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B.—Special helps and denominational mission study literature for this course can be obtained by corresponding with the Secretary of your mission board or society. HOWARD B, GROSE ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES THE NEW ERA IN CUBA AND PORTO RICO By HOWARD B. GROSE AvtHor oF ALIENS OR AMERICANS? ies nv Esta es la tierra mas hermosa que ojos hayon visto. This is the most beautiful land that eyes have seen.—CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, NEW YORK YOUNG PEOPLE’S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 1910 5 ‘BY AGYS G&7 tow 0204S CopyRIGHT, I9I0, BY Younc Propte’s Missionary Movement or THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA iv Cube Piyto Reco TO THE MISSIONARIES AMERICAN AND NATIVE CONSECRATED MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE GIVEN THEIR LIVES TO THE EVANGELIZATION OF CUBA AND PORTO RICO CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE II Til IV VI VII Q We gyi Preface). .c-fididenneeds a kone Swine Ecc ataaeaees saiheese> Cord PART ONE—CUBA Under Spanish Rule ........ ce cece cece e eee e ewes 3 Cuba, Libte? ive a aaech aces huss eee eens 31 The People and Their Life ..................62. 65 Cuba as a Mission Field .......... cece cece cece 99 PART TWO—PORTO RICO Past and Present in Porto Rico ............006. 135 The Island and Its People .................005. 167 The Missionary Outlook ..............0 eee eeeeee 195 APPENDIXES Aids to the Pronunciation of Spanish Words.... 229 Interesting Facts for Reference Drawn from the Census: Of 1907 . scseeicvissancdd ss esse seceows » 230 Marriage Restrictions and Roman Catholic Church Acquisition of Property ............ceee eee eee 235 Population of Porto RicO .........ceee scence 238 Bibliography ....... cece cee ee eter ence eee nees 239 Statistics of Protestant Missions in Cuba and Porto Ried: 2 pases ote Sadie ds eet hee ees 244 Tidex .cccccceccecccccescesseceseeseeteeenvenees 247 vii ILLUSTRATIONS Howard B. Grose ........ cece eee ee ccc e eee ees Frontispiece Cathedral, Havana, Where Columbus Was Buried..Page 7 Cathedral, Santiago. .......... 0c. ccc eee ee cece eee uee . 7 Morro Castle and Lighthouse, Havana ............ re aR Columbus Park, Havana .............cccccececeeee “93 Harbor; Havana 22.62. ceeds cus anewueceueaanueans s ms egg. Docks, Havana sev wduewes ae eau sedeseles seaxeeee es i 5B Cuban Laborers—Four Nationalities ............... “690 Market-place, Santiago .......... ccc ccc cec ccc eeeees “69 Types: of Cuban: ‘Gitls: ssewe's osc sc eeesnsieng eee acnsunieve “95 Courting im Cuba. a cccaswwaga tines adeaseee cascade “83 Courtyard of a Wealthy Cuban Home ............. “83 Bull-fight of the Past ...........ccceseecececceceve “87 Cock-fighting of the Present ............. cee ee cece “8&7 Pottery Class, Brooks Institute, Guantanamo, Cuba... “ rit Basket Weaving, Brooks Institute, Guantanamo, Cuba “ rir First Converts at Pinar del Rio, Cuba .............. “21 First National Convention of Young People’s So- cieties and Sunday Schools, 1906, Matanzas, Cuba. “ 121 Cockpit that Became This Church Site .......... “131 Baptist Church, Guantanamo, Cuba ................ OO Tar Village Street in the Interior ..............-0..0ee “147 Farming with Stick Plow and Oxen ............... “147 Blanche Kellog Institute, Santurce, Porto Rico .... “ I9I International Schools, El Cristo, Cuba ............. “IO Open-air: Meetings srcow veces Mead Soest waecee' sts “amr Preaching to Children ..........:ceecceeeeece sexes BIT Illustrations Presbyterian Hospital, San Juan, Porto Rico ...... “ 215 St. Luke’s Hospital, Ponce, Porto Rico ......-..--+ “215 First Presbyterian Church, Aguadilla, Porto Rico.. “ 223 United Brethren Church, Ponce, Porto Rico........ “ 223 Colored Map of Cuba and Porto Rico ........066. 5 End PREFACE OR Cuba and Porto Rico this is a new era. As a result of the Spanish-American War (1898- 1900), both islands passed from Spanish rule. Cuba was guaranteed her independence by the United States, which had waged war on her behalf and that of human liberty. Porto Rico, through the issue of that war, became a possession, of the United States. In both islands the breaking away from the op- pressive government of Spain was accompanied by a breaking away from the not less oppressive ec- clesiastical rule of the Romish Church. Religious liberty was not less welcome to the people than civil liberty. The new order opened the door wide for the American Protestant missionaries, and they entered at once the new fields. The character of the new era in these island neighbors will be determined in no small degree by the character of the influence exerted upon them by the people of the United States who trade with them, visit them, or permanently settle among them. Of the latter, the missionaries will form by far the most important factor. The purpose of this volume is to familiarize our people with the past and present of the islands, and x1 Preface to show what has been accomplished and what it is hoped to accomplish through the missionary agencies sustained by American Protestants. The author gratefully acknowledges his debt to many missionaries of various denominations, to secretaries of mission boards, to tourist friends and others who have given information and aid. He is especially indebted to Mr. Harry Wade Hicks, General Secretary of the Young People’s Mission- ary Movement, who placed at his disposal the rec- ord of his Cuban tour of investigation; to J. Milton Greene, D. D., Superintendent of Presbyterian Missions in Havana and Western Cuba; to H. R. Moseley, D. D., Superintendent of Baptist Missions in Eastern Cuba, who arranged for him a mission- ary tour of the island; and to the Rev. George F, Wells, who rendered valuable service in gathering material concerning Porto Rico. Cuba and Porto Rico can and must be evangel- ized. May this volume serve to further this great end. Howarp B. Grose. New York, April, r9ro. xii PART I-CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE The means for establishing the Falth In the Indies should be the same as those by which Christ introduced his religion into the world,—mild, peaceable, and charitable; humility; good examples of a holy and regular way of living. The Devil could not have done more mischief than the Spaniards have done in distributing and despoiling the coun- tries, In their rapacity and tyranny; subjecting the natives to cruel tasks, treating them like beasts, and persecuting those especially who apply to the monks for instruction. —Two of the Thirty Propositions of Las Casas, Spanish defender of the Indians, companion of Columbus. It is a government of the Spaniards, by the Spaniards, for the Spaniards. I have spoken of it as inquisitorial. It is a government by the police. Every one lives under constant espionage. —James W. Steele If there be a fact to which all experience testifies, it {s that, when a country holds another in subjection, the individuals of the ruling people who resort to the foreign country to make their fortunes are of all others those who most need to be held under powerful restraint. They think the people of the country mere dirt under their feet; it seems to them monstrous that any rights of the natives should stand in the way of their smallest pretensions; the simplest act of protection to the in- habitants, against any act of power on their part which they may consider useful to their commercial interests, they de- nounce and sincerely regard as an injury. —John Stuart Mill Spain’s colonial policy was, in every instance, the cause of Cuban revolt. In that policy, she violated a fundamental prin- ciple of government. She assumed that the subject existed solely for the benefit of the sovereign. In establishing her colony she sought only her own financial advantage. Other colonizing countries learned, through experience, the folly of such a policy. Spain never Tearned it, and has now lost her insular possessions. —A, G. Robinson IT UNDER SPANISH RULE I. PERIOD oF DISCOVERY A Beautiful Land. “The most beautiful land that human eyes ever beheld!” exclaimed Christo- pher Columbus, as he looked for the first time upon the coast of Cuba. It was also the first land of im- portance discovered by him in the western world. First New World Discovery. To understand how the great explorer came upon Cuba, we must recall his first voyage. Seventy-one days after the little caravels set sail from Spanish port (August 2, 1492), when hope was almost gone and mutiny was in the air, a keen-eyed lookout spied the land by moonlight, two hours before the dawn; and in the early morning the Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nifia were lying at anchor near the little island called by the natives Guanahani, renamed by Co- lumbus San Salvador (the Savior) as he ated and claimed it for Spain.* Spain’s Sovereignty. That day (October 12, 1492) began Spain’s sovereignty in the Western 1. Whether this island was the Cat Island of to-day, or Watling’s Island, of the Bahama group, is in controversy. The evidence favors Watling’s Island. 5 6 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES hemisphere—a sovereignty that was to last for four hundred years and that put a blight upon every acre covered by the Spanish claims and occupation. The Natives and Columbus. The natives wel- comed the strangers as messengers from heaven. Columbus was too tactful to undeceive them. In his journal he writes: “In order to win the friend- ship and affection of that people, and because I was convinced that their conversion to our holy faith would be better promoted through love than through force, I presented some of them with red caps and some strings of glass beads and other trifles that delighted them and by which we have got a wonder- ful hold on their affections.”” Thus the missionary motive was declared by the discoverer at the begin- ning. Had Columbus only held to this course of treatment and inspired all Spaniards to imitate him in it, how different would have been the history of America! The same motive was professed when he tore some of the natives from their families and homes and carried them with him: “It is my con- viction that they. would easily become Christians, for they seem not to have any sect. If it please our Lord, I will take six of them from here to your Highnesses on my departure, that they may learn to speak.’ It was purely for their own good, not their value as slaves, that they were to be taken. After describing the peaceful and evidently re- 1 Discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus; bridged by Las Casas. American History as Told by Con- icmporarics, 35. CATHEDRAL, HAVANA, WHERE COLUMBUS WAS BURIED CATHEDRAL, SANTIAGO UNDER SPANISH RULE 7 ligious people, the journal continues: “Afterward I returned to the ship and set sail, and saw so many islands that I could not decide to which one I should go first, and the men I had taken told me by signs that there were more than one hundred of them. In consequence I looked for the largest one and determined to make for it, and I am so doing.” Cuba Discovered. And it was in so doing that Columbus, in his quest of gold, came a fortnight later to discover Cuba. After winding in and out among the Bahamas, on the 26th of October he en- tered the harbor of Nuevitas, on the northern coast, and on the 28th took possession in the name of Spain, naming the land Juana,’ in honor of the Spanish crown prince. He was charmed with the marvelous beauty of the landscape. The mountains seemed to him like those of Sicily. When the na- tives pointed to the interior and said “Cubanacan,” Columbus readily supposed they meant Kublai Khan, because he had that Oriental monarch in his mind, and now he was sure he had reached Cipango (Japan), the land of his desire and of untold riches. The wealth of the Indies seemed within his grasp. Providential Adjustments. Providence works in strange ways. (There seems to be no doubt that x. Cuba has borne successively the names of Juana, in honor of Prince John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella; Fernandina, Santiago, and Ave Maria, coming back finally to the aborigi- nal name, Cuba (pronounced Coo’-ba by the Cubans). 8 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES the flight of a flock of land birds, in conjunction with the discontent of his crews, diverted Colum- bus’ course so that he first sighted and landed upon an insignificant island instead of upon the Florida coast, to which Spain would then have had first claim as discoverer, with all the consequences en- suing. Through that turn southward Spain gained Cuba and San Domingo and lost North America, while Columbus never touched the mainland at all. Columbus Honored in Cuba. Leaving the isl- and, Columbus passed on to San Domingo, which he named Hispaniola, and fixed upon as the site of a colony of which he should be ruler on his return from Spain. Thereafter his attention was centered upon Hispaniola, and the settlement of Cuba was left to others. But Christopher Columbus was rightly honored as the discoverer, and his name has ever been held in highest fame in the island. The statues to him are numerous, and in Havana the most beautiful temple in the capital is the Columbus Memorial, while the cathedral was long the shrine of pilgrims, because of the belief that his remains were buried there. 2. PERI0oD OF CONQUEST Cuba Circumnavigated. Although Cuba was dis- covered in 1492, and its southern coast was ex- plored somewhat by Columbus on his second and third voyages, the fact that it was an island was not established until 1508, when Sebastian de Ocampo sailed around it. Three years later, in SS SE eS t a er ee a ge UNDER SPANISH RULE 9 1511, Diego Columbus, son of Christopher and ruler of Hispaniola, sent a wealthy planter named Diego Velasquez to conquer and colonize Cuba. The First Settlement. Velasquez landed at a point mear Cape Maysi, with a force of only three hundred men, and easily subjugated the peaceful and unarmed natives. They proved to be inoffen- sive, hospitable, timid, fond of the dance and of their rude music. Their government was simple but sufficient. There were nine provinces, with a cacique, or governor, for each.” No record remains of their laws and traditions, but they kept the peace among themselves and with their neighbors. Their priests were fanatical and highly superstitious, but scarcely more so than the Spanish priests who suc- ceeded them. They did not practise human sacri- fices. They welcomed the gospel brought to them by their white conquerors, even as the Cubans of to- day welcome the gospel taught by the Protestant missionaries. Bloodshed and Oppression. The treatment of these innocent and harmless people by the Spanish invaders forms one of the blackest chapters of co- lonial history. The story is told in detail by Las Casas, a Spanish priest, whose soul was filled with horror at the inhumanity of his countrymen, and who vainly sought to save the Indians. He was a true missionary for half a century, and is the re- deeming character in a terrible tragedy. While al- 1. The present number is six: Pinar del Rio, Havana, Ma- tanzas, Santa Clara, Camaguey, and Oriente. 10 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES lowance may be made for some exaggeration in his narrative, there is no doubt that the truth was bad enough.’ Tradition says that when Chief Hatuey, who tried to defend his little territory, fell into Velasquez’s hands, the governor had him burned alive as a punishment. During his torture the noble chief was asked if he would not profess the faith, that his soul might go to heaven. He asked in turn if any Spaniards would be there, and when told that they would, said: “I prefer hell to heaven, if there are Spaniards in heaven.’” Four Centuries of Tyranny. Thus from first to last the four centuries of Spain’s rule in Cuba were marked by wanton bloodshed, tyranny, inhumanity, and nameless horrors. The closing atrocities of the reconcentrado period under Weyler, which induced the American intervention in 1898, were a match for the savageries of the early period that wit- nessed the annihilation of the native race, whose numbers have been estimated at from two hundred thousand to half a million or more. 1, Canini, Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba. Only manuscript copies of Las Casas’ work, The Destruction of the Indies (1539), could be had until 1875, since license to print such an exposure of Spanish cruelty could not be obtained. He died in 1566; was the first priest ordained in the Indies (1510) ; and was consecrated bishop of Seville in 1544. 2, Velasquez did much for the development of the Spanish colony, and is credited with more humane treatment of the natives than they received later from other rulers. When they proved too weak physically to endure the hard work put upon them, negroes were imported from Africa with the con- sent of the Spanish government, and thus slavery was early fastened upon the island. UNDER SPANISH RULE II 3. PERIOD OF COLONIZATION Cities Founded. The first town founded by Vel- asquez was Baracoa, on the north coast. In Bara- coa the first cathedral was built, and the place was made a city and bishopric as early as 1518; but after the founding of Santiago, on the south shore, the capital and bishopric were transferred thither in 1522, and Santiago de Cuba was long the most important city of the island. Velasquez ruled until his death, in 1524. Besides Baracoa and Santiago, he foiinded Trinidad, Puerto Principe (now Cama- guey), Bayamo, Sancti Spiritus, and San Cristobal de la Habana, still the principal cities of Cuba. The last-named settlement changed its location in 1519, and Habana (Havana, as we spell it) on its present site, dates back, therefore, to within seven years of the first Spanish settlement on the island. Changes of Governors and Population. Velas- quez was followed by the adventurer Hernandes de Soto, also commissioned as governor of Florida, and known in history as the discoverer of the Miss- issippi. He was one of the most treacherous and gold-greedy of his tyrannical type, and it was good for Cuba that he decided upon the conquest of Florida, and after inflicting terrible cruelties upon the hapless natives there, found his grave in the great river, which he was the first white man to see. It was under his lieutenants and successors in Havana that the Cuban. natives were enslaved a2 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES and rapidly pined to death, so that in a short period they were practically extinct. Meanwhile Cuba was chiefly regarded as a good base for expedi- tions to Florida. There was little immigration from Spain, and at the beginning of the nineteenth century the population of Cuba was placed at 275,- 000, or less than the native population when Vel- asquez first landed upon its shores three hundred years before. Havana Becomes the Capital. In 1551 the resi- dence of the governor was removed from Santiago. to Havana, which was thenceforth the capital and commercial center. Thirty years later, in 1581, Spain changed the title of the ruler to captain-gen- eral, and this office continued until the extinction of Spanish power in 1898. Cuba’s fortune and fate depended largely upon the character and purposes of this official, who was appointed by the Spanish government and commonly given absolute power ‘over the lives and property of the people. Cuba became the rich graft land for Spanish nobles and others who sought fortunes abroad to make up for the loss or lack of them at home. Attacks on Cuba. When Spain was at war with other nations, Cuba occasionally became a target. (The French twice attacked Havana. The threat- ened attack by