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CONIFERS AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
CONIFERS AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS

BY CHARLES COLTMAN-ROGERS

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1920
PREFATORY

Drat the trees, says I, to be sewer I haates ’em, my lass,
For we puts the muck o’ the land, an’ they sucks the muck fro’

the grass,
Tennyson, The Village Wife.

THERE are several inducements that have prompted
me to put together this little summarized table of the
chief characteristics of Conifers. In the first place I
was instigated to do so for my own personal edi-
fication. I found that, unless you were perpetually
in their midst, the various differences and char-
acteristics of trees were not quite so reproducible on
occasions as could be wished, and that often when
the moment came, the man, and his stores of ready
wit, were not forthcoming. Their little idiosyn-
crasies, sometimes even their very name, with which
in calmer moments you were perfectly acquainted,
had an evasive way of slipping both your mental
and vocal efforts. Sometimes these lapses of
memoria technica would be followed by a little door-
step wit, or some such method of recognition, of a
mere momentary nature, and afterwards made good
after a consultation in an up-to-date library, populous
with arboricultural works.

If you are not out for effect, and effect with you
is not a primary consideration, why not let written
memoranda do some of the carrying trade of the
intelligence department? You may lay yourself
open to the challenge that your hat (or in this case
your notebook) contains more than your head, a

suggestion from the audience that once a young
Vv
vi PREFATORY

budding orator was constrained to overhear, when
observed to be poring a little too attentively over
the notes in his hat lining. But be that as it may,
we think with those who think it’s better to recall
from notes, than never to recall at all.

I have the key part of this book transcribed in
pocket form. It has been an added interest to me,
' as a visitant to Kew, or a pedestrian in Pinetums, to
have a reference book, something in the shape of a
Ready Recognizer, at hand to verify conjectures;
and in the same way, and under similar circumstances,
I hope this idea may be found capable of being car-
ried out by others, and that it may prove of the same
use as it has been to me on such a visit. You cannot
—it is too heavy a strain—stow,away in the recesses
of your coat pocket volumes of Frees of Great Britain
(Elwes and Henry). On such occasions, Bean (Trees
and Shrubs), though smaller, would be an uncarry-
able load; Veitch’s Book of Conifers a prohibitive
encumbrance; Clinton Baker’s volumes, if nicely
bound, a sheer impossibility. If you are able to
store up all their definitions in your head, and out-
pour them at will at the psychological moment, all
well and good; there would be no need of a pocket
edition of ‘‘ What’s what in Conifers,’”’ or any other
such cold comforts of the kind, and which abridged
editions are wont to confer. It is for those not able
to accomplish this kind of carrying trade to their own
satisfaction that I plead justification for this effort—
and fearlessly I own—collected from the writings of
those at whose feet I would sit, and gladly have sat,
and among them are some 'who shall be nameless,
but whom I shall ever [deem it a privilege to have
known in the flesh.. I make no apology for repro-
ducing, even in exact.words, on occasions throughout
these Identifying Tables, the written. writings of
authors of mighty works and of monumental fame..
PREFATORY vii

The pursuit of every study must have a beginning,
and every wandering quest its inspiration.

If this rudimentary effort should perchance
implant a love anywhere of Tree Study, depend
upon it the victim of the craze will not rest until
he has acquired and ransacked the great works of
past masters of the art. But be it remembered,
a Greek scholar does not commence his studies
with Plato.

Again, any apology is discounted by the fact that
all distinguished and exhaustive writers upon such
subjects, and cognate subjects, go back to the inves-
tigation of their predecessors in the shades. They
work on the land prepared, and add a little to its
fertility each time they plunge their spade. Our
object is far more lowly; it is to make the well-
turned soil more friable, a little more easy to work.

Loudon wrote exhaustively up to date, but his date
became out of date, and some of the works of to-day,
complete and exhaustive as they are, will become
out of date in their turn, and have to be written up
to time. Chinese plants introduced by Wilson and
Forrest will have grown up and awakened new in-
terests. Further observations will have been made of
them, and they will call forth a new writer to portray
them, to sing their merits, or sound their requiem.

The great writers of to-day will in their turn
become the predecessors in the shades, and new
scribes will arise to carry still farther forward the
mighty tasks of investigation they so ably in their
day chronicled. There’s a running truth in the
lines of Rudyard Kipling, which underlies the action
of many authorities of many ’ologies :

It all comes out of the books I read,
It all goes into,the books I write,

I amone who unhesitatingly and unrepentantly pleads
guilty to this indictment.
viii PREFATORY

If we have borrowed their thunder, let them be
assured that it is only with the hope that an echo of
its reverberation may reach those at a distance,
and those who, had they been brought nearer
to its sound, might have been awed by its big
intensity of volume, or mentally distracted by the
polyglot and polysyllabic expressions these subjects
demand.

While paying due homage to all these illustrious
extenders of a deep knowledge, and in no way wishing
to minimize the deep obligations that we owe them,
we read that it has been truly said, that when a book
is a large one, the majority of its readers become
only acquainted with it by extracts and abstracts.
Stupendous bulk is forbidding to those whose space
of time allotted to them by reason of other duties in
life is limited to the short-cut route to a port of
lesser understanding. Piles of pages, and learned
dissertation in a language only half understood,
appal them, and they retire from the charge dis-
couraged. They clamour for a more unperplexing
catechism. Give them the abridgment process,
wherefrom they can perchance see a little daylight
peeping through the chinks of less thickened walls,
and maybe they return to the charge, even to the
time when they feel empowered to renew battle
against the very forces that at first so overwhelm-
ingly discomfited them.

There are others we hope to help. We refer to those
upon whom but limited chances of travel are bestowed,
whose walks in life are far removed from recurring
opportunity of visiting those scenes where object-
lessons can be viewed at leisure. The fascinations of
Kew are to them a far cry, or arare jaunt in the midst
of a busy life. The glories of our best-stocked
Pinetums are, again, to them often an unblessed
vision altogether, or at most a breve gaudium upon a
PREFATORY ix

rare holiday. Various other causes militate against
such expeditions—want of leisure, lack of where-
withal, and yet one more still cogent reason, brevity
‘of life.

‘“‘ Of making books,’’ said the preacher, ‘‘ there is
no end,” and of hunting up trees, say we, there is
no finality.

A survey from China to Peru, if carried out in
entirety, would not exhaust the question.

Then, again, it should be emphasized that nothing
is written here with any remote idea of aiding the
expert ; our sense of proportion is far too acutely alive
to nourish for a minute such a thought. The book is
addressed only to those who take up such subjects
more in the light of a secondary or subsidiary accom-
plishment. To the few only is it given to pursue to
the core any pet scheme of life. The majority have.
to spend a larger proportion of their time upon earth
in following up duties that give them rather less
than great abstract pleasure. There are many, to
employ university metaphor, who though they are
debarred by the perversities of fate from aiming at
a class in the Honours school, may be desirous of
matriculating in the subject, or perchance even
obtaining a éestamur in the pass examination tests.
One thing, we are told, leads to another, and if this
little effort on the behalf of arboriculture induces
any to go farther in Altiora Peto spirit, and to try
to scale the more Olympian heights of a fascinating
subject, the labour will not have been in vain, and
the labourer’s light task more than amply recom-

pensed.
CONTENTS

I, PINES . . . ° ° ° °
II, ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS. ° ° .
III. PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES . ° °
Iv. TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS . °
Vv. CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS ° . .
VI. TAXODINEZE AND ARAUCARINEZ e .

VII. TAXACEZ . . . . . .
IDENTIFYING TABLES . . . . .

GLOSSARY OR LIST OF WORDS USED REQUIRING
EXPLANATION . . . : 2 .

INDEX. . . % : . ‘ 3 :

xi

PAGE

66
102
124
155
196
237
263

307

321
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

DIFFERENCE OF SHAPE IN APEX OF LEAF OF SILVER FIRS . 68
DIFFERENT SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRANCHLETS
OF SILVER FIRS . ‘ : . 3 ‘ . facing 70

DIFFERENCES OF SHAPE IN TRANSVERSE SECTION (MAGNI-
FIED) AS BETWEEN THE FOUR-SIDED AND FLAT (OR TWO-
SIDED) LEAVES OF SILVER FIRS AND SPRUCE . facing 104

DIFFERENCES IN THE CONE OR STROBILE STRUCTURE OF
VARIOUS SPECIES OF THE CUPRESSINEZ TRIBE OF TREES:

(a) C. SEMPERVIRENS, C. TORULOSA, C. MACRO-
CARPA : e : . = - facing 158

(6) CHAMZCYPARIS LAWSONIANA, PISIFERA, AND
NOOTKATENSIS ; THUYAS ORIENTALIS, OCCIDEN-

TALIS, AND GIGANTEA (OR PLICATA) . - facing 158
(c) LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, THUJOPSIS DOLA-
BRATA . : ; 7 . 5 . facing 159

DIFFERENCES IN SHAPE OF THE FRUIT OF THE PRUMNOPITYS
ELEGANS, CEPHALOTAXUS FORTUNEI, AND PODOCARPUS . 239

xiii
TREES

I
PINES

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFERZA:, oF THE
FAMILY PINACE, oF THE TRIBE ABIETINE,
OF THE SUB-TRIBE PINE)

We paused amid the pines that stood,
The giants of the waste,
Tortured by storms to shapes as rude
As serpents interlaced.
SHELLEY, The Pine Forest,

Tue division of Pines into the descriptions of soft
and hard—or Pitch, as Prof. Sargent of American
fame differentiates them—presents rather a deeper
dip into the mysteries of the subject than most are
desirous of fathoming. Although it is a matter of
critical import ‘to the producer, seller, or buyer of
timber, and to the utilitarian world at large, these
wood-structure distinctions cannot be expected to
arouse the same interest among those unblest with
broad acres, or unaffected by trade interests, nor,
for the matter of that, among the well-filled ranks
of those who are possessed of no sky-high botanical
aspirations, but are only prompted, in Wanderlust
moments, by a simple-minded desire to better their
acquaintance with the works of Nature, and by quiet
contemplation to regain a soul lost in the turmoil

of city occupation.
I
2 PINES

We have explained the salient differences of these
two types of Pine trees in our definition of botanical
terms for our readers, and will leave it at their dis-
posal, that those who run may read, or those who
are not that way inclined may skip. The easily
acquired mastery of the number of leaves or needles
in a bundle or cluster obtained is the first rung on
the ladder of knowledge on which to secure a footing.
That humble position reached, the first awakening
into the mysteries of a differentiation of Pines has
begun. These groups of leaves, it will be noticed,
are held together:at their base by a wrapper-looking
arrangement, varying in length and habit, and
which in form and general appearance bears certain
resemblance to those strips of cloth that encase the

‘legs of khaki-clad warriors, and are known as puttees.

An accurate observance of this little binding,
which is termed, in the phraseology of the cult, a
leaf sheath, or leaf scale, comes in on occasions
opportunely, and helps to dispel doubts of identity.
Sometimes it is persistent, at other times deciduous;
occasionally, in the case of the so-called Fox-tail
Pines, P. Balfouriana and P. Aristata, and the
members of the Cembroides group, it splits into
shreds and forms itself, with its reflexed remnants,
torn (so to speak) into ribands, into a rosette-shaped
appearance. One inestimable boon has been con-
‘ferred by Nature upon those (with whom we should
always be in sympathy) who move slowly along the
more stony path of hard work in their start upon.
any quest, and it is this, that no mathematical
brain-worrying is incurred in the task of counting
these leaves in a bundle. Indeed, should there be
among us that unbrightened star of an age that
seems to have passed, who has only learned to cipher
upon his fingers, the task is rendered of easy mani-
pulation even to him, and for this reason, that the
LEAVES AND BUDS 3

number of leaves to be found in a bunch is bounded
by a count of fingers and thumb found on the hand
of normal man. To put it still more simply—if it
requires simplifying—the number of leaves per
bundle range, like Nature’s digits, from one to five,
and the most common, indigenous, and beautiful of
our Pines, the so-called Scots Pine—and take heed,
all who talk names, that, in deference to your fellow
countrymen north of the Tweed, you do not speak
of it as Scotch, neither of them, nor of their Pines
as Scotch, but always Scots—which contains two in a
bundle, gives the beginner his first intuition upon the
problems of an absorbing subject. This counting
of leaves by no means exhausts the Alpha and Omega
of the art, it only starts us on a long journey, a veri-
table Via Dolorosa of difficulties. We submit a few
points for observation of their component parts
that are quite within the scope of the more unversed,
and necessitate no deep dive into botanical depths.

Leaves.—The number in a bundle. The length of
the leaf. The length of the little covering which
encases the base of the leaf, and which is called the
basal sheath, and whether that sheath remains
(persistent) or drops off (deciduous) or tears away
(rosette-shape, e.g. Pinus Aristata, Balfouriana, and
Cembroides Group). The margins of the leaves,
whether serrulate (jagged), or entire (smooth).

N.B.—In point of fact all Pines are serrulate more
or less except these: the Flexilis, Pumila, and Albi-
caulis, the Aristata and Balfouriana; and of these the
second and third mentioned are practically non-
existent in Great Britain. This characteristic is one
for the microscope to solve.

Buds.—Their shape, whether resinous or non-
resinous. As an object-lesson at hand to all, the buds
of the Scots Pine are resinous, those of the Common
Spruce non-resinous.

2
4 PINES

Cones.—Shape, size, their habits; whether per-
sistent, deciduous, dehiscent (falling to pieces),
whether erect or pendulous, shape of scales, length
of stalk, or whether stalkless or sessile (very shortly
stalked). We allude to this point further on.’

Resin Canals.—This is a subject for the magnify-
ing glasses at home rather than the pedestrian abroad,
and is explained in the glossary:

Shoots.—Their colour, whether pubescent (downy) or
glabrous (smooth); this can be seen with the naked
eye, but more adequately with a lens.

Stems.—This is a matter of experience, and it is
difficult to lay down a rule upon points to be
observed. Trunks vary in different localities, and at
different ages.

Flowers.—All Conifers are moncecious (having
male and female flowers on the same tree), except
Fitzroya and Araucaria, which are irregular, some-
times moncecious, sometimes dicecious. Floral
structure of Pines, Silver Firs, and Spruce. The
male flowers are in clusters near the ends of previous
year’s shoots; the female (ovuliferous) solitary, or in
clusters, on ends of the preceding year’s shoots.

How they carry their leaves from their branchlets
is often a sign-manual of great significance. When
they are uncompromisingly pendulous, as the Pinus
Excelsa (par excellence), the Weymouth, the Armandi,
etc., or when they are uncompromisingly vertically
situate, of which style the Fox-tail Pines are the
champion exponents, the road to recognition is
smoothed. To exemplify by homely illustration:
the pendulous appearance resembles the natural fall
of a horse’s mane from the crest of his neck, while
the vertical style can be likened to the more un-
natural state produced by hogging that article; or
if we were to draw a simile from a more remote time
in equine history, we should say that one resembled
CONES 5

the tail-lock fringe, and the other the upright mane
of the specimens of a prehistoric age represented
by Prjevalsky’s ponies, from the Gobi desert of
Siberia.

Many of them are not of sufficiently pronounced
habits either way to give our identifying faculties
a little first aid in their directions. We must seek.
inspiration elsewhere.

Of the fifty-two different species (without counting
what are classed as varieties) as enumerated by
Elwes and Henry, twenty of these have five leaves in
a bundle.

We have not so far mentioned perhaps the most
complete of all clues to identification—we allude to
the cones: These fruits of coniferous trees give a
maximum of information for a minimum of study.
Unfortunately they are not always so forthcoming as
they might be; more often, to put it mildly, very
much the contrary. To make a collection of them
is an interesting pursuit, and they act as a useful
reminder on many an identification question. This
perhaps; is a remark that it may be said goes without
saying, but at the same time it is not a task accom-
plished without some doing.

Perhaps few cones are obtained with more
difficulty than those on the commonest of trees in
our midst, the Silver Fir (Abies Pectinata). In the
first place these cones have a way of appearing only
on the topmost height of what is generally the highest
tree in the district. In the second place they have
a way of dehiscing and falling to pieces at the precise
moment you think you can secure them. It is a
task that cals for a towering ammbition on the part of
someone concerned, and usually for a forthcoming
coin of the realm to the simian acrobat who performs
the crowning feat and gathers the forbidden fruits.
These difficulties surmounted, and the psychological
6 PINES

moment taken advantage of, you can fill a cart with
them.

Some, on the other hand, are easily obtained. In
the case of the trees that produce cones of the
asymmetrical and persistent type, the difficulties of
the collector diminish. Where the tree is, there also
are the cones, generally as plentiful. on the stems as
blackberries—when they live up to their reputation—
in October.

Other types with other habits, the Nut Pines and
the Albicaulis perhaps in particular, have devastating
enemies to contend with, and are only obtained with
greatest difficulty upon this side of the water, and
then only after having been conveyed overseas
from the limited supply on the other side.

Children from village schools—and at times other
bipeds of more adult experience—squirrels in England,
chipmunks in America, all these, for various reasons,
upon various trees wage a predatory warfare, and
against their fruit production. With the represen-
tatives of the higher creation, it is the rare sight of,
say, a Coulteri cone in all its monstrous proportions
that prompts the appropriating impulse. ‘With the
representatives of the lower creation, it is the dainty
delights of the edible inside that attract their greed.
We will not compare further the strength of the
temptations that assail, or the motives that move
these two classes of voracious sinners against the
statute-made laws that define the difference between
meum and tuum (mine and yours). The writer
knows of many a whacking specimen of Coulteri cone
that adorns the mantelpieces of homes located in the
environment of theix®production. Of the Sabiniana
and Ayacahuite doubtless the same story could be
told. The Lambertiana; or Sugar Pine, is another
which produces giant specimens, but it seldom cones
in England, and when it does, hardly comes up to
CONE SCALES, SEEDS, ETC. 7

the expectation of it formed from American descrip-
tions and experiences. of specimens brought from
their endemic home in California. With all these, and
perhaps with others, the early-bird habit stands in
good stead to the collector.

When the collector has satiated his Curiosity upon
the outward and visible signs, if he is possessed of
the true spirit, and vital spark of the inquiring mind,
he will not rest content until he has pulled his
specimen to pieces, looked at it by bits, and examined
every detail of its external and internal economy.
He can then make minute observations and mental
notes—if his enthusiasm still carries him onward—
of the shape and size of each scale, the situation and
number of seeds and wings, the length of stalk, of
cone; the configuration of the margin of these scales,
whether they have entire, unbroken margins, or
whether these same margins have a frayed, jagged
or erose appearance—all three meaning much the
same thing; or again, whether the scales are pointed,
double pointed, or rounded. In the case of the
Common Spruce, all three variations are said to
occur.

A knowledge of the shape of these scales adds
cubits to the intellectual stature of the student of
these subjects, and moreover without calling upon
any profound botanical knowledge. This solid fact
remains, not perhaps a very worthy one, and only
adduced as a labour-saving apparatus, that the sight
of a familiar cone at foot has saved many a question-
ing glance upward, and brought forth a needy answer
to the less-equipped inquirer.
8 PINES

STROBI GROUP

You may as well forbid the mountain Pines,
To wag their high tops, and to make a noise,

When they are fretted with the gusts of Heaven,
SHAKESPEARE,

Srrop1 Group oF Pines: P. Excess, PEuKE,
AYACAHUITE, BUONAPARTEA, LAMBERTIANA,
MonTIcoLa, STROBUS, PARVIFLORA

The first group of the Quinze—or five-leaves-in-a-
bundle Pines—take their group name from the P.
Strobus, an individual member of the group, that we
know more familiarly as the Weymouth Pine.

This P. Strobus owes the origin of its name to a
Pine encountered by Pliny the Elder of Pompeian and
eruptive Vesuvius fame. We learn from the original
authority of his own pages (in his work< entitled
Naturalis Historia) that Pliny godfathered sur-
nominally a Pine to which he gave the name Strobus.
What tree precisely the renowned naturalist and
historian had in mind when he bestowed the title
there is neither jot nor tittle of evidence extant to
give us information. At this distant date we take
it that anyone who so wishes may be allowed to
picture for himself, without consulting further any
modern authority, his own conception of the tree
that Pliny was thinking about, so long as that idea
coincides with the idea of the original description.

We know—or, to put it more correctly, we have
learnt that the Greek word orpéfos signifies a top,
so we have to conclude that the tree named recalled
to the mental vision of this great Roman, Caius
Plinius Secundus (to give him his name in full), the
material outline of the fashionable top of his day.
Many kinds of tops at the suggestion of this simile at
once flit before our half-forgotten memories of an
ORIGIN OF NAME STROBUS 9

earlier day. We can recall peg-tops, whipping-tops,
and humming-tops, and probably there are many
more revolving tops than these, whose existence has
escaped our memories. What was the shape of a
standardized Roman top in the Augustan Era it
would be presumptuous to hazard opinion upon;
but if it was more or less the same sort of top as its
Great Britain representative of the Victorian Era—
that is to say, a sort of top-heavy-shaped object,
sometimes answering the description of pear-shaped, at
others and by others described, as an inverted conoid,
with a weighty head supported by a slender peg—
there would, I imagine, among Mediterranean Pines be
claimants in number for the honour of a name con-
ferred by such a celebrity, since many a Pine in those
regions assumes a shape consonant with this rather
discursive description. Personally, I should have
looked to the P. Pinea to turn up the winner among
all other competitors.

Whether it is an ascertained truism that Pliny’s
Strobus and Linnzus’s Weymbuth Pine are one and
the same is a point of evidence that we do not believe
even the great Swede himself, with all his glory, and
founder of the Linnean Society, who christened it or
rechristened it some 1700 years and more after
Pliny’s day, could conscientiously have sworn
affidavit upon. But why cavil at a name that is
both brief and easily spelt, and so long as it distin-
guishes, and creates no confusion of mind?

There is a provoking similitude both of cones and
leaves in the construction of four at least of this
group (P. Excelsa, Peuke, Monticola, and Strobus),
which calls for a strained docility on thé part of the
ordinary student. The points of difference in some
cases are so slight that they belong rather to that
class of subtle intricacies that many do not care to
tackle. Those there are who only can, or only
‘Io PINES

care to, snatch occasional moments from the many
counter-attractions of a country-spent life, from
sports.and games of bandied balls, and not only from
such pursuits as are of a more pleasurable nature,
but also from those inglorious—because they who
follow them are not glory seekers—and accumulating
duties of county civic life, and they in number are
many ; while those who can find the time to devote
a life or even a decade of life to the closer study of
one subject, and make of it an absorbing and pet
distraction, are few, very few.

This must be our apology for venturing on an
exposition of a few points, and their family differences.
In two of them, namely P. Excelsa and P. Strobus, let
it be noted the leaves are arranged after the pendulous
or flowing-mane fashion, while the other two, P. Peuke
and Monticola, follow the vertical or hogged-mane
type. These two modes of leaf habit (commented on
previously) put up such a different show that the
P. Excelsa and P. Strobus ought to be discriminated
from the P. Peuke and P. Monticola at a glance, and
divided as surely as sheep were ever divided from
goats by the eye of practised shepherd. This point
of difference of appearance only carries us part of
the way. It offers no suggestions as to how we are
to pick up the Excelsa from the Strobus, or, to give
them their English names, the Bhotan from the
Weymouth. As these two trees happen to be pre-
cisely the two Pines that those ‘‘ who go to and fro
in the earth and wander up and down it ”’ are more
constantly encountering perhaps than any other of
its imported species, it is quite worth while calling
a little attention to some of their phases and forms.

P. Excelsa is the larger edition of the two all round:
It has longer cones, leaves, and basal sheaths; its
bark is more fissured than the smoother grey-barked
Weymouth. But a larger and a smaller edition, when
WEYMOUTH PINE 1I

viewed separately, are not always the simplest of
sights to arrive at an opinion upon. Let us take, for
purpose of illustration, the case of resembling brothers.
Smith Minor and Smith Major, in the absence of one
or the other, are not always objects to measure
accurately at a glance by those outside the more.
immediate family circle. Smith Major may be in
tails, and Smith Minor only in jackets, but the
Minor in spite of this is often as tall as the Major,
and, deprived of distinguishing sartorial adjuncts,
may be easily mistaken for his brother. In music
sometimes the original or first subject resolves into
the dominant, and at other times into the sub-
dominant, and so, to pursue the musical metaphor
into the company of the brothers, the major may
become the sub-dominant, or equally the dominant
may revert into the minor.

To follow up these upsetting effects upon the habits
of trees: the length and leaf of cone, subject to the
mysterious property of air, climate, and soil, often
vary so much that the greater may easily appear
to be the lesser, or the lesser to be taken for the.
greater. There may be, and there are, other minute
differences, stomata, evanescent pubescence, and
even shape of leaf, between these two, but they are
all infinitesimally small and microscopic. The taper-
ing point of the Weymouth Pine cone, to the more
unenlightened amateur, tells its story of identity
perhaps with more regularity and outstanding clear-
ness than any other symptom of difference, perhaps
even more so than the difference of length of leaf,
which is considerable, though inclined often to be
rather variable.

We will call short attention to a few points of
similarity of cones that these four members of the
Strobi group present. Although it may not help
much to recognize them one from the other, it will
12 PINES

help to distinguish them from those belonging to
other groups of Pines.

They are all longer than they are broad. They
are all cylindric, or sub-cylindric in shape. They are
all erect when growing, and pendulous eventually.
Their scales all have thin margins, and finish off with
umbos. They are very variable in size on all four,
but as a rule P. Excelsa has the longest cone, and
P. Strobus, which represents the eastern side of
America, the shortest; P. Monticola, which represents
the West Pacific slopes and Rocky Mountain regions,
is the half-way house between the two in the matter
of size of cone, while P. Peuke represents the biggest
girth measurement of the clique. Further, the scales
of P. Peuke are striated (marked with channelled
stripes and streaks), and exude resin freely, so also
does the P. Strobus, but not so profusely. Paren-
thetically we might add that this is a little untidy
habit they all four have a propensity to indulge in.
The description of the P. Strobus cone, as having
a pointed apex and tapering in shape, we have alluded
to, and as cones are to be found in plenty under
both, this ought to be a help in distinguishing it from
the P. Excelsa cone.

Cloud-piercing Pine Trees nod- their troubled heads,
WorpswortTH.

AyacaHuItTE, LAMBERTIANA.—As the P. Lamber-
tiana, the Sugar Pine of California, is the mightiest
in height among Pine trees, it claims to deserve the
Homeric epithet of cloud-piercing above all others
that we have made mention of.

If cones would always put in an appearance when
wanted, it would considerably add to the convenience
of the identifier. These two members of the Strobi
Group carry giants in the shape of cones. The
‘Lambertiana has only one rival in the championship,
PINUS EXCELSA 13

and if the Coulteri carries off the welter-weight prize,
the Lambertiana outpaces its rival in the long-dis-
tance stakes, while the Ayacahuite is a close runner
up. The cone of the P. Lambertiana in shape takes
after the shell case of a 6-inch gun, and that of the
P. Coulteri and P. Ayacahuite follow more after the
family figure of the pumpkin.

When we come to a comparison of leaf appearance,
as between the Excelsa and Ayacahuite, we are
approaching another of those Tweedle-dum and
Tweedle-dee differences that seem to be created to
perplex. But as eventually it was generally admitted
by posterity that in reality a great gulf, in a matter
of prowess, separated the two rivals, Handel and
- Bononcini, who inspired Dr. Byrom’s rhyme,

Strange all this difference should be,
’"Twixt Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee,

so does one very marked difference, luckily for us,
in quest of simple clues, divide in character unmis-
takably these two trees. While the Excelsa twigs
are smooth as marble, those of the Ayacahuite—and
it can be easily seen—are densely covered with tufts
and reddish-brown down or pubescence.

While the P. Excelsa hails from the Himalayas,
the Ayacahuite and its name come from that Paradise
of Pines the Mexican territory. To the question,
who gave it this name, the answer is the aboriginals
of that country, and the natives of a country who
perhaps, brought up on the, slopes of Popocatepetl,
had learnt to love the music of high-sounding names.
To the question as to what this name means, our
only reply must be that as our liege lords of tree lore
have failed to inform us, no answer can be forthcoming
here; and if still further pressed upon the subject of
its phonetic pronunciation, our answer would be the
same. We note that Sargent in his manual of
14 PINES

North American trees refers to what has been called
by others the Colorado variety of Ayacahuite, a
tree growing on higher slopes, and with the natural
resultant of sporting shorter leaves and smaller
cones, as the P. Strobiformis. It seems rather a
dull performance to give a Greco-Roman name to
such a stranger, and to a variety of a tree that
enjoys such a crisp-sounding vernacular appellation
of its own.

With the remark that the Lambertiana carries the
hall-mark of its identity in the grassy green colour
of its leaves, and that the Buonapartea or Veitchii,
a variety of the Ayacahuite, elects to have its cone
scales incurved rather reflexed to assert an indepen-
dence, we approach towards the end of our dis-
sertation on the subject of these white, soft-wood
Pines, the Strobi Group.

To sum up some points of difference : the P. Ayaca-
huite must be dissociated from the P. Excelsa by the
conspicuous down it exhibits on the twigs, a symptom
in marked contrast to the smooth surface noticeable
on P. Excelsa branchlets.

From the Pinus Strobus it can be identified by its
longer leaves and dense pubescence. We might also
notice that whereas there is every probability of an
abundance of cones in the vicinity of the Weymouth,
the mighty cone of the Ayacahuite is still a rare
sight, with us.

For a prompt recognition of the Lambertiana, the
colour-test observance should be relied- on. The
bright yellow-grass-green hue of its leaves is quite
unlike any. other colour scheme of the group.

Before leaving the subject of the Ayacahuite, there
is still another Pine, the P. Armandi, that may easily
delude the more unsophisticated, in the absence of
cone clue, into the belief.that he is sampling an
Ayacahuite. It is written down as not belonging to
P. PARVIFLORA 15

this group, but to that of the Cembre. By its
leaves, pendulous, bent, and spreading, like several of
the Strobi Group, it seems to clamour at their gates
for admission. It has, so far as we can see, been
sternly. denied admittance on account of the shape
of the cones it carries. They are thicker, it is
true, than most of the Strobi, and for the matter
of that longer than most of the Cembre. The Strobi
Group, it must be concluded, appears to be very sensi-
tive on this point, and rather pride themselves on
this slender cone habit. We discuss the Armandi
farther on, where its name is to be found under
the egis of its family group the Cembre.

P. PARVIFLORA.—We have now only the P. Parvi-
flora of the Strobi Group to deal with. How it con-
trived to obtain an entry into this exclusive family
circle is a matter of wonder to the less deeply
initiated. Although we may amuse ourselves by
carping at the position it takes up generically, it
must be clearly understood that we have nothing
to urge against it for the position it takes up geo-
graphically ; on the contrary it is a tree that with
general acceptance is looked upon as decorative, and
peculiarly suited to many sites. The tree distinctly
has its charms, but among the other members of
the Strobi it looks as a parvenu in their midst. It
is a short-leaved, short-coned, with short sessile
stalks (the reverse of a Strobi characteristic), and
short-grown specimen by the side of its more elon-
gated fellow tribesmen in every phase. Although its
presence is rather apologised for by those who have
placed it there, and looked rather more carefully
into the details of its passport than we are able to—
although it is rather hinted even there that it is to
be looked upon more in the light of a missing link
between the Strobi and Cembrae—the fact cannot be
16 PINES

forgotten that it started life with the reputation of
the Cembra’s double. The number of cones at an
early age it carries of sometimes three or four mounted
to face around, like guns in a barbette, its vertical short
leaves, showing the white stomata so remarkably that
its leaves at a short distance appear to be streaked
with silver threads among the green, and shaped
after the manner of a Fox-brush Pine—all these
traits conspire to assist identification, and again, lest
we forget, it has been assigned to the Strobi Group,
from where no ejectment process can remove it.

It has adopted as a motto for its family abiding-
place the words attributed to Marshal MacMahon in
the Crimean Redan, “‘ J’y suis, j’y reste ’ ” (Here I
am, here I stay).

GROUP OF CEMBRE, OR STONE PINES

O sovran Blanc !
The Arve and Arveiron at thy base
Rave ceaselessly, but thou, most awful form,
Risest from forth thy silent sea of Pines.
| §, T, Corerrper, Hymn in The Vale of Chamounix,

P, Cemspra, P. Korarensis, P. ARMANDI, P. Pumina,
P, FLexitis, P. ALBICAULIS

The Cembre are a group of some half-dozen moun-
tain-bred (Alpine and elsewhere), Pines, that are
chiefly characterized by bearing cones whose breadth
is greater—or, to put it more correctly, whose breadth
is inclined to be greater, as great, or nearly as great
as their length. They take their name presumably
from the name of a town in the Tyrol. What the
name of the town in the Tyrol in turn takes its name
from I cannot say. We may say of them, without
any disparagement as to their virtues or utility, that
they are just as ready to take up a residence in those
localities that have been described as “ Back of
PINUS CEMBRA 17

beyond ”’ or ‘‘ Never, never,’ as in the richer locations
of the most favoured sites. Like the Syrian cony, too,
they take delight in stony places for an habitation.

It will perhaps be noticed that another Pine,
P. Pinea, also assumes, among many other aliases,
this name of Stone Pine, and in the face of the fact
that it belongs to another group, and is of a perfectly
different appearance, habit, and locality. One little
characteristic they have in common (these two
aspirants for the honour of a name), and only one,
and it is that they both evolve a large-sized seed or
nut, enclosed in a hard, bony shell, which presumably
has been considered to resemble a stone. We give
this as the attested origin of their familiar name,
Stone Pine, but are under no responsibility for the
suitability of its application:

These Cembra Pines are for the most part a smaller,
closer-leaved edition of a tree than, for instance,
the previous group of Strobi Pines. Their cones are
shorter and thicker in proportion to their length.
The old definition ‘‘short and stout and round
about” describes the shape of their fruit, if not the
trees, admirably.

They may be said to rather represent the bantam
battalions of the Pine-tree army.

As the lesser animal sometimes thrives where the
larger dies, so it is with trees: the P. Cembra not
only thrives but lives, it is recorded, to a most
unusual length of years in places which many a
statelier Pine at a bare sight of would wither, droop,
and die.

We will attempt a brief account of some of the
family tests held and observed in common by the
members of this Cembran caste. Their leaves are
of the fox-brush form, and most of the dense arrange-
ment form of that type. Their seed is slow to
germinate, and the tree itself is of more slothful
18 PINES

disposition still in its efforts at growth; and when
we say this we must bear in mind that naturalists
tell us that the more intelligent animals take longer.
to grow up than the less intelligent—that, for example,
while civilized man takes twenty years, uncivilized
men take only fourteen; or, again, that while an
orang-outang takes twelve years to mature, the lesser-
developed Japanese ape accomplishes his destiny of
a full growth in four years; last on the list comes
the rat, who becomes full grown in a year. Whether
this habit of slow growth has any application in the
case of trees, and is a sign of a higher culture, as it
is in the animals, we hazard no opinion; we cite it
in a peri ratione (by similar reasoning) sense, with
the remark added that it is generally conceded that
slow-growing trees make the best timber, and the
wood of Cembra has always been in much demand
and put to many uses by the inhabitants of the
country it comes from. We may add to its qualities
of adaptability that it transplants, probably on
account of these sluggish tendencies, with more ease
than most of its kind.

Their average height as a group, however you
reckon it, would have to be underwritten at con-
siderably less than half the height of the trees of the
previous group. In thus estimating them we leave
out the P. Koraiensis, as it is so far an unknown
quantity among us: it has not yet had time to declare
its intentions as to the stature it aims at attaining
here.

On the other hand, among the Strobi in this cal-
culation we include its little misfit relation and
squab of the family, the P. Parviflora, which pulls
their average down badly.

These are but a few jogtrot observations upon
some of their characteristics, and we confess that
they shed but a dim light upon their identification,
P. CEMBRA, KORAIENSIS, AND ARMANDI_ 19

and that identification made easier is by way of being
the leading motif of our theme. It must be pointed
out that out of the six species only one is found so
far as occasionally flourishing or in a state of maturity
in Great Britain, and that is the P. Cembra.

P. CemBRA AND P. KoRAIENSIS.—

Aerial pines from loftier steeps ascend,
Nor stop but where Creation seems to end.
WoRrDSWORTH.
Of all this Cembra group the P. Cembra is the only
one that we are the least likely to come across in the
full-grown dignity of middle or older age in any of
our wanderings round the British Isles.

The Koraiensis appears in a state of adolescent age
in a few favoured localities, and specimens of from
30 to 40 in. may be seen of this size at Highnam
(Glos.), Tregrehan (Cornwall), and probably a few
others climatically favoured elsewhere.

The tree itself was introduced in 1861. A great
similarity exists between this Korean Pine and the
Alpine Cembra. The cones are easily distinguishable,
not only on account of the disparity of size and shape,
but on account of the very marked appearance of
the regularly deflexed scale-tips of the P. Koraiensis.
While the cone of the Cembra is a little round football-
shaped specimen, and often not more upstanding in
length than 14 in., the P. Koraiensis produces speci-
mens of nearly 6-in. length. There are other more
minute botanical differences mentioned in the tables,
which are for those to investigate who have time,
opportunity, or inclination.

P. Armanpv1, or White Pine of China, was only
discovered in 1895. The specimens at Kew are
somewhere about 20 ft. and have borne cones. These
cones are of about the same size as those of the

3
20 PINES

Koraiensis, or perhaps a little larger, but without
the reflexed scale symptom. Why this tree has not
been given its commission in the ranks of the Strobi
contingent is a matter of some wonderment to the
more superficial among students. We think that
here is a case when the ‘‘ man in the street ” or the
casual onlooker would be deserving of forgiveness
if he failed to apprehend its connexion with this
group, and if he regarded it suspiciously in the light
of recusant within a true fold.

The P. Armandi has pendulous leaves and pen-
dulous cones, while the Cembra has vertical leaves
and erect cones; moreover, the former resembles in
leaf appearance and pendulous arrangement the
P. Excelsa of the Strobi group. It seems rather a
stretch of the imagination to perceive any: family
likeness between their respective cones. They are
not quite ‘‘ so fine by degrees and beautifully less ”’
in shape as some of the Strobi cones, and the Strobi
seem to put in a claim for a pharisaical exclusion
of sect on account of this tapering cone figure that
they affect. We ask again in wonder, Where are the
signs of external difference between Armandi and
Strobi? There are, it must be added, some variations
and mysteries as to their resin ducts (they are median.
not marginal, as are the Strobi), but these are in-
tricacies rather beyond our scope and the compre-
hension of average man. It was Dean Swift who
complained that he was an Irishman by the’ visita-
tion of God. By the determination of the Fates the
P. Armandi has been assigned to the Cembre family.
There let it bide and in peace.

This tree is colloquially and variously called the
White, Fruit, and Cow Pine.

P. Pumira.—The P. Pumila (not to be confused
with the P. Pumilio, a variation of the P. Montana),
P. PUMILA AND FLEXILIS at

is a rarity that comes from northern lands and from
such ice-bound regions as Lake Baikal (E. Siberia).
It is of dwarf rather than of full-tree dimension,
since it only attains a height of 10 ft. It has been
tried at a few places: at Leonardslee, for one, by Sir
Edmund Loder ; so far they have only made (he tells
me) a growth of 6 in. in the few years that he
has attempted their cultivation, but even this effort
seems to spell rapidity itself, when taken in com-
parison with the history of its growth at Dropmore.
There it only contrived a height of 10 in. after a
fifty years’ attempt. At this rate it seems that many
generations of owners would pass away to dust and
ashes before any descendant heir-at-law would find
himself able to enjoy a sight of it at full growth,
much less to exhibit a plank from it, at a Royal
Agricultural S.E. Forestry Show. But it is only fair
to add that it never set up to be even in its Arctic
homes anything greater than a dwarf or prostrate
shrub, more fitted for a rock garden than a pinetum.
We have made further allusion to this weird specimen
of plant life under heading P. Montana var. Pumilio.

P. Frexitis.—The Flexilis we may liken, and
rémember it accordingly, on account of a peculiar
characteristic that signalizes it, to the acrobatic
performer of the fair.

In the same way that the indiarubber man of the
booth can contort his frame without any apparent
inconvenience to his feelings or disarrangement to
his system, so a branch of the Flexilis can be twisted
to any degree or angle without fear of breakage.

There is a hard-wood tree that we all know well,
which is called by an ultra-opposite name, and for
the very excellent reason that it possesses exactly
Opposite properties, and that is the Salix Fragilis,
variously called the Brittle-twig and Crack Willow.
22 PINES

It is so called for the obvious reason that its twigs
snap upon the slightest provocation.

This Willow, then, may be said to represent the
extreme party of the inflexibles, while the Pine in
subject may be regarded as representing extremists
of the opposition and the most flexible examples
of tree structure.

If, then, in our walks we come up against a mys-
terious low-growing Pine, with five leaves in a bundle,
directed upwards (not pendulous), of from 2} to 3 in.
long, not quite so thickly situated on its yellow-grey
branchlets as, for instance, the above-mentioned
Cembra or the Foxtail Pines (P. Aristata and P.
Balfouriana), then may our suspicions be strongly
grounded for believing that we have run to his place
upon earth the Stone Pine from America’s Rocky
Mountains.

If we were wishful to make assurance doubly sure,
we might go so far as to take a leaf home and put it
under the tell-tale influence of a microscope. If by
that process we failed to discern a vestige of jagged
serrulation on its leaves, it would indeed be a case
of Q.E.D. and our suspicions turned into certainty.
This bending competition is what we should cordially
recommend as of most powerful avail in arriving
at a recognition of this rarely seen tree—to say
nothing of the diversion it would afford to the ex-
perimentalists in making a trial of this peculiar
quality.

P. ALBICAULIS.—Specimens of this tree are still
fewer and farther between, if possible, than its
predecessors of the group. A few of them have been
tried at Kew and also at Leonardslee, and grow, as
is the way with this little coterie, slowly but, so far
they have grown there, surely.

It is evidently almost a facsimile in appearance to
P. BUNGEANA AND GERARDIANA 23

the Flexilis, but is distinguished from it by a minute
display of pubescence.

As far as an opportunity of seeing it elsewhere or
coming across it in our peregrinations, there seems
to be as remote a chance as that of stumbling upon
a roc’s or great auk’s egg.

Specimens of cones of this tree we know from
experience are hard to obtain: they must be a hard
nut, too, to crack (even from the rodent squirrel’s
point of view), since they (we read) never open out
at all except under compulsory powers. The chip-
munk (an American squirrel), on the principle, we
opine, that forbidden fruits are sweetest, shows such
a determined spirit of greed for the possession of
their contents, that no one except the most persistent
of men and the most undefeated among sportsmen
would stand a chance of winning them for a trophy
remembrance in competition against such well-
equipped and advantageously situated opponents.

GERARDIANA GROUP OF PLANE BARK PINES
P. BuNGEANA AND P. GERARDIANA

These trees shall be my books,
And in their barks my thoughts I'll character.
SHAKESPEARE.

There are no trees that carry their characters more
conclusively in their bark system than the two
above-mentioned members of this very reduced little
party of Pines. Ata certain stage of their existence,
their bark peels off after the manner of a Plane tree—
and shall we add of an Arbutus or a Birch tree that
“lays aside its white skin wrapper ’’—and leaves as
a result of this shedding process a very unusual
and picturesque effect.

This seems to be quite an original proceeding, on
the part of the main stem, of any middle-aged Pines.
24 PINES

There is another glaring anomaly in their system,
so far as ternate (three leaves in a bundle) Pines are
concerned, and that has reference to the deciduous
habits of their basal sheaths.

In the case of the Bungeana, it falls away the first
year. In the case of the P. Gerardiana it remains
until the second year, and then disappears, a pro-
ceeding which is also another novelty in all Pine
tradition. Though these sort of departures from
the true paths of strict orthodoxy are only ques-
tions at most of disconcerting interest to the advanced
botanist, they ought to be seized upon as tokens of
serviceable help to identification by the less-advanced
student. They are some of those little apparitional
differences that should be of subtle assistance to the
dilettante, and are well worth looking out for when
he comes across an unfamiliar-looking three-leaved
Pine.

It is for these two habits, peculiar to themselves,
among the three-leaved lot, this shedding of bark
‘and basal sheath, that these two Pines have been
handcuffed together in amicable bondage, and formed
into a little duumvirate of partnership, in a group
of their own. ,

‘P. BunGEana.—The branchlets of the Bungeana
at Kew are of a greyish green, and the several can-
delabra-formed stems (of one of the two trees) are of
an ashen-grey colour. This appearance may be
mainly an effect due to.a life spent in a begrimed
atmosphere, and traceable to those same artificial
causes that are so apt to temporarily deface a chimney
sweep’s weekday countenance. As the tree appears
there, it certainly looks to the unsophisticated visitor
more like a bit of beechwood that has done time in
a colliery pit, and lost the glamour of its pristine
shine, than a specimen of plant life that some day
P. BUNGEANA 25

is going to develop into a butterfly stage of brightened
beauty.

In its native country, we are told—for few have
had the luck to see the “‘ Pai-koo-sung ” (the native
name which stands for ‘‘ Pine with the White Bark ”’)
at home—that at fifty years of age this tree undergoes
a remarkable transformation effect of colour scheme,
and assumes a most striking and fascinating appear-
ance. The grey and dingy bark is cast aside, the
story of Cinderella is in scenic sense repeated, and the
sombre dress of a household drudge, by wave of hand
and in a moment of time, is changed into the radiant
white of a spotless attire.

The late Lord Redesdale, in his Memories, speaks
of a visit paid to China in 1865, and describes the
impression this Pine, planted around the Buddhist
temples near Pekin, produced upon him. I will
quote his words textually: ‘‘ The (Chinese) ceme-
teries are darkly shaded by tall Chinese Junipers,
and the weird lace-bark Pines (P. Bungeana), whose
stems and branches are richly embroidered with
silver patches, gleam ghostlike among the more
brilliant foliage.”

The Chinese have always been addicted to paying
more attention to the decoration of their last resting-
place than the comforts of their less-abiding homes
onearth. Under these rather curious-to-us thoughts
and ideas, it can only be regarded as a compliment
to their appearance of the highest order, that these
Pine trees were found where they were—namely, in
full territorial possession of the mortuary sites of
Chinese scenery. The occupation of such a site, we
may point out, although it may be a much-sought-
after surrounding for a Chinese native or a Chinése
Conifer, is a complimentary position de luxe that hardly
appeals to the representatives of either human or
plant life in Western civilization, They, we think,
26 PINES

would be far readier to dispense with any honour in
these directions than their congeners in the Celestial
Kingdom.

We must remind again those who would plant
for themselves, as well as for that haunting vision
lightly spoken of as posterity, that it is not until
the middle ages of its existence, until after some
two score and ten years have passed by, and the
nursery days have been left behind some half a
century, that this P- Bungeana takes upon itself
to assume this white robe of glory, or penitential
sheet, in whichever light you may prefer to liken its
curious transfiguration.

Why, it may well be asked, was not this rare gem
of the earth brought more to the notice of those
who were planting rarities in the forties of the last
century ? Had they been, our seniors in life’s
progress, the seniores priores of the . middle-aged
and elderly to-day, might have bequeathed to us,
and to the generations in life’s tenure after us, an
opportunity to revel in a new sight, and admire a
new wonder. |

The Silver Birch, or ‘ ‘ Lady of our Woods,” as the
tree has been poetically described by Sir Walter Scott,
although not a tree chosen to reflect white rays upon
the sepulchres in a Western country ‘burial-ground,
as are. the Bungeana in China, for all that are treasured
by us for the conspicuous beauty of their gleaming
white stems. If by chance any other species of the
Birch tree arises and tries to outshine our native
product—ds have, for instance, the Betula Utilis from
the Himalayas (in those few places where it will
thrive), or the hardier P. Papyrifera (the Canoe Birch
of American Redskins), and some of the forthcoming
expectations from Chinese exploration—those species
are eagerly sought for and planted, but the P. Bun-
geana seems to have been left out in the cold of neglect,
P.. GERARDIANA AND BUNGEANA 27

and never been quite so worked up by nurserymen
to the extent that it deserves.

An answer to these i inquiries may perhaps be found
in the tale told of its history. Dr. Bunge, a Russian,
discovered it in 1836. Robert Fortune sent its seeds
here in 1846, and their results to-day may be prac-
tically computed at nil, or next to nil. Since when,
Wilson has walked into a goodly company of them
in Central China, and some day perhaps, at too great
a distance of time for most of us, our children and
grandchildren may be gladdened by a sight that it
was not our lot to see.

One more word upon them: the Bungeana and
Gerardiana have been called at times ‘‘ the Lace
Bark Pine,’’ and Elwes and Henry have entered an
objection to this designation on the score of ‘inappro-
‘priateness. It would be only the masterful mind
of a bold man who would dare gainsay what this
formidable duet of able men have laid down, and in
this case, if ‘anyone were to try it on, his position
would be particularly untenable. It is a name that
at best can convey but an indistinct idea of appear-
ance to most. There are so many different kinds of
laces of so many different hues, ranging in colour
from dull ivory to alabaster white. There are so
many different kinds of laces—we would plaintively
plead—from so many different countries and places,
from Flanders,, France, Alencon, Ireland, etc., and
so few tree students who possess the remotest dens
of their differences. We are grateful that Elwes
and Henry have protested against ‘the inappropri-
ateness of the name, and afforded. us protection from
the confusion that such a misnomer might have
created in our more inerudite ranks.

P. GeERARDIANA.—This is another of those Pines that
a rare sight of is all you can hope to obtain.” It has
28 PINES

generally been regarded as exhibiting an hostility
to English shores ; however, there is one graduating
at Cambridge under the helpful tuition of Mr. R.
Irwin Lynch, in the Botanical Gardens, with every
prospect of obtaining a fair degree of success. Rather,
I think, on the strength of this change of attitude,
in an amiable direction, towards an English climate
on the part of this Pine, it has been distributed for a
few trial trips in various places among enthusiasts
on the subject of encouraging rarities. As far as
our experience goes here (Radnorshire), they seem to
be holding their own at an altitude of 800 ft. above
sea-level, but only so far in the earlier stages of life.
Its chief peculiarity, that of shedding its leaf sheath
in the second year, has been alluded to. The leaf
sheath shows an imbricated arrangement, the scales
growing like the stem-clinging leaves of a Cypress
with a spreading point, which is a departure from |
the ordinary custom of Pine trees.

It has been said that once some confusion reigned
between it and another Pine called P. Longifolia, a
confusion which only did, and only could, arise from
a wrong label. The latter tree has, however, been
relegated in authoritative writings to the position
of an alien in our midst, and it is only to be found
interned in hotter places, such as the Temperate House
at Kew. Were it to come into evidence, the cone
structure would solve the problem of identity, to say
nothing of other differences. Some obtained by me
of the P. Longifolia from Naples are 5} in. long and
2} in. diameter, while the cones of the Gerardiana
obtained from India measure 64 in. long and 4} in.
in diameter, a very substantial difference.

It was discovered by Captain Gerard in the N. -W.
Himalayas, and was known as an eatable-seeded Pine
of the East Indies, that went by the name of P. Neoza.
P, BALFOURIANA AND ARISTATA 29

BALFOURIANA GROUP OF FOX-TAIL PINES

Here we have another little group, merged in a
class of their own, and answering to the almost
appropriate name of Fox-tail. We say almost ap-
propriate, for Fox-tail is a word that falls rather
strangely upon English ears, where all, from the
luckier who has the good fortune to bestride a horse,
to the lowlier pedestrian and excited workman—
who invariably deserts his daily work if the hounds
come by, and is as invariably forgiven by his task-
master for so doing—are at least of one mind upon
one unvexed question. All, one and all, votaries or
even non-votaries of the chase indulge in but one
colloquial name for this hirsute appendage of the
animal in question. With one harmonious accord
they call it “ brush.”

We note that some nurserymen, in deference to
custom and accepted medium of expression, actually
describe and advertise the tree as Fox-brush Pine.
In so doing they cling. to a name that tells its tale
well and truly. The resemblance of its closely
clustered leaves to the article whence it derives its
name helps in, if it does not quite render unmistak-
able, the identification of these trees.

The two of them, the P. Balfouriana and P. Aristata,
were once content to dwell together in unity of name
and species. Now this harmony has been broken
by some of the fixed stars of our arboricultural
firmament. The P. Aristata occupies a position of
the mountain, or Alpine, variety of the P. Balfouriana.
Their difference seems to be that the mountain
variety shows (1) more distinct pubescence on its
branchlets, as is the way of mountain varieties ; (2)
the incurved prickle of the cone is a good deal longer
than that upon the P. Balfouriana, and measures
30 PINES

half an inch. These awn-like prickles suggested a
name for it, and the name Aristata, derived from the
‘Latin word arista, signifying the beard of an ear
of corn, was forthwith dealt out to it; (3) the P.
Aristata exudes specks of white resin on its leaves,
and this should be a sure and easy method of differen-
tiating the two. While the P. Aristata is in this
way flecked, the P. Balfouriana is fleckless and un-
spotted, like saints onearth. By the non-cognoscenti,
these white specks have been taken for some sort of
Chermes’ visitation, or other felted scale insect
affliction, but a little further examination or micro~
graphic investigation shows that there is nothing more
amiss than a leakage of resin through the stomata.

There is yet another sure method which applies to
the identification of them both, besides the densely
crowded and. appressed-to-stem leaves, and that is
the basal sheaths break away like a-torn riband, and
form themselves into a rosette-shaped appearance at
the base of the leaf. The margins of the leaves are
entire, a rare characteristic in Pines.

The first-named was discovered in 1852, and the
Alpine variety some ten years after,so they still—
especially in view of the fact that they are slow
growers—are rather innovations with us, but innova-
tions in the shape of young trees that are yearly
becoming less novel.

CEMBROIDES GROUP OF NUT PINES

P. MONopHYLLA, EpULIS, CEMBROIDES, AND
PARRYANA (OR QUADRIFOLIA)

The trees in this group of four all hail from America,
all have edible seeds, and each one has a different
number of leaves to the cluster. From one to four
are all represented, and in the order of number as
above written.
P. MONOPHYLLA AND CEMBROIDES 31

P. Monopuytta,. the one-in-a-cluster representa-
tive, is a very slow-growing tree, and only occasionally
seen in botanical gardens. Though it is rumoured
that attempts to grow them—and we may include
in this remark the Edulis and Cembroides—were
made many years ago, evidences of these efforts are
apparently not very forthcoming. A few have, we
believe, been planted of late years by collectors of
the ‘‘unordinary.” As the tree only seems to
increase at a rate of about 3} in. per annum, it must
be presumed that those who plant, plant for a far-
distant-off posterity. Yet even this tree, with all its
sloth of habit, does not bear away the palm, under
Grand National Donkey Race rules (when the first
is last, and the last first), in any competition of this
description among its kindred companions, since the
P. Eputis grows at a still slower pace. It and the
P. PARRYANA, or QUADRIFOLIA (as it seems better
known in America), the representative of the four-
in-a-cluster member of the family, are more or less
non-existent in the British Isles, though Veitch in his
manual of Conifers suggests hopeful possibilities for
the latter in a Cornish or Devon climate. I cannot
hold out encouraging hopes to any in quest of their
seed. So far it is the only one mentioned in the
fifty-two species of Pines by Elwes and Henry that
I have failed to add a specimen of to my cone col-
lection.

P. CrmpBrorpEs.—The _ three-leaves-in-a-cluster
member of the group.

After diligent search, quite respectably grown
specimens of this tree have been found growing in
several places in Great Britain. Though not of much
account evidently here, or highly recommended by
the faculty, these trees bear in the central scales of
their cones highly prized delicacies of an edible
32 PINES '

nature. Thus they more than justify their existence
in the land of their origin, if they are a little reluctant
in their efforts to carry on that existence here.

The identification of the only one-leaved and the
only four-leaved Pine—and accordingly called ‘‘ Mo-
no’”’ and ‘‘ Quadri,” “‘ phylla’’ and “‘ folia ’’—requires
no inspired genius to distinguish, and the easiest way,
if rare occasions demanded, to differentiate the two-
leaved Edulis and the three-leaved Cembroides is to
engrave upon the tablets of your memory that they
are the only. two- or three-leaved Pines that have the:
rosette-like leaf sheaths, described in the cases of
the five-leaved Fox-tail Pines.

PSEUDO-STROBUS GROUP OF PINES |

P. Montezuma, Hartwecii, PsEupDo-STROBUS, -
TORREYANA
Lo, all the stately progeny of Pines

Come with their floating foliage, richly decked
To fill that void.

W. Mason, The English Garden,

Pseudo-Strobus is the rather unedifying name given’
to this group. While they are hard-wood, the true
Strobi are soft-wood Pines; and herein must con-
stitute the falsity that Pseudo spells and implies,
while a more outward resemblance to the distinctive
features of the true Strobi must be accountable for
the cognomen of their coterie. The difference be-
tween these two differently wooded Conifers is
explained in the glossary, and alluded to in previous
pages on Pines generally.

The first three come from Mexico, and the last-
named, the Torreyana, hails from California.. Mexico
may be in theory a Paradise for the botanist and tree
lover, but several circumstances seem at present to
militate against a prospect of any inundation of
P. MONTEZUMA 33

plant life from these regions, or overflow into them
of any surplus human kind, bitten with the  self-
preservation creed, that though their shirts may be
near, their skin is still nearer.

The first of these is that Mexico still is, and for
a long time has been, what the President of the:
U.S. America describes as preoccupied in “ settling
up her domestic affairs,” and this state of affairs
spells a very disturbing process, both to man and
beast. The second is that a condition of perpetual
Civil War and the more peaceful mission of the
collecting botanist do not go well together; and,
thirdly, that those trees that have been brought back
from those regions are, for the most part, very
touchy about the climatic conditions they find
themselves invited to face. Like Israel’s scattered
race, in the words of Byron,

They cannot quit their place of birth,
They cannot live in other earth,

And this, in many cases, seems to sound the keynote
of their swan song, and to express the refrain of their
failure.

