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Cornell Aniversity Library
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PRINTED IN|U. 3, a,
Cornell University Libra
The geology of the Isle of Wight,
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
THE GEOLOGY
OF THE
ISLE OF WIGHT,
BY
HENRY WILLIAM BRISTOW, F-.RS., F.G.S.
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED,
BY
CLEMENT REID, F.LS., E.G.S.,
AND
AUBREY STRAHAN, M.A., E.G.S.
RAR RARARARAARAA ARN
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY’S TREASURY.
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EYRE anp SPOTTISWOODE, East Harpine STREET, FLEET STREET, E.C., or
ADAM anp CHARLES BLACK, 6, NorTH BRIDGE, EDINBURGH; or
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PREFACE.
THE onward progress of geological science during more than a
quarter of a century since the first edition of the present Memoir
appeared has not left the Isle of Wight unaffected. The
geological formations on which the beauty of that fair Island so
largely depends have been studied in great detail in all parts of
the South of England, as well as in foreign countries. The coast-
sections of the Isle of Wight have even become subjects of discus-
sion and controversy. When, therefore, the first edition of this
Memoir was nearly exhausted, and it became necessary to under-
take the preparation of a second edition, I felt that no satisfactory
progress could be made in this task until the Map of the Island
had been first revised and brought abreast of the present con-
dition of Geology. The publication of the large Ordnance Survey
Maps on the scale of six inches to a mile supplied for such a.
revision a far more accurate and convenient basis than was
available at the time when the Island was originally mapped by
the Geological Survey.
Accordingly, Mr. Bristow, the Senior Director, to whom
science is mainly indebted for the first Survey Map of the Isle of
Wight, and for the Memoir descriptive of the structure of the
Island, undertook the serious labour of superintending the pre-
paration of new editions, both of Map and Memoir.
In the following Prefatory Note supplied by him he has stated
how this work has been carried on under his general supervision.
The revision of the Map became in fact a re-survey of the Island,
as all the lines were retraced on the ground. It 1s, however, due
to Mr. Bristow to add that the main geological lines remain-
nearly as he mapped them more than 30 years ago.
In the preparation of the present edition of the Memoir so many
and important have been the changes required that the work
might not unfairly be described as a new one. The revision alike
of Map and Memoir has been made under Mr. Bristow’s direction
and with his co-operation, by two of the officers of the Survey,
Mr. C. Reid, who took the ‘Tertiary area, and Mr. A. Strahan, who
had assigned to him the Secondary Rocks. I have also myself
personally visited the Island with Messrs. Reid and Strahan, and
read over on the ground the proofs of the following chapters.
I will here briefly mention some of the more important alterations
and additions.
In discussing the relations of the Wealden to the Upper
Neocomian Rocks it is shown that these two groups are separated
by a sharply-defined lithological demarcation, accompanied by a
paleontological break.
E 56786. Wt. 17374 a
oO
=
iv
In re-mapping the Lower Greensand Mr. Strahan has taken
advantage of certain broad lithological characters, which being
traceable across the Island, permitted of a convenient subdivision
of that formation into groups whose respective limits could be
shown on the Map. This subdivision, for which a new scheme
of colouring has been adopted, is only intended for the Isle of
Wight, where it is of considerable local service. Mr. Strahan
found that an upper subgroup of the Lower Greensand, correspond-
ing to the Folkestone Beds, existed on the Island, capable of sub-
division into an upper ferruginous and slightly conglomeratic rock,
the Carstone, which passes up into the Gault, and a lower sand-
rock resembling in lithological characters the Folkestone Beds, and
passing downwards into ferruginous sands. Another subgroup,
exhibiting both the lithological and paleontological features of the
Sandgate Beds, has been placed with these underlying sands (the
Hythe Beds) under the name of the Ferruginous Sands. The
position and extent of the Atherfield Clay remain nearly as in the
first edition of the Map.
A. few fossils have been added to the small fauna hitherto
yielded by the Gault. A line has been engraved on the Map to
mark the position of the bold topographical feature formed by
the Chert beds of the Upper Greensand in the central parts of the
Tsland.
The subdivisions of the Chalk which can be traced on the
ground have now been inserted on the Map. The Chalk-rock
is so shown, but the Melbourn-rock, though frequently recog-
nised in place, is not represented on the Map for want of space,
In the preparation of the following Chapters it has been found
necessary entirely to re-measure the cliff sections of the Secondary
Rocks. This has been done in Compton Bay from the Upper
Greensand downwards, in Atherfield Bay from the Chalk-marl
downwards, and in Sandown Bay from the Chalk-rock down-
wards. The total thickness of strata measured at the last-named
locality was 1,218 feet. The results of this detailed re-exami-
nation are shown graphically in Plate II, which represents the
coast-section from Compton Bay to Blackgang, and in Plate III.,
which contains a series of comparative Vertical Sections showing
the varying thickness of the Secondary formations in different
parts of the Island and on the adjacent coast of Dorsetshire.
In revising the Tertiary area of the Island, Mr. Reid found
that only slight changes were required in the Eocene lines of the
Map. In the Sections and Memoir he has somewhat modified
the boundaries of the Bracklesham and Barton Beds in econ-
formity with the recent researches of the Rev. Osmond Fisher
and Mr. Keeping. The so-called “ Upper Bagshot Sands” of
the Isle of Wight are not improbably considerably higher than
the division of that name in the actual Bagshot district. Hence
until the position of the glass-sands of the Island has been
pistes lag z has been thought desirable not to speak
of these deposits as “ er Bagshot,” but to rever
name of “ Hssdon Hill Bande es
Vv
The classification of the Kocene formations into Upper, Middle,
and Lower, adopted in the first edition of the Memoir, has been
modified. ‘The so-called “ fluvio-marine beds” of the Isle of
Wight are now classed as Oligocene.
The most important alteration of the Map of the Tertiary part
of the Island has been in the tract occupied by the Hamstead
(Hempstead) Beds. These strata have been detected by Mr.
Reid by means cf a boring apparatus over a large area, so that
instead of covering a space of only two or three square miles, they
really spread over half of the Tertiary district of the Island.
They also prove to be of considerably greater thickness than has
been supposed, their actual thickness being 260 feet instead of
170 feet. The sections in the Tertiary districts have been re-
measured where it was thought desirable. The Chapters on the
Tertiary rocks in the present Memoir have been largely extended
and in great part re-written.
In the recent re-survey of the Isle of Wight the superficial
deposits have been mapped out in detail. They have been
arranged in four groups which are based, as far as possible, on
chronological order. Excluding the angular flint-gravel of the
Chalk Downs, the age of which is doubtful, the oldest group, that
of the Plateau Gravels, is shown to be probably as old as, and
perhaps contemporaneous with, some of the Glacial deposits of
the Midlands. But no conclusive evidence has been obtained
in the Isle of Wight of the co-operation of coast-ice or land-ice
in the formation of these deposits.
The later groups (Valley Gravels and Alluvia) contain the
records of successive stages in the excavation of the present
system of valleys. This Geet of geological history possesses a
special interest and value from the insular position of the Isle of
Wight and the changes that have resulted from the cutting back
of the coast-line by the sea. The drainage system of the Island,
like that of the South of England generally, bas been determiaed
by the great lines of anticlinal and synclinal folds into which the
Secondary and Tertiary strata have been thrown. Hach main
anticline became a line of watershed, but in the subsequent
gradual denudation of the general surface of the land the forms
and elevations of the topography have resulted, not from these
underground movements, but from the relative durability of the
rocks. The areas of maximum elevation at the present day are not
those where the greatest amount of upheaval took place in past.
time.
Mr. Strahan’s survey of the superficial deposits in the south of
the Isle of Wight affords a glimpse of an older and different
topography before the Chalk Downs of that region had been
reduced to their present limited area. An extensive sheet of
river-gravel in the south-west of the Island marks the course of
what must at one time have been a considerable stream, taking its
rise among the Southern Downs which then stretched southwards
into the English Channel. As Mr. Codrington has suggested,
this stream flowed westwards and northwards by Freshwater to
v1
Yarmouth. But by the gradual encroachment of the sea its
drainage area has been greatly reduced, and at last its valley has
actually been reached and cut across by the waves, so that the
stream there enters the sea, and the lower part of the valley is left
almost dry.
One of the following chapters has been devoted to a description
of the nature and position of the various anticlinal and synclinal
folds which play so Jarge a part in the geological structure, not
only of the Isle of Wight but of the whole of the south-eastern
mainland. From the evidence obtainable in the Island we know
that these plications of the rocks were produced at some time
subsequent to the deposition of the Oligocene strata. Elsewhere
we obtain proofs that they were completed before the Pliocene
period. The limits of their geological date are thus fixed.
The Appendices include a number of well-sections and borings
collected and arranged by Mr. Reid. The fossil lists formerly
dispersed through the Memoir have been thrown together into
one tabular statement which has been prepared by Messrs. Reid
and Strahan with the assistance of Mr, G. Sharman and Mr. E. T.
Newton, Palzontologists of the Geological Survey. A geological
biblicgraphy, compiled by Mr. Bristow, has been added to the
Memoir.
ARCH. GEIKIE,
Director-General.
Geological Survey Office,
London,
April 1889.
[Since this preface was written, and while these pages are
passing through the press, Mr. Bristow has been removed from us
by death. We hoped that he would have lived to see the final
publication of this Memoir, in the preparation of which he took so
keen an interest. The correction of his “ Notice” formed his last
piece of scientific work, and in returning it to me only a few
weeks before the illness from which he never recovered, he
expressed with characteristic courtesy his approval of all that had
been done to make this new edition a fitting termination to the
labours of his long career in the Geological Survey. We cherish
his memory as a loyal and helpful friend and a distinguished
colleague.
A. G.
June 24th, 1889. ]
vii
NOTICE
(By H. W. Bristow, F.R.S.)
THE original survey of the Isle of Wight on the one-inch scale
was commenced under the personal superintendence of Sir Henry
T. De la Beche in the year 1848, and was carried on at intervals
between that year and 1856 by the late Professor Edward Forbes
and myself, Mr. W. T. Aveline at the same time completing a
portion of the Secondary area between Chale and Dunnose, the
whole being under the direction of Professor A. C. Ramsay.
During part of the time that the Island was being surveyed
assistance was rendered by the late Mr. R. A. C. Godwin-Austen,
Mr. Henry Keeping (now of the Woodwardian Museum,
Cambridge), and by the Fossil Collectors, Richard Gibbs and
John Cotton.
A re-survey of the Island on the six-inch scale instituted by the
present Director-General was begun in November 1886, and was
completed by the end of the year 1887, the northern or Tertiary
half of the Island being mapped by Mr. C. Reid, and the southern
or Secondary half by Mr. A. Strahan. This re-survey, reduced to
the new one-inch Ordnance Map, was published in 1888. Clean
copies of the six-inch Maps have been deposited in the Geological
Survey Office for reference, and a duplicate set of these sheets,
mounted as a wall-map, was exhibited at the International
Geological Congress in 1888, and is now suspended in the Museum
of Practical Geology.
The first edition of the present Memoir was published in 1862.
It was written by myself by desire of the late Sir Roderick J.
Murchison, then Director-General, use bemg made, when neces-
sary, of the posthumous Memoir on the Fluvio-marine Formation
of the Isle of Wight by Professor E. Forbes, in which some of
the notes J had made had already appeared. In the preparation
of the present edition of the Memoir the authorship of the
revision has followed the same general distribution as in the case
of the mapping. The account of the Secondary rocks has been
revised and enlarged by Mr. Strahan, who, besides examining
these rocks in the Isle of Wight, continued the mapping of their
subdivisions into the neighbouring coast of Dorsetshire. The com-
parisons with the Geology of the mainland made in the following
account of the Secondary rocks are thus entirely his.
The chapters on the Tertiary rocks have been revised and
much enlarged by Mr. Reid. The most important change which
he has been able to make in the Map, the great extension he has
given to the Hamstead Beds, has been rendered possible by the
application of a boring apparatus, whereby no fewer than 358
borings, ranging from 10 to 33 feet in depth, were made in the
Tertiary area of the Island.
vill
The lists of fossils have undergone a thorough revision by
Messrs. G. Sharman and E. T. Newton, who have also named the
additional specimens collected during the progress of the re-
survey.
Professor T, Rupert Jones undertook the determination of the
Ostracoda, revised the lists of these crustacea, and furnished
Table V., which gives a synoptical view of their distribution. We
are also indebted to Mr. J. Starkie Gardner for the account of
the Flora of the Bagshot Beds of Alum Bay, and to Mr. Car-
ruthers for looking over the lists (In MS.) of the plants of the
Secondary rocks. Mr. W. Hill kindly undertook the examination
under the microscope of nodules from the Upper Chalk of White-
chff. Advantage was taken also of the intimate knowledge of
the Geology of the Isle of Wight possessed by Mr. Henry Keeping
to obtain his assistance in revising some of the detailed sections
of the Tertiary strata.
H. W. Bristow.
London, March 30, 1889.
TABLE OF COS EEN ED:
Prerace, BY THE Direcror-GENERAL -
Notice, sy H. W. Bristow, F.RB.S. - - -
CHAPTER I.
InrTRoDUCTION AND TaBLe or STRATA -
CHAPTER [I.
WEALDEN BEDS:—
INTRODUCTION - a iS
Brook ano Compron Bay - 5 -
Brook To ATHERFIELD -
Sanpown Bay - - - 2 * S
CHAPTER III.
LOWER GREENSAND OR UEPER NEQCOMIAN « —
INTRODUCTION -
Compton Bay - z 3
ATHERFIELD :—
The Atherfield Clay and Perna Bed - - .
The Ferruginous Sands - a <
The Sand-rock Series - n - < =
Sanpown TO BoONcCHURCH :—
The Atherfield Clay and Henmpinoss Bands -
The Sand-rock Series =
Sanpown To CULVER CLIFF -
PunFIELD Cove - - -
CHAPTER IV.
LOWER GREENSAND—continued.
INLAND SECTIONS :—
(1.) Antone THE CenTraL Downs - - - .
(2.) AROUND THE SOUTHERN Downs - :
INDICATIONS OF CoNDITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE
BEDS WERE DEPOSITED - - = z
CoRRELATION WITH THE MAINLAND -
CHAPTER V.
LOWER GREENSAND — continued.
THE CARSTONE :—
INTRODUCTION -
Compton Bay To Rep Curee -
From Niron AND BLACKGANG TO SHANKLIN AND BoNcHURCH
Pace
iii
vil
ll
16
18
21
oF
26
30
32
34
34
37
40
44
47
49
52
50
57
x
CHAPTER VI.
THE GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND.
Pace
THE GauLt :—
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - 60
LANDSLIPS S J ss 5 = - 60
DEscRIPTION OF SECTIONS - - - - -~ 62
CoRRELATION WITH THE MAINLAND - - 65
Upper GREENSAND :—
INTRODUCTION - - - 65
Coast Sections :—
1. Compton Bay - - - 68
2. Blackgang i. Shanklin - - - 68
3. Culver Cliff - - « - 70
INLAND SEcTIONS :—
1. Along the Central Downs - - - 70
2. Around the Southern Downs - - - 72
CHAPTER VII.
THE CHALK :—
INTRODUCTION” - - - - - 73
CHLoRITIC MaRL - - _ 2 79
Upper, MippLe, anD LowER Cade —
I; ‘Compton Bay along the Central Downs to Culver Cliff - 82
2. The Southern Downs - - 3 90
Division or THE Upper CHALK INTO Bowes - - 9
CHAPTER VIII.
EOCENE :—
INTRODUCTION : - - a - 94
Reapine Beps - - - - - 94
Lonpon Cray - - - - ‘ - 97
Lower Bacsuot Beps - & - 101
On THE FLora or Atum Bay, By J. STARKIE GARDNER - 104
CHAPTER IX.
EOCENE—continued :—
BrackLEsHAM AND Barton Beps:—
BrackLesHAM Beps - * 3 < - 109
Barton Cuiay “ « 3 2 117
Heapon Hitt Sanps - 3 S -~ 129
CHAPTER X.
OLIGOCENE :—
InTRODUCTION : - - S - 124
Heapon Beps~ - é 5 . s 1P8
CHAPTER XI.
OLIGOCENE—continued :—
OsBoRNE Beps~ - - - a < ks - 148
BemsBripGe LIMESTONE - % - s - 158
BEMBRIDGE MaRLs - - 2 .
- 170
XI
CHAPTER XII.
OLIGOCENE—continwed :—
Hamsteap Brps = 2 - “
CHAPTER XIII.
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS :—
CLASSIFICATION = = = is s <
I. ANGuLar Fiint Gravet or THE CHALK Downs
II. Puareau Gravets :—
Their Age - - -
St. George’s Down to East Cowes and Odbome
Parkhurst Forest to West Cowes - -
Thorness and Rew Street -
Hamstead - -
Calbourne - -
Headon Hill -
Wootton Bridge to Ryde - - -
Ryde and St. Helen’s— -
Bembridge -
Blake Down, Newchurch, Areas, aed Sandown
Brook . a
II]. Tue Vattey Graves anp Brick-EartH :—
Mode of Occurrence
The Eastern Yar -
Wootton Creek
The Medina Valley
The Western Yar -
IV. Beps Now FORMING, OR OF RECENT DaTE :—
Alluvium and Peat of :—
a. The Western Yar and the Coast from Freshwater to
Yarmouth = - .
b. The Coast from Freshwater to Blackgang -
c. The Medina - -
d, The Eastern Yar -
Blown Sand & - a ‘
Chalk Talus - : * ie
CHAPTER XIV.
DISTURBANCES AND FAULTS . - 5
CHAPTER XV.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY - - - 7 3
CHAPTER XVI.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY - . 2
Pace
184
208
209
210
212
214
215
215
215
216
216
216
Y1y
Dhy
220
220
221
929
QOD
223
208
230
235
235
237
237
239
248
251
xli
APPENDIX I.
PacE
RAINFALL - - a : A 2 256
APPENDIX II.
TABLES OF FOSSILS :—
I. Wealden - s . - - 258
II. Lower Greensand - - 261
III. Upper Cretaceous - - 268
IV. Eocene and Oligocene - - 282
V. Fossil Ostracoda of the Isle of Wight, by Prof, Ts R. io
E.R.S. x : 298
APPENDIX III.
WELL SECTIONS AND WATER SUPPLY Ss - 800
APPENDIX JV.
BIBLIOGRAPHY : - 319
INDEX - - - - - - 338
Fig.
¢
ae
eee ob wl
. Chara Wrightii - -
. Diagram of Colwell Bay Cliffs « -
. Chara Lyellii = - - - je
. Section ep Binstead - - - a 3
xili
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
. Cypridea pitas - s <
Cyrena - “ .
. Paludina Havieoun
Unio valdensis -
Sketch of Wealden Beds between Brixton Chine and Barnes
Chine - “ :
Oypris cornigera and Candona Mantelli - -
The Sand-rock Series in Compton Bay -
. Perna Mulleti - 4 2
. Exogyra sinuata - .
. Panopea plicata - - 2 z
. Gervillia anceps - - ‘
. Terebratula sella
. Junction of the Gault and Lower Greensand in Compton Bay -
. Junction of the Upper Greensand and Gault in Compton Bay -
. Freshwater Bay from the West. From a sketch by Prof. E.
Forbes
. Junction of the Chalk and Lower Tertiary Beds in Alum Bay
eet Cutting just south of Brading Station -
8, Pholadomya margaritacea -
. 9, Panopsa intermedia - :
. Ditrupa plana - - 5
. Pinna affinis - - - =
. Cardita planicosta - a
. Turritella imbricataria &
. Phorus agglutinans -
. Murex asper- -
Fusus pyrus - - x
. Psammobia compressa - - A
. Rostellaria rimosa -
. Crassatella sulcata - -
. Voluta luctatrix -
. Fusus longeevus
. Conus dormitor -
. Calyptraea trochiformis - - ‘
. Typhis pungens - =
. Pecten reconditus - .
. Section of the north-eastern corner of Headon Hill ~
. Cytherea incrassata - -
. Ostrea flabellula - - fe
. Potamomya plana a 4
. Unio Solandri -
. Cerithium concavum — -
. Melanopsis subfusiformis -
. Cerithium pseudocinctum
. Planorbis evomphalus
. Limneea longiscata -
. Paludina lenta - -
ee Oe a oe We a
PLATE
PLATE
PLATE
PLATE
PLATE
. Bulimus ellipticus
. Helix globosa_ -
. Planorbis discus
. Achatina costellata - -
. Section of the lower part of the Cig near Porchfield -
. Chara tuberculata - - - =
. Cyrena pulchra - -
. Cerithium mutabile -
. Cyrena semistriata
. Arca Websteri - -
. Hydrobia Chasteli - - - -
2. Pseudocythere Bristovii :
. Potamocypris Brodiei -
. Melania turritissima = -
. Cyrena obtusa - - -
. Melanopsis carinata -
. Ostrea vectensis -
. Cerithium plicatum - - - -
. Corbula pisum - -
. Cerithium elegans - -
. Corbula vectensis -
. Cyclas Bristevii -
3. Unio Gibbsii - -
. Melania fasciata -
. Panopeea minor
. Sketch of Hamstead Clift
. Ostrea callifera -
. Cytheridea montosa —- - - -
. Section in Valley Gravels at the eastern end of Compton Bay _-
. Freshwater Bay from the East. From a sketch by Prof. E.
x1V
yopoeos
.
1
se tb bos 8 oe ee
¥orbes - . Ss 2s
. Tufaceous Deposit of Totland Bay
. Sketch of Gravels with hazel nuts in Shippand’s 8 Chine. -
. Section between How Ledge and Colrvell Chine - -
. Diagram Section to show variation in the dip of the Strata as
the Surface is lowered - = =
At the end of the Book.
Pace
159
159
161
162
164
169
172
172
173
173
175
175
178
181
181
182
182
185
185
185
I. Index Geological Map of the Isle of Wight, with a longitudinal
section across the Island from Rocken ¥nd to Norris.
II. Section along the Coast from Afton Down, near Freshwater, to
St. Catherine’s Down.
III. Comparative Sections of the Cretaceous Rocks of the Isle of
Wight and of the Dorsetshire Coast.
IV. Longitudinal Sections. No.1, From Totland Bay over Headon
Hill to High Down. No 2. From near Cliff End, over
Sconce, to the sea under High Down Beacon.
V, Comparative Vertical Sections of the Oligocene or Fluvio-Marine
Series.
THE GEOLOGY
OF THE
ISLE OF WIGHT.
THE GEOLOGY
OF THE
ISLE OF WIGHT.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION AND TABLE OF STRATA.
THe Isle of Wight is of a lozenge shape, with its longer axis
extending nearly east and west from the Foreland to the Needles,
a distance of 224 miles, and its shorter axis nearly north and
south from West Cowes to Rocken End, a distance of 13 miles.
The northern apex is situated immediately opposite the mouth of
Southampton Water. The two northern sides of the Island are
nearly parallel with the mainland of Hanipshire, from which they
are separated by the Solent on the west, and on the cast by the
sea between Southampton Water and Spithead. The nearest
point to the mainland is Cliff End, which is only a mile distant
from the bank of shingle and sand on which Hurst Castle is
situated; but the Solent is generally from two to three miles in
width, while the channel east of Southampton Water reaches a
breadth of four miles. The area of the Island, as deduced from
the Ordnance Survey, is 155 square miles 370.209 acres, in
which are included 122.684 acres of water, 9 square miles 34.076
acres of foreshore, and 434.454 acres of tidal water. It is divided
into East and West Medina by the River Medina, which, rising
near the southern apex of the Island, runs northwards through a
gap in the chalk range, and discharges itself into the sea between
East and West Cowes.* A more marked physical division is
that produced by a bold range of Chalk Downs, which extends
from the Needles to Culver Cliffit The area lying to the
north of this range is occupied by Tertiary strata, and is chiefly
characterised by the heavy and clayey nature of the land, and
by the numerous woods which cover its surface, especially east
of the River Medina. The tract of land south of the chalk range
is occupied chiefly by the Lower Greensand, and presents a
* Tho Isle of Wight was called “ Meden” in former times. The Roman name for
it was Vectis. In Camden’s Saxon Chronicle and Domesday Book and in the
oldest records it is written “ Wict.”—II. W. B.
+ Culver Cliff (after the Anglo-Saxon name “culfre,” a dove) was probably so
named from its being the resort of numerous wild pigeons of asmall species (Columba
saxitilis) which made it their haunt. DPcunant states that “ these birds make ata
certain season most enormous flights ; they come daily in vast flocks, as far as the
neighbourhood of Oxford, to feed on the turnip-fields, and return again to these
and Freshwater Cliffs, where they pass the night.” (Pennant’s Journey, p. 151.)
Culver Ciiff was also famous for a breed of hawks in the time of Queen Elizabeth.—
H.W. B.
» E 56786. A
cy
ip
2 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
striking contrast to the north side of the Island im its generally
light and loamy soil, and in the absence of woods. In the
southern part of the Island also is found a group of hills, capped
by outliers of chalk, which rise to a far greater height than any
prt of the generally low Tertiary district, and in fact form the
most elevated tract in the Islind.
A considerable part of both the northern and southern parts
of the Island is overspread by gravels and Alluvium, the former
being of considerable thickness and commercial importance.
The following table gives in descending order the formations
shown upon the map :—
Blown Sand - :
Alluvium - - - ' Recent.
Peat -
River Terraces (Gravel)
Angular flint-gravel of the Chalk Downs Pleistocene.
Plateau Gravel - - -
Hamstead Beds - -
Bembridge Marls | otposine
—_—_———- Limestone - }[‘ Fluvio-marine ”
Osborne Beds - | of E. Forbes.*]
Headon Beds
Headon Hill Sands - =
Barton Clay
Bracklesham Beds 2 -
Lower Bagshot Beds e
London Clay |
Reading Beds - = J
Chalk-with-tlints 2 |
|
J
a
SSIS
Eocene.
Chalk Rock
Middle and Lower Chalk with }-
Melbourn Fock. |
Chloritic Marl - |
Chert Beds d
Sands =
Gault -
Carstone
B sie ae - | Lower Greensand or |
‘erruginous Sands { Upper Neocomian. + Lower Crets
ee Clay pp > er Cretaceous.
Wealden Beds with beds of sandstone -
Upper Cretaceous.
: Upper Greensan
The above formations will be described in ascending order
commencing with the Wealden—the lowest and oldest strata seen
in the Isle of Wight.
* The term ‘ Vectian’’ was proposed for this group by Prof ilh
has not been generally adopted. eee errr
CHAPTER LIL.
THE WEALDEN BEDS.
INTRODUCTION.
Trest beds rise to the surface on the southern and eastern
sides of the Island, where they have been elevated along the
anticlinal axes of Brixton and Sandown. The entire area occupied
by them is very inconsiderable, not exceeding five square miles ;
and there is no good section inland. On the coast, however, for
six miles from Compton Bay te Atherfield, they are well exhibited
in the cliffs (see Plates I. and II.), and there is also a tolerably
fair exposure of them on the coast in Sandown Bay. The lowest
beds exposed in the Island are the variegated Wealden clays and
sandstones of Brook Bay. Judging from the section at Swanage,
where the whole of the Wealden formation is displayed, there may
be about as great a thickness of these beds below the sea-level in
the Isle of Wight, as is seen cropping out in the cliffs.
The Wealden Beds include two difterent but perfectly conform-
able types, the one consisting of dark-blue or almost black shales,
evenly bedded and splitting into thin laminz, together with
layers of shelly limestone and ironstone, and very thinly laminated
* paper-shales,” crowded with the sheils of minute ostracoda
(Cyprids). Fossils are abundant in this type, though the number
of genera is somewhat limited. Paludina, Cyrena (Cyclas), and
Unio occur in profusion everywhere, and licarya (= Cerithium,
Mcelania, Potamides of previous writers) is abundant at Atherfield.
This type is found invariably at the top of the Wealden formation,
immediately under the Lower Greensand, but appears also to be
interstratified with the type now to be described.
Fig. 1. Fig, 2. Fig. 3.
Cypridea spinigera, Sow. Cyrena. Paludina fluviorum, Sow.
The other type, under which the Wealden beds appear, is that
of red, green, and variegated marls and clays (curiously resembling
the Keuper Marl), with numerous included bands of sandstone of
variable thickness. The bedding is far from regular, and fossils
are comparatively scarce. A large freshwater shell ( Unio valdensis,
Mant.), dirfled wood in great abundance, the remains of fish, and
the water-worn bones of terrestrial reptiles are met with throughout
the group.
4 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
The correlation of these two groups of the isle of Wight with
the Wealden strata of the mainland has caused some diversity of
opinion. Dr. Fitton and the older authors spoke of the gus
group only as Wealden and of the lower as Hastings Sand. By
the Geological Survey they were both included under the name
Wealden, but in 1856 Mr. Godwin Austin® stated that the Weald
Clay might be scen “to alternate with, and therefore to be
synchronous with, the marine Neocomian.” Professor Judd t
also in 1871 stated that he looked upon “the great mass of
variegated strata containing only freshwater and terrestrial fossils
Sth) a as the Wealden proper,” and that the upper group
or Punfield Beds, as he called them, “may be regarded indif-
ferently either as the highest member of the Wealden in our
classification of terrestrial strata, or as a portion of the Neoco-
mian in our grouping of the marine series.” This view of their
relations was suggested by the intermingling of brackish water
or marine forms such as Curdita, dwarfed oysters, and the estuarme
Vicarya with purely freshwater forms such as Paludina and Unio.
But unfortunately, the true base of the Lower Greensand not
having been then discovered at Punfield, a large part of this forma-
tion, with its highly characteristic fauna, was included in the
“Punfield Beds” of Professor Judd, with the result that the
fauna of these Punfield Beds was made up partly from the Lower
Greensand and partly from the Wealden.
This fact was first ascertained by Mr. Meyer} in the years
1871-72. He observed that the Atherfield Clay with some of
its characteristic fossils occurred beneath the fossiliferous zone
from which many of the marine Punfield fossils had been obtained,
and that the characteristic cypridiferous shales with lmestone
occurred beneath and nowhere above this marine band. His con-
clusions were strengthened by observations made by the Geolozists’
Association§ in 1882, and have been fully confirmed by the exami-
nation that was undertaken for the purpose of the present Memoir.
The results and measurements obtained during this examination
will be incorporated in the following pages, but it may be stated
here that at Punfield, as in the Isle of Wight, the paleonto-
logical break between the Wealden and Lower Greensand is
complete, and is accompanied by evidence of considerable erosion
of the former.
The name of Punfield Beds, therefore, having been applied to
strata belonging to two distinct groups, will not be used here. But
at the same time it will be convenient to distineuish the beds for
which the name was intended from the variegated Wealden type
which has been mentioned above. The name Upper Wealden
is scarcely suitable, for, though generally found at the top
of the Wealden formation, they appear also to be interstra-
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xii. p. 66.
{ Lbid., vol. xxvii. p. 207.
t Lbid., vol, xxviii, p, 248, and vol. xxix. p. 70.
§ Proc. Geol, Assoc,, vol. vii. p. 388,
WEALDEN BEDS. 5
tified at various horizons in it.* On the other hand the most
striking characteristic of the beds is their shaly character, as com-
pared with the almost structureless variegated clays, and the name
of Wealden Shales will perhaps be sufficiently distinctive.
The Wealden Beds rise from beneath the Lower Greensand in
Brixton and Sandown Bays, on the south-western and south-
castern sides of the Island respectively. In both bays they rise
with a steep dip from beneath the rocks which compose the
central range of the Island, On receding from this central axis
of disturbance the angle of dip grows less, until the beds finally
assume a horizontal position, as may be seen near Brook, in Brixton
Bay, and in Sandown Bay at the point where the coast-line cuts
the Alluvium of Sandown Marsh. Still further south in each of
these bays a gentle southerly dip sets in, and the higher beds of
the Wealden series pass in succession below the beach. The
structure, therefore, is similar at each locality, namely, that of a
dome with a steep side to the north.
Brook anp Compton Bay. (See Plates IF. and IIT.)
The lowest beds displayed in the Island are those forming the
shore near Brook and at Sedmore Point, half a mile south-cast
of Brook Chine.t At Sedmore Point a bed of sandstone forms the
foot of the cliff for about 400 yards. Above it are blue, purple,
and deep-red marly, overlain about half-way up the cliff by an
impersistent bed of sandstone, with a gravelly band about
18 inches thick, made up of fragments of sandstone with
many small bones, at its base. Cyclas, Paludinu, and Univ are
recorded by Fitton from this bed. The upper part of the cliff
consists of purple and blue marls, with light-coloured bands
containing much lignite.
Between this Point and Brook Chine the strata have slipped,
forming an undercliff, known as Roughland, along the whole
length of which (some 500 yards) there is no clear exposure of
rock in place, though the extent of the slip shows that the beds
must be chiefly clays. As we approach Brook Chine the section
becomes clear again. A greenish band may be seen to rise
westwards from beneath the beach, and to run along the upper
part of the cliff past Brook Chine to a small chine 180 yards
south of Brook Chine, where it descends once more to the beach.
This bed is easily traced by its colour, and by the fact that it is
crowded with large flattened masses of lignite, especially to the
south and west of Brook Chine. It shows that the strata form a
* Geology of the Weald (Geological Survey Memoir), and Drew, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. xvii. p. 283. : heh Meat
+ The local name for the deep fissures or gullies, which are termed chines in the
Isle of Wight, is derived from the Anglo-Saxon cin, a cleft. Wyclif speaks of the
“ chyne of a ston-wall.” So also, Spenscr—
« Where byting deepe, so deadly it imprest,
That quite it chyned his backe behind the sell.” -
—Faerie Queene, b. iv., canto 6, xill.
6 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIIT.
gentle anticline, the centre being near Brook Chine, the deep-
red and variegated marls of which are perhaps the lowest rocks
seen in the Island.
The lignite bed described above appears to pass out to sea
south of, and therefore below, a similar bed which is ecen at Brook
Point, but the strata are so variable that it is impossible to speak
with certainty. The section at the Point shows upwards of
100 feet of red, purple, and blue clay with impersistent bands of
sandstone, underlain by 13 feet of grey clay, the lower part of
which contains numerous flattened masses of black shining
lignite. This lignite band rests upon a bed of hard sandstone, to
which the Point owes its existence. It is a whitish or pale-grey
rock, about 6 feet thick, containing fragments of marl and clay,
and with iron-pyrites abundantly disseminated through its upper
part. It is irregu'arly stratified, and its surface is undulating
and covered with fucoidal and hollow vertical markings.
Below and partly imbedded in this rock lie the scattered trunks
of coniferous trees, known as the “ Pine Raft.” They were first
observed by Webster in 1811,* but were more fully described by
Mantell in 1846. The trunk: lie prostrate in all directions,
broken up into cylindrical fragments. They are covered by thin
bark, now in the state of lignite, the wood having been con-
verted into a black or greyish calcareous stone,t with much iron
pyrites. Many of the trees still present traces of weody structure,
and the annular rings of growth are clearly perceptible; but
they are traversed also by numerous threads of pyrites. The
trunks are generally of considerable magnitude, bey from one
to three feet in diameter; two upwards of twenty feet in lencth,
and of such size as to indicate a height of forty or fifty feet when
entire, were noticed by Mantell.
The “Pine Raft” can be seen at low water only. During spring
tides it may be observed to rest on variegated inarls, but all
attempts to trace it eastwards from Brook Point have failed, pro-
bably on account of its being of local development only. The
purple marls forming the cliff above it are apparently the same
beds that have made the great slip of Roughland, and the Pine
Raft, if 1t is continuous, should be found in the cliff near Sedmore
Point ; but though many large fragments of trunks are lying on the
beach, there is no bed in the cliff exactly corresponding to that of
Brook Point.
A: suggested by Mantell, the trees were probably drifted from
a distance, in the same manner as the trunks, brought down by
the Mississippi at the present day, are deposited in large rafts
in the delta of that river. It is not to be expected, therefore, that
* Englefield’s Isle of Wight. 1816.
ft Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii. p. 91. 1846,
t Unlike the trunks in the dirt-beds of the Isle of Portland, which ili
cified. Professor Way pointed ont the probability “ that the fossil forest inkeniea
in - ae ee at Brook Point is impregnated with phosphoric acid, instead of
carbonic acid, as is generally as eg , ; rR
aes g y assumed Tourn, Roy. Ayric. Soc. of England,
WEALDEN BEDS. 7
the “ Pine Raft” is of wide range, or that the horizon at which
it occurs should be recognisable when the trees are not present.
There is no evidence that any of the trees in this or any other
part of the Wealden series grew upon the spots where they are
new found.
In the cliffs of this neighbourhood there have been found also
the cones to which more special reference is made in the fossil
list on p. 258.
Mantell records also the occurrence of Clathraria Lyellii as a
pebble on the beach of Brook Bay. ,
The large freshwater shell, Unio valdensis, was first observed
by Mantell “in the sandy clay beds immediately above the fossil
forest” (op. cit., p. 94). It occurs also in some hard irony con-
cretions, which have fallen to the beach on the west side of
Sedmore Point.
Fic. 4. A large number of reptilian bones
Unio valdensis, Mant, 280 has been obtained from the cliffs.
i Those on which the species Igwanodon
Seelyz was founded were obtained by Mr.
Hulke in the small chine 180 yards
south of Brook Chine.* — Ornithopsis
Hulhei also occurred in Brook Bay, and
footprints, believed to be those of an
Iguanodon, have been found 600 yards
to the west of Brook Point, and near
Sedmore Point by Mr. Beckles.t The prints occurred as casts,
attached to a thin bed of hard sandrock on the shore at low
water. For further information on the fossils the reader is
referred to the list on p. 258.
As we proceed from Brook either westwards to Compton or
eastwards to Atherfield, an ascending section in the same beds is
provided in the cliff, the distance to be traversed in the former
case before reaching the top of the Wealden beds being less on
account of the greater steepness of the dip. We will first examine
the cliffs westwards, as far as the great slip which marks the
position of the Atherfield Clay (Plate II.).
On rounding the Point we find the cliff composed principally
of red and purple marls for a distance of about 700 yards, the
thickness of strata amounting to 439 feet. In the marls there
occur beds of sandstone often conspicuous from their whiteness,
and a few green bands containing lignite. Passing over some
thin and impersistent sandstones near the Point, we meet the first
noteworthy bed 170 yards further west, where there is seen in
the upper part of the cliff a grey clay packed with lignite, resting
on a white sandstone 5 feet thick, but thinning away westwards.
This is overlain by purple and variegated clays, and 100 yards
westwards a second bed of white sand-rock, 7 feet thick, succeeds.
A third bed, 16 feet thick, is seen on the east side, and a fourth,
Eee
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvili. p. 185. 1882,
¢ Ibid., vol. xvii. p. 443. 1862.
8 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
9 feet thick, on the west side of Shippard’s* or Compton Grange
Chine, the last-mentioned rock being of a pinkish hue from the
abundance of grains of pink quartz in it. At190 yards distance
from this chine we see the purple strata pass up into characteristic
blue Wealden Shales with abundant Cyrena, Paludina, Cyprids,
fish-remains, and fragments of ferns. These blue shales, which,
like the Cowleaze beds, are interstratified with sands in the lower
part, are about 222 feet thick, and are fully exposed up to and
in a small chine 350 yards west of Compton Grange Chine, but
beyond this they have been disturbed by slipping. They secm,
however, to be succeeded by red marls at a point in the top of the
cliff 50 yards west of the small chine, whether by a fault or natural
superposition will be discusscd subsequently.
Continuing along the top of the cliff, where the strata are
in place, we see a thickness of 193 feet of purple marls with
irregular white sand-beds and with three beds of grey or white
clay and sand with lignite, the highest and lowest containing
large tree trunks in addition to a great abundance of small
fragments of wood.
These variegated strata pass up into blue shales and sandstones
with bands of ironstone, which in the exposed parts have
weathered into a cinder-like rock. About 27 feet of these blue
deposits are seen in place, and they are followed ly blue paper-
shales with Cypris and slabs of Cyrcna limestone with fish-bones,
scen only in slips, but estimated to have a thickness of 65 fect.
These are overlain by the Lower Greensand.
The question now arises whether the blue shales last described
are the same beds as those near Compton Grange, the strata being
repeated by a strike fault with a downthrow to the south; or
whether there are two horizons at which this type of the Wealden
eeries makes its appearance in the Isle of Wight, as on the mainland.
It is in favour of the theory of a fault, that ncither at Atherficld
5 miles distant, nor at Sandown 15 miles distant, nor at Punfield
20 miles to the west, can more than one group of shales of this
type be seen, and that only at the top of the Wealden series.
The thickness also of the beds visible between Brook Point and
the top of the lower blue shales is much the same as that between
Brook Point and the top of the Wealden Shales of Shepherd’s
Chine, namely, at the former locality 676 feet, of which 454
are variegated, and in the latter 754 feet, of which 562 are
varicgated. ‘The blue shales, moreover, strongly resemble the
beds of Cowleaze and Shepherd’s Chines.
But on the other hand, the differences in the two sections of
Compton Bay are so great, though only a quarter of a mile
apart, that cven allowing for the variability of Wealden strata,
it is difficult to suppose that the same set of strata appears in
each. The variegated beds of the upper part are characterised
by au abundance of lignite associated with white elays; in those
below lignite is scarce, but several bands of sand-rock stand out
“ Not to be confounded with Shepherd’s Chine, near Atherfield,
WEALDEN BEDs. 9
conspicuously. In the uppermost blue beds the sandstones,
except close to the hase, are not prominent; in the lower they
form a marked feature. The thickness, moreover. of the lower
set reaches 222 fect, that of the upper only about 92 feet,
while, lastly, fossils occur abundantly close to the base of the
lower set of blue shales, but have not been found in the 27 feet
of the upper set which are clearly exposed. The evidence is
therefore rather more in favour of there being two horizons in the
Wealden series of Compton Bay, at which fossiliferous shales occur.
Which of the two sets of shales should be compared with the
Wealden Shales of Shepherd’s Chine remains doubtful. If
we correlate the lower set with the shales of Shepherd’s Chine,
we have nothing to represent the upper 285 feet of Wealden
Beds of Compton Bay. But no evidence can be found of so
great an erosion of the Wealden Beds as the absence of the strata
in question would seem to imply. We may more probably view
the lower shales of Compton Bay as a local intercalation of
this Wealden type among the variegated beds.
Before leaving Compton Bay we will refer briefly to the
section of the Wealden Beds at Punfield, on the coast of
Dorsetshire, already referred to. The Wealden Shales at that
locality form a well-marked subdivision at the top of the Wealden
group. They have a total thickness of 344 feet, cypriditerous
paper-shales, hard limestone with Cyrena and Paludina, and some
thin bands of sandstone being interstratificd with them. Down-
wards they pass into white sandstone, grey clays with white sands
or brown sandstone, and so into red marls. About 200 feet below
them lie white clays and sands, with much lignite and con-
cretionary lumps containing Unio valdensis, The total thickness
of the variegated beds of the Wealden, near Punfield, has been
estimated by various observers at 1,500 to 2,000 feet.
Desecnding Section of the Wealden Beds from Compton Bay to
Brook Point, (Sce Plates IL. and III.)
Fr. Ivy,
Perna Bed (Compton Bay).
( Beds seen only in land-slips, consisting of Cyprid shales with
| a hard band, containing numerous fish-remains in the
“ upper part, bands of limestone and ironstone; estimated at 65 0
2 | Blue and prey clay an sand - - - 2 a De
Rn | Sand - - a w DO
a< Blue shale - - - ~ a = 8 0
rs | White sand and site = - - - 3 0
@ | Ochry band (cinder-bed) passing into a soll ironstone wets
e less weathered - - - - - - 0 6
Blue shale = “ “ - - - - 17 0
Cinder-bed, as above - - - « 0 6
Grey clay, with large trunks of trees - : = 9290
Purple marls - - - tl 0
White sandstone and ng tlk lignite ” - 9 0
Purple marls with sand- Tred bout 55 0
Fine white sand - - - - 3
Pale purple clay - . a # s 12
10
Wealden Shales.
ahs,
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr
White clay, crammed with great masses of lignite and trunks
of trees - - : 5
Yellow and white clay, passing down 6
Purple marls, about - 39
White sandy clay, with bones - - : 7
Deep red marls, about le
Here there is possibly a large fault, repeating the Wealden
Shales of Compton Bay (see p. &).
( Blue shales, not well seen, about - 20)
Shales, seen in the west bank of a small chine - - 2i
Paper shale, with Cyprids - - - 90
Cyrena limestone - . 0
Shales with lines of sand, Cyprids fiers and fee - 1
Paper shales with Cyprids = - 2
Cyrena limestone - 0
Paper shales with Cyprids (in the east bank of the anal
chine mentioned above) - - - - 14
Shales, not well seen - - - 29
Shale, with lines of sand and grit containing ferns (rises
from below the beach on the east side of the small chine) - 51
| Yellow and white sand-rock, with large emus of pinkish
quartz - - - - 5
Blue shale - - - - 3
Sand-rock, as above - - - ly
Blue shale, with thin ironstone in the lower part : 5
Coarse grit, with grains of pink quartz
Shale parting - - - : - - «= 2
Sandstone - -
Blue shale - - 0
Tronstone, with Unio, Eprom Paludina, Cyprids and “Beef” 0
Blue shale - - - 6
Fine ochry and dusky sand - - 1
Fine white sand-rock - - - 2
Shales, with Pa/udinu and Cyprids - 5
Lenticular ironstone - - 0
Sandy shales, with ferns - - - - 5
Shale 2 6
Shales, full of Cues ‘and Producing 2 3
Sandstone, with lignite 2 0
White sandy clay —- = ul
Blue marly clay, with large concretions and absooke fossils - 8
White and blue marly clay = 2
Pale variegated marl - 5
{White sandstone, with irregular top - 3
Purple marls, estimated at : 7S
White sandstone, containing an abundance of grains of pink
quartz (crops out west of Compton Grange Chine) - 9
Red, purple, and green marls of Compton ‘Grange Chine 7s
White sandstone (east of Compton Grange iig) 16
Variegated marl - 30
Red sandstone - - - = 2 to 4
Greyish blue marl —- : “ 10
White sandstone - - - = 7
Purple marls - - - - - 64
White band - - . 1
Purple marls - - : 40
Grey clay packed with lignite - - ‘ Sf
White sandstone, thickening eastwards - 5 0 to 5
Purple marls 2 4 a6
Red sandstone and marl, thinning ont east at Brook Point 6
Purple marls - ' - - 5 41
Red marls - - x . le
Grey sandstone - 0 to 2
. In,
oo Sso
FeAOCW OOS
{
bo
| Shales, with a band containing Unio, Poludina; atid Cyprids
= near the middle, and sandy beds, peetanne rene! in the
lower part - - - - 40 0
Sandstone of Cowleaze Chine and Barnes High, manatee, with
bands of Cyrena - 8 0
Sandstone of Gonlehe Chine and Bamies High, thin-bedded,
with shale - 13. 0
Blue shales,* with Bake and Pulidive’ in the is ia Cyrena
and Paludina near the bottom - 19 0
White sand and clay* - - - - - 2 6
White rock - - = - 2 6
| Red sand, with bones (ppaianhedue Bed) - 3°40
Red and mottled marls, rocky and ripple-marked at ihe fope < - 44 0
White and yellow sand, with fragments and large trunks of
lignite, passing westwards into sandstone, and splitting up
and dying away before reaching the top of the chi - 9 0
Pale blue clay, becoming purple downwards 29 0
Hard green bed, containing lignite and bones Sen in the ice
of Barnes Chine) = ~ 2 0
Deep-red marls - - - - 7 = -§ 0
Purple and mottled marls- - 35 0
Sandstone, with clayey beds (crosses Barnes Chine) + - 13 °0
Deep-red marls, purple below si - YR 6
Conglomeratic grit, with an occasional pebble of quartzite, or
of sandstone - - - 2 = BO
Pale mottled clay — - - 2 = 14.6
Green and white clays, with iignte - S x BO
Purple mottled marls - Si - 9 0
Deep-red marls - - - - - 13 0
White sandy bed - - a . é = 3.0
Pale purple and mottled marls 21 6
Fine white sandstone (crosses the bottom of Ship Chine) 4 0
Mottled marls - 25. 6
Black bed of Brixton Chine; gna bones, “Bate vatdensis = 2 6
White sandy marl - 3.0
Mottled red marls of Brixton Chine, with a ‘igaite bed near
the middle - - - 94 0
Green sandy bed, with bones - 2.0
Red and white sandstone in beds of i to 3 feet, with partings
of marl, and pockets containing shale and sandstone frag-
ments; a band of gravel of sandstone fragments, 3 inches
thick, at the base, nae fragments uf bones - - 17 0
Mottled marls 49 0
Pebbly band, lignite atl eis oe "panei (top of east
bank of Chilton Chine) - 2 -50)
Red and mottled marls 23 0
Current-bedded sandstone (near the bottom ot Chilton Chine)
about - - - - 12 0
* These beds give a slightly differents ection in passing from Cowleaze Chine
Barnes High. See p. 13.
16 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr. In.
Mottled marls - “ 7 = : = 28 0
Purple marls, with white concretions - 2 win om
Red marls passing down into white sandstone, with partings
of marl, current-bedded in large sweeping curves - - 9 O
Massive sandstone, bands of bone and sandstone breccia
running irregularly through; 6 to 18 inches of gravel at
base, with bones. This bed thins away westwards, and is
last seen at Sedmore Point - - - 18 0
Deep-red and purple marls (at Sedmore Point) - 20 0
Current-bedded sandstone of Sedmore Point - - - 8 OF
Sanpown Bay.
The Wealden formation occupies a mile and a half of coast
in this bay, and extends inland for a little over a mile. The axis
of the anticline, which has already been described, les nearly
«breast of the stone fort, and trends a little north of west, in a
direction parallel to the range of Brading and Bembridge Downs.
The southern side of the anticline is entirely concealed by
buildings on the cliff, and by sand on the fore-shore. The first
exposure on the northern side is met with at the east end of the
groins, where mottled clays with bands of sandstone form gentle
undulations, with a general tendency to dip to the north-east. A
short distance further on the dip increases to 11°, and finally to
about 20° to the north-east, before the Wealden beds are lost
to sight below the Lower Greensand of Redcliff.
The Wealden series is divisible here as in Brixton Bay into a
lower group of variegated clays, and an upper group of fossili-
ferous shales. The lower group forms the low cliff or bank which
extends as far as Yaverland Fort. It consists of mottled red,
purple, and white marls, but is much obscured by slipping.
The fort stands on a low escarpment formed by a bed of
sandstone about 8 feet thick; possibly the same bed that forms
the corresponding feature of Barnes High in Brixton Bay, for
the base of the blue fossiliferous shales is found at about the same
distance below it in the two localities, This sandstone is seen
again in the road-side south of Yaverland, and in a sand-pit 300
yards south-west of Sandown Farm. There it exceeds 18 feet in
thickness, and dips to the south-west at 9°,
The details of the beds above and below the sandstone in the
cliff are as follows :—
Fine black shale, Cyprids very abundant. =
Blue sandy shale, with lines of brown grit % - 10
Sandstone, about - - 8
Blue shale, base not seen - - a3 Ww
Blue fossiliferous shales, not well seen, about 30
Purple and mottled marls. ,
58
The beds above these are much obscured b
; slips, but can }
seen to consist of shales of the usual type of Qe eS
the upper group,
WEALDEN BEDS. 17
without any of the purple variegated marls, The junction with
the Lower Greensand ean be “exposed by digging, as will be
deseribed, but the top beds of the Wealden are not cle: uly seen,
The details in the following scetion are therefore quoted from
Professor Judd’s paper on the Punfield Formation.*
Fr. In.
Lower Greensand.
Blue paper-shales - S 3.09
os light-coloured Aad pyc - - 1 oOo
e Dark-coloured paper-shules (with Cypridea mabbanshs)p and
x several layers of nodular ironstone - 4 0?
= |“ Beef” - Oo 7
iS 2 Limestone, crowded with Cyrena and a few oysters - 0 6
§ \ “Beef” - . - - - 0 23
3 Finely laminated pynitie lay - 0 9
© | Ferruginous band, almost entirely made up of shells
Ce (oysters and small univalves) - - - 0 3
Other beds of dark blue laminated shales, with geeactotel
beds of limestone, imperfectly exposed; seento 30 or 40 0
The total thickness of the Wealden Shales, as estimated from
the breadth of outcrop and the dip, is about 170 feet.
The same assemblage of fossils occurs here as in Brixton Bay.
Fragments of the thin bands of limestone containing Paludina
and “Cyrena may be found in abundance upon the beach, together
with pieces of lignite, while the Cyprids occur in profusion in
certain bands of finely Jaminated paper-shales. A pelvis and the
external metacarpal bone of the right foot of Iguanodon have
been discovered in the sandstone below Yaverland Fort. +
Vertebre, a femur, and ribs of the same animal are stated by
Mantell to have been found near the same spot.t
A femur was found also in the low cliff of Weald Clay to the
west of Sandown Fort, a part that is now obscured. The beds
are stated to have dipped slightly to the west.§
It will be observed that, if the sandstone under Yaverland
Fort is the same bed that forms Barnes High, the horizon of
the Hypsilophodon band is clearly fixed in Sandown Bay; but no
remains of this reptile have yet been discovered. Mantell notes
that some “ grey sandstone, interspersed with clay,” near Yaver-
land Fort, “several cones of a plant allied to the Zamie, mixed
with fragments of lignite, have been discovered.” ||
For further particulars concerning the fossils the reader is
referred to the fossil lists on p. 258.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii. p. 220. 1871.
} Rev. Dr. Buckland. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. i. p. 159. 1826-33.
t{ Geological Excursions round the Isle ‘of Wight, 3rd Ed., p. 98.
§ T.F. Gibson. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 175, 1858.
|| Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wieht, 8rd Ed., p. 99.
F 56786. B
18 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
CHAPTER III.
LOWER GREENSAND OR UPPER NEOCOMIAN.
INTRODUCTION.
Tuts formation occupies the greater part of the southern or
Cretaceous area of the Isle of Wight, and forms important escarp-
ments, such as that which runs from Compton Bay by Brook,
Mottistone, and Brixton, or the succession of bold shoulders which
dominate the upper parts of the Medina and Yar valleys, and on
one of which Godshill is situated. But the most complete sections
are to be obtained in the four coast-sections of Compton Bay,
Atherfield, Shanklin, and Redeliff at the east end of Sandown
Bay.
At Redcliff the thickness of the Lower Greensand is about
600 feet; at Atherfield it has imercascd to over 800, but at
Compton Bay, about 16 miles west of Redeliff, the thickness is
reduced to 399 feet. Lastly, at Punfield, 20 miles west of
Compton Bay, it is no more than 198 feet. It would seem then
that the direction in which the strata thicken most rapidly lies a
little east of south.
The Lower Greensand of Atherfield was made the subject of
the most exhaustive examination by Dr. Fitton in the years
1824-47. The results of his work were embodied in a large
number of papers, but chiefly ina paper read before the Geological
Society in 1845.* Not only was the thickness at Atherfield found
to be greater than elsewhere in the Island, but fossils were very
much more abundant. ‘The rich collection made by Dr. Fitton
showed that the fauna of the Lower Greensand was both distinct
from that of the Upper Cretaceous Rocks above, and possessed
nothing in common with the Wealden Shales below, there being in
fact a complete paleontological break at the base of the formation.
This is the mere noticeable in that the lower beds of the Lower
(Greensand are, like the Wealden Shales, of a clayey character.