the English under Drake, in 1585, was the occasion of the building of the famous Morro Castle at the entrance of Havana’s finely. protected harbor, together with the battery of La MORRO CASTLE AND LIGHTHOUSE, HAVANA COLUMBUS PARK, HAVANA UNDER SPANISH RULE 13 Punta on the opposite shore. These forts long made Havana impregnable. A Historical Hinge. But nearly two centuries later it so happened that western Cuba was invaded and conquered by the British (1762). Twenty- three hundred American soldiers aided in that vic- tory. That was a crisis in Cuban history. On what slight hinges a people’s destiny sometimes seems to swing. Had it not resulted, in the course of treaty-making the following year, that Cuba was restored to Spain by England, how different the history of the island would have been! Under a colonial policy like that of the British in Jamaica - and the Bahamas, Cuba might easily have become ‘one of the richest and most desirable garden spots on the globe; and the long period of revolution and devastation might have been avoided. Then, too, the domination of the Roman Catholic hierarchy would have come to an end, and the religious and social life of the people would have been changed as radically as the political status and rule. 4. PERIOD OF REVOLT Spanish Monopoly. Although Spain’s treatment of Cuba was uniformly ungenerous and provoking, including unfair taxation without representation, unjust restriction of trade, and uncalled-for harsh- ness, the colonists endured what they could not cure by remonstrance, and saw their industrial profits absorbed by Spain and her representatives. The 14. -ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES entire system of administration was closely kept in Spanish hands. Every natural desire for share in the government and for personal liberty was ig- nored. Trade Restrictions. Cuba was allowed to trade only with Spain, and in one Spanish port, Cadiz, at that. Smuggling became an established institution under this embargo. For the first fifty years San- tiago was the only port of Cuba through which merchandise could legally be imported or exported. When Havana was made the capital it became the sole port officially recognized for oversea trade, shutting Santiago out. Not until 1801 were the island ports opened to foreign trade, and in 1809 foreign trade was again prohibited. Special Taxes and Graft. Aside from the land taxation, which was not unreasonable, there were * special taxes which made life a burden and vexa- tion. For instance, there were taxes upon citizen- ship, upon all dressed meat sent out from slaughter- houses, upon fuel and building material, upon farm produce brought to market, and horses used for pleasure driving, upon railways and country stage lines, upon all forms of public amusement, and upon official paper required for all legal documents. Then there were professional taxes upon lawyers, doctors, and brokers, and industrial taxes upon car- penters, shoemakers, and masons. Few were ex- empt from some form of special taxation, and in the end the people who could least afford to do so had to pay these taxes. The system was whimsical UNDER SPANISH RULE 15 and arbitrary, moreover, and abuses were flagrant. Corruption was reduced to a system, and graft was ubiquitous. The Liberal Era. In 1777 there came a new era, bright with promise. Spain gave Cuba an in- dependent colonial administration under a captain- general. This seemed too good to be true, and was too good to last. But it lasted as long as the liberal government did in Spain; and during the first quar- ter of the nineteenth century Cuba enjoyed its gol- den age of government. Something like a provin- cial legislature was established, a militia was or- ganized, advisory boards and committees discussed public questions and made recommendations, the right to bear arms was recognized, tribunals passed. upon certain questions, the press was free, and Cuba sent delegates to the Spanish Cortes or Parlia- ment, ‘ Infamous Royal Order. Had not the liberal policy been changed, seventy-five years of blood- shed and devastation might have been averted. But in 1825, on May 29, was issued the famous Royal Order’ of tyrannical Ferdinand VII, of Spain, which became Cuba’s only constitution until revolu- 1. The Royal Order runs: “Fully investing you with the thole extent of power which, by the royal ordinances, is ranted to the governor of besieged towns. In consequence hereof, His Majesty most amply and unrestrictedly author- zes your Excellency not only to remove from the island such ersons, holding offices from government or not, whatever heir ocupation, rank, class, or situation in life may be, whose esidence there you may believe prejudicial, or whose public lor private conduct may appear suspicious to you.” 16 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES tions had drenched the island with blood. This or- der clothed the captain-general with the fullest powers, and made absolute despotism of the worst kind possible, while the people were without safe- guards to life or property and subject to the whim of a captain-general. Iron Censorship. From 1825 forward, there- fore, Cuba was not only under martial law, but in a state of siege. From that time there was no legislative assembly, and everything in the nature of popular assemblies, independent tribunals, right of voting, and juries, disappeared. The press, thea- ters, and opera were under strict censorship. It was almost as bad as in Russia. It is told that when the opera of “I Puritani’” was played in Ha- vana, the singers were required to substitute “Le- alta” (Loyalty) for “Liberta,’ and one singer who refused to do so was fined and imprisoned. This equals the Russian censor who would not allow the use of the term “revolution of the earth” to remain in the astronomies, for fear the significance of the idea of revolution might dawn upon the people. The power of banishment, without trial or chance for defense, on the mere will of the captain-general, hung over every Cuban. A Cuban had no career open to him. If ever conditions were prepared for revolt, they were prepared in this hapless island. Vexatious Forms of Despotism. Some of the reg- ulations were as mortifying and vexatious as they were ridiculous. They were mere encouragements to grafting. For example, no man might enter- UNDER SPANISH RULE 17 tain a stranger over night at his house without pre- vious notice to the magistrate. The taxes were enormous, and nothing but the richness of the soil made it possible for the people to exist. It was an unmixed despotism against which the Cuban lib- erators fought. Early Local Revolts. The spasmodic attempts to throw off the Spanish yoke began in 1823 under Simon Bolivar. The expedition of General Nar- cisso Lopez in 1859 was of especial interest to this country because this brilliant Spanish soldier fitted out his privateer at one of our ports, sailed from New Orleans, and had among his six hundred men a hundred and fifty Americans led by the gallant Colonel Crittenden, of Kentucky. The affair was mismanaged from the start, and one result was the shooting in cold blood of the large body of Ameri- can filibusters who were captured at sea; another result was the capture and execution of Lopez, who was refused a soldier’s death by shooting, and put to the shame of the garrote. His last words were, “Muero por mi amada Cuba” (1 die for my be- loved Cuba). While this effort was one of many failures, it made a deep impression; and the massa- cre of so many citizens of the United States who had surrendered aroused an indignation that made it easier for revolutionists to work here without detection in after years. 5. TEN YEARS’ WAR Mild Demand Unheeded. Revolution was now 18 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES in the air. From 1823 to 1868 there was a condi- tion of discontent, ferment, occasional local out- breaks, and continual efforts to secure relief from the unjust commercial restrictions and oppressive taxation. Spain met this by political trickery, eva- sion, promises made only to be broken, and savage treatment of rebels. When Queen Isabella, in 1865, asked Cuban delegates to present their grievances to a royal commission, these were their requests: (1) The establishment of a constitutional insular government; (2) freedom of the press; (3) right of petition and assembly; (4) the right of Cubans to hold office in Cuba, and (5) Cuban representa- tion in the Cortes. This was not going too far. Considering the knowledge which the Cubans had gained of our American institutions and liberties through education and travel in the United States, the demands were mild enough. But they were wholly unheeded by the Spanish government. There is little doubt that had these moderate re- quests been granted, and the reforms carried into effect, Cuba would still be a Spanish colony; for the feeling of loyalty, that led to the phrase “the ever-loyal isle,” was then very strong. The idea of a Cuban republic was not unknown, but it was regarded as chimerical. Cuban Republic Proclaimed. The Cubans had reached the limit of their patience, but Spain was blind to the fact, and persisted in the discredited methods. There was a liberal club in Havana and a Cuban junta in New York, raising money for the UNDER SPANISH RULE 19 cause. On the 10th of October, 1868, the cry of Cuban independence was raised at Yara, Province of Puerto Principe (now Camaguey), by Carlos Manuel Cespedes and his comrades. He was a leader in whom the Cubans had confidence. April 10, 1869, the constitution of the Cuban Republic was proclaimed, and the guerilla war was on. Slavery Abolished. One of the first steps of the insurrection, even before the proclamation of the constitution, was the abolition of slavery—Febru- ary 26, 1869—a date to be remembered. While it was nearly twenty years prior to the Spanish decree abolishing