SPA el ates iat Te i EUnet FPN 4 srt AM ey Soe peti aL paw hiteiaad eet EN Mine hier Ae ay) Saar S paeha saa ones nt, ye ety ane ate ey Hata lt bat i Cera yh AE Obata kine EO Joseph Dickinson. MD. onograph of the British naked-eyed Me URI) Corn QL 377.H9F6 Am AN 3 1924 005 872 936 olin, ove2 THE RAY SOCIETY ED MDCCCXLIV INSTITUT LONDON MDCCCXLVILI. MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH NAKED-EYED MEDUSA: WITH Figures of all the Spectes. EDWARD FORBES, F-.R.S.; L.S.; AnD G.S. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON ; , AND PALHONTOLOGIST TO THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY. MDCCCXLVIII. PRINTED BY C. AND J. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. PREFACE. Tuis short preface is intended both as an explanatory notice and as a dedication. Without the aid of my friend Mr. M‘Anprew, the following Monograph could not have been drawn up. The mass of the materials employed in its construction was the produce of several delightful scientific cruises, when I accompanied him in his Yacht, the Osprey. Nine years ago this history was commenced: were it not for the ardent friend of science, whose name I wish to associate with my work, as many more would be required for its completion. Even now, I can offer only an outline of a most curious and interesting, though neglected, department of British Zoology. ‘The greater part of the matter in this essay is new. With one exception—kindly communicated by Mr. Alder—every species has been examined by myself. Every figure is original. Any defects in the engravings must be laid to my charge; their merits are due to my friends Mr. W. Baily, and Mr. C. R. Bone, for whose exertions I have to return many thanks. Epwarp Forses. London ; June 25, 1848. CONTENTS. Subject of the Work General Structure of the Naked-eyed Meduse Muscular System Nutritive System Reproductive System Organs of Sense Power of Stinging Phosphorescence Development Table of Genera AccouNT OF GENERA AND SPECIES Enumeration of higher British Discophore Classification of Medusze How to Observe and Preserve them Bibliographical Appendix Index of Genera and Species described PAGE on FF wow w 10 ll 14 17 19-74 75 78 89 91 . 108 II. III. IV. VI. VIL. VIII. IX. XI. XII. XIII. PLATES. Species of Wiuus1a and Crrce. Species of Octanra and SapHENIA. Species of Oceania and Turris. Species of Sromopracuium and Poryxenra.* Species of Tima and Guryonra. Species of SLaBBERIA and Sarsta.. Species of Moprer14 and Sarsta. Species of THAUMANTIAS. Species of Geryonorsis and THAUMANTIAS.T Species of THAUMANTIAS. Species of THauMANTIAS. Species of BoucainvitiEa and Lizzta. Species of Eupuysa and SteenstRuria. * In this plate for Polyxenia cyanostyla, read Polyxenia Alderi. + In this plate for Thawmantias cymbaloidea, read Geryonopsis delicatula. BRITISH NAKED-EYED MEDUSZ. THE creatures which I am about to describe and delineate in the following monograph are animals of very simple organization and beautiful form. They are members of the lowest section of the Animal Kingdom, and are intimately allied to the polypes, as we shall see when we come to consider their classification, which will be best understood after we have examined their structure. They are mostly minute, often microscopic, though many of their nearest relations, such as the great stinging Medusz, grow to a considerable bulk. They are active in their habits, graceful in their motions, gay in their colouring, delicate as the finest membrane, transparent as the purest crystal. They abound in the sea, but are not equally plentiful at all seasons. They have the power of emitting light, and when on a summer’s evening the waves flagh fire as they break upon the shore, or glow with myriads of sparks as they curl ’ and froth around the prow of the moving ship or under the blade of the striking oar, it is to delicate and almost invisible Medusze that they chiefly owe their phosphorescence. They belong to that section of Acalephz termed by Eschscholtz Discophore : the upper portion of the body being formed in the shape of a hemispheric disk. All the Discophorz may be conveniently arranged in two great groups: the first consists of those which have the eye-like bodies or ocelli of their margin protected by more or less complicated membranous hoods or lobed coverings, a character which accompanies one of great importance, viz. their possession of a much ramified and anastomosing series of vessels. This section I propose to name Steganopthalmata (oreyavoc, covered). The second division includes all those which have the ocelli naked, often aborted, and which possess a very simple vascular system, the circulating canals proceeding to the margin either altogether unbranched, or if divided, not anastomosing with each other. These I term the naked-eyed Medusee, or Gymnopthalmata (yvupvoc, naked). It is to the history of the British species of the second division that this monograph is devoted. The observations embodied in it are the fruit of several years’ research, having been commenced in the year 1839, and continued every summer, either in the British seas or abroad, until the autumn of 1846, when an account of them was read, for the first time, at the Southampton Meeting of the British Association. That year and the previous summer were 2 ACCOUNT OF THEIR STRUCTURE. by far the most prolific in results; the voyages which I had the pleasure of making with my friend Mr. M‘Andrew around the British coasts having afforded admirable opportunities for the study of our Meduse. These creatures are of so very delicate and often unpreservable a nature, that casual circumstances usually determined the extent to which the examination of their structure and habits could be pursued, and as most of my observations had necessarily to be made at sea, those circumstances were not always most favorable. In the present very unsatisfactory state of this branch of zoology, however, I do not think it necessary to apologise for unavoidable imperfections, for having often experienced the difficulty of con- ducting inquiries into tribes of which the species had as yet been but vaguely defined and rarely figured, I trust this account of an important and beautiful tribe of animals, of which so far as the British seas are concerned, only a few very fragmentary notices are accessible, may serve as a basis for future and more extensive researches. They offer a fresh and but little explored field for discovery. Their organization is but partially understood, and much requires to be done before the signification of their several parts be fully made out; of their habits we possess but very slight knowledge. Their development is a subject of the greatest interest, seeing that upon its clearing up will probably depend the future classification of the zoophytes. On most of these points I can scarcely pretend to speak; what I offer are the rudiments only of an extensive subject. It is for naturalists expert in physiological and anatomical investi- gations, skilled in the use of the microscope, and not too trustful in its revelations, free in their movements, and with time untrammelled at their disposal, to carry out this most interesting branch of research, to which, if my imperfect monograph give an impetus, I am content— Quod potui, fect; quod restat suppleat alter Doctior, et nostris faveat non invidus ausis. Before commencing a detached description of the species, it is best to examine the features of organization common to the tribe. The parts presented by these animals are the following : ° A. The disk or umbrella. This forms the greater portion of the animal’s body. It is hemispheric, but varies from being extremely depressed and almost plane, as in certain species of Thaumantias and Ai quorea, to a nearly cylindrical form, as in Zurris. One of its commonest shapes is that of a round glass shade, such as is placed over ornaments or statuettes to protect them from dust. It is usually smooth, rarely pilose. Its under surface, on which in certain tribes the reproductive bodies are placed, is called the sub-umbrella. Around its margin internally there is in many species a projecting ledge of membrane called the veil (velum). The margin itself is usually provided with more or less numerous tentacles (cirri marginales), of variable structure, the bases of which are often swollen into a bulb, and deeply coloured or marked with a brilliant spot (ocedlus). In the substance of the disk are the vessels, often conspicuously visible. B. From the centre of the sub-umbrella hangs a more or less produced proboscis-like body (pedunculus), of variable form and dimensions. In this is the stomach, and, in certain genera, the ovaries. At its extremity is the mouth, surrounded by vamouslystonied contractile lips, occasionally furnished with produced tentacula. Such are the characters visible at a glance. A more minute examination makes us acquainted with the structures they include. MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 3 Substance —When we examine a naked-eyed Meduse by polarized light, we see that at least. two distinct tissues enter into its composition; these are equally distinguishable by the naked eye, if the creature be sufficiently large, when we see the one presenting the aspect of a transparent, and almost always colourless gelatinous membrane, the other a translucent, and as if granular, substance. The former constitutes the mass of the body; the latter forms the margin of the mouth, the edge of the umbrella, and the tentacula. The first is immoveable and uncontractile, elastic, but not extensile; the second is highly contractile and active. They are both composed of cells, those forming the active tissue differing in being nucleated cells of the fibrous order, and intermingled with granular corpuscles. The former are covered with a fine amorphous smooth epidermis, beneath which, in the higher forms and in the so-called Oceania cruciata—possibly in most species—are cells containing a spiral thread. Such cells are also present on the surface of the tentacula in many species, exactly as in the hydroid polypes. Will described the cells beneath the epidermis of Geryonia as round, transparent, and lobed. A ciliated epithelium has been observed by Will in the inner surface of the lip-ring in Geryonia, also in the tentacular canals. It lines (as I have seen) the gastro-vascular canals in Zhaumantias, and probably in all the genera. Several of the higher Medusz (conspicuously those of the genus Cyanga) have the power of stinging severely. The power resides in the skin, and, especially in some of the appendages of the sub-umbrella, appears to be always connected with the second or granular tissue. Wagner has attributed it to the filiferous vesicles, which, in some species if not in all, have the power of projecting the contained thread with its barbed extremity, even as the hydroid polypes and the Actineze do. But as many Medusz and Actinez provided with these curious organs do not sting, such explanation is doubtful. I have never found any of the naked-eyed species to sting. . Muscular System.—The motor tissue in these Meduse is of the simplest kind, and consists, in most cases, simply of bands of the granular substance just described. In certain genera, especially in Zurris, the motor bands exhibit a distinct fibrous arrangement (Plate HI, f. 1, e, and f. 2, 2), and Professor R. Wagner has stated that distinct muscular fibres with transverse striee are present in the “Oceania cruciata” (a Thaumantias?) of the Mediterranean.* Will has observed a few longitudinal fibres in the motor ring of a Geryonia. In the higher Meduse the muscular system is much more developed, especially in Rhixostoma, the movements of which may be shown experimentally to depend on the mus- cular bands lining the sub-umbrella. I have paralysed one side of a Rhizostoma Aldrovandi, whose disk measured more than a foot across, by removing with a scalpel the bands of that half, whilst the other side contracted and expanded as usual, though with more rapidity, as if the animal was alarmed or suffering. All the Medusze when irritated become much more rapid in their movements, and contract and expand their disks or bodies in a hurried and irregular manner, as if endeavouring to escape from their persecutors. In the naked-eyed species, the muscular system usually consists of a marginal motor ring, the tissue of which is continuous with the tissue of the marginal tentacula; concentric rings of motor tissue forming the walls of the tentacles themselves, and a ring of similar tissue forming the margin of the * Ueber den Bau der Pelagia noctiluca und der organization der Medusen. 