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Nachgelieferte Arbeit zum Programm

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Ostern 1877,

‘An inquiry into the Phonetic peculiarities of Barbour’s Bruce.’

Von

Dr. Ernst; Regel.

 

Gera.
Druck von Issleib & Rietzschel.

CB
AAS By
Every one who studies English language and literature, and wants to acquire a perfect
knowledge of them, cannot help casting a glance on the works of the Scotch writers. And
he who has overcome the difficulties of the Scotch idiom, by which many are repelled at first,
will certainly be rewarded when enjoying Scotlands greatest bard, Robert Burns. This poet
is, no doubt, one of the most remarkable men to be met with in literature, and worth being
known to every foreigner, especially to any member of the great Teutonic race.

Burns is the favourite poet of every Scotsman, and still, though very high in the favour
of the Scotch nation, he is not its only darling. A poet of remoter times which nearly equals
Burns as to popularity, is the Archdeacon of Aberdeen, John Barbour.

Every Scotsman knows Barbour’s Bruce, that solendid national song which celebrates
the Sotch War of Independence. This work I am going to examine. However, it is not my

“purpose to treat here on the contents of that vast epic poem, I only want to give some
account of its form, and, more specially, to discuss its Phonetic peculiarities. I thought
it would perhaps be of some interest to know how far the modern Scotch idiom, represented
e. g. by Burns’ language, resembles that of older times, and whether a progress is ie be noticed
_as to the diminishing or augmenting relation between English and Scotch when compared at
an earlier period, and then at the present state of development.

First of all I must give some explanation of the terms Scotch and English.

I simply refer to the Historical introduction of Mr. Murray’s learned paper on “Lowland.
Scottish dialects’ (V. Transactions of the Philological Society 1870—1872), whence the following
remarks are taken.

Originally the term ‘Scots’ meant the inhabitants of Ireland, whence it spread over the
north and west coast of modern Scotland, while the east side was occupied by the Picts.
When in the 9 century the Scottish ruler succeeded also to the Pictish throne, he retained,
nevertheless, his original title of king of the Scots. The word Scotland came to embrace
now the whole country north of the Forth. The territory. south of the Forth was not com-
prised within this name till much later. Even so late as towards the end of the 12 century
Lothian was spoken of in the written laws as lying ‘out of Scotland’, though the country south
of the Forth had through the Northumbrian and Saxon alliances of the Scottish king become
already part of their dominion. And this very land, though not originally Scottish, got by its
greater civilization such an ascendency over the country north of the Firths, that the Scottish
sovereigns more and more adopted the language and the manners of their Anglo-Saxon sub-
jects, and entirely lost the sympathios of the Celtic clans of the north.
ienaaty CLS asa

Everybody knows that the Scotch nationality has been created by the great War of
Independence, but it is a very common error to believe that the war was made by the Scots
against the English. On the contrary, the original Scots, i. e. the 'old Gaelic-speaking inhabi-
tants of the north, ranked on the side of the English, because the English ruler, residing on
the banks of the Thames, was likely to leave them more liberty than the Scotch king, reigning
by their very side. Mr. Murray says:

“The war was in its essence the struggle of the last remnaintae bit of Anglo-Saxonism
to preserve its freedom from the Norman yoke.’ But another result of the combat, beside the
creating of the Scotch nationality, was the transferring of the name of ‘Scots’ fon the Gaelic
Highlanders to the Anglo-Saxon Lowlanders.

This fact is not to be overlooked. We must never forget that amet speaking,
the Scotch dialect is not Scotch at all. ‘Scotch’ is nothing but a geographical term.

‘What is the Scotch dialect then? It is a subdivision of the great Northern dialect of‘
England, spoken from York to Aberdeen. It is the same tongue as the Northumbrian or
Northern language. There may be as many different subdialects as there are different dales
in Scotland and in the north of England — and as many differences exist indeed —, still they .
belong all to one large family, the Northern dialect, thoroughly distinct from the Midland
and the Southern dialects. If what we now call the Scotch dialect, has had a culture of
its own, and bears a peculiar stamp, we can only explain this fact: by external influences. -
‘It has been influenced by legal institutions, an ecclesiastical system, a foreign connection, and
a national life, altogether distinct from those which have operated ape the same language on
the southern side of the border.’

Three periods may be distinguished as to the development of the Scotch language. The
first period, extending from the earliest literary monuments down to the end of the 15% cen-
tury, shows the Scotch dialect identical with the literary i of the northern part ee
England. :

From the end of the 15th century to the Union of England al Scotland — the space
of the second period — we see in England the Northern dialect supplanted by the Midland
dialect, whilst the Scotch dialect is confined to Scotland.

During the last period, from the Union down to the present day, the Scotch dialect is
no more in literary use. English has become the literary language even in Scotland, and
Scotch is only the speech of the common people or still used in popular poetry, like that
of Burns.

According to the fact that during the ‘first period nearly identity prevails betwee
Scotch and English, we find the Scotch dialect always termed ‘Inglis’ down to the end of the
15" century. The term of Scotch was applied to the Celtic of the Highlanders down to the
end of the 14 century; then occurs the name of ‘Yrische’ or ‘Ersche’ for the Gaelic tongue,
but the name of ‘Scotis’ has not been transferred to modern Scotch till in the course of. the
16" century. Whilst the nation was called Scotch soon after the War of Independence, the
language was termed so much later.

‘By the close of the 15 century, when England settled down from the Wars’ of the
Roses, and the great collisions of populations and dialects by which they were accompanied,
there was thus but one standard language acknowledged viz., that founded upon the. Old Mid-
ee

land tongue. But while the Northern tongue had thus sunk beneath the surface in the North
of England, in Scotland it had continued to be cultivated as the language of the Court,
literature and law. No wonder, then, that this dialect, from which the literary English had
severed itself, and which had now a literature: only in the Northern kingdom, came to. be
considered as peculiar to that kingdom, and to be distinguished from the literary English
as Scotch.’
The literary monument we are about to examine, belongs to the first period. To prove
the near relation between Barbour’s Bruce and coeval English literary monuments, I shall
compare the Prologue of the Cursor Mundi, written, near Durham, about 1275—1300, and
preserved in an orthography not much later. =

This fact, however, has been sufficiently proved by Mr. Murray in his Historical intro-
duction to the above mentioned paper.

The Bruce has been written at Aberdeen about the year 1375 by the Archdeacon
John Barbour, a. learned and patriotic man (born soon after the battle of Bannockburn, died
about 1395). His intention was to give a true account of the most glorious part of Scotland’s
History. Only a few exaggerations are found inthis work; and if the hero is, on several
occasions, magnified so as to pass from a Historical person into a Romantic character, we
must not be taken by surprise, for an Epic poem-of such high tenor easily borders upon the
Miraculous. .

The Manuscripts of the Bruce are by a century later than the date of the work, but
the alterations chiefly concern Orthography (ai, ay besides a; ei, ey besides e; arbitrary use
of Double Consonants; -t instead of -d as ending of the Preterit; compare this latter point
under t). : , 4
We have an edition of the whole work by Prof. Cosmo Ines, but I follow the text given
‘by Mr. Skeat in his new edition, published in the Extra Series of the Early English Text Society. ©

Though only the half has been published yet, I think the first ten books will suffice to
illustrate the Phonetic system of Barbour’s language.

1. Vowels.

As the Vowels are the fluctuating, the Consonants the stable element of the Phonetic
system, we shall perceive the greater changes among the former, so that the investigation of
the Vowels will be the more fruitful. Treating the Vowels, we shall first speak of those of
Anglo-Saxon origin, and then consider the Norman-French vowels.

As to the Anglo-Saxon vowels, we shall adopt the method which Mr. Koch applies in his
‘Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache’, viz. that of discussing them under three heads.
Like the Vocal systems of all the languages “belonging to the great Indo-Germanic race,
the Anglo-Saxon vowels, various as they are, derive from only three short vowels:
2 it wt
In consequence of a double gradation, by a and 4, we get in Gothic:
: a 6 6
i ei ai
u iu au
Be. i ee

In Anglo-Saxon those 9 Gothic sounds have grown into 24 (a 4 Beésiitode
@& uty y; ea ed éo io [ie] ei eu), the original ones of which are:

a a 6
i i a
u iui 4 (u) V. Koch I, 33 f

A. Anglo-Saxon Vowels.

_ I. a-Sounds,

Gothic a becomes in Anglo-Saxon:
i = a ea e (modified a).

a. ‘(Compare Koch I, 47.) é

To this class belongs the Imperfect tense of the second conjugation (Compare Koch I, Aq.
Matzner Gr. I, 354 ff.): Ags. bir (béran)-is in the Bruce: bar III, 17. bare V, 635. bair V, 606.
IX, 175. Compare Cursor Mundi: bar 156. bare 158 (= Engl. bore). Ags. brac (brécan):
Bruce: brak up V, 94. Burns: brak (Tam 0’ Shanter) = broke. Ags. scir-(scéran): Bruce:
schare VI, 137 = shore. Ags. &t (étan): Bruce: ete VII, 169 = ate, eat. Compare Burns:
spak (ags. spriic) = spoke. Besides we find: Ags. vias: Bruce: wes II, 390 = was. Ags.
gras: Bruce: gress II, 361 beside gyrss VIII, 445 = grass. Ags. piim: Bruce: thame IV, 66 =
them. Ags. miigen: mane VI, 318 = main. V. mayne, mane, Jamieson’s Scotch Dictionary.
Ags. bar: Bruce: bair VI, 407 = bare.