slavery, the Cubans composing their Assembly of Representatives which preceded the so-called Republic should have the credit of the first emancipation proclamation, even if incapable of enforcing it. Nor is it to be doubted that this action of the insurgents eventuated in the Spanish decree. Results of the Ten Years’ Struggle. Cespedes was chosen as first President, and official recogni- tion was asked of the United States. It was impos- sible to recognize a republic which had no capital, no official residence, no permanent headquarters; a government constantly on the move, dating or- ders and proclamations from the field. The insur- gents were roving bands, subsisting on the country, skilful in evading the Spanish troops when they could not entrap them into ambuscades, fighting in guerilla fashion, burning the sugar fields, destroy- ing the crops, bent on making a ruin of the island 20 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES if that were the only way to drive the Spanish soldiery out of it. There were harsh orders on-both sides, and the old stories of brutality and murder could be truthfully repeated of this struggle. But the struggle went on. Spanish troops were sent over in large numbers—145,000 of them, enough to sweep the whole island; yet the insurgents man- aged to elude, and aggravate, and wear out their foe; and at the end of ten long years Spain had to promise the asked-for reforms and inaugurate a new policy in order to effect a peace. This peace was sealed by the treaty of Zanjon, which was made on the part of the insurgents by Maximo Go- mez, who had developed as the hero leader. Promised Reforms. Governor-general Campos, the most peaceable and kindly ruler ever sent by Spain to Cuba, had come bearing the olive-branch of peace. He was authorized to promise the re- forms asked for, in case hostilities ceased, namely: ( a the political and administrative organization of Cuba; (2) pardon for political offenses; (3) free- dom of persons under indictment; (4) amnesty for deserters; (5) the emancipation of the coolies and slaves serving in the rebel ranks; (6) and free trans- portation for those desirous of leaving the island. Nominally Spain carried out these promises and even went further. Amnesty was granted to all, and the Spanish constitution was extended to Cuba. Under this Cubans were granted the privilege of peaceable assembly, also suffrage, freedom of speech and of worship, freedom of the press, right of pe- UNDER SPANISH RULE 21 tition and eligibility to all public offices. Provision was also made for Cuban representation in the Cor- tes. These were fine promises indeed, but not one of them was kept! Things went from bad to worse. There was no security of person or property.” Com- merce was crippled, courts were a farce, freedom of speech, press, or religion was unknown. The Cubans saw no hope save in resort once more to revolution. The Ten Years’ War is said to have cost Spain $700,000,000 and more than 200,000 lives. The “Virginius” Affair. During the Ten Years’ War occurred the Virginius affair, which gave to Captain Joseph Fry the name of “the Cuban Mar- tyr,” and deeply incensed our people against Spain. Nations must observe international rights and ob- ligations, however, and it is doubtless fortunate for the welfare of the world at large that popular wrath and resentment are held in restraint by law. Blood Thicker than Water. The steamer Vir- ginius sailed from New York in October, 1870, with clearance papers for Curacoa, carrying a cargo of bread-stuffs, saddlery, and clothing, if her papers were credible. She was captured three years later, upon the high seas, by the Spanish ship Tornado. She had on board 155 people, nominally as crew and passengers. These were taken to Santiago, where fifty-three, many of them Americans, were summarily shot. ‘That all of them were not put to 1. For a strong statement of the situation, see letter of Sefior Palma to Secretary of State Olney, Dec. 7, 1895, given in the Government Report on Cuba. 22 ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES death was due, not to prompt action on the part of our government, but to the humanity and boldness of Captain Sir Lampton Lorraine, of the British steamer Niobe, who heard of the shooting of Cap- tain Fry, steamed at full speed from Jamaica to Santiago, and demanded, in the name of England and the United States, that the massacre be stopped, threatening to bombard the city if his demand was not heeded. His dash saved the lives of the remain- ing prisoners, and he was later presented with a sil- ver brick from Nevada inscribed, “Blood is thicker than water.” The government investigation which followed showed that the Virginius carried the American flag in violation of the maritime laws of the United States, hence by the seizure Spain had not offered offense or insult to the American flag. The ship was delivered over to American naval offi- cers and crew; but ship and machinery were in bad shape, and in a heavy gale near Cape Fear the Vir- ginius went to the bottom. Indemnity and Sympathy. The question of in- demnity remained for what Caleb Cushing, Minister to Spain, denounced in his letter to the Spanish au- thorities as “a dreadiul, a savage, act,” “the inhu- man slaughter in cold blood of fifty-three human beings, a large number of them citizens of the United States, shot without lawful trial, without any valid pretension of authority, and to the horror of the whole civilized world.” In 1875 Spain agreed to pay the United States $80,000 for the “relief of UNDER SPANISH RULE 23 the families or persons of the ship’s company and passengers” of the Virginius. 6. CuBAN REPUBLIC Unbearable Exploitation. The peace of Zanjon was only a cessation of hostilities, not a real peace. Spain had granted, on paper, what the revolutionists demanded, but carrying out the promises made was another matter, and the Cubans felt that they had been tricked once more. The laws were all right, but the governor-general was still entrusted with au- tocratic power, and laws were of small account to him. Girt 1006) ) «+ cass auecesvnicaneteneraedss4 4 2,579,492 Increase in four years of independence ......... 1,579,030 ILGPSES; (GN 1006)”. anwaadieae ddegt meen shea « 402,461 Increase in four years ............ cece cece eee 234,528 Annual production of honey, gallons ............ 470,000 Annual production of wax, pounds ............. 775,000 Production of tobacco in 1907, Spanish pounds.. 109,562,400 Production of coffee in 1907, pounds .......... 6,595,700 Production of cacao in 1907, Spanish pounds.... 9,380,900 Value of orange crop, pesos ‘(96 cents) ........ 3,000,000 Value of pineapple crop, pesos ................ 1,000,000 Production of plantain, kilograms ............. 120,000,000 Yearly consumption rice (imported) pounds.... 100,000,000 Government owned forests, acres .............. 1,226,454 PrOViNCeS.. dzics 6a esaw de oes ods SERRE SSS et eRe ce 6 Municipalities: 2.03 cainudee ees vas Casas oats aeman 82 Havana, population ......... 0.0.0.0... ec eee eee 300,009 Susan Marinss cc wa pgucie cae oak weed eu d eniee ens 186 Sugar production, 1908, tons .................., 1,444,310 Molasses and sirups produced, gallons .......... 46,745,730 Value of sugar crops and productions .......... $73,896;800: APPENDIX B 233 Value of sugar, -sirups, and liquors exported, .1907. $70,826,464 Number of telegraph stations ......... Cae cpe late 115 Telegraph ‘lines in operation, ‘kilometers ........ 6,196 UPOSUFOMICES” 5s vu.craguivaysiadaee. 2encadg eee ukv eae AIS ‘Total, ex ports;.%Q07 avec. 6 sclededs vas ated dees Sane $114,812,846 Total imports, 1907 ........... ietataaonestece $97,334,195 Immigration, 19007 ........cccccc eee ceeceeceaces 29,572 Asylums;.. chatitablé: «220cssaeeeersasadoeeeae cas II (rimdates: tHeLEOE: s:.ic.syaddei vf duoc talerue 8 bs bine demand 1,595 HI@Spitals: scan ddiaieciae a oes se eas ae eeomanauens 56 Patients: therein = y sqeu wis visu aduesduie's aoa nee qed 24 5,900 Steam railroad, mileage ........... 0.00 cece ee eee 2,329 SchooOlhGuses, s.vsdadaknedesseleyan dane Wacoulaen4 2,149 School-teachers 2.0.0.0... ccc cece cence eee e eee eee 3,049 Pupils: registered. savce< saa vcdeweve os dusegew 24s: 122,214 Average daily attendance (788 per cent). eee 96,301 Average height of Cuban men, 5 feet and 5 inches. The number of married persons in 1907 was 423,537, or 20.7 per cent. of the population; in 1841 only 8 per cent. The number of consensually married persons (without Church ceremony) was 176,495, or 13.6 per cent. The number of wage-earners was 772,502, or 37.7 per cent. The female wage-earners numbered 73,520 of this total. The occupations show: Farmers and farm laborers, 367,- 931; merchants, 50,856; day laborers, 42,358; servants, 30,- 312; salesmen, 32,374; cigarmakers, 27,503; clerks, 26,483; launderers, 25,533; carpenters, 21,422; masons, 12,163; dray- men and coachmen, 10,199; seamstresses, 9,470; policemen and soldiers, 8,238; mechanics, 7,917; shoemakers, 6,848; bakers, 6,162; teachers, 5,964; tailors, 5,112; bankers, brokers, capitalists, and financiers, 2,792; lawyers, 1,349; physicians and surgeons, 1,243, etc. The total number of occupied dwellings in 1907 was 359,- 830. Average number of persons to a dwelling, 5.8. The Isle of Pines is a municipality of Havana province, has 1,200 square miles, a population of 3,276, of whom 438 were Americans, engaged in cultivating citrus fruits. 