The P. Montezuma.—Of those that have flourished
in favoured localities, perhaps the P. Montezuma
and its three-leaved, in other aspects outward counter-
part and fellow countryman the P. Patula (which,
by the way, belongs to the Tedz group), with their
long, pendulous, mane-like leaves, would be voted
by any plebiscite of approved scenery seekers the
most attractive among all existent Pines. Can we
sound their praises higher ?

P. Pszeupo-Strosus.—This Pine is so near, so very
near, inso many of its similarities to the P. Montezuma,
that we wonder, in our uninstructed innocence, why
34 PINES

it has not a place among its varieties, instead of being
starred alone in the pride of an independent species.
A smoother bark and more slender branchlets are all
its claims to isolation, and it is for this that the more
lowly intelligence of the lesser-endowed tribunal,
composed of Mankind in the Street, has to bow before
the decision of the superior court of appeal.

The P. Hartweci1.—Although it is nothing else than
the Montezuma of the north, and representative of
higher regions and colder climes, it can produce many
a testimonial in favour of its claim to a separate title.
It has shorter leaves and a hardier constitution than
the more tropically inclined Montezuma, and seems
to be able to thrive in any English climate, favoured
or unfavoured, as the authorities divide them. Where
the Montezuma can only just poke up his nose, imbibe
with distaste a little winter air, and then ingloriously
die, the Hartwegii, like the green bay tree of the
Psalmist, flourishes in the rudest appearance of
unchecked health.

George Russell Shaw, in a U.S.A. Arnold Arboretum
publication, mentions some eighteen species of Mexi-
can Pines. Upon about half of these we have received
our instructions from authoritative writers on Conifers.
The P. Oocarpa takes after the Montezuma in the
number of leaves per bundle, while seven or so of
these Mexicans take after the P. Patula in that
direction, and sometimes other respects. They may
be found and seen, eg. the P. Nelsoni, Teocote,
Leiophylla, Greggi, in the Temperate House at
Kew. Whether they take after the Montezuma and
Patula, or the Montezuma or Patula after them, from
a patriarchal-system point of view, is a question
better settled upon outside the radius of our shores:

There are other Mexicans besides these, cropping
up at intervals, and inviting attention, but they have
THD GROUP OF PINES 35

no place of notice in our elementary efforts at the
elucidation of the trees more in our midst.

The P. TorrREYANA need not trouble the identi-
fying intelligence of the looker around, since it is
supposed there is hardly a living specimen extant
‘with us.

TAD GROUP OF TERNATE PINES

P. CouLTERI, SABINIANA, JEFFREYI, TUBERCULATA,
Rapiata (or Insicnis), PatuLa, TEOCOTE,
Ricipa, SEROTINA, PaLustTRis, Tapa, CaANa-
RIENSIS.

Forth they went into the fore
Bringing firewood to the wi
ee pine cones for the bu ing,

By the ead that still were ee
By the glimmering, flickering firelight.
LoncFELLow, Song of Hiawatha.

Numerically, this group presents rather a formid-
able list. The frightfulness of the length is consider-
ably diminished by the fact that one and only one,
the P. Radiata, more familiarly known as the P.
Insignis in England, if not in America, is in what
we may call a state of common cultivation with us.
The four last mentioned in the list of twelve are
practically non-existent with us, while among the
others there are those that severally might be de-
scribed as uncommon, inclined to be uncongenial, or
very rare, in the British Isles.

The Latin word Tzda—the equivalent of the Greek
word 8460s, the genitive case of the noun substantive
Sds—claims the honour of responsibility for the
appropriate name given to the group.

When translated it will be found that these words of
learned length, and in one instance (the Teocote) of still

4
36 PINES

more puzzling hieroglyphic formation—both of them
culled from the deep depths of dead languages— —
denote Torch Pines, or Firebrands. Both of them,
too, have similar significances, and are associated
with those Pine trees that. are most super-abundant
in resinous qualities.

When it was thought befitting in an olden day,
where primitive customs prevailed, to requisition a
little illumination for the purpose of a more decorous
carrying out of certain ceremonies, or orgies, as the
case might be, these sort of Pitch Pine trees and their
boughs were articles in great request.

If it was a marriage ceremony that was contem-
plated, a nuptial torch (taeda jugalis) was deemed an
essential; a custom, we might add, that has its con-
tinuance in a modern-day world. The-torch dance
at a royal wedding in the Prussian Court has been
accounted by eye-witnesses the most picturesque
episode of its drawn-out proceedings.

‘If a torchlight procession was considered the right
thing, or regarded as a desirable adjunct in the in-
terests of artistic effect—at one time, perhaps, on
the occasion of a conquering hero’s return, at another
as an obbligato to the obsequies of a defunct celebrity,
or even maybe as a more commonly employed ac-
companiment of various other kinds of jaunts,
pageants, carnivals, or masquerades, either of a festal
or funeral nature—these Torch Pines (¢ed@ ar-
dentes) were the fiery beacons that lent colour to the
scenes, and gave the whole proceedings a tone.

From many of these trees enumerated in the
Tede group, this obligation was expected to be
forthcoming. They were depended upon, before the
dawning days of electricity, acetylene, or kerosene
convenience, to contribute those rays of primitive
light that were required, and were all that at that
time was obtainable to impart dignity and add
P, COULTERI AND SABINIANA 37

lustre to the various ceremonies in their turn of
revelry or solemnity.

P. CouLTERI AND SABINIANA.—

So they gathered cones together,
Gathered seed cones of the pine tree,
Gathered blue cones of the fir tree...

There they stood all armed and waiting,
Hurled the pine cones down upon him.
LONGFELLow,

This is how we are told in the Song of Hiawatha
that the mischievous Puk-Wudjies, they “ the envious
little people,” did to death mighty Kwasind, the strong
man of the Red Indian legend.

In this affray it must, have been the heavy cones
of some such Pines as these that scored, and did the
work of siege guns upon the sleeping head of the
ill-fated giant of champion renown, and of whom it
was boasted “‘no man dared to strive with,’’ and
“no one could compete with.” A “ blue cone of
the fir tree,” hurled, to him would have been but a
popgun affair, and as an assault by a wasp on a brick
wall.

On paper there seem a very few points of difference
between these two Conifers—P. Coulteri and Sabini-
ana—beyond the shape of their both gigantic cones,
‘yet in its native land the P. Sabiniana is accounted
as of a marked unmistakable appearance.

P. Sapiniana.—In a country of luxuriantly foliaged
trees (California), it alone is sparsely attired with leaf
.decoration. In a country of towering Pines, it alone
is many-stemmed, straggly, and bushlike. In a
country of rich and dark-green foliage, it alone wears
leaves of palest hue. For these characteristics it has
been accredited with a remotest Pine ancestry, and
looked upon by some as hastily nearing that decadent
38 PINES

condition and stage of existence which is generally
associated with Aztecs, Australian aboriginals or
bushmen, and other perishing people of the earth’s
surface. For these reasons it will be opined that as
a tree here it is more likely to be occasionally tried
by curiosity-mongers than abstract-minded admirers
blest with a soul for scenic effect.

The size of the cones, both of the P. Coulteri and
P. Sabiniana, which in point of-fact are rarely seen,
even by the most inveterate Pinetum hunters; is a
matter of incredible surprise to anyone upon a first
introduction. The cones of the Sabiniana are shorter
longways, and more rotund broadways, than those
of the Coulteri, and present quite a different appear-
ance. Authorities have written very variable state-
ments as to their weight. Some of the Coulteri cones
that I have shown at forestry exhibitions give the
following weights: An unbroken cone from the
Yosemite Valley, 4 lb. 11 0z.; and two other
broken cones, one from Arley Castle (R. Woodward),
and another from Leaton Knolls (Colonel Lloyd,
M.V.O.) weighing just over 3 Ib. each.

P. PonDEROSA and JEFFREYI.—It is not an easy
process to distinguish these trees apart at a first
glance from the preceding two that we have discussed.
The cones, if they could only be persuaded to put in
even a casual appearance, would opportunely come
to the rescue of any worker at the riddle. While the
cones on the Ponderosa are pretty plentiful, there
are only a select few, be it remembered, who have
ever had the opportunity of seeing cones on an
English-grown Coulteri or Sabiniana. Speaking from
the personal point of view, and frankly confessing
the limitations of that. narrowed area, the P. Pon-
derosa (with the exception of the P, Insignis) is by
far away the most commonly met with tree of all
P. PONDEROSA, JEFFREYI, TUBERCULATA 39

this group. Whether it is that they have endured
the conditions of our climate with more success than
other trees imported about the:same time, or whether
their presence is due to the fact that those who
planted them, when they preferred an off-hand
request, perhaps on some visit to a nursery garden,
and asked in all their innocence for a rarer Pine to
plant somewhere or other, on some newly enclosed
garden or ground, mead, or meadow, were, so to speak,
served across the counter with the readiest-at-hand
stock-in-trade article of the nurserymen, which often
turned out to be the subject of our discourse, the
P. Ponderosa (and which often, by the way, was
distributed under the name of P, Benthamii), I am
unable to do more than surmise. Those that it has
been my fate to see have all exhibited the curious
phase of curved and tortuous branches.

The different colour of the shoots (vide Table), and
the larger cones, seem to be the best points to make
for, to decide between the Ponderosa and Jeffreyi.
Both seem to depend for success upon a dry soil, and
to prefer a dry climate.

P. TUBERCULATA and the two-leaved P. Muricata
have one point in common, and that is to be noticed
in their cone-clusters clinging persistently on the
large-sized branches. As the P. Tuberculata is a
three-leaf-in-a-cluster Pine and the P.. Muricata a
two-leaf-in-a-cluster Pine, the problem of distinguish-
ing the one from the other is most happily reduced
to aneasy process. In the case of the P..Tuberculata
these cone-clusters appear in the very early stages of.
life in the tree. Not content with crowding them-
selves on the older branches, they also invade the
main trunk of the tree, until at times they actually
become embedded in it. For this reason the tree
appropriately receives its name Tuberculata, a word
40 PINES

which, under the process of translation, emerges as
‘furnished with a protuberance or any projecting
substance.” It was introduced in 1847, and cannot
be accounted to have thrived in England.

These trees, with asymmetrical oblique and per-
sistent cones, are spoken of among botanists as
serotinous, which may be taken to mean that some
untimely episode in the natural course of events
happens to take place in the course of their existence,
and the event referred to in this case has reference
to the shedding of their seeds. Serotinous is a word
which literally taken means “late in the day,” and
equally might apply to human action as to tree
habits.

Three agents there are said to be which are
responsible for this process of seed distribution, and
they are: the wind, animals, and fire, and the P.
Tuberculata is only amenable to the influence
of the last. Of such a marked feature is this
persistent habit in the cone life of some Conifers—
as, for instance, in the case of the tree in question,
the Insignis, Muricata, Rigida, and others—that it
has been suggested that they should be reclassified
in accordance with this habit. Those who, at a
humble distance, have tried to master some of the
rudimentary arrangements of the past-masters of the
art, and to follow the modest amendments made from
time to time to a long-established classification,
which has gradually broadened and developed, ‘in
unhurried discussion and with authoritative consen-
sus, must devoutly hope and one and all pray for a
deliverance from such a drastic overthrow of the
prescribed rules of the game that may leave so
many of us to begin anew once more, ‘ to burn
what we have been taught to adore,” and to bow
down before a new shibboleth. Heaven save us all
from a fate like this !
_P. INSIGNIS, P. PATULA ‘41

P. Raprata or Insicnis.—In spite of the contested
nature of its name, this Pine from Monterey has been
and will be, I strongly suspect, to most alive of over
twenty years of age now, still known and made
allusion to by its old name of P. Insignis. By that
name we have known it, by that name where it grows
in plenty it has been always familiarly greeted on
sight. If we have been wrong in calling it Insignis,
we have many of us been wrong through a long er-
roneous life, and now is too late in the day to change
our habits and call it by any other name. Old friends
cannot be expected to find anything welcome or
irradiating in the change. Of such commanding
strength is force of habit! Itrequires something even
more compelling than royal decree or stroke of pen
to change such a widely established nomenclature.

The Insignis is a tree that undoubtedly favours
sea air, and grows at its best on our warmer coast
lines; at the same time it can flourish, and has flour-
ished, in some more Midland situations, and often it
has been observed best, despite a saltless influence,
in the more humid environment of lakes dnd ponds.

One tribute more must we pay to this so-called
“remarkable Pine,’’ and it is this, that where it
succeeds it seems to luxuriate in the most superabund-
ant and brilliant wealth of grass-green effects of colour,
and to look as if it absolutely revelled in an irradiating
glow of health, strength, and vitality. In this, its
state of prime perfection, we may well say of it, in
Old Testament metaphor, ‘that its glory covers
the heavens, and that the earth is full of its praise.”

P. PaTuLa.—

And their delectable things shall not profit, but they are their own
witnesses,— ISAIAH.

'
The P. PatuLa may be looked upon as the analogue
of the long-leaved Himalayan P. Longifolia, to which
42 PINES’

allusion has been made in discussing the P. Gerardiana.
We have also compared it, from a scenic point of
view, with another Mexican Pine, the five-leaf-in-a-
cluster P. Montezuma.

Both it and the P. Teocote are only to be found
flourishing with us in places of exceptional climatic
mildness.

The P. Patula at Carclew, Cornwall (the residence
of Colonel Tremayne), is perhaps the most attractive
sight that any Pine can display. It, and the best-
growing types of the Montezuma—which are, how-
ever, generally smaller-grown specimens with us—
would wring a beauty prize from the verdict of any
esthetic body of jurymen, in any competition of
Pines. As a timber product it may not acquire merit
in the eye of the sterner sylviculturist, but an apology
for its presence anywhere that it will grow is con-
tained in the verse of Isaiah. It is its own witness.

The P. TEocore is a shorter-leaved, smaller-coned.
edition of the Patula. Diligent search on the part
of Elwes and Henry has, it appears, only resulted in
finding two or three specimens growing in Cornish
or S. Irish climates. Only the cosiest of corners, in
the most comfortable of sheltered positions, will give
either of them a chance of life with us.

We are told that ocofe, in Mexican vernacular,
signifies much the same thing as ¢eda. does in the
Latin language, and to which we have referred.

P. Ricipa.—

Dark behind it rose the forest,

Rose the black and gloomy pine trees,

Rose the firs with cones upon them.
LONGFELLOW, Song of Hiawatha,

Whether Longfellow had in mind this particular Pine
when he wrote his Indian Edda, we do not pretend
P. RIGIDA 43

to pronounce upon authoritatively, but we do claim
that of the half-dozen hard-wood Pines that hail
from the same district in which the scene of the Song
of Hiawatha is laid, on the southern shore of Lake
Superior, no tree among them could with more
faithfulness depict the blackness and gloom described
there than the Pinus Rigida.

If the P. Patula is to be regarded as rightly
entitled to the award in a beauty competition, the
P, Rigida can put forward a very substantial claim
to a first prize in a class of precisely opposite
conditions. When the P. Rigida is set beside the
other members of the Abietinee, their few deformities
here and there shrink into insignificance by the side
of its deformities. In a similar-conditioned show,
Quasimodo, the hideous dwarf (in Victor Hugo’s
Notre Dame), had only to put his head in the horse
collar for the briefest of moments to overmaster any
opposition that could be brought to bear against
him. The P. Rigida at Kew has only to be looked
at for a few moments to convince any beholder of its
ability to make as easy a conquest over any rival in
a similar competition. ‘With its scarcity of twisted
leaves, its scrubby appearance, the unnatural look of
its adventitious branches—and sometimes even sta-
minate flowers poking their way out from the main
trunk—it gives an onlooker the idea that an unkind
Nature has doubled it up with every crippling com-
plexity, and pelted it with every disability that
plant life or human life could be heir to.

As a profitable institution it ranks high in its own
country, and produces resin in quantities. It is called
the northern, while Palustris and Ponderosa are.
called respectively the southern and western Pitch
Pines.
44 PINES

P. SERotTinA, PALUSTRIS, Tapa, CANARIENSIS.—

And he sacrificed, and burnt incense, in the high places, and on
the hills, and under every green tree.—2 Kins xvi. 4.

Although this quotation from Holy Writ had
reference to events which took place in Eastern
countries, the fact that the Tzeda Pine numbered
among its many aliases the name of the Frankincense
Pine, and was so saluted by the inhabitants of the
country where it grew, seems to suggest that its
resinous qualities were in like demand, as were the
trees of Palestine, for some ceremonial purposes in
western lands.

These four Pines are hardly worth words here in
addition to their description in Tables. Out-of-doors
in Great Britain they have been put upon their trial
by many planters, in many places, and found want-
ing. They belong to the hopeless category of Come-
to-Nothings, as far as our climate seems concerned.

They seem to treat immigration to our shores as a
pilgrim’s journey, and like a pilgrim’s march, with
the prospect only of death at the journey’s end. To
expatriate them seems but to invite and condemn
them,

To wander witheringly,
In other lands to die.

And whenever they are transplanted from’ their
native surroundings, this is an ultimate end they
seem speedily to achieve.
45

BANKSIANA GROUP OF TWO-LEAVED OR
BINA PINES

Green be those hill-side pines for ever,
, WHITTIER,

P,. Ecurnata (or Mitts), HALEPENSIS, Brutia, Murt-
CATA, PUNGENS, VIRGINIANA (oR INops), BANK-
SIANA.

Of this group of seven there are only two, the
P. Muricata and P. Banksiana, that are tolerably
often to be seen with us. The majority of them are
climate shy, and one, the Virginiana or Inops, has
never been persevered with, for the very urgent
reason that it neither brings beauty to bear on any
scene nor holds out any prospect of profit to its
producers.

In the two-leaf-in-a-cluster division the old order
of class legislation among trees has changed, and given
way to the new. The Sylvestres group has been
disestablished, and two groups, Banksiana and Pin-
aster, set up. Most of the Sylvestres have been
drafted to the ranks of the Pinasters, and the new
Banksiana group takes toll from both of the old groups
formerly named Banksiana and Sylvestres.

The chief difference in these two new groups is to
be found in the position of their cones, and, secondly,
in the’manner of the growth of their shoots. .

In the Banksiana group, the cones grow not only on
the ends of the branchlets, but also lower down, in
the middle of each year’s shoots.

In the Pinaster group the cones are only sub-
terminal, or approximately close to the end of the
branchlet.

In the Banksiana group the shoots appear in more
than one whorl, and are therefore described botanic-

ally as multi-nodal.
46 PINES

In the Pinaster group only one whorl of branchlets,
buds, and cones appear, and those approximate
towards the end, or, in other words, sub-terminally,
of each year’s shoot. These are botanically described
as uni-nodal as opposed to multi-nodal.

P. EcutnaTA, or Mitis.—This is a Pine which one
generation, or school of thought, called Echinata, and
another generation fixed upon for a name the word
Mitis. Echinata literally means either one or two
things.

To a landsman the first translation “hedgehog”
would, in all probability, satisfy his thirst for know-
ledge, while to a mariner or dweller by the seashore the
second translation “sea urchin,” a little frequenter:
of the salt-water element, would probably most
strongly appeal. Both of them are prickly-backed
representatives of the created world, and that is the
main issue before us.

Such a name conveys to all the impression that
the tree in question has prickly points somewhere
in his composition, in common with the members of
the Echinoderm family. While the other name
bestowed, ‘‘ Mitis,’”” denotes a substance that spells
softness. It seems a curious coincidence that this
tree should be alternately called after two phases of
nature possessed of two such opposite and contradic-
tory attributes and qualifications as a hedgt-pig’s
quills and a feather-bed mattress respectively recall.

How the rough places became smooth, and why
the smooth places were called rough, is a bewildering.
enigma at first sight. As a matter of fact the leaves
of this Pine are notoriously soft, and the cones have
prickles like a great many other cones, but rather
less than more aggressive than many others that we
could mention—the P. Pungens of the same group, to.
wit.
P. HALEPENSIS 47

As long as anyone remains on English shores,
they will have very little opportunity of either making
trial of the softness of its leaves or experiments upon
the portions of its harder externals. It is one of
those many Atlantic Coast Pines that seem to derive
no homely joys from any stay with us.

It is dissociated in appearance from the other
short two-leaved Pines in that its leaves are three-
sided, while all the others are two-sided or flat. The
brittle nature of its shoots, their blue-white bloom
of colour, the complications of the character of its
basal sheath of the leaves, all give aid to identity.

But as the tree was introduced in 1739, and there
appears to be only two or three specimens extant
with us, any chances for putting into practice a little
observation on these points are likely to be remotely
removed from the paths in life that most of us are
wont to traverse.

_P. HaLepensis, ALEPPO, OR JERUSALEM PINE,—The
same remarks as to their scarcity of appearance which
applied to the preceding P. Echinata refer equally
to this Pine. It is the commonest of the Mediter-
ranean region, and though it has, under transportation
to Australia and other places, thrived and made
conquest of new lands and countries, England is not
to be counted among them.

It is one of those Pines that must be remembered,
among several others (Pinaster, Thunbergii), as
achieving success on barren seashores. As a sand-
dune tree and in the production of resin, it is reported
to even outclass the Pinaster of the Landes. Like a
goat, that is said to thrive on orange-peel and brown
paper, P. Halepensis is quite happy on soilless lands
and rocks where nothing else thrives.

If by chance you came across a two-leaved low
tree, with branches singularly devoid of leaves, and
48 PINES

yellow-brown cones with very thick peduncles (stalks),
produced sometimes singly but often in whorls, then
your suspicions may be justifiably aroused to the fact
that you have encountered the Jerusalem Pine. If
you went one step farther and examined the buds,
and found that they were non-resinous. and had
recurved scales, then you may be sure that it was
either the Halepensis or its variety, the P. Brutia,
since they alone of two-leaved Pines are formed that
way. But such a chance of investigation would be
far more likely to take place in a tramp abroad than
a trip at home.

P. Brutia.—It seems to be rather a controverted
point, whether this tree should be regarded as a
separate species or variety of the P. Halepensis.
Both sport non-resinous buds with recurved scales,
and this dissociates them from the others in the group.
The shoots of the P. Halepensis are grey, the shoots
of the P. Brutia are green. The cones of the Hale-
pensis point backwards, the cones of the Brutia point
forwards; and as the names imply (Calabrian and
Aleppo), it seems to be more a question of the di-
vergencies of geographical habitat that must be held
responsible for these disagreements in details.

P. MurtcatTa, or BisHop’s PrnE,—From “ Murex,’’
a purple fish with a prickly spine, this Pine derives
its Latin name. From its- English name, a reader
would incline to the belief that the tree has some
connection with the Episcopal bench. Though rather
indirectly, it is possible that some sort of ecclesiastical
connection can be traced.

There is a certain district in California, within the
reach of Pacific sea-breeze and salt-water atmosphere,
which was named after a certain Bishop San Louis,
and known as the San Louis Obispo country, at least
P. MURICATA 49

so the story runs as told by some and denied by
others. As we are not investigating the antecedents
of the bishop, or the question of his existence or
non-existence, we must merely content ourselves, and
probably more than content our readers, by noting
the fact that the tree grew in the Obispo country,
and that Obispo means bishop in the language of
Spain.

It is one of those weird objects of trees that are
cone-covered with hooked spine cones of asymmetrical
shape, oblique and persistent, and often in large
clusters (like those, for instance, of the P. Tuberculata,
Insignis, Rigida, and others), growing upon branches,
branchlets, and sometimes stems. Like the Insignis,
its persistent cones have the scales much thicker
on the outer side towards the base. It does not, it
must be remembered, go as far in its efforts of per-
sisting as the P. Tuberculata and retain them actually
embedded in the trunk. But here similarities cease.

The P. Muricata is a two-leaf-in-a-cluster Pine,
and the trees with similar cones just mentioned
are all three-leaved-in-a-cluster Pines, and so tell a
tale, candle clear, in the direction of identity.

Compared with the others of its group, the P.
Muricata is far more commonly seen than any others
of its family group. Not that anyone is likely to
meet it in ordinary wayside wanderings or holiday
rambles—we do not mean to infer that, but only that
they are quite likely to come across it in those
places where rare trees were planted in times gone
by by enterprising collectors; and in such places as
these it is that you may encounter it, and, when you
do, wonder at leisure upon the curiosities of plant
life that Nature has to offer for our observation and
study.

P. Puncens.—Lest the serenity of mind of the
50 PINES

reader of descriptions be disturbed at the similarity
of this Pine and the previously described one, as it
appears on paper, we offer this crumb of comfort.
There is a cone difference that gives a clue. The
prickles on the P. Pungens are incurved by tendency,
and the prickles of the P. Muricata’s cones are de-
cidedly recurved. We might further add that the
prickles on the P. Pungens are of a more substantial
‘appearance than those of the Muricata, nor have the
cones of the Pungens, at least the ones that I have
seen, the thicker scales on the outer side of the base
alluded to in the description of the Muricata.

Only some half-dozen or so, including two at Kew
and two.at Bayfordbury, seem to be the result of the
attempt to grow them, and this limited little lot seems
to impersonate the summum bonum of their success
in England. 5

Consensus of opinion among the magnates on the
subject concurs in the opinion that where the tree
has been attempted the result has been an inglorious
failure. Few have survived, and in those few places
that they have, in their older stages of life have
turned out the reverse of ornamental... In all pro-
bability they will be encountered in even lesser
numbers in the future than they have been in the past.

P. Virciniana, or Inops.—The word “ Inops ” is a
Latin one, and signifies indigence and want of wealth.
There is a ring of poverty about the name, that is
more usually connected with the indigent fate of a
workhouse bratling than the idea of a desirable tree to
plant out in the interests of ornamentation. We
must presume, too, that it earned its name, as the
uncomplimentary remarks made about it by writers
ever since have endorsed this view.

It is also credited by the same writers with only a’
brief span of life in our collections, and perhaps that,
P. BANKSIANA 51

under the circumstances above described, should
read rather as a merit than demerit, but not in the
sense that those whom the gods love die young.

The P. Echinata and P. Virginiana read rather as
a complex problem for dissociating purposes.

There are these differences : the'leaf of the Echinata
is three-sided, the leaf of the Virginiana two-sided,
and the difference of the basal sheath should be
capable of affording a key to solution. The shoots
of both show a bloom of blue or violet coloration.

Loudon pointed out, and it is well worth remem-
bering by those trying to learn their trees, that only
two of the two-leaved Conifers have these coloured
shoots, and they are the subjects of our discussion,
and that only two of the Ternate, or three-leaved
Pines, had shoots of this hue, and they were the
P. Coulteri and Sabiniana. To this we ought to add
the P. Jeffreyi of the same group, a tree invented
since the days of Loudon, the shoots of which
are somewhat similar, but of a paler shade of colour,
that you might better describe as of a light helio-
trope tint.

The P. Echinata and Virginiana are said to be
hardly distinguishable in their youth, and seemingly
pretty much of the same pattern in their adolescence
and old age. Yet not like Tennyson’s two sisters,
“both beautiful alike.’”’ They both seem cast in
an opposite mould, and must have been at some
distance round the corner when good looks were being
distributed among the families of Pine trees.

P. BANKSIANA is a tree a great deal oftener seen
than others of this group. Its natural habit seems
to be sandy soils and the most barren of localities.
It is not recommended by the faculty as a tree to
cultivate, yet some who run shootings on high lands
and barren tops, where coppice scarce makes show,

5
52 PINES

are casting wistful glances on its possibilities to make
good bare defects.

The tree is in shape of a stunted type. Its short-
ness of leaf (about 1} in. long), its plentiful abundance
of persistent cones, tapering to a point, and curved
as a ram’s horn, make it intelligibly conspicuous to
any observer.

Of this tree it is written, as of most of its group,
that it is of no ornamental or any other value. The
old Greek gods of an ancient world had a custom of
converting beautiful maidens and glowing youths in
whose career they were interested, and generally
those who had been cut off before their prime by some
untimely fate, into the forms of trees and shrubs, or
lovely flowers. What form of man, or figure of a
woman, would these all-glorious old Pagan deities
have selected to immortalize by converting into the
shape of any member of the Banksiana group—the
majority of which are inelegant, and the remainder
of which are squat of shape—and converted them
on their usually adopted principle of similia
similibus (like to like), we tremble to think. We
will leave it to our readers to select their own model,
and, if they-so wish, from the circle of their own
acquaintance.

PINASTER GROUP OF BIN& (TWO-LEAVED)
PINES

P. PinasTER, PinEa, SYLVESTRIS, DENSIFLORA,
Montana, ConTorTA, RESINOSA, THUNBERGII,
Laricio, LEUCODERMIS.

Lift to the skies her canopy of woods.
Tue PINAsTER GroupP.—The net result of opinion
collected from the various sources of authorities,

writers, and tree-growers of past and present days
seems to amount to this : that, whereas the Banksiana
TWO-LEAVED PINES 53

group—at home, mind you, not abroad—has had
meted out to it all round about as castigating a dose
of ‘“‘ damnation with faint praise ” as ever fell to the
lot of any misfortunate man, beast, or plant upon
earth, the Pinaster, on the other hand, has been the
lucky recipient of praises sung by poets, of thanks-
giving lip-service expressed by growers, and of high
hopes entertained by theorists.

Whether there is any mysterious property of air
and climate that gives an enabling power to the
tree, that boasts one whorl of branchlets, buds, and
cones per annum, to prosper in our island home,
and withholds it from the other little coterie, that
goes one better in this direction and produces more
than one whorl per annum, we dare not hazard
opinion. Nothing under a Royal Commission—and
most Royal Commissions indulge in a minority report
—appointed by the Board of Agriculture would dare
essay a final pronouncement on this question, but
appearances rather point that way. Possibly their
finding would be that whereas most of the Banksia,
five out of seven, come from the Atlantic side of
America, and those districts that Professor Sargent
in his conspectus marks out under the letter A, and
describes as north-eastern, only one of the Pinasters
comes from that tabooed district, and that is the
P. Resinosa, which alone of them is labelled as
unsatisfactory here.

Of the Banksia and the seven (without varieties)
enumerated as belonging to it, only two appear
to be moderately hardy, while of the Pinaster
group, with its formidable array of independent
varieties (i.e. the Austrian numbered as a variety of
the Corsican), all except the P. Resinosa, and that
ominously from the fatal Atlantic side of America,
are good growers with us.
54 PINES

P. PINnEA AND PINASTER

I saw far off the dark top of a pine
Look like a cloud—a slender stem, the tie
That bound it to its native earth, ...
Worpswortn, The Pine on Monte Mario at Rome.

The Prneza (Stdne, or Umbrella Pine) and the
PINASTER (Maritime, or Cluster Pine) run somehow
concurrently in some quite well-constituted minds.
Doubtless they should not do so, but it often happens,
for all that, that a tree-lover, prating on trees, gets
badly mixed up upon the question of their different
individualities. He is often prone to drift towards
a non-compos-mentis state of bewilderment as to
which is which. When he talks of the one, often as
not he means the other; and when he is thinking
of this other he wanders orally away on to the afore-
mentioned. Perhaps it is the similarity of names,
added to the similarity of locality, that they affect,
which is responsible for this Didymus doubt, and
which exercises a beguiling effect upon the dewdro=:
logist’s mental equilibrium.

The coarser leaves of the Pinaster, and its habit
of leaving the remains of its buds’ scales on the shoots,
ought to assist us in arriving at its identity. In
addition to this, the white cottony appearance of
the leaf sheath, and the kind of fimbricated “ frou-
frou ” effect created about it, makes it quite different
from anything else of its find.

Both these trees have a separate claim to a notoriety
of their own: the P. Pinea as an artist’s model, and
the conspicuous feature of a foreground in many a
Turner and Claude landscape, the Pinaster as the
all-conqueror of the sands; and the way it contrives
to get a grip of those sands with its long perpendicular
roots, with undenied resolution and_ consolidating
-effect, must excite the admiration of all who deem
THE SCOTS PINE 55

tenacity of purpose a virtue. Indeed, it seems as
much at home upon a seashore as a sand-born courser
ambling over the inhospitable tracts of his native
wastes in Arabia Deserta.

By Pliny the Second, and in modern days by the
Portuguese, the Pinaster has been called and regarded
as the Wild Pine, while the Pinea has been looked
upon and designated as its cultivated counterpart.
Indeed, so far has this idea been carried, and to such
alow depth from the position of a stately tree has the
P. Pinea sunk, that at one time it was associated
linguistically with the common and garden Pine
Apple. It might be adduced that it is hardly as
derogatory to the dignity of a Maritime Pine that
a Pine Apple should put forward a questionable claim
of relationship to it, as it is that an outcast nettle
should have established a direct kinsmanship to our
stately Elm. It should be added, that, in spite of
the indignities, both have soared above and survived
the ignominy of the inferences.

Tue Scots PINE

The Scottish Fir
In murky file rears his inglorious head,
And blots the fair horizon.
Mason,

P. SyLvestris (Scots Pine) is the indigenous repre-
sentative of that old-established trio of Conifers in
our midst that go by the names of Scots, Austrian,
and Corsican.

The three are evidently trees of affinity, but of
different geographical habitat. They require here
but little comment and less explanation. We should
like to record that we are by no means in agreement
with the drift of the poet Mason’s idea of it. We
have only quoted it as an expression of opinion that
56 PINES

evidently held good in the darker ages of a century
ago, and an opinion that was endorsed and quoted,
more or less as an eternal truth, by Uvedale Price,
an acknowledged authority on the subject of landscape
gardening in his day, some thirty or forty years after.
“* De gustibus non est disputandum”’ (‘‘ there is no
disputing about tastes ”’), but the idea of the Scots
Pine as a blot upon the landscape would find no
acceptance in present-day tastes. ‘

This maybe, i is how, three or four generations ago,
some talked in their haste and saw with unprophetic
eye the career to be of a tree that has ever since
never failed to be anything but a joy and delight in
life to the scenery lovers of the generations that
succeeded them. We have recorded these old-spoken
opinions, not because we deem them to be reflective
of the spirit even of that age, but only because they
happened to be the didactic utterances of a fashionable
few who in their day were looked up to as a “ light
in the path and a lantern unto the feet’ of the
planting world.

What we say to-day, and are convinced that the
vox popult would re-echo the sentiment, that as
the sun never ceases to gladden the heart of man
because it is the same old superannuated sun that
has gladdened it for thousands of years, so sure is
it that our enduring old ally of landscape effect, the
Scots Pine, despite the antiquity of its reign among
us, will never fail to gladden, for centuries to come,
the hearts of future generations, even as it has
rejoiced ours; and we feel sure that our wish,
strengthened in belief by the hopeful words of a
modern poet (E. M. Mills, published in Country Life,
and quoted below), will be fulfilled, and that even
if man neglect his duty of replanting them, Nature
will step in and perform the task, and future genera-
tions witness what we have seen :
THE SCOTS PINE 57

The Little Firs—the self-sown Firs—that yet in days to be,
Shall lift plumed heads against the sky—

Shall stretch red, slender trunks on high—

Shall stand, each one a Forest Tree.

If all the people in Great Britain, who only knew
one tree in the world by sight, in and out of season,
and were, under penalty, enforced to sally forth,
point out, and give a name to that tree which of all
others they knew best, some go per cent., we think,
would pitch upon the P. Sylvestris, and in so doing
they would probably when they spoke of it—as did |
the poet Mason—employ the misnomer Scotch Fir,
in direct defiance of all Scotsmen’s susceptibilities
and all arboricultural authorities, who very properly
have impressed us with the desirability of alluding
to it as the Scots Pine. It is a tree that, if we were
to write about at length, we could not say too much
in its praise and honour, and it is a tree that if we
were to try and explain we could not say too little,
for there is no need to hammer on at that which we
all are aware is driven home.

We could not, in our desire to give it glorification,
rise to the height of the occasion, and we could not,
if we tried, hope to reach to the depth of its historical
antiquity with us.

It is too well known and appreciated by all to
need further dissertation upon here.

The name implies its origin, and the whereabouts
of its localities of its native heath.

From the forests and Highlands,
We come, we come,

once wrote Shelley, and these words tell the tale of
their indigenous home.
58 PINES

P. DENSIFLORA AND P. THUNBERGII.—
Like strange mechanical grotesques
Making fantastic arabesques, O. Wixve.

These are the trees that the Japanese in particular
exercise all their topiarian ingenuity upon, by
trimming, distorting, or dwarfing them into all
sorts and shapes of whimsical ornamentation.

‘They are the Red and Black Pine respectively, and
also the so-called Japanese representatives of our
Scots and Austrian Pine respectively. As the date
of their landing here was some fifty or sixty years ago,
in the seed-stage, they have not had quite a sufficient
time to make a reputation for themselves. Both seem
hardy, and the P. Thunbergii is fast heaping up for
itself—as surely even as it gathers together by the
power attraction of its roots, the shifting sands of the
sea—a character as a coast-line success that threatens
to dispute the sovereignty of the sand dunes with
its long-established presiding monarch, the Maritime
Pine.

Both these Pines have been ladled out in time past
by nurserymen as P. Massoniana, and wrongly called.
Lambert’s P. Massoniana is, as far as we can gather,
still rather a mystery. It is probably a long-leaved
more southern growing Chinese tree, and if it is in
cultivation—and some of us fondly imagine that we
have it—it is too early days to discuss its possibilities.
P. Thunbergii is most noticeable for its curiously
twisted leaves, but the similarly twisted leaves of the
- P. Densiflora are of softer texture than the P. Thun-
bergii. The long filaments of the basal sheath, which
are shared in common by both, mark them out from
other two-leaved Pines—as, for instance, the Scots,
or Corsican Pine. Then there is the difference of
barks, the one (P. Densiflora) red and the other
(P. Thunbergii) dark grey ; the colours of their shoots
P, RESINOSA 59

and leaves, which are given in the Table, are charac-
teristics which all help to solve the problem of identity.

The few specimens of the P. Densiflora that we
have come across in this part of the world appear as
if they might have been aptly called Densifolia, on
account of the remarkable density of their foliage.
The branchlets in their equipment remind one of a
half-clipped tail of a poodle dog, with a cultivated
and thick tuft at the extremity.

P. ReEsinosa is cited as the S. American repre-
sentative of our P. Laricio, with these differences : it
has a longer basal sheath and marginal resin canals.
Both of them, be it observed, rather occult differences,
that only appeal to the few rather than to the many.
One point that, however, may appeal to the many
is that it is most improbable that they will come
across it in England. It has earned the reputation
of being unsuitable to our country.

There is one question we suggest for consideration
without attempting to make satisfactory answer as
to these “ alternates ’ of other countries. Contro-
versy has often been rife upon the probable single or
multiple origin of many of the beasts of creation.
I do not know what may be the views of the learned
as to the single and common, or the multiple and
independent origin of Conifers, or even the single and
multiple origin of these similarities of species ; but if
P. Laricio and its affinities, P. Leucodermis, Sylves-
tris, Thunbergii, Densiflora, Resinosa, inter alia,
had once a single origin, and then were scattered to
the four corners of the earth by the four winds of
heaven and other agencies, and if after that they
showed ‘first slight and then gradually growing
changes in process of evolution, according to their
different environments, what are we to expect in the
way of improved commercial timber, by retrans-
60 PINES

planting them in quantity away from their naturalized
or native soil, where they have set up for themselves
an individuality of their own, and in accordance with
the requirements of the various regions in which they
have become settlers? Despite this inference on
the contrary side, some of such varieties have survived
their transportation well enough to justify extended
attempts, and our repeating of invitations to ‘‘ At
Homes ”’ here.

P. Laricio, THE CorsicAN PINE.—

I wandered lonely where the Pine Trees made
Against the bitter East their barricade.
WHITTIER.

It is now some seventy years since our ancestors
planted Corsican Pines, and euphemistically wrote
of them as the Altissima Pines from Corsica. Though
not approaching in grandeur of size this tree in its
native land, the trees here have attained a greater
height than any other Pines, including the Scots Pine,
planted in those days. To give our own opinion upon
the tree, we should sum up the situation abruptly
with the remark that while we all like them intensely,
the rabbits with an equal intensity dislike them.

We should like—by way of an obiter dictum—
to recount a little homely experience on this alleged
distaste of the Corsican Pine on the part of the rabbit.
Some time since, from where I write, when rabbits
were thick upon the ground, as thick as Milton’s
“autumnal leaves that strewed the brooks in Val-
lombrosa,” a young Corsican was planted for the sole
purpose of offering temptation at a spot where there
passed and repassed, in numbers considerable, a host
of hungry rodent rabbits, in quest of evening meal
and evening drink.

Rabbits, it was generally supposed, like many
another frail specimen of the animal kingdom, were
THE CORSICAN PINE 61

more able to resist anything than. temptation, and
dubious opinions were expressed as to the strength
of the temptation that a young Corsican might offer
to the gratification of their recurrent appetite. The
majority prophesied a short shrift and a speedy end
to the sacrificial victim, and the majority were wrong.
To-day, when the rabbits have since been almost
improved off the face of this plot, the tree, as a respect-
ably grown and ornamental member of the Society
of Pines, remains, and is a monumental evidence to
the distasteful qualities of its flavour; and the
excellency of their discrimination would be endorsed,
we feel sure, by any species of man or superman who
would care to try conclusions with the bitter ex-
perience that a taste of its leaves produces.

Possibly this trial by taste, as a trial of vintages
after the gathering of the grapes, might have some
influence in deciding between a Corsican and Austrian
Pine. We have referred in the Table to the difference
as to shape, bark, and leaves, and in an old tree the first
two of this trio of differences are the most convincing.

Many complaints have been received as to losses
incurred, owing to the long tap root, in transplanting
Corsicans. Professors from schools of forestry, and
other wiseacres who have made the experiment, bid
us plant them late in the spring, very late, even to the
time when summer is upon us. When fuller grown
this long tap root may have been of great service to
the stability of the tree at a later date. Speaking
from a limited experience, upon the point of view of
quantity, of trees under immediate observation, but
not from a limited or impersonal experience of the
force and fury of the gales and winds (I write in 1916),
the Corsican has withstood the test when Scots Pines,
Weymouth Pines, Silver Firs, and Spruce Trees, and
many Hard-woods have strewn the ground with havoc
and derelicts.
62 PINES

P. Laricio var. Austriaca or NicRICANS.—For
the Austrian Pine I hold no brief as a planter in the
Midlands. It may have its uses and serve purposes
in barren places, on sandy shores, where winds unkind
blow hard and cruel, and other inhospitable elsewheres
of a like nature, for all I know to the contrary. The
fact remains that it is neither so prepossessing in
appearance nor sought after so much for sawbench
requirements as its congeners the Scots and Corsican
Pines. If there is any truth in this summing up of
its qualities, it can only be remarked that it ought to
be, in most places, discarded in favour of its affinities.

P. LEucopERMIS has been generally looked upon
as the Alpine form of the P. Laricio. It hails from
Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Montenegro. It was only
introduced to Kew in 1894. Experimentalists are
trying them here, and they seem very promising.
In the heights of their own country they appear
equally to scorn the summer sun and winter snow.
If our English hospitality may not be able to con-
scientiously guarantee the former and more attractive
side of the picture, it can fearlessly vouch for the
counter-attractive. It can offer in profusion—given
time—hard winters, late frosts, snowstorms, and
cold winds. It has bleak pastures in plenty, on high
lands and waste places in lofty situations, all adapted
eminently to the more abundant presence of tree-life.
If this is not so, a false doctrine has been dinned in
our ears, cast in our teeth, and thrust down our
throats, over and over again, from the day when
Evelyn, in 1662, wrote his Sylva, to the present time,
when the latest contribution on the subject was
penned and produced by Professor Stebbing.

From the tree’s historical antecedents, or anything
that we can learn of it, what Pine, or other Conifer,
we ask, is there better constituted to make experiment
THE MOUNTAIN PINE 63

with in these direful places than this Leucodermis
tree and mountain product. from Herzegovina and
Balkan heights.

P. Montana and Conrorta, the Mountain Pine of
Europe, and the Lodge Pole Pine of America, to say
nothing of several other aliases that they and their
formidable list of varieties indulge in, remain the
only members of the Pinaster group left unnoticed.

The Montana Pines take their name from lofty
regions whence they come, the Contorta from the
often apparent curious twist of its young shoots.

We have given in the Table a series of their differ-
ences, and, acting on the Cornish proverb ‘“‘ Enough
is enough, and too much is a plenty,” we will en-
deavour not to improve upon the occasion by pur-
poseless repetition, and only refer to the cone structure
part of the question.

The Contorta, like several of the three-leaved
Pines, and the Muricata among the two-leaved speci-
mens, sticks to its cones, or its cones stick to it,
whichever you will, for many seasons. The P.
Muricata belongs to the multi-nodal group of the
Banksia clan, while the P. Contorta is only a one-
whorl producer of branchlets a year, or a member
of the uni-nodal group. The P. Muricata has longer
leaves, and the P. Contorta is a practically short-
leaved tree, so a little similarity of habit and cone
should cause no discomfiture in the calculations of
the man who would give them their name.

The often twisted young shoots-——-whence came
the name contorted—and the persistent cone habit
differentiate it from the Montana. Both the Con-
torta and the Murrayana, with their many stems
springing low down on the trunk from the tree,
produce a candelabra effect of growth that the
Bungeana and some of the Thuyas sometimes affect.

4
64 PINES

P. MontTANA var. PuMILIO.—-

Where the hill-side slopes from the covert to the peat-stained stream
below,
Small and of no reputation, the children of Nature grow:
On broken banks—and ridges—and the fringe of the bog beneath—
And out on the open spaces of the wide, eternal heath,
E. M. MItts..

The P. Montana, like the Pinus Cembra, has its
prostrate and creeping representative. The Montana
elects to call his miniature edition by the name of
Pumilio, while the Cembra has selected the word
Pumila as an appellation for the pygmies of his tribe.

In point of fact, and when translated, they are one
and the same thing, these two words Pumilio and
Pumilus, and what they signify also is one and the
same thing, and that is “ dwarf,’’ or if you like to make
use—and the dictionaries allow you the alternative—
of an old word, fallen into disuse but retaining a good
old Shakespearian ring about it, you may translate
either of them, Pumilio or Pumilus, as Dandy-prat.
Both these dwarf trees have a habit of forming them-
selves into a thicket of creeping, trunkless, tangled
undercover, which constitutes a retreat that the
foxes and wilder beasts of the country-side frequent
and adore, but through which glorious man can with
but difficulty crawl his way.

Two scenes in illustration of such a growth flit
before my memory. The one a scene from Nature,
a thick cover of P. Montana var. Pumilio, planted
some years ago by J. Williams, of Scorrier (Cornwall),
the other a portrayal of art in picture form, of the
Cembran Dwarf Pine (the Pumila) growth, at some
6,700 ft. above sea-level in Japan, and on the sides
of a mountain named Ontake in the Island of Hondo.
The photograph referred to was taken by E. H.
Wilson in 1916, and appears in the publications of
the Arnold Arboretum, No. 8, entitled Conifers and
P. MONTANA 65

Taxads of Japan, and makes a particularly interesting
illustration of the curiosities of coniferous growths.
Another illustration of this curious tree is figured
in The Gardener's Chronicle, May 5th, 1917, and shows
the disposition of the main stems, extending them-
selves flatly along the ground, and is commented on
there by Professor Augustine Henry.

All these shorter and more scrubby-growing two-
leaved Pines I refer to the P. Echinata and Virginiana
(or Mitis and Inops), Banksiana, Contorta, and
Montana. All have their individualities set forth
in the Table, so that in theory they ought, with a
little working out, to create no puzzlement in the
mind of the identifier ; but, as a matter of fact they
do, as many have borne me witness. The insur-
mountable difficulty is their rarity and the want of
object-lessons. If we could occasionally see them
all together side by side, difficulties would vanish like
snow on a river.

Nature does not, however, permit a mastery of her
secrets by any such simple, helpful processes as
these, and perhaps for some reasons it is for the best,
since that which is acquired easily and swiftly is
often as easily and swiftly forgotten.

A perfected Pinetum, set before us in classification
array, with bud and flower and cone concomitant
complete, would perhaps be a duller study in reality
than we imagine, and like a limiting of the lesson-
books to dictionaries and encyclopedias. Of such
works, all know, we can make valuable use for refer-
ence and reminder, but cannot hope to build up from
them alone a lasting interest in any subject, cult, or
science. A campaign to conquer the comparative
anatomies of the Conifers has to be undertaken with
more Fabian methods.
II
ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFER, or THE
FAMILY PINACE, or THE TRIBE ABIETINE&,
OF THE SUB-TRIBE SAPINE, AND GENUS
ABIES)
I remember, I remember,
The fir trees tall and high,

I used to think their slender spires
Were close against the sky.

Hoop,
THE writer goes on to apologize for this illusion of
his youth and describes it as'a “‘ childish ignorance.”
We, on the contrary, should pronounce it a very
sound sylvicultural observation that matured wisdom
would faithfully endorse.

How many tree lovers are there who have not, at
one time or another of their life, been prevailed upon
by some enthusiastic host, bursting with pardonable
pride and parish patriotism, to make a joint expedition
afoot for the purpose of viewing the giant wonder
tree of the country-side, a mighty Fir, that has sur-
passed all compeers; and who, perhaps, after a toil
and moil of many mountainous miles, have not at
last been regaled with the sight of an old. familiar
friend, in the undisguised form of the Common
Silver Fir.

This tree, which is unquestionably. most divinely
tall, the most divinely exalted type of its species with

us, rejoices in a super-growth that so far outrivals
66
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS (SILVER FIRS) 67

in height all other competitors. Whether they will
in turn be out-topped by sky-scraping Sequoias in
this country, or some other competitor of their own
genus, like the A. Forrestii, A. Recurvata, or the
A. Delavayii, hailing from internal China, is a question
for future generations to pronounce opinion upon.
At present our homespun Silver Fir (A. Pectinata)
towers far and above its companions of the wood-
lands, and stands out amongst its fellows as a demi-god
Triton among minnows.

To those who would essay to dissociate the Silver
Fir family, one species from another species, we
would humbly suggest working them out by the
groups into which they have been arranged by
standard authorities, and we would submit to the
reader the following points which are mainly respon-
sible for their inclusion in the various groups to
which they have been assigned. —

Arrangement of Leaves.—(1) Whether they are
radially (all round the stem) arranged as are the
leaves in the Spruces. (N.B.—Group I, only these,
the A. Pinsapo and A. Cephalonica, are thus arranged.)
(2) Whether they are pectinately arranged, like a
comb, as particularly and ideally in the A. Grandis
in Group II. (3) Whether they are less, strictly
speaking, pectinately and more V-shaped by arrange-
ment, and if V-shaped, whether they are acutely
divided or whether their leaves gape out more
widely apart, rather after the manner of horns of
cattle, as do some in Group ITI. (4) Whether they
have, as in Group III, median leaves on the top,
instead of the bare parting in Group II.

Other points in shape and habit of leaf, apart
from any question of arrangement to be noticed:
(a2) whether the median leaves are as long as
or shorter than the lower-placed leaves ;_ (2) which
way these median leaves point (all except in A,

6
68 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

Numidica, in which they point backwards, point for-
wards); (c) whether these median leaves arise from the
branchlets straight up, as, for instance, in A. Ama-
bilis, or whether they are at first appressed—that is
to say, adhere for the first part of their length to the
branchlets—before shooting up in a forward direction
from the stem, as in the A. Nobilis and Magnifica ;
(d) apex of leaf, whether sharply bifid (as e.g. Firma,
Homolepis, Webbiana, etc.), or emarginate, or less
sharply and more obtusely notched (as e.g. Pectinata,
etc.), or whether entire, with unbroken margin (as
e.g. Nobilis, Concolor, Magnifica, Lasiocarpa, Re-
ligiosa); or whether the apex is rounded, obtuse,
truncate, acute, or spine-tipped, as in Bracteata.

   

Apex Apex Apex - Apex Apex Apex
cere Rounded Truncate Bifida’ two Spine Acute
notched notched sharp points dipped
Concolor Nobilis Veitchii Firma Bracteata se
Lasiocarpa Magnifica Amabilis Brachyp shyla Pinsapo
A. Religiosa very ohebely (apex more
sometimes) pen-nibbed
Cilicia shape.
Numidica

 

Homolepis

Stomata.—Whether they show white stomatiferous
bands on one side of the leaf or on both sides, as do
the Spruces (Picez) upon all sides. The Silver Firs
(Abies) are rarely stomatiferous on both sides of the
leaf, and in ‘instances where they are, often not
whole-heartedly but in broken bands, or only on the
leaves of the higher boughs.

The following are the exceptions4imong Silver Firs
that show stomata on both sides of the leaf: Lowiana,
Concolor, Lasiocarpa, Arizonica, Nobilis, Magnifica,
Numidica, and Pinsapo, also the Cephalonica—but
inconspicuously, except with the aid of magnifying
glasses. I should like to add to these the A. Sacha-
linensis, although it does not generally appear to: be
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS OF SILVER FIRS 69

included in this list by authorities. A specimen sent
me distinctly showed them.

Branchlets and Shoots, appearance and composition
of.—Points of difference to be noted: (1) the colour
of the shoot ; (2) whether downy or showing here
and there evidences of scattered pubescence, or
without any pubescence at all—that is to say,
glabrous ; (3) whether in composition it is corrugated
and fissured, or whether it is smooth, or perhaps in
some instances slightly wavy, but not fissured with
deepened grooves, as are the representatives of the
corrugated clique.

This difference, as between what is corrugated and
slightly wavy, we own reads somewhat perplexingly.
It is far more clearly explained in the illustrations
appended than by any mere little collection of words
strung together by an amateur student, with best
intent of purpose but with an acknowledged in-
capacity to make explicit this particular point by
use of script alone ; but if these illustrations are even
cursorily examined with the accompanying text, they
ought to be of assistance to the aims of any identifier.

The difference between corrugated and smooth
surface calls for little more strain on the powers of
perception of ordinary man to discern than an
opinion invited upon the difference in outward and
superficial shape of a roof of corrugated iron and a
covering of flat undented sheet-iron on some wayside
farm building.

Out of the twenty-six species of Silver Firs that
have been called attention to, eight are corrugated,
or if another simile be permitted, shaped more
after the manner of wavVes in a choppy sea than the
more gradual and gentle gradients of a ridge-and-
furrow field in a Midland county, which would be
more descriptive of the branchlet explained and
portrayed as of undulate surface.
70 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

Fifteen are smooth-surfaced in branchlet and twig,
and may be, to pursue the metaphor, compared to
thé unruffled surface of a mill pond, and in one or
two instances, when described as wavy, likened to
the little ripples we sometimes see making commotion
in still waters which the winds of heaven. have
agitated.

Three of these Silver Firs, just to complicate
attempts at finality of elucidation: and make con-
fusion more confounded, change their .coats or rinds
at different stages of life, from smooth to rough or
from rough to smooth. Two of.this trio of per-
versities show signs—more in accord with the laws
of Nature—of a more roughened exterior as they get
older, while one, as befits its name Religiosa, becomes
more softened thereupon as it advances in life.

We append list and illustrations in exemplification
of these different surface characteristics of branchlets
among the Silver Firs. -

TWIGS AND BRANCHLETS CORRUGATED AND FISSURED

Group I Group III

Pinsapo (slightly). Sachalinensis,

Group II Group V
Firma. Numidica (slightly corrugated).
Homolepis (less corrugated 2nd

and 3rd years), Group VI
Brachyphylla (deeply). Lasiocarpa (more fissured 2nd
Webbiana. year),

TWIGS AND BRANCHLETS SMOOTH, OR UNDULATE
AND SLIGHTLY WAVY

Group I Amabilis,
halonica, — Veitchii,

Cephalonica ae
Grovp II ;

Bracteata, a Group IV

Grandis, Nobilis.

Lowiana, Magnifica.

e Satacor tag, Group V

Balsamea. Cilicia.

Group III Group VI

 

Nordmanniana, Concolor.
70]

 

 

A. WEBBIANA,.

  

A. BRACTEATA. A. GRANDIS. A. MARIESII.
Fic. I.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE DIFFERENT SURFACE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRANCHLETS OF SILVER Firs.
A. PINSAPO AND CEPHALONICA 71

UNDECIDED
Group III . Group VI
Religiosa (1st year corrugated; | Pindrow (smooth, but slightly
2nd year smooth). fissured 2nd year).

Mariesii (smooth, but slightly
fissured when older).

ABIES. GROUP I
(OF RADIALLY ARRANGED LEAVES)

A. PINSAPO AND CEPHALONICA

The Spanish Pinsapo and the Greek Cephalonica
practise the rites of unorthodoxy in their observances
of Silver Fir rules, with a defiance that asks for
expulsion. Their leaves are radially arranged, have
spiny tips, and show white stomata bands on both
surfaces, and are attenuated towards the base, where,
like the Pinsapo, they take their rest on little green
supports. So far they are fashioned after the manner
of the Spruce tree family.

What, then, is it that entitles them to rank among
the Abies ? In the first place their cones are erect and
dehiscent. In the second place the situation of their
leaves is in accordance with the traditions of the
Silver Fir. When pulled off they leave a circular
scar, as is explained previously. These two points
tip the beam in favour of the Abies, but it must have
been a close thing at one time, we imagine, and a case
for the referee to be called in. The Pinsapo takes
its name from a region in Spain; the Cephalonica
from the Greek Island Cephalonia in the Ionian Sea.

The rampant unorthodoxy of these two Abies
simplifies the matter of their identity if it does
nothing else. The much harder, shorter, lighter-
tinted, broader, and aggressively sticking-out rigid
leaves of the Pinsapo prevent any misconception
arising as to which is which of these two stable com-
panions. The new twigs of the Pinsapo are, we
72 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

should have considered, rather more of an orange
than brown colour as generally described, and as for
the prominences of their slightly fissured surface, they
are more after the manner of eminences in the roads
of fenlands, where the gradients are so obscure that
surveyors can hardly put a figure to them, and
travellers in their locomotive experiences fail to
observe them. The leaves are thicker nearer the
base than are those of the Cephalonica, which are
markedly narrowed. On both they appear as if
situated upon little green plinths, or stands, and when
detached leave behind the orthodox round scar of
the Abies.