The Ags. 4 becomes in the Bruce either a (ai) or @. The Curs. Mundi has the same;
besides a we also find e: Ags. lista: Cursor: leste 208 = least. Ags. after: Cursor: efter 212 =
after. Burns shows a as well as the Bruce. ~

a. (Compare Koch I, 48 f.)

Ags. strang, strong, strenge: Bruce: strang II, 357 — strong. Ags. lang, long: Bruce:
langar II, 385. Compare Curs. longe 169 -lang 212. Burns: lang (Twa dogs) = long. Ags.
prang, prong: Bruce: thrang III, 713. Burns: thrang (Iwa dogs) = throng. Ags. amang:
Bruce: emang III, 371. Curs. 88. Busnes amang (Twa dogs) = among. Bruce: band IV, 41 =
bond. Ags. habban: Bruce: haiff II, 357. Burns: hae = have. Ags. P. P. gangen. .(gangan)*
Bruce: gane II, 423. III, 257. gayne Il, 544. III, 185 = gone. Compare Burns: gang (Twa
dogs) = to go. Ags. hva: Bruce: quha II, 388. Curs. qua 81. 95. Burns: wha, wham. Ags.
pragu: Bruce: thraw IV, 140. OK. throw. Mod. Scotch.: thraw (V. Jam. Dict.; Halliwell’s Dict.)
‘Meaning: time. Ags. sagu: Bruce: saw IV, 260 (V. Hall.) meaning: speech, Ags. P. P. fand
(findan): Bruce: fand V, 41. Burns: fand (Tam ‘0’ Sh.) = found. Ags. hlad: Bruce: ladis.
VHT, 450. 463. V. lade, laid (Jam.) =.load. Ags. carl: Bruce: carle X, 158. karlis III, 226.
Mod. Scotch: carl, cairl (V. Matzner Altengl. Worterbuch) meaning: man.

There is, already in Anglo-Saxon, and still more in Old-English (V. Koch I, 48), a great
propensity of changing a into o before m and n. In the Bruce we find a strictly preserved,

just as in Modern Scotch. Compare besides Burns: sang (Twa dogs) = song. Ags. af: Burns:
aff = of.
So ee

Sometimes a inclines to i in Ags. (V. Koch I, 37).. In the same way we see in the
Bruce: hing IV, 30 (Ags. hangan) = to hang.

Modern Scotch has a predilection for a as well as for i. So we find in Burns: ao:
gat — got; Rab = Rob; pat — pot (Halloween); aften = often. a = u: rash = rush
(Halloween). Compare the head of i.

ea. (Compare Koch I, 49.)

Ags. beald: Bruce: bauld II, 478. III, 14. Curs. bald 109 = bold. Ags. meaht: Bruce:
maucht II, 421 — might. Ags. meahte (from mag): Bruce: mocht IV, 198. moucht VI, 666;
besides: mycht VI, 659. Compare Ags. raehte (raecan): Bruce: raucht II, 420. III, 114. soci
VI, 626. Burns: raught = reached (V. Koch I, 312. Mitzner Gr. I, 337). Ags. eahta: Bruce:
aucht IX, 370. Curs. eght 188 = eight.. Ags. healdan: Bruce: hald II. 389. III, 274. VIII, 28.
haldaris (= holders) IV, 82. behaldand (= beholding) VIII, 91. Curs. haldes 75. Burns: hand
(Halloween), hald (Verses to a Mouse); besides: Bruce: helde VIII, 14. heldand V, 153 = hold. .
Ags. eald: Bruce: ald V, 317. IX, 202. Curs. alde, ald 116. 117. Burns: auld (Twa dogs) V.
ald, alde, auld (Jam.) = old. Compare besides Burns: cauld (Twa dogs) = cold. tauld (Tam
O’ Sh.) = told: fauld = fold (Curs. fald 110).: Ags. geald (gildan): Bruce: 3ald IV, 172.
VII, 117 = yielded. Ags. sceal: Bruce: sal II, 87. 89. Curs. 100. 119. 122 = shall. Ags. geat:
Bruce: 3et IV, 153. Burns: yett (Robin shure in hairst) = gate. Ags. gea. OE? ya: Bruce:
3ha VI, 613.—= yea. Ags. gear: Bruce: 3eir VI, 183. 3eire VI, 188. .Curs. 3ere 188 = year.
Ags. gearwa: Bruce: ger V, 110. Burns: gear = gear. Ags. streav: Bruce: stra VI, 505. Burns:
_strae = straw. Ags. hearcnian: Bruce: herkyn VI, 89 = to harken. Ags. nedh (Positive) in
neahgebir: Burns: neebor (Tam O’ Sh.). Ags. neara (Comparative): Bruce: neir X, 195. ner
II, 375. Curs. niere 28 — near. Superlative: neist Curs. 62. 103. 141. Burns: neist (Jolly
Beggars), niest (Poor Mailie; Twa dogs) = next. ,

So we find that Anglo-Saxon e4 is, in the Bruce, changed into a or e (ei); it is pretty
much the same in the Cursur Mundi. Only before 1 or a Guttural we find a deepened into
au, just as in Modern Scotch.

e (modified a). (Compare Koch I, 50.)

Ags. stede: Bruce: sted VI, 312. IX, 46. Curs. stede. 238. stedfast Curs. 128 (= steadfast) =
stead. Ags. hefig: Bruce: hewy II, 369. III, 235. II], 174. 175 (hewynes) = heavy. Ags.
strengéu: Bruce: strinth IV, 66. V. strynth (JJam.) = ation ge Ags. benc (V. Ettmiiller,
Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum): Bruce: bynk VII, 238. V. Jam. = bench. Ags. hvenne: Bruce:
quhyne VII, 240. Burns: whane’er (= whenever) Tam 0’ Sh. = when. Ags. felav:. Bruce:
fallow VI, 608 — Mod. Scotch (V. Miiller, Etymol. Worterbuch) = fellow.

This e is sometimes preserved in the Bruce. Before n it becomes i. Seldom it is
represented by a. Modern Scotch corresponds to the Bruce.

To the A-sounds belong besidés:

® (first gradation of a)
6 (second gradation of a)
é (modification of 6).
a, GO

#. (Compare Koch I, 50 f.)

Ags. pr&l: Bruce: threllis III, 220. threldome II, 506 = thrall. Ags. d&d: Bruce: deid
II, 561. III, 161. Curs. dedis 41. 43. = deed. Ags. féger: Bruce: fer III, 92. VI, 315 = fair.
Ags. dr&d: Bruce: dreid III, 315 = dread. Ags. t&r: Bruce: teris III, 348 = tear. Ags.
ml: Bruce: meil V, 398 = meal. Ags. l&ce: Bruce: leche V, 437. Curs. leche 176. V. lech,
leche, leiche (Jam.) = leech. Ags. vpen: Bruce: vapnys V, 393 (V. Jam.) = weapon. Ags.
p&r: Bruce: thar II, 359. 392. 394 — there. Ags. hv&r: Bruce: quhar II, 370. Curs. quare
157. Burns: whare = where.
Ags. #& becomes e (ei) or a in the Bruce. Cursor Mundi and Modern Scotch agree:
with it. ;
6. (Compare Koch I, 51 f.)

Ags. sona: Bruce: sone II, 452. soyn IV, 126. Curs. sone 63 = soon. Ags. mésta: Bruce:
mon III, 323. IV, 650. Burns: maun (Twa dogs) = must. Ags. s6d: Bruce: sothly III, 513.
Curs. 120. Besides: suthly IV, 98. suthfast. OE. sothfast V. Jam. sooth. Ags. ména: Bruce:
moyne IV, 127. monys VI, 216. Mod. Scotch: mone = moon, Ags. dém: Bruce: dome IV
746. Curs. 216. domesday Curs. 215. Mod. Scotch shows the same (V. Jam.) = doom. Ags.
mod: Bruce: mody IX, 659 (V. Jam.) = moody. Ags. déer: Bruce: owthir X, 24 = other.
Ags. fodur:_ Bruce: fodyr X, 198 = fother, fodder. Ags. géd: Bruce: gude II, 395. 435. 554,
III, 79. 85. 278. Curs. gode 37. 46. Burns: gude (Jolly Beggars), guid (Twa dogs) = good.
Ags. fot: Bruce: fute III, 21. 353 foot. Ags. bléd: Bruce: blud II, 361. III, 139. III, 35.
Curs. blode 107 = blood. Ags. behéfjan: Bruce: behufit VI, 114 = to behoove. Ags. léc-
jan: Bruce: lukand III, 579. luk VI, 311 = to look. Burns: leuks (Twa dogs; Jolly Begg.)
= looks. Here is also to be mentioned the Legitimate change of the vowel in the Preterit of
the 4% class of “Ablautende Verben’ (V. Koch. Gr. I, 279 ff.):

Ags. scop (scapan): Bruce: schup IV, 68. Ags. stéd (standan): Bruce: stude VI, 89. .
VII, 71. IX, 889 = stood. Ags. véd (vadan): Bruce: woude IX, 388 = waded. Ags. vedx
(veaxan): Bruce: wox V, 21. IX, 162. vox VIII, 391. wex X, 302. Compare Burns: swoor
(Halloween) = Ags. svor = swore. Ags. drég (dragan): Bruce: dreuch IV, 372. VII, 468 = drew.