Later observations have shown that this complete contrast in
the fauna was caused by an abrupt change in the physical geo-
graphy of the area in which the Lower Greensand was distributed,
and was preceded by some erosion of the Wealden Beds. The
abruptness of the change is indicated by the following evidence:—
C) The division of the Lower Greensand from the Wealden
Shales is everywhere absolutely sharp, so much so that
the two can be cleanly separated by a knife-blade.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iii. p. 289. 1847. References to his
papers will be found in the Bibliography at the end of this book. sa a ae
LOWER GREENSAND. 19
(2.) The base of the Lower Greensand is a thin line of coarse
grit, containing rolled fragments of fossils (Amnio-
nites and other marine forms) which must have been
derived from some marine beds, expo-ed outside the
limits of the freshwater Wealden Beds, together with
a oseasional pebble of sandstone larger in size, and
resembling the sandstones which are interstratified in
the Wealden Beds, There are also in this grit nunierous
broken bones, teeth, and scales of fish, and at Atherfield
it contains fragments of Vicurya strombiformis, the
gasteropod which is so abundant in the top of the
Wealden Shales at this spot. ‘Che fragments oceur only
in the grit, which is about three quarters of .an inch
thick, and have doubtless been washed out of the sur-
face of the Wealden Shales. At Punfield this grit. has
yielded a well-rounded pebble of white silicified wood,
precisely, similar to the wood in the Lower Purbeck
Beds.
(3.) The Wealden Shales, where the junction is exposed, often
present the appearance of having been disturbed and
broken up for a distance of a foot or two below the base
of the Lower Greensand.
(4.) In Wiltshire the Lower Greensand overlaps the Wealden
Beds so rapidly as to indicate an actual unconformity .*
As a result of this overlap it passes westwards on the
Upper Oolites, a fact which provides a clue to the
source of the rolled fossils of marine species, which
occur as pebbles at the hase of the Perna Bed in the Isle
of Wight.
As far as the Isle of Wight is concerned, however, there is
not sufficient evidence to establish an unconformity between the
Lower Greensand and Wealden Beds. That the bedding of the
two is strictly parallel is proved by the persistence of the Wealden
Shales at the top of this formation, not only in the Isle of Wight,
but both to the east and west on the main-land. The change of
sediment is such as might have been produced by the sudden con-
version of a partially land-locked estuary or lake into a bay open
to the sea, whether by subsidence or by the washing away of a
barrier.
On this theory we must suppose that a Lower Greensand sea
with its proper fauna was in existence at the time when the
Wealden Shales were still being deposited in the land-locked area.
This supposition is in accordance with the sequence observed in the
north of England. For the Upper Neocomian deposits of Yorkshire,
as shown by Professor Judd, contain the same fauna as the lowest
of the Isle of Wight Neocomian beds, namely, the Atherfield
Clay. We are thus compelled to suppose the Middle and Lower
* Geology of England and Wales, by H. B. Woodward, 2nd Ed. 1887, pp. 352,
354, 375.
B 2
20 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Neocomian strata of the north to have been contemporaneous with a
part of the Wealden Beds of the south, the one having been depo-
sited in an area open to the sca, the other in a basin that remained
Jand-locked until a later part of the Neocomian period. ‘the
history of the great freshwater deposits, of which in the Isle of
Wight we have only the upper part, is beyond the scope of this
Memoir, and will be treated more fully in the General Memoir on
the Cretaceous Rocks.
The Lower Grevnsand of the Isle of Wight is divisible into four
groups, capable of being traecd throughout. But at Atherfield,
where they are most fully developed, Fitton made six principal
divisions and sixteen minor sroups. In the following table
Fitton’s groups are compared with those adopted in this Memoir,
and with those in use in the Weald of Kent and Sussex.
The only point in which a material difference between the two
classifications exists, occurs in Fitton’s Division I’, A portion of
this has now been separated under the name of Oarstone, while
the lower part of it is grouped with E., to which it is lithologieally
allied, under the name of Sand-rock Series. The lowest member
of Fitton’s Group XV., a thick bed of clay, is taken as the top of
the Ferruginous Sands, in consequence of the similarity of the
deposit to a band of shale which forms the top of the Sandgate
Beds at Pulborough.* The Perna Bed, though paleontologically
of the greatest interest, is too thin to be separately mapped. The
names used have been adopted as far as possible from those who
first investigated the beds.
The term Shanklin Sands was proposed by Fittont for the
whole of the Lower Greensand to avoid confusion between this
formation and the Upper Greensand, and was used in this sense
by Martin. But subsequently the name became restricted to the
upper beds of the Lower Greensand, and having been made to
include a varying proportion of the deposit by various authors,
and its original meaning, as intended by its author, having been
lost, it has been thought better to abandon it. The name Vectine,
also proposed by Fitton, and subsequently modified into Vectian
by Mr. Jukes-Browne,} has never come into general use. (Sve
also p. 2 on the use of Vectian for the Fluvio-Marine Series.)
Geological Geological
Fitton, 1845, Survey, 1887. Supyey:
(Atherfield.) (Isle of Wight.) (S.E. England.)
XVI. Various sands and clays Carstone,
: Folkestone
XV. Upper clays and sandrock Sand-rock Beds.
E _ Series,
* Geology of the Weald (Geological Survey Memoir 136
t alan. Phil, 2, viii p. 461. neers
t Geol. May. tor 1885, p. 208.
LOWER GREENSAND. 21
: Geological Geological
Fitton, 1845, Survey, 1887. Survey.
(Atherfield.) (Isle of Wight.) (8.12. England.)
XIV. Ferruginous beds of) — )
Blackgang Chine - ,
XII, Sands of ve
Undercliff -
NII, Foliated clay and na
XI. Cliff-end sands
X. Second Gryphea bed - s Sandgate
IX. Walpen on Ladder ap oe. Beds.
sands eee Iythe Beds.
VIIL. Upper Crioceras group
VII. Walpen clay and sands
VI. Lower Crioceras group
V. Scaphites group
IV. Lower Gryphiea bed -)
III. The Crackers - CJ
Il. The Atherfield Clay - 3B) Atherfield Atherfield
I. Perna Mulletibed - A Clay. Clay.
These divisions pass one up into the other, without any sharp
line of demarcation, except in the case of the Sand-rock Series
and the Oarstone. Here the boundary is rather more sharply
defined, and can be followed with little difficulty through the
central parts of the Island. The Carstone everywhere passes up
into the Gault.
In describing the Lower Greensand it will be convenient to take
the localities in order from west to east as before, commencing with
Compton Bay.
Compton Bay.
The base of the Lower Greensand in Compton Bay is not seen
in situ in consequence of a great slip of Atherfield Clay and of
the upper Wealden beds described on p. 8, It is not difficult,
however, to find among the ruins masses which show the junction
as clearly as if it were in place. The following details were noted
in a fallen mass -——
Br, In,
Atherfield Clay- Clay, mottled red and grey.
Caleareous and ferruginous
Perna Bed - grit, with Modiolu, &e. - 1 0
Green sandy clay G 2
Wealden Shales - Blue paper-shale, broken up
into a breccia for a distance
of about 1 foot below the
base of the Lower Green-
sand - - - 38° O+
22 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
In every case where the junction was exposed, the same
brecciated appearance in the surface of the Wealden Beds was
observable, sometimes extending to a depth of 2 feet into the
Wealden. There can be little doubt that it indicates that a
certain amount of erosion of these beds took place before the
Lower Greensand was deposited. In addition to the particles of
quartz which give to the Perna Bed its gritty character, there
are in it small rolled phosphatic nodules.
The Atherfield Clay, excepting the top beds, can be seen only
as a flowing mass of pale-blue clay, with phosphatic concretions.
Its thickness consequently is difficult to determine, but so far as
can be judged it is like the other beds considerably thinner than
at Atherfield, and may be estimated at about 60 feet.
The succeeding beds are clearly exposed, and are shown in
descending order in the following detailed section :—
Compton Buy.
Carstone, | Brown sand, with 3-inch pebble-band at the base,
6 ft. containing rounded quartzite pebbles up to
4 inch in diameter, some phosphatic pebbles, and
many pieces of wood. Cylindrical phosphatic
nodules also occur - - - 6 0
( Blue clay - : - - - 2 6
Pebble-band with quartzites, &c., 0-3 inch =]
Grey and greenish sand, with a layer of pyritised
wood 83 feet from the top, and scattered frag- \13 0
Sand-rock ments near the top, about 123 feet + - |
Series, < Pebble-band, as above, 6 inches - -J
41 ft. G ins. | Bright-yellow sand, with an irony seam at the
base - - - - 10 0
Clean white sand and blue clay, interbedded in
wavy Jaminz, and giving out copious chaly-
56 O
beate springs (‘‘ foliated series ”’) - -
Clayey grit, weathering green, with a band of
quartzite pebbles, 5 inches thick, at the base - 26 0
White sand like gannister 2-0
Dark sand and clay intermixed, with much vege-
table matter in the upper part, and looking
like a rootlet-bed* ~ - 3s 10)
Band of small quartzite pebbles Oo 3
Sand like gannister - - - - 5 0
Very black and sooty-looking sand or silt 7 8
Lighter do. striped - lo 0
Band of soft yellow rolled phosphatic nodules,
with some quartzites - - - O 1f
Lighter coloured and striped ‘ sooty ’’ sand, with
many small soft yellow phosphate pebbles near
the base - - 4 0
“Foliated”” sand and clay as above, passing
down into paper-shale - - : 5 8
; +Very green gritty sand, with hard pale-yellow
Ferruginous phosphates, some cylindrical,some rounded - 3 6
Sands, < Brown sandstone < . = 1 2
251 ft. 64 ins. | Green grit as above - i 6
* This and the other dark sands were tested by Mr. C. Tookey for manganese,
but found to contain none. The colouring matter appeared to be carbonaceous.
+ This and {the seven beds following it crop out in the west side of Compton
Chine. Its greeu colour is due to un abundance of grains of glauconite. Seep. 255
dor an analysis of a specimen from this hed.
LOWER GREENSAND. 23)
Fr. In.
Brown sandstone - - - - ae Lo
Green and grey silty sand, with fucoidal markings 1 0
Brown sandstone - - - 10
Green and grey silty sand, with faboidal markings 2 0
Brown sandstone, with small pebbles and pieces
of lignite scattered throughout; an imper-
t
sistent band of silty sand in the middle - 42 0
Green silty sand, passing down - - = 116
Clay - - . = < =n FO
Brown and red grit, made up largely of rounded
grains coated by iron oxide; forms the cliff
east of Compton Chine - - - 54 0
Yellow sand, much fretted by the weather in the
upper part - - = - - 20 0
Pale-green sandy clay, with light-grey nodules
containing fossils, and passing down into = 10° 0
Yellow sand, clayey in parts - lo: --O
| Grey silty sand, with bands of soft yellow sud:
| stone below - - - - Sila LO
ee Pale-blue clay with Perna Bed at the base ; esti-
60 ok mated at - - - - - 60 0
399 04
The precise correlation of the beds in this section with those
of Atherfield is impossible. As will be seen subsequently, the
beds are not only very much thinner, but have changed their
RIG ods
The Sand-rock Series in Compton Bay.
a. Soil and gravel. g. Ochry band.
6. Gault. h, i, k, l. Blue clay and white sand
c. Carstone, or ferrugincus grit. interlaminated in varying propor-
d. Pebble sand. tions.
e. Blue clay and sand, with small pebbles | m. Chiefly sand, throwing ont much
and lignite. chalybeate water.
jf. Bright yellow sand. n. Very green and gritty clay.
24 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
characters, Fossils are also comparatively scarce in Compton
Bay. Dr. Fitton identified a “mass of brownish clay and sand
which lies next above the Atherfield Clay, as the Lower Lobster
Bed, or the lowest part of the Crackers sub-division of Atherfield,
and a prominent portion in the lower part of the brown and red
grit as the Lower Gryphwa bed of Atherticld. ;
The upper beds present a general resemblance to those which
form the upper part of Blackgang Chine, though they are very
much thinner, and contain none of the bands of sand-rock wich
form so distinctive a feature in that chine. The abundance of
water strongly impregnated with sulphate of iron, which issues
from them, is 2 noticeable feature. As will be seen, the chalybeate
spring near Blackgang issues from the same beds. ‘The annexed
wood-cut (Fig. 7) represents the general arrangement and
appearance of these upper beds in the cliff.
ATHERFIELD.
The Lower Greensand here attains a greater development than
in any other part of the Isle of Wight, and has yielded a rich
suite of fossils. Its thickness has been variously estimated at
808 feet by Dr. Fitton, at 833 feet by Ibbetson and Forbes,* and
at 752 feet 11 inches by Mr. Simms. The description of it will
be taken from west to cast, that is in ascending order of the
strata.
The Atherfield Clay and Perna Bed.
After leaving Compton Bay the Perna Bed is not seen again
till we reach Cowleaze Chine. It is here well exposed under the
Fic. 8.
Perna Mullett, Desh.
* The thickness given by these authors is 843, but the total obtained by adding
x .t. Db
up the figures given in their table is only 833,
Or
LOWER GREENSAND. a
bridge by which the military road crosses the chine. It re-
appears in the top of the cliff 300 yards south of the chine, and
slants down thence to the beach 150 yards cast of Atherficid
Point, the dip, as calculated from the heights and distances on
the Ordnance Map, being 1 in 24, or about 24°.
The section of this bed in the cliff is frequently obscured by
the slipping of the Atherfield Clay, but is now (1887) admirably
exposed 250 yards north-west of the point.
Section of the Perna Bed near Atherficld Point.
Fr. In.
fossils - - - - Se DG
Blue fossiliferous clay, based by a gritty seam
with phosphatic nodules and fish-remains.
Panopea occurs in the clay in the position of
growth - - - - = 2
Wealden Shales (see p. 14).
Calcareous and ferruginous stone, with many
Perna Bed
|
NI
5
_
The brecciation of the top bed of the Wealden, which has
been described at Compton Bay, is not observable here, but the
line of demarcation between the blue purely argillaccous shale,
with its numerous bands of fresh or brackish water shells, to the
rather sandy clay with numerous marine forms, is sutticiently
striking. The gritty base of the clay, moreover, points to some
erosion having taken place. The grit varies in thickness rapidly,
and is sometimes absent. Dr. Fitton, in allusion to it, remarked
that “the remains of fishes, chiefly teeth and small fragments of
Fic. 9
Exogyra sinuata, Sow.
bones, are mixed with coarse quartzose gravel at the bottom of
this bed [the Lower Perna Bed]; and occurring thus immediately
26 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
over the Wealden, or even in contact with it, it is not unreason-
able to suppose that the fish were killed by the change from fresh
water to salt.”* Remains of fishes were identified by Sir Philip
Egerton, and a smali Saurian phalanx by Professor Owen.
The Perna Bed was so named by Dr. Fitton in consequence of
its containing great numbers of Perna Mulleti, Desh. (Fig. 8),
which hag not been found in any of the other beds. Fxogyra
(Gryphea) sinuata also occurs in abundance and of a large size.
The rest of the fossils will be found distinguished in the fossil
list on p. 261.
The Atherfield Clay, which was also named by Dr. Fitton, is
of a pale-blue colour, and, unlike the Wealden Shales, is devoid
of lamination; it contains numerous flat concretionary nodules.
« Among the fossils the most common in the lower portion is
Pinna robinaldina, VOrb. Ammonites are not unfrequent; and
the remains of a turtle . . . were obtained here.” (Fitton,
op. cit, p. 296.) The thickness of the Atherfiell Clay is about
60 feet, according to Fitton, but 99 feet according to Ibbetson
and Forbes, who include the Lower Lobster Bed in the sub-
division,
The Lower Lobster Bed is an impure fuller’s earth, abounding
in remains of JJeyeri (CAstacus), from which fossil it takes its
name. It is now grouped with the Atherfield Clay on purely
lithological grounds, the natural base of the ferruginous sands
which constitute the overlying group occurring above and not
below the Lower Lobster Bed. The thickness of the bed is 25
feet 6 inches according to Fitton, 29 feet according to Ibbetson
and Forbes.
The Ferruginous Sands.
This division of the Lower Greensand attnins a thickness at
Atherfield of whout 520 feet by Fitton’s measurements, or 5u8 by
those of Ibbetson and Forbes.
The lowest bed of the group, bed No. 5 of Fitton, and named
by him the Crackers, from the noise made by the waves in the
shght rocky prominence formed hy the rock, consists of coarse
erey or brown sand, about 20 feet in total thickness. It contains
two layers of ferruginous and calcareous concretionary masses,
abounding in fossils. Some of the masses in the lower layer
“are 6 or 7 feet long, and a foot to 18 inches in thickness, and
umost composed of Gervillia anceps (ariculoides), with Trigonia
dedalea, Ammonites Deshayesti, &e.” (Fitton, op. cit., p- 298.)
In the upper laver Dr. Fitton noted coniferous wood bored by
Teredo, and in the upper part of the sand, Thetis, a large Astacus,
and Ammonites Deshayesi. “In the lower part, great numbers
of Panopeua (Myucites) plicatu, Sow. ave found in jt standing
* Quart, Journ, Geol, Suc., vol. iii. p. 294 (1847).
LOWER GREENSAND. 27
obliquely upwards.” Pinza occurs also in clusters. The promi-
nence formed by this rock will be found at the foot of the cliff,
600 yards east of the Coastguard Station.
Ite. 10.
Panopea plicata, Sow,
The overlying set of beds (forming the upper part of Fitton’s
Crackers Group, Nos, 6-10) embraces a thickness of about 40
feet. It consists of brown clay, 16 cr 17 feet thick, in the lower
part, and of clay mixed with sand in the upper part. The beds
are fossiliferous throughout, and are known as the Upper Lobster
Beds, from the occurrence in them of remains of Meyeria (Astacus)
vectensis.
Fia. 11.
Gervillia anceps, Desh.
Group IV., or the Lower Gryphza [Exogyra] Group of Fitton,
has at its base a bed of rust-coloured sand about 21 feet thick.
This is overlain by two feet of sand containing Gervillia (Perna)
aleformis, tut chiefly remarkable for the great abundance of
Terebratula sella, Sow., which, though ranging from the base of
the Lower Greensand to the top of the Ferrugimous Sands
(Group XIV. of Fitton), is nowhere so numerous as here.
28 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
The bed with Bzogyra sinuata, which Fig. 12.
comes to the shore under Atherfield ‘
High Cliff, and forms a reef running Lerebratula sella, Sow
out through the beach about 350 yards
west of Whale Chine, is next in suc-
cession. It is about 10 feet thick, the
lower part consisting of brown and
reddish sand with spherical grains of
oohitic iron-ore, and containing Pinna
robinaldina, D’Orb., while the upper
part forms the reef in which numerous
large Evogyre are conspicuous.
Group V., or the Scaphites group of Fitton, has a thickness of
50 feet 4 inches, and may be divided into three beds, the lowest
of which is brown and rust-coloured sand about 20 feet thick, and
containing large Lxogyra sinuata, Ostrea carinata, &¢., and at
the bottom layers of Serpule, Terebratule, &e. Nodules in
layers containing Ancyloceras (Scaphites) gigas and A. Hillsii lie
next above this sand, and are succeeded in ascending order by
about 27 feet of dark-grey sandy clay, with the large Erogyra
sinuata, in the upper part. A reef containing conspicuous clusters
of Serpule vans out from the cliff at this point.
Group VL, or the Lower Crioceras beds, contains several ranges
of this fossil, imbedded in sand. The lowest range rises from
the beach on the west of Whale Chine; the highest crosses
the bottom of the chine. ‘The group is 16 feet 3 inches in
thickness.
Group VIL, the Walpen clay and sands, consists of a dark-green
mud at the bottom, about 27 feet thick, with nodules including
Exogyra and Ammonites Martini, and of an upper division, clayey
above and sandy below, about 33 feet thick, containing Punopea
(Myacites) mandibula, Pinna robinaldina, and a Dentalium. The
clay-beds of this group form the undercliff, on to which Ladder
Chine opens. They rise from the beach about 200 yards east of
the chine, cross Whale Chine, and reach the top of the cliff
700 yards west of Whale Chine. Their position is always marked
by the springs they throw out, except close to the east side of
Whale Chine.
Group VIIL, the Upper Crioceras beds, is 46 feet 2 inches
thick, and contains four or more ranges of Crioceras Bowerbankii,
with Ammonites Martini, Gervillia solenoides, Tercbratula sella,
and Trigonia aleformis (TL. vectiana, Lye). The top bed of the
group rises on the east of Walpen Chine, crosses Ladder Chine,
and may be seen in the chasm beneath it. The whole group
crosses Whale Chine also.
Group [X., the Walpen and Ladder sands, consists of greenish
and grey sand, about 42 feet thick, with a layer of lenticular
masses of dark olive-green stone at the base, containing numerous
fossils. About 6 feet higher up is a thin band, consisting for the
greater part of Serpule, apparently twisted together, associated
with Vercbratula sella and other fossils.
LOWER GREENSAND. ty
Group X., or the Upper oe eroup, includes about 16 fect*
of sand, with some clay. In the lower 12 feet there are sevcral
ranges of Hxogyra sinuata, and nodules with Bnallaster (Brissis)
and Ammonites Martini. The ferruginous matter of this bed is in
some places distinctly oolitic, like that of Group TV. ‘Lhe upper
part of the group isa ereenish sand with Evogyr a sinuata, this
being the highest point in the Atherfield section which has
yielded that species. Small fragments of vegetable remains
(Lonchopteris Muntellit) occur not only in_ these beds, but nearly
throughout the entire formation. In the lower part of this
group they are associated with Inoceramus.
Group XL, the Chiff End sands, about 20 feet in thickness,
consists of sands with a thin bed of clay with Trigonia dedalea
in the lower part, and in the upper part of dark bluish and green
sand, with many cylindrical stem-like and branching coner tions,
containing pyrites.
Group XIL, the Foliated Clay and Sand, consists of thin alter-
nations of clean greenish sand, with dark-blue clay, and much
pyrites. The bed includes also Jenticular masses of coarse
current-bedded sand-rock. Jt is about 25 feet thick, and from its
yielding nature forms an extensive undercliff on the west side of
Blackgang Chine. But it is most clearly exposed to view on the
buttress of rock which forms the south side of \Walpen Chine,
where, however, it can be reached from above only. The dip in
this part of the section may be calculated by tracing this bed
down to the beach. It amounts to 1 in 26, or a trifle over 2”.
In general character this group is closely allied to the Sand-
rock series, and it was corrclated by Dr. Fitton with a bed which
hag been taken as the base of that series at Shanklin. Traced
inland this bed passes by Pyle, Corve, and Kingston, cropping
out at the foot of a marked feature all the way (jostcu, p. 30),
and thence striking westwards seems to die way in beds
distinctly of the ferruginous type.
Group XIIL., the sands of Walpen Undercliff, is about 97 feet
thick. It has at its base a bed of loose white sand or sand-rock,
about 10 feet thick, which rises to the top of the cliff on the south
side of Walpen Chine. Above this bed, which he calls the First
Sand-rock, Dr. Fitton noted the following in descending order :—
Fe. Es
Light green and yellowish sand, siving a bright. -green streak
under the pick - - 25 9
Brown sand with Astarte Beaumont Pian, Pecten, and
Terebratula - - - - - 1 6
Moist greensand . - -, - - 12 6
Sand, based by a coarse gravel with pebbles of quartz and
Lydian stone - - - - - - 29 8
Above these are brown sands with polished particles of iron-ore,
and sands with beds of dark-green or black cohcrent mud.
* There are some slight disercpancies in this and othcr cases between the thick-
nesses given in the text and in the table of Dr. Fitton’s paper.
30 GeOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Group XIV., the Ferruginous heds of Blackgang Chine, forms
the upward limit of the fossiliferous beds of the Lower Green-
sand. The beds appeur above the shore at a point 600 yards
north-west of Rocken ind, and form a vertical foot to the cliff
as far as Blackgany Chine. Here the undercliff formed by
Groups XII. and XIII. commences, and the harder beds of Group
XIV., rising slowly in the cliff, form a step between this undercliff
and a similar feature formed above by Group XV. The cascade
in the lower part of Blackgane Chine, which was ascertained by
Fitton to be 91 feet in height, is caused by the comparative hard-
ness of the ferruginous bands of Group XIV. This group crops
out in the top of the cliff on the south side of Walpen Chine, and
strikes thence in a bold escarpment throueh Pyle, Corve, and
Kingston.
The details of the group are given by Dr. Fitton as below :—
Ferruginous Bunds of Blackgung Chine.
Ferruginous concretions, immediately above the cascade 1
Brown and yellow sand - 7 5 ae SFP a)
Ferruginous concretions, with many vacant moulds of fossils,
most abundant near Walpen High-Cliff : 1
Sand, with fossils = - - 7 90
Ferruginous sand-rock, with fossils 5
The species found in this group can be identified in several
cases with those of the Perna Bed, at the very bottom of the
Lower Greensand. Among them may be named Panopou
plicata, Sow., P. nevcomiensis, D’Orb., Corbula striatula, Sow.,
Thetis minor, Sow., Trigouia caulata, Ag., Pinna robinuldina,
D’Orb., &e.
The next overlying bed, forming the lower member of Fitton’s
Group XV., isa great mass of clay, between 35 and 40 feet thick,
It occupies the shore for a distance of 350 yards, first rising into
sight near a waterfall 200 yards north of Rocken End. It forms
a step in the cliff as far as Blackgang Chine, where it widens
out into an undercliff. The most convenient place for examining
it will be found from 560 to 600 yards west of Cliff Terrace, near
the top of the cliff, where the shale of which the bed largely consists
has been cut back by wind and rain into a broad shelf, entirely
bare of vegetation. This bed forms the top of the great division
of the Lower Greensand, which we have named the Ferruginous
Sands.
The Sund-roch Series,
This series, like the other beds of the Lower Greensand, attains
its greatest development in the southern part of the Island, its
thickness being 186 feet by Fitton’s measurements, or 208 by
those of Ibbetson and Forbes, while at Compton Bay it amounted
to 814 feet only. Here also it contains in their typical form
those beds of slightly coherent white or yellow quartz sand,
LOWER GREENSAND. 31
which form so conspicuous a feature in the upper part of Black-
gang Chine, and to which the name sand-rock is singularly
applicable. Three distinct bands of this deposit occur, namely, the
beds referred to by Fitton as the fourth, third, and second sand-
rock. The second or lowest occupies the beach from Rocken ind
for a distance of 200 yards northwards ; but is partly concealed
by slips of Chalk and Greensand. ‘Thence it may be traced
continuously to the top of the cliff 500 yards west of Cliff Terrace,
where it is seen overlying the great ciay-bed previously described.
The third or middle bed, and the fourth at the top of the series,
may be traced from the chalybeate spring to a point on the east
side of Cliff Terrace, where they reach the top of the cliff.
The following descending section of the serics was made in the
neighbourh od of the chalybeate spring, 600 yards south-east of
Southland [louse :—
Section of the Sand-rock Series near the Chalybeate Spring.
Carstone (for details, see p. 57). Fr.
Grey sand with wood, large concretions, and seams of clay; a
line of quartz pebbles at the base - - - 20
Grey and yellow sand interlaminated with clay - 7
Current-bedded yellow sand-rock, with wood; thins away
southwards (4th sand-rock of Fitton) - - i
Laminated sand and clay, with wood; throws out the chaly-
beate spring - - : oe
A variable bed; contains clay with partings of sand, some-
times nearly all sand, and passes down into - 16
White sand-rock (3rd sand-rock of Fitton) about - => 0H)
Variable sand and clay, with a line of nodules about the
middle - - - - 60
White sand-rock (2nd sand-rock of Fitton) - 2
184
The interlaminated sands and clays in this section are identical
in character with the “foliated bed ” 56 feet thick of the Compton
Bay section (pp.22, 23), and like it throw out chalybeate water,
derived doubtless from the decomposition of iron pyrites.
The Chalybeate or Sand-rock Spring was first noticed about the
year 1800. It was found to flow at the rate of 100 to 150
gallons a day, and gave the following analysis* :—
16 ounces yielded :-—
Carbonic acid gas, 3 cubic inches.
Solid ingredients, dried at 180°, 80°5 grains.
GRAINS.
Sulphate of iron - - 41-4
Sulphate of alumina 31°6
Sulphate of lime, dried at 160° - 1-1
Sulphate of magnesia - - 3°6
Sulphate of soda - 16°0
Chloride of sodium 4:0
Silica - - = - - oy
107°4
Temperature, 51°. Specific gravity, 10075.
* Dr. Marcet, Trans. Geol. Soc., Ser. 1, vol. i. p. 213. 1811.
vs
nN
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
From the chalybeate spring eastwards the Sand-rock series is
alinost entirely concealed }y the slipped Greensand and Chalk of
the Undereliff. The upper beds of the series are seen in a hold
bluff between Rocken End aad Knowles, and again in the lower
part of the cliff below Niton. ere a white sandstone also is
exposed above the beach, about 100 feet below, which seems to
be the third sand-rock of Fitton. The last exposure occurs in
Binnel Bay, where interlaminated sands and clays are exposed at
the base of the cliff. From this pint eastwards there 1s no
rock seen in place till we reach Monk’s Bay at Bonchureh. The
description of the Carstone or uppermost sub-division of the Lower
Greensand of this neighbourhood will be found on pp. 57, 58.
SANDOWN TO BoNCcHURCH.
The Atherfiel! Clay and Ferruginons Sonids.
Though nearly the whole of the Lower Greensand is exposed
in this coast section, the beds are not so conveniently situated for
examination as at .\therfield, and have yielded far fewer fossils,
The Perna Bed and Atherfield Clay rise from the beach near
Sandown Pier in a low cliff, but are concealed by buildings ;
nor is the former exposed now at low water, as seems formerly to
have been the case. The overlying beds consist of green grey
and brown sands, so far decomposed as to render the identifi-
cation of the eroups of Atherfield impossible. But specimens
of Crioceras were tound by Captain Ibbetson in a quarry, not
now identifiable, near the shore between Small Hope Chine (the
north end of Shanklin sea-wall) and the Barrack Ill, Sandown.
The horizon would scem to correspond approximately with that
of the Crioceras ranges of Whale Chine. Some of the sands
north of Little Stairs Point are very dark-coloured, and contain
small fragments of wood impregnated with pyrites.
At Little Stairs Point 2 fault is clearly exposed, a rare circum-
stance in the Isle of Wight. The fanlt ranges about west-north-
west, and throws the beds down to the south. Soon after passing
this fault the beds assume a horizontal position, or nearly so and
we meet with the first marked bed in the section. It consists of
ferruginous sandstone, studded with clusters of Exogyra sinuutu
and Ostrea frous (= O. prionotc,) and identified by Fitton (op. ae
p- 317), with part of his Second Grypheea Group X. Above it
occurs a bed composed of alternations of dark slaty clay with
greenish sand, which Fitton recoenised as his Group XI At
the top of the cliff is an iron sand.
Chalybeate water issues from these strata. The spring known
as Shanklin Chalybeate Spa was first noticed by De. Pensee
physician to Charles If. It hax een analysed by Dr. A. is
Hassall with the following result — ; et”
LOWER GREENSAND. 33
Chalybeute Spa, Shanklin Esplanade.
Chemical Composition. Combined as follows :—
GRAINS.
Total residue - 28°46 per gallon. Carbonate of lime - 7°66
Lime - 5°64 55 +5 magnesia - 2°35
Magnesia 1°90 es a3 protoxide of
Potash - 0°25 - iron 213
Soda - - 20) 3 Sulphate of lime - - 3°28
Sulphuric acid - 2°81 ss $4 magnesia - 1°32
Chlorine - 3°23 55 Chloride of potassium - 0°40
Tron - - 1°03 3 i sodium - 3°04
Silica - - 1°40 55 53 magnesium 0°85
Nitrogen as nitrates Silica - - - 1°40
and nitrites = Volatile and combustible
Free ammonia - — matter - - - 0:14
Organic nitrogen 0°01 e
Hardness, 9°30.
The horizontality of the beds (excepting in a very gentle anticline
south of Little Stairs fault) is maintained as far as Shanklin Chine.
Here a south-south-westerly dip sets in, which gradually brings
the upper strata down to the beach in succession, the anyle of dip,
as calculated from the heights on the Ordnance Map, «nounting
to 1 in 30, or a trifle less than 2°.
The strata last described contain oolitic iron ore, and are
identified by Fitton with a part of his Group XIII. They sink
below the beach on the south of Shanklin Chine, and are
succeeded upwards at a few feet distance by a richly fossiliferous
bed, in which Fitton obtained Vermécularia, Serpula, Waldheimia
(Terebratula) pseudgjurensis, Leym., T. sellu, Sow., Rhynchonella
suleata, Park. (T. multiformis, Fitton), Rhynchonella gibbsiana,
Sow. (TZ. gébbsianu, Fitton), and Anomia, Exogyra, Pecten, Limu,
&c. Ten feet and eighteen and a half feet higher up respectively
are two ranges of Exogyra sinuata, first discovered by Captain
Ibbetson.*
Next above these lies the sandstone which forms a reef called
Horseledge by Fitton, and which yields ferruginous nodules
with Panopea plicata, Sow., Trigonia aleformis, Park., Thetis
minor, Sow., Gervillia anceps, Desh., Terebratula sella, Sow.,
Rostellaria vobinaldina, D’Orb. This was said by Fitton to
resemble his Group XIV.
A. clay-band, 8 feet thick, which rises from the beach about 300
yards north of Luccomb Chine, corresponds to the thick clay
which lies next above the cascade in Blackgang Chine (the lower
part of Group XV. of Fitton). It makes a small undercliff or
ledge in the cliff, and crops out 300 yards south of Shanklin Chine,
whence it may be traced through the brick pit at Lower Hide, by
Apse Farm, to the brick pit, now disused, at Sandford. ‘This
band forms the top of the Ferruginous Sands.
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1844 (Sections), p. 43.
{ This scems to be the reef marked Yellow Ledge on the Six-Inch Ordnance Map,
and is about 350 yards south of the reef marked as Horse Ledge.
E 56786. C
34 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
It will be noticed that the fossiliferous sroup described above
corresponds to beds at Blackgang, in which only a few. fossil=
occur. On the other hand, the strata between Little Stairs and
Sandown, though corresponding to richly fossiliferous beds at
Blackgang, have yielded no fossils. These differences are princi-
pally due to the condition of the rock. Fozsils are seldom pre-
served in any part of the series near the surface of the ground,
but only in the deep-seated strata that are exposed at the foot of
the cliffs, and the weathering of the beds, which has reached a
depth varying according to local circumstances, has extended
below the level exposed in the Sandown cliffs. This weathering
consists chiefly in the replacement of carbonate of lime by car-
bonate of iron, and the conversion of the latter into peroxide of
iron, the effect being to destroy the coherence of the rock and
to impart to it a brown colour. The original condition of the rock
was probably that of the hard greyish and calcareous concretions,
in which alone fossils are found in perfection, even at Atherfield.
The Sand-rochk Series.
This division is finely exposed in the cliffs from Bonchurch to
Knock Cliff. Its base is very clearly marked by the ledge or
undercliff formed by the clay last described. “A second, but
smaller ledge, is formed by a bed of very green clayey grit, at
times more clay than grit, which lies about 20 feet higher up. A
descending section is as follows :—
Sand-rock Series at Luccomb und Knock Chiff.
Carstone (p. 59). Fr,
( Bright yellow and white sand with lamins
of blue clay in planes of current-bedding.
A few bands of very green sand throwing
Sand-rock Series < a chalybeate water : - 35
hite and grey sand - - 50
Very green clayey grit, forming a ledge in
the cliff, and throwing out water 8
| White and ashy grey sand and sand-rock 20
Ferruginous Sand, &c.
113
The lower part of the series may be most conveniently studied
at the top of Knock Cliff, and in Luccomb Chine. The upper
beds are accessible in the cliff between Luccomh and Bonchurch,
the last exposure being in Monk’s Bay. The inland sections of
these beds in the neighbourhood of Shanklin are unusually eood,
and will be described subsequently (p. 46). =
SANDOWN TO CULVER CLIFF,
The position of the base of the Lower Greensand is marked
here as in Compton Bay by a great founder of the cliff, and at the
LOWER GREENSAND. 35
present time (1887) the junction is easily accessible throughout
the greater part of the hollow from which the slip has taken place.
The section of the Perna Bed is similar to those which have been
described before. The base line of the Lower Greensand is sharp
and definite, the lower beds are conglomeratic, and the surface
of the Wealden Shales shows signs of disturbance and_ slight
erosion. Lastly, the fossils characteristic of each formation are
found close up to, but never transgressing the boundary. The
Perna Bed is not only visible in the cliff, but reappears in the
foreshore below Redcliff Foot, and forms a long straight reef
running out to sea a little south of east.
Southwards from the slip caused by the Atherfield Clay, the
cliff consists of ferruginous sands and becomes mural, continuing
so until the softer beds of the Sand-rock series are reached. On
the yellow and white sands and blue clays of this series there rests
a great thickness of Carstone, which passes up into the Gault.
A small fault crosses the cliff at an oblique angle at this point,
running W.30°N., and throwing the beds down to the north.
It is best seen in the base of the Carstone, which it crusses about
half way up the cliff.
The Gault forms a small gully descending the clitf obliquely,
and occupied by a footpath. This formed a convenient starting
point for the following section :—
Section of the Lower Greensand at Redcliff:
Fr, In.
Gault, blue micaceous clay passing down into
(Brown clayey grit, becoming more sandy
below; small scattered pebbles, and a line
of pale phosphatic concretions made up of
grit and grains of iron oxide 9 feet from
Carstone, theta” s eS
#9 t%. Vins. 4 Pebbly band, with anil quartzites 7 (0 6
eel Brown sand with many scattered quartzite
pebbles, and phosphatic concretions as
above at several horizons, Wavy lines
of iron oxide, and some beds with many
grains of oxide - - - - 60 0
| Loose brown sand and grit - = 2.)
White sand and blue clay interlaminated - 12 0
Do. — with occasional lines of blue clay 32 0
Striped sand and clay = - 9 0
Sunil -roek Series, Do. ehielly clay and very ;
base uncertain, sulphury - 4 if
rout Wah, Glas: Seam of iron oxide - 0
Bright-yellow and white sand, with ferru-
ginous band at base - 31 0
Grey striped sand and clay 2 0
| White sand - 3°40
(Blue and striped candy clay (P=40 feet clay
of Blackgang) 21
Hard brown sandstone - 3 6
Grey sand, “* soot-coloured ” - - 6 0
Pebbly bands, containing small guartzites,
phosphates, “and iron oxide - or 30)
C2
36 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGILT.
Fr. In.
| Dark-green or bluish clay and sand - - 1 0
Ferruginous pebbly band with small phos- i
phates and pebbles of iron oxide - 1 6
Soft yellow sand - - - 6 6
Dark clayey sand - - 6 9
Pebbly band, containing many rolled phos-
phatic casts of ammonites and bivalves a4
Pale-brown ferruginous sand - - - 3 0
Pebbly band, with small quartzite and
numerous flakes of iron oxide oe Oh
Pale-brown sand with flakes of iron oxide - 11 9
Brown pebbly grit with small quartzites and
grains and flakes of iron oxide = 24 0
Loose pale-green sand - 17 9
Greenish grit with many wavy seams of iron
FerruginousSands, 2 oxide - - - : 3.0
about 367 ft. 6ins.) Brown and green gritty sand 3°40
Dark-green or nearly black clayey sand - 6 0
Brown sand with flakes and grains of iron
oxide - : 680
Greensand, with a vivid green streak ; lines of
clay occasionally ; a layer of broken oysters
9 tt. from the base. Forms a smooth
vertical wall . Z =: 160-0
Brown and reddish brown sandstone with
erains of iron oxide very abundant about
2) feet from the top; forms the cliff on
which Redcliff Fort stands - 114 0
Green sandy clay with wood and a line of
large nodules - ee et)
Fine and very clayey sand with wood; lines
of nodules in the upper part, and veins of
iron oxide - : - - - 4 0
Seam of brown iron oxide 0 5
Fine grey clayey sand - 20
Band of blood-red iron oxide oO 1
Fine grey clayey sand - 10 0
| Fine white clayey sand 20
Pale-blue clay with pale-blue nodules,
weathering brown - - =p 0
Calcareous and ferruginous grit with
| many fossils, 1 ft. 6 ins. to - 2. 10)
oo Passing down into pale-blue sandy
Atherfield Clay, 2 a clay with fossils = - - 3 6
83 ft. 4 ims. ie tis d Impersistent grit, with scales and
Se | bones of fish and phosphatic pebbles,
fe i some of which are rolled ammonites
| and bivalves ; about : 0 3
| Pale-blue sandy clay with fossils - 0 6
L LGrit, as above % ~ ©O O}—1
617 1
It will be observed from this section that the thickening of the
Carstone, which was noted between Compton Bay and Blackgang,
and still more between Blackgang and Shanklin, is still progressing
in an easterly direction. The Sand-rock Series and Ferruginous
Sands on the contrary, as previously noted, thicken in a southerly
direction. In the series of comparative sections forming Plate III.
these differences are clearly presented. :
LOWER GREENSAND. 37
The occurrence of a band of rolled phosphatic nodules in the
upper part of the Ferruginous Sands has attracted the attention of
several observers.* The nodules seem to be on the same horizon
as those noted at Compton Bay, but in the « coprolite bed”
+ inches thick at Redcliff, are larger, harder, and better preserved.
Among the specimens Mr. Keeping identified Ammonites biples,
Sow., 4. cordatus, Sow., Pleurotomaria sp., Curdium striatuluim ?
Lucina sp., Myueites sp., Cytherea rugosa? Area contract, Phill,
all being fragmentary and much rolled. There occurred also
quartzite and other pebbles, as large as walnuts.
Up to the present this bed has not been discovered near Shanklin
or at Blackgang, nor is its horizon marked by any break in the
sequence of the strata. It was probably a near-shore deposit, and
did not extend southwards in the direction in which presumably
the deeper portions of the Lower Greensand sea lay. Near
Godalming, on the contrary, itis largely developed according to Mr.
Meyer, who describes it as resting ou an apparently eroded surface
of the sands beneath, and as constituting a well-marked basement-
bed to an upper division of the Lower Greensand (op. cit., p. 10).
Punrietp Cove.
Before quitting the description of these fine cliff sections of the
Lower Greensand, we will briefly notice the sequence of beds in
Puntield Cove. Lying 20 miles west of the Isle of Wight, this
locality gives further opportunity of observing the changes in the
strata which we have already seen in progress within the limits of
the Island.
The section of the Lower Greensand in Puntield Cove is as
follows. (See also Plate IIL.) :—
Fr. In.
Gault. ;
Carstone, seen only in lumps lying about; apparently about 0 4
{ Yellow sand, not well seen, about : : - 10 0
Very sandy dark clay with selenite (perhaps the
Zz | thick clay of Blackgang) 2 15 0
& a | White sandstone with white quartz pebbles 20 0
3G 2g Brown sandstone, and yellow sandstone with shales 15 0
Si 2 .© | Interlaminated sands and clays, the latter traversed
Que by pnumbers of small tubes filled with sand
aeT (? worm-burrows) Lee - 15 0
2% 3 | Ferruginous sand and hard sandstone with Leda 12 0
‘aa | Interlaminated sands and clays with some thicker
BA =p bands of yellow and white sand : 61 0
s Limestone with wavy seams of lignite and many
fossils (the ‘“‘ Marine Bed” of Professor Judd),
lL variable, but about 0 10
* Meyer, On the Lower Greensand of Godalming. (Geologist’s Assoc.), 1869.
Woods, Geol. Mag. for 1887, p. 46.
38 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr. In
( Reddish clay, becoming pale-blue below, very fos-
siliferous in the lower part - - 28 0
~ . | Soft yellow sandstone, with a few fossils - 1 O
22! Pale-red clay, biuish in parts, a few fossils x 6
~s | Fone bands of very hard grey sandstone; ne fussils 2 9
co-* + Red clay, a few fossils in the lower part _ - «= 6 4)
ae ss Dark-green sand, with small pebbles
oo and grit, many fossils - - 1 oO
22) Poe Bed Pale-blue sandy clay with many small
pebbles (rolled bivalves, Ammonites,
&c.), and larger pebbles of sandstone,
wood, &c., at base; many fossils - 2 G6
Wealden Shales (see p. ‘)).
-_-
Tox 5
The lumps of Carstone contain many pebbles, up to half an
inch in length. Tts thinness is in accordance with what has been
indicated in the Isle of Wight, where it thins from about 70 feet
at Sandown to 30 feet near Bonchurch, to 12 feet near Blackgang,
and to 6 feet in Compton Bav.
The Sand-rock Series is not easily distinguished unless the
dark clay with selenite, 15 feet thick, be taken as the represen-
tative of the thick clay of Blackgang Chine (35-40 feet thick),
A large part of the Ferruginous Sands has assumed a character
which in the eastern part of the Isle of Wight is seen only in
the Sand-rock Series, namely, that of interlaminated white sand
and blue clay (the “foliated sands and clays” of Fitton). In
Compton Bay this change is foreshadowed by the appearance of
thin beds of this type, interstratified with ferruginous sands
considerably below the base of the Sand-rock Satay. :
The very forsiliferous limestone, 10 inches thick, corresponds
in position with the Crackers, the most fossiliterous zone in the
Atherfield section.
The Atherfield Clay presents no unusual features, except that
there are beds of sandstone at two horizons in it. The recoc-
nition of the Perna Bed, and of the usual sharply defined line
dividing it from the Wealden Shales, was a satisfactory point.
The rolled phosphatic pebbles in the Perna Bed are slichtly
larger and more abundant at Puntield than in the Isle of Wie.
and more frequently recognisable as the casts of bivalves and
Ammonites. This, as well as the changes in the overlying beds
indicates that in working westwards we approach the old shore
line of the Lower Greensand sea.
The fossils in the following list, except where otherwise noted
were collected for the Survey by John Rhodes, and have bec
identified by Messrs. G. Sharman and E. T. Newton The
specimens marked thus “ are inserted on the streneth of their
having been recorded from the “ Marine Bands of Punticld eae
Prof. judd in the Qywart, Journ. Geol. Sor, vol, xxvii. p aie,
Those marked } we added on the authoriiy of Mr, Me a iid,
vol. xxviii. p. 252 and vol. xxix. p. 73. : pone
LOWER GREENSAND. 39
Fossils from the Lower Greensand of Punfield,
The Atherfield Cluy and the limestone above it.
Wood.
Crustacean, fragment.
*Serpula.
+Terebratula sella, Sow.
tAnomia levigata, Sow.
by the Survey also).
+Arca cornueliana, D’Ord.
* 4, cymodyce, H. Coquand
(young).
+ ¥, Raulini, Leym.
(collected
» Sp.
*+Astarte, sp.
+Cardita neocomiensis, D’Orb.
+Cardium (Arca) Austeni, Forbes.
ep, impressum, Desh.
a subhillanum?, Leym.
(collected by the Survey also).
Corbula striatula ?, Sow.
+ 55 Sp.
+Cyprina, sp.
+Cytherea parva, Sow.
7 {Exogyra Boussingaultii, D’Orb.
ep, sinuata, Sow.
a tombeckiana, D’ Orb.
*Tsocardia nasuta, H. Coq.
aa SP:
*Leda scaphoides, P. and C.
Lima, sp.
+Lucina, sp.
*Modiola giffreana, P. and R.
+ 4, simplex, Leym.
*Orthostoma Verneuili, Vil.
+Ostrea Leymerii, D’Orb.
+Panopaa neocomiensis, Leym.
+ ,, Prevosti, Leym.
» sp. (=P. plicata, var. of
Atherfield).
+Pecten (Neithia) neocomiensis,
D’ Orb.
Fo es $s robinaldinus,
D’Orb.
t oo» % s
p-
,, (very small).
* Perna rauliniana, P. and R,
*+Pholadomya semicostata, Ag.
6 sp.
*+Plicatula asperrima, D’Orb.
ee carteroniana, D’Orb.
+Solecurtus Warburtoni, Forbes.
*Tellina? gibba, H. Coq.
Pe sy vectiana, Forbes.
+Thetis laevigata, D’Orb.
+Trigonia (Atherfield sp.).
+ Venus, sp.
*Actzonella oliviformis, H. Coq.
*Actzeon Hsquere, De Verneuil and
De Loriere.
* 4, pradoana, De V. and De I.
*Cerithium Pailleti, De V. and De L.
* Qs Vilanoves, De V.and De L.
*Fusus? neocomiensis, D’Orb.
pean laevigata, Desh.
», pradoana, Vil.
achat minima, De V.and De Ih.
*Pleurotoma Utriliasi, De V. and
De L.
*Trochus Esquerw, De V. and De L.
*Turritella Tournali, H. Coq.
ee Lujani, De V. and Coll.
» pizquetana, Vil. (collected
by the Survey also).
* 4, Pradoi, De V. and De L.
Ammonites Deshaysii, Leym.
*Lamna (teeth).
*Pycnodus (teeth).
A band of soft sandstone in the Atherfield Clay.
Arca Raulini, Leym.
Exogyra, sp.
Panopzea plicata, Sow.
Solecurtus (cast of).
The Perna Bed,
Multizonopora rimosa, D’ Orb.
Arca corneueliana ?, D’Orb.
» Raulini, D’ Orb.
Astarte, sp.
Avicula depressa, Forbes.
Cardita fenestrata, Forbes.
Cardium subhillanum, Leym.
Cypricardia undulata ?, D’Orb.
Exogyra subplicata, Rim.
Lima lingua ?, Forbes.
+ SP.
Lucina, sp.
Panopea plicata, Sow.
Pecten interstriatus ?, Leym.
P. quinquecostatus, Sow.
Tellina, sp.
40 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIIT.
CHAPTER IV.
LOWER GREENSAND—coutinued.
INLAND SECTIONS.
(1.) ALone THE CrenTRAL Downs.
The Atherfield Clay.
No section of any importance occurs in this division away from
the coast, and the tracing of a base-line has consequently been
a matter of some difficulty The clue to the position of the
boundary is provided by the topographical feature and change of
soil produced by the Ferruginous Sands above.
The Ferruginous Sands and Sand-rock Series.
These two groups will be conveniently taken together in de-
scription, As previously remarked, they pass one into the other.
Commencing our description on the west, we find the Ferruginous
Sands rising into a characteristic escarpment, slightly lower than
the Chalk Downs, which runs eastward from Compton Bay on
the north side of Brook, Mottistone, and Brixton. The higher
part of the ridge is formed by the iron-sand which comes down
to the beach on the west side of Compton Chine. The more
massive iron-sand which forms the cliff on the east side of
Compton Chine crops out in the soutkern slope of the hill, and
gives rise to the terrace of deep-red sand on which Brook Church
stands. The position of the Sand-rock Series is marked by the
abundance of white sand in the soil.
At Mottistone a ravine has been cut through the Ferruginous
Sands. The top of the Atherfield Clay seems to occur at the
Church. he clay 3s overlain by a great thickness of ferruginous
clayey sands with a marked bed of brown iron-sand, which seems
to be the same as that on the east side of Compton Chine.
At the top of the ravine the following descending section may
be traced in beds which form the passage between the Sand-rock
Series and the Ferruginous Sands :—
Near the Long Stone, Mottistone.
White sand, about - é ee
Tronstone * é ‘ - = fis
Grey and “sooty ” silt and sand « - 1s”
Grey silt - - - “ 6
Red clay, grit, and sand - Z - 10
Ferruginous grit - - % 4 9
Dark “sooty ” silt - - 12
Ferruginous grits, &c.
LOWER GREENSAND. 41
These beds are seen again, but less clearly, in the Inne to
Calbourne by Black Barrow, this hill itself being composed of
very fine white and grey sand of the Sand-rock Series. But tie
best section occurs by the road-side at Rock. ‘Phere the Sand-
rock Series consists of current-bedded crimson, pink, brown, buff,
yellow, and whitish sand; a beautiful combination of colours, the
crimson being very rich. Above this sand lies a band of pebbly
iron-stone constituting the base of the Carstone.
The Lower Greensand escarpment is breached at Rock by the
stream from Bottlehole Spring, but rises again on the east of this
valley into a bold hill, many of the lanes up which provide good
sections. The upper boundary of the Atherfield Clay -eems to
run along the upper road in Brixton, aud the strata next above it
consist of yellow sandstone, brown or reddish in places, and with
a few thin clayey bands. At the foot of the steeper and unculti-
vated part of the hili there runs a bed of deep-red iron-sand with
abundant spherical grains of iron-oxide as well as rounded quartz
grains, which seems to be the same bed that extends from the east
of Compton Chine under Brook Church. Immediately over it lies
a bed of yellow and white sand, with wavy lamine of clay, closely
resembling the Sand-rock Series. This series, however, comes on
nearer the top of the hill, where bright-pink, pale-red, yellow and
white sand-rock is repeatedly exposed.
The escarpment becomes insignificant south of Shorwell, where
it is crossed by the stream from which this village takes its name.
Yafford stands on the Atherfield Clay, but a slight rise in the
ground, and the brown sandy soil indicate the base of the Ferru-
ginous Sands, and show that the strike has changed to nearly
south. Near Yafford Mill, a pit shows buff sand and loam
overlain by a little gravel, and at Wolverton iron-sand rests on
greensand, the dip being north-north-east at 10°. The Shorwell
and Atherfield road-cutting near this farm is made through brown
and green current-bedded sand at a slightly higher horizon ; while
at Haslett brown sand appears with bands of ferruginous grit, and
in the upper part a band of white sand. It is difficult to detect
here the horizon of the iron-sand which we traced as far as
Brixton. It might be expected to run near Woiverton, and
through Smallmoor, connecting itself there with a well-defined bed
which we shall subsequently follow up from near Blackgang.
The sections in the Sand-rock Series are more numerous. The
beds of rock, which become a noticeable feature above Brixton,
increase in number and thickness eastwards, and form small
features along the strike near West Court and Presford. They are
generally white, though tinged here and there with red or yellow.
So abundant is the white sand soil on these strata that some
of the fields on the east side of Bucks had the appearance of
being partly covered with snow in the dry summer of 1887.
The dip of the rocks in this neighbourhood has diminished to
8°, and grows less as we proceed eastwards. The various sub-
divisions accordingly each occupy a wider belt, and at the same
time display more fully their characteristic features in the form of
42 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
the ground. The Ferruginous Sands stretch away in a broken
table-land to the cliffs of Atherfield and to the southern hills of
the Island. The Sand-reck Beds form a series of rounded hills,
capped by the Carstone, and fringing the more continuous escarp-
ments formed by the Chert Beds of the Upper Greensand and by
the Chaik, while a belt of ground, characterised by its gentle
slopes and generally by its comparative lowness, marks the
position of the Gault. These features are all well displayed in
the valley followed by the Chillerton road near Billingham.
The best section in the Sand-rock Series occurs by that road-side ;
the Ferruginous Sands are well exposed in the road-cuttings at
Kingston.
Near Cridmore the upper part of the Ferruginous Sands con-
tains beds of bright-yellow and white sand, much like the Sand-
rock Series, and making it difficult to decide on a boundary
line.
After passing the \ledina, however, the base of the Sand-rock
Series is marked by a bed of coarse white quartz-grit. The bed
is seen south of the Star Inn and near Upper Yard, but more
clearly in a small pit, 300 yards north-west of Birchmore. There,
and in the road-cutting close by, it may be described as a fine
gravel, su large are the grains of quartz. The sands above this
bed are seen in a pit south of Pagham; they are white and
current-bedded with lenticular ferruginous beds. The few
sections in the beds below show brown and yellow ferruginous
sands,
The next section occurs in the Sand-rock Series in the lane
runuing east from Blackwater Station. Here white sand and
sand-rock were formerly dug. The base of the series is marked
by springs and other indications of clay-beds. The same beds
are repeatedly exposed in the lanes about Marvel, and are now
being dug in a large sand-pit in Marvel Wood, where the followine
section is exposed :— r
Marvel Wood Sand-pit.
: : rer.
Carstone ; a ferruginous grit, cemented irregularly in bands by
iron-oxide; some of the lower beds contain small pebbles.