While the stomata of the Pinsapo are pretty clear
to the naked eye, the Cephalonica stomata on the
upper side call for the use of the magnifying-glass to
bring them into notice. Both trees merit the universal
recommendation to plant bestowed upon them by
the authorities.

GROUP II

A. BracTEaTa, GRANDIS, Lowiana, Firma, Homo-
LEPIS, BRACHYPHYLLA, PECTINATA, WEBBIANA,
BALSAMEA, FRASERI

Group II consists of Silver Firs that are described
as V-shaped, while the members of Group III .are
credited with median leaves arranged on the upper
side of the shoot. :

The first thing to accomplish a mastery over is:
what is meant by and what constitutes a V-shaped
depression, and what appearance the Group III
described as possessed of median leaves on the top
presents, and even what is meant by median leaves
and where do they come in in the story. We will
try to briefly explain them both,
A. BALSAMEA AND FRASERI 73

A pectinate arrangement, by which is meant
leaves on the lateral branches shaped after the teeth
of a comb, should give one the idea of a flat and
horizontal arrangement of leaves. Often if you turn
the branchlet over, it answers the description truly
enough as far as the lower side is concerned, but on
the top side they vary, and do not convey the idea
of regularity that you are accustomed to see in the
teeth of the dressing-table article. V-shaped is when
the upper leaves assume the form and lines of the
alphabetical letter. A succession of them arrayed
close together, if you look down their line, gives the
appearance as if a plough-share had drilled a furrow
down their middle. At the bottom of the furrow
the stem is visible, and this parting, as on the human
head of hair, is sometimes narrow, sometimes wider,
according to circumstance or the age of the owner.
When upon this vacant furrow another crop of leaves
grows from the stem, these are called median leaves,
and very properly, as they grow in the middle. Trees
thus equipped are described in Group III.

A. Batsamea and A. Fraseri.—This Group II
consists of some ten species, all of which, with the
exception of Balsamea and Fraseri, are quite likely to
be met with in Pinetums. These two, then, can be
dismissed with a few words. We can almost com-
mence with them, and end with them, by a poetical
reference from Longfellow :

Give me of your balsam, O fir tree,

Of your balsam and your resin.
Seemingly it contained some very useful essential in
the construction of Hiawatha’s canoe, and from the
description we may conclude that the value of this
resinous fir was held in high estimation by the natives
who lived in its vicinity and freely appropriated its
uses, which included medicinal extracts and oil of fir
74 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

obtained from its bark. A. FRASERI was introduced -
here in 1811. It is a short-lived tree, and probably
no living specimens of that period are in existence now.
Its native countries are the Alleghany Mountains in
S.-W. Virginia, N. Carolina, and E. Tennessee.

We will now take the members of Group II seriatim
and in order, as placed by Elwes and Henry in the
Trees of Great Britain.

A. BRACTEATA presentsso many obvious singularities
that no one need be troubled with any misconceptions
as to its identity after a first introduction.

Its leaves are spiny-tipped, the only one of the
tribe which claims this very pointed distinction.
They are very long; from tip to tip they span some
5% inches against the 14 inches or so of the Common
Silver Fir. Its unique, long, spindle-shaped, light-
coloured bud, though not quite so long and more
rotund at the base, recalls the appearance of a Beech
bud.

Yet the cone presents a weirder appearance than
‘all other strange aberrations of the Fir family put
together. It has the porcupine appearance of a
small cushion stuffed with very long pins.

These long, protruding, leaf-like scales are exserted
bracts, a name given to those never fully developed
leaves that surround the fruit or cones of the tree
at its early stages, and sometimes, especially in this
tree and the Douglas, have a way of poking their noses
through the scales of the fully developed cone and
appearing in different forms ; in the case of a Douglas
in a Neptune trident form, in the case of the Bracteata
in the form of a thin bent wire an inch and a half long.

The result is an uncanny quaintness of appearance
that makes them look like nothing on earth and
unlike anything upon trees. It is from these bracts
that the trees derive their name, and the word ‘“‘bract ”’
A. BRACTEATA AND GRANDIS 75

in turn derives its name from the Latin word bractea,
which originally meant a thin plate or leaf of gold
metal.

A. GrRanpis, or Giant Fir, rejoices in rather a
pretentious title, which it, however, contrives to
live up to in its native country; and its native country
may be defined as the coast regions of British Colum-
bia and the coast States of Western America, Oregon,
and California. There it out-tops the highest of its
kith and kin among Silver Firs; but among our
little lot the Common Silver Fir (A. Pectinata) reigns
supreme of its race. The A. Grandis was introduced
about 1850, the A. Pectinata about A.D. 1600 ; so far,
then, the championship must be regarded as undecided
and any finality of opinion for the present so far upon
the subject as nonproven.

With us it is recognised as in the first rank of quick
growers, and we might go so far as to bracket these
two first, Grandis and Douglas, as Senior Wranglers
in the field of such a competition. It will stand being
planted under the shade of other trees. In spite of
a character for deep-root system, like many other
quick growers it has its drawbacks. The root
growths do not quite seem to keep pace in proportion
with the trees’efforts in sky-high directions. The in-
evitable result of this is that they inherit a liability ©
to topple over at any unusual provocation or extra
dose delivered on the part of the elements.

We speak from the bitter experience of the 1915
Boxing-Day gales. Without any excuse of want
of sheltering influence a promising young A. Grandis
of some twenty summers’ experience of its position,
elected, to the surprise, dismay, and mortification of
its many friends and admirers, to measure its some
50 to 60 feet of length upon the ground in which we
had all believed it to be firmly embedded.
76 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

The ideally pectinate arrangement of its long
grass-green shiny leaves, which span from tip to tip
a good 3 inches, its upper rank leaves half the length
of the lower, its notched apex and clearly-showing
white stomata bands, all conspire to help identifica-
tion.

Again, its olive-green and sometimes orange-brown
tinted branchlets, with what is generally described
as reddish, but sometimes appears as almost white,
pubescence; are also characteristic. Its grey bark,
with here and there the appearance of faint orange
tints, is smooth but for being plentifully covered
with blisters, which when broken emit a most fragrant
flow of turpentine, of a most gratifying nature to the
scent-sense of man and woman.

There are other lesser aids to the recognition of a
tree that future generations may have more to say
about than we have, at such a comparatively early
stage of its existence with us.

A. Lowrana.—
At every impulse of the moving breeze
The fir grove murmurs with a sea-like sound.
: WorbDswortn.
Sometimes we have heard the A. Lowiana compared
with the A. Grandis. But the A. Lowiana has its
white stomatic bands on both surfaces of its leaves,
while the A. Grandis has stomata only upon the
lower surface. This should at once in theory—if
theory goes for anything—dispose of any suspicion
of their connection. If another proof were wanted,
there exists the fact that the leaves in the upper
rank of the Lowiana are nearly as long as those in
the lower rank, while in the A. Grandis they are
only a little more than half the length. Most of us
have been taught that if we wish to accumulate a
little mental confusion between any two trees,
A. LOWIANA 77

and are unable to obtain it elsewhere, an excellent
opportunity is afforded to us in instituting com-
parisons between the A. Lowiana and the A. Concolor,
and if you want to drag in another and make con-
fusion more confounded, the A. Lasiocarpa can be
called in to make a third. With this latter tree we
have dealt with in its own place, and tried to show
that the likeness is merely a nominal mistake and
devoid of any reality.

As between A. Lowiana and Concolor, our instruc-
tions are that the apex of the leaf in the Lowiana is
notched and grooved, while A. Concolor is not notched
and not grooved. This, if it holds good and is subject
to no saving clauses, equivocations, or exceptions, is
a clear and final distinction, and one moreover within
easy scope of the ability of the humblest observers.

The A. Lowiana belongs to a more northern tree
region than the A. Concolor. The A. Concolor has
the longer leaf, and both indulge in leaves with inward
curls of a sickle-shaped form, and looking as if they
had been subjected to an application of the curling-
tongs from the hands of an expert barber. A habit
which, as has been explained, saves them from
exposing so much leaf surface to the sun.

The Concolor is of a more glaucous colour, with a
thicker distribution of leaves upon branchlets than
the Lowiana. Both seem tolerably good doers in
our climate.

A. Firma (the Common Fir of S. Japan).
A. HoMoLepis (the Mountain Firs [Dake
A. BRACHYPHYLLA Momi] of Central Japan).

We have here a triplet of Japanese trees, which
have more than done their fair share in creating
perplexities and heart-burnings among the leading
lights of such subjects, Whether they should have
78 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

been more appropriately likened in number to twins
than triplets, and whether consensus of opinion will
some day reduce them to a dual state, is in anticipa-
tion of the results of our remarks on the subject.
We will only generally add that if twins are hard to
know apart, a@ fortiori triplets cannot be expected to
do anything but treble difficulties.

The first point that we would impress is that they
are trees of uncommon appearance with us. They
are not the sort of plants that you are in the least
likely to stumble across in an everyday walk, or even
after Sabbath-day journeyings, or to alight upon in a
full-grown glory of adolescence, or in their fuller
maturity of a cone-clad age. But since they are
Conifers that grow in England they come into our
story, and must not be omitted from the programme
of our curriculum.

A. Firma.—The Common Fir of S. Japan was once
—notwithstanding the fact that it was a name
equally applicable to several others—appositely called
A. Bifida, on account of the two very evident little
sharp points that surmount the apex of the leaf (vide
illustration, Abies Introductory, p. 68). It occupies
in its own country regions the same sort of position
that the A. Pectinata occupies here, and that is, as
its English name implies, the Common Silver Fir of
the district.

It is in that guise, and armed with credentials as
an endemic or Common Fir of another country, that
the A. Firma and all that pertains to it should be
enshrined in our memory 1eady for recall if occasion
offers.

From our Common Fir it can be easily dissociated.

While the Japanese has these sharp points at apex
of leaf—and which we rightly or wrongly are desig-
nating bifid, in contradistinction to the more un-
A. FIRMA, HOMOLEPIS, BRACHYPHYLLA 79

dulating depression that we are calling notched or
emarginate—has also corrugated or fissured shoots
with pubescence in their grooves ; has also longer,
thicker, broader leaves, of a lighter, almost yellow-
grass-green colour, the Anglo-Saxon representative |
(A. Pectinata), on the other hand, has less acutely
notched or emarginate tops to leaf, of smaller size
and dark-green colour, with pubescence scattered
indiscriminately upon its smooth shoots.

From these more nearly allied similarities, the A.
Brachyphylla and Homolepis—which we will treat
here, for the time being, as one and the same, or in
inseparable Siamese-twin relationship—the A. Firma
perhaps differs less, but very sufficiently, when we
start to sum up his points.

The A. Firma, as we have said, has pubescence in
the grooves of his corrugated shoots, whereas the
Brachyphylla-cum-Homolepis is devoid of anything
of the sort. The leaves of the latter display very
bright’ and conspicuous stomata on one side of the
leaf, if not—and we say it with hesitancy, because it
is not authoritatively admitted—occasionally a faint
tracing of broken bands of stomata upon the other
and upper-lying side. The stomata on the A. Firma,
as the moon to the sun, are comparatively very dull
affairs. They consist of two murky inconspicuous
bands on one surface.

Cones received from Japan manifest clear differ-
ences. Those of the A. Firma are of more rotund
and stumpy-looking proportions, larger at the base
than the top, while the cones of the Brachyphylla |
are of a uniform, cylindrical, more elongated shape.

A few cones have appeared with us here and there,
and in places the number of which you could count
on one man’s fingers, but, in a general way and for
the most part, instituting a hunt for them in England
would be a vain quest, with little more chance of a
80 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

find than the Yankee’s memorable search for a black
hat, on a dark night, when it was not there.

We may add that the photographs in Clinton-Baker’s
clarifying Illustrations of Conifers coincide with the
shape of those referred to here, and tell their own
story more faithfully than words express.

A. BRACHYPHYLLA AND Homo.epis.—Many mis-
givings upon two or three questions in connection
with these so-named trees seem to have arisen, and
pierced the very soul of the super-conscientious
botanical exponent. That is, at least, how it appears
to those who, with primitive instinct, have tried to
learn by reading the lines, and between the lines,
of what experts have written on this vexed question.

By those who maintain their dual existence as two
distinct trees, we are told that so far no Homolepis
cone specimen has ever been plucked by human
hands, or ever set eyes on by human being. This
seems rather to indicate—if it points to anything—
that when this missing link in the shape of a cone
turns up, no true alibi will be found to have been set
up, and affords argument more in favour of the
conclusion that it is the same individual, in spite of
the assumption of two names, perhaps slightly
changed, but not anything in the shape even of a
masquerading double, of a different nature and
composition, that has obtruded its presence upon us
farther afield, and tried to take us in by methods of
duplicity. We can only say that if this fruitless
peculiarity of dispensing with a cone-system exists,
or is going to weary us by its continuance, the tree
will be occupying among Conifers as unique and
forlorn a position in its place upon our earth as the
man compelled—in fantastic legend—to walk through.
life without the companionship of a shadow. .

To those who wish to puzzle out in entirety the
A. BRACHYPHYLLA AND HOMOLEPIS 81

intricacies of this trio of trees, in all its ramifications
and variations, there is still another upstart, so far
unmentioned by us, to compete with, and it is called
the Umbellata. This is a tree with leaves like the
Brachyphylla and Homolepis, and with cones of the
colour and substance of the A. Firma; in short, it
reads as a halfway house between the two, and this
is what probably spells its true story of an hybrid
history.

The queries, then, which trouble the mind of the
more unsophisticated, and the questions that present
themselves to the would-be unravellers of this tangle,
seem to be very much after this pattern :

(1) Are the Brachyphylla and Homolepis one and
the same tree ?

Some authorities of our day have answered to this
“No,” distinctly if not quite emphatically, but still
“No.” They maintain that certain slight obscure
but sufficient differences exist between them. They
quote the fact that the different positions of the resin
ducts substantiates their case. From this view
E. H. Wilson, after a recent journey to their native
country, dissents. It is true that he does not refer
to these resin-duct differences, but he assuredly saves
the situation for some of us and simplifies the matter
for those who flounder in the sea of doubt. There
are many to whom resin ducts and their position are
but the by-play of a hidden mystery.

He (Wilson) further tells us that any little varia-
tions of form or inconsistencies of habit are traits
of character, traceable to those inconsistencies of age
that all life, human and plant, is liable to, and this
is an arrival at opinion of natural progression that all

ethose in the sere and yellow are easily able to com-

prehend, and that all those in the green of youth are
too ready to jump at ribald conclusions upon, without
any further encouragement from their seniors.
82 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

(2) What is the true story of yet another disturbing
element on the scene in the shape called the Umbel-
lata, whether it is a variety of the Brachyphylla and
Homolepis (regarding them as one and the same
plant), or whether it is a hybrid, as between them
and the A. Firma? The latter, from evidence re-
ceived, seems the likeliest solution of this vexed
question.

(3) Whether its presence as a new-comer in our
midst has not added confusion to the scene, and given
rise to the idea that four identities are in actual
being—namely, Firma, Brachyphylla, Homolepis,
Umbellata—whereas in fact only three are existent,
Firma, Homolepis and the probably cross-bred Um-
bellata.

Tempus edax rerum. Time and experience some
day may solve these knotty complications to the
' satisfaction of all, and attune the botanical world
once more in a dull and an uninteresting blend of
harmony upon these so far unresolved modulations.
For the time being, the most convenient course to
pursue, for all lovers of simplicity, is to follow Wilson,
and to look upon them as one, to talk of them as
one, and call them either Brachyphylla or Homolepis,
but not Brachyphylla and Homolepis, as the spirit
moves or fancy dictates

The A. WesBIANA has not earned with us those
credentials of hardiness that we might have looked for
from a tree that came from Himalayan heights.
The story of its failure here seems to be the want of
constancy in our climatic programme. The com-
plaint of such trees seems to be that we, as a country,
exhibit a lamentable want of decision as to what
sort of weather we are going to provide for them in
the critical moments of early spring-time. And yet
it comes from regions that must often experience a
A. WEBBIANA 83

cold as intense as that of the historic winter in France,
1407, when, as it was solemnly declared, the frost
was so bitter that at every third word the ink froze
in the pens at the Court of Law, and arrested the
recording of judgments.

There are times when late frosts injure particularly
the young trees, or perhaps what is worse, a perpetual
visitation of cold winds browns and scarifies the
senior members of the Pinetum with a cruelty that
is positively heartless. Men, we are told, may some-
times look on tempests and remain unshaken, but
trees, unfortunately, are hardly as stoical.

In its own country the A. Webbiana enjoys im-
munity from inconstancy. From a hibernating stage
of a winter spent under a deep snow, it emerges at a
fixed date with clockwork regularity, to find itself
warm and happy, under the promoting conditions of
a blue rejoicing sky. That it finds our climate to be
generally unaccommodating is unfortunate, since it is
a tree that is all-beautiful without and as all-glorious:
within, as those king’s daughters that we are told,
upon the Psalmist’s authority, at a moment of time
when his heart was inditing of a good matter, were
fitted to enter king’s palaces. Its cones in their
early stage are of a most attractive violet-purple
colour. Its leaves on the underneath surface display
the most vivid silvery whiteness of all well-known
Conifers, so far; and in spirit of prophecy we venture
a statement that their proxime accessit, or even
conqueror, in colour scheme in years to come will
be the new and lately named Chinese Silver Fir,
A. Forrestii.

Botanically and geographically the A. Webbiana
has been menticned together with the A. Pindrow
If the Pindrow is an affinity of it, all we can say is
that, judging from outward appearances, it is a very.
colourless edition of the A. Webbiana. As “ light

a
84 ABIES, OR SILVERJFIRS

excelleth darkness,” so does the Webbiana rise su-
perior to the Pindrow in the vivid underneath of the
leaf.

The light-coloured branchlets of the Pindrow
gleam at you between the leaves as they do in the
Webbiana, but on close inspection they will be found
to be composed of a softer and different surface than
that of the corrugated Webbiana, but we have
pointed out some differences, which in this case call
for less mental confusion than such subjects often
present.

A. PECTINATA, OR COMMON SILVER Fir.—

You may tire of mountains and rivers, you may tire of the sea, but

you can never tire of trees,
Lorp BEACONSFIELD,

So spoke the departed statesman (more familiarly
known as “ Dizzy ’’) of the Victorian era.

There are some of us old enough to recall a cartoon
in Punch that depicted the eminent statesman swung
in a hammock under a tree in his garden, and mur-
muring self-complacently a measure of an Ariel’s
spirit song :

Dizzily, dizzily let me drowse
Under the shadow of Hughenden boughs,

Though he, Lord Beaconsfield and ex-Prime: Minis-
ter of a Victorian age, was probably reposing in
Virgilian attitude, after the manner of Tityrus, under
the covering of a spreading beech on this particular
occasion, we take it that the quoted expression of his
untiring admiration for trees referred rather to the
trees of landscapes generally than to any tree in
particular. Be that as it may, it was a high compli-
ment he paid to them; and if any Conifer deserves
its share of the praise bestowed more than other, it
THE COMMON SILVER FIR 85

is the Common Silver Fir, the mightiest and the
highest of them all.

As the Common Silver Fir is always a forthcoming
feature on most wayside and woodland scenes, we
have very little to say further of it here, unless it be
to enter a caveat for the sake of the less initiated,
and warn them not to be betrayed into any surprise,
or deluded at any critical moment, by the different
aspects and variety show that the leaves of this tree
sometimes offer to observers, according to the different
layers of its branches on which they grow. While
on the lower stages they wear an orderly, combed
and neatly parted appearance, of almost pectinate
perfection, upon the upper often all these character-
istics seem to have been relegated to the regions of
a lost art. The leaves are apt to stand out all over
the place and awry. They exhibit a crowded and
comparatively shock-headed arrangement. Side by
side they look like the foliage of two different trees,
anyhow until more closely examined, and then—to
those at least who know—they look, as they should,
themselves.

As it is quite an unusual occurrence for the majority
of us to come into contact with the top boughs of
trees that stand over a hundred feet high, this is a
little attention to detail that we can only recommend .
readers for their own edification to make the most of,
when they happen across one of these giants pros-
trated by storm, and levelled to the earth by the
inevitable forces of the Fates and Furies. .

Witnesses of their doom may, perchance, with
luck light upon another curious sight (as did the.
writer), of the leaves on the extremity branchlets
lying upturned, after the fall to earth of the tree,
and the new ones growing on the wrong side and the
opposite one to that on which they did before, when
their parent stem led a straight and upright life. The
86 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

whitened stomatiferous side, which was lying wrong
side up after the fall, had, from all evidences, firmly
refused to face exposure to the heavens. The sun
had dominated the situation and made the leaves
to grow according to his lights, and that was in upside-
down arrangement. A weird picture of the rules
and laws of topsy-turvydom. :

GROUP III

A. NORDMANNIANA, AMABILIS, RELIGIOSA, MARIESII,
VEITCHII, SACHALINENSIS, SIBIRICA
Oh! forest deep and gloomy,

Oh! woodland, vale, and hill,
From Mendelssohn's Open-Aty Muste,

A. NoRDMANNIANIA.—Of all the trees in this group,
first and foremost upon terms of more intimate
familiarity, stands out this dark and grim Caucasian
Silver Fir.

Their leaves are generally written down as dark
green and glossy. Glossy they are, as the best of
polished patent leather, but when you come to
compare at close quarters there are many Silver Firs
whose leaves are as dark and darker than are they,
and there is a good deal more of the green of grass hue
in their composition than perhaps in any other of
the nearer relations of the family. It is rather the
density of their leaf system, and the opaque shadows
they in consequence cast, that suggests ideas of black
forests and sombre depths with which they have been
associated, or those ‘forests deep and gloomy”
with which we announced their introduction upon
our scene.

To sum up their merits, they bear a character all
round for robust hardiness.

They time their annual growth to such a season
that they can afford to display a spontaneous dis-
A. NORDMANNIANA 87

regard for any of those little thermometric irregulari-
ties of the calendar, in the shape of late spring frosts
or Etesian winds.

Neither are they hypercritical sticklers, like so many
of their kind, in a choice of soil or in aspect of position.
In short they accept cheerfully, in happy-go-lucky
frame of mind, what their tutelary gods send them,
be it situation assigned or visitation of elements.
They hold better timber testimonials than the
generality of the Abies Family, and they—the Silver
Firs—we are constrained to say, do not hold as high
a character for popularity among timber buyers as
many of their owners would wish. The complaints
urged against them are that they are generally of too
large a size to push, move, or compete with on the
saw bench. Another drawback alleged against them
is that their rather porous propensities make them
adapted for indoor rather than outdoor use in their
final careers.

As, then, they have been acclaimed as growing
trees (1) weatherproof, and (2) picturesque, (3) of
accommodating disposition to soils and sites, (4) as of
fairly useful timber properties, the wonder grows ;
why is it that our horizons, our backgrounds, our
middle distances, and our foregrounds are not more
often streaked with their dark masses, looming out
against skylines? The answer may be that about
the times they should have been or might have been
planted, say, in the seventies or eighties (they were
introduced about 1850), to produce such effects,
ornamental tree-planting was neither a favourite nor
fashionable craze of the land-owning confraternity.
Like Gallio, the lordly possessors of vast domains
in that day were not caring very much just then
about such things.

In the forties of the last century it evidently was
more a matter of concern with them, and in the last
88 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

decade or so revivalists have not spoken and written
in vain. Books on the subject were published,
Chinese explorers brought back arboricultural gifts
rich and rare: a Royal Arboricultural Society was
formed ; forestry exhibitions and plantation com-
petitions were organized by the Royal Agricultural
Society ; other agricultural societies followed suit.
The very Board of Agriculture nodded approval and
began to fumble for their purse ; in short, all was
“going well and happy as marriage bells, till war
sounded its alaruni-call,—War teterrimum, horridum,
infandum, heap upon it all you can recall, from
languages ancient and modern, in the superlative
degree for choice, but not omitting Pliny’s dictum
that it should be non provocandum, as a pronounce-
ment of acquittal to those by whom it was un-
sought—and brought about the suppression of many
an aim and object, that was careering gaily on the
high road to success and many-sided improvement.
Perhaps a day may dawn, in years to come, when
more dark masses of the Caucasian Silver Fir will
greet the eye of travellers as they journey to and fro
on the highways and byways of our island home.

As experience with these relays of imported trees
progresses, it gradually and slowly impresses ideas
as to the chances or off-chances of success or failure
that we are likely to encounter in our effort to
cultivate them. If mathematically minded we might
mentally review them as hardy, possible, or hopeless,
or catalogue them as ‘‘ Well-to-does,” ‘“‘ Non-well-to-
does,”” and ‘‘ Ne’er-do-weels.”” The A. Religiosa,
Sachalinensis, and Sibirica are to be classed in the
third of these departments, and without much hope
of any remove or redemption.

A. Re icrosa, although a tall tree in Mexico, and
in spite of the fact that it had a good testimonial
A. RELIGIOSA, SACHALINENSIS, SIBIRICA 89

from Loudon, has—ever “ looking to the south ’—
ignominiously failed among us. It is possible that a
few rather sketchy, dilapidated remnants may reward
the curio-hunter if he makes diligent search in Corn-
wall or South Ireland, or some such “‘ Ultima Thule,”
—or call it, if you care, El Dorado,—and that seems
to be all the guide-books of tree whereabouts have to
offer the tree-hunters.

It is of Mexican origin, and derives its religious
name from the use it is put to in decorating churches
on festal days. It is like the Abies Nordmanniana
in leaf arrangement, but with fewer median leaves.
The first year’s shoots are corrugated, the second
year’s shoots less so, but the most telling evidence
of its identity is that the tips of its leaves are not
notched, as are all the others of this group.

The A. SAcHALINENSIS comes from the Kurile
Islands, Saghalien, and Hokkaido, the North Island
of Japan, where it is the sole representative of its
species, and known colloquially as Todo-matsu. We
can say of it and of the A. Sibirica that their presences
with us are few and far between sights, and are said
to be likely to be fewer and farther between still.
Its wood is very valuable.

A. Siprrica.—In spite of well-founded discourage-
ments on every side to make attempts to grow this
tree on English soil, human perversity often prevails,
and sets us at times pursuing with small chance of
achieving success. What we ought not to do is just
what every one desires to do, and often does. If
you are the recipient of a gift of one, as was the writer,
what course is open to you? Surely only one, and
that is to commit it to the ground and piously “‘ wish
it good luck in the name of the Lord.’’ The one
given to me and so treated, after some seven or eight
years of heroic effort, and under the two distressful
90 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

winters of 1915-16 and 1916-17, and after several
quite brisk struggles for existence, has now achieved
the not very giddy height of twelve inches, but other-
wise the presentation of an appearance that you may
describe as robust. Yet there is a memento mori
atmosphere that clings to the story of the tree. Like
shadows they come into the story of our trees here,
and like shadows time after time have they dis-
appeared. The likes and unlikes are called attention
to in the Table, and the fact noted that the Sacha-
linensis has some seven or eight stomatiferous bands,
the A. Sibirica only four or five.

A. Mariesi.—The Alpine Fir of Central Japan
was discovered in 1878 by C. Maries, and is regarded
as rare. It is accounted among the more hopeless
of those plants upon which persuasion has been
brought to bear to do their best under the circum-
stances of a strange land, and possibly in some cases
of a strange altitude. There are, we think, one or
two more that have not met the eye of the authorities,
and that have done better than they are generally
given credit for. The dark-looking branchlets are
covered over with the rustiest of dark-looking choco-
late-coloured pubescence that ever covered twig of
tree, matted and tangled, and with as tell-tale a
surface as the goat-skin which deceived the patriarch
Isaac. If more tokens were called for to complete
its identity, we should compare its outward appear-
ance to a short-leaved Nordmanniana, so short that
it has the resembling look of a Hemlock Spruce. Yet
a Nordmanniana, with its shiny, grey-brown, smooth-
looking twigs and its only scattered pubescence, has
little in real common with the dark, hirsute-twigged
Mariesii. Nor, for the matter of that, has the Mariesii
much in common with the smoother, less pubescent,
twigged Veitchii,
A. VEITCHII AND AMABILIS gi

A. VeIrcui1.—A high-altitude variety, and the
smallest of Japanese Silver Firs. Among Conifer
collectors this tree seems to have attracted a good deal
of attention of late. Its iridescent vivid white beneath
the leaves, which at Kew seems to have been dulled
by town atmosphere, makes it a general favourite.
Unlike the A. Mariesii it has not escaped the attention
of many patrons, and it takes its life among us with
vitalised zest. Its characteristics are its smooth
bark and twigs, with scattered pubescence. “On the
branchlets, with the pubescence upon them, the
colour of the shoots appears to be of perhaps a darker
tint than they really are, and the little white dots on
the twigs when the leaf is pulled off show out in great
contrast to the dark-looking background, like ivory
specks inset on ebony. Its soft leaves, pointing
forward but more upright than those of the A.
Nordmanniana, end in a square-shaped truncate
apex.

A. AMABILIS.—We have kept our reference to the
Amabilis to the last mentioned of Group III, since,
and quite wrongly, it always seems to have been
sailing in company with, and under the same flag
as, the two representatives of Group IV, A. Nobilis
and A. Magnifica.

Sometimes the Amabilis has been sent out under
false names and the trees have turned out to be
Nobilis or Magnifica, to which perhaps it may bear
a superficial similitude. Any doubt can soon be put
to rest by an examination of the position of the
median leaves.

In the Amabilis the leaves rise up direct from the
stem.

In the A. Nobilis and Magnifica they appear to
lean along the stem for the first part of their length,
or, to describe it more correctly, they are appressed
92 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

for a short distance and for a part of their length to
the stem.

\ From the A. Nordmanniana, which has a similar
arrangement of leaves, the Amabilis is distinguished
by its more blue colour, by its citron-like smell, and
by its small and resinous winter buds. Then, again,
it has no stomata on the upper side of its leaf, while
the Nobilis and Magnifica have. The apex of leaf
of Amabilis is notched, while of the others it is
rounded and entire.

GROUP IV

A. Nositis (NOBLE Fir), anD A. Maenirica (SHASTA,
oR RED Fir)
Amidst these glorious works of Thine,
The solemn minarets of the pine
And awful Shasta’s icy shrine,
WHITTIER,

The little differences between these two ought to
be adjusted without much difficulty.

The leaf of the A. Nobilis has only two surfaces
and the one on the top is grooved, while the A.
Magnifica’s leaf is quadrangular or diamond-shaped
in section and not grooved. If taken between the
fingers it will roll round easily, while the Nobilis,
which is flat or two-sided, will not respond to any
such rotary treatment.

GROUP V
A. CILIcIA AND NuMIDICA

Group V and the following Group VI seem especially
to shine in irregularities, and to comprise a sort of
menagerie omne-gatherum group of unorthodoxy that
have been denied admittance elsewhere, often for
the merest trifle,
A. CILICIA AND NUMIDICA 93

Their leaf arrangement is sometimes with the
V-shaped depression and sometimes with the topknot
arrangement of median leaves, and it is this irregu-
larity that has placed the A. Cilicia and the Algerian
Silver Fir, A. Numidica, specifically together, in spite
of their obvious dissimilarities.

As neither of them so far have put in much of an
appearance in Great Britain, their nonconformity to
one of these two very distinguished sects, V-shaped
or with median leaves, does not so much matter.

As A, Crzicra is probably delicate, and A. Numipica
for some reason best known to itself uncommon,
they are neither of them likely to be a thorn in the
path of the Pinetum haunter.

It should not, however, be forgotten that between
the verdicts of ‘‘ too delicate’? and “uncommon” a
wide difference exists, and that though what is “ too
delicate” is unlikely to make appearance, what is
only uncommon may at any time be met with more
frequently in the future than it has been in the past.

As the A. Numipica has not only stomata on both
sides of its short, thickset-looking leaves—which, as
has been pointed out, is of rare occurrence in the
Abies family—but displays also the unique peculiarity
of median leaves pointing backwards instead of
forwards, as do those of the rest of its tribe, a clear
clue to identity is always at hand. A. Cilicia seems
closely allied to A. Nordmanniana, though it has
lighter-coloured leaves.

GROUP VI

A. Pinprow, ConcoLor, LASIOCARPA

Group VI completes the last lot. They consist of
three species, penned apart on account of their refusal
to conform to any sufficiently established code of
94 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

customs that entitles them to enter the ranks of
other groups.

The Lasrocarpa was probably discovered during
the north-west expedition by Lewis and Clark, 1805,
but was first collected by Douglas in 1832. It has
been variously called Balsam or Mountain Balsam,
or Alpine Fir, and familiarly addressed by the less
learned and Latinised of the gardener fraternity as
‘Lazy. Old Carp, and always seems to be more or
less a perplexity even to those more than ordinarily
acquainted with the rarities of Pinetums. That
this uncertainty exists can only be due to the fact
that many trees wrongly have left the nurseries under
the name of Lasiocarpa or Subalpina. For the
most part they have turned out to be Concolor or
Lowiana. From a branch that I have before me,
sent by the Forest Service of the United States, which
has voyaged from Colorado to County Radnor, the
very pallor of its grey-green leaves looks of a different
hue from any other Conifer that I have seen. Possibly
they may have faded from their pristine glory of blue-
green with a silvery tinge, attributed to them by
American dendrologists. The apices of the leaves of
these are all rounded, sometimes we are told that on
young shoots they are acute. Those on top side of
branch point upward, and those below are disposed
to curve insympathy to join them. The branches
were corky, fissured, pubescent, and of a light straw
colour. Where the leaf had left its appointed
place, there remained an oval-shaped light-red scar.
This in itself, if there were no other, is a guide to its
identity safe and sure. The characteristic swelling
of the nodes is very apparent.

I write of it as it lies before me and as I have found
it. The cones that accompanied the branches were
of variable size. Some in clusters of three and
A. LASIOCARPA, CONCOLOR, AND PINDROW 9§

practically sessile. They are—the cones—hard to
get and bad travellers, and some—at least so I have
found—of the hardest to obtain. The sharp-pointed
head of the tree in its native land, which seems to
run its course from Yukon to Colorado, makes it a
conspicuous object for recognition to all residents
versed, and travellers interested, in the ways and
habits of the trees of the country.

The moral of this description is that when you
notice a tree labelled Lasiocarpa or Subalpina in a
nurseryman’s garden, and it answers all these de-
scriptions, and only when it does, get out your pen
and write an order.

A. ConcoLor has been dealt with in connection
with the A. Lowiana, under the head Group II. It
seems curious that two such closely related affinities
of, moreover, a perplexing similarity of appearance,
should be found herded in different pens.

Some authorities even include both the Colorado
(A., Concolor) and the Californian tree (A. Lowiana)
in the same name Concolor, and the same authorities
upon the question of relative hardness pronounce a
judgment in favour of the Colorado Concolor.

Concolor is a Latin word meaning “‘ of the same
colour’; why it was so called by Engelmann, history
does not appear to relate, or perhaps crassness of
intelligence fails to enlighten. It was introduced in
the early seventies, or some twenty years after the
appearance of the A. Lowiana.

A. PinpRow.—We have alluded to this tree in
connection with its affinity, the A. Webbiana. Here
again we might have expected the two to have been
accommcedated in the same compartment under a
group system. At the same time there are several
very obvious differences that meet the eye of the
identifier readily.
06 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

While the Webbiana has perhaps the most brilliant.
silver-white colouring on the under-surface of its
leaves of all Silver Firs, the A. Pindrow only shows.
grey inconspicuous stomata bands. Again, while
the shoots of the Webbiana have prominent Pulvini
and deep grooves with reddish pubescence, those of
the Pindrow are grey and glabrous in the first stage
of their existence.

KETELEERIA

The KETELEERIA is so far no declared habitué of
English soils. Experts do not deny it a future in
such specially favoured climatic conditions as Cornwall
or South Ireland afford. It hails from Central China
and Formosa.

The leaves bear a prima facie likeness to the
Cephalotaxus, but whereas the latter is a member of
the Taxacee family, and like them has its foliage
mounted on little projections, the Keteleeria takes
after the Abies tribe, and displays the circular dist
when the leaf is pulled away from its smooth
stem.

It has a prominent midrib on both surfaces and is
accredited with two stomatic bands on lower surface
which are very faint and inconspicuous, to judge by
some leaves sent from the Temperate House at
Kew. »

In cone character they break away from Abies
dehiscent tradition and show persistent characteris-
tics. The difference of the male flowers is alluded
to in the table. The resin canals are as in Abies
Pectinata, marginal and two in number. With the
Keteleeria we should, we feel, like to become better
acquainted, but its life-history reads as if there is but.
a faint likelihood of any fulfilment of the wish.
THE DOUGLAS FIR 97

PsEupo-Tsuca Douciasit (DouGLas Fir)

‘Tis said he had a tuneful tongue,
Such happy intonation,
Wherever he sat down and sung
He left a small plantation,
Tennyson, Old Amphion,

The Douc tas Fir.—History of its introduction:
Discovered by Menzies in 1792, during Vancouver’s
voyage round the world. Rediscovered by Douglas,
1827. Introduced 1828. Firmly established and
plentifully planted since 1862 up to the present time.

What accelerating influence towards the growth
of trees old Amphion possessed in the strains of music
he poured forth from his melodious pipe, many of
us doubtless would like to learn the secret of. We
know, and that is all, that some occult influence impels
the Douglas to grow with more celerity than any
other forest tree we plant in masses. No trees,
unless it be the European Larch, have been more
widely planted of late years than the now well-known
Douglas Fir. When asked, “ Why is this so ? ” we might
make reply as the Scotsman, and answer ‘‘ For every
why.” Its timber results are more than promising,
they are an accomplished fact. Its rapidity of growth
is phenomenal. The Royal Agricultural S.E. judges
of the plantation competition in 1915 computed,
if I remember aright, by measurement, that some
of the Shropshire-grown Douglas (at Leaton Knolls,
the seat of Colonel Lloyd, M.V.O.) had made several
annual consecutive growths of no less than four feet.

Again, it is without doubt ornamental, and though |
not immune from the ravages of rabbits altogether,
is certainly more distasteful, with the exception of the
Corsican Pine, to them than other Conifers.

The Oregon variety is the one we are advised to
plant, the Colorado the variety to avoid. A good
98 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

object-lesson in their difference of growth was seen
and commented upon by the judges of plantations
referred to above, in a large wood of about sixteen
acres (Plassey Plantation), planted out with pure
Douglas by Lord Powis in 1906-7, at his Shropshire
home at Walcot. They had been planted simul-
taneously but in distinct groups. The Oregon had
grown to be half as high again as their Colorado
confréres, which occupied about a third of the space
of the ground.

The tree has been so universally planted that it
has become a familiar sight of everyday walks. At
the same time it reads about as complicated a question
in the way of a botanical puzzle as any. In some
respects it takes after the Spruces (Piceas), in other
respects after the Silver Firs (Abies). On points
added the Silver Firs get most marks, but insufficient
to admit it unreservedly to theirranks. Veitch called
it Abietia ; Elwes and Henry, and also Bean, cling
to Pseudo-Tsuga nomenclature. .

The cones plentifully strewn around its trunk are
pendulous, as are the cones of the Piceas, but the
exserted bracts are more after the manner of some of
the Abies. The bright-red flowers (male) about
# inch long, surrounded by involucral bracts and
growing on the under-side of the branchlet of the
preceding year, present a very pretty spring picture.
The pistillate or female flowers, mostly terminal, are
composed of imbricated scales, with the three-lobed
bracts, shaped like a Neptune’s trident, longer than
their scales, and which appear afterwards on the
full-grown cone, give it an unmistakable appearance.
The leaves, it will be seen, on looking at them closer,
are placed on rather obscure and very slightly raised
pulvini. When pulled off they make no such per-
ceptible tear as the more prominently raised Common
Spruce, neither do they leave the clean-cut circular
THE DOUGLAS FIR 99

disc the Abies leaves behind, but instead an oval
scar on the top of a little projection.

The resin canals are as the Abies, two in number
and marginally placed. The fibro-vascular bundle,
too, is single. Other points of comparison and
characteristics are given upon the opposite page,
but we might further mention that the Colorado
variety is generally known to foresters by its shape,
more trustworthy evidence than judgment by colour,
which is formed by ascending branches into a more
bushlike plant. One crux, it may be pointed out
here, that planters have to contend with in laying out
woods of Douglas Firs, and it is this: the lower
branches of these trees are so obstinately robust that
they refuse to subject themselves to any of those self-
sacrificing ordinances of self-pruning that are so
essential to the well-being of their trunk system in
after days. The question then arises, in face of this
rather disheartening characteristic, What is the best
distance apart to plant? If called in to prescribe we
should suggest a distance of five feet.

The Oregon variety was first discovered, so history
reads, by Dr. Archibald Menzies in 1791. He first
found it in Nootka Sound on the west coast of Van-
couver Island. It was introduced in 1827 by the
ill-fated traveller David Douglas, and the tree
having been tossed about by the call of men from
name to name—to wit, Red Spruce, Yellow Fir, Paget
Sound Pine--finally settled down and took unto
itself the enduring title of Douglas. David Douglas,
the nominator, met a tragic end in the Sandwich
Islands in 1833. His mutilated body was found in a
trap-pit contrived to catch wild cattle. He was
precipitated into a pit occupied by a still alive horned
inmate. The rest of the story shall be silence.

The other variety generally alluded to as the
Colorado Douglas was first found by Dr. C. C, Parry

8
100 ABIES, OR SILVER FIRS

in 1862. The differences between the two, and the
verification of their differences, has been the text
of many a debate in the fraternity of tree lovers.

‘Professor Augustine Henry bids us take note of
these, their differences. The young twigs of the
Oregon are ‘‘ usually’ downy, while those of the
Colorado are smooth. The foliage of the Oregon is
pale green, in that of the Colorado the upper surface
of the needles is bluish.

The U.S.A, Department of Agriculture, in its Forest
Service Contribution, goes one better. It bids us
take note that while the Neptune’s trident-shaped
bracts on the cones of the Oregon more or less point
straight up the length of the cone, those upon the
Colorado variety are reflexed. If this is proved to
be a universal practice on behalf of the two varieties,
it is an ‘‘ open sesame ” to the mysteries of their
botanical disassociation.

With the exception of this last remark, we have
been only trying to review some English expressed
views upon the subject of the two brother Douglases.
We will now try to express a few American ideas
on the subject of a tree that maybe is destined to
play a great part in the history of the British timber
industry.’

The first discovered of the two is generally known
as the Oregon Douglas, though its domain ranges upon
long Pacific slopes, from Vancouver Island to San
Francisco, while the later-discovered one hails from
farther east, among the ranges of the Rockies, and is
generally referred to as the Colorado species. What
America has to say upon the question of the wood
value should be of interest to us.

The Oregon Douglas represents the yellow narrow-
ringed, and the Colorado the red and wide-ringed—
although the slower grower of the two—wood of the
lumberman ; and it is the yellow, narrow-ringed timber
THE DOUGLAS FIR Tor

of the Oregon, that exceeds in value, because of its
greater durability than that of the red wider-ringed
wood of the Colorado variety.

In the contest for hardihood, the decision in favour
goes to the more slow-growing later immigrant to
Colorado. A want of robustness, however, can hardly
be urged against either, though it is true that the
quicker-growing Oregon, as he thrusts his head above
his lag-behind contemporaries, is oft in need of shelter
to ensure the safety of his topmost branches. It is
well, then, in prospecting for them their position in a
plantation, to look out for declivities sheltered from
prevailing winds. They both seem to show preference
for a northern and perhaps a western aspect, and bear
the reputation, in their younger stages of existence,
of being moderately tolerant of shade. It is estimated
that they may be expected to attain a goodly old age,
computed in America at from 400 to 500 years, but
reckoned, according to Veitch in his Manual of
Conifers, as from 450 to 750.
III
PICEH, OR SPRUCE TREES

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFERA:, oF THE
GENUS PINACE#, oF THE TRIBE ABIETINE,
OF THE GENUS PICEA)

INTRODUCTORY

Yet green are Saco’s banks below,
And belts of spruce and cedar show
Dark fringing round these cones of snow.
WHITTIER, Funeral of the Sokokis.

Picea is the Latin name given to the family of trees
more familiarly spoken of as Spruce Firs, and the
English name accorded can be traced by usually
employed processes—namely, the searching of dic-
tionaries and the excavating of derivations—to an
adjective that implies something natty, smart and
dandified. While in many instances the various
species of these Spruce trees, like the Socialists of old
and to-day, hold ideas as to the possession of certain
properties in common, they, notwithstanding, contrive
to draw the line at the participation of other points
at issue when it happens to suit their particular fancy
or convenience, or, more correctly speaking in an
application to trees, the exigencies of their geo-
graphical situations.

We will instance some of their features in common.
Their trunks taper, their crowns are pyramid-shaped,

and their branches grow in regularly distanced circles
102
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRUCE TREES 103

or whorls. Their leaves are spirally or radially
arranged—that is to say, they cover the stem and
lateral branchlets on all sides, and do not leave bare
spaces upon the latter in lines like the V-shaped, or
pectinate arrangement, of the Silver Fir.

-Needle-like in shape their leaves arise singly from
the stems and branchlets. On examination it will
be found that they are placed upon little raised
woody excrescences of the stem. These are variously
called pulvini, or cushions, peg-like projections, or
stumps. In golf phraseology they would be called
“‘ tees,”’ and not inaptly, since a tee is a base which
intervenes between the ground and the ball placed
upon it, and so in like manner is this projection,
nothing more or less than a base that intervenes
between the leaf and the stem.

Pulvinus is the Latin for a cushion, and a cushion
is a commodity commonly considered in the Western
grades of refined civilization to imply something
that is soft and yielding, and this impression it
conveys to nearly all except perhaps to a Japanese,
who, in spite of all these opportunities of mollifying
influences that civilization has flung in his face, still
prefers to lay his Spartan head on a wooden rest.
The object of our description is, however, anything
but soft and yielding; on the contrary, it is hard
and wooden as the Japanese head-rest. The simile
does not seem a very happy effort upon the part of
the author of it. Anything more anti-pulvinate, in
the European acceptance of the term, could not be
conceived by any one who seeks enlightenment from
the meaning of language.

However you like to think of it, whatever you care
to call it, this fact is assured, that leaf and pulvinus
are in relation of clinging affinity, and you cannot
pull the one off without tearing away the other.
Prince Houssain, of Arabian Nights fame, stuck no
104 PICE#, OR SPRUCE TREES

more firmly to his magic carpet than do these young
leaves to their so-called cushions.

The two great divisions of the Picez are differen-
tiated by the shape of their leaves. While the true
Spruce Firs have four-angled, four-sided (tetragonal)
leaves, the Omoricas have only two-sided leaves,, and
are flat-leaved like the Abies. As has been pointed,
out before, this difference is easily ascertained by
rolling them between thumb and finger. We give
illustrations, two of each, of how a flat-leaved specimen
looks when cut transversely and enlarged by magnify-
ing process, and how a four-sided or tetragonal leaf
appears treated similarly.

Tetragonal, or
fours sidedmee.
Magnifica, ~
Fiat-leaved, or
two- -sided—e.z.

Webbiana,

TRANSVERSE SECTION OF LEAVES (MAGNIFIED).

It will be seen by this that the difference that exists
between a paper-knife and kitchen roller, or, to pursue
our metaphor on more strictly analogous lines, between
a sawn two-inch plank and a naturally grown rounded
tree-stem, if subjected to the same process, is hardly
more pronounced. Most of these generic character-
istics appear in the table, pp. 280-282. We have
only to supplement them with the fact that on both
the male flowers are solitary and situated in the axils
of the top leaves, while the female flowers are solitary
and terminal—that is to say, growing at the end of
the branches. And of the cones we would add, in the
case of the Omorica group, at times, when for instance
they grow in. clusters (as on the Omorica species
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRUCE TREES 105

itself), or terminally as on the Hondoensis, it may
be said with accuracy that they do not quite assume
a strict pendulous habit, though they make a good
try for it:

These are some of the generic characteristics of
the Spruces, and now we approach the question
of the best method of reducing identification
difficulties.

There are fifteen of the true Spruces (Eupicea)
enumerated by Elwes and Henry, for the most part
recognized and naturalized habitués of Great Britain.
These fifteen are divided into three groups, consisting
one of séven, another of two, the third of six. It
seems as if the determining factor of their arrangement
was based upon the pubescent condition of their
branches and branchlets. Thus, the members of
Group I are returned as glabrous, or non-pubescent.
One only, the P. Bicolor—we cannot explain his
presence, we can only apologize for it as a little rift
within our lute—has slipped into this group without,
complying with the condition.

Group III is composed of Spruces whose branchlets
are all pubescent ; and as between the sheep and the
goats an intermediate stage of animal life exists,
known as the alpaca, so also there is between the
pubescent and non-pubescent Spruces a betwixt-and-
between couplet, labelled as Group II, and adver-
tised as equipped only with minute and scattered
pubescence.

Pubescence and non-pubescence certainly play the
most prominent part in the identification process in
a genus where (unlike the Abies) the roughness or
smoothness of branchlet, or apex of leaf, of a Spruce
counts for so little. Colour of leaf may help and
does help in some cases, since some of the Spruces are
glaucous green, or even bluish-white, others are of a
brighter and more yellow hue. The length of, leaf
106 PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

question dissociates some of them. Of the longer-
leaved lot we should include—

In Group I In Group II
Smithiana. Excelsa,
Shrenkiana. Albertiana.
Pungens, ;
Polita. In Grovp III
Bicolor. Engelmannii,

Of the shorter-leaved lot we should count—

In Group I { In Group III
Alba, Nigra.
Maximowiczii. Rubra,
Glehnii,

Orientalis and Obovata,

In the Omoricas the margins of the plentifully
found cones, whether they are entire, frayed or jagged,
and of whatever shape at the apex, tells a talé, but
rather an obscure one, we own, of their identity. This
applies also to the Engelmannii, Bicolor, and Pungens
in the Spruce Group. ‘These cones and those of the
Sitka; Ajanensis, and Hondoensis, bear a certain
similitude in appearance, and their scales: seem all
composed of the same soft, spongy, squeezable,
light-brown material. Most of the others, like the
Eupicez (the Common Spruce, Morinda, etc.), seem
to be made of a much more leathery and tougher
dark-brown substance.

The application of the name Abies to Silver Firs,
and Picea to Spruces, has ben a dispute of many
years’ standing. Whether the one word was—as
some authorities ‘have’ suggested—derived from the
Latin word abeo; and used in an ascendant sense,
“ abeunt in nubila montes” (as the mountains rise to
the skies), may or may not be, but if it is so, it is
and was the Silver Fir that indisputably represented
ORIGIN OF NAMES ABIES AND PICEA 1047

height, and the Spruce that provided the pix
liquida, the boiling liquid pitch, that was—but is
not now—-employed for purposes of torture in the
days of the early Roman Empire. |

In the long-ago past of pre-Virgilian days maybe
there was some cause for confusion as to whether
the word Abies referred to Silver Fir, or whether
Picea stood for a Spruce, or whether, vice versa, a
Spruce was an Abies and a Silver Fir a Picea. This
difference seems to have developed into quite a
long-standing cause célébre in the courts of botanical
jurisprudence. As a contest of wits it was a case
of a lead-off between two no less renowned Romans
than Pliny called the Elder on the one side, and
Virgilius Maro of Georgic fame on the other. In the
courts of appeal the verdict has gone in favour of
Virgil, and from our point of view rightly. Virgil
was born and lived on his parental farm, while Pliny
led the life of a soldier and barrister-at-law in turn.
Virgil lived a generation before Pliny and so was first
in the field, not only agriculturally speaking, but
from a previous generation point of view, if that goes
for anything, at a date when the /audator temporis
acti is apt to be quoted at a discount. One more
word in favour of this judgment: either the author
of the Georgics was an authority on country life, or
vast sums of parental money have been from time
immemorial thrown away on the public schools’
curriculum in England. From an extract in his oft-
construed epic poem, the A‘neid, it has been shown
(v. Veitch’s Book of Conifers) that he referred to the
existence of Abies growing in a locality in which
Silver Firs have always been knowni-to flourish,and
where Spruces—it is equally well known—have
never seen the light of day, or still less those heights
in the heavens that so many of the Abies reach.

Jf this is not conclusive reasoning that the Silver
108 PICEH#, OR SPRUCE TREES

Fir should appropriate the name of Abies, and that
the Spruces, as residuary legatees of the only other
left in the market, should assume the name of
Picea, nothing, we contend, can ever be in a con-
tentious world written down as final, or even of
passing worth.

GROUP I

P. SmirHIANA, MAXIMOWICzII, SHRENKIANA, PuN-
GENS, PoxiTa, ALBA, BICOLOR (OR ALCOCKIANA)

P. SmirH1ana.—As far as the names go the ver-
nacular aliases (e.g. Morinda) of this tree have—with
all apologies to Sir E. Smith, first President of the
Linnean Society, and after whom it was named—a
far more pleasing ring than the name finally bestowed
on it by priority of publication, but not given,, we
mark, by priority of name as bestowed upon it by
the natives and European dwellers before the date
1812, when it was described and figured by Dr.
Wallich. It is certainly a tree that impresses the
memory of the most casual of observers. Its long
pendulous leaves, hanging like dangling tassels.on its
long pendulous branches, are accountable for its
home circle and Anglo-Indian name of the Weeping
Spruce of the Himalayas. They are as unlike as can
be, in outward appearance, to the more ordinary-
looking Spruces. Yet if examined closely, they
comply with all the requirements of the class in such
essentials as pulvini, acicular leaves, etc.

P. SHRENKIANA.—Perhaps the nearest to the
above-mentioned in appearance, only with leaves.
much shorter, pointing forwards, and lying even
nearer along the branches than an American jockey
ever lay along his horse’s neck,-is the Siberian P.
P. SHRENKIANA AND PUNGENS 10g

Shrenkiana, which so far with us ranks among the
rarities. As far as a limited and local experience
goes, this tree seems to thrive in some of the highly
situated positions of this neighbourhood (the borders
of Herefordshire and Radnorshire), localities which
are counted by unkind critics from more balmy
regions as examples of climatic severity. Two or
three young specimens have weathered the conditions
of 1915 and 1916, which included fourteen degrees
of frost on May 2oth in one year, and the coldest
succession of continual north wind blasts we, or any
one living, can ever remember, and which for the first
time in the memory of man “‘ browned ” the exposed
side of many of our inland-growing Conifers.

Its appearance rather suggests a pocket edition
of the Smithiana. The leaves are shorter, and those
on a bough before me are from # to 1 in. long, and
mounted on unusually high pegs or pulvini. They
not only point forward, but point forward so pointedly
that their tips almost touch the branch.

Another peculiarity of its appearance as a tree
is the long terminal shoot, which is twice the length
of the longest branchlet in the whorl and more than
twice as thick. The terminal shoot before me
measures nearly two inches round its base. The
cones on a local tree are 2} in. long (W. Banks, Esq.,
Hergest Croft, Kington), while of those I have ob-
tained from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Petrograd,
the longest measures 4 in.

P. PunceEns, especially in the blue form (var.
Glauca) is seen everywhere, and often called Parryana,
after its discoverer, Dr. C. C. Parry, who found it in
1862. A form called Kosteri Pendula claims to be,
and is, more brilliantly blue still. Many trees that
are written down Engelmannii turn out to be P.
Pungens.
IIo PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

P. ENnGELMANNI.—To identify the true Engel-
mannii you must invoke two of the five senses, the
sense of sight and smell—the sense of sight to per-
ceive the pubescence, the sense of smell to detect
its rank odour; and these two accomplishments
brought to bear will enable you to pronounce opinion
upon.which is which of the P. Pungens and P. Engel-
mannii; P. Engelmannii, we reiterate, is pubescent
and P. Pungens non-pubescent.

P. Portta.—To identify the Polita you must
invoke the last of the five senses—the sense of touch;
and anyone who can recall the acute experience of
the point of a perch’s fin ought to have no diffi-
culty in making out and remembering the strong
spiny-tipped leaves of the Polita.

Nursery maids, instructresses and caretakers of
our well-being in infantile days, were wont to exhort
us always to grasp the nettle, a process, if I remember
right, they were always more prone to preach than
to practise. Had they urged us to grasp the Polita
leaves, and had we done so, I feel sure its identity
would have lingered in our memories for many a
long day after the pain in our hands had subsided.
E. H. Wilson describes a forest of pure Polita he met
with on Lake Yamanaka, in his 1916 visit to Japan,
as one of the finest and most unique sylvicultural
sights he ever contemplated..

The orange-red branchlets of the tree, with its
very pronounced markings and grooves, not to
mention the spear-point, perch-fin prickle armament
of the leaf apex, ought also to aid anyone in grappling
with its identity.

. P, Brcotor, or ALcock1ana.—The christening of
this tree seems rather after the manner of the naming
of the Smithiana or Morinda, a close race for prece-
P. BICOLOR AND ALCOCKIANA III

dence between a human celebrity and a vernacular
or a descriptive rendering of title. In both cases,
some even modern authorities call it the one, others
the other, a state of affairs which offers to all a happy
and unconcerned freedom of tongue in any discussion
that may arise upon it. .

The name Bicolor was bestowed upon it because
it broke away from the traditions of the true Spruces,
and exhibited conspicuous white bands of stomata
upon only half of its surfaces (for it is a four-
angled-leaf tree) ; on the other halves the stomata,
though they are there, are sufficiently invisible to
render a green effect. These white and green effects
are—it must be presumed—tresponsible for the Bi-
color name. If this were not sufficient, the marked
contrast of colour, as between the creamy or pale
primrose-white shoots of the year, and the dark-red,
cherry-coloured shoots of that preceding, carries on
the ‘‘ of two colours ” name and tradition with great
- emphasis, and suggests a colour scheme of as marked
a contrast as that between the red flank and white
face of a prize Hereford cow.

Upon many descriptive points in writing the P.
Bicolor and our Common Spruce read much alike.
The stomata differences do not convey any very
illuminating clue to the ordinary observer, even
under the microscope. It is this dense, close-crowded
foxtail growth of the leaves that makes you aware
you are looking at something out of the common
in the Spruce line. Possibly it may look like our
old friend, the P. Excelsa, at the first glance,
but a second look shows you a new face of foreign
features.