Ags. 6 gives, in the Bruce, either 0 (oy, ou) or u, whilst the Cursor Mundi preserves
always 0. Compare besides: Ags. réd: Curs. rode 198 = rod. Ags. béc: Curs. boke 121 =
book. Burns has u, ui. Compare besides: muir = Ags. mér = moor. ‘

Before a Guttural we find eu, in the Bruce as well as in Burns. Compare besides:
Ags. indh: Bruce: eneuch IV, 373. Burns: eneugh (Twa dogs); but the Cursor has: inow 92.
inogh 96. Burns: beuk (Twa dogs; Jolly Beggars) = book. heuk (Robin shure in hairst) =.
hook. teugh = Ags. toh = tough. sheuk = Ags. scéc = shook. misteuk = Ags, téc — took. ;

é, (Compare Koch I, 52.)
Ags. fét: Bruce: feyt II, 359. Curs. 190 (fete) = feet. Ags. félan: Bruce: fele II, 506.
III, 201. feill VI, 499 = to feel. Ags. stéda: Bruce: sted IU, 111. II, 424 = steed. Ags.
héran: Bruce: heir IV, 57. Curs. here 1. 25. 27.237 = to hear. Ags. hér: Bruce: her II, 394
= here. Ags. spédan: Bruce: speid III, 617 = to speed. Ags. métan: Bruce: to meit IV,
42%. Curs. mete 18 = to meet, Ags. sécjan: Bruce: seik V, 557. VI, 297 = to seek. Ags.
oe

gréne: Brucé: greyn VII, 450 = green. Ags. rédan: Bruce: reid IX, 101. Ours. rede 25. -
233. 237. Burns: rede (I rede you ect.). Ags. héht: Bruce: hecht X, 27. Burns : hecht =
hight (V. Matzner Gr. I, 343).

Ags..6 becomes, in the Bruce, e (ei, ey). Cursor Mundi (Compare besides: Ags. brédan:

‘Curs. brede 227 = = to breed) and Burns (Compare also: Ags. grétan: Burns: greet = to cry)

have the same,

II. i-Sounds.
- Original i becomes in Ags.:
i é é0.
i (y).. (Compare Koch I, 52 £)
Under ea we had mycht VI, 659 = might, besides: mocht and moucht, because in Ags.
we find: mihte besides meahte. Ags. climban: Bruce: clym IX, 410 (V. Matzner Gr. I, 347.

Scotch: 'clim clam clum) = to climb. Ags. ic: Bruce: Ic II, 20. Tk II, 46. 231. TI, 110, II,
122 (Consonant dropped) == I. Ags. sixtig: Bruce: sexty VI, 31. OE. sixty (V. Matzner. Gr, I, 275).

“Compare: saxte (V. Jam.). Burns: sax = six (sixty). Ags. bringan: Bruce: thryng VI, 82.

Ok. thringen, meaning: to press. Ags. first: Bruce: frest VII, 447 meaning: time. haa hiv:
Bruce: hewit VIII, 230 meaning: coloured. Ags. hindan: Brace: henmast VIII, 245 = hind.
Ags. micel: Bruce: mekill II, 217 = much. This: word has undergone a curious change: Ags.
micel, mycel, mucel. OE. acter muche. ME. meche, moche. Mod. Engl. much. Mod. Scotch:
muckle, mickle, meikle.

In the Bruce, i has been preserved or changed into.e. In Burns we have still the same:
Ags. hvistlan: Burns: westle (Now westlin winds).

In Modern Scotch we find i used for all sorts of vowels: *

i = u in Burns:

pit = put; hizzies — hussies; simmer = summer; rin = run; bizz = buzz; nit = nut;

stibble = stubble; mirk = murk; bill = bull. Per contra: burdies = birds; brunstane ==

brimstone.
~ i= 0:

clay = dozen; brither == brother ‘mither = mother; tipenny = twopence; ither — other;

= 6:. fit = foot (Ags. fot) Halloween. Per contra: hotch ’d = hitched.
ie:

coi thegither = together. Per contra: feg = fig.

i=>a:

striddle = straddle. e
&. (Compare Koch I, 53 f,)

_ Ags. féld: Bruce: feild II, 374. VIII, 165 = field. Ags. scéld: Bruce: sheldis VI, 217. VIII,

217. OE. schelde = shield. Ags. véder: Bruce: weddir III, 387 — weather. Ags. féla: Bruce:

feile Ill, 22 ‘meaning: many. Ags. vérre: Bruce: were IV, 2. 39. V. Jam. = war. Ags. spére:

Bruce: speir V, 607 = spear. Ags. néder: Bruce: nethir X, 21 ==-nether. Ags. béran: Bruce:
uce: spe. 9
ak. i. Sa

ber IV, 49. X, 173. beir VI, 248. Curs. beris 38 = to bear. Ags. scéran: Bruce: scher X, 174 =
to shear. Ags. étan: Bruce: et VII, 154 = to eat. Ags. é is, in the Bruce, represented by

e or ei.
éo. (Compare Koch I, 54.)

Ags. éorde: Bruce: erd IIL, 16. IV, 182. Burns: yird (Jolly Beggars) = earth. Ags.
svéord: Bruce: swerdis IH, 363. II, 137. V, 350 = sword. Ags. éorl: Bruce: erle I, 480 =
earl. Ags. herjan (= vastare): Bruce: here IX, 298. Comp. heirschip IX, 300 (V. Etm. 463).
Ags. séon: Bruce: seyn II, 357. sene II, 376 = seen. Ags. héorte: Bruce: hart III, 64.:274.
Curs. hert 43. 57 =. heart. Ags. carl, céprl: carle X, 158. karlis III, 226 meaning: man.
Ags. géornian: Bruce: 3harnit VII, 310. -Curs. 3ernis 1. = to yearn. oo véorold: Bruce:
varld IV, 149. Curs. werld 91. 121. Burns; warld = world. Ags. véork: Bruce: virk IV, 44.
V. wirk (Jam.). Curs. werk 112. 125. 127. 259. handwarke Curs. 132. Burns: wark (Twa dogs)
= work. :
Ags. 60 becomes either e (i) or a, in the Bruce. as well as in the Cursor Mundi. Burns
has i or a,

i (first gradation of i). (Compare Koch I, 54 f.)

Ags. pritig. OE. thritty (V. Matzner Gr. I, 273). thretty IV, 405. IX, 639 (V. Jam.) =
thirty. Ags. ric, cyneric: kinrik V, 168 (V. Jam.) meaning: kingdom. Ags. slicjan: Bruce: :
slike (= mud) VI, 78. Compare sleek (Miiller, Wtb.). Ags. blican: Bruce: blenke VI, 633.
(V. Jam.). Burns: blink (Twa dogs).

Ags. 1 becomes i or e in the Bruce. We find the same in Modern Scotch.

& (second gradation of i). (Compare Koch I, 55 f.)