234 APPENDIX B United States currency is the official money of Cuba. The coin in common use is the peso, or Spanish dollar, equal to 85 cents American money; dos pesetas (half dollar), una peseta (20 cents, equivalent to our quarter); un real (ten cent piece), and medio real (five cent piece or nickel.) There are copper centavos (cents) and 2-centavo pieces. Exchange American for Spanish coin, or you will lose in shopping and small dealings, as a quarter will be taken for the peseta (20 cents), and no change be given. APPENDIX C MARRIAGE RESTRICTIONS AND ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ACQUI- SITION OF PROPERTY In response to my question as to the social and moral conditions in Cuba, an American missionary of culture and breadth, kindly furnished this enlightening statement, which can be relied upon, and shows what the missionaries have to meet: “In days gone by, when Spain and Catholicism had abso- lute power, the price for a marriage ceremony was $51 cash in advance. The citizens were kept in perpetual poverty by those in power, so that it was impossible for any of the poorer class to enjoy the luxury of a marriage ceremony. Very early in the history of the island, began the custom of taking a woman for a companion, with whom some men continued to live until death, while others remained true until a more attractive woman presented herself, when a separation would take place and each seek another mate. Such is the condition to-day. True, it is contrary to the laws of the country, but these laws are not recognized. I know of one woman who has eleven children, each by a dif- ferent father. And the most deplorable thing is the fact that such practise is not considered immoral. The judge of a rural district lives with a querido (concubine), and it was necessary to exclude him from the Church for such action. I married a man who had been living twenty-six years with a woman, and they have seven children. It was a rather strange sight for a child to see his father and mother married ! “Red tape is necessary in Cuba for legal marriage. A man may live illegally with a woman and the law will not molest Wim. But should a man desire to live like a Christian in 235 236 APPENDIX C regard to matrimony, it is necessary for him first to make out a Solicitud de Matrimonio, which he presents to the minister. The minister then makes out an Edicto, which he posts on the church door for two weeks, sends a copy to the secretary, to the judge, and if either of the two con- tracting persons have lived within two years past outside of the place where the ceremony is to be performed, a copy must be sensé.to each place. After two weeks all of the ‘Edictos must be returned by the minister, signed by the -secretary and certified that there has been no objecting filed; the minister then makes a visit to the home of the parents of the bride and groom, if either is under age, to witness the signature of the parents to a Consentimiento para menores (consent by minors). But if it happens that the father or-mother of either minor has died, it is necessary to get a written document certifying to the death, The min- ister next proceeds to make out the Acto Matrimonial, and the Certificado de Matrimonio, which must be signed by him, the bride, the groom, and two witnesses who make a sworn statement that. all contained in all the papers is true. The marriage service may now be performed. The minister must take all of the, papers together with a dollar and a half to ithe secretary to the judge, who smiles as he tells you that if there are any errors he will send for you. In case there are errors, the minister is liable to a five-hundred-dollar fine and ene year in jail. Thus far I'am out of jail. The minister, if he is.careful, can get money enough from the groom to pay ‘the dollar and a half. The missionaries make no charge, neither receive money, for performing a marriage service.” ROMISH METHODS What the Catholic régime did in the little city of Bayamo, birthplace of President Palma, an American resident tells as follows in a letter sent recently to the author: “Bayamo is now a city of about 5,000 inhabitants, and very few habitable houses. In 1868 it was a city of 20,000, APPENDIX C 237 with more than 2,000 really beautiful houses. There were then twelve Catholic churches; now there is one old dilapi- dated building that a good American farmer would not keep stock in. What happened? When the Catholics and Spain were in power, persecution prevailed. When a man was nearing death, the priest was called, who first inquired what the man had left to the Church. Before he would grant absolution, the man must give him a mortgage for a thou- sand dollars, more or less, according to the value of the man’s property. This mortgage bore five per cent. interest and was held by the Church. Largely as a result of this kind of oppression war broke out, with Bayamo as the center. At that time every house in the city was mortgaged to the Church. When the Spanish troops marched against the city, the patriots, rather than leave their property for the priests, ransacked the churches, brought out and burned the mort- gages in the plaza, and then set fire to their homes, burning them to the ground.” APPENDIX D POPULATION OF PORTO RICO Percentage. Total Col- Col- Date. Population. White. ored. White. ored. TBO2Z.s ceeceese 163,192 78,281 84,911 48 52 TOU 6 gc tae 183,014 85,662 97,352 46.8 53.2 S20. ec duneadas 230,622 102,432 128,190 44.4 55.6 LOR 7 ieh0 ton erste 302,672 150,311 162,361 40.7 50.3 TORO cudratsrarsuaies 323,838 162,311 161,527 50.1 49.9 TS362 sc surenands 357,086 188,869 168,217 52.9 47.1 TROOs sc ia dada « 583.308 — 300,406 282,775 51.5 48.5 1877 Le iacapenieroen 731,648 411,712 319,936 56.3 43.7 1887s ce wth 798,505 474,033 323,032, 50.5 = 40.5 TBOY caiscs caved on 980,911 573,187 317,724 64.3 35-7 BOQ... eee ane 9535243 589,426 303,817 61.8 38.2 238 APPENDIX E- BIBLIOGRAPHY This.is not an exhaustive list of books on Cuba and Porto Rico. No books in foreign language have been included, and most of the books of the war period are also omitted. The arrangement is alphabetical, according to authors. Cuba Ballou, M. M. Due South. 1885... Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York. $1.50. Although written in 1885, it is still one of the best descriptions of conditions under the old régime. Cuba (Governmental): Cuban affairs. United States Super- intendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Last census boiled down; informing. . Cuba: Population, History, and Resources, 1907. Compiled by Victor H. Olmstead. United States Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Davis, Richard H. The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaign. 1898. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. $1.50. An account of the military campaign in the two islands. Fiske, A. K. The West Indies. 1906. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. $1.50. Contains several excellent chapters on Cuba. Hill, Robert T. Cuba and Porto Rico. 1898. Century Com- pany, New York. $3.00. A comprehensive study of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the neighbor islands. Magoon, Charles E., Provisional Governor, Republic of Cuba. Report of the Provisional Administration from Decem- ber 1, 1907, to December 1, 1908. Rambla & Bonza, Ha- vana. 239 240 APPENDIX E Magoon, Charles E., Provisional Governor, Republic of Cuba. Annual Report to the Secretary of War, 1907. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington. Norton, A. J. Handbook of Havana and Cuba. Rand, Mc- Nally & Co. New York. $1.00. Pepper, C. M. To-morrow in Cuba. 1899. Harper & Brothers, New York. $2.00. The :best book of its period. Discusses in readable form the conditions just preceding American occupa- tion up to the date of publication. Porter, Robert P. Industrial Cuba. 1899. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. $3.50. As the title indicates, this is a discussion of economic conditions. Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Reative to Affairs in Cuba, 1898. Government Printing Office, Washington. An illuminating document setting forth the results of an investigation of affairs in Cuba that led to American intervention. Reynolds, Charles B. Standard Guide to Cuba. 1905. Fos- ter & Reynolds, New York. Paper, 50 cents, net. Robinson, Albert G. Cuba and the Intervention. 1905. Longmans,.Green & Co., New York. $1.80. One of the most recent books treating the causes of discontent and the political development to the date of issue. Steele, J. W. Cuban Sketches. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. (Out of print.) A capital description of the people and life before the war. "Wade, N. H. Our Little Cuban Cousin. 1902. L. C. Page & Co., Boston. 60 cents. The story of two little children, written especially for children, but containing valuable information for adults. APPENDIX E 240 Porto Rico Affairs in Porto Rico. Message from the President, invit- ing the attention of Congress to legislative difficulties in Porto Rico, with accompanying papers and. recom- mendations and amendments to Foraker Act, June, 1909. United States Superintendent of Documents, Washing- ton. Carroll, Henry K. (Special Commissioner of the United States for Porto Rico.) Report of the Island of Porto: Rico. Washington,.D. C. 1899. Pp. 832. Davis, Brig.-Gen. G. W. Puerto Rico.. Reports.of General Davis as Military Governor of Porto Rico. Washing- ton. Igor. Davis, Richard H. The Cuban and- Porto Rican Campaign. 1898. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. $1.50. The title describes the book fully. Decision of the Supreme Court of Porto Rico, and dissent- ing in the case of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church vs. the people of Porto Rico, May, 1909. United States Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Dinwiddie, William. Puerto Rico: Its Conditions and Possi- bilities. 1899. Harper & Brothers, New York. $2.50. A sane treatment of: the island with reference to so- cial, industrial, religious, and political conditions. Fewkes, Jesse W. The Aborigines of Porto Rico and Neigh- boring Islands. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bu- reau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute,, Washington, 1907. Fewkes, Jesse W. Prehistoric Porto Rico. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence. Fifty-first meeting, 1902. Pp. 447-512. Fowles, George M. Down in Porto Rico. 1906. Eaton & Mains, New York. 75 cents, net. The only book with a missionary flavor, written by one who gathered his material at first hand. 242 APPENDIX E Hill, Robert T. (Of the U. S. Geological Survey.) Cuba and Porto Rico, 1898. Century Company, New York. $3.00. Chapters XV-XIX are devoted to the physical fea- tures, history, government, economics, people, and cities of Porto Rico. Ober, Frederick A. Puerto Rico and Its Resources. 1809. D. Appleton & Co., New York. $1.50. (Out of print.) A splendid survey of the island people and the com- mercial possibilities. Robinson, Albert G. The Porto Rico of To-day. 1899. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. $1.50. Pen pictures of the people and the country, written by a reporter of the New York Evening Post. It is almost a guide book of the island, an economic treatise, and a hand-book of military science. It combines narra- tive and description in an interesting and authoritative manner. : Rowe, L. S. The United States and Porto Rico. 1904. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $1.30, net. This is a book which gives special treatment of the problems arising out of our contact with the Spanish- American civilization. A scholarly and authoritative book. Seabury, Joseph B. Porto Rico: The Land of the Rich Port. 1903. Silver, Burdett & Co, New York. 50 cents. A brief hand-book packed with useful information. Thorpe, Francis N. The Government of the People of Porto Rico. 1903. Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, Philadelphia. 50 cents. A course in civil government based on the govern- ment of the people of the United States. Van Middeldyk, R. A. A History of Porto Rico. 1903. D. Appleton & Co., New York. $1.25, net. The first history in English of Porto Rico. It is a history drawn from original sources, scholarly, and at APPENDIX E 243 the same time interesting. It is one of the best books written on Porto Rico. Wade, N. H. Our Little Porto Rican Cousin. 1902. L. C. Page & Co., Boston. 60 cents. A delightful story of two Porto Rican children. Wilson, Edward S. Political Development of Porto Rico. Fred J. Heer, Columbus, Ohio. 1905. $1.00. An interesting report upon the political situation in Porto Rico made by one who has personal and direct knowledge. APPENDIX EF STATISTICS OF PROTESTAN‘? (CompPiLeD' By DirecT CorrESPONDENC ! | 1 4 * Foretan Missionaries SrATIONS = E INCLUDING PHYSICIANS g } j 3 Qe “pn Le n |e go 3 ce 3 2 % 6 ae a NAME OF SOCIETIES 4 Beto | 2 e EWE Bote Sa oo 9 3 Qa aa © fx: 3 oa ae Sm fa 3 Syl 68 260/35 =] nS | aa |e Balze| Sesh Bd ses, ? © ga | 3 P08] oh] 25 |2257. 3.72282 = me | pe On| pal ae cael 2 ies | osc *American Baptist Home Mission Soc.}/1909-10}) 1899 7 1 ih 6 26 21 68 American Bible Society.............. 1908 | 1882 V lie ces lee heusliese vee f VG Maes goatee *American Friends’ Board of F. Miss..| 1909 | 1900 DB: lenesi 4 5 6 6 11 *Board of Home Miss.,Presb.Ch. U.S.A.|1909-10] 1901 Bhs gnc 4 8 13 5 21 Board of Miss. of the M. E. Ch., South} 1909 | 1898 14 |..... U2 lheideesacod 31 Di ie ioc Domestic and For. Miss. Soc., P. E. Ch.| 1908-9 1898 7 7 1 11 31 7 41 Exec. Com. of For. Miss.,Presb.Ch.,U.S.|_ 1909 | 1890 5 1 5 4 8 5 2 Foreign Christian Missionary Society..| 1909 1903 Dees De | wasted 3 1 3 Home Mission Board, So. Bapt. Conv ./1909-10} 1886 2 6 2 4 Ve eer era Mission Board of the Christian Ch..|.......)......f6....|-----|-----[e--0- fee Bee eee eee Woman’s For. Miss. Soc., M. E.Ch.So.| 1909 | 1900 J.....].....]..... 4 TO Bensisa sins Grand Total, 11 Societies.........).......[....5. 47 15 36 42 qf 215 57 145 *Includes Women’s Work. STATISTICS OF PROTESTANT (CompiLeD BY DrrecT CoRRESPONDENC} A 4 Foreign Missionani£s SraTions 5 = INCLUDING PHYSICIANS 2 a a o 3 | fy 3 iB] »>,S8h alee NAME OF SOCIETIES 4 Beds | 2 15 Ei Ee Ss |2 2 Gab, we 2 a a eq a 3S a ae om | a 3 on Soy 2 ooo; s = oS | we Beg Bea | @e2| Seal 2 fost]? F 3m ao hod! oft] fb | 23 3B 2ea|/2 4 oe o ES) AS) se Sale 8 PSes| sis me | ae foa|ba| ae /osel az feed osz *American Baptist Home Miss. Soc. ..|1909-10] 1899 Di besa iis 7 3 27 17 3 American Bible Society.............. 1908 1 DMs easeanel ees £3 *American Missionary peso ciaHOD 6 9 7 20 Brd of Home Miss and Ch. Ext.,M By Ch 13 50 16 194 *Board of Home Miss., Presb.Ch. U.S.A. 34 10 82 Christian Woman's Board of Missions. 6 1 5 Ch. of Jesus(Work under a Conv. Cath.) 8 2 12 Domestic and For. Miss. Soc. P. E. Ch. Ss 4 19 *Poreign Miss. Soc. U. B. in Christ.. 14 4 32 *Mission Board of the Christian Church! 5 3 14 Peniel Missionary Society............].-.....] 1900 J... fo... dee) 0 RL oe. P. R. Miss. Assoc. of Friends of Phila.} 1909 | 1907 f.....).....).....) 2 Ro. Bl fl. Gen’l Coun. Ev. Luth. Ch. in U.S.A. 4 3 5 Christian and Missionary Alliance.... . D5. De ilig a evens Woman’s Home Miss. Soc., M. E, Ch. S Bole Stace: Grand Total, 15 Societies........).......J..-0-- 57 9 49 63 § 203 75 458 *Includes Women’s Work. MISSIONS IN CUBA _witn Mission Boarps) a 7 ! ' i IT" CF ) © puarpupe-cigs | poqiodey : peyodey |: SER ce es 5 Ive x Burmp : ivaxX Bulinp 28 CEN Se ee Pe suse g : syueneg : aed t saliesued solesuad aa el 0 4 “Sid 4 ~siq & Jo speyidsopxL a to syeyidsojy a SsuUBIOISAy ea A susoisAqg a a WaMIO AA io) WauIO M Ss UsId10 Wf = usIa10.5 suBroIsAy suBloisdyg Tie Sere Te = ve EUR ek Meoetends ces gate USIa10, uUdIeIO a er! oures Ul o "outs UT olo syuepnyg oe syuepnyig WD sjooyag q sfooyag tet | co Teysnpul Teraysnpuy : euvts | Oo: HS ley eures ats u] 2: no] ut sila syuepnyg ; Bore syuepnys : 4 suoInyysuy a: ‘ Ht 4 suolynyysuy < a s OUR : iz 1S ; 9 a =a g ee ; Bo emes| & : :121e ° A oures Solos: 232 = uy spidng me 1a] So oO < ur spidng EB yes 10 | oO 2 2 a a ot Oo ‘ 3 os 5 3 : am | a dbee tats bia 8 gjooyog AB : : & 6 fm | Slooyog seq : : eS g BR 818 < sIBlOYIG eins , a TOMS] a: 1D -O0010 - ‘OHO |B jooyos | 8 : co m oops | B : 2 SNS BRS |e Atpung ea : = 2 a Atpung}| = a £8 sfooysg | Q: NLS z P| sjooyog | 5} singe In i/o Avpung t : mq jan} & Aepung : nN 1 sy UBOTUNUL ae Wz syUBolUNUT : were eS ; ah “aoe ax you 1188 3 Ze | 3h) -109 424 you : o22 288 2/8 20 194 4 SS nN RY) So D944 : 4 See ele 5 z s}aoIsypY es - 9 a oz syueIqpy : Pm at ‘|e 5p : wyel os : * % Tas = ae 2 -Td) LO; aes m 5 ea z@ TUNUULOD) Bee es S S E ze T fe) ae it 33 245 INDEX A Abbott, Lyman, quoted, 158, 159 Abolition of slavery, 19, 145 Adams, J. M., quoted, 66 Adams, J. Q., referred to, 25 Aguada (Ah-gwah’-dah), 141 Aguadilla (Ah-gwah-dee’- lyah), 139, 140, 213 Aibonito (Eye-bohn-ee’-to) Pass, 187 Alfonso, Dr., 74 American influence and inter- est in Cuba and Porto Rico, 18-28, 31, 50, 68, 146, 164, 168, 175-177, 183-185, I91; Protestant missionary work, 28, 43, 104, 132, 188, 202, 203, 208-224 Americanizing of Porto Rico, 183, 184, I9I Americans in Cuba, 13, 17, 21, 22, 26, 27, 68, 88 Amusements and games, 87, 88, 189, IOI Anglican churches in pre- American Porto Rico, 204 Arecibo (Ah-ray-see’-bo), 176 Attacks on Cuba, 12 Automobile, the, 169, 184, 187 B Bahama Islands, 5, 13 Ballajo Barracks, 182 Ballou, M. M., 70 Bananas, 590, 174 Baptists, Northern, mission work in Cuba, 104; in Porto Rico, 104 Baptists, Southern, mission work in Cuba, 104, 107 Baracoa (Bah-rah-ko’-ah), Cuba’s first town, I1 Barkley, Anna M., 128 Barnes, L. C., quoted, 138, 196, 209 Baseball, 189, 190 Bayamo (Bah-yah’-mo), 103 Beet-sugar, 40 Bible, the, as a mission force, IIQ, 122, 125, 129, 215 Bill of Rights, Gen. Wood’s, Il, 35 Blenk, Bishop, quoted, 210 Bolivar, Simon, 17 Bonsall, Stephen, 25 Boriquen (Boh-ree-cane’), 140 Bridges built, 37, 159 British occupation of western Cuba, 13; possibilities of per- manent control, 13 Brooke, Maj.-Gen. John R., 35, I51 Buchanan, James, annexation, 32 Budget, Porto Rico’s, 249 Bull-fights, 88 on Cuban Brumbaugh, M. G., quoted, 168, 196 Burial, temporary, 92 : Burrows, Senator, address quoted, 40 Cc Cabana, 89 Cabrera, R., quoted, 32, 70 Cadiz, Spain, 14, 139 247 248 California, Italy and Cuba com- pared in length, 53 Camaguey (Kah-mah-gway’), city, 11, 89; province (for- merly Puerto Principe), 9, 19 Campaign of 1898, 148 Campos, Gov.-gen., 20 Candler, Bishop W. A., 128 Caparra, I41 Cape, Maysi, 9, 51, 54; San Antonio, 52 Captain-general’s powers, 16 Care-free Cubans, 71, 86, 93 Carey, William, referred to, 125 Caribbean Sea, 52 Caribs, the, 140 Carolina (Cahr-o-leen’-ah), 176 Carroll, H. K., 140, 177, 198 Castellanos, Jorgé, address by, 116-118 Castle, Lieutenant, 150 Cat Island, 5 Cathedral, the, at Havana, 8, 91; at Santiago, 79 Cemetery monuments, 91 Censorship, strict, 16 Census, Cuban, 38, 39, Porto Rican, 177 Cervera, Admiral, 27 Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, 19 Children, large proportion to population, 78, 191; many go naked, 81, 171, 173; need of plays for, 87, 191; quick to learn, III, 113; the field of hope, 130, 189, 213, 215 Christ, see Jesus Christ Christian Church mission work in Cuba, 104 Christian Endeavor service, 122 Christian homes, need for, 77 Church and State, 43, 146 Churches of Havana, 90, 91 68; INDEX Ciégo de Avila (See-ay’-go day Ah’-vee-lah), 89 Cienfuegos, meeting at, 108 Cisneros, Sefior Salvador, 42, 04 Cities, the lesser, 79 Civic improvements, 184 Civil government in | Porto Rico, 152, 160, 161 Classification of races, in Cuba, 68; in Porto Rico, 177 Cleanliness in Havana, 89 Clergy, the Spanish, 199 Climate, in Cuba, 60, 61; in Porto Rico, 171, 173 Clothing, among Cubans, 81, 85; among Porto Ricans, 173, 188 Coamo, 187 Coast and mountain features, 54; coastal railroad line, 176 Cock-fighting, 190 Coconuts, 58, 175 Coffee, 58; plantations, 175; trade, 157 Collegios Internacionales (Kol- lyay’-hee-o In-ter-nas-i-o-na’- les), buildings dedicated, 113; pupils give addresses, 114-118 Colored people, see Negro race Colton, Gov. George R., 218 Columbus Cathedral, 8 Columbus, Christopher, 4-9; Cathedral reputed his burial place, 8, 91; discoverer of America, 5; discoverer of Cuba and Porto Rico, 7, 8, 139; first voyage, 5; hon- ored in Cuba, 8; journal quoted, 6, 7; memorial, 8, QI; tact displayed by, 6 Columbus, Diego, 9 Comforts, home, 83; squalor, 85 with INDEX Comity in mission work, 107, 108, 208, 209 Congregationalists in mission work in Cuba, 105 Congress failed to use an op- portunity, 39, 40 Constitution of Cuba summa- rized, 43, 44 Constitutional convention, 41; incident, 42 Converts exemplary, 111; zeal- ous, 125 Cooking, simple, 85 Cooperation of workers, 220 Cordial hospitality, 125 Country life, 84, 85 Courtship customs, 83 Crittenden, Col., 17 Cruelty in subjugation of na- tives, 142 Cuba and Porto Rico, 56, 70 Cuba, area, physical features, and products, 51-62; beauty, 5; discovery and circumnavi- gation, 7, 8; early settlement, 9-12; English control, 13; oppression by Spain, 9-26; population and other statistics, 68, 230-233; revolts, 17-25; secures free- dom through United States intervention, 26-28; — still needs a measure of protec- tion, 32-48; study of the peo- ple and their life, 66-98; un- favorable results of Roman Catholic domination, 100-104, 109, I10, 235-237; work of Protestant missions, III-134 Cuba and the Cubans, 70, 71 Cuba Libre (Coo'-ba_ Lee’- bray), 33, 74, 116 Cuba with Pen and Pencil, 70 Cuban delegates to Spain, 18; Protestant temporary. 