Most of the trees that lay a claim to the name
Bicolor, or Alcockiana, are in reality Hondoensis,
and this is due to some such dull and sublunary
prosaic mistake as a luggage label going wrong in a
Ti2 PICEH, OR SPRUCE TREES

past day, when they were first sent over to England.
There is this wide difference between them, that the
Alcockiana is a four-sided leaf with stomata more or
less on all surfaces. The Hondoensis and Ajanensis
(its near affinity) are flat-leaved trees, with stomata
only on one side.

The leaves of Alcockiana are stiff-curved with a
cartilaginous point, the leaves of the others are
blunter.

The branchlets of the Alcockiana show pubescence
in the grooves of the branchlets. The Hondoensis
and Ajanensis do not.

The resemblance between them and the Hon-
doensis, then, is reduced to a mere nominal confusion,
due to no similarities of any natural construction.

The Alcockiana is not recommended by the faculty
as a ‘‘ thing of beauty or a joy for ever,” to anyone
who wishes to plant with these desirable objects
in view.

Note 1.—The latest ‘description of this tree comes
from E. H. Wilson, in an account of it published in
the Arnold Arboretum publication, 1916, and entitled
Conifers and Taxads in Japan.

The shoots he describes as at times quite glabrous,
but on adult trees and their principal shoots pubes-
cent.

The leaves he describes as rhombic (quadrilateral)
in section, of a bluish-green colour, oblique at apex,
with small cartilaginous points. They and the cones
are much the same as described by other authorities,
from whom the details, as they appear in table, p. 280,
are collected.

Note 2.—There are two varieties of the P. Bicolor—
Acicularis and Reflexa—called attention to in The
Gardener’s Chronicle, August 14th, 1915, by the great
Japanese authorities, Shirasawa and Royama. Both
have slightly different cone scale features, but are
P. MAXIMOWICZII AND GLEHNII 113

not of sufficiently pronounced difference to call
further attention to here.

Note 3.—We are told now that two forms of Bicolor
exist, or have been tried, in England; one has main
twig pubescent and lateral leaves smooth, the other
is glabrous in both.

P. Maximowi!cz11, GLEHNI, ORIENTALIS, OBOVATA,
are all of them short-leaved Spruces bearing some
resemblances. It will be seen that we are discussing
them more from the point of view of certain outward
observances than in strict accordance with their
group systems.

There is little call to prate on trees of which so little
is to be seen as the P. Maximowiczii and Glehnii.
The former belongs to the glabrous, the latter to the
pubescent in the furrow division. Both hail from
Japan, and the Maximowiczii seems even to be a
rara avis in the path of the Japanese botanists in
search after it on its native soil. It has short leaves,
resinous buds, reddish glabrous branchlets. These
are some of the descriptions it will be called to make
good to the identifying investigators. It seems to
have claimed for it various relationships to various
Spruces—Obovata, Bicolor, Polita—by various
authorities in various countries and localities. The
Japanese regard it as a diminutive edition, or a
strong-family-likenessed little daughter of the Polita.
They call it Hime-Bara-Momi, the daughter of the
Bara-Momi, the vernacular name for Polita, signifying
a sharp-leaved tree.

P. GieHni1.—Should anyone come across some
of the very few young specimens that are being tried
with us, we would emphasize a few points for his
particular attention. The branchlets are reddish and
pubescent in furrow as stated. Its buds are like the
TX4 PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

Nigra and Rubra, which are explained in our de
scriptions. Its leaves are like the P. Orientalis.

P, ORIENTALIS.—This tree is.common. enough with
us, and planters of Conifers are beginning to réawaken
to its ornamental merits. With its brilliant crimson
staminate flowers and short leaves it is quite unique
among the more elderly specimens of the Spruces
seen with us. A tree planted here in 1845 measures
close upon 90 ft. in height and 7 ft. 7 in. in girth,
and this is 21 ft. higher, and 1 in. less in circumference,
than the champion specimen (Dognersfield, Hants,
Sir H. Mildmay) mentioned in Trees of Great Britain.

P. Opovata is still more or less a stranger in our
land. It is accredited with a propensity to quarrel
with our climate on account of its too genial warmth.
If so we can only say that it is a curious taste on its
part, and an unusual complaint to hear charged
against our country.

Its leaves are shorter and more pointed than those
of our Common Spruce. They appear to spread out
more from the stem, or, to use a Cypress phrase, look
“freer at the apex” than the generality of Spruces.
Their brarichlets are of a greyer colour, and by way
of being more pubescent than those of our Spruces,
which when in good health are of a redder hue.

Their cones are very different. Whereas the usual
length of a P. Excelsa cone is somewhere about 6 in.,
the cones of the Obovata sent me from Russia measure
at most but 24 in. The difference in the margin of
their scales gives a valuable clue to their identity.
The margins of the cone scales of the P. Obovata are
round and entire, while those of the P. Excelsa
are in most cases either one or two pointed.

The small tree growing here so far promises well,
and looks particularly happy in its surroundings,
PICEA EXCELSA AND RUBRA 115

even after an endurance of the late severe May frost
of 1915, and the unusually long visitation of cold
late winter winds of 1916 and 1917.

GROUP II

P. Excersa, Rupra, Nicra, ALBA, ALBERTIANA
Whilst towering firs in conic forms arise,

And with a pointed spear divide the skies,
M. Prior,

The primary instinct of an uninstructed mind would
in all probability regard the Common Spruce (P.
Excelsa) as the representative type of what all
properly conducted Spruces should ‘and ought to be.
Possibly, if his inclinations carried him a little
farther on the paths of investigation, he would notice
that the leaves of some of these similarities were a
little longer than others, and also that perhaps a
different hue of colour here and there was apparent,
and one or two little minor differences of this sort.
But, on the whole, he would concur that the majority
of Spruces, although labelled by the doctrinaires with
different names, partook of a sufficient resemblance
to the Common Spruce to justify him in including
them mentally in one self-same category. If he went
a little farther still upon his journey of investigations,
the chances are he would soon be induced to modify
his opinions.

Let us suppose that he came across a Picea Rubra,
he would at once notice a certain resemblance that
‘it bore to the Common Spruce. He would perceive
that the leaves of the P. Rubra were, on the whole,
shorter than those of the P. Excelsa. While the
Picea Rubra’s leaves reach about half an inch in
length, those of the Excelsa average about twice
the length. Yet a young and weakly Common
Spruce can often be found with leaves as short. The
colour, too, is the same, we might almost say precisely
the same. So far we have not got much forwarder,

9
r16 PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

The Picea Rubra’s leaves on closer investigation are
more densely crowded ; they are also very remarkably
incurved, while those of the Common Spruce point
in a very distinctly upward attitude. Here is a very
telling difference, but a still more telling one is the
dense pubescence on the P. Rubra branches, white
on the young shoots and brown on the older branch-
lets. The P. Excelsa here and there shows evidence
of a few scattered downy tufts on the young stems,
and this wears off considerably on older branchlets.
But these scattered tufts of minute pubescence
present a very marked difference of appearance from
the dense down of thorough-going pubescent speci-
mens. Here is an unmistakable difference and a
lesson easily learnt. The cones differ entirely, as the
table, p. 281, shows, but cones are not very forth-
coming; if they were, many identifying difficulties
would vanish.

As the P. Rubra is a very rare tree, and only a few
can have seen its cones growing, I make no apology
for volunteering this home experience of them. I
have before me a branch taken from the top of a
specimen grown here, and planted about: 1845 (vide
Elwes and Henry, vol. vi. p. 1379), and which is now
nearly 80 ft. high. It tapers to a point and is about
a foot broad in its widest part. In some 18 inches
length of this little arrangement of branch and
branchlets there are collected together some eighty
cones, sessile in character, and as pendulous in
position as they can contrive to be in their over-
crowded dwelling sphere. If you wish further to
dissociate these two trees Rubra and Excelsa, the
buds will help you. If you look at the buds of the
Rubra, and also of the P. Nigra, which in common
shares this peculiar characteristic, it will be seen that
their terminal buds are enveloped, for more than
from head to foot, with long, narrow-pointed, -hairy
VIOLINS AND SPRUCE TREES ry

leaf-scale coverings, while the P. Excelsa has, com-
‘paratively speaking, only a commonplace-looking
hard dry bud, destitute of any such singular trappings.

To take two more nearly allied instances and
dissociate them, the P. Nigra and the P. Alba have
bluish glaucous-coloured leaves, quite unlike the more
grass-green colour of the P. Rubra, or for the matter
of that the P. Excelsa. But the P.. Alba is quite
‘devoid of any pubescence, and that is where it shows
its marked independence of character in this rather
perplexing trio of the Spruces—Red, Black, and White.

‘Finally, if you aspire to add to the sum of your
accomplishments an intimacy with the different
Piceas, we would strongly recommend a close ob-
servance of the presence or absence of pubescence
on their branches, as well also the colour shape and
direction of their leaves, the margins of their scales
of their cones, whether entire, delicately frayed on
the fringe, or ruthlessly jagged in appearance. All
these points become convincing evidences of the
individuality of the tree in question.

VIOLINS AND SPRUCE TREES

That small, sweet thing,
Devised in love and fashioned cunningly
Of wood and strings.

Before quitting the subject of the Common Spruce
we should like to converse on one little sidelight of
its wood value. In face of the fact that it has
been so disregarded by. writers on trees, we feel no
occasion to offer apology for a brief reference thereto.
You do not often hap upon a student of wood values
and a‘devotional lover of viols combined in one and
the same personality. And so it is that one little
episode in the life-history of the Spruce tree has gone
by, for the most part, unheeded by tree historians,
and in undeserved escape of notice from the musical
118 PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

fraternity. By the former it is described as White
Deal, by the latter defined as Swiss Pine. Yet it
was from these trees, rated at lewliest of value in
the timber marts of the world, holding even the worst
fame of creosoted esthte experiment, that a few
square inches of surface measure, with a depth little
more than that required for a thin plating of veneer,
of a price value an unappreciable fraction of the
lowest current coin of the realm, were. appointed to
make history. It was from these trees, and in pre-
ference to all other trees that grow, that were requisi-
tioned nearly half the component parts of certain
little musical instruments, made up from ‘‘ wood and
string,’ and destined often to draw four golden-figured
prices from eager buyers. From these lightly re-
garded Mountain Spruces, growing in their grandeur
of loneliness, sometimes moved and stirred but never
affrighted, as were the unrighteous people, told of
by Solomon in his Book of Wisdom, by the portents
that surrounded them, “ The whistling of the wind,
the melodious noise of birds among branches, and
the pleasing fall of waters running violently”; from
each as they were formed and created, these instru-
ments of subtle shape and make, ordained at some
long-distant day to enrich our galleries of Art, and
make addition to delights of sound.

From them the frontal part of the great violins,
violas, and ‘cellos, of Brescian and Cremonese fame,
and of all other earlier and later viols, viols diskant
and tenor, viols bass and double bass, were nearly half
constructed, and these were those articles of vertu
that were ultimately fated to fetch fabulous prices
from succeeding generations of collectors and players.

When we think of the part played by the high-
altitude-growing specimens of this tree, it conjures
up many a picture to the fiddle lover. Of Antonius
Stradivarius and Joseph Guarnarius Del Jesu—in
OMORICA, OR FLAT-LEAVED SPRUCES 119

reference presumably of his connection with the
Society of the Jesuits, and as he signed himself—
and the lesser but still renowned members of their
family, selecting with crafty care choice specimens
of wood from the best of their growths ; of another,
old Jacob Steiner of Salzburg, the German fiddle
designer, exploring the woodlands and mountain-
sides in quest of them, and tapping their trunks,
like a hungry woodpecker, in zealous endeavour to
discover which responded most musically to the
vibrations of desired sound, or on other occasions
standing on the precipitous edge of some gorge or
ravine, and hearkening eagerly for a stray sound of
some tone or overtone as they toppled over, and
crashed down crag and rock, felled by the hand
of skilled fellers.

It seems then, even from these few particulars of
its back history, that the Spruce of the higher alti-
tudes, in those latitudes and the outlying mountain
lands of Lombardy, has yet much of its history to be
written of, and more than that, many of its ancient
secrets to be rediscovered, and perhaps some of those
lost chords of its musical mysteries to be reawakened,
if it is ever to attain a well-deserved apotheosis.

OMORICA, OR FLAT-LEAVED SPRUCES

Group I.—Honpoensis, AJANENSIS, SITKENSIS,
MORINDOIDES (SHOOTS GLABROUS)

Yet through the gray and sombre wood
Against the dusk of fir and pine. es
WHITTIER.

The flat-leaved Spruces are so called for the all-
sufficient reason that their leaves are flat, like the
Abies, and not four-sided as the afore-discussed
Eupicez ; on this point they have strayed from the
fold of the true Picee. That they are not ranged
with the Abies is due to the fact that their leaves
120 PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

are mounted on those little woody excrescences
which professors call pulvini (or projections). Then,
again, their leaves are spiny and pointed. This is
all in accordance with the habits of Picee and not
in accordance with the practice of the leaves of the
Abies, which are dented at the apex.as a rule.

They are also credited with only showing white
stomata bands on the under-surface of the leaf.. To
this statement, which most authorities have endorsed,
we make differential and deferential demur, since
on the higher branches of a Sitka Spruce here, over
126 ft. high, we have found leaves with visible in-
dications of stomata also on the upper-side. Indeed,
the very leaves from the upper regions of. this: tree
seem almost to belong to another specimen of the
arboricultural race altogether. Although they have
the same botanical characteristics, with: this ex-
ception of stomata, an exception that does not
descend to the leaves on the lower part of the same
tree, they: are thicker in shape, and more densely
crowded in habit. The leaves in question. were sent
to the authorities at Kew, and opinion arrived at
endorsed. They were commented upon in the Ar-
boricultural Journal, 1915-16 vols., by Bean and
others.

This little disturbance of the accepted theory that
no flat-leaved Spruces exhibited stomata on both
sides of the leaf, we should like to add, ought in more
justice to be attributed to the officious action of a
tree squirrel who had bitten off some top twigs of a
high tree, rather than to any commonplace ob-
servational tendencies on the part of the owner and
writer. Palmam qui meruit ferat — him who. has:
deserved the palm, bear it).

To differentiate at sight helwean the Sitka andthe
Qmorica would be no easy task for the amateur, had
it not been for the fact that the Omorica is obligingly
SITKA SPRUCE Iai

accommodated with pubescent evidences, while the
Sitka remains equipped with smooth and glabrous
stems. The cones of these two are obviously unalike.
Around the Sitka the ground is plentifully strewn
with soft, featherbed-feeling, light-brown specimens,
while the cones of the Omorica are only half the size,
hard and dark-coloured.

We must not leave the subject of the Sitka without
referring to the fact that it is reputed to flourish as
the Willows by the water-courses. The faculty are
strongly recommending the planting of it in all
available wet places, and this advice has been carried
out largely in Ireland by the Government. This
partiality to damp places, however, cannot be taken
to prove that as a tree it is incapable of growing on
drier ground. The big Sitka here (Stanage Park,
Radnorshire), which measured in 1916. 126 ft. high
and 12 ft. girth five feet from ground, grows upon a
Ludlow rock geological formation some 800 ft. above
sea-level. Possibly, if its underground secrets were
unearthed, it would be found that a percolating
water-spring beneath ministered to its presumed
aquatic wants. Its large and buttressed base, - its
protruding-out-of-the-ground roots, are very charac
teristic of its kind, and its natural inclination to a
watery base.

P. HonpoEnsis AND P, AJANENSIS.—As between
the Hondo and Ajan Spruce there exists mystification,
and consequently a good deal of botanical argument
as to “ what’s what ” and “ which is which ’’ has been
waged. The Ajan Spruce is the representative of
the northern island of Japan, while the Hondo
is the representative of the main island of that
country.

Perhaps the question may be set at rest between
these two, and the occupation of the controversialists
1220 PICEZ, OR SPRUCE TREES

with regard to them be brought to a timely end,
by the explorer, E. H. Wilson, who was making an
expedition there in 1914.1. We will, as far as any
reference goes to them here, run them in couples
and treat them as one.

The differences of their cones may be a help to the
identification of the Japanese trees and the Sitka.
From the many thousand specimens fallen from the
Sitka, and that I have had before me, the cones have
always been of.a uniform size, and that size is 2 in.
long.

Of the Japanese tree, and from cones sent me
from that country, the Hondo and Ajan are con-
siderably longer than the specimens of our home-
grown Sitka, but the point of difference to note is
that while the margins of the scales of the Sitka
cones, are only minutely frayed in appearance, and
even sometimes slightly wavy or entire, the Japanese
representatives present torn and tattered appearance
of margin with their jagged edges. The leaves of
the Japanese, too, are shorter.

This disposes of the list of the up-to-date naturalized
Spruces which have made appearance in our islands,
with the exception of the MorinporpEs (now re-
christened Spinulosa), a native of Sikkim. This tree
has the appearance of a short-leaved Morinda, or
Smithiana (Himalayan Weeping Spruce), and several
we saw in a very promising condition have come to
untimely ends, at even such climatically favoured
situations as Castlewelan, County Down.

1 E. H. Wilson’s ultimatum on this long-standing vexed question,
after a careful investigation of the two trees in their native islands,
Hondo and Hokkaido, during his 1914~16 expedition, gives out that
they are one and the same tree, the Hondoensis and Ajanensis; and,
moreover, that they are the only flat-leaved Spruce, so far found,
existent in N,-E. Asia and Japan,
P. MORINDOIDES AND BREWERIANA 123

Group II.—Omorica, BREWERIANA (SHOOTS
PUBESCENT)

The BREWERIANA, which shows a fastigiate-looking
crop of leaves, is stillrarer. Probably at this moment
the length of all the trees of this species in cultivation
with us here would not reach higher than the length
of a long man, 6 ft. high in his stockings. If ever the
day dawns when either the Morindoides or Breweriana
has learnt to flourish in our country, there will not
be, we apprehend, much difficulty in dealing with
their identities.

All these Weeping Spruces exhibit a certain out-
ward and visible resemblance. While the Smithiana
(or Morinda) and the Shrenkiana have four-angled
leaves, the Himalayan Morindoides and the American-
Breweriana sport flat leaves, an emphatic difference
easily discerned.

As between the Morindoides (or Spinulosa) and the
Breweriana, there exist these marked differences.
The branchlets of the Morindoides are glabrous and
the branchlets of the Breweriana pubescent. Again,
the cones of the Morindoides are rather larger at the
base than they are at the top, and the margin of their
cone scales are frayed ; while those of the Breweriana
are narrow at both extremities, especially so at their
very marked tapering base. The margins of their
cone scales also differ, and are rounder in shape and
entire on margin.
IV
TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFERZA, oF THE
FAMILY PINACE, or THE TRIBE ABIETINE,
OF THE GENUS PICEA, AND SUB-DIVISION TSUGA)

INTRODUCTORY

O Hemlock tree! O Hemlock tree! How faithful are thy branches,
Green not alone in summer-time,
But in the winter’s frost and rime,
O Hemlock tree! O Hemlock tree! How faithful are thy- branches,
LonGFELLow,

WE who perforce in early days of life sallied or were
sent forth from home in quest of knowledge, to drink
at the Pierian springs of Greek history within the
classical courts of our public schools, may be prone
to jump wrongly to a conclusion that the Hemlock
tree had some connection with a certain deadly drug,
that we were instructed by school-books was meted
out to those who were regarded in the light of a social
or political inconvenience by the pro-tem. Government
of the day which. ruled in mighty Athens.

That the historical cup of Hemlock (xéveiov, or
in Latin language, Conium Maculatum), which
quenched for centuries the bold spirit of philosophy
had any connection with the tree under discussion
would be quite an erroneous basis for our investiga-
tions. The Hemlock plant—not tree—is a _ wild

umbelliferous poisonous plant of the genus Conium,
124
HEMLOCKS 125

and how our well-known tree.came by the’ same name
I have been unable to ascertain. The second syllable
“lock ” signifies plant, as it does in the case. of
Charlock, Garlic, etc., but that leaves unexplained
the “‘ Hem”; which fact seems to indicate that a
stitch has been dropped somewhere in the inter-
weaving of the tree’s history.

We will ask pardon for a little digression upon the
Hemlock plant, a subject apart in all but name from
our main theme, the Hemlock tree. Of whatever
ingredients the poisonous cup at Athens was com-
posed, .it seemed at times to somewhat lack the
quality of either potency or the blessings of quantity.

It appears that in carrying out these sentences,
conceived in a laudable spirit of Euthanasian finality,
one little ungenerous flaw—a flaw which always
seemed strongly to impress even the most unpromising
student of scholastic days—had crept into their
system.

In a characteristic spirit of economy on the part
of the democratic Government of the day, the money
paid over for the dose was calculated upon with such
an exact degree of nicety that at times, and unless
everything went well, it barely sufficed to carry out
the amiable intentions of the promoters and executors
of the scheme.

Socrates, whose mission it was to lecture—great.
Socrates, who adored speaking at all times, and who
not only adored speaking, but adorned those to whom
he spoke with a cloak of infinite wisdom, was enjoined
—even if imperatively, let us Hope at least in tones of
politeness—by the. performing clown of the gruesome
scene, at the neurotic moment of his last drink upon
earth, to keep silence and hold his tongue, and for
no other substantial reason than that it might retard
the action of the draught, and thereby involve the
executioner in an uncalled-for expenditure in the
126 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

purchase of more poison drug from the innermost
recesses of his private purse |

Phocion, the Athenian general, was another of
these inconsiderately treated victims of a State’s
parsimony. He complained bitterly—and not with-
out good reason, we think—that he was called upon
to subscribe the money from his personal income
upon ‘extras,’ for the purpose of enabling the
executioner to brew the dose in proportions strong
enough to accomplish its purpose.

But, as we have said, this graceful tree, known as
the Hemlock Spruce, in our midst, though it may
have contrived a nominal connection with the poison-
ous plant, is quite absolved from any participation
in these scenes described.

The Hemlock plant (Conium Maculatum) is a
smooth, purple-spotted, hollow-stemmed biennial,
which is practically full of poison in root, seed, stem,
and leaf, and which grows in hedgerow and ditch,—
a plant that is credited with killing children who
partake of it in mistake for parsnips ; and violently
disagreeing with others who, lured on by the joys
of musical delight, attempt the use of its hollow stem
for penny-whistle purposes. And while on the
subject, let it not be forgotten by experimentalists
in these directions, and also by the guardians of flocks
and herds, that there are other Hemlocks—for instance,
the Water Hemlock ((Enanthe Crocata)—of um-
belliferous affinity and like evil reputation, deservedly
credited upon /flagrante-delicto evidences, of distri-.
buting, with fatal .results, its‘ poisonous properties
to man and beast. The Hemlock Spruce, on the
other hand, is a dignified tree, with a grave and
massive squareness of outline, with a record behind
free and flawless .of crime, that occupies frontal
positions on many a lawn and pleasure-ground ; and,
moreover, is a tree which no one has ever repented
HEMLOCK SPRUCES 127

of planting, or ever been called to repentance for
having planted. There is no more goodly tree in
Christendom.

It would make an interesting incursion into the
realms of imagination to hazard an idea as to what
impressions a Hemlock Spruce would create in the
mind of anyone suddenly called into the presence
of tree-life for the first time and asked to dissociate
them one from another. If, for instance, they were
called in before the Flood,—a rather extreme meta-
morphic process once suggested by Voltaire—and
had placed before them branches, say, of a Hemlock,
Silver Fir, and Yew, for the purposes of dissociation,
generically and tribally, what opinion would they
form of their relative alikes and unalikes ?

There may be said to be a certain rough-and-ready
resemblance between the leaves of the Hemlock and
those of the Silver Fir, since the leaf appearance of
the Hemlock has a look of a minuter edition of the
Silver Fir. That is a result which takes very little
disposing of to-day, but it might have taken longer
once, and not have been arrived at so easily. It
will be seen on closer inspection that—

(1) The leaves of the Hemlock are mounted on
those same little projections that the
Spruces’ are, and the Silver Firs’ arising from
circular bases are not, as has been pointed
out on previous pages.

(2) The bark of the Hemlock is red-brown, that
of the Silver Fir of a grey colour.

. (3) The shape of the head of the tree and the
foliage arrangement are more after the
manner of the generality of hard-wood
trees, and look as broad in effect as they are
high, while the Silver Fir towers to the
heavens with church-spire grandeur. The
128 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

branches of the Hemlock jut out irregularly
from all sides of its. trunk the branches of
the Silver Fir are regularly whorled—that
is to say, shaped after the Radiata outline
of a starfish arranged round a central axis,
or the spokes of a cart-wheel laid upon
the ground. The leaves of the Silver Fir
are notched at the apex, those of the
Hemlock are not. The cones of the Silver
Fir are upright’ and large, those of the
Hemlock pendulous and small, and so ad
infinitum,

Then there is the question of the Yew. The leaves
may be arranged similarly, and there begins and énds
any similitude. Its leaves are much longer than the
Hemlock’s. Underneath them the colour is yellow-
green, showing no white stomata bands as do the
Hemlock’s. The twigs of the Yew are yellow-green
and smooth, those of the Hemlock large and downy.
Thus is disposed of any hint of relationship. between
the two, without even trenching on the subject of
the wide difference of their fruits.

All these little disquisitions on obvious differences
may read to some like a return to the more primal
ways of nursery life, but it must be admitted in equal
fairness that infants must walk before they run,
and that the lower rungs of the ladder of knowledge
must first be trod before the heights can be scaled.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF HEMLOCK
SPRUCE. FIRS
Where‘ the hemlocks grew so dark
That I.stopped to look and hark,
WHITTIER,
The list of Hemlock Spruces in cultivation in Great
Britain consists of seven species, to which we have
HOOKERIANA OR PATTONIANA 129

added the latest Chinese importation, and _ this
specimen we will eliminate from our discussions
summarily, with the remark that the descriptions of
the newly imported Western China trees are re-
servoirs that so far even the most athirst can only
hope to sip from.

Before instituting any comparison of the differences
of the remaining more fraternal seven, we can dismiss
from troubling us, upon any question of identifying,
the T. Pattoniana, and for the reason that it does
not conform to the in other cases strictly observed
custom of wearing the leaves in pectinate arrange-
ment. Besides this unorthodox radial arrangement
of its much narrower leaves, it breaks another rule
by sporting stomatic bands on both the upper and
lower side of its leaves. These traits in its character
render it easily distinguishable from other Hemlock
Spruces ; but before leaving the subject of this West
American tree, variously alluded to as Hookeriana,
Mertensiana, and Pattoniana, we should like to add
a personal expression of opinion upon it. Notwith-
standing these deviations from the paths of strict
Hemlock Sprucian rectitude, this tree, which was
introduced in 1854, has undoubtedly winning ways
with it. From all accounts, it prefers a certain
humidity of atmosphere ; and had it lived in mytho-
logical days, doubtless it would have been committed
to the care of Dione, the goddess of moisture, or to
some clique of sorrowing and Stellular Sisters whose
mission it was to shed tears and produce rain-drops.
Had it been relegated to the especial attention of the
great cloud-compellor himself, Jupiter, son of Kronos
and lord of the storm-cloud, it would have deserved
the high patronage showered upon it. Whatever is
required to be showered upon it, and whatever is
showered upon it, we firmly believe that blessings
will be bountifully poured by posterity upon those
130 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

who plant it to-day, and recall yet another Whittier
description :
How yonder Ethiopian hemlock,

Crowned with his glistening circlet, stands,
What jewels light his swarthy hands.

For the purposes of identification one way we
might suggest would be to divide the remaining six
into two groups, and seek help from the diversity
of shape in the leaf margins.

In the case of the T. Canadensis, T. Albertiana,
T. Brunoniana, the leaves are serrulate.

In the case of the T. Sieboldii, T. Diversifolia,
T. Caroliniana, the leaves are entire.

We must make this reservation with regard to this
method of identifying—namely, that these dis-
tinctions, as between serrulate and entire, by reason
of the almost invisible obscurity of these leaf marginal
signs, do not extend to the groping student, even with
the aid of magnifying glasses, that generous help that
might have been expected from the promising
announcement.

Loudon describes the T. CANADENSIS as slightly
denticulate, so it is not to be wondered that more
amateur and unequipped observers have difficulty
in finding the signs with the naked eye. Under a
good glass you can perceive clearly some little perch-
back-looking protuberances, situate at rather long
intervals apart, and this proclaims their serrulation.

Of all Hemlocks perhaps the T. Canadensis and the
T. ALBERTIANA show the nearest resemblance, and.
‘since they are the same tree of the same country,
only with a different geographical habitat, there is
no particular reason why they should not. Perhaps
their greatest difference exists in their shape and
growth. As the Deodar differs from the Cedar of
THE HEMLOCK GROUP 131

Lebanon and grows in shape of slender spire against
a sky, so similarly does the T. Albertiana differ from
the T. Canadensis. While the more Western Hemlock
at quieter rate of growth tapers upward, the Canadian
Hemlock, like the Cedar of Lebanon, displays a
lateral top growth, which nursery gardeners more
bluntly call clump-headed.

Two more signs of recognition must be looked for,
as between these two, the stalkless cone and less-
defined hue of the white stomata on lower side of
leaf of the new-comer, by which the Albertiana pro-
claims his whence and title to a separate name.

T. BRUNONIANA is the other of the serrulate-leafed
trio, the Himalayan represéntative of the: Hemlock
Spruces. Its much longer leaves, their brilliantly-
lighted-up silvery under-surface, their longer conical-
shaped yellow-brown cones, make the tree, which
unfortunately. does not acclimatize well with us, an
easy target for identification.

We now come to the entire-leaved-margin trio—
namely, the T. SreBorpu, T. Diversiroiia, T.
CAROLINIANA.

Of these the T. Sieboldii asserts the individuality
alone among Hemlocks of glabrous shoots.. Its leaf
is longer than any except that of the Brunoniana.
From the Brunoniana it also differs, as has been
pointed out, in leaf margin. There is yet another
' marked difference. While the apex of the leaf of the
Brunoniana -is acute, that of the Sieboldii is rounded
and notched.

The Sieboldii also again can be distinguished from
another Japanese representative, the Diversifolia,
by the fact that its shoots are glabrous while the
Diversifolia’s are pubescent.

The Caroliniana Hemlock, discovered by Professor.
Gibbes in the Blue Ridge mountains of N. and S.

0
132. TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

Carolina, reads in description very similar to that of
the Diversifolia, of which it is the American repre-
sentative. Sometimes difficulties of recognition have
a way of clearing a way for themselves. <A deus ex
machina steps in and lends us his aid. In this case
its rare presence and so far diminutive size (it was
introduced in 1886) seldom give the tree-hunter a
chance of any spectacular illumination. Its cones
at maturity have a habit of expanding widely, and
this is a noticeable peculiarity among its kind. Its
leaves, too, if they fulfilled the function attached to
them of being only minutely notched or even mu-
cronate, ought to be another aid of research in these
directions.

LARCHES

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFERZ, oF THE
FAMILY PINACE/, oF THE TRIBE ABIETINEZ,
OF THE SUB-TRIBE LARICE)

Such a green gown God gives the larches,
As yreen as He is good.
E, NEssit.

Tue Larch as a tree is too serious a subject for the
commercial-minded to rhapsodize over in any abstract
flights of poetry. It is too much of a business pro-
position for those engrossed in occupations of other
ultimate aims, to spend time in musing over the
fresh green gown that God gave it, or the invigorating
freshness of its early spring attire. The primates of
song, on the whole, have left it alone as an imaginable
noun of composition, and fought shy of it as an
expression for their flights in air. Tennyson talks
of it as perky, “‘ There amid perky larches and pine,”
among which, we read further, stood a new-built
mansion of an upstart millionaire, whose walls held
-LARCHES AND THEIR UTILITY 133

within a very Helen of Troy, and attraction of rival
affections, in the person of ‘‘ Maud, with her exquisite
face.”

Perky, we take it, means trim, smart, or saucy, a
compliment that is more usually applied to certain
types of human life, usually engaged in the more
coquettish avocations of life, which we will leave to
the reader’s imagination to supply their own ideas
of, and designations for. The adjective well denotes,
however, the neat shapeliness of the tree.

If the Larch, then, as a word of construction hardly
accorded to a poet’s idea of that flow and sound
which their craft crave after to ornament their
versification and attune their lyrics, and on that
account was left somewhat severely alone by them,
we too, but for other reasons, will follow suit, and in
consideration of its prior claim to native worth on
more worldly grounds, waive further apostrophe.
But in so doing let there not be attributed to us any
base slander that we fail in appreciation of its
natural and especial spring beauty.

All these points can be fairly put forward on its
behalf, and in some explanation, or in extenuation
if required, of its numerical preponderance in our
more lately planted areas to-day:

(1) Upon no tree in existence has more money
been spent in planting.

(2) Upon no tree in existence has so much money
been expended by nurserymen and culti-
vators.

(3) Upon no tree has the money of all the trading
fraternities of timber buyers and timber
sellers been so freely circulated.

(4) Upon no tree have so many. uses on estates
and various other works depended.

It may be that its origin as a name comes from
134 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

the Hebrew word erez, derived from an Arab root,
and a word applying to a firmly rooted and a strong
tree. From el erez to Larch is a corruption and
contraction that may easily have arisen.

The Greek word Aapifé makes appearance, duly
entered and certified in authorized Greek Lexicons,
and is translated ‘‘ the Larch tree '’; so the name
of such a tree is one of respectable antiquity whatever
else may be conjectured about, its antecedents.

But whoever was responsible for the name—He-
brew, Arabian, Greek, or Pelasgian—it would not
have been inappropriate if it had been traced ety-
mologically to the Etruscan word Jar, which repre-
sented the tutelary overlord and genius of the des-
tinies of the household. The two. words may have
no—or even have not—remote connection, but had
the derivation held good ‘it would have been no mis-
nomer, for the Larch has certainly earned an
honoured position among the Lares and Penates of
many who own broad acres of woodlands, and done
its bit for those who occupy great territorial
possessions.

We have been told how the clansmen of the house
of Argyll were wont to shower religious blessings on
their chieftain, and cry aloud in gratitude ‘‘ God bless
the Duke of Argyll,’”’ as they rubbed shoulders against
the posts he had erected for their creature comforts,
or the creature comforts more primarily intended
for use, we opine, among their more bestial brethren
of the animal kingdom.

With tenser impulse still must successive genera-
tions of another ennobled (Scottish) house have, we
think, had reason many times to bless the memory,
and cry aloud their gratitude, when they remembered
their progenitor, the 4th Duke of Atholl.

The Planting Duke, John the Planter, or the Tree
Monger, as he was variously called, it has been
LARCH PLANTING IN EARLY DAYS 135

stated, in 1774 put into 15,000 acres of his ducal soil
more than 27,000,000 Larch trees, and put them
into 15,000 acres of ground, moreover, that had
previously lain waste. What a relief from that
nightmare vision of the yellow-coloured paper that
so mutely, surely tells its yearly tale of ever-growing
demand notes and insatiable tax-gatherers must it
have been to the lineal inheritors of those broad
acres when their eyes removed and rested upon the
green of those long stretches of well-grown Larches
fringing those hills from whence was to come their
help!

Let, then, all croakers and blind worshippers of
the Eternal Yesterday, who deprecate and have
deprecated the introduction of new trees from
distant lands, ponder on this little venture, under-
taken once upon a time long ago in the shape of the
importation of a new tree at Dunkeld, planted in
1738 by James, 3rd Duke of Atholl, at a time when
the Laxch was still a stranger in our land, and looked
upon as an alien with a questionable past and with
a future of doubtful utility.

The history of the Larch contains a long Black List
of those enemy hosts that assail tree life. They have
been stricken more than their share with the plague
of pests, and afflicted with the curse of canker from
within and without, at one time so much so that their
very prestige was shaken. Beetles, the larve of
many moths, woolly-white aphides, have been reck-
oned among their foes, and prepared the way for
the more subtle influence of fungus organisms to
complete a ruin.

As trees of great importance, they have in conse-
quence made themselvés conspicuous before the
footlights of the botanical, zoological, and mycological
world. The learned attention of savants—and not in
vain—has been directed upon the life-history of the
136 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

pests that visit them and the cankers that would
destroy them.

Interwoven with these questions, the collective
wisdom of scientific and practical man has been
brought to bear on the various systems of planting
that have been devised for their successful propagation.
Questions have been asked, raised, and considered, as
to whether Larch should be planted pure. Collective
experience seems strongly against this, unless with
the exception of only upon the very best of forest
soils. Whether they should be planted with Spruce,
with the knowledge before us that Spruce is the host
plant of their mutual enemy, the Chermes; whether
they should be planted with Douglas Beech, or other
hard-woods (N.B.—Larch with Pine—two light-de-
manding trees—is the latest Swedish recipe for a
mixture) ; whether Larch should succeed Larch, and
‘how to deal with it in oak coppice ; or how long a
time should elapse before replanting after felling;
what visitations of sun, air, and wind, it best bears ;
the respective merits of the Scottish and Silesian seeds,
and the comparative demerits of seed from the Tyrol,
—all these are long questions, and burning questions,
and they have been treated capably by those most
capable of treating them, in many books and writings,
in arboricultural journals, andin Board of Agriculture
leaflets. Upon one point are all agreed, that Larch
should not be planted in low-lying damp situations.

Whether the last word has been said on the subject,
whether any of the systems advised will become
subject to variation, are questions for the experience
of another generation to decide upon. It has always
been held as a golden rule among musicians that
composers should know all the rules of harmony,
modulations, and progressions, before they presume
to break them. In like manner, let all planters of
trees study ¢he rules of the game of their cult before
HABITS OF LARCH 137

they plant, and so act in an obedience to a golden
rule.

The Larch is by nature a cold-country tree. From
green forests in northern lands it hails.

In its characteristics it is a plagiarist of deepest
dye. In the more essential part of those charac-
teristics it shows no originality, unless it be that the
Larch is the basement type, and that these others
undermentioned as prototypes should offer submission
to him, not he to them.

In its two kinds of branches, long and arrested, in
the crowded fascicles: of its leaves, produced on spurs,
tufts, or short-arrested branches, in the position of
its resin canals and undivided fibrovascular bundle
of its leaf structure, it resembles the Cedars, and very
properly joins their family circle under the family
name Laricee.

So far right, but when it produces cones with
persistent scales like the Picea, which are at the same
time of upright position, as are the Abies, and when
its flowers are as the Tsugas, the charge of non-
originality cannot be said to have been sounded in
vain. If it lays claim to any individuality among
these evergreen trees that it has taken its various
cues of character from, it is that, unlike any of them,
it holds to deciduous ideas and habits, and they do
not. Perhaps it is because it hails from northern lands,
with their winters of daylightless days and prolonged
nights, that it feels, like many northern men and beasts,
a natural inclination to take to hibernating ways,
and preparatory to that, to follow the custom of
civilization accredited to the former, of taking off
its clothes before the operation. At the earliest sign
of spring it is the first of trees to hurry them on again
and set a good example of early rising.

L. Lepro.epis (JAPANESE LarcH).—The Common
138 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

Larch is a tree that is generally known; but there is
another which is beginning to attract attention, a
tree that grows up quickly in its first twelve years of
life, that displays a red appearance of branch that in
winter lights up the landscape, and gives a sort of
Red Cardinalis willow effect to the scenes that it
occupies.

This is the Japanese Larch, or Larix Leptolepis,
which is being now extensively planted, but. which
has already begun to falsify the hastily formed
expectations that it would enjoy immunity from
Chermes and canker, and so rise superior in a popu-
larity above that of our older friend the European
Larch.

With the exception of these two, all the others are
rarely to be found, and the Japanese Larch must still
be regarded as untried and in statu pupillari, and
several others are nothing more yet with us than
babes in the wood or nurseries ; for such are so far
the Lyall, Kurilensis, Occidentalis, and Sibirica, the
last a tree which is evidently unfitted for our
climatic conditions.

This tree apparently seems to entertain a rooted
objection to any intermediate stage of climatic
condition between that of a sun-kissed or frost-bound
earth. And this is all we propose to say about it

here.

L. DauuricA anD L. Evrop#a.—Amongst the
rarities this tree claims perhaps our first attention,
since it is among the few of alien origin that have, on
a few occasions, risen to eminence of growth upon
British’ soil.

Between the L. Europea and the L. Dahurica
only minute differences exist. Looking at two
specimens before me, I should say that the
branches of the Dahurica are darker, and do not
LARIX DAHURICA OR PENDULA 139

show the linear pulvini which mark the two-year-old
branches of the L. Europwa. The cones of the
L. Dahurica are longer, are not so thick through, and
are more tapering. The leaves, it is alleged, are
more pointed, but they are not conspicuously so. In
the bark there is a marked difference, and it is much
smoother than the L. Europea, but comparative
terms in tree descriptions make obscure comparisons
to most. That it is finely scaled and with less
wrinkled rind, is a distinction that may appeal to
some.

Since writing this a new and interesting light has
been thrown upon the life-history of this so-called
Larix Dahurica. Professor Augustine Henry, than
whom perhaps no greater living authority exists (vide
Gardeners’ Chronicle, September 18th and 25th, and
October 9th, 1915), has now arrived at the conclusion
that the previously described L. Dahurica (two of
which mentioned in Trees of Great Britain grow here)
are not the true Asiatic tree, but a cross-bred tree
between the Europea and American Larch (or as
Americans still style them, L. Decidua and L. Lari-
cina), and should more correctly be named the Larix
Pendula ; a name, we note, that was bestowed upon
them when they were planted here some seventy
years ago.

To go back to the old name, then, is assuredly a
great compliment to the sagacity of our predecessors
in the shades. .

It would be rather an interesting question to put
to many—I do not refer only to those who take but
little note of trees, but I am also alluding to those
who take more than ordinary interest in them, and
are more than in an ordinary way connected with
them—and the question I should like to propound
to them is this : how many of you have ever seen and
known that you have been looking at or walking
140 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

under any full-grown Larch tree other than the Com-
mon Larch? To illustrate the direction of. my
thoughts in the case of the L. Dahurica (or L. Pendula),
did it happen, for instance, to grow near some fre-
quented path, ‘where up and down the people go’’?
as they went on their road to Camelot in sight of the
ill-fated Lady of Shalott, how-many of these passers-
by, in spite of its smoother bark and less rough
exterior, would dissociate it in their minds from the
accustomed sight of the Common Larch ?

Of other Larch that call for attention there are
the three varieties that hail from Columbian shores
—by name the Americana, Occidentalis, and Lyalli.

The Americana or Tamarac is the lover of swampy
wetlands, the natural frequenter of dreary morass and
marshland grounds. Why we have not tried it in
such places, why we have not been directed by the
schoolmen of forestry institutions and advisors of
improved methods to plant them in such places
alongside the much-prescribed Sitka, is a question
that must remain unanswered here and relegated to
the interrogative as far as we are concerned, but we
sometimes wonder.

It is noted for its little leaves, and shares in common
with the Kurile Larch the reputation of bearing the
tiniest of cone fruit. The Tamarac is the tree that
has earned still further fame in directions aquatic,
for the important part it was called upon to play in
the constructive scheme of Hiawatha’s cance :

Give me of your roots, O Tamarac,
Of your fibrous roots, O Larch tree,
My canoe to bind together, |

So to bind the ends together

That the water may not enter,
That the river may not wet me.

We can only piously hope that it gave satisfaction
LARIX OCCIDENTALIS I4I

to the naval constructor and the crew concerned in
the waterproof réle it was relied upon to perform.

L. OccipEenTALis.—Of this representative of our
American trio great things are expected. It is a
mighty tree in its own country, and some see in it
a mightier future even that that achieved by the
European utilitarian champions of our landed estates.
It was only introduced to Kew in 1881, and this
seems a distance of time to some of us advancing in
life such a very short time since. It has been tried,
among other places, at Brocklesbury (Lord Yar-
borough’s), and written of in Arboricultural Journal
(1912) as not found wanting, by such a capable judge
of the merits and demerits of tree life as Mr. Havelock.

This Western Larch clearly reveals its individuality
by the long, bristle-like bracts that are exserted from
between the cone scales, and which point outwards,
protrusively and aggressively in contradistinction
to the other prominent rival in the field on this
particular point—the L. Griffithii, whose bracts
point upward.

Of the medium-sized-cone competitors, the cones
of the Occidentalis may be estimated to rank as the
smallest.

L. Lyatii.—If this distinguished stranger among
trees with us were momentarily permitted power
of speech, with some show of justice perhaps it
might prefer complaint in that no mention of it
was made as among those Larches famed for their
displays of exserted bracts. To which we, in admis-
sion of guilty plea, would make reply and urge that
it is so far a tree so very new, so very strangé to us;
and in humbly praying forgiveness for omission,
further urge that its coning days in England have not
142 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

yet arrived. When that time comes it will be found,
we dare predict, that, as it is a tree blest with so
many other distinguishing marks peculiar to itself,
it can quite well afford to dispense with extra emphasis
on this particular cone phase.

Some of us who have had cones and branchlets sent
home to us fondly imagine that no difficulties in
the way of giving this tree its right name at a glance
will arise and stare anyone in the face, upon that
day, whenever or if ever it dawns, that the Lyall
larch learns to make his presence felt and seen
among us.

The first thing that strikes the eye, as you look
for the first time upon a sample of Lyall, you are
struck with the ostentatious display of branchlet and
bud. The branchlets look as if bleached in streaks
with bands of white lines, and the buds as if plastered
with a profuse application of the scatterings of a
powder-puff.

We read from time to time stories of scenic effects.
produced by them from travellers who have made
pilgrimages to see them in their own Montana home,
where they flourish in scenes of Alpine grandeur at
some 6,000 feet above sea-level. Such an account I
read, written by Mr. F. R. Balfour (in our Arbori-
cultural Journal, if I remember aright). In it he
describes the vivid delight he experienced as a tree-
lover at a sight of it there.

' But a spectacle here like this there seems little
ane of futurity ever beholding, a fact we regret
when we reflect what a pre-eminently irradiating
green coat has God given these trees. They flourish—
alas |—far away, but if they grew in the garden of
the Hesperides itself the chance of seeing them in
their prime, for most of us, could not be more remote.

L, GrirFITHII comes from the Himalayas, and:
L. GRIEFITHII AND KAIMFERI 143

like many trees from that rather disappointing region
of tree exportation, seems inclined to quarrel with
our seasons. Cornwall seems to almost claim a
monopoly of success with it. From a cone point of
view, it is an.easy winner in any size competition of
fruits. Their long exserted bracts, directed upwards,
culminating in a long protruding point, or mucro,
stick out like the sharp-pointed instruments of an
angry insect. Of the size of many a common Spruce
Fir cone, they also imperceptibly recall, both in build
and bract, the familiar appearance of a Douglas Fir
cone, with this reservation, that the spike of this
Larch bract arises from a truncated, squarer-shaped
lower portion of bract, while the Douglas protrudes
in the well-known shape of a Neptune trident.

Psrupo-Larix K&MFERI.—

Give fools their gold, and knaves their power,
Let Fortune’s bubbles rise and fall,
Who sows a field, or trains a flower,
Or plants a tree, is more than all.
WHITTIER,

No one outside the ranks of some little circle of
ungrateful churls would begrudge posthumous praise
to that predecessor who had planted and persuaded
to flourish one of these exceptionally ornamented
specimens of tree-life upon any land which it was his
good fortune to be called upon to occupy.

It is colloquially called the Chinese Golden Larch
and is of fascinating appearance and colour.

It was introduced by J. Gould Veitch in 1861.

It is one of those trees that would seem to prefer,
if not require peremptorily, a Castle-Welan (co. Down,
Ireland) atmosphere, or a Cornish-Riviera condition,
to persuade it to grow as quickly as we would wish.
144 TSUGA, OR HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

At the same time it grows here (Radnorshire), and
continues to grow, slowly it is true, where we have
planted it, at an altitude of some 700 feet above
sea-level.

Its thick-set, short cones, often as broad as long,
call to mind the shape and appearance of a cone from
the Japanese Umbrella tree, or a small-fruited Nut
Pine. If not disqualified from the competition on
account of its un-Larchy deciduous cone scales, it is
next on the list to the Larix Griffithii in a size-measure-
ment contest of Larch cones. It is a tree that for
any differentiation purposes calls for no further
comment here than that accorded to it in our Table ;
and for this reason, that it is so un-Larchy in appear-
ance by the side of the truer-to-type other Larches,
It is on account of these differences that it has
incurred and deserved its prefix Pseudo, or False.

CHINESE LARCH NOVELTIES

There are also a few novelties that we can only
offer the briefest of jog-trot observations upon, that
are coming, or have very lately come, from Chinese
regions. Among them are the L. Potaninii—perhaps
an intermediate form between the L. Lyallii and the
L. Griffithii—and its affinity, the L. Mastersiana, of
abnormal-cone-bract fame. A rather dilapidated
cone of the latter was sent me from Szechuen and
from near the Chino-Thibetan frontier. It shows
evidences of a large wedge-shaped bract, overhanging
the scales, and which in the case of the L. Potaninii‘
is represented by a smaller edition of that accessory.
While the cone of the L. Potaninii measures nearly
2 in. by 1 in., that of the L. Mastersiana is 1§ in. by
2 in. in breadth. Others brought to light lately
are the true Asiatic Dahurica—not the so-called L.
NEW CHINESE LARCH 145

Dahurica of England’s growth, which is now to be
re-called the L. Pendula—and its impersonator or
variety the L. Alaskensis. Other Dahurian affinities
and varieties quoted are the L. Principis Rupprechtii,
a large-coned variety, and the L. Japonica or Kam-
tschatica. This tree has a reddish-brown pubescence,
in contrast to the almost glabrous and whiter branch-
lets of the Asiatic Dahurian.

Two more about complete the list of these per-
plexities. One is the L. Chinensis mentioned by Elwes
and Henry. It is described as of nearest affinity to
the L. Occidentalis and grows at high elevations.
Another, the L. Cajanderi, was discovered in 1897 in
E. Siberia—a swamp-loving tree, possibly a variety
of L. Dahurica, but showing tufts of white pubescence
absent in L. Dahurica.

This is only a collection of the latest things in names
of Larches, and some of the superscriptions written
over them by discoverers, tentative travellers, and
prima-facie observers. It has no pretence to be any
sort of contribution towards an unravelled subject,
which at some future day will stand in need of a
thorough-going sifting and a putting into right
places by eminent authorities, before the world at
large will have a chance of becoming wiser on the
question.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE VARIOUS LARCHES

We now approach the perplexing questions : How
are ordinarily observant humans to arrive at even a
rough-and-ready estimate of the various members
of the Larch family ?

There are, in the first place, the leaves, whether
keeled on both surfaces or only on the lower; how
many in a bundle, length and breadth or shape of
146 TSUGA, OR. HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIRS

apex. -All these points, we humbly submit, are too
much in the form of minute points of microscopic
mystery for any, outside the select few, to contend
with. And the same may be.said of the stomata,
how many lines or whether conspicuous or non-
conspicuous ; points, all of them, a little too close
up to the profession for the generality of tree friends.

Then there are the buds, which grow from three
points of the branchlet—at the end of the long
shoots, at the end of the short shoots, and in the axils
of the leaves.. This, again, is a little too ultra-
botanical’ for the ambition of most, and a very un-
recallable item of differentiation for even the more
attentive of students. :

Next are the branchlets. The colour of some
(and we instance that of the red-twigged Japanese
Larch) we are willing to admit as of helpful signifi-
cance at times. But their pubescence or non-pubes-
cence, which in so many cases tells its story clarion
clear, we contend is rather a broken reed to depend
upon in the case of some Larch. The Japanese is
generally accredited with pubescence, yet you may
pluck shoot after shoot, from tree after tree, time
after time, and find their twigs as innocent of down
as any chitty-faced babe girl’s complexion in earliest
nursery days. ; :

So far we have made but little advance in our
quest, the aim of which is how to distinguish the
species of the Larch tribe. At this stage of the
proceedings we feel almost inclined to abandon the
chase, to hobble our hobby in the stable for good
and all, and lock the door. In our despair we must
look to the cones and their attendant sprites, the
bracts they bear, whence will come help. It would
perhaps be of benefit if, in this effort at arrangement,
.we were allowed to borrow metaphors from the
prize-ring confraternity; and adopt some of their
LARCH CONES 149

expressive language—so far only, in deference to
timidity we hasten to explain, as pertains to their
drawing-up conditions for classification according to
weight. In that case we should like to suggest
arranging these trees, as do the managers of such
scenic effects above referred to, into three classes,
according to weight and size, and label them heavy,
middle, and feather or bantam. In the heavy-weight
division, as bearing the largest-sized cones, we place
first the Larix Griffithii, and as his proxime accessit
the P. L. Kemferi. Among the middle weights,
and defining them as averaging in length from 1 in.
to 14 in., we place the L. Europea, L. Leptolepis, the
ex-Dahurian (now called Pendula), the Sibirica,
Lyalli, and Occidentalis, whose cones scale in weight
the lightest of this lot, while those of the Japanese,
with their self-evident reflexed -scales, are the most
rotund and tubbiest of shape. The bract manifesta-
tions and the light they shed on the scene we have
already discussed, in reference especially to the Occi-
dentalis and Lyalli. Of the remaining three of these
Larch trees so classified—namely, the European,
Pendula, and Sibirica—their cones are of such apparent
sameness that their differentiation becomes a puzzle,

which Lord Dundreary might have reasonably in-

cluded as among those problems which “ no fellah
could understand.”

We had almost overlooked the bantams. They
are represented in the competition by the Tamarac
and Kurile Larches, and the tininess of their cones
eases the situation for identifiers as far as they are
concerned.

Finally, on this question it may be said that Larch
trees are.more obliging in their ways and means of
dispensing information to those who seek it, by dis-
plays of cones, than are most others of their coniferous
kith and kin. Asarule their fruits are very forthcoming.

Ir
148 CEDARS

(Sus-rrine LARICEA—continued)
Section CEDARS

In the midst
A cedar spread his dark-green layers of shade.
TENNYSON, Gardener's Daughter.

If trees were adjudged upon their appearances and
divided into two classes, pretty and majestic, the
Cedar of Lebanon would pre-eminently find its place
in the ranks of the latter.

It is a tree that has been written of by poets and
writers, of all ages, in many countries. It has been
sung of in David’s Psalms and Bible verse. A halo
of sacred association surrounds its patriarchal head..
It is a tree that was regarded by Biblical writers as
an emblem of strength, and the look of the tree as it
is presented to us, with its short thick trunk, its
massive branches breaking out from it like muscular
arms, suggests the sculptured strength of the statue
known as the Farnese Hercules rather than the figure,
with its more graceful and slimmer lines, of the
Apollo Belvedere.

While the branches of most trees spring from the
trunk, in the case of the Cedar, as in the Oak, they
seem rather to divide from the trunk and carry
away with them some of its substance. Both Oaks
and Cedars, with their fortes ramos (stout branches),
and ingentem umbram (expansive spread), fulfil the
Virgilian idea of mightiness in forest trees.

“The voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars of
Lebanon,” so wrote Isaiah, and his expressions: and
figures of speech concede to it the strongest power
that imagination and illustration at that day could
offer.

The prophet priest and Jewish exile in Chaldean
land, Ezekiel, describes it as a tree ‘“‘ with shadowing
THE CEDAR OF LEBANON 149

shroud,” referring to the thick leaf canopy, and as
a tree “of high stature and among thick boughs ”
in allusion to the lateral growth of its topmost boughs
and its flat, or so-called to-day in a less polished
lingo, clump-headed appearance, caused by the bend-
ing down of its topmost shoots. Again, “ that his
boughs were multiplied, and his branches became
long,” are points to which in other language modern
botanists have pertinently and constantly called our
attention at later times.

The name, and what it stands for, are associated
with many scenes from Bible lands, and recall the
building of the Temple of Solomon, where “ all was
cedar, there was no stone seen.”” The Cedar was
the greatest, and the Hyssop on the wall the lowliest,
type of plant life. An old Christmas carol quaintly
alludes to the two extreme positions they were
estimated at in the vegetable kingdom in illustration
of the humble and lowly birth of our Lord :

The Cedar of Lebanon,
Plant of renown, ~

Has bowed to the Hyssop
His wide-spreading crown.

The Hebrew word erez, which was equally applied
to Larch and Cedar, implied “ firmly rooted,” a
“ strong tree.” Without wishing to detract from its
character of mightiness, in all fairness it must be
said that in its native land it had not formidable
competition to wrest such fame from. The scenes
of its triumphs were otherwise treeless regions, com-
posed of such arboricultural representatives as stunted
Scrub Oak, Palm, and gnarled Olive trees. The ages
of the Cedars of the Bsherreh Grove at the head of
the Kedisha Valley, and other groves in these regions
that are still extant on the seaward slopes of the
Syrian Highlands, have been surrounded with every
1§0 ; CEDARS

queer fantasy that imagination run riot or poetical
licence could picture. ‘Whether they are as old, or
are the lineal descendants of trees as old as the Song
of Solomon, the Norman Conquest, or even whether
they. dated back to the times of the first. created.
being inthe garden of Eden—and all these sug-
gestions have been put. forward in distinguished
prose and. immortal verse,—the ordinary listener to
such stories, or readers of such references, seem
more disposed to regard them rather in the light of
picturesque fairy tales than actual prosaic and
established facts.

_ From descriptions and pictures these trees of
Palestine, from whose groves Babylonian temples
were built, and whose beauty was sung of in verse
and psalm, look bigger, more battered and ancient,

than do our more modern productions of lesser age,
200 years or so. The huge forests spoken of have
disappeared, and all that remain of them are groves.

It is historically asserted that the tribes of Judah
and Ephraim cut them down indiscriminately, without
any recourse to economic replanting. Had this act of
vandalism been perpetrated in a modern-day world,
and the facts brought to the notice of some rating
authority, we should have suggested that these impro-
vident sons, and perhaps too the. women-workers
implicated, the daughters of Judah and Ephraim,
should have been forced to pay annual tribute to
their county coffers upon a high agricultural assess-
ment of that land, until they had made good -on
behalf of posterity their wanton depredations..