Ags. f&: Bruce: fais II, 372. fa Il, 419. Il, 174. famen VI, 648 = foe. Ags. mara:
Bruce: mar and mar II, 374. II, 429. Curs. evermar 98. Burns: mair (I'wa dogs; Tam O” Sh.).
Ags. mi: Bruce: ma II, 410 = more. Ags. mast, mést (V. Mitzner I, 270): Bruce: maist Il,
509. mast III, 332. Curs. mast 205. 243. 244. most Curs. 239. Burns: maist (Twa dogs) ; snisiatly
amaist (— almost) = most. Ags: sva: Bruce: sa II, 386; 387. sw II, 418. IV, 560. alsua
II, 411. sua II, 457. sway IV, 571. Curs. sua 63. 177. Barns: sae == so. Ags. na: Bruce: na
II,” 392. Duron: na, nae (naething) = no. Ags. nin: Bruce: nane II, 437. Burns: nane. (Twa,
dogs) = none. doe in: Bruce: ane IV, 195. Curs. an’85. Burns: ae. Compare: for the nanes™
Bruce X, 58 = for than anes (Hall.) meaning: for the occasion (for the nonys; Play of the
-- Sacrament). Compare Burns: ance = once; ane = one; ony = any (Twa dogs); lane = lone
(= all one) Halloween. V. alane-(Verses to a Monntain Daisy) = a, one. Ags. sar: Bruce?!
sar II, 450. sair V, 40. sare V, 230. VI, 151. sary V, 450. Burns: wie (Twa dogs) = sore,
Ags. hal: Bruce: haly II, 453. IX, 40. haile II, 92. haill VII, 341. halely IV, 83. holl VIII, 176.
Burns: hale, haill (Tam O’ Sh.) = hail, whole (V. Matzner I, 105). Ags. ba: Bruce: bath
II, 458. Curs. bath 40. 42. 87. Burns: baith (Twa dogs) = both. Ags. slain: Bruce: sla III,
98 = to slay. Ags. va: Bruce: wa III, 354. IX, 42. way VIII, 347. Curs. wa 257. Burns: wae
(Twa dogs) = woe. Ags. bat: Bruce: bait ITI, 408. bate III, 417 == boat. Ags. brad: Bruce:
brad III, 467. IV, 128. braid VI, 47. Curs. brade 93. Mod. Scotch: braid, brade = broad:
Ags. blavan: Bruce: blaw III, 484, Roniby blaw = to blow. Ags. ar: Brute: ar IL, 691. are
— i ——

ay a Fa ak se ore die Wtb.) = oar. Bes, rape: Bruce: rapys III, 691.
1 pe; ogs). Ags. hat: Bruce: hat, het IV, 113. 114. het IV, 154.
hat VIII, 66. hate VI, 305, Mod. Scotch (V. Jam); OE, (V. Hall.) = hot. Ags. clié: Bruce:
' clathis V, 388 = clothes. Burns: claith. Ags. cladjan: Bruce: clething IV, 398 (North. V. Hall.) i
= clothing. Ags, rav: Bruce: raw V, 590. VIII, 450. Burns: raw — row. Ags. agen: Viniées
awne V, 578. IX, 116. Curs. aune 152. Burns: ain (Tam 0’ Sh) = own. Ags. Agé Gigan):
aw 2 sg. & pl. Bruce IX, 743. 753. Curs. au 267 (V. Matzner Gr. I, 374) = you owe. hee,
‘yar: Bruce:, rair V, 97. rar VII, 327. VIII; 304. Burns: rair (Tam O’:Sh.) = to roar. Ags.
4d: Bruce: ath IX, 540. Burns: aith = oath. Ags. him: Bruce: hamvardis VII, 492. Burns:
hame (Twa dogs) V. Jam. = home. Ags. svat: Bruce: for-swat VII, 2. Burns: swat (Tam
0’ Sh.) = sweat. Ags. svapan: Bruce: swappit. VI, 229 (V. Miiller Wtb.) = to sweep. Ags.
dal: Bruce: Douglasdaill VI, 380 = dale. Ags. rad: Bruce: rod VI, 237 = road. Ags. nader:
Bruce: nouthir IV, 193. IX, 41 — neither. ,

Besides we have to mention here the Legitimate change of the vowel in the Preterit
of the 5% class of ‘Ablautende Verben” (V. Koch I, 288 ff): .

Ags. smat (smitan): Bruce: smat VI, 136 — smote. Ags. draf (drifan): Bruce: drafe
V, 635 = drove. Compare Burns: drave (Tam O%,Sh.). Ags. strac (strican): Bruce: ourstrak
V, 630. out-strak V, 403 = stroke. Compare strakis VI, 151 (= strokes), just as the sub-
stantive abade (— abode) VI, 60. equals the Preterit of to abide: Ags. bid (bidan). Compare
Curs. ras 267 (Ags. aras; Inf. risan). i : ,
- We saw already that the Cursor exactly lcorrespoade to the Bruce as to this head.
Compare besides: Ags. stan: stan Curs. 186. 193, Burns: stanes (Twa dogs) = stone. Ags.
ban: ban Curs. 194, Burns: banes (Twa dogs); bainie (= bony) = bone. Ags. hélig: hali
Curs. 129. 138. 206. Burns: hali’ (Tam 0’ Sh.) = holy. Ags. gast: gast Curs. 170. 206. Burns:
ghaist (Tam 0’ Sh.) = ghost. Ags. vraé: wreth Curs. 32 — wrath.

But seldom we find o in the Cursor, just as in the Bruce: Ags. 1a: loth Curs. 29.
Burns: laith (Verses to a Mouse) = loath, Ags. hlaf: lovis Curs. 182 = loaf.

Compare besides Burns: graip (Halloween): Ags. grapjan. saw (Halloween): Ags. sivan

== to sow. grane (Halloween) = groan. V. Ags. granjan.” snaw (Tam O’ Sh.): Ags. snav =
snow. saul: Ags. sivl — soul. aik: Ags. fc = oak. aits: Ags. ate — oats. craw: Ags. .
crave <= crow. slae: Ags. sli = sloe. faem: Ags. fim = foam. gaud: Ags. gad = goad.

laverock: Ags. laverc = lark. tae: Ags. ta = toe.

Ags. 4 has been preserved as a (ai, au, ae) in Scotch from the Bruce down to Burns.
Sometimes we find e. 7
o (ou) is very rare in the Bruce as well as in Burns, whilst it is the common vowel

’ in English from remoter times down to the present ‘day.
There are two other & besides that treated: under the a-sounds, namely:

ge = Gothic ai; Old-High-German ei. (Compare Koch I, 56.)

Ags. d&lan: Bruce: deill III, 32. Preterit: Ags. d@lde: Bruce: delt VI, 661 = to deal.
Ags. ménan: Bruce: menand III; 186 — to mean. Ags. l&@dan: Bruce: leid IX, 79. Curs.
lede 144 = to lead. Ags. lAdere: Bruce: ledar VII, 20 = leader. Ags. s®: Bruce: see X,

30 — sea. Ags. ®r: Bruce: erar III, 266. are IV, 569. V, 124, or IIL, 217 = ere. Ags.
or
mee Bee

&rlice: Bruce: airly V, 554. IX, 562 = early. Ags. Sgéer: Bruce: athir VI, 185 = either.
Ags. hl&der: Bruce: ledderis IX, 371. 373. 384 = ladder. Ags. bl@se: Bruce: blesis IV, 138.
blasis IV, 129 = blaze. (V. Matzner Wtb:: Mod. Scot.. bleise, bleis, bles, bleeze). Burns: blee-—
zing (Tam OQ’ Sh.).

#@ (modified 4). (Compare Koch I, 56 f.) Sg

Ags. hv&t: Bruce: quhet V, 398 = wheat. Ags. cl&ne: clenly. VI, 486 = clean. Ags.
sp&c: Bruce: spek V, 206. V. Jam. = speech. Ags. réde: Bruce: reddy IV, 168. VI, 253. IX,
182 = ready. Ags. h@lan: Bruce: hele IV,.373. heling V, 11 = to heal. Ags. [&stan: Bruce: -
lestand V, 520. lest VII, 65 = to last.- Ags. l@fan: Bruce: leve I, 459. leif IV, 608 = to
leave. But Ags. laf (= quod reliquum est): Bruce: lave II, 368. laif VI, 139. lafe VII, 507.
Burns: lave (Verses to a Mouse). 7 ; ,

We find here always: e (ei). On the whole, these latter two #® are developed in the
same way as the former. ,

III. u-Sounds,
Ags. u. (Compare Koch I, 57.)

Ags. sum: Bruce: sum II, 360. 458 = some. Ags. duru: Bruce: dur V, 94. durwarth
II, 101 V. Jam. = door. Ags. murnan: Bruce: murnyn II, 469. murnyng III, 350 = to
mourn. Ags. burh: Bruce: throu IV, 126. throw II, 24. 111. 323 = through. Ags. sunna: ”
Bruce: sone IV, 166 — sun. Ags. buruh: Bruce: burch IV, 211. OE. V. Matzner Wtb. Mod.
Scot. borrow, burrow = borough. Ags. vundrjan: Bruce: forvounderit VI, 10 = to wonder. '
Ags. hund: Bruce: hund VI, 553.-VII, 65. V. Jam. = hound. Ags. stund: umbestount VII,
398 (for a while); stound IX, 270 V. Jam. Compare Middle-High-German: stunt. German:
stunde. Ags. huntian: Bruce: hount VII, 399 = to hunt. Ags. stupian. OK. stopen: Bruce::
stowpand VIII, 297 = to stoop. Ags. fundjan: Bruce: found X, 256 (= to go) V. Jam. Ags. «
full: Bruce: joyfull VIII, 118. Burns: foul (Jolly Beggars); fou’ (Tam O’ Sh.): ou = u; | is
dropped, as most of the consonants are at the end of a word, in Modern Scotch. Burns has
u in pund (Ags. pund)-— pound (Tam. 0’ Sh.). The Past Participle of the 1* class of ‘Ab- |
lautende Verben’ (V. Koch I, 260) is also to be mentioned here:

Ags. bundon (bindan): Bruce: bundyn VII, 115 = bound. Compare: funden Curs. 10, 77 ©
= found. We find that Ags. u has mostly been preserved, in the Bruce, as u or ou; seldom’.
it has been changed into 0, as is very often the case in Old-English, where we find wu too..
Compare: tung Curs. 233 besides: tong Curs. 246 = tongue.