249 grievances, 18; junta in New York, 18, 44 Cuban Sketches, 70, 84 “Cubanacan,” 7 Cubans, the genuine, 68, 69, 70 Cuba’s population in 1800, 12 Cuba’s task, 96 Cubitas, 24 Curacoa (Ku-rah-ko’-ah), 21 Cushing, Caleb, 22 D D’Arango, 71 Davis, George W., I51 De Cassagnac, quoted, 171 De Ocampo, Sebastian, 8 De Soto, Hernandez, 11 Debt per capita, Cuba’s, 23 Degradation of woman, result of, 77 Del Valle Atiles, Hon. Dr. Francisco, address by, 220 Destruction of the Indies, The, 10 Dewey, Admiral, 26 Dickering in the market, 80 Discovery of America, 6 Discovery, of Cuba, 7; Porto Rico, 139, 140 Diseases of Porto Rico, 153 Down in Porto Rico, 148, 201, 206, 212 Drake, Admiral, 12 Due South, 70 E Eager for the gospel, 105 Early names, of Cuba, 7; of Porto Rico, 140 Eastern outpost, America’s, 171 Economic conditions, 156 Education, almost no provision for, by Spain and Roman- ism, in Cuba, 23, 49-51, IOI; of 250 fine beginning by United States, 38, 50; general gov- ernmental control of, 44, 50; needs, 51; similar former lack in Porto Rico, 147, 154, 200; success of American methods, 154, 155 Educational mission work, in Cuba, 51, 111-119; in Porto Rico, 191, 215 E] Cristo (Ayl Krees’-to), 60, 114 El Pais, 94 El Siglo, 94 El Yunque peak, 169 Election frauds, 45; new law, with good results, 47, 48 Electric plants, 184, 185 Eleventh U. S. Infantry in Porto Rico, 149 Enervating climate, 171-173 Episcopalians, see Protestant Episcopal Church Evangelistic mission work, in Cuba, 105-111, 116, 117, 120- 132; in Porto Rico, 211-215 Evils, cause of, 147 Exports and imports, Cuba, 233; Porto Rico, to and from United States, 158 F Family life, 81, 123 Famous military road, 175 Faro Industrial, 94 Fauna of Cuba, 56 Fees, marriage, 201-204 Ferdinand VII, 15 Fernandina, Florida, 24 Fertile soil, 56, 57, 157, 173, 174 : Finances, Porto Rico’s, 156 First settlement in Cuba, 9; first town, II Flag of the Cuban Republic, 24, 44 INDEX Flora of Cuba, 56 Florida coast, nearness to Cuba, 53; not sighted by Co- lumbus, 8 Foraker law, 152, 156 Bae indaats C. H., quoted, 13 Form of religion only in Ro- manism, 207 Fort, San Cristobal, 182, 183; Tampa, 27 Four Centuries Rule in Cuba, 10 Fowles, G. M., quoted, 201, 206, 212 Freedom, Porto misunderstood, Friends, Society work in Cuba, Fruits, native, 58 Fry, Captain, 21, 22 Funeral customs, 91-93 Furniture, etc., 82 G Gambling habits, 87, 190 Garcia (Gahr-thee’-ah), 91, 94 Gifts to the natives by Colum- bus, 6 Gold, greed for and pursuit of, I4I, 142 Gomez, José Miguel, 47, 48; Maximo, 24, 91 Gospel transformations, 189 Governor’s title, 12 Grant, President, 25 Greater Antilles, 51, 139 Greene, J. Milton, quoted, 100, 108-111 Guajaibon peak, 54 Guanahani, 5 Guantanamo (Gwahn-tahn’-ah- mo), 55, 60 Guaybana, chief, 141 Guines, 89 Gulf of Mexico, 52 of Spanish 147, Rico’s, 160 of, mission 104 150; INDEX H Habana (Ah-bahn’-ah), see Havana Haiti, 52 Happy peasantry, 189 Harbors, 55 Hatuey, chief, 10 Havana, architecture, 90, 91; becomes capital, 12, 14; British capture and _ hold briefly, 13; gaiety, 93, 94; harbor, 89; occupied by American military governor, 35, 36; sanitary improve- ments, 36, 37, 89, 90; streets, 90 Hazard, Samuel, 70 Healing, alleged miracles of, 206 Henry, Maj.-gen. Guy V., I51 Hernandez, Dr. H. M., 154 Hicks, Harry Wade, quoted, 100, 106, 113 Hill, Robert T., quoted, 56, 66, 70 Hispaniola, 8 Historic scene in Porto Rico, 149 History of Puerto Rico, 144 Hopkins, Archibald, quoted, 177 Hormigueros, vision of the Virgin in, 205 Hospitality, cordial, 125; cour- teous, 187 Hough, S. S., quoted, 196 Houses in Santiago, 79 Hughes, Miss, incident related by, 202 Humacao (Hoo-mah-kah’-o), 213 Humanitarian war, 28 Hunt, W. H., quoted, 161-164 Hurricanes in Porto Rico, con- ditions caused by, 143, I51, 157; relief furnished, 156 251 I Illiterate Cubans, 49; improve- ment, 50, 51 Immoral priests, 200, 201 Immorality, causes of, 276 Immunity of Cubans to yellow fever, 36 Improved conditions in Porto Rico, 144 Independence day, Cuba’s, 44 Independent, quoted, 161-164 Indian natives, of Cuba, 6-12; of Porto Rico, 140-142 Indolence, apparent and real, 69, 84, 86, 174, 196 Inquisition, the, 197, 108 Insect life, tropical, 83 Institutional work, 216 Insurgents’ methods, 19; under Cuban régime, 45 Interdenominational Confer- ence of Porto Rico, 220 International Sunday Schoel Association, 108 Intervention asked for, 46; United States, right of, 41 Irrigation areas, 173 Italy and Cuba’s length, 53 relative Jal-alai, kind of ball game, 87 Jamaica, 13, 53 Japan and the Indies, Colum- bus’ mistake about, 7 Jefferson, Thomas, on Cuban annexation, 32 Jesus Christ, 104, 223; being made known, 116, 137, 125, 224 Jibaros, the, 178, 179, 180 Juana (Hoo-ahn’-ah), Cuba’s early name, 7 K Key West Railway, 53 Kublai Khan referred te, 7 252 L La Punta (Lah Poon’-tah) battery, 12 Larrinaya, Tulio, quoted, on abolition of slavery in Porto Rico, 145 Las Casas, Bishop of Seville, 6, 9, 10 Latin race differs from Anglo- Saxon, 216, 217 Liberal, club in Havana, 18; era, 15 Liberation, final war of, 24 Lieutenant Castle in Porto Rico, 150 Literary mission work in Cuba, 119 Literature of good quality lack- ing, 95; need for, 119 Liorente, Sefior Pedro, 42 Location and shape of Cuba, 5I Lopez, Narcisso, execution of, 17 Lorraine, Sir Lampton, , 22 oe and cock-fighting, 87, 8 Lyle, E. P., Jr, quoted, 156, 168 M McCall, M. N., quoted, 100 McKinley, President, 26, 27 Macedonian cry, 127, 128 Macias, Manuel, 146 Magoon, Charles E., 47 Maine, destruction of, 25, 26 Major Dean in Porto Rico, 150 Manila Bay, 26 Manso, Bishop, 197 Manzanillo (Mahn-sahn eel’- yo), 55 Marketing, 80 Marriage fees formerly charged by Roman Catholic Church, 103, 198, 201-203, 235 INDEX Marriages by missionaries, ' 123, 211, 235, 236 Marti, José (Ho-say’), 24, 66 Marvin, George, quoted, 183 Matanzas, 9, Mayaguez (Mah-yah-gways’), 176; incident in, 202; physi- cian of, 220 Medical mission work, 186, 216 Men being reached, 122 Methodist Episcopal Church mission work in Porto Rico, 219 Methodist Episcopal Church, South, mission work in Cuba, 104 Michigan senator, 40 Miles, General, at Guanica, 148 Military rule in Cuba, neces- sity for, 35, 38; road-build- ing under, 37 Mill, John Stuart, quoted, 2 Misrepresentation of mission- aries, 105 Misrule, Spain’s, 146, 147 Mission churches, 188; schools needed, 51 Missionaries, characteristics and rewards, 120, 126; wel- come to workers, 105, 106, 180, 210, 211; women’s work in Cuba, 78, 124, 325; see also Protestant mission work Missionary Review of the World, referred to, 134, 226 Mongrel population, 198 Monserrate, legend of, 205. Moral standard rising, 423, 212 Morals, and marriage, 198, 200, 202; in life of Havana, 93, 94 ee (Mo’-ro) Castle, 12, 9 Moseley, H. R., referred to, 105 Municipal ownership, 199 INDEX N Native Cuban Church, 120, 121, 130, I3I Native views, 181 Natives, see Indian natives Natural resources, 55, 5' Negro race, in Cuba, 10, 19, 68, 74, 76; in Porto Rico, 142, 145, 177 New Orleans, 17 New regime celebrated, 48 Niva, the, 5 Niobe, the, 22 Nipe (Nee’ es 55 Noa, F. M., Normal she needed, 119 Nuevitas (Noo-ay-vee’-tahs) Harbor, 7, 55 O Obispo Street, 90 Olney, Secretary, referred to, 21 Ore deposits, 55 O’Reilly Street, go Oriente (Santiago), 9, 53, 55 Ostend Manifesto, 52 Outlook, quoted, 153, 154, 155, 158, 150, 178, 203, 210; re- ferred to, 75 Ovando, Gov., 141 P Palma, Sefior, referred to, 21, 44 Panama Canal, 52, 168, 170 Papel Periodico, 94 Patio, the, 81, 82, 185, 186 Peace Commission, 46, 47 Pepper, Charles M., quoted or referred to, 32, 36, 70, 100, 107 Persecution of converts, 221 Petty and vexatious despotism under the captain-general, 17 Philippines, the, 26 253 Physical features, of Cuba, 51- 55; of Porto Rico, 169, 170, 173 Pianos common, 83 Pico Turquino, see Turquino peak Picturesque color and scenes, 80, 187 Pinar del Rio (Pee-nahr’ dayl Ree’-o), 9, 89 Pinta, the, 5 Plantain, the, 59, 174 Platt, Senator, of Connecticut, 40 Plaza, the, 79, 182 Polk, James K., 25 Ponce (Pohn’-say, colloquial s sound for c), 176, 181, 183, 187, 204 Ponce de Leon (Pohn’-say day Lay'-ohn), 141, 197 Population, of Cuba, 68, 60, 229, 230; of Porto Rico, 177, 238 Porto Rican qualities, de- scribed by one of themselves, 178, 179 Porto Rico, 27, 52; area, nat- ural features, and products, 54, 155-159, 169-176; discov- ery by Columbus, 139, 140; diseases, 153, 154; early names, exploration, and set- tlement, 140-143; later col- ony and province of