The calculations of modern man put the-expectancy
of life in a Cedar at from 500 to 800 years, yet as a
matter of history the oldest Cedar in England cannot
be much over 250 years of age. Itis a tree that to
all outward appearances seems to attain maturity of
height, if not diameter, in a much shorter space of time,
THE AGE OF THE CEDAR TREE 151

Before it has accomplished a century, or a century
and a half of existence, a Dies Ire in the shape of
snow-storms often overtakes its chances of attaining
any fame in the annals of a blasted antiquity. Under
an inflicted weight of such a visitation rather than
under any disabling weight of age, its boughs and
branches, with a prelude, crack like the sound of
great guns, snap off, and so—sic transit gloria mundi—
the professional beauty of one day becomes the
wreck of ages of another. It is at such moments as
these that we recall the words of Tennyson :

O, art thou sighing for Lebanon,
. Sighing for Lebanon, dark Cedar?

And like children crying for the moon, macy still
sigh.on, and in vain.

How well I can remember on a cold winter
night succeeding in averting such a disaster . to
a favourite tree, by dislodging from its tabuliform
branches, with the aid of a fire engine and other chilly
helpmates, collected masses of fallen snow..

The Cedar may, and possibly does, enjoy immunity
from the shrivelling—not always—effects of lightning,
but the season of snows—like the whirligig of time—
makes counter revenges and takes a heavy toll. On
one day it is accounted the pride and glory of the
lawn or country-side ; in a few succeeding hours the
scene may have changed, disastrously changed.
The storm: may have broken upon it, and there may
only remain a memory of lost delight amid a débris
of broken boughs.

The true Cedars do not enjoy that monoply of
name that they, de jure and de facto, are entitled
to. The Greek word «éSpos seems, according to
Liddell and Scott and other pundits of classical renown,
to have applied more to the Juniper than the Cedar
152 CEDARS

in question. Even in Holy Writ the word ‘“ cedar”
is used to denote other trees—to wit, probably the
P. Halepensis, the Aleppo or Jerusalem Pine, and the
Juniperus Excelsa. But even in the latter days the
Cypresses, Thuyas, Junipers, and Sequoias have all
in turn and at times masqueraded under the shelter
of its name, and out west in American and Canadian
lands we read of Red Cedars, White Cedars, Canoe
Cedars, Pencil Cedars, Incense Cedars, and I dare say
many more ‘so-called Cedars, with many more de-
scriptive adjectives. Lumbermen and settlers out
there, like timber dealers and carpenters sometimes
at home, seem in sheer bravado to take unholy delight
in upsetting the conventional applications of nomen-
clature which scientists and botanists have prescribed,
with the rather direful result of making confusion
confounded in many a mind where light might other-
wise have dawned.

As the muezzin from the minaret declares that
there is only one Prophet, so do we from our housetops
proclaim that there is only one family of true Cedars
in the meaning of the word to-day, and that the
Cedar from Lebanon, the African Cedar from regions
in reach of Sahara Desert air (C. Atlantica), and the
Indian Cedar (C. Deodara) from the humid Himalayas
in the Far East, are, they and they only; the nearly
related representatives of the true Cedar.

To differentiate one from the other in these three
affinities never seems to present much difficulty to
the more casual observer. If any confusion is created
it is between an Atlantic and Lebanon clad with the
same coloured foliage. In their identification papers
‘they read much alike, the same number of leaves in
a tuft, much the same-sized cone, and the more
regular pubescence on the one (the C. Atlantica)—all
these are details that do not tell much to the more
unscrutinizing of tree-lovers, Shape must be. the
CEDRUS ATLANTICA 153

stand-by. The stiffer shape of the Atlas Cedar, its
more ascending branches of unequal length, its less
flattened head, and the often shorter and more crisp
expression of its leaves, these must be made the
ground of judgment.

The Cedrus Atlantica takes its name from the
North African Mountain range, Mt. Atlas, which for
reasons more mythical than geographical, was sup-
posed to be situate on Atlantic shores. These
mountains in turn derive their name from the great
titanic champion and weight-carrier of mythological
history. It will be remembered by: all boys, let us
assume, who have enjoyed the privileges of a classical
education in our public schools, that the defeated
giant was condemned by the superior authorities of
the Court of Jupiter to carry the heavens upon his
shoulders. Doubtless as a conquered victim he was
subjected to a heavy penance in life, but when that
ceased he acquired a certain compensating consolation
In a posthumous fame, both in verse—

On Atlantean shoulders fit to bear,
The weight of mighty monarchies—

and in the bestowal indirectly of a name upon a tree
that has become a great favourite with us.

The C. Deodara is not to be outdone in a claim in the
direction of religious or secular association by other
Cedars. The word is derived from Sanscrit language,
Deva (Deity) and Dara (wood). It was the Devadara,
the tree god of the Shaster, the sacred book of the
Hindoo religion.

The C. Deodara with us, with its longer leaves, its
spiry pyramidal form, its long drooping terminal
shoots, is a familiar figure. These, so far—it was
only introduced in 1831—are the characteristics of
the tree with us here, It is so common with us,
154 CEDRUS DEODARA

and so different in appearance to the other Cedars,,
that it needs no further description here.

Let us take leave of our subject with a quotation
from a modernised ‘‘ Te Deum” by J. Oxenham:

For the great cedar’s benedictory grace,
We thank thee, Lord.
Vv
CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER oF CONIFER, or THE ~
FAMILY PINACEA, oF THE TRIBE CUPRES-
SINEZ, oF THE suB-TRIBE THUYIN)

Earty History OF THE Cypress TREES: INTRO-
DUCTORY

Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle,
Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime ?
Lorp Byron, Bride of Abydos,

THE Cypress as an object of beauty had evidently
its circle of admirers among the ancients. It was
because of this reputation, it is recorded, that the
Island of Cyprus was so named. The mythological
story of the island connection with the goddess of
beauty runs on this course, that Venus, after her sea-
foam birth and sea-nymph cradling among the coral’
caves of the vasty deep, was wafted by Zephyrus, the
south wind, to the Island of Cyprus. :

The inhabitants of that sea-girt isle seem rather
to have affected a fine taste for the ‘‘ exquisite ” in
more than one direction. Venus, the goddess of
beauty, took a title from its name and became known
among students of the classics as the Cyprian goddess,
and this record seems to bear witness that the worship
of her there was by no means a neglected cult. For
fear of misconstruction it is only fair to add that the
leaders of scholastic opinion of that day and in those

155 1
156 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

regions regarded the ‘‘ beautiful ’ and the “ virtu-
ous ” as the same thing and convertible terms.

Like many other trees, shrubs, and flowers, mytho-

logy allotted to the Cypress a human pre-existence.
Of this particular specimen of plant life the story
runs that Apollo took on a youth named Cuparissos
as his companion in sporting enterprises. Tradition
describes this youth as a “ clever hunter,’’ but inas-
much as he contrived to shoot a pet stag, presumably
in mistake for a wild one, we cannot but opine that
he hardly justified the renown. Unfortunately for
him this pet stag was the property of what would be
described in modern-day parlance as the senior
partner of the sporting venture, and this happened
to be no more or less than the great Grecian divinity
Apollo himself. Cuparissos was evidently a young
man who allowed trifles to. prey upon his mind.
Shortly after this little mistake of identification he
sickened, and, like his victim, died. On Apollo’s part
there seems to have been no ill-feeling cherished of
any kind, for he turned the lifeless clay of the hapless
free-shooter into a Cypress tree, and assigned to it
(or to him that was) the special function of shading
the graves of those who have been greatly beloved
in life, In the annual processions of Pan-Athenaic
fame, the goddess Venus never appeared without a
Cypress bough made manifest in her retinue, a symbol
expressive of her grief upon the death of Adonis.
_ The “ Serviceable ”’ was another cult worshipped—
if we remember aright—by the academic Athenian.
As a utilitarian timber tree, the Cypress must have
been far-famed in olden days, since the words “‘ cof-
fers ” and “‘ coffins ” were both derived from its name,
and both from that day to this have become house-
hold words of recognized expression, as well as
customary receptacles of their different suggested
consignments,
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CYPRESS 157

The Cypress tree is held to be identified with the
Gopher tree of the Bible. The ark, “ pitched within
and without,’’ was made of Gopher, and to the wood
of the C. Sempervirens, or Roman Cypress, in parti-
cular is accorded the honour of supplying the material
of its construction. And this is all we propose to
harrate here concerning a semi-historical, semi-court
guide, description of this tribe of trees.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE CYPRESS, THUYA,
AND JUNIPER

The less adept, or the less enterprising, or even,
if you like so to characterize it, the more idle-minded,
are quite content to generalize when they refer
to trees, and to sweep into one network of nomen-
clature all trees that bear more or less an outward
and visible resemblance. Such a system may have
its merits from a convenient, but not from an eluci-
dating point of view. It is all very well for those
who would dance through life, but from those who
live in its midst more is expected and more should
be forthcoming.

For instance, the Cypress, the Thuya, and often
the Juniper—in a more limited way—display many
of such resemblances. They all have similar-looking
green branchlets (more or less), columnar or pyramidal
habits, and so forth. The name most usually em-
ployed by the unversed to designate such trees is
Cypress. They are all colloquially alluded to by
this one all-embracing name. At the same time, and
for many years after the great inundation from
America of Thuyas—that is to say, about the middle
and latter part of the last century, the name Arbor
Vite was often applied to the same object. This
name; in a popular sense, seems to have rather died
out of late or become superannuated,
158 CYPRESSES AND ‘JUNIPERS

Some Points OF DIFFERENCE AMONG THE: :
CUPRESSINEZ TRIBES:

All those who start upon the long, long quest’ . a
perfected knowledge in all the varied intricacies of
the family tree of all the Cupressinee cannot ‘hope
for anything otherwise than to find themselves
puzzled on the early stages of their journey, if not
hopelessly adrift amidst the clouds of embarrassment.
And further, it will probably call forth no mean
exercise of patience on the part of the more perfunc-
tory student—I exclude from this category thé
botanical expert and specialist—before he can hope
to see these clouds lift. An ascendancy over the
initial mysteries of the cone differences is the first
rung of the ladder of experience upon which to obtain
a footing, and this will carry the aspirant farther,
anyhow, than many of those that he meets. in the
ordinary walks of life.

DIFFERENCES IN THE CONE, OR STROBILE, STRUCTURE
OF THE CUPRESSINEZ TRIBE OF TREES

The cones, or strobiles as they are sometimes called,
of the Cupressi, Thuyas, and Junipers—all of them
sub-tribes of the great Cupressinee Tribe—are of a
totally different appearance. When you have even
glanced at an illustration of them you cannot but
feel that you have conquered the first position of the
entanglement. The acquired knowledge of the differ-
ence between chalk from cheese is an accomplishment
that calls for no more power of attainment than
mastery over the differences of a Cupressus and a
Thuya cone, and the fact that these members of the
Coniferze are prolific cone bearers and cone dispersers
adds materially to the ease and convenience of the
would-be student, -
  

4

©. SEMPERVIRENS, OR ROMAN, ITALIAN, OR MEDITERRANEAN CYPRESS,
SHOWING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF DIFFERENT-SIZED CONES,

 

Cc. TORULOSA, THE HIMALAYAN, BHOTAN, OR TWISTED CYPRESS,

 

C. MACROCARPA, OR MONTEREY CYPRESS,

Fic. II.

[ILLUSTRATING DIFFERENCES IN THE CONE OR STROBILE STRUCTURE
OF THE CUPRESSINE/% TRIBE OF TREES,

«58a]
 

b |
I, C. LAWSONIANA. 2, C. PISIFERA, OR SAWARA CYPRESS.
3, NOOTKA SOUND CYPRESS, C, NOOTKATENSIS.

2
t
3}

5
4
eo 7

 

I AND 2, THUYA ORIENTALIS (SECTION BIOTA); 3, 4, AND 5, THUYA
OCCIDENTALIS; 6 AND 7, THUYA GIGANTEA (OR PLICATA).

Fic, III.
158),
 

THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA,

ITIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

 

LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, ALSO LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

Fic. IV.

[r5ce
EU-CUPRESSI AND CHAMACYPARIS 1$9

Briefly defined the cones of the Cypresses are
rotund and sub-globose in shape. The cones of the
Thuya.are oblong, conical, or, as some describe them,
-ovoid-cylindrical, while the fruit of the Juniper is
no ligneous cone at all, but merely a little succulent
blue-black. and brown berry, with mucronate fleshy
scales maturing the second year and bearing 2 to 5
seeds ; and we may add, while we are about it, that
the Cupressi bear from 15 to 20, and the Chame-
cyparis 4 to 5 seeds. Even these brief definitions
disclose a state of palpable differences, upon which,
however, we will expatiate a little further.

The cones of the different Cupressi are of different
sizes. ,

The Eu-Cupressi have large ligneous, more or less
rotund, strobiles.

.The Chamecyparis group have small, woody, sub-
globose cones. In both cases they are what is
called peltate. Pelta is the Latin word for a target-
like shield, and these scales, fixed to the stalk by the
centre, describe the construction of what: is called
peltate cones. Like the shields of the ancient Britons
or Gauls, they too have a boss enlargement, and in
some cases—e.g. the C. Nootkatensis—they show
some half-dozen little horn-like protuberances in the
middle of these shield-like scales. When the cone
of a Lawson Cypress breaks and scatters to the four
winds of heaven its seed, the little brown ligneous
framework—all that is left of its light-green glory
of the previous year—when set upright and looked
at from a side point of view, develops, with a little
effort of imagination, the outlined appearance of a
Maltese Cross.

Looking, then, at the cones from these points of
view, a Cypress need never be taken for a Thuya, and
much less a Juniper for either. The suspicious
likeness of the adult leaves of.a Juniper is our only
160 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

apology for dragging into the arena the Juniper at
all. A Juniper’s foliage can generally be detected
by the presence of two quite different-looking kinds
of leaves. It is a tree that in the case of one group
(the Sabine) changes, after twelve years or so, its
acicular, primordial, or juvenile leaves into a more
Cypress-looking foliage. As it, however, retains the
evidences of its youthful leaves in patches among
the adult leaves, it bequeaths a very telling evidence
as to its real origin which need not, and should not,
be lost sight of.

DIFFERENCES IN SHAPE OF BRANCHES AND BRANCH-
LETS OF THE CUPRESSINEE

The first point about the branchlet shape of ‘the
different members of this tribe that our attention is
called to by eminent writers is that some of them
are flat-leaved and others tetragonal, or, in other
words, equal- or four-sided. This does not refer to
‘the older branches and stems; they are round in
appearance, and what is more properly described as
equal-sided. It is only the green leaflet-covered
herbaceous-looking little extremity of branchlet
arrangement—if we may be permitted the use of
a rather unbotanical use of language—to which we
refer, and a discerning between them as to what is
flat and what is round should not constitute a greater
difficulty of discrimination than an adjudication
upon the difference in shape of a lemon sole and a
normally nourished whiting, if displayed for our
examination upon a fishmonger’s slab.

To sum up, then, the Eu-Cupressi are the repre-
sentatives of the rounder or quadrangular, and the
Chamecyparis of the flatter-leaved fraternities of
the Cupressinez race, and respectively also of the
BRANCHLET SYSTEM OF CYPRESSES 161

sprays irregularly arranged and not in one plane,
and of sprays arranged in one plane, which we will

call attention to under the headings of branchlet
systems.

DIFFERENCES IN THE BRANCHLET SYSTEM, OR
ARRANGEMENTS OF BRANCHLETS, OF THE CU-
PRESSINEZ TRIBE

This so-called branchlet system has nothing to do
with what we have previously discussed, namely the
shape of the ultimate branchlets. It has only
reference to the way in which branchlets are placed
on their parental stems, and the different way they
grow out from them.

One habit is what botanists allude to as being
arranged ‘“‘in one plane.’”’ The other, or contrary
habit, is simply expressed by negative form, and as
*‘ not in one plane.”

“‘ In one plane ”’ is an arrangement after the manner
and plan of a common fern. ‘ Not in one plane ’’ is
when the branchlets stick out radially from the
parental stem, and from different points of situation
of that stem ; or to put it in another way, when the
branchlets jut out from the stem at different angles
in a sort of radial method, as do the leaves of the
Spruce.

To take, for example, a spray of a Lawson Cypress,
which is described as arranged “in one plane”: if
we pick a branchlet off and lay it upon a table, it
should lie out flat, because its branchlets, like our
human arms, are naturally situated in one plane and
spread out evenly from only two sides of the branch.
But if you take the leaf of “not in one plane”
branchlet system, Cypress (e.g. the Macrocarpa, or
Sempervirens), a branchlet similarly treated cannot
rest flat on a table, because its branches, ‘like the
162 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

Oak tree or other hard-wood trees, stick out at all
angles.

Sometimes authorities talk of this characteristic
branchlet system as “‘ flattened,”’ which means in one
plane, but care must be exercised that no confusion
arises between the two terms “ branchlet system
flattened ’ and “ flat-leaved,”’ ultimate branchlet-
shape expressions which allude to two entirely different
features in the structure of the tree, as we have tried
to explain ; but both are terms in vogue among the
authorities and fixed stars of the arboricultural
firmament.

DIFFERENCES IN THE LEAVES OF THE CUPRESSINEE
TRIBE OF TREES

The leaves of this tribe are not, more than in any
other part of their structure, to be denied a prominent
part in the telling of their differences, in spite of the
fact, too, that their presence is perhaps. the least
apparent and felt of those of any trees that we en-
counter. They call for a microscope to investigate them
satisfactorily, and only tell their tale with reserve.

The little stem-clasping apologies for leaves upon
these Cypresses are hardly what our primitive instincts
were awakened to regard as leaves. They do not
appear to maintain that separate existence from the
branch that the more ordinarily well-conducted
leaves we were once led to suppose were expected
to exhibit.

. Nor on the deciduous day of their decease do they
fall away and wither separately as they ought to do,
but instead, at the fateful moment, the herbaceous
branchlet browns and dies and with it still in clinging
affinity, do they also pass away and perish. Yet
leaves they. are, these little minute overlapping scale
appurtenances, and as leaves they have to be reckoned
THE FALL OF THE CYPRESS LEAF 163

with, and every detail of them to be inquired minutely
into, for the purposes of telling the tale of their
various individualities.

This falling away of these extremity leaves and
ultimate branchlets, sometimes after two, sometimes
after three and four years’ growth, sheds light upon
the story told of a curious Mohammedan superstition,
existent among the natives of Ceylon. The idea
prevalent there is that he who eats of a Cypress leaf,
which he chances to see fall in natural and by time-
expired process to the ground, has restored to him
the priceless boon of rejuvenated youth and vigour.

Whittier, the American poet, depicts the venerable
jogees, or saints, as sitting patiently, expectantly, in
silence and motionless, under the shadow of a Cypress
tree in Ceylon, awaiting in optimistic endurance the
falling of this much-prized leaf. These are two of
his descriptive stanzas on the subject :

They sat in silent watchfulness,
The sacred Cypress tree about,

And from beneath old, wrinkled brows
Their failing eyes looked out.

They waited for that falling leaf,
Of which the wandering jogees sing ;
Which lends once more to wintry age
The greenness of its spring.

As, and as we have said, there is a triennial persistency
about these leaves, this process must, then, have
often entailed a long sitting, and one that may have
called for an equivalent persistency of a patient and
pathetic nature on the part of these holy men, which
invites sympathy even among those who regard
their problematical reward as doubtful and distant.

LEAVES AND THEIR POSITION

In some cases the leaves are, from head to base,
wound round tightly to the stem, so to speak, for the
12
164 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

whole of their length. They are ‘then described,
according to Cocker, as appressed.. In others they
fall and break away at the summit of their growth
into a state of disarray from their hold on the branch-
lets. When that happens they are described..by the
masters of the Arts Botanical as free at the apex.

The apex—that is, the top of the leaf—varies in,
shape ; sometimes it is obtuse, at others acute or
triangular in its outlines.

The shape of the leaf if closely looked at indulges
in variations. Sometimes it is (1)spatulate. ‘“ Spatu-.
late” is derived from the Latin word which stands for
a little spade, and it is generally connected in more
ordinary minds with the form and feature of a beaver’s-
tail arrangement. (2) At others it is ovate or egg-
shaped ; or (3) awl-shaped, a name derived from a
pointed instrument to be found in every tool-chest
of a village carpenter, and an implement. of familiarity,
to the world at large. (4) While in others it is
described as boat-shaped, in form familiar as an
Indian dugout or canoe.

In some cases of flat-leaved Cypresses the facial
leaves on the upper and the corresponding leaves on
the lower surface (described as dorso-ventral) are
of a different shape from those on the lateral sides.
For instance, on the branchlets of the Thujopsis
Dolabrata, a branchlet upon which it is very.easy to
discern the shape, the dorso-ventral leaves are spatu-
late while the lateral leaves are boat-shaped. Some-’
times these herbaceous branchlets have leaves ar-
ranged round them in four ranks, sometimes in two:
ranks, and arranged. opposite to each other. The.
white lines or streaks on the under-side of the leaf,
present in some of the species, absent in others, help
greatly the process of differentiation. For instance,
under the leaf of the Lawson will be noticed these
white lines, but under the leaves of the Nootkatensis,
IDENTIFICATION OF CYPRESSES 165

its nearly allied affinity, no such lines appear. Or,
again, in the case of two Thuyas of near affinity, the
T. Plicata (or Gigantea) and the T. Occidentalis ; the
former has white streaks on the under-side of leaflets,
the latter not.

The glands, the little swollen protuberances, or
secretory vessels, situate on the end of the leaf and
quite visible to the naked eye, are often a help to
identification.. In such trees as the Thuya Plicata,
or Gigantea, it will be noticed that the very evident
presence of glands upon the Thuya Occidentalis is
unseen upon the T. Plicata. All these traits in their
characteristics are a mere generalizing of differences,
and but a tuning of fiddles before the grand Devil’s
Opera. The study of Cypresses calls for a close and
minute attention upon the part of the tree lover, but
a good general idea of “‘ what’s what:”’ and ‘‘ which
is which” among their ranks can be obtained from -
these sources suggested—namely (1) the Cones;
(2) the shape of the ultimate branchlets, whether
flat or tetragonal; (3) the branchlet systems “ in
one plane,” or “‘ not in one plane”; (4) the leaves,
and in connection with them not forgetting the
existence or non-existence of white streaks underneath,
and the presence or absence of glands on the end of
the leaf.

CUPRESSINEZ TRIBE
(OF THE SUB-DIVISION EU-CUPRESSI, oF THE SUB-
TRIBE THUYINA)
C. ToruLosa, Macrocarpa, SEMPERVIRENS
Their sweetest shade

A grove of cypress trees,
SHAKESPEARE,

C. Torutosa, so called presumably from the
presence of glands on the leaves, so far as leaf appear-
ance goes, exhibits a very perplexing likeness to some
166 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

of its fellow Eu-Cupressi, the C. Macrocarpa, and C,
Sempervirens Goveniana ; or even, to go farther, to
some of the Junipers in an adult state of foliage.
The fact that the C. Torulosa, through a magnifying-
glass, shows the presence of glands, while others
among his similarities do not, offers some, if not very
palpable, help to the student. That, presumably, is
why the C. Torulosa is put in one group and the
C. Macrocarpa and Sempervirens in another group
of the Eu-Cupressi. There is more comfort to be
derived from a comparison of the size and date of
ripening of the cones of this trio. Those of the
Torulosa do not ripen until the second year. They
are uniformly about the size of the smallest of the
cones to be found among the variably-sized cones
of the C. Sempervirens, which ripen in the winter of the
first. year. The cones of the Macrocarpa ripen at
the same time as the Torulosa, the second year, but
they are consistently nearly twice their size. A
surer hope of recognition will be forthcoming in a
comparison of their branchlet systems. If a spray
of the Torulosa is laid upon the table, it will be found.
that the branchlet system is more or less arranged
in one plane, and that consequently it will lie pretty
nearly flat upon the surface of the table; while in the
case of the other two, the spray is supported by
branchlets which grow indiscriminately all round
the stems at different angles. Sometimes the Torulosa
deviates a little from the strict path of rectitude in
these directions, but is quite sufficiently orthodox
to show a distinction from the other two.

Where the shape of the Macrocarpa and Semper-
virens may be often described as columnar, the shape
of the Torulosa in its sub-fastigiate form—and it is
in this form that it generally makes its appearance
with us—is what is called flame shape and running
into a peak-shaped top. Though this characteristic
CUPR. TORULOSA AND FUNEBRIS 167

may not, in the opinion of some, shed any very
lambent light on the subject, still it may be the first
awakening to the fact that we are looking at a tree
of far rarer appearance in England than the Macro-
carpa, or even the Sempervirens or Roman Cypress.

It may interest readers to learn that there is a
tree growing here (Stanage), at an elevation above
the sea of a very little less than 800 feet, planted in
December 1842, and, according to an old family
document, referred to as the C. Tomentosa Torulosa.
It measures 42 ft. in height, and in girth 6 ft. 2 in., and
so compared with others mentioned in the Walhalla
of remarkable trees of Great Britain (Elwes and
Henry), according to measurements and age, was
deserving of a niche in those palaces of immortality.
Had the authors paid a visit to it before instead of after
their Cypress chapters had been published, it would
have been accorded, we were informed, the honour of
a site therein.

EU-CUPRESSI

Group A: C, Funesris, LusiTanica, ARIZONICA,
MACNABIANA, CASHMERIANA; AND Group B:
GovENIANA

Oh, lady, twine no wreath for me
Or twine it of the cypress tree.
Str WALTER Scott.
The C. Funesris has the reputation of being not
hardy, but of some capability of endurance in the
climates of the south-west of England and in Ireland.

Its life’s history with us in brief is: it is a native of

Central China; it was discovered in 1793 by Sir

George Stanton, attached to Lord Macartney’s

mission, in an appropriately entitled locality, from

whence it was to derive a subsequent name, called

the Valley of Tombs. It came to England in 1804;

failed, and was tried again in 1848. It has a weeping,
168 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

pendulous habit, and is spoken of as the most orna-
mental of all Asiatic Conifers.

The Lusitanica, in Group A, by reason of its
striking colour and its vivid-hued cones, does not
constitute such a puzzle to the identifier as many
others. Its herbaceous branchlets are less crowded
and farther apart than most of the Cypresses. It
is, somewhat on the lucus a non lucendo principle,
familiarly called the Cedar of Goa. As a matter of
historic and endemic fact, it is not a Cedar and it
did not come from Goa. It must have been named
thus in the same spirit of perversity that described
a Crab as a little red fish that walked backwards, in
spite of the natural history incontrovertible fact
that it happened to be a little blue crustacean that
moved sideways. It would be nearing stricter truth
to allege that the Portuguese had it from Mexico,
and that the people of Goa (India) were indebted to
the Portuguese for plentifully planting it among them.

The ARIZONICA, its more northern representative,
can be recognised by its display of little white specks
on the leaves, and which are explained as exudations
of resin from the circular pits. The Lusitanica does
not manifest these displays, and so one can be known
from the other.

There is another more compact shaped, recently
discovered, Arizonica Cypress, called the Smooth
Cypress (C. GLABRA). It is described as a tree from
25 to 30 ft. high, with thin, smooth, dark-purple, or
red bark, bright blue-green glaucous foliage, and
small spherical cones (vide U.S.A. Dep. of Agriculture
Bulletin, No. 207, July 1915). Seeds are being tried
here, and possibly many other places in England.
Perhaps some day hence, when Father Time has taken
extended toll, and more waters have flowed under

2
EU-CUPRESSI AND CHAMECYPARIS 169

bridges, a day may dawn when all these three, Lusi-
tanica, Arizonica,’ and Glabra, will be regarded as
still nearer akin, if not as actual identities, and one
and'the same, rather than in the character that they

dre now looked upon, as tricky impersonation agents
one of the other.

The C. MacnaBiana, a native of California, is
a bushy several-stemmed tree, that makes but an
infrequent appearance with us. It came to England
in the middle of last century. It has been found

short-lived here, and has not been in much request
for cultivation.

The CASHMERIANA may have, and has, we are told,
many merits of beauty and interest, but as it only
seems to flourish in hot-houses, with one exception
mentioned at Rostrévor (Sir John Ross), it rather
passes away from any category of trees that we are
likely to meet with.

The GovENIANA (from California) though possessing
some points of comparison to which we have called
attention, never seems to have gained the confidence
of nurserymen or planters, and for the substantial
reason that it has been tried and found guilty of an
unpardonable brevity of life in English climates.

CHAMACY PARIS

Group A: C. Lawsoniana, C. NootKATENsIs, C.
Ostusa, C. THyorpes, C. PISIFERA
When I am dead, my dearest,
Sing no sad song for me ;
Plant thou no roses at my head
Nor shady cypress tree.
CHRISTINA RossETT1,
C .LAawsonrana.—When we read that the Lawson
Cypress has no less than forty-eight varieties it is
I70 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

enough to create dismay amongst the ranks of ‘the
most undaunted of tree-history students. Like the
historic miller of the Dee, he begins to feel he cares
for none of them, ‘‘ no, not he.”

What there is in the organism of their nature that
permits this unfaithfulness to tradition, and allows
them licence to produce all this confusion in growth
and consequent confusion of mind in our midst, we
hazard no explanation. The tree certainly seems to
assume as many shapes as a genie in an Arabian
Night story. Scientists, when they speak of it, call
it polymorphous, and in tones of apology, or some-
times, in tones of appreciative satisfaction, refer to
the vagaries of descent that this tree offers to the
world at large and the Mendelian world in particular.

Some of these freaks in descent—so reads their
unstable history—are columnar, some fastigiate;
some pendulous, some spreading, some dwarf, - in
habit. But this is not all; of the coloured varieties,
some are globose, some are plumose, and the rest of
them are too many in number and too various of
nature to narrate of further here. One immoral
lesson to be learnt from their multitudinous ubiquity
is, that the venturesome man, minded to pose as
bene doctus upon questions of tree lore, has only,
when in doubt upon any Cypress identity, to answer
Lawson. Not invariably, but on many occasions
he will be quite apt to have answered correctly. And
your assurance will be relying on firmer foundations
if you have made sure of the existence of those white
linings on the under-side leaves that we have called’
attention to.

A rather curious translation of the Greek word
xbmpos occurs in Liddell and Scott’s celebrated Greek
Lexicon, which made a first apparition in 1845 “as a
tree growing in Cyprus, now called Lawsonia Alba.”’

The date of the introduction of our Cypress in
C. LAWSONIANA 17t

question was some nine or ten years later, when it
was introduced in Lawson’s nursery at Edinburgh
and brought before the notice of cultivators This
conflict in names and dates reads like the perpetration
of an anachronism somewhere. Perhaps the learned
lexicographers were among the prophets, or men
in advance of their time. The C. Sempervirens, or
Roman Cypress, is the native tree of Cyprus.
We read in an Eton boy’s verse, that—

Many a Greek historian’s riddle
May be solved by Scott and Liddell.

One seems to have been propounded here by the
authors of the sources of solution.

This very fact, that it has so many forms, may be
a reason that we find it to be planted more abundantly
than any tree of its kind in the gardens and grounds
of Great Britain. Like a fashionable sartorial estab-
lishment, it has styles to suit all forms and shapes.
It has varieties that suit all environments, from such
earthly distances as a mixed plantation to a walled-in
cemetery. So far we have not seen it under agricul-
tural conditions, with self-pruned trunks and bared
stems. At some future time perhaps another genera~-
tion will meet it more often as a tree under these
conditions, both it and the Thuya Plicata. Perhaps
some day belts of them will be cultivated as wind
screens, and left standing for the next crop to seek
their shelter from, until such a day when its economic
value is appreciated at a value as it is in its Oregon
native home, and it finds a home in our English
timber yards and lumber markets.

Upon some comparative differences of these four
species of Chamecyparis, Lawson, Nootkatensis, Ob-
tusa, Pisifera, we have made analysis in the Table
of Differences and will proffer a few more remarks

on the subject.
172 ‘CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

- C. NoorxaTensis.—The larger cones, the darker
pendulous foliage, the absence of white streaks on
the leaves beneath, the yellow flower, make the
identification of the Nootkatensis, as apart particu-
larly from the C. Lawsoniana, as clearly outstanding
as an undraped nigger in a snowfield.

The distinction between the Lawson and the
ordinary C. Pisifera is a far harder nut to crack. In
using this metaphor it must be explained that we are
rather referring to the leaf than the cone differences.
Undoubtedly, if looked at closely, the leaf of the
C.. Pisifera is a differently formed, more sharply

_ pointed leaf, and there seems little else to go by. As
the more original and natural form of Pisifera is far
more seldom seen than its more fluffy variety, the
Plumosa, or its more acicular silvery-looking variety,
the Squarrosa (which, by the way, is more commonly
spoken of as the Retinospora Squarrosa), the situation
of being called upon to decide between the two will
probably not be of frequent occurrence.

C. Ostusa.—The intricacies of the Obtusa, and any
family likeness it may show to those in the same
Group, requires no genius to cope with. You have
only to look at the more densely crowded, thick,
cobby appearance and character of its shapes and.
-its-leaves to arrive at a quick and sure conclusion.
If you look at it more closely, the small, round-shaped
little leaf on the upper facial (dorso-ventral) surface
in the middle, shouldered in between his two big
brother lateral leaves, recalls the impression made
in our early days of the picture of the Dormouse
snuggled up between the Hatter and March Hare, at
the mad tea party in Alice in Wonderland.

. As a tree it bears no mean record in his native
country Japan. It has a royal halo about it, since
it is reserved for uses imperial. It has also a religious:
CUPR. OBTUSA AND THYOIDES 173

halo about it, since it is the sacred tree of Shinto
worship.

It is in great request for building. purposes, and
temples are made of it. It makes excellent panelling,
and shows a very good figure. It takes to lacquering
well by reason of its fine grain, and is much used for
this treatment. It is well known to us here by the
little, contorted, dwarf-grown Japanese cultivated
specimens that so many of us have been induced to
buy for curiosity’s sake, and we hope this short
account of its career will convince readers that we are
discussing a tree of no ordinary interest or merit.

It, too, has its varieties, and one called Tetragona
Aurea displays great garden merit. We have in our
mind two planted by Mr. E. Miller Mundy at Shipley,
in Derbyshire. They make a particularly picturesque
show in those garden grounds. In thirty years they
have only grown 10 ft. 6 in., while the one at Castle-
welan contrived only 5 ft. in twenty years—an
increase of development which seems more on a par
with the leisurely growth of a geological tertiary
formation than what we would expect from an
ascendant tree.

This compactness and density of growth absolve
them to some extent from wrong-doing in their
deficiency to rise to greater heights.

Wanting the sun, why does the caltha fade ?
Why does the cypress flourish in the shade ?
M. Prior,

The C. TuyoipEs remains alone of this Group A
now unmentioned. It was introduced in 1736, but has
never got a hold in our English climate and estima-
tion, in spite of its many natural fascinations. Either
the swamps where it was placed proved too cold for
it, or the summer is not warm enough, or we have
not found the exact spot of the judicious mixture
174 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

of damp and soil that it requires. In its branching
it seems to show its independence of character more
than anything. It is said to shed its branchlets in
fan-shaped pieces. The situation of the green tufts
of leaved branchlets, upon the top of elongated twigs
curling upwards bared and brown, looks peculiar.
Hold up by hand a branchlet and it looks like some
iiniature-shapen Stone Pine, or even a toy repre-
sentative of the top ramification arrangement of a
clean-boled Scots Pine.

A juvenile form, called either Leptoclada or Eri-
coides, has raised questions as to whether it- belongs
to the true fold of the Thyoides.

It, like the Thyoides, is spoken of as ezanacutal
There i is one planted here some 800 ft. above sea-level,
and though it grows slowly it grows.steadily. It
reminds one of a miniature, reduced four dimensions,
Cryptomeria Elegans, but the branchlets turn -red
while the Cryptomeria retains its yellow-green colour.

(Sus-pivision EU-THUYA, oF THE SUB-TRIBE
THUYINAZ, Anp oF THE TRIBE CUPRESSINEZ)

TuHuyas, OR ARBOR VITZ,—

The true and only friend is He,
Who, like the arbor vite tree,
Will bear our image on his heart.
Sir W, Jones.

When the foliage part of the question comes into
the region of discussion, it is pretty well agreed that
the Thuyas and the flat-leaved, small-coned Cypresses
(Chamecyparis) are more or less at one. In-.both
instances the branchlet systems are in one plane.

It is on the cone question that they come to logger-
heads, and the rift in the lute here is, that while the
scales of the cones of the Thuya are imbricated—
THUYAS AND FLAT-LEAVED CYPRESSES 175

that is to say, over-lapping, like tiles on a building
roof—the cones of the. Cypress are peltate, formed
like a shield. This is a question already discussed
at length here and efforts at explanation adduced.
If we referred to it here further, and again, we might
(and rightly, too) fall under the shadow of super-
fluous wordiness. So much are their habits alike,
their leaves in frondose arrangement on one plane
and flattened, that the botanists of a previous day
lumped them both together into the same family
circle..

At this date the importance of the cone differences
has over-ridden the importance of the leaf arrange-
ment, and they are placed en famille, as we have
placed them here.

The fact that many of them are credited with a
smell of their own must really be left to the delicate-
nosed independence and taste of the variously con-
stituted nasal organs of the aspirant assayers to work
out the scent for themselves. Quot homines tot
sententie@ ; so many men, so many opinions, or shall
we translate it so many sensibilities ?

Some seem to think them all more or less agreeable ;
others that some are agreeable, others disagreeable.

For instance, the C. Nootkatensis has a reputation
for being far more evil-smelling than the C. Lawsoniana.
Among the Picee and Abies the Amabilis has a
reputation for agreeableness. Its smell has been com-
pared to that of a citron or tangerine orange, a reputa-
tion that many think ought to be equally shared by
several, especially the glaucous-coloured trees—to
wit, the Pungens, Arizonica, Nobilis, and Concolor
Violacea. The particular perfume ascribed to them is
generally spoken of as like that of the citron or tan-
gerine orange. But let all these high-scented ideas,
as we have intimated, be settled according to the
perceptions of the individual. We only add that
176 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

“aromatic’’ in botanical writings generally refers to
what is fragrant, and sometimes to what seems to
be doubtfully fragrant; whereas ‘‘rank” expresses
forcibly that our perceptions are not to expect any
pleasant impressions therefrom,—and these are
descriptive adjectives that appear frequently upon
the pages of standard authorities.

In the specimens where the juvenile form of leaf is
retained, and before the day when scientists had
proved that they were one and the same, only in
youthful guise, they were named Retinospora. To-
day a commonly planted tree is more often spoken
of as the Retinospora Squarrosa, whereas, if you give
it its full and real title, it should read Cupressus
Pisifera var. Squarrosa. Several of the Thuyas—the
Orientalis, e.g.—masquerade in this juvenile attire.
The Occidentalis and Orientalis are particularly
inclined to this little habit.

The Orientalis, or Biota, to which we refer later on,
like the Cupr. Lawsoniana, is of a very polymor-
phous habit.

The word “ Thuya’’is an old Greek word, @via, con-
nected with an old Greek verb (6%) that expressed
action in the direction of burnt sacrifices and incense,
and became thus associated with the more fragrant
woods employed in places of worship.

Our old schoolboy recourse to the meanings of these
mysterious Greek-lettered words, Liddell and Scott,
tells us that it was a name applied to an African tree
with sweet-smelling wood, and that its Latin synonym
was cedrus; whether it was Cedar, an African Arbor
Vitze (Callitris Quadrivalvis) was a matter in dispute.
But these unde derivatur excursions into the half-
buried past afford us more recreation than enlighten-
ment upon the problems of the present day.

The Thuyas of to-day are divided into three
sections : (i) the Eu-thuya, comprising three species
THUYA PLICATA AND T. OCCIDENTALIS 177

and their variations ; (2) the T. Orientalis, or Biota,
containing one and its many varieties ; and (3) the
Thujopsis has a group to himself with some, and
even a genus to himself with others.

In reading differences of the Table there should be
no difficulty in pronouncing judgment as between
the T. Plicata and the T. Occidentalis.. The one (T..
Plicata) has white streaks on the under-leaf, and the.
other (T. Occidentalis) has-not. Not even Bertillon,.
with all his thumb-print successes, could have in-
vented a better system of identification than this.
If more evidence is wanted, we suggest a look at the.
glands conspicuous on the one (T. Occidentalis), and
inconspicuous on the other (T. Plicata), The Plicata
must be identified from the Japonica by its finer.
leaves, denser habit, and several other points noted
in the Table. It will be seen there that C. Japonica.
has coarser leaves, with blunter obtuse points, and.
here is constituted perhaps its most telling and easily
appreciated difference from the other two. It has
also more vertically placed boughs, and grows more
closely than the other Thuyas. The question of
smelling out trees or, to put it more prettily, the art,
of telling trees one from another by the scent they
produce, comes to the fore particularly among this
group of trees. Lest any one smile at the idea, we
ask in all faith and simplicity, Why should not a tree
be known by its smell when it is the proud possessor
of an odour peculiar to itself, equally and for the same
reason that arose, which, called byanyname, still smells
the same, or a violet, or any other flower is so known ?
Why should one product of the vegetable world have a.
monopoly of dispensing education in this direction ?.
When we come to consider it further, it is a power:
undenied to a turnip, or garden cabbage, not to —
mention an onion ; and when we venture our ridicule
on the onion, let it not be forgotten that a saying runs,
278 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

‘‘ Nowhere does the rose bloom so sweetly as when
planted near the onion.”

To sum up the case of the three species—Plicata,
Occidentalis, Japonica—before us in the dock or at
the bar of olfactory opinion, and arrive at conclusion
as to which distils sweetness and which imparts
disflavour: In the case of the T. Plicata the jury
seem agreed that the smell is far more pleasant than
otherwise, though some seem to think it is nothing
to rave about. In the case of the T. Occidentalis the
jury are disagreed. It has been accused of being
aromatic, pleasant, acrid, pungent. Consequently,
we must leave it to each individual, if he so desires
it, to nose out this question further for himself. The
case of the T. Japonica presents no hesitation on the
part of the jury. It has been adjudged, memine
contradicente, guilty of a failure to minister to the
lords and ladies of creation those voluptuous delights
accredited by poets to the perfumes of Araby that
their souls desire. In writing a short monograph
upon these three trees, and putting aside for the
moment the question of identifying marks, we would
say a few words on their uses.

The Thuya Plicata, or Gigantea, the giant Arbor
Vite of North America, was discovered between the
years 1789-94 by Louis Née, on Nootka Sound, and
introduced to England in 1853. Its habitat extends
from southernmost Alaska to almost San Francisco.
It ranks among the monster trees of those regions,
and attains stupendous heights and massive girths.
Yet it is a wood that is the lightest of the light, and
famed for durability in wet ground. It has an
estimated life at from 800 to 1,000 years, and
holds valuable testimonials from valuable sources
as to its economic value. All, from the severest and
most cautious of scientific sylviculturists, speak well
of it,
THUYA ORIENTALIS, OR BIOTA 179

Many others sing its, praises. White settlers,
lumbermen, tree planters, tree writers, tree fanciers,
and pheasant fanciers.

Why, in the face of all these expressions of opinion
from so many profound sources, it has not been more
extensively planted in the woodlands of England, we
cannot pretend to explain or understand. Perhaps
in some future or more philosophical age it will come
into its kingdom of appreciation.

As a timber tree we have very little to recount of
the character received of the Occidentalis. To sum
up its virtues, it has been said that it makes good
hedges, and this seems but damning with faint praise.
The cones on the Occidentalis grow in such close
communication that you can gather into the palm
of your hand a bunch that contains more than a
hundred of its cones. This gives sometimes a whity-
yellow aspect to the tree that can be seen at a long
distance.

Like the Lawson Cypress it is polymorphous and
has many shapes and varieties. How these mysteri-+
ous symptoms occur, whether transmitted by some
far-away ancestor or some cross purposes, or what
wild deviation from normal rules brought it about,
has yet to be clearly explained.

The T. Japonica goes rather one worse from the
point of view of wood value. In its native country
it has been known to make good roof shingles.

TuuyaA ORIENTALIS, BioTsa, OR CHINESE ARBOR
Vit#.—Perhaps a few points added to the abridged
Table may help those for whom we write towards a
surer acquaintance with this ornamental garden
product from China, and its reticulated or graceful
appearance of foliage. If this name Biota has any
connection with the Greek word Aiwros—and there
is nothing to suppose anything to the contrary—it

13
180 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

conveys a high compliment, since the Greek word
implies something worth living for.

It is more often than anything little more than a
twenty-foot high, many-stemmed shrub, though two
at Hampton Court, Herefordshire, planted by the
late J. H. Arkwright, have risen to twice that height.

Its branches, except perhaps the lower ones, rise
vertically, and the branchlets also, like some varieties
of the C. Lawsoniana—to wit, the Allumi and Erecta
Viridis—also assume this vertical habit.

Like the C. Lawsoniana and the Occidentalis it
breaks away in many (over twenty) polymorphous
strains—coloured, dwarf, fastigiate, and pendulous
with whip-cord branchlets. Juvenile and coloured
forms are fully dealt with in detail by our more
luminous and voluminous authorities.

The leaves are described as without white streaks
on the under-surface by Elwes and Henry, but are
by Bean notified as with white streaks. The one we
have before us here shows white stomata scattered
in the middle of the leaf on the under-side. They
are further described as in decussate pairs, but do not
show to the tyro much difference from the dorso-
ventral and lateral leaf arrangement. Down the
middle of the leaf there runs a depression, or groove,
which is explained as of glandular cause and effect.
The lateral leaves curve away from the centre. The
leaves are triangular in shape, with a little sharp
point at their ends. The cones are always erect and
not deflexed ultimately, as in other Thuyas. They
are of a soft blue substance at first, and showing six
or seven horn-like protuberances. As age advances
they become harder and more ligneous, and eventually
gape apart as do most of the Thuyas.

THujopsis DOLABRATA, or JAPANESE THUYA.—
The T. Dolabrata, by its greater breadth and boldness
LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS 181

of foliage, by its leaves as if splashed with thick
patches of whitewash between its very distinct green
upraised margins on the under-side of the leaf, calls
for very little help from anyone to make it easily
distinguishable.

It is the one case, above all, among all Cypresses
and Thuyas of which we may say with confidence
that a sight will suffice, and that ever afterwards a
remembrance and recognition of it should remain
implanted in the eye and mind of the Conifer student.
It hails from Japan, and though it was heard of and
en évidence as far back as the eighteenth century, it
does not seem to have come to stay until the middle
of the next century ; and when it did, owing, it must
be presumed, to some climatic conditions, it did not
attain the height to which it grows in its native
lands. It is said to show partiality for shade and
moisture, and to grow better from cuttings than from
seed. The wood is well spoken of. A full descrip-
tion of its cones and leaves appears in the table,

Pp. 292.

LrsocepRus DECURRENS, or INCENSE CEDAR,—

Numa the rites of strict religion knew,
On every altar laid the incense due.
Prior,

It has not often fallen to my lot to play cicerone
among trees, and then only more among the trees of
my own homestead. On those infrequent occasions
it is seldom that I have been questioned as to the
origin of a name. One only exception there is to a
normal quietude upon such subjects, and that is as
to the derivation of the name Libocedrus. It was
once asked whether the name had any occult con-
nection with a Cedar that had taken a liberty, meaning
thereby whether it was a freak or sport produced
from that venerable tree they all knew so well by
182 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

name and sight as the Cedar of Lebanon, and thereby
rather intimating that some occult connection existed
between the first half of the tree’s double name and
the Latin word liber (free) ; whereas the origin, in
reality, is to be found in that Greek word AiBavos,
which comes to refer to the incense used at religious
functions. The mountain chain after which the
tree was named had the same derivation as the Libo
in Libocedrus. The word “ cedar ’’ is derived from the
Greek word xéSpos, and xé8pos (lexiconically speak-
ing) is translated as ‘‘ the cedar tree, the wood of
which was burnt for. perfume or used. to scent oint-
ment.”

Mt. Lebanon, from which our Cedar of that name
took its title, is called the White Mountain—it is
said, on account of the white resin of the coniferous
trees that bedeck the scene. The resin.of certain
trees—not very easily distinguishable—was used as
a chief ingredient in the preparation of the frank-,
incense used alike by pagans and true believers for
purposes of ritual or sacrificial fumigation. The
Libocedrus of the west, be it added, has no more a
monopoly of its production in the West than has any
one or particular Cedar or Conifer of it in the East.
The Cedar of Lebanon is not the tree from which an
idolatrous people probably extracted their resin to

transform into the incense they burnt ‘“‘ upon the
hills, under the Oaks and Poplars and Elms,” in the
days of the prophet Hosea. It may have been
equally or exclusively applied to some other Conifers—
the Roman Cypress, the Juniper, or Pinus Halepensis
—for all we know. Thus, although there is no
confusion of appearance as between Libocedrus and
Cedrus Libani, there is between them a certain
connection in the derivation of the names that have
been bestowed on them. The Libocedrus is known
colloquially by the name of Incense Cedar, and in
LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS 183

California by several other cognomens—to wit,
White, Bastard, and Post Cedar. I leave the subject
here for readers at their will to work out the con-
nection of name and non-connection of form. They
are not hard conundrums to cope with.

The appearance of the trees from a scenic point of
view shall shortly be reviewed here. The Lombardy
Poplar may be cited as its analogue in form and
structure for those situations where you seek a
column or chimney, or may we add campanile, effect ;
and when we cite this comparison we must ask readers
to bear in mind that we are not disregarding the fact
that chimneys in the abstract do not produce one
and the same effect in all places from a landscape
point of view.

There are the huge chimneys of the Midlands, used
in connection with commercial enterprises, and they,
all must concede, are a blot hideous enough, in all
conscience, to ‘disfigure the charm of any landscape
that Nature has ever produced. Then, again, on
the other hand, we have the perfectly designed
chimneys evolved by the best of architects, in an
Augustan age of literature and art, in the times of
Queen Elizabeth, and later Stuart days when many
of the best so-called Elizabethan buildings were
designed and erected, and which are the glory of
their art and the pride of a nation.

When a tall, towering, columnar tree of almost
maypole slenderness of form comes to be planted, the
position has to be selected with a more than ordinary
care than that often bestowed upon many other
heroes of the forest and glories of the glade. It has
more than ever to be placed carefully and consider-
ately, according to the circumstances and agencies
of its surroundings. All this should go without
saying, yet we take the liberty of repeating it with a
view to emphasize the fact that we believe many
184 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

situations could be bettered for the beautiful by
making judicious use of its stately and formal shape.

What the Lombardy Poplar has accomplished for
the Plains of Lombardy as seen from Milan Cathedral,
what it has done to beautify our rich, low-lying
valleys of England, so equally can the well-placed
Libocedrus play an ornament réle in many places of
our grounds and gardens.

Of the Libocedrus group which appears in our own
Table, when we come to call the muster-roll and
reckon the rarities as absentees, the task of identifying
becomes lightened. Of the eight mentioned, three
are not introduced, three are very rare, and the
Chilensis only seems to flourish under exceptional
climatic conditions. This leaves us, then, only more
or less confronted with the botanical details of one
specimen, the Libocedrus Decurrens, to contend with.
The long length of their leaves, appressed to the stem,
the vertical growth of their branches, the attenuated
lengthy appearance of the tree as a whole, their
unlike-any-other terminal cones, render them easy
of recognition. Should you chance on a rarity of
their race—and we think it would only be on the
rarest of rare occasions—the differences alluded to in.
the Table should not present insuperable difficulties
to. those students who have gone far enough in their
observational career to know that a Libocedrus is a
Libocedrus. We should here call attention to the
fact that the Libocedri break away from the Thuya
conditions in two points: (1) A greater number of
stamens in the male flower. (2) And secondly,
which is the more easily apprehended of the two,
in the matter of cone construction. Whereas the
scales of the true Thuya are more or less of equal
size and overlap each other, the scales of the cones
of the Libocedri are of unequal size, and do not over-
lap, but are united by the margins only. To it
LIBOCEDRUS TETRAGONA AND MACROLEPIS 185

is attributed a fragrant odour. Our own verdict’ of
it would be that while it has a flavour of fragrance,
that flavour is of a very low standard of power.
From the Chilensis the Libocedrus Decurrens can be
told by the absence of white stomata and glands.
The Tetragona and Macrolepis can be told by their
octagonal, not flat, branchlets. The Tetragona has
often been confused with the Fitzroya Patagonica,
and we experience little wonder. While no one unread
in tree-lore, and unversed in the ways and reasonings
of the deeper-minded botanists, would on sight ever
associate a L. Tetragona with a L. Decurrens, they
certainly could, without straining a point, easily
confuse the Tetragona and Fitzroya, notwithstanding
the fact of their difference of fruit and leaf. The
leaves of the L. Tetragona are in opposite pairs and
stick away out from the adnate base. In the concave
or upper side they show thick splotches of white
stomata and their apex narrows to a blunt point,
while the leaves of Fitzroya Patagonica are in whorls
of three and show white stomata on both sides of the
leaf.

The Libocedri rank up generically alongside of the
Thuyas and under the wide, outstretched family wing
of the Cupressinez. Possessed of many and various
vagaries in form and character, they cannot be an
easy species to precisely locate in any family-tree
sense. We must search Kew’s lists, and there seek
the information we desire. And this is what we learn
of them from those unquestioned sources: That
they are of most undoubted Cupressinez persuasion ;
they they are to be found in congregation with a
sub-tribal sect, entitled Thuyine, a sect that includes
such divergencies as Cypresses, Fitzroyas, Thuyas,
and Biotas ; and that there among them, but seated
alone, they occupy a pew to themselves in nearest
proximity to the latter mentioned.
186 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

Of the wood uses of the Libocedri we only get such
sketchy descriptions that are hardly worth producing.
We hear of them being used for shingles, as are many
of their tribe. If some day wooden shingles come
into demand for the more ornamental annexes of
houses, for verandahs or porches, and take the place
of the old heavy but picturesque stone tile, all these
sorts of Cupressinee wood may be sought after and
have their day in the markets of the world.

JUNIPERS

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFER, oF THE
FAMILY PINACE, oF THE TRIBE CUPRESSI-
NE, OF THE SUB-TRIBE JUNIPERINA)

The birch-tree swang her fragrant hair,
The bramble cast her berry,
The gin within the juniper
Began to make him merry.
TENNYSON, Old Amphion (1857 ed.),

THE origin of the name Juniper is to be traced
to the Latin words juvenis (young) and the verb—
parere (to produce). Presumably it was so named
on account of a curious habit that it displays, in many
of its species, of producing two entirely different-
looking sets of leaves upon the same tree—namely,
the gossamer-looking, awl-shaped, acicular young or
juvenile leaves, and the mature, appressed-to-the-
stem, Cypress-in-appearance, adult foliage. The
French call the tree Genévrier, or Geniévre, and from
the first syllable of this word a spirituous compound,
familiarly known in all alcoholic circles by the labelled
title of Gin, derives its name, as if in mutual obligation
and acknowledgment of the fact that the drink
derives the benefit of its flavour from the fruit of the
tree.

Nor is it a tree without its little accompaniment
THE JUNIPER TREE 187

of myths and legends. The Juniper was consecrated
to the Furies, and the smoke of its green branches
was the incense offered to the Infernal Gods, while
its berries were burnt at funerals to keep off evil
spirits. The renowned lexicographer, Dr. Johnson,
hurls unsubstantiated charges of the most venomous
nature at its devoted head. He writes that its shade
was baleful, that its taste was bitter, that its shelter
was a dangerous Zone to man and beast to be fled
from precipitately by all cautiously inclined, and by
those who walk the earth in fear of evil consequence
from superstitious influences. As a tree we neither
know nor can find any basis for these assumptions.
In the face of all these disheartening qualities, many
would-be gardeners and seekers of scenery revel to
this day in its presence, and take delight in a sight
of it upon many a bank and hill-side devoted to its
production.

In the Bible we hear much of the Juniper in the
wilderness. As a phrase it “ falls pleasantly ” on our
ears, for some reason as unexplained as the why and
wherefore that the word Mesopotamia affected the
old lady of fiction. It brought “‘ great support and
comfort to her,” she confided to her pastor.

In the incidents spoken of in Holy Writ the Juniper
seems to have conferred the blessings of both shade
and food to many a weary wanderer in the sun-
scorched desert. Job pictures one, a melancholy
derelict, who, having suffered from the derision of
man, had sought the solitude of its sandy tracts, and
was reduced to making a meal off the roots of a
Juniper bush under which he rested. It reads un-
appetising as a diet, but still, for aught we know, it
may have given temporary satisfaction to a hungry
outcast sunk low in his own estimation and far
removed from any pleasures of the table ; but it is
a recital of an experience that must not be reckoned
188 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

upon to create any restaurant precedent for its ap-
pearance on the better-furnished tables of the more
epicurean.

To return to our inquiry into the origin of the word
Juniper and its application. The Greek word dpxevOos
is translated Juniper, but Heaven only knows how
wide was the application.of these two frequently
used words, «éSpos and dpxevOos, nor, for the matter
of that, is it a subject of much consequence in any
present-day commentary. The name Arceuthos has
been applied by the Kew authorities to the Syrian
representative of the family which goes by the name
of J. Drupacea, and to which reference is made
farther on.

Writers of a past day have described the Juniper
as a plant with an aromatic smell, and tell us that
its wood emitted the fragrant odour connected with
incense. While the leaves of the J. Sabina emit a
striking and independent odour, and one quite un-
mistakable from that, say, of a Cypress or Thuya,
some of the other species hardly betray any sign
whatsoever in these dispensing directions. The smell
of the Sabina has been described by some as fragrant,
by others as disagreeable. While personally in favour
of the first pronouncement, we can only suggest, as
we have in similar cases and under similar circum-
stances, that each one should work out his own
instincts on this subject, and put a thoughtful nose
to an acute consideration of its merits or demerits.
After that experiment they can arrive at in inde-
pendent judgment upon these opposite allegations
urged.