Ags. w instead of i by the influence of w. (V. Koch I, 58.)

Ags. vudu = vidu (V. Etm. 86): Bruce: vod V, 561. VII, 1. woud VII, 613. Compare: |
wod, wode, woud (V. Jam.) = wood. Ags. sulic, swilc: Bruce: swylk II, 337. 523. syk VI,
321. Curs, suilk 66. 77. suiche Curs. 10 = such. We find here partly ou (0), partly y.
Ags. 0. (V. Koch I, 58)

Ags. scolde: Bruce: suld II, 389. III, 275. Curs. suld 85. 146. 260. Burns: sud = should.
Ags. volde: Bruce: wald III, 273. vald V, 126. 543. VI, 247. Curs. wald 16. 111. Burns: wad
i

~ (Twa dogs) = would. ‘Ags. ford: Bruce: furth IIT, 122. V. Jam. = forth. Ags. flota: Bruce:

flote’ III, 601. flot V, 15. Compare Ags. fleot. French flotte (V. Miiller Wtb.) = fleet. Ags.

~ poljan: Bruce: thoill 1X, 28, Burns: thole (Twa.dogs) = to thole. Ags. protu. OE. throte:

Bruce: throt IX, 389 = throat. Ags. score: Bruce: schoir X, 22 — shore. Ags. bord: Bruce:
burd IV, 126. V, 388. (V. Matzner Wtb.) = board. Ags. coc: Bruce: cuke V, 340. cuk V,
384 = cook. Ags. flor: Bruce: flure V, 400 = floor. Ags. ford: Bruce: furd VI, 79. Burns:

- foord (Tam O’ Sh.) = ford.

Ags. 0 occurs, in the Bruce, more often as u than as 0 (oi); therefore, it approaches
nearer to the eviginal sound (Gothic u). A curious form is: wald = would, still preserved in
Mod. Scot.: wad. - om

Ags. yY (modified u).. “wy. Koch I, 58 f. )

Ags. bysig: Bruce: besy II, 572. besyly III, 278 = busy. Ags. vyrst: Bruce: werst, Ill,
192. Burns: warst (Twa dogs) = worst. Compare the Comparative: wer (= worse) Bruce III,
302. Curs. wers, wer 38. Ags. spyrjan: Bruce: spere IV, 14. Burns: spier (Halloween). V. Jam.

-meaning: to look for. Ags. fyrsta: Bruce: ferst IV, 127 = first. Ags. vyrd (= fatum): Bruce:

werd IV, 147. V. Jam. regnum: Ags. cyneric: Bruce: kinrik V, 168. V. Jam. Ags. dysig:
Bruce: desaly VI, 629 = dizzy. Ags. byrlian: Bruce: thrille IX, 609 = to thrill. Compare
Burns: kirn (Twa dogs) = churn: Ags. cyrn.

For Ags. y we find in the Bruce e, seldom i i. Burns has i.

Ags. ti. fConmpans Koch I, 59 f.).

“Ags. tin: Bruce: toune II, 444 = town. Ags. laf: Bruce: luff I, 515. HI, 349. luf V,
161. Curs. luffe 18. Iuve 234. love 253. 257 = love. to love: Curs. love 52. luve 53. Burns:
luve. Ags. bitan: Bruce: bot II, 390. Curs. bot 33. 52. 55. Burns: but, bot = but. Ags.

~~ sefinian: Bruce: schonand V, 201 = to shun. Ags. brican: Bruce: brukis V, 232. Mod. Scot.:

bruik (V. Miiller Wtb.) = to brook. Ags. fil: Bruce: fowly VII, 615. IX, 91. fouly VIII, 110.
fowlely IX, 275. foull IX, 272 = foul. Compare Burns:  buirdly (Iwa dogs) = burly. V. boor
== Ags. gebir.
Ags. fi has become o or u (ou) in the Bruce. Burns has u.,, ui.
Ags. y (modified i). (V. Koch I, 60.)
Ags. cf: Bruce: ky VI, 405. Burns: kye (V. Matzner I, 219) = kine (= cows).

eo (first gradation of u). (V. Koch I, 60 f)
Ags. fleon: Bruce: fle II, 399. VI, 115 = to flee. Ags. ceosan: Bruce: chess VIII, 163.

-chesyt II, 518. Curs. ches 144. 174. = to choose. Ags. dreogan (= tolerare): Bruce: dre

IV, 650. dey II, 382. III, 305. Ags. feorr: Bruce: fer III, 204. IV, 22 = far. Ags. feorda.
OE. ferpbe: Bruce: ferd IX, 593. V. Matzner I, 280 = fourth. Ags. feond: Bruce: fendis IV,
424, V. Hall. = fiend. Ags. freond: Bruce: frend V, 126. V. Jam. = friend. Ags. treovéo:
Bruce: treuth IV, 223. Curs. trouth-hedd 97. untrewe Curs. 73. treu Curs. 75 (= true: Ags.
treove). Burns: trowth (Twa dogs) = truth. Ags. underneodan: Bruce: underneth V, 475.

_. beneth X, 86 = underneath; beneath. Ags. beof: Bruce theif VI, 470. X, 231 = thief. Ags.
deop: Bruce: deip VIII, 189 — deep. Ags: seoc: Bruce: sekness IX, 47. seikness IX, 35.
. Curs. séke 176. 188 = sick. Ags. geol: Bruce: 3oill-evyn IX, 204. Burns: yule = yule. Ags.
sie a! eet

steoran. OK. steren: Bruce: steryng IX, 510 = to steer. Ags. deor: Bruce: deir VII, 497.
dere V. Jam. = deer. .
Instead of Ags. eo we find nearly throughout e (ei).

* ea (second gradation of u). (V. Koch I, 62.)

Ags. scedvjan = (aspicere): Bruce: shawyt II, 369. Curs. schawe 222. Burns:
shaw’d (Tam O’Sh.). Ags. pbredtjan: Bruce: thret VI, 536 — threatened. Compare Burns:
reave: Ags redfjan (= rapere). Ags. heah: Bruce: hey II, 383. II, 221. II, 371. hye II, 33.
heych IV, 117. hee IV, 416. he VI, 116. hely (= highly) VIII, 143 — high. Ags. dead: Bruce:
ded II, 360. IX, 45. Curs. 193 = dead. Ags. dedé: Bruce: dede HI, 229. IX, 90. Burns:
dead (Tam O’Sh.) = death. Ags. read: Bruce: red II, 361 = red. Ags. great: Bruce: gret
II, 367. 447. Curs. grete 201 = great. Ags. hedfod: Bruce: hed II, 589. III, 138. V, 633.
hevede V, 11. Ags. behedvjan (= secare): Bruce: hede IV, 30. Curs. hefded 172, Ags.: eim
(= avunculus): Bruce: eme III, 3. eym X, 305. Ags. streém: Bruce: stremys III, 684 —
stream. Ags. cedce: Bruce: hile VI, 627 = cheek, Ags, edge: Bruce: e V, 624. Burns:
e’e, een (Tam O’Sh.) = eye. Ags. ere Bruce: ere V, 449. 627 = ear. Ags. leg: Bruce:'
lowp VI, 638. Burns: lowp (Tam O’Sh.): Ags. hledpjan = to leap.

Here is also to be mentioned the Legitimate change of the vowel in the Preterit of the
6 class of “Ablautende Verben’ (V. Koch I, 296):

Ags. cleaf (cleofan): Bruce: clafe V, 633. claiff V, 644 = clove.

For Ags. ef we have mostly e (ei, ey); seldom we find a. A curious form is: lowp.
Burns, on the whole, answers to the Bruce.

B. Norman-French Vowels. -
In the Bruce we find exactly the same development of the Norman-French vowels as in
the English authors of the same epoch:

a. (V. Koch I, 73.) '
, The French a is preserved in: condampnyt Bruce: IV, 26; while the Modern ene
form: ‘pondenrn shows the original Latin e (condemnare).
marrass VI; 55, VIII, 35 = morass: Fr. marais. OE. mareis (Hall.) remanand VI, 257
= remaining: OFr. remanoir. a is very commonly changed into au before n when followed
by a consonant. So we have: daunger Bruce II, 435. III, 43. Compare Burns: saunt = saint.’
Besides I found the same change before the ending — ce in the word: manauce = menace
Bruce III, 608. OE. manace (Hall.). ae has ai for Fr. a in: painch (= belly); Twa dogs:
OF yr. pance.
e. wv. Koch I, 74.) 4

The French e. is preserved in: werray Bruce II, 462: OFr. werreier. veriour. Bruce V, 85:
OFr. gerrier = warrior. releve Bruce III, 202: Fr. relever. plese Bruce III, 552: OFr. plesir.
wenge Bruce V, 79: OFr. vengier. cesit Binee V, 115. cess VIII, 12: Fr. cesser. enbuschit
Br. IV, 360. 378: Fr. embusquer. sent Bruce VI, 500 meaning: scent, derives from Fr.
sentir (V. Miller Wtb.). ferm Bruce IX, 755: Fr. ferme = firm. tresour v, 394: Fr. trésor,
mesur Bruce X, 157. 280. 281: Fr. mesure. sesoun Bruce VII, 497: OFr. seson, seison. The
a, |

form: appeir Bruce IV, 126 (OE. aperen) is probably derived from OFr. forms for the Present
tense, as: apert, apeirt, apiert, aperent (V. Mitzner Wtb.).