‘Top not seen. - - - - 2
( Grey sand with fragments of clay, with the ap-
aevdveule pearance of being a reconstructed bed (sce
unis also p. 56), resting on the edges of the cur-
rrr rent-bedding planes of i 2 13
White sand with lines of blue clay Z - 30+
45
—
The strata dip, so far as can be judged, to the south-west at a
ecntle angie; but a few yards further on rapidly roll over and
plunge down to the north. From this point eastwards the serics
runs in a narrow belt neer and parallel to the central Downs of the
Tsland. ‘I'he centre of the anticlinal axis described above seems to
LOWER GREENSAND. 43
strike nearly east from Little Whitcombe to the north side of
Marvel Farm, and thence towards Torringford, where further
evidence of its position may be seen,
A large sand-pit at Standen provides the following section of
the Sand-rock Series :—
Standen Sand-pit.
Fr. In.
Green and grey sand, suneni-badiest - 12 0
Yellow sand-rock - 20
Tronstone with a few small pebbles - - 0 6
Yellow and grey loamy sand and lay - - 10 0
Dark-blue clay - 15 0
Ironstone, about - - 0 6
Grey pebbly sand, passing domi - - 6 @
Loose yellow and white grit 12. 0
Fine sand - - - - 8 0
Clay-bed - 0 6
Fine white sand-rock - - 9 O+
75 6
The bottom of the pit is probably about 15 or 20 feet above the
base of the Sand-rock Series, but a considerable thickness of beds,
consisting in part of fine-grained buff and brown sand, occurs
in the hill-side above, before we reach the base of the Carstone.
The dark-blue clay may be the upper of the two clays secn near
Shanklin, but correlation in so variable a series is mere guess-
work,
Almost the only section of the Ferruginous Sands in the Black-
water valley occurs in the road-side near Stone, where green an‘
ferruginous sand and deep-brown sand with many grains of iron
oxide, are exposed, Similar sands extend along the southern
slopes of St. George's Down. On the north side of the Down,
300 yards south of Garrett’s, a sand-pit has been opened near the
top of the Ferruginous Sands; the beds exposed are dull-green
sands with lines of soft concretions, and are traversed by several
small faults, which run nearly east and west, and throw the beds
down a foot or two to the south. The dip is northwards at 23°.
The next sections occur near Arreton and Merston. A road-
cutting south-west of the former place exposes red sand containing
many grains of iron oxide, the dip being north-east at 13°, while
300 yards north of Mezston Cross pale sand is seen, dipping
south-south-west at 7°. Here then we have the continuation of
the anticlinal axis, which we noticed at Marvel. Obscure casts of
fossils occur in a band of ironstone on the road to Merston,
600 yards south-west of Arreton Church.
At Redway and near Horringford Station red and brown irony
sand may be seen, the latter locality yielding specimens of Venus
and other fossils according to Mr. Norman.” Apparently the
same beds are exposed in the road in Neweliurch. Here and
* A Popular Guide to the Geology of the Isle of Wight, p.56. (1887.)
44 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WiIGILT.
wherever elsewhere visible, namely, east of Wackland, and on
Skinner’: Hill, they are nearly horizontal, but the Sand-rock
Series, on the other hand, near Heasley Lodge dips north at 20°,
The anticlinal axis therefore mnst run nearly along (or a little
north of) the River Yar at Newchurch.
At Knighton a little irregularity occurs in the trend of the
great central axis of the Island, in consequence of which the Lower
Greensand dips at a more gentle angle, and the characteristic
features of its subdivisions are better shown. The Sand-rock
Series is seen in a deep lane and pit, 400 yards east of Knighton
Mill, and in many spots around Kern, as a brown, red and
white sand, while above it the Carstone makes a fairly pro-
nounced feature. Good exposures of the Ferruginous Sands occur
about Alverstone Farm and on the road to Brading. At the
former place, grey and green sand passes under red and brown
sand, with many grains of iron oxide. The dip is westerly at
5°-10°, but sweeps round to north at 21° at Adgestone. Here
then we fix another point on the line of the Marvel .Anticline,
and join it on to the fold which brings up the Wealden Beds of
Sandown Bay.
The dip of all the strata increases, and their outcrops become
proportionately narrow near Yarbridge. A pit in the lowest of
the Ferruginous Sands, near Morton Farm, shows brown sand-
stone dipping north-north-east at 35°, while the Nand-rock Series
appears in a pit and road-cutting 400 yards west of Morton
as a white sand with traces of blue clay.
(2.) ArounpD THE SourHERN Downs.
In describing the Athertield section we spoke of a bold escarp -
ment or terrace formed by the ferruginous beds of Blackgang Chine
(Group XIV. of Fitton), which runs through Pyle, Corve, and
Kingston. There are many sections in the roads descending the
hill at these places. On the top and extending nearly to the
brow of the terrace, soft, brown, buff, and white sand appears
similar to the sand at Cridimore (p. 42), and approaching the type
of the Sand-rock Series. Lower in the hill-side, ereyish-green
sand follows, weathering brown, and of considerable thickness,
On descending to the foot of the escarpment, we find a line of
springs and a belt of peaty ground marking the outcrop of a soft
and clayey bed, doubtless the * foliated sand and clay ” of Walpen
Chine (Group XII. of Fitton). The escarpment spoken of runs
through Kingston, and, sweeping thence to the south-west round
Gun Hill, points for Haslett and Wolverton, but becomes obscure
in that neighbourhood.
A second terrace is formed locally by a thick bed of red and
brown sand with numerous grains of iron-oxide. This feature
includes the bold brow known as Warren Hill, three quarters of a
mile west of Corve, and stretches thence by Dungewood towards
Small Moor. There, Jike the other terrace, it also becomes
obscure, so that whether it is a continuation of the bed which we
traced by Brook Church most be left in doubt,
LOWER GREENSAND. i)
It will be noticed that the source of the Medina at Chale Green
is situated on the upper of these two terraces. The valley of the
river gains in depth northwards, while the strata, except for some
very gentle undulations, remain horizontal. It is probable that the
depth thus cained is sufticient to let the stream reach the “ foliated
sand and clay,” and that this may account for the width of the
alluvial flat; but there is no gure! to prove it. The hills are
capped by buff and white sand , while their sides are formed of
brown and erey sands with an occasional seam of iron-oxide.
The Sand-rock Series is exposed at Chale Farm, Gotten, and
at the north end of St. Catherine’s Down, with its usual character
of fine soft white sand. But its outcrop, though broad, is partly
overspread by Gault, which, owing to the influence of percolating
water, has flowed down over the intervening Carstone.
We now enter the drainage area of the (East) Yar. Blake
Down, here forming the watershed between this river and the
Medina, is a Jong spur of the uppermost beds of the Ferrucinous
Sands, capped with flint-gravel. As the river is about 100 feet
below the highest strata of this spur, the “foliated sand and
clay” might be expected to be reached. There can be little
doubt that this is the case, for 1 terrace, closely resembling that
of Pyle, Corve, and Kingston, runs through Godshill, aprile of
Sandford, towards Lealans, and perhaps to Banstead, From
the foot of the bold brow which terminates this terrace at Gods-
hill springs wander through wide peaty marshes, as at Corve,
while the brow itself is “composed of a ferruginous sand and
greyish green sand, exposed to considerable depth in the road-
cuttines. | ;
The lower beds of the Sand-rock Series are scen in a pit near
Sibbecks, which gives the following section :—
Freer.
Soft sand with seams of clay - - 20
Soft yellow and white sand-rock (perhaps the third
sand-reck of Fitton) - 18
Thin-lbedded yellow an white sand with brown loamy
partings - - 6+
Similar beds are seen in the grounds of Wydcombe, Redhill,
Fairfields, and under the gravel at Ford Farm. Near Itchall
a pit exposes the top of ‘We series, namely, white sandstone,
more than fifteen feet thick, overlain by eight feet of Carstone.
The base of the series is difficult to fix throughout the neighbour-
hood of Chale Green, but a blue clay seen in the teak south
of Roud, in the lane at Russell’s Farm, and in the high-road
north-east of this farm, is presumably the same bed avicch we
have already noticed at the top of the Ferruginous Sands at
Shanklin.
The characteristic scenery produced hy the Sand-reck Series
and the overlying Carstone is admirably shown around Sainham
and Godshill Park. The base line of the Carstone, the beds being
nearly horizontal, meanders round a number of short but deep
46 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIIT.
valleys, the sides of which are composed of bright-white sand and
sand-rock,
A remarkably coarse grit has been already described as occur-
ring at the base of this series near Blackwater; a somewhat
similar bed may be noticed in a lane south of Sandford, but not
elsewhere. The clay-bed of Roud, however, referred to above,
seems to have been well developed at Sandford, where it was
formerly worked for bricks, and where it is still exposed to
a depth of S feet. An outlier of the Sand-rock Series occurs
here, its top capped with gravel, its sides showing the usual white
sand soil, while a line of springs around its base marks the
position of the clay-bed.
Crossing the Wroxall stream, we find a sand-pit near Winstone,
showing 10 feet of white sand, and another by the side of the
railway half a mile east of Winstone, presenting more than 18 feet
of white sand with thin lines of clay. The neighbouring railway
cutting is much overgrown, but reveals some white sand in the
upper part. The base of the series is marked near Rill by a fall
in the ground and the issue of springs.
In Apsecastle Wood and the adjoining valleys, the features of
the Sand-rock Series are finely shown, a remarkably good section
having been opened out in the railway cuttings. We may con-
veniently take up the description at the east end of the cuttings,
where we left it in speaking of Shanklin. It will be remembered
that two clay-beds occur in Knock Cliff. The upper «appears
to be the one worked in a brick-pit west of Gatten, where, how-
ever, it seems to be impersistent. The lower bed is worked by the
side of the railway at Lower Hide, where it is a stiff dark-blue
clay. The sand hetween the two beds is dug in a pit on the opposite
of the line, which exposes :—
Freer.
Brown irony sand - - - - 4to6
Coarse grit or fine gravel - - - lto3
White sand - - - - - 144
The railway cutting commencing 500 yards east of Lower Hide
gives a more complete section of these sands and of the upper
clay, which has here again developed itself. A descending section
runs as follows :—
Railway Cutting three-quarters of « mile west of Shanklin,
Fret,
Dark clayey sand - : - - - 4
Dark-green sandy clay with scattered grit and pyritised
wood - - - - 15
Brown pebbly and ferruginous grit with wood, about - cs
White sand with black grains - - Z 2 2
Hard brown pebbly rock - . yo oD
Coarse brown grit with numerous concretions - - 5
Grey sand or white sand with black grains —- - 5
White sand-rock with bright-yellow and brown staining 14
Dark sands - - : - x a Bue
503
——
LOWER GREENSAND. 47
The strata dip gently (at about 2° to 3°) a little to the south of
west, and the green clay slopes down to the level of the rails in
the next cutting. The sands lying upon this clay are dark and
ferruginous, but are not well seen.
The upper clay-bed, seen near Upper Hide, runs along the
valley in Apsecastle Wood, where it has caused a good deal of
slipping ; the lower clay-bed occurs at Apse Farm, but elsewhere is
overspread by a downwash of sand.
The Ferruginous Sands between these localities and the River
Yar form an undulating tract, in part overspread with river-gravel,
but in part rising into flat-topped hills, capped with gravel. The
dip, if any exists, is too gentle to be detected in the small sections
that vecur, except on Blackpan Common.
The features of this tract suggest that the same beds which form
the escarpments of Pyle and Kingston, and of Godshill, extend
here across the valley of the Yar in a neck of about a mile in
breadth. The base line of the beds on the east side of the neck
seems to run from the cliff near Little Stairs Point, by the west of
Lake, past Borthwood, across the river near Alverstone, and thence
eastwards. The western boundary which we have already traced
through Godshill to near Branston, seems to be continued in the
hill on which Newchurch stands, and to trend thence eastwards,
but all evidence of its position is lost in the valley.
INDICATIONS OF CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE Lownr
GREENSAND WAS DEVOSITED.*
“ At the close of the deposition of the Wealden, there appears
to have been a sudden depression of the bed of the great fresh-
water estuary, and an influx of the sea. The first effect of such
an influx would be the destruction of the animals in the estuary
not adapted for living in salt water; hence we find a total de-
struction of the Wealden animals, the remains of which accumu-
late towards the point of the junction of that formation with the
Lower Greensand,—a fact which indicates the nature of the
change. Even the Cerithium [Vicarya], although belonging to a
genus many species of which are capable of living in the depths of
the sea, was destroyed, notwithstanding that its appearance, only
in the uppermost beds of the Wealden, indicates that its presence
there was due to the commencement of the very state of things
which eventually destroyed it. That the depression was of some
extent, though not, perhaps, of very many fathoms, is indicated
by the nature of the animals which lived in the first-formed sea-
bed, and which, when they died, were often embedded in the fine
and probably fast-depositing mud, in the vertical position which it
* On the Section between Blackgang Chine and Atherfield Point, by Capt. L. L.
B. Ibbetson and Prof. Edw. Forbes. @roc. Geol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 409 (1844).
45 GEOLOGY OF THE WLE OF WIGHT.
is the habit of animals of such genera as Pinna and Panopea to
assume when alive.*
“ After this a temporary change followed, when an influx of
sand, mingling with the calcareous mud, caused a state of sea-
bottom peculiarly favourable to the presence of animal life. In
this way were called into existence a multitude of species which
were added to those which had appeared before thera. ‘This was,
in fact, such a state of sea-bottom as is now presented by great
shell-banks; but it does not seem to have lasted long, and new
depositions of mud appear to have extinguished some forms, whilst
others suffered by the change only in the diminution of their
numbers. In the midst of this muddy epoch, a temporary and
peculiar condition of sea-bottom, forming what are now called the
Crackers, called forth the presence of numerous mollusea, at first
of various species of the genus Gervillia, and afterwards of
Auricula [Avellana], Cerithium, Dentalium, and other univalves,
which appear to have enjoyed but a brief existence (as species) in this
locality, since similar conditions were never afterwards repeated.
The greater number of the Gasteropodous mollusca of the English
Lower Greensand are found within this very limited range. At
the close of the deposition of this great mass of clay there was for
a time a great multiplication of the individuals of certain Brachio-
poda, which had commenced their existence in the lowest beds.
Thus Terebratula Gibbsii [Rhynchonella gibbsiana| suddenly
appears in immense abundance, covering the bottom of the sea,
and predominating over the animals among which it had previously
been but thinly scattered.
“ This lowest zone of Terebratu/e marks the commencement of
a new state of sea-bottom where sands predominated over the
clays, each interval of deposition being usually marked by the
presence of a layer of Gryph@a [Exogyra] sinuata, the period of
rest being almost always sufficient to enable the Grypheu to
attain its full growth. Other bivalves are found with it, but in
comparatively small numbers, and not such as are of gregarious
habits. During the whole of this period enormous Cephalopoda,
including species of Crivcerus aud Scaphites [-dneyloceras], fre~
quented these seas, and when dead formed the nuclei round which
calearcous and sandy matter collected avd formed nodules. The
death of these animals seems to have been connected with the
periodical charging of the sea with sediment ; hence we find them
usually alternating with the zones of Gryphea, and forming
irregular bands in the intervening sedimentary depoxits. fi
* « The sawe decided change from dark-coloured fresh water marls containin
Melunopsis (or Metania) [Vieurya] and Cypris to marine beds, oecurs round he
edge of the Weald, and was very well exposed at Haslemere during the cutting of
the London and Portsmouth Railway,a few years back. In company with Piero
Ramsay and Mr. ¥. Drew, I examined the passage beds, and found in the brown
clay abundant tracks of marine worms, and the Panopea, vertical in their old
burrows, withiu au inch or two of the dark marls. A ereut Perna, a coral (Holo-
cystis elegans), and uumerous other fossils, occur in plenty just above hess “
J.W.Sasrer. Sve Geology of the Weald, p. 114 (Alem. Geol, Survey).
LOWER GREENSAND. 49
“{n the midst of this epoch of Gryphea there is a sudden
reappearance of the muddy deposits, during the predominance of
which those animals adapted for suth a sea-bottom, and which
had survived the deposition of the fullers’ earth, again multiplied,
but the species which had become extinguished were not replaced
by representative forms. This, however, did not last long, the
sand again predominating with its zones of Gryphea and lines of
Crioceras nodules.
“A temporary multiplication of Terebratula sella suddenly
marks a change in the zoological conditions,—for the Cephalopoda
disappear, although the zones of Gryphea, which animal does not
appear to have been affected by the change, (probably a change in
the depth of the sea,) go on as before, there being, however, no
alternating lines of nodules. It would seem that the sea began to
shallow, probably from elevation of the sea-bottom, until at last
the Gryphea itself disappears, the bands exhibit traces of the
influence of currents, and become more gravelly ; lignites, indica-
ting a shallow sea, become common, form belts in the ferruginous
sand, and in one place a bed in the wavy blue sand, at a time
when much iron was deposited. The deposition of the peroxide of
sron appears to have been connected with the disappearance of the
majority of mollusca, though Trigoniu, Thetis, and Venus occa-
sionally occur in considerable numbers. In the uppermost strata
scarcely any animal remains are found, and everything appears to
indicate a barren and shallow sea, previous to a new state of
things, when a fresh series of clays (forming the Guult) being
deposited, the majority of the animal forms which characterise the
clays of the Lower Greensand disappear, and are replaced by
distinct species, representative in time.”
CORRELATION WITH THE MAINLAND AND THE CONTINENT.
Dr. Fitton first pointed out the identity of the fossils in the
Atherfield Clay of the Isle of Wight with those of a clay in
Sussex and Kent,* which corresponded to the Atherfield Clay,
except in the absence of the fossiliferous stone known in the Isle
of Wight as the Perna Bed. The calcareous nodules of the
* Crackers Rock” were considered by him to represent the
thick limestone (Kentish Rag) of Hythe, Maidstone, &c. The
Carstone and Sand-rock Beds of the present Memoir were identi-
fied by him as the upper division of the Lower Greensand which
he had described at Folkestone, that is to say, the Folkestone
Beds of the Geological Survey; while the great mass of beds
intervening between the Sand-rock Series and the Crackers
group were correlated with his middle division at Folkestone,
now known as the Sandgate Beds. Lastly, he noticed that
the Ferruginous Beds of Blackgang Chine (Group XIV.) and the
corresponding bed of Horseledge, near Shanklin, contain the
same species as are found in the Sandgate Beds at Parham Park
» Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iv. pp. 198, 208, and 396 (1848).
E 56786. D
50 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
and other places in Sussex, and near Sandgate,* thus obtaining
further evidence of the correctness of the correlations given above.
According to Mr. Meyer +t ‘the coprolite bed at Redchiff (de-
scribed on p. 87) corresponds to a pebble-bed at Godalming which
he considered to represent “a break in the hitherto continuous
deposition of the Greensand,” and which he traced by Dorking,
Nutfield, and Maidstone towards Folkestone. This bed he took
as the base of his Folkestone Beds or upper division of the Lower
Greensand. It cannot, however, be followed through the Isle of
Wight, nor, when present, is it accompanied by any appearance of
a break.
But while this line fails us, we find that the base of the Folke-
stone Beds, as drawn by the Geological Survey,{ corresponds well
with the line at the base of the Sand-rock Series, which was inde-
pendently selected as a boundary capable of being traced through
the Isle of Wight. During the present year a brief visit was paid
to that part of the Lower Greensand outcrop in the Weald, which
lies nearest the Isle of Wight, for the purpose of comparing the
strata in the two areas, the result being to confirm in every par-
ticular the conclusions arrived at by Fitton. Lithologically, the
brightly coloured clean quartz-sands of the Folkestone Beds at
Pulborough, Midhurst, and Petersfield closely resemble the Sand-
rock Beds of the Isle of Wight. In beth Sussex and the Isle of
Wight, moreover, these sands pass down into a group in which
beds of shale are conspicuous, and which is more evenly bedded
and more mixed with loam than the Folkestone Beds.§ At
Pulborough a band of shale, 30 feet thick, and taken by
Mr. Gould as forming the top of the Sandgate Beds, corre-
sponds closely in character and position to the thick clay-band of
Blackgang Chine, and of the railway cutting near Shanklin,
described on p. 46. The identification on the mainland, however,
of the rock now mapped in the Isle of Wight under the name of
Carstone is attended with some difficulty. The description of
this rock and its probable relations will form the subject of the
succeeding chapter.
The great devclopment of beds of corresponding age on the
Continent has been pointed out by Professor Judd, of whose
conclusions the following is an abstract. The Rhodunien of
Switzerland, which forms a complete link between Upper Neoco-
mian (Apticn) and Middle Neocomian (Uryonien), has been shewn
by M. Renevicr** to be the equivalent of the Perna Bed, Athevfield
Clay, and Crackers of the Atherfield section. Among the fossils
* Quart. Jour, Geol. Soc. vol. iti, p. 811. 1847. Sce also Geolovy of the
Weald (Geological Survey Memoir), pp. 136, 137. :
{ On the Lower Greensand of Godalming (Proc. (#.ol. Assoc.), 1869, p. 10.
f Geology of the Weald (Geological Survey Memoir), 1875, pp. 138-144,
§ The difference is greater than appears at the first view of sand-pits in the
two subdivisions. The Folkestone Beds are used commercially for building sand,
the Sandgate Beds for mouldiny purposes.
|| Geology of the Weald, p. 136.
© Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii. pp. 223-5. 1871.
** Bull, de la Soc. Gcol. de France, 2me scr, tome xii. p. 89. .
LOWER GREENSAND, 51
Ammonites Deshaysii, which occurs in the “marine band” at
Punfield [the top of the Atherficld Clay] abounds in the higher
beds of the Neocomian, but is not known in the Urgonien or any
lower bed. Vicarya Lujani and several other of the Punfield shells
are well-known and characteristic Rhodanicn forms.
In the east of Spain* the upper and middle Neocomian rocks are
greatly developed, and contain beds of coal and jet which are
extensively worked. They are divisible into three series, namely :-—
An upper series of variegated clays and brightly coloured sands
(crimson, grey, violet, and white), 600 feet in thickness,
probably in great part freshwater, but containing a few marine
shells of Upper Neocomian affinities.
A middle series, consisting of ferruginous sandstones and lime-
stone, alternating with sandy clays, and containing ten beds of
coal, lignite, or jet at Utrillas, where they are 530 feet thick.
These beds contain the same fossils as the “ marine band” of
Punfield. They are characterised by six species of the
gasteropod Vicarya, three of which occur at Punfield, and
one in the Rhodanien of Switzerland. Hardly a fossil is found
in the “ marine band” of Punfield [the top of the Atherfield
Clay] which does not also occur in these Spanish beds.
A third and lowest series, consisting of about 500 feet of
alternations of limestones, sandstones, and marls, with jet and
coal, and containing Urgonien fossils.
* See also H. Coguand. Description géologique de la formation crétacée de la
9
Province de Teruel. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, sr. 2, tome xxiv. p. 144
(1868).
52 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
CHAPTER V.
LOWER GREENSAND—continued.
THE CARSTONE.
INTRODUCTION.
Tris name has been given to a coarse and highly ferruginous
grit, which may be traced continuously at the base of the Gault
through the Isle of Wight. Wherever fully exposed the Carstone
is seen to pass up into the Gault; on the other hand a fairly sharp
line at its base separates it from the Sand-rock Beds, with an
appearance even of slight erosion at times, though we have no
evidence of an actual unconformity. The feature produced by
this comparatively hard grit, capping the soft sands of the Sand-
rock Beds, is especially prominent where the beds are nearly
horizontal. It is most marked at Marvel Wood, near Shide, and
in the neighbourhood of Godshill.
The Carstone varies considerably in thickness within the Island.
From 6 feet at Compton Bay it expands to 12 feet near Blackgang,
to 30 feet near Bonchurch, and to no less than 72 feet at Red
Clif. At Punfield, on the other hand, it seems to be represented
by a few inches only of pebbly grit, but is not seen there in place.
The Carstone, therefore, thickens towards the north-east, while the
other subdivisions of the Lower Greensand increase towards the
south.
The Carstone corresponds to the upper part of Fitton’s
Group XVI. The present name* has been adopted on account
of the resemblance the rock bears to the Carstone of Lincolnshire
and Norfolk, of which there is reason to suppose it to be the
stratigraphical equivalent. For the Carstone of those Counties
passes up into the Red Chalk, which there occupies the position
of, and partly represents the Gault. Moreover, further south we
find that the Gault when it makes its appearance passes down
into a grey clay with phosphatic nodules, which in its turn shades
into a lower light brown sand with phosphatic coneretions and
numerous fossils. f
These fossils, as pointed out by Mr. Teall, are found in the
south of England to occur in the Gault, and in the dmmonites
mammillurts zone, which lies next below the Gault. Ie infers,
therefore, that “ the Norfolk Neocomians [Carstone] are found to
resemble both stratigraphically and paleontologically the Folke-
stone Beds of the South” (op. cit, p. 22). But we have already
pointed out that the Folkestone Beds asa whole are comparable
to the Sand-rock Series. It remains to be seen whether any sub-
* The name is applied locally in the Weald to the portions of the Folkestoue
Beds, which have been cemented hy brown iron oxide into a hard rock,
t The Potton and Wicken Phosphatic Deposits (Sedgwick Prize E f
by Mr. J. J. H. Teall. Cambridge, 8vo., 1875, p. 20. ? tn
LOWER GREENSAND. 53
division of the Folkestone Beds corresponding to the Carstone of
the Isle of Wight can be recognised on the Mainland. The
Carstone thickens in the Isle of Wight towards the north-east, yet
in the part of the Weald which is nearest to the Island, the
Folkestone Beds preserve their character of fine-grained quartz
sand up to within a foot or two of the base of the Gault. But on
the other hand the base of the Gault invariably consists of a more
or less pebbly grit, or of a sand with phosphatic nodules. At
Steep Common, near Petersfield, the Gault is green and sandy
towards the base, contains phosphatic nodules, and rests on a
“brown and green sand, with large pebbles, and at one place
phosphatic nodules at base.”* Further east, near Midhurst and
Pulborough, the base is formed by a pebbly grit, varying from
8 to 10 inches only in thickness, but conspicuous from its extreme
hardness and from its deep-brown or blood-red colour. The
pebbles in this band range up to half an inch in length, and
their presence, together with the gritty character of the rock, dis-
tinguish it, even apart from its hard ferruginous cement, from the
fine-grained sand of the Folkestone Beds. Elsewhere in the
Weald the base of the Gault is marked by nodules of phosphate
of lime or of iron pyrites, the hard pebbly grit described above
being confined to the neighbourhood of Midhurst and Pulborough.
Associated with the nodules, and likewise in a phosphatic state,
there are fossils of Gault affinities, viz., Ammonites Beudanti’,
A, mammillaris, Exogyra conica, Inoceramus Salamoni, Naticu
gaultinc, and others, which have led to the remark that the
Folkestone Beds are more closely connected with the Gault than
with the underlying Sandgate Beds. In 1859 Professor A. Gaudry
remarked that the sands at the top of the Lower Greensand at
Folkestone and Wissant in the Bas-Boulonnais contain lmmonites
mammilliris, and proposed to group these sands with the Gault on
that account.t In 1868 Mr. Topley noticed that at Folkestone
the Folkestone Beds both pass lithologically up into the Gault,
and also contain in their upper part “nodules with Gault-like
fossils,” { and the same view of their relationship was taken by
M. Barrois, who mentions that not only are several fossils of the
Ammonites mammillaris zone, which in France is included in the
Gault, found in the upper part of the Folkestone Beds, but that
the brachiopods which occur in this zone are especially abundant
in the lower part of the same strata. He concludes that unless
the Folkestone Beds, like the A. mammillaris zone, are classed
with the Gault, there is no satisfactory upper limit to the Aptian
in England.§ Mr. Price, on the other hand, would retain the
zone of A. mammillaris in the Upper Neocomian.|
* Geology of the Weald, p. 142. 2
+ Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, séx. 2, vol. xvii. p. 32. 1860.
On the Lower Cretaceous Rocks of the Bas-Boulonnais, &c. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. xxiv. p. 474. 1868. i Mf
$ L’Age des “ Folkestone Beds” du Lower Greensand. Anna, Soc. Géologique
du Nord, t. iii. p. 23. 1875.
|| Monograph of the Gault, 1880, p. 35.
54 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
The nodules and fossils referred to above occur in three to four
feet of sand, which form the top only of the Folkestone Beds.
This sand, which both passes up into, and possesses this palaonte-
logical affinity with the Gault, seems to be an expanded repre-
sentative of the grit-band of Midhurst and Pulborough, which
also passes up into the Gault. The grit-band, as before explained,
is sharply marked off from the underlying mass of the Folkestone
Beds; if the sand with Gault fossils could also be separated from
the Folkestone Beds, we should no longer have to face the anomaly
of the upper member of the Neocomian group being characterised
bya Gault fauna, and should also be able to point in the Wealden
area to a basement-bed to the Gault corresponding to the
Carstone of the Isle of Wight. At present, however, it must
remain uncertain whether an upper portion of the Folkestone
Beds ean be separated off, as an equivalent to the Carstone of the
Isle of Wight, or whether the Carstone changes horizontally into
a sand of the usual Folkestone Beds type during its passage north-
eastwards below the Hampshire Basin.
The fossils of the Carstone of the Isle of Wight, so far as they
go, indicate as cloxe a relationship with the Upper Neocomian as
with the Gault. Two forms, however, occur which are not known
lLelow the Folkestone Beds, viz., Lima parallela, Sow., which
ranges through the Gault, and Ammonites Beudantii, Brong.,
which occurs in the 4. mammillar’s zone both in England and
France, as well as in the zone between the Upper and Lower
oe to which it gives its name. The following is the complete
ist -—
Fossils of the Carstone,
Wood (Bonchurch and Dunnose).
Echinoderm, fragment (Bonchurch).
Enallaster (Hemipneustes) Fittoni, Forbes; as a pebble (Bonchurch).
Crustacean fragment (Bonchurch).
Hoploparia longimana, Sow. (Sandown and Dunnose),
Avicula (Bonchurch and Blackgang).
Astarte (Sandown).
Cardium (Bonchurch and Sandown).
Exogyra (Sandown and Blackgang).
Leda scapha?, D’Orb. (Sandowni.
Lima (Blackgang).
Lima parallela, Sow. (Blackgang).
Nucula (Blackgang).
Panopea ?P (Fitton, Blackgang).
Pecten orbicularis, Sow. (Bonchurch, Dunnose, Sandown, Blackgang).
Pecten quinquecostatus, Sow. (Sandown).
Plicatula carteroniana, D’Orb. (Sandown).
Tellina (Sandown).
Venus ? (Fitton, Blackgang).
Actzeon (Sandown),
Pleurotomaria (Blackgang).
Solarium (Forbes, Blackgang).
Trochus (Bonchurch).
Ammonites, fragment (Blackgang).
we Beudantii, Brong. (Blackgang).
Lamna, tooth of (Dunnose).
LOWER GREENSAND. 55
Comrton Bay To Repcrire.
At Compton Bay the Carsione is a brown sandstone, having as
its basement layer a band, three inches thick, of quartzite pebbles,
ranging up to three-quarters of an inch in leneth, with rolled
phosphatic pebbles, many bits of wood, and cylindrical concretions
which seem to have been formed in place. Though the beds below
also contain pebbly bands, they appear to be more of the type of the
Sand-rock Series, and to be divided from the Carstone by a hard
and fast line. Upwards the Carstone passes gradually into the
Gault, the nature of the junction being shown in Fig. 7 (p. 23)
and in the accompanying sketch by Professor E. Forbes.
Fia. 13.
Junction of the Gault and Lower Greensand in Compton Bay.
Fr, In.
a. Dark blue sandy clay (Gault). ;
b. Brown sand with a pebble-band, three inches thick, at the
base, containing quartz-pebbles, many pieces of wood,
and some phosphatic pebbles (Carstone) - 60
c. Blue sandy clay - - 2 6
d, Grey and greenish sand with small quartzite pebbles at the
top and the bottom, and with a layer of pyritised wood,
4 feet from the base = 5 - 13
e. Bright-yellow sand - - - - 9
f. Aferruginous band, about es - : : =
g. Irregularly interlaminated white sand and blue clay (for
the continuation of this section, see p. 22).
ooo
Eastwards from Compton Bay there is no section of the Car-
stone, though its position can be determined with some accuracy
by the nature of the soil. In the section of the Sand-rock Series
at Rock (p. 41) the base of the Carstone is exposed, but no
re. ;
There are indications, however, of the steady thickening of this
subdivision eastwards. Not only does the outcrop widen, but
south of Coombe Tower the rock begins to form a distinct escarp-
ment, which gradually becomes the best marked feature in the
Lower Greensand. Wherever exposed the rock consists of a brown
and ferruginous grit.
56 GEOLOGY OF THE 18SLE OF WIGILT.
By the side of the high road from Chale to Chillerton a pit
shows the base of the Carstone, consisting there of a ferruginous
grit with a few pebbles at the baze, and resting on sand and cliy
with markings resembling fucoids, about 6 feet thick, under which
fies white sand. The escarpment continues to grow in importance,
but excepting in a lane near Roslin, presents no sections till we
reach Rookley Green, the road-cutting south of which place
shows yellow and white laminated sand and loam (Sand-rock
Series) in the lower part, and ferruginous sand and loam with
some clay nearer to Rookley Green. Thence the Carstone sweeps
round to the east and north of Rookley, and crosses the same
road south of Blackwater, in a cutting where it rests on white
sand.
It is next seen in small pits near Park Cottage, but is better
exposed in a road-cutting at Sandway, 300 yards east of White-
croft, where it rests on the white sand previously alluded to
(p. 42).
A short distance to the north, at Marvel Wood, the Carstone
rises into one of the boldest escarpments in the Isle of Wicht,
of which the section was given on p. 42. It here rests on sands
in which current-bedding is very conspicuous. The definitencss
of its base, taken together with the manner in which it crosses
the edges of the current-bedding planes of the strata below, gives
a strong appearance of unconformity, which is heightened by the
fact that the grey sand, 3 feet thick, on which the Carstone
reposes, looks as if it had been “reconstructed” from the clays
and white sands of the Sand-rock Series. ‘The mapping of the
Island as a whole did not, however, support the idea of an un-
conformity at this horizon, though there may have been local
erosion and redeposition. The lase of this subdivision may be
followed along Marvel Woo to the head of the valley on the west
side, where two small pits give a similar section.
The Carstone is next seen in the lanes near Newclose House, but,
owing to the rapidly increasing dip, the outcrop becomes narrow,
and the escarpment insignificant. On the east side of the Medina
it is seen in the Jane leading up the hill past Standen. The upper
beds of the Sand-rock Series are also brown here, but may be
distineuished without difficulty from the coarse ferruginous grit
of the Carstone. B =
From St. George’s Down eastwards the position of the Carstone
is marked by a slight rise in the ground,and the highly ferruginous
soil. The rock is exposed in the road-side at Great East Standen,
but does not appear again till we reach a small opening 300
yards south-east of Heasley Lodge, where it rests on buff sand.
At Knighton it forms a fairly well-marked feature, and is
exposed in the wooded bank on the east side of the stream, and
again in the valley a quarter of a mile west of Kern, East of
Kern the dip increases and the outcrop narrows down to a mere
line. There is a small exposure 250 yards north-west of the
Roman Villa at Brading.
LOWER GREENSAND. 57
This brings us to the coast section at Redcliff, the section of
which was given on p, 35. The Carstone here, as everywhere,
passes up into the Gault, and shows at this locality a greater
thickness than in any other part of the Isle of Wight, namely,
72 feet 9 ches. A small fault, previously alluded to, is clearly
shown in the Carstone, and in some of the beds below it. Such
phosphatic concretions as occur consist of cemented masses of grit,
and seem to have been formed in place. The whole rock is
markedly ferruginous.
From Niron anp BLackGANG TO SHANKLIN AND Boncnurcy.
We will now trace the course of the Carstone around the
southern hills of the Island, proceeding as before from west to
east. The exposures about the Undercliff near Blackgang are
numerous and easily accessible. The Carstone forms the brow
of a shelf in the cliff, which is occupied by the Gault, or more
usually by the débris of Upper Greensand and Chalk that has
slid down over the Gault. This brow may be traced continuously
from Chale to the Chalybeate Spring. It reappears above
Knowles, and near the foot of the cliff below Niton presents its
most eastern exposure. Still further east the southerly dip is
believed to carry the Carstone down to the level of the beach, but
no rock appears zz situ to determine the point.
The following section was noted above the Chalybcate
Spring :—
Fr. In.
Gault; blue clay passing down.
Brown grit, interbedded with grey clay, and
containing phosphatic nodules in the upper
part = - - & O
Capes Blue clay - - - - - 38 0
arstone\ Reddish-brown grit, very red in parts - 10
Line of small quartz pebbles with rolled
phosphatic nodules up to 2 inches in
diameter - - - - - 0 2
Sand-rock Series (for details, see p. 31).
12: 2
In the cliff below Niton we find the following details :-—
Fr, In.
Gault; blue clay passing down.
Brown grit = si - < i. “B08
Clay-parting - - ~= - - Ol
Carstone< Brown grit with phosphatic noaules - - 14
| Brown sand and clay je 7 ‘ : J
| Pebbly and ferruginous band -
Sand-rock Series; grey sand with scams of blue clay,
seen to 44 ft.
58 SEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIT.
In Blackgang Chine, and on either side of it, the Carstone with
the base of the overlying Gault is repeatedly exposed, but a little
north of the Chine, reaching the top of the cliff, it strikes inland,
its base being exposed in the bill on the south sile of the high
road near Cliff Terrace.
On proceeding inland along the outcrop of the Carstone, we
are soon «truck with the fact that it is more often than not ovér-
spread with Gault clay. The appearance of the ground at once
supplies the explanation. Over large areas the clay from the
Gault outcrop has slid down and spread itself as a skin over a
more or less even slope of Carstone, but is still easily distinguished
by the hummocky appearance of the vround it occupies, as well as
by the character of the soil. In some places the clay has flowed
down in the form of mud-rivers, keeping usually to the lines of
hollow in its descent, but overspreading also many of the higher
parts of the Carstone feature. ‘The course and limits of these
mud-rivers or gutters may be distinguished, for many years after
they have ceased to move, by the large sods of turf which have
been torn off and heaped in a little irregular bank along their
edges, and by the lines which still serve to indicate where the
mass of moving clay was traversed by Jong curving cracks, convex
in the direction of movement. The mud-rivers extend sometimes
to a distance of a quarter of a mile or more beyond the base of the
Gault.
The sections along the western slope of St. Catherine’s Down
are few and poor, but at its extreme north end pebbly Carstone
rests on buff and white sand. On its east side the guttering
of the Gault, assisted by the slight easterly dip of the strata, has
been more than usually extensive, but the Carstone near Wyd-
combe forms a characteristic feature. It may be followed round
the south side of the house, and is secn at a small waterfall
350 yards south-east of it. Near here three outliers of Carstone
cap conspicuous hills, the lower portions of which consist of
white sand and sand-rock. The base of the Carstone appears in
two sand-pits 300 yards west, and the same distance north of
Itchall, which show clayey sand and ironstone resting on white
sandstone. A ‘similar section occurs at Sheepwash, where the
Carstone forms a fine escarpment, corresponding to the feature at
Marvel Wood, which we have already described. The strata
being nearly horizontal, the Carstone runs for a long distance
along the tops of steep spurs of white sand and sand-rock that jut
out from the hill-side. Presenting everywhere the same ferru-
ginous character, it may be readily distinguished from the series
below. The slippmg down of the Gault is especially noticeable
south of Godshill Park. Redhill, where there is a good section
of the Carstone, has been named, like Redhill in Surrey, from the
ferruginous colour of the goil.
In Appuldurcombe Park and about Wroxall, a large area is
occupied by slipped Gault ; but the Carstone appears by the side
of the road north of the village, and its base is well exposed at
Yard Farm, where it rests on white sand
LOWER GREENSAND. 59
At Winstone, a fine example of a mud-slide is crossed by the
railway cutting, now grassed over. Another a little to the cast
has travelled down a hollow in the hill-side, and is now being dug
for bricks. On. the hill-side above the brick- -pit a small opening
has been made in the Carstone,
From here to Shanklin occasional small sections serve to fix
the position of the Carstone, but call for no particular notice. In
the great cliff-section, however, which extends from Knock Cliff
to near Bonchurch, this subdivision is finely shown. It strikes
the coast half'a mile north of Luecomb Chine, and forms thence
the brow of the cliff to Monk’s Bay, where it comes nearly to the
beach. West of this, through everywhere hidden by landslips,
it probably descends to the level of the beach, as is believed to be
the case near Niton. Everywhere it passes up into the Gault, and
rests with a sharply-marked base on the brightly coloured sands
of the Sand-rock Series. The following section was noted in
Monk’s Bay :—
Fr. TX.
Gault. Blue micaceous clay passing down.
( Blue micaceous clay with lines of grit 3.0
| Brown ferruginous rock with derived phos-
| phatic concretions pentatning oolitic grains
of iron oxide ‘oad ji -
Sandy and grit ue clay, passing down -
Gorsions 4 Glave trowel a wath npdales asabove -
Brown grit - :
| Brown grit with many small ‘pebbles -
| Pebbly band, with quantaites up to half-an-
Linch in length - - O 3-6
Sand-rock Series. Bright-yellow and white sand,
Sis: Har
orocoo
tw
34 6
A well-rolled specimen of Enallaster (Hemipneustes) Fittoni,
Forbes, was found as a phosphatic nodule in the clayey brown grit,
3 feet thick. This fossil is recorded-as occurring at Horseledge
(p- 261), and more abundantly in the same beds at Atherfield,
and in the Hythe Beds at Hythe. Its occurrence therefore as a
derived specimen in the Carstone is significant.
60 GEOLOGY OF THLE ISLE OF WIGHT.
CHAPTER VI.
THE GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND.
1. Tur GAULT.
INTRODUCTION.
Tir Gault, which rests quite conformably on the Carstone, may
be deserihed generally as a blue or bluish grey clay, more or less
sandy, and with minute spangles of mica. It contains little or no
calcareous wmatter, such proportion of this material as may have
been originally present having been converted into sulphate of
lime, which in the form of small crystals of selenite sometimes
occurs in considerable quantity. The fossils are few, and dis-
tributed at rare intervals.
In thickness the Gault varices from 120 feet at Culver to 146 feet
at Blackenang, and 139 feet in Compton Bay. At Punfield,
where, however, it is difficult of measurement, it ix about 111 feet
thick. In its upper part it becomes sandy and lighter im colour
than in the lower beds, so as to pass almost insensibly into
the Upper Greensand. The proportion of sand increases west-
wards in these passage beds, so that at Punfield the name of Gault,
as indicating a clay, becomes quite inapplicable. In the extreme
west (Black Down) the whole formation scems to pass into a
sand.
LANDSLIPS.
The Gault has received the name of the “blue slipper ”* in the
Isle of Wight, from its tendency to give rise to landslips, or of
«“ Platnore,” a name which was in former days applied to uny close
black earthy stone or clay. The beautiful and romantic scenery of
the Undercliff or “ Back ” of the Islind has been mainly caused by
the sliding of the Chalk and Upper Grcensand over the unctuous
surface of the Gault clay, the tendency to slide being principally
due to a rather pronounced seaward southerly dip, and to the
outburst of springs at the junction of the porous Upper Greensand
and impervious Gault.
* The term “slipper” is applied in the Island to any bed which gives rise to
landslips.
GAULT. 61
Through the greater part of the Undercliff the slippod materials
assumed a position of rest before the commencement of the historic
period. It seems likely that in the belt of ground occupied by
the slip, the southerly dip was steeper than it is in the existing
cliff, and that the strata now forming this cliff will never be in a
position to slide so readily as those portions that have already
gone, Still, as the sea, in the course of centuries, removes the
fallen débris which forms the coast, the movements will doubtless
be renewed from time to time. Indeed, at Blackgang and Bon-
church, the west and east ends respectively of the Undercliff,
there have been great slips within the present century.
The following account of the East End Landslip, which took
place in 1810 in Bonehureh and Luccomb, is taken from one of
Mr. Webster’s letters, dated May 27th, 1811, and published in
Sir Henry Englefield’s Isle of Wight (p. 131) :—
“T was surprised at the scene of devastation, which seemed to
have been occasioned by some convulsion of nature. A con-
siderable portion of the cliff had fallen down, strewing the whole
of the ground between it and the sea with its ruins; huge masses
of solid rock started up amidst heaps of smaller fragments, whilst
immense quantities of loose marl, mixed with stones, and even the
soil above with the wheat still growing on it, filled up the
spaces between, and formed hills of rubbish which are scarcely
accessible.”
“ Nothing had resisted the force of the falling rocks. Trees
were levelled with the ground; and many lay half buried in the
ruins. The streams were choked up, and pvols of water were
formed in many places. Whatever road or path formerly existed
through this place had been effuced; and with some dittculty 1
passed over this avalanche which extended many hundred yards.”
“ Proceeding eastward, the whole of the soil seemed to have
been moved, and was filled with chasms and bushes lying in every
direction . . . . I perceived, however, on my left hand, the
lofty wall of rock which belonged to the same stratum as the
Underclitf”
This description of the scene is equally applicable at the present
day, except that the ruins are covered with vegetation. Huge
pinnacles or slices of the Upper Greensand have moved down
a few feet only and remain with their upper parts resting against
the parent cliff, but separated from it below by a narrow cleft,
along which it is possible to squeeze one’s way. The top of the
Gault is everywhere concealed by fallen rock.
At the west end of the Undercliff, under Gore Cliff, a great
slip took place in 1799, and the movement has been renewe from
time to time ever since. A letter, dated Niton, February 9th,
1799, and published in the Isle of Wight Magazine for the same
year, is quoted by Mr. Norman as follows:*—“ ‘The whole of the
ground from the cliff above was seen in motion . . . . The
* Geological Guide to the Isle of Wight, 8vo., Ventnor, 1887, pp. 187-189.
62 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
ground above, beginning with a great founder at the base of the
cliff immediately under St. Catherine’s Down, kept gliding
forward, and at last rushed on with violence, totally changing the
surface of all the ground to the west of the brook that runs into
the sea, so that now the whole is convulsed and scattered about,
as if it had been done by an earthquake. . . . . The
cascade which you used to view from the house at first disappeared,
but has now broken out and tumbled down into the withey-
bed, of which it has made a lake.”
Mr. Norman relates that an enormous mass of rock by the road
beneath Gore Cliff “once formed part of a large pinnacle which
had become loosened from the cliff and overhung in a manner
extremely threatening to the safety of the public. The authorities
decided upon its removal by means of gunpowder. In its fall it
carried with it tons of adjacent rock and débris, entirely blocking
and destroying the roadway made round the landslip of 1799”
(op. cit., p. 189). The roadway has again been threatened with
destruction (1887) by the constant slipping of the Gault, some
of the rain gullies having cut their way into the slope as far as the
seaward fence of the highway.
The most striking feature in the central parts of the Under-
cliff is the succession of short escarpments produced by the fall of
slices of the Upper Greensand cliff’ These portions range in size
from mere blocks up to slices of half'a mile in length. They have
broken off along the vertical joints by which the sandstone is
traversed, and as their bases slid forward over the Gault, have
slowly acquired a steep landward (northerly) dip. The process
has been repeated several times, thus producing at different levels
in the Undercliff a series of Upper Greensand escarpments,
separated by deep hollows, which have been not uncommonly
occupied by natural lakes. The distance to which they have
descended varies indefinitely. Above Bonchurch a very long but
narrow slice has moved a few feet only, and still forms the
principal face of the cliff. But many others, with a portion of
Chalk above them, have descended to the beach some 300 feet
below, and from a quarter to half a mile distant.
Such wholesale shpping is, generally speaking, confined to the
coast, but some large masses of Greensand have slid down on
all sides of St. Catherine’s Down, and from the shoulder which
separates Shanklin and Luccomb. The slipping down of the
Gault in great mud-rivers all round the southern Downs has
already been noticed (p. 58). It does not take place alone the
Central Downs of the Island, where the dip is generally at a
steeper angle and into the hill-side, :
Drscrierion or Srorrons,
The best section of the Gault is afforded in Compton Bay,
where nearly the whole deposit may be examined, the section being
as follows :— 2
GAULT. 63
Section of the Gault in Compton Bay,
Feerr;
Upper Greensand (for details see p. 68).
(Hard blue clayey bands with fucoidal
| markings alternating with sandy bands,
Passage } containing iron pyrites - - 6
Beds. | Pale blue silty sand or sandy micaceous
clay with fucoidal markings, weathering
Gault < L yellow - % - 30
| Clay, as above, but of a deeper blue - = - 8
Greenish clay - - - - - 2
Blue clay as above, with fish-scales, &c. in several
bands - - a - - 20
Blue clay - - - - - 73
Carstone (for details see p. 55).
139
—
The passage up from the Gault is illustrated in the accompany-
ing sketch (Fig. 14), made in the cliffs at Compton during the
progress of the geological survey of the Island in 1852.
Fig. 14.
Junction of the Upper Greensand and Gault in Compton Bay.
Fa, SEN.
a. Upper Greensand. Hard concretionary band, with phos-
phatic nodules - ct de = ee ee a,
b. Passage by a bluish sand with thin fucoidal markings, or
into - - - - - - 6
e. Green sandy band with afew nodules - - 0
d, Dark blue sandy clay - - < =
e. Paler and darker beds with small nodules: Fossixs,
Gryphea, Vermicularia, Arca (rare).
The passage beds, in the former Edition of this Memoir, were
included with the Upper Greensand. Lithologically, however,
they are more nearly allied to the Gault, with which they have
usually been grouped of later years.
Downwards the Gault passes into the Carstone as described on
. 55. In its lower part Mr. Norman observed Lnoceriunus
sulcatus, Nautica gaultina, and Ammonites dentatus (var. of A.
interruptus, D’Orb.), the last-named occurring as a brittle coal-
6-4 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
black material, the inner whorls permeated by a phosphatic
substance.*
At Blackgang the numerous sections in the lower part of the
Gault have been noticed in the description of the Carstone.
Tnoceramus sulcatus and I. concentricus have been found in a gulley
west of the hotel. The top of the Gault appears in Gore Chiff, this
being the only spot in the Undereliff where it is not concealed by
fallen rubbish. The beds are similar to those at Compton Bay,
and the thicknesses differ but little. According to Mr. Simmst
there are here 43 fect of light-coloured Gault (passage beds), and
103 of blue Gault, giving a total of 146 feet.
The sections in the chif from Bonchurch to Knock Cliff show
the lower beds of the Gault only. The passage downwards into
the Carstone may be conveniently examined in the brow of the
cliff near Bonchurch (p. 59).
In Sandown Bay the position of the Gault is marked by a
narrow hollow in the cliffs. The passage beds into the Upper
Greensand above and the Carstone below are there exposed, but
the rest of the deposit is concealed by vegetation, The top
layers consist of alternations of blue sandy clays and sands with
Vermiculuria, about 15 feet thick, and the lower beds of darker
blue micaceous clay. The total thickness of the Gault here is
about 120 feet.
Through the central parts of the Island, the Gault occupies a
narrow belt of low ground, separating the Upper and Lower
Greensands. When not overspread by a downwash of sand,
the soil of this belt is wet and rush-covered, and presents a
characteristically different appearance from that of the strata
above and below. But as a rule the Gault is entirely masked,
and sections are exceedingly rare.
The passage beds into the Upper Greensand are seen in a lane
100 yards south-west of Rill, near Chillerton. At Gossard Hill,
near Rookley, where a long shoulder of Gault, capped by an
outlier of Upper Greensand, juts out across the Medina, a brick-
pit has been opened; but only the weathered surface of the Gault
is worked, a pale-blue or nearly white structureless clay. A
better section is provided in-the brick-pit at Bierley, near Niton,
where the lower beds of the Gault are exposed.
The brick-pits by the side of the railway between Wroxall and
Shanklin are worked in Gault that has slipped down the _hill-side
below the true outcrop (p. 59). One of the most noticeable features
in connection with the outcrop of the Gault, is the copious supply
of water which it throws out nearly all round the southern Downs
of the Island. The greater part of the strata over-lying this clay
being of a permeable nature, the rainfall is absorbed by them, and
is thrown out in a line of springs along the top of the first imper-
meable bed it encounters. ‘The springs are of course most copious
along the hill-sides where the Gault is at the lowest level, the
* Geological Guide to the Isle of Wight, p. 70.
Tt Quart. Journ, Geol, Soc., vol. icp. 76 (1845).
UPPER GREENSAND. 65
underground water naturally moving down the dip-slope of the
beds; but, the dip being very gentle, there are springs along
nearly the whole Gault outcrop. The most copious occur at
Wydcombe, Bierley (utilised for the Niton and Whitwell Water-
works), Niton, Whitwell, south and south-east of Wroxall, and in
Greatwood Copse near Shanklin. The natural spring which
formerly issued at the last-mentioned locality was utilised for the
Shanklin Water-works, the supply of water having been some-
what increased by driving a heading into the hill along the
junction of the Upper Greensand and Gault. Ventnor is sup-
plied by a spring issuing from the same strata, and met with in
driving the railway tunnel. Several springs take their rise in the
same neighbourhood, and were formerly used to drive a mill in
Ventnor Cove.
Along the central chain of hills the springs are less frequent,
owing to the steep inward dip of the strata. But a fine spring
issues at Bottlehole Well near Brixton, and another, issuing,
however, in the Upper Greensand, gives its name to the village
of Shorwell. About Chillerton and Gatcombe, where the dip is
very gentle, numerous springs rise along the sides, and particularly
at the heads of, the valleys.
At Knighton there are good springs, which, supplemented by a
well, are utilised for the supply of Ryde.
CoRRELATION WITH THE MAINLAND.
The zones into which the Gault of Folkestone has been divided
by Messrs. De Rance* and Pricet have not been recognised in
the Isle of Wight, and it is the opinion of the latter that the Gault
of the Island is of Upper Gault age (Monograph of the Gault,
p- 27). This opinion was founded on the occurrence of Juoceramus
sulcatus, Ammonites rostratus, Solarium ornatum, Belemnites ulti-
mus, &e. Of these Ammonites rostratus, and Inoceramus sulcatus
are confined to the Upper Gault, but Belemnites ultimus ranges
throughout the deposit, while Solarium ornatum occurs in the
Lower, as well as in the Upper Gault. On the other hand 4m-
monites dentatus is a variety of Ammonites interruptus which gives
its name to the lowest zone of the Gault at Folkestone, from which
it would seem that the Lower Gault also is represented in the
Isle of Wight. This might be likewise inferred from the absence
of any break in or below the Gault of the Island. A complete
list of the fossils will be found in Table III. of Appendix IL.
Uprrr GREENSAND.
INTRODUCTION.
This rock forms one of the most conspicuous features in the
Island, namely the cliff which overhangs the Undercliff from
* Geol. Mag. for 1848, p. 163.
Tt Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxx. p. 342, 1874, and a Monograph of the Gault,
8vo. London. 1880.
E 56786. E
66 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Bonchurch to Blackgang, and which reappears inland in thé bold
brows of St. Catherine’s Down, Head Down, Gat Cliff, and
St. Martin’s Down (Cook’s Castle Crag). In the central range
the same rock forms the bold ridge of Rams Down, which is
scarcely less conspicuous than the Chalk Downs themselves.
The existence of these striking features is due to the hard-
ness of a bed composed of alternations of chert and sand, and
underlain throughout the central parts of the Island by a band of
freestone. The position of the base of the Chert Beds has been
indicated on the map by a broken line in the central and southern
parts of the Island, principally on account of their topographical
importance.
Above the Chert Beds a variable thickness of glauconitic sands
passing up into the Chalk Marl is known as the Chloritic Marl.
Below the Chert Beds there lie from 70 to 90 feet of sands,
called “malm,” with bands or lenticular masses of chert and
cherty limestone or “rag.” Other local names of less common
occurrence are “hassock” for the sands, “whills” for sandstone,
“ shotter-wick ” for chert, “ firestone” for a stone formerly em-
ployed for lining hearths, and “rubstone” for a stone once used
for whitening hearths or dvorsteps.