As a timber tree modern writers appraise it rather
cheaply. Older writers give it a better character.
It has certainly been extensively used from times
immemorial, for many purposes, which range from
cedar pencil making to gin flavouring. In an olden
JUNIPERS 189

day another use that it was employed upon was as
an ingredient of the medicine-bottle. It was also,
according to old writers, applied to other purposes—
marquetry, veneer, making cups as well as filling
them with the afore-mentioned distillations from
the berry. The oil of Juniper, we are also told, made
good picture varnish. As there does not seem much
probability of making a fortune out of it by growing
it here, for timber, or drinking, or any other purposes,
the economic part of the question hardly merits
further attention.

We have only tabulated nineteen of the Juniper
species. There are many others that have been brought
to ournotice. All countries surveyed by tree-hunters,
from China to Peru, in all regions, from mountain tops
to Mexican plains, from Arctic heights to tropical
circles, claim their own particular locally estab-
lished Juniper. Kew lists, Veitch, and Clinton Baker
touch upon something over thirty different species,
while Elwes and Henry deal specifically with some
twenty-two species. Of the total number mentioned,
Bean suggests more or less for planting with us
sixteen of the species, and of these especially recom-
mends nine. Many so far have not flourished or
even been introduced among us. In this list may be
mentioned the Macrocarpa, Occidentalis, Brevifolia,
Squamata, Flaccida, Bermudiana, Thurifera, Procera.
Of these the Flaccida and Thurifera grow at Bicton,
and the Procumbens form of the Squamata is often
seen in rockeries.

ON THE THREE SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE JUNIPERINE :
(1) SaBINz ; (2) OxycEDRI; (3) ARCEUTHOS

We have now come to the question of how to start
upon an identifying pursuit of these Juniperine.
The quest is made easier by one very striking differ-
Igo, CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

ence that calls for no undue strain of the mental
powers. Half ofthe Junipers tabulated here belong
to a section called the Sabine, and the other half
practically to a section called the Oxycedri. Upon
the Sabine group there are two forms of leaf upon
the same tree at an age of ten or twelve years—
namely, the gossamer-looking, awl-shaped, needle-
like, acicular young leaves, and the adult, appressed,
Cypress-in-appearance foliage. Unfortunately for the
peace of mind of many a casual observer, this golden
guiding rule is broken in the case of the J. Recurva
and its near relations, the Squamata and Procumbens,
and for the reason that their leaves happen to be put
on differently, not jointed at the base as are the
Oxycedri, but appressed to the stem, as is the custom
among the Sabine.

Upon the Oxycedri group there only appear the
juvenile and acicular representatives of leaf formation.
Here is a clue that divides one half of the Junipers
mentioned from the other half as clearly and surely
as ever sheep were divided from goats, and thereby
reduces numerically the difficulties of dissociating
Junipers by one-half.

The next or second point of observation is whether
the leaves grow in groups or whorls of three, or in
pairs placed oppositely on the stem. In all the
Oxycedri group the leaves are found in whorls of
three. In the Sabine group, the Virginiana, Sabina,
and Excelsa, all three are in opposite pairs, and
occasionally the Chinensis. In the others mentioned
in the table, pp. 294-295—1.e. the Pachyphleea,
Pheenicia, Wallichiana—they are in whorls of three,

Other minor points of difference are to be sought
for in the length of leaf, the apex of the appressed
leaves, whether acute or obtuse, the margin of the
leaves, whether light-coloured (as in the Chinensis),
or without white rims (as in the J. Virginiana and
JUNIPERS tor

others). This doubling of the leaf character (called
dimorphic) may, at first sight, appear as not quite a
fair impost upon the intellectual department of the
student. One set of leaves he might regard as quite
a sufficient task upon his energies and capabilities.

As it so happens, quite the contrary is the fact.
This habit turns out to be really a great convenience
in discerning. the nature of the plant, and as between
it and a Cypress. When his practised eye observes
the unmistakable acicular leaves of the Juniper in
small branches, nestling among the mature foliage,
he at once dissociates from his mind any Cypress
confusion, and feels grateful to the members of the
Sabine group that when they commence their age
of the sere and yellow they still retain, like many a
human prototype, the semblance of youth, and do
not at one bidden moment from the clock of Time
cast away all juvenile associations and youthful
reminders. Hereby they constitute a glorious ex-
ample to all lords and ladies of the higher creation,
in their life’s progress towards the serener stages of
the Middle Ages.

If we were to make a few general remarks on a few
of the Junipers perhaps most commonly seen amongst
us, we should venture the remark that probably of
the Sabine, Virginiana, Chinensis, and Excelsa were
most likely to be met with in the more frequented
paths of life. The Virginiana is a tree and the
Sabina a shrub, or at most a shrub-like tree in.its best
arborescent form, and as such distributes an unap-
preciated smell, and the J. Virginiana lacks any.

The J. Excelsa from the Virginiana is a hard matter
to dissociate, very hard. The acicular foliage in the
case of J. Excelsa in a cultivated, not wild, state often
makes no show. The real difference is that the-fruit
is larger and contains more seeds. But this is a
worked-out, and not one of those every-day apparent
192 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

signs of difference that sets our minds at rest and
at a glance restores confidence. We must content
ourselves, if puzzled, with the reflection that they
are probably the same tree but of different geo-
graphical habitat. One, the J. Virginiana, hails from
the swampy lands of North America ; while the other,
the Excelsa, comes from the higher regions of the
eastern hemisphere. Some of them are very rare.
The Pachyphloea, and some of its acicular, silvery,
juvenile-leaved varieties, have of the last few years
been sent out by nurserymen, and so far as we hear—
though in its arborescent form they were rather dis-
credited by long-ago experience—they have endured
well a few years of life, and even survived the extreme
winter severities of 1915-16 and 1916-17. Many
varieties of the Sabine, in particular, are constantly
seen in rock gardens, and not only of the Sabine but
‘varieties of the acicular-leaved J. Communis. Of the
latter, a variety more rightly entitled compressa, but
more regularly, and at the same time with irregu-
larity, designated as Hibernica, a name upon which
the fastigiate Irish Juniper claims a prior call. Of
the Oxycedri, Bean recommends especially the Com-
munis and its varieties Compressa and Fastigiata,
and the Drupacea. We could not obtain advice
from a better authority. One more word on this
J. Communis. E. Wilson describes ‘its habitat, or
accomplishment of its territorial occupation, as
“ Circum-Polar,” a word certainly of a far-ranging
ring, that would almost seem to fit in with a modern
Prussian sense of appropriation.

I must not close the chapter on Junipers without
reference to the long, acicular-leaved (nearly an inch
long) J. Drupacea. It has not so far produced
fruit in England. As the tree is dicecious it must be
presumed that we only possess male specimens.
A short time ago I received a branch and some fruit

1
J. DRUPACEA OR SYRIAN JUNIPER 193

specimens from Sir E. Loder, grown at La Mortola
(S. France). The fruit is nearly round, of a browny-
purple colour, about twice the size of other Juniper
fruits, and nearly an inch in diameter. As in leaf
structure does the J. Oxycedrus look like an elongated
and thickened edition of the J. Communis, so does
the J. Drupacea appear by the side of the Oxycedrus.
On account of the fact that the seeds are coalescent
in the centre of the fruit this Juniper has been given
a group of his own called Caryocedrus.

It must not be thought that in our story of the
Juniper, and in our comments on its leaf likeness
with certain Cypresses, we have inadvertently omitted
to mention the outstanding difference which places
it severely apart as far as tribal relationship goes,
namely, the different composition of its fruit.
We have referred to this at length in previous pages
upon the Cypress, and called attention to the fact
that, while the fruit of the Cypress is a ligneous,
variously shaped cone, that of the Juniper is a dark-
blue berry.

Whittier, the American poet, bears witness to its
effect in an autumnal woodland scene, and tells us
in verse how an appearance of a tree in fruit impressed
his poetical senses ;

And on a ground of sombre fir
And azure-studded juniper,
The silver birch its buds of purple show.

The drawback to this picture, as a means of identifica-
tion, is that Junipers do not invariably wear these
azure studs at the precise moment you are bringing
your discerning powers to bear upon the subject of
differentiation. Then it must be remembered that
Junipers are one of the few exceptions to conifer
customs in that they are often dicecious; in other
words, that the tree is generally male or female, and
194 CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS

does not produce male and female flowers on the same
tree. The Cypresses, which are always monececious,
are much more accommodating in this respect of
disclosure of identity.

Mr. E. Wilson has sent back from Japan (1914) a
quantity of the seed of the J. Littoralis (or J. Conferta),
and in some cases they are being given a trial trip
by certain inland growers. Whether they will sigh
for those sea-shores—with which their name implies
association—eventually, as did Tennyson’s cedars for
their native Lebanon, is one of those problems that
we must leave for the futurists to cope with. So far,
there seems a certain lack of midstream directness
about the relations of these various Junipers, vouch-
safed to us by the High and Mighties, that hardly
helps to guide struggles on the straight current of a
sure course.

We complete the subject of Junipers with this
consoling reflection: that here there is a wide field
open for the close student to occupy an industrious
mind upon. When he has achieved an intimate
acquaintance and a thorough mastery over all the
Junipers all the world over, he will find himself
occupying a very unique position among the savants
of his art. To us, such a mastery of detail looks very
like one of those puzzles at which ‘‘ the world grows
pale.”

Note.—For those who wish to pursue further the intricacies and
ramifications of the family tree in the Juniperine Tribal History, we
append some other names of species not commented upon here, for
one, either, or all of the following reasons:

(1). That they are species that have been tried and found unsuitable
to our climate,

(2) That as a species their individuality is still undetermined, and
hardly so far emerged from the regions of controversy
among eminent authorities,

(3) That they have only been recently discovered, or imperfectly
described.

(4) That they are discarded synonyms.
OTHER JUNIPERS 195

Names found of Junipers and commented upon in books of English
authorities (e.g. Loudon, Veitch, Elwes and Henry, Bean): Barbaden-
sis, Bermudiana, Brevifolia, Californica, Flaccida, Macrocarpa, Mexi-
cana, Nipponica, Occidentalis, Procera, Tetragona.

Rocky Mountain Region, U.S. America (G, H. Sudworth, Bulletin
No, 207, U.S.A. Dept. of Agriculture).

Megalocarpa, Monosperma, Occidentalis, Sabinoides, Utahensis.

Japan (E. H. Wilson), Communis, var. Montana, (Aliases:
Sibirica, Canadensis, Alpina, Pygmza, Dealbata.)

Chinensis var. Sargentii.

China (E. H. Wilson). Squamata, var. Fargesii, Saltuaria,
Convallium. ;

14
VI

TAXODINEE AND ARAUCARINEE

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER CONIFER, oF THE
FAMILY PINACE, or THE TRIBE TAXODINE)

Any man that walks the mead,
In bud or blade or bloom may find
A meaning suited to his mind,
TENNYSON,

THis is a small group of coniferous trees of very
different appearances, of little outward and visible
resemblance often one to another, for the most part
of seemingly rather far-fetched affinity, and they
rejoice in the one tribal name of Taxodinez.

There must have been, we think, something just
a little inconsiderate in the nature, and something
just a little stubborn in the attitude, of the advisory
committee of our botanical experts, in their methods
of prescribing lasting names of the tribes, orders, and
species of that day, when they singled out for this
omne gatherum group a name which vibrates in such
a propinquity of sound to that of the Taxacean
family.

When we reflect that, on account of a certain ap-
proximation of appearance, this name must have
been given to them, yet at the same time, on account
of a certain ascertained non-approximation of some
botanical characteristics, they were denied admittance
to the honourable company of the Taxacean family,

we plead guilty to a sense of mystification. We
196
TAXODINE 197

cannot help thinking that, under these circumstances,
this rather heterogeneous group might have been
invested with a title that showed a little more ori-
ginality and marked a little more individuality.
But, not content with overrating the capacity of the
ordinary human intelligence to analyse long names,
these learned pundits of a name-bestowing fame have
among the inner ranks of the Taxacee themselves,
in all conscience, truly piled Pelion on Ossa. They
have rung the changes with a vengeance upon the
tossed-to-and-fro names derived from the once more
or less mono-meaning Greek word rdfos, and sown
confusion among those who have little time or op-
portunity to attempt the profundities of the art
botanical.

If a student were called upon to define genealo-
gically, according to Cocker, which for the purpose
we may define as Kew Lists, the Common Yew Tree,
he would have to write it down as a Taxad, of the
scientific and generic name Taxus, of the sub-tribe
Taxez, of the tribe Taxinez, of the family Taxacee,
etc., a definition which sounds rather like an answer
to a question set by some stony-hearted examiner
in an Oxford Responsions school.

But what matter? The self-taught tree lover can,
if he so wish and as he often does, contrive to find
and pursue a mitigated pleasure in the cult, without
recourse to any attempt at unravelling such inner
mysteries of the craft, and which we must acknow-
ledge in all honesty the necessity of, even if at times
we indulge in a cavil at their intrusion.

From this genealogical point of view we must add
that the Taxodinee are a tribe of the family Pinacee,
and of the order of Conifere. Their situation as a
tribe is adjoining the domains occupied by the
Cypress and Araucarias, one on each side of them,
and parenthetically we may say, that some members
198 TAXODINEA! AND ARAUCARINE#

of these neighbouring tribes bear resemblance to the
Taxodinez. .

This. group of Taxodinez trees comprise (as far as
we are concerned with here), six different species ;
the Athrotaxis, the two Sequoias, the Cryptomerias,
the Deciduous Cypress, and the Japanese Umbrella
Tree (Sciadopitys Verticillata).

The points of difference between the various
members of this little confraternity are so apparent,
and the points of resemblance so un-apparent to the
ordinary man, that no effort on the part of any
intelligence department need be called upon to
discriminate between them. The puzzle, indeed, is
to find the links that bind, not the distance that
divides, and these are points to be sought for in the
more minute points of flower and cone structure.

The members of this little coterie of alikes yet
unlikes originate from different and widely scattered
geographical regions, but they have one point in
common. They, all of them, date back to remote
geological periods, and all of them somehow look as
if they did. They all of them appear as if they
once had an intimate connection with and a direct
interest in those dark, dank, dismal places, that
‘“‘ wetter wet and slimier slime ’”’ (as Rupert Brooke,
the poet, describes such scenes and haunts), which
pictures only have made us acquainted with, and
where the great Amphibia of a carboniferous system—
from all we hear—were wont to wander and to wade-

They all of them wear an old-world look. In the
Sequoias, the scattered leaves that cling to the older
stems like barnacles to a hulk, have a left and for-
gotten expression of appearance, as if their presence
were unwelcome among the newer generations of
foliage, as if their dinginess were hardly in keeping
with the brighter green of the more closely clustered
leaves that grow upon the latest edition of the new
SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS 199

branchlets. Looking at them from these points of
view, they seem to bear a nearer relationship with
some other members of their band.

The Cryptomerias are much in the same way of
habit; the more elderly leaves, on the more elderly
branches, seem to keep in a closer touch of general
appearance with the younger generation than they
do in the case of the Sequoias. They seem to assert
themselves more successfully in competition with
the rising sun of the latest production of leaf foliage,
and to hold their own a little better among the
younger upstarts. They also, which is rather an
unusual trait in this clan, bear a certain outward
resemblance to the Athrotaxis. Of the remainder
of the Taxodinee the differences of appearance are
still more pronounced. There is the swamp-loving
Deciduous Cypress of deciduous habits, and the
like-nothing-on-earth Sciadopitys Verticillata, the
Umbrella Tree of Japan. This completes our list of
this menagerie group, to which we will refer separ-
ately. ,

SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS (TAXODINEZ).—

Give me of your boughs, O Cedar,

Of your strong and pliant branches

My canoe to make more steady,

Make more strong and firm beneath me.
LoNGFELLOW.

This is how Longfellow, in defiance of all decorum
in the rules of botanical nomenclature, describes the
finishing touches that Hiawatha contemplated putting
on to the construction of his Birch-bark (Betula
Papyrifera) canoe. Whether it was any hero-worship
consequence of a great national poet’s utterance we
cannot say, but the fact remains that to this day
what books of all nations call Sequoias men of
200 TAXODIN AND ARAUCARINEE

America call Cedars—the Red Cedar tree, around
which, Tennyson tells us, the red men danced.

The name Sequoia was bestowed upon them in
honour of a certain Cherokee Indian chief who
rejoiced in the name of Sequoyah. Now this chief
must have been a very remarkable man, with a life-
history well worth looking into, but it is not a
story here to attempt any exhaustive narration
of. He seems to have been a good farmer and
successful silversmith, but his accomplishments did
not end here.. In addition to these two avocations,
we read that he contrived to invent an alphabet of
his own ; so these trees, the mightiest among trees,
without shadow of doubt, obtained their nam: from
a man of no mean or ordinary abilities.

Between the two Sequoias, while there are great
affinities in the shape of their cones and in the colour
of their corky, cinnarnon, red-brown-coloured trunks,
their leaves are as different as, say, the leaves of a
Macrocarpa Cypress and a churchyard Yew Tree..

The leaves of the S. Gigantea (Wellingtonia) are
affixed to the herbaceous-looking branchlets that
hang out like so many strings of frayed whipcord,
and the frayed appearance is caused by the detach-
ment of the end of the leaf from the stem, a system
which is generally described in the Cypresses as
exhibiting freedom at the apex.

The leaves of the S. Sempervirens upon the lateral
branches, on the other hand, recall the leaves of the
Yew. At a second glance they are easily discernible
from those of the Yew, inasmuch as the Sequoia
has pale, but very distinct, white stomatiferous bands
upon the under-surface, where the Yew displays a
dull yellow colour. Recent observers of the tree .in
its native country tell us that the leaves on the top
of an old Sempervirens show a tendency to assimilate
themselves in shape, more in accord with those of,
SEQUOIA GIGANTEA 201

«

the Gigantea. If this little metamorphic habit turns
out to be an established truth, we can only' remark
that a touching tribute to the lasting strength of
family ties, reminiscent of the mythological story
of the two old Phrygians, Philemon and Baucis, may
be derived from the incident. It reveals the home
truth that any little differences that may occur
between the members of the Sequoia family in early
days, are made up as between them, in the after-times
of advancing life.

One word more on the pretensions and record of
these two Sequoias: the wood of the Sempervirens
is vastly superior to that of the Gigantea.

SEQUOIA GIGANTEA OR WELLINGTONIA,—

Cleave with their dark-green cones the silent skies,
SHELLEY,

Shelley must have been dead some twenty years
before European eyes, in the person of J. Bidwell, in
the year of our Lord 1841, first beheld the big trees
of the Calaveras Grove, and it was not until ten years
later than that that authentic accounts and seeds
were brought back to England by W. Lobb; but no
tree then or since could better, more deservedly, have
drawn from poet’s pen a tribute to the glory of
stature.

By the familiar name Wellingtonia this tree is
commonly and colloquially known. In the more
orthodox circles it rejoices in the name of Sequoia
Gigantea, and as a giant, so far among us, has con-
tinued to run its course.

As the Duke of Wellington was often spoken of as
“The Great Duke,” so did the newly discovered tree
become the holder of the same honorary title, and
became known as the Wellingtonia Gigantea. In
course of time for some reason, perhaps because the
202 TAXODINEZ AND ARAUCARINEE

name Wellington, without any further say, implied
greatness, or it may have been in mere deference to
a love of simplicity, in a mute obedience to R. L.
Stevenson’s expressed objections to the presence of
adjectives, this qualifying tribute receded into
oblivion. But, whatever was the cause or were the ©
causes, somehow or another, the Gigantea applied
to Wellingtonia is dropping into disuse, and the tree
is now spoken of as Wellingtonia by those who talk
in English, or Sequoia Gigantea by those who affect
the Latin language; while the other Sequoia is
similarly known and spoken of as Californian Red
Wood, or Sequoia Sempervirens.

The trees of the Mariposa and Calaveras groves
are well known to the host of travellers who have
toured the Yosemite Valley, and one Wellingtonia
there, that goes by the name of the Grisly Giant, has
attained a special notoriety by granting a way-leave
through the usually wayless passage of an archway
cut in its massive trunk, through which a coach-
and-four (or six), at regular intervals, carrying annual
relays of tourists and globe-trotters, is allowed to
pass.

If the tree permitted this indignity to be offered
to its mighty frame for the purpose of advertisement
and on the principle—

That they who in this world would rise
Must either bust or advertise,

the object has been attained. It has not only, by
these methods, advertised its existence, its greatness,
its locality, its surroundings, but it has been made
the medium itself of advertisements, and buyers
of Californian brands of fermented and spirituous
drinks have been lured on to purchases under the
shadow of its ‘‘ Big Tree ”’ influence.

There is another characteristic that is beginning
THE LARGEST TREES GROWING 203

to become familiar in our eyes about the Wellingtonia,
and that is its thick buttressed trunk. In shape it
resembles, with its tapering stem, the familiar form
of that Dairy Company’s milk-can that we all know
so well and hear so often, to the disquietude of our
system and the disturbance of our nerves, rolled and
jangled along the platforms of our island home
railway stations. The comparatively small branches
that shoot out from the inordinately thick bole
make the contrast as between shoot and stem a
marked feature in its general appearance, and recall
the nursery children’s description on the dispro-
portions of the elephant.

When people call this beast to mind
They marvel more and more,

At such a little tail behind
So large a trunk before,

Where groves have been dedicated to their preserva-
tion, we are told that invariably these buttressed
symptoms decrease, and show signs, as time goes on,
of a more sylph-like waist measurement.

The question which is the biggest tree covers a large
refought, over and over again, battle-field, and con-
tains the wrangles of many writers. Which is the
winner of the Champion Cup in this soar to the skies ?
Aurigation competition depends very much on the
conditions of the class. If it is for height alone, the
S. Sempervirens seems to hold the record for live-
tree height of 340 ft. against the S. Gigantea’s 320 ft.

But the Sequoia Gigantea has entered for com-
petition a dead trunk that exceeds it. The question
arises, Is this to be a disqualification ? A live dog is
better than a dead lion it may be argued, but, which-
ever way the stewards of the competition decide, it
will not alter the fact that the height, or the nearly
approaching height, of the tallest spire in England
204 TAXODINEH AND ARAUCARINEZX

(Salisbury Cathedral), has been reached by growing
trees of both species.

We have not brought so far the claims of the
Australian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus Globulus) into the
arena of competition, since these claims have been
disqualified on the grounds of exaggeration by
describers, and their pretensions thereby rather
discounted. But if the class were for height and
size, or on the block system in use at fat stock
Christmas shows in Smithfield precincts, which we
may put together and call magnitude, the S. Gigantea
wins, and wins easily. If we were to take it on the
group system, again the S. Gigantea triumphs. Let
him therefore take the prize among trees, and be called
the greatest of them upon the living earth.

In any competition for longevity—what a lack-
lustre contest of superiority for anything else than-
inanimate objects to engage upon !—the Wellingtonia
looks like a winner all over. It seems to have fairly
established a claim to an average life of 1,500 years,
a tenure that emulates that weary, dreary, world-
without-end existence upon earth, that the unhappy
Struldbrugs of Luggnagg (encountered by Captain
Lemuel Gulliver) were compelled to endure.

There is a specimen trunk of one of them at the
British Museum, which—if we remember aright—is
credited with a count of something between 1,300
and 1,400 rings of annual growth. But, even as there
were brave men before Agamemnon, it is stated that
there are extant trees of still greater magnitude and
age, which must have begun life some considerable
time before this particular tree saw the light of day.

About 300 years seems to be the more moderate
duration of life allotted to our everyday trees. The
Oak, among our long-established hardwoods,’ is
regarded as victor in any old-age stakes. Dryden
has standardized the entrances and exits of its
THE LONGEST-LIVED TREES 205

existence, and partitioned them in three stages, a
simplification of the seven stages of human life
mapped out by Shakespeare :

The Monarch Oak, the Patriarch of Trees
Shoots rising up, and spreads by slow degrees.
Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state, and in three more decays.

Multiply these years by two, and you have neared the
asserted age of Wellingtonias.

The Yew Tree, the Cedar, and the Deciduous
Cypress, among others, all lay claim to probabilities
and possibilities of an arrival at longevity; but, more
often than not, there is produced only insufficient
data in the way of evidence on their behalf that
would scarce serve to satisfy the most complaisant
and cousin-connected of Old Age Pensions Committees
ever congregated in the please-all atmosphere of a
local tribunal.

The Bo Tree (Ficus Religiosa), sacred to Buddha,
Prince of Siddartha, in Ceylon, claims an existence
of 2,000 years; but, as it is no native, nor even na-
turalized, subject of Great Britain, it must be at once
nonsuited here, and any pros and cons, in the nature
of evidence adduced, declined politely but firmly.
with thanks.

We must say a word upon the probable scenic
effect of this tree in our country-sides. You not
uncommonly hear disparaging remarks made about
their toy Noah’s Ark, or Christmas Tree appearance,
and, so far as they have gone with us, this is a shape
they have assumed. We must enter this plea on
their behalf upon this charge, that the average length
of their life is estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 years.
A Wellingtonia at fifty years—and this approximates
the age of those grown in our British Isles, has only
completed ygth or 7th perhaps of its life ; while many
‘

206 TAXODINEZ AND ARAUCARINEZ

‘others of the surrounding trees that we know so well
have in the same time—namely, fifty years—
accomplished 4th of the briefer span of life allotted
to them on the law of averages. Our Wellingtonia
may, then, be not inappropriately likened to a large,
overgrown pup, disporting himself in a kennel, among
the more symmetrical and finished forms of full-grown
animals. Whether he grows here to anything like
the height he attains on his native heath, or whether,
if he does, he may not mar the proportionate effects
of our home scenes, these are matters to be adjudged
upon by future generations, in that indeterminate
date called zons to come. At present it is the Silver
Firs and a few Douglas and Sitka planted sixty and
seventy years ago that occasionally dwarf ‘their
surroundings, but not with any bad effect. Perhaps
in days to come they will succumb to the superior
height of the Sequoias.

We must recollect, too, that the placing and
planting of trees should always be, as far as possible,
according to the determining agencies of the surround-
ing circumstances. With the exception of Puzzle
Monkeys, Wellingtonias are probably the most mis-
placed of trees planted in the reign of Queen Victoria.
At this present moment their unpopularity is just
now at its meridian. When the Sequoias have out-
grown all the improprieties of youth, when they have
become more square-headed at their summit, when
they have reached the dignity of old age, or, like
Ezekiel’s Cedars, ‘when they have ‘‘ formed their
heads among the thick branches ’’ what will be the
view taken of them? When the grandchildren, or
more so still, the great-great-grandchildren of those
to-day have become, in the inevitable course of time,
grey-headed and old, as did their forefathers before
them, and when they come to look upon these trees
advanced to their nearer full, what will be the view
ATHROTAXIS 207

taken of them? That.is a question that, as futurists,
we may derive some little interest in conning over.
Perhaps, then, their popularity will have mounted
to zenith, and owners of large groups of “ Grisly
Giants ”’ will, in the pangs of pride in their priceless
possessions, simply and quietly bow their acknow-

ledgments as proprietors, and we hope not altogether
gracelessly—

Gather as their own
The harvest that the dead have sown-—
The dead, forgottem and unknown.

ATHROTAXIS.—‘‘ Better a wee buss than nae
bield,”’ was reported to be a favourite expression of
the Scotch poet Burns. ‘“‘ Bield ” in Scotland signifies
a shelter, and the words quoted, interpreted into a
more usual vernacular, would read : ‘‘ Better a small
bush than no shelter at all.”

By indirectly hinting, from the use of these words,
at a comparison between the Athrotaxis and a wee
bush, it may be said that we have belittled the
pretensions of the Athrotaxis.

In the reduced area of its only remaining natural
habitat, the island of Tasmania, we hear stories of
long-stemmed trees, with thick bushy heads, towering
to a height of 100 feet and producing useful timber.
The same tree here—that is to say, the A. Selagi-
noides, which i§ the big brother of the trio—breaks
the record in Great Britain at a considerable drop
from half that height. Whatever claims to greatness
they assume out there, in our more perfidious climate
they have assuredly—with the fewest possible
exceptions—fallen from their high estate, and de-
generated into the lesser and more humble com-
panionship of bush society.

The Athrotaxis ranks among the unusuals and
curiosities of tree life domiciled in Great Britain. It
208 TAXODINEZ AND ARAUCARINEZ

was introduced in 1857, and the few places where it
has made any show seem to be the warmer and more
humid parts of the country, in Cornwall, in Ireland,
especially at such particularly favoured places as
Castlewelan, County Down (Earl Annesley), where it
has enjoyed all the advantages of care, culture, and
climate. Its name is derived from the Greek words
aOpoos (crowded) and rdfis (arrangement). It is a
native of Tasmania and a native of no other place. It
once, existed, or something very like it, so geological
research and deposits assert, in the Eocene period in
Great Britain. All we can say, in its return journey
back, after many million years, to its once native
habitat among us, it seems signally to have failed
to retouch the Happy Isles.

There are three of these trees, and all to be met
with on only the most infrequent of occasions. The
A. Cupressoides, with its smaller cones, with its
closely appressed leaves, has for all the world the
character of the leaf-attached Cypress, from which
it takes its descriptive second title.

Then there is the A. Laxifolia, of an intermediate
resemblance, as to size of cone and length of leaf,
between the other two. Possibly a hybrid origin
may be responsible for this appearance.

They are generally spoken of as Cypress Trees, but
the A. Selaginoides, with its much thicker incurved
leaves, rather calls to mind some of those Araucarias
that we can in England only see in the Temperate
House at Kew. I refer to the A. Cunninghamia, the
Queensland Moreton Bay Pine, and perhaps others
labelled Rulei and Goldieana, trees that are strangers
in our land, but that look to the amateur observer
as showing a suspicious leaf affinity to the trees of
our subject in question. In point of fact, it is their
cone differences which forbid the banns of Arau-
carinian relationship. By authorities they are ac-
THE DECIDUOUS CYPRESS 209
corded a nearer affinity with the Sequoias of North
America and the Cryptomerias of Japan, to which

subject we have made further allusion under the
heading of Cryptomeria.

THe Decrpuous Cypress (Taxopium  Dzis-
TICHUM).—
I hate those trees that never lose their foliage.
They seem to have no sympathy with nature ;

Winter and summer are alike to them.
W. S.. Lanpor,

The Deciduous Cypress is' the one recusant repre-
sentative of the Taxodinean fold, in that it does not
conform to the established custom in force among
its other fellow tribesmen, of submitting to evergreen
practices. Were the tree gifted with a power to
understand, we can imagine with what satisfaction
it would hail the one-sided bitterness contained in
the words of the above-quoted poet, and spoken in
condemnation of undeciduous ways.

As the Cupr. Lusitanica is spoken of as the Cedar
of Goa—whereas, in point of fact, it happens neither
to be a Cedar nor to come originally from Goa—so
also on the same principle, or want of principle, our
tree in question has been named and surnamed by
such descriptions as Taxodium and Cypress.

The word “taxodium” means like a Yew, and
is derived from rd£os (the Yew) and ¢/éos (shape or
form). Against the employment of the word Dis-
tichum, although it may not be very illuminating
we will not exercise our national privilege of grumb-
ling. It is a word derived from the Greek word
Sicrtyos, Which means two-rowed, and was a word
once applied to a measure of verse, and has since
been appropriated by the botanical world to signify
leaves arranged in two ranks. As the arrangement
2to TAXODINEA AND ARAUCARINEAS

of the leaves of a Yew is two-rowed, so is the dis-
position of the leaves upon the Deciduous Cypress ;
and, for the matter of that, upon a good many other
trees besides them. There the likeness to the Yew
begins, and there it ends. Other points, even of
remotest resemblance, as far as impressionistic ap-
pearance is coricerned, do not exist. No one within
the memory of man, even with a head the most
impregnable to teaching, or an eye the most unper-
fected for taking observation, could have: ever
mistaken the one for the other, or ever did. The
deciduous, light, feathery leaf of the one, with its
indescribable spring colouring of its own particular
iridescent shade of hue, and, on the other hand, the
Yew with its almost precisely different—as poles
asunder—habits, and its murky, dark green, ever-
green ways, both tell their stories of life with un-
mistakable meaning. What the omnipotent name-
givers could have been thinking about when they
dispensed this Latin prescription of name, unless it
were for an express purpose of mystifying the mind
of more uninstructed man, we cannot think. An
unsophisticated Welshman might be pardonably
excused if he expressed himself on the subject in
customary idiom. In goodness’ name, indeed, we
do wonder and for what !

Since the days of Montezuma and by historians of
those times it has gone by the name of Cypress
(Linnzus named it Cupressus Disticha), and in spite
of the fact that for some occult unorthodoxies it has
been dismissed the ranks, the old description
Cypress still clings, and the tree is still traded with
under its name, notwithstanding the fact that, by
such action, the fair name of the exclusive family
circle of the Cupressinez, from which it has been
summarily ejected, may be irretrievably com-
promised.

-
THE DECIDUOUS. CYPRESS AT HOME ort

It is a tree with a past of picturesque traditions and
interesting associations. Halos of historical and pre-
historical romance surround it. It was the tree under
which Cortes, the Spanish conqueror, sat, brooded,
and sought inspiration after reverse in battle. Visions
arise to our minds round the fame of it, the days
when Montezuma and generations of Aztec kings
before him must have summoned Witenagemots
innumerable, and held Court revels without number
beneath its shade.

As a curiosity in the vegetable kingdom, with its
buttressed trunk, with its woody protuberances
called ‘‘ knees ” standing out above ground or swamp,
and anchoring its weight reared upon unstable
foundations, with its huge, hollow, branching roots
spreading out at times like the legs of an eighteenth-
century music-stand, it presents an appearance
unrivalled and unequalled.

It has created conceptions as to its appearance
from sightseers of a totally opposite character in the
different places of its growth. In its eerie, weird,
swamp homes in Florida and North Carolina, with
grey masses of Spanish moss hanging loosely on its
trunk and swayed to and fro by the wind, it has
been regarded by some of those who have had the
good luck to see it there as a sight dismal, doleful,
and desolate. Travellers have written of it as
Isaiah wrote of Babylon, ‘‘ fallen and forsaken.”” In
plainer English and to put it in brief, it seems to have
given most of its wandering beholders a bad attack
of the creeps.

For those who have not had the good fortune or
opportunity of attending a more immediate at home
in its company, we strongly recommend a look at
the remarkable picture of a grove of it in Trees
of Great Britain (L, Elwes and ‘Henry, vol. i. plate 53).
The scene as depicted there impels the idea that even

q5
ate TAXODINEA

the clammiest among the frog-born, would wince at
the idea of any prolonged habitation at its base.

We can easily imagine, for our part, that such a
scene would conjure up mental pictures of remote °
ages, of Eocene days when mighty beasts—Dino-
saurs, Ichthyosauri, and their like—disported them-
selves therein, and, by their superior weight and
hungry ferocity, drove out on to the ridges the lesser-
limbed animals of the day, and among them the
three-toed Hipparion, the precursor of the fleet-
footed horse of to-day.

And then our thoughts will revert as to which of
these in life’s great conflict triumphed. Not the
mighty Dinosaur and his kind would be mono-
polisers of a great earth’s domain. They have
retired into space many a long year ago, their would-be
victims of spoliation have survived and developed
gradually and surely, im s@cula seculorum. And
is not this a lesson that can well be applied to the
current events of to-day—I write in 1916—and
may not good augury be deduced from it on behalf
of the ultimate triumph of lesser nationalities? As
it was then with the lesser and greater of beasts, so
may it be with the greater and lesser countries of
to-day. May it in turn and course of time be recorded
of them, as it was of those old warriors of an ancient
animal land, in language quaint and apt, as Francis
Thompson wrote it, ‘‘ And thy great eaters thou the
greatest eatest.”

It is of the lesser editions of these trees and as they
grow in our British Isles that we must prate. We
have no trees to compare in mightiness or historical
association with those of which we have spoken.
We have no trees here that soar to the 175 ft. heights
of those mighty Mexicans, or approach their fabulous
girths. We have nothing that can compare in size
or age—perhaps only one or two that top a hundred
THE DECIDUOUS CYPRESS IN ENGLAND 213

feet—with the giants at Chapultepec and its Royal
Gardens. We have no trees of this species that were
alive and large in the golden age of Queen Elizabeth,
when trees, which are still alive, were flourishing in
Mexico in the reign of Montezuma. Our earliest
trees hardly made appearance among us until nearly
a century later, and the date of planting the champion
trees at Syon, and Hounslow, and other places, seems
to be yet another century on.

We have no great dismal swamps dedicated to its
growth, to foster its semi-aquatic nature. But if the
tree is neither so old, large, or weird, in England, it
must not be imagined that it is a dull dot, or has been,
on our landscape scenes. If I were asked, if any
one were asked, as a tree lover who had a nominal
acquaintance with titles of trees, and a nodding ac-
quaintance with the effects they produced by their
colour, shape, and so forth, as to what tree it might
be desirable to plant for the betterment of scenic
effect, or what tree more than another had been
deplorably neglected by the cultivator, and what tree
in answer to such an inquiry has been upon the lips
that reply in more exceeding times of number than
any other, nearly all I think would unhesitatingly
answer, the Deciduous Cypress. And let it not be
forgotten that he—

Who toils to leave as his bequest
An added beauty to the earth,

is worthy of grateful reminiscence.

How many thousands of unoccupied sites upon the
banks of the ever-concomitant lake, lakelet, pool, or
streamlet of our England homes, great and small,
are there, I wonder, that would not be improved
beyond recognition by the planting of these stream-
loving, peerless ornaments, with their radiant green
214 TAXODINEE

spring colour and their rich russet autumnal bronze
tints ?

We used to learn in early days from a book of
verses that

The English Oak is a sturdy fellow,
He gets his green coat late.

The Deciduous Cypress gets his still later, but it lasts
longer, on well towards February in the young trees
planted in these hereabouts.

Another little idiosyncrasy of this peculiar tree
should not be overlooked by the enterprising planter,
‘and that is its capacity to flourish in water. How
many visitors at Kew in their day must have wondered
mightily at the strange sight of a well-grown tree of
respectable girth and respectable height, with a goodly
part of his trunk-length immersed in the midwaters
of a pond, and still for all that looking as happy and
contented with lifeas a duck ina lily pond! We have
no prehistoric swamps here or pine-barren ponds
available in our chain-harrowed lands to indulge
experiments in, but the sight of that Kew specimen
enjoying himself like a cow in summer cooling in a
stream and seeking relief from summer flies, or an
enthusiastic otter-hunter watching a ford, ought to
incite the adventurous among planters-out to make
search for wet depressions or driéd-up waterholes
that could be refilled, wherein trial of this effect
might be made.

The Deciduous Cypress is so unlike any other tree
that there is no need to say much upon clues to
identification. We will submit a few points that
perhaps may help a stranger to quicker identification.

_ (1) The leaves are arranged in two ranks, are
very small, about 4-inch long. At first
they are bright green, with silvery under-
neath surface. They turn in autumn into
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DECIDUOUS CYPRESS 215

a bronze shade of colour and often remain
on the branches as late as January.

(2) The leading shoots are persistent, the non-
leaders and budless shoots fall away with
the leaves, and litter the ground underneath
as if squirrels had been at work.

(3) It can be recognized from other trees in
winter by a very marked appearance. The
branchlets are studded all over with white
dots caused by the leaf-scars.

(4) Another but less distinctive clue may be
perhaps worth calling the attention of the
stranger to, and that is its appearance at
a distance in the sere and yellow of its days.
The orange colour of its branches and twigs
shows out clear against the sky, and light
up a winter landscape in the same way that
brightly stemmed willows are known to
do, or that Japanese Larch are beginning
to be recognized as doing, and as in a lesser
degree our Poplars and Field Maples, both
of which have a winter colour of their
own when bared of leaves.

These are a few indications that give a clue to its
identity in winter time, and they are distinguishing
clues under which no other tree can masquerade.

We have read, heard and seen everywhere, and
have every reason to believe that what we have read,
heard, and seen is true, and all evidences announce
the regrettable fact, that this tree of our subject has
not been planted much of late years. Is it the fault
of the nurserymen for not calling, or the fault of the
landowners for not paying, attention to it ?

In a circular-built temple of Vesta at Rome it is
recorded that a sacred fire, which was regarded as
essential to the well-being of that State, was kept
perpetually burning and aflame; and, moreover,
216 TAXODINEA

it was ordained that a heavy penalty—that of burying
alive—should be imposed upon its custodians should
there be any dereliction on their part of their sacred
obligation.

We do not for one moment suggest that the in-
fliction of any penalty, beyond the stings of conscience,
should be imposed upon those who neglected the
sacred duty of planting ornamental trees in meet
places. The only moral that we would point and
deferentially submit, is that here among us an ancient
usage, the practice of planting Deciduous Cypresses
in proper places, is in danger of extinction.

As it was the sacred duty of these vestal virgins
to keep up the fire dedicated to Venus—the goddess
of beauty—-who, among other tutelary avocations,
undertook the guarding of the family hearth, so do
we equally think that it is a sacred duty for those
who own and occupy lands to maintain to the utmost
the beauty of all scenes upon earth. And, finally,
that they could not better act up to this idea, and
upon the moral of this story, than by redirecting
their attention to the planting of this most picturesque
of trees, that goes by the name of the Deciduous
Cypress.

CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA.—

Some may perchance, with strange surprise,
Have blundered into Paradise,
In vasty dusk of lifé abroad.
/ Francis THOMPSON,

The Cryptomeria claims a Greek origin for the rather
mysterious sounding but euphonious name conferred
upon it. The Greek word xpvumros signifies hidden,
and the word pépos share, and we are told that it
was‘so christened on account of a hidden relationship
with the Cedar.
THE CRYPTOMERIA 217

We must, from a cursory observer’s point of view,
congratulate it sincerely on the success of its conceal-
ment. Anything more unlike a Cedar from an
ordinary point of view we can scarcely imagine.
The bark is different, the branches are different, the
leaves are different, and the very colour of them is
different. Everything about them looks as different
as can be. What claims to any portion or
heritage—for that is the sense of the meaning of
the Greek word pépos—of the Cedar’s possessions or
prepossessions the Cryptomerias might institute,
would confound and dumfound, we cannot but think,
the finding of any ordinarily intelligent body of
jurymen. If the tree itself is cryptic on the subject
of whose image he bears, so also are literary authori-
ties—those at least that have come my way—upon
the question of any supposed likeness that it may
bear to our Cedars of Lebanon, Africa, or the Hima-
layas.

The Cryptomeria, it is admitted, bears some sort
of resemblance to, not sufficient to present any con-
fusion with, the Athrotaxis, but yet enough to set
us wondering if they ever shared any common an-
cestry. As the Athrotaxis calls to mind some of the
short-leaved Queensland Araucarias, so we- would
have thought, had we not learnt better by book,
that some sort of relationship might have existed
between the Cryptomeria and Araucaria.

As between the two, Athrotaxis and Cryptomeria,
and the question which is which, there really should
arise no confusion. The Athrotaxis is altogether a
larger-fruited, bigger-leaved edition of the Crypto-
meria. Their individual identities, when seen side
by side, are as clear as the sun should be at noonday,
and as pronounced as that between a greyhound and
a bulldog. While the Common Cryptomeria has
fine, unnoticeably incurved leaves, the Athrotaxis
218 TAXODINEZ

Selaginoides has thick-set, coarse, noticeably incurved
leaves ; and, again, the cones of the Athrotaxis are
pretty nearly twice the size of those of the Crypto-
meria. .

Again, whereas the Cryptomeria can be often and
easily seen by all who run or walk with open eye,
the Athrotaxis must be hunted for only in Cornish
Rivieras or in such rare spots of English earth that
aspire to the reputation of a climate like—

The island valley of Avilion,
Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
Nor ever wind blows loudly.

All the three of them—Cryptomeria, Athrotaxis,
and Araucaria—have, however, one boast in common :
they can trace back their lineage to a very remote
geological period. It was, we presume, in consequence
of these prehistoric proclivities and ancient-day
renown that the Cryptomeria was singled out for the
compliment paid when it was likened to a long-buried
beauty called back to the summer lights of a new
earth. Whether the trio were evolutions or develop-
ments of one common ancestral form, opens up a very
pretty question for learned men to work upon and
*prentice hands to leave alone.

lf we closed the chapter here it might be urged,
and in justice too, that we had hardly given the
Cryptomeria its due, a claim neither denied to the
regnant power of darkness nor lowliest criminal
before the Bar.

Travellers of botanical knowledge and arboricul-
tural research have one and all proclaimed its
greatness. Native Japs lave echoed their voice, and
told us of its many uses. As a utilitarian member
of the Woodwork Arts and Crafts Association it ranks
high, and is computed by them as near next in wood
value to their priceless Cypress (C. Obtusa),
THE CRYTOMERIA IN JAPAN 219

Whether in its character as the dominating
personality of vast woodland areas, or as the sole
representative of pure forests self-sown and self-
grown, it has been literally raved about by
visitors, weather-beaten old travellers, and far-famed
plant collectors. In these ranks, too, there are many
to whom ecstasies are alien by nature and habit ;
but who, nevertheless, in spite of the promptings of
an inborn reserve, have been moved to declamations
of enthusiasm on its behalf, as they looked out
upon these huge forest areas of Japan, with Crypto-
merias towering to majestic heights and attaining a
still more mighty circumference, arising from beds
of undergrowing Cryptogams, ferns, mosses, and
lichens, with their trunks embedded in the deader
company of decayed tree-stumps and their ever-
attendant fungi, but still rising superior to all around
and revelling in a conquering growth. It is then,
on such occasions and beholding such scenes, that all
the sight-seers, whether prosaic or poetical of tempera-
ment, have offered up spontaneous tribute, and in
one clear clarion voice sung out their hymn of
praise.

Intuitively, one and all, they seem to have suc-
cumbed to some spell of mysterious influence upon
entering their precincts, as if it were that some
inner conscience arose and said :

A sacred presence overbroods
The earth whereon we meet,
These winding forest paths are trod

By more than mortal feet.
WHITTIER

And when we read of these scenes, and of all they
bring and of all they leave, how many a once youthful
traveller, we picture to ourself, must repent that in
those unfledged days,—which in so many cases are
the only days of life that can be dedicated to distant
220 TAXODINEZ

travel,—he had not better equipped himself with some
smattering of knowledge, at least, of tree lore and
plant life. Then something more tangible might have
remained for ever and ever by him, something deeper,
something more lasting, than a mere recalling from
those early days’ wanderings of the collective features
of certain sceneries and a few impressionist memories
of country-sides passed through. Lheu! fugaces
labuntur anni. Alas! the days that are gone, and
the years that have flown by.

CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA, var. ELEGANS.—As the
Cupressus Pisifera has its juvenile form of variety
called Squarrosa, so has the Cryptomeria also its
jugend form—that is to say, its primordial, or first
leaves, do not change to adult form. The difference
between these two is, in reality, so manifest that it
would not be worth mention were it not for the fact
that on some occasions I have noticed that the casual
observer, who knows one by name, is rather prone
to apply this to the other. The briefest comparison
between the two side by side dispels any doubt on
the subject for ever and aye. While the branchlets
of the C. Squarrosa are composed of frondose sprays,
from the little branchlets of the C. Elegans the
primordial leaves spread outwards at right angles.
on all sides. While on the subject of leaves it may
be noticed that the leaves of the C. Elegans are rather
reflexed than incurved, and so of reverse shape to
those of the Cryptomeria Japonica.

No one can find fault with the high-sounding name
Elegans, except on those not infrequent occasions
on which its various stems break away from the
perpendicular, and produce a sprawling, and, at
variance with its description, inelegant effect.

The tree, however, stands pruning well, and a
little judicious lopping will often relieve the situation. .
THE JAPANESE UMBRELLA TREE 221

Scrapopitys VERTICILLATA (JAPANESE UMBRELLA
TREE).—

To garnish the story with here a streak
Of Latin, and there another of Greek,
WHITTIER,

It would be hard to describe the sensations of any
one who had undergone a long practical acquaintance
with the well-known trees of our homely woodlands
at a first sight of this extraordinary-looking tree.
After a stare of wild surprise he might begin to wonder
which of the two, man or tree, had been transported
to another planet.

On being told its name, and asked either to pro-
nounce, spell, or construe it,—if his education had
not run on classical lines and in Latin or Greek
grooves,—TI can well imagine that his eyes would open
still wider. Like Tennyson’s ocean-shell, he might
so regard it as yet another miracle of design to which
learned men had given a clumsy name. What would
be more interesting to hear is the opinion he would
hazard as to its affinity, and among what tribe of
trees he would place it. Probably the majority of
votes—I am not referring to the closer student, but
to the man in a hurry, who has either boldly to jump
to a conclusion, pronounce it, or remain mute—
would be cast in favour of the Pine, some sort of Pine
—he might have ventured opinion—with thicker
and coarser leaves.

If it is looked at a little more closely there will be
found a light-brown stem, growing darker as it gets
older. At intervals along it, from 1 to 14 inchés, the
branchlet appears to swell out into a sort of flower-
vase shape, and ends in a crown-like summit. From
the tips of these summits grow in whorls the fraudulent
make-believe leaves—for things are not always what
they seem—and these growths, although they look
like leaves and perform the functions of leaves, are
222, TAXODINE

not the real leaves of the plant, but are a sort of
herbaceous branchlet, of a “‘ neither fish, nor flesh,
nor good red herring ” nature, neither true leaf nor
branchlet, but a mixture of both called Cladodes or
Phylloids by botanists. The real article, the true
leaves—or, may we say, the apologies for leaves ?—
are. minute-looking brown scales, growing appressed
and decurrent to the stem, in the same way as they
grow on the Cypress, and ending in an obtuse point.
Altogether the whole story points to a great come-
down in the glorious career of leaves in general.
Their familiar green glories, their whole being, their
very purity of descent, in the case of this tree, seem
to have been merged in what appears to most. as
lifeless likenesses of their former selves, which
botanists, as we have said, mysteriously call Cladodes,
or Phylloids, and which, loosely interpreted from dead
language origin, seems to imply a branchlet or leaf,
with a screw loose somewhere in its composition.

In its family history this tree seems as forlorn of near
relations as any waif or stray in a foundling hospital ;
but, as sometimes even the most desolate of derelicts
may light upon a haven, so has our friend the Sciado-
pitys found his city of refuge. It has formally been
received into the rather menagerie, come-one-come-all
household of the Taxodinex, and been adopted by
them as one of their number.

Once in the day of its early introduction to western
civilization, we read that it carried on and made
overtures of alliance with the members of the Yew
family, but that from that prim household it was
promptly ejected. Perhaps some day it may be as
summarily dismissed from its present asylum, as was
the Gingko from the Salisburinez, and given a family
name of itsown. Tothe more uninitiated, it certainly
seems deserving of a place in an isolation hospital.

If any plant in the world was entitled to claim
NAME OF SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA 223

mono-typical distinction and to enter into a kingdom
of its own, we should have thought that in this most
curious of trees, that answered to the most prolonged
and curious of names, we should have found a winning
candidate.

The meaning of its name, after usual processes of
investigation and translation and various other
prosodian researches, reads ‘‘ Whorled Umbrella
Pine.”

This etymological result is arrived at and explained
by the indisputable fact that in the Greek language
the word oxdé means shade, and that the word ceids,
in a sort of natural sequence, implies anything that
is used for the purpose of shading. The Latin
word representing oxia is umbra, hence umbrella ;
which, if we are indulging in dreams of derivations,
was an article of modern use evolved from this Latin
word umbra. Personally, I must say that I never
understood, in my educational days, that the Greeks
in the days of Athenian culture or in any Greco-
Roman times, used umbrellas, but in a modern-day
sense the word ‘‘ umbrella” can be regarded as a fair,
if somewhat a loose, translation of the Greek word
oKtas.

It must be further impressed that this tree was not
designated as an Umbrella Pine for the same reason
that the Pinus Pinea, Stone or Umbrella Pine—the
tree immortalized by Turner, Claude, and other
landscape painters of Italian scenery—was so called.
It was not on account of the fact that at a landscape
distance it assumes the sheltering shape of a modern
Mother Gamp, but for the far less sublime reason
that its green should-be leaves (more correctly called
Phylloids or Cladodes), resemble the shape of the
ribs or spikes of the modern umbrella ; that part of
the anatomy of the article in question which school-
‘boys were wont—in the memory and practical experi-
224 TAXODINEA

ence of many, I feel no doubt—to put to the unholy
use of what was called “spiking.” That, being
interpreted as a youthful practice, was the bringing
down of your anti-aircraft weapon—originally de-
signed for defence and not offence—upon that of your
adversary, and the consequent impaling of the silken
covering of some victimized, parent-paid, latest
acquisition in the shape of schoolboy outfit.

In the natural position of their growth, it may be
argued that the leaves rather resemble the state of
an umbrella-covering blown inside out by wind-blast;
but, if turned more or less upside down, they answer
to the description given them. Again, it may be put
forward by the hyper-critical that, whereas the rib-
resembling Cladodes on the tree number from ten to
thirty, the number of spikes on the most spacious of
family ginghams 'has never been known to exceed
the number of seven or eight.

But these are but petty criticisms, unworthy of the
theme, or of a name which explains itself clearly to
the most unreceptive-minded of students. When we
add that the second part of its lengthy first name is
derived from -irvs (Pine), and its second name,
Verticillata, means whorled, our story of the origin
of. the name is completed, and in its accomplishment
we take the pride to ourselves of having mastered
the fact that both the herbaceous foliation of this
abnormal tree, and the steel ribs of the common
umbrella, are produced in whorls.

In the midst of this above-described complicated
-arrangement of should-be leaves, reclines, or should
recline, gracefully in a position fit for a princess in
a fairy-tale illustration, the cone. It is a stumpy-
looking, and—unlike the ideal princess in the picture—
nearly as-broad-as-it-is-long sort of specimen, of very
similar appearance to the Cembra Cone.

The tree has the character of being a slow grower
GROWTH OF SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA = 225

and requiring a continuous moisture at the roots.
Experience here endorses that, and a tree grown
under these conditions in nine years has grown from
a height of 3 ft. toa height of 12 ft., and at an altitude
of 800 ft. But this, from all we can learn, is a growth
of rather remarkable exception.

The Sciadopitys is one of those exceptional trees
that seems to brighten up and improve all round
after a sentence of transportation. Like a prophet
that has no honour in his own country, it seems to be
treated in its native land as a negligible quantity,
while in our lands it is féted as a distinguished stranger
of uncommon habits and agreeable appearance.
Wherever it arrives it is tended with care and pam-
pered unsparingly. As in the story of the well-fed
house-dog in Atsop’s Fables, the same animal, when
let loose to fend for himself, presented a very different
side of character, both in disposition and appearance.
In Japan, from the evidences of those who have
undertaken special expeditions to make its nearer
acquaintance, it presents the appearance of an elon-
‘gated maypole skimpily clad and scantily capped.
Here, on the other hand—say, after at most. only a
sojourn of fifty years with us, where it has re-
ceived the minute attentions of a lapdog solicitude,—
it exhibits a condition of a well-nourished, branched-
from-top-to-toe apparition.

How much the dunce that’s sent to roam
Excels the dunce that stays at home,

might a native of Hondo make remark and paraphrase
upon if he chanced on one of our cherished specimens
in an English garden! We can only add that, if the
Japs do not rate them highly, we do, and from a
lawn-scape or arboretum point of view they are
much appreciated by many of us.
226 ARAUCARINEE

ARAUCARIAS

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER CONIFERZ, oF THE
FAMILY PINACE, oF THE TRIBE ARAUCA-
RINE)

The prudent will observe what passions reign
In various plants, . ;
Ovip.

In such strains as these have the poetical world
written, from the days of Ovid and onward, upon the
sensibilities of plant life. Had some stray versifiers
turned their minstrel attention towards the subject
of the sensibilities of human feelings, and how these
feelings upon occasions have been displayed towards
certain representatives of the tree world, what a
telling text might they not have found to discourse
upon from the unamiabilities of the Araucaria Im-
bricata, or Puzzle Monkey, and what rules for guidance
might they not have laid down, not only for the
prudent, but for even the thick-skinned and venture-
some to observe.

Our remarks upon this particular tribe of trees—
as far as they more immediately concern our little
sea-girt island—are practically reduced to a mono-
logue upon that old-established and familiar friend,
which men, women, and children, ofttimes from
tangible testimonies derived from various methods of
experiment, have acquired the habit of addressing as
the Puzzle Monkey, but which, when given due titular
rank, should assume and have conferred upon it the
more dignified name of Araucaria Imbricata.

There are other, Australasian, Araucarias, and very
striking-looking trees they are too, in their queer
way, but they do not flourish under the more chilly
conditions of our out-of-door situations.
AUSTRALASIAN ARAUCARIAS 424

There is one called the A. Bidwellii, or in its more
homely circles the Bunya Bunya, a name which we
owe to the euphonious sources of an Australian
aboriginal, or black fellow, lingo. It is a tree that
sports enormous cones, carries lengthy leaves, and
bears in some respects a resemblance to certain
long-leaved Yew varieties. There is another called
the A. Cunninghamii, of more particularly littoral
and tropical Queensland fame, which bears leaves of
Cryptomeria resemblance.

Another variety called the Norfolk Island Pine
(A. Excelsa), which is fast becoming quite a common
corner-window side-show in many English homes, is
a plant that ever wears a wistful look, and seems to
plead for indoor life in winter-time.

Then there is its variety—A. Goldieana from New
Caledonia, A. Rulei, A. Cookii, A. Balanse, all from
the same equatorial and tropical quarters. The
Agathis Australis, the Kauri Pine of New Zealand,
and presumably the Cunninghamia from China,
belong to the same group, and there is yet another
Araucaria—one from South Brazil‘\(A. Brasiliana)—
which about completes the list, so far, of these weird
curios of tree life, spectacular demonstration of
which we are denied in English outdoor gardens, and
in consequence opportunity of making observation
upon or exhibiting intelligent attitude towards them.

