made 64 COLOMBIA. under General Mosquera from 1845 to 1848; a large part of the domestic debt was cleared off, immigration was encouraged, and free trade permitted in gold and tobacco. The petty war with Ecuador, concluded by the peace of Santa Rosa de Carchi, is hardly worthy of mention. From 1849 to 1852 the Government was in the hands of General Lopez, a member of the Democratic party, and under him various changes of a liberal tendency were effected. In January, 1852, slavery was entirely abolished. The next President was José Maria Obando, but his term of office had to be completed by Vice-Presidents Obaldia and Mallarino. In 1853 an important alteration of the constitution took place, by which the right was granted to every province to declare itself independent, and to enter into merely federal connection with the central Republic. In 1856 and 1857 Antioquia and Panama took advantage of the permission. The Conservative party carried their candidate in 1857, Mariano Ospino, a lawyer by profession; but an insurrection broke out in 1859, which was fostered by the Ex-President Mos- quera, and finally took the form of a regular civil war. Bogota was captured by the Democrats in July, 1861, and Mosquera assumed the chief power. A congress at Bogota established a republic with the name of the United States of Colombia, adopted a new federal constitu- tion, and made Mosquera dictator. Meanwhile the opposite party was victorious in the west, and their leader, Arboleda, formed an alliance with Don Garcia Moreno, the President of Ecuador. He was assassinated, however, in 1862, and his successor, Canal, came to terms with Mosquera at Cali. The dictatorship was re- signed into the hands of a convention at Rio Negro, in Antioquia, a provisional government was appointed, and a constitution was adopted (in 1863) which limited the Presidential term to t-vo years, while forbidding immediate reélection; raised the nine States of the Republic into the category of sovereign States, empowering COLOMBIA. 65 each to maintain its own military forces without restriction, and to exercise all the other attributes of inherent sovereignty, includ- ~ ing the nullification of the federal laws. Under this constitution Mosquera was elected President and served till 1864. An unsuc- cessful attempt was also made to restore the union between the three republics of the former federation. The Presidency of Manuel Murillo Toro (1864-66) was dis- turbed ‘by various rebellions, and even Mosquera, who next came to the helm, found matters in such a disorganized condition that he offered to retire. On the refusal of his resignation he entered into a struggle with the majority in the Congress, and ultimately re- sorted to an adjournment and the unconstitutional arrest of 68 of the senators and representatives. To the decree of impeachment published by the Congress he replied by a notice of dissolution and declaration of war; but he soon found that the real power was with his opponents, who effected his arrest and condemned him first to two years’ imprisonment, but afterwards by commutation to two years’ exile. The Presidency of Santos Gutierrez (1868~70) was disturbed by insurrections in different parts of the Republic, the most impor- tant of which was that in Panama, where the most absolute disor- ganization prevailed. In January, 1869, a treaty was concluded between the plenipotentiaries of the United States of America and Colombia, granting to the former power the right to construct a canal across the isthmus. It was approved by the President, but through foreign influence rejected by the Colombian senate. In the same year the United States Government sent out an expedi- tion under Commander Selfridge to make surveys in the valley of _ the Atrato. In 1870 a new treaty for an interoceanic canal was concluded between Gen. Hurlbut, the United States minister, and the Colombian commissioners, Sefior Justo. Arosemena, and Dr. Jacobo Sanchez, and it was approved by the Colombian Congress with some modifications. Bull. 33——5 66 COLOMBIA. Gen. E. Salgar, the Liberal candidate, was elected President for 1870-72. He took great interest in popular education, and se- cured the passage by Congress of a bill making an appropriation for normal schools, and under him the Bank of Bogota, with a capital of $235,000, was established November 25, 1870. Manuel Murillo Toro succeeded to the Presidency for the term 1872~74. Among the important measures of his administration was the proposal to build an interoceanic railway from the bay of Buenaventura, on the Pacific, across the valley of the Cauca and thence down the Magdalena to the Atlantic. The election for the presidential term 1876-’78, resulted in favor of Aquiles Parra. In April, 1878, General Trujillo was inaugurated President. During his administration, bonds payable out of the proceeds of the custom-house and of the salt monopoly, were redeemed to the amount of $1,004,431, other liabilities, contracted in part by former administrations were liquidated to the amount of $1,586,- 614; the disbursements in coin on account of the foreign debt reached $745,388.60, and those for ordinary current expenses, $1,509,691.60. The legislature of the State of Bolivar passed a law tending to encourage the navigation of the Dique and Mag- dalena rivers, by offering a subvention and a guaranty of 7 per cent interest on a capital of $200,000 to any company taking up the enterprise. In April, 1880, Don Rafael Nufiez entered on the Presidency. During his administration resolutions were passed by thé Federal Congress providing for the settlement of the boundary disputes with Costa Rica. In July a law was passed authorizing the organization of a navy, and making an appropriation of $1,000,- 000 a year for the purpose. The Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution favoring the re- constitution of the primitive Colombian Union, comprising Col- ombia and Venezuela and Ecuador. Commotions in Cauca, anda COLOMBIA. 67 short-lived revolutionary movement in Antioquia, were the only instances of political disturbance during this period. Some of the towns south of the Tolima, and some of those in Cundinamarca, suffered from smallpox, and locusts devastated Cauca and parts of Santander. The seaport town of Buenaventura was almost completely destroyed by fire in April, 1881. In April, 1882, Sefior ZaldGa was inaugurated President, but he died one year later, and the Congress appointed Otalora, Aldano, and Hurtado to exercise jointly the executive power until the end of the term. In 1883 Don Alfonzo XII, King of Spain, having accepted the office of arbitrator between Colombia and Venezuela in their boundary disputes, appointed a committee of inquiry composed of five members. On August 29, 1883, earthquakes were felt in various parts of Colombia. During the last week of August noises such as that produced by the firing during a battle, were heard at Chiman, near Panama, and all in the towns on the Bogota plateau. In April, 1884, Dr. Rafael Nufiez again became President, though owing to his absence his place was temporarily filled by General Hurtado, the first vice-president. During 1884 revolu- tionary disturbances occurred, and in 1885 civil war broke out in Boyaca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Panama, and Santander, dur- ing which a party of United States marines and sailors were landed at Panama and Colon to preserve the neutrality of transit across the Isthmus. In August, 1885, all the leading chiefs against the government surrendered, and on September § the restoration of peace was officially announced. In 1886 a new constitution was adopted abolishing the federal system and converting the States into departments, with governors appointed by the President of the Republic, and legislative assem- blies elected by the people. The Congress of the Republic, consisting of a Senate and House 68 COLOMBIA. of Representatives, convenes every two years. The Judiciary is irremovable, and criminals are allowed trial by jury. The President’s term of office was extended to six years, with- out immediate reélection; capital punishment for murder was re- established, as also was the responsibility of the press, and for spoken language ; and the unlicensed trade in arms and ammuni- tion was forbidden. Before 1886 the crime of murder was pun- ished only by 10 years of imprisonment (in practice reduced to two-thirds of that term); slander could not be punished, and the press was irresponsible even for calumnies, injurious defamation and openly seditious publications. After the adoption of the constitution of 1886, the Republic entered into a concordat with the Holy See, which, -it is claimed, “harmonized the Church and the State without impairing the national sovereignty.” Dr. Rafael Nufiez was reélected president for six years from December, 1885. On the pacification of the country a new line of telegraph was added to the 2,376 miles previously in operation, bringing into communication the departments of Cauca and An- tioquia. Dr. Nufiez was again reélected President in December, 1891. THE Home OF BOLIVAR. Chapter V. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS—REVENUES AND MONEY. Colombia is a unitary Republic. The Government consists of three departments, the executive, the legislative, and the judi- ciary. The executive authority is vested in a President of the Republic, who is assisted by ministers chosen by him, and a council of state consisting of seven members. The President is elected by electoral colleges; his term of office is six years, and when for any reason he ceases to act as President, finally or temporarily, during his term, the Vice-President takes his place. The ministers and the President in certain cases are responsible for their official acts. The legislative function is discharged by the Senate and the House of Representatives, together constituting the Congress, which convenes at the capital every two years, on the 2oth of July. The Senate consists of twenty-seven members, three from each department, who are elected by the departmental assemblies (legislatures). The House of Representatives consists of one member for every 50,000 ‘inhabitants; their term of service is four years, and they are elected directly by citizens able to read and write, or who have an income of $500 a year, or real estate worth $1,500. The judicial authority is exercised by the supreme court, com- posed of seven magistrates; the district courts, and the circuit 69 JO « COLOMBIA. judges. The magistrates of the court are appointed by the President, with the approval of the Senate; they hold office during good behavior, and can not be removed save on impeachment by the, Senate. The magistrates of the superior tribunals are appointed by the President, on the nomination of the supreme court; they hold during good behavior, and are responsible to the supreme court. In each judicial district there is a superior tribunal for the district and circuit courts, with such civil and criminal jurisdiction as the laws may vest them with. In each municipality there are as many municipal judges as the municipal council may determine. The Republic is divided into nine departments, which may be grouped as follows: Two on the Atlantic coast, Bolivar, and Magdalena ; two with coasts upon both oceans, Panama and Cauca; and five in the interior, Tolima, Antioquia, Boyaca, Cundina- marca, and Santander. The departments are divided, for admin- istrative purposes, into provinces, and these into municipal dis- tricts, of which there are 991. In each department there is a legislative body, known as the departmental assembly, composed of one deputy for each 12,000 inhabitants. The basis of representation may be, and has been, changed by statute. Municipal councillors and deputies to the departmental as- semblies are elected directly by the citizens. Each departmental assembly convenes every two years in the capital of its department, and, by means of “ ordinances,” regulates and promotes the local affairs of the department. In each department there is a governor, appointed or removed by the President at his discretion, who is vested with executive authority, both as the agent of the central administration and as the chief of the departmental administration. In each municipal district there is a corporation known as the municipal council, which has charge of the affairs of the district. COLOMBIA. 71 Administration is in the hands of the alcalde, an official who is at once the agent of the governor and a mandatary of the people of the district. The department of Panama is ruled directly by the national Government, and under special laws. The regular army is determined each year by Congress, but is usually maintained on a peace footing of 5,500. The reserve is estimated at 120,000 men. The principal national revenues are those derived from customs, from the salt works, the stamp tax, the slaughterhouse tax, and the Panama Railroad. These, with other minor ones, amount together to about $10,000,000 a year, a sum which bardly suffices for the expenses of government. The departments have their own rev- enues, which amount to about $3,000,000 per annum. Including the central and local government, it would appear that Colombia devotes about $13,000,000 a year to public expenses, which would be $3 per inhabitant. The revenue from customs duties, which in 1810 produced only $190,000 a year, now amounts to some $6,000,000. The nation owns all the deposits of rock salt, and also all salt springs whose water reaches the sixth degree of saturation. The revenue from salines, which in colonial times produced only $65,000 annually, now yields to the Republic $1,500,000. The total debt of Colombia is estimated at about $35,000,000, made up as follows: Foreign debt, $12,000,000; domestic (con- solidated, floating, etc.), $23,000,000, this sum including the paper money in circulation. The domestic debt is being rapidly reduced and an agreement has been made with the holders of the foreign debt providing for the regular payment of the interest and the extinction of the prin- cipal as adjusted by the agreement, which amounts to $12,000,000 in round numbers. | 72 COLOMBIA. Estimates for biennial period, 1891-1892. REVENUE. 1, CUStOMS icncediease cea touaaediaetes4 2O2 5 eyewash aees $15, 000, 000 2: SaliMeS sicicow ssw carey te hades aS ie edieeen deere Saha PERE ESE TS 3, 7000, 000 3. Slaughterhouse fees ........----.e eee ee cee eee ete trees I, 800, 000 4. Stamped-paper duty........... 0. cece ee eee eee entrees 640, 000 5. POSstsOMiC@snsga cs vcr vee scene ag oes eRe mae pace eee ee te 451, 000 6. Telegraph ....... 0... cece cee cee cree te eee tenenseees 310, 000 4. Consular fees..... 22-26 cece cee cee eee en ee ene eee enee 468, 000 8. Magdalena River navigation fees........----.---+eeee seer 160, 000 9, Lighting and police of Bogoté .........---..-++ sees eeeeee 80, 000 to. Cauca Railway ....... 0.6 cece eee ee tee ete 80, 000 11. Girandot Railway.----..........555 Ue asteeuees ata eae Rtas 70, 00O 12, Panamé Railway... cc... cerse ee nee neni som ed eae temas 39, 000 13. Taxes ON MiNES..... 2... eee ee eee eee ee 50, 000 14. Rent of the Muzo and Coscuez mines...........-----+5--- 45, 000 re. National property.ce% osc cases ses qmenehewis eta ee meen eae 40, 000 16. Coal beds of San Jorge ............