The thicknesses of the Malm Rock and Chert Beds are given
for different localities in the Isle of Wight, and for Punfield, in the
following table, the thickness of Gault at the samme spots being
appended to show that the Upper Greensand and Gault thicken
and thin together, and not one at the expense of the other.
Punfield. Compton Bay. Gore Cliff. Culver.
Feet. Feet. Feet.
Chert Beds 6 13> - 27
45 86 1213 - 80
Malm Rock wot a = 944 2
Gault, - - + lil 139 - - 146 - - 120
The Malm Rock paxses downwards into the strata which have
been above referred to as “passage beds” into the Gault. A
convenient base for this subdivision has been selected near Ventnor
by Mr. Parkinson* in a band of chert nodules from which the
carapace and rib-bones of a fresh-water tortoise (Plastremys lata,
Owen) were obtained by Mr. Norman, and the remains of Hoploparia
Sacbyi, M‘Coy, by Mr. Saxby.t In other parts of the Island the
base has been drawn where the clayey bands begin to pre-
dominate over sandy beds.
The zone of Ammonites inflatus occurs, according to Mr.
Parkinson, ratber more than 20 feet from the base, while -Lnmouites
rostratus attains its greatest development about 11 feet from the
top of the Malm Rock. By Dr. Barrois, however, the Malm
* Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe., vol. xxxvii. p. 370 (1881),
t+ Ann. May. Nat. Hist., vol. xiv. p. 116 (1854).
UPPER GREENSAND. 67
Rock (excluding a few feet at the top) was grouped with the
passage-beds into the Gault as the zone of Ammonites inflatus.*
The most important bed commercially is the band of freestone,
from 3 to 5 feet thick, above alluded to‘as occurring a short dis-
tance below the base of the Chert Beds. This freestone is not
recognisable in the east or west ends of the Island, but has been
largely worked as a building-stone in the southern hills, being
especially conspicuous in the cliff between Blackgang and Bon-
church. Between it and the Chert Beds lie one or two bands of
“firestone ” and “ rubstone.”
The Chert Beds attain their fullest development near Ventnor.
In Sandown Bay they can scarcely be recognised. The chert,
though used for road-metal, is not much worked, except in gaining
access to the freestone below. Some of the beds of chert are
crowded with the spicules of sponges.
Dr. Hindet remarked of the Chert Beds of the quarry at
Ventnor Station that they “so abound with spicules that they
may be considered as a continuous sponge-bed. . . . The
chert is usually of a light brown tint, and in thin sections under
the microscope it is seen to be filled with spicules and spicular
casts imbedded in a translucent matrix of chalcedonic silica. The
spicules are likewise of chalcedony, and their canals are infilled
with glauconite. Another variety of chert, also very abundant, is
of a grayish or greenish-white tint; it differs from the former in
that the matrix is of amorphous silica, while the inclosed spicules
are of chalcedony. The chert bands . . . . are enveloped
in an outer crust, of varying thickness, of white or yellow
siliceous porous rock, which is interspersed with the empty moulds
of spicules.
“In some of the thicker masses of chert there are cavities or
pockets filled with spicules, loosely mingled in a grayish siliceo-
calcarous powder, in which there are also numerous well-preserved
foraminifera, chiefly of the genus Textulariv. The spicules in
these cavities have undergone a remarkable alteration in structure ;
they appear to have lost their original silica, which has been
replaced by glauconite and some other silicate of a greenish-white
aspect. The replacing material has only partially filled the form
of the original spicules, and thus they look like mere shadowy
casts of complete spicules. These in many cases are peculiarly
distorted and contracted.” Spicules occurred in the lower beds
in the quarry also, but not so abundantly.
By Dr. Barrois the Chert Beds and the freestone below them
were correlated with the Warminster Beds, A specimen of
Clathraria Lyellii, a cycadeous plant, which it will be remem-
bered occurs in the Wealden Beds, has been obtained from the
Upper Greensand by Capt. Ibbetson in bastard freestone at the
* Recherches sur le Terrain Crétacé Supérieur de Angleterre et de l’Irlande,
p. 107.
{ Phil. Trans., vol. 176, p. 418. 1886.
B 2
68 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
base of the Chert Beds.* Another specimen has been recorded
by Mr. Parkinson from the Chert Beds at Steephill, about 10 feet
below the Chloritic Marl.t A femur of a reptile is stated by
Mantell to have been found at Bonchurch three or four feet above
the firestone.t
For the other fossils the reader is referred to the tabulated lists
at the end of the volume.
Coast SECTIONS.
1. Compton Bay.
The following details were observed in the cliff forming the west
side of Compton Bay :—
Chalk Marl (see p. 83). FEET.
Chloritic Marl (see p. 81). ‘
Chert Green sand with 10 or 12 bands of
Beas | chert, light-brown outside, blue
| : inside - 13
( Darker green sand, light-green when
Tisex | | dry, with small scattered phosphatic
Guecreawa nodules and lenticular masses of
Malm Z chert or rag 32
Rock. \ Sandstone, jointed and weathering
| into caves at the foot of the cliff.
| Many black nodules scattered
{. L throughout - - - 41
Gault - - Passage Beds (see p. 63).
86
The Chert Beds are not so well developed here as in the central
parts of the Island, and the chert itself is more caicareous. The
freestone bed also, so marked a feature in the Undercliff, cannot
be recognised.
2. Blackgang to Shanklin.
Gore Chiff shows the Upper Greensand in a form that is typical
of the central and southern parts of the Island. The Chert Beds
form a vertical face, deeply scarred by the weather, each band of
chert forming a ledge, while the soft sands between have been
scooped out by the wind. At the foot of this vertical part of the
cliff the 5-foot bed of freestone runs for some miles and can
generally be recognised at a glance. The Malm Rock below
forms a steep, often precipitous slope.
* Notes on the Geology and Chemical Coiistitution of the various i
Isle of Wight, p. 25. See also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvii. ae ne
specimen is incorrectly stated by Mantell (Geol. Excursions in the Isle of Wight.
pp. 215, 217) to have been found in the Chalk Marl.
{ Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvii. p. 372. 1881.
t Geological Excursions, pp. 179, 180.
UPPER GREENSAND.,
Gore Chiff.
Chloritic Marl (see p. 81).
Chert Beds. Alternations of chert and sand -
Firestone and rag 5 = -
Hisastous eae froestone: 1 ft. el
Freestone
Malm Rock< Sand with rag - -
»» With many ledges of rag - -
Blue clayey sand - -
(Blue micaceous sandstone - -
Gault - Passage Beds.
ee
69
A still more convenient Me for examining the upper part of
the Greensand, known as the Cripple’s Path, slants up the cliff,
south-east of the village of Niton. The Chioritic Marl, however,
Fr.
iw
lo
In.
is not seen.
At Ventnor the section of the beds is given by Mr. Norman
as follows :—
Section above Ventnor.
Chert Beds, f Alternations of chert and sandstone beds, 21
24 feet. to 24in number - - = =
Firestone - é ie
Rag
ea Bed (bastard i in upper part] -
lee Sar isto e ,
Rag 3 3
Soft sandstone - - -
| Black band - -
Malm Rock, |} Soft yellow sandstone (“ Whills »y .
81 feet.) Rag ‘ -
Compact reddish sendstone -
Rag - - - -
Compact reddish sandstone - - -
Marmillated rag - -
| Soft yellow micaceous sands ‘with concretions
Dark coloured rag - ‘
| Dark clayey bed - -
\ Hed blue chert, with crushed Tnoceramus -
Gault Light-grey sandy micaceous clay.
=
=)
CMH SOOM SR TIP LOWE Oe
v2
—
S
on
Sromoroooo
Pooeocoococe
o
Near Shanklin in some quarries where the “ free-stone bed ”
worked for building, and the beds above and below it for a
making, the following sections were noted.
Quarry on the south side of the Luccomb Valley.
Fr.
Alternations of chert (‘‘ shotterwick ’ ) and sand open notseen) 15
Rag in lenticular masses - - O
Firestone - - - - - «~ 2
Rag - : - - - - 0
Firestone - - - - - 3
Rag - - - - O
Firestone or Rub-stone (a stone formerly used for whitening
hearths, &c.) - - - - - - O
Freestone - - - - - - 4
Poook
me at
to
RO
_
bo
on
70 GEOLOGY OF HE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Quarry on the north Side of Greatwood Copse.
Chert, rag, and sand (top not seen) - - 15 0
Ra g- a 7 - 0 0-6
Firestone - - - - 2 0
Rag - - 4 : 0 0-8
Firestone < 210)
Rag - < z Q 0-12
Rubstone - - - 0 8
Freestone . 4 0
Rag - - - 1 0
Inferior stone or malm 5 0
Rag - - I 0
Inferior stone -
3. Culver Cliff:
In this section the layers of chert, so conspicuous near Ventnor,
are represented hy a few lenticular masses only, or by layers of a
hard flinty stone. The freestone also can no longer be distin-
guished, and the whole vroup shows a loss in thickness of 18 feet.
Culver Cliff.
Fr. In.
Chloritic Marl (see p. 81),
Chert Beds f Green sand with lenticular masses of black
and { chert at 9-11 feet from the top, and some
Malm Rock. bands of hard grey stone - x00
Gault Passage Beds (see p. 64).
INLAND SECTIONS.
1. dlong the Central Downs.
Although numerous inland sections lay open the Upper Green-
sand, the whole subdivision is rarely expoxed at one spot. An
exception occurs in the road-cutting north of Brook, where the
following beds are seen :—
Roud-cutting three-quarters of a mile north of Brook Church.
; Fr. In,
Alternations of chalk and marl {top not seen),
passing down - 120 0
Chills dleet Rocky chalk, very impure, and with glauco-
nite, passing down - - 5 8
Chloritic Marl,
1] feet inches irregularly hardened into stone in the upper
Chert Bed Cio tea Se
ert Beds, 2
Upper Jro feat inches. } Cherty lumps in sand - 10 6
[ore sand with phosphatised Ammonites, &c.
Greensand, Greenish sand with great len-
107 feet. Malm Rock, ticular and oval masses of
85 feet.
rock 85 0
Gault - Passage Beds, not clearly seen,
The Chert Beds are seen in a by-road above Dunsbury, and
make a small but well-marked escarpment for about 600 yards
westwards, The next exposure occurs in the road from Brixton
UPPER GREENSAND. 71
to Calbourne where the Chloritic Marl, 14 feet 2 inches thick,
abounds with phosphatised Ammonites. The Chert Beds appear
also, but the greater part of the Malm Rock is concealed by a
thick stratified talus of chalk.
Proceeding eastwards we find the Chert Beds at Coombe Tower
beginning to form the feature, which becomes so conspicuous in
the central and southern parts of the Island. In this neighbour-
hood the chert, white in colour and accompanied with much
chalcedony, ix exposed repeatedly all along the crest of the
escarpment to Shorwell, where it is quarried, or rather dug, for
building,
East of Shorwell the escarpment becomes steadily bolder, and
we find blue chert associated with the white along the crest of the
hill. At the east end of this hill, over the Chillerton road, free-
stone is worked in a quarry below the Chert Beds, this being the
most westerly appearance of the bed so prominent about Ventnor.
Between the bold escarpment of Rams Down and the Chalk
Downs runs the long winding valley of Chillerton Street, a slight
prolongation of which would convert the Chert Beds of Rams
Down into an outlier. This valley owes its existence to some
springs issuing at the junction of the Greensand and Gault, along
the line of a gentle syncline, which is indicated by the relative
dips in Rams Down (from 4° to 5°), and in the nearly horizontal
Chalk. The trough becomes more marked near Sheat, and in
Gossard Hill.* Near the former place the Malm Rock dips
north-east at 10°, and the Gault, striking right across the valley
of the Medina, runs for nearly a mile eastwards around Rookley,
while on the top of the shoulder thus formed, an outlier of Upper
Greensand makes a narrow ridge, capped with chert and striking
nearly due east and west, with a dip to the north of 8° to 10°.
The north side of the syncline is not well defined, as the beds
gradually assume a horizontal position. It might perhaps be more
correctly described as a monocline, like that of the central axis of
the Island, but on a small seale. (Sve also Horizontal Sections,
Sheet 43, No. 2.)
Numerous old quarries in the Chert Beds and underlying
freestone roughen the brow of the hill above Gatcombe and
Whitcombe. On mounting this eminence, we find a long dip-
slope stretching away westwards to the boundary of the Chalk
Downs, which is generally marked by a rise in the ground.
In the valley of the Medina near Shide the Upper Greensand
disappears from sight till we reach Great East Standen. In two
large pits, however, long since completely overgrown, between West
Standen and Great East Standen, “malm” is reported to have
been dug. So far as can be judged the pits have been opened in
the lowest beds of the Chalk Marl.
At Arreton, while the topographical feature of the Upper Green-
sand is well marked, the Chert Beds no longer form as definite a
subdivision as heretofore. The stony bands, to which this feature is
* A bold hill near Rookley, so named in the old edition of the Ordnance Map.
72 GEOLOGY OF ‘THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
due, seem to come in at a rather lower horizon, while the chert itself
is impersistent. The escarpment becomes conspicuous at Knighton,
where the dip is gentle, and is separated from the Downs by a
deep valley. Some old quarries on either side of the Knighton
valley have exposed friable green sand with cherty luraps. The
springs previously alluded to (p. 65), issue at the base of the
Chalk Marl. The sand is well exposed in a lane at the east end
of Knighton East Wood.
This brings us to Yarbridge, where there is a fine section in
the Chalk Marl, ending, however, at its junction with the Chloritic
Marl. The latter can be seen in the sides of the lane which runs
along the foot of the Down westwards, while the sand below it is
shewn in the lane leading to Morton, 100 yards west of the High
Road. The Chert Beds are not distinguishable.
East of the Yar the scarped ridge of the Greensand stands
out prominently, and excepting a break at Yaverland, continues to
do so till it presents on the coast the section which has already
been described.
2. Around the Southern Downs.
On the west side of St. Catherine’s Down several small pits
occur along the scarped brow formed by the chert and freestone,
the former material being used for road-metal The outcrop of
the Upper Greensand is narrow, but steep, and on the broader
slope of Gault lie many huge masses of Greensand that have
slipped bodily down, The long flat-topped spur of St. Cathe-
rine’s Down which juts out to the north, and marks the line of
strike, is capped with a strip of Chert Beds, about 1,300 yards in
length, but only from 50 to 80 yards in breadth, and terminates
northwards in a remarkable semicircular hollow, which seems to-
have been formed by a landslip. The chert is worked for road-
metal in small pits here, and on Head Down. West of Niton
some old quarries range along the outcrop of the chert and
freestone.
Another fine brow, known as Gat Cliff, is formed by these
beds in Appuldurcombe Park. The dip being southerly, the
boldest front is presented to the north. Here also a long line of
old quarries marks the outcrop of the freestone.
In the valley south-east of Wroxall, along which the railway
passes, several sections may be observed. The cutting by whieh
the tunnel is approached has been made in the Malm Rock, the
Gault, so far as can be seen, lying about the level of the rails. At
the south end of the tunnel the rails are abont eighc feet below
the freestone; the tunnel descends southwards at the rate of 1 in
173, and is about 1,300 yards in length. From these data it may
be calculated that the dip of the strata to the south amounts to
1 in 38 or an angle of rather less than 2°.
St. Martin’s Down which terminates northwards in nearly as
bold a brow as that of Gat Cliff contains chert bands of
exceptional thickness.
73
CHAPTER VII.
THE CHALK.
INTRODUCTION.
Tuts formation extends completely across the Island in an east
and west direction from the Needles to Culver Cliff. It may be
examined both in the sea-cliffs and in the numerous pits with which
its surface is covered throughout the entire distance between those
points. It forms a range of elevated undulating hills, conspicuous
from afar on account of their altitude, and the bold rounded
outline they present to the eye, as well as from their bare and
uncultivated surface, which is covered with a short grass, and is
rarely used for any other purpose than the pasturage of sheep.
In consequence of the high angle at which the Chalk dips
throughout the greater part of its range from west to east, the
breadth of surface occupied by it is inconsiderable compared with
that of most of the strata above and below it, while, on the other
hand, its horizontal extension increases in proportion as the inclina-
tion of the strata diminishes. For this reason, from Alum Bay to
Mottistone Down, and from Carisbrook to Culver Cliff, between
which localities the Chalk is nearly vertical, it constitutes a mere
ridge of high land, scarcely a quarter of a mile broad in Afton
Down. Between Mottistone Down and Carisbrook, where the
strata become less inclined, the width of the band of Chalk
exceeds three miles. For the same reason, the outliers of Chalk
on the south side of the Island between St. Catherine’s Down and
Shanklin Down, although of inconsiderable thickness compared
with the depth of the entire formation, yet in consequence of
being nearly horizontal extend over a comparatively wide surface.
Throughout the central range of the Island the dip of the Chalk
gradually increases in amount towards its higher strata, becoming
nearly vertical at its junction with the overlying Tertiary formations.
The well-known rocks called the Needles are large wedge-
shaped masses of Chalk standing out in the sea, isolated from the
main body of Chalk by the wasting action of the waves upon the
coast. 2 0
Marl (? Belemnitella Marl) - 2 O04
The pit is now occupied by forsee biuildtage, and the section
somewhat obscured. The nodular bed was first noticed and
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi. p. 403.
CHALK, 87
‘described by M. Barrois in 1875.* He obtained from it Inoce-
ramus labiatus, Rhynchonella Cuvieri,and Cidaris hirudo.
The Chalk Marl appears on the east side of the Gatcombe road,
and in an old pit midway between the two described above. On
the east side of the valley a large pit exposes the Lower Chalk ;
the Middle and Upper Chalk are seen, but not well, in the side
of the road.
Some fine sections occur at the east end of Arreton Down. On
the west side of the high road, in the bottom of a disused pit,
Mr. Whitaker found the Chalk Rock. It is now overgrown, but
the beds above it are seen as follows :—
Fr. In.
Nodular chalk with a few grey flints.
Smooth chalk with Terebratula semiglobosa, Inoceramus, &c. 2 6
Rough nodular chalk - - - - = 16 4
Fifty yards east of this pit, and on the opposite side of the road>
a marl-pit exposes a good view of the Chalk Rock, the section
being as below :—
Fr. In.
( Smooth chalk - - - - 4 0
| Black clay - - - = 0 1
Upper Chalk < Rough chalk - ! - - 8 6
| Chalk jf Line of green-coated nodules 0 4
Rock { Rough nodular chalk - = 2-2
Smooth chalk - - 2.3
Marl - - - Ol
Smooth chalk - - o- 2.6
Middle Chalk? Marl - - O 0%
Smooth chalk - - - - 10 6
Marl - - a - 0 3
Smooth chalk = = S - 2 O4
Following the foot of the Down eastwards we find a large pit
300 yards north-west of Heasley Lodge, in the upper part of
which a band of rough chalk, nodular in parts, is no doubt the
Melbourn Rock. The section is as follows :—
Pit on Mersley Down,
Fr. In,
Massive chalk with marly partings - - 60 0
¢ Nodular chalk, the top concealed, seenupto 2 0
Melbourn Thin-bedded chalk with partings of greenish
Rock. marl - - - - - 40
Hard chalk, nodular at the base = = 3 6
Alternations of chalk and marl - 3.0
P Belemnitella f Laminated marl “ = 2 0
Marl. Marly chalk with curving joints - - 2 6
The pit is worked deep into the Chalk Marl, but the rest of
the section is obscured by talus. There is a large pit in the same
beds by the side of the Ryde and Newchurch road, but the
Melbourn Rock was not to be found. The *Chalk Marl is well
seen in a large pit north of Kern.
* Craie de l’'Ile de Wight, p. 16.
88 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
At Yarbridge all the subdivisions of the Chalk are exposed.
Two large pits are situated on the side of the road to Alverstone,
the upper one wholly in the Chalk-with-flints, the lower one partly
in this and partly in the Middle Chalk.
Pit half « mile west-north-west of Yarbridge.
x
aon
o%
Rough nodular chalk, with lumps slicken-
sided and weathering yellow ; fossiliferous ip
the lower part - - - -
White marl parting - - - -
Rough chalk with Terebratula semiglobosa -
Black clay -
Rough chalk - a z
| Smoother chalk - - -
ls Rock, a single line of green-coated
| Chalk with a few grey flints -
Upper Chalk
COorcrsS
nodules lying on -
Rough nodular chalk - -
Middle Chatk { ee . :
OnwWweo AHODOMDM
rane
‘The same beds were formerly exposed in Yarbridge in some
pits which are now partly hidden by building. Mr. Whitaker
noted the following section* :—
Chalk with a few nodular flints (shown only at the northern end of
the quarry, where it is 20 to 30 feet thick).
Thin seam of dark-grey clay.
Chalk, about 8 feet.
Inconstant layer of irregularly-shaped green-coated nodules (Chalk-
rock P)
Evenly and massively bedded chalk, without flints, but with seams of
mar],
The Middle and Lower Chalk are well exposed in a pit about
200 yards west of the upper road in Yarbridge, which shows the
following section :—
Pit west of Yarbridge.
: Fr. In.
Massive chalk in beds of 2-3 feet, iron
pyrites - - - - -
Thin-bedded chalk in beds of 6-8 inches,
with partings of greenish marl -
Melbourn {tam nodular bed - : :
30 0
Laminated greenish marl - - -
Rock. Hard ‘neti bed - si ‘ =
Smooth earthy chalk with curvilinear jointing
? Belemnitella passing down into : S
Marl. Grey or greenish marl with curvilinear joint-
ing passing down into -
Hard chalk - - s
Marl - - - -
Alternations of marl and blocky chalk « 21
We now reach the great section afforded by Culver Cliff. There
the sub-divisions are not only well exposed, and the different
mOoNW
Onto lo
Seon OC AWoe
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi. p. 404. 1865,
CHALK. 89
horizons identifiable, but by choosing the least steep parts of the
cliff we have found it possible to take an unbroken series of
measurements from the base of the Upper Chalk downwards,
thus continuing the measurements which have already been given
for all the beds down to the base of Lower Greensand. The total
thickness of beds measured in this section amounted to 1,218 feet,
as ‘shown drawn to scale in Plate JII. The section in the Chalk
is as follows :—
Culver Cliff.
Fr. [v.
Chalk with grey flints - -
Smooth chalk with Holaster - 4 0
Chalk, splitting up into nodular
masses along wavy dark lines ;
Upper Chalk 2 aoe 3 . ;
3
0
Chalk as above - - - - 2
Beds, obscured by talus - 16
Chalk Hard grey chalk, with a line of
Rock. green-coated nodules at top - 1
Thick-bedded white chalk with
partings of marl - 7163
Shaly chalk -
we
oo WwW =o oo
we
Middle Chalk, } Melbourn
Chalk split up by panting of
180 ft. 3 in. Rock.
greenish marl
Chalk with pellenteestied no-
2
Challe with yellow- coated no-
dules 0
1 6
dules 2 0
tella Bluish marl, about = 6-0
Marl.
? Belemni- im
cr Massive smooth chalk - - 86 0
(‘Thin-bedded grey chalk and
marl in numerous pinnae ea)
passing down - 50 0
Lower Chalk, 2 Chalk Similar beds, but rather Blier
206 ft. Marl and more marly; the chalk
i bands very hard and lumpy,
and containing Ammonites
varians and sponges abun-
dantly - - - 70 0
“Chloritic Mar] (see p. 81).
An abstract of this section may be arranged as follows:—
Abstract of the Section of Middle and Lower Chalk in Culver
Chiff.
Fr. In.
: Thick-bedded chalk - 166 0
es | Melbourn Rock - - @ = 8-3
*? 1M. | Belemnitella Marl - ; ‘ - 6 0
Lower Chalk, f Massive chalk - 2 - 86 0
206 ft. Chalk Marl - - # - 120 0
386 3
The thicknesses vf these sub-divisions at Punfield compared
with those given above, show a westerly attenuation of the Chalk
90 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
as of the other Secondary Rocks. The Upper Chalk becomes
devoid of flints but very nodular in the lower 20 feet, and has as its
base a conspicuous band of green-coated nodules, about 4 inches
thick (Chalk Rock), below which the section runs as follows -—
Near Punfield Cove.
Fr. IN.
Hard, rough, and lumpy chalk - + 690
Smoother chalk, thick-bedded, with partings saci
5 of marl - ce
_ i: oon Melbourn Rock - . _- (6 0
ooh Smooth chalk with conchoidal fracture, with
several partings of marl - - 30
Fine marl (? Belemnitella Mar]) 9 0
Alternations of chalk and marl in beds of
Lower Chalk, 1 to 2 feet, with an occasional line of
132 feet. nodules, some of which are green like those
of the Chalk Rock - - 132 0
243 0
2. The Southern Downs.
The outliers of chalk, which cap these hills, consist of the
Lower, Middle, and a mere film, if any, of the Upper Chalk, the
Chalk-with-flints (and according to M. Barrois the whole of the
Middle Chalk) having been denuded away. The tops of the hills,
however, are so thickly overspread with flint gravel, a residue of the
mass of beds that have been removed by subacrial agencies, that it
is not possible to say what is the highest bed present beneath this
covering.
In the outlier of St. Catherine’s Down the dip is at a gentle
angle to the east-south-east—that is, about the same as that of
the Lower Cretaceous Rocks seen in the coast.* The thickness of
chalk forming the outlier amounts to about 180 feet, and must
therefore belong wholly to the Lower Chalk. But it is noticeable
that the hill is capped with flint gravel, a relic of the Upper
Chalk, that must have been slowly let down from above by the
dissolving away of the chalk. The best exposures of the beds are
to be met with in a large marl-pit at the north end of the outlier.
They consist of alternations of chalk and marl generally in thick
beds, and are traversed by a small fault running about E. 10° N.
with a downthrow to the south.
A second outlier, scarcely separated from the first, occurs on the
brow of Gore Cliff. The beds, well exposed along the cliff,
with the underlying Chloritic Marl, are very fossiliferous. This
outlier evidently forms the northern flank of a chalk-hill, of
*Tt was stated by Captain Ibbetson that an unconformity between the Upper
and Lower Cretaceous Rocks was visible in the Isle of Wight (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. iii. pv. 815. See also Judd on the Punfield Formation, 7b. vol. xvii. p. 221,
1871). This statement was founded on «a mistaken idea that the Chalk of the
Southern Downs is horizontal, while the easterly dip of 2° of the lower rocks, as
seen in the cliff section at \therfield, was supposed to be maiutained beneath them.
Neither supposition is correct.
CHALK, 91
which the only other traces left are masses of fallen chalk in the
Undercliff. Some of the rain-wash, however, from the slopes of
this vanished chalk-down forms a conspicuous bed on the brow
of the cliff (see postea, p. 237). There is a smail pocket of flint-
gravel in this chalk.
The same description will apply also to the chalk which caps
the cliff cast of St. Lawrence. The Chalk Marl only is seen, but
it is possible that the tops of the hills touch the more massive
upper beds of the Lower Chalk. The base of the Chalk Marl
occurs in St. Lawrence Shute and in the footpath leading up the
cliff to Whitwell. The dip is southerly and south-easterly at
gentle angle.
In the high down which extends northwards to Appuldurcombe
Park, there is a thickness of about 270 or 280 feet of chalk at a
point between Week Farm and Rew Farm, and there must
therefore be from 60 to 70 feet of Middle Chalk on this hill,
underneath the gravel. Numerous oid pits have been opened in
the Chalk Marl around Stenbury and Appuldurcombe Downs, and
a pit is now worked near Ventnor Cemetery, in a more massive
chalk, apparently the upper part of the Lower Chalk (the Grey
Chalk). Mr. Norman remarks that a portion of the head and
jaws of a large fish was dug up in the Cemetery, but unfortunately
not preserved.*
The junction of the Chalk Marl and Chleritic Marl is seen
on the brow of the cliff 900 yards east of St. Lawrence Shute, and
in the side of the zig-zag road leading up the cliff above the Royal
Hotel, Ventnor. It is exposed also in the cutting ut Ventnor
Station, but is more accessible by the road-side, 150 yards east of
the Station, and in a road-side 300 yards east of St. Boniface
Well.
St. Boniface Down forms the highest ground in the Island,
reaching a height 787 feet above Ordnance Datum. ‘The base of
the Chalk on the north side of the Down is about 450 feet above
the sea, and on the south side about 300 feet, the distance across
being 1,320 yards. From these data it may be calculated that
the southerly dip amounts to 1 in 264, or a little less than oN
—a result which agrees with that obtained in the tunnel (p. 72).
From the same data it may be calculated that the thickness
of chalk and gravel under the highest point of the Down must
be about 430 to 440 feet. But it will be remembered that
the united thicknesses of Middle and Lower Chalk at Culver
Cliff amounted to only 386 feet. Above these there were 26 feet
of Chalk Rock and flintless chalk, making a total of 412 feet of
chalk below the lowest band of flints. If to this we aid 20 feet
for the estimated thickness of flint-gravel on St. Boniface Down,
we obtain a total of 432 feet. It would seem then that, though
the lowest bed of the Upper Chalk may be present, there is not
room for any of the Chalk-with-flints, or at most for more than a
mere film of it beneath the gravel.
* Geological Guide to the Isle of Wight, p. 99.
92 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
No section, however, occurs of the higher beds forming the
Down, with the exception of a small hole on the east side of
Shanklin Down, which seems to be in the massive beds of the
Middle Chalk. On the very steep slope of chalk over Ventnor
a small spring rises, known as St. Boniface’s Well. It was
remarked by Sir H. Englefield (op. cit. p. 37) that “a spring at
this height, is a most remarkable circumstance, and the only
instance of the kind in the whole island. It indicates some
stratum within the hill differing from the chalk, which certainly
would let the water sink through its substance here, as it does
everywhere else.” This spring occurs at about the height at
which it may be calculated that the Melbourn Rock and
Belemnitella Marl should occur.
Division oF THE UvrrrR CHALK INTO ZONES.
‘Che inland section of the Chalk-with-flints presents a remarkable
uniformity in lithological character. The sub-division of this
great mass by M. Barrois depended therefore principally on the
evidence of the fossils, which he collected himself. The following
account of the four zones ig an abstract of the description published
by him in 1875.* The thickness of the various zones are given by
M. Barrois in round numbers of métres. The conversion of métres
into feet gives a misleading impression of miauteness of measure-
ment. The zones are taken in ascending order.
Zone of Holaster planus.
For the base of this zone the seam of black clay, described on
pp. 87, 88, was chosen by M. Barrois. The zone is seen in the
Military Road cutting near Freshwater, as a very hard nodular
chalk abuut 65 feet thick. The nodules are of a yellowish-white
and very hard, so that it is difficult to detach some urchins,
which occur in them. The rock enclosing the nodules is softer,
and of a greenish-grey colour; and numerous layers of homo-
geneous white chalk with nodules are intercalated. Tabular
layers of flint are abundant, and the zone is rich in fossils. At
Watcombe Bay, near Freshwater, where the rocks are continually
being scoured by the waves, there may be seen in every square
yard of the cliffall the fossils characteristic of the lower part of
the white Chalk.
Zone of Micraster cor-testudinarium,
This zone is exposed in parts of the cliffs scarcely accessible,
and is rarely quarried inland. It forms the centrai part of
the range of Chalk Downs. The thickness is 160 to 170 feet,
but is difficult to estimate. The zone is exposed in pits at the
west of Bembridge Down, south-east of Brading Down, in the road
to the south of the great quarry on Arreton Down, in the road
* Craie de l’Tle de Wight, pp. 22-29,
CHALK, 93
from Compton Bay to Freshwater and in the cliffs known as the
Nodes and the Main Bench.
Zone of Micraster coranguinun.
This zone has furnished but few fossils; and differences in
fauna were not therefore relied upon by M. Barrois in making
this sub-division of 500 to 550 feet of chalk. He correlates it
with the two divisions established by Mr. Whitaker in the Chalk
of the Isle of Thanet, namely the Margate Chalk above, and the
Broadstairs and St. Margaret’s Chalk below. In this lower
division in the Isle of Thanet he has obtained many specimens of
Micraster coranguinum, and in the upper, a great abundance of
Belemnites verus, Miller, Marsupites Milleri, Mani., ML. ornatus,
Miller, which, according to M. Hébert, are characteristic of the
upper part of the zone of Micraster coranguinum. The upper or
Margate zone also contains but few flints, while the lower or
Broadstairs zone contains a great number. These two zones he
considers to be recognisable in the Isle of Wight. To the Margate
zone he attributes the chalk of the great quarry on Arreton Down,
and of that to the east of Mersley Down; while the Broadstairs
and St. Margaret’s type is seen in the small quarry of Bowcombe
Down.
Zone of Belemnitella.
The great quarry to the north of Shaleombe Down shows, in
the lower part, white chalk with many large black flints, and,
in the upper part, softer chalk with smoke-grey flints. These
correspond respectively to the zones known in France as those of
Belemnitella quadrata and of B. mucronata. There are many
quarries along the north side of the Downs, all in the zone of
Belemnitella, but the deepest only reach the horizon of B. guadrata.
The flints of the zone of B. mucronata are often grey as at
Shalcombe and the Needles, but sometimes black, as at Alvington
and Mottistone. In the upper part of the lower zone (that of
B. quadrata), Magas pumilus is abundant. ‘The united thickness
of these zones of Belemnitella is 260 feet.
The junction of the Belemnitella zone and the zone of Aficraster
coranguinum may be observed on Arreton Down, but, except in their
paleontological characters, there is little difference between them.
They are distinguishable only by the relative abundance of flints
in the Belemnitella zone, and their almost entire absence in the
upper part of the Micraster zone.
M. Barrois alludes also to the road-cutting near Apes Down,
which extends for some three hundred yards along the junction
of the Chalk and Plastic Clay. The section has now become some-
what obscured by talus and vegetation, but the contrast between
the red clay of the north, and the white chalk of the south side of
the road, is still sufficiently striking.
94 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
CHAPTER VIII.
EOCENE.
INTRODUCTION.
Tur Eocene strata of the Isle of Wight may, as a whole, be
more conveniently studied in the cliffs in Alum Bay* than in any
other part of the Island.
In this remarkable section the whole of the strata from the
Chalk to the Fluvio-marine formation are displayed in unbroken
succession, and that too in a manner the most favourable for close
examination, in consequence of their being thrown into a vertical
position by the action of the same elevatory force which has caused
the Chalk to assume its present high inclination.
When the face of the cliffs has been laid more than usually
bare, and the colours of the various beds have been heightened by
heavy rains, the aspect of the bay, always beautiful, is rendered
still more striking. Every bed is then revealed to the eye from
the base of the cliff to where it crops out at its summit, and while
some of the beds attract the attention by their contrast in colour,
others, like the coals in the Bracklesham series, the conglomerate
bed dividing that series from the overlying Barton Clay, and the
bed of white pipeclay in the Lower Bagshot series which is so
crowded with vegetable remains, are not only rendered con-
spicuous by their different colours, but, standing out from the rest
of the strata, they become useful by enabling the observer more
readily to perceive from a distance the positions and limits of the
various formations.
No drawing without the appliance of colour can do justice to
the section, and even then no artist is capable of rendermg a
faithful and characteristic representation of it, who does not (like
the late lamented Edward Forbes) combine with a dexterous use
of the pencil a thorough knowledge of the geological structure of
the scene he wishes to delineate.
Reapine Bens.
Tue lowest member of the Tertiary Group in the Isleof Wight is
the Reading Series of Prof. Prestwich, formerly called the “ Plastic
Clay” from the occurrence in it of beds used in the manufacture
of tiles and coarse earthenware. Owing to the strata being nearly
yertical throughout the Island, this division can only be examined
at Alum and Whitecliff Bays. Formerly there were pottery
works at Newport in the red clays, but the pits are now filled up
and overgrown. The only other inland sections now visible are
near Brading; in a railway cutting at Ashey; and at Downend
Brickyard, near Arreton. The last has been opened since the
* So called from the quantities of alum formerly manufactured there.
READING BEDS. 95
new Survey was complete, and there has been opportunity of
examining it.
In the Isle of Wight the Reading Beds consist almost entirely
of mottled clays, in “which shades of red and purple predominate.
These rest on a slightly eroded surface of the Chalk, and contain at
their base small rolled flint pebbles. (Seg Fig. 16, from a sketch
by Sir Andrew Ramsay.)
Fie. 16,
Junction of the Chalk and Lower Tertiary Beds, in Alum Bay.
The following section was measured, with the assistance of
Mr. Richard Gibbs, in 1852.
Section of the Reading Beds in Alum Bay.
Fr. In.
Red and white mottled clay, with a ferruginous parting at
4feet - - = - - - 25° 0
Ferruginous- brown clayey sand - - - 14 0
Bright- red and white mottled clay fotpadlay) - 20 0
Brown and grey sandy clay (with a bed towards the muddle
of dark-red clay 3 feet thick) ; most sandy in re upper
5 feet = - - 10 0
Tenacious, wet, red and white mottled clay - - 3 0
Tenacious blue and brown ferruginous clay - - 8 0
Brown sand covering an uneven eroded surface of Chalk 3to4 0
84 0
As the strata are traced eastward their thickness increases to
110 feet at Downend, 92 feet at Ashey, 140 feet at Brading, and
163 feet at Whitecliff Bay. At the last-named locality they
consist principally of mottled clay, but are so hidden by landslips
and mud-streams that their details cannot at present be noted
and the total thickness here given is taken from the original
measurement made in 1852.
The section in the railway cutting at Brading is now entirely
overgrown, but a sketch and description, ate by Mr. Whitaker
during the construction of the line in 1878, is here given.
(Fig. "17. )
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT,
96
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LONDON OLAY. 97
Some caution is needed in estimating the true thickness of the
Reading Beds in the Isle of Wight; for it must not be forgotten
that the strata are nearly vertical and have been subjected to
violent pressure, varying in direction and amount according to their
proximity to the sharp monoclinal curve which forms such a con-
spicuous feature in the geology of the Island. Where the Chalk
is thrust northward, beyond the ordinary line of the Downs, the
compression of these lower Tertiary strata is also greatly exagge-
rated, but where the Downs recede slightly to the southward the
thickness of the Reading Beds increases considerably. Allowing
for this compression, and taking into account the messurements
obtained on the mainland, it seems probable that the thickness
we might expect to find in wells sunk beyond the limits of the
most violent disturbance would be from 100 to 120 feet.
The only fossils this series has yet yielded in the Isle of Wight
are fragments of plants; and though the beds are probably in the
main of freshwater origin, there is little direct evidence in the
district. On the mainland the principal fossils found in Reading
Beds of this type consist of leaves of plants and other vegetable
remains, showing, according to Sir J. Hooker and Mr. J. Starkie
Gardner, a temperate climate. In similar beds at Lancing,
however, the mottled clays are not entirely freshwater, for
they contain a line of ironstone nodules with casts of marine
shells.
Lonpon Ciay
Like the Reading Beds, the London Clay forms a narrow belt
extending across the Island, between the west and the east coast,
from Alum Bay to Whitecliff. In consequence of the highly
inclined position of the strata between these points, the width of
the out-crop of the London Clay, or the space occupied by it at
the surface, is frequently very little more than the actual thickness
of the formation. The only places where it can be thoroughly
examined are on the coast. :
The junction of the Reading Beds and the London Clay is
sharp and well defined. in Alum and Whitecliff Bays the highest
part of the older deposit consists of red mottled clays, while the
base of the newer one is ferruginous or blue sandy clay. At both
localities the division between the two formations is indicated by
a band of flint pebbles, sometimes mixed with pebbles of the
underlying red clay, representing the Basement Bed of Professor
Prestwich. In Alum Bay, however, this seam of pebbles is not
perfectly continuous. Inland, the Basement Bed is better repre-
sented by an impersistent bed of fine sand, seen in the road
cuttings between Calbourne and Swainstone, and dug near Ashey
Chalk Pit and close to Ryde Waterworks. This sand appears
nowhere to exceed 10 or 12 feet in thickness. There is nothing
especially characteristic in the fauna of these basement beds in the
Isle of Wight, all the species being also found in higher zones.
E 56786. G
98 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Junction of London Clay and Reading Beds at Alun Bay.
(Observed hy Mr. Whitaker in 1865.)
(Grey and brown sandy clay, with here and there a
small flint-pebble :—passing down into the next bed.
(Grey and brown loam or clayey sand
partly with clay-lines and green grains,
London Clay < Fa sueute | shells, and hard masses (sometimes
bed < concretionary clayey limestone and
one ironstone 6 inches thick) + or 44 feet.
| Coarse pea-iron-ore 3 inches to a foot
{or more.
Reading Beds. Grey and crimson plastic clay.
Fossils from the Basement-hed of the Loudon Clay in the Isle of
Wight.
= first noted by Prestwich.
W= ,, 5 9 Whitaker.
—_— | Alum Bay. | Whitecliff Bay.
{
Lamna, teeth | P P
t i
Aporrhais Sowerbyi, Mant. w | P
*Calyptrea ? - WwW ' —_—
*Fusus W : —
Natica labellata, Lam. AV? | P
*Pleurotoma - ay —
Pyrula tricostata, Desh. - | P
Rostellaria ( ? = Aporrhais Sowerbyi) W | =
*Solarium = - - WwW
*Arca - - Ww —_—
Oardium plumsteadiense, Sow. Ww? P
Corbula : - ‘ P
*Cyprina Morrisii, Sow. Ww W?
Cytherea obliqua, Desh. Ww 1p
* » orbicularis, dw. ig | sensi
*Glycimeris ? - Ww —_
*Nucula a Ww med
Ostrea 4 - Pp
*Panopea - Ww pes
Pectunculus brevirostris, Sow. we P
Ditrupa plana, Sow. Pp Pp
Wood, &c. - | P
* Here recorded for the first time (from the Isle of Wight).
The following section was measured in July 1888 with the assis-
tance of Mr. Henry Keeping. It continues the upward succession
given at p. 95.
LONDON CLAY. 99
Section of the London Clay in Alum Bay.
Fen.
Dark blue loamy clay, with ironstone nodules. Becomes
sandy in the upper part - - - - - 46
Laminated dark grey loam —- - - - - 13
Loam, passing upward into fine sand - - - - 23
Blue clay, becoming more loamy above - - - 17
Line of large septaria full of Cardita Brongniatii (a conspicuous
bed)
Dark blue clay - - - - - - 62
Loam with scattered small flint pebbles. Panopea intermedia,
Tellina, Cassidaria, Fusus, Turritella imbricataria, Natica
labellata - - - - - - - 2
Brown and bluish clay, with lines of septaria - - - 35
Septaria full of Pinna affinis (a conspicuous bed) - -
Brown and bluish clay, sandy in places, with lines of septaria 20
Basement Bed—Sandy glauconitic loam with a little pyrites.
Ditrupa at the base - - - - - 15
Totai - - - 233
Other measurements made the total 200 feet and 220 feet.
Here again it must be observed that no reliance can be placed on
the minute accuracy of the measurements, for the top of the cliff will
give a different result from its base. If the monoclinal curve of
the Isle of Wight be carefully plotted and measured, it will be seen
that the upper aud under surface of any bed affected by the
disturbance cannot always be parallel, but that the thickness will
vary according to the part of the curve at which it is taken, and
also according to the hardness or softness of the beds affected.
At Whitecliff Bay the basement pebble-bed, two inches in thick-
ness, is overlain by eighteen inches of buff-coloured sands, above
which there lies a bed of hard sandstone, abounding in Ditrupa
plana, that appears on the shore and may be seen stretching
out to sea, for a considerable distance, at low water. About
thirty-five feet above the basement bed there occurs a zone of
Panopea intermedia (Fig. 19), and
ria, 18. Pholadomya margaritacea (Fig. 18),
ria, ! ny g g
Pholadomya margaritacea with their valves closed; at fitty feet
a > another band of Ditrupa plana (Fig.
20) comes in, and at about eighty feet
there is a well-marked band of Cardita.
The remainder of the section in
Whiteclitf Bay consists, in ascending
order, of lignite in dark-grey clayey
sand, aluminous and weathering to
a brown colour; ferruginous-brown
sapds; clayey sand or sandy clay
as before, but darker, harder, and
more clayey than the beds below,
and containing Panopwu intermed:a,
we
100 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fia, 19. Fie. 20.
Panopea intermedia, Sow. Ditrupa plana, Sow.
with their valves joined, lying in the positions they occupied when
alive. Succeeding these, are similar beds with sandy alternations
and laminz, and « layer of large septaria. Pinna agfinis (Fig. 21)
is found in the septaria.* The total thickness of the London
Clay amounts to about 320 feet. A bed of flint-pebbles is found
at 255 feet above the base.
Fic. 21.
, ees
Pinna affinis, Sow.
No inland sections of the London Clay are now visible in the
Tsland, unless the cutting at Ashey is partly in this division.
Probably, however, the clays there exposed belong almost entirely
to the Bracklesham Beds, nearly the whole of the London Clay
being cut out by a strike fault.
The fossils of the London Clay (see Appendix) lave not yet
been fully collected in this district; but as far as they go they
indicate a subtropical climate, ag in the London Basin. The
occurrence of occasional scattered lines of flint-pebbles in the
clay is noteworthy. ‘This and the more sandy nature of the strata
seem to point to a gradual shoaling of the sea towards the south,
at the time when the London Clay was in course of being
deposited. E
* See also Caleb Evans, On the Geology of the neighbourhood of Portsmouth and
Ryde. Proc. Geol, Assoc., vol. IL. p. 70. (1871.)
LOWER BAGSHOT BEDS. 101
Lowrr Bacsnor Bens.
In 18t7 Professor Prestwich* pointed out that the series of
sands and clays between the t.ondon Clay and the Oligocene
Beds in the Isle of Wight is the equivalent of the Bagshot Beds
on the mainland. He also showed that in the Isle of Wight there
is a similar three-fold division—into Lower Bagshot, without
fossils; Middle Bagshot, with marine fossils like those found at
Bracklesham ; and Barton Clay and Sands, the last two perhaps
being equivalent to the Upper Bagshot of the London Basin,
perhaps in part (the Barton Clay) dying out northward, or passing
into the middle division.
Subsequent research—especially the observations of the Rev.
Osmond Fisher—has added largely to our knowledge of these
strata and their fauna; but there is still considerable doubt as to
the exact limits of the divisions, which in fact pass almost
imperceptibly into each other. Recent observations have also
indicated that the Upper Bagshot Beds in the London Basin are
probably the equivalent of the lower part of the Barton Clay in
the Hampshire area ; and that the glass-sands (the so-called Upper
Bagshot Series of the Isle of Wight) belong to a higher zone,
apparently unrepresented north of Hampshire.
Owing to the Bagshot Beds being nearly everywhere vertical,
it has been found impracticable to trace their subdivisions on the
map, especially in the absence of fossils. The whole series has
therefore been grouped together, represented by one colour, and
indicated on the map by the letters i 4 to i'7. In this Memoir
the term ‘Bagshot’ is only applied to the plant-bearing pipe-
clays and sands formerly called ‘ Lower Bagshot.’
These Lower Bagshot Beds are highly developed in the Isle of
Wight, attaining a thickness of 660 feet in Alum Bay. But it
may be well at once to point out that part of this great thickness
of sparingly fossiliferous beds may be the equivalent of the lower
part of the marine Bracklesham Beds, which appear to thicken so
greatly towards Whivecliff Bay.
Lower Bagshot Beds in Alum Bay.
Fr. In.
Very thinly laminated pale yellow sand - - —- 100
White crimson, and rose-coloured variegated sand passing
into pale brownish-yellow sand = - - - = 0
Thinly laminated light grey pipeclay - = 1 6
Pale yellow sand and white laminated clay, with crimson |
streaks. 2 hat
Details of the upper part of this subdivision :— Fr. In. |
Yellow sand - - - -14 6 Ling o
Pipeclay parting - - - we eS
White sand - . - - - i 6
Yellow sand - - - «120
White and crimson sand - - . -J
* Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., vol. iii. p. 386.
102 GEOLOGY OF TILE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr.
Thinly laminated clay, chocolate-coloured in the upper part.
Details :— Fr. Iv.
Clay - - - 27 ~«0
Tig nite (very hivaninous) - - - 0 6
Clay, with a band of lignite 5 or 6 feet from the > 99
base - - 44 0
Thinly laminated yellow iailebene, with much
carbonaceous matter - 4inchesto 0 6
Clay ; white, hard and marly - - 27 0 J
‘Tawny, variegated, pink and white sands, with brown
lamin : white sand predominates. 90
(Iron bands 1 inch thick occur at 52 feet anil 79 leat trom
the bottom) - -
Pale grey and yellowish-brown sands, with fin isattian of a)
darker grey clay, vonitaining pyrites and carbonaceous |
matter
(Some of the laminz, when or broken, are of a greenish ©
colour. These beds are darker and most laminated in the
lower part, and are most sandy towards the upper part) |
lught grey sandy clay, with vepetabls matter lying across
the bedding - 2
Fawn coloured and whitish sands, slightly “variegated with
red: the upper 10 feet slightly laminated.
Details :— Fr. In.
Slightly laminated white sand
Trony band - - - Ol Ms 40
White, pink and yellow laminated sand, with
veins of white pipeclay Ba bright red
lamine of iron - + 7 6
Fine light yellow sand - - - 23 0 |)
Pipeclay (full of leaves) between yellowish-white and varie-
gated laminated clays. The lower 2 inches are composed
of sandy white pipeclay, with laminz of yellow and
crimson sand, becsmping thicker towards the upper part of
the cliff - s 2 6
Bright yellow sand, with thin laminza of blue clay 13
Tron band - 2 - 2
Grey and yellow sands.
Details :— Fr. In.)
Yellow and grey sands - - - 15 0
Grey laminated sands and clays; mostly sands 18 0)
Do. nearly all > 45
clay : very carbonaceous : - ll 0
Grey Jaminated sands and lays clay predomi-
nating - - - 3 °4«G
Iron sandstone band and tawny ironsand with ferru-
ginous veins and strings, and pebbles of quartz -0 6 to 3
Grey sands, &c. »
Details :—
Pale yellow and bluish white sand, darker in
the upper part and with a few lamin of clay 16 0
Blue clay with thin (¢ inch) sandy tamine ; r lod
carbonaceous matter 7 -27 0
Grey and yellow sands, with thin lamines of
blue clay; much pyrites and carbonaceous
matter - - - 61 0 J
N.B.—These beds have a slightly reversed dip towards the
don of the cliff.)
Bright yellow and white ‘sands, more laminated and clayey
than the bed above, and containing much carbonaceous
matter. ‘The lower 5 feet sand x 5 = 4
Iron sandstone 7 3
Parting of pale clay of canal thickness - - “ 0
In.
6
ovo
Lot
LOWER BAGSHOT BEDS. 103
Fr. In.
Very thinly laminated white and yellow sand - 1 10
White sand and blue clay, becoming more clayey towards
the lower part. 5 0
[On London Clay.}
662 6
At the eastern end of the Island the Bagshot Beds present a
different aspect. The mass of white pipeclay has there disappeared,
and the beds have either thinned from 600 feet to about 100 feet,
or the upper portion has become somewhat marine and is inseparable
from the Bracklesham Beds.
The junction between the London Clay and the Bagshot Beds
is clearly shown in Whitecliff Bay, the former being represented
there by ferruginous brown clay, and the latter by pale grey sands
weathering nearly white and containing occasional thin lamin of
pipeclay. Thirty-seven feet of these sands, clays, and pipeclays
intervene between the upper part of the London Clay, and a band
of sandstone that runs out to sea at the base of the yellow
micaceous sands which constitute the greater proportion of the
Lower Bagshot series there. Above them there is an 18-inch band
of flint pebbles, taken by Mr. Fisher as the base of the Bracklesham
Series, for in the clay immediately nbove marine shells occur.
The inland sections are of little interest, none of them being
fossiliferous or showing satisfactorily their relation to the over or
underlying deposits. Commencing at the west end of the Island,
we find the sands well exposed in pits around Freshwater, especially
in one close to Easton, and another on the opposite side of the
marsh near some new houses. At the latter there are seams of
pipeclay. The road cutting south of Farringford House also
shows a good section of ferruginous sand.
Continuing eastward, we learn that pipeclay was formerly dug
ina piece of rough ground half a mile east-south-east of East
Afton. Due north of this old pit sandy white clay is again seen
in the deep channel cut by a small stream north of the high road.
This is probably a higher seam—perhaps in the Bracklesham or
Barton Series.
About a quarter of a mile east of Chessel a pit has been dug in
sand with the bedding vertical. Between this pit and the London
Clay a number of flint pebbles are ploughed up in the field, but it
is not atall clear from what bed they are derived, though they seem
to occur low down in the Bagshot Series, possibly at its base. ;
Continuing along the high road, we come to a deep cutting in
sand with seams of pipe clay between the two entrance lodges
belonging to Westover. Similar beds occur in the road to
Shalfleet, about a quarter of a mile north of Calbourne. Higher
beds are exposed in a small pit half a mile north-east of Calbourne,
where sand with a dip of 40° is overlain by a bed of pebbles, and
that again by clay. Probably this pebbly bed marks the base
of the Bracklesham Beds. A few chains further north there are
a nunber of old sand pits close to Five Houses. These were
104 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
probably opened in the glass sands of the Barton Series, but no
section can now be seen.
From this point eastward no sections oceur till Newport is
reached. Here the brick-yard near St. John’s Church shuws at its
southern end sand, with the bedding vertical. Wells in Elm Grove
reach the same bed and a house at the corner of Elm Grove and
the main road, is built on the site of an old sand pit.
From Newport to Downend nothing is seen of the strata, the
slope being much masked by a wash of clay and flints from the
higher ground to the south. At Downend, however, the beds
were well seen in a small pit in Saltmoor Copse, where clay
rests on a bed of pebbles overlying fine buff and red sand, the
whole dipping north-north-east at 80°. The pebble bed, which
perhaps forms the base of the Bracklesham Beds, is apparently
only 150 feet above the London Clay. The Bagshot Beds must
therefore have rapidly thinned out eastward, or else the beds of
pebbles come in on different horizons in different parts of the
Island. As the position of this pit necessitated the cartave
uphill over a bad road of the sand needed in the brick-yard, it was
pointed out by one of the writers that the same bed would be
found close to the kilns, underlying the brick-earth. The pro-
prietor has consequently opened a new sand pit since the survey
was made, and probably the section above described will now be
overgrown.
At Brading Station the sands are again seen, and they re-appear
in the bluffs on the eastern side of the Yar, but without any clear
section. A few chains further east, close to Longlands, a pit
shows a dip of 95°—z.c. reversed 5°—to the north-cast.
Very little is yet known of the fossils of the Lower Bagshot
Beds in the Isle of Wight, except the plants, for it is doubtful
whether any other organic remains besides elytra of beetles have
been found in this series.
Own THE Frora oF Anum Bay. By Mr. J. Srarxir
GarRpner, F.L.S., F.GS.
The plant remains were found in a pocket or lenticular
thickening of a seam of fine white pipe-clay in the midst of the
Lower Bagshot Sands. They consist principally of most delicate
impressions of leaves, rarely presenting traces of colour, and giving
little indication of their texture when living. They lie with the
planes of bedding and are rarely twisted or rolled. The leaflets
of compound leaves, of which there are many, are almost always
detached, though a few specimens exist in which they still adhere
to the axis. With the leaves are twigs of a conifer, shreds of
fan-palm and reed, small leguminous pods, drupes and other bodics
too decomposed for identification, and very rarely, a flower like
FLORA OF ALUM BAY. 105
Porana or Kydia, and the detached elytron of a beetle. All bear
the appearance of long immersion and tranquil deposition, and the
sediment is so fine that the disturbance in it caused by the forma-
tion and passage of gas bubbles is distinctly visible. very irace
of carbon has been chemically removed.
This pocket must have been of considerable size, for it was
known to Mantell as far back as 1844, and it continued to yield
specimens of leaves abundantly down to about 1883, when they
became rare, while at present scarcely any vestige of leaf-bearing
pipe-clay can be found.