There is a humiliating chapter in the life-history
of the Puzzle Monkey, but one which honesty compels
us to unfold, and in it there is written, in letters clear
and curt, that as a tree with us, by almost general
consensus of opinion, it has signally failed to acquire
merit, either in the eyes of the landscape gardening
fraternity or the silvicultural enthusiast. But even
if that be admitted, it cannot be denied that the
tree is possessed of certain originalities of character
that should render it an interesting study, even to

16
228 ARAUCARINE:

those who cannot persuade themselves to look upon
it as a “ thing of beauty and a joy for ever.”

We will specify a few of these little idiosyncrasies,
some of which it lays claim to the sole proprietorship
of :—

(1) It is, as all authorities have maintained, the
only indigenous tree, south of the Equator
in the New World, that has grown to
timber-producing size in the stranger tem-
peratures of more northern lands.

(2) It has not only physical features that have
earned it the reputation of offering a
deterrent obstacle to the climbing ambitions
of the monkey tribe, but. alse presents
to view a bark that Miss North described
as of a “neat honey-comb-like pattern,
which reminded her of a child’s puzzle.”
A tree that can provide puzzles which alike
check monkeys and baffle children must
assuredly be possessed of qualities that are
both subtle and original, and entitle it to
consideration from us, if not. esteem. |

(3) It ranks with the Gingkos, Cryptomerias,
and a few select others, as among the oldest
of trees found in geological strata. It has
been discovered in the Eocene formations
of England and France, so that at one time
‘it must have presented a more frequent
and wide-spread appearance upon the face
of the earth than we have found it to do
in our day. It has also been found to be
an habitué of realms more ancient still, and
as deep down in those geological evidences
of the world’s history known as the Jurassic
Strata of the Secondary Era, that dateless
date when reptiles swarmed and swam, and
reigned supreme. Can any man, beast, or
PROPERTIES OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA 229

plant, beset with determined desire to
prove an ancient lineage, dare venture
farther into the claims of long descent ?

The tree has still further accomplishments than
those we have mentioned. The plentiful white resin
of its natural propensities has a healing, and the nuts
of its cones an appetising effect, especially prized by the
Arauco Indians of South America, from whom comes
its name. As a cultured viand on the Epicurean
tables of our fashionable resorts, so far as we know,
it has made no habitual appearance, despite the fact,
if it is so as we read of it, that the fruit of a big tree
of this kind has been said to have fed ravenous
families of Chilian children by the score for periods
indefinite, or, we may add, for periods possibly un-
authenticated.

It is a generally accepted home truth that nearly
all the turpentine and resin consumed is obtained
from Pines. If it were possible to enter Araucarias
in such a competition, the Pines might lose their old
monopoly, for the Puzzle Monkey literally reeks of
them, fore and aft, and from every pore.

Those versed in saw-bench experiences have always
regarded the cutting up and the quartering of it with
an undisguised and holy terror, that neither time nor
further acquaintance have ever diminished. It is
these ever-flowing resinous properties that have so
consistently defied the blades of their knives, blunted
their edges, and brought it @ well-earned unpopu-
larity on such scenes of practical workmanship.

A fairly large tree (35 ft. high and 5 ft. 6 in. in
girth), cut down here, quite corroborates~ these
traditions. For two years after its generally admitted
decease it seemed obstinately bent on refusal to
accept the inevitable. The log, as it lay in the
lumber-yard for two years, kept on sprouting its
green leaves with optimistic persistency. Even the
230 ARAUCARINE/

very bark at the butt looked like healing over and
starting afresh upon a new lease of life, and, be it
truthfully admitted, to the consternation of all who
had planned the downfall, and brought about its
extinction from a scene that it failed, in their ideas
of true beauty, to harmonize with. The complexity:
of emotions that surged round that poor old prostrate
Chilian trunk recalls the story of the meribund
patient carried into hospital. When the faculty
made pronouncement of his death he began to show
signs of revival, whereupon his wife peremptorily
bade him lie still, since the doctors, she said, must
know best what was the matter with him.

It has been my lot tosee some well-sized. butt-length
boards, shown at Forestry Exhibitions of the Royal
Agricultural and Shropshire and West Midland Shows.
The consensus of opinion among the timber-dealing
fraternity and the cognoscenti of wood-structure value,
was decidedly in the wood’s favour. It exceeded their
expectations, but, as timber is not readily disposed
of to timber merchants unless it be in quantities,
further experience of it upon those rare occasions when
it finds its way into a timber-yard, must be confined
for the present to estate work by private owners.

We need not waste any words upon the subject
of its identification. It was told to St. Paul, in a
forcible way, that it is hard to kick against the pricks.
Any experiments upon these lines would establish
the fact and truth of its prickly nature, and the
undesirability of attempts to entrust any parts of
your person to contact or competition with its foliage.
There is no use blinking the fact that our now old
homespun friend, the Puzzle Monkey, is .beginning
to attain an unenviable fame of unpopularity with us.

We are not holding in any way a brief on its behalf,
but there are one or two little scraps and tittles of
evidence in the direction of extenuating circum-
THE PLANTING OF ARAUCARIAS 231

stances that in common fairness ought not to be
forgotten or omitted from the indictment. First and
foremost of these is, that it is generally, more often
than anywhere else, to be found planted in the
indecorous position of a 20-ft.-square grass plot, in
front of an inartistically built suburban villa, with
one prickly-clothed branch protruding into the
parlour window and another into the panes of glass
of what should be the best-lighted bedroom of the
ill-treated dwelling-house. Under these circumstances
what wonder if it, as an ornamental product of the
earth, presents a sad dissembling of an appropriate
appearance! Monkeys copy their masters, we have
often heard tell, but the poor old Puzzle Monkeys
have no other option than to follow the fashions of
those who plant them, and ‘ Fashion,” as Victor
Hugo once said, ‘‘ has committed more crimes than
revolutions.” For this error of planters—an error
greatly in excess of any demerit on the part of the
tree in the abstract—we have no palliation to offer.
Were the poor tree itself given a chance, were its
supersaturated system -for a short time endowed
with the power of speech, might it not say, and say
with some truth, ‘“‘ You have placed me in positions
unfitted, and in whereabouts that are totally out
of place with any keeping of my traditions, and
then you have turned round and called me ugly!
Had you instead planted me in groups in your
woodlands, where my stems would have been laid bare
by self-pruning processes, as was my state when first
you found me in Chili, and were my topmost heights
given chance to soar into the blue, far and high and
against the skies of heaven, as is permitted to your
native product, the Pine of Scotland, for instance—
then might I, even had I not commanded your
admiration, at least have escaped the wither of your
contempt.”
232 ARAUCARINES

CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS or LANCEOLATA
(OF THE TRIBE ARAUCARINE/)

' The flora of the mystic mine world
Around me lifts on crystal stems
The petals of its clustered gems.
WHITTIER,

The Cunninghamia by its appearance—and these
appearances, upon a further investigation among
the written-up pages of its past, do not belie the
impression—seems to betray evidences: that it has
been unearthed from some ‘‘ mystic mine world,”
and forthwith bidden again from there to take up
its place again upon a more modern earth.

It is one of those trees that lends an idea that at
one time it had been a tenant of prehistoric swamps,
and a near neighbour of snakes, mosquitoes, and
swimming fowls; or that it dated back from those
qualis ab incepto times that we are told of, when all
the world, physical and animal, was either young,
very young, or unarrived. As it has been credibly
ascertained and scientifically reported that it repre-
sents one of the oldest types of vegetation existent,
all such impressions are satisfactorily endorsed, and
therefore need not be apologized for.

In taking up a rightful place among the genera
of a modern botanical world, it has had its vicissitudes.
Those who pull the ropes make the bells ring, and
those who rule in the botanical world call the tune.
Finally, it may be said to have been consigned by
them to the care of the Araucarinez, but not before
it had been tossed to and fro like a nobody’s child,
among tree tribes descript and tree tribes nondescript.
We ought, in fairness to its career, whether it ag-
grandizes it or not in the eyes of the world, to add
CUNNINGHAMIAS AND ARAUCARIAS 233

that in its day it has been regarded with suspicion
as a missing link between the Puzzle Monkey and
Taxodinez families.

To those who wish to logically locate the precise

niche in the temple of tree totemism that it has
been called to. occupy, we will add, for the purposes
of illumination, that it is described in the Kew lists
as of the tribe Araucarinee, of the family Pinacee,
and of the order of the Conifere.
. We must add a warning note, that not only is
this particular household represented by a Cunning-
hamia Sinensis, but within its limited portals we
read of another occupant named after the Cunningham
clan, with a title near enough in sound of name to
create bewilderment and discourage farther quest
among those outside the esoteric circle of Doctrinaire
Dendrologists.

Besides the C. Sinensis of S. China, there is also
in this same group an Araucaria Cunninghamii, the
so-called Moreton Bay Pine from Australia, and
they are two very distinct trees in spite of the family
connection and similarity of name origin. The latter
was named after the early Australian explorer, Allan
Cunningham, while the Chinese subject of our dis-
course was named more especially after one James
Cunningham, the discoverer of the tree ; or possibly,
as Loudon says, in honour of these two illustrious
surnamesakes, so happily blest with the Se niguehice
prenomens of Allan and James.

It was the composition of the cone, we send that
finally tipped the beam in placing the C. Sinensis
among the Araucarine. What concerns us most
here is what other trees it looks. most like, and what
it might be likely to be taken for. In general ap-
pearance it has little in common with our A. Imbri-
cata. The look of the leaf is said to bear the nearest
resemblance to that of the Brazilian Araucaria. But
234 ARAUCARINEE

for those who dwell among their own people and in
places remote from the temperate house at Kew,
there is not much chance afforded of following up
these points that they bear in common.

There are some who quite pardonably might imagine
that it bore an outward and visible resemblance to
certain of the Cephalotaxi family, but the more
spiny, slender, grass-like leaves, with their long
tapering-to-a-point appearance, of the Cunninghamia
dissociate it severely from any Cephalotaxi. There
are other and very marked individualities in its
foliage. The green leaf of the Cunninghamia is
adpressed to the stem, and on the young branchlets.
retains upon its decurrent length the colour of the
leaf. Perhaps the most conclusive clue to its identity
lies in the fact that the margins of its leaves are
minutely toothed, but not so minutely that it cannot
be recognised without glasses.

As a tree with us it is, on the whole, little known.
It was introduced more than a century ago, but living
trees are estimated not to be much more than sixty
years old. It has always had a reputation for feeling
too acutely the nipping air of northern latitudes, to
the detriment of its health, colour, and complexion:
It has always rather affected a ‘‘sighing for Dixie”
appearance, and borne a character for debility. It is
supposed to be rather exacting in its demands for.
heat and humidity, of which, we may -safely say,
the latter is a more accessible commodity than the
former in our particular zone.

Messrs. Elwes and Henry have recounted observa-
tions of quite a fair show of respectably grown trees.
One we know of, and one growing well at Coed Coch,
N. Wales (the Hon. Mrs. Lawrence Broderick’s); have
escaped the notice of their acuta in-
vestigations.

What more concerns us at Ps present day is the
VALUE OF WOOD OF CUNNINGHAMIAS 235

fact that a great many seeds were brought back by
Wilson a few years ago from Western China, and if
So be it, they have been collected from hitherto
unvisited areas of severer climes, and from places
whereon falls a more plentiful sprinkling of snow
and cold than heat or rain. We who have risen
‘plants from these sources may perhaps be permitted
to indulge in hopes that these young trees, now three
or four years old, that promise so far so well, will
continue to flourish until they become a green-clad
blessing, rather than a brown-coloured curse—as
they have often previously proved—upon our par-
ticular plot of earth, for the delectation of another
generation of island dwellers.

We have brought these trees into our review more
with the idea of drawing attention to this recent
importation of seed, and also for calling attention to
the interesting account Mr. Wilson has given of them
and their wood value, from recent experiences.

Trees, no less than men, although not wittingly
aspirants to fame, are equally liable to find themselves
unexpectedly the recipients of peculiar honours.

The peculiar greatness that has been thrust upon
this tree by its own people in its own country is that
its fragrant wood has provided the costliest of coffins
for mandarins, and for other of the Celestials who
are either mighty, great, or wealthy in the lands of
the Flowery Kingdom.

Whether measured at a maximum (as does E.
Wilson) of 1,500 ounces of silver per plank, or as
Elwes and Henry have estimated and reduced it, to an
English standard of sixty golden sovereigns, there
is no gainsaying the fact that such a price demanded
for coffin boards is a staggering consideration for
any economic householder, however earnestly he may
be desirous of paying lavish respect to a defunct
relation,
236 : ARAUCARINE

We venture to think that it exceeds the price paid
by any multi-millionaire of modern days for a similar
article in Western lands. Here in Great Britain,
some two pounds’ (or less) worth of best British-grown,
silver-grained, seasoned oak, or half that price paid
for an equivalent in brown boards of impervious
elm, amply, and often more than amply, satisfies the
most fastidious tastes of the highest born in the
land, or the ultra-extravagant desires of the super-
wealthy.

What sums were paid, at a long day ago, for the
richly chased and stoned sarcophagus, or how they
.compared with the price of an artistically lacquered
coffin made from a C. Lanceolata, or Sha Shu as the
. Chinese call it, which had perhaps lain for centuries
buried below the earth, we do not know.

The custom clearly demonstrates that there are
still extant nations of men and women who, like the
Egyptians of old and other ancient races, are wishful
to sacrifice more wealth upon their sepulchres than
their living abodes; who are perfectly resigned, in
their life upon earth, to put up with a hovel, if they
feel assured that a palace of art will adorn their
long, last resting-place.

There does not seem to be any recognized difference
as between what has been called the C. Sinensis and
the C. Sinensis var. Lanceolata.
Vil
TAXACEA

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER CONIFERA, or THE
FAMILY TAXACEY, oF THE TRIBES (1) SALIS-
BURINEZ, anp (2) TAXINE) .

For never knew that swarthy grove
The verdant hue that fairies love. /
Sir W. Scort.

To dissociate at a glance all these long-leaved sable
kinsmen of our well-known Yew may, owing to the
rarity of their presence and the still greater rarity
of the presence of any fruit upon them, be regarded
as a task of no mean difficulty, but it is a task that
pales into insignificance before an attempt to master
all the Taxad terms in use—Taxacex, Taxinee,
Taxez, Taxodinez, Taxodium. When. confronted
with them you experience a maddening desire, once
and for all, to disengage yourself from the influence
of words and the bondage of botany. When all their
precise applications and significances have been
conquered, and committed to the tablets of an ‘un-
forgetting memory, a feat more worthy of a Senior
Wrangler than a tree-student rambler has been
achieved.

All these unpromoted rank and file of the Yew
family—to wit, the Cephalotaxi, Torreyas, Podo-
carps, Prumnopitys, Saxegothea—have their dis-
-tinguishing leaf, as well as their still more distinguish-
ing fruit differences. Where the. difficulty comes in,

237
238 TAXACER

is how, when, and where are ordinary mortals to
obtain a sight of them together, and acquire experi-
ence of them from direct object-lessons.

In the disposition and measurement of their leaves,
irrespective of the marked fruit distinctions, they
show other differences. Some are long-,some are short-
leaved. Some leaves are pectinate, others not, and
they stand out from the central axis of their stems from
all sorts of situations, scattered, alternate, or opposite.

We will adduce instances, and when we refer to
long- or short-leaved we will take the standard as
being either longer or shorter than the Common
Yew, which we will approximate as, under usual
conditions, at ? in.

(1) Those that are long-leaved and pectinately

arranged on their lateral branches. The
_ Cephalotaxi and Torreyas.

(2) Those that are long-leaved and not arranged
pectinately, but standing out at different
angles as above explained. Podocarpus
Chilensis, P Macrophylla, and P. Nubigena.

(3) Those that are short-leaved and mot pec-
tinately, but as above explained arranged.
Podocarpus Alpinus and Totara, while the
Prumnopitys and Saxegothea are, in leaf
disposition, spirally arranged and densely
crowded. -

The presence of their fruits—if we could’ only issue
a mandamus for their appearance—would soon
banish doubts and dispel difficulties. Between the
rather elongated, pear-shaped fruit—or when in
dried fruit condition fashioned more after the form
of an almond within its pitted shell—of the Cephalo-
taxi, and the rounder structure of the purple plum
fruit of the Prumnopitys, there is nothing in common,
While the bulbous, apoplectic-looking stalk that
CEPHALOTAXUS AND PODOCARPUS 230

props up the fruit of the Podocarps asserts an un-
mistakable independence of form and figure.

     

PRUMNOPITYS CEPHALOTAXUS Popocarpus
ELEGANS ForTUNEI

Speaking of this Yew fraternity from the point
of view of ornamental attraction, we might sum them
up and say of them, that without magnitude to inspire
us here, without flowers to render them visions of a
perfected beauty, without the perfume of Araby to
ingratiate them with others, they are interesting for
all that, and fulfil a destiny in many a garden ground
which tends towards the enrichment of its scenery.

CEPHALOTAXUS

(OF THE TRIBE SALISBURINEZ) anp PODO-
CARPUS (or THE TRIBE PODOCARPEA:)

But here ’twixt rock and river grew
A distant grove of sable Yew, :
Sir WALTER Scorr.

We do not wish to convey the impression that Sir
W. Scott had in mind any planning out of suitable
situations for new plant-life importations when he
wrote these lines. Yet there exists no earthly reason
why the Cephalotaxus and Podocarpus should not
occupy such Scylla and Charybdis positions as the
poet suggests, and present an appearance as described
in the above-quoted couplet. It reads as if it might
describe a spot especially chosen or created for the
240 TAXACEZE

disposition of these foreign cousins of our Yew. In
all probability Sir W. Scott was sublimely uncon-
scious of the very existence of either of them. He died
in the thirties of the last century, while the Cephalo-
‘taxus and Podocarpus made their début amongst us
at a later date, in the forties or fifties of the same
epoch. Our British-grown Podocarps go unmentioned
on the pages of Loudon, and are severely left alone
in the seven volumes of the Trees of Great Britain ;
presumably for the all-sufficient reason that so far
they have failed here to attain to the dignity, or rise
to the height, of the status of recognised and full-
blown treehood.

With a light-hearted disregard for botanical eti-
quette we have coupled together, for the purpose of
a discussion upon them, those (the Cephalotaxus and
Podocarpee) whom Kew’s genealogical table has
put further asunder. In that list they are enumerated
as intertribally, if not directly tribally, connected.

To allocate them in stricter regard to their
place in the genealogical tree and propinquity of
relationship, as fellow sub-tribesmen, the Cephalo-
taxus should range alongside the Torreyas as fellow
Salisburineans, and the Podocarps come next to the
Yew as fellow Taxineans.

The long-spun-out Greek names that they bear
have been ominously avoided by the majority of
authors who traverse the many highways and by-
paths of composition. They are words, evidently,
that, gua words, neither invite writers nor- entice
poets. There is often a Dorian harshness about the
sound of Greek nouns manufactured into. English
expressions of language, that flings defiance at the
varied capacities and concentrated talents of all the
efforts of the combined nine Muses thrown into one.

The name Cephalotaxus is derived from the Greek
words xefad} (head)—in allusion to the form of the
CHARACTERISTICS OF CEPHALOTAXI = 241

flower—and rdfos (Yew); while the other effort in
nomenclature, Podocarpus, is traced to sodés (foot)
and «xapzros (fruit), in reference to the swollen stalk
or peduncle of the fruits; an example of word-
painting that we must remark, en passant, must be
to some painfully reminiscent of that human frailty
we commonly call gout.

Their appearance too, comely as we think it in
approved places, hardly incites pictorial notice.
There is no record, poetical or even prosaic, as far
as we know, of Youth sporting with Amaryllis in their
subtle shade, or Dryad dancing beneath their canopy.
Maori maidens may, for all we know, have played
such pranks under their spacious boughs, for the
Podocarpus Totara, in its native soil, is second only
in repute to the giant Kauri Pine (Agathis Australis)
of New Zealand fame ; and the New Zealander, on
a visit to the Mother Country, in spite of the rather
abject appearance it presents here, if perchance a
sight of it meets his eye, hails it as an old friend and
pays meet adoration to it as a household god.

We will now treat of the family differences of the
Cephalotaxi, inter se. The C. Drupacea is easily
distinguished from the C. Pedunculata and the C.
Fortunei by its shorter leaves, with their fewer stomata
and other differences referred to in the table, p. 298.

When we attempt to explore the shifting grounds
of the family differences of the C. Pedunculata and
the C. Fortunei we near trouble. Parents, and those
very intimate with them, can, it is said, often when
others farther afield signally fail, recognize human
twins of closest resemblance. Whether it may be
accounted a confession of weakness or not, the
differences between these two species of trees must
have caused many novices as much bewilderment
in dissociation as ever pair of heavenly twins caused
any one inside a nursery, or outside a family circle.
242 TAXACEZ

It is possible that constant opportunity might lessen
the difficulties. They still remain to many like the
twin brothers Castor and Pollox

So like they were, no mortal
Might one from other know.

Personally I have ignominiously failed to learn, or
discern, a short cut to a safe landing-stage on this
question. My conclusions result ,in the subjoined
reductio ad absurdum :

C. Fortunei. Branches more slender
and less divided

"|than C.
i re Scaly stalks of flowers } "Pedancalaea:
shorter .
eo *% Leaves with finer points

After this failure I can only, and in all ill-nature, wish,
if any one is asked which is which or why is which,
joy and satisfaction in answer.

As the C. Pedunculata may be a cross between the:
C. Fortunei and the C. Drupacea, it is perhaps no
cause for wonder that likenesses ensue, but the
C. Fortunei seems to have been very much the
prepotent factor of the arrangement. While authori-
ties say that the number of stomata on the lower
surface range from eighteen to twenty-one, the
number of lines on a leaf before me are clearly
twenty-four.

We ought not to leave the subject before calling
identifiers’ attention to a fastigiate form of this tree,
and one not at all uncommonly seen. Its leaves
spread from all sides of the stem upon its vertical
branches, and it has no lateral branches with leaves
arrayed in pectinate form. As the Yew one day
produced a sort of unexplained fastigiate freak in
the so-called Irish Yew, so has its long-leaved affinity,
PODOCARPS 243

the Cephalotaxus, followed example and provided
a mystery birth, in the shape of a similarly constituted
sport, which goes by the full name of Cephalotaxus
Pedunculata var. Fastigiata.

PODOCARPS

\
I want to get back, I want to get back,
To the place where I was born.

SotpizR’s Sone, Michigan,

These homesick lines seem a refrain suited to the
presence of Podocarps in England, and the distant
homes they pine for are variously situate, in Aus-
tralia, Asia, and S. America. Their leaves in the
abstract may bear a resemblance to the Cephalotaxi,
but the disposition of them does not. While those
of the Cephalotaxi are pectinately arranged (except
the fastigiate form) on the lateral branches, those
of the Podocarpi arise at various angles from the
stems and are variable in their shape and attachment.
While the Cephalotaxi present to our view the neat,
combed effect of a well-dressed and parted head of
hair, the Podocarpi, to pursue the metaphor, might
pardonably be said to follow after the fashion of
that state of lock disarray, so often noticeable in
the head-gear affected by professors of music and
poetry.

In St. Matthew’s Gospel we read the words that
‘a tree is known by its fruit.”” It is the fruit of the
Podocarps, or rather the stalk of the fruit, that has
distinguished them from other trees in the estimation
of savants, and that is responsible for their holding an
isolated position in the tribal table of the tree-world.

As has been remarked, they are not the sort of
trees or bushes constantly met with, but if they were
chanced on, the differences in their length of leaf is

17
244 TAXACEA

alone a fairly conspicuous guide to differentiation.
The P. Chilina appears to be the one more habitually
grown with us than the others. While the length
of its leaf is 2 in. to 23 in., the length of the Nubigena,
which grows in a few favoured places, is only from
1 to 2 in. in length, and the Macrophylla with his more
sickle-shaped leaves, as by his name he ought, out-
tops the two by an average measurement of something
between 3 and 4 in.

The P. Totara and.Alpinus are both comparatively
short-leaved. Not only does the P. Chilina differ
in length from the P. Macrophylla, but in the presence
of stomata—stomata inconspicuous it may be, but
stomata for all that, and of which the P. Macro-
phylla is destitute.

The P. Chilina (sometimes wrongly called P. Andina,
an obsolete synonym for the Prumnopitys) has leaves,
the under-side of which are of a yellowish colour.
The stomata are hardly visible to the naked eye, but
under microscopic persuasion become as clear as sun
at noonday. To amateur apprehension this under-
surface seems to consist of a yellowish midrib, with
two rather greener marginal bands, and between
them some sixteen to twenty rows of minute-looking
stomatic bands set out in wide rows. A specimen
before me also presents without microscopic aid one
half-baked-looking attempt at a growth of its most
curious-looking fruit. The impression left with me
is that of a long stalk growing out from the stem
and terminating in a green fruit, of a dolichocephalous
(longer than broad) shape, and to complete the
picture, propped up with an arrangement that
suggests a high collar on an unnaturally large-sized
neck. This is that swollen peduncle or stalk so
much vaunted, and what botanists term the fleshy
receptacle.

The P. Nubigena has a few south-westerly haunts
PODOCARPUS NUBIGENA AND P. TOTARA 245

where it has contrived to keep the even tenor of its
way, and one such city of refuge has a specimen
found at Lianarth (Mr. P. D. Williams), near the
Lizard in Cornwall. The leaf is half the size of that
of the P. Chilina, and shows without microscopic
aid two very distinct stomatic bands between two
green margins and central bands, each nearly as wide
as the stomata row.

The P. Neriifolius is mentioned in our Table, a
tree sometimes called P. Macrophylla var. Acutissima.
_ It is described in Plante Wilsoniane (Sargent) “ as
a handsome tree growing in the warmer part of
Szechuan, and more especially on Mt. Omei.” - If
the latter situation may read promising, the sentence
preceding seems to hold out no hope for it here on
earth with us.

The P. Alpinus is only a four-foot bush with us,
but highly recommended as hardy in Veitch’s book
of Conifers. Whether it is a more mountainous
relation of the P. Totara—it was once called the
P. Totara Alpina—or not, it comes from the same
quarter of the globe.

The P. Totara we have previously alluded to. As
a tree it has yet its spurs to win with us.

In New Zealand it is a tree ornamented with
dark-green leaves, and much in request for timber
purposes. Here its leaves, so far, in early stages
present a dingy yellow colour. In a four or five
years’ experience of it here (Stanage Park, Radnor-
shire), at an elevation of 750 ft. above the level of
the sea, it wears the aspect of a plant, with a de-
pressing lack of healthful joy about its appearance,
engaged in an uphill struggle for existence which so
far it has maintained.

We must confess from this, our own, experience
of an attempt to extend to it a welcome, that it does
not look so well pleased a guest in our midst as we
246 TAXACEA

could wish. Nor does it seem inclined to show that
natural attachment which we should like ‘to see a
distinguished New Zealander display towards the
mother country. So far as the lately arrived batch
has progressed among us, we might,. ill-naturedly
possibly, but not without some show of reason,
describe it in its present condition as. without a look.
to bless itself with.

TORREYAS

(OF THE TRIBE SALISBURINEZ, OF THE FAMILY.
TAXACEA, oF THE ORDER CONIFER)

All green was vanished save of Pine and Yew,
That still displayed their melancholy hue.
CRABBE,

The Torreyas are another set of the long-leaved
relations of the Yew. Their nearest tribal relations
are the Cephalotaxi.

As the Equide family comprise among their ranks
many members—to wit, the horse, the zebra, and
the ass—combining glaring differences and certain
resemblances, so there are to be found in the family
circle of the Taxacee all sorts and conditions of
singularities. As the ass, in spite of his longer ears
and other discrepancies, still retains a close relation-
ship to the horse, so do the Torreyas and Cepha-
lotaxi, in spite of their longer leaves and other
differences, still remain members of the family of
Yews.

As the ass has become a term of derision among
men, so have the Torreyas generally, incurred un-
complimentary distinction among botanists.. They
have been dubbed with such actionable prefixes as
Fetid and Stinking, both adjectives spelt in large
SOME TORREYAS 247

capital letters, to render the title, we can only assume,
more assured and enduring.

There is so little opportunity offered to most of
us to form our own impartial judgment upon the
prowess of our olfactory capabilities, that it would
be perhaps presumptuous to ventilate, even faintly,
such an unpractised opinion upon so delicate a subject.
But in the case of the T. Californica, from the not
very exhaustive experience of only a few tries, I
should feel inclined to vote in favour of mitigating
the unsavoury impeachment. The charge of mal-
odour preferred against the T. Grandis, in spite of
the fact that the unfragrant adjectives have been
applied all round to the Torreyan tribe, has been
dismissed by some authorities. The Nucifera and
Taxifolia may, for all I know, fully deserve the
reputation. As neither the T. Grandis nor the T.
Taxifolia, between which some confusion seems to
exist, appear to be English grown—our winters
have proved too much for them—we need hardly
follow the question of their exhalations to a bitter end.

As trees they are very rarely to be met with in our
country, and the T. Californica is the only species of
them that attains tree-form dimensions. A few only
are mentioned in the Trees of Great Britain, and there
is another unmentioned there that grows at Scorrier
(John . Williams), Cornwall, a sizable tree, and one
that it is believed was brought and planted there by
W. Lobb in the fifties of the last century.

On-the subject of size we should add that E. Wilson,
in his 1914 expedition to Japan, came across a T.
Nucifera at Kamo, in the Satsuma Province, 93 ft.
high, 18 ft. in girth.

On the question of identifying them, we have first
to set to work on the task of discriminating between
them and the Cephalotaxi. We will enumerate a
‘few. of the differences,
248 TAXACEE

(1) The Torreyas have two very distinct grooves
on the under-side of the ae The Cephalo-
taxi have not.

(2) The Torreyas have -two iene narrow
lines of stomata upon the lower surface of
the leaves, that do not occupy much more
space than the impression of .a pointed
pencil across a piece of paper. The Cepha-
lotaxi have two broad lines of stomata. -

(3) The bud seales of the Torreyas stick out in
pairs at right angles, and bud scale marks
are noticeable at the base of leaves. The
buds of the Cephalotaxi are composed of
overlapping scales (imbricated), and there
are no bud scars visible on the branch-
lets.

(4) The colour of leaf of the Torreyas is a dark,
lustrous, shining green, and gives the
impression of having been glazed or varn-
ished. The tip of the leaf of a Torreya
is long and spiny, while the. tip of the
Cephalotaxus has a shorter pointed apex.

(5) Another marked difference is the way in
which the long bayonet-shaped leaves of
the Torreyas point forward towards the
end of the branchlet.

We have, then, called in to the assistance of identifi-
cation five points in particular: (1) the grooves,
(2) the thin rows of stomata, (3) the buds and bud
scars, (4) the glossy colour of leaves, and (5) their
forward pointing direction ; and to these we might
have added the colour of the branchlets, which on
new shoots are a bright green and on last year’s
shoots a rich red.

Wehave compared them side byside withthe Cephalo-
taxi, but the Abies Bracteata and the Keteleerias have
both been dragged into the maelstrom of similarities,
TAXACEAN AND SILVER FIR LEAVES 249

But both of them have leaves situated on stems after
the manner of the Silver Firs, and which when pulled
off leave a circular disc mark, whereas the Cephalotaxi
and Torreyas have leaves like the Yew; that is to
say, mounted on raised continuations of leaf stalks,
running lengthways alongside of the stem, as if they
were part and parcel of it. On the top of this a small
twisted leaf stalk or jointed base connects them with
the outstanding leaf. Thus the Taxacean leaves
occupy a very different position in their mode of
attachment to stem from that occupied by a leaf on a
Silver Fir, which we have fully descanted on in its
appointed place, as also upon the impression left
after pulling off the leaf. They also occupy a different
position from that of a Spruce leaf, which is mounted
on a hard, woody peg-like projection, as has been
explained under the description of Spruces.

The scar left after pulling off a Taxacean leaf, be it
Yew, Cephalotaxis or Torreya, is much more in
character with, from a position and shape point of
view, that of a leaf wrenched off a Douglas Fir or a
jointed-at-base Juniper. If any one cared to take the
trouble to pursue a little amateur botanical investiga-
tion in this direction—even if Torreyan Yews and
Bracteata Silver Firs were not forthcoming to make
a trial of—no difficulty could possibly be incurred in
obtaining the service of a Silver Fir and Yew leaf-clad
twig, wherefrom similar results and similar com-
parative analogies could be obtained. On them you
could compare the differences of attachment of leaf
to stem, and thus would be constituted one of those
object-lessons from observation that are so much more
illuminating to most than the reading of writings ;
and the Taxacean Yews and Silver Fir trees satis-°
factorily severed for ever and aye from any chance
of confusion of connection in the. investigator’s
mind.
250 TAXACEE

THE YEW

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER CONIFER, oF THE
FAMILY TAXACEZ, oF THE TRIBE TAXINE/,
OF THE SUB-TRIBE TAXE)

Like the black and melancholy Yew Tree,
Dost think to root thyself in dead men’s graves,
And yet to prosper ?
T. WeEBsTER, The White Devil, A.D. 1612.

“The Vine loves the hills, the Yew tree the north
wind and the cold ” (Bacchus amat colles, Aquilonem
et frigora Taxi), at least that is how Bohn’s Classical
Library—better known to scholars as the Virgil
crib—translates it, but AZolus, of wind-bag fame,
seems to have reckoned Aquilo as one of his parti-
cularly boisterous products that hailed from the
west.

So wrote Virgil 1,945 years ago, at a golden age
when ‘“ song was great,’ and in the close companion-
ship of the kindred spirits of Horace and Mecenas.
What sage advice you offered us, illustrious poet, in
those schoolboy days of our instruction! Had we
been taught to grasp your meanings, rather than
stutteringly to attempt a construe of your verses,
or write out your lines for punishment, what an
agricultural instruction might we not have imbibed !
‘You read us lectures therein ‘on the growing of crops,
the treatment of soil, the planting and grafting of
trees, the breeding of animals, and last and least,
the ways of bees. Had we been allowed to investigate
the drifts of your reasonings from those forbidden
translations, to which—in spite of your rules to the
contrary, learned masters of classical lore—we
always contrived access, what experiences might we
not have accumulated in the culture of our lands
and the feeding of our flocks and herds!
VIRGIL ON YEWS 251

We might have learnt too, from your opening
Ecologue, that in those days non-combatant farmers
ran risks of dispossession of their holdings in favour
of fighting heroes, and from your tale of repatriation
pointed morals at some recruiting or war agricultural
meetings, on village schoolroom platform, or stony
steps of market town on market days. O Education,
O Education, what blunders have been committed in
your name! and you, O learned teachers of our
youth—and far from unappreciated now by us at
distant date from the hours of your ministration—
-who had, we well know, climbed the giddy pinnacles
of Parnassus, scaled the steep gradients of Olympian
heights, and fed on the literary delights of an Augustan
age, how long, sometimes I wonder, would it have
been before your fountains of knowledge in these
particular directions, of to you a strange and bucolic
life, had dried up and ceased to flow?’

We cannot vie with Virgil, perhaps, in all he taught,
yet we can humbly claim at least a little wakeful
progress in our generation. We have learnt, and
that of late years only, that with an application of
nitrate of soda, followed by plentiful dressings: of
farmyard manure—for the Yew is a gross feeder, and
an omnivorous lover of rich treatment—you may, in
six or seven years, achieve a very respectable garden
hedge from small plants, or if you so wish, by obtaining
larger specimens—and the Yews transplant with
more ease than’ any other tree—in a still shorter
space of time you may arrange for still more bountiful
results. Care should always be taken in replanting
to place their roots in the same position to the points
of the compass as they occupied in the nursery. Old
Virgil knew all about this, and told us in so many
words—of which I give the translation—that in
those days the planter ‘even marked on the bark
the quarter of the sky, that in whatsoever way each
252 TAXACE

stood, in what part it bore the southern heat, what
sides it turned to the Northern Pole, they may restore
it to the same position. Of such benefit is custom
to trees of tender years.” For the gratification of
an older school of classical scholars we will textually
quote the original :

Quin etiam cceli regionem in cortice signant ;

Ut, quo queque modo steterit, qua parte calores
Austrinos tulerit, que terga obverterit axi,

Restituant : adeo in teneris consuescere multum est,

The lesson to be learnt seems to be that the shortened
roots become so by inclemency of aspect, that the
lengthier roots on the other side of the uplifted plant
have become so on account of their attitude towards
a more genial aspect, and that if you reversed the
positions in the process of transplanting, the shorter
roots would take a weary length of misspent time
in developing and throwing out their lateral roots,
while the longer roots would be retarded or gradu-
ally grow less, and so Q.E.D., as Euclid says, time
would be wasted and but dilatory results accom-
plished.

Apropos of this care observed in replanting, I
should like to quote from an extract that appeared
in the Journal of Forestry, vol. i. 1877-8, p. 489, on
the planting of trees at Stanage Park, Radnorshire,
at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the
nineteenth century, written by the owner, my relative
and predecessor, Charles Rogers.

“Tn planting single trees I have followed dhe
Dutch method of giving them precisely the same
situation, with regard to the points of the compass,
as that in which they stood before they were moved ;
and I find that the roots shoot, and the trees recover
themselves much sooner in this way, than when
transplanted without consideration.” The Dutch,
CHURCHYARD YEWS 253

if they claimed originality in these practices, took
too much upon themselves, but have we not ever
been educated up to the idea, have we not always
been told—

That in matters of Commerce the fault of the Dutch
Is in giving too little, and asking too much ?

In this instance it looks a little as if the Dutch had
appropriated an inventor's credit for methods that
were recognized and noted in the Virgilian days, and
labelled them as home-made or Hollands. Appear-
ances are, at any rate, against them.

The Yew is a memento mori symbol of many a
landscape distance, and the uncrowned king among
trees of the village churchyards wherein ‘“‘ the rude
forefathers of the hamlet sleep.’’ It stands out as
silent and ever-present a witness as the gravestone
itself, testifying mutely to undying facts, and pointing
to one great and universal epitaph for all departed
humanity :

For thus our fathers testified
That he might read who ran,

The emptiness of human pride,
The nothingness of man.

By many a villager, too, it is regarded as an old
friend and landmark, to be recalled when away in
distant lands, and to be greeted as such on a return
home. It has been associated by many a wanderer
with childish scenes, and perhaps with memories
sadder. It has been at times accounted murky,
melancholy, and mournful ; it has been described as
sable, sombre, and gloomy in many a book of prose
and poetry, yet even in them it. is allowed that it
has contributed, by its venerable appearance and
appropriate colouring, a certain undefined pleasing
melancholy to scenes not easily forgotten,
254 TAXACEE

Other reasons may be accountable for its presence
‘in churchyards. Its wood was used for quarrel and
crossbow, as the weapon of defence of the day,
when wars were waged with long-bows and battle-axes,
and muskets and arquebuses were still unknown
quantities.

The Greek word rofov (a bow) was evolved
from another Greek word, '‘rdfos (a yew), for the

reason, we are told, ‘“‘ because they made bows
and arrows from it” (quod ex eo sagittas et arcus
.faciebant),

But this does not exhaust all reasons assigned for
its presence in hallowed precincts. The yew contains
-a poisonous alkaloid called taxine (presumably derived
from the Greek word signifying Yew), which acts as
a heart poison on animals of lowered vitality, or
unaccustomed by the acquired habits of slow stages
to its effects. These poisonous properties were
probably well known to the ancients. Virgil alludes
to yews as hurtful or noxious (faxos nocentes), and
the well-fenced-in churchyards, in spite of the incon-
testable fact, so wisely propounded and so frequently .
quoted, that “those inside cannot get out, while
those outside have noi wish to get in,’ show pretty
clearly that our forefathers of a long time back had
realized these poisonous properties. They knew that
the high walls or fences of such places were a safe
barrier against the entry of grazing animals in the
neighbourhood.

Many are the curious phrases and fables that
stand to the renown of this God’s acre planted tree.
Their very position:and presence there invites them,
and their poisonous properties add cubits to their
superstitious reputation. They were regarded ‘as
symbols of immortality,, and emblematic of ‘‘‘a
reflourishing state to come,” as Evelyn in his Silvia
quaintly puts it; as Palm Sunday decorations, as
CHURCHYARD YEWS 255

concomitances of death chambers and burial cere-
monies.

Lay a garland on my hearse,
Of the dismal Yew, ”

is the refrain of Aspasia’s song in The Maid’s
Tragedy (Beaumont and Fletcher). And if we
were to touch upon a more unpleasant topic of
their fame, it would be to say that the prosperity
of their growth and that of the community around
were considered to be vastly benefited by their
presence in churchyards. It was asserted that they
attracted and. absorbed the deadly exhalations and
gases of the graveyard, those luminous phenomena
that so often terrified old women and children—and
doubtless, for the matter of that, many a member
of the other sex on a night return journey from the
village alehouse—when they assumed the shape of
Jack-o’-lantern and Will-of-the-wisp, and haunted
the surroundings.

To descend to a more prosaic interpretation of
their occupation of these sites. There is a story
told of a gunner on board a ship, who was summoned
into the presence of his superior officer to give ex-
planation of his failure to fire a salute. His apology
was to the effect that there were countless reasons,
but the first was all-sufficient ; he had no gunpowder.
There may be countless reasons for planting Yews
in churchyards, but one should suffice for most, and
it is this, that a poisonous tree which is in requirement
for national purposes is best planted out of reach
of any opportunity to destroy animal life, which is
also necessary for national purposes. .

But all these conjectured problems we must here
leave to the further consideration of those actuated
by a desire to ransack the inner workings of the
minds of planting men, who lived before the age of
gunpowder and put them there.
256 TAXACEZ

The Yew has been always regarded as a longer-
lived tree than the Oak. Its life is estimated by a
well-worked-out consensus of opinion (Veitch, Book
of Conifers) at 1,250 years ; we may presume, how-
ever, that neither this nor Tennyson’s allusion to its
“1,000 years of gloom,’’ nor even the 900 years we
hear so often assigned to the Oak, need be taken to
represent anything more than the average limit of
life, at which the subject in question can only reason-
ably hope to arrive in a robust state of health. That
it may linger unhewn and unmolested in a shell-like
state of decay can hardly be expected to enter into
these calculations. Elwes recounts that the big
Yew tree at Tisbury (Wiltshire) contains within
its hollow trunk a younger stem. A similar instance
of this hydra-headed growth of a young tree rooted
in a hollow trunk, rejoicing in all the promise of a
perpetual youth, occurs at Downton Hall (Ludlow),
the abode of Sir W. Rouse Boughton, and we daresay
in many other elsewheres.

The bewildering question arises to our mind,
should such a tree, on a matter of age, be reckoned
as a new tree or as the old tree? If the latter, the
plant has seemingly succeeded where the alchemist
of old failed, and discovered the elixir of a perpetually
prolonged life; or, again, under this condition of
things, what is to become of the record in longevity
of our tree life, as a little pleasant and controversial
topic of conversation among us over our walnuts
and wine? But revenons @ nos moutons, and to return
to our subject, the age of trees as propounded by
authorities. Such airily imposed limitations of
age, we presume, must not be taken to preclude
the possibility of a longer existence, any more
than the Psalmist’s allotment of three-score and
ten years of life conceded to human frailty must
be regarded as representing actuarially any final

~

REESE S
THE AGE OF YEWS 287

and fixed views on the subject of these durations
of life.

If the Oak tree, as some say, in a few specially
long-lived instances saw Roman legions, what sights
might not the Methuselah among Yews have feasted
his eyes upon? Perhaps the forefathers of those
ancient Britons, whom Julius Cesar beheld, and
described as smeared in the dye of woad, clad in the
tawny skins of wild beasts, with streaming locks
and flying moustachios, disconcerting by feats
of horsemanship the old hands of his cohorts.

Of its wood, both old writers and modern writers
have nothing but good to say. It resists decay, it
was much in use for furniture, it responds to polish
and to topiary work. At the present day little is
heard of it commercially. Trees that only come
into the markets in their twos and threes are with
difficulty disposed of to the timber merchant. The
trade like quick results, and ever hanker after markets
that speedily respond. An old New Forest saying
tells us that a post of Yew will out-last a post of
iron. An old chronicler tells us that its veins exceed
in beauty those of most trees, and that tables made
of it are superior to mahogany. But old writers,
any more than modern writers, must not be regarded
as final in everything they write. Such comparisons
must be taken cum grano salis; that is to say, as
salt in condiment, only sparingly.

Botanically, it is with few exceptions dicecious ;
it has no resin ducts; it is of great antiquity geo-
logically, and though not dating so far back as the
Araucarias, Cryptomerias, and Gingkos, for instance,
to the Jurassic formations and the dates when reptiles
swayed an early world, it can lay claim by long
descent to a direct connection with British soil,
dating from the times of the earlier appearances of
mammals.
258 TAXACE

It has flowers and fruit of shape and: make. so
distinctive that the various species are almost
regarded as monotypic. Its ovuliferous flower starts
life as a cone and ends as a seed-nut in a succu-
lent aril, open at the top, but its bright-red so-
called berries are too well known to need further
description.

Other countries besides England and Ireland _ lay
claim to a proprietary interest in their own particular
formof Yew. China, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Florida,
and Pacific Coast regions have their own peculiar
name attached to their own particular specimens.
They differ, maybe, in mere matters of detail, but so
slightly that they have been for the most part reckoned
by the botanical world as members of one family,
hailing from a different. geographical habitat. If
they cannot be looked upon as fraternal, in the same
sense as Wordsworth’s group of Borrowdale Yews,
at all events they can all be rightly considered as
cousins not very distantly removed.

From a scenic point of view the Yew has won its
admirers and numbered up its detractors.

Though the Yew may be said to represent Erebus
(darkness) rather than his more radiant offspring,
"ther (light), and Hemera (day), yet scattered about
as dark, motionless specks upon the grey, green,
silent, and bare expanses of such places as, for instance,
say the Hampshire Downs, they are the making to
many of grand scenic effect. Before any one makes
any final pronouncement on the subject, we think
they ought to make an.expedition by boat down the
River Wye, from Ross to Chepstow, in early summer,
when the dark-clad Yews stand out in contrast to
the light green colouring of their deciduous sur-
roundings, bursting into spring attire on the well-
wooded hill-sides. We wish teo—but it is too late
in the day for that—that we could have asked old
THE IRISH YEW 259

Virgil to accompany us on that rapid-flowing river
in June,

When the distinguished Yew is ever seen,
Unchanged his branch, and permanent his green,

and wring from him, perchance, some mitigating
expressions of his condemnations of a tree which, as
a feature in our landscape, although at times maybe
melancholy, is ever picturesque.

Before quitting the subject of the Yew, brief
mention must be made of the so-called Irish Yew.

THE IRISH YEW
T. BaccaTa var. FASTIGIATA

O thicker, deeper, darker growing,
The solemn vista to the tomb.
WHITTIER,

It was some 150 years ago that our venerable Yew,
the glory of many a country-side, the joy of all the
Toxophilites, produced a female freak above Florence
Court (the Irish seat of Lord Enniskillen), in the
shape of an upright, fastigiate-shaped specimen of
its race, and clad in the more primitive garb of a
juvenile leaf.

From her, by cuttings, since no male form of flower
has appeared on her boughs, all the Irish Yews of
to-day, so plentifully planted and seen everywhere,
have derived origin. They have been extensively
planted in churchyards, and often in avenue forma-
tion.

As to scenic merits generally, their ideal place
under the sun, how and where they should be planted,
these are questions for individual tastes. Without
venturing any myself, there is little doubt that

18
260 TAXACER

opinions upon the subject have been, and will be
again, often and unreservedly expressed in divers
directions, by many observers, on many occasions,
as opportunities arise. And these seem all-sufficient
reasons that we should quit the subject here.

4

(1) PRUMNOPITYS, AND (2) SAXEGOTHEA
CONSPICUA

(OF THE NATURAL ORDER CONIFER, or THE
FAMILY TAXACE, oF THE TRIBE TAXINEZ,
OF THE SUB-TRIBE PODOCARPE)

The first-named of these two representatives of the
sub-tribe Podocarpee is another of the Greek built-up
words that calls for effort .of pronunciation in
speech, and scholarship to construe. It is a word—
qua word—that, if you wish to effect a clear pro-
nunciation of, suggests the desirability of following
the footsteps of the Athenian orator Demosthenes
to the seashore, and there practising utterance of it,
pebble in mouth, before the roar of the sea. Nothing
but the direst necessity of words could have been
accountable for the invention of such a name.

It is derived from the Greek -words zpotpvor (wild
plum), wirus (pine). The word zev«7j, be it remem-
bered, applies to the Spruce Fir (Picea), not to the
Pine. Its claim to individuality is that, though it
is nearly allied to the Podocarpus, its peduncle (the
stalk of its fruit) does not become fleshy, while its
bud scales are valvate (open at the edges), and not
imbricated (overlapping). Its fruit is a stone con-
tained in a thin layer of fleshy covering (but without
a fleshy peduncle) about 4 or ? in. long, and a little
less wide. It has the appearance of a wild damson.

Its shorter leaves are very densely and spirally
inserted, but thrown into rather an irregular-looking
PRINCE ALBERT’S YEW 261

pectinate arrangement. They have short stalks and
two dull glaucous strips ‘of stomata.

It was introduced by R. Pearce from Chili and the
Andes in 1860, and was once called P. Andina (no
connection with the Podocarpus Chilina sometimes
described as P. Andina). There is a beautiful tree
at Eastnor Castle, Ledbury, which presents a very
striking appearance. Generally, and elsewhere, it
seems to assume rather the shape and dimensions of
a plumose-looking bush than a tree. ,

The P. Spicata so far with us is only a conservatory
plant.

SAXEGOTHEA CONSPICUA

Another of these S. American plants that hails
from Chile and Patagonia, and presents with us only
a rare and generally stunted appearance. It is a
tree that few have the opportunity of making a
personal acquaintance with or investigation of. Ex-
cellent pictures of its leaves, flowers, and terminal
cones are given in Veitch’s Book of Conifers and
Clinton Baker’s book. From its appearance there
it has the look of a short-leaved Prumnopitys, but
the leaves are more uniformly pointed, and show
whiter and more conspicuous bands of stomata on
the lower surface. They are also decurrent at the
base, which is a clue to identification. Its branches
droop, and while the older are of a yellow-brown
colour, the younger shoots are of a dull pale-green hue.

The mythological Chimera, that fell a victim to
the redoubtable rider of Pegasus, Bellerophon, was
described as an animal composed of three distinct
living bodies—a lion, a goat, and a dragon. The
Saxegothea goes two better; it is described by
Lindley as having the male flowers of a Podocarp,
the female cone of a Kauri Pine, the fruit of a Juniper,
the seed of a Dacrydium, and the habit of a Yew,
262 TAXACEH

and by the possession of this remarkable assortment
of characteristics lays claim to a missing-link fame
as between the Conifere and Taxacez, but the latter
are the winners upon points.

It was introduced by W. Lobb in 1847 and named
after the Consort of our great Queen Victoria, Prince
Albert of Saxe-Gotha, and is often‘ called Prince
Albert’s Yew.
IDENTIFYING TABLES

NATURAL ORDER OF CONIFER
THE PINACEH FAMILY
TRIBE I—CUPRESSINE

Sub-tribe 1: Junipers Sub-tribe 2: Callitrine Sub-tribe 3: Thuyine
Subdivisions Subdivisions or Species Sub-divisions
(a) Sabinz Callitris
(8) Oxycedrus Widdringtonia |
(c) Arceuthos Section Section
(a) Fitzroyas (b) Eucupressi Section (2) Ruthuya
Section (c) Chamzcyparis (Arborvites)

Section (¢ Macro-thuya

Section ( \Thajopsis’

' Section (g) Biota (in-
cluding Thuya
Orientalis and

 

 

 

Libocedrus)
TRIBE II.—TAXODINE, TRIBE ITIL.—ARAUCARINESS
Species ; Species
Athrotaxis A. Imbricata — Puzzle or Chile Pine)
Sequoia Gigantea (Wellingtonia) A. Bidwillii (Bunya)
Sequoia Sempervirens (Californian Red Wood) A. Excelsa (Norfolk Island Pine)
Cryptomeria A. Cunning! i (Moreton Bay Pine)
Taxodium Distichum (Deciduous Cypress) A. Rulei
Sciadopitys Verticillata (Japanese Umbrella A. Brasiliensis, etc.
Tree) Agathis Australis (New Zealand Kauri Pine)
Cunninghamia Sinensis
Tre IV.—ABIETINE
Sub-tribe Picea (Spruces) | Sub-tribe Lariceze (Larch Sub-tribe Sapinee Sub-tribe Pinew (Pines)
and Cedars) (Silver Firs)
Sub-divisions Sub-divisions or Secti Sub-divisions Sub-divisions or Groups
(z) Tsuja (Hemlock Larches Keteleerias Strobi (White Pines)
ce Cedars Abies (Silver Firs) Cembra (Stone Pine)
(2) Eu-Picee Spruce Pseudo-tsuga Douglasii | Gerardiana (Plane Bark
Trees (Douglas Fir) Pines)
(3) Omorica (Flat-leaved Balfourianz (Fox-tail)
Spruce Trees) Cembroides (Nut Pines)
Pseudo-strobus (Mexican
or Tropical)
Teedee pest ot Pitch)
Banksia (Scrub

Pinaster Soot aie and
the other 2-leaved repre-

 

sentative of the group) ,
THE TAXACEZ FAMILY
TRIBE I.—SALISBURINEX TRIBE II.—TAXINEX
Sections Sub-tribe 1 Sub-tribe 2
Torreyas Seueuied Taxex (Yews) Podocarpeze
Sections : 2 and Yews , (Canadian Yews)
: Phyllocladus Sections : Podocarpi
Dacrydium ; Prumnopitys
i Saxegothea
Mictocachrys :

 

263
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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SANId [GHAVa1-7] ALVNINAD YO “WNIF AO dNOUD UALSVNida

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*pamoyjoo-asuvjo yreq Smmox ‘ur Z-9 ‘Ayatrea poavay-Suoy ‘ WesETA.

‘sopushg 10 ‘epumg ‘omy : NAGYVD
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ABIES (SILVER FIRS)

x. Leaves, Arrangement of —Although radially arranged on
upright stems, on the lateral side-shoots they are either :

(1) Truly or nearly pectinate (Latin, pecten=a comb),
twisted at the base and lying back and flat like a comb.

(2) Or with a V-shaped depression—that is to say, leaves
pointing sufficiently upwards to leave a gap in the
shape of the alphabetical letter V.

3 (3) Or with median leaves—that is to say, leaves growing
in the middle, on the upper side of the twig, pointing
forwards, except in the case of A. Numidica, where
they point backwards.

(4) Orin the two excepted cases of A. Pinsapo and Cephaloni-
ca, the leaves of which are arranged radially, like those
on the Spruce, on the lateral as well as the upright
stems.

2. Leaves, shape of—Linear, flat, 2-sided in transverse
section (except A. Magnifica, which is quadrangular).

3. Stomata, on one side only, except when expressly stated
otherwise in table (e.g. Nos. 1, 2, 5, 20, 2I, 23, 25, 26).

4. Base of leaf circular. When pulled off or fallen away, a
circular scar is left.

N.B.—This differentiates. Silver Fir from Spruce, where, when
leaf is pulled off, it tears away the rind, and when fallen away
leaves evidences of the projections.

5. Apex of leaf (vide illustration, p. 68).

BrRaNCHLETS

1. Cortex, or rind, is either: (¢) corrugated and_ fissured ;
(b) wavy or undulating ; or (c) smooth,

2. Are either with or without pubescence, or with pubescence
in grooves of corrugated stems, :

3. Branchlets are whorled, and the sheath and bud scales make
show at base of each season’s shoot.

ConES

1. Shape.—Cylindrical more or less, except perhaps in case of
Bracteata, Firma, Religiosa, when they are more egg-shaped.

2. Position—In Abies (Silver Firs) always erect. Bracts
(outer scales) obvious. In Piceze (Spruces) always pendulous.
Bracts (outer scales) hidden.

273
 

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GLOSSARY OR LIST OF WORDS USED REQUIRING
EXPLANATION

ABRUPT. Terminating suddenly.

ACICULAR (acicula =a little needle). Needle-shaped, i.e.
slender and sharp-pointed.

ACUMINATE (acumen =a point). Having a long, tapering
point.

Acute. Sharp-pointed.

ADNATE. Growing close to the stem.

ADPRESSED. Pressed into close contact without adhering.
(Premere or pressare = to press, add to.)

ADVENTITIOUS (adventus = a coming). Refers to accidental
or abnormal appearance. In the case of buds when they
do not occur in axillary places. Used also in reference
to irregular growths of shoots, ¢.g. in the case of witches’
broom.

ALTERNATE (alter = other). A term applied to leaves or
branches which do not grow out opposite to one another,
but are arranged on axis or stem at different distances
and on different sides.

AmorpHous (Gk. a= not; morphe = form), Having no
definite form.

APEX (apex = peak). Top terminating point of a leaf or tree.

Art. A glutinous covering that envelopes certain seeds,
e.g. the berry fruit of the yew.

Aromatic (Gk. aroma = spice). A description applicable to
a sweet-smelling perfume.

ASCENDING. Directed or rising upwards.

ATROVIRIDIS (ater = black ; viridis = green). Deep, dark-
green. colour.

Awt. Pointed instrument for boring holes. Applied botan-
ically to leaves similarly shaped.
ar 307
308 GLOSSARY

Awn. Beard of corn or grass. Applied to any similarly
bristly appendage.

Axit (axilla = the arm-pit). The angle between the upper
side of a stem and any branch, branchlet, stalk, leaf, or
any other organ that grows from it.

AXILLARY. Vide AXIs.

Axis (axis = axle-tree). The main stem around which, or
from which, any branchlets and leaflets grow.

Bacca (noun). A berry, i.e. a succulent seed vessel, filled .
with pulp, in which the seed is encased.

Baccatus (adj.). Having a pulpy texture.

Bark. The rind, or covering, of the trunk and branches of
an exogenous tree.