The French ending — te (Latin — tat, OFr.: — teit, —- tet) is preserved in the Bruce:
pete IV, 31. pite IV, 9 = pity. bownte VII, 372 = bounty. nysste VII, 379 = nicety. Com-
pare also: entre V, 382 = entry. destane V, 428 = destiny.

i. (V. Koch I, 75.)

About i,-I have not much to say. What is called: to praise in English, sounded in
Old-French: prisier. And so we find in the Bruce: prisit VIII, 105 = praised. The OF. word:
prisun has become: presoune IV, 15. I may mention here the word: viage V, 207 (= voyage),

- directly derived from Latin: via.

o. (V. Koch I, 75.)

French 0 is found in the following words: consell Bruce V, 480. consale’ V, 481. Com-
pare: consalit VI, 117. contenanss VII, 127. rostiBruce VII, 153. 165: OFr. rostir. Compare
OHG. rostan = to roast. cot-armouris Bruce VII, 231: OFr. cote = coat. The OFr. word:
povre is preserved in: poverly Bruce VII, 536 and in: poverale VIII, 275. 368. We find ou
in: pouir Bruce IV, 343. and u in: pure Bruce IV, 606. In Modern Scotch it sounds: pure
or puir (V. Jam.). Compare Burns: poortith.

o has been changed into u also in the following words: luging Bruce IV, 494. lugit |
VI, 516; derived from the French: loger. cumrous Bruce X, 25. answers to French: en

~combre. Compare Burns: furm: French forme =‘ form.

About the change of 0 into on, we shall speak under ou.
a. (V. Koch;I, 75 f)

The OFr. u is often preserved: succur Bruce II, 527: OFr. sucurre; besides we have:
succour Bruce VII, 69. prufit Bruce V, 174: OFr. pruver. pruf Bruce: VII, 22; but besides:
preif Bruce IX, 29. Burns: prief = proof. turset Bruce V, 391. tursit IX, 360: OFr. trusser, torser.

OFr. ui also becomes u: brul3eit Bruce IV, 151: French: brouiller. Burns: bruilzie.

In the same way OFr. eu (ue) is changed into u (V. Matzner Gr. I, 102): juperdy Bruce
VI, 385 or juperdyss X, 145 (OE. juparti), derives from: jeu parti. pupill Bruce II, 543
answers to OFr. pueple, pople = people. culter Bruce IV, 113 (= coulter) directly answers
to Latin culter, French: coutre. Burns: coulter (Verses to a Mouse).

ai, ay. (V. Koch I, 76.) |

French ai becomes a in the Bruce: dante VIII, 101: Fr. daintée. debonar Bruce VIII,
381 (= de bon air). Koch (I, 74) gives: ‘debonere and: dibonaire. bargane Br. II, 385: OFr.
bargaigner. tratour Bruce IV, 21: OFr. traitor. tratoury Br. IV, 22. or tratory X, 327. assalit
Bruce IV, 89: Fr. assaillir. falit Bruce IV, 90: faillir. battale: assale Br. IV, 167. 168. planly
Bruce V, 471: plain. plane Bruce VII, 613: plaine. vatit Bruce V, 36 = waited: OFr. waiter
(V. Miller Wtb. 561).

Burns has a word: flainen (= flannel) which answers to OFr. flaine.

Change of Fr. a into ai takes place in the -word: eschaip Bruce III, 618: Fr. échapper, ~
Besides we find: eschapyt Bruce IJ, 64. III, 94. and: chapyt Bruce II, 24. Compare Burns:

‘tairge = targe.
ee, GL ea

French ai (oi) may also be changed into e: feble Bruce II, 384: Fr. faible. pes Bruce II,
499. pess VIII, 11: OFr. pais, pes. From the French verb: aisier, and the substantive: aise,
derive the following forms: esyt II, 555. TI, 361. ese X, 95. Besides we find: eyss III, 362.
eiss V, 291; just as French: laisse, lesse, give: leysche Bruce VII, 414 = leash. With Buras
OFr. Faide- has become: feide = feud. -~

au. (V. Koch I, 76 f.)

French au is found in: enchaufyt-Bruce I, 395. sawffly Bruce III, 359. to sauff Bruce

Ill, 173. saufte Bruce III, 183. This au derives from Latin al: calefacere; salvus; salvare.
ei, ey. (V. Koch I, 77.) .

OFr. ei (e) gives either ei or e:

cleirly (= clearly): Bruce VI, 100: OFr. cleir, cler. egirly (= eagerly) Bruce VI, 421:
OFr. eigre, egre. sesyt (= seized) Bruce I], 419: OFr. seisir. Compare: sesing Bruce VI, 496.
sess X, 108. leill (= loyal) Bruce IV, 576. V, 293. Compare: lele Cursor 75: Latin legalis ;
Fr, léal. Burns: leal (Halloween). tretit (= treated) Bruce V, 514: OFr. treitier. Compare: tretis
Bruce X, 125 (= treatise). peir Bruce IX, 666 (peer), derives from OFr. peer, per. Compare Burns:
prent (= print): Fr. empreinte.

Sometimes we find in the Bruce ay: purvay Bruce IV, 64 (= purvey): OFr. purveir.’
ery Bruce III, 101: OFr. fei (= parfoi). :
ee eu, ew. (V. Koch I, 77.) :

I find ew in the word: rewlit (= ruled) Bruce VIII, 127. This verb belongs to the
substantive: reule, derived from Latin hg by softening g.

(VY. Koch I, 77.)

OFr. ie becomes ¢, aS in: sege ee IV, 45 = siege; or ei, as in: reirward Bruce: VIII,
TL (= rear): OFr. rier. 7 a.
oi, {(V. Koch I, 77.) ee

We find French oi in: croice Bruce III, 461. Compare Cursor: “crois 911,

A curious form is: ryaly Bruce IX, 750: Fr. royal. OFr. oi, ei even become a: lasare
Bruce V, 390. lasair VI, 660 (= i OFr. loisir, leisir. an

_(V. Koch I, 77 f.)

ou is very often used ete ze 0, especially before n: aboundans. Bruce X, 110. baroun
II, 478. venesoun II, 574. persecucioune IV, 5. presoune IV, 13. persoune: renoune IV, 23. 24.
renoun II, 447 (OFr.: renom). fassoun X, 278. condicioune X, 279. ransoune IV, 83. gascomt
X, 324, varnysoun X, 325, (== garrison). -

ou is even used for u: -fortoun , Brace III, 271: Fr. fortune. Per contra: o = ou:
assoverit Bruce X, 187: Fr. assouvir. - torne cues Ill, 106: Fr. tourner; besides: turnys
Bruce JI, 167. and turn Bruce III, 111. Compare OH.G. turnjan. Fr. ou is preserved. in
Burns: cour (= to curb); Tam 0’ Sh.: Fr. courber.

ai, (V. Koch I, 78.)

Instead of ui we find also oy: froytis Bruce X, 191. Compare: fruit Cursor 41. and
frouit Curs. 35. 38.
—._ 17 ~——

2. Consonants.

As to the Consonants, I follow the remarks given by Mr. Murray in the above mentioned
treatise. He begins with:
sch, quh, ch, h, and r.
sch.
Whilst the Cursor Mundi has se for English sh, the Bruce shows sch; this may be compa-
— to the German sch. So we find: rouschyt III, 139 = rushed; byschop II, 81 = bishop ect.
quh.
’ English wh is represented by qu in the Cursor, by quh in the Bruce. So we have: quhat II,
41. quhen II, 54. 60. the quhethir II, 62. 108. quhyne (= whence) VII, 240. quhit (white) VIII,
232. quhile III, 256.
ch.
ch denotes the areas sound, as English gh is often changed into a diphthong, fh f, or
is lost altogether. So the Bruce shows e. g.: nycht II, 16, thocht II, 20, 29. 253. soucht II, 23.
rycht II, 26. 36. 53. tharthrouch II, 42. nocht-for-thi II, 39. oucht II, 123. fecht (= fight) II, 279.
Compare: fichting IX, 745. lauchand II, 34. tauchtII, 130. atrawelit (= straight) II, 312. raucht
(reached) III, 114. doweht Il, 166. III, 161. mocht (= might) IV, 198. burch (= burgh) IV, 211.
aucht (= eight) X, 370. hecht (= hight) X, 27. The Cursor has gh: faght 15, faught 48. saght 16. _
Burns: foughten (Twa dogs), but: fecht, a few lines before. -Compare besides: dochter = daughter
(Robin shure in hairst). straught (Halloween); raught. :
Besides, ch is also used with the power of tch in the middle and at the end of words:
fech = fetch II, 532. fechand III, 428. hachit X, 174. The latter, as it derives from French
hachette, perhaps contains the sound sch.. This use of ch may be supported by another instance:
From the French verb: échapper is directly borrowed the form: ce II, 24. for which we read
eschapyt II, 64. III, 92, Compare eschaip III, 618.,
h. ,
When h is mute, it is totally dropped: ost Bruce II, 559. Compare OFr. ost = host. ayris
Bruce V, 520. (air = heir V. Jam.)
About r, I have only to mention the Metathesis, V. below.