The number of species obtained from this pocket has been
variously estimated. The first critical examination of the flora was
by De la Harpe in 1856, when out of 48 species seen, 43 were
pronounced determinable and uamed specifically. Of these 21 of
the most important were figured in the former edition of this work.
Heer added a species in 1859.* Ettingshausen in 1879 spent
a winter in studying collections from Alum Bay, and announcedt
that the flora comprised 274 species divided among 116 genera
and 63 families. Like Heer, he found considerable affinity
between these and the flora of Sheppey, and further called atten-
tion to the community of more than 50 species with the floras of
Sotzka and Haring. We are not able to reconcile this estimated
richness with our knowledge of the flora, and surmise that
fossil plants from other localities must have been inadvertently
included.
The flora appears indeed, very restricted as to species, as we
might reasonably anticipate, since we are limited to the leaves
which drifted waterlogged into a single pool. The most con-
spicuous and typical of these are unquestionably the Ficus Bower-
bankii, De la H., Aralia primigenia, Heer, Dryandra acutiloba,
Sternb., D. Bunbury?, De la H., Cussta Ungeri, Heer, and the fruits
of Cesalpinia, It is not certain that these determinations are
generically accurate, and indeed one of the latest specimens dis-
covered proved conclusively that the Dryandra acutiloba is
actually a Comptonia; but they are all well-defined species, and
as such form exact bases for comparison. These, with a number
of less common but scarcely less conspicuous forms, unite to give
the flora of which they are the chief elements, a very special and
singularly early impress, so much so that Prof. Newberry would
regard them as Cretaceous, if their horizon were not stratigraphi-
cally defined. The floras which it chiefly resembles are, firstly,
that of Monte Bolea, as already noticed by Heer, and secondly,
in a far higher degree, the flora of the Gres du Soissonnais, which
though resting on the lignites of Woolwich age in the Paris Basin,
are really unconformable and doubtless contemporary with our
Lower Bagshot.
The chief cause of the highly distinctive and interesting
character of the Alum Bay flora, lies in the fact that it is the
* Flora Tertiaria Helvetiz, vol. iii., fol. Winterthur, (p. 315, Drepanocarpus
Dacampii, Mass.)
} Proc. Royal Soc., vol. xxx. p. 228, 1880.
106 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
most tropical of any that has so far been studied in the northern
hemisphere. Following so immediately the flora of Sheppey,
with its wealth of Palm fruits, some denoting the largest species,
it presents us probably with an insight into the dicotyledonous
vegetation which accompanied them. Sifted ay they have been
by the agency of water, only those leaves and bodies endowed with
certain powers of flotation were able to drift to that point; the
heavy palin leaves and fern fronds, and the large leguminous pods
which vive the Lower Bagshot flora its tropical aspect, have
been eliminated. These were left in higher reaches of the stream,
and we meet with them at Studland, where large quantities of Fern
and Palm are massed together, and at Creech Barrow near Corfe,
where the most magnificient opportunities for collecting fossil
plants have passed away, never perhaps to recur.*
The Reading flora has an exceedingly temperate facies, and
thus presents to us a relatively recent aspect. The Woolwich
flora is less temperate, for Palmettos appear in it. The Lower
Bagshot flora is like that of the London Clay, decidedly the most
tropical. The Middle Bagshot flora begins to lose its tropical
elements, and these appear to drop out very gradually and without
any sudden changes, down to the close of the Hamstead period,
when all traces of Eocene plants disappear from this country.
Allowance must be made for the facet that Jocal accumulations
will of course present very different appearances and plant
remains derived from a sheltered and swampy station will appear
luxuriantly sub-tropical, which are not so, and conversely, leaves
blown from an arid spot may seem to indicate a harsher climate
than actually prevailed.
The break between the London Clay flora and those which
preceded it, is very great, and obviously due to a consider-
able increase of temperature. he connection between that of
Sheppey and of Alum Bay, though probably a good deal over-
estimated, is likewise due, it appears, to the high temperature
having been maintained, bringing in a vegetation that bad not
been able to exist so far north since the close of the Cretaceous
period ; whence the Cretaceous aspect that has struck so many
observers. The break, which is very great indeed, between the
floras of Alum Bay and Bournemouth, deposited as they must
have been under very similar conditions, is far less easy to
explain. It is not one altogether of temperature, because there
are still many large palms in the latter, as Lrturteu, Phenix,
Culamus, Nipa, with decidedly sub-tropical ferns. Some break
or change must have driven the then indigenous flora almost
completely away and brought in the new set of plants which
* There are still fragments, some of them two feet in diameter, of enormous leaves
of fan palms, which might casily have been extracted entire, ani parts of huge pods
of Cassia and Acacia, preserved in the Dorchester and Jermyn Street Muscums and
in private collections ; but for upwards of 20 years no leaf deposits of Lower
Bayshot age have been found. The beds at Creech are much folded and leaf beds
of Middle Bagshot age are preserved in the folds, from one of which the large series
in the Oxford Museum must have been obtained, and from othcrs I have more than
once myself been able to collect.—J. 8. G.
FLOWA OF ALUM BAY. 107
maintained themselves and spread over central Europe, only
dying out or giving way in late Miocene times. ‘Ihis is why the
Flora of Alum Bay is of such immense interest 2nd importance,
why its composition is so different from other Eocene floras, and
why it is confined to a single horizon. Misled by its striking
facies, togcther with that of the flora of Monte Bolea, which
resembles it, and being unacquainted with any other type of
Kocene flora, Heer set it up ax a sort of test flora, determining
according to the degree in which other floras resembled it, whether
they should be classed as Eocene or not. ‘Thus the floras of Mull
and Bovey were discarded from the Eocene, ax those of Reading
and Bournemouth would have been had they been adequately
known at the time. For the same reason the representatives of
the Bournemouth flora on the Continent, became his type of a
Lower Miocene (now Oligocene) flora.
In the present state of our knowledge no real analysis of the
Alum Bay flora is possible. It is remarkable for the absence of
any well authenticated ferns, except the pinne of a still some-
what doubtful Marattia. Anemia subcretacea, Sap., has been
recorded only as Asplentum Martinsi by Heer. As it is common
in the Reading Beds and again in the Bournemouth Beds and could
evidently support a high temperature, its occurrence would not be
extraordinary in the Lower Bagshot Beds, but requires confirma-
tion. Chrysodium lanzeanum, Visiani, which alyounds in the corre-
sponding pipe-clays of Studland, has also been recorded, probably
erroneously, from Alum Bav. Of Gymnosperms the Cupressites
elegans of our former edition has been transferred to the genus
Podocurpus. ‘Two specimens have revealed traces of fruit, but of
too indistinct a character to be very reliable. The foliage greaily
resembles that of Glyptostrobus which occurs plentifully in the
Reading Beds beneath and the Bournemouth Beds above. There
appear to be no other Conifer in the flora. Of Monocotyledons
none whatever are determinable unless it be a very doubtful and
unique orbicular leaf something like a Smilax. Palms are repre-
sented by a few macerated fragments that may have come from
the fringe of a leaf such as Sabal, and Reeds by almost equally
unsatisfactory fragmeuts of sword-shaped leaves, The Dicoty-
ledons are probably between 40 and 50 in number, of which
almost all the most characteristic are absolutely confined to the
Lower Bagshot horizon in this country. A dwarf leaf of a
similar Aralia was once found in the highest Woolwich beds at
Lewisham, and twice the Dryandra (Comptonia) acutiloba has
been found in a small patch of pipe-clay low down in the Bourne-
mouth beds, on the last occasion in the presence of that dis-
tinguished paleobotanist M. de Saporta. Some of the most
ordinary types of leaves look as if they may be common to other
formations, but no importance attaches to them, and with the ex-
ceptions just alluded to no strikingly well-marked leaf of either
the Woolwich, Reading, or Bournemouth series is known to be
common to the Alum Bay flora. The wealth, greater than is
supposed, of leguminous plants is one of its chief characteristics,
and next in order, are the large leaves ascribed to Ficus. The
108 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
abundance of the single species of Aralia and of a larger Acer
furnish a higher proportion of palmate leaves than we are
accustomed to in later Eocene strata. There are the usual simple
laurel and willow-looking leaves, most of which afford no
characters on which we can ever base any valid determinations.
The question as to whether there are any true Proteacew in the
flora ix still insuspense. There are several forms of leaves in this
remarkable family which are quite unmistakable, but none of these
have been found fossil in Europe. Nor have any unmistakably
proteaceous fruits yet been discovered, even among the tens of
thousands that have been collected at Sheppey, where they most
certainly must have been met with, for the supposed Petrophiloides
ix proved to be an Alder.* The Australian elements in the
Tertiary at one time thought to be so preponderant, grow more
and more doubtful when critically examined, and it appears that
it is rather to Central America on the one hand, and the Malayan
Archipelago on the other, that we must look for species nearly
related to those of our Alum Bay and Bournemouth floras. That
there are some Australasian species cannot be questioned in
presence of the Bournemouth Araucariv, and the Hordwell
Athrotaris, but these Gymnosperms may well be of immense
antiquity and once perhaps universal, so that their occurrence here
or in Australia is of little importance. The study of Dicotyledons
would alone show whether any part of the existing Australian
flora had ever migrated across Europe or America, as the existing
Japanese flora has most certainly done, and that study, too long
postponed, will, it is to be hoped, shortly be continued in the pages
of the Paleeontographical Society.
ProvistonaL Lisr of the Fiora of the Prer-cuAy of ALUM
Bay (revised by J. SrarKig GARDNER).
Apeiobopsis Symondsii, De ia Harpe.
Ayalia primigenia, De la Harpe.
Cesalpinia emula, Heer.
——-—— Bowerbankii, De la Harpe.
——-—— brevis, De la Harpe.
mollis, De la Harpe.
—_—-—— Salteri, De la Harpe.
-__-—— phaseolites, Unger.
——-—— Ungeri, Heer.
Ceropetalum myricinum, De /a Harpe.
Chrysodium lanzeanum, Visiani.
Cluytia aglaizfolia, Mess. 6 Web.
Comptonia acutiloba, Brong.
Cornus, sp.
Cupania, sp.
Dalbergia Salteri, De la Harpe.
Daphnogene anglica, Heer.
——-—— veronensis, Massal.
Diospyrus, sp.
Drepanocarpus Dacampii, Wassa/,
Dryandra Bunbury, De /a Harpe.
Eleodendron Heerii, De la Harpe.
Ficus Bowerbankii, De Ja Harpe.
Forbesii, De /a Harpe.
Granadilla, Massai.
Morrissii, De la Harpe.
Grevillea La Harpii, Heer, AIS.
Juglans Sharpei, De Ja Harpe.
Laurus Forbesii, Unger.
Jovis, Unger.
——— primigenia, Unger.
— Salten, De la Harpe.
Marattia Hookeri, Fert. & Gardner.
Podocarpus elegans, De la Harpe.
eocenica, Unger.
Quercus eocenica, De /a Harpe.
——-—— lonchitis, Unyer.
Rhamnus densinervis, Heer.
————_ 3 sp.
Sapindus, 2 sp.
Smilax, 2 sp. n.
Zizyphus integrifolius, Heer.
vestustus, Heer.
* J.S. Gardner, On Alnus Richardson’, Journ, Linn. Soc., vol. xx. p. 417.
109
CHAPTER IX.
EOQCENE—continued.
BRaCKLESHAM AND Barron Brps
AxBoveE the Lower Bagshot Beds a variable series of sands
and clays with lignite attains a thickness of about 700 feet.
There is no clear line of division between this scries and the
underlying leaf-bearing beds, but the separation is often made
at the point where a pebble bed occurs, or at the lowest point
where marine fossils have been found. It should be remembered,
however, that there is no evidence of any real break, and that
the change is so gradual that it is very doubtful whether we have
really taken the boundary even approximately at the same horizon
at opposite ends of the Island. The difficulty of following the
beds inland makes it impossible to connect the sections by tracing
the boundaries on the Map.
The beds now to be described are often known as the Middle
and Upper Bagshot series, but recent observations have shown
that the Upper Bagshot Beds of the London Basin are probably
the equivalent of the Barton Clay (i.e. of the so-called Middle
Bagshot of the Hampshire Basin). It has therefore been thought
safer to drop these names and simply to call the groups—for the
present at any rate, and having regard only to the Isle of Wight—
Headon Hill Sands, Barton Clay, and Bracklesham Beds.
BrackLEsHAM BeEps.
In 1847, Prof. Prestwich showed that the marine bands over-
lying the unfossiliferous Lower Bagshot Beds of Whitecliff Bay
were probably equivalent to the fossiliferous Bracklesham Beds so
well seen near Selsey.* Subsequently the Rev. Osmond Fisher
worked out the paleontology of the beds in greater detail, and
the following account of the sections at the two extremities of the
Isle of Wight is mainly taken from his paper.t
The Bracklesham Beds are represented in Alum Bay by clays
and marls in the lower part, by white, yellow, and crimson sands
in the middle portion, and by dark sandy clays with numerous
impressions of fossils in the upper part. The latter alone have
been attributed to the Bracklesham Beds in Mr. Fisher’s
Memo. The lower beds are remarkable for the quantity of
vegetable matter contained in them, not, however, in the shape
of leaves, as is the case in some of the Lower Bagshot Beds, but
in the form of coal (lignite), constituting solid beds from fifteen
inches to two feet three inches thick. Four of these beds, when
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. iii. p. 385. (1847.)
¢ Lbid., vol. xviii. p. 65. (1862.)
110 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
fully displayed, are conspicuous objects in the cliff, where they
project out of the softer strata, and on the shore, owing to their
black and coal-like appearance.
At the time of our survey these beds of coal were more than
usually well displayed in consequence of the prevalence of long
continued wet weather having worn away the soft intervening
strata in which they are imbedded. On examining them during
a brief visit made to the Island, in company with Sir A. Ramsay,
during the autumn of 1860, it appeared evident that the beds in
question occur in the manner of ordinary coal. Like true coal,
each bed was based upon a stratum of clay, containing, apparently,
the rootlets of plants, as in the underclay of the Coal Measures.
The underclays, which occur beneath beds of coal of Carboniferous
date, are thought to have been soil that supported the vegetation
which, by certain chemical changes, became subsequently converted
into coal: it is reasonable, therefore to infer from the presence of
similar underclays beneath the coal in the Bracklesham Beds at
Alum Bay, that the plants out of which thal coal was formed grew
on the spot, and were not drifted from elsewhere, as was the case
with the vegetable remains in the pipe-clay beds of the Lower
Bagshot Series.
A similar underclay was visible in Whiteclift Bay in December
1886, but, owing to the coal having been worked a few years
before as far as it could be conveniently reached, the seam itself
could not be examined or measured, though a sketch of the
roots was made,
On comparing the section of the Bracklesham Beds in White-
cliff Bay with the corresponding section in Alum Bay, it will be
seen that the beds are much better developed in the former
locality than in the latter. It is, therefore, at the eastern ex-
tremity of the Island that these deposits may be studied to the
inust advantage. Indeed, this is the only locality in the country
where the entire series can be seen exposed to view. The follow-
ing section is taken from Mr. Fisher's paper.*
Section of the Brackleshum Beds at Whitecliff Bay.
No. I. is the lowest of the series occurring towards the south end of the
Bay, and No. XIX. the highest of the series further to the north. The
letters a bc, &c., denote the more important fossil-beds,
Nos. in | Woes
Fisher’s wich’s =—= Feet.
Section. Section.t
\ f
NIX. | ( 17) | « Greenish and blue clays - < = | 162
At 24 feet from the top isa band of small shells im- |
perfectly exhibited.
Ostrea tlabellula. Cardita, a small species like
Mytilus, a smal) species. C. oblonga,
© Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xviii. p. 67. (1862.)
q Ihid., vol. ii. p. 223. (1846.)
BRACKLESHAM BEDS.
111
sin | Nos. in
Fisher's) Brest: a3 Heh
Seotion. | soction.
XVUI} (16) Dark-blue clay, weathering brown -| 22
XVII.| — | & Nummulites variolarius in blue clay. The clay is
crowded with Nummulites, which are often black 10
‘Curbinolia sulcata. Pecten corneus.
Nummulites variolarius. Cassidaria nodosa.
Quinqueloculina Haue- Pleurotoma inflexa.
rina. plebeia.
Alveolina sabulosa. — scalarata.
Rotalia obscura. —— Fisheri.
Fusus longeevus. Voluta nodosa.
pyrus. Cardium parile ?.
Mitra parva. Lucina P.
—- var. Cardita planicosta.
- labratula. Crassatella (the species found
Turritella sulcifera. also at Brook).
Dentalium politum. Corbula pisum.
striatum P. cuspidata.
Rissoa cochlearella.
XVI. | (15) | ¢ Light-coloured sand, with two beds of sand-rock. Tel-
dina and small Univalves in the bottom of the
lower rock - - - 6
Natica. ‘Tellina donacialis. T. plagia.
(This stratum forms a good horizon of reference
being distinct in character and noticeable.)
XV. | (14) Sandy clay, passing into lead-coloured compact clay | 10
Echinoderm in sand. Ancillaria canalifera in clay.
ATV. — | d Dark sandy clay, with grains of black sand, full of
Corbula pisum in the upper part, and with numerous
shells below; passes into dark clayey sand with
Pecten corneus - - - - 3
Nummulites variolarius Turritella imbricataria.
(common). sulcata.
Rostellaria sublucida. = Ditrupa plana.
Murex asper. Pecten corneus.
Fusus pyrus. Pinna margaritacea.
Strepsidura turgida. Nucula Dixoni, Edw. MS.
Cassidaria nodosa. Leda.
Pleurotoma plebeia. Crassatella (the Brook
Voluta nodosa. species).
Selseiensis. Corbula pisum (abundant).
Cerithium __tritropis, costata.
Edw. MS. Cytherea lucida.
Calyptreea trochifor- Cultellus.
mis
XL | — Beds not exposed ; apparently clays 39
XIU. —_ Streaked, whitish-yellow, and foxy sands - 10
XI. — | e Sandy clays, weathering grey and yellow. There is a
layer of casts of shells where it passes into the next
bed, Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii being extremely
abundant - - - - - 4
Turritella sulcifera. Cytherea lucida.
Pecten corneus. Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii.
Pectunculus pulvinatus. Solen obliquus.
X. _ Sand, weathering vellow and grey - ‘
112
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
sy | Nos. i
Fisher's Prest- eae Feet,
Section. Pid i
IX, | (13) | f Brownish sandy clay, with shells and pebbles at the
bottom. The shelly layer appears to be a lenticular
mass, and not to be persistent - - - 6
Nummulites variolarius. Ostrea zonulata ?.
Murex minax. Arca.
Voluta nodosa. Pectunculus pulvinatus.
Turritella imbricataria. Chama gigantea.
sulcifera. Crassatella compressa.
Natica labellata P. Cardita planicosta.
Nucula subtransversa P. Corbula pisum. :
Tellina plagia ?. Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii.
Pecten 30-radiatus.
VIR. | (12) Foliated, dark, sandy clays, weathering brown ; with
vegetable matter interspersed. ‘There is a layer of
casts of shells at the junction with the next bed - | 46
VIL. — | g Green sand, in which Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii is very
abundant - - - - 15
(Nummulites levigatus occurs in a mass four feet from
the bottom.)
Nummulites levigatus. Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii.
VI. | (11) | & Light-and dark-coloured green sands, with many shells
in the upper part. (A spring at the base of the
cliff) - - - - - -} 62
Nummulites levigatus. Pecten corneus.
Fusus longevus. Mytilus.
—— pyrus. Nucula.
Voluta nodosa. Leda.
spinosa. Lucina.
Pleurotoma dentata. Cardita planicosta.
Natica (small). Tellina plagia.
Tuwrritella sulcata. Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii.
sulcifera. Solen obliquus.
terebellata. Corbula (? Gallica).
Calyptraa trochiformis. —— pisum.
Vv. | (10) Laminated grey clay, with some beds of calcareous
green-sand, and a few beds of lignite - 76
IV. (9) k Calcareous, clayey, green, and iron sand, with
numerous shells in seams. The base seems washed
into the next bed - - - . 2) RS
Nummulites ievigatus Calyptraa trochiformis.
(rare). Ostrea flabellula.
Fusus pyrus. Cardita planicosta,
Metula (Buccinum) Cytherea lucida.
juncea. C. suberycinoides,
Pleurotoma (small), Tellina.
Voluta nodosa. Panopeea.
Natica, Corbula pisum.
Turritella imbricataria P.
Ill. | (8) Alternating beds of green sand and finely laminated
clay, weathering grey and brown; with thin seams
of lignite - - - ‘ . 1s
Il. (7) Yellow sand - - . 2 2 -| 10
BRACKLESHAM BEDS. 118
Section. ee cee Feet.
I (6) Sandy clay, weathering grey and brown, finely-lami-
nated with yellow sand. There are casts of bivalve
shells in a band of clay at the bottom. It is based
on from 10 to 18 inches of black rounded flint
pebbles, often as large as swans’ eggs - -| 95
Total thickness - - 653
The fossiliferous beds marked (2), (d), and (f) are very
persistent at the various localities where one or another portion of
the series is exposed. It is from them that the many splendid
collections of fossils have been obtained. Of the well-known
shell-beds round the Selsey peninsula, those nearest to Selsey Bill
correspond with (0) and (d). The beds at The Park and Thorney,
on the east and west of Selsey, correspond with (g), and those of
Bracklesham itself with (A).
Of the fossiliferous beds near Stubbington, that of Brown Down
corresponds with (d), and that at Hill Head with (f).
Fine collections of fossils, in excellent condition, have also been
obtained from the neighbourhood of Brook in the New Forest,
from the horizons of (4) and(d). The large collections obtained
from these localities by the late Mr, F. I. Edwards are in the
British Museum, and those by the Rev. Osmond Fisher are
deposited in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.
More recently (in 1886) clear exposures have enabled Mr.
Keeping to fix exactly the junction of the Bracklesham Beds and
the Barton Clay.* From the Sandstone or Tellina bed (No. XVI.
of Mr. Fisher’s section) to the Nummutites elegans zone the distance
is 126 feet. This is about 70 feet less than the distance given by
Mr. Fisher and would reduce the total to about 580 feet.
About the same time the measurements given below were made
by the Geological Survey of the beds associated with the coal-
seam (corresponding with No, VIL, VIIL, and parts of VI. and
IX. of Mr. Fisher).
Section in Whitecliff Bay, measured December 1886,
Fr. In,
Brown loam, not well seen.
Black band of powdery lignite and sand - - - 02
Laminated beds of loam, sand, and lignite - - en (23-6
Shaly clay, full of slickensides, no fossils observed ~ a 93°:0
Worked out [coal, &c.] - ie ct - 7 6
Shaly underclay, with roots half an inch thick at the top and
dying out below. Some of the roots are casts in clay,
some in pyrites; nearly all have a film of lignite onthe
outside - - - - - - 7
Similar clay with pyritous nodules, no roots observed - 8 0
* Geol, Mag., dec. III., vol. iv. p. 70.
E 56786. H
114 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLK OF WIGHT.
Fr. In.
Hidden by talus = z = 24 0
Glauconitic ioam with yellow joints and much selenite.
Casts of small oysters and other marine shells, and
oceasional pieces of lignite - 5 0
Blue loamy clay with selenite and badly preserved fossils.
Turritella imbricataria, fish-scales, &c. - - - 16 6
Clayey loam full of smail quartz and flint-pebbles, and
crowded with fossils, mostly small. Ostrea, Cardita, Arca,
Solen, &c. 7 0 6
Hard loam and clay, full of small fossils Sas Oael - 9 6
Clay with beds of Cardita planicosta and Turritella imbricataria 2 0
Laminated loam, clay, and sand, full of lignite.
The Beds are perfectly vertical. ‘The above being distances
measured along the beach, an allowance must be nade for the cliff
not cutting the beds at right angles. The true thickness of
the measured beds will therefore be 90 feet, instead of 113 feet.
One or two sections where what is perhaps the base of the
Bracklesham Beds is exposed have been mentioned in the last
chapter, but the only locality yielding fossils is the cutting leading
to Ashey Chalk-pit, about three miles south-south-west of Ryde.
Here we find, above the London Clay, beds which are full of
Bracklesham fossils. It is evident that unless the Bracklesham
fauna here extends to the base of the Lower Bagshot Beds and
into the London Clay we can only account for the proximity of
the Bracklesham Beds to the Reading Beds by a strike fault, which
baz cut out the greater part of the London Clay, all the Lower
Bavshot Beds, and perhaps part of the Bracklesham Beds also.
‘Lhe section is not perfectly clear, but no fault could be
detected, and there being no marked line of division between the
two formations it is uncertain how much belongs to the one and
how much to the other. Probably if there is really a fault its
position will be at the point marked in the subjoined section.
Untortunately the cutting being shallow at its northern ead and a
good deal ovcerzrown, it was impossible to obtain details of the
higher strat. All are nearly vertical. This disturbance will be
again referred to in Chapter XIV.
The highest bed which can be traced is a coal or lignite seam,
formerly exposed in an old sand pit close to the line. The pit is
now overgrown, but the coal was proved by boring. There
follow 262 feet of alternations of laminated clay, loam, sand and
seams of white clay. These strata cannot be examined, only the
lower portion being seen in the northern end of the cutting,
which ismuch overgrown. Then follow the beds with Bracklesham
fossils as below :—~
Section in the railway cutting south of Ashey.
Light-blue or greenish loamy sand, crowded
Bracklesham with Bracklesham fossils ([V. of Fisher P) -
Beds, Dark blue loamy clay with a little lignite 3
Blackish shaly clay with a little lignite 1g
Dan
222
s
Probable position of a strike-fault.
BRACKLESUAM BEDS. 115
London Clay { Clay overgrown - - - ll 0
: Sand (Basement Bed of the London Clay) - 6 0
Reading Beds Red and mottled clay - 92.0
Chalk, nearly vertical.
In the shelly bed 160 feet from the Chalk the following species
(determined by Messrs. Sharman and Newton) were obtained,
mostly by J. Rhodes (the fossil-collector of the Geological
Survey).
B_ Arca biangula, Lam. B_ Natica acuta, Sow.
LB Cardita planicosta, Lam. B obovata, Sow.
LB Corbula striata, Lam. B_ Pleurotoma dentata, Lam.
B_ Cytherea lucida, Lam. LB denticula, Bast.
LB — suberycinoides, Desh. = L teretrium? Edw.
B —. trigonula, Desh. B_ Pseudoliva obtusa, Sow.
B_ Rostellaria rimosa, Sow.
B. Ancillaria buccinoides, Lam. Solarium, sp.
B_ Conus deperditus, Brong. LB Turritella imbricataria, Lam.
B_ Fusus longevus, Lam. B sulcata, Lam.
LB pyrus, Brander. Voluta, sp. (fragment).
Myliobatis (fragment).
The species marked B (including the whole of the forms
determined, with one doubtful exception) are well-known Brackle-
sham shells; those marked L are found in the London Clay.
The Plenrotoma teretrium (a somewhat doubtful determination)
is the only species elsewhere confined to the London Clay.
Between Ashey and Alum Bay no good sections of the Brackles-
ham Beds occur. When the strata are again met with, in Alum
Bay, their character is so entirely altered that it becomes impossible
to correlate the minor divisions, or, as already stated, to be certain
whether the upper and lower boundaries have been taken in the
same place at opposite ends of the Island.
In the following section the upper limit of the Bracklesham
Beds has been taken at the point fixed, on paleontological
grounds, by Mr. Fisher, instead of at the pebble bed originally
adopted as the junction in the first edition of this Memoir. This
increases the thickness of the Bracklesham Beds at this point
by 44 feet, making the total 155 feet instead of 111 feet.
The details of the fossiliferous beds above the conglomerate are
taken from Mr. Fisher’s paper,* those of the lower beds are from
the first edition of this Memoir.
Section of the Bracklesham Beds in Alum Bay.
Fr. In.
Barton Cuay.—Dark sandy clay with fossils (principally small
bivalves).
Dark sandy clay - - - - - 15 6
Indurated, dark-greenish, sandy clay, with impressions
of fossils - - - - 1 0
Fusus undosus P Cytherea lucida.
Murex asper. suberycinoides.
Pyrula nexilis. Sanguinolaria Hollowaysi.
Turritella imbricataria. Modiola, sp.
Natica ambulacrum. Tellina plagia.
* Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xviii. p. 85. (1862.)
116 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr, In.
Dentalium, sp. Tellina filosa ?
Cardium parile. - Branderi ?
Cardita. sp. - sp.
Arca aviculina.
Dark sandy clay, containing a bed of septaria ll 0
Indurated, greyish, sandy clay, with impressions of fossils 0 7
Fusus undosus ? Cardita, 2 sp.
Voluta nodosa. Cytherea obliqua.
Natica, sp. ——-—-~ suberycinoides.
Phorus agglutinans. -— lucida.
Twrritella sulcifera. Tellina tumescens
Dentalium, sp. —, 2 sp.
Teredo, sp. Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii.
Pecten corneus. Panopea corrugata.
Cardium parile. Leda, sp.
—- sp. Modiola (or Mytilus) sp.
Dark sandy clay, weathering greenish grey, containing
bands of lignite* = 16 0
Conglomerate of flint-pebbles, cemented by iron-oxide.
The pebbles are of various sizes, up to a foot in
diameter - = 1 te] ©
Sands (principally white), light tawny-yellow :n the upper
part; the lower 3 feet crimson - - 45 0
Whitish marly clay - - - - - 25 0
Dark chocolate-coloured marls and carbonaceous clay, )
with much lignite and selenite.
Fr. In.
Clays and marls - - - - 15 8
Lignite band - - in)
Clays and marls - - - - 3.03 29 6
Lignite band - - - bi 3 i
Clays and marls - - - - 6 0
Lignite band - - 2 3
Clays and marls - - - - 4.3
Lignite band =~ - - Jin. tol 0;
Clays and marls - - - - BOs)
Total thickness of the Bracklesham Beds 155 0
Whether the lower part of this section really belongs to the
Bracklesham Beds is doubtful. Mr. Fisher takes as the base of
the Bracklesham Beds at Alum Bay the bed of flint pebbles
formerly adopted by the Survey as the hase of the Barton Clay.
He therefore places the pebble beds at Whitecliff and Alum Bays
approximately on the same horizon. The pebble bed at Alum
Bay certainly appears to mark the incoming of marine conditions,
after the deposition of the plant-bearing sands and pipe-clays of
the Lower Bagshot Beds. Butin the absence of recognizable
fossils throughout the whole of the next 500 feet of strata, it is
possible that we are merely dealing with decalcified equivalents
of the marine beds of Whitecliff Bay and Bracklesham. The
pebble bed at Alum Bay may therefore really belong to the
* This is the lowest bed attributed to the Bracklesham Series in My, Fisher’s
section.
BRACKLESHAM BEDS. 117
middle or upper part of the Bracklesham Series, since pebbles
occur on various horizons at Bracklesham itself.
Though the Bracklesham Beds of the Isle of Wight have only
yielded 2 small portion of the prolific fauna found at Selsey, yeta
considerable number of the most characteristic Bracklesham
species oecur in both districts. Among the most conspicuous
may be mentioned Mwmmulites levigatus, Turritella imbricataria
(Fig. 23), and Ourdita planicosta (Fig, 22).
Fia. 22. Fig. 28
Cardita planicosta, Lam. Turritella imbricataria, Lam.
Specimens of the Curdita obtained from the lower portion of
the beds at Whiteclitf Bay are not only much less in aize than
those found at Bracklesham, but are pierced by small boring
shells; showing that the animals must have perished, and the
shells have remained a considerable time at the bottom of the sea
before they were covered by the sediment in which they are now
eee of the Bracklesham Beds of the Isle of Wight
appears to show a sub-tropical climate, shoal-water, the eae
of land, and perhaps estuarine conditions. The occurrence of a
coal-seam, resting on an ancient vegetable soil, indicates an eleva-
tion to a sufficient extent to raise the beds above the sea-level for
a portion of the time.
Barton Cuay.
This group of strata which is displayed in the cliffs aut ean os
the opposite coast of Hampshire, and is so well known to collee a
for the richness and abundance of its fossils, is here ae
sented by clays overlying the Bracklesham Beds = ee
Whitecliff Bays. The nature of these deposits (w alo ae Coin
posed of sandy clays, clays, and sands with layers of septaria) is
118 GEOLOGY OF THE 1SLE OF WIGHT.
sufficiently shown in the measured sections of Alum Bay, in
which locality they attain a thickness of about,250 feet.
Section of the Barton Clay in Alum Bay.*
(Measured in April 1851.)
Fr. In.
Ferruginous dark-blue clay, selenite, fragments of univalve
shells, numerous fossils = - - 24 0
Pale and ferruginous yellow sandy clay, green in the upper
part. Lignite, Corals, Dentalium, Ostrea, Corbula, Pleuro-
toma commen and of several species. (The pathway from
pe chine to the beach cuts through the lower part of these
eds) - - - - -
Sands, pale yellowish colour above, green below. (A layer
of septaria occurs in this bed about 10 feet from the top,
containing pebbles and fragments of wood, and overlying
a band of small flint-pebbles) - - - 35 (0
Dark bluish-grey and ferruginous-brown sandy clay, con-
taining much selenite and lignite. Corbu/a abundant.
(A layer of septaria, 1 foot thick, occurs 5 feet from the top,
3 feet under which is a band about 2 inches thick of very
small pebbles of white quartz, with Shark’s teeth. A
second layer of septaria occurs at 28 feet; and a third,
5 feet from the bottom of the bed. There is also a band of
fossils at 13 feet, and a band of lignite 10 feet from the
69 0
bottom) : - - - - - 53° 0
Pale grey loamy sand, mottled with yellow, and thinly
laminated - - - - - 9 0
Dark bluish-green clay, with numerous univalves and other
fossils. A ribbed Dentalium, Fusus longevus, Voluta
spinosa, Solarium, Cardium, Natica (2 species), Fusus
pyrus, Rostellaria, Cancellaria, Pleurotoma, Mitra (small
species) - - - - 65 0
‘Total - 255 0
The Rev. O. Fisher gives the following details of the base of
the Barton Clay (including 15 feet of beds) at this point :+—
Dark-greenish, coarse, sandy clay. Crowded with Nummulina Preste
wichiana [now known as N. elegans].
Rostellaria ampla. Strepsidura turgida.
——- rimosa. Cassidaria ambigua.
Murex asper. Ancillaria, sp.
Typhis pungens. Pleurotoma turbida.
Cancellaria, sp. conoides.
Pyrula nexilis. ————— plebeia.
Fusus bulbus. » Sp.
carinella. Voluta athleta.
—— errans. ——— depauperata.
——- interruptus. maga,
—- longevus. ——— nodosa,
—— Noe. — Mitra parva.
—— regularis. Marginella, sp.
——- unicarinatus. Natica labellata.
—— sp. Turritella imbricataria.
* Another section, differing somewhat in details, will be found in Messrs. Gardner,
Keeping, and Monckton’s paper. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv. p- 600.
t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xviii. p. 84. (1862.)
BARTON CLAY.
Phorus agglutinans.
Calyptreea obliqua.
Dentalium, sp.
Ostrea flabellula
dorsata P
Pecten corneus.
Cardium, sp.
Lead-coloured clay, with few fossils
Rostellaria macroptera.
119
Corbula pisum.
Pholadomya, sp.
Echinoderm.
Operculina, sp.
Nummulina Prestwichiana,
é 2 é 3.0
Corbula pisum.
Dark sandy clay, with fossils (principally small bivalves) — - 9 0
Rostellaria ampla. Arca aviculina.
Fusus regularis? Leda, sp.
Pleurotoma exorta. Nucula, sp.
Voluta nodosa. Cardium parile.
Turritella imbricataria. Cardita globosa.
Melania? Cultellus, sp.
Calyptreea, sp. Corbula pisum.
Solarium plicatum.
These details of the lower beds are given to show how gradual
is the upward passage, both lithological and palzeontological, from
the Bracklesham Series, already described at p. 115, into the
overlying Barton Clay.
When the original survey of the Island was made an inland
exposure of the Barton Clay was visible at Gunville. This is
now overgrown, and no new sections are at present open. The
Brick Yard at Gunville showed shelly clay, from which were
obtained numerous sharks-teeth and some mollusca. Unfor-
tunately few of these have been preserved, and the new Brick
Yard on the west side of the road only shows Pleistocene Brick-
earth, resting on the upturned edges of the Lower Bagshot Sands,
with perhaps in one place a trace of the base of the Bracklesham
Series in some green sandy clay.
At the east end of the Island the Barton Clay is seldom well
seen, owing to the accumulation of beach, and to the Jandslips
and mud-streams which constantly obscure this part of the cliff.
However in 1886 the sections were exceptionally clear and Mr.
Keeping was able to examine this part of the coast and to measure
the following section.*
Section of the Barton Clay in Whitecliff Bay.
(Measured by Mr. H. Keeping in 1886.)
Fr. In.
Blue sandy clays, with mottled brown patches of soft earthy
ironstone near the base. The upper 15 feet consist of bluish
sandy clay, containing - - - - 50 0
Terebellum sopitum, Brand.
Voluta humerosa, Edw.
Pyrula nexilis, Lam.
Natica, sp.
Calyptreea trochiformis, Lam.
Ostrea flabellula, Lam.
Pecten carinatus, Sow.
> Sp.
* See Geol. Mag., dec. III. vol. iv. p. 70.
120 GEOLOGY UF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr, Iv.
Lima, sp. Cypricardia, sp.
Avicula media, Sow. Cardita oblonga, Sow.
Arca, sp. Cytherea tenuistriata, Sow.
Pectunculus deletus, Brand. Tellina ambigua? Sow.
Limopsis scalaris, Sow. Corbula ficus? Brand.
Nucula bisulcata, Sow. Panopwza intermedia, Sow.
Chama squamosa, Brand.
Cardium porulosum, Brand. Schizaster D’Urbani, Forbes.
Lucina gibbosula, Lam.
Crassatella tenuisulcata, Edw. Ditrupa plana, Sow.
Imperfect ironstone band, not well seen - - - 3.0
Grey and pale blue clays, with light fawn-coloured bands near
the base - - - : - - 36 0
Stiff laminated clay, with occasionally dark patches. Few or
no fossils - - - - Ik 0
Pale blue and yellow sandy clays, with very few and badly
preserved fossils = - - - - 54 0
Nummutlites elegans zone, consisting of rather dark green and
blue glauconitic sandy clays, much crowded in places with
Nummulites elegans. Fossils:— _ - - - - 11
Typhis pungens, Brand. Bulla, sp.
Fusus bulbus, Brand.
Cominella Solandri, Edw. Corbula pisum, Sow.
Pleurotoma exorta, Brand. Crassatella sulcata, Brand.
Voluta luctatrix, Brand. Cardium semigranulatum, Sow.
——— digitalina, Lam. Leda minima, Sow.
Mitra parva, Sow. Ostrea flabellula, Lam.
Calyptrea trochiformis, Lam.
Dentalium striatum, Sow. Nummulites elegans, Sow.
Total 162 1
The Barton Clay of the Isle of Wight yields a fauna closely
corresponding to that of the typical locality on the opposite coast
of Hampshire, but at present the list of fossils is much smaller.
This is perhaps partly due to a greater poverty of the fauna, but
in all probability it mainly arises from the difficulty in following
thin fossiliferous seams where the beds are so much hidden by
landslips. Another reason is that the area over which each seam
can be examined is much less in the Isle of Wight than at Barton,
owing to the tilting of the beds and their rapid disappearance
beneath the sea-level.
As in the Bracklesham Beds, the mollusca in the lower part
of the Barton Clay of Alum Bay show a decidedly warm
climate, but the fossils are more exclusively marine, the beds
contain a smaller mixture of lignite, and show altogether less
sign of the proximity of land. Among the more conspicuous
fossils are Nummulites elegans, Pecten reconditus (Fig. 35),
Corbula pisum, Crassatcllu sulcuta (Fig. 29), Peetunculus deletus,
Psammobia compressa (Fig. 27), Calyptreu. trochiformis (Fig. 33),
Conus dormitor (Fig. 32), Fusus longevus (Fig. 31), Fusus pyrus
(Fig. 26), Murea usper (Fig. 25), Phorus agglutinins (Fig. 24),
fiostellaria vimosa (Fig, 28), Lyphis pungens (Fig. 34), Voluta
luctatrix (Fig. 30), &c. =
BARTON CLAY. 1A
Fia, 24. Fria, 25. Fia 26.
Phorus agglutinans, Murex asper, Fusus pyrus,
Desh. Brand. Lam.
Fig. 28. Fria. 29.
Rostellaria rimosa, Sow, Crassatella sulcata, Sow.
Fic 30
Voluta luctatrix, Sow. ,
Fia. 32.
Conus dormitor, Sow.
122, GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fra. 33. Fie. 34. Fria. 35.
Calyptrea trochiformis, Typhis pungens, Pecten reconditus,
Lam. Brand. Brand.
i
OW
e>
Herapon Hitt Sanps.
Between the Barton Clay and the Headon Beds lies a mass
of unfossiliferous or sparingly fossiliferous sands. These have
been usually called Upper Bagshot Beds, but as they probably
belong, as already mentioned, to a higher zone than the Upper
Bagshot Series of the London basin, it is better to use for the
present the older term “ Headon Hill Sands.”
The lower part of these strata at Headon Hill consists of about
50 feet of yellow and white sand, succeeded by 60 feet of white
sand, with occasional yellow stains caused by the presence of oxide
of iron, The total thickness of this group in Alum Bay cannot
be determined accurately, in consequence of the disturbed state of
the beds there, but probably it ranges from 140 to 200 feet. The
Headon Hill Sands are of considerable economic value, their
whiteness and purity rendering them particularly suitable for
making: glass, for which purpose they were extensively worked
for many years. Mr. Squire, who rented the cliffs for several
years, stated that between 1850 and 1855, 21,984 tons were
shipped from Yarmouth, principally to Bristol and London,
for the use of the glass-houses there; and a native author,
writing im 1795, says,—‘Our trade and commerce chiefly
is dealing in corn and wool. There are other commodities, such
as copperas stones and white shining sand. The former are
gathered up in heaps on the sea-shore, and occasionally sent to
London, &e. for the purpose of producing the several species of
vitriol ; the latter is dug out of some very valuable mines, which
are the property of David Urry, Esq., near Yarmouth, and
from thence sent to London and Bristol for the use of the glass
manufactories.” ,
Inland there are at present few or no clear sections of these
Sands, but pits, now overgrown, formerly showed the junction with
the overlying clays of the Fluvio-marine beds. This junction was
formerly seen in a pit about half a mile west of Swainstone, by
the vide of a road to Fulholding Farm; and, again, further east,
under similar circumstances, in the lane a short distance south of
Great Park Farm.
HEADON HILL SANDS. 123
South of Gunville about half a mile from Carisbrook in a north-
west direction, the Headon Hill Sands and the Barton Clay are
thrown up into a vertical position in the brick-pits, where the
latter deposit constitutes the brick-earth which was formerly
worked there, and, as has been already stated, contained a few fossils,
In East Medina, the Headon Hill Sands showed themselves
near Mornhill Farm, and in a pit at the south-east corner of the
wood by the side of the road from Arreton Down to Lynn Farm,
where they are pure white glass-house sands, together with some
of a yellow colour. They are here also vertical, resting with a
sharp, well-defined line (marked by a few small rounded flint-
pebbles) on green clay—Barton Clay. The age of the strata in
this last section is, however, somewhat doubtful, for they are
curiously disturbed at this point, and so hidden by gravel that
the sands may possibly belong even to the middle division of the
Hamstead Beds. Unfortunately this pit being now entirely
overgrown cannot be re-examined.
The Headon Hill sands have also been observed in pits at
Combley and south of Little Nunwell, as wel] as on the north side
of Bembridge Down, by the side of the road to Bembridge Farm.
In Whitecliff Bay the junction between the Headon Hill Sands
and the Barton Clay is likewise sharp and well defined, and the
former group has a thickness of 154 feet.
Fossil remains are particularly scarce in this member of the
Eocene series; though repeatedly searched for during the pro-
gvess of the survey, no fossils were procured except in Whitecliff
Bay, where a few ferruginous casts of bivalve shells were found—
chiefly Tellina, Panopea, &¢—which, however, could not be
preserved on account of their loose and friable condition.
124 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE oF WIGHT.
CHAPTER X.
OLIGOCENE.
INTRODUCTION.
THE Fluvio-marine or Oligocene Beds of the Isle of Wight
were first described by Webster, who divided them into Lower
Freshwater, Upper Marine, and Upper Freshwater, but treated
as extensions of the beds in Headon Hill a large series of fluvio-
marine beds really lying above the Upper Freshwater.* It was
not till the year 1853 that the complete succession was satisfac-
torily made out, though Prof. Prestwich had already, in 1846,f
suggested that the beds seen in Hamstead Cliff were higher than
any of the beds at Headon. In 1853 Edward Forbes showed that
above Webster’s “Upper Freshwater” of Headon Hill, there is
found a thick series of beds divisible into several zones characterised
by distinct species of fossils. A few years later, in 1856, the
observations on which Forbes had been engaged up to the date of his
death were published in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey,
but the incomplete state in which many of the notes were left
rendered it very difficult for Mr. Godwin-Austen, who edited the
book, to do full justice to Forbes’ work. The divisions and mea-
surements made by Forbes have been adopted with very little
alteratiun in the present Memoir. Later observers have some-
times grouped the beds differently ; but this grouping is so much a
mat‘ r of opinion, and. there is such an entire absence of real breaks,
tha: antil stronver evidence is brought torward it seems unnecessary
to depart from the classification and nomenclature adopted by
Edward Forbes.
The following brief summary of the views taken by some of
the able geologists who have written on the geology of the strata
under notice, may not be out of place here.
Professor Thomas Webster gave the earliest and perhaps the
best account of the Fluvio-marinc series, founded on observa-
tions made in the years 1811-153, and contained in Sir Tlenry
Englefield’s work on the Isle of Wight,$ published in 1816. In
those letters Professor Webster divided the section at Alum Bay
into Lower Freshwater, Upper Marine, and Upper Freshwater
* Sir H. C. Inglefield. A description of the Principal Picturesque Beauties,
Antiquities, and Geological Phenomena of the Isle of Wight. With Additional
Observations on the Strata of the Island, &e. by Thos. Webster. (London, 1816),
pr226. .
{ On the Occurrence of Cypvis in a part of the Tertiary Freshwater Strata of the
Isle of Wight. Rep. Brit, Assoc. for 1846, Trans. of Sections, p. 56.
£ Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix. p. 259.
S$ The letters of Professor Webster are illustrated by large copperplate views of
clifts and coast scenery which, for accuracy and spirited execution, have perhaps
never been surpassed as drawings illustrating geological phenomena.
OLIGOCKENE—INTRODUCTION, 125
Formations; and Headon Hill was considered to comprise a com-
plete section of the whole of the Flivio-marine series, Although
the calcareous strata in the upper part of Headon Hill were
noticed, the limestones of other parts of the Island were referred
to some of the thick beds of Lower Headon limestone displayed
at Headon Hill, and all the marine shells of the Fluvio-marine
series to his “ Upper Marine” formation, or the Middle Headon
beds of Professor Forbes. Hence the limestones of Gurnard
Bay, East and West Cowcs, and Binstead were referred to the
“ Lower Freshwater” formations, while the “ blocks of calcareous
stone containing Limnea lying on the top, in a detritus of blue
clay,” seen along the shore eastward of the latter locality, as also
the limestones of Dodpits and Bembridge, were considered iden-
tical with those of the “ Upper Freshwater” formation, or the
thick limestones which are displayed in the Upper Headon beds
at Headon Hill.
Mr. G. B. Sowerby visited Headon Hill in 1821 and inferred
that the Upper Marine formation had been deposited under
estuarine rather than under marine conditions, in consequence of
observing the occurrence together of shells of marine and fresh-
water genera.*
Professor Sedgwick, in a paper published in May 1822,+
referred all the strata exposed in the cliffs between Bembridge
Ledge and Ryde, between Ryde and Gurnard Bay, and also the
argillaceous beds between Yarmouth and Hamstead, to the
Lower Freshwater formation of Professor Webster; while the
oyster bed and marine marls overlying the Bembridge Limestone,
and the upper argillaceous beds of Hamstead, were regarded as
the equivalents of the Upper Marine formation of that author.
Professor Prestwich showed,{ in 1846, that there were no
grounds for the supposition of a want of conformity between the
series in Alum Bay and that in Headon Hill, and expressed an
opinion that no well-marked divisions could be drawn there, as
proposed by Webster,§ inasmuch as marine shells of the Barton
clays re-appear among the overlying freshwater strata in White-
cliff Bay, and that the same freshwater species ranged through
nearly the whole thickness of the Headon Hill deposits; the
phenomena being such as might be purely local, the result of an
accidental irruption of brackish water into a freshwater area.
With respect to the age of the fluvio-marine series of the Isle
of Wight, and their synchronism with the deposits of the Paris
basin, Mr. Prestwich stated that he felt considerable hesitation in
hazarding an opinion ; but, guided by the circumstance that all
Trench and English geologists were agreed in referring the
Barton group to the Calcaire grossier, as also by the consideration
of the upward range of the Barton species, he was disposed to
* Qn the Geological Formations of Headon Hill. . . . Ann. Phil., ser. 2
vol. ii. p. 216. ; ; :
+ On the Geology of the Isle of Wight. Ann. Phil., vol. xix. p. 829.
£ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii. pp. 223-259.
§ Lower freshwater Upper marine, Upper freshwater.
126 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
consider the Headon Hill series as the upper portion of the
Barton group, and, as such, to refer the whole to the Calcaire
grossier.
In the autumn of 1846 Prof. Prestwich communicated a paper
“On the occurrence of Cypris ina part of the Tertiary Strata
of the Isle of Wight,”* to the Geological Section at the Meeting
of the British Association at Southampton.
The place from which these fossil Cypride were obtained was
the upper part of Hamstead Ciift, near Yarmouth. The author
gives a section of the beds, which will be found to agree most
accurately with the description contained in the subsequent por-
tion of this Memoir, and notes the genera of the included shells,
adding “ We have thus in the lower part of the section a deposit
containing essentially freshwater testacea, becoming more mixed,
as we ascend, with shells frequenting estuaries. It is a
singular feature of this group, which I believe to form the upper
beds of the freshwater formation of the Isle of Wight, that a
large portion of the species occurring in it are new; thus the
two characteristic fossils are a species of Potamides and a
Melunia, neither of which do I find described. The Cypris also
is peculiar to this locality.” From the passages here quoted it
will be seen that Professor Prestwich had the clue to the structure
of the Upper Tertiary series of the Isle of Wight, and that time
and opportunity were alone wanting to enable him to work out
details on which the Bembridge and Hamstead groups were shortly
afterwards shown by Forbes to be clearly separable from the
Headon series, with which they had continued to be confounded.
In 1853 Forbes published} an outline of the results of his
work in the Isle of Wight between the years 1848 and 1853. In
this paper he gave a new reading of the succession, and a revised
classification and nomenclature of the beds. This was followed
in 1856 by his posthumous memoir “On the Tertiary Fluvio-
marine Formation of the Isle of Wight,”{ and in 1862 by the
first edition of the present Memoir.
The only subsequent criticism tending in any way to contra-
dict the work of Forbes was contained in a paper by Prof. Judd.§
This author maintained the correlation of the Headon Beds
at Headon Hill with those of Totland and Colwell Bays to be
erroneous and stated that “the strata exposed at the base of
Headon Hill are not, as supposed by previous observers, a mere
repetition, through an anticlinal fold, of the beds seen in Colwell
and Totland Bays, but are on a distinct and lower horizon than
the latter. ‘hese Headon-Hill beds are also found to contain a
different assemblage of fossils from that which characterizes the
Colwell and Totland Bay beds.” Prof. Judd also proposed a new
classification of the Oligocene Beds, in which they were divided
* Report Brit. Assoc. for 1846, p. 56 (Cundona Forbesti, T. R. J. in Prof. Prest-
wich’s Collection).
t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix. p. 259.
t Memoirs of the Geological Survey.
§ Quart. Journ. Geol, Sov., vol. xxxvi. p. 187. (1880.)
OLIGOCENE—INTRODUCTION, 127
into Headon Group (estuarine), Brockenhurst Series (marine), and
Bembridge Group (cstuarine).
Subsequently Messrs. Keeping and Tawney maintained that the
correlation of the marine beds of Fleadon Hill and Colwell Bay
made by Forbes and the Survey was correct, and that the faunas
at the two spots were practically identical, the slight variations
being accounted for by the somewhat different conditions under
which the beds were deposited.*
Forbes’ correlation is followed in this Memoir, for though there
are some minor points on which Prof. Judd’s criticisms are-no
doubt just, yet with regard to the main difference the recent re-
examinition of the Island and mapping of the beds on the scale
of 6 inches to the mile have not supported Prof. Judd’s contention,
but rather shown that Forbes’ correlation must still be accepted.
As already observed, the subdivision and grouping of the beds
in such a variable series of strata are, in the absence of any real
breaks, so entirely a matter of convenience, that without stronger
evidence it would be most unadvisable to upset the established
nomenclature, and introduce a new mode of grouping, founded on
that adopted in other districts. Here also the original nomencla-
ture and grouping used by Forbes have been adopted.
The principal alteration in this new edition of the Memoir is
in the use of the term Oligocene for the whole of the Fluvio-
marine beds formerly known partly as Upper Eocene and partly
as Middle Eocene.t This term is universally adopted on the
continent, and the change of conditions at the base of the Pluvio-
marine series is so marked in the Isle of Wight, that the division
of our Lower Tertiary Beds into two, instead of into three
series, and the acceptation of the Headon Beds as the base of the
upper group is very convenient. Of course the rarity of fossils
in the underlying Headon Hill Sands leaves it still somewhat
uncertain to which group they should belong, but the marked
change of lithological character at the base of the overlying
beds, and the fact, recorded by Forbes, that the Sands contain
marine fossils uf Barton species, is certainly in favour of their
being grouped with the Barton Clay.
Tape of the OrigocENE Bens of the IsLE or WiGHT.
FEET.
Hamstead Series about 260
Bembridge Marls - » 100
ee Limestone » 10
Osborne Series - 4, 100
Upper Headon Series -
Middle Headon Series (marine) —- = 5, 150
Lower Headon Series - - -
Total - - - 620
* Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., vol. xxxvii. p. 85. (1881.)
+ Lyell referred the highest portion to the Miocene.
128 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Owing to the high dip and absence of any topographical feature,
it has been found impossible to separate the Osborne from the
IIecadon Series on the Map. These two series are therefore shown
by a single colour, though described separately in this Memoir.
Heapon Beps.
This serics, as a whole, consists of a mass of beds of fresh-
water, estuarine, and marine origin, the total thickness of which
varies from 147 feet at Headon Hill to 212 feet at Whitecliff
Bay. It is only at the western extremity of the Island, between
the river Yar and the sea, that the Headon series covers an
extensive area, elsewhere it is comprised in a narrow belt of
land, between the Headon Hill Sands and the Osborne Series.
These beds are best displayed at Headon Hill, in Totland and
Colwell Bays, and in Whitecliff Bay. There is also a small
section of the upper portion—now almost entirely overgrown or
hidded by the sea-wall—on the coast close to Norris Castle and
Osborne.
The Fluvio-marine formation, which extends over the northern
portion of the Island, forms an undulating tract of country, the
scenery of which presents a marked difference to that of the more
open district covered by the Cretaceous rocks on the south, owing
to the greater abundance of woods with which the surface is in
many places covered. The land situated on the limestones is of
a more fertile description than that based upon the clays or sands,
but over a considerable part of the Island mapped as Fluvio-marine
there is a thick deposit of flint gravel spread over the surface,
which conceals the underlying strata, and causes the agricultural
nature of the soil to bear no relation whatever to the rocks
beneath. From the highly inclined position of the beds in the
neighbourhood of the Chalk, the lower members of the formation
are comprised, for the most part, within comparatively narrow
limits, and the chief’ portion of the superficial area occupied by
the Iluvio-marine series consists of the upper members of that
group. The thick beds of limestone in this formation thin out
towards the north, and nearly disappear in an easterly direction.