BasaL. Growing at the base of anything.

Basal SHEATH. The covering that encircles the base of pine
leaves. Also referred to as fascicle or bundle. Vide
FASCICLE,

Bicotor (bi = twice; color = colour). Two-coloured.

BIENNIAL (bis = twice, annus = year). Lasting two years.
Growing one year, flowering, fruiting, and then dying
the next year.

Brrip (bis = twice; findere = to split). Split sharply in two
points. .

Bin# (bis = twice). Binz used to describe pine trees whose
leaves grow in twos in same basal sheath. Geminate
(twin), an expression used to denote the same condition,
4.€. two leaves growing in the same bundle, or basal sheath.

BIPINNATE (bis = twice ; pinna = feather). When both the
primary and secondary divisions of a branchlet or leaflet
are pinnated, 7.e. grow out like a feather (pinna) along
each side of this double edition of branchlets.

BLIsTERS. Or resin pockets, formed just beneath the smooth
surface of the trunk before it becomes furrowed. Often
I in. or more long, and numerous. Found on Balsam
Firs, on A. Grandis, also sometimes on upper stems of
Douglas. ,

BOAT-SHAPED. In the shape of a boat with keel in minia-
ture. Used in reference to shape of certain leaves of
the Cupressinee tribe. Vide CARINATE, KEELED.

Boss (synonym Umbo [@. vide)).
GLOSSARY 309

Bracts (bractea =a thin plate, or leaf, of metal). An
irregularly developed leaf at base of flower or fruit stalk.
Note the bracts behind cone scales, which are Sometimes
concealed and sometimes exserted, and of different
lengths and shapes. ,

BREATHING-PORES. Vide STOMATA.

Bup. Young folded-up-branch or flower.

Bup Scares. The covering of winter buds.

CaLLous (callosus = thick-skinned). Thick-shelled.

CamBiumM. The sticky fluid between bark and wood of
exogenous trees when new wood is forming.

CaRINATE (carina = keel). Shaped like the keel of a boat.
Vide BOAT-SHAPED, KEELED.

CARTILAGINOUS = (cartilago = gristle). Like gristle. A
description often applied to the apex of leaves of Conifers.

Citrate (cilium = eyelash). Fringed with hairs, like the
young leaf of a beech tree.

Circa (circa = round about). To describe ‘‘ or thereabouts.”

CHLOROPHYLL (chloros = pale green; phyllon = leaf). The
green granular colouring matter below the surface of
plants.

Crapos (Gk. clados = branch). Cladodes, or Phylloid shoots..
Vide Puy.ioips, term applied to the herbaceous growths
arising from the axil of the scale-like leaves of the Japanese
Umbrella Tree, Sciadopitys Verticillata.

CoLuMNAR (columen = an eminence; columna = a pillar),
Shaped like acolumn. Strict shape of a column vertical.
Section Cuneate, horizontal circular.

ComB-SHAPED. Vide PECTINATE.

Cone (Gk. conos = peak). The fruit of Conifers, and made
up of overlapping scales. Synonym Strobile.

ConicaL. Shaped like a cone, #.e. with vertical section
triangular and pointed, and horizontal section and
base circular, or of a form gradually tapering down at
one end.

Corraceous (corium = leather). Leathery.

Corxy (cortex = rind or bark). Having the texture of cork.
Syn. Suberose, Corky (Suber = Cork Tree).

CoRRUGATED (ruga = wrinkle). Applied to a surface falling
and rising at parallel angles in wavy ridges. A term used
310 GLOSSARY

to describe the surface of the twigs of some of the Abies.
Synonyms: Fissured, Furrowed.

CoRTEX (cortex = bark). The bark or rind of an exogenous
tree.

CorymB (corymbus = cluster). An inflorescence, or flower
cluster, with lower stalks (or so-called pedicels) growing
from a common central foot-stalk (or so-called rachis),
lengthened so as to form a level head.

CYLINDRICAL (Gk. kylindein = to roll). A long, circular
body, solid or hollow, of uniform diameter.

Decipuous (de = from; cadere = to fall). Applied to a
tree that sheds its leaves annually.

DECUMBENT (de = down; cumbere = to lie). Lying down.

DECURRENT (de = down; currere = to run). Applied to a
leaf extended down or clinging for part of the way to the
stem.

DECUSSATE (decussare = to cross and put into the form of an
X). Applied to leaves and branchlets arranged in pairs,
and alternately crossing each other, or growing out at
different angles from main stem or leaf stalk like the leaf,
e.g. a Veronica.

DEHISCENT (dehiscere = to gape). Applied to a cone that
opens and discharges its seed at maturity.

DENTATE (dens = tooth). Vide Marcins.

DESCENDING (de = down, scandere = to climb). Moving or
inclining downwards.

Driacious (Gk. di = twice ; oikos = house). Vide Mona@ciovus.
Plants that have the male flower on one plant and the
female on another. /

Disk or Disc (Gk. diskos = a round plate). Applied to the
round scar left after pulling off leaves of the Abies, or
Silver Firs.

Disticuous (Gk. dis = twice; stichus = a line). Applied to
leaves arranged oppositely and in two rows.

DIVARICATE (dis = asunder; varicare = tospread). Applied
to branches that diverge.

Dorsat (dorsum = the back).

Dorso-vVENTRAL (dorsum =the back of human frame;
venta = abdomen or frontal part of human frame.
Alluded to as Dorsal and Facial. Applied to leaves
GLOSSARY 311

growing on upper and lower side of branchlet, while
the leaves growing on either side are termed lateral
leaves. Vide FactaL LEAVES.

Downy. Covered with soft hairs. Synonyms: Pubescent,
Tomentose, Villose, Ciliate, q. vide.

Drupaceous (drupa = an over-ripe, wrinkled olive). A
fleshy and succulent fruit, containing a bony stone, e.g.
the Prunus tree tribe, plum, cherry, etc.

Ecuinatus (echinus = hedgehog). Armed with sharp spines
like hedgehog. Note Pinus Echinata.

Exrurrtic (Gk. elleipein = to fall short). An oval, and
deviation from the true form of a circle. About twice
as long as broad.

EMARGINATE (emarginare = to provide with a margin).
Applied to leaves depressed or notched instead of pointed
at summit of the leaf. Vide and compare Birip, which
suggests a more sharply defined decision.

ENTIRE (integer = whole). Vide Marin.

ErosE (rodere = to gnaw). Margins of leaf irregularly
toothed. Vide Marcin.

ExoceEnous (Gk. exo = outside, gen. root of word signifying to
grow). Applied to trees growing by successive additions
totheoutside. Opposed to Endogenous, which applies to
a plant that grows from within, by the additions to the
centre of the stem, ¢.g. the Palm, Grasses, etc.

EXSERTED (exserere = to project). Applied to the bracts
protruding over the cone scales.

FacraL LEAVES. Vide DORSO-VENTRAL.

FacaTE (falx = asickle). Curved like the blade of a reaper’s
sickle.

FAN-SHAPED. Vide PLICATE.

FascicLe (fascis = a bundle). Proceeding from a common
point like the leaves of a larch.

FAsTIGuaTE (fastigium, the projecting point or gable end of a
building). Of close, erect growth, and branches pointing
upwards like the Lombardy Poplar.

FIBRO-VASCULAR (fibra = thread ; vasculum = seed vessel).
Fibro-vascular bundles are the small shaded cells seen
under magnifying glasses in the middle of a transverse
section of aleaf. They consist of woody tissue, spiral, and
312 GLOSSARY

other vessels. In hard-wood Pines they appear divided,
in soft-wood Pines as of one appearance. Vide HARD- AND
SOFT-wooD PINES.

FiraMEnT (filum = a thread). A fine, thread-like object seen
on the winter buds of some conifers. Also applied to
the stem-like part of a stamen. Note Piceas, Nigra,
Rubra, Glehnii, Obovata, etc.

FitirormM. Having the form of a filament.

FIMBRIATED (fimbria = a fibre, or fringe, or end of a garment).
Fringed.

FrEE. Applied to that part of the leaf which is detached from
the stem. Note description of leaf growth ‘free at
apex ’’ among the Cupressinez.

FronpDosE (frons = leaf). Leafy, bearing a great many
leaves, but more strictly in reference to leaf-growths in
which the functions of stem and leaf are combined.

FurRowED. ‘Description of a surface channelled or fissured
longitudinally. Synonym: CoRRUGATED (g. vide).

Fusirorm (fusus = aspindle). Spindle-shaped. Enlarged in
the middle of their length and tapering towards both
ends like the root of a carrot. .

GLABROUS (glaber = smooth). Without hairs. The opposite
of pubescent or downy, which terms signify the presence
of a minute system of hair-growths upon the shoots.

GLANDs (glans =y acorn). A small excrescence on leaves or
shoots, secreting the circulating juices of plant ‘life.
Among the Cupressinez its presence or absence constitutes
a helpful identifying mark.

Graucous (Gk. glaucos). An undefined colour consisting of
blue-grey and green tints.

GLOBOSE (globus = an orb, sphere, or circle). Nearly circular
in form.

GRANULAR (granulum = a little grain of corn). In form like
a grain of corn.

Hasitat (habitare = to reside). The natural dwelling-place
of any animal or plant.

Harp-woop Pines. Vide Frpro-vascuLtarR. In hard-wood
Pines fibro-vascular bundle divided. In soft-wood Pines
not divided. Hard-wood Pines with harder and heavier
wood, Early and late annual layers sharply defined.
GLOSSARY 313

Soft-wood trees with light, soft wood, in which the annual
rings are not well defined in early stages or late formation.

HERBACEOUS (herba = herbage). Applies to a soft annual
stem that dies to the root annually, and is reproduced
from a perennial root.

IMBRICATED (imbricare = to cover with hollow gutter tiles,
down which the rain (imber) runs). Applied to leaves
overlapping like tiles on a roof. Note the scales of cones
and the leaf-growth of the Araucaria Imbricata, and
many others.

INFLORESCENCE (inflorescere = to begin to blossom). Term
applied to the way flowers are situated upon plants.
Synonym: Flower Cluster.

INTERNODE. Vide NODE.

INVOLUCRE (involvere = to involve). A whorl, or ring of
bracts.

KEELED. Keel-shaped, with a prominence on the back.
Vide CARINATE, boat-shaped,

Lactn1aTE (lacinia = lappet, or small piece of a garment).
Applied to leaves cut into narrow lobes and with an
appearance of having been gashed with scissors.

LANCEOLATE (lancea = a lance). Having the form ofa lance,
z.e. tapering at both ends. Broadest below the middle.
Oblanceolate, broadest above the middle.

LaTERAL (latus = side). Applied to leaves in the Cupressinez
that grow on the side of the branchlets. Those that
grow on the upper and lower side of shoot are called
variously dorsal and facial, or DoRSO-VENTRAL (q. vide).

Lear Bup. A bud producing a stem with leaves only.

Licneous (lignum = wood). Wooden, or having the texture
of wood.

Livzar (linum = flax, thence a thread). Narrow, with the
two sides nearly parallel, ¢.g. the leaf of a Yew tree.
Lrtora is (litus = the sea-shore). Growing on the sea-shore.
LutEvs (lutum =a herb used for dyeing a yellow colour).

Of a deep yellow colour.

Macro (macro = long or large). Macrophylla = large-leaved.

Marcin (margo = edge or border). The edge of a leaf is
called its margin, ¢.g. entire margin is even and smooth ;
serrate margin has sharp teeth like a saw pointing for-
314 GLOSSARY

wards; dentate margin has sharp teeth pointing out-
wards ; erose margin is irregularly toothed.

MEDIAN (medius = middle). Applied to the median leaves
of some Silver Firs, that run along the centre of the twig
on the upper side, and also to the position of the resin
canals.

MEDULLA (medulla = pith).

MEDULLARY Rays. The bands of cells extending across the
wood from the pith to the bark, and producing the silver
grain of their wood.

MEMBRANEOUS (membrana = the skin or membrane that
covers the separate members of the body). A substance
of a fine and thin texture like the wings of a wasp.

Micro (micros = small). Microphylla = small-leaved.

Monecious (monos = single, oikos = house). Having the
male and female flowers on the same individual plant.

MucRoNATE (mucro = the point of a sword [especially]).
Abruptly tipped with a hard, short point.

Muttinopat. Vide Nove.

MoricaTeE (murex == a shellfish with a prickly shell). Armed
with sharp points or prickles. Note Pinus Muricata.

Nana (nanus =a male dwarf; nana=a female dwarf).
Applied to the dwarf-growing representatives of plants.
Compare Prostrate, Pygmy, Repens.

NEEDLE-SHAPED. Synonym: Acicular. Linear, rigid, taper-
ing to a fine point from a narrow base, as Juniper leaves.

NIGRICANS (niger = black). Blackish. Note Pinus Nigricans
or Austrian Pine.

Nove (nodus = a knot, and thence a joint, in a limb). Joint
of a branch, or the point on a stem where the bud or leaf
is given off.

Internode = the portion of stem between two nodes.

Uninodal = shoots produced in one whorl of branchlets in
a year’s growth.

Multinodal = shoots produced in more than one whorl
in a year’s growth.

NotcHep. Vide EMARGINATE.

Nour. A seed enclosed within a hard shell.

Nux Baccata. A nut enclosed in a pulpy covering, as a Yew
berry.
GLOSSARY 315

Os. A prefix signifying inversion. Note Obovate, Oblique,
Oblong, Obtuse, Opposite, etc.

OBLIQUE (obliquus = slanting). Unequal-sided. Deviating
irregularly from a direct line.

Ostone (longus = long). A four-sided form longer than
broad.

OBTUSE (ob = against; tundere = to beat). Blunt or
rounded at the point. .

OpposITE (ob = against; positum = placed). Applied to
leaves and branches placed in pairs on opposite side of
stems, and in contradiction to the description ALTERNATE
(q. vide).

OvaTE (ovum = an egg). Egg-shaped, broader at base.
Obovate represents shape of an egg turned upside down,
and therefore broadest at the apex.

Ovor. Ditto. Egg-shaped.

OvuLe. Vide PisTiLLaTE. An incipient seed.

PECTINATE (pecten = a comb). Applied to trees—e.g. Silver
Firs—whose leaves are arranged like the teeth of a comb.
PEDIcEL and PEDUNCLE (pediculus, petiolus, and pedunculus,
all refer to a little foot). Terms used to describe the

various kinds of foot-stalks.

PEDIcEL. The stalk of a separate flower in a compound
cluster.

PEDUNCLE. The main stalk which joins the cluster to the
twig or branch, or the stalk of a solitary flower or fruit
(e.g. an acorn).

PELTATE (pelta = shield) shield-shape. Applied to leaves,
cones, etc., attached to their stalks by the centre, not the
margins, ¢.g. a mushroom, a Chamacyparis cone, etc.

PERSISTENT (persistere = to continue). Applied to the
length of time leaves and cones of conifers remain on the
tree.

PETIOLE. The stalk of a leaf. Vide PEpiceL.

PuyLioips (Gk. phyllon = leaf). A growth half petiole, half
leaf, used in connection with growths on Japanese
Umbrella Tree. Synonyms: CLapopES, HERBACEOUS
BRANCHLETS (q. vide).

PiInnz2 (pinna = feather).

PINNATE. Shaped like a feather. Applied to leaves arranged
316 GLOSSARY

regularly on each side of a common stem. Vide Br-
PINNATE.

PISTILLATE (pistillum = a pestle; pinso = to pound).
Central part of the flower inside the stamens and con-
-taining ovary, style and stigma, and ovules.

PitTED (puteus = a well). Marked with small depressions.

Pricatus (plicare = to fold like a fan). Plaited lengthwise
like a lady’s fan.

Potrtus (politus = polished). Of shiny and polished appear-
ance. Note Picea Polita.

PoLten (pollen = anything as fine as dust, hence flour, meal,
etc.). The usually yellow male and fertilizing powder
contained in the anthers or top of the stamens.

PRUINOSE (pruina = hoar frost or rime). With the appear-
ance of a plum-like indetachable bloom upon it.

PsEupo (Gk. pseudes = false). Prefix signifying false and
not true to type, ¢.g. pseudo-Tsuja Douglasii, pseudo-
Larix Kcemferi, etc.

PUBESCENT (pubescens = beginning to grow a beard and arrive
at man’s estate). Hairy. Vide Downy, TOMENTOSE.

Putvini (pulvinus =a cushion). Applied to the woody
enlargement at the base of some leaves, e.g. the Spruce.

Pumitus and Pumitio (= dwarf). Applied to dwarf-growing
trees.

PUNGENS (pungere = to penetrate). Implying the convey-
ance of a strong, disagreeable impression to the sense of
smell.

QUINATE ; QuINz (quinque = five). Applied to Pines whose
needle-like leaves grow in bundles of five.

RACEME (racemus = a cluster of grapes). A flower cluster or
inflorescence, where flowers grow on equal-lengthed
flower stalks (or so-called pedicels), and all spring from a
common stalk (or so-called rachis).

Racuis (rachis = spine). The common stalk, or axis, of the
cluster from ‘which the pedicels spring. Vide PEDICEL.

Rapiatus (radius = a spoke of a wheel). Spreading out from
a common centre.

RECEPTACLE (recipere = to receive). The swollen top of a
peduncle, or stalk, from which several flowers start
together.
GLOSSARY 317

RECURVATUS (recurvare = to bend backwards). Curved
back.

REFLEXED (reflectere = to bend back). Bent back.

REPENS (Lat. repere = to creep). Applied to creeping
plants.

REsIN Canats or REsin Ducts. Intercellular spaces running
parallel with the stem and through the leaf. In a trans-
verse section of the leaf they take the form of a circular
opening which is visible under a magnifying glass, or can
be sometimes sufficiently made out by squeezing the
leaf after it has been cut across, when the resin can be
discerned exuding from the ducts. They are differently
placed and vary in number in different trees. Some-
times they are situated close to the edge or the epidermis
of the section of leaf, and then are described as marginal.
In other trees they are placed about half-way between the
centre of the leaf (where the fibro-vascular bundle is
seen), and the outside edge, when they are described
asmedian. For example, the resin canals in the Common
Silver Fir are two in number and marginally placed. In
the Douglas Fir the same, while the P. Laricio (Corsican
and Austrian) have eight medianly placed resin ducts.
The Hemlock spruces have only one placed close to, and
immediately under, the fibro-vascular bundle. In the
Ternate (3-in-a-bundle) Pines and the Quine (5-in-a-
bundle) the resin canals are usually fewer. .

These are some of the more minute characteristics of conifers
that ought to be studied in the transverse section under
magnifying glasses.

RETICULATUS (reticulum = a little net). With small inter-
secting lines like the meshes of a net.

REVOLUTE (re = back ; volvere = to roll). Rolled back out
of the ordinary direction.

RxomBorp (Gk. rhembein = to turn round and round). An
imperfect oval-shaped figure and angular at the middle,
and so a form more or less diamond-shaped.

ScaLes. An expression connected with the word Shell, and
used to denote the scales or thin layers and coverings of
a fish or reptile. Applied botanically to the encrusted
covering of leaf buds and cones,
318 GLOSSARY

Scar (Gk. eschara = a scar produced by burning). Applied
to the mark on the stem left when a leaf has been pulled
off, as in the case of the Abies or Silver Fir. Vide Disk.

SCATTERED. Applied in contradistinction to such terms as
Whorled, Opposite (g. vide).

SEMI. In composition = half.

SEROTINUS (serus = late in the day). Untimely. Applicable
to anything botariically that arrives late or out of season.
Note Pinus Serotina.

SERRATE (serra = a saw). Vide MarRGIN.

SESSILE (sessilis = low, sedere [sessum] = to sit). Growing
close to, and indirectly upon, the stem without a stalk.

SHEATH. Membraneous substance rolled round a stem or
leaf. Vide BASAL SHEATH.

SmootH. Applied more generally to the surface of the twig,
while Glabrous represents freedom from hair attachments.

Sort-woop Pines. Vide FIBRO-VASCULAR and Harp-woop
PINEs.

SPATHULATE or SPATULATE (spatula = a word used in con-
nection with a little spade or druggist’s spatule). Oblong
figure, with lower end very much attenuated.

SPINDLE-SHAPED. Vide FUSIFORM.

Spur: The woody extension from the branchlet of a cedar
bough whence the leaves spring.

SguaMa; SQuaMATA (squama =a. scale). A scaly rudi-
mentary leaf or bract. The covering of a leaf bud. Note
Juniperus Squamata.

Soguamose. Covered with minute scales.

SQUARROSE ; SQUARROUS. Ragged, or rough, with projecting
scales or deflexed leaves.

‘STAMEN ; STAMINATE. One of the male organs of the flower
that produces pollen, having stamens.

Stigma. Vide PIsTILLATE.

StomaTa (Gk. stoma = mouth), Lines of minute breathing-
pores, which give a white or pale-blue tinge to the foliage.

Stone. A hard body or fruit with seed enclosed.

StRIATuS (stria = a ridge between two channels). Striped or
streaked.

Srrictus (strictus = contracted). Very upright or straight.

STROBILE. Vide Cone. j
‘GLOSSARY 319

Sus. In composition signifies somewhat or nearly.

SUBER (suber = cork). Vide Corky. Note Pinus Sylvestris
or Scots Pine.

SUB-SESSILE. Vide SESSILE.

SYLVEstRis (silva = a wood). That grows in a wood. Note
Pinus Sylvestris or Scots Pine.

Syn. In composition = with a growing together.

TaBULIFORM (tabula = a table). In the form of a table, like
the boughs of a cedar tree.

TERETE (terere = to rub smooth). In shape like a lead pencil.

TERNATE (terni = threefold). Growing in threes or whorls
of three. Applied to the Pines that have 3 leaves in a
bundle.

TEsTA (testa = the shell or covering of a testaceous animal).
Hence the skin of a seed.

TETRAGONAL (Gk. tetra = four; gonia = angle). Applied to
the shape of branchlets or twigs.

TOMENTOsSE (tomentum = stuffing for cushions). Vide
PUBESCENCE, Downy, but the Tomentose character is
more associated with an interwoven and matted covering
of hairs on the shoots.

TooTHED. Synonym: Dentate. Vide Marcin.

TREE. A woody perennial plant with a trunk.

Tri (tri = 3). In compound words three.

TRIPINNATE. Three times pinnate. When the leaflets of a
Bipinnate leaf become themselves pinnate. Vide
PINNATE, BIPINNATE.

TRIQUETRAL. Three-sided or three-angled.

TRUNCATE (truncare = to lop off). Cut off at the top.

TUBERCULATA (tuber = a projecting substance, a protuberance
or excrescence). Pinus Tuberculata so-called because
of its cones growing imbedded in trunk and causing
excrescences.

UmBEL (umbella = diminutive of ‘‘umbra,” shade). An
inflorescence which has no common footstalk (or so-called
Rachis) like a Corymb, but has flower-stalks (or so-called
Pedicels) of nearly equal length and radiating from one
centre or stalk.

Uso (umbo = a projection or boss on a shield). The en-
largement on certain cone scales. Vide Boss.
320 GLOSSARY

UNDUuLATE (unda = a wave of thesea). Waved on the surface.

UninopaL. Vide Nove. ,

VALVATE (valva = the leaf of a folding door). United by the
margins only. Meeting at the edges. Opening by
valves like a shell.

VENTRAL. The facial or upper-leaf arrangement on stem,
as opposed to the dorsal or lower, and also the lateral

* leaf arrangerhent. Vide DoRSO-vVENTRAL.

VERTICAL (vertex = any point or summit). Rising in a
perpendicular direction.

VERTICILLATUS (Verticil = diminutive of vortex). Arranged
round in a ring or whorl. Vide WuoRLS.

V-sHAPED. Applied to arrangement of leaves in some of the
Abies, which leave a gap in the centre on upper side of
branchlet, leaving a space in the shape of the letter.

WHORLS (by form of whirl). Where there are more than two
growths of branchlets, flowers, or leaves, borne in a
circle from same nodes or joints.
INDEX

A. Fraseri .

A. Grandis .
A. Homolepis

A. Lasiocarpa

A. Las. var. Arizonica

A. Lowiana

A. Magnifica

A. Magn. var. Shastensis or
Xanthocarpa

A. Mariesii .
A. Nobilis .

A. Nordmanniana

A. Numidica

LATIN DESIGNATION, COLLOQUIAL NAME, PAGES.
Abies or Silver Fir, common
characteristics of . : . . . - 273
ABIES . . ‘ 7 7 . 7 - 274-8, 66,249
A. ‘Amabilis. - Lovely or White Fir 276, 68, 70,
91, 92, 175
A. Balsamea ¥ Balsam Fir or Balm
of Gilead Fir 275» 70, 73.
A. Bals. var. Hudsonia_ . s é é . 275
A. Brachyphylla . 7 Nikko Fir 275; 70, 79-82
A. Brach. var. Umbellata . 7 7 : - 275
A. Bracteata . Bristle Cone . . 274, 68, 70,
2 : 74, 248, 249
A. Cephalonica . : . Santa Lucia or Greek ;
Fir. : « 274,69, 71,72
A. Ceph. var. Apollinis . . . : » 274
A. Ceph. var. Vilmorinii . i : , - 274
A. Cilicia. . . Cilician Fir . 278, 70, 92, 93
A. Concolor White Fir, Balsam 278, 68, 70,
Fir, or Colorado Fir J 77, 95, 175
A. Firma Japanese Fir . 275, 68, 70,

Fraser’s Fir, Southern
or She Balsam Fir 275, 70, 73
White Firor Giant Fir 274, 70, 75,76

Dake-Momi 275, 68, 70,
ree ee 77, 79-82
ub alpina, Rocky
Mtn Fir, Alpine Fir, (278 68, 70,
or Mtn. Balsam Fir} 777 94 95
Cork Fir . . 278, 68, 575
Californian Fir . 278, 68, 70,
79, 77) 95s
274
Red Fir. : - 277, 68, 70,
91, 92
Shasta Red Fir . 2977
Maries’ Fir . 276, 71,90
Noble Fir 277, 68, 70,
- OT, 92,175
Caucasian Fir. 276, 70, 86,:
90, 93
Algerian Fir , .- 278, 68, 70,
92, 93

321
322 INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION. COLLOQUIAL NAME, PAGES,
Axslzs—continued
A. Pectinata ‘ : - Common Silver Fir. 275, 5, 67, 68,
79, Zs: 84-
A. Pect. var. Brevifolia  . - 5 q » 275
A. Pect. var. Columnaris . 5 ‘ - - 275
A. Pect. var. Fastigiata . x . c + 275
A. Pect. var. Pendula . a a : + 275
A. Pect. var. i camsamees
Stricta. . 7 é $ » 275
A. Pect. var. Tortuosa . : , a » 275
A. Pect. var. Virgata : she fe ‘ . 275
A. Pindrow. 5 : . Pindrow or nop 278, 71, 83,
s : layan Fir ‘ 84, 95
A. Pinsapo . : . - Spanish Fir . . 274, 69, 71, 72.
A. Religiosa é . . Mexican Sacred Fir. 276, 68, 71, 88
A. Sachalinensis . . . Saghalien Fir. » 276, 70, 88-90
A. Sach. var. Nemorensis . : . ‘ . 276
A. Sibirica . , . . Siberian Fir , . 276,70, 88,89
A. Veitchii . . Veitch’s Fir . . 276, 70, 91
A. Veitch. var. ‘Olivacea . : 7 - 276
A. Webbiana 2 . . Himalayan orIndian 275, 68, 70,
Silver Fir. 3 82, 83, 84,
95
ABIETIA, vide Ps—UDO-Tsuja DouGLasi
ARAUCARIAS fi 5 . % é c + 305, 226-36
A. Imbricata : é . Chile Pine or Puzzle
Monkey . + 305,4
var. Australian Species. s é ‘ - 305
var. New Zealand Species . ‘i . . + 305
var. South Sea Island Species. : : + 305
ARBOR ViIT#, vide THUYA
Arceuthos, Sub-section of Juniper r . - . 296,188
ATHROTAXIS . . ‘ z é 3 - 304, 198, 207,
217
A. Cupressoides . 5 $ é ‘ ‘ + 304, 208
A. Laxifolia r i f 7 : : + 304, 208
A. Selaginoides . : . King William’s Pine 304, 208
Balfouriana or Fox-Tail Group of Pines. ‘ - 266
Banksia Group of Pines . —-. ' ; 3 . 266, 45
Biota, vide THUYA ORIENTALIS 5 ‘ i - 292
Caryocedrus, Sub-Section of Junipers r ‘ - 206, 193
CEDARS. , 284, 148
C. Atlantica . . | Mt) Atlas or Algerian
Cedar. . 284, 153
C. Deodara “ : .« Deodar Cedar, . 284, 154
C. Libani . . Cedarof Lebanon . 284, 148-53
C. Lib. var. Brevifolia : jog . 284
Cembrez Group of Stone Pines . , , 3 . 265.
Cembroides Group of Nut Pines. 4 . 266, 6, 30-32
CEPHALOTAXUS' , z A ’ . 96, 237, 239,
240, 243,
246

C. Argotenia . ‘ . Podocarpus Insignis 298
INDEX 323

LATIN DESIGNATION. COLLOQUIAL NAME. PAGES.
CrrnaLoraxus—continued
C. Drupacea j 3 . Japanese Cephalo-
taxus . ‘ « 298,241,242
C. Drup. var. Globosa : . . A - 298
C. Drup. var. Sinensis ‘ : : 4 : 298
Cc Fortunei. ‘i % - ChineseCephalotaxus 298, 239
C. Mannii . ‘ 3 - $. Chinese Cephalo-
aie taxus , ‘298
C. Oliveri. ‘ eg . Ceph. Griffithii . 298
C. Pedunculata . . : Japanese . . 298, 241, 242
C, Ped. var. Fastigata : . . z + 298
C. Ped. var. Sphzeralis : . ; . + 298 ‘
Chamecyparis Section . ‘ ‘ ‘ + 290, 169, 174
CRYPTOMERIA : . F + 304, 198, 216~
20
C. Japonica ; A - Kung-Chi’io-Sung or
Peacock Pine » 304, 216
C. Jap. var. Elegans 2 3 3 ‘ - 304, 174, 220
C. Lobbii . ‘ s ° a 3 . + 304
C.Nana . 5 : , A s ; + 304
C. Sinensis . : . C.Fortunei . » 304
C. Spiralis . F 3 : . - 304
CUNNINGHAMIA a : : 5 s ; + 305, 232-6
C. Sinensis . é , .« Sha-Shu ‘ » 305, 232
C. Sin. var. Konishii. $ : . + 305
C. Sin. var. Lanceolata . : . ‘ » 235, 236
CUPRESSUS . : : : ‘ : : - 287, 288, 289,
290, 155-
65
C. Arizonica 5 ‘ . Water Cypress or
Cedar . . . 287,168
C. Cashmeriana . : . Hills of India. . 287,169 |
C. Formosensis  . - . The Giant Cypress of
Formosa . . 290
C. Funebris ‘ : . Chinese Weeping Cy-
press . . . 287, 167
C. Glabra . : : . Smooth Cypress . 287, 168
C. Goveniana z ss . Gowen’s Cypress . 288, 169
C. Lawsoniana . ‘ . Lawson’s Cypress . 289, 161, 169-
71,175,179
180
C. Law. var. Albo-marginata . ; ; . 289
C. Law. var. Allumi.- .-: . : . » 289
C. Law. var. Argentea a é é ; - 289
C, Law. var. Aurea . - z , e . 289
C. Law. var. Aureo-marginata . ‘ ‘ . 289
C. Law. var. Erecta Filiformis . ; 3 . 289
C, Law. var. Erecta Viridis s ‘ ‘ . 289
C, Law. var. Ericoides ; : 3 . . 289
C. Law. var. Filifera. 3 i 3 4 . 289
C. Law. var. Gracilis ‘ ‘ ‘ . 289
C. Law. var. Intertexta . ee Ue : . 289
C. Law. var. Juniperina  . 2 : 3 . 289
C. Law. var. Krameri ‘ ‘ : ‘ . 289
C. Law. var. Lycopodioides 7 . ‘ . 289
C. Law. var. Nana . a : . ‘ » 289
324 - INDEX
LATIN DESIGNATION. COLLOQUIAL NAME. PAGES,
Curressus—continued
C. Law. var. Nana Alba 289
C, Law. var. Nana Glauca, 289
C. Law. var. Patula . 289
C. Law. var. Pendula 289
C. Law. var. Smithii. 289
C. Law. var. Wisseli. 289
C. Law. var. Youngi. ‘ é - - 289
C, Lusitanica . ‘ Mexican Cypress or ee 168, 209,
Cedar of Goa 210
C. Lus. var. Benthami . i 287
C. Lus. var. jes meee - ¥ 5 287
C. Macnabiana Macnab’s Cypress 288, 169
C, Macrocarpa: ; . és - 288, 166, 167
» | C. Macr. var. Crippsii 288
C. Maer. var. Fastigiata ‘i . 288
C. Macr. var. Guadalupensis 3 . 288
C. Macr. var. Lambertiana 288
C, Macr. var. Lutea . 288
é & Macr. var. Variegata ‘ a 288
. Nootkatensis . e llo w, it k a,o
Nootka Soaad 289, 164, 172,
Cypress 175
C. Noot. var. Argento-variegata . ‘ 288
C. Noot. var. Compacta 288
C. Noot. var. Glauca - 288
C. Noot. var. Lutea . . 288
C. Noot. var. Pendula 7 : i 288
C. Obtusa . Hinoki Cypress 290, 172
C, Obt. var. Aurea ‘ ‘ ° 290
C. Obt. var. Breviramea 290
C. Obt. var. Compacta 290
C. Obt. var. Crippsii .. 290
Cc. Obt. var. Erecta . 290
C. Obt. var. Keteleeri 290
C. Obt. var. Lycopodioides 2.90
C. Obt. var. Pendula : 290
C. Obt. var. Pygmza. ‘ 290
C, Obt. var. seca Aurea, : . 290,173
C, Pisifera . A « Sawara Cypress + 290, 172
C. Pis. var. Aurea ‘ x * . + 290
C. Pis. var. Filifera . a 7 290
C. Pis. var. Plumosa. e é - 290
é C. Pis. var. Squarrosa 7 < z + 290, 172, 176
. Sempervirens . Roman, Italian, or
z Mediterranean Cy- aa 157, 166,
press . ‘ j 7
C. Thyoides 3 White Cedar . 289, 173
C. Thy. var. Ericoides : a 289
C, Thy. var. Glauca . 289
C. Thy. var. Hovegi . 289
C. Thy. var. Leptoclada 289, 174
C. Thy. var. Nana . 289
C. Thy. var. Variegata - 289
Himalayan, Bhotan,

C. Torulosa. é .

or Twisted Cypress 287, 165-7
INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION.
Deciduous Cypress, vide Taxodinz

Eu-Cupressus Section

Eu-Picea . :
Eu-Thuya Section .

Fitzroya :
F. Patagonica
Fox-Tail Pines

Gerardiane Group of Plane Bark Pines

Hemlock Spruce, vide Tsuga
Hespero Peuce Section

Junipers, other names of .

JUNIPERS
I: es Mountain Cedar
. Chinensis

. . - Chinese Juniper

J. Chin. var. Albo-variegata ‘ ‘ .

J. Chin. var. Aurea . 7

J. Chin. var. Japonica

J. Chin. var. Sargentii

J. Chin. var. Spheerica é 3 <
ini y r Common Juniper

. Com, var. Alpina . : ;

Com. var. Aurea .

J. Com. var. Compressa.

Jj. Com. var. Echiniformis .

J. Com. var. Fastigiata

J..Com. var. Hemispherica

J. Com. var. Nana ‘

J. Conferta .
J. Drupacea Syrian Juniper
J. Excelsa . Greek Juniper

J. Ex. var. Perkinsii
J. Ex. var. Stricta
J. Formosana .

J. Oxycedrus
J. Pachyphloea

“OT: 2’u-peh-shu 7
Prickly Juniper

Chequer-Barked
Juniper
J. Pach. var. Conspicua 2 -
J. Pach. var. Elegantissima
J. Pach. var. Ericoides
J. Phoenicia - . 7
J. Ph. var. Filicaulis. ‘ 5
J. Ph. var. Langoldiana . - e
j. Ph. var. Turbinata ;
J. Procumbens . ‘ ‘
a J. Recurva. .

COLLOQUIAL NAME.

Litoralis (Hai-Nezu)

Pheenician Juniper .

‘Himalayan Juniper ,

325

PAGES.

287, 288, 165-
9

280, 104, 105
291, 174-80

305
305, 4, 185
2, 29, 30

266, 23

283

195

294-7, 157,
185-95

297

295, 190, 191

295

295

295

295

295

297, 192

297

297

297

207

297

297

297

297, 194

296, 188, 192

294, 190, IQI,
192

294

294

297

297, 189, 190,
193

295, 190, 192
295

295

295

294,190 ,
294

294

294

296

296, 190
326

INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION.
JUNIPERS—continued

J. Rigida

J. Sabina

J. Sab.
J. Sab.
J. Sab.
J. Sab.

var. Humilis a
var. Prostrata
var. Tamariscifolia
var. Variegata

J. Scopulorum
J. Squamata

J. Taxifolia y . 5
J. Thurifera 3 : ‘i

J. Virginiana 3 7

a ttt td

Virg

J. Virg.

Virg.
. Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
Virg.
. var. Tripartita

var, Aureo-Spica .
var. Aureo-Variegata
var. Bedfordiana .
var. Contracta

var. Dumosa ,

var. Elegantissima
var. Glauca .

var. Humilis

var. Schottii

var. Scopulorum 5

COLLOQUIAL NAME.

Jap. Representative
of J. Communis,
‘Tz’u-peb-shu ”
English or Common}
Savin . ‘
Dwart .
J. Hudsonica .

Mountain Red Cedar
“Fragrant Fir” or
“ Fragrant Green
Fir”. . .

Spanish “or Incense

Juniper
Red or Pencil’ Cedar

t

var. Triomphe d’ Angers

J. Wallichiana

KETELEERIAS.
K. Davidiana

K. Fortunei ‘:

Larch Cones . .
Larch, newly discovered .

Larcu .

L. Alaskensis
L. Americana

L. Cajanderi . 5

L. Dahurica : .
Geog. var. Japonica .
Geog. var. Olgensis .
Geog. var. Hupprechtit

L. Europea . e.

L. Eur.

L. Eur.

var. Pendula.
var. Pendulina ‘

Black Juniper or a
Pseudo-Sabina .

Yusan (Chinese) or
279

’Shima-Momi
(Japan) .

Tamarack or "Hack-
matack .

Dahurian Larch |
Common Larch :

PAGES.

297
294, 188, 189,
190, I9I
294
294
294
294
295

296, 189
297

294, 189
295, 199, 191,
192

295

295

295

295

295

295

295

295

295

295

295

295

295, 190
279, 96, 248

279
147

144

285, 286, 132-
7

145

285, 140

145

285, 139, 140

285, 144, 145

285, 144, 145

285, 144, 145

285, 1327,
139

285

285 ~
INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION.

Larcu—continued
L. Fortunei, vide L. Kaemferi
L. Griffithii. P

L. Kaemferi or Fortunei 5

Kurilensis
Leptolepis
Lyalli .

. Mastersiana
Occidentalis

Pendula .
Potanini.
Sibirica . 7
Libocedrus Section .
LIBOCEDRI .
L. Austro-Caledonica
L. Bidwilli . « - 7
L, Chilensis ss .
L. Decurrens :

Poppe

pre

L. Dec. var. Veneene
L. Doniana_, : 7

L. Macrolepis

L. Papuana

L. Tetragona 3
Longevity of Trees .

327

COLLOQUIAL NAME. PAGES.

Himalayan or Sik-| 286, 141, 143,

kim Larch . 144
ChineseGolden Larch
or Japanese Kara-} 286, 143, 144
Matsu. ‘
Kurile Larch . 286, 138, 141
Japanese Larch 285, 138
Lyall’s Larch . 286, 138, 140,
142
144, 145
Western Larch of 285, 138, 140
America I4t
- 285, 140
Chinese Larch . 286, 144, 145
Russian Larch 285, 138
293

‘ - Fs + 293, 181-6

5 ‘ . - 293

ri 3 . - 293

: 7 . - 293, 185

L. Craigiana, Incense
Cedar, White Cedar
of California, Bas-
tard or Post Cedar

New Zealand Arbor
Vite (Native name
Kawaka Arbor Vite) 293

293,

293

293,

205

293, 181-4

293

185

Native name Alerce 185

Omorica, or Flat-leaved Section of Picez or Spruce Trees 104, 106, 119—

Oxycedrus, Sub-Section of Juniper .

Picez or Spruce Trees, characteristics of

Pickz . .
P. Ajanensis
P. Alba

P. Alba var. Albertiana

P. Alba var. Arctica.

Pp. Alba var. Aurea Coerulza

P. Alba var. Compacta.

P. Alba var. Echiniformis .
P. Albertiana a : a
P. Alcockiana . <

P. Bicolor, vide P. Alcockiana
P. Breweriana . A =

23, 282
297

28

102, 280-2

Microsperma or a 282, 106, 121
Spruce 122

White Spruce . 280, 106
‘ : . 280
280
280
280
. 280
Alberta WhiteSprace 281, 106
Alcock’sSpruce (Jap. | 280, 105, 106,
name Traimoni) 110-13
Weeping American
and Brewer's
' 5 Spruce . 282 122
328

INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION.

Piczez—tontinued
P. Engelmanni . . .
P. Excelsa .

Ex.
Ex.
Ex.
Ex.

re Po rd a

nih

var.
var.
var.
var.
. var.
. var.
. var.
. Var.
. var.

. Var.
Glehnii és ‘
Hondoensis . S .

Aurea .
Clanbrassiliana
Dicksoni.

Eremita var. Gigantea

Globosa Nana.
Inverta . «
Pendula .
Remontii
Stricta
Virgata .

Maximowiczii .
Morinda, vide P. Smithiana
Morindoides or Spinulosa .

COLLOQUIAL NAME,

Engelmann’s Spruce
Common or Norway

Spruce

Red Yezo Spruce

Hondo Spruce

E. Himalayan
Sikkim Spruce

‘P. Nigra < P. Mariana, Black,
Swamp, Bog, or
Muskeg Spruce
P. Obovata. Siberian Spruce
P. Omorica . . Servian Spruce
P. Orientalis 2 Caucasian or Oriental
Spruce 5
P. Polita . » Tiger-Tail Spruce
P, Pungens Colorado Spruce
P. Pung. var. Argentea . , f
P. Pung. var. Glauca Annesleyana .
P. Pung. var. Kosteriana . Glauca Pendula
P. Pung. var. Parryana Glauca .
P. Pung. var. Prostrata
P, Pung. var. Sargentii
P. Pung. var. Tabuliformis : :
P. Rubra Red Spruce
P. Shrenkiana Shrenk’s Spruce

P. Sitchensis

P. Smithiana

P. Spinulosa, vide P. Morindoides

Pinaster Group of Pines . .

PINES .

P. ‘Albicaulis
P, Aristata .

Sitka,

Morinda,

Menzies,

Tideland Spruce
Khutrow,
or Weeping Hima-
layan Spruce

*y

White Bark Pine. :

Awned Pine, Bristle
Cone Pine, Hickory

Pine .

PAGES.

281, 106, TIO
281, 106, 114,
115, 116

281

281

281

281

281

281

281

281

281

281

281, 106, 113

282, 106, 111,
Ii2, I25
122

280, 106, 113

282, 122

281, 106, 116,
117

281, 113, 114
282, 120, 121

281, 106, I14

280, 106, IIo,
113

280, 106, 109,
110, 175

280

280

280, 109

280

280

280

280

281, 106, 113,-

116 /
280, 106, 108
282, 106, 120,

I2I, 122

280, ro6, 108,
122

271,
53

264-72

265, 6, 22

266, 2, 3, 22,
29, 30

45, 52,

t
LATIN DESIGNATION,

Pines—continued
P. Armandi

P. Ayacahuite . .

INDEX

COLLOQUIAL NAME.

Armand’s Pine é

Mexican White Pine

P. Ay. var. Buonapartea or Veitchii

P. Ay. var. Strobiformis
P. Balfouriana

P. Banksiana

P. Bungeana
P. Canariensis
P. Cembra .

P. Cembra var. Pumila

P. Cembra var. Sibirica
P. Cembroides -
P. Contorta 5 z

P, Cont. var. Murreyana is . ij
P. Coulteri . 7 Coulter’s Pine or
P. Macrocarpa
P. Densiflora . . Japanese Red Pine
(‘‘ Aka-matso ’’)
P. Divaricata, vide P. Banksiana .
P. Echinata (or Mitis) . Short-Leaf, Eastern
Yellow, or seme
Pine. °
P. Edulis . Two-Leat Nut Pine
P. Excelsa . Himalayan, Blue or
Bhotan Pine
P. Flexilis . Limber Pine . :
P. Gerardiana Gerard’s Pine. .
P. Halepensis Aleppo or Jerusalem
: Pine .
P, Hal. var. Brutia . Pyrenaica and Cala-
brian Pine .

P, Inops (or Virginiana)
P. Insignis or Radiata .
P, Koraiensis .«
P. Lambertiana .

P. Laricio , ‘
P. Lar. var. Aurea
P. Lar. var. Nigricans
P. Lar. var. Pallasiana
P. Lar. var. Pumila .
P. Lar. Pygmy varieties
P. Lar. var. Tenuifolia

Fox-Tailed Pine .

P. Divaricata, Jack,
Grey, Scrub, and
Black Pine .

Lace Bark Pine é

Canary Island Pine.

Alpine, Arolla, or
Swiss Pine .

Three-Leaf Nut Pine

Lodge-Pole, Beach,
Scrub, Oregon, or
Bolanderi Pine

. Jersey or Scrub Pine

Monterey Pine :

Korean Pine . .

eae
Sugar Pi .

. Corsican Pine. ‘

Austrian Pine

. * . © ’

‘|

329

PAGES,

266, 4, 14, 15,
Ig, 20

264, 6, 12, 13,
14

264, 14

264, 14

266, 2, 3, 22,
29, 30

270, 45, 51, 65
266, 23, 24-7

269, 44

265, 19, 20
265, 3, 20, 64

265
266, 2, 3, 31

271, 63, 65

271, 63

268, 6, 13, 37,
38, 51

271, 58, 59

270, 46, 47,
51, 65

266, 30, 31

264, 4, 9, 10,
I2, 13, 20

265, 3, 21, 23

266, 23, 24,
27, 28

270, 47, 48

270, 48
270, 45,
65
268, 35,

49,
41, 49
265, 18, 19, 20

59%

264, 6, 12, 13,

14
272, 59, 60, 61
272°
272, 62
272
272
272
272
330 INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION. COLLOQUIAL NAME, PAGES,
Pinres—continued
P. Leucodermis .. . . Herzogovinian Pine 272, 59, 62
P. Mitis, vide P. Echinata .
P. Monophylla* . ‘ - One-Leaf Nut Pine. 266, 31
P. Montana : - Mountain Pine - 271, 63, 64, 65
P. Mont. var. Mughus’ 5 : P . - 271
P. Mont. var. Pumilio ‘ é ‘ : . 271,21, 64
P. Mont. var. Rotundata . : ‘ e . 271
P. Mont. var. Uncinata  . : . : . 271
P. Montezumz . - Montezuma Pine . 267, 33, 34
P. Mont. var. Hartwegii ‘ 7 a - - 267, 34
P. Mont. var. Lindleyi : % - 267
P. Mont. var. Rudis Devoniana , ‘ ‘ . . 267
P. Mont. var. Russelliana . 5 a 5 . 267

P. Monticola . 7 . Idaho, Montana,
Western WhitePine 264, 9, 10, 12

P. Muricata . 7 + Bishop’s, Obisco, } 270, 39, 40-5,
Prickly Cone Pine 48, 49, 50
P. Palustris . 7 . Long-leaved or ,
SouthernPitchPine 269, 43, 44
P. Patula . yi < . Mexican Pine. . 269, 34, 41,
42, 43
P.’Parryana P ‘ . Four-leaf Nut Pine
(P. Quadrifolia) . 266, 31
P. Parviflora . Japanese White Pine 264
P. Parv. var. Pentaphylla . Hondo, Yezzo, Kurile 264
P. Peuke . a Macedonian Pine . 264,9, 10, 12.
P. Pinaster . < - Maritime or Cluster
: Pine . . + 271,47, 54, 55
P. Pin. var. Aberdoniz 5: F » 291
P. Pin. var. Hamiltoni ss 5 : é » 271
P. Pin. var. Lemoniana . és : 2 +» 271
P. Pinea . ‘ . Stone or Pin de Be 271, 9, 17,
sol Pine 5 . 54, 55
P. Ponderosa 3 . - Yellow, Buff, or Wes-
tern Pitch Pine . 268, 38, 43
P. Pon. var. Arizonica ‘ . 3 . 268
P. Pon. var. Jeffreyi , ‘ 3 ‘ . 268, 38
P. Pon. var. Macrophylla . ‘ r : . 268
P. Pon. var. Mayriana - és ‘i ‘i - 268
P. Pon. var. Scopulorum . , a ‘ « 268
P. Pseudo-Strobus . 7 - . ‘ - 267, 33
P. Pungens Hin og, . Hickory and Table

Mountain Pine . 270, 46, 49,50
P. Quadrifolia, vide P. Parryana
P. Radiata, vide P. Insignis

P. Resinosa 7 . RedorCanadian Pine 272, 53, 59 -

P. Rigida . ‘ : . North Pitch Pine . 269, 40, 42, 43

P. Sabiniana 3 . Digger or Bull Pine. 268, 637, 38,

51 :

P. Serotina . . . - Pond Pine . -. 260,44

P, Strobus . ‘ 3 . Weymouth Pine a 264, 4, 8, 9,
Eastern White Pine Io, 12

P, Sylvestris : @ . Scots Pine . + 271,.55-7, 59

P. Teda . , ‘i - Loblolly, Torch, or .

Frankincense Pine 269, 44
INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION,

PINEs—continued
P. Teocote .

P. Thunbergii .

P. Tuberculata .

P. Torreyana . .

P. Virginiana, vide P. Inops .
Podocarpe, Sub-Tribe  . ,
PopocaRPs

P, Alpinus .
P. Chilinus .
P. Dacrydoides
P. Ferrugineus
P. Macrophylla

P. Mac. var. Augustifolius.
P. Mac. var. Grandifolius .
P. Mac. var. Maki

P. Nageia . s .

P. Neriifolius . jj

P. Nubigenus.
P. Totara ‘3
PRUMNOPITYS

P. Elegans . .
P. Elegans var. " Spicata
Pseudo Strobus Group of Pines
Pszupo-Tsuja DouGLasi1
Ps. Ts. Douglasii ‘ 3

Ps. Ts. Doug. var. Colorado
Ps. Ts. Doug. var. Fretsu .
Ps. Ts. Doug. var. Pendula
Ps. Ts. Doug. var. Stairii .
Ps. Ts. Doug. var. Taxifolia
Ps. Ts. Japonica .
Ps. Ts. Macrocarpa

Sabina Sub-Section

Salisburinez Tribe .

SAXEGOTHEA CONSPICUA .
S. Conspicua

ScIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA
S. Verticillata

Sequoia, vide Taxodinee
Strobi Group .of White Pines

331
COLLOQUIAL NAME. PAGES.
Leiophylla, Macro-
phylla, or Twisted
Leaf Pine . 269, 34, 42 _

272, 47, 58, 59

Japanese Black Pine
268, 39, 40, 49

Knob Cone Pine

267, 32, 35
301
301, 237, 238,
239, 240,
_ 243-9
Victoriaand Tasmania 301
Chili ‘ + 301, 244
‘ 301
3 ‘ » 301
“ Kusi-maki,’’ “ Inu-
maki,” ‘ Hon-Ma-
ki,” “ Maki” 301, 244
‘ F 4 . 301
- 301
- 302
:, ‘ 3 - 30%
P. Macrophylla var.
Acutissima, or
Oleander Podocarp 301, 245
: e ‘ + 301,244

301, 244, 245
302, 237, 238,
239, 244, 260

Podocarpus Andina 302
‘ ‘i ‘ + 302, 161
267, 32
‘ , , + 279, 97-101
2 iene Taxifolia
er.), Douglas
Bir, Oregon arvel. 279 75» 97-
low Fir, Puget TOF, 143
Sound Pine
Red Fir . 279, 97-101
Pi ; 279
279
279
279
279
279
294-6
298, 299

302, 237, 238

302, 161, 262

303, 198

Japanese Umbrella} 303, 144, 221—
Pine ‘‘ Koza-maki”’ 5

Prince Albert’ s Yew

264, 8, 15
332 INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION, COLLOQUIAL NAME, PAGES.
Tadz Group of Pines. A ‘ ‘ é . 268, 269, 35
TaxXACcEZ ‘i c a é: ‘i A + 300, 237-59

Taxus Baccata . si . Common Yew + 300, 250
T. Bacc. var. Adpressa.. . 7 e + 300
T. Bacc. var. Adpressa Aurea . z : + 300
T. Bacc. var. Barroni : ‘ ‘ ‘ + 300
T. Bacc. var. Brevifolia . Pacific Coast Yew . 300
T. Bacc. var. Canadensis . Canadian Yew . 300
T. Bacc. var. Dovastonii . Westfelton Yew . 300 ,
T. Bacc. var. Ericoides . . ‘ - 300
T. Bacc. var. Fastigiata . Irish or Florence
: Court Yew . + 300, 259
T. Bacc. var. Fast. sub-var.
Chesthunteénsis . Z . . . + 300
T. Bacc. var. Floridana . Florida . 7 » 300
T. Bacc. var. Fructu-Lutea é ‘ s . 300
T. Bacc. var. Glauca . : . 7 - 300
T. Bacc. var. Globosa . Mexican Yew. . 300
T. Bacc. var. Naha . : 3 : P » 300
T. Bacc. var. Pendula 3 : . . . 300
T. Bacc. var. Prostrata . F 6 3 . 300
T. Bacc. var. Recurvata . : s ‘ - 300
T. Bacc. var. Semper Aurea, : . . + 300
Taxus Cuspidata . 7 . Japanese Yew,

‘“Kuan-yin-sha,”
The Fir of the
Goddess of Mercy 300

T. Cusp. var. Chinensis . “ Hiaaeg osha” 300
T. Cusp. var. Densa or Globosa . fi 3 . 300
T. Cusp. var. Nana . ‘ 7 . 7 - 300
TAXODINER . ‘ ‘ - . 3 < . 303, 196-225
Sequoia Gigantea . . Wellingtonia . . 303, 198, 200~
205,
Sequoia Sempervirens . - Red Wood. + 303, 198, 199—
201
Seq. Semp. var. Adpressa . é 5 , - 303
Seq. Semp. var. Albo-spica ‘ 3 ‘ + 303
Seq. Semp. var. Glauca. : : : » 303
Seq. Semp. var. Pendula . ‘ é . - 303
Seq. Semp. var. Taxifolia . : 7 5 + 303
Taxodium Distichum s . Deciduous Cypress . 303,{198, 209-
Tuujopsis BoREALIS. . Yellow, Sitka, or Noot-
ka Sound Spruce. 289
T. Bor. var. Argento-variegata . c ‘ . 289
T. Bor. var. Compacta . . 2 . . 289
T. Bor. var. Glauca . ; : . ‘ . 289
T. Bor. var. Lutea . ‘ 3 a < . 289
T. Bor. var. Pendula i : ; . . 289
Tuujorsis DoLOBRATA . 7 5 . : + 292
T. Dolobrata . . . Japanese Thuya, Hiba, 292, 164,177,
pecans Asuki 180
T. Dol. var. Hondai . 2 = ° » 292
T. Dol. var. Letevirens or Nana. < s a - 292

T. Dol. var. Variegata . ° . . + 292
INDEX

LATIN DESIGNATION,

TuHuyas.
T. Gigantea, vide T. Plicata
T. Japonica .

T. Occidentalis

Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ.
Occ. var.
. Occ. var.
— Orientalis

Aurea
Buchanini
Ellwangeriana
Erecta . ‘
Ericoides
Lutea
Pendula
Plicata .
Plumosa
Speethii .
Verveana
Warreana

var.
var,
var,
var.
var.
var,
var.
var.
var.
var.

oepeenhpiienn

. Aurea
. Decussata

. Meldensis
. var. Pendula .
T. Plicata or Gigantea .

T. Sutchuensis
ToRREYAS

T. Californica
T. Grandis .
T. Nucifera.

T. Taxifolia

Tsuca or HEMLock SPRUCES
. Adbertiana ‘ ‘i
Brunoniana

Canadensis

Caroliniana

Chinensis

. Diversifolia

. Pattoniana

HAHAHAHA

T. Sieboldii.
Wellingtonia, vide Taxodine

Yew, vide Taxaceze

: Aureo-variegata

COLLOQUIAL NAME,

333
PAGES,
157

Japanese Arborvite) 291, 177, 178,

or T, Standishii
Western Arborvite

Chinese Arborvitee “

. Argento-variegata . 5 . .

. Ericoides Retinispora

3 Thuya Filiformis

Giant Thuya, Western
Red Cedar, Canoe
Cedar of Oregon,
Lobb’s Arbor Vite

Californian Nutmeg
Chinese Torreya
Japanese Torreya
or ‘“‘ Kaya”
The Stinking Cedar
of Florida .
Western Hemlock .
Himalayan Hemlock
Hemlock Spruce
Carolina Hemlock .
Japanese Hemlock .
Hooker’s, Patton’s, or
Mertensiana Hem-
lock . .
Siebold’s Hemlock .

179

291, 165, 176,
178,179,180

291

291

291

291

291

291

291

291

201

2901

291

291

292, 176,177,
179

292

292

292

292

292

292

292

291, 165, 178

291

299, 237, 240,
246-9

299, 247

299, 247

299, 247

299

124

283, 130
283, 130, 131
283, 127, 130
283, 130, 131
283

283, 130, 131

283, 129
283, 130, 131
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