1841. 4 NUTRITIVE SYSTEM. lips. To these there is superadded, in the genus 7urris, longitudinal, highly-developed muscular bands, running from the base of the peduncle to the marginal band. Whatever be the arrangement, the movement is the same. The animal swims in an oblique position, con- tracting and expanding alternately its umbrella; occasionally pausing as if to rest, but capable of continuing its motions for an indefinite time. The lips can be expanded or contracted as occasion may require to seize its prey. The tentacles in many species are capable of wonderful extension, and can be retracted suddenly into a very small compass, often into a mere tubercle ; but there are many naked-eyed Meduse which vary their tentacles at an almost uniform length. Each of these organs may be extended or contracted singly, or in concert with its fellows, evidently obeying promptly the will of the animal of which they form part. They guide the Medusa through the sea, and can anchor it. I have seen a Geryonia anchor itself by means of its lips, clasping a coralline with them, and remaining tranquil so fixed for a considerable time. Nutritive System—This consists of a stomachal cavity excavated in a more or less produced proboscis, depending from the summit of the sub-umbrella, opening externally by a more or less expanded mouth, margined by variously-formed contractile lips, and superiorly communicating with a system of radiating canals, which run to a common marginal canal. The orifices of these canals probably in every case open into a common cavity or intestinal reservoir superior to the stomach, though sometimes stated to open directly into the latter. The true position of the stomach in these animals has been a subject of much dispute, which is not to be wondered at, considering the extreme variations presented by the central peduncle. It was indeed for a long time supposed that several of the Discophore had no true mouths, but absorbed, as if by suckers or roots, their nourishment from without, a view, however, which all the more recent researches have tended to disprove. By some naturalists, the cavity above the cavity of the peduncle has been regarded as the stomach, and the latter as a pharynx, a view which has been partially supported by Milne Edwards. Eschscholtz made the mistake of supposing the ovaries in the naked-eyed species to be stomachs. Will, and more recently Frey and Leuckhart, regard the peduncular cavity only as the stomach, a view which, certainly among the gymnopthalmatous Discophore, I hold from my own observations, for I have observed that the process of digestion goes on wholly in that cavity. Its dimen- sions vary greatly; among our British forms, it is especially large in Stomobrachium, a genus which approaches nearly Avquorea, where it is almost an open space surrounded by a slight veil of membrane. In Zurris and-Oceania, it is also large and well defined. In Willsia and Thaumantias, it is campanulate, and occupies the greater part of the peduncle. In Geryonia and Zima, it is small, in comparison with the peduncle, and confined to its extremity. In Slabberia, Sarsia, and Steenstrupia, it is tubular, but can assume a bell-shape. In Bougainvillea and Lizsia, it is a conical cavity, with singularly branched lips. The commu- nication of the stomach with the gastro-vascular canals is not clearly made out in all the genera. Will, in his description of Geryonia pellucida, states that at the fundus of the stomach there are four small obtuse prominences, each of which presents a small aperture which is the orifice of one of the water-canals. In another species, the base of the stomach into which the vessels opened seemed to be separated from the remainder. In Zhaumantias leucostyla, he found a distinct cavity separated from the stomach at its base, the walls of VASCULAR SYSTEM. 5 which were lined with vibratile cilia; from this cavity the vessels sprang. In quorea, Milne Edwards describes the canals as opening directly into the large and gaping stomachal cavity. My own observations accord with those of Will, to the effect that, in most cases (among the Gymnopthalmata), there is either a well-defined cavity at the base of the stomach into which the vessels open, or an indication of such a cavity. This I regard as homologous with the sac so distinctly separated from the digestive tube in the Ciliograda, and into which the vessels from beneath the rows of cilia open. The superior cavity in both cases may be regarded as an effort towards a specialization of the respiratory system—a view first suggested by Will. From it the circulating fluids flow into the gastro-vascular canals, which all run without dividing, except in the case of Willsia, into a common marginal vessel, cecal projections of which, in several instances, appear to be prolonged info the marginal tentacula. Will, however, observes, and I can confirm his remark, that the canals of the tentacles in Thaumaniias do not communicate with the vessels. The walls of the gastro-vascular canals are ciliated. The fluid within becomes coloured, according to the food taken by the animal. I have seen it in a Thaumantias fed upon small crustacea turn completely yellow. The system of vessels, partly nutritive, partly respiratory, proceeding directly from the stomach, or from a cavity opening directly into it, may be regarded as a good instance of phlebenterism. Dr. Will, however, regards it as an aquiferous system, and describes a circulatory system distinct from it. He asserts that in Geryonta all the water-vessels are accompanied by blood-vessels, which spring from the sides of the stomach, and proceed to its base, there to run alongside of the water-vessels. He states that they are distinctly to be recognised on both sides of the latter, especially when they contract ; then the blood-vessels remain expanded, and appear much thicker. At the circular marginal water-vessel the blood- vessel is usually observed only on one side, and that at the lower. Sometimes there appears a narrow margin, filled with blood-corpuscles at the upper edge. “The contents of the blood-vessels usually consist of a clear fluid, in which a great number of finely granular corpuscles, of a diameter from 1-400—1-500", are floating.” He observed similar blood- vessels in Thaumanivas. Aware of these observations, and of the accuracy of the observer, I made every endeavour to satisfy myself on the matter with the species of several genera. But though I sometimes fancied I saw such vessels, in the end I came to the conclusion that the appearances were deceptive. No such vessels appear to have been noticed by Wagner or Milne Edwards. Will described similar vessels distinguished by this red colouring in Beroe. I have seen the appearances to which he alludes, but could not satisfy myself of their vascular nature. Frey and Leuckhart, also, with Will’s observations before them, have sought in vain; their remarks upon this subject are so much to the point that I quote them verbatim: “ Our attention whilst investigating was likewise directed to this point, but without discovering the characters mentioned (i. e. by Will). Neither in Cydippe, nor in Geryonia, nor in Cyanea, did we succeed in discovering particular blood-vessels in addition to the canals of the abdominal cavity. We may assert, with particular distinctness, that the species (new?) of Geryonia observed by us is altogether deprived of a peculiar system of blood-vessels, although Will has recognised such in Geryonia pellucida, described by him, and from which our species is principally distinguished only by having marginal tentacles of equal length. A result, 6 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. entirely correspondent with ours, was likewise obtained by our respected friend Professor Bergmann, during numerous observations which he had an opportunity of instituting, during a residence at Iceland, on many different Meduse. Will himself does not appear to have dis- covered any particular system of blood-vessels in all Acalephe . . . We believe ourselves justified in pronouncing an opposite opinion, viz., that no special blood-fluid, or any special vascular system, exists in many of the Acalephe, except the nourishing fluid contained in the abdominal cavity. Some Medusz, however, may possess such. This can be the less objected to @ priori, since we know that the development of the vascular system in the different classes is subject to very considerable differences. The statements of Will are moreover, in many respects, too decided, as not to allow us altogether to doubt the correctness of his observations, although it is the very peculiar behaviour of the blood-vessels, as described by him, which justifies us in believing in the possibility of an error; in addition to which, we must mention that our own as. well as Bergmann’s observations have furnished quite a different result from those of Will. Indeed the question can only be decided by new and careful observations.”* With these judicious remarks I entirely agree, and hope the suggestion of further inquiry will be taken up by some of our expert microscopical observers, qualified for such an inquiry by possessing the requisite physiological knowledge, without which microscopical researches must always, and justly, be received with distrust. Reproductive System.—The majority of the naked-eyed Meduse have very distinct reproductive glands. These are placed either on the surface of the sub-umbrella, or on the inner and upper part of the peduncular cavity. In each case their position has a distinct relation to the arrangements of the gastro-vascular canals. Instances of the former arrangement are seen in Stomobrachium, Geryonia, Thaumantias, Circe, and Slabberia ; of the latter, in Turris, Saphenia, Oceania, and Willsia. They are not so definitely marked in Sarsia, Steenstrupia, and Modeeria, in which genera the whole of the substance of the walls of the peduncle seems to be composed of a germ-producing tissue. In Bougainvillia and Lizzia, the condition of the reproductive glands is intermediate between the two modes just described. In Euphysa, the ovary appears to depend from the centre of the peduncular cavity. The organs of generation in these Medusz were long misunderstood. Peron and Lesueur recognised their true position in most of their “monostomous gastric Medusz,” in which the genera Oceania and A¢quorea, according to their view of the extent of those groups, were placed along with Pelagia, and other forms having no true immediate affinity. In the case of Aquorea, however, they did not recognise the ovaries. In their group of “ agastric Medusz,” of which Geryonia may be cited, they seem altogether to have misunderstood these organs. ‘Their importance and meaning were equally lost sight of by Lamarck. Eschscholtz still further lost the clue to their signification ; for, founding his system upon the supposed manifestation or obscurity of the reproductive glands, he divided all the Discophore into Phanerocarpe (exactly equivalent to my Steganopthalmata) and Cryptocarpe, the latter group including the naked-eyed forms, describing the generative organs in the latter as stomachs or appendages of the stomach. Cuvier, misled probably by Peron, does not seem to have clearly comprehended the signification of the parts in this section of the Meduse, though * Frey and Leuckhart. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 7 practically versed in the higher group. Blainville recognised the ovaries in Oceania (following Peron and Lesueur), but mistook them (following Eschscholtz) for stomachal appendages in Thaumantias, Geryonia, and allied genera. Lesson, confused throughout, repeats the same mistake. Ehrenberg recognised their true position in his “ Melicertum campanulatum’” (i. e. Stomobrachium octocostatum) and Oceania pileata. Sars first described them in Thawmantias and Stomobrachium as dilatations of the gastro-vascular canals; but more lately recognised their true office. Milne Edwards demonstrated their true nature in A/quorea violacea, and inferred their office by analogy in all the so-called Cryptocarpe. Brandt appears to have followed Eschscholtz. Will perfectly comprehended their true nature, and demonstrated their structure. Frey and Leuckhart take thesame view. Indeed, it seems strange that such great diversity of opinion and so much error should ever have prevailed respecting the position of the glands of generation in the naked-eyed Medusz, especially when their true nature in the steganopthalmatous species was recognised by all. In Turris, the genus which may be regarded as the highest in organization of the order under consideration, the ovaries are highly developed, and line the upper part or chamber of the stomachal cavity in the form of convoluted tubular and fimbriated membranes, conspicuous from their brilliant colour. Such an arrangement closely approaches that met with in the Steganopthalmata. In Oceania, a similar arrangement, though not so perfectly made out, prevails. In Geryonia, Thaumantias, and allied genera, the ovaries are more or less clavate or leaf-shaped, and are either expanded on the under surface of the sub-umbrella in the course of the gastro-vascular canals, or depend from it as membranous sacs or lamine, the latter form being that seen in Stomobrachium and Aiquorea. In Willsia, Bougainvillia, and Lizsia, they present the appearance of lobes on the sides of the stomach ; but those of the first-named genus are much more regular and normal than those of the two latter. Their number, when well defined, may be very considerable (as in A’ quorea and Mesonema); but in our British forms the greatest number is that seen in Stomobrachium and Circe, where there are eight; next, Willsia, which has six; the remaining genera have four ovaries, each of which, in several instances, is composed of two equal and similar parts. Though I have used the word ovaries for these bodies, as if the animals were unisexual, I have done so only as a convenient form of speech. There is every reason to believe that the majority of the Medusz are bisexual, though the two sexes appear to be united, but maintained by distinct organs in certain forms, especially in the higher group. The dicecious character of the naked-eyed forms has been demonstrated by Milne Edwards, Wagner, and Will. The first-named naturalist showed that some individuals of Aquorea violacea were females, having eggs in their generative organs, others on which there were no trace of eggs, but abundance of spermatozoa, being males. Will describes the sexual organs of Geryonia pellucida as lying in the course of the radiating gastro-vascular canals, their further extremities rounded, the inner ends pointed. At the latter he found ducts of emission which reach the base of the peduncle. Each gland consists of two lancet-shaped halves; each half is provided with a special duct of emission, so that there are consequently eight ovaries in the female, and eight testicles in the male, of this genus. “The ovaries are twisted sacs in which the eggs lie close to each other, the largest towards the margin of the disc, the smallest towards the peduncle. The perfectly-developed eggs are of a whitish colour, opake, and measure 1-8”; the germinal spot is round and 8 ORGANS OF SENSE. 1-200” in size. The males cannot be distinguished from the females either by shape or size of the body, or by the form of the sexual glands.” Will fancied these glands had a greenish glitter in the male, which was not present in the female. “The testicles are likewise twisted sacs filled with spermatozoa. The latter consist of a thick oblong body, measuring 1-800” and an extremely slender, long tail, which is only visible during vibration.” Will found at all times as many males as females. Organs of Sense.—The lips and their appendages, the marginal tentacula, and the bulbs at their bases, may be enumerated under this head. The lips and the tentacula are instruments of touch and prehension, the former chiefly for the purpose of seizing the animal’s prey, and sometimes, as I have seen in the case of a Geryonia, for anchoring the body. The lips vary much in form. They are sometimes (as in Circe, most species of Thaumantias, and Polyxenia) simple lobes ; in other cases (as in Turris, Geryonia, and Oceania) fimbriated lobes ; in Bougainvillea and Lizzia, they are furnished with single or branched tentacular processes, reminding us of the curious gland-tipped cirrhi, which are so conspicuous in the genus Cassiopeia among the higher Discophore, and which were long supposed, and are usually still described to be roots or suckers for the purpose of absorbing nourishment. In Sarsia, Slabberia, and Steenstrupia, the lip is a simple ring around the orifice of the tubular digestive cavity. The tentacula in all our British examples of the naked-eyed Medusz, are simple and usually filiform, though highly contractile, and in some species often reduced almost to a point. In Slabberia we have an abnormal form of these organs, their termination presenting the appearance of a bulb. In Huphysa, the single tentacle is clavate and different in structure from that of any other British genus. In the same curious form all the tentacles except one are aborted, a remarkable modification seen also in Steenstrupia. In a new species of Geryonza, here figured, alternate tentacles are glanduliferous. In not a few species there are two varieties of tentacles placed in a single series round the margin, but the majority have the tentacles only of one kind. At the base of the marginal tentacula or cirrhi there are present in a great many of these animals coloured spots or bulbs. In some species (as in Thaumantias pilosella, Slabberia halterata, Willsia stellata, Lizzia octo-punctata, &c.) these points are very strongly coloured, and from their magnitude indicate the course of the animal when in motion, appearing like a circle of gems in the water. Where some of the tentacula are aborted (as in Steenstrupia and Huphysa), they are not aborted with these organs, but are all conspicuously developed ; in many forms only certain tentacles have bulbs at their bases. In other forms, the tentacula are present and highly developed, but no coloured spots or bulbs are seen at their bases, as in certain kinds of Geryonia and Circe. When these bulbs are examined under the microscope, we find their organization more complicated than at first glance it would seem to be. In the majority of species, perhaps in all, these bulbs, whether conspicuous from colouring or not, contain a small cavity quite distinct from any coloured spot which may be present. The former is the ofolitic vesicle, the latter the ocellus. The ofolitic vesicle, which, from analogy and its peculiar structure, is considered an organ of hearing, is a small spherical sac developed in the midst of the granular substance of the bulb, and containing more or fewer minute vibrating bodies. Will has described the otolitic vesicle and its contents in a Geryonia as follows: ‘“ The auditory vesicles are seated OCELLI. 9 in the course of the marginal circular vessel in very uncertain number, usually, however, one at each side of the larger marginal cirrhi, and beside the smaller one, only at one side. They are round, measuring 1-40th ofa line in diameter, and consist of a tolerably thick membrane : they contain from one to nine, and even more, round globules. If there is only one, it is situated exactly in the centre of the vesicle, but if there are several, they are lying together either in two groups or separately joined to each other at the wall of the vesicle. Their size varies from 1-300—1-150”. TI have never observed them move. Muriatic acid dissolves them, and causes the vesicle to burst.” In his Thaumantias leucostyla, he describes the auditory vesicle as “ measuring 1-60”, and containing globules of the dimensions 1-200”. They are seated beneath the basis of the marginal fibres on a small projection. They are not present, however, beneath all the marginal fibres.” Milne Edwards observed, in his quorea violacea,* two hemispheric or oval vesicles on each side of each marginal tubercle, and containing two or three spherical corpuscles. Kolliker observed that the otolitic cavities or vesicles in Oceania (as well as in higher forms) were lined with vibratile cilia, and that the otolites vibrated. Frey and Leuckhart, whilst they saw the otolites vibrate distinctly in certain Ciliograda, found them perfectly motionless in Geryonia, even as Will had observed. I have observed the vibration of the otolites distinctly in more than one species of Zhaumantias ; so has my friend Dr. Melville. I have seen them also vibrating in their cavities at the bases of the tentacles of more than one species of Oceania, a genus in which they are highly developed. The oceld, from analogy, are regarded as rudimentary eyes, or rather light-perceiving organs. In the gymnopthalmatous Meduse they are very rudimentary, and in most species consist only of an assemblage of pigment-cells more or less symmetrically disposed. They vary much in colour, different species of Zkaumantias, for instance, presenting purple, orange, yellow, black, and even variegated ocelli. Yellow, with a red dot, is a common appearance. This dot indicates a higher or more concentrated condition of the organ. It is especially defined in Oceania, and in Turris neglecta, forms at the head of the tribe. In Slabberia, the resemblance of the ocelli to the coloured bulbs which terminate the tentacula is very striking, but when minutely examined, they are easily distinguished from the latter organs by the presence of a small black dot. In some forms of Sarsia and in Huphysa we have curiously particoloured ocelli; also in Wellsia, though not so defined. In Liszia, and especially in Bougainvillia, we have compound ocelli, formed out of several united, and variously coloured, either entirely black, or entirely yellow, or piebald, black and yellow, or yellow and bright red. In Circe, and some other forms, no ocelli can be observed. That these bodies are the eye-spots, there can be no doubt, when we compare them with similar bodies in the higher Meduse. In them crystals are present, as was first pointed out by Gaedé. These crystals were shown by Rosenthal to be silicious, a character by which they are strikingly distinguished from otolitic crystals, which are always calcareous. Though, as we have seen, there are well-marked organs of sense in these animals, the presence of a nervous system has not been clearly made out. For my part, I have not been able to satisfy myself as to the existence of either ganglia or nervous filaments in any of the * Ann, Se. Nat. (2d Ser.) t. xvi, p. 195. 10 POWER OF STINGING. naked-eyed Meduse, though I have seen appearances, both in the higher Discophore and in the Ciliograda, which would induce me to admit their presence in some Acalephe. Will has observed that in Geryonia there is a small cavity beside the otolitic vesicle, which is filled with a yellowish-green matter, in which the vesicle itself is bedded to a third of its circumference, and he considers this a ganglion, whilst he admits it cannot be proved to be so histologically. I believe I have seen a similar appearance in several species, but not so constantly as to permit of the assignment of so important an office as the duty of a nervous ganglion to the tissue. Frey and Leuckhart recognised the same bodies in Geryonia, but doubt their nervous nature, and remark that the individual masses in this instance did not seem to be sufficiently distinctly separated from the neighbouring parenchyma, as to warrant their concluding with certainty that such bodies are peculiar isolated formations. Power of Stinging.—In the minds of most people who have been at the sea-side the notion of a Medusa naturally associates itself with that of a nettle, since both the animal and the plant enjoy an equal reputation for their stinging powers, and for the production of an extremely similar, though not the less unpleasant sensation, when incautiously handled or inadvertently touched. The term —was ever eliminated, otherwise than as a dim dream,—dimmer to its author often, than even to other men,—by any one not a practical worker in the field where he would raise his speculations ; not merely an occasional visitor, but a day-labourer in science. Goethe has been cited as an objection, but Goethe himself would have rejected with indignation the reputation of being a discoverer of laws in natural history, without having undergone a severe apprenticeship of practical study. The great poet who so clearly enunciated the morphology of the vegetable individual (unaware of the previous and clear, though premature as to time, announcement of the law by Linneus), and attempted to work out a like idea in the vertebrate skeleton, warmly contended that the doctrines he put forth were not sudden inspirations and lucky guesses, but the results of long continued and laborious study. The names which shine brightest in our science for their elucidation of its philosophy from the time of Aristotle to that of Linneeus, * British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, No. I (1848). t Loe. cit., p. 10. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDUSA. 85 and from that of Linnzeus to the epoch of Robert Brown and Cuvier, are those of practical naturalists. In their names, and in the names of many eminent men, happily enrolled in the list of the Ray Society, I protest against the doctrine that naturalists (properly so called) are only to “record exactly what they see, and leave it to others to estimate the value of their facts, and to build upon them such inferences as they may think proper.’”* Dr. Carpenter remarks, on the theory of Steenstrup, as follows: “ We regard this as a very premature, erroneous, and limited expression of the real facts; and shall endeavour, in the course of our exposition, to show what is the real truth of the matter. The proposition, in the form enunciated by Steenstrup, is totally inapplicable to the vegetable kingdom; anda strong suspicion of its incorrectness is suggested by that simple circumstance, inasmuch as it is chiefly based upon the phenomena presented by those tribes of animals which have most in common with plants in their general structure and history.” The reader of this passage might suppose, if he had not previously read Steenstrup’s Essay, that the Danish naturalist had not taken the phenomena of the vegetable kingdom into consideration when stating his proposed law; nor do I find in the review, although the phenomena of vegetation are abundantly cited in favour of the reviewer’s opinions, any reference made to the fact, that Steenstrup had not only cited them in illustration of his theory, but regarded them as presenting the strongest evidences in its favour. The last passage of his concluding chapter—that ‘on the real nature of the alternating generations,” runs as follows :— “T conclude with the remark, that, inasmuch as in the system of ‘ nursing, the whole advancement of the welfare of the young is effected only by a still and peaceful organic activity, is only a function of the vegetative life of the individual, so also, all those forms of animals in whose development the ‘nursing’ system obtains, actually remind us of the propagation and vital cycle of plants. For it is peculiar to plants, and as it were their special characteristic, that the germ, the primordial individual in the vegetation or seed, is competent to produce individuals which are again capable of producing seeds or individuals of the primary form, or that to which the plant owed its origin, only by the intervention of a whole series of generations. It is certainly the great triumph of morphology, that it is able to show how the plant or tree (that colony of individuals arranged in accordance with a simple vegetative principle or fundamental law) unfolds itself through a frequently long succession of generations, into individuals becoming constantly more and more perfect, until, after the immediately precedent generation, it appears as calyx and corolla, with perfect male and female individuals ; stamens and pistils—and after, the fructification brings forth seed, which again goes through the same course. It is this great and significant resemblance to the vegetable kingdom, which, in my opinion, is presented by the extoxoa and all nurse genera- tions (amme), and to which I have alluded in the preceding Essay ; I might almost say, that the condition of continued dependence incidental to the animal life, is, to a certain extent, one of less perfection than that which is presented in the progressive elevation in development effected by the agency of the vegetative life.”t This remarkable passage had surely escaped the notice of the reviewer; for in it the * Loe. cit., p. 7. + Ray Society’s Translation of the Alternation of Generations, p 114. 86 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDUSA. : argument drawn from analogy between the animal and vegetable kingdom, is as clearly and fully expressed as in the sentences I am about to cite from the review itself. Indeed it was very unlikely that a Lecturer on Botany* would allow such obvious analogies to escape him. The theory enunciated by Dr. Carpenter, and proposed to be substituted for that of Steenstrup, has special reference to the Medusze and Polypes, and is stated in the following passages : “ The fertilized ovum of the medusa-parent is like the seed of the plant; and the polype that grows from it resembles the first leaf-bud into which the embryo expands. From this bud are at first produced others, by the process of continuous growth, which are repetitions of itself ; these in the plant usually remain connected with each other so as to form a compound structure, and so they do also in the ordinary zoophyte; but in the common hydra, and in the hydraform medusa-larva, they become detached like the bulbels of the marchantia or lily. But under certain conditions, a new and different set of buds, containing a sexual apparatus, are produced ; these, too, become detached, and, by their inherent powers of movement, they convey the germs of a new generation toa distance from the parent stock. The whole of these phenomena appear to us to constitute but a s¢mgle generation, instead of fwo, as represented by Steenstrup. We are not in the habit of speaking of the leaf-buds and the flower-buds of a plant as of two distinct generations ; nor, if our comparison be correct, have we any ground for giving such a designation to the polypoid larva, and the medusa-imago, which are con- tinuous developments from the same germ. Hence the whole doctrine of the ‘ alternation of generations,’ falls to the ground, so far as this individual case is concerned; the phenomena being simply those of metamorphosis or change of form, attending the evolution of successive products from the same original germ. The metamorphosis is not really so great as that which presents itself in the course of the development of any one of the higher organisms, the several parts of which depart more widely from each other, and from the early embryonic cell-cluster, than do the polype-buds and medusa-buds we have been describing. The chief difference lies in the capacity of the latter to maintain a separate and independent existence ; a capacity which is evidently connected with their low type of organization.” (Review cited, p. 23.) And again, in the recapitulation (at p. 29)—“ The true Hydra, which may be regarded as uniting the general form and structure of the polype with the locomotive powers and dis- positions of the medusa, propagates in both the modes characteristic of the vegetable kingdom ; namely, by gemmation, and by the production of ova. The buds are not destined to remain in continuity with the parent, but are thrown off like the bulbels of certain plants ; having previously acquired, however, the form of the parent. The ova also are developed into polypes resembling the parent. The usual mode of propagation is here by bulbels; the ova being destined apparently to continue the race through the winter season, the cold of which might be fatal to the parents. “In other cases, however, we find a greater specialization of characters ; the locomotive and proper generative apparatus being especially developed in the Meduse ; whilst the true polypoid condition presents its most complete evolution in the plant-like Sertularide, yet these two groups are not to be dissociated from one another ; for each of them, in one of its * Professor Stecnstrup was Lecturer on Botany and Mineralogy in the Academy of Sorée. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDUSZ. 87 stages of development, presents the characters of the other. The Medusa begins life as a polype; as a polype it is attached; as a polype it grasps and digests its food; as a polype it reproduces parts that have been removed ; and as a polype it propagates by gemmation ; the buds being detached from the parent as soon as they have acquired the form of the latter, and are capable of maintaining an independent existence. But in this condition it forms no ova. A new and distinct series of buds (flower-buds) is produced for this purpose; these buds are detached like the preceding ; they become developed into perfect Medusz, in which state alone they have been known until recently ; and from these Medusz are produced ova by a true sexual process, which are first evolved into the polypoid form, and go through the series of changes just enumerated.” (p. 30.) ‘ In this theory, proposed by Dr. Carpenter for adoption instead of that of Steenstrup, I can see only verbal differences. The main facts upon what Steenstrup built his proposed law are not denied. It is admitted that a polype may produce a Medusa by gemmation, and that the egg of the Medusa may produce an animal altogether different from itself, but like the polype which produced it. The reviewer admits an alternation of forms, but he denies that they are generations which alternate. Yet in the ordinary sense of the word generation, as here applied by Steenstrup, they must either be such or be the same individual. A father belongs to one generation, a son to a second, a grandson to a third—at least, this has been the case hitherto, as far as my knowledge goes. Surely the first polype represents one generation, the offspring of that polype a second, and the offspring of that offspring a third. And if so, the middle term here being a Medusa and not a polype, and its offspring a polype again, which produces a Medusa, we are warranted to speak of an alternation of dissimilar genera- tions. It does not affect the question, if they be regarded as individuals, whether they are produced by gemmation or from ova; nor whether we hold with Sars that we have not an alternation of animals of distinct classes, but of fixed and free animals of the same class. It is not the less an alternation of dissimilar generations. But when Dr. Carpenter says that the phenomena are simple metamorphoses not really so great as those which present themselves in the course of the development of any one of the higher organisms—“ the several parts of which depart more widely from each other, and from the early embryonic cell-clusters, than do the polype-buds and Medusa buds we have been describing”—he may mean, that the Medusee produced by gemmation are not distinct individuals, but parts of some one capable of maintaining a separate and independent existence. If so, he has certainly enunciated a new theory altogether distinct from that of Steenstrup, but one so opposed to ordinary notions of individuality among the lower animals, that few, if any, naturalists will assent to it until more fully and satisfactorily stated. To argue that, because “ we are not in the habit of speaking of the leaf-buds and the flower-buds of a plant as of two distinct generations,” we are, therefore, not to regard the alternations of polypes and Meduse as such, is to bring the common, popular, unscientific, and untrue notion of the nature of a plant into a scientific discussion on the nature of animals.. We are not in the habit of regarding a leaf as an individual—popularly, we look upon the whole plant as an individual. Yet every botanist knows that it isa combination of individuals, and if so, each successive series of buds must certainly be strictly regarded as generations, The first generation of a Lupine, for instance, is the pair of individuals constituting the cotyledons of the embryo, dissimilar from the second generation, which consists of the several 88 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDUSA. phytons comprising the first bud or plumule. A series of similar buds may be produced until one of different aspect is developed, composed of a: generation of altogether different individuals, through whose agency the foundation of a new series of generations is laid in the formation of the ovum or seed. Whether we style the members of one generation nurses, or call them all by the same name, does not matter so far as the fact and law of an alternation of generations is concerned. I see no reason therefore to dissent from the theory of Steenstrup; it is the simplest and most intelligible, as well as most original expression hitherto offered of the astonishing facts which he was the first to generalize. Granting it, we can no longer adopt the usually accepted classification of Radiate animals, nor separate them into Echinodermata, Acalepha, Zoophyta, and Sponges, as so many distinct and equal orders; but must unite the Acalephe with the Zoophyta, excluding from the latter the Bryozoa which are polypoid Tunicata. The Acalephe or Arachnodermata must undergo reconstruction, for the Polypes cannot even be regarded as forming a primary division when united with the usual members of this great section. They evidently form part of a sub-class with the Dzscophore, equal to the sub- classes, Ciliograda, Cirrhigrada, and Physograda. The Discophore must again undergo subdivision into orders. The Anthoxoa will stand first, next the Steganopthalmata, then the Gymnopthalmata, and lastly the Hydroida. That the Anthoxzoa are intimately related to the Meduse is evident to any unprejudiced naturalist who has studied the structure of Lucernaria, or of the dctineade, especially of any floating form of the last tribe, such as the Arachnactis of Sars. The close affinity of these tribes has been excellently treated of in an Essay by Drs. Frey and Leuckart, who, after comparing organ with organ in the Anthoxoa, the several usually received orders of Acalephe and the Polypes, observe, in conclusion, that these various tribes ought no longer to be placed apart in a natural system. ‘They rather go towards constituting a larger section, having one common type of structure—a type chiefly charac- terised by the peculiar arrangements of the viscera and the stomachal cavity.” They propose to designate such division by the name of COLENTERATA.