The Headon Series was subdivided by Edward Forbes into :—
Uppermost marls, with Cerithiwm lapidum ?
Upper Headon freshwater and brackish beds.
2. Middle ; Headon intermarine.
3. Lower Headon fresh and brackish-water beds.
1. Upper {
The following sections, measured during the original survey
of the Istand, will give a good idea of the nature and fossils of
these beds. It must not be forgotten, however, that cach of the
minor divisions is extremely variable, and many of them are
found to die out or entirely change their character in short.
listances.
IEADON BEDs. 129
Section of the Headon Scrics of Headon Hill, measured by Edward
Forbes in October 1852 (with w few Corrections mude in 1888.)
a
( Blue and yellow clays and marls, passing
into grey laminated clays with crushed
Paludina lenta and Potamomya gre-
garia - - 15 0
Variegated clays with Potamomya, espe-
cially in the lower part. A 6-inch
band of ironstone with Paludina occurs
in the centre of the bed. Serpula - 3 3
Brown and green clays. Potamomya,
Paludina lenta, Melanopsis fusiformis- 3 4
Limestone, carbonaceous at the top ;
details :—
Carbonaceous - - 1 0
Sandy, with crushed Linnea
longiseata and Planorbis
Upper Headon euomphalus - 2 0
_ Beds, < Full of fine shells; Limnea
Ab ft. 7 ins. longiscata, Planorbis euom- > 8 0
phalus, P. lens, P. obtusus,
P. rotundatus, P. platy-
stomus, Paludina, &c. - 2.0
Rubbly, with Planorbis ewom-
phalus - - - 3 0
Bluish and purplish clays, passing into
Limestone. Melanopsis —_carinata,
Limnea longiscata, Planurbis platy-
stoma, P. obtusus, Bulimus politus -
Limestone, compact in places, with many
shells and lines of nedular concretions
in places. Shells as in the limestone
above - - - - 10 0
Greenish-white compact sands, carbo-
naceous at the base. Serpula tenuis - 2 0
Blue clays and sands, crowded with
univalve shells. Cerithinm ventri-
cosum, C. concavum, C. pseudo-cinctum,
Cyrena obovata, Ostrea, Natica. The
shells are much broken at the lower
part (at 2 feet down) and larger than
further northward = - - -
Yellow sand, with bands of lignite and
clay. Cerithium concavum - -
Blue-green clay with lignite. Fossils
few :—Cyrena obovata, scattered Ostrea 2
Limestone. — Planorlis euomphalus,
Limnea longiscata = - - i
Blue, green, and brown sandy clay,
with oyster-beds at about 5 feet
Middle Headon from the top. A few fossils in
Beds, blue clay above ; fossils mostly in
33) ft. the middle and lower part. Occa-
sional flint pebbles. Ostrea,
Cyrena obovata, Cytherea incras-
sata, Nucula, Natica depressa,
Melania, Fusus, small species. The
oysters in this bed are smaller
and fewer than at Colwell Bay ;
the other marine shells are also
fewer - - - - 16 0
E 56786. T
Ci
Qo
to
o cS 2 ww
VENUS BED,
ese NS
ee
-
130 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fr. In.
(Sand, clay, and lignite; with
bands full of bivalves and scat-
tered _univalves. Cyrena
obovata, Cerithium ventricosum,
C. concavum, C. pseudo-cinctum,
Neritina concava, Melanopsis
L. fusiformis - 1 0
Cream-coloured limestone in one bed.
Limneea longiscata, Planorbis euom-
| phalus, P. lens? This corresponds
with the limestone of How Ledge 3.0
Sand, clay, and lignite, with seeds. At
the bottom 2 feet 9 inches of strong
| carbonaceous bands with seeds and
univalves. Carpolithes, Melania - 20 0
Limestone with shells (much broken)
| probably brackish water? Limnea
NERITANA
BED
aa
longiscata, Nematura - 1 6
Green clays ; fossils few or none 8 0
" - 2 0
| Ferruginous bands, alternating with
| clays full of Paludina - 3 0
Pale sands with bands of lignite - 428
CyrENA PULCHRA Bep.—Green clays,
carbonaceous at the base. Cyrena
pulchra, Potamomya, Limnea 0 6
Limestone, very shelly in the middle,
| and divided into two beds by a clayey
parting. Limnea longiscata, L. cau-
data, Planorbis euomphalus, Hoa
Lower Headon of Paludina - 5 4
Green clays with parish sheeiles (from
this clay to the base of the Headon
Series the beds vary very much at
different places) - 14
Sandy limestone, very shelly and ferru-
ginous at the base. Shells crushed 0 6
White and yellow sand, with a car-
bonaceous band ut the top 0 4
*Blue clay with shells; becomes sandy
below. Potamomya, Cerithium - 46
Sandy limestone, passing upwards into
sand. Plunorbis ewomphalus, Limnea
longiscata (shells much broken)
Strong band of ironstone 2 inches to 0
CyRENA CYCLADIFORMIS Brp.—Sandy
green clays, Potamomya, Cyrenu
cycladiformis, Cerithium i ta C.
duplex - - 3 0
White sands with harder bands - - - 1 6
Green clays with a thin ferruginous
band 1 inch thick at the base. No
fossils? - 6 0
L Total - 146 10
; Bright yellow sands, with white sand,
Headon Hill Sands forming lenticular patches in yellow
sand - - - - ll 0
as, Se
Another Section measured downwards from the beds marked
(*), nearer Alum Bay, is slightly different.
Lower Headon
Beds.
HEADON BEDs.
(Green clays with thick bands of Pota-
| momya plana. Paludina in places.
Selenite - - -
| White sands, without fossils — - :
Thin band of sandy limestone with
| Planorbis, &e. - -
White clayey band. No fossils
White sand - .
Green marls with lignite bands. Broken
Cyrena and Potamomya, Cerithium
elegans? C. duplex? - -
Pink and yellow rather compact sands,
with a lignite band at the top -
Ferruginous ledge of dark-red sandy
beds, with a strong but narrow iron-
band at the base. No fossils - -
| White sands (Headon Hill Sands).
Fr.
mete
131
In.
6
0
The Headon Beds vary so much in short distances that other
measurements, made only a mile or two from Headon Hill give
very different results, though the total thickness is nearly the
same. The following were taken about 1852 by E. Forbes and
H. W. Bristow
Section of the Headon Beds in Colwell and Totland Bays.
Fr. In.
Upper Headon
Beds, 475
feet.
va
Dark blue clays alternating with ferruginous
and septarian bands. Paludina lenta, P.
globuloides, Limnea longiscata, Serpula,
Potamomya gregaria -
Red and green marls -
Sandy beds, greenish clays, and grey shales,
with lenticular patches of broken shells and
wood. Puludina lenta above, Potamomya?
Cyrena obonata, var. major, fragments of
Unio, Melanopsis fusiformis P and Melania
muricata - - - -
White, yellowish, and dark sand, with clayey
streaks. MWelanopsis fusiformis, M. subcari-
nata? Cyrena pulchra. Lenticular patches
of dead Melanopsis and Cyrena obovata in
the lower part - -
Limestone. Limnea longiscata, Planorbis -
Greenish clay and sand, crowded in places
2 with univalve and bivalve shells. A ferru-
ginous band at 10 inches from the bottom
of the bed. Potamides trizonatum, Cyrena
obovata- - - - -
Argillaceous limestone, passing southward
into a bed of sand. A carbonaceous band
occurs at the base. Paludina angulosa,
Limnea longiscata, L. subquadrata?, Is.
angusta?, L. arenularia?, L. tenuis ?,
Planorbis euomphalus, P. rotundatus, P.
obtusus, P.. lens, P. platystoma, Nematura.
(This bed occupies the foreshore at Cliff
End Fort) - - - :
Bluish-yellow and purplish laminated sands
and carbonaceous shales (under the battery,
southern end) - -
Laminated clay and sand, with ferruginous
sandy lenticular patches and lines of Pota-
momya in places. Potamomya -
a
10
3
10
te
132 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Middle Headon
Beds, 30 feet
4 inches.
(Rather compact pale greenish-yellow sand,
without fossils - ae, oF
Verdigris-green clayey beds, abounding in
Cyrena obovata, Ostrea, Melania muri-
cata, Cerithium concavum, Natica - -
Band of ferruginous concretions, often cal-
careous internally. Small Nematura or
Hydrobia, Neritina (rave), Cerithium
pseudo-cinctuim, Meiunia muricata, Cyrena
obovata, Modiola, Ostrea (rare) 3 inches to
Bluish-green clays, often very fossiliferous.
Cyrena at the top of the bed, and Ostrea
in lenticular patches in the lower part,
which becomes blacker and contains cal-
careous nodules. Cyrena obovata, Mytilus
affinis, Cerithium pseudo-cinctum, Neritine
3 feet to
Lignite and clay; sand in places. Nume-
yous bands of Potamomya near the base.
Cerithium pseudo-cinctum, Neritina, Mela-
é nopsis - .
“Venus Bep.” Brownish clay full of
' marine shells. Bank of oysters varying
in thickness in different places. Ostrea
velata, Cytherea inerassata, Corbula
| cuspidata, Cerithium pseudo-cinctum, Fusus,
Murex, Voluta spinosa, Cancellaria, 2 sp.,
Pleurotoma, 2 sp.,Nucula headonensis, Arca,
Natica, 3 sp., Bulla, 2 sp., Tellina, 2 sp.
(The Oyster Bed rises a little (15 feet)
south of Linstone Chine) - - -
Very variable alternations of blue and red
clays and yellow and white sands, becoming
fossiliferous, especially near the base, and
with a ferruginous band 43 inches thick in
the centre. Ostrea, Alelania muricata,
Cerithium pseudo-cinctum, &c. . -
“Neritina Bep.’ Dark-blue sandy clay.
with two well-marked bands of Cyrena.
Cyrena obovata, Cerithium, 3 sp., Neritina
concava, Melauopsis fusiformis, Nematura,
Chara - - .
( Whitish sandy clay with crushed Linnea -
Limestone. Linnea longiscata, L. pyrani-
dalis, L. gibbosula, L. minima, Plinorbis
enomphalus, P. rotundatus, P. obtusus ?, P.
platystoma, P. lens, Puludina (rare), Chara.
(This limestone forms How Ledge) -
Whitish and grey calcareous clay, passing
into Limestone with thick bands of crushed
Linnea and lignite near the top and scat-
tered Prludiua beluw. ‘Vurtle bones
Blue soft sandy clay, witb bands of Paludina,
small black seeds, and Uuio Solandri -
Purplish-grey carbonaceous lamine with
oblique root like markings. Bands of
Paludina, Melania, Cyrenu, Unio, Seeds -
Brown, red, and grey clays and sands, with
seams of Paludina. Paler sands below -
Sand, abounding with small shells above, and
with a concretionary band at the base.
Helix labyrinthica, Achutinu costellata,
Limnea pyramidalis, L. caudata, Le.
Fr. In
2)
3.0
1 0
5
2 0
9 0
6 0
Bog
2 3
oo: a)
410
4 0
0 x8
8 0
HEADON BEDS. 133
longiscata, Li. mixta ?, Ih. fusiformis, Li. Fr. ty.
tumida ?, Planorbis rotundutus, P. lens, P.
obtusus, ‘Melanopsis brevis, Melania, Palu-
dina lenta, Cyrena eycludiformis?, C
obovata, Chara 2 6
Bed partly concretionary, pankle sandy ith
lenticular masses of broken SO
(Forms Warden Ledge) - 3.6
Lower Headon | Pure white sand with bright gellow stripes.
Beds, 82 feet ~ No fossils - 8 0
4 inches. ae grey sandswith bands of Potamomy aa
Seeds - -
*Carbonaccous sand and clay, with bands of
Potamomya, A strong band of lignite at
the base. Seeds. Puludina scarce - 6
Pale-green sandy clays -
Limestone, with Potamomya at the top.
Planorbis euomphalus, Limnea longiscata,
DL. pyramdalis, L. suleata - - - 16
Greenish and yellowish clay with lignite
2 6 to
Imperfect Limnzean limestone - -
Pale-green marls, with roots in places and
occasional broken Limnea and Paludina.
sMelanopsis. (Numerous bands of Pota-
momya near the base) - - - 14 0
Imperfect Limnzan limestone ; very soft, with
crushed shells - 10
0
a
=
t
ts
an
Ow
an
te
White and yellowish sand, N oO fossils
Hard greenish marl. Me/anopsis brevis, Pota-
momya, Serpula -
Sands - - -
Greenish marl and many clay with bands of
Potamomya -
Limestone with Tiana and Plunorbis. Fer-
ruginous outside. Cyreni ? -
Purple calcareous marl, with crushed shells -
Strong lignite band - - - -
Limnzan limestone : =
Greenish clay and sand - -
Hrapvon Hix Sanps (pale grey sand) -
-——
AOOCWS an
CCUM > wo
|
Total - = 153 2
A Section measured in Weston Chine, commencing at the bed
marked (*) in the foregoing differs somewhat.
Fr. In.
( Lignite - - - 038
Green marls, sandy clay, ae clay 3 Gor d 0
Green clay - -3to 0 6
Hard line of crushed Potamonya in bright
ochreous sand - - - 0 2
Limnzan limestone; soft and earthy » 240
Greenish tenaceous clay, with carbonaceous
matter, especially at the upper part.
Planorbis and Limnea at the base. Throws
out water - - - - - 1 6
Soft earthy Limnzwan limestone, impure and
thinning away and is then marked by a line
of shells - 0 6
Pale green sandy marl, with "Paludina, Pota-
momya, &c. in the lower 3 in. which bes
comes harder and more marly - - 1 6
134 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGILT,
Fr. Iv
Hard irregular band of sandy marl; green
and brown and containing ferruginons
patches ; — 2 eto Od
Lower Headon < ee with an undulating lnregur head
Beds,
Pale-green marly sand or sandy marl din. to 0 6
Light-grey sand, with occasional bright ferru-
ginous stains in lines and patches. Pota-
momya at the base - - . - I 6
Verdigris-green marls and clays, with occa-
sional Paludina and lines of Potamomya in
the lower 6 inches - - - 5 0
Limestone (second ledge of the Chine).
Potamomya at the top, Limnea, Planorbis.
6inchesto O 8
Light-grey sands, becoming ferruginous to-
wards the bottom - - - 3to 1 6
Line of lignite linch. Hard band of variable
thickness 1 inch. Imperfect limestone
with Limnea, Planorbis, Paludina (Lignite
sometimes disappearing) 3 inches 0 9
Light-green clay weathering brown and be-
coming harder and concretionary at the
base +$ feet and sands, clays and marls at
the upper 3 feet - -
band)
a
'
The detailed sections given above will show how thin and
variable are the minor divisions which go to make up the Headon
Beds at the western end of the Island. This variability largely
accounts for the difficulty that is sometimes felt in correlating
the beds at Headon Hill with those in Colwell Bay. But if
instead of attempting to compare isolated sections, certain marked
beds are followed continuously through the cliff, the connexion
becomes much clearer.*
So many geologists visit this part of the Island that it will be
useful to add a few notes which may assist in the tracing of the
beds, and in the identification of the principal fossiliterous zones
where the connexion is hidden by landslips.
To obtain a general idea of the structure of the beds, it will
be desirable first to examine the cliff from a boat at a distance of
half or three-quarters of a mile off Totland, though a very good
view may be obtained from the end of Totland Pier. By thus
first examining the cliff from a distance, one is enabled to re-
cognisc the true structure of the Oligocene Beds, and is not so
liable to be misled by changes in the direction of the coast, or by
landslips-—both fertile sources of error in estimating the relative
position or dip of beds in these soft deposits.
Examined this way, the coast section shows that there is a high
northerly dip at the west end of Headon Hill, where the cliff runs
north and south, but that directly the trend of the coast changes so
that the cliff runs parallel to the axis of elevation, the dip apparently
* A valuable horizontal section will be found in the paper by Messrs. Keeping and
Tawney, “On the Beds at Headon Hili and Colwell Bay.” Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., vol. Xxxyil. (1881) p. 85.
ITEADON BEDS. 135
disappears. Another curvature of the coast, commencing near
Widdick Chine, again shows the true northerly dip, but the angle
is much lower, the distance from the line of greatest disturbance
being greater. From this point there is a northward dip, till the
Headon Beds sink beneath the sea-level a short distance north of
the Chiff End Battery. There may be indications of a very slight
anticline near the Totland Bay Hotel, but it seems scarcely more
than a flattening of the beds for a short distance.
When we attempt to trace the beds on the ground, the landslips
at Headon Hill make it impossible to follow most of the horizons
continuously, However, the thick limestone which forms so bold
a feature all through the hill enables us to identify the beds above
and below it.
Commencing with the base, the Headon Hill Sands (the glass
sands) can now only be traced for about 5 chains north of the Alum
Bay Pier, though formerly they could be seen a short distance
further. The extensive working of this sand in old times has
much to do with the tumbled and obscure character of this part
of the section.
Then for a mile the foreshore is entirely occupied by fallen blocks
and landslips and the sands are invisible. It is probable that they
have really sunk beneath the sea-level for part of the distance, for
the higher beds also apparently sink slightly in the middle uf the
hill, where the distance from the line of disturbance is rather
greater than at either end.
At the east end of the landslip and 8 chains south-west of the
boat-house at Widdick Chine, the base of the Headon Beds is again
visible. The following section was measured at this point imnic-
diately above the beach in May of the present year (1888) :—
FEET.
Lower Headon ~
Beds. } Clay.
Black carbonaceous sana and brown sand : 9
Hegon fill cee ep : : ~ a
Sands. Do ; 9
Fine white glass sand } proved by boring { = i
21
A similar section was seen by Prof. Forbes and H. W. Bristow
when the original survey was made, and the junction of the
Headon Hill Sands with the Lower Headon Beds was clearly laid
open for examination.
As Professor Judd had questioned the accuracy of the correla-
tion of the sands seen at the base of the cliff with the glass sands
at the other end of the hill, a Loring was made to a depth of 9
feet below the beach level. The buff sand in the upper part
might have been referred to either division, for the upper part of
the Headon Hill Sands is generally stained for a depth of several
feet. But the underlying pure white sands are so unlike any-
thing found in the Headon Beds, that it was not thought neces-
sary to carry the boring deeper, especially as the amount of water
136
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Fia. 36.
Vertical Section of the Beds at the North-East Corner of Headon
Upper Headon.
Middle Headon.
Lower Headon.
Fill.
(Scale, 8 feet to the inch.)
(Reproduced, by permission, from the Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc,, vol. xxxvii. (1851), p. 91.)
63-8 0
0 3
(9 in-2 ft.
Gin,
6 in.
ft. in.
110
8 6
seen,
Part of thick Limnea limestone. Linnea fusiformis, &e.
Laminated greenish clay, with broken Paludina.
Whity-brown to buff sands, with layers of lignitie matter.
2 Potamomya, Melania murvicata, Unio
paveisancds DElOWw Lora vip ty > 0;
Greyer sands below < Paludina lenta.
Lignite.
Greenish-gr¢
7 clays! _ C. ( Vicarya concava, Marginella vit-
ventricosum bed with
4 tata,Neritina concava, Melania
t muricata, ce.
Limnea limestone soft ane crumbling, with a thin lignite at top.
Verdigris-green clay, with rootlets.
Limnea-limestones.
Stiff green clays with conchoidal fracture in drying.
Oyster-bed towards the base.
(Pususlabiatus, Mel.fasciata M. muri-
Clay becoming ereyer | cata, Nerita aperta, Cer. variabile,
i olawa moose 1 C pseudocinctw, Ostrea velata,
Mytilus affinis, Corbicula obovata,
Lucinea colvellensis.
Alternating grey and ochry clays.
(Cyth. incrassata, Mactra fasti«
| giata, Mya angustata, Cor-
Venus-bed,” richest por- d t (
tion, contains BeNEtONee bicula obovata, Nucula lissa,
flints, brown sandy clay. N. headone nsis, Trig. deltoi-
becoming gr 1 | dea, Pusus labiatus, Cancell.
elongata, Melanop: Susi-
Jormis, Voluta spinosa, Vic.
concava, Natica Sluderi.
Thin grey sandy clays, weathering brown.
sand beloy
Cytherea incrassata, &ec. scattered throughout.
Mya angustata, especially near base.
Chocolate-brown or ¢ Trig. delloidea. Cer. pseudocinctum,
blackish sands. @ Natica labellata, Melan. fusiformis.
Trigonocelia-hed.
Blackish-brown sands, Verilina bed Seas, oe a
x Be E . formis, C. obovata.
Very stilf tenacious clay.
Limnea-limestone, “Wow-Ledge lime-¢ Z. longiscata, fusi«
stone, t formis, &e.
Whity-brown or yellow sands and
fi sand-rock, with layers of
Paludina and Potamomya. ; Ks
[The base concealed by tumble and widercliff,7
NKEADON bups, 137
met with would have necessitated the use of lining tubes if it were
to be continued. North of this point the dip quickly carries the
base of the Headon Beds below the sea level.
Returning to the western end of Headon Hill we find a thick
limestone forming the top of the cliff. The position of this lime-
stone is close to the base of the Upper Headon Beds, and it over-
lies a series of marine clays and sands fall of Cerithium, Ostrea,
and Cythercvw. These marine beds belong to the Middle Headon
Series, but unfortunately they are not at the present time clearly
exposed, except at the two ends of the Hill.
From this point the marine beds are almost entirely hidden by
landslips for about a mile but the limestone can be followed, and
ina similar position below it at the north-eastern end of the hill
the marine beds again occur. Part of these can be well examined
at the present time, though they are not easy to find unless one
has firet identified the thick Limnzan limestone.
Messrs. Keeping and Tawney give a sarefully measured section
at this point, which is here reproduced, Fig. 36 (sce page 136).
The base of the thick Upper Headon Limnaan limestone at
the point where it leaves the coast is about 120 feet above the
sea, and at the north-eastern end of the Headon Hill outlier it
has fallen to about 110 feet. Crossing the small valley which
divides Headon Hill from a lower hill nearer Middleton, we find
the thick limestone at a height of 130 feet. From this point it
falls in less than a quarter of a mile to about 110 fect. Then
it flattens for another quarter of a mile, and remains at the
same level at the northern extremity of the outlier near Amos
Full.
Returning to the coast we find the Oyster Beds in the marine
Middle Headon Beds about 95 feet above the sea at the point
where the cliff becomes low near Widdick Chine. Half a mile
to the north-east there is a small hill on the northern side of
Weston Chine which just reaches 100 feet. The upper part of
this hill is oceupied by a brick-yard, and 7 feet down in the clay,
1.¢., at about 93 feet, the Oyster Bed is again found. It is full of
fossils, but they are not well preserved; the species noted were
Ostrea velutu, Cytherea incrassata, and Buerinum labiatum.
Thus the same flattening of the beds for a short distance occurs
here which we have already noticed in the limestone.
Still further inland, to the north-east, the Oyster Bed is again
met with in a large brick-yard near Amos Cottage. Here the
height is about 60 feet. In this brick-yard the fossils are all in
the state of casts, and only Ostrea relate and Cytherea incrassata
could be determined.
Returning to Totland Bay, we find the dip to become higher
and the marine beds again to strike the cliff a few chains north
of the Coast Guard station, at a height of about 80 fect. From
this point these beds can be followed continuously, except in the
parts under Warden Battery, and over short distances where the
face of the cliff is obscured by talus. A few yards north of How
138 GEOLOGY OF 11% ISLE OF WIGIUT.
Ledge the base of the marine beds falls to the level of the beach,
and from thix point nearly to Linstone Chine continuous sections
are generally exposed, for there is little talus, and the lower part
of the cliff is so full of fossils that it presents a vertical face.
The thickening vf the Oyster Bed, and the way in which it cuts
into the underlying clay full of Cytherea, are very noticeable in
this part of the cliff.
We have now reached the section which all geologists visit, and
from which the majority of the marine Headon fossils have been
obtained. It may therefore be well to stop for a moment to point
out that even this most purely marine portion of the Headon
series is full of freshwater shells. A few minutes search is sure to
yield several specimens of Limnea and Cyrenw wixed with the
Oysters. The underlying clay full of Cythercu is more thoroughly
marine, but it also contains a good many valves of Cyrene.
However there is « decided and essential difference between these
marine beds with drifted freshwater shells, and the beds full of
Potamomyn, Melania, and Potamides, which lie above and below
them. These fossils probably point to deposition in brackish-water
lagoons and not in the open sea. Like all accumulations formed
in such conditions, therefore they contain abundance of individuals
belonging to very few species, instead of a wonderfully varied
molluscan fauna like that of the Middle Ieadon Beds.
The How Ledge limestone, which underlies the marine bed, is
another well-marked horizon. This stone is a band, from 3 to
5 feet thick, of freshwater rather tufaceous limestone full of well
preserved Limueu and Plunorbis, belonging to many species. The
perfect preservation of the fossils, the softness of the matrix,
and the ease with which the bed can be examined, render this
the favourite bed from which to obtain these shells. The rock is
always visible between How Ledge and Warden Point, and can
be traced continuously southward to the Coast Guard Station.
Here it passes inland, but Messrs. Keeping and Tawney identify
it with the Limnean limestone at the top of the Lower Headon
Beds at the north-eastern end of Headon Hill (see section p. 136).
A section of the lower part of the cliff near Colwell Chine, given
at p. 242, shows the small reversed or overthrust faults developed
in this limestone by lateral pressure connected with the formation
of the great uniclinal fold of the Isle of Wight.
A short distance below the How Ledge limestone is a mass of
calcareous concretionary sandstone and sand, forming Warden
Ledge. This sand is traceable at intervals for about a mile.
South of Warden Ledge other thin limestones form a minor ledve
ee Ok 5
on the foreshore. These limestones, full of Chara and Limnea,
can be traced nearly to Widdick Chine.
The sections of the Headon Beds near Clif End are, un-
fortunately, semewhat obscure at present (1889), and the thinning
out of the thick Upper Headon limestone renders it difficult to
trace the northward limit of the Ileadon Leds. Messrs. Keeping
and ‘Tawney identify the thick limestone of Headon Hill with a bed
HEADON BRDs. 139
1 foot 8 inches thick at Cliff End.* This correlation is probably
correct, but it has been found impossible to connect the beds by
mapping.
Inland sections of the Headon Beds are rare—at least sections
which yield any evidence of definite horizons scldom occur. A
very fossiliferous section is exposed in a miniature chine, cut
between the north-east corner of Freshwater (All Saints) Church-
yard and the marsh. A good deal of gravel has slipped over the
beds, which are only clear at the bottom of the channel, so that
it was impossible to uvbtain any measurements. The principal
fossiliferous bed consists of a mass of shells in a slightly hardened
sandy matrix. The species collected in 1887 were Planorbis
obtusus, Neritina concava, Nematura parvula, Melania muricata,
Melanopsis subfusiformis, Limnea longiscata? Hydrobia Chasteli,
Cerithium elegans, Cyrena obovata, Cyrena deperdita, Serpula,
Charu. The specimens of Neritina are particularly fine, being
unusually large, and with the colour well preserved.
Another manuscript list of fossils from ‘‘ Wheatlow Brook, near
Treshwater Church” (apparently the same locality), gives Ancil-
laria bueccinoides, Cerithium concavum, C. elegans, C. mutabile,
Melanopsis fusiformis, M. carinata, Natica depressa, Nerita aperta,
Neritina concava, Paludina lenta, Cyrena obovata. These fossils
were collected about 1852.t In both cases the beds seem to
belong to the base of the Middle Headon Beds—the “Neritina
Bed” of the coast section.
The well at Golden Hill Fort must have penetrated almost the
entire thickness of the Headon Beds, but unfortunately the record
of this well has been kept in such a way as to render it almost
useless for geological purposes. The section will be found in the
Appendix.
Besides those mentioned, there were several temporary sections
near Freshwater, showine clays with Potamomya and Puludine.
A well at Poundgreen, 7 chains north-east of the cross-roads,
seems to have reached the Headon Hill Sands. It showed :—
Lower Headon f Green clay with Paludina and Potamomya.
Beds. Black clay with crushed Planorbis.
Sand.
The thickness of the beds could not be ascertained.
Crossing the Yar, the old marl pits near the Yarmouth road
are in green clay, with Potamomya—probably Lower Headon, but
no section is now visible. East of these pits the dip becomes high,
and there are no exposures for three miles.
Near Little Chessell the beds again flatten somewhat, and
sections of the shelly Middle Headon Series can be seen extending
for several chains along the stream course about a quarter of a
* Op. cit. p- 90. nae i
+ I cannot learn definitely who supplied this list or who collected or determined
these fossils (though Mr. Bristow thinks it was the late Mr. W. H. Baily), and am
unable to find any place named Wheatlow Brook, near Freshwater.—C. R.
140 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT,
mile north-cast of the farm. Here the following species were
collected by J. Rhodes, the fossil collector of the Survey :—
Chara. Cerithium elegans.
Hydrobia, sp. (young).
Cyrena obovata. Melania muricata.
Cytherea incrassata. Melanopsis subfusiformis.
‘Tellina, sp. Natica labellata.
Nematura parvula.
Ancillaria buccinoides. Neritina concava.
Buccinum labiatum. Pleurotoma headonensis.
The Cerithium is very abundant, in a shelly sand, and there is
also a bed of clay full of Cytherea, but it is difficult to make out
the true succession.
Further north, about 8 chains south of Eades Farm, a ditch
section shows clay full of Potamomyu gregaria, On the opposite
side of the stream fossils are ploughed up abundantly in the
fields. Those collected by J. Rhodes were Cyrenu deperdita,
C. obovata, Aydrohia Chasteli, Melanopsis carinata, Melania
muricuta, Neriting concara, Nematura parvula, and Planorbis,
There is nothing among these to show to what part of the Headon
Series this shelly clay belongs.
From Newbridge eastward to the Medina, the beds are nearly
vertical. Not a single section of the Headon Series is now
visible there.
At Newport, though the beds cannot be examined at the surface,
the whole thickness of the Upper and Middle Headon strata
seems to have been penetrated in a well at Messrs. Mow and
Company's Brewery (see Appendix, p.305). It is not easy to fix
the boundary between the Osborne and the Headon Beds, but
taking it as occurring at 259 feet from the surface, we have thick-
ness of 189 feet down to the sand which yielded water. Of the
189 feet of Headon Beds, at least 82 feet should be referred to
the Upper Headon, and the remainder to the marine Middl
Headon. Any attempt to correlate the minor subdivisions
would be unsafe, for the samples preserved were small, and the
thickness of the different beds appears to have been greatly
increased by lateral pressure. Within a few hundred yards of
this well lics the area of sharpest folding.
At West Cowes another well has been sunk to supply the town
(see Appendix, p. 313). Here again the boundary between the
Osborne and the Headon Series is very difficult to fix, but it
seems to lie about 268 feet from the surface. At 365 feet, ic.,
47 feet below the top of the Headon Series, the shelly “ Venus
Bed,” commences, and from a sample of clay brought up from that
depth the following species were obtained :—Cytherca tnerassata,
Cyrena, sp. Buecinian labiatum, Natien labellata, Nemutura
parruly, and an otohth of fish, From 375 feet a sample of ereen
clay contained Nutiew and indeterminable shell fragments. From
the spoil heap at the well a considerable number of species were
obtained, and though the exact depth from which they came could
not be fixed, they certainly belong to the clays at about 114 fect.
The species collected were :-—
HEADON BEDS. 141
Cardita simplex. Buecinum labiatum.
Cytherea incrassata. Bulla, sp.
Corbula cuspidata. Cancellaria elongata.
— pisum, Cerithium elegans.
Cyrena deperdita. Natica labellata.
obovata. Pleurotoma plebia.
Ostrea ventilabrum. Rostellaria, sp.
Voluta geminata.
The occurrence of Curditu simplex and Voluta geminata is inter-
esting, for these are Brockenhurst specics previously rare or un-
recorded from the Isle of Wight. Both are abundant in this well.
Between 420 and 434 feet grey shelly sand with Mutica,
Pleurotoma, Nematura, Potamomya, Cyrena, and Planorbis occurs,
so the Middle Headon Beds seem to be at least 113 feet thick.
This thickness is much greater than at the west end of the island
but agrees very well with the Whitecliff Bay section. The increase
of thickness of the marine beds is apparently due to the incoming
of the Brockenhurst beds, which are absent towards the west.
Below the sand the boring penetrated 3 feet into clay, in which
no fossils were ebserved. This clay ought perbaps to be referred
to the Lower Headon Series, for the occurrence of Potamomya
and Planorbis in the bed above seems to indicate a change of
conditions at this point, but unfortunately the boring was carried
no deeper.
Another well, at Woodvale (see Appendix, p. 315), a short
distance from the last section, penetrates about 13 feet into the
Middle Headon Beds, with Potumomya greyuria, Cyrena obovata,
Ostrea, Melania murtcata, Cerithium concavum, C. trizonutuim ?
The beds seem to correspond with those seen on the foreshore at
Osborne.
The Headon Beds reap ear for a short distance at the extreme
northern point of the Islund, brought up by a local undulation
connected with the rise of the beds on the north side of the Isle of
Wight syncline. During the progress of the first Survey of the
Island these beds were well seen at the foot of the cliff near
Osborne and Norris Castle. But now the building of the sea
walls and the erection of groynes has almost entirely hidden the
sections, though abundance of Certthinm concavum can still be
found on the beach. The following description of the beds is
entirely taken from the first edition of this Memoir :—
Due north of East Cowes, a little round the first Point, light-
green and red sandy clays, with bands of compressed Melania
costata. and bivalves, forming a shell-marl, have slipped from a
higher level on to the shore, and Paludinu fenta, Cyrena obovuta,
Potamides (Cerithium) concavum, often in a silicified condition,
lie scattered in great profusion on the beach.
Immediately under these, apparently, and seen also on the
shore, are 1 to 2 feet of greenish-grey clays, with occasional sandy
lamine, and numerous bands of Potamonya sparingly mingled with
Paludinu lenta, Cyrena obovata, and an oceasional C. pdchra,
Bands of crushed Paludina lenta oceur lower down, succeeded
by bands of Melanopsis, with remains of Fish (scales, vertebra,
142 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
and teeth). Green sandy clays follow, with thin pyritised bands
of shells, a band of Limnea longiscuta and smaller subordinate
layers of Potamomyu.
Here the beds undulate, and towards the point above Norris
lower beds make their appearance. West of the Point green
clays are seen at the base of the cliff 4 inches thick, under a
2-inch band of clay-ironstone. These clays contain Jelunia
turritissima t and a black Cypris, Upon the clay-ironstone lies a
band of Cyrena pulehra followed by greenish clay 1 foot thick,
full of Cyrena obovata, occasionally with the valves in contact, and
most numerous towards the upper part. Three feet beneath the
ironstone another similar band occurs, separated trom the first by
green clays, with five or six bands of Potamomyu. Below the
second band of ironstone green clays, with Oysters succeed,
associated with Cyrena pulchra, C. oboruta, Cerithium, &e.
On the shore, about 50 yards westward from the wall of Norris,
pyritiferous bands of Potamomya underlie the green clay with
oysters, and the section may be there continued as follows :—
Fr. In.
Green sandy clays, with an oyster-band 2 inches thick - 1 6
Grey sands, fossiliferous in the upper part, where they are also
laminated, and passing into ferruginous grit —- 26
Light-greyish clayey sands, with 2 inches of Potamomya in the
upper part - - - 4.0
Beds not seen - - 3 or 4.0
Greeuish sands, with We/lania muricata and Potamomya — -
Greenish clay, with a few Potamomya 1 0
Consolidated and partly pyritised bands of Pvotomomya, Helieen
which are layers of greenish sandy clay full of Chara, fish-scales,
and AMelania muricata in patches - - 5.0
Light-green sandy clay, with comminuted Cyrena
North of Norris, by the sea-wall, the beds on the shore at the
Point are crowded with Cyrene oborata and Patumides ; Cyrena
pulchra and oysters being somewhat scarce.
The shells already noticed as being so plentiful on the beach
nearer East Cowes are probably derived from these beds, which
are most likely lower than those with consolidated bands deserihcd
in the preceding section. Opposite the Point they are probably
covered by the sca. Hence to the wall separating the Royal
erounds from those of Norris the strata are concealed; but on
the shore opposite the latter, sands with Potimnides, Cyr ene, and
Oysters, again appear.
East of Cowes and Newport there are no sections of the
Headon Beds till Whitechff Bay is reached. However the trial
borings Nos. 116, 117, and 118, about two miles east of New port,
indicated feahwaier beds belongine to the Headon Series, though
they yielded no characteristic fossils.
At Whitecliff Bay the Headon Beds are 212 feet thick, and
are divisible, as in other parts of the island, into three sections—
a middle marine, and an upper and a lower treshwater and
estuarine.
The following section is that measured during the original
Survey, with some corrections and »dditions made in 88s -—
Upper Headon
Beds, 58 feet.
Middle Headon
Beds, 126 feet.
Lower Headon
Beds, 28+ feet.
SIEADON BEDs.
Headon Beds in Whitecliff Bay.
( Grey, reddish, bluish and ash-coloured
laminated clays. Layers of Potamomya
gregaria, with occasional Paludina lenta,
Melania 2 sp., Fish-scales, Serpula on the
Paludina and Potamomya -
Grey laminated clays. Unio, Cyrena obovata
Sandy clay with calcareous concretions.
Limnea caudata, Chara Wrightii - -
Ferruginous sands and calcareous hard bands.
é Hydrobia, &c. - -
Green clay, with Cyrena obovata -
Brown clay, without fossils - -
Yellow sand, without fossils - -
Marl and green clay with calcareous concre-
tions. Cyrena obovata, Limnea longiscata,
Planorbis ewomphalus, pieces of wood
White sand with thin layers of whitish clay -
Alternations of carbonaceous clays and
greenish sands. Cyrena obovata, Potamides,
Chara Wrightt— - - :
Green sandy loam, with a few casts of marine
shells. Psammobia compressa, Cytherea
imerassata, Cyrena - -
Blue sandy clay. Cytherea inerassata very
abundant at the top; Cerithium pseudo-
cinctum
Stiff blue clay, full of fossils. Cytherea in-
crassata, Psammobia compressa, Cyrenu
obovata, Fusus labiatus, Cancellaria elongata,
C. muricata, Natica labellata -
Sand or sandy greenish clay weathering
brown. Ironstone nodules. Casts of
< _ marine shells - -
Brown sandy clay, often with nodules con-
taining marine shells and fish-remains.
Cardita deltoidea, &c.
Brown clay, containing pieces of the under-
lying clay and flint-pebbles, and full of
marine shells. Ostrea, Modiola, Cardium,
Cardita deltoidea, Cytherea incrassata,
Calyptrea, sp. Fusus, Voluta spinosa, V.
geminata, &c. (Messrs. Keeping and
‘Tawney record 62 species of mollusca from
this bed and compare it with the Brocken-
| hurst zone of the New Forest)
[Green freshwater marls, with seams of Pota-
momya plana, Planorhis, Limnea, &c.
Grey sandy clay - - -
Hard ferruginous sandstone - - -
Pale-green clays, with seams of lignite, and
ironstone nodules. Palndina lenta, Limnea.
Planorbis euomphalus, P. obtusus, &c.
Green clay, ferruginous at the base. No
fossils observed —- -
|
| Carhonaceous clay and lignite - -
|
L
Total
143
Fr. In,
2 0
5 0
10
L 0
} 5 0
10 0
1b 0
4 0
5 0
2. 0
PO 0
4 0
76 0
lv 0
2 0
8 0
7 0
0 3
80
1 0
4 0
212 3
Here, as at Cowes, there seems to be « tendency in the marine
bands to thicken at the expense of the estuarine Lower Headon
Beds. These marine bands become more thoroughly marine, losing
144 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
to a large extent the admixture of freshwater shells which is so
conspicuous at the west end of the Island. The tufaceous fresh-
water limestones have all died out, and most of the purely
freshwater beds seem to be largely replaced by beds of estuarine
origin. However, the occurrence of derivative fragments of the
underlying freshwater clays at the base of the marine beds, shows
that the thinning out of the lower series may be due to actual
erosion, and not to a replacement by contemporaneous beds of
marine origin. Messrs. Keeping and ‘Tawney record the occurrence
of a similar line of erosion at the base of the Brockenhurst Beds
in the New Forest.
In Whitecliff Bay two principal horizons in the marine beds
yield most of the fossils. The lowest zone is about 30 feet from
the base of the Headon Series and the greater part of the fossils
are crowded into a seam a few inches thick, The most abundant
species are the Ostrea, Nucula, Car-
Fig. 37. dita acuticosta, Cytherea incrassata
Cytherea incrassata, Desh (Fig: 37), Pleurotoma, and Voluta
Fs spmosa,
The other bed is a shaly clay about
90 feet higher. This latter seems to
correspon with the “ Venus Bed”
of Colwell Bay, and contains a similar
assemblage of fossils. Amone the
common species are Cytherea incras-
sata, Corbula deltoidea, Ostrea, San-
gidtotunt ta, Certthium pseudo- cinctum,
Voluta spinosa, &e.
A large number of the marine mollusca of the Headon Beds
range downwards into the Barton Clay, but about half are peculiar
to the Oligocene. This apparent break between the Eocene and
the Oligocene will probably disappear when the marine fossils of
the Lomwer Headon Beds and of the Headon Hill Sands are better
known, but at present it is sufficiently marked.
Cytherea merassata,
Fig. 38. though especially abun-
Ostrea flabellula, Liam. dant in the Middle Hea-
don Series, has 2 some-
what extended range,
from the Barton Clay: to
NY the Bembridee Beds. It
“\\ gives the name to the
\\ \ well known “ Venus bed”
\ of collectors, the C 'ytherca
/ having formerly been
\) enowa as Venus ctneras-
sate Among the other
abundant marine bivalves
may be mentioned the
Ostrea velata, which forms thick banks in Colwell Bay, and the
Ostrea fabellula ¢ (Fig. 38), a much scarcer species which ranges
HEADON BEDS 145
downward into the Barton Clay but does not occur above the
Headon Series. Nucula headonensis is also very plentiful in
Colwell Bay.
iF . ‘a . .
The estuarine and freshwater bivalves most commonly met with
are species of Potumomya (Fig. 39) and Cyrena. These oceur in
Fre. 39.
Potamomya plana, Sow.
vast numbers in certain beds. Unios (Fig. 40) are more rare and
are generally confined to thin seams.
Fig. 40.
Unio Solandri, Sow.
The most plentiful univalves in the marine and estuarine beds
are several species of Certthinm, including C. concarum (Fig. 41)
and C. pseudo-cinctum (Fig. 43), Melanopsis subfusiformis
(Fig. 42), Buccinum labiatum, Murex seadentatus, Nerita aperta,
Fig. 41. Fie. 43.
Cerithium Cerithium
concavum, Sow. Fig. 42. pseudo-cinctum, D’ Orb,
Melanopsis
subfusiformis,
Morris.
Neritina concava, Ancillaria buccinoides, Melania muricata, and
several species of Cancellaria, Nautica, Pleurotoma, and Voluta.
E 56786. K
146 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT
The mollusca of the freshwater limestones are nearly all
Limneids belonging to the genera Limnea and Planorbis,
Limnea longiscata (Fig. 45), and Planorbis euomphalus (Fig. 44),
Fig. 44. Fie. 45.
Planorbis ewomphalus, Sow. Limnea longiscata, Sow.
NY WYNE
being perhaps the most abundant and conspicuous species.
Paludina lenta (Fig. 46) is a very abundant Species: throughout
the Oligocene Beds, especially in the fresh-
Fra. 46. water clays and marls. Nematura parvula
Paludina lenta, Sow. is very plentiful, and more generally dis-
tributed than is often thought, for its small
size causes it to be overlooked. There is
also a considerable number of species of
land-shells scattered through the lime-
stones, but these are not so often met with.
They however point to the close proximity
of the shore,
Of other fossils the most commonly found
are valves of Balanus unguiformis in the
marine beds, and nucules of Chara, generally C. Wrightii (Fic.
47) in almost any part of the series, but especially in the
Neritina-bed at the base of the Middle
Fig. 47. Headon beds. Vertebrate remains are
Ohara Wiese: Morten eee a Except Chara,
: iere arc few recognisable plants.
“ Like the other Oligocene beds, the
Headon Series seems to be mainly of
lagoon or estuarine origin. In the
Middle division we have truly marine
beds, but these are interbedded with
others deposited in brackish water. The Upper and Lower Headon
Beds are mainly fresh, or brackish-water deposits, and there seems
to be an entire absence in them of purely marine genera, such as
Voluta, Ancillaria, Pleurotoma, Natica and Cytherea,
IIEADON BEDs. 147
Every variation in the amount of salt in the water seems to have
been marked by a change in the fauna. The purely freshwater beds
contain few mollusca except Limnea, Planorbis, Paludina, Unio,
and land-shells. The different species of Potumomya, Cyrena,
Cerithium (Potamides), Melania, and Melanopsis wppear nearly all
to have liked water containing more or less salt. So we have a
gradual change to beds containing Oysters, and then to beds with
Volutes.
Besides these indications of varying conditions, it is interesting
to observe a general tendency in the beds to become more fresh-
water towards the south-west, while tufaceous limestones appear
in that direction. The land-shells also point to the proximity of
land, as do the pebbles of flint.* Unfortunately at the point wherv
the most rapid changes are taking place—at Headon Hill—the
beds have been cut off by denudation. We cannot therefore see
whether the beds show any tendency to overlap each other, or to
overlap the underlying Eocene.
* Pebbles of Chalk have been recorded, but they appear to be really white flints.
The flint pebbles in the Headon Beds are sometimes weathered to the centre
148 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
CHAPTER XI.
OLIGOCENE— continued.
OsBoRNE Beps.
Between the Upper Headon beds, containing Potamomya and
the Bembridge Limestone, intervenes a series of strata to which the
name of “ St. Helen’s Series” was originally applied by Professor
Forbes in consequence of the “ conspicuous features presented by
them between St. Helen’s and Ryde.” This designation was,
however, subsequently changed by Professor Forbes to “the
Osborne Series,” on account of their being displayed in the cliffs
and grounds of the Royal demesne,—a small distance to the east
underlying the Bembridge Limestone, and a little to the west in
conjunction with the Upper Eeadon beds, with which they do not
appear in connexion at the locality after which they were named
in the first instance.
The total thickness of the Osborne Beds varies from about 80
feet at each end of the island to 110 feet at Cowes and Newport.
Commencing at the western end of the island it will be per-
ceived, on comparing the sections of the Osborne beds at Headon
Hill with those at Clit? End, that the thick bed of concretionary
limestone seen in the former locality altogether disappears in the
latter, where it is most probably represented by the mottled clays
and marls in which the remains of Z'wrtle are found, and by the
clays with paie-green nodular concretions containmg Limuea
longiscata, Paludinu globulvides, &e.
Osborne Series ut Headon Hill.
Fr. In
Whitish (passing into red and blue) marls, with occasional hard
bands, and courses of nodular concretions of light-grey argil-
Jaceous limestone in which occur traces of shells and turtle bones.
In the concretions are Linnea longiscata, Planorbis discus,
P. obtusus, P. oligyratus, Paiudina, sp. - - = 4o 0
Grey shale, with crushed Paludina lenta, fish-vertebrae, &c. -
Ferruginous and nodular band - : “ a
Grey shale, Paludina lenta, Melunopsis carinata, Melania costata. 7 0
The Fisu and PLrant Bups : S
Yellow, red, and blue sandy clays - 30
Thick concretionary limestone, with silicious concretions sometimes
of large size and used for building. ‘This band almost disappears
northward. Fossils scarce. Linu lonyiseuta, Planorbis euom-
phalus, P. lens, Paludina lenta : 3 : 18 0
Greenish-white calcareous clay s % : 4 0
Sandy ferruginous band - > 2 - " 2 0
7490
—— a
OSBORNE BEDS. 149
C. Warden Point
d. Middle Headon series.
c. Upper Headon series.
Fie. 48,
Diagram of Colwell Bay Clif’s (by Edward Forbes).
B. Colwell Bay.
ce. Lower Headon series.
b. Osborne series.
A. Cliff End and Sconce Point.
a. Sconce (Bembridge Limestone).
The concretionary limestone can be traced inland towards Mid-
dleton, forming « pold feature in the hill, At the old limekilns
near Greens it contains Bulimus ellipticus, Limnea, and teeth
150 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
of Paleotherium minus? This rock was formerly referred to the
Bembridge Limestone, but both its lithological character and its
continuity witb the concretionary limestone of the coast show
that it ought to be referred to the Osborne Series.
Between Headon Hill and Linstone Chine as will be perceived
by Forbes’ sketch (Fig. 48, page 149) the Osborne Series has been
removed by denudation, and the cliffs consist of the subjacent
tleadon Beds. At Cliff End it reappears beneath the battery,
and can then be traced at short intervals along the coast nearly to
the river Yar.
The Osborne Beds in this locality were examined by Professor
Forbes and H. W. Bristow in 1852. Forbes revisited them twice
in the spring and autumn of the following year (1853), and in
the present year (1888) they have been re-examined and partly
re-measured. Owing to the constant landslips considerable
difficulty attends the determination of the relative importance
of the several beds. ‘The increased thickness here accepted for
the lower part agrees so well with what has been obtained at
other sections, and was proved so carefully by levelling, that some
of the original measurements must evidently have been taken from
a slipped mass.
Osborne Beds at Cliff End.
FEET.
Bluish sandy and marly clays. Cyrena obovata (this bed is now
invisible) - - About 10
Red and blue marls, with lines of nodular concretions of agillaceous
limestone in which fossils occur occasionally = - - 25 to 30
Dark-grey shales, with an ironstone band in the centre. Leaves,
Insects, and Fish ; Candona, Paludina lenta, Melanopsis carinata,
Melania costata, Lepidosteus, Alligator. (Probably the equivalent
of the Fisu Ben.) - : - - - - 7
Reddish and bluish clayey marls, with greenish nodules containing
shells; turtle; Limnea longiscata, Hydrobia, and Paludina
globuloides - - - - 40
82 to 92
Following the Osborne Series eastward, we can detect inliers of
mottled clay in the plateau formed by the Bembridge Limestone
south of Wellow, but no measurements can be obtained.
Returning to the coast, we find these beds to be concealed for
four miles by newer formations which occupy the whole of the
cliff. However red and green clays reappear from under the
limestone on the east side of the Newtown River, and can be
examined for « depth of about 30 feet in the cliff and in a
brickyard. No fossils were seen. Half a mile further east the
Osborne Beds again sink beneath the sea-level and are lost for
two and a half miles.
At Gurnard Ledge the mottled clays reappear, but between this
point and Cowes they call for no detailed description, being
almost unfossiliferous and generally much obscured by landslips
OSBORNE BEDS. 151
The cliffs near Osborne having now been carefully sloped and
planted, in this typical locality for the Osborne Series we can only
follow Morbes, and the following is his description of the beds.
Osborne Series near Osborne.
_ “The slips and slopes at the eastern portion of the shore at
Osboriie* show mottled red and green clays, overlying a limestone
composed of broken shells and containing Melania costata and
Melanopsis brevis. On the shore lie flags of
i C . : %
pes _.. sandstone with fucoidal markings, and blocks of
“Wo coe a greenish sandstone containing casts of Paludina
orbes. lenta, often weathered in high relief, MWelania
excavata, and a large-bodied Limnea of consider-
able size. Among the marls are layers containing
entire shells of Melanopsis carinata, srasll Palu-
dine or Hydrobie, and Chara nucules in abun-
dance. This appears to be an excellent locality
for fossils.”
“Opposite the lawu that stretches down to the sea in the
grounds at Osborne, there are no hard beds or rock masses
exposed on shore, bat immediately to the west of the landing pier
are strata of exceeding interest, for here we see marls and shales
belonging to the upper part of the Headon Series. On the shore
by the pier outcrops of beds of tenaceous greenish blue clay are
exposed, full of Cyrena obovata, mingled with Paludina lenta ;
and in the clay beds in which the foundations of the sea wall are
placed are Cerithia, At aheight of about 20 feet above the shore
is a stratum of ragstone, an imperfect limestone, 2 fect or more
thick, thickening more westward and thinning out castwara. The
ragstone makes but bad me. Higher up is a sandy limestone,
and bands of comminuted shell stone, separated from the rag by
marls. In fragments of the limestone I observed numbers of
Paludina lenta, accompanied by peculiar large-bodied Limnee of
considerable size, and occasional lines of OUniones, somewhat
resembling U. Solandri in outline, but a larger shell. The Palu-
dine were often lying loose in their cavities, and had their shells
frequently preserved. I found portions of a large Planorbis,
apparently P. euomphalus ; also Planorbis obtusus, and another,
P. platystoma, Melania excavata and lines of broken Cyrene
occurred in a gritty band. Pale blue and purple shales, about
10 feet thick, capping yellow sands that become white eastwards,
surmount the grits, and are succeeded by ferruginous marly and
stony bands containing casts of Paludina lenta, hollow and having
their cavities lined with crystals of cale-spar, Linnea and
Planorbis. Dark shales, with partings of Cyrena obovata, form
the highest portions of the broken cliff The details of this
important section are obscured by land slips and cultivation, but
it is evident that here the ground to the surface is occupied by
“ The old name of Osborne, according to Worsley, was Austerborne.
152 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
typical beds of the Osborne Series, those on the western side of
the lawn belonging to the lower or Nettlestone division, whilst
eastwards we find the members of the higher or St. Helen’s group.
The Osborne section is peculiarly interesting for the link that it
affords between the very different aspects of these beds at Cliff
End as compared with those at St. Helen’s.”
A section in red and mottled clays of the Osborne Series is seen
in the East Cowes Park Brick-yard. Here J. Rhodes obtained
Chara, impressions of plants, casts of Linnea, Fish vertebre,
scales of Lepidostens, Chelone, Trionyx, Crocodile, und the
astragalus of a small mammal.
During May of the present year (1888) the Osborne Beds near
Ryde were re-examined, under the guidance of Mr. Colenutt, who
has paid special attention to this division. The principal point of
interest. was the occurrence of a bed of clay in which are multi-
tudes of small fish (Clwpea vectensis), evidently suddenly killed
and buried before they had time to decay. The thin seam in
which these occur is difficult to find, but such has been the
minuteness of Mr. Colenutt’s examination that he has been able to
trace it from King’s Quay, near Osborne, tu Sea View.*
The first locality at which these fish were discovered was near
Ryde House, but during this visit the section was obscured at that
point, though another one was measured close to King’s Quay.
Here the cliff is so obseured by landslips and so much overgrown,
that the exact position of the Bembridge Limestone cannot be fixed,
and only the beds on the foreshore can be well seen. Though the
measurements are only approximate, the changes of character and
colour of the different clays are sufficiently marked to enable the
different beds to be recognised, The fish-bed is generally just
below the level of high-water, and being slightly harder than the
other clays it often projects through the beach.
Section cust of King’s Quay (measured with the assistance of
Mr. Colenutt).
Fret.
Bembridge Limestone.
Red and mottled clay (only seen in landslips) - . - About 40
Green clay, with scattered fish bones. Scales and vertebra of
Lepidosteus abundant, Al/igator, Hmys, Trionyx, and Chelone,
Theridomys and snake vertebra - : - . - About 4
Hard grey shaly clay, full of fish bones, and whole fish (Clupea 2
vectensis) - - - : 7 H 2
Similar clay with grass-like leaves and lenticular masses of cement
stones - - - & Es 3
Blue clay, with abundance of mollusca. Puludina /enta, Melanopsis
carinata, &e. = - . - 3 6
Unfossiliferous green clay, to low water,
55
* Seo Geol. Mag., dec. III., vol. v. p. 358. (Aug. 1888.) The fish, which is new
to science, has reeently Icen described hy BU. T. Newton under the uxme Clupea
vectensis, See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv. p. 112. (Feb, 1889.)