The other Consonants.

b.
b, as it is dropped in pronunciation after m, so in spelling too. We find: chamber: chamyr
Bruce II, 97. humbly: humely Bruce UI, 762. hwmylly IX, 302. tumbled: tumlit IV, 182. VI, 255.
cumbered: cummerit VI, 141. cumbrous: cumrous X, 25.
b is also dropped in the word: dout Bruce III, 64 — doubt.
Just-as the Bruce shows assimilation in the word: cummerit, Burns has it in timmer = tim-
ber (Twa dogs).
ce.
¢ equals either k or S.
So the Bruce has: ‘sic (= such) II, 48. 420. besides: sik III, 62. Burns: sic. carle (= churl)

X, 158. besides: karlis III, 226.
7 3
sie, eee

¢ is replaced by s before a: dissaf — deceive IV, 237. 268. dissavit IV,272. consaf = con-
ceive IV, 269. dissat — deceit IV, 247. resavit = received IV, 273. ressawyt IJ, 163. Il, 3.

We find e for § at the end of words: croice = cross II, 461. allace = alas IV, 205. chace
== chase II, 437. ~

The reverse, however, is much more common: fors = force VIII, 11. forsye II, 242. man-
nasyng = menacing IV, 528. VI, 621. manausyt II, 68. inforseIV, 65, deviss IV, 264. vengeans IV,
581. viss VI, 355. plass VI, 551. VIII, 38. traiss = trace VI, 553. contenanss VII, 127. cuntyrnans
IX, 273. distans VII, 620. myschans VII, 621. IX, 270. pess = peace: cess = cease VIII, 11. 12.
farse IX, 398. aboundans X, 110. lansyt = lanced III, 122. VII, 85. cowardiss VI, 338; for this
we find: cowardy IX, 92; here ce is dropped; ‘sometimes it is added: mastrice IV, 524 or mastris
VI, 566. besides: mastry IV, 544 = mastery. . ;

ss means the French ¢ in the word: fassoun = Fr. fagon X, 278. What is called in English:
council, is spelled: consell V, 480 or consale V, 481. Compare: reconsalit = reconciled IX, 740.

¢ is dropped in the following words: aquynt = acquaint VII, 138: OFr. accointer (V. Miiller
Wtb. 7), and in: sent — scent VI, 500; which comes nearer to the original form, being derived
from the French: sentir.

¢ is found instead of t before i in: ‘peraecucione IV, 5. mencione VI, 494. condicioun X, 279.

¢ means g in the form: gan (= began) IV, 64, IX, 40. Compare: glaskow II, 175, Burns:
creeshie (= greasy) Tam 0’ Sh. =

d.

d is usually dropped after n. So we have e. g.: henmost — hindmost VIII, 245. Burns
assimilates it: wonner — wonder (Twa dogs). Besides, d is not to be found in some words of
French origin, while the English form has intercalated it: avantage VI, 21.66. aventure II, 525. VI, 70.

It is added, on the contrary, in the following examples: suddandly VI, 11. But: suddanly
VI, 220. aynd (= ayn, meaning: eyes) IV, 199.

z dis very often used instead of th, especially before r: weddir = == weather III, 387. thiddir
II, 28. 31. 186. IV, 197 = thither. brodir II, 19. 22. gader IV, 187. V, 464. moder IV, 241. fader’
V, 294. to-gedder V, 406. fudyr (= fother or fodder) X, 198. brodir I, 476. erd = earth III, 16.

IV, 182. Burns: yird (Jolly Beggars). dede = death III, 229. IX, 90. Burns: dead (Tam 0” Sh).

tend = tenth IV, 460. ferd — fourth IX, 593. The Cursor has the same: earth: erde 71. 77. 206.

with: wid 16. 18.

Compare besides Burns: Sites == smithy ([wa dogs). to faddom = fathom (Halloween).
furder = further (Halloween). wordy = worthy (Halloween). Per contra: durwarth = doorward
Bruce II, 101. tithing = tiding II, 454. III, 452. VI, 2. Burns: blather = bladder (Poor Mailie).

About f I shall speak when arriving at v.

, s

“Be :

g often remains hard in Scotch when it has become soft in English. So Ags. bricg: brig
Bruce X, 86. 87. 93. 95 = bridge. Compare Burns: rig (Tam 0’ Sh.): Ags. hryeg = ridge.

g is also spelled instead of English dg in the words: luging = lodging IV, 494. VI, 1. and:

lugit = lodged VII, 516. These, as they derive from French: loger, may pene have been pro-
nounced like the French form, and not like the English one.
ss 2

: k.

In the same way as g retains the hard sound in words like: brig, k-is used in Scotch when
in English the sound tech, spelled: ch, prevails: sik-— such III, 62 or sic II, 48. 420. Burns: sic.
karlis = churls HI, 226 or carle X, 158. kyrk = church II, 71. spek = speech V; 206. Cursor:
speche 243. bynk — bench Bruce VI, 238. Compare besides Burns: thack = thatch (Twa dogs):.
Ags. pac. kirn = churn (Twa dogs): Ags. cyrn.. breeks = breeches | (Tam O’ Sh.): Ags. bréc. birk.
= birch: Ags. byrce. streek = stretch; Ags. streccan. kist = chest: Ags. cist. Of course k is also _
spelled in Scotch when in English we have ch pronounced like k: stomakys = stomachs Bruce p
~ TIL, 529. ankyrs = anchors III, 691.

We saw under ¢ that k denotes the hard. sound of e. So we have k for English ¢:. kast = =
_cast II, 615 or kest VII, 446. ilka II, 74: Ags. yle = each. Burns: ilka. mekill II, 217: Ags. micel
- == much. Burns: meikle (Tam 0’ Sh.). kk is found for ck: sakkis = sacks VIII, 444. to bykkir =
to bicker IX, 152. . a

We know that after a, Lis not pronounced i in English before f, k, and m. In Scotch we see

it not only treated as mute, but even elided quite} indiscriminately. So e.g. the French word:
malgré (OFr. maugré) becomes in the Bruce: magre II, 112.124. It is more common, however,
that this ] has been changed into a vowel: Besides falt VI, 345. IX, 318. we find: fawt In, 298 =
fault. Burns: faut. Compare: defaut Bruce II, 569. Ill, 471: Fr. défant. fewte = fealty Bruce I,
489. III, 757. VIII, 19. lawte = loyalty VII, 758. or laute V, 162. X, 285. Awter = altar IT, 33.
mawity (derived from Lat. malus) IV, 730. or mavite VI, 212. scowkyng—= sculking VII, 130. haw-
brekis (derived from the German: hals) VIII, 322. awmener = almener VIII, 490.
Compare Burns: fause = false (She’ s fair and fause). caudron = caldron. saumont =
salmon. saut = salt. scaud = scald. shaul = shallow. staukin = stalking.
: Lis often dropped after 0: Burns: sodger = soldier (Jolly Beggars). Mostly we find the’
diphthong owe: gowden Burns (The gowden locks of Anna). sowther = to solder; knowe = knoll.
(Twa dogs). shouther = shoulder (Halloween), howe = hollow; stown = stolen;, stowlins (=by
stealth). Per contra we find al instead of au in the word: salss ‘Bruce II, 541: Fr. sauce. Still I
' think it was pronounced like a long vowel even here, for 1 sometimes used to be intercalated for
no other purpose but to lengthen the vowel, as in the word: valknyt —=wakonod Bruce VI, 296.
Compare Burns: waukin = waking (Aye waukin 0).

Terminal — le — el used to be pronounced with a connecting vowel. So we read in the
Bruce:-catell = cattle III, 731. thristill = thistle V, 4. nedill = needle V, 23. ydill = idle VII,

: 434. V. Matzner I, 185. .
m and n. ;
m and n are often interchanged. So we have: manteme for maintain Bruce IV, 573. mayn-
temyt U, 486. On the other side: randoun for random Bruce II, 311. enpress for i Ill, 276.