--- eee eee Akasibin se! Oop RSeauds 6, 000 17. Bridge of Girardot....... 0... 226 cee ce eee eee ee eee eee II, 600 18. Rent of the Santa Ana y la Manta, Supia y Marmato mines.. 8,000 19.. Light-house dues! ..2..0ss¢0s535sccnes Geee een nes sdee nas 3, 000 20. Income from various SOUICES ......------ eee eee ee eee 20, 000 gu, lwteroceanit Canal... soc... cesses ca nnsberdwae da eects a nay EE I, 170, 000 22. Quindio road dues.......... eee cece eee eee eeees 2, 000 TiO tal lesa ipod: op Soba Sdn, Have deaeid cant agai SeaSaana be acencsne tia aeeeiad eet eae 24, 153, 600 Estimated expenses, 1891-1892. Department of— Administration (Gobierno) ............. 0002. ee eee eee eee $4, 341, 159. 35 Foreign affairs ces 9 essa geeees sae Cieclokeaed eae r eek eect 537, 220. 00 JUSTICE cos sei cdh oid steed Hor Ree BL AEREES biG Esl ea gases 2, 147, 038. 15 Finance (Hacienda) «22.65 cscs sce ccsevesee ee steed eaves 5, 395, 048. 00 Watiede eve este obs de bei Cae weeiaanee sere nessaes aeees 3, 288, 370. 00 Public instruction. .cccccsscsntacites sd eicessaeiargeainens’s I, 932, 033. 25 The treasury vsecc sce. n Saad ected ged aes shee pee 3, 626, 967. 60 Internal improvements ............... cece eee eee eee ees 4, 425, 178. 50 Wotalkessscaneetece pales megaman olen angamnen 25, 693, O14. 85 Besides the National Bank, the Bank of Colombia, and the Bank of Bogota, there are several private banks. On May 7, 1887, Colombia entered into a treaty with the’ United States providing for the extradition of persons accused of HARBOR OF CARTAGENA. COLOMBIA. 73 murder or attempt at murder, of counterfeiting, forgery, fraudulent disposal of public funds, robbery, burglary (where attended with violent entry of a public or private place), perjury or subornation of perjury, rape, arson, piracy, the destruction of railroads, tram- ways, or any construction the injury of which would involve dan- ger to life. Article V provides that no one accused of political crimes shall be handed over on any other charge than that which is mentioned in the request for his extradition. Article VII pro- vides that if the accused is not proved guilty within three months he shall be set at liberty. Article X says that neither of the con- tracting parties undertakes to surrender its own citizens for trial by the other. By Article XI, the fact that the accused may be liable to other charges shall not be held to debar him from extra- dition. One year’s notice of the annulment of the convention must be given. The peso, or dollar, of 10 reales or 100 centavos, equals 5 francs. Its value in money of the United States is (January, 1892) 6g.1 cents. The peso is the legal tender, although in the country and in the retail trade the old dollar of 8 reales is generally used and is usually meant, unless peso fuerte or peso de ley is stipulated. It is nominally worth $1 or 5 francs, but by reason of the adop- tion of a paper currency the value of the Colombian dollar is much depreciated, except, of course, at Panama and Colon, where paper has not yet been introduced. There the old Colombian peso, or the sol or Peruvian dollar, is the legal tender. Coins.—Nickel: 1} cents, 2% cents, 5 cents; common, in every- day use, and often at a premium of 5 per cent. Silver: % real, 1 teal, 2 reales; not coined at present. Foreign coins have long since disappeared, and any that come in are bought up at the ports at go to 100 per cent premium. The gold coins are, the condor, worth $9.647 in United States values, and the double céndor. , Legal-tender bills have been issued by the Government through 74. COLOMBIA. the national bank, which is its own exclusive property. The max- imum of the issue was fixed at the moderate amount of $12,000,- 000, and this limit has not been exceeded. This issue of legal-tender paper was authorized in 1886, not only as a fiscal standard, but in consequence of the exportation of the greater part of the gold and silver money by reason of the deficiency of products. But for the appearance of the paper money there would have been a general fall of prices and a con- sequent economic crisis. The coinage of gold and silver in Colombia since 1773 has been as follows: Gold, $99,463,623; silver, $11,708,634. The metric system was introduced in 1848, and the following are the only weights and measures recognized by the Government: In custom-house business the kilogram, equal to 2.205 pounds avoirdupois, is the standard. In ordinary commerce the arroba, of 25 pounds Spanish, or 12% kilos; the quintal of 100 pounds Spanish or 50 kilos; the fanega, or corn measure of 1,000 ears; the fanega, or salt measure of 18 arrobas; and the carga, or 250 pounds Spanish, or 125 kilos, are generally used. The Colombian libra is equal to 1.102 pounds avoirdupois. The Colombian vara, or 80 centimeters, is used as a measure of length for retailing pur- _ poses, although the English yard is mostly employed, and the French liter is the legal standard for liquids. Chapter VI. AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, MANUFACTURES, The greater part of the inhabitants of the country devote them- selves to agriculture, the products of which chiefly supply the domestic consumption, inasmuch as the difficulties of transporta- tion prevent the exporting of any but a few articles, such as coffee, cotton, tobacco, cacao, and hides. In Cundinamarca agriculture, to which the population are chiefly devoted, has progressed considerably in recent years, owing to the introduction of foreign machines, cattle, seeds, and grasses. In Boyaca agriculture is almost the only industry of the inhab- itants. In Santander agriculture not only provides for domestic con sumption, but, furthermore, produces for export to Boyac4 and Cundinamarca great quantities of sugar, panela, cacao, tobacco, and rice. In Tolima the inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture, and especially in cattle-raising, which is aided by the great abun- dance of natural pasture. The extraction of caoutchouc and tagua and the production of cacao and of the famous Ambalema tobacco are among the important resources of the department. In Antioquia agriculture has to contend with great difficulties, owing to the sterility of the soil (except on the banks of the Cauca) and to the mountainous character of the country, which hinders the employment of machinery; nevertheless, the energy of the people goes far to overcome these obstacles. 75 76 : COLOMBIA. In Cauca agriculture is the principal industry, owing to the fertility of the soil, which is well adapted for every sort of culti- vation, and especially well adapted for cattle-raising. Coffee, tobacco, tagua, caoutchouc, dyewoods, quinia, etc., are produced ° in considerable quantities. In Bolivar agriculture, and especially cattle-raising, is the chief industry. Many head of cattle are bred for exportation, and to- bacco is an important product. In Magdalena agriculture is the principal industry, cattle raising, being the chief resource of the department. The horses of Goagira are famous for agility and strength, The production of coffee is assuming great proportions in Villanueva, Aguachica, and Gonzalez, and that of tobacco in Aguachica. Tagua (cocoanut) is largely grown in Loma de Corredor. Cacao is raised and exported in large quantities from Tolima, Santander, and Cauca. Cattle-raising is an almost universal in- dustry, but is most extensive in Bolivar and Magdalena. Wheat and barley are cultivated, but not in sufficient quantities for home consumption. Coffee forms the chief article of export. The prin- cipal coffee centers ‘are Cundinamarca, Santander, and Tolima. To a certain extent cotton is grown, but the native fibre is short and unsatisfactory and the exportation inconsiderable. Hog raising is so small an industry that American lard com- petes with the native article even in Bogota, 700 miles from the coast. Horse and mule raising is somewhat extensive, but i is conducted on a very small scale, so far as individuals are concerned. The latter animal, so useful and necessary, always commands a high and sometimes a seemingly unreasonable price. Foreign stock has been introduced to a limited extent, especially in Cundina- marca and Antioquia, but the far greater part of the horses are of native stock, many of which compete most favorably with the im- ported. Sheep raising flourishes to a limited extent in the heights COLOMBIA. 77 of Cundinamarca and -Boyacd, but it is only sufficient for the necessities of their people. In other sections the sheep is rarely seen, and in the hot regions never. Cinchona exists in vast quantities and of the best quality, but its recent cultivation in India has rendered it impossible for the Co- lombian article to compete with the Indian, because of the vast relative expense of transportation to the coast. There are no sta- tistics to show the amount of sugar now raised; but it is not suf- ficient to supply the necessities of the people, since sugar is not exported, but, on the contrary, forms a considerable article of im- port from the United States. The Cauca valley is a excellent agricultural region, and it is said that the sugar cane raised there has the highest percentage. of sugar of any in the world. The tobacco of the country is excellent. The most satisfac- tory is said to be that of Ambalema. Large quantities are now exported to Germany. All kinds of vegetables flourish and only need cultivation to render them equal to those of other nations, Potatoes are cultivated, but not in sufficient quantities to satisfy the hame demand. The fishing industry is of small importance and only exists at the coast and on the great rivers. There is a pearl fishery in the Gulf of Panama. The tropical forests, with their undesirable climates and almost impassable vegetation, have conspired to render the chase an un- profitable industry. But in higher and more favorable regions the chase constitutes a profitable employment for many people. The manufacturing industry is very backward, and produces only sugar, molasses, ordinary cotton and woolen cloths, some articles of iron, sole leather, saddles, shoes, furniture, straw hats, jewels, varnishes, books, pottery, mats, bags, carpets of maguey thread, cigars, cigarettes, brandy, rum, etc. In Antioquia the principal manufactures are straw hats, spun 78 COLOMBIA. or twisted silk, crockery (for the making of which a factory has been established in the district of Caldas), articles of wood and iron, and some sorts of cloth for popular consumption. In Cauca there are produced common cotton and woolen cloths, and many household utensils, especially in Pasto, the inhabitants of which have special aptitude for this sort of work. In Bolivar some manufacturing is done. In Cundinamarca manufacturing is carried on on a small scale, producing cloths and shawls of cotton and wool and other articles of popular wear. In Boyaca plain woolen cloths are manufactured. In Santander there are manufactured in large quantities hand- kerchiefs, cotton counterpanes, ruans, tablecloths, towels, ham- mocks, sacks of hemp, and other articles consumed in the depart- ment and exported to other parts of the Republic. In Tolima are manufactured the Suaza hats, which are in great demand throughout Colombia, and even in other countries. In Magdalena straw mats, etc., are made. Chapter VII. MINES AND MINING. It is estimated that $653,000,000 worth of precious metals has been produced in Colombia since the Spanish conquest. In the early part of this century the annual production of gold reached as high as $3,100,000. It diminished later, and has been during recent years something over $3,000,000. The production of silver has gradually increased to the amount of $1,250,000 per annum. Before the gold discoveries in California, Colombia was second only to Brazil in the production of gold in America, and excelled Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, and Pert. It may almost be said that in Colombia one walks on gold; but there is a lack of scientific knowledge, labor, and capital, by the aid of which some sections of the country could be made so many Californias. Zaragoza, Zea, Cruces, Anori, Campamento, Yarumal, Angostura, and Amalfi, all in the department of Antioquia, are surrounded by tich placers which are constantly being worked. The aborigines of Antioquia worked almost all the gold mines which are known to-day, although they had only the rudest imple- ments of stone and wood. In order to get at the ore they opened a well or shaft, which, to cut through the veins, was sometimes sunk to a great depth; others were sunk near the first, often to the number of twenty or more on a single vein. When the Spaniards conquered Antioquia, as soon as they had established settlements they busied themselves in mining its rich placers. According to data furnished by Fray Pedro Simon, the estimated value of the gold extracted from the mines of the Cauca 79 80 COLOMBIA. (in the neighborhood of the city of Caceres) between 1580 and 1618, was $1,800,000. According to the same author, there was paid into the royal coffers, between 1602 and 1620, $373,893, as the royalty of one-fifth of the gold mined in Zaragoza, and it was claimed that the amount had been largely understated, to avoid the tax. In the early history of the colony the profits of mining enter- prises were prodigious. During the seventeenth century the progress of mining was slow. The unhealthy climate of the interior, where the mines were situated, almost exterminated the settlers. The native popula- tion diminished so rapidly that soon the mines were short-handed, and negro slaves cost so much that but few were able to purchase them. Later the banks of the Cauca, the Porce, and Nechi, as well as of the several branches of the last two rivers, were mined with some success. For a long time the veins of metal lay in the earth untouched; the only exception being in Buritica, where some rich deposits and a few riegos broken off the veins were worked. In 1768 the important work was undertaken of increasing the eurrent of the rivers Guadalupe, San Andrés de Cuerquia, Rio Grande, Rio Chico, and others for the purpose of supplying water to the mines. From the rivers in question much gold was ex- tracted at that time, and much has been found in the present century. In 1776 the governor of Antioquia reported that there was not one mine in operation in the entire province. In 1781 the opera- tion of the placer mines of El Rosario, from which “gold was ex- tracted by quarters” (25 pounds) was begun. In 1798 don Andres Pardo wrote that the immense product of the mines of Quiuna had made them famous everywhere. Re- strepo says that their ore contained “at least a third part of the purest gold.” These mines are said to exhibit these peculiarities : that the metal occurs in calcareous rock instead of quartz; and that the quality of the gold is uniformly 22 carats. ‘viaNO109 ‘WNaDVLuVd COLOMBIA. 