OSBORNE BEDS. 153
West of Binsiead Point, thirty teet of red and green marls are
displayed at the base of the cliff, supporting hard light-ereen marl
with small white concretions ; above this suecceds a thin band of
decayed shells (forming a soft shelly limestone, the greater portion
of which is composed of fr agments of bivalve shells s), with a sort
of Iaminated appearance. The caleareous band contains commi-
nuted Cyrena, Limnea longiscata, Unio, Melania excavata, Melan-
opsis, Planorbis discus, &e., with two feet of interstratified sands
and sandstones and grits above it, which sre probably the equiva-
lents of the silicious beds beneath the Bembridge Limestone at
the Binstead quarries. Two feet of soft sand complete the section.
Fig. 50.
Section at Binstead.
a. Gravel. d. Marl.
b. Sand. e. Grit.
c. Grits.
At Ryde House a ripple-marked flaggy sandstone (probably
bed ¢ in ‘the above woodcut) immediately. overlies the fish bed.
At Binstead Point the upper calcareous portion of the thick
bed at Nettlestone comes to the shore, capped with green marls,
and assumes the character of a hard and compact white limestone
with Melania excavata. Westward of the Point it forms a ledge
on the shore, which strikes nearly due west in the direction of
Osborne. About a quarter of a mile east of the Point, sandstone
appears, dipping 10° W. of 8S. at 5°. Gravel and the enclosed
nature of the ground now conceal the strata for a considerable
distance: but a few scattered blocks of grit lie under the sea-wall
opposite the first houses west of the town of Ryde, and again
midway between Ryde Pier and Apley.
At the west corner of Apley Wood a bed of calcareous sand-
stone, about four feet thick (full, in places, of casts of Paludina,
associated with numerous large Unio, Limnea, Planorbis, and
occasional bones of Turtle), appears on the shore beneath the sea-
wall. The shells, which are as much crowded as in Sussex
marble, are sometimes filled with a greenish marl, the rock itself
being somewhat ferruginous, and of a pale ochreous colour. It
rests upon ragstone similar to that at Nettlestone, ten feet or more
thick, under which sandstone, in iayers eighteen inches thick, con-
tinues to a depth of ten or eleven fect. Under all hes a strong
154 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
greenish-blue clay for thirty feet more, which contained, apparently,
crushed Paludina. Much of the stone used in the construction of
the sea-wall has been obtained from the shore here, opposite the
wood. Red and white clays are based upon the upper bed of
stone; they are seen im the cliffs for a considerable distance, and
have furnished the earth manufactured at the brick-pits inside
Little Apley Wood.
‘The strata begin to arch from about this place, and in so doipg
disclose a good section of the Osborne Series, especially between
Nettlestone and St Helen’s, as far as Watch House Point, where
the Bembridge Limestone rapidly descends to the shore. The
centre of the arch is somewhere near the old Salterns, but among
the fossils found, or the strata brought into view, there is no evi-
dence of any portion of the Headon series being brought to the
surface.
From the semicircular projection halfway along the bay, to the
notch in the coast near the eastern termination of the wood, hard
beds with Char appear at intervals on the shore and beneath the
sea-wall, dipping W.S.W. 2°. Opposite Puckpvol Farm, and be-
tween the Point further east and Nettlestone, there is a broad
expanse of bright green marl, which, although dry at low water,
and free from blocks of stone, is generally concealed from obser-
vation by a thin layer of sand. Two hundred yards west of
Nettlestone Point, thick beds of hard sandstone containing
Limnea and large and small Palwdinu, and calcareous bands,
sometimes formed of comminuted shells, which are the same beds
as those seen further onwards beneath Priory (Summer-house)
Point, appear on the shore forming a cliff, and support the path-
way in front of the Crown Inn. Under the Flagstaff, the shelly
limestone which constitutes the upper five feet of the bed is almost
entirely made up of comminuted Melania crcarata, with bands of
Paludina lenta the whole resting on flaggy siliceous grits contain-
ing ripple-marks. The rocks at Nettlestone Point are thick-
bedded concretionary limestones, in some places soft and conrposed
of comminuted Paludina lenta, in others passing into hard siliceous
grit. They constitute large blocks on the shore, eight feet thick,
which weather very unequally into irregular cavities, and contain
a few small rounded pebbles of flint, larger fragments of sub-
angular flint, Turtle bones, and fossils with the shells preserved.
The lower four feet become more indurated and cavernous (honey-
combed) and pass into hard yrit; while in the freestone, about
two feet six inches from the top, there is a well-defined band of
Limnea, six inches in thickness. Green sand, with large flat len-
ticular concretions of a yellow colour, which have an irrecular
surface and resemble septaria, overlies the limestone. e
: Round the Point, the upper part of the thick grit becomes an
indurated marl of an ochreous colour, with greenish-grey, argillo-
caleareous concretions; while further east, a short distance west
of the boat-house, it becomes a limestone (containing Chara and
Limnea longiseata), which has been quarried on the shore for
OSBORNE BEDs. 155
building stone. This change of mineral character apparently
escaped the notice of Professor Forbes, who has described the
bed, both under its normal and altered aspect, in his section of the
Nettlestone Gnit, at pages 74 and 75 of his memoir on the Fluvio-
marine formation of the Isle of Wight, as two distinct and separate
strata, Nos. 9 and 10.
The following is Forbes’ detailed section of the beds in the
centre of this anticline :—
(1. St. HeLen’s Sanps.)
1. Immediately under the lowest bed of the Bembridge Lime-
stone (here divided into three bands) occurs a band of dark
greenish carb naceous clay, breaking with a sub-conchoidal
fracture, and forming a truncated stratuin in the cliff; 1 fi. 6 in.
2, Pale greenish white and yellowish mar]s, with patches of
caleareous sand and comminuted shells; also argillo-calcareous
nodules of various sizes. In this bed a characteristic fossil,
Melania excarutu, occurs in abundance, and has the shell
preserved. 8 ft.
3. Pale green, yellowish, and white sands, hardening into sand-
stones, with large lenticular siliceous concretions and spongoid
bodies. Melania excarata is plentiful here and there, and
occasionally occurs crowded. A small Hydrobiu is also present ;
and from a mass of loose sand I extracted a Helix with the shell
entire, apparently Helix omphalus, but unfortunately destroyed
the specimen. 14 ft.
4, Greenish-yellow irregular and concretionary sandstone, with
siphonoid or fucoidal bodies ; 3 ft.
5. Yellowish and whitish sands, with a line of purple (manga-
nese ?) nodules and siliceous concretions below; 9 ft.
6. Laminated white sands, indurated into quartzose flags above
and helow ; the upper surface exhibiting strong current marks.
This band is remarkable for its contents, including Zimnea
longiscata, a shorter species of Limnea, resembling L. peregra,
Planorbis obtusus, and Melania exeavata, ail in the condition of
casts. The fossiliferous portion is in the lower part. 3 ft.
7. White sandy clay, with a band of broken Cyrene ; 2 ft.
8. Greenish-blue clay, seen on shore at low-water, containing
Cypride and traces of Melunia and Cyrene (C. obovata?), The
thickness may be estimated at 8 ft. [This apparently contains
the fish-bed discovered by Mr. Colenutt.]
(2. NETTLESTONE GRITS.)
9. Imperfect softish bright yellow limestone, riddled by minute
confervoidal cavities, hardening into a building stone by exposure
156 GEOLOGY OF THE [SLE OF WIGHT.
to the weather. Not.very fossiliferous, but contained Limnea
longiseata, a large full-bodied species, Hydrobie, and Chara
nucules (Chara Lycllii). This limestone may be seen opposite
the boathouse near Nettlestone, but as it is much carried away is
not evident except at a low water. It is the equivalent of the
band in the slope at Whitecliff Bay. 2 ft.
1). Bright yellow and white marly clays, with patches of
ereenish sand, filled with argillo-calcareous nodules of various
sizes. In these nodules the Melania cxcaruta abounds. These
clays do not appear to exceed a thickness of 4 ft.
11. Freestone or rag, with siliceous concretions passing into a
erit. A great part of this bed is made of comminuted univalves,
the fragments smaller and finer below. In the middle portion
secur bands of unbroken Paludina lentu. This is the bed of
which portions are thrown up in the line of the fault below
Summerhouse Point, where it is very conglomeratic and includes
pebbles of flint. Similar pebbles are seen here and there in it at
Seafield. Itis used for a building stone there, and for making
the groins on the shore east of Ryde. In these beds the casts of
Melania excavate occur in myriads, also Pauludiny lenta, Hydrohie,
a short AMelanopsis apparently AL breris, Mclunopsis carinata,
Planorbis rotundatus (searce), Linnea longiscata, and the short-
spired species, vertebree of fish, and fragments of turtle. 8 ft.
In a block in a neighbouring wall I observed impressions of a
small and peculiar Ccrithium, and remains of a large shell,
apparently Achatina costelluta,
12. Softer and whiter sandstone, with frequent calcareous con-
eretionary bands. containing Linnea lougiscata, and separated by
a thin layer of compact sandstone with impressions of Unio,
form a compact flagstone with fucoidal impressions. 4 ft.
13. Shelly sandstones, often studded with angular flints; 6 in.
14. Soft calcareous stone, with Puludina lenta ; 6 in.
15. Flags of sandstone, with large ripple marks; 6 in.”
At Sea-View the fish-bed occurs at the base of the cliff a short
distance east of the Pier, and as the Nettlestone Grits sink
beneath the sea-level close to the Pier, it is probable that the fish-
bed is in the clay at the base of Forbes’ higher division, or
St. Helen’s Sands. At this locality, as near Ryde House, ripple-
marked flags are found immediatly above it.
At Priory (or Horestone) Point, thick-bedded sandstone (No. 11
of Professor Forbes’ Nettlestone section) forms the base of the
cliff, containing in some parts bands of small rounded flint pebbles;
in others, layers of partially decomposed angular flints, The
upper part is full of broken shells, and patches of comminuted
shells occur about two feet from the top, which is calcareous, and
less hard than the lower portion of the bed. There are also
occasional fucoidal markings and large irregular concretions
which, weathering unequally, cause the rock to assume a honey-
combed cavernous appearance.
OSBORNE BEDS. 157
A fault at the Point, running in a direction 30° E. of S., skirts
the shore and brings up the Nettlestone division of the Osborne
Beds, in a manner that at first sight appears to be very puzzling,
Nothing more is seen of the Osborne strata between Watch
House Point and Whitecliff Bay.
The strata composing the Osborne series were better displayed
at Whitecliff Bay in the summer of 1856 than at the time of
Professor Forbes’s visit, when they were concealed by landslips,
or in grass-covered undercliffs. The following is a list of the beds
then observed :—
Section of the Osborne Beds in I hitecliff Bay,
Prer.
Dark bituminous clay, with Limnea in patches :
Grit - -
Dark olive-green clayey sand - - - > 3
Red and green mottled clays, with 1 to 2 inches of clay iron-
stone on the top of the bed - - 18 or 20
Green clays - - - - 3 or 4
Dark grey sandy clays - - os 3
Shelly band, large Paludinu, Melanopsis carinata : 43
Dark green marls - a 8
Olive-green clay, Melanopsis carinata, Paludina lenta - # 15 to 18
Fine cream-yellow limestone, running out to sea in a direction
10° N. of E. No fossils observed 1
Green clays; Paludina, Melanopsis - About 15
Total thickness of Osborne beds - ei 792
The foregoing sections will show how uncert iin and difficult to
fix is the boundary between the Headon and the Osborne Series,
When one examives the fossils also, not a single mollnse can be
found that is confined to the Osborne Beds, and the only peculiar
fossils are small and delicate fish and prawns, the preservation of
which is due to exceptional circumstances In fact, so little is yet
known of the fauna of the Osborne Series, that it still remains
doubtful whether these beds ought or ought not to be separated
from the Headon. ; .
The paucity of species seems to be mainly due to the conditions
under which the beds were deposited. ‘here is an absence of
truly marine beds, though a few marine shells occur. Purely
freshwater strata are also rare. The mass of the clays seems to
have been deposited in lagoons, varying in saltness, in which
could live brackish-water molluses like MJelania and Potumomya,
and a few of the more hardy freshwater and marine species.
Lagoons of this character are at the present day favourite places
for turtles and alligators, like those so abundant in this deposit.
No doubt the Osborne Beds have been undeservedly neglected,
owing to their proximity to the much more interesting Headon
and Bembridge series. But the fish-bed, especially, is well worth
further examination and tracing into other parts of the Island.
158 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIIT.
Not only is this horizon noticeable for the occurrence in it of
shoals of small fish and prawns, but the abundance of scales and
vertebre of the ganoid Lepidosteus is of great interest. A bed
which yields such well- -preserved fish and prawuis is likely also to
contain plant-remuins and insects. A few plants have already
been obtained from it near Ryde. During a recent visit to
Cliff End numerous well-preserved plants were discovered on
this horizon (by Clement Reidand Henry Keeping). No attempt
was then made at systematic collecting, but durimg an hour or
two’s search grass or sedge-like leaves of several venera, palm ?,
fern, and fragments of several peculiar reticulated leaves were
found. This locality would repay more minute examination, as
scarcely anything is yet known about the botany of the Osborne
period.
BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE.
Of the Fluvio-marine strata of the Isle of Wight, the Bem-
bridge Group is by far the most constant in lithological characters,
and the changes exhibited by its component strata throughout
their range are for the most part slight and unimportant, It
is consequently everywhere easily recognizable by mineral com-
position, and, as might be expected, its most characteristic fossil
contents are, in the 1 main, very uniformly distributed. Its lower
portion is most calcareous, and everywhere in the Island exhibits
more or less compact limestones, occasionally separated by shales,
and accompanied by marly beds.
These limestones in the first edition of the Map and Memoir
were treated merely as part of the Bembridge Series. But it has
been found easy to separate them on the more accurate topographical
map now available, for they form the most marked feature to be
seen in any bed above the Chalk in the Island. There is also in
places a distinct line of erosion between them and the overlying
marls, and everywhere proof may be found of a sudden break and
change in the conditions of sedimentation, from an almost purely
ealearenue freshwater deposit, to amarine clay or sand.
As there is an equally sharp line at the base of the limestone,
where it rests on the mottled clays of the Osborne Series, the
Bembridge Limestone is here treated as a separate subdivision, not
necessarily differing greatly in age from the older or newer
deposits, but showing a marked change of physical conditions at
the time of its formation.
The Bembridge Limestone includes the uppermost limestones of
Headon Hill and Sconce, and the well-known limestones of Ham-
stead and Gurnard Ledges, Cowes, and Binstead. On the same
horizon lies the rock which, owing to a dip slope, spreads over so
wide an area near Wellow and Newbridge.
Headon Hill—TVhis miportant member of the Isle of Wight
Tertiary series plays but an inconspicuous part in the Headon
BEMBRIDGE BEDS. 159
section. Among the grassy slopes beneath the gravels that crown
the summit of the Ill, white and yellowish sandy marls appear
here and there in the broken ground, occasionally varied by con-
taining hard white compact limestone nodules that break with
a sharp- -edged, splintering fracture. A little to the north of the
summit these beds, dipping northward, become rather more de-
veloped, passing into concretionary and travertinous limestones.
The bodies regarded by Mr. Edwards as turtle’s egos occur
among them ia regular lines. The fossils found in the con-
eretions are almost inv: arlably terrestrial, and consist of Jelix
D Urbani, H. omphalus, HH occlusa, H. headonensis? Bulimus
ellipticus, Pupa perdentata, and Cyclotus cinctus.
Bulimus ellipticus (Pig. 51), Helix
Fia. 51. globosa (Fig. 52), Planorbis discus
Bulimus ellipticus, Sow. (Fig. 53); &c., have been obtained
from these beds by the fossil collectors
of the Geological Survey, mostly in
the condition of casts, but the shell is
sometimes replaced by cale-spar, which
also occurs in a crystalline form lining
and filling small cavities in the stone.
As a general rule, the Bembridge
Limestone may be distinguished from
the thick Upper Headon Limestones,
as well as from those in the lower
groups, by its greater whiteness and
its peculiar brecciated or tufaceous
character, as well as by the fossils
either being casts, or having their
shells replaced by cale-spar. The
Headon Limestones, on the contrary,
are of a somewhat darker cream-
colour, more earthy and soft in com-
position, and have the shells of the
Limnee and other fossils preserved.
ra, 52. The total thickness of this lime-
ye stone at Headon Hill is from fifteen
to sixteen feet. It is surmounted by a
ereenish-grey mar] with Cyrena obovata
having both valves in contact, which
passes upwards into a soft, unctuous,
earthy limestone, containmg Planorbis
and a large Limnea, which again
merges upward into very tenacious
grey clay, weathering brown and
black, and carbonaceous on the top.
In thickness these deposits are variable,
eyen within short distances, the limestone being sometimes as much
as three fect, while the clay resting upon it varies from three to four-
teen inches. In one place, however, where the three deposits formed
160 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT‘.
but a single bed, the aggregate thickness was three feet six inches ;
viz., clay six inches; limestone, one foot ten inches; and green
marl, one foot two inches. Above the carbonaceous clay is a soft
cream-coloured earthy limestone, also containing Limnea and
Planorhis, The thickness of this upper limestone, which has
apparently a denuded surface, varies considerably, but from 5 to
8 feet of it appear from beneath the white sands which form the
lowest member of the gravel series constituting the summit of
Headon Hill.
In a section pointed out by Mr. Keeping, further north, the
Bulimus limestone, uneven and irregular, is covered in places
with brown and black carbonaceous clay, filling irregularities in its
surface. The green clay with Cyrena above the thick limestone
(here from one foot nine inches to four feet thick) contains a
layer of Cyrene fifteen inches from the bottom of the bed, while
the limestone, which (in addition to Zimnea and Planorbis) also
contains Cyreu in the lower three inches, is only one foot thick.
The clays above are irregular, and of variable thickness, but
average about two feet, the lower six to nine inches of which is
brown clay, becoming occasionally dark and carbonaceous towards
the bottom, and dark grey carbonaceous clay six to fifteen inches,
the upper six to nine inches of which frequently consist of lignite ;
two or three inches of sand, with carbonaceous lamin, succeeded
by green marl, complete the section. Hard thick beds are quarried
at the eastern extremity of this outlier.
Another outlier, over three-quarters of a mile long, covers the
high ground upon which Hill Farm is built. A pit has been
opened in it at the end of the lane running in a north-westerly
direction from the farm. In the road to More Green casts of
Limuea, Planorbis, and small Heli have been found. > D’Urbani - - - - - - 12
» occlusa - - - - - - - 4
» tropifera - - - - - - 1
» _ (or Paludina) earinata, [probably Paludina angulosa] 5
Clausilia striatula? (young) - - - - - 2
Planorbis obtusus - - - - - - 3
. discus
a oligyratus (young) - - - - = 25
Limna longiscata, var.
95 slender var. small.
5 ? large bodied var.
Cyclotus cinctus = - - = - 6
* nudus = = - - - sal
Bulimus ellipticus, Achatina costellata, and Helix globosa, are
all large conspicuous species. Paludina angulosa and Achatina
costellata (ig, 54) are the shells especially sought
Fria. 54, for by the native collectors; but good specimens
Achatina With the shell preserved are rare. The blocks
costellata, Sow, Which have fallen from the crest of the hill
are crowded with specimens of Planorbis and
Limnea, and oceasionally Helix, the most
common being Helix D’ Urbani, H. occlusa, and
FL. vectensis.
The Bembridge Limestone of Sconce descends
below the 50-foot contour at its eastern end, and
the small outlier further east nearly touches the
25-foot line. Continuing the dip shown by these
outliers, we observe that the limestone ought to
plunge beneath the sea within a short distance.
We accordingly find an isolated rock at a quarter
of a mile from the shore off Norton. This is
inown as Black Rock. It is only visible at ex-
tremely low spring-tides, and we have not been
able to examine it, but have been told that it
consists of a hard freestone.
BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE. 168
The depth of the old channel of the Yar prevents the Lime-
stone from being traced continuously to the east side. But near
Yarmouth Gas Works it reappears on the foreshore, and was also
well seen in the railway cutting close by. Crossing Thorley
Brook it gradually spreads out, so as to occupy an extensive
dip slope, such as one scarcely expects from so thin and soft a
bed.
In the neighbourhood of Wellow, Shalcombe, and Newbridge
an area of nearly 3 square miles is covered by the Limestone,
which forms a bold escarpment rising to a height of about 270
feet near Shalcombe. A dip of about 2° to the north-north-
east causes the Limestone to pass beneath the Bembridge Marls
near the Yarmouth and Newbridge high road.
Notwithstanding this large spread not many sections are now
open, for brick has taken the place of limestone as a building
material, and chalk is preferred for agricultural purposes. One
would have thought, however, that this limestone, with its greater
quantity of phosphoric acid, would have made a better manure;
we have not been able to learn the reason for the substitution
of chalk, even on farms where the Bembridge Limestone would
be cheaper. The stone was formerly extensively dug in pits near
the escarpment, but these are all overgrown, the only remaining
sections being near Newclose Farm, in Thorley Street, near
Marshfield, in Wellow, and near Bank Cottage, Newbridge, where
the outcrop becomes more narrow. None of these pits are of
much interest, or show the upper or lower surtace of the stone,
Other sections are seen in the old pits between Newbridge and
Fullholding, and for nearly a mile the road runs along a ridge
formed by the Limestone. From chy pe eastward the bed
ding becomes vertical. The limestone, therefore, occupies a very
small area at the surface. There seems also to be a tendency
for it, like other thin limestones, entirely to disappear for a depth
of several feet from the surface, where exposed to the solvent
action of rain water. For these reasons it is often difficult to
follow the outcrop; but limestone has been seen south of North
Park Farm; north of Swainstone; at Great Park; for nearly
three-quarters of a mile west of Gunville; and in an old quarry
half-a-mile east of Gunville.
Returning to the coast, we find the Bembridge Limestone to
sink beneath the sea at Yarmouth,* to reappear on the northern
side of the syncline with a west-north-west strike. The limestone
of Hamstead Ledge consists of three beds, with other softer
bands between, and contains numerous specimens of Limnea
longiscata, Planorbis, Chara, &c. It can be traced nearly as far
as the Newtown river, making a conspicuous feature, though the
old cliff is now much overgrown.
* Jn ancient charters it is called Eremuth (Worslcy).
L 2
164 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIT.
On the east side of the Newtown river it appears above the
Osborne Beds at the Brick Yard, but sinks when traced in a
south-easterly direction, and is lost beneath the marsh of Spur
Lake, to reappear in the bed of the stream near Porchfield for a
quarter-of-a-mile. Continuing eastward along the coast, the
Limestone in the cliff gradually falls till it spreads out on the
shore, forming two ledges with an expanse of dark green marl
between. Near Thorness Wood the stone is lost, and does not
rise again for about a mile and a half.
The section in the cliffs near Burnt Wood is of creat interest,
for it is almost the only place in the Island where the Bem-
bridge Limestone contains perfectly preserved shells and not
merely casts. It also shows a dis-
tinct line of erosion between the
Limestone and the overlying marine
base of the Bembridge Marls. (See
Vig. 55.)
The bottom block of Limestone
(not seen in the cliff at this point,
2 vut exposed on the foreshore oppo-
site) calls for no remark. Jt. is
merely a freshwater limestone of’ the
usual character, with casts of Limnea.
Above it comes a mass of dark green
somewhat mottled marl, the upper
nm, Melania.
litt near Porchjield.
a globuloides.
Cyrena, Mya, Cerithi
with well-preserved shi
the shells here is due to the stone
being sealed up ma mass of im-
pervious clay. The upper surface of
the limestone is much broken up and
eroded, and in the cracks are found
marine shells, Panopea (or Mya)
minor having the valves united. In
some places the erosion has cut en-
tirely through the upper block of the
Limestone, so that the base of the
Bembridge Marls rests directly on the
green marl withPaludina globulvides,
In Thorness Bay the Limestone rises again, showine the same
three divisions. The bottom block forms Gurnard Ledge, and
A
s part of which is erowded with perfect
SS = specimens of the minute Paludina
ss ec: 222 globuloides. On this lies the top
0 SS Il 82S block of Limestone; a soft earthy
g Ss S22 stone, easily cut when first due out,
ae = ~E but hardening by exposure. This
x = = stone is full of uninjured specimens
aes a of Limnea pyramidalis, L, miata,
iS R 3 and Planorbis obtusus, but only for a
® & short distance. The preservation of
ee
%
=
L
B. Bembridge Limestone —u
S
Black Clay, with Ostrea, Modiola
C.
BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE. 165
the thin upper block makes a minor ledge nearly opposite
Sticelett Farm. From (iurnard Ledge the Limestone runs as a
marked feature in the cliff as far as Gurnard Bridge, but on the
east side of the marsh the scetions are obscure and hidden by
talus, though abundance of tallen blocks can be examined as far
as Keypt Point. From this Point eastward through West Cowes
another marked feature, now vvergrown or hidden by buildings,
shows the outerop of the Limestone, which was formerly seen in
the foundations of several of the houses. Near the West Cowes
Gas Works the same rock is again met with, and from this
point to Bottom Copse, where it sinks beneath the Medina,
there is no difficulty in following its characteristic feature.
Crossing the Medina, the Limestone is seen on the foreshore
exactly opposite the point on the west bank where it was lost,
thus proving that here the beds are continuous across the river
and are not displaced by any fault.
On the feature that marks the outcrop towards East Cowes a
large abandoned quarry may be seen in Little Shambler’s Copse.
The stone has also been quarried near East Cowes Park, in places
now occupied by houses, and it is again seen at Elm Cottage, close
to the south-western corner of the grounds belonging to Norris
Castle. Here, at a height of about 120 feet, it is lost under
the Plateau Gravel.
At Newport the Limestone, though masked by Drift and
rainwash, has been proved in several wells (see Appendix).
Unfortunately the well at Mew’s Brewery—the only one that
passed through the stone—was bored many years since, and the
samples that have been preserved do not show the thickness of
this bed.
East of Newport the stone was formerly quarried about
200 yards north-east of Great Pan Farm; and again nearly due
north of Little Pan Farm. It was also touched in a trial boring
at Durton Farm. From this point it is lost for about a mile,
owing to a covering of Gravel and wash from the Downs.
Close to Combley Farm it re-appears, and can then be traced
continuously, either by feature or by blocks ploughed up, as far
as Little Duxmore, where it is vertical. East of the last locality
the Limestone cannot now be seen for about 3 miles, though
blocks were formerly ploughed up near Ashey. During the
original survey, a section was also seen south of Little Nunwell,
in a ditch under a newly-made fence.
At Brading, where the dip becomes lower, the Limestone
forms a more marked feature which passes under the Church.
Wall Lane is also carried along the ridge; the stone having
formerly been dug close to the road on the south side, there is
now a vertical wall of rock running parallel with the lane. At
the Cement Works the dip in the quarry is 5° at the northern
borndary, but it increases to 10° close to the road, and to about
166 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGILT.
20° on the south side of the road. The flexure is as sharp as
in Whitechif Bay.
Wast of the Yar and Brading Harbour, the Limestone reappears
at two spots at the edge of the marsh, and from Peacock Hill
custward to Whitecliff Bay it forms a marked ridge.
At Oshorne, the Limestone, which is lost under the Plateau
Gravel, ought to reappear in the upper part of the Pier Wood,
hut the grounds are so well planted, and the features so obseured
by rainwash, that no trace of it is met with till King’s Quay is
reached. flere, though the beds cannot he measured, part can
be seen on the foreshore, and fallen blocks are abundant. [rom
King’s Quay to Wootton Creek and Binstead, there is no difficulty
in following the limestone-feature through the woods and tumbled
ground, but there are now no open sections, even at Binstead, for
the celebrated stone quarries are all worked out or abandoned,
The Binstead quarries are so celebrated that the following notes,
taken from the first edition of this Memoir, may be acceptable,
though the sections cannot now be examined.
“Jn a quarry in the wood west of Binstead Church, and opening
to the sea, the upper part consists of thick-bedded, nodular, shelly
limestone, with Bulimus ellipticus, Limnea, Planorhis (ike rotun-
datus), Cyrena, or Cyclas, vesting on soft sandstones, and hard,
calcareous, flagey beds, sometimes well-laminated, and containing
teeth of duoplother/umn, claws of Lobster, Paludinw orbicularis,
P. (small sp.), Lounea, and a small Planorhis, The upper part of
the quarry is made up of green marls, and an irregular surface of
Limnean limestone, which is covered with from one to four feet
of ferruginous loam, almost free from flints. There are, however,
a few small scattered flints in the loam, generally in the lower
part, which is clayey, while in the upper half are lines of small
fragments of limestone, with an occasional pebble. Under the
rubbish, in the quarries between this and the road to Ryde, con-
cretionary shelly limestone rests on sandy beds, with layers of clay,
beneath which are four feet and a half of grey, flaggy sandstone,
forming the bottom of the quarry, The Binstead limestone was
formerly highly esteemed aga building stone, and has been used
in the construction of several churches in Sussex, the interior of
Winchester Cathedral, Lewes Priory, Yarmouth Castle and Quarr
Abbey (I. W.), an old Saxon ruin at Southampton, noticed by
Webster, &c., &c.”*
In Ryde, according to Mr, Barrow, the Bembridge Limestone
was met with in laying down some drains in George Street. It
* The quarrics near Quarr Abbey were in estimation for many centuries. They
furnished some of the stone for building Winchester Cathedral, as appears by a grant
made by the Conqueror (and confirmed by William Rufus) to Bishop Waikelyne,
and by two precepts from Henry I. to Richard de Redvers, Lord of the Island, for
stone to be dug there for the Cathedral at Winchester ; and subscquently to Stieand
when he transferred his See from Selsey to Chichester. The registers of Winchester
aie William of Wykeham used this stone in building the body of Winchester
athedral.
BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE. 167
is now visible near St. John’s Road Station, at a height. of about
15 feet above the sea, but it soon sinks beneath the marsh level,
and is altogether Jost halla mile further south. The dip at Ryde
is southward, but the amount is only about half a degree.
At the west corner of Apley Wood, about 200 yards south of
the sea-wall, an earthy limestone of the ordinary Bembridge type
has been quarried beneath the site of some unfinished houses.
This was probably the lowest bed of the Bembridge Limestone,
but the place is now covered with underwood. The blocks were
from fifteen to eighteen inches thick, and contained Linnea,
Chara, &e. From this point the Limestone is invisible for more
than a mile, reappearing in the road, and in a small pit about a
quarter of a mile south of Sea View.
At Horestone Point the Limestone again makes a distinct
feature, traceable through the tumbled cliff as far as Watch
House, or Node’s Point, where we again meet with clear sections.
The dip is south-south-west. On the south side of Watch House
Point the following section was measured :—
Bembridge Limestone at Watch House Point:
Fr. In.
Limestone, irregular, marly, and most compact in the lower half
of the bed, which is, also, the least fossiliferous. Full of Chara,
with a few Limnea and Paludina globuloides. The upper 2 feet
more ferruginous and less indurated, and is frequently marked
by the abundance of Limnea - = - 2 Ss 4 0
Dark laminated clay ; the lower part of a lighter colour, and more
sandy - - - - - - - - 1 3
Compact greenish clay (slightly bituminous), with fragments of
Cyrena, and now and then a perfect valve - - - 9.
Earthy limestone ; the upper part soft and of variable thickness.
Planorbis discus in the upper part, Limnea throughout 1 Gto2 0
Hard green marl, with concretions in the lower part - - 2. 6
At St. Helen’s the Bembridge Limestone passes into the sea
close to the old church tower, and reappears at Bembridge Point,
The upper bed has an uneven, undulating surface, and is covered
with a cap, of variable thickness, containing Oysters throughout
its entire depth.
From Bembridge Point to the Foreland the Limestone becomes
nearly horizontal, spreading out to form extensive ledges on the
foreshore, but not rising above high-water level till Whitecliff Bay
is reached. Between Foreland Point and the margin of the bay
it forms in great part the floor of the shore, with a hollow and
slightly basin-shaped curve, dipping inwards and landwards on
the east and south-east. The extension of the broken margin
of this shallow trough constitutes the reef of rocks known
as Bembridge Ledge, and formerly quarried at low water for
building stone. Rolled fragments of the Limestone strew the
bay, and mingle with the flint gravel of the drift to form the
shingle. At a distance it is conspicuous among the neighbouring
168 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
strata, owing to its general creamy-white hue, and the angular
fracture of its leds. When closely inspected it is found to
consist of a number of distinct strata varying somewhat in thick-
ness in different parts of the bay, and yielding different measure-
ments to observers in different yews, owing to the occasional
swelling out of the individual beds. Their mutual relations and
distinctions seem, however, to he tolerably constant at this locality.
In the cliff, not far from the hotel, the Limestone rises from
the shore with a rapid and sudden curve; its uppermost portion
inclining ata high angle. The best point for examination will
be found where the great curve of the limestones first reaches
the shore, and where these strata are exhibited in their entirety
with perfect clearness. Here this division of the Bembridge
group is composed of the following elements :—
Bembridge Limestone at Whitecliff Bay (Measured in 1856 by
Professors Ramsay and Morris and H. W. Bristow).
FEET.
Hard white crumbly marl, with a few concretions and scattered
shells, and becoming harder and more shelly for the lower
6 inches. Throws out water at the top. Planorbis discus,
Limnea in places. Passes gradually into the bed below. This
is No. 6. of Professor Forbes’ section (see below) 2
Hard, compact, :ery shelly limestone, sometimes forming two beds,
with a harder and darker-coloured parting between. Chara
tnberculata and Ch. sp.—very abundant. Paludina orbicularis at
thet
2 feet from the top. Limnea, Planorbis discus, Planorbis 5
Hard bed of compact sandy limestone, weathering white; p/ant-
like markings. Limnea (a few); Paludina (sm. sp.) - : 1
Dark grey and carbonaceous clays, laminated with sand in the
lower part; light green in the upper 2 feet, where they are
compact and marly, and separated from the lower 12 inches by a
band of Cyrena obtusa with both valves joined - - 3
Cream-coloured cavernous limestone, with a hard brecciated con-
cretionary cap, 6 to 4 inches thick, on the top of the bed, which
weathers to a very irregular surface. Limnea, numerous
Taxites and Planorbis (sm. sp.), Chara tuberculata, especially 2 feet
from the top. Emits a bituminous odour when struck. 4 to 6
Soft, white, earthy limestone, with a few casts of shells; Planorbis,
Limnea, Fish - 2
Concretionary cream-coloured limestone, with an uneven surface
above and below; weathering irregularly, and emitting a bitu-
minous odour when struck. Chara, Limnea longiscata - - 4or5
Another section mearured in 1853, near the same spot, by
Professor Forbes and Mr, Bristow is interesting for comparison
with the above, as it shows how the strata vary.
Bembridge Limestone in Whitechiff Bay (1853).
6. Crumbly white marl, with small globular concretions. Chara tuberculata
has its uppermost limit apparently in this bed. Planorbis obtusus is common
in it, but, like all other shells in the Bembridge limestones, is almost always
in the condition of a cast. 2 ft. 7 in.
BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE, 169
5. Greenish white limestone, very conerctionary and fossiliferous. Small
patches of a white mineral are highly distinctive of this band. Linnea
longiscata is the most abundant fossil. Of other shells I find in this locality
Planorbis discus, P. rotundatus, P. Sowerbii, and P. obtusus, a new Paludina
(identical with that in Wo. 1), Helia occlusa, H. labyrinthica, and two other
species. The uppermost 6 inches are very conglomeratic. ‘This cap weathers
pebbly, and contains freshwater shells; when removed by the action of the
waters the stone below weathers with a rough and pinnacled surface, speckled
by the white mineral and very shelly. ‘he substance of the bed is much less
shelly below. The thickness at the margin of the bay is 4 ft. 3 in.
4. Pale, often white marly limestone, in some places becoming very
compact ; remarkable for abounding in myriads of a small, rather globose
Paludina (P. globuloides); containing also Limnea longiscata, a small
Hydrobia, and, more rarely, Cyclostoma mumia, When this bed is much
exposed supertficiaily it forms a flat white platform, with an undulated and
much cracked surface, the cracks extending throughout its thickness. In its
uppermost part is a paleish carbonaceous strip abounding in comminuted
shells of Cyrene. ‘Lhe Chara tuberculata occurs in it. 3 ft.
3. Compact creamy yellow limestone, abounding in casts of Limnea
longiscata, of which parts of it seem almost entirely made up; also Planorbis
oligyratus 2 The nucules of Chara tuberculata occur in this bed, but not so
plentifully as in No. 1. The uppermost portion of it is conglomeratic.
5 ft. 6 in. This is the bed most sought after here for building, yielding
blocks of considerable dimensions.
2. Greenish grey marly clay, with an irregular and crumbling fracture ; it
contains crushed shells of Limnea longiscata and Planorbides. 4 ft. 6 in.
1. Yellowish compact limestone, weathering rather darker, exhibiting in the
fracture minute confervoid ramifying cavities. ‘This bed is very full of casts
Limnea longiscata and nucules of Chara tuberculata are scattered abundantly
through its substance. A small Paludina, a Hydrobia, and a Planorbis
(oligyratus) occur occasionaliy. The average thickness is 3 ft. 6 in.
Total thickness at Whitecliff Bay, as exposed in November
1853, 24 ft. 3 im. When measured near the same spot by Captain
Ibbetson and Professor Forbes in 1854, it was made 27 feet.
Professor Prestwich, in his section, states the thickness as
26 feet.
The fauna of the Bembridge Limestone has been very carefully
collected. As a rule it consists entirely of freshwater mollusca.
In a few places, however, abundance of land shells have also
been obtained, and in others, as at Headon Hill and Binstead,
mammalian remains are not uncommon. The land shells comprise
Fig. 56. tropical-looking gigantic species of Bulimus
: he and obtusa. Melania muricata.
4» Semistriata. Melanopsis carinata.
Cerithium elegans. Lamina (tooth).
Similar beds were well seen in a deep ditch by the side of the
railway cutting a quarter of a mile further south, close to Bolton
Fig. 62 Copse. Here the base of the Marl is crowded
ie with Melania muricatu, so that the heaps
Pseudocythere looked quite white after rain. The other
Bristovii, Jones species obtained were Serpula tenuis, Cyrena
& Sherborn.* obovata, C. obtusa and Ceritthium mutabile,
i . .
In places, a seam of white marl hardens into
a shell-limestone containing Cyrena semis-
triata, Cerithium mutabile, and Neritina
/ 1)
Hi i
KN \:
ANN
| concava, In this Cyrena limestone J. Rhodes
\ found a new Cyprid (Fig. 62).
| A mile further south, at Werror Brick
Ny \ Yard, J. Rhodes obtained Plant-remains,
Fish-bones, Palerya, and a phalanx of a Bird,
a. b. These were found immediately below the
a. Right valve (slightly Hamstead Beds, which are also shown in the
oe treo wands pit. At this point the Bembridge Marls
b. Edge view. Magni- are lost beneath the marsh level.
fied 20 diam. A. series of wells at Cowes, the West
* Supp. Monogr. Tert. Entom. Pal. Soc., 1889.
176 GEOLOGY OF TIt@ ISLE OF WIGHT.
Medina Cement Works, and Newport will be found in the
Appendix. Unfortunately the samples preserved are not sufh-
cient to prove the exact position of the base of the Hamstead
Beds, or‘ to show the palzeontological character of the different
parts of the Bembridge Marls. However, they show that the
Marls are about 120 feet thick, and that they consist of variously
coloured clays, as in other parts of the Island.
The cliffs between Cowes and Gurnard are now much over-
grown and obscured by landslips, but the marine beds overlying
the limestone seem to have been better exposed when Forbes
visited this part. He observes that: “ At Gurnard Bay, whitish
marls, separated by a carbonaceous band, immediately surmount
the limestone, and then succeeds about a foot thick of blue clay
and shelly stone full of Cyrene. This is surmounted by nearly
three feet of dark shaly clays containing oysters, Cyrena
pulchra and obovata, and Cerithium mutabile, a shell here much
more plentiful than I have observed it elsewhere. A well-
marked band of pale blue septarian stone succeeds; then come
some 10 feet of shales and clays, with Cyreua obtusa and
obovuta, Melania muricata, and the Cerithium, which fossils re-
occur in clays and shales occasionally forming compact bands
tothe summit of the cliff. At the point where this section was
noted the upper beds of the Bembridge limestone only are above
the shore.”
A short distance north of Gurnard Ledge, the upper part of the
Marls can be examined, for a small outlier of the Hamstead Beds
caps the hill, Here the shelly seam full of Hydrobia Chastcli,
wWelania muricata, and Melanopsis carinuta is found 8 feet below
the Black Band. Further south, near Sticelett, the same seam is
again met with in the upper part of the cliff.
The lower portion of the Bembridge Marls in Gurnard and
Thorness Bays is of great interest, for it contains a thin seam of
insect-limestone, which adds very largely to our knowledge of
the lund fauna of this period. This limestone was discovered
by Mr Ek. J. A’Court Smith nearly thirty years ago, but no
account of it appears to have been published till Dr. Henry
Woodward, recognising the great interest of the fauna, read notes
on it before the british Association and Geological Society in
1877.* Unfortunately a misunderstanding of the relation of the
beds led to the “insect limestone ” being referred at first to the
Osborne Series and subsequently to the Bembridge Limestone.
Its true position, however, is in the lower part of the Bembridge
Marls, above the oyster bed.
This part of the series was re-examined in May 1888 (hy
Clement Reid) in company with Mr. Smith, who pointed out the
exact position of the insect limestone and showed « number of the
* Rep. Brit, Assvc. for 1877, Trans. of Sections, p. 78, and Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., vol. xxxv. p. 342, and pl. xiv.
BEMBRIDGE MARLS. 177
fossils which he had obtained. A short distance west of Gurnard
Ledge the section of the lower part of the cliff was :-—
Fr. In,
Blue clay — - 1 0
Fine-grained blue- fica ted limestone, Tike Wehognn hig stones
Many insect remains, and occasional leaves and fresh-water
shells. This bed does not appear to be perfectly continuous,
but forms large thin cakes dying out for a few feet i“
coming on again at the same horizon. One portion,
little further west, thickened to 2 feet, and was full ‘of
insect remains, but is now entirely destroyed - - 0 3
Blue clay - - - O 8
Sandy bed, full of Cetienn mutabile 0 3
Blue clay, with Cyrena obovata, Melania muricata, Melanopsis
carinata, and Paludina globuloides - - - 26
Ferruginous loam, with Ostrea vectensis, Cytherea incrassata,
Cyrena, Cerithium mutabile, &e. = - - - 010
Bembridge Limestone.
Mr. Smith has traced the Insect Bed from West Cowes nearly
to the Newtown river. He states that it varies in thickness from
2 inches to about 2 feet, though the extreme measurement of
2 feet is quite exceptional. Its distance above the Bembridge
Limestone also varies slightly, sometimes being as much as
9 feet.
The fossils of the Insect Bed have been collected during many
years by Mr. A’Court Smith, to whose industry we owe the
whole of our knowledge of this interesting fauna. Among the
forms contained in his collection are numerous beetles, flies,
locusts, and even spiders and caterpillars. These have been as
yet only partially studied, but Mr. Frederick Smith gave the
following list of genera*
J. CoLEoPTERA. V. NEUROPTERA.
1. Staphylinus. 12. Phryganea.
2. Dorcus (Lucanidee). 13. Termes P
3. Anobium. 14. Hernerobius.
4, Curculio. 15. Perla.
16. Agrion.
I]. HyMENOPTERA. 17. Wings of Libellula.
: ibaa VI. ORTHOPTERA.
7. Myrmica. 18. Gryllotalpa.
8. Camponotus. 19, Acrididee.
III. Lepipoprera. VII. Hemiprera.
9. Lithosia. 20. Wing of ? :
21. Triecphora sanguinolenta.
IV. Dierera.
10. Wings of. ARACHNIDA.
11. Tipulide. 1. Spider.
* In Dr. Woodward’s paper.
E 56786. M
178
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
To this list Dr. H. Woodward adds two new crustacea: a
Phyllopod, Branchipodites vectensis, and an Isopod, Eospheroma
fluviatile, A second species of Isopod, Eospheroma Smithi, was
Fra. 63.
discovered by Mr. Smith in a “fine yellow
marl or pipe-clay, full of rootlets of aquatic
Potamocypris plants” somewhat higher in the series.
Brodici, J. & S. Ostracoda also occur, and in the last volume
of the Palzontographical Society's mono-
graphs, Messrs. Jones and Sherborn de-
scribe a new species of Potamocypris
(Fig. 63).
The determinable plant-remains in the
Insect Bed, though not abundant, are also
a interesting, but until Mr. Gardner has
finished his monograph on the Oligocene
al. d. flora not much can be said about them.
a. Right valve (slightly More to the west, at Thorness Point,
broken at the posterior Forbes measured a good section of the
margin).
b. Bilgeviews Magiitied middle beds of the marls, exhibiting the
20 diam.
Green clays,
following succession in descending order :—
Fr. In.
with plentiful specimens of .Welanopsis carinata,
and, less abundantly, Paludina lenta, Melania turritissima,
and Cyrena obovata - - - 6
Band of comminuted Melanie - - - :
Dark-green shaly marls, with ferruginous concretions, and
numerous
carinata, a belt of which shell forms the base of this bed -
Green mar]s,
wes
specimens of AMelanit muricata and Melanopsis
bo Ww
eo lo
with Paludina lenta = - 2
Pale-yellow stony band, composed of comminuted shells, and
becoming a limestone. Broken Cyrene and Melania muri-
cata form the mass of it - - - s a 7 | ste)
Flint gravel - - i - c eo
Lenticular mass of stratified chalky loam, with fragments of
flints - - - - « ‘a 3,1 056
Flint gravel = - Ss = 3 z = - 44
The lower beds of flint gravel, on the two sides of the valley,
have probably been derived from older gravels that once lay on
lands to the south, since washed away. The flint fragments in
the upper part have a fresher and less water-worn appearance,
and have probably been washed out of the chalk of the Fresh-
water Downs. No fragments of chalk, it will be noticed, occur
in the lower or far-derived flint gravel, the wear and tear of
transport having been too great for their survival. In the upper
beds on the east side of the valley Mr. Godwin Austen observed
considerable numbers of Pupa muscorum and Succinea oblonga,
the latter now extinct in the Isle of Wight.
“The Elephant remains found at Freshwater consist of two
molar teeth, of which the first was met with on the west side of
P 2
228 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGIT.
the valley, in a excavation on the site of the lower hotel, and
where the specimen is now preserved; the other was procured
from the beds on the east side.”*
North of the gap through the Downs the Gravels have not
yielded fossils, though they form sheets of considerable extent.
From the scarcity of sections it is also difficult to say whether these
deposits belong to one period or mark successive stages in the
denudation of the valley.
In the sheet of gravel which extends to Freshwater Bay a’ pit
has been opened at Easton at a height of about 50 feet above
the Alluvium, but the gravel slopes continue down to the Marsh.
On the opposite side of the Yar the gravel occupies a plateau
from 30 to 50 feet above the sea, and a pit shows 26 feet of coarse
gravel resting on Bagshot Sands. In Afton Park a large pit was
opened to supply ballast during the construction of the railway.
It showed about 6 feet of gravel, resting in one place on shelly
clay—probably Barton Clay—but the gravel itself yielded no
fossils. The sheets further north show no sections, and are
only interesting as fringing the present estuary.
IV.-—Breps now Foruine, on oF Recent Dare.
In this group we include Alluvium, Peat, Blown Sand, Chalk
Talus, Tufa, &c. Chronological arrangement being impossible
among such beds, the Alluvial Deposits will be taken in the
geographical order of the streams with which they are associated.
ALLUVIUM AND Peat.
a. The Western Yar, and the Coast from Freshwater to Yarmouth.
The small stream which now follows the old valley of the Yar
takes its rise at Freshwater Gate in a spring known as the Rise
of Yar, situated on the eastern edge of the Alluvium at a
distance of 200 yards from high-water mark. Though fresh, this
spring ebbs and flows coincidently with the tide. In dry weather
it ceases to flow soon after the tide begins to fall.
The Alluvium, consisting of peat, silt, and marsh clay, extends
continuously southwards to the foreshore, where, however, it is
almost always covered with sand and shingle. In digging a
foundation for the sea-wall, this peaty deposit was excavated to a
depth of 10 feet without the bottom being reached, and was
found to he abundantly charged with fresh water. The ponding
back of this water by the rising tide is probably the cause of the
spring alluded to above.
The tide flows up the Yar as far as Freshwater, where it is
stopped by adam. Formerly the whole of the marsh must have
been part of the estuary, for shells of the common cockle occur
abundantly just below the peat opposite Afton House.
* The Tertiary Fluvio-Marine Formation, &c., p. 5.+
ALLUVIUM AND PEAT. 229
A deposit of tufa and tufaceous marl lying on the top of the
chff at Widdick Chine has attracted a good deal of attention.
This tufa is a deposit from the springs given out by the Headon
Limestone immediately above. There is nothing to point to its
being of any great antiquity, for the stoppage of the springs is
merely due to the recession of the cliff, by which they have been
tapped at another point. The section is now almost entirely
overgrown. These deposits were first noticed and described
by the late Mr. Joshua Trimmer (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. x. p. 53 (1854)),. and were subsequently referred to in
greater detail by Professor Forbes (‘‘ Memvir on the Tertiary
Fluvio-marine Formation,” p. 8), and in notes by Mr Bristow
appended to his Memoir. When the first edition of this Memoir
was published this deposit could be seen to occupy the upper
part of the cliff in Totland Bay for a distance of nearly
350 yards, at about 60 feet above the sea. On the top
(Fig. 81) lay an unequal thickness of brown loam, containing
Fra. 81.
Tufaceous deposit of Totland Bay.
a, Ferruginous brown sandy loam.
6. Brown clay and perished shells.
c. Fine tufa.
d. Coarser tufa.
e. Potamomya sands of the Upper Headon Beds.
a few scattered angular flints, beneath which was a layer of
brown clay and decayed shells, resting on four or five teet of
calcareous tufa (with a few black lines derived from decomposed
vegetable matter), sometimes equalling fluvio-marine limnean
limestone in hardness. This tufa was finest in the upper part, and
became gradually coarser towards the bottom, where it was full
of round calcareous concretions of various sizes, and of what seemed
to be the twigs and stems of plants, which having fallen into
water highly charged with carbonate of lime became incrusted
with it. The concentric concretions were largest at the base of
230 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
the deposit, and decreased in size in an upward direction, the
whole deposit resting on an uneven surface of the Potamomya
sands, which underlie the limnzan limestone of Totland Bay.
Occasionally a layer of small angular flints intervened between
the tufa and the sands.
Heliv nemoralis, H. rotundata, Cyclostoma elegans, with
occasional Bulimus lubricus and Pupa muscorum are the most
abundant land-shells, and occur throughout; in the loam are
Succincu and Limnea, and in the lower part a small Planorbis
anil fragments of Univ. In addition to the above, the following
shells were noticed by Prof. E. Forbes, viz. Helix arbustorum
(or nemoralis), H. pulchella, H. ericctorum, H, cellaria, H. hispida,
A. hortensis, Achatina acicula, Clausilia, Pisidium, Limnea
palustris, Succinca oblonga, Cyclus, &e.
The only other deposit of similar character is a small patch of
shelly tufi immediately below the limestone a quarter of a mile
further east. This tufa is seen in the road cutting east of York’s
Farm, but occupies so small an area that it cannot be placed on
the map.
b. The Coast from Freshwater to Blackgang.
It has been previously explained that the streams which now
empty themselves into the sea between Freshwater and Blackgang
have once been tributaries of the old river Yar. In consequence
of the encroachment of the sea by which the river was intercepted,
some curious anomalies have been brought about in the position
of the alluvial deposits.
It will be noticed that a long strip of Allavium which com-
mences near Chilton Chine, only 50 yards from the edge of the
chff, winds away westwards parallel to the coast, catching a
little land drainage in its course. At Brook it passes out to
the ede of the cliff, and the water from it, cutting through the
Alluvium and deep into the Wealden Beds, escapes by the chine
so formed to the sea. But afew yards west of Brook Chine
another strip of Alluvium appears on the top of the cliff, and,
winding round Hanover Point, passes out to the cliff again at
Shippard’s Chine. This latter isolated strip is, without much
doubt, the continuation of the other which runs westward from
near Chilton Chine. The separation of the two strips has re-
sulted from a comparatively recent encroachment of the sea in
Brook Bay.
The alluvial tract follows the centre of the Valley Deposits
of the old Yar, coinciding in position with what must have been
the course of that river. That any part of the Alluvium dates
back to the time when this river ran through the Freshwater
Valley is hardly probable. But it was probably deposited by a
diminished representative of the old Yar, gathering the drainage
of Brook, Chilton, and still earlier of Brixton and Shorwell, and
falling into the sea somewhere a little further south and wes than
Shippard’s Chine.
ALLUVIUM AND PEAT. 231
The section of this Alluvium at Shippard’s Chine has long
been noted for the occurrence in it of timber and the shells of
nuts. These were first noticed by Mr. Webster, who described
them as follows :—
* Tt was near to this place, that I had been informed, fossil
fruits had been found in great abundance, and which were regu-
larly called in the island, Noah’s nuts. . . . Near the top of
this cliff lie numerous trunks of trees, which, however, were not
lodged in the undisturbed strata, but buried eight or ten feet deep
under sand and gravel. Many of them were a foot or two in
diameter, and ten or twelve feet in length. Their substance was
very soft, but their forms and the ligneous fibre were quite dis-
tinct: round them were considerable quantities of small nuts,
that appeared similar to those of the hazel. None of the wood
nor fruits were at all mineralised. . . . No hazel whatever
now grows upon theisland. . . . Pieces are sometimes found
so fresh as to bear being worked into furniture.’”’*
Fig. 82.
Shetch of Gravels with Hazel Nuts in Shippard’s Chine.
inches. f. Angular flint gravel, hardening into
a, Ferruginous loam - - 6 conglomerate.
6. Black clay - - 26 g. Coarse sand, with fragments of fine
c. Pale ferruginous clay - = 6 sandstone, nuts, twigs, branches, &c.
d. Black carbonaceous clay - 6 h, Red mottled clay of the Wealden.
The sketch forming Fig. 82 was made in the southern side
of Shippard’s Chine in June 1856. The upper two feet consisted
of black peaty clay and ferruginous pale clay, overlying ferru-
ginous loam, which rested on angular flint gravel, sometimes
hardening into conglomerate, beneath which was a coarse sand
enclosing fragments of fine sandstone. This sand, based upon
* Sir H. Englefield’s Isle of Wight, p. 152.
232 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT
red mottled Wealden clay, contained numerous shells of nuts,
and the remains of beetles mixed with matted fragments of the
twigs and branches of trees. The latter, which were sometimes
coated with phosphate of iron, retained their original shapes and
general appearance, and were saturated with water, which on
evaporation left a light shrivelled substance behind. The largest
fragments did not exceed two or three inches in diameter.
In more recent years a causeway has been made on the north
side of the chine, and in the approach to it the following beds have
been cut through :—
Fr. In.
Brick earth, a reddish loam - - z = - 6 0
Grey silt, with much soft and blackened wood and bark, and
black, brittle nut-shells - - - - - 0 6
Hard cemented gravel - 7 - 2 » 2 6
Dark earth, with much wood, as above - 0 6
Gravel - - 7 a - 1 0
Vegetable layer, not continuous - - - 0 2
Gravel - - a 7 - 2 0
Wealden Clay : . -
12 8
On the opposite side of the cutting a still more recent alluvial
peat and rootlet bed, about 18 inches thick, lies above the brick-
earth of this section, probably the black peaty clay seen in 1856.