Spain, 145; population, 177, 238; slavery voluntarily abolished, 145; successful transition from Spain to the United States, 145-192; undivided rule of Romanism and re- sults, 196-207; work of Prot- estant missions, 208-224 Porto Rico of To-day, The, 150 Poverty, 186; accounted for, 147, 148 254 Presbyterians, North, mission work in Cuba, 104; in Porto Rico, 208 Press in Cuba, 94 Primitive rural life, in Cuba, 84-86; in Porto Rico, 188, 189 Problems, 153 Prospective prosperity, 174, 175 Protestant Episcopal Church, 209; mission work in Cuba, 104, 105, 107; in Porto Rico, 186, 209 Protestant mission work, in Cuba, 104-132; in Porto Rico, 211-224 Protestantism misrepresented, 119 Provinces in Cuba, former and present, 9 Provisional government, by United States, in Cuba, 46- 4 Public school system, 38, 200 Pueblo Viejo (Pweb'-lo Vee- ay’-ho), 141 Puerto Principe (Pwer’-to Preen’-see-pay), 19, 24 Puertoriquenians (Pwer’-to- ree-kay’-nee-ans), 179 Puerto Rico (Pwer’-to Ree- ko), see Porto Rico Pullman sleepers, 88 Purchase of Cuba proposed, 52 Q Qualities lacking in Cubans, 70 Queen Isabella, 18 R Race characteristics of Porto Ricans, 178, 216, 217 Railway service, 88 Range of temperature, 60 INDEX Real Condition of Cuba To- day, The, 25 Real estate prices, 176 Reciprocity, 40 Reconcentrados, 10, 25 Reforms promised, 20; prom- ises broken, 21, 23 Religion and morals rable, 101 Religious liberty in Cuba, 43 Republic proclaimed, 19 Revenues and disbursements in Cuba under Spain, 23 Revolts in Cuba, 16-26 Rio Piedras, 172, 186 Rivers, 55 Road projects, 89, insepa- 175, 176, 219 Robinson, A. G., quoted, 2, 150 Roman Catholic control, Cuba, 101-103; in Rico, 197-207 Romanism, failure of, in the islands, 100-103, 109, 110, 196, 199-207; vitalized by contact with Protestant mis- sion work, 112 Roosevelt, Theodore, in Porto 33, 40, 46, 47 Royal Order, Ferdinand’s, 15 Rudd, A. B., quoted, 205 Ss Sabbath-breaking, 206 San Cristobal, de Habana, 11; Fort, 182, 183 San Domingo, 8, 24, 80, 140 San Juan (Sahn Hoo-an’), in Cuba, 27, 33; in Porto Rico, 182, 183; conditions in, 185; harbor, 170; military road to Ponce, 175, 176, 181, 182, 184, 187 San Juan Beautista (Sahn Hoo-an’ Bow-teest’-ah), ear- INDEX ly name for Porto Rico, 139, 141 San Salvador, 5 Sancti Spiritus (Sahnk’-tee Speer’-ee-toos), 11 Sanguilly (Sahn-gwee’-lyay), Sefior, 42 Sanitary and other improve- ments, 36-38, 89, 99, 153, 154 Santa Clara (Sahn’-tah Clar’- rah), city, 80, 126-128, province, 9 Santa Maria, the, 5 Santiago de Cuba (Sahri-tee- ah’-go day Koo’bah), 11, 14, 27, 33, 55, 60, 79, 129; cathedral congregation, 122; trip to Havana, 88 Santurce (Sahn-toor’-say), 186 Schools, in Cuba, 38, 50, 112- 119; in Porto Rico, 155; sa- lute to the stars and stripes, IQI Sea route to Cuba, 53 Seabury, Joseph B., quoted, 138 Service wins people, 120, 121, 123 Sherman, “Father,” referred to, 201 Sierra Maestra, 55 Sixth United States Cavalry in historic scene, 149 Slavery, 10, 19, 142, 145, 197 Smaller cities, life in, 79-81 Sobriety the rule, 190 Social distinctions, 78 Soil very fertile, in Cuba, 56, 57; in Porto Rico, 157, 173, 104 Spain, control in the islands for centuries, 5-8, 138-142; cruel, selfish, and tyrannous policy, 4, 9-26, 142, 143, 146, 255 147; loss of her possessions, 20-34, 148-150 Spaniards or Spanish now in Cuba, 68, 73 Spanish — criminals Porto Rico, 144 Stars and stripes, 33, 44, 146, IQI ; Stately Cubans, 87 Statistics, Cuba: area, 53; ex- ports and imports, 233; oc- cupations, 233; population, 68, 69, 229, 230; products, 232, 233; railroads, etc, 233; schools, 233. Porto Rico: area, 54, 170; city and country dwellers, 181, 185; good roads, 219; population, 177, 238; schools, 154, 1553 trade with United States, 158; Young Men’s Christian Association building in San Juan, 219 Steele, James W., quoted, 4, 82, 66, 70 Stone, Gen. Roy, quoted, 178 Strategic importance of Cuba to United States, 52 Sugar, 56, 157 sent to Sunday School Association for Cuba, 108 Superstition and ignorance, 200, 205 Surrender celebration at Ha- vana, 33 Suzarte, 94 T 1 President William H., 4 Tariff troubles, 39 Taxation, 14, 17 Telegraphs, 185, 233 Telephones, 185, 233 Temperature, 173 Tobacco, 58, 174 256 To-morrow in Cuba, 35, 70, 102 : Tornado, the, 21 Torture, 10, 198 Tour of the missions, a, 121, 122 Trade restrictions, 14 Trade winds, 171, 172 Trained teachers, 118 Traits accounted for, 72 Transportation facilities, 175 Trinidad, 11 Trolley, the 184 Tropical ways, 78 Turquino (Toor-kee’-no) peak, 54 Tyranny, 10, 15 U United Brethren, 208; mission work of in Porto Rico, 208 United States, attention of Presidents directed to Cuba, 25, 26, 32, 40; interest of citizens, 17, 21; loyal re- sponse when war became necessary, 26-28; notable success on sea and land, 26- 34; our military control in- augurates new era, 34-39; peace secured by our later intervention, 46-48; Porto Rico and the Philippines call for new world relations, 27, 28, 148-150; results of ten years’ civil administra- tion and missionary effort in Porto Rico, 150-224 Unprepossessing type of Amer- ican, 217, 218 American, 183, INDEX Unsanitary conditions, 186 Vv Van Buren, Bishop J. W.,, quoted, 155, 210 Van Horne, Sir William, 88 Van Middeldyk, quoted, 144 Vegetables native to Porto Rico, 174 Velasquez, Diego, 9, 10, 11 Vieques, 204 Virginius affair, the, 21; in- demnity and sympathy, 22 W Watling’s Island, 5 Wet and dry seasons in Porto Rico, I71 Weyler, Gov.-gen., referred to, 10, 24; recall asked, 25 Wilson, E. S., quoted, 168 Winthrop, Col. W., quoted, Woman missionaries, 124 Woman’s condition, 74, 75, help suggested, 77 a ae Gen. Leonard, 35, 179 76; 37, 2 World's Work, quoted, 154, 156 Y Yara (Hah-rah’), 19 Yellow fever, 36, 90 “Yellow” journals, 95 Young Men’s Christian Asso- ciation in San Juan, 219 Z Zanjon (Sahn-hon’), treaty of, 20, 2 Zayas, a 3 Alfredo, 47, 48 Forward Mission Study Courses “Anywhere, provided it be rorwarp.”—David Livingstone.” Prepared under the direction of the YOUNG PEOPLE’S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Eprtorn1aL ComMittee: T. H. P. Sailer, Chairman; A. E. Armstrong, T. B. Ray, H. B. Grose, S. Earl Taylor, J. E. McAfee, C. R. Watson, John W. Wood, L. B. Wolf. The forward mission study courses are an outgrowth of a conference of leaders in young people’s mission work, held in New York City, December, 1901. To meet the need that was manifested at that conference for mission study text- books suitable for young people, two of the delegates, Pro- fessor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, and Mr. S., Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary Committee of the Epworth League, projected the Forward Mission Study Courses. These courses have been officially adopted by the Young People’s Missionary Move- ment, and are now under the immediate direction of the Editorial Committee of the Movement. The books of the Movement are now being used by more than forty home and foreign mission boatds and societies of the United States and Canada. The aim is to publish a series of text-books covering the 257 various home and foreign mission fields and written by lead- ing authorities. The entire series when completed will com- prise perhaps as many as forty text-books. The following text-books having a sale of 750,000 have been published: 1. Tue Price or Arrica. (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor. 2. Intro ALL THE Wortp. A general survey of missions, By Amos R. Wells. 3. PrinceLy MEN In THE HEAveNLY Kincpom. (Biograph- ical.) By Harlan P. Beach. 4. SUNRISE IN THE SUNRISE Kincpom. A study of Japan. By John H. DeForest. 5. HeRoEs oF THE Cross In AMERICA. Home Missions. (Biographical.) By Don O. Shelton. 6. DAYBREAK IN THE Dark ConTINENt. A study of Africa, By William S. Naylor. 7. THe Curistian Conquest oF Inpra. A study of India. By James M. Thoburn. 8. ALIENS on AMERICANS? A study of Immigration. By Howard B. Grose. 9. Tue Upuirt or Cuina. A study of China. By Arthur H. Smith. 10. THE CHALLENGE OF THE City. A study of the City. By Josiah Strong. 11. THe Way AND How or Foreicn Missions. A study of the relation of the home Church to the foreign missionary enterprise. By Arthur J. Brown. 12, THE Mostem Wortp. A study of the Mohammedan World. By Samuel M. Zwemer. 13. THE Frontier. A study of the New West. By Ward Platt. 14. SourH America: Its Missionary Problems. A study of South America. By Thomas B. Neely. 15. THe Urpwarp Pato: The Evolution of a Race. A study of the Negro. By Mary Helm. 16. Korea In Transition. A study of Korea. By James S. Gale, 258 17, ADVANCE IN THE Antittes. A study of Cuba and Porto Rico. By Howard B. Grose. In addition to these courses, the following have been pub- lished especially for use among younger persons: 1. Ucanpa’s Wuitt Man or Work. The story of Alex- ander Mackay of Africa. By Sophia Lyon Fahs. 2. SERVANTS OF THE Kina. A series of eleven sketches of famous home and foreign missionaries. By Robert E. Speer. 3. Unper: Marcuine Orvers. The story of Mary Porter Gamewell of China. By Ethel Daniels Hubbard. These books are published by mutual arrangement among the home and foreign mission boards, to whom all orders should be addressed. They are bound uniformly and are sold at 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, in paper; postage, 8 cents extra. 259 K co’ i er 7 65°45" G Pt.Jacinto Pt.Agujereada : Pt.Sardina Pt.Borinquen, SAN JUAN Mayaguez Bay . y yy f ; =p = j - . = Sa 7 ine VD) a Ensenada Mayaguez = , ; ; . ’ aS Sw se BA lgodones “7 amad = ( ‘ f rie 5 1 3 B A Sao Boy 28g) | Soria Me : nA = Bo FE Yee : SHarranquit WS s WivapoPteLima ) Estero R= “S . . < Naa C QET f Wh ) Santiago Key i El Morrillo } 3 Piner fl | S po Gl E : : : re } 3 ol, ‘ : i } < ; : 7. | eh . : q k : Morro de Humacao Pt,Ostiones i : & \ 4 40 =e J =m . : : : : 4 Fandiloa Key Roi ‘4 t A \' e % 7 } } : SX. Mary . 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