81 Towards 1825 the working of some rich veins in Anori was begun. At that time were constructed the first mills for pulver- izing the ore, by an English workman named James. Shortly after, other and more perfect machines were made by English and Swedish miners under the direction of a metallurgist, Mr. Tyrell — Moore, who for many years aided most effectively in the develop- ment of mining. Among the veins of Anori the two most productive were that of Constancia and that of Santa Ana. The latter was, between 1836 and 18465, the greatest enterprise in Antioquia. It employed from 200 to 250 laborers, 8 mills with 8 crushers each, a “rake” apparatus for amalgamating, 2 forges, a carpenter shop, etc., and the daily yield amounted to 3 or 4 pounds of the precious metal. During the years succeeding the construction of the first mills in Anori, similar action was taken in various parts of the province, and many rich veins were worked, especially at Amalfi,.Reme- dios, Santa Rosa, Titiribi, Concepcion, Santo Domingo, San Pedro, etc. We may say that the year 1850 marked the beginning of a new era in mining, the development of which, since that time, has con- stantly progressed. From the conquest down to 1882 the mines of Antioquia were said to have yielded the following quantities of gold: Second half of the sixteenth century,........... 0. ccc cee ee scene een enes $10, 000, 000 During the seventeenth century......... 0.0 ccc cece eee eee eee 50, 000, 000 During the eighteenth century .......... 0.6.05 scene eee eee e ence ee ees 70, 000, 000 From: 1802 tO:t882)s06: 60 6a vgs mawead veces es ses baw soudelsed eb e eeu 244 122, 000, 000 DOtal oewees 12, 355, 555 18, 514, 116 COGN DAS ewGlnre bees SEO REE mS Rees Ow II, 504,028 | 14,857,170 MSEK ESM A KERR EERE ee ees eee mee eE eee 4 9,926, 486 | 13, 501, 178 Pe ae re ee o Rineeee Reese Ts *2,440,559 | *2, 961, 994 1886 (first 8 months)........... 0... ce cece cece cette eeeee 6,879,541 | 14,171, 241 1886 (last:4, MONthS) >... e.ccecisc se eisai ee FE edie srs PanaleRee ee wees 2, 440, 559 4, 382, 457 SBS 75s vesusnnceceu¥s sua jayanacin feeks eaesinda eas éesasas st eve iodd cavaieaeBionarh cagshaaiystivesbie ove 8, 714,143 | 13, 807, 406 VOSS: srs vecans dogs ucuteendcd, orev rors xdvng oseaoaeteus A coiaea tem eaatea biejiaeer utente 10, 642,250 | 16, 668, 180 TS BG iss 5 2 aye aoh iO gh 0 Ocak reso als eh chance satires ey savin ce bee ev eelvan boat II, 777, 624 16, Ig9, 718 EB QO 5s esicaigiecinaaes averenster Cav eiednethua cdeee. caved % ao i wEayacavincans retain etary 13, 445, 792 20, 457, 855 *Four months. The ending of fiscal year changed in 1886 to December 31. 88 COLOMBIA. Exports by principal articles. Articles. 1889. 1890, Pesos. Pesos. COME Cis vir abs ctenenantind duuenocuniocwn taawesMnenes 3, 516, 293 4, 262, 030 Gold: bars dust, or coined...........0ce cece ee eee ree eeee 3, 307, 122 2, 815, 152 Silverjin bars io .csaeowssnea sean vs ere pomenieinamindis.« 643, 747 682, 037 Skins. and. ‘hidesicc2csssstnenes das owes cay ceeReeeealaescs I, 188, 911 I, 023, 231 Ca Cao ng sesenisrsnasie qedammreer ini S oe ere ais wR ate aeavaa anes 5's 254, 812 -189, 452 Indiairibbetscscoscavaees iver eeress uc cweenwieresee vs 372, 865 477, 182 Cottons: cecrciaemeese cine Ree eeehs S aiceed KERR ERSTE 96, 176 304, 351 Wo0dS) os.ccsceeacharatuesevabiekle Bha0 a 295, O19 264, 516 Tobacco ........ .... fSanavbsiatanevadpirsteneata Bard, Seb eshunteheeesepetasiane 798, 039 I, 820, 757 Comparative table of foreign commerce for 1889 and 1890 with principal countries. 1889. 1890. United States: Pesos, _ Pesos. IMPOTtSis xs iaseitaee sien uae Mees ceed, See ak I, 230, 476 I, 218, 466 EX POFts cate ceist om sneyecceeniea genie ZS vbw Ae eabla ra eyesore SE 3, 950, 531 4, 636, 480 Great Britain BMW POKtS is caedesv deskesg Soe aye adeve oa aseuein ck vosuqeasc aver nuavendbecs 4, 584, 873 4, 990, 198 FER POLS) a6 sack cnc scsavenuay’ Bis Hedi wate Sade taibacoaaradne 4, 547, 628 4, 835, 321 France: 5 3 , HAM POTS 15 eae saseiyn Va lone od Oeiee Sake ceo waar evento Grane iead 2, 411, 585 2, 713, 046 EX POMS i cacccineninessecme tages eon tennoncisewad| 1, 980619 I, 566, 636 Germany: TPOTtS ioc ra censnrngaeds. caved nek daecametwislarneates I, 321, 390 1, 636, Org TEX POLS kiss cassavaieravtrave dard arses Glos Sara viens aga Aoeiraersed onerous I, 410, 683 2, 475, 388 The maritime ports of entry are Rio Hacha, Santa Marta, Saba- nilla, and Cartagena, on the Atlantic, Buenaventura and Tumaco, on the Pacific. Panama and Colon are free ports. The principal articles of export are cattle, cacao, coffee, dye- woods, gold, silver, hides, ivory nuts, rubber, tobacco, and woods. The cattle go to the Isthmus, so they should not really be classed as exports. Nearly all the hides, and by far the greater part of the coffee, rubber, and construction woods, go to the United States, ' the gold, silver, and dyewoods to England, and the tobacco. and ivory nuts to Germany. The United States minister at Bogata reported that in 1888 34 per cent of the exports went to Great Britain, 10 per cent to France, 12 per cent to Germany, and 40 per cent to the United States. COLOMBIA. 89 The imports consist of manufactures of all sorts. In 1888, 49 per cent came from Great Britain, 21 per cent from France, 13, per cent from Germany, and 12 per cent from the United States. In Cundinamarca the exchange of the products of the warm regions for those of the cold is very active and profitable. Coffee; tobacco, indigo, and hides are the principal articles of export. The import trade of this department, conducted chiefly from Bogota, is probably the most important in the Republic. Boyaca carries on quite an active trade in agricultural products. with the neighboring departments of Cundinamarca and Santander. Santander exports to other departments quantities of coffee, sugar, cacao, tobacco, rice, handkerchiefs, coverlets, tablecloths, towels, hammocks, etc. The import trade of Antioquia is very active. Its principal center is Medellin, and it is chiefly carried on through Puerto Berrio via the railway to Pava and the wagon road from Barbosa. to Medellin. The commerce of Cauca is carried on with the neighboring departments, with some of the Republics on the Pacific (especially Ecuador), and with the United States and Europe. Gold, coffee, tobacco, tagua, caoutchouc, dyewoods, quina, etc., are exported. The principal route for the foreign trade is that of Buenaventura, and Cali is its chief center. In Bolivar, Barranquilla and Cartagena are almost exclusively devoted to the carrying on of the traffic with the interior of the Republic. Tobacco is an important export of this department. In the commerce of Magdalena the tagua (cocoanut) is an im- portant export. ‘ Commerce is the chief industry of Panama. It is exceedingiy active at Panam4 and Colon, through which pass much of the trade of Europe and the United States with China and the countries of the Pacific. The prevailing system of long credits must be considered. This. a go COLOMBIA. has always been a barrier to trade with the United States. The English, French, and Germans give at least six months’ interest- bearing credit from the date of the invoice, while the “three 6’s” (six, twelve, and eighteen months) credits are not unknown. While it may be possible to sell upon somewhat less credits, yet it is probably true that the system which prevails in the United States would be introduced here with great difficulty. The people have always had these long credits, always expect them, and probably will. To their honor be it said that bankruptcy is scarcely ever known. It is said that but one failure has occurred in Medellin, a principal importing center, in forty-nine years, and then 50 cents on the dollar was paid. Neither fees nor licenses are required for commercial travelers in Colombia. The following law concerning the registration of foreign com- panies and firms was signed by President Nufiez on May 25, 1888: Articie I,—All firms or companies formed outside of Colombia, which carry ‘on a permanent business within its territory, shall register their deeds of partner- ship or charters in the notary’s office of the district where they intend doing ‘business. Articie II.—Such companies or firms will not be considered to have been legally established, nor will they be able to claim the protection of the law if they have not previously been duly legalized by the Executive. For this reason those companies or firms will be considered to have been dissolved which, up to the present date, have not been legalized in the manner herein provided, or do not obtain such legalization within six months from date. Articre III.—All firms and companies shall have a duly legalized representa- tive, with a fixed place of abode. Arricre IV.—Should any company not appoint a representative, then the President of the Republic will appoint some one to represent the company, and such nominee will enjoy the rights and privileges appertaining to the place when filled by any one appointed by the firm or company. Arricte V.—The present law in no way affects the Panamé Interoceanic ‘Canal Company, which will continue to be ruled solely by the existing treaties and contracts, The only present method of carrying merchandise to and from the coast is by means of the great rivers. Of these the Magdalena Ni) | Ni Wh) i) iy I; i} I) Wi Hl) \ I ) i | h yj /) i i} Niu i i) } I || Hh Hh) Mj i \\\ WM \ | | hi i te (PANAMA FROM THE Bay. COLOMBIA. 9 1 is the most important and has the best service. Others are navigable for certain distances by boats of light draft. With the exception of river traffic and nine short lines of railroads, the whole commerce of the country is carried on by means of mules. Only a short time ago—in 18g0—there were delayed in Honda, not over 60 miles from their destination, 28,000 bales of foreign merchandise, which could not be moved for lack of means of transportation. At that time the freight for 250 pounds of cargo reached the astonishing sum of $15 in gold, or $30 in the money of the country. The country is among the most mountainous in the world. As a result all communication is and always has been most difficult and expensive. Nearly all freight must be transported by mule as soon as it leaves the great rivers. In going from New York to Bogota, a bale of goods arrives, say, at the port of Carthagena or at Port Colombia. If at the latter port, it is unloaded into a barge and towed to the shore, where it is placed in a storehouse; thence it is put upon a freight car and taken to Barranquilla. There it passes through the custom-house, is carted across the city, and loaded upon a river steamer. It then goes 600 miles up the river to the head of navigation, Las Yeguas. There it is unloaded~into a storehouse, whence it is afterwards placed in a railroad car and carried 15 miles to Honda. Again it is placed in a storehouse, then placed upon a car and carried to Arranca-Plumas, where it is unloaded and carried down to the river bank by men. It is then loaded upon a ferry barge and passes to the other side of the Magdalena. There it is unloaded and carried up the steep river bank and deposited in a storehouse. Then begins the toilsome journey by mule trains over the Andes to Bogota, a journey which consumes from five to twelve days in good weather, according to the weight of the loads and the incli- nation of the drivers. The.distance is about 80 miles. When to the damage so often caused in making these changes is added g2 COLOMBIA. that caused by rain, by carelessness, and by the accidents incident to mule transportation, it can be readily seen that everything is imported at a great percentage of loss to the consumer. Frreights add greatly to the cost of all articles. For bringing a cargo of 250 pounds from Honda to Bogoté one must pay from $12 to $18, according to the state of the road. Heavy boxes, how- ever, are carried by steam to Cumbao, a point above Honda, and go to Bogota in ox carts. Much more time is consumed in this way and freights are much higher. This well illustrates what is going on all over the country. The exporter is, of course, subject to the same conditions. The Magdalena is one of the most important highways of the country, in spite of the fact that its current is so rapid as to make the upward voyage both difficult’ and tedious. From Honda, where the progress is interrupted by rapids, a native boat takes only about three days to reach the sea, while no fewer than six weeks are spent, even when the water is low, in returning against the stream. Steamers of from 50 to 200 tons burden, however, have plied regularly since 1833 between Honda and Barranquilla. The Honda rapids can be surmounted by haulage, and steamers descend them in safety, though there is a fall of 20 feet in two miles, and of 16 in the first. Above this point the channel is clear about half way to the source; and though the traffic is still mainly carried on by native boats and rafts, a German named Alexander Weckbecker succeeded, in 1875, in taking a large steamboat—the Moltke—three times to the town of Neiva. There are 7 lines of steamers touching monthly at the port of Savanilla. Of these 4 carry the English flag, 1 is German, 1 Spanish, and the other French. During 1888 there were 772 vessels, of 714,194 tons, entered at the Colombian ports, not including those of Panama. Of these 557 of 693,632 tons, were steam vessels. Of the total tonnage, 410,939 tons were British. COLOMBIA. : 93 RAILWAY SYSTEM. Colombia has no system of railroads, but only isolated short lines. The need of more and better constructed and better man- aged roads is keenly felt. This situation has induced the congress to grant several concessions to foreign companies for the construc- tion of new roads. In 18go Mr. James L. Cherry, an Ameri- can citizen, was granted a concession to complete the Cauca Rail- road to Cali and Manizales. Mr. Cherry is now in Cauca carrying on his work with vigor and success. This road will be of im- mense benefit to the region through which it passes. By law 47 a concession is granted to Messrs. Enrique Cortez & Co., an English company, to construct a railroad from Bucara- manga to Puerto Wilchen on the Magdalena River. This would prove to be a most valuable aid to the development of the trade and agriculture of that portion of the Republic. Bucaramanga is a commercial center, and from it are exported large quantities of coffee. By law 66 a concession is granted for the construction of a railroad from the province of Cucuta, Department of Santan- der, to Tamalameque, on the Magdalena River. By law g1 the Government grants to an English company the right to extend the Dorada Railroad north to a point on the Magdalena River called Conejo, and south up the river to Cambao, and thence over the mountains to Los Manzamos, upon the plains of Bogota, There the road would connect with the Sabana Railroad, which is now being extended from Facatativa to that point. This road would give direct communication between Bogota and the river, as would also the Girardot Railroad. An attempt was made to secure a concession for a road from Bogota to a point some 30 miles below the rapids of Honda; but for some reason the con- cession was refused, although the route is regarded by many as the most feasible and satisfactory of any that has been proposed. By law 100 a concession is granted to a Colombian citizen to 94. ‘COLOMBIA. build a railroad from Ocafia to the Magdalena River, the con- struction of which would benefit a large agricultural region. In addition to these contracts one has been made with Ameri- cans for a railroad extending from the port of Cartagena to Cala- mar, upon the Magdalena River. The construction of this road would be of great benefit to Cartagena, which has a good harbor and is now connected with the river by a natural canal artificially enlarged. It will thus be seen that there exists in the country an earnest desire for the day when the railroads shall supplant the tedious mule as a means of transportation. Liberal subsidies have been granted to all the proposed roads. The Panama Railway was one of the first steam roads con- structed south of the Rio Grande, and it was the necessary result of the enormous traffic that passed over the isthmus after the dis- covery of gold in California. A charter was obtained from the Government of Colombia in 1850 by a syndicate of New York capitalists, and one of its terms was that the Government of the United States should guarantee free traffic at all times and protect the road and its appurtenances in conformity with the agreement contained in the treaty of 1846 between the United States and the Republic of New Granada. Work was begun in 1850, and on January 28, 1895, the first train passed over the track. Its cost was $7,500,000, and it is 47% miles long, the northern terminus being Colon (Aspinwall), and the southern the city of Panama. The Government of Colombia receives 3 per cent of the net earn- ings and the sum of $10,000 annually as compensation for the transit of mails. In 1887 the stock of the road was purchased by the Panama Canal Company and is still held by that corporation, although under the terms of the charter a majority of the directors must be citizens of the United States and the headquarters of the ‘company must be in New York. The Antioquia Railroad was constructed several years ago, and COLOMBIA. 