Son mouille.
The French ‘son mouillé is, in the Bruce, rendered by 13 and n3, sometimes ng3. So we
—And: meng3e. (meaning: a great many) II, 75. 177. 475, spelled also: mengne III, 69. assongeit I,
128: OF r. essoigner (meaning: to excuse). fail3e I1,398. III, 298. falze IX, 40: Fr. faillir. trawail3e
III, 299: Fr. travail. fengeit IL, 300. fenzeand V, 622: Fr. feindre. plengeing III, 647: Fr. plaindre.
‘bretan3e Til, 687: Fr. Bretagne. span3e III, 688: Fr. Espagne. brul3eit IV, 151: Fr. brouiller.
Se ee

tulzeit IV, 152. Burns: tulzie: Fr. touiller. destren3e IV, 231: OFr. destraindre. sen3ory IV, 232.
VIII, 14: Fr. seigneurie. assal3eit VI, 308. assalit VII, 369: Fr. assaillir. avail3e II, 392. IX, 39.
aval3e que val3e IX, 147: OFr. valeir. derenge IX, 746: OFr. desrener. iusche II, 378 or
enssen3e II, 426: Fr. enseigne. reng3e II, 415: OFr. resne. Wil3am II, 479.

The French Nasal nce is expressed by ng or neh: Valence: Wallang II, 201 or Vallanch V, 472,

Before th ng is changed into n: strinth = strength IV, 66. At the end of words g is dropped
after n, like in the vulgar speech: fallin = falling V, 636. murnyn II, 469 = mourning; besides
murnyng III, 350. Compare Burns: caressin’; stinkin’; comin’ (Twa dogs) ect.

The Nasal ng is also substituted for the Lignid n. This may be seen when: reign (from Lat.
regnare; Fr. régner) is compared to: ryng Bruce VI, 192. meaning the same.

This kind of Metathesis is still more in use with the letter r. V. Miatzner I, 184. fryst
Bruce II, 15. anwers to English: first; thrid Bruce I, 305: third; thretty IV, 405. IX, 639: thirty.
brist VIII, 87: burst (Ags. bérstan). Compare Burns: owre = over.

Per contra: gyrnand Bruce IV, 322: grinning. gyrss (Ags. girs) Bruce VIII, 445: grass;
turset Bruce V, 391. IX, 360: truss (OFr. trusser, torser). Compare Burns: warsl’d — wrestled
(Poor Mailie). thirl = thrill; girn = grin; kirsen = christen; birses = bristles.

As to terminations, such Metatheses are very common, as: eldrys = elders Bruce III, 223,
chambre = chamber II, 62. lettres = letters II, 73. 80. towris Il, 221 (= towers). fetrys =
fetters = 15. noyis = noise V, 116. vapnys = weapons V, 393.

Ss.

s has very often got the sound of sch: shir Bruce II, 27. schyr II, 37. for: sir; isch II, 248.
ische II, 258. for: issue.

Even — nge is spelled — nss in the word: challanss VIII, 82 = challenge.

Compare Burns: sneeshin mill (= snuff — box): sneeze; creeshie: greasy (Tam 0’ Sh.);
fleesh: fleece.

Per contra: suld (should) Bruce II, 67. Burns: sud. sall (=shall) II, 87. 89. Compare the
Proper names: Inglis II, 100. Ingliss IV, 28:'English ect.

8 sometimes spnerentls replaces modern z, but when recurring to Etymology, we find that
the $ was an original one: sess = seize Bruce X, 108. sesing VI, 496. deriving from OFr. seisiry,
desaly = dizzily Bruce VI, 629. deriving from Ags. dysig.

8 is sometimes intercalated: betreyss BrucelV, 23. betresytIV, 17. betrasit IV, 27 = mae
betrayed. salusit Bruce IV, 509 — Fr. il salua. obeysand VIII, 10 = obeying.

t.

tis usually rejected between s and], s andn, fandn. So we finde. g. lisnyt Bruce VI,
72 = listened. Compare Burns: weslin—= whistling (Now weslin winds); kirsen = christen; birses:
= bristles.

On the contrary, t is sometimes affixed where it has no title at all: So we find: thocht:
(= though) Bruce II, 244. 328. '

: Assimilation takes place between ¢ and t: vittalis (— victuals) IV, 397. V, 395. Compare:
vittalit (furnished with victuals) IV, 63; but: wictalis III, 401. Burns: vittle (Robin shure in hairst);

t usually serves as ending in tie Preterit instead of d: deyt (= died) Bruce II, 42. sadylt.
II, 141. passyt II, 43. hailsyt (meaning: saluted) II, 153. plungyt II, 355. falit (= failed) IV, 90.

:
= Oi a

varnist (— furnished) IV, 102. banyst IV, 521. Besides we find it: eftirwart (afterwards) II, 48:
towart II, 147. Compare Burns: akwart = awkward.

Per contra: disconford = disconfort Bruce III, 191; but: reconfort IX, 97. send for sent
I, 211. warand II, 502. 504 (subst. and verb). stound (meaning: while) IX, 270. but: umbestount |
(= for a while) VII, 398. stalward — stalworth IV, 80. Burns has: stalwart (V. Miller Wtb.).

As to the verbs, compare Burns (Twa dogs): keepit; blastit; negleckit; disrespeckit; barkit;
whalpit = whelped; snowkit = scented; ney et == digged.

We

v seems formerly to have had the pronunciation of f, for. we find very often the latter used
for the former:

minerfe Bruce IV, 262. serfe IV, 263. luf (= love) V, let, prufit (= proved) V, 174. Com-
pare: pruf VII, 22 or preif IX, 29. leif (= leave) V, 176. driff (— drive) V, 428. clafe (= clove) V,
633 or claif V, 644. drafe (= drove) V, 634, lave (= remainder) VIII, 507. knaf = knave VIII,
508. haf (= have) IX, 45. vafand (— waving) IX, 245. left (— lived) IX, 131.

Per contra (v for f): Ags. heafod: hevede Bruce V, 11; beside: hed V, 533. 544. The v in
the word: nevo Bruce IX, 738. is to be explained by its derivation from the French: neveu. Now a
days ph is used instead. In the Bruce I find ph only i in Proper names: shipfair III, 686. philip II,
211. 413. umphrewell VI, 3.

In Modern Scotch, v is often elided after a Vows! or a Liquid, but in the Bruce, on the
contrary, it is strictly preserved: poverly (OFr. povre) VII, 536. Compare: poverale VIII, 275 or
poveralze VIII, 368 (meaning: poor people).

ww.

w is very commonly put for v:

wengeance Bruce III, 5. wasselage III, 57. wisage III, 58. chewalry II, 210. chewalrusly III,
89. wiage III, 212. hewyly III, 235. wictalis III, 401. purwayt II, 259. 269. sawyt II, 338. reprowyt
II, 116. persawyng I, 15. wenge (= avenge) V, 79. cowert V, 557. wery VII, 2. traweillyt III, 278.
trawelling II, 283. trawaill IV, 147. trawell VI, 23; but: travalit IV, 149. VI, 27. serwandis III, 220.
serwyt II, 171; but: service II, 174. awise (= circumspect) II, 271. awisyt II, 298. awisement II,
297; but: avise VIII, 385. X, 302. avisment V, 199. awerty II, 213. X, 37 ; but: averty VIII, 162
(meaning: mad, fiery A-N. Hall.). On the contrary, when we hare in English w, the Bruce has
very often preserved the Ags. V:

sverd II, 57. III, 137. V, 350. dvelt II, 57. 108. vorthy IV, 91. varld IV, 149. vittering
(meaning: hint) IV, 562. vitterly (meaning: truly) IV, 771. virk IV, 744. vatit (— awaited) V, 36.
veriour (= warrior) V, 85. vald (= would) V, 126. V, 549. VI, 247. vapnys (= weapons) V, 393.
forvounderit VI, 10. arravis VI, 121. vanys (—wanes, meaning: wanting) VII, 173. hamvardis VII,
492. vardanry VIII, 362. varra = warray VIII, 365. vox = wox VIII, 391. vikkid IX, 79. vafand
(= waving) IX, 245.

w has been dropped in the word: stra Bruce III, 320. VI, 505: Ags strav. Burns: strae.

W originates from g in the word: dawis Bruce VI, 650: Ags. dag. In derivatives from French,
w is often used for g, even in the beginning of words: warysoun II, 206; and varnysoun X, 325:
Fr. garnison; vaward (= van-guard) VIII, 48; and reirward VIII, 71: Fr, garde. Compare Engl.
ward. walopyt II, 440: Fr. galopper; varra VIL, 365 or werray II, 462: OF r. werreier, guerrier.
a:

The Christian name: gawter V, 203. has preserved the French g: Gautier: -
I need not give examples for Ww being used instead of u, or vice versa, as this merely shows:

a Graphic change.

If I am to sum up now de different heads of my inquiry, I may perhaps, as the result
of my research, state the three following points: :

1. In the Scotch dialect, the Anglo-Saxon Phonetic system has ‘heen pre-
served in the greatest purity. ‘

2. The Scotch dialect bears from the earliest times down to the present
day, the same peculiar stamp, and there are, comparatively, very few differences.

3. English, in the Northern dialect originally nearly identical with
Scotch, is now a days essentially different from it. ~~ i
ornell Unive:

33.A65R33
n inquiry into the

wii

_——~______ ERE
Ir

nit

TD

3