* Even among the animals figured and described in this Monograph, we see abundant evidences of the close affinity of the Medusz, on the one hand, with hydroid polypes ; on the other, with the Anthozoa. The Steenstrupie are in all probability Medusa-generations of some corynoid polype, yet, through Huphysa, they are intimately related with Sarsia, and through Sarsia with Slabberia, whence the affinities upwards are easily traced. The Zurris digitalis, on the other hand, closely reminds us of an Actinea; so nearly, that when I first found a specimen, I mistook it for an animal of that genus. Thus, in the end, we revert, curiously enough, to the views of the affinities of these animals-proposed by Aristotle, who plainly included, under the designation of axaAngn, both Actinee and Meduse ; not from any vague guess, or in compliance with the popular recognition of their resemblances, but from a careful study of their structure and habits, as the varied notices of them preserved to us in the first, fourth, fifth, eighth, and ninth books of the ¢ History of Animals,’ prove beyond question. * Frey and Leuckart’s Beitrage, p. 38. I shall conclude with a few remarks on the best methods of studying and preserving the Naked-eyed Meduse. They are to be sought for in summer and autumn, when the weather is warm and dry, and the sea calm and clear. They abound, within reach, mostly in the afternoon and towards night- fall—probably also during the night, though not then so near the surface of the water. A small bag of fine muslin, attached to a metal ring, is the best instrument by which to take them, and may be used either as a hand-net fixed to the end of astick or pole, or as a tow-net suspended over the stern of a vessel, when at anchor, or making very gentle way through the water. My friend Professor Acland took great numbers at Oban, by attaching a tow-net to the buoy in the bay, and leaving it there during the night. They abound most in sheltered bays near strong tideways or headlands projecting into the Atlantic. The majority being oceanic, they are most numerous and varied on those parts of our shores which are touched by oceanic currents. Hitherto the Zetlands, Hebrides, and coasts of Cornwall have yielded the greater number of species. Many new forms may be expected to occur on the Atlantic coasts of Ireland. Indeed, I fully expect that the number of British species will be doubled within the next ten years, now that attention is directed to these beautiful little animals. “y When the tow-net is taken out of the sea it is to be carefully reversed, and its contents gently emptied into a basin or glass jar, filled with clear salt water. It is best to plunge the net beneath the surface when being emptied, as thus the Medusz are enabled to detach themselves from the threads, and swim away without injury. When the net is out of the water, they appear like little, adhering, shapeless masses of clear jelly, and exhibit no traces of their elegant form and ornaments. When in the jar or basin, they are often, on account of their extreme transparency, very difficult to distinguish, but by placing the vessel in the sun, or beside a strong artificial light, we see their shadows floating over the sides and bottom of the basin, like the shadows of flitting clouds on alandscape. These soon guide us to the creatures themselves, and before long we distinguish their ocelli and coloured reproductive organs. The next step is to secure such as we wish to examine closely, and transfer them to watch- glasses or small glass tubes. To do this is often not an easy task, for when alarmed they are extremely agile and alert; so that if we attempt to capture them with a teaspoon, they usually escape us, or if taken, by their slippery nature, slide out of the spoon whilst we pour away the superabundant water. This difficulty may be got over by using a small but deep glass spoon, with its handle set very obliquely. When we have placed some in a glass tube with a little water, or in a small compressed glass jar, which I find an excellent aid in exa- mining them, we can observe their profile, the changes their body undergoes when contracting and expanding, and the extent to which the creature can lengthen its tentacula. We then place them in a watch-glass and submit them to microscopic examination, carefully noting the number, colour, form, and structure of the ocelli and tentacula, the arrangement of the gastro-vascular canals and reproductive glands, and the = and 90 PRESERVATION OF MEDUS. structure of the central peduncle. Conveying our prizes then to a dark place, we irritate them, and observe whether they phosphoresce or not, of what colour the light is, and how long it endures. In every case a drawing, as careful and detailed as possible, and always coloured, should be made at the time. This is the more necessary, since they are animals extremely difficult to preserve, shrivelling up into indistinguishable curd-like masses in spirits, and most preserving fluids. In fact, the only specimens which I have seen preserved in a distinguishable state, have been so by means of one of Mr. Goadby’s fluids. When Mr. Goadby accompanied Mr. M‘Andrew, in 1837, on a cruise among the Hebrides and Zetlands, he made many experiments on the preservation of these delicate creatures, and succeeded so well that I have been able to distinguish among them even the several species of the critical genus Zhaumantias. I do not despair of seeing, before very long, a series of these creatures so preserved exhibited in the British Museum, and contributing to render more perfect the finest natural-history collection in the world. The indefatigable director of the zoological department in that truly national establishment, will yet, I trust, sanction such an addition, and, as he no longer remains a sceptic in bones or disbeliever in spirits, may consistently extend his faith to Goadby’s fluid. Note.—-KinpLY COMMUNICATED BY Mr. Goapsy. To «preserve the Acalephe——These animals contain so large a quantity of water, that they. require great care and attention to preserve them. The B fluid of itself is not enough for the purpose, the assistance of alum being imperatively necessary to give firmness and support to the several tissues. The plan that I adopted with great success was the following: i.e. Make a saturated solution of bay salt, and when cold, test it with a specific-gravity bubble prepared for that purpose. When required for use, dilute it (with water) to 1148, indicated by another bubble so marked. To this latter fluid add alum, at the rate of 3ij to every quart of fluid, and dilute the whole to % strength with water. Pour this into a dish, and empty the contents of the tow-net (containing the well-drained specimens of Acalephz) into it, and let them macerate therein for twenty-four hours, by which time they will be found saturated with the fluid, and at the bottom of the dish. If the specimens be small, they should now be moved, and placed in fluid consisting of dissolved bay salt, only to the strength of 1148, as the alum destroys transparency. Large specimens of the Acalephe, as Aurelia, &c., offer exceptions to this rule; they may be allowed to remain in aluminous fluid (to be changed daily) of the strength described, or somewhat increased by additions of stronger saline flnid, for a longer period (two or three weeks), but ultimately they, too, must be removed from the continued influence of alum, and kept in the bay salt fluid, of not less strength than before described, viz. 1148. The fluid should be tested with the bubble daily, and its strength made up by additions of the saturated solution, until it obey the test for several consecutive days, when endosmose and exosmose being at an end, the process of preservation may be considered complete. For permanent preservation, corrosive sublimate should be added to the preserving fluid, in the proportion of grains ij per quart of fluid, but its use is unnecessary in the early stages of preservation. I did not employ it until the collection of last summer was complete, and on shore. Neither is it essential to filter the fluid if time be pressing: at sea, of course, it cannot be done. Finally, marine animals require for their preservation saline fluid of the specific gravity of 1148. Fresh water and terrestrial animals are preserved at the diminished strength of 1100; fluids of less strength (respectively) are insufficient, and greater strength is injurious. BIBLIOGRAPHY. s In order to facilitate the studies of those among my readers who may be inclined to pursue researches among the Pulmograda Gymnopthalmata, I have drawn up the following catalogue raisonné of authors, works, papers, and figures bearing upon the subject, not confining the notices to British species only, but extending them to all described or figured forms of Naked-eyed Meduse. 1739. Janus Plancus. ‘ De Conchis minus notis Liber,’ 4to, Venice. In this is contained the first figure of the Carybdea marsupialis—and a very miserable representation it is,—in Plate iv, f. 5, f, under the description of “ Urtica soluta Marsupium referens et motus vitaleis manifestissime edens Maris Ariminensis.” The figure, plate xcii, fig. 9, of the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ is sometimes quoted as if it had been taken from Plancus, and represented the same species (2d ed. of Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vol. iii, p. 181), but is really copied from Slabber, and represents in all probability an Oceania. 1746. Linneus. ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ 1st Ed. In the first edition of this work three Meduse are enumerated, of which the third is a naked-eyed species. ‘1288. Medusa orbicula cruce alba picta. Heec omnium minima est, tota gelatinosa vitrei coloris, discum pingit crux magna alba, ad margines usque extensa, margo integer est: caret appendicibus omnibus, sc. cavitatibus, pistillis, staminibus, branchiis.” p. 368. In the second edition the specific name Cruciata is added. 1758. Linnzus. ‘ Systema Nature.’ 10th Ed. Medusa cruciata, M. pilearis, and M. marsupialis, are the naked-eyed species enumerated. 1758. The Rev. W. Borlase published his ‘ Natural History of Cornwall,’ in which there are some of the earliest figures of British Medusz, but no naked-eyed species is represented by him. Pennant (British Zoology, vol. iv, 1787) and Turton (British Fauna, 1807) contented themselves with following Borlase, making no additions to his list. 1760. L. T. Gronow (Gronovius). “ Observationes de Animalculis aliquot Marine Aque Innatantibus atque in Littoribus Belgicis obviis,’” in the ‘ Acta Helvetica,’ vol. iv, p. 38. In his paper is contained the first notice of Thaumantias hemispherica. The description is full and good for its time; the figure bad, and scarcely recognisable. Cydippe pileus is described and figured in the same paper. 1775. P. Forskal. ‘Descriptiones Animalium que in Itinere Orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr.’ Havnie, 1775. Forskal observed and described twelve pulmograde Meduse during his voyage. Of these, five were inhabitants of the Red Sea, and the remainder of the Mediterranean. Among the 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY. latter are four naked-eyed species, viz. M. proboscidalis (i.e. Dianea proboscidalis) M. mollicina (Genus?), M. pileata (Oceania pileata), M. equorea (i. e, Aiquorea Forskalina). Tis descriptions and drawings are very characteristic. The latter were published in a separate volume, of ‘ Icones.’ 1776. Otho Frederic Miiller. ‘Zoologize Danice Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniz et Norvegize Indigenarum Characteres Nomina et Synonyma.’ 8vo, Havniz. Eight species are enumerated under the genus Medusa in this work. One of them is the Medusa palliata of Bohadsch, which is an Actinea, being the Adamsia maculata of British naturalists. Three appear to be naked-eyed Meduse, viz. M. hemispherica, M. bimorpha, and M. digitale. The first is the Thawmantias hemispherica; the second and third were communicated to Miller by Otho Fabricius, the latter being our Turris digitalis. 1778. Martin Slabber. ‘ Natuurkundige Ver-Gustigingen.’ 4to, Haarlem, 1778. This work contains several figures of Medusz. Plate ii, figs. 1 and 2, are very bad figures of Saphenia dinema: six vessels are represented instead of four. Plate xii, figs. 1 and 2, is the Thaumantias cymbaloidea of authors, and in all probahility a bad representation of T. hemispherica. Plate xii, fig. 13, is either Turris neglecta, or an allied species. Plate xiv, fig. 1, appears to be an Oceania. The two latter are the Oceania tetranema, and O. sanguinolenta of Peron and Leseuer. 1780. Otho Fabricius. ‘Fauna Groenlandica,’ 8vo, Hafnie et Lipsie. Of the Medusz described in this excellent work, M. digitale is our Turris digitalis ; M. bimorpha and M, campanula appear also to have been naked-eyed species, though the latter may possibly have been a young Cyanea. 1788. Olof Swartz, on “ Medusa unguiculata and Actinea pusilla,” in the ‘New Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy,’ vol. ix. The Medusa here described is probably a naked-eyed species, though I confess I do not clearly understand the figure (not badly executed) given. It is the Linuche wnguiculata of Eschscholtz. Actinea pusilla appears to be a floating animal of its tribe, and possibly a species of Arachnactis. Eschscholtz and Lesson make a Medusa of it under the name of Melicertum pusillum. 1788. J. F. Gmelin. The 18th edition of ‘ Systema Nature,’ of Linneus. The Meduse are contained in vol. i, part 6 of this compilation. Such naked-eyed species as are given (viz. Medusa marsupialis, M. hemispherica, M. dimorpha, M. campanula, M. digitale, M. proboscidalis, M. mollicina (?) and M. pileata), are taken from Plancus, Miller, Otho Fabricius, and Forskal. 1788-9. O. F. Miller. ‘ Zoologia Danica.’ A good figure of Thaumantias hemispherica is contained in this excellent and most useful work, 1791. Adolph Modeer. ‘Om Slagtet Siokalf, Medusa,” in the ‘Nya Handlingar,’ of the Royal Swedish Academy, vol. xii. A synopsis of the Medusze known up to that time, and a very valuable one for its date. The naked-eyed species described by Forskal, Otho Fabricius, &c., are enumerated and characterised with great acuteness. 1791. The collection of figures of Medusz in the six plates (pl. xc-xcv) devoted to Acalephe, in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ contains several naked-eyed species. Plate xcii, figs. 9 and 10, are copied from Slabber, and represent a Turris and an Oceania ; fig. 11 is Oceania pileata, copied from Forskal ; figs. 12-15 are copies of Slabber’s figure of Obelia spherulina, and figs. 7-8 of his Medusa perla, both, however, evidently, as we have seen, the figs, of higher Meduse. In plate xciii, we have fig. 1 representing Dianea proboscidalis, copied from Forskal; figs. 2-4 is Thaumantias cymbaloidea, from Slabber ; and 1809. Peron A 1816-18. De BIBLIOGRAPHY. 93 8-11, Thaumantias hemispherica, from Miller ; 5, 6, 7, are copies of the “ Medusa eruciata,” of Forskal. In plate xciv, figs. 4, 5, are copies of the figures given by Baster, of the Medusa which has received the name of Callirhoe Basteriana. Plate xev, figs. 1 and 2, are the Zquorea mollicina ; fig. 4, Mesonema celum-pensile ; and fig. 3, Aquorea Forskalina, all copied from Forskal. et Lesueur. “Tableau des Caractéres génériques et spécifiques de toutes les espéces de Méduses connues jusqu’a ce jour,” in the ‘Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,’ vol. xiv. standard paper. Unfortunately the plates and figures referred to in this valuable memoir have never been made public, so that it is beyond the power of the British naturalist to determine the species mentioned as inhabitants of the Channel, for the descriptions are too often insufficient. The following genera of naked-eyed Meduse, are characterised for the first time in this paper: Eudora, Berenix, Orythia, Favonia, Lymnorea, Geryonia, Carybdea, Phorcynia, Eulimenes, Aiquorea, Foveolia, Pegasia (?), Callirhoe, Oceania, Aglaura, Melicerta (?), Euryale. The names of the species will be found in the table which I have constructed from Lesson, further on. An issue of the original plates would be a great boon to science, as few naturalists have had such opportunities of observing the Medusz in all parts of the world. Lamarck. ‘ Animaux sans Vertébres.’ The Medusz are described at second-hand. The naked-eyed’ species are arranged under the genera Eudora, Phorcynia, Carybdea, Aiquorea (?), Callirhoe, Orythia, and Dianea. Peron and Lesueur are evidently the chief source of the descriptions. 1821. A. de Chamisso, and C. G. Eysenhardt. “De Animalibus quibusdum e Classe Vermium Linneana in circumnavigatione Terre, auspicante Comite N. Romanzoff, duce Othone de Kotzebue, annis 1815-18 peracta, observatis;” in the ‘ Acta Academie Nature Curiosorum,’ vol, x. Several Medusze are represented in the plates to this paper. Of these, one, the Geryonia tetraphylla, is a naked-eyed form, allied to our G. appendiculata, and resembling it in having eight tentacles alternately differing in size. Their structure is not given. The extremity of the peduncle is represented as having a round orifice, which is a mistake, as in the description, the peduncle is said to be “ bipollicaris, cylindricus, flexilis, apice (ore) truncato dilatato guadrivalvato membranaceo, maculis quatuor viridibus notato.” It inhabits the Indian Ocean. (Loc. cit., t. xxvu, f. 2.) The “ Medusa campanulata” of this paper (pl, xxx, f. 1) seems to me to be a mutilated 1824. Quoy animal, doubtfully of this division, and the M. mucilaginosa is possibly a mutilated Polyxenia. Both are from the Pacific Ocean, and the imperfection of the drawings is due to the specimens, and not to the describers, as they expressly state their doubts respecting the generic affinities of both forms, and suggest the necessity of fresh observations. and Gaimard. ‘Zoology of Voyage of the Urania and Physicienne’ (under Freycinet). Plates Ixxxiv and lxxxv are devoted to the Meduse. Of naked-eyed species there are figured Mquorea grisea (Admiralty Isles), Hquoreq 1826. Risso. cyanogramma, from the same locality, Hquorea punctata, from between the Philippines and Sandwich Isles, and Aquorea semirosea, from New Guinea; all species well marked by peculiarities of colour. Dianea balearica (a Geryonia?), from the western Mediterranean, a two-tentaculated species, remarkable for its thick peduncle (?). Dianea endractensis, a six-tentaculated species of a reddish tinge, from New Holland. In neither the figures nor descriptions of these are the ovaries definitely stated. The introductory remarks show that the authors did not very clearly comprehend what they saw. ‘Histoire Naturelle de ’Europe Méridionale.’ The Meduse of the neighbourhood of Nice are enumerated in the fourth volume, including several known naked-eyed species. The author’s knowledge appears to have been very slight. 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1827. MM. Quoy et Gaimard. ‘Observations Zoologiques faites a bord de l’Astrolabe, en Mai 1826, dans le détroit de Gibralter.’ In this valuable paper a number of radiate animals, chiefly pelagic, are described, and among them several naked-eyed Meduse. The species are all figured, though mostly with few or no anatomical details. . Dianea rotunda, p. 181, pl. vi, A, figs. 1 and 2. Judging from the view given of the peduncle, this appears to be a true Oceania, with a globular umbrella and eight marginal tentacula. . Dianea conica, p. 182, pl. 6, A, figs. 3 and 4, The form of the body indicates a Circe, but the appearance of the peduncle is nearer that of Oceania, and the remark of the describers, that it approaches the Medusa (Oceania) pileata of Forskal, would confirm such a view. The umbrella is mitrate, and acute above. The margin appears to have twenty tentacula, with red ocelli. The peduncle is reddish. . Dianea exigua, p. 188, pl. vi, A, figs. 5 and 6. A small Geryonia, with very small cordate ovaries, and four marginal tentacula. . Dianea exigua, Var., p. 188, pl. vi, A, figs, 7 and 8. Exactly like the last, but wanting the ovaries. Is this a male animal, or is it a Tima? It is the Liriopa cerasiformis of Lesson (Acal. p. 3382), who strangely associates it with Dianea proboscidalis, in his genus Liriopa. . Dianea bitentaculata, p. 184, pl. 6, A, fig. 9. A minute Geryonia or Tima, having two long tentacles and twelve short ones. This is the Saphenia bitentaculata of Lesson. . Dianea funeraria, p. 184, pl. vi, A, figs. 10-15. This appears to belong to a genus closely allied to Circe, and is certainly a member of the family Circeade. It is the Tholus funerarius of Lesson. . Atquorea capillata, p. 185, pl. vi, B, fig. 1. Too imperfectly described and figured to be assigned to any well-defined genus with certainty. . Phorcynia pileata, p. 186, pl. vi, C, fig. 1. A mutilated or badly-observed species, of what genus? It is the type of Lesson’s genus Pileola. 1828. Dr. Fleming. ‘ History of British Animals.’ Under the genus Geryonia are enumerated “ G. equorea,” “ G. hemispherica” (Thaumantias), and “ G. octona” (Oceania). The last previously described by Dr. Fleming, in the eighth volume of the ‘ Edinburgh Philosophical Journal.’ 1829. F. Eschscholtz. ‘System der Acalephen.’ 4to, Berlin. A standard work upon this class, founded on extensive personal research. I have already commented on the errors of the classification. The illustrative figures are in outline, but strikingly faithful, so far as they go. The naked-eyed species represented are Melicertum penicillatum ; Eurybia exigua; Tima flavilabris ; Cyteis tetrastyla ; Cunina campanulata and globosa; Afquorea ciliata; Polyxenia cyanostylis; Afquorea globosa (a Stomo- brachium ?); Afgina rosea, and citrea ; Mesonema abbreviata ; Geryonia bicolor and rosacea. The descriptions are in German, each prefaced by a Latin diagnosis, too slight in most instances to serve the purpose of identification. No student of the Meduse should be without this book. 1830. Lesson. ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Coquille’ (under Duperrey). Most of the figures of Medusz in this work represent covered-eyed species. In plate xiv of the Zoophytes, a few naked-eyed species are represented, but though the plates are beautifully engraved and coloured, the original drawings must have been sadly defective, judging from the Cyanea Bougainvillii (Bougainvillea Macloviana), the first that attracts our notice, every organ of which is misunderstood, and wrongly delineated. Fig. 4 of the same plate represents a Twrris, under the name of Aguorea mitra; the peduncle and ovaries strangely misunderstood. Fig. 1. Bursarius Cythere may be a naked-eyed form, but after the manner in which the two previously-cited species are represented, I cannot 1830. 1831. 1838. 1838. 1883. 1834. 1834. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 95 venture to offer an opinion with any approach to certainty. The Dianea cerebriformis of plate x is possibly a Cyanea. The Eudore are evidently mutilated disks. “Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. iii. Dr. Baird, in an interesting paper “On the Luminousness of the Sea,” figures a small Medusa (Geryonia ?) from the Straits of Banca: the figure and notes are insufficient. ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. iv, p. 285. In a note on the “Luminosity of the Sea,” by Mr. Samuel Woodward, a very minute Medusa of this order is figured from specimens taken between Lowestoft and Yarmouth. The figure represents either a young Sarsia or the medusoid of Tubularia. Quoy and Gaimard. ‘Zoology of the Voyage of the Astrolabe.’ (Expedition of Dumont d’Urville.) The Medusee are described in the fourth volume of the text, and figured in plate xxv. They are Carybdea bicolor, possibly an imperfect animal, but well figured ; Carybdea bitentaculata, and a covered-eyed species, Orythia incolor. Of the two former, the first was found near the Cape de Verde, the second, in the roads of Amboyna. Milne Edwards on “ Carybdea marsupialis.” A valuable and excellently illustrated paper in the 28th volume of the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles.’ Dr. Johnston. Description and figure of ‘“ Dianea Bairdii” (Tima Bairdii, mihi), in the sixth volume of the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’ (Loudon’s). De Blainville. ‘Manuel d’Actinologie.’ The account of the pulmograda in this useful manual is a very full and excellent compilation of the knowledge up to the time, and among the plates are many useful figures copied from other works. De Blainville combines the genera quorea, Mesonema, Polyxenia, 4Aigina, and Cunina in one genus, Alquorea, He refers Melicerta penicellata of Eschscholtz to the genus Aglaura of Peron. Under Geryonia he unites Saphenia, Geryonia, and Dianea proper ; regarding Dianea endractensis as the type of that genus. J.T. Brandt. “Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium ab H. Mertensio observatum,” in the “Recueil des Actes de la Séance publique de Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg,’ 1833-4. In this valuable paper Brandt gives a synopsis of the radiate animals observed by Mertens during his voyage. The following naked-eyed Medusz are enumerated : Crrcz, Mertens (the genus characterised). 1. C. camtschatica, Brandt. Kamtschatka. Conis, Brandt (the genus characterised). 2. C. mitrata. Pacific “ ab insulis Boninimensibus,” 8. Maquorea rhodolema, Brandt. Conception, in Chili. Stomosracuiora, Brandt (the genus characterised). 4, 8. lenticularis, Brandt. Atlantic, “ ab insulis Malvinensibus. 5. Mzsonema macrodactyla, Brandt. Southern Ocean. 6. Mzsonema cerulescens, in 50° lat., and 144° long. W. A®einopsis, Brandt, (the genus characterised). 48. horensis, Brandt. In Behring’s Straits. . Poryxenta flavobrachia, Brandt. 5° lat., 127° long. W. 9. Grryonta hexaphylla, Peron. Pacific Ocean, in 36° 30’ lat. and 211 long., ab ins. Boninsimensibus. 10. Prozoscipactyia flavicirrhata, Brandt. Camtschatica. 11. Hrrrocrens Bougainvillii, Brandt. Behring’s Straits. 12. Sravrornora Mertensii, Brandt. North Pacific. aa 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1835. H. Rathke, (Professor, of Dorpat). ‘“ Beschreibung der Oceania Blumenbachii, einer bei Sevastopol gefundenen leuchtenden Meduse,” in the ‘Mémoires présentés A Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. ii, with an excellent plate. The animal figured and described in this paper is a very remarkable one, and evidently sui generis. It is not a true Oceania, nor a member of the family Oceanide, but of that section of the Sarsiade which will probably eventually assume the position of an independent group including Bougainvillea and Lizzia. The umbrella is hemispherical, bordered by eight compound tentacular bulbs, of a bright yellow colour, from each of which rise three filiform, highly extensile, white tentacula. The peduncle is four-lobed, broad, striped with white and yellow, and opens by a mouth surrounded by four lips, with tentacular and gland-tipped prolongations arranged in a pinnate fashion. 1835. M. Sars. ‘ Beskrivelser og Jagttagelser over nogle merkelige eller nyei havet ved den Bergenske kyst lebende dyr af Polypernes, Acalephernes,’ &c. 8vo, Bergen. This very interesting work is in the Norwegian language. In it Phorcynia cruciata and Thaumantias hemispherica are mentioned as Norwegian species, and the following new species described and figured : 1. Oceania ampullacea, p. 22, t. iv, fig. 8. 2. Oceania octocostata, p. 24, t. iv, fig. 9. This is our Stomobrachium octo- costatum. 8. Oceania saltatoria, p. 25, t. iv, fig. 10. This appears to be a Circe by its form. No ovaries are shown in the figure. It has sixteen tentacula. It is the Pandea saltatoria of Lesson. Oceania (?) tubulosa, p. 28, t. iv, fig. 11.—Sarsia tubulosa. Thaumantias multicirrata, p. 25, t. vii, fig. 12. Thaumantias (?) plana, p. 26, t. v, fig. 11. Cyteis octopunctata, p. 28, t. vi, fig. 14.—Lizzia octopunctata. Pe 1836. In the ninth volume of the ‘Magazine of Natural History’ (Loudon’s) is a “ Catalogue of the Species of Rayed Animals found in Ireland, as selected from the papers of the late J. Templeton, Esq., of Cranmore, with notices of Localities, and with some Descriptions and Illustrations by Robert Templeton, Esq.” This list is of considerable value, and shows that the distinguished naturalist, from whose papers it was compiled, had taken great interest in the Acalephe. Of the species he enumerates, the following appear to belong to the Pulmograda Gymnopthalmata. “« Piliscelotus. Body hyaline, hemispherical, the apex somewhat produced, and terminating in a fleshy, elongated, spindle-shaped appendix. Margin of the body with four moderately long tentacula, each tentaculum arising from a small tubercle. P. vitreus (p. 302, f. 48). Hyaline, bell-shaped, with four brown tentacula arising from the margin, nearly equidistant ; the centre produced into a long, dark brown appendage, somewhat thickened in the middle. Found in the pools on the limestone rocks, at the Whitehead, June 25th, 1812. Moving with a pretty quick but steady motion, by expanding and collapsing the body, which was so extremely transparent, that scarcely any part was visible but the dark brown appendage and the marginal tentacula. The marginal tentacula were dilated at their base.” Anomalous as this creature is represented, I hardly doubt that it is other than Sarsia tubulosa accidentally turned inside out, as I have elsewhere observed. A curious Medusa, having a simple umbrella without tentacula at the margin, is figured at Cut 47. It is described as “ Ocyrhoee (?), Peron (Cassiopeia (?), Lam.) cruciata. Hyaline, four arms, pale purple, corrugated ; eight darker, fine rays, and numerous dusky obsolete ones.”” The figure seems to represent a naked-eyed species, but it may be some mutilated Pulmograde of higher rank. It would be unsafe, without new observations, to admit this form into systematic lists, All the other forms mentioned by Templeton (except “ Medusa scintillans of Macartney,” which probably refers to Thawmantias hemispherica) are members of higher groups, and some of them, such as his “ Aquorea (?) radiata,” monstrous and mutilated Aurelie. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 97 1837. Cuvier’s ‘Régne Animal,’ Commemorative Edition, illustrated by his pupils. Among the plates of this beautiful work are thirteen representing Meduse. Light of these are devoted to undoubted steganopthalmatous species. The following naked-eyed forms, or else doubtful, are copied from the unpublished plates of Peron : Phorcynia istiophora ; Eulimenes cyclophylla ; Equorea purpurea ; Lymnorea triedra (covered- ‘eyed ?) ; Favonia hexamena ; Geryonia hexaphylla (Dianea proboscidalis?) ; Berenix cariso- chroma, B. euchroma (this genus seems to have affinities with Willsia, but the structure of the peduncle and ovaries is not indicated in the drawing) ; Geryonia dinema (possibly belonging to a genus of the Sarsiade, as well as Orythia viridis); Orythia minima (this appears to be an immature Cyanea) ; Eudora undulosa (steganopthalmatous ’); Carybdea periphylla (surely not of this genus, and possibly steganopthalmatous). Figures are also given of Geryonia bicolor, copied from Eschscholtz; G. Dubautii (dalearica) [possibly an Orythia], after Quoy and Gaimard; G. tetraphylla, after Chamisso and Eysenhardt ; Carybdea marsupialis, and Afquorea violacea, after Milne Edwards. 1837. Lesson. ‘ Prodrome d’une Monographie des Méduses.’ I have never seen this work. Was it ever printed? 1837. Ehrenberg, in the ‘Transactions of the Berlin Academy,’ for the year 1835, vol. viii, gives two good figures of naked-eyed Meduse, the one “ Oceania pileata,” and the other “ Melicertum campanulatum” (really Stomobrachium octocostatum), both from Norway, and already noticed in the account of our native species of the genera to which they belong. In the same paper there is a catalogue of the Meduse of the Red Sea, but all the species enumerated are steganopthalmatous. 1838. J. F. Brandt. “ Ausfiihrliche Beschreibung der von C. H. Mertens auf seiner Weltumsegelung beobachteten Schirmquallen, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen tiber die Schirmquallen tiberhaupt,” with 34 coloured plates, in the ‘Memoirs of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg,’ 6th series, ‘Sciences Naturelles,’ 2d vol. One of the most valuable and beautifully illustrated memoirs upon the Meduse extant. The naked-eyed species figured in it are Circe Camiscatica, Conis mitrata (a Turris?), ZEquorea rhodolema, Stomobrachium lenticulare, Mesonema macrodactyla, cerulescens and dubium, Aiginopsis Laurentii, (if the Polyenia Alderi of this work prove not to belong to that genus to which I have referred it, Atginopsis may prove its proper place,) Geryonia hexaphylla, Proboscidactyla flavicirrhata (a genus of Willsiade), Hippocrene Bougainvilliz, and (?) Staurophora Mertensii, The figures are from the drawings of Mertens, and bear every mark of being faithful representations. The remaining species are Steganopthalmata, and are by far the best figures hitherto published of Medusz of that order. 1840. The second edition of Lamarck’s ‘Animaux sans Vertébres,’ edited by Deshayes and Milne Edwards. The Medusz are contained in the third volume of this edition, and have been revised by M. F. Dujardin. The additional notes are very good, and serve to make the work a useful manual, as they embody the labours of recent writers, especially Eschscholtz and Brandt. 1841. Milne Edwards described and figured with admirable accuracy the Aiquorea violacea, in the 16th volume of the second series of the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles.’ 1841. Augustus A. Gould, M.D. ‘Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,’ Cambridge, U. S8., 8vo. Three species of naked-eyed Meduse are enumerated as inhabiting the shores of the United States, viz., “ Oceania tubulosa” (i.e. Sarsia tubulosa), “ Hippocrene Bougainvilliz” (more probably Bougainvillea britannica), and “Stomobrachium lenticulare ”? the two latter identified with Brandt’s species of those names. 13 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1841. Dr. Davis on “ Cyanea coccinea,” (Turris neglecta,) in the Seventh Volume of the ‘ Annals of Natural History.’ 1841. E, Forbes, on anew Hippocrene, and some new species of Thaumantias in the ‘Annals of Natural History.’ 1843. Lesson. the ‘ Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon.’ This work is one of the most useful, and yet one of the most provoking, in its department ‘Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes; Acalephes,’ a thick 8vo volume, forming part of of natural history ; useful, because it brings together, verbatim, everything that has been written upon the Meduse in France; provoking, because every attempt in it at an arrangement or digest of the matter so collected serves only to make the obscure more obscure, and the crude more crude. It is executed without any judgment, though with considerable industry. Of what has been done outside of France it is a most imperfect account. Nevertheless, for the present, it is indispensable to the student of the Meduse, and includes the fullest list published of species and references. A few plates in which some interesting species are figured are appended. I have compiled the following Catalogue of Medusz, either naked-eyed, or possibly so, enumerated by Lesson, with the localities given in his work, and the name of the original observer. NAKED-EYED MEDUSZ ENUMERATED BY LESSON. * Figured in works referred to by Lesson. + Figured in this Monograph. Name in Lesson’s Work. Locality. Observer and Remarks. * ? Eulimenes spheeroidalis, Peron. * ? Eulimenes cyclophylla, Peron. ? Eulimenes heliometra, Lesson. Phorcynia cudonoidea, Peron. Phorcynia petasella, Peron. Phorcynia istiophora, Peron. Phorcynia cruciata, Lin. Pileola pileata, Q. and G. Marsupialis Planci, Less. * * * (Carybdea marsupialis, Lam.) Marsupialis alata, Reyn. * Marsupialis flagellata, Lesson. Bursarius cytherene, Lesson. Mitra Rangii, Lesson. Eurybia exigua, Eschsch. Cyteis tetrastyla, Esch. * * * * * ? Campanella chamissonis, Lesson. (Medusa campanulata, E, and C.) Campanella Fabricii. (Medusa campanula, O. F.) Scyphis mucilaginosa, Chamissoand Lysenh. South Atlantic. South Atlantic. Peru. Australia. Iles Furneaux. S. Australia. Norway. Gibraltar. Mediterranean. Atlantic. New Guinea. New Guinea. (W?) African Seas. South Sea, between the tropics. Atlantic, under the Equator. Pacific. Greenland and Baffin’s Bay. Pacific. Peron. Peron and Lesueur. Lesson. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur (figure unpublished). Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Linneus (figure much wanted). Quoy and Gaimard (Genus 7). Plancus (well figured by Milne Edwards). Reynaud (figured in Lesson’s ‘Centurie Zoo- logique.’) Lesson (figure wanted). Lesson (very doubtful). Rang. Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz. Eysenhardt and Chamisso, insufficiently known. O. Fabricius (no figure). Chamisso (too imperfect). BIBLIOGRAPHY. 99 Name in Lesson’s Work. Locality. Observer and Remarks. * ‘Turris papua, Lesson. + Turris borealis, Less. (T. digitale.) + * Turris neglecta, Less. * Circe camtschatica, Brandt. * Circe anais, Less. * Circe elongata, Less. * ‘Tiara papalis, Lesson. (Medusa pileata, Forskal.) Tiara Sarsii, Lesson. (O. ampullacea, Sars.) Tholus funerarius, Q. and G. Pandea conica, Q. and G. Pandea rotunda, Q. and G. Pandea saltatoria, Sars. Bougainvillea macloviana, Lesson. + * Bougainvillea britannica, Forbes. + * Bougainvillea octopunctata, Sars. * % *% *& *® ¥ * Proboscidactyla flavocirrata, Brandt. Melicertum penicillatum, Esch. Aglaura hemistoma, Peron. Laodicea crucifera, Lesson. (Medusa cruciata, Forsk.) Microstoma ambiguus, Lesson. Berenix euchroma, Peron. * * x * Berenix thalassina, Peron. * Berenix Cuvieri, Peron. * ? Staurophora Mertensii, Brandt. * Pegasia dodecagona, Peron. Pegasia cylindrella. * Foveolia mollicina, Forsk. Foveolia pilearis, Gmelin. Foveolia bunogaster, Peron. Foveolia diadema, Peron. Foveolia lineolata, Peron. Foveolia pulvinata, Lesson. Cunina campanulata, Esch. Cunina globosa, Esch. Aigina citrea, Esch. Afigina rosea, Esch. Agina grisea, Q. and G. gina semi-rosea, Q. and G. gina capillata, Q. and G. Aigina nivea, Lesson. Aigina corona, Lesson. Aigina carolinarum, Lesson. Aginopsis Laurentii, Brandt. Aiquorea Forskalea, Peron. AXquorea ciliata, Esch. /Rquorea violacea, Milne Edw. * * © * ® & * * *® * * Coast of the I. of Waigeou. Arctic and Boreal Seas. Celtic Seas. Kamtschatka. (W °) Africa. (W?) Africa. Mediterranean. Norway. Gibraltar. Gibraltar. Gibraltar. Norway. North Pacific and Behring’s Straits. North Atlantic. Norway. Kamtschatka. California. Mediterranean. Mediterranean. Island of Waigeon. Equatorial Atlantic. Arnheim’s Land. Australia? Pacific. 8. Atlantic. Arnheim’s Land. | Mediterranean. Atlantic Ocean. Mediterranean. South Atlantic. Mediterranean. Indian Seas (?). Azores. South Seas. North Pacific. North Pacific. Admiralty Isles. New Guinea. Gibraltar. Indian Seas (?). Indian Seas (?). Pacific. Behring’s Straits. Mediterranean and Atlantic. N. W. America. Mediterranean. Lesson. O. Fabricius (Turris). Davis (Turris). Mertens (Circe). Rang (Circe). Rang ( Circe). Forskal (Oceania). Sars (Oceania). Quoy and Gaimard (Tholus). Quoy and Gaimard. Quoy and Gaimard. Sars (Circe ?). Mertens (Bougainvillea). Forbes (Bougainvillea). Sars (Lizzia). Mertens. Eschscholtz. Peron, Risso (figure unpublished). Forskal. Lesson. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur. Mertens. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur (figure unpublished). Forskal. Peron. Peron. Peron. Lesson (?). Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz. Quoy and Gaimard. Quoy and Gaimard. Quoy and Gaimard. Raynaud. Raynaud. Lesson. Mertens. Forskal. Eschscholtz. Milne Edwards. 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Name in Lesson’s Work. Locality. Observer and Remarks. AEquorea globosa, Esch. Equorea eurodina, Peron. Equorea cyanea, Peron. fquorea thalassina, Peron. iquorea stauroglypha, Peron. Aquorea allantophora, Peron. Aiquorea Risso, Peron. AXquorea amphicurta, Peron. x &€ & * # * & Equorea bunogaster, Peron. * /Kquorea spheeroidalis, Peron. * &quorea phosphoriphora, Peron. * Aiquorea rhodolema, Brandt. + * Aquorea octocostata, Sars. ? Aiquorea atlantica, Peron. (Medusa equorea, Locfling.) ? Aquorea danica, Peron. (Medusa equorea, Miller, Gm.) ? Aquorea groenlandica. (Medusa equorea, O. Fabricius.) Polyxenia cyanostylis, Eschs. Polyxenia purpurea, Peron. Polyxenia pleuronota, Peron. Polyxenia undulosa, Peron. Polyxenia flavobrachia, Brandt. Mesonema ccelumpensile, Modeer. Mesonema abbreviata, Esch. Mesonema pileus, Lesson. Mesonema macrodactyla, Brandt. Mesonema ccerulescens, Brandt. * * *& * * * * & %® HK KR Mesonema dubium, Brandt. Oceania phosphorica, Peéon. Oceania lineolata, Peron. Oceania flavidula, Peron. Oceania Lesueur, Peron. x * Oceania dinema, Peron. ? Oceania bimorpha, Miller. * ? Oceania tetranema, Peron. * ? Oceania sanguinolenta, Peron. * ? Oceania danica, Peron. ? Oceania paradoxa, Peron. * ? Oceania microscopica, Peron. ? Oceania heteronema, Peron. * ? Melicerta perla, Sladder. Melicerta pleurotoma, Peron. Melicerta fasciculata, Peron. * Melicerta morchella, Lesson. + * Saphenia dinema, Peron. * Saphenia bitentaculata, Q. and G. * Saphenia balearica, Q. and G. -Stomobrachiota lenticularis, Brandt. South Seas, between tropics. Bass’s Straits. Arnheim’s Land. Arnheim’s Land. French Coasts of British Channel. French Coasts of British Channel. Mediterranean. De Witt’s Land. Van Arnheim’s Land. Endracht’s Land. Arnheim’s Land. Conception, in Chili. Norway (British Seas). North Atlantic. Scandinavia. Greenland. N. Atlantic. Endracht’s Land. Arnheim’s Land. Arnheim’s Land. South Sea. Falkland Isles. Mediterranean and Atlantic. Straits of Sunda. African Seas ? South Sea. 35° N. lat., 144° lon., W. Chili. French coasts of the Channel. Mediterranean. Mediterranean. Mediterranean. French Coasts of the Channel. Baffin’s Bay and Norwegian Seas. Holland (Slabber). Holland (Slabber). Norway. Mediterranean. Holland (Slabber). Havre. Holland. De Witt’s Land. Mediterranean. 2 French and British Coasts. Gibraltar. Mediterranean. Eschscholtz. Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur, Risso (fig. by Risso). Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron. Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Mertens. Sars. Locfling. O. F. Miiller. O. Fabricius. Eschscholtz. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpub.) Mertens. Mertens. Forskal. Eschscholtz. Lesson. Mertens. Mertens. Mertens. Peron. Peron, Risso. Peron, Risso. Peron, Risso. Peron and Lesueur (fig. unpublished). O. Fabricius. Slabber. Slabber (Turris coccinea). Thaumantias hemispherica, of Miiller. Peron. Slabber. Peron. Slabber, perhaps a young Pelagia. Peron. Peron. Lesson. Peron and Lesueur. Quoy and Gaimard (Geryonia or Tima). Quoy and Gaimard. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 101 Name in Lesson’s Work. Locality. Observer and Remarks. * Dianea endractensis, Q. and G. Dianea viridula, Peron. Dianea gibbosa, Peron. Orythia viridis, Peron. Orythia minima, Cuv. Geryonia bicolor, Esch. Geryonia rosacea, Esch. Geryonia exigua, Q. and G. Liriopa proboscidalis, Forskal. Liriopa cerasiformis, Less. Xanthia agaricina, Lesson. * Sarsia tubulosa, Sars. Tima flavilabris, Esch. Thaumantias cymbaloidea, Slabéer. * Thaumantias hemispheerica, Gron. Thaumantias lucida, Mac. Thaumantias plana, Sars. * Thaumantias multicirrata, Sars. + * Thaumantias pileata, Forbes. + * Thaumantias Thompsoni, Forbes. + * Thaumantias punctata, Forbes. + * Thaumantias sarnica, Forbes. ? * Linuche unguiculata, Swartz. Usous roseus, Lesson. % + © HS * KK HH & KF KK KF HK * Lymnorea triedra, Peron. * Favonia octonema, Peron. * Favyonia hexanema, Peron. 1844, Dr. J. G. F. Will, of Erlangen. Geryonia tetraphylla, Zys. and Cham. S. W. Coast of Australia. French Coasts of Channel. Mediterranean. Endracht’s Land. Belgium. Indian Ocean. Brazil, of Cape Frio. S. Sea, between the Tropics. Gibraltar. Mediterranean. Gibraltar. 2 Norway (Britain, N. America). Azores. Holland. Norway (British Seas). Britain. Norway. Norway. Britain. Britain. Britain. Britain. Jamaica. Bass’s Straits. Australia. Equatorial Atlantic. Quoy and Gaimard. Peron. Peron, Risso. Peron and Lesueur. Baster. Eysenhardt and Chamisso. Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz. Quoy and Gaimard (Geryonia), Forskal (Diane). Quoy and Gaimard (a Tima ?). Lesson. Sars. , Eschscholtz. Slabber (only 7. hemispherica). Miiller, Gronovius, &c. Macartney, (var. of last). Sars. Sars. E. Forbes. E. Forbes. E. Forbes. E. Forbes. Swartz (perhaps the fig. of a higher Medusa). Lesson. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur. Peron and Lesueur. ‘Hore Tergestine,’ 4to, Leipsig. Some of the best researches on the Acalephz, as yet given to the public, minute, accurate, and philosophical. The naked-eyed species described and figured are Polyxenia leucostyla ; Cyteis polystyla; Cyteis (?) ; Geryonia planata ; Geryonia pellucida, (a Geryonopsis,) and Thaumantias leucostyla ; all observed in the Adriatic. 1846. H. Sars. ‘Fauna littoralis Norwegiz.’ Ist pt. in folio, with 10 plates. The first memoir in this valuable and beautifully illustrated work is devoted to the Medusa- producing polypes (Syncoryna, Podocoryna, Perigonomus,) and to the history of the gemma- tion of Cyteis octopunctata, the Lizzia octopunctata of this Monograph. 1846. E. Forbes. “On the Pulmograde Meduse of the British Seas.” Communicated to the British Association at Southampton, and including the outline of the present treatise. It was printed in the Proceedings of the Association, and Annals of Natural History ;’ also translated in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles.’ INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH, WITH THEIR SYNONYMS. *,* The names of spurious species and synonyms are in Roman letters. PAGE AEquorea octocostata ‘ : ‘ . 80 Euphysa aurata Aurelia aurita . ‘ : : « « %5 Geryonia appendiculata campanula ; ‘ . . 76 dinema cruciata . : ‘ . . 76 hemispherica granulata . ‘ , : . 76 octona . lineolata Z : F . . 75 Geryonopsis delicatula purpurata . ‘ ; : . 75 Hippocrene Britannica radiolata : : : . . 7 octopunctata rosea : ; : ‘ . 76 Lizzia blondina surirea . ; : . . 6 octopunctata Biblis aquitanie . ‘ ; : . 76 Medusa aurita . Bougainvillea Britannica. : . . 62 campanula nigritella . ‘ ‘ : . 68 capillata octopunctata . : . . 64 cruciata Cassiopea lunulata . ‘ ‘ . 77 cymbaloidea . Borlasea : : j ee LE digitale rhizostomoidea_ . : . . 77 duodecilia anglica ‘ . : ae fusca Campanella dinema : ; ‘ . 25 hemispherica Chrysaora hysoscella . : . wa OT hysoscella . Circe rosea . : ‘ : ; . 34 lucida Cyanea capillata ‘ i ; . «6 7 lunulata Lamarckit : . é . 78 ocilia . : 2 coccinea : : ; . . 24 purpurata . Cytzis octopunctata : ‘ : . 64 tuberculata Dianea Baird : ; ‘ . . 87 Melicerta digitale . dinema. : ‘ ‘ . 25 Melicertum campanulatum . digitale j : ; . . 2i Modeeria formosa . Eirene digitale 21 Oceania episcopalis PAGE 17 30 25 49 27 39 62 64: 67 64 75 76 77 76 49 21 62 77 49 77 49 77 68 75 77 20 30 70 27 104 Oceania globulosa hemispherica octocostata octona . sanguinolenta tetranema tubulosa turrita . Pelagia cyanella Polyxenia Alderi Rhizostoma pulmo . Aldrovandi Cuvieri Saphenia dinema Sarsia gemmifera pulchella prolifera tubulosa Slabberia halterata Steenstrupia flaveola Stomobrachium octocostatum Thaumantias @ronautica . rubra INDEX. PAGE 29 27 23 23 55 28 76 82 77 77 77 25 57 57 59 55 53 74 78 44 THE END. Thaumantias convera . cymbaloidea globosa gibbosa hemispherica inconspicua lineata . lucida lucifera maculata melanops Milleri Octona pileata pilosella punctata quadrata sarnica Thompsoni Tima Baird Turris digitalis . neglecta Willsia stellata . uv. AND J, ADLARD, PRINTERS, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. PAGE 47 49 46 47 49 52 48 49 52 45 45 380 4A 47 42 53 43 48 49 37 21 23 19 I PLATE ETA TAY 5 Wilks tA ROSEA ho a Reeve & C° umnp. regalia sili lp OCEANIA. OCTONA. Dene Ue RiniAes co, O> ER ISCORA LIS. «=: SAPHENIA DINEMA. E. Forbes, ad nat del* Reeve & C° ump | W.H. Bailey, ith, PLA AN, GLoOe UhO SA TURRIS NEGQEECTA Reeve Benham & Reeve , ump E Forbes, del * es he POLYXENIA : PL AMIE 3, MG CY ANOS TILA Reeve, Benham & Reeve inup ea ul = GIBBOSA. 4. Ts SARNICA- 5. T. THOMPSONI. 6. -T. 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