95 is designed to run from Puerto Berrio, upon the Magdalena River, 125 miles, to Medellin, the capital of “Antioquia. This city is the center of supply for a large and populous region, and has a reputation for commercial integrity which is unrivaled The road now stops at Pavas, a distance of 36 kilometers from the river. It is in poor condition, and is not adequate to the demands upon it. It belongs to the departmental government, which is now (1891) renewing its efforts to secure its completion. The Cauca Railroad now runs from Buenaventura, on the Pacific, 16 miles, to San Cipriano. It will soon be extended to the important town of Cali, which is situated in what is said to be one of the most fertile and beautiful departments of the Republic, that of Cauca. The Bolivar Railroad extends from Puerto Colombia, on the Caribbean Sea, to the port of Barranquilla, and 1s 18.5 miles. in length. It is in fair condition and transports the great majority of the exports and the imports of the country. _ The Santa Marta Railway is now (1891) something more than 26 miles in length, and is being rapidly pushed through from the port of Santa Marta, on the Caribbean Sea, to the Magdalena River port of Banco, under the auspices of an English company. This road is bound to be of great benefit to Colombia, opening up a large banana and cacao trade on the line of its route and con- necting one of Colombia’s best harbors with the great natural highway, the Magdalena River. The Cucuta Railroad runs from the River Zulia to the inland port of Cucuta, and is 34 miles in length. This is an important aid to the commerce of Santander. The Girardot Railroad is now 25 miles long, and extends ‘from Girardot, upon the upper Magdalena (that portion of the tiver above Honda), to Juntas de Apulo, and is designed to connect the river with the capital (Bogota). or this purpose the Government has recently made a contract with an English company for the completion of the road. 96 COLOMBIA. The Dorada Railroad connects Las Yeguas, the head of river navigation, with Honda, and is 14 miles in length. The Sabana Railroad was constructed by a Colombian com- pany, and extends from Bogota, 26 miles over the plains, to Facatativa. This road is in fair condition, and is designed to serve as a link in the road between the city and the Magdalena River. The Zipaquira Railroad extends from Bogota over the plains to Chapinero, a distance of 4 miles. It is not yet in operation, and its extension to Zipaquira may not be immediately expected. The French company formed by Ferdinand de Lesseps to pierce the Isthmus of Panama and unite the Atlantic and Pacific oceans with a canal 46 miles long, raised, up to June 30, 1886, 772,545,412 francs of capital. It was estimated that nearly as much more would be required to bring the work to completion. An effort was made in December, 1888, to raise 600,000,000 francs by a loan, but only a few bonds were subscribed for and the company became embarrassed. An attempt to organize a new company proved unsuccessful, and the company was compelled to suspend payments, cease opera- ‘tions, and go into liquidation. The work was stopped in March, 1889, and provisional administrators were appointed by the French civil court in the Seine department. A commission of inquiry appointed by the receiver reported in May, 18go, that the com- pletion of the canal on the lock system would probably cost 485,000,000 francs, to which 20 per cent should be added for unforeseen expenses and 29 per cent for interest and management during the eight or nine years required for the completion of the work, making a total of go0,000,000 francs. The annual cost of maintenance’ and administration after com- pletion was estimated at 10,000,000 francs, and the net receipts at 38,000,000 francs for the first three or four years, rising to 61,000,- ooo francs twelve years after.the opening. The material and COLOMBIA. 97 work of the old company are placed at a valuation of at least half of the 900,000,000 francs still required. The commission sug- gested that the governments of maritime states should guarantee the interest on the capital. The toll that was calculated to pay the interest, 15 francs per ton, the commission considered to be too high, and suggested 12 francs, which is still about 25 percent above the Suez Canal tolls. Negotiations for the renewal of the concessions were carried on during the summer of 1890 by Lieut. Wyse, on the part of the company, and the Colombian Government, but were not successful. The postal service is well organized. Colombia is a member of the Universal Postal Union. In 1888 the post-office carried 1,063, 504 letters, 411,988 papers, etc., and 15,813 registered let- ters. In 1889 a parcels post convention was entered into with the United States. (See the text of this convention, Appendix A, post, page 100.) The first telegraph was constructed in 1866 by Mr. Stiles, a citizen of the United States. There are now 5,250 miles in operation and two hundred and forty-five offices. In the more populous regions the service is excellent, but in other sections it is slow and subject to frequent interruptions. The foreign cable service is most satisfactory. The city of Bogota is connected by telegraph with the follow- ing places: On the north with San José de Cucuta and interme- diate places; on the south with Popayan and intermediate places, extending to the frontiers of Ecuador; on the west with Medellin and all the principal towns of the department of Antioquia; with the Magadalena River, through Honda and Puerto Nacional, as far as Cartagena and Barranquilla; and with Pan- ama (and through Panama with the United States and Europe), by a line which connects at Buenaventura with the submarine cable between that port and Panama. The telegraph extends throughout the Republic and is connected with the systems of the two adjoining countries, Venezuela and Ecuador. Bull. 33-7 98 COLOMBIA. On the Atlantic side, or Caribbean Sea, there are the custom- houses of Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Rio Hacha; on the banks of the Meta, that of Orocué; on the Ecuadorian frontier, that of Ipiales, and on the Venezuelan frontier, that of Cicuta. Panama and Colon, and the other ports on the Isthmus, are free ports. The Colombian Congress has placed the free port of Bocas del Toro upon the same footing as Panama and Colon in respect to commerce. Import duties are collected upon the gross weight of merchan- dise, and range from 1 to 120 cents per kilogram (2.2046 pounds). A few articles are admitted free. Among these are the following: Gold and silver coins of at least 0.900 fineness, passengers’ baggage up 125 kilograms in weight, and the tools of artisans who intend settling in Colombia, up to 150 kilograms in weight. On the Isthmus of Panama the port charges at Colon, such as light dues, wharfage, etc., are levied and collected by the Panama Railway Company. They are as follows in Colombian currency : Light dues. Sailing vessels—roo tons and under........... 0. cece cece ee eee eee ee en eee $1. 00 Over 100 tons and under 200 ...... cece eee cece ee tect eee teeeeenes 3. 00 Over 200 tons and under 300.00... . cee cece cee ec eee eee eee eeeeees 5.00 OVER SOOMOTGiccecls dated were aa aeu AN Ge eee cose aneeeeba ee EEE eda 7.00 AIL Steamers jcc ceo nate aa acces warm aan nding al oairae ciel abarmbarrateas nee Ls hae a 7. 00 Whar fage. ALlISStedMeTs; POL CAY wise ooh crcievss nies sieve ae necaness aap RAN Ld. ek tioned Rs aie a 15.00 Sailing vessels—1,o00 tons or over, per day... .. 0... 0... c eee cece eee eee eens 7.00 Scaling down at the rate of 25 cents for each 50 tons, to 200 tons. From 150 tO 200 tOMS........ ccc cece cece cue caeaeneucences a asvereou diac tose 2. 50 TOO TONS tO: T5Os ssa Gai eine ielyesgeaavehews ve RET e464 se ReeeS HN eens 2.25 SO LONS tO 100 wsavsiy ie saa gas 544 6 oe SOLEMN EEE Vale FASE Mt unenee yee aed 1. 50 Under 50 tOns: sss. xcnacrememaa ears Ve0d 6 444 CARE A ieee b.5 anc eda aenra nl ods wn -75 At Panama there are no pilot charges, light dues, or tonnage | tax; there being no lights on the west coast and no pilots at the port. COLOMBIA. — 99 CLEARANCE OF SHIPS. Articte 1. The captain or consignee of a ship which is ready to clear from a port shall ask for permission from the principal executive authority, producing a certificate from the administrator of the custom-house, or in his default from the chief administrator of the national treasury office, stating that the ship is in a condition to start, being quit and clear of all national charges, and having broken no law or regulation. Whenever any judicial or police question arises, by virtue of which the sailing of any ship from the port ought to be prohibited, the judge or official shall give immediate notice to the principal executive authority. This authority shall abstain from granting the permission to which the present article refers so long as a certificate from the said judge or official has not been presented to him, stating that the question is settled, or that the permission may already be granted on account of the course the question has taken, or because a bond has been given according to the laws. Arr. z. Article 421 of the fiscal code is modified as above. APPENDIX A. PARCELS-POST CONVENTION BETWEEN COLOMBIA AND THE UNITED STATES. Arricre I, 1. There shall be admitted to the mails exchanged under this convention, articles of merchandise and mail matter, except letters, post cards and written matter of all kinds that are admitted to the domestic mails of the country of origin, except that no packet must exceed 5 kilograms or 11 pounds in weight, nor the following dimensions: greatest length in any direction, 60 centimeters or 2 feet; greatest girth 120 centimeters or 4 feet, and must be so wrapped or inclosed as to permit their contents to be easily examined by postmasters and customs officers. 2. The following are prohibited admission to the mails exchanged under this convention: Publications which violate the copyright laws of the country of destination, liquids, poisons, explosive or inflammable substances, fatty substances, those which easily liquefy, live or dead animals not dried, insects and reptiles, con- fections, pastes, fruits, and vegetables which will easily decompose, and sub- stances which exhale a bad odor, lottery tickets or circulars, all obscene or immoral articles, other articles which may destroy or in any way damage the mails or injure the persons handling them. 3. All admissible articles of merchandise mailed in one country for the other, or received in one country from the other, shall be free from any detention or inspection whatever, except such as is required for collection of customs duties, and shall be forwarded by the most speedy means to their destination, being subject in their transmission to the laws and regulations of each country respec- tively. Areticte II. 1, A letter or communication of the nature of personal correspondence must not accompany, be written on, or inclosed with any parcel. 100 POST-OFFICE AT BOGOTA. COLOMBIA. Iol 2. If such be found, the letter will be placed in the mails if separable, and if inseparably attached, the whole package will be rejected. If, however, any such should inadvertently be forwarded, the country of destination will collect double rates of postage, according to the Universal Postal Union Convention. 3. No parcel may contain parcels intended for delivery at an address other than the one borne by the parcel itself. If such inclosed parcels be detected, they must be sent forward singly, charged with new and distinct parcel-post rates, Areticre III. 1. The following rates of postage shall in all cases be required to be fully prepaid with postage stamps of the country of origin, viz: 2. For a parcel not exceeding 460 grams or 1 pound in weight, 12 cents; and for each additional 460 grams or 1 pound, or fraction thereof, 12 cents. 3. The packages shall be promptly delivered to addressees at the post-offices of address in the country of destination free of charge for postage; but the country of destination may at its option levy and collect from the addressee for interior service and delivery a charge not exceeding 5 cents on each single parcel of whatever weight; and if the weight exceeds 460 grams or 1 pound, a charge equal to 1 cent for each 115 grams or 4 ounces of weight or fraction thereof. Arricie IV. 1, The sender will, at the time of mailing the package, receive a receipt of mailing from the post-office where the package is mailed on a form like Model 1, annexed hereto. 2. The sender of a package may have the same registered by paying the reg- istration fee required for registered articles in the country of origin. 3. An acknowledgment of the delivery of a registered article shall be returned to the sender when requested; but either country may require of the sender prepayment of a fee therefor not exceeding 5 cents. 4. The addressees of registered articles shall be advised of the arrival of a package addressed to them by a notice from the post-office of destination, ArTIcLE V. 1. The sender of each package shall make a customs declaration, pasted upon or attached to the package, upon a special form provided for the purpose (see Model z, annexed hereto), giving a general description of the parcel, an ac- curate statement of the contents and value, date of mailing, and the sender’s signature and place of residence and place of address. 102 COLOMBIA. 2. The packages in question shall be subject in the country of destination to all customs duties and all customs regulations in force in that country for the protection of its customs revenues; and the customs properly chargeable thereon shall be collected on delivery, in accordance with the customs regulations of the country of destination. Articte VI. Each country shall retain to its own use the whole of the postages, registration and delivery fees it collects on said packages; consequently, this convention will give rise to no separate accounts between the two countries. Articie VII. 1. The packages shall be considered as a component part of the mails ex- changed direct between the United States of America and the Republic of Co- lombia, to be dispatched by the country of origin to the other at its cost, and by such mean$™ as it provides, in ordinary mail sacks, to be marked “Parcels Post” and to be securely sealed with wax or otherwise, as may be mutually pro- vided by regulations hereunder. 2. Each country shall return to the dispatching office by next mail all bags or sacks used in the exchange of parcels. 3. Although articles admitted under this convention will be transmitted as aforesaid between the exchange offices, they should be so carefully packed as to be safely transmitted in the open mails of either country, both in going to the exchange office in the country of origin and to the office of address in the coun- try of destination. 4. Each dispatch of a parcel-post mail must be accompanied by a descriptive list in duplicate of all the packages sent, showing distinctly the list number of each parcel, the name of the sender, the name of the addressee, with address of destination, and must be inclosed in one of the sacks of such dispatch under the form of Model 3, annexed hereto. Articte VIII. Exchanges of mails under this convention from any place in either country to any place in the other shall be effected through the post-offices of both coun- tries already designated as exchange post-offices, or through such others as may be hereafter agreed upon, under such regulations relative to the details of the exchanges as may be mutually determined to be essential to the security and expedition of the mails and the protection of the customs revenues. COLOMBIA. 103 Arricte IX. 1. As soon as the mail shall have reached the exchange office of destination that office shall check the contents of the mail. 2. In the event of the parcel bill not having been received, a substitute should at once be prepared. 3. Any errors in the entries on the parcel bill which may be discovered, shall, after verification by a second officer, be corrected and noted for report to the dispatching office on a form, ‘verification certificate,” which shall be sent in the special envelope. 4. If a parcel advised on the bill be not received, after the nonreceipt has been verified by a second officer, the entry on the bill should be canceled and the fact reported at once. 5. Should a parcel be received in a damaged or imperfect condition, full par- ticulars shall be reported on the same form. 6. If no verification certificate or note of error be received, a parcel mail shall be considered as duly delivered, having been found on examination correct in all respects. ARTICLE X. If the packages can not be delivered as addressed, or if they are refused, they should be reciprocally returned without charge directly to the dispatching office of exchange, at the expiration of ninety days from their receipt at the office of destination, and the country of origin may collect from the sender for the re- turning of the parcel a sum equal to the pdstage when first mailed. Articie XI. The Post-Office Department of either of, the contracting countries will not be responsible for the loss or damage of any package, and no indemnity can con- sequently be claimed by the sender or addressee in either country. Articte XII. The Postmaster-General of the United States of America, and the Director- General of Posts and Telegraphs of the Republic of Colombia, shall have au- thority to jointly make such further regulations of order and detail as may be found necessary to carry out the present convention from time to time; and may by agreement prescribe conditions for the admission to the mails of any of the articles prohibited by article I. 104. COLOMBIA. Articte XIII. This convention shall be ratified by the contracting countries in accordance with their respective laws, and its ratification shall be exchanged at the city of Washington as early as possible. Once ratified, and its ratifications exchanged, it shall take effect and operations thereunder shall begin on the ist day of April, 1889, and shall continue in force until terminated by mutual agreement, but may be annulled at the desire of either department upon six months’ pre- vious notice given to the other. STEAMERS ON THE MAGDALENA River. APPENDIX B. PORT REGULATIONS OF COLOMBIA. TITLE 3, CHAPTER 1, OF THE FISCAL CODE OF COLOMBIA, WHICH WENT INTO EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1874. * ‘ * * * * * * Arricie 8. The custom-houses of the Republic have for their object the administration of the imposts which the law establishes upon foreign merchan- dise at its importation and upon the vessels which may enter the ports. Arr. 9. The commercial operations subject to the administration of the custom-houses are classified as follows : (1) Importation, which consists in the introduction of foreign merchandise for the consumption of the Republic. (2) Exportation, which consists in sending its products from the Republic to. foreign countries. (3) Transit, which consists in the passage of foreign merchandise through the territory of the Republic to another country. (4) Coasting trade (cabotage*), which consists in the traffic which is carried on by sea in foreign merchandise lawfully imported which has paid the legal duties between the ports of entry of the Republic. (5) Deposit, which consists in storing foreign merchandise introduced for transit or reéxportation in the warehouses of a custom-house while these oper- ations are being carried into effect. (6) To establish the formalities to be observed in free ports and in ports and. territories which are not free, in order to prevent smuggling. * * * * * * * (10) To prohibit reéxportation or coasting trade (cabotage) by the same vessel which brings the merchandise, unless said acts may be done in a different voyage from that in which the importation was made. * * * * * * * * Colombian laws divide what is known to our system under the general term ‘‘ coasting trade”’ into. cabotage and e7 clo cost. ‘o, as defined in cl; 4and 6, 105 106 COLOMBIA. Art. 51. When it happens that any document certified to by a consul is not in the prescribed form, said fanctionary is liable to a fine equal to double the fee for said document. %* * * * * * * Art. 302. All foreign merchandise may be carried from one port of entry to another, or from a port of entry to a place not a port of entry on the seacoast, after the import duties have been paid or secured on said merchandise. * * * * * # * Arr. 304. Permission to load and proceed from one port to another must be in writing from the chief customs officer, who shall take into account the pro- hibition of article 202, and after a visit and thorough inspection of the vessel’s hold. * * * * * * * Arr. 316. The provisions of articles 303 to 307 and of 310 are extended to vessels carrying foreign merchandise imported into ports of entry (habilitados) destined for ports on the coast not ports of entry (no habilitados) for foreign merchandise. * * * * * * * Import Duties. Food and condiments. . Liquors............ 108 | Articles. for illuminating and Other liquids - 108 other uses ............... 112 Cotton... .... 108 | Drugs and medicines. . 113 Hemp and flax 109 | Pe: seat A and soap... 113 Wool...... eee x10 | Paper and cardbo rd.. . 173 SI sisi inse: ete siacstaspiecaeinreuisie air | W000. s..15 cise eee a ee I%4 Various goods and threads.. 111 | Sisal hemp, osier, etc .. oe. 116 Rubber Tron and steel........ 2 -. 116 | Miscellaneous articles, Hides and fur. Copper or bronze ....... ....' 119 | Consular regulations. Earthenware, Pil tsawer ie aicn ee nan: wx 119 Crystal and glass Page. . 112 This classification conforms to the official tariff of the Republic of Colombia, which differs materially from that of the United States. Equivalents: x silver peso.... z == $0.736 paees States (July z,1891). sesacccocee @ 98,2046 pounds, Duty per Derechos Articles. pean. Articulos. pane currency. ionbiea. : Food and condiments. Alimentos y condimentos. Dollars. Pesos. Potatoes of all varieties, onions, Batatas 6 camotes, papas, cebo- corn, rice, peas, beans, and all llas, maiz, arroz, garbanzos, classes of fresh vegetables and lentejas, frisoles y toda clase frUltS score cseceiecies Natehiee dys 0. 003 de. legumbres y hortalizas y frutas frescas.............06- 0, OI Gatli¢ sccsd cs cies ce sineeseaees ss 2 O17 || AjOS.. 6... cece eee eeee Sharvorauets . 105 Flour, including sago, arrowroot, Harinas,comprendiendoel sagt, tapioca, corn meal, and all sim- arrow-root, tapioca, maicena ilar products.......--...-.+.: .O17 y demas semejantes....... eee 95 Codfish and meats in brine, and Bacalao y carnes en salmuera, y all fresh fish and meats........ . O17 en general los pescados y car- ° nes que se hallen sin preparar. .05 Sugar... 2... cece seers ren eces O17) || Aztiear 2. 62s. ses swoweasencias 05 Hazelnuts, nuts, and almonds in Avellanas, nueces y almendras, the shell, and generally all un- con c4scara, y en general to- prepared food not mentioned..| .033 dos los alimentos sin preparar nomencionados. ...........- .10 Vermicelli and other pastes...... . 033 || Fideos y demas pastas ......... -I0 Prepared food, such as pickled Alimentos preparados, como or smoked meats, salmon,hams, mortadelas, salmén, jam6én; sweetmeats, confections, pre- los dulces, confites, frutas con- served and dried fruits, etc., servadas y frutas pasas, etc., y and all pickles and condiments, los encurtidos y condimentos not specially mentioned....... . 067 de todas clases no menciona- dos especialmente ........... -20 Olives, in barrels ...........-+-- .033 || Aceitunas en barriles.......... 10 TOS oobi sted cakeGuen cones ees ‘ . 234 || Té..... aa ato ata vate tiad eaneees .70 108 IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. D Duty per ee Articles. U.S. Articulos. ec moe currency. lombiana. Food and condiments—Continued. Alimentos y condimentos—Cont. , | Dollars. Pesos. e7O! || Canelasaiane ieee scene teats - 30 -40 || Azafran............... 1.20 F007" || ADS sc usyeescna wonder seus ates - 20: £033] Hielo 24eccc000450 5 amceewenes IO -40 || Sal....... por cada 12% kilos I. 20 Liquors. Bebidas. Beer and other fermented liquors. .o17 || Cerveza y demas bebidas fer- mentadas ..........--.000ees .05 Barley malt, or other fermented Mosto de cebada 6 de otra ma- or unfermented materials, li- teria fermentadaé infermenta- quid or solid, for making beer, da liquida 6 sélida, para hacer and condensed beer........... 008 cerveza y la cerveza conden- SAdF ccede osc ee sss mesienwe ee . 025 Wines, claret, common, in pipes, Vino tinto comfin, en pipas, ba- barrels, and demijohns........ . 008 rriles y, damajuanas. a eanenes 025 Wines, white, sweet and dry, in Vinos blancos, dulces y secos, pipes and barrels............. - O17 en pipas 6 barriles........... -05 Wines, all other................ . 134 || Los demas vinos....... anne des - 40 Spirits generally........... 2... -134 || Bebidas’ espirituosas, como brandy, rou, etc., etc ........ +40 Other liquids. Otros Hquidos. Vinegar, in barrels.......-...... -O17 || Vinagre en barriles ............ 205 Olive Giles... seer cae eens casas .033 || Aceite de olivas..............-. 10 Linseed oil, for preparing paints .| .033 || Aceito de linaza para preparar la pintura .. 0.0... cee eee eee +10 Black writing ink........... +++-| O17 || Tinta negra para escribir ....... .05 Colored writing ink............. . 033 || Tinta de colores para escribir... -10 Printers’ ink, for printing and Tintas para imprenta, encuader- lithographing, liquid and solid.| .003 naci6n y litografia (liquidas 6 SOLAS) oi55 sie seats eps 24 -or Liquids generally, except per- Liquidos en general, excepto la fumery and others specially perfumeria y los demas especi- mentioned ..... Taviahs Se ee eeeee| 067 NcadOSs.65 os eesieawseeseaenesss +20 Cotton. Algodon. Cotton goods, unbleached, with- Algodé6n manufacturado en telas out white or colored parts and crudas, sin ninguna parte without figures or needle- blanca ni de color, y sin labra- WOTK scisicsimaweginseaieaas non eae «134 do ni costura.............00. . 40 Blue fulas,-white goods, or un- En fulas azules y en telas blan- bleached, with white parts plain, cas, 6crudas con parte blanca, without printing, needlework, lisas, sin pinta labrado, cos- or embroidery, such as those tura ni bordado alguno, como known as bogatanas, calicoes, las conocidas con los nombres and liencillos, madapollams, de bogotanas, calicés, lienci- croydons, and others of the llos,madapollanes, bramantes same kind...6eccciesesaesaces . 167 y otros de igual calidad....... +50 , IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. 109 Duty per Derechos Articles. pons. Artfculos. Sunnanes currency. tombiana. Cotton—Continued. Algodén—Contintia, Dollars. Pesos. Drills and other cotton fabrics, ‘En driles y demas telas blancas white or colored, not enumer- 6 de color no mencionadas.... . 60 AC isieicieis site de see ee emagai ard - 20 Quilts, marseilles, and brocades En colchas, marsellas y telas ordamasks not included in any labradas 6 adamascadas no other group, and velveteens, comprendidas en otro grupo, tapes, and ribbons............ + 234 y enpanas, hiladillos y cintas. . .70 Handkerchiefs, with or without En pafiuelos con 6 sin bordado common embroidery, shawls comtin y ordinario, en pafia- and ponchosand stuffs for mak- lones y ruanas, y en género ing thems ss.ccssssesdoanaey ss . 267 para hacer estas.............. . 80 Stockings and all kinds of stock- En medias y demas tejidos de- inet-goods, such as undershirts, nominados comunmente de drawers, and gloves; muslins punto de media, como cami- and lawns, etc., damask, table- sas, calzones interiores y cloths, and hammocks; and guantes; en muselinas,linones ready-made clothes without y deméstelas di4fanas; en da- embroidery, laces, and other mascos, carpetas y hamacas; trimmings subject to a higher y enropa hecha, sin bordadas, WtYiesss agi hawsetaedyaheneancs .30 encajes ni otro adorno que sea de mercaderias sujetas4 mayor impuesto.........-.-+++eeeee .90 Embroideried goods, all kinds, En toda clase de telas bordadas or lace work and imitations 6 de punto y sus imitaciones, thereof, including laces, inser- inclusive encajes, metidos y tions, and the like, and ready- demds semejantes, y en ropa made clothing not mentioned..| .40 hecha no mencionada......... I. 20 White thread.........-6.-5-006- . 134 || En hilo blanco..........-.-+-+- . 40 Colored thread.............00065 .20 || En hilodecolor..............+- . 60 Fringes, galloons, cords, braids, En flecos, galones, cordones, tassels, and other similar goods. +. 30 trencillas, borlas y dem4s ob- jetos semejantes............. + go Wicks forlampsandtinder boxes.| .067 || En mechas para lamparas y yes- QUETOS.......00605 centre eee .20 Wicks for candles, tapers and En mechas y pabilo para bujias,. matches,........... i sabanianeetciene . 033 velas 6 f6sforos......0-.+6- oe .10 Reins, for bridles, etc........... .067 || En cuerdas -propias para rien- GAS ss cenrewdeeeee ses Sake tee - 20 Hemp and flax. CAiiamo y lino. Empty bags made of hemp, tarred En sacos 6 costales vacios de or not, with or without water- cafiamazo, embreados 6 sin proof paper, and common stuffs embrear, con 6 sin papel im- for making them.............. . 008 permeable, y en tela ordinaria : de la misma clase paraellos... - 025 Nankeen..........0seeeeee cease .033 || En coleta...........-eeee seers 10 Common unbleached cloth, such En telas crudas ordinarias, como as osnaburgs, brown hollands, crehuelas, brines, lonetas, ca- ducks, canvas, and materials serillos y genero para toldos, for making awnings, with the con excepcién de los driles... .30 exception of drills............{ 10 110 IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. pend ie ‘por kilo” Articles. U.S. Articulos, a pone: currency. Jombiana. Hemp and flax—Continued. Cdéiiamho y lino—Contintfia. Dollars. Fesos. White and striped osnaburgs, or- En crehuelas blancas 6 rayadas, MUNGED 2 ob sade bean eek eeed we ~ 134 Orditiarigs:, .I0 In plates or sheets of every weight.| | .033 || En planchas6 laminas, sea cual fuere su peso....... saskaaene .10 Pans or boilers or other articles En pailas 6 calderos 6 articulos whose weight exceeds 25 kilo- de otra clase cuyo peso ex- -QTAMS wc ess eee eee re neeeee es . 067 ceda de 25 kilogramos........ . 20 Objects whose weight exceeds 500 En objetos cuyo peso en cada grams and does not exceed 25 pieza exceda de 500 gramos y ‘ kilograms. ...........eeeeeeee +134 no pase de 25 kilogramos.... . 40 Objects whose weight does not En objetos cuyo peso en cada exceed 500 gramS............- . 167 pieza no exceda de 500 gramos. +50 Jewelry, ‘beads, tape, spangles, En joyeria, cuentas, galones, fringes, bugles, threads, and lentejuelas, flecos, canutillos, other like objects, and electro- hilos, y demas objetos seme- plated objects and cartridges..) . 334 jantes y en piezas de electro- c plata y cA4psulas para armas wack r de fuego ..... ee ceseeteonees q.00 Statues for public buildings and En estatuas con destino al or- SQUAFES ... 00 eee eee eee eens Free. nato de los edificios y plazas pliblicas ......ecseeeeeeeeeee Libre. Tin, Estaiio, Ingots .....-.ee secre eee tree ees . 033 || Estafio en lingotes............. . 10 Plates and all other objects...... . 134 || En platos y en todo otro objeto. - 40 Powder and sheets........--.-+- . 167 || En polvo y en hojas............ .50 Lead. Plomo, Ingots for MINES. ...... cee eeeee ,008 || Plomo en lingotes para minas... - 025 Ingots not intended for mines; Plomo en lingotes que no sean sheets, tubes and other forms para minas, en planchas,tubos exceeding 5 kilograms in y dem4s objetos cuyo peso | weight; shot and printing type.| .017 exceda de 5 kilégramos, y en : municién y objetos de im- prenta .....---6- Renee ea.L EGS . 05 Toysand lead paperorthinsheets.| .234 En juguetes y en papel 6 laminas delgadas.......+.-- Si aRKeAS .70 Covers for bottles......... ness . 033 || En capsulas para envases....... . 10 All other forms......-.-0.e eee . 134 || En cualquiera otra forma....... -40 120 IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. Duty per yorkie. Articles. pars. Articulos. en mone- currency. lombiana. Zine, Zine. . Dollars. Pesos. Zinc, unmanufactured; in sheets Zinc,no manufacturado,en plan- or plates, including that inten- chas 6 laminas, inclusive las ded for roofing, and in tubes... -O17 de cubrir los techos, y en CUDOS os. iain semdes s-8hee¢ 05 Manufactured in any otherform..| .134 || Manufacturado en cualquiera otra forma...-...... Sispered ces ase ~40 Quicksilver. Azogue. Quicksilver for mines........... .008 || Azogue para minas............. +025 Quicksilver for other uses.......| .067 |) Azogue para otros usos........ - 20 Gold. Oro. Gold inbars...... Maawherteaen .008 | Oro en barras..... wilefegatotates eases +025 Coin, not less than go per cent. En monedas que no sean de ley ; ANG Aisinccces Selo vis Gaibeaineen Free. inferior 4 lade goo milésimos..| Libre. Gold manufactured in other arti- En cualquier otro objeto .......| 1.20 GlCS ccd x Gaeta eas Fe We aa +40 Silver. Plata. Silver in bars................05- .008 || Plata en barras.......... gweees .025 Coin, not less than go per cent. En monedas que no sean de ley ANG gesseweead ence ys ceed ae eae Free. inferior 4la de goo milesimos.| Libre. Silver manufactured in other arti- En cualquiera otra forma.......} I. 20 CLES: Mteweniwe x tay oewed seaside «40 Powder. Pélvora, Powder, coarse or common, for Pélvora gruesa y ordinaria para mines, in barrels or other pack- minas,en barriles f otro envase ages, whose gross weight ex- cuyo peso bruto pase de 2 kil6é- ceeds 2 kilograms ............ - 003 TAMOS 05.0, ie dtoigiermardiadeiarerets <8 -10 Powder, fine, in cans and other Pélvora fina (mostacilla) en tarros packages, not specified........ +20 fi otro envase, no especificado. . 60 Gun cotton (called ‘‘tonito”) for ‘‘Tonito” para minas.......... .05 ATVITIE S| jccsaase. ciegde, ceo ef bus vane aoe .OL7 Fire WOr kes: cc seecdicncd none daeeaes . 234 || En fuegos artificiales........... - 70 Stones, building materials, ete. Piedras, materias de construccién y otras materias primas. Bilt€ tS eric ine ovat da naeaeiks .008 || Piedras de filtrar .............. - 025 Lithograph stones, whetstones, Piedras de litografia, de afilar y and pumice stones -O17 pémez........ BROT ISR Se: ciara .05 OLUTAES: araisnbiniastaie Gatien Soiete wiletes . 033 || Piedras de chispa.............. .10 Marble and jasper in paving Marmol y jaspe en baldosas y la- stones and bricks............. . 003 GTA O8 5-66 6:5 Soiiersiaiere aiaieue aiaass .OL Marble and jasper not for pav- Marmol y jaspe que no este en ing stones nor bricks, nor for baldosas ni ladrillosni en pie- lithography ...............0.. . 067 dras de litografia............. +20 IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. 121 ae l Duty per Derechos Articles. pore Artfculos. tres currency. 1 da Co- ombiana. Stones, building materials, ete.— Piedras, materias de construccién y Continued. otras materias primas—Contintia. Dollars, Pesos. Marble in powder, clay, earth, or Marmol en polvo, barro, tierra 6 roman cement, lime, gypsum cimiento romano, cal, yeso (unmanufactured orin powder), bruto 6 en polvo, tiza, feldes- chalk, feldspar, silicion, mas- pato, silice, massicot, kaolin, sicot, kaolin, bone dust, and hueso en polvo y demas mate- other raw materials for making rias primas para la fabricacién crockery ware..........-.e08- - 003 de lozas.s 2 ccc ics sss cea rs gees -O1 Marble, in statuary and monu- M4rmol en estatuas y monumen- ments for public buildings and| Free. tos con destinoal ornato de los placeS........ceeeseeereceens edificios y plazas pttblicos....} Libre. Roofing, slates..... Sesubitesern aitig hb .003 || Pizarras para techos ....,...+++ . OL Clay tiles ........--..- sms 883A Free. || Tejas de barro Libre. SHINGIES 25 6 6.0.06 se niaceisaton 6 t8. 0's . 003 || Tejamanil..............--22-0 .OL Building materials, such as un- Materiales de construccié6n,como wrought stone, clay bricks, and piedras brutas, ladrillos de paving tiles made of burnt clay barro y baldosas de barro co- and StOn€.......c..eeceeeeees Free. cido y de piedra......... ...+| Libre. Gypsum manufactured in any Yeso manufacturado en cual- form not specified ............ +033 quiera forma no especificada.. -10 Colored clay for building pur- Tierra de colores para edificios. . +05 POSES: 5 we visiwieinw @ ee alee susiore .OL7 Alabaster in any form..........- .067 || Alabastro en cualquiera forma.. .20 Crucibles for smelting ...... .---{ .017 || Crisoles para fundir ........... .05 Miscellaneous. Misceldnea. Live animals...... sb bres Msaae Free. || Animales vivos ........+.000- Libre. Mineral coal.........-eee eee eee .003 || Carbon mineral..........-..5+- .Or Pitch 6 iiesee si cieee tne 0 cio wits sae eines .003 || Alquitran........ eared ee mous .O1 Tar for ship building ........... .o17 || Brea negra aplicable 4 la con- struccién de embarcaciones .. -05 Resin. ........0e0e. sob les Divebiasia .003 || Pez rubia............ iuite dane . OL Common glue..........ceceeeee .067 || Cola ordinaria .........+.-+--- -20 Tow, or rope-yarn, and felt for Estopa 6 filastica y el fieltro para packing ..... einer aeausterecering che -O17 EMPAQUES...-. eee er ee reeeens -05 Varnishes. ..... 00 cece cree ee eee .067 || BarniceS.....-..2eseeeeceeeee . 20 Paints, in powder or prepared...| .067 || Pintura en polvo 6 preparada .. 20 Common paint brushes.........- .067 || Brochas ordinarias ..........-. 20 Curry brushes and blacking Cepillos para caballos 6 botas.. 20 brushes...... weed ays asinine sie . 067 Blacking for shoes...........++.] | .067 |] Bola 6 betin para botas....... 20 Asphaltum........ sees eeeeeees .O17 |) Cera negra...-.-seeeeeee ee enes . 95 Seeds, shoots, and sprigs of plants Semillas, barbados y mugrones and live plants........+ Cioran - 003 de las plantas, y plantas vivas. . OL Guano..... See Reka OES .or7 || Huano ...... se iariaue see Rares saeaieea .05 HOPS... cece cece cece eee ter teers 033 || L&pulo......eeeeeeee rere seeee .16 Tobacco, in the leaf and cut for Tabaco en rama 6 en picadura Cigarettes ...-.-. seer eres eens «033 para cigarillos.........--..+- . 10 Tobacco, chewing ..........+.-- .10 Tabaco preparado para mascar.. -30 Tobacco, manufactured ......... .20 || Tabaco, manufacturado........ . 60 122 IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. a ’ Derechos Sonhi cr por kilo Articles. Us. Artfculos. easoene | currency. lombiana, 1 Miscellaneous—Continued. Miscelanea—Contintia. Dollars. Pesos, Bones and horns, unmanufac- Hueso ycuerno sin manufactuar. . 05 CUTE i ciccsaamssre sarewedeed ee eavecs . .O17 Tubes, handles, and pipes of Tubos, mangos y canales de ma- wood, India rubber, earthen- dera, caucho, loza, barro 6 ware, clay, or metal, used for metal, propios para bombas, pumps, drains, and roofing, cafios y techos, excepto las except for fire engines ........ -O17 bombas de apagar incendios.. .O5 Slow matches for mines......... .or7 || Mechas para minas............ . 05 Cork, in sisal and bottle stop- Corcho en tablas 6 en tapas para POTS, Cl vidi eevew sein eted sos . 033 botellas, etc...........-..45 .Io Objects for chemical laboratories Articulos para laboratorios qui-. and meteorqlogical instru- micos é instrumentos de me- MeNtS 005545 00 sedis veleciwesee - 033 teorologia ............ee eee -Io Common buttons, made of bone, Botones comunes de_ hueso, horn, vegetable ivory, and cuerno, tagua y pasta, sin paste, without covering ....... . 134 fOPTO: saiaveerscecavacevauses . 40 Common pearl buttons.......... - 20 Botones comunes de nacar..... . 60 Common horn combs........... . 134 || Peines de cuerno ordinarios.... - 40 Slates, and slate pencils for writ- Pizarras y lapices de pizarra para ing..... Shia seeRE MER wRE TES . O17 CSCHDIN iiss aree te ois. 4.5 a trae eats +05 Precious stones ....... Reems -40 Piedras preciosas.............. I. 20 Umbrellas sic :552 x 0esccscodves? : .267 || Paraguas ........... 0. ee eee . 80 All articles not mentioned....... - 334 || Todos las articulos no mencio- nadas....... ahuvexoubnasg Snvousnarencsres T.00 CONSULAR REGULATIONS. Every captain or master of vessel or steamer bound for Colombian ports must pre- sent to the respective consul at the port of shipment, to be certified by him, a manifest, signed by the captain or master, in triplicate form, which shall contain the following details: (1) The port of clearance, the port of destination; (2) The class, nationality, name, and tonnage of the vessel; (3) The name of the agent, the name of the shippers, and of the consignees; (4) The marks and numbers of each package and the gross weight of each shipment; (5) The number of packages of every shipment. Merchants shipping goods to the ports of Colombia must present to the respective consul an invoice in Spanish, in triplicate form, stating therein: (1) The name of the shipper, the port of shipment, the name of the consignee, the port of destination, and the name of the vessel or steamer; (2) The mark, number, kind, description of contents, and gross weight of each pack- age. In regard to packages of the same kind and contents it is sufficient to give only their total weight; (3) The total value of the invoice, it not being necessary to specify the value of each package. IMPORT DUTIES OF COLOMBIA. 128 It is not necessary to number such articles as bricks, tiles, lumber, undressed stone, wood for building purposes, grindstones, lime in barrels or sacks, sea salt, lead in sheets or bars, pig and sheet iron, rods, hoops, chains, anchors, iron stamps for mines, empty demijohns, large iron and copper boilers, and live stock. In order to describe the contents of packages, it is sufficient merely to specify the name, quality, quantity, and materials composing the merchandise, but when an article is classified in the tariff according to its quality, or any other circumstance which dis- tinguishes it from any other mentioned under a different class, such quality or circum- stance should be expressed in the respective invoice. If a manifest or invoice not containing the above requirements is presented to the consul, he must return it, without certification, to the interested party, stating the details which are wanting; but if the interested party insists upon having the consular certifi- cation, the consul will extend it, expressing therein the circumstances under which he has done so. The consular fees are the following: For certifying manifests for each’ port of destination...........++++++-$20. 00 For certifying invoices of 4 packages and under............. Sesasane G00 For certifying invoices of 8 packages and Over..........eseeeeeeeeere 8. 00 Manifests for the free ports of Panama, Colon, and Bocas del Toro are not subject to any consular fee, Commercial Directory. AGRADO, TOLIMO. Merchant. Lemonete, Luis A. ANAPOIMA. Merchant. Duran, L. Fructuoso BARBACOAS. Merchant. Costillo, Danie! de. BARRANQUILLA. Banks and bankers. Banco de Barranquilla. Fergusson, Noguera & Co. Gonzalez Zapata, Juan. Marquez Esteban. Commission merchants. Alzamora Hermanos & Co.,J. Carbonell & Co. Castallano, Carvajalino & Co. Echeverria, R. E, Fergusson, Noguera & Co. Gonzalez & Co. Senior & Co.,S. P. de. Strunz, August. Vengoechea & Co. Vengoechea y Hijos Importers and exporters, general. Aepli, Eberbach & Co. Berne & Co., O. Carbonell & Co. Coria & Co., A.M. Correa & Co., A. A. Dagand, Julio. Davila, Demetrio. De la Hoz Hermanos. Giesiken & Held. BARRANQUILLA—Continued. Importers and exporters, general—Continued. Glen, J. A. Henriquez & Mathieu. Infante & Co. Magri, T. Mayans, C. M. Meek, John, jr. Miiller, Siefkin & Co. Naar & Malabet. Nuiiez, Santiago. Olier & Co., Lopez. Rosa, F. Perez. Senior, De Sola & Co. Villan, Bell & Co. Wehdeking, Focke & Co. Merchants, general. Aepli, Eberbach & Co. Alzamora & Co., J. Hermanos. Angulo, Pedro Celestino. Arjona, Ricardo. Batlle é Hijo. Batlle, Ribot José. Berne & Co., 0. Carbonell & Co. Castellano & Co., Julio. Cisneros, F. J. Conde, M. T. Correa & Co., A. M.. Dagand, Julio. Danonille, Alejandro. Davila, Demetrio. De la Hoz Hermanos. De la Torre é Hijos. Echeverria, R. E. Fergusson, Flirken y Sarda, Fergusson, Noguera & Co., druggists. Ferran Hermanos. Fuenmayor & Hermano. Giesken & Geld. 125 126 BARRANQUILLA—Continued. Merchants, general—Continued. Glen, J. A. Gonzalez & Co. Gonzalez, José Manuel. Helm & Co.,J. Henriquez, Jacobo, jr. Henriquez & Mathieu. Infante & Co. Insignaris, Sierra, Roca & Co. Isaac, D. H., sr. Jimeno Hermanos. Llamas Hermanos. Lleras, Mariano. Lopez, Olier & Co. Magri, T. Martinez, J. S. Martinez, S. Mercado. Mayans, C. M. Mayans & Gual. Meek, John, jr. Miller, Siefken & Co. Naar & Malabet. Noguerra & Co. Nuiiez, Santiago. Obregon, E. Palacio, Virginia M. de. Pardey & Co. Pluqueri, H. Rosa, F. Perez. Senior, B. T. Senior, Jacobo. Senior, De Sola & Co. Senior & Co., S. P. de. Stacey, Federico. ~ Struntchal, H. Strunz, August. Vengoechea & Co.’ Vicente, Lafaurie. Villar, Bell & Co. Voigt, Aristides. Wehdeking, Focke & Co. Whelpley, Samuel M. Wolff & Co., A. Wine merchants. Sala y Ca., M. E. BOCAS DEL TORO. Importer and exporter. Williams, Geo. F. Merchants. Frike, J. H. D. Hein, L. H. BOGOTA. Banks. Banco de Bogota. ’ COLOMBIA. BOGOTA—Continued. Banks—Continued. Banco de Colombia. Banco Internacional. Banco Nacional. London Bank of Mexico and South America, limited. Commercial agents. Perez 6 Hijo, L. M. Restrepo & Arteaga. Silva & Co. Suarez, Domingo. Vergara, F. Javier. Zapata, Damaso. Commission merchants. Almanzar, R. Rafael. Angel, Uscategui & Co. Arbelaez, Elisco. Bayon, Santiago. Camacho, Roldan & ‘Tamayo. Cortes, José, M. & E. Curriols, F. N. Espinoza, G. Rafael. Fajardo & Janaut. Gasbrols, José T. Gonzalez Bros., Benito. Groot, Francisco. Gutierrez, Rufino. Jaramillo, Luis Palmo. Lorenzana & Montoya. Mercado, 0. Ramon. Montijo, Isaac. Patifio, Federico. Paz, José Miguel. Pedro, L. Guerrero. Perez 6 Hijo. Pombo & Montijo. Posada, Benito. Rafael, Baltazar C. Rasch, Carlos. Restrepo & Arteaga. Silva é Hijo, R. Ueros Bros. ‘ Merchants, general. Alvarez, I. de D. Billy, Paulina. Bonnet & Co. Boshell, W. G. Buendia & Herrera. Bustamente, R. Gonzalez. Camacho & Co., Carlos. Camargo & Co. Carrizosa Hermanos. Casas, Nicolas. Castellanos & Corral. Castello, Carlos A. BOGOTA—Continued. Merchants, general—Continued. Castrellon, Camilo H. Cubillos, J. German. Delgadillo & Co. Dordelly, Cardenas & Rocha. Duarte, Juan de M. Duque, Francisco. Durana, Guillermo. Escobar, Guillermo. Ester, Mariano. Fanco, Carlos. Fanco, Mariano. Fergusson, Noguera & Co. Fonnegra, Juan M. Freese, George. Garay & Guarin. Garcin Hermanos. Gomez, Calderon M. Gonzalez, Benedicto. Gonzalez Hermanos, Benito. Guevara, Leopoldo. Gutierrez & Escobar. Guzman, Rufino. Jaramillo & Hijos, V. Koppel & Co., A. Koppel & Schloss. Lambardi & Fernandez. Lorenzana & Montoya. Manuel, M. Medina Hermanos, Mejia & Hijos, José M. Molano, Primitivo. Montoya & Ortega. Montoya, Sr., Juan A. Murcia, José Maria. Nieto, Augustin. Orrantia, Luis Patino. Padilla, Demetrio. Padilla, G. Rafael. Pardo & Hijo. Pena, Manuel H. Perez & Hijo, L. M. Plata Hermanos. Posade, G. Leonidas. Price, Jorge W. Pulecio, Antonio. Quesada, Manuel. Restrepo Hijos, Gomez. Restrepo, Sr., & Co., José M. Reyers, Rafael. Robles, Luis Maria. Salgar & Leon. Samper & Co., Antonio. Samper & Hijos, Manuel. Samper & Hijo, Miguel. Santiago, Guarin & Co. COLOMBIA. 127 BOGOTA—Continued. Merchants, general—Continued. Silva & Hijos, E. Tanco, Leopoldo. Terlese & Co., Julian. Thorin Hermanos. Trujillo, Vargas & Co. Urdaneta, Alejandro. Urdaneta, General Carlos. Uribe & Montealegre. Uribe, R. Luciano. Uribe, Toro Manuel. Vargas & Hermanos, Francisco. Vargas, Belisario. Vargas & Co., Luis. Velez, Antonio. Wieto Hermanos. Zapata, Carlos. BUCARAMAUGA. Merchants. Gomez, Juan de la C. Keller, Charles. BUENAVENTURA. Merchants. Baguamento, F. Baltan, J. F. Benitez, J. F. Bergonzali, Luis F. Bonilla, Manuel J. Capurro, Bern. Frigeni & Paguamento. Harra, Hilario. Lopez & Co., B. Malfitana, J. Menotti, Francisco. Otero & Co. Otero, Jaime. Puente, Juan de G. Saavedra, Ant. Torres, C. Vallego, Antonio. Videla, Ant. BUGA. Merchants. Salcedo & Co. Sinistena, Bowen & Co. CALI. Merchants. Argaez y Carbajal. 128 CALI—Continued. Merchants—Continued. Echeverria Hermanos. Gaviria & Co., E. Menotti, Alfonso. Restrepo & Uricoechea. Simmonds, C. H. Uricoechea, Dr.Luis J. CARTAGENA. Banks. Banco de Bolivar. Banco de Cartagena. Banco Union Popular. Commission merchants. Alandete Hermanos. Aratjo, Joaquin. Benedeti & Co., R. Bossio, Bme. Martz. Espiella, H. Gomez & Co., Manuel. Jaspe, Amaranto. Lecompt, A. Leon, Blas de. Marcia, Pedro. Myers & Daniels. Perdomo, Luis Manuel. Pombo Hermanos. Zubiria, N. de. Importers and exporters. Alandete Hermanos, importers general mer- chandise. Araujo, Joaquin, importer general merchan- dise. Bossio, Bme. Martz. Delgado Bros., importers drugs. Franco, F. & A., exporters produce, importers drugs and hardware. Gomez y Ca., Manuel, importers wines and general merchandise. Jaspe, Amaranto, importer glassware, hard- ware, and machinery. Jaspe, Jeneroso, importer stationery and fine arts in general. Lecompt, A., exporter and importer of general merchandise. Lemaitre, Ernesto D., importer groceries, wines, exporter rubber. Leon, Blas de, exporter and importer of gen- eral merchandise. Myers & Daniels, importers dry goods. Perdomo, Luis Manuel, importer general mer- * chandise. Pombo Hermanos. Vasquez, Manuel J., importer drugs. Zubiria, N.de, importer general merchandise, exporter rum. COLOMBIA. CARTAGENA—Continued. Merchants, general. Alandete Hermanos. Alardete, Simon. Amarante, Jaspe. Aratijo, Antonio L. Aratjo, Joaquim. Aratijo, José Dionisio. Aratjo, Santiago. Arrazola, J. M. Castillo, R. Ferrer, Hortensio. Franco, F. & A. Gastelbondo, Dr. Juan S. Gomez & Co., Manuel. Hanobergh, A. F. Lemaitre, E. D. Leon, Blas de. Lopez, Navarro & Jaspe. Martinez, B. Mathieu & Hanobergh. Mayer & Daniel. McMaster, William B. Merlano & Co. Merlano, C. A. Nufiez, Dr. Rafael. Pombo Hermanos. Pombo, Ignacio. Romero, Viuda de Tedo. Sagrera, F. Valentine, Lincoln. Vega, José Maria de la. Velez, Danies & Co. Velez, Pedro.. Velez, F. F. Zubiria, Francisco de. COLON (ASPINWALL). Druggists. Haffeman, W. Preciado & Bros. Electric Light. Panama Electric Light Co. Merchants, general. Boston Ice Co. Brandon & Bros. I., commission dry goods. Cespedes, José A. De Leon & Co., M.A. De Leon, U. G. Dieterich, H. Dolphy, A. Ehrman, D. L. Isaacs & Asch, dry good, liquor, and provi- sions. James & C.o, A. Joseph, S. COLOMBIA. COLON (ASPINWALL)—Continued. Merchants, general—Continued. Lam Sang. Maduro, Isaac L. Maal & Hermano, W. P. Monteverde, A. B. Pasos, J. M., dry goods. Perbett. Rathbun & Hirschberg, exporters of produce and timber. Soracco, S., provisions. St. Domingo, J. & R., commission. Toledano, S. L. Waldron, G. G. H., general commission agent. Wells, Fargo & Co., agent. Wing Hing Lee. CUCUTA. Merchants. Andresen-Méller & Co. Berti Hermanos. Blanco & Barroso. Estrada Hijos. Faber & Estrada. . Ferrero, Trinidad. Lagomaggiore & Co. Minlos, Breuer & Co. Méller, Christian A. Reyes Gonzalez & Hermanos. Soto & Benéhr. Soto, Ardila & Co. Vale, Julio. Vale, Montana & Co. Van Dissel, Thies & Co. HONDA. Commission agents. Hallam, Henry. Leon, Joaquin H. Martinez & Co., B. Paz, Miguel. Perez & Co., Anselmo. Perez & Rodriguez. Restrepo, José M. Richoux & Co., Paul. Vengoechea, Francisco. Druggiste. Escobar, Restrepo & Co. Garcia, Francisco B. Lozano, Miguel. Richoux & Co., Paul. Grain merchants. Amado, Dionisio. Barrera, José P. Braun, Nicolas. Castellon, Martin. Bull. 33 9 ] 29 HONDA—Continued. Grain merchants—Continued. Castro Rada, J. M. Conde, Martin. Gutierrez, Antonio. Gutierrez, Manuel. Guzman, Clemente. Mora, Gregorio. Merchants. Cardona & Urrutia. Castellon, Gregorio. Garvia & Co., Cesar. Gonzalez & Gallego. Hallam, Henry. Leon, Joaquin H. Martinez & Co., B. Navarro, Bernardo. Paz, Miguel. Perez & Rodriguez. Richoux & Co., Paul. Samper & Hijos, Miguel. Torres, Julio. Vargas & Hermanos, Francisco. Vengoechea, Francisco. Merchants, importers, and exporters. Cardona & Urrutia. Castellon, Gregorio. Garcia & Co., Cesar. Hallam, Henry. Martinez & Co., B. Navarro, Bernardo. Perez & Co., Anselmo. Perez & Rodriguez. Richoux & Co., Paul Samper & Hijos, Miguel. Torres, B. Julio. Vargas & Hermanos, Francisco. Vengoechea, Francisco. Provision merchants. Perez & Co., Anselmo. IBAGUE, Merchants. Restrepo, Juan de Dios. Sicard, Mirtiliano. LORICA. Merchant. Mendez, M. M. MEDELLIN. Banks and bankers. Banco de Antioquia. Banco de Medellin. Banco Popular de Medellin. 130 MEDELLIN—Continued. Banks and bankers—Continued. Banco del Progreso. Banco del Zancudo. Botero Arango é Hijos. Restrepo, Marcelius & Co. Restrepo & Co. Vicente Villa é Hijos. Exporters of coffee. Angel, Alonso. Echavarria, Juan José. Lalinde & Hermano, Gabrield; also rubber an hides. Ospina Hermanos. Perez & Hijos, Bartolomé; also rubber and | hides. Uribe & Munoz. Vasquez, E, & J. Gold-mining companies. Compaiia del Zancudo. Compafiia de Chorros y Sitioviejo. Compaftia Iaglesa Fontino y Bolivia. Compaiiia de las Colonias. Cortada de San Antonio. Gold-smelters. Ospina Hermanos. Restrepo & Escobar. Merchants, general. Alvarez, Manuel J. Amador, José Maria. Angel, Alonso. Aratijo, Leocadio Maria. Corral & Toro. Echevarria, Rudesindo é Hijos. Garcia Hermanos. Heiniger & Bachman. Isaza & Escobar. Jaramillo, Tomas M. Lalinde & Hermanos, Gabriel. Lalinde & S. Mejia. Martinez, Juan de S. Melguizo, A. M. Melguizo, Pablo E. Montoya & Hijos. Moreno, Juvenal & Luis. Olarte, Luis. Pardo, José Maria Botero. Perez & Hijos, Bartolomé. Perez Hermanos. Perez & Hijos. u Piedrahita & Co., Gutierrez. Restrepo & Hijos, Fernando. Restrepo & Co., M. Restrepo, Pastor & Co. Restrepo & Pelaez. Restrepos Hermanos. COLOMBIA. MEDELLIN—Continued. Merchants, general—Continued. Santamaria & Martinez. Toro, Alonzo & Daniel. Uribe & Escobar. Uribe & Co., Gomez. Uribe, M. A. & J. Uribe & Hijos, Mariano. Uribe, Lisandro M. Uribe, Rafael U. Uribe, S. Tomas. Vasquez, E. & J. Vasquez, Federico. Velez & Bravo. Velez, Marceliano. Velez & Co., M. M. Villa & Hernandez. Villa & Toro. Zapata, Jaramillo & Hijo. OCANA. Merchants. Jocome & Hermanos, José D. Lobo, Gervasio J. Rincon, Manuel Roca. Rizo, Rafael M. ' Trespalacios, José R. PALMIRA. Merchant. Dominguez & Co., José M. PANAMA. Bankers. Ebrman, Henry. Piza, Lindo & Co. Chemists and druggists. Coralles, M. Espinosa, M. Kohpcke & Co. Mora, Manual A. ; Preciado & Co., Y. Importers and exporters. Alfaro Hermanos, importers boots and shoes; exporters rubber, hides, skins balsam co- paiba, sarsaparilla. Arias, F. Ramon, importer hardware, house- furnishing goods, provisions, and general variety. Arosemena. Florencio, importer groceries and provisions. Arosemena Hermanos, importers ship chan- dlery, provisions, kerosene, etc.; exporters pearls, woods, ete. COLOMBIA. PANAMA—Continued. Importers and exporters—Continued. Ascoli Hermanos, importers dry goods, cloth- ing, wines, etc. Boston Ice Co., importers timber, etc. Boyd, Frederico, importer pine lumber. Brandon & Bros., Isaac, importers groceries and provisions, wines; exporters hides. Calvo, Juan N., importer groceries and provi- sions; exporter rubber, hides, skins, balsam copaiba, coffee, etc. Cardoze, J. H., importer dry goods. Corvalles, M., importer drugs. Ehrman, Henry, importer cigars; exporter hides. Fernandez y Hermano, L. A., importers house- furnishing goods, provisions, etc. Guardia & Quelquejeu, importers crockery, glassware, lamps, hardware. house-furnish- ing goods, provisions, etc. Herbruger, Leona de Leon de, importer dry goods and small wares. Herrera, Gustavo, importer dry goods and small wares; exporter balsam copaiba. Heurtematte & Co., M., importer dry goods, clothing, small wares, boots and shoes, liq- uors. Isaacs & Asch, S. L., importers clothing, house-furnishing goods, hardware,and build- ing materials. Kéhpcke & Co., importers drugs. Lewis & Co., G., importers ship chandlery, provisions, wines, building materials. Lindo & Co., Alfred, importer dry goods, clothing, small wares, ironmongery, wines. Lindo, Mauricio, importer dry goods and small wares. Lunau, Herman, importer dry goods. Lyons & Co.,E.,importers hardware, crockery, glassware. Maduro y Hijos, importers dry goods, haber- dashery, wines; exporters pearls, hard woods. Manent & Co., Jaime, importers dry goods and small wares. Manuel & Co., EspinosaB., importers of drugs. Marchand & Verdan, importers watches and jewelry. Mora, Manuel A., importer drugs. Miiller, Luis, exporter rubber only. Orillac, Alfredo, importer provisions, wines, spirits. Osorio, M., importer groceries. provisions, liquors ; exporter hides, rubber, sarsaparilla. Pine], Prospero, importer firearms, sewing machines, stoves, hardware, agricultural implements; exporter pearls. 131 PANAMA—Continued. Importers and exporters—Continued. Piza, Lindo & Co., importers provisions, liquors, dry goods; exporters hides, rubber. Piza, Piza & Co., importers dry goods. Preciado & Co., Y., importers drugs; exporters medicinal herbs, as copaiba, sarsaparilla, etc. Recuero, J. N., importer ship chandlery, pro- visions, hardware. Remon, Nicolas, importer stationery. Salmon & Co., importers dry goods. Sasso & Sons, importers dry goods and small wares. Sun, Hop Wo, importer provisions, teas, liq- uors, etc. Toledano, A.,importer dry goods, provisions, liquors. Toledano, S., importer dry goods and small wares. Wing Wo Chong & Co., importers provisions, Chinese silks, and Chinese fancy goods and curios. Ironmongers. Lyons & Co., E. Merchants. Henriquez, Manuel D. Henriquez, Moses D. Menotti Hermanos. Obarrio & Co., N. The Bijou, cigars, cutlery, stationery, and toilet articles. Vasquez, M. dela A. Yeaza, J.J. Opium dealer . Yip, Can Hing. Printing office. Panama Star and Herald Co. PASTO. Merchant. Segura, Dositeo. POPAYAN. Merchants. Castro, Cesar. Pardo & Hurtado. Plata, Federico. Rafael & Diego Caicedo. Valasco, Polidoro Hermanos. QUIBAO. Merchants. Baldrich, Dario. Ferrer, Eladio. Lozano, Indalecio. 132 RIO HACHA, Merchants. Camazo, José Guecco. Christoffel, Juan D. Dugand, Reyes Guecco de. Henriquez, T. V. Pereira, Joaquin. Pinedo, Morris. Pinedo, Samuel. Weber Hermanos. RIO sucro. Merchant. Rosa, Salvador de la. SABANILLA. Merchants, general. Dasnille & Wenels. Meir, J. A. Pardo & Doval. Vengoeche & Gonzalez. SAN GIL. Merchants. Galvis, Santiago. Rueda y Barrera. SAN PEDRO. Merchant. Sanchez, P. Pablo. SANTA MARTA. Merchants, general. Alzamora, H. José. Andreis, José. Angulo, Manuel G. Angulo, Pedro. Avendaiio, Salcedo Manuel. Castro, Antonio F. de. Ceballos, Severo F. Davila, Francisco E. Echeverria, Juan B. Echeverria, Ricardo E. COLOMBIA. SANTA MARTA—Continued. Merchants, general—Continued. Fergusson, Noguera & Co., commercial agents. Granados, José Ignacio D. Hernandez, Indalecio. Hernandez, Santiago. Herrara, E. Joaquin. Infante, Pedro Antonio. Joaquin, José R. Mier, Manuel J. de. Perez, Apolinar C. Robles, José Francisco. Salis, Pedro de. Sanchez, Juan. SANTIAGO DE VERAGUAS. Merchants. Fabrega, Dalixto. Fabrega, José Manuel. SINCELEJO. Merchant. Casseres, N. Gomes. TUMACO, Merchants. Benitez, Francisco. Benitez, Miguel. Castillo, 6 Hijos, P. D. del. Clark, Thomas. Costillo, M. A. de. Delgado, Delio. Ganimara & Leeder. Nicolas, Arias. TUNJA. Merchant. Jimenez, Adolfo M. ZAPATECAS (DEPARTMENT SANTANDER). Merchant. Gomez, F. G. lor a i at £ o “i 5 S ee Popsl aud cere \OP obAYor PANA 1%, Sos Santos inf te ea oa dasi PortPinas atin a ron ys y wane » Francisco Solan © FurabidiP} Cape Corientes. vi B 0 Catripe BY Jol] ator ae \ © V Q Cape SF rancisco! MAP OF THE RpPwuIBUuLe Or EXPLANA TION. e+ Boundery of the Republic. 3 Capital of the Kepublic. Laguaire gCARACAS ot JB 7 as mY | SMoarcllino, = Nuestra. de Guin SKolipe W RK. 4308 | river Kunes ¥ 5 Nea fs Re ee f oS fs = tyke r 2 = BR oo. zr R por « M.BRADLEY x Witlas Publishers°- 66.N.44" St, Philadelphiw. anJose de sitanos r3 [a Sei Boundery of the Departments. | 6 , of the Departments. wee Hailroads completed ° Glies. ——— ee projected o Villages. —_—_—___—— Highways. on Se a Aa Copyright ISD bu WM brunley & Co 66.8 4°S¢ Philadelphia Meridian ? of Bogota IN D A. Aborigines of Colombia. ......---- Agrado, Tolima, commercial direc- Agricultural products of the de- partments.......----------- Amazon River, tributaries of... -.- Anapoima, commercial directory of. Ancient lakes -..... -...--..------ Andes Mountains, divisions of .... scene in the (illustration) --.- Animals of the Republic ......-..-. Antioquia, department of, descrip- PLOT OF -scisyyat eps einien nS aio nears extent of..-.......-..-------- mineral products of....-...-.. mountains of....-..-....----- population of..........--.---. rivers of ....- fe intwladelcuitia eit als Antioquia railroad, description of. Area, comparative extent of -.-..- APMY 2222s dee coe esas eae cees Aspinwall. (See Colon.) Atlantic coast, bays on .-.....-... islands on ......---.---------- Atrato River, description of ...-.. B. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, discovery of Pacific Ocean by-.....--- Barbacoas, commercial directory 125 75 12 125 12 7 9 18 40 41 41 41 54 41 94 125 KX. Bays on the Atlantic coast... .-.. on the Caribbean Sea. -.-..-.-. on the Pacific coast.........-- Birds of the Republic. ............ Bocas del Toro, commercial direc- Bogota, capitol (illustration) ..... commercial directory of. ...-.- description of ......-.-..-.--- post-office at (illustration.).-- Bolivar, department of, descrip- tion of ..........--.--..-... OXtONHOL: .ccccs. olecccawceses mountains of .-...-..--.------ population of. ..-.......-...-- TIVETS Of 22) sckacceenn seoemeen Bolivar railroad, description of - -- Bolivar, Simon, home of (illustra- Boyaca, department of, descrip- tion of ......... th chet alae climate *O@XtENG OF. 22. gc52 02 222k cee mountains of........--------- population of....-....-.-..... Tivers Of: : =~ ssessse.s2n0Gd exe Buccaneers, routes of........----- Bucaramaugua, commercial direc- description of....-..----.-.-. railway concession ....-.-.... Buenaventura, commercial direc- LOPY: Of sessed cetweeseensie ys Buga, commercial directory of.... 133 Page. 5 5 6 19 126 20 126 44 100 42 43 43 54 43 95 69 38 39 39 39 39 61 a 93 127 127 1 34 INDEX. Cc. Page. Page. | Colon (Aspinwall)—Continued. Calamar, railroad concession..... 94 port charges ......- aabcieinitie a 98 Cali, description of............... 50 statue of Columbus (illustra- commercial directory of ...... 128 tlon)...---2--+--2.+ 222s eee 24 CB N08 ci sierteee es neiend Saco ua nese 7 | Columbus, discovery by isla sete 58 Capitol at Bogota (illustration).... 20 statue at Colon (illustration). 24 Caribbean Sea, bays on........... 5 | Commerce, articles of ............ 86 Cartagena, commercial directory of 128 comparative dante of, by coun- description of ................ 51 tries, 1889-90 ......... 0.2.2 88 harbor (illustration).......... 72 course of freight from New oldest fortress in America York to Bogota ene eee e eee 91 (illustration)..............- 58 duties on imports ...-.... 2... 107 street scene (illustration) ..... 50 imports and exports by coun- view of (illustration)......... 80 _ tries for 1889 -......... soot 8T Cauca, department of, climate of. 31 imports and, exports for ten description of ...-......--.... 28 _ Years -.....-.. peiaie: icine eile 87 extent of..................... 28 river transportation .......... 89 islands of .................... 31 | Concessions for railways......._.. 93 mineral products of........-- 33 | Congress, constitution of _........ 69 mountains of................. 28 | Constitution, existing, adopted ... 67 population of ............-... 54 | Consular regulations ............. 122 ports of ......-.2.22-202 2-0 ee 31 | Convention, parcels post, with the rivers of .......-2..222..0--.- 29 United States ...... 2.2.2... 100 Cauca railway concession _...._.. 93 Cordillera Central, description of. T Cauca railroad, description of .... 95 Occidental, description of... 7 Cauca River, description of....... 11 Oriental, description of. ...... 8 tributaries of........._....... 11 | Cotton, exports of, 1889-90 ....... 88 Chagres fort (illustration)........ 62 | Credit system in use....._........ 89 Chibchas, original inbabitants of Cucuta, commerciat directory of.. 129 , Colombia .................. 59 | Cucuta railway concession ....... 93 religion and government of. ... 59 | Cucuta railroad, description of ... 95 Cities, description of ............. 44 | Cundinamarca, department of, de- Civil wars.......5-............... 63 scription of ................ 37 Clearance of ships................ 99 extent of ade eseisia clued eens cose 37 Climate, description of ........... 18 mountains of................. 38 Coal mines, development of.._...- 85 population OLS rercinu tate. 54 Coffee, exports of, 1889-’90........ 88 rivers of. aiden ot Site dye lace lel Saree 38 Coins, national................... 73 | Currency in use .................. 73 Colleges taeravsny Pustseeniate acters te Sie ce 56 Custom-houses ..... 2... 222....... 98 Colombia, first republic estab- D. Nghe ds cscs cisco ttc chs 63 | Debt, amount of national....._... 71 map of ..-.-......2..... Supplement | De Lesseps, Ferdinand, Panama United States of, established. 64 Catal inc. coc cie tases dons 96 Colon (Aspinwall), commercial di- Departments, description of ..._.. 20 rectory of .........-........ 128 agricultural products.of...... 15 description of ................ 53 government of .......2...2... 70 Discovery by Columbus .........- Dorada railroad, extent of ....-... extensions of ..-..-.....-.---- Duties on imports Education, establishments for -.-. Ethnological characteristics Expenses of Government, annual. - Exports, by countries, 1889 for ten years principal articles, 1889-90 .... principal articles of Extradition treaty with the United States, provisions of........ F, Flora of the Republic. ..........-. Foreign commerce.........-..-- sats Foreign companies, registration of. Fort at Panama (illustration). - --- Freight boats on Magdalena River (illustration).....-..-.---.- G. Geological formation Girardot railroad, description of -. Gold, exports of, 1889-90 Gold mines, development of early operations of ........-.-- location of principal now in operation Group of natives (illustration) --.. H. Harbor of Cartagena (illustration) . Harbors of the Republic on Atlantic coast on the Pacific coast........-.- Historical sketch........--.------ Honda, commercial directory of. .. description of Horsemen in native costume (illus- tration) House of representatives, consti tution of ....--...--.--+---- INDEX. 135 Page. I. 58 Page. 96 | Ibague, commercial directory of... 129 93 | Illustrations: 107 Capitol at Bogota .........-.- 20 Cartagena harbor -..-...----- 72 Chagres fort.............---.- 62 55 Freight boats on Magdalena 54 RIVED cde ce cnccccame nese 86 12 Fort at Panama ....-.--...-.- 6 87 Group of natives...........-.- 28 87 Home of Bolivar.........-.--- 69 88 Horsemen 2... ssc vesuaecacnns 56 86: Indian women.......-...----- 40 i Indian wood carriers .-....... 15 72 Map aici c cee es sea tances Supplement Oldest fortress in America, Cartagena...........--.-.-- 58 16 Panama from water gate... -.- 90 86 Portrait of President Nunez “90:| «ania s2seee (Frontispiece) 6 Post-office at Bogota......... 100 Ruins of ancient monastery... - 46 86 Scene in the Andes .......--.. 9 Statue of Columbus at Colon. 24 Steamers on Magdalena River 105 9 Street scene, Cartagena ...--. 50 95 Types of natives.......------ 3k 88 View of Cartagena....-.-.-.- 80 80 Watch tower at Panama...... 30 qg | Import UES! s2 hen toed tela disci 107 gg | Imports by countries, 1889........ 87 81 for ten years..--....-.--.---. 87 28 principal articles of...-..-...- 86 India rubber, exports of, 1889-90... 88 Indian women returning from 72 market (illustration)......- 40 5 Instruction, division of........-.- 55 5 Internal trade.....-..-----.------ 89 6 Islands on the Atlantic coast--..-. 6 58 on the Pacific coast...---.--- 6 429 Isthmus of Panama, first European 48 to Cross....-.------------ 60 extent of........-------+---+- 7 56 Jy 69 | Judicial authority...-.....-..---- 69 136 INDEX. L. . Oo. Page. Lagoons of the Republic....-..-... 12 | Ocatia, commercial directory of... . Lakes, ancient......-----..------- 12 | Ocafia railway concession.-.-.... Legal-tender bills, issue of....--.. 73 | Oldest fortress in America (illustra- Llanos, description of. ..-..-.-.--- 8 TON) ses eos ise nase ates) as Lorica, commercial directory of... 129 | Orinoco River, tributaries of ...-. M. P. Magdalena, department of, descrip- Pacific coast bays Bric nibbbnteiece tion of....-..-------+--+-+- 42 islands ae Se ees cree cee a eee ee ing into ........... eee Ol; iitias tian nse i Palmira, commercial directory of... Magdalena River, description of.. 11 a cares oe if cui freight boats (illustration)... 86 eesil directory sot 2c steamers (illustration)........ 105 ‘ Cr gay transportation of ..........--- 91 oa vister gate (lie: tributaries of... ......----.-- At watch tower at (illustration). Manufactures, extent of .......-.- V7 P : Rianeat Wilma dh a Sua é anama, department of, agricul- OF M070 pppremen tural products ....--. Measures, system of ..........---- 74 gotcha wil WORE coco coc Medellin, commercial directory of. 129 Siaaieet. cL aciek ce description of ..-...-...-... 48 dpwaription of iota he Na Medicinal plants .-......--.---.-- 17 eten - Pe AD eut ta ds aan Metric system of weights and meas- islands o f Pays OR et a) pn WPES Seep esas emis eee 74 : S acaremtey in ae A Mineral-productions.............-. 14 aninerad ‘produonions Mesa Mines and mining......-.--...... 79 PRR WED IGE: a3 sane sa esi Mompox, description of........-.. 52 BHRES GR fo 8 pe Stee esas Money, system of....-....-...---- 73 See DE cee sess aenat as Mountains, description of. ........ 7 PERSE eterna svi See er ne Municipal government. ........-.. 70 saad Obs ate pee ltt ty Panama, fort (illustration)........ N. Panama Isthmus, extent of. .--.-. | Panama railway, description of... National debt, amount of-......... 71 | Parcels post convention with the Native group (illustration) ....... 28 United States......-.-..... Natives, types of (illustration) -.-. 34 | Pasto, commercial directory of... Natural curiosities --..- Oo orareietcisie us 4 description of............---- Neiva, description of ........-...- 47 | Peninsulas ........---...-2--.---- New Granada, presidency of, estab- Physical geography......-......- WPGHSd 2 edees seein cee teeeess 61 | Political divisions, description of. raised to vice-royalty.-....... 61 | Political institutions..... paeweens Republic of, established...-.. 62 | Popayan, commercial directory of. Nunez, Rafael, portrait of .. Frontispiece description of...........--... Page. 130 93 58 12 6 6 60 10 130 96 53 130 90 30 26 27 23 20 20 22 25 54 23 24 21 25 6 7 94 100 131 49 6 5 20 69 131 49 Population, classification of....... estimate of.......-.-...------ Port regulations Ports of entry..-.-..---..........- Postal service....-....--.--..---- parcels post convention with the United States.......... Post-office at Bogota (illustration) Precious metals, estimate of pro- duction -.....2.......2.-.-- President, election of...........-- Presidents, succession of.....-.--- Q. Quibao, commercial directory of-- R. Railway concessions........-..--. Railways, inadequate system of. -. Registration of foreign companies Religion Religious liberty, guaranty of.... Republic of New Granada estab- Resources ...--..----------------- Revenues of the Government, an- SOUTCE Of sc cesciesciieceneceece Rio Hacha, commercial directory of Rio Sucio, commercial directory of River systems..-.....--.-----.---- Ruins of ancient monastery (illus- tration)...-...--.------.--- Sabana railroad, extent of.....--- Sabanilla, commercial directory of San Gil, commercial directory of.. San Marta, commercial directory of description of..-.-.-------- : San Pablo, commercial directory of Santa Marta railway, description Ofassacier Be ewww eee ee eens Santander, department of, descrip- HON, OF. wiciwie siawiere scien ge viele extent of .....-.------- snanewe INDEX. Page. 53 131 93 93 90 56 56 62 72 7 132 132 46 96 132 132 132 52 132 Santander—Continued. mountains of population of. TIVEISOL 206 o25 8o3e 2S io vices table-lands of ..........------ valleys of ........-.---.-.---- Santiago de Veraguas, commercial ' directory of ..........------ Scene in the Andes (illustration) -- Seasons, description of........--.- Senate, constitution of...........- Shipping, port regulations.....-.. Silver, exports of, 1889-’90 .....-.- Silver mines, location of principal Sincelejo, commercial directory of.- Skins and hides, exports of, 1889-’90 Statue of Columbus at Colon (illus- TRAULON) 22 escdnnecgcee nese Steamship communication ........ Steamers on Magdalena River (illustration).....-....----- Stock raising System of credit........-....----- Telegraph lines Temperate regions, productions of. Tequendama, falls of .--..-...--.- Tobacco, exports of, 1889-"90...... Tolima, department of, climate of. description of ...-....---.---- extent Of . .s.a20 sasceee esses Jakes OF os ceca. ssnnrcwesia cn sixcisic mineral products of......-.--- mountains of.....-.---..----- population of. ....-.---------- rivers of .....-.-------------- Trade, internal .-.-..---..---.---- Treaty, interoceanic canal, with the United States Tumaco, commercial directory of. . Tunja, commercial directory of -.- description of .......--.---- Types of natives (illustration) .... 132 13 69 105 88 82 132 88 24 92 105 76 89 107 97 15 14 88 36 34 34 36 37 34 54 35 89 65 132 132 46 34 138 U. United States, extradition treaty, provisions of interoceanic canal, treaty with parcels post convention with. - United States of Colombia estab- lished ..... fc srapyaiaceletateyaveravencia Universities-..... Vessels, clearance papers port regulations.......-.. Volcanoes.......---. eetmecmaseendin INDEX. w. Page. Page, Warm regions, productions of. .... 15 72 | Wars, civil....--.----- cies a aindic 63 ’ for independence .....-....--.. 62 65 | Watch tower at Panama (illustra- 100 tion)-.-.------.------------ 30 Weights, system of ..........---.- 74 64 | Wood carriers (illustration) ....-.. 15 56 | Woods, exports of, 1889~’90 ......-. 88 Z. 99 | Zapatecas,commercial directory of. 132 105 | Zipaquira, description of .-...--.. 45 8 | Zipaquira railroad, extent of...... 96 © Yi i i ti i