On the west side of Brook Chine also there occurs a peaty layer
in gravels of the same age as those at Shippard’s Chine, and pro-
bably once continuous with them, as previously mentioned. A
large tree trunk is to be seen sticking out of the bed in an
inaccessible position near the top of the cliff. '
It has already been explained that the gravels in which these
vegetable remains occur are later than the Valley Gravels of
Group IIL, which cap the neighbouring cliffs. The newer series
was no doubt made up from the washing of the older, and it is
dificult to draw a hard line dividing the gravels of the two ages,
The later or “hazel-nut gravels” clearly form part of the alluvial
deposit which commences near Chilton Chine (p. 230).
The stream, which has cut out the great ravine known as
Grange Chine, is fed by the two powerful springs of Bottlehole
Well and Shorwell. The alluvial flat of the former consists of
‘peat where the stream runs over the Lower Greensand, that of
Shorwell of silt, sand, and fine gravel. The chine begins where
the two streams join at Brixton, and has been of course cut
through the Alluvial Deposits deep into the variegated beds of
the Wealden series.
The water, which enters the sea by way of Shepherd’s Chine
(Cowleaze Chine on the former edition of the one-inch map), is
principally derived from springs issuing at the foot of the
escarpment which we described on p. 44 as running past Pyle
and Kingston. The springs being highly charged with iron,
the alluvial flat at Atherfield contains much ochre; the broad
flat west of Corve is peaty. The stream meanders through
ALLUVIUM AND PEAT. 233
Little Atherfield bordered by a narrow alluvial flat, which how-
ever in the area underlain by clay (the Atherfield Clay and
Wealden Beds) widens out, and becomes indefinitely bounded.
The chine commences at Combtonfield as a small notch, but
slants down towards the sea so as to gain a depth of about 90 feet
at the sea-cliff’ The chine being cut along the middle of the
alluvial flat, gives a section along both its banks of the alluvial
deposits, which have thus come to occupy the curious position of
being 90 feet above the stream which formed them.
The mouth of the chine up to the year 1810, when the old
edition of the Ordnance Map was published, was situated 350
yards further north than its present position. Before Fitton
visited the spot a change had taken place which he thus describes.
The streamlet “ was very tortuous near the shore, and formerly
came close to the edge of the cliff near its present outlet, but
made its way to the beach at Cowleaze; till the soft and
narrow barrier at top having been cut through, the water soun
deepened the chasm, and formed a new chine, leaving its previous
bed, with Cowleaze Chine itself, deserted and dry.”*
The change is reported to have been hastened at the last by a
shepherd having dug through the narrow barrier of shale, whence
the name of Shepherd’s Chine for the new mouth. The old
ravine of the stream remains much as it was, except that the sides
are overgrown. It runs near, and roughly parallel to the sea-
cliff, and is separated from it by a long and narrow but flat-
topped ridge, capped with two small outliers of Alluvium; a
remarkable position in which to find remains of such a deposit.
The stream has greatly deepened the new chine since it gained
an exit by the shorter route,—a result which followed naturally
from the temporary steepening of the gradient, and the consequent
temporary increase in the rate of erosion. The case is precisely
analogous to those of Brook Chine and Shippard’s Chine described
on p. 230,
The following sections in the Alluvium were noted :—
On the south side of Shepherd’s Chine.
FEET.
Loam - - - - - - i O55
Gravel and sand - - 7 = 4 - 26
On the north side of Shepherd’s Chine, near Chine.
Fr. [n.
Sandy loam - - - - - - - 2 0
Flint gravel - - - : : - 2 6
Grey loam and grit, with many small fragments of stems and
nut-shells - - - - 1 6
Flint gravel, with many fragments of Wealden Shales, and
with fragments of wood - - - - - 40
10 0
* On the Strata below the Chalk. Trans. Geol. Soc., Ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 197.
1836 (read 1827).
234 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
In an outlier between the cliff and the old course of the stream,
Fr. In,
Brown loam - - - :
Light blue silt - -
Grey silt, with stones -
Flint gravel - - - -
Gravel, chiefly of fragments of Wealden Beds -
The mode of cccurrence of this deposit leads to the inference
that it is of the same age as the Alluvium at Shippard’s Chine,
where also nut-shells are imbedded.
Whale Chine forms the outlet for a small stream taking its
rise in the western slopes of St. Catherine’s Down. The sides of
this extremely precipitous ravine are capped, like those of
Shepherd’s Chine, with an alluvial deposit, consisting of loamy
beds above, and gravelly beds below, the majority of the stones
in the latter being chert and ferruginous sandstone. The sub-
joined section may be seen at the top of the cliff, on the north
side of the chine :—
Fr. In.
Loam - - . - = 7 : - 90
Black peaty seam - - S 2 = - 0 34
Grey silt, with bands of chert gravel below s 4 0
Chert gravel - - 4 0
17 4
On the north-east side of the Military Road, the chert gravel
comes to the surface, and has been dug for road-metal. On the
south side of the chine it is overspread by Blown Sand, which
will be described subsequently, but the gravel can be traced
beneath this covering in the face of the cliff for about three-
quarters of a mile, rising south-eastwards from about 145 feet
above the sea at Whale Chine to about 200 feet at Walpen
Chine. The following sections were noted in it :--
At Ladder Chine (see also p. 287).
Freer.
Blown sand, variable - - - - - - 6-15
Yellow loam - - - 3 ev = 2
Chert gravel - - 5 ‘3 3 3
South side of Walpen Chine.
Freer.
Blown sand, grey - é a - 15-20
Do. brown - = - 5-10
Coarse angular chert gravel, resting on slightly bent beds of
Lower Greensand - - - S z .
ALLUVIUM AND PLAT. 235
100 yards south of IValpen Chine.
Frer.
Blown sand, with fragments of shale and a few small stones - 15
Blown sand, brown 7 _ S Z 3
Grey silt - - - = eo, sit
Peaty layer . : 8 5 z 1
Ochry layer and silt - - 2 - 2
Grey silt - - 7 a ar)
Chert gravel - - e % 2 af
The last section visible in the undercliff formed by the thick
clay which lies next below the Sandrock Series (p. 30), exposes
the following strata :—
Freer.
Blown sand . - > = - é 6-8
Yellow loam - - 7 - = 426
Chert gravel = - - = - % - 0-2
South of this undercliff, the Blown Sand rests directly on the
rock.
This large spread of gravel is clearly not the product of the
small stream of Whale Chine, or of the still smaller one of
Walpen Chine, but may perhaps have been deposited by the upper
waters of the old Yar, of which the present streamlets were
tributaries.
ce. The Medina.
The Alluvium of the River Medina commences at Chale Green,
and forms a long strip of marsh land, gradually widening to about
200 yards in the part known as the Wilderness and near
Gatcombe, but narrowing down as it passes the projecting spur
of Upper Cretaceous Rocks of Gossard Hill, and those of the
central range of the Island. The alluvial deposits are generally
marsh-clay and silt, with a black peaty soil on top.
On the other hand the Alluvium of the tributary which joins
the Medina at Blackwater is principally peat, as perhaps the name
indicates; its boundaries on the low watershed near Merston
are extremely indefinite, as described on p. 218. Below Newport
the Alluvium consists of estuarine clay and silt.
d. The Eastern Yar.
The Alluvium of the two longest feeders of this river, namely,
those which descend from Whitwell and Wroxall, consists super-
ficially of a narrow strip of marsh-clay spread over the bottom of a
shallow trough cut through the Valley Gravels into the Lower
Greensand. The alluvial flat is bounded for some miles by a low
bank of Greensand with a thin covering of gravel. But the
streams which rise on the north side of Godshill, and join the
river above Horringford, drain some extensive peaty flats and are
bordered by peaty land, until they join the Yar. The develop-
236 THE GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
ment of peat has resulted from the form of the ground and the
issue of the springs which mark the outcrop of a clayey bed in the
Lower Greensand, as described on p. 45.
Below Newchurch the alluvial flat is bounded by steep banks
of ferruginous sand (Lower Greensand), and is extremely irregular
in its boundaries, the river in its wanderings having undermined
first one bank then the other. The soil is of the usual dark
character, but there is no great thickness of peat.
At Sandown the river must have been formerly joined by an
important tributary, for the alluvial flat, known as Sandown Level,
which branches off to the south, is at least as broad as that of the
main river. This tributary Alluvium runs only half a mile before
it is cut off abruptly by the sea, so that nearly the whole of the
basin of the river which formed it has disappeared. The streams
of Shanklin and Luccomb Chines were probably some of the head
waters of the river, and a little patch of gravel on the south side
of Shanklin Chine may have formed part of its valley deposits.
The tract of land on which Yaverland and Bembridge are
situated is isolated from the rest of the Island by this ailuvial flat
and that of the Yar, and would be literally an island at high tide
in certain winds, but for the artificial bank along the seaward
margin of Sandown Level. It corresponds curiously to the “ Isle
of Fresiiwater ” at the opposite extremity of the Isle of Wight.
Brading Harbour was continually inundaced at high water until
the end of February 1880, when the sea was finally shut out by
the present permanent embankment, which encloses an area of
6UV0 acres. Sir Hugh Middleton, in the time of James I,
employed a number of Dutchmen to recover it from the sea by
embarkments. 7,000/ were expended in the work ; but, partly
by the badness of the soil, which proved a barren sand, partly by
the choking of the drains for the fresh water, by the weeds and
mud brouzht by the sea, but chiefly by a furious tide which
made a breach in the bank, they were obliged to desist, and put a
stop to their expensive project (See Pennant’s Isle of Wight,
vol. ii. p. 149).
Near Lane End, Bembridge, a hollow in the older gravel con-
tains a newer peat and gravel. It was impossible to separate the
two eravels on the map and no determinable fossils were observed
in the peat, but these deposits seem to be merely the Alluvium
of the sinall stream which now flows through Lane End.
The alluvia] deposits of the smaller streams that flow into the
Solent consist of marsh-clays with trunks of trees, but in the
absence of clear sections there is little to be said about them. It
may be pointed out, however, that the Alluvium of all the streams
descends far below their present beds. Though we have no means
of telling the full depth, yet judging by analogy, we should expect
that the old channels of the larger streams have been cut fully
40 feet deeper than their present ones, as is the case in most parts
of England. ‘This indicates that their excavation dates back to a
period when the land stood at a considerably higher level.
BLOWN SAND. 237
Brown Sanp.
The largest are of Blewn Sand in the Isle of Wight is to be
found on the top of the vertical cliff between Atherfield and Chale,
at a height of 150 to 250 feet above the sea. The sand is blown
up from the face of the cliff, not from the beach below, and con-
sists merely of disintegrated Lower Greensand. Several sections
in it have been noted above in describing the gravel below it
(p. 234) ; the greatest thickness of it seen was about 20 feet, but it
probably exceeds this in parts of the line of dunes which it forms
along the edge of the cliff: It extends also for some hundreds of
yards inland in the form of a thin covering of dusty sand. The
most westerly patch of this sand lies on the outcrop of a bed of
iron-sand, and contains vast quantities of spherical grains of iron-
oxide derived from it.
On either side of Ladder Chine the sand is piled up in small
hummocks or dunes, and, if we descend into the chine, the source
of the sand becomes sufficiently obvious. The chine appears to
have commenced its existence as a small notch cut by the surface-
drainage from the adjoining fields. The wind, especially that from
the south-west, entering the notch has gradually widened it out
into a beautifully symmetrical amphitheatre, leaving the harder
beds and concretions standing out in tiers of benches, but whirling
every loose particle of sand up over the top of the cliff. ‘The
chine thus provides an intercsting illustraticn of wind-erosion,
comparable.on a small scale to the scenery of parts of the desert
region of Western America.*
Very small spits, consisting partly of blown sand, extend half
way across the alluvial flats of the western Yar and of the Newtown
estuary. At the mouth of the eastern Yar a more extensive tract
of Blown Sand rises here and there into small dunes, used for the
Golf Links, and serves to protect Bembridge Harbour on the
north-east side. The sand travels in all cases from west to east.
CHALK TALUS.
At the foot of the slopes of the chalk hills a gravelly detritus
of chalk has accumulated to a considerable thickness. It is well
seen in Compton Bay, where the steepest part of the cliff in
which the Upper Greensand crops out is formed by a stratified
chalk talus, or rain-wash, from the slopes of Afton Down. The
deposit here reaches a thickness of 20 feet, and is compact enough
to stand in a vertical cliff The second exposure is seen in the
road-cutting between Brixton and Calbourne, where the talus has
spread itself over the Upper Greensand, and become hardened.
The third occurs on St. Catherine’s Hill, on the summit of Gore
Cliff. In this locality the deposit consists of hard calcareous mud,
attaining a thickness of about 9 feet, and becoming harder and
* As was remarked to the writer by Mr. G. K. Gilbert, of the United States
Geological Survey, during an excursion to this locality.
238 THE GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
darker towards the lower part. It contains numerous existing
land-shells, among which are Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis, H.
ericetorum, HH, virgata, H. rotundata, Bulimus lubricus, &c.*
Tt rests on the northern slopes of a small outlier of the Chalk
Marl, but extends a few yards beyond the boundary of the Chalk,
so as to touch the Upper Greensand. It is made up almost
entirely of small fragments of Chalk and Chalk mud, but con-
tains a little Upper Greensand, and a very few fragments of
chert. It is clearly a rain-wash from the slopes of a hill of Chalk,
which must have once existed to the south, but of which the
small outlier is the only surviving fragment. The remainder of
the hill has slipped down to various positions in the Undercliff,
one of the most striking features of which is the great slices of
Chalix and Upper Greensand, still retaining their relative posi-
tions.
The inland limits of the deposit are altogether indefinite, but pre-
sumably tend to follow the boundary of the Chalk, though slightly
overlapping it as in the chff. Similar deposits would probably be
seen along the greater part of the base line of the Chalk, were
there any sections to show them. Agriculturally they are im-
portant, for they produce a chalk-soil over the outcrop of the
Upper Greensand. In the same way the guttering down of the
Gault, described on p. 58, has spread a clay-soil over the
outcrop of the Carstone, and part of the Sandrock Series.
* Helix aperta also appeared in the list in the Ist edition of the Memoir. But as
the authority is not forthcoming, and the occurrence of this continental shell is im-
probable, it is now omitted.
239
CHAPTER XIV.
DISTURBANCES AND FAULTS.
Of the movements of the strata which produced the almost
unique geological features of the Isle of Wight, the most marked
was that which brought the Chalk up in a nearly vertical position
in the central range. The fold of the strata thereby effected is
found, however, on close examination to consist of two separate
anticlinal axes, the one dying out as the other inereases; while
other lines of lesser disturbance run nearly parallel, each having
its influence on the structure of the Island.
Before describing in detail the various folds observable in the
Isle of Wight we will briefly notice the great series of nearly
parallel anticlinal and synclinal axes of the south and south-east
of England, of which they form part. These axes, taken in order
from north to south, are as follow :—
lst. The great syncline of the London Basin, which extends
from Marlborough in the west, and is lost under the German
Ocean to the east.
2nd. The great anticline of the Weald of Kent, which com-
mences in the west as two separate anticlines, the one near
Devizes, the other near Petersfield, passes under the English
Channel, and terminates about 14 miles east of Boulogne.
8rdly. The syncline of Chichester, which passes north of Ports-
down to the sea near Worthing, and eastwards along the coast
by Brighton. :
4thly. The anticline of Portsdown and High Down, which runs
under the sea at Worthing.
5th. The syncline of the Isle of Wight, which runs from near
Dorchester in the west through the Tertiary area of the Island
and out to sea near Brading.
6th. The double anticline of the Isle of Wight, which com-
mences off the coast of Devon, strikes the shore near Weymouth,
runs along the Dorset coast near St. Albans Head, through the
Cretaceous area of the Isle of Wight, and out to sea near San-
down.
These axes are not strictly parallel. The London axis, for
example, runs a little north of east ; the Weald axis curves round
considerably south of east in its eastern part; the Chichester
and Portsdown axes are nearly parallel to that of the Weald, but
are inclined a little more to the south; while the synclinal axis,
240 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
and the two nearly coincident anticlinal axes of the Isle of Wight,
run nearly east and west. The want of parallelism in these great
folds is not sufficient, however, to invalidate the assumption that
they form part of a single series, and were formed contem-
poraneously.
They have, moreover, this property in common, namely, that
the north side of every anticline is much steeper than the
south side. Thus the strata rise gently towards the north for a
varying distance, and then, reaching the crest of the fold, plunge
suddenly down, slowly to rise again. This sudden downward
plunge is seen in the Hog’s Back, in Portsdown, and in the central
Downs of the Isle of Wight, which form the northern sides of
the respective anticlinal folds, enumerated above.
We may next notice that these folds do not run for an indefinite
distance either east or west, but die away, each syncline being
truly an elongated basin, and each anticline an elongated dome.
The two ends cf a fold are visible in one instance only, viz., in the
anticline of the Weald, but the western terminations of all the
others, excepting the Isle of Wight (Brixton) anticline, can be
seen, and in this case we find the eastern termination of the fold
near the centre of the Island. ‘The Sandown anticline, which
commences where the Brixton anticline dies away, probably itself
disappears a short distance east of Sandown; for, as previously
pointed out, the strike of the Chalk in the southern Downs is such
as to cause this range to meet the central range at an oblique
angle. Similarly we have evidence of the eastern termination of
the Isle of Wight syncline off Selsea Bill.
In respect of their relative positions to one another these folds
show this peculiarity, that while they run east and west (approxi-
mately), as if formed by a force acting from the south, they are
arranged en échelon along a line running a little north of east.
This can be most easily rendered intelligible by drawing a
line through the whole system of folds touching the area of
maximum movement in each fold. Such a line starting from
near Weymouth, runs between Cowes and Newport, near Ports-
down and Chichester, a little north of Battle, and thence out into
the German Ocean, where presumably the deepest part of the
London syncline is situated. The line thus traced has a direction
of east 10°--15° north, and, what is deserving of remark, is not
very far from being parallel to the great Chalk escarpment across
England.
The Paleozoic Rocks on which the Secondary strata rest in
the north-west of France, and which doubtless pass under the
south-east of England are known to be intensely contorted, and
thrust over one another, the strike of the folds being about west-
north-west, turning to east and west where they emerge at the
surface in Devon and Somerset. The Carboniferous Rocks of
Valenciennes also tend to assume this strike towards the west.
But though there is this approximate agreement in direction
between the folding of the Secondary and Tertiary Rocks, and
that of the Paleozoic Rocks, it must not be concluded that any
DISTURBANCES AND FAULTS. 241
connection exists between them. The Paleozoic Rocks had
already been folded when the Secondary Period commenced, while
the folds with which we are concerned were produced in a late
Tertiary age. It is, however, possible that the direction of the
later folds was influenced by that of the earlier set, for the old
rocks may have yielded more readily along the former lines of
flexure, than along new lines crossing these obliquely.
We have already noticed the sudden downward plunge of the
beds on the north side of all the anticlines. This form of fold
seems to be the first stage in the formation of a thrust-plane or
slide-fault. For though in the Isle of Wight the movement has
not usually gone further than to produce verticality of the beds, yet
on following the fold across to Dorsetshire, that is nearer the area
of greatest movement, we meet an instance of an actual thrust-
plane in the Chalk. This dislocation was first noticed by Mr.
Webster in 1811, and described and figured by him in Englefield’s
Isle of Wight (pp. 164-168, Pl. 26 and 27). The cliff of Hand-
fast Point is formed in the southern part of vertical beds, and
in the northern of nearly horizontal beds of chalk. The hori-
zontal strata, as they approach the vertical series, turn upwards in
a great curve, forming nearly the quarter of a circle. » ephemera, Forbes. =, Fi.; Fo.
»» lanceolata, Forbes. 2, 3 fis ; Fo.
» pectinata, Sow. 3 Fi. ;
» sp. 5 Sur. ease
Exogyra conica, Sow. 3 Fi.; Fo.
$5 harpa, Goldf. 1, 3 Fi; ; Fo.
a, laciniata, Mills. 8.
5 plicata, Lam. 8.
sinuata, Sow. 1, 2, 3 Fi.; 1 Sur.; Fo.; 1 Sur. (Sandown).
subplicata, Rim. 1 Sur. (Sandown).
tombeckiana, D’Orb. 1 Sur.
sp. 2 Sur.; 5 Sur. (Blackgang and Sandown),
Gervillia aleformis, Sow. 1, 3 Fi.; 1 Sur.; 1 Sur. and Fo. (Sandown).
”
”
”
”
TABLES OF FOSSILS—LOWER GREENSAND, 263
Gervillia anceps, Desh. 3 Fi.; S.; Fo.; W. [G. aviculoides].
9 aviculoides. See G. anceps.
» forbesiana, D’Orb. See G. solenoides.
» linguloides, Forbes. 2 Sur.; 3 Fi. and Fo.
ns solenoides, Defr. 1, 2, 3 Fi.; S. Fo. (Shanklin),
Gryphea. See Exoyyra.
Hinnites Leymerii, Desh. 1, 3 Fi.; S.; Fo.
Inoceramus concentricus, Park. Fo.
x5 grypheoides, Sow. (?=T. concentricus, Park.), 3 Fi.
neocomiensis, D’Orb. 3 Ffi.; Mo.
Lima ‘cottaldina, D’Orb. 1, 2, 3 Fi.
s dupiniana, D’*Orb. 2 Sur.
», elongata?, Sow. Fo.
», semisulcata, Sow. 1, 3 Fi.
undata, Desh. 1 Fi.
sp. 3 Fi.; 1 Sur. (Sandown) ; 5 Sur. (Blackgang).
Ostrea carinata, Sow. See O. frons.
es frons, Park. 1, 3 Fi.; 1 Sur. ; Fo.
- Leymerii, Desh. 1,3. Fs Fo.
»» Macroptera, Sow. See O. frons.
» prionota, Forbes. See OQ, frons.
» retusa, Sow. 3 Fi.
c. sp. 2 Sur.
Pecten cinctus, Sow. 8.
» circularis, Forbes, may be the P. cottaldinus of D’Orbigny.
5 cottaldinus, D Orb. 1 Sur.; 3 Fo.
», interstriatus, Leym. 1, 3 Fi; 1 Sur.; 1 Sur. and Fo. (Sandown).
»» obliquus. See P. interstriatus.
orbicularis, Sow. 3 Fi.; 1 Sur.; 1 Sur. and Fo. (Sandown); Mo.
(Shanklin) ; 5 Sur. (Bonchurch, Dunnose, and Sandown).
quinquecostatus, Sow. 1, 3 Fi.; 1 Sur.; 3 Fo. (Shanklin); 1 Sur.
(Sandown) ; 5 Sur. (Sandown).
», robinaldinus, D’Orb. Mo. (Shanklin).
x» sp. 2 Sur.
Perna aleformis. See Gervillia.
Mulleti, Desh. 1 Fi. and Sur.; 1 S. (Compton Bay); 1 Sur.
(Sandown).
» Yicordiana, D’Orb. 1 Fi.; Mo. (Sandown and Shanklin).
5» royana, D’Ord. 8.
Pinna Galliennei, D’Ord, 3 Fi.
restituta, Forbes. See P. tetragona.
» robinaldina, D’Orb. i 3F.; 8
Pe eee 1, Sow. 8.; Fo
sp. 1, 2 Sur.
Plicatula carteroniana, D’Orb. Mo. (Shanklin); 5 Sur, (Sandown).
placunea, Lam. 1 Fi.; Fo.
”
”
»”»
>
Dimyaria.
Anatina Agassizii, Pict. and Rona. S.
>, Carteroni, D’Orb. S.
Arca Carteroni, D’Orb. 1 Fi.; Fo.; S. (Sandown ?).
cornueliana, D’Orb. 3 Fi.; Fo
dupiniana, D’Ord. 8.
Raulini, Leym. 1, 2, 3 Fi.; 1,2 Sur.; 1 Sur, (Sandown); Fo.
robinaldina, D’Orb. 8.
securis, Leym. 1, 3 Fi.; Fo.
Astarte Beaumontii, Leym. S.; Fo. (Sandown).
multistriata, Sow. 1 Ki.
numismalis, D’Ord. 1, 3 Fi.
obovata, Sow. 1 Fi.; 1 Sur. and Mo. (Sandown).
sp. 5 Sur. (Sandown).
striato-costata, D’Orb. Mo.
substriata, Leym. 1 Fi.; Fo.
Cardita fenesirata, Forbes, 1, 2, Fi. 1 Sur.
”
”
”
oe
”
”
”
”
ay
264 . GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Cardita neocomiensis, D’Orb. S.; Mo.
» quadrata, D°Orb. S.; Mo. e
Cardium , levigata, D’Orb. See N. rotundata.
», rotundata, Sow. J, 3 Fi.; Fo.; 8.
Patella sp. 3 8. (Shanklin).
Pleurotomaria gigantea, Sow. 5.
5 sp.? 5 Sur. (Blackgang).
Pterocera Fittoni, Forbes. See Aporrhais.
e retusa of Forbes and Fitton. See Aporrhais moreausiana.
Rostellaria. See Aporrhais.
Scalaria dupiniana, D’Ord. 8.
Solarium minimum, Forbes. Fo.
a3 sp.P 5 Fo.
Tornatella. See Acton.
Trochus, sp. 5 Sur. (Bonchurch).
Turbo munitus, Forbes. 1 Sur.
Turritella dupiniana, D’Orb. 3 Fi.; Fo.
Vicarya strombiformis, Schloth. (=Potamides carbonaria, Auct.) 1 Sur
(derived).
Cephalopoda.
Ammonites Beudantii?, Brong. 5 Sur. (Blackgang) ; a fragment.
ac Carteroni, D’Orbd. 8.
= consobrinus, D’Ord. 3 Fi.
ss cornuelianus, D’Orb. 3 Fi.; Fo.
a Deshaysii, Leym. 1, 2, 3 Fi.; 2 Sur.; Fo.; S. (Sandown).
“a furcatus, Sow. 1 Fi.; Fo.
$5 Hambrovii, Forbes. 2 Sar.; 3 Fi.
Pe P inflatus, D’Orb.*
4 P interruptus, Brong.t
ie leopoldinus, D’Ord. 1, 2 Fi.
1 Martini, D’Ord. 3 Fi. and Fo.; 8.
9 nutfieldensis, Sow. S. (loc. ?).
e (rolled fragments), 1 Sur. (Sandown).
a (a fragment) 5 Sur. (Blackgang).
Ancyloceras gigas, Sow. 3 Fi. (Scaphites) and W.; S.
a4 Hillsii, Sow. 3 Fi. and W.
55 matheronianus, D’Orb. 1 Mo.
Belemnites sp. Vo. (as? B. lanceolatus),
Crioceras (Ancyloceras, D’Orb.) Bowerbankii, Sow. 3 Fi.; S.
Hamites, 8. (Sandown).
Nautilus plicatus, Sow. S. (loc. ?).
5is pseudoelegans ? 8, (loc. P).
a radiatus, Sow. 1, 3 Fi.; 1 Sur
5 requinianus, D’Orb. 1 W.
a Saxbiu, Morris,t 3 Fi.
Scaphites. See Ancyloceras.
3 grandis See Ancyloceras gigas.
* This Ammonite is recorded by Fitton from the Atherfield Clay and Perna Bed,
and by Forbes from Atherfield. Its occurrence in the Lower Cretaceous Rocks
however, has not been verified.
t+ One specimen of this Ammonite was presented to the Museum of Practical
Geology by Dr. Fitton, as being from the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight.
tf Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1848.
TABLES OF FOSSILS—LOWER GREENSAND. 267
Pisces.
Edaphodon Sedgwickii, Ag. S.
Hypo) basanus, Eg. P1 Egerton (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i.
p- ‘
Hybodus, sp. 8S.
Lamna, 1 W.; 5 Sur. (Dunnose).
Lepidotus, 1 Sur.
Odontaspis, | W.
Protosphyreena (Saurocephalus), 1 W.
Various, | Sur. (Sandown).
Reptilia.
Chelonia, S. (Shanklin).
Iguancdon Mantelli, Owen, 3?, O. and L.
Plesiosaurus sp., O. and Whidborne, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvii.
p. 480 (Shanklin).
268 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
TABLE III.—Uprer Creracgous.
The letters refer to the authorities by whom the fossils have been recorded.
See p. 257.
Those fossils marked S. were collected from the “ Lower Chalk ”’ as mapped
in 1852. That subdivision included the Lower and Middle Chalk of the
present survey.
The Middle Chalk of Barrois includes the Chalk Rock and about 20 feet of
chalk above it.
The Upper Greensand of Barrois includes about 35 feet of beds now
included in the Gault. That of Fitton includes the Chloritic Marl.
The numbers indicate the localities enumerated below :—
Localities.
1. Isle of Wight, exact; 13. Brixton Down. °7, Standen.
locality not specified. | 14. Calhourne. 28. East Standen.
2. Needles. 15. Rowborough. 29, Arreton.
3. Alum Bay. 16. Apes Down. 30. Messley.
4. High Down. 17. Alvington. 31. Knighton.
5. Main Bench. 18. Cheverton. 32. Yarbridge.
6, Freshwater. 19. Shorwell. 33. Bembridge.
7. Afton Down. 20. Chillerton. 34. Culver.
8. Compton Bay. 21. Gatcombe. 35. The Undercliff.
2, Shalcombe. . 22. New Barn. 36. Blackgang and Niton.
10. Brook Road cutting. | 23. Bowcombe. 37. Western Lines,
11. Motteston Down. 24. Carisbrook. 38%. Bonchurch and East
lz. Brixton and Cal-| 25. Mount Joy. End.
bourne Road. 26. Shide. 39. Frequent.
I a2
‘ =2
! a a ‘ont a
2) ee 5 Z “ of
am 2 |¢2ai eo |e | 2 | &
: gie |} Sis
e}e ile S| 2 ee tos
|
Plante.
Alge - ay as Od oe o we ae 24 Sur,
Chondrites fastigiatus, 38 Fi. & a aie 35 M.
Sternbd, a 2
*Clathraria Lycllii, Want. a 35 I. | 88 Pa.
Coniferous wood - | 38 Sur. ts 85 N.
Fucoides Targioni., see Chondrites fastigiatus.
Spongida.
Axinella stylus, inde. - ea 35
Hinde.
Craticwlaria —_ (Brachio- ae ae oy 18. |18.,1L. 1 Ba.
lites) Fittoni, Mant.
Chenendopora. - a ae ea ais oe 12 Sur.
Doryderma - - 35
Hinde.
Heterostinia (Chenendo- bis “s va 18.
pora) obliqua, Ben.
Cliona cretacca, Portl. - a re ee ee ee ou 18.
Dendvospongia Jenestralis, F. Reem., see Craticularia Fittoni.
* Steephill and East End,
TABLES OF FOSSILS—UPPER CRETACEOUS. 269
3s
da |
‘ as a 24 4 nd
Das 4 a =
— e ted; 2 | 2 le | 2
. i ia) Ogs = o a o
s d - 528 ‘E 5 ds &
3 c= oS BFS 2 e s ‘ee
a a aw aw a S 4 ee
& a o P 5 A PI be
Distheles conferta, F. we: ee ate fs Ze 1 Ba.
en.
Hallirhoa agariciformis, oe ee a 18. {10 Sur.,
Ben. iT,
Hippalimus fungoides, Lamx, see Hallirhoa agariciformis.
Jeren_ (Siphonia) Web- - (85 Ba.&} .. 37 Fi. |
steri, Sow. Ne |
Plocoscyphia fenestrata, Se ae oe a 8,386 |384Sur.
T. Smith. Sur.
labrosa, 7. ve fe 8 Sur. ‘te 11,36] 382, 36
Smith. Sur. | Sur.?,
1 Ba.
Plocoscyphia meandrina, see P. labrosa,
Plocoscyphia reticulata ?, ie ice oo oo 8, 35
Hinde. Sur.
¥ % : : = oe or oe Sie eo» 12,29, 86] 9 Sur. |7, 24, 29,
Sur. 32 Sur.
Scyphia Fittoni, see Craticularia.
Siphonia pyriformis, auctorum, see P, tulipa.
Siphonia tulipa, Zittel, - Se 35 Ba. | 1 ~~ &
Spongia meandroides, Ibbetson, see Plocoseyphia labrosa.
Stauronema Carteri, Sol- ae ie ae «= ({8, 85, 36
las. Sur.
2 7 7 S ee ai 12 Sur.
Ventriculites moniliferus, ae o os tes ne we a 6, 31, 34
F. Rem. Ba.
Ventriculites . = ais vs oe . sie ae: oe 4, 18
Sur.
Hydrozoa.
Porosphera(Coscinopora)| .. o rs ae aie oe (09,24,
globularis, Phil. 29, 32
Sur.
Actinozoa.
Micrabacia coronula, aC ia = we 35 Pa. | 36 Sur.
Goldf.
Monocarya, see Parasmilia,
Parasmilia centralis, Se se we ee ea we ‘ 7 Sur.
‘ant. 5 Ba.
Smilotroclus - - Ar) we oe oe ee 35 Sur.
Trochocyathus - - aie a .- oe 35 N.
Echinodermata.
Bourgueticrinus (Apiocri-| «+ e oe 53 wis ee ss |5,6 Bae
nus) ellipticus, Miller.
Cardiaster fossarius, Ben.) «. $8 Ne ee Ls
* Chalk Rock.
270
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
se
al
aa Z j 7 F
a BS a 24 4 ad
ia $4g| = 3 S S
—. S HES ‘S a 3 ra
9 oss = o z oO
* . BS oO = by out cI]
giai2 ieee) alse
o a 5 p 5 a a P
Cardiaster latissimus, Ag. as sia ie 158.
en pillulus, Lamk. + ae a . oe ‘ . {84 Sur.,
7 Ba.
oo pygmeus, a0 . a ae 18.
Forbes.
3 i - . se 85 N.
Catopygus columbarius, i ce a li.
amk. (carinatus,
Goldf.).
Cidaris clavigera, Kenig. 5 as a we sie a 7, 32
Sur,
ees 5, 6 Ba.
» dissimilis?,Forbes| .. i ri ok ie 85 Sur.
» hirudo, Sorig. - is is are a ae 19 25, |6,25 Ba.
34 Ba,
» DPleracantha, Ag. on &s is . 5 ee as 29 Ba.
>» pseudohirudo, ee 3 on . a ‘ -. (2,11 Ba,
Cottean.
» sceptrifera, Mant. ae ne oe . oe . . 5, 6 Ba.
» serrata, Desor. - ne s . . . a «(7,24 Ba,
» subvesiculosa, Se o si ie + /18,31,34
D’ Orb. Ba,
» vesiculosa, Goldf. et 3 ae a | 35 Pa.
>» (spines) - 7 se a “i aa ae 29 Sur.
+Cyphosoma - a bie a aa s a 12, 24,
29, 32
sy ag Sur.
Discoidea cylindrica, ae Ce oe a 1 Ba.
Lamk,
ni minima, 4g. - an ez la 1 Ba. aa 22) 34
Ba.
+ » subuculus, Klein. “a oe i 85 Pa., 25 Sur.
8, 35
Sur.
is, - 7 es a is si we 386 Sur.
Echinoconus _ castanea be se ee o 1 Ba.
rong.
» conicus, Breyn. 3 aie vis ue a 23 Ba.
Echinocorys vulgaris et ar ff ang a i 39S.,
Breyn (=Ananchytes Ba.
ovatus).
Echinospatagus (Hemi- ie a 18.
aster) Murchisonise
Mant.
Goniaster Coombii, ais ae ae 18.
Forbes.
= (ossicle of) + ie ie ea oye ove se 12 Sur.
Hemiaster Morrisii, ae . 6 oe a 35 W.
‘orbes.
o . : se +» J8Sur.f}.. 18.
Holaster cor-avium, Ag. at é as aa os +. = [24 Ba. ? 6, 18 Ba.
nt Sossarius, see Cardiaster.
* In a band of green nodules in the Upper Chalk. See p. 78.
elbourn Rock,
t+ Chalk Rock,
TABLES OF FOSSILS—-UPPER CRETACEOUS.
271
+43
#8
ze |e | a | 2 | 2
a4 |885/ = | 2 | 3 | 3
2 oe oO ° Fa oO A
s ‘ 4 Sa & ee 2 o
= g 3 S28 ‘3B 5 S 5
3 = a ase s EB rs a
a a q AM wa 3 oO Ha] oy
S a 5 P 5 4 A bE
Holaster levis, De Luc. - oe int ae iS. 11. | 1Ba.
5 nodulosus, Goldf., see levis.
‘i pillulus Lamk., see Cardiaster,
© ay planus, Mant. o% oe ie guise OMe 35 Na
” Sie etosus a8 aa 18. 1 Ba, | 86 Sur.,
Sky 1 Ba.
3 trecensis, Ley m. ay ie a . (82 Sur?
1 Ba.
” sp. . - . “a 1 Pa.
Infulaster major, Desor. a ‘Ga ar a ee ‘ie +. 13 Ba?
Micraster breviporus, 4g.| .. : oe tie oar te +. 9,13 Ba.
» Brongniarti,Héb.?} .. a es < of 2,25 Ba,
a5 cor-anguinum, as es ae 32 Sur.,
ein. 23,28;
1 29 Ba.
» cor-bovis, Forbes.| .. oi er aie 7 + 7, 32?
Sur.
» cor-testudin- . ate ale 32 Sur.,
arium, Goldf. 39 Ba.
Pentacrinus Agassizi, a ii ee 29 Sur
» ilium, Goldf. - ae eis . sits + 4 7, 29
Sur,
» obtusa, Sow. - . ‘ oe 36 Sur.
» plana, Woodw. - ais ae a sie 7 29 Sur
+ 4 plexus,Sow. - i we sts ste 36 Sur. i ae 5 Ba.,
2% ris 29, 34
i Sur. ‘
x Sp. i . oe ae oe . 11,1!
ee se Ba., 24
Sur.
Vermicularia concava, | 8 Sur. | 8 Sur., | 10, 12 8.Sur.,
Sow. 35 Ba. i 35 35 Pa.
a.
9 See ‘ a / 3 8.
sy polygonalis, a ais 38 Fi.
Sow.
im umbonata, . . es 87 Ti. wa 1 Ba,
ant.
* Chalk Rock. + In agreen nodular band in the Upper Chalk, see p. 78,
272 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
3s
aa : ‘
ze or 7 2 <
3 Bz ne 3s = g 3
— Sp. - |88 Sur.
Cyprina angulata, Flem. os a 4 1S?
iy SPs - te a 18. /36 Sur.
Cytherea, sp. - on ‘ 18. {36 Sur.?
TABLES OF FOSSILS~-UPPER CRETACEOUS. 277
cat e
ge |
. | as E ad Fe FS
— gid) =i aj42| a
: | & [See} 2) S 7 oS]
3 = u a
ye ie Bee) eee
& A ana a Z = a
a o |p 5 4 a 2
Tsocardia - - ie - . tee 6 Sur. 2
Lucina tenera, Sow. - | 8Sur.
wy Sp. - | 34, 38 os
4 Sur.
Modiola ligeriensis, 2 18,
D' Orb.
» = - | 8Sur. | 1 Pa,
Myacites mandibula, Sow., see Panopea.
Mytilus lanceolatus, Sow. a 36 N, .
Nucula bivirgata, Shy. - | 34 Sur.
Panopeea mandibula, Sow.| 18., [i Pa.,35)10 Sur.| 18.
38 Fi. (N.11,
8 Sur. - :
a plicata, Sow. - | 8 Sur. a re 858. | 12 Sur,
5 N.
» Sp. - a 35 N. |10 Sur.
Pholadomya decussata, ai nO es aa ay 1N.
Phil.
Pholas, sp. - . mi 11.
Solen dupinianus, D’ Ord. | 34 Sur.
Thetis major, see T, Sowerbyi.
Pr Sowerbyi, Rdm. aa 11. % 18.
Trigonia aliformis, Park. ri LLye| 18.
5 N.
Fy archiaciana, se 35 Lyc.
Orb.
carinata, 4g. - ae 12; . 18.,,
40 Lye.
5p harpa, see I. carinata.
és spinosa, Park. iL oe Lye.
» vicaryana, 1 Pa, . 8.
Lycett.
Venus, sp. - oe . oe 87 Fi. | 85 Pa.
Gasteropoda.
Acton affinis, Sow. - ch oe 18. oe 10 Sur,
2 - | as ss ee .. | 83,36
” - ‘ é Sur.
Aporrhais Parkinsoni, i ec 18.
Sow.
is new Sp. = . = it oe ee 20 Ba.
Sp. - - | 848ur. oe on 18. 10, 36 | 29°,
= p Sur. [36 Sur.
Avellana cassis, D’Or®. - oe ea a ‘ 11, Ba.
inuli ‘ 1Pa | .. .. [12Sur.?,] 36 Sur.
a (Cina) 7 on 35 Pa.
Columbellina = - - vs oi o .. | 36 Sur.
Dentalium - - | 8 Sur.
Emarginula sp. - - oie wie ae oa 35 Pa.
278
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
242
33
ge | a
a2 a a4 oe ne
aH 223 = 2 7 ZS
ro q leeet ola |e | 2
‘5 ma | See] 3 2 2 2
s ci Ena x = 2
é | 2 | 6 |6 ei6|8 ) 5
Fusus? - - : es "es <3 18.
Gibbula levistriata, Seel.} 2. ee wa sia 35 Pa.
Littorina carinata, Sow. a aie ee 18,
Natica gaultina, D’Ord. 8N. ee < ea 11.
2 - - - oe 1 Pa. a o oe LN.
Pleurotomaria moreau- co we oe oe 35, 36
sianus, Sur,
r Orb,
” perspec- ° ee ee oe ae 18,
tiva,
Mant.
$3 Rhodani oe oo oo oe 8 ?, 35
DOr Sur.
%» * ee oe oe ae 1 iis 36 Sur.
Rostellaria, see Aporrhais. ee
Solarium conoideum, o so we 87 Fi.
Sow.
se ornatum, Sow.| 1 Pr. | 35 Ba. e» =|36,388.,} 8, 35
37 Fi. | Sur.
Trochus - - a oo ee 37 Fi.
Turbo problematicus, ae is ee 18.
P.& Rz
” - - - nie ee 18. | 12 Sur.
Turritella. - ~ -|8 Sur2
Cephalopoda.
Ammonites auritus, Sow. oe 1 Pa. oo 18.
‘
a Benettia, Sow., sce A. interruptus.
iy Beudantii ?, 88 Sur.
Brong.
n bouchardianus,| 34 Sur. |
PB Orb,
' cabinus, Mint. | 6 oe we ae ee 35 N.
% cenomanensis, ee oe oe we oe 1Ba.
D Arch,
i cinctus, Mant. eo ee oe 38 Fi. ?
ss Coupei, Brong.| oe oe ee oe 389 Sur. ee
ee curvatus, Mant.) os oo es oe 35 Pa., ;
e dentatus, see A. interruptus. 7
a deverianus, oo eo oe oe es =[10 Sur.?
D’ Orb.
os falcatus, Mant.) ee va we |18., Ba.| 1 Ba.,
35 N.
i feraudianus, A os oe a ee 35 Sh.
Dp’ Orb.
» Gentoni, Brong.| +. oe oe o oe 1 Ba.
inflatus, Sow., see A. rostratus.
* Derived in the Chloritic Marl according to Mr. Parkinson.
+ Derived and indigenous in the Chloritic Marl according to Mr. Parkinson,
TABLES OF FOSSILS—UPPER CRETACEOUS. 279
JS
ae
a
, g I d 4
= a lial i | 414 | 4
: & |oee| 8 | S .
wey 3 wd a be be
2/4/85 |e) 2/28)2) 8
& 3 6 |p 5 4 = 5
Ammonites interruptus, | 8, 34?
rong. Sur.,
388 Fi.
sf laticlavius, ae ae o es 1 Ba. | 18h.
Sharpe.
i leptonema, ais ae 35 oe is 35 Sh.
Sharpe.
7 mamuillaris, os oe oe oo iL
Schloth.
” Mantelli, Sow. oe oe oe 37 Fi. ? | 8, 35, 36/10, 12, 32)
Sur. | Sur.,
. | 85 N.
‘s monile, see A. mamuillaris.
5 navicularis, ee oe ie oe 35 Sur., 10,32,35,
Mant. Ba. | 36 Sur.
5 octosulcatus, ee ote: - ee oe 35 Sh.
Sharpe.
- oa peramplus, ee ye oe te 35 N. we 9 Ba.,
Mant. 1 Sh.
» planulatus, Sow.) .. |p 5 A a p
*Belemnitella quadrata, a5 os be we + | 26 Ba.
Schloth.
Belemuites minimus,Lis¢.| .. es as a0 35 N.
» wultimus, D’Ord.) 1 Pr. 88, 18. |1Ba.,?
_ | 86 Sh.
” . - . 35 Ba. as 37 Fi.
Hamites armatus, Sow. - z IL. a“ 15. 18. 18.,
35 Ba. 12 Sur.
3 attenuatus, Sov. aie ms id se 35 Pa. | 35 N.
i elegans, Park. - i ay os 8 Sur. ?
” -| 8 Sur. se a 12, 36
Sur.
Nautilus compressus, see N. Fittoni, Sharpe.
» deslongchamp- ae fee 18. | 1 Ba.
sianus, D’ Orb.
» @legans, Sow. - 1 Pa. 35 Pa. 1 Ba.,N.
» e€Xpansus, Sow. 7 ~ 18s) TL Net
85 Pa.
$3 Fittoni, Sharpe ais xs 87 Fi,
18h.
rf leevigatus, ae a é 35,36 | 1 Ba.
D Orb. Sur.
fe largilliertianus, a ‘ 1 Sh.
D Orb.
» pseudoelegans, 35 N. ea Fe 35 N. | 36 Sur.
D’ Orb.
» Yadiatus, Sovo. - ee 35 N. a 11.
6 undulatus, Sow. Tals ]
» Sp. - : Mi ae 1 Pa., ‘3 32 Sur.
; 35 N.
Rhyncholites - - ‘ iS is.
Scaphites sequalis, Sow. . «. jl Ba., 8.) 35,86
35 Pa. | Sur,
3 costatus, see 8, equalis.
o striatus, seeS, sequalis.
Turrilites Bergeri, Brong.| .. . aa 8, 35, 36 | 86 Sur.
Sur. 35.N.
ws bifrons, D’ Orb. ais we ae ae 35 Sh.?
is costatus, Lam. a és se ws 18. {1S.,Ba.,
12 Sur.
< gravesianus, i a8 2 18.
D Orb.
oS Morrisn, ots ‘ . 39 Sur.} (2, 35
Shurpe, Sur.
puzosianus, aA a as 8% 38 Sh.
D Orb.
os scheuchzeri- wa ois Bi 2 35, 86
anus, Bose. Sur.
re tuherculatus, re . ai 38 Fi. | 35, 36 33, 86
'O8e. Sur. sur,
r undulatus, see T. scheuchzerianus.
3 Wiestii, Sharpe] .. oe ae we 8,385 | 35 Sur.
Sur,
35 Pa.
* Rare,
TABLES OF FOSSILS—UPPER CRETACEOUS. 281
cs
a oi .
eee Bey ale | ee)
a a |#8e| 2 | 3 | 28 | &
a jose] £ | 6 | 3 | 6
s 5 be 2 o see be I
a] 4/8 |Beel 2) —e | 3 | &
5 a 5 |p 3 8 a p
Pisces.
ElasmoWranch vertebra - mes Sia ae is 18.
Gyrodus - - - ay 85 N.
Lamna (teeth and ver- “a Ea 5% 35 N. | 86 Sur.,) 35 Sur.
tebre), 35 N.
Otodus - - - . 85 N. ia af. a 32 Sur,
Ptychodus paucisulcatus, oa ara a ; aie ae 18.
Dixon.
a polygurus, dg.) .. sie ia Msg we IN.
‘ 12, 24,
Various teeth, &c. - & 4, ae ile an 8Sur.| 1N. | 35 Sur.
ur.,
38 Fi.
Reptilia.
Chelonian remains - re 35 N.,
38 Ma.
Plastremys lata, Owen. - a6 1 Pa,
Polyptychodon inter- ae or ate ay ‘a 18.
ruptus, Owen.
Titanosaurus, sp. : o + ais 1L.
Various bones - oe ae oe ‘ce 35 N.
TABLE IV.—Eocrne anp OLIGOCENE.
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
One authority for the occurrence of each species is indicated by the
the Ist edit. of this Memoir).
letters :—
E=
Society).
Ao
Gz
J =
K=
p. 85. 1881.
y=
p=
Ss =
W=
Fisher, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xvii. p. 65.
Gardner, Geol. Mag. for 1885, p. 241.
Judd, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvi. p. 187.
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mammalia tn Brit. Museum
Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii. p. 223.
Geological Survey (specimens in the collection, or recorded in
1880.
1846.
= Wood, Monograph of the Eocene Mollusca (Pal. Soc.).
Ww.= Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxv. p. 342.
MS. species are not included.
1879.
= Edwards, Monograph of the Eocene Mollusca (Palceontographical
1862.
Keeping and Tawney, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Xxxvii.
As the plants are now being examined by Mr. J. Starkie Gardner it has
not been thought advisable to republish the old determinations.
Mr. Gardner’s account of the flora of the Lower Bagshot Beds of Alum
Bay will be found at p. 104.
5 é &
z 7 = | @
4 : g aN) ah z zs | 3
—— eye eet eee | ee
A Ss a = 5 a a sas) & 3
Z = a 8 o e E = = 3
3 | ie Bo - | 4 3
eeu = | Sey 2 |e ie Se =
o = 2 = cs. y u Zz 2 =
fa A, sa a a = q } aa) q
Foraminifera.
Alveolina fusiformis, Sow. -] .. ae .- 8
ss sabulosa, Ion/. oa er 3 F
Numuulites elegans, Sow. -| .. . ee 8
i levigatus, Brug. fe és 8
r variolarius, Lam. a a 8 e
Operculina sp. Sil ihe a 8
Quinqueloculina Hauerina,| .. oe F
D' Orb.
Rotalina obscura, Sow. os) ete a FB
wlelimozou.
Dendrophyliia sp. - | oe oe K
Litharawa Brockenhurstii, se K
HRC.
Madrepora anglica, Dunc. - ws K
Solenastreea cellulosa, Dunc. - K
Turbinolia Bowerbankii, 2. aie Ss
& H.
5 Forbesii, Dune. Ss
8
es Vredericiana? 2.
dB,
TABLES OF FOSSILS—EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE, 283
< a pa
4 . = c : é é a 4 g
Sei. fe lens) e4 ee) Se
3 oe] 2 s 3 = 3 = zc
s/s}8/4/4/8/a|2|éls
Turbinolia minor, Lam. =| ge oe ae 8 8
55 suleata, Lam. - es a 8
Echinodermata. T
Schizaster D’Urbani, Fordcs.- | .. os ase se 8
Annelida,
Ditrupa incrassata, Sow. o | we 8
es plana, Sow. = - ee 8 2 F Kk
Serpula corrugata, So2o, =| ae aa Ds Sis “s os 8
os extensa, Brand -] sa es K
ov tenuis, Sow. =) ea we oe ais aa « ¥ 8 8 8
Vermicularia bognoriensis, | .. R
ant.
Insecta.
( Hemiptera.)
Triecphora sanguinolenta, Secop.| .. ie ae wa is ia ‘ » | Ww.
Wing of? - . - eft mss ate as . oe ae “fs 3 Ww.
(Orthoptera.)
Acridiidz i . -| oo a oe o ‘is o oe .. | Ww.
Gryllotalpa - =| ie: tg ae us a oe os we | Wis
(Neuroptera.)
Agrion - - Bil des ee ae : we o ate aa: || WE
Hemerobius - - ee ae ee se . ae oe .. | Ww.
Libellula (wings) - a ee ao i ee ie ce sae) |W NYE
Perla - . st) eae [ieee ||| axe Sa ee ee its Ww.
Phryganea : - Ol ik wae] sail cae |) eee es .. | Ww.
Termes? - - - 2) we oe we Pa ee ve ea ee | Witwe
( Diptera.)
Tipulide - - : os ia $a "i ve ve Ww.
Wings of ? : . Bl Se ws ue ne as ‘ é Ww.
(Lepidoptera.)
Lithopsyche antiqua, Butler -| . 4% wie i ds Be
| Ww.
Lithosia - - - :
254 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
a
D | # zg
ae Z g} 4
a cS, fQ mM . - o 3s
aL 2 ° a
S| s % a/seleleig/8/14
pe | 38 3 Ss f & | s
ee oe cect ere
2/2;/s|/4/8/¢)2)214)4
= = z “ 2 & e 3 3 4g
x 3 Gq a 3 oy 2 2 4
ca 4 a a ==) a a ° a a
( Hymenoptera.)
Camponotus 1 ae ae ne sal of sé si -. | Ww.
Formica i “ re sie a 8 ave os | We
Myrmica - Sl ay a ie ca i a is aa | WEE
Wings of ? . =T ae a a ara as a on oe | Ww.
(Coleoptera.)
Anobium - Sl eee S43 we a a a ais ee | Wie
Curculio a nae ae aid ae a os ot wee [PW
Dorcus (Lucanide) NN lata ee ax ee os sa ae we | Way,
Staphylinus ol ae ate On ig as Ma ie .. | Ww.
Arachnida.
Eoatypus Woodwardii, ‘ca a re as *
UeCovk.
Crustacea,
(For Ostracoda, see table
p. 298).
Balanus unguiformis, Sow. -| .. sh 7 ae aa a Ss ste Ss &
Brachipodites vectensis, H.| ., et aa ais ay ite a « | We.
Woodw.
Calhanassa Batei, H. Woodw. ei st ‘ss Dk aie is K i . | Ww,
Eospheroma fluvintile, He] ., ae wes | cee te ae a . | Ww.
TPoudw.
5 Smithii, Ty sae ae a ‘ be oe as an ¥
Woodw. : We
Mithracites vectonsis, Gould.- | ., 8s.
Pollicipes reflexus, Sovw. BN se oe ae J Pah ay is 8
Xanthopsis Leachii, Desimarest.| ,, Ww.
Polyzoa.
Membranipora Lacroixii, Busk.| ., a ae rs sis are S
Undetermined species - a ae ws x on fea 8
Lamellibranchiata.
(Vonomyarit.)
Anomia tenuistriata, Desh, -| .. iy ste x“ 5% oe K
Avicula media, Sow. = my gee ve Be $a K 5 K
Lima sp, - . - aT eee 53 we ty K
Ostrea adlata, S. Wood 1 se ats hig 8
* See Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philadel 1 . 200-
detente Lice ee isiks 388, pp 200 202, and ae ie Mah Nat, Hist.
TABLES OF FOSSTLS—-EOCENE AND
OLIGOCENE.
285
Reading Beds.
London Clay.
Lower Bagshot Beds,
Bracklesham Beds.
Barton Clay.
Headon Hill Sands,
Headon Beds.
Osborne Beds.
Bembridge Beds.
Hamstead Beds.
Ostrea callifera, Lan.
» dorsata? Desh.
» flabellula, Zam. -
» longirostris, Lam.
» vectensis, Forbes
» velata, Wood
» large sp. -
Pecten bellicostatus, Wood
» carinatus, Sow.
» corneus, Sow. -
» idoneus, Wood
» réconditus, Brand.
» 80-radiatus, Sorc.
Pinna affinis, Sov. -
» mMargaritacea, Lam.
(Dimyaria.)
Arca appendiculata, Sow.
» aviculina? Desh. -
» biangula, Lam.
» levigata, Cail?
» Websteri, Forbes
Astarte rugata, Sow.
Cardita deitoidea, Sow.
» oblonga, Sow.
» paucicostata, Sand.
» planicosta, Lam.
» simplex, Wood -
; suleata, Brand.
Cardium porulosum, Brand.
3 semigranulatum, Sow.
a turgidum, Brand.
np BD»
Chama gigantea, Lowry
» squamosa, Brand,
Corbula cuspidata, Sow.
» ficus, Brand.
» allica? Lam.
wn wy
Rm wR
n
A
286
GEOLOGY
OF THE
ISLE OF
WIGHT.
Reading Beds.
London Clay.
Lower Bagshot Beds.
Bracklesham Beds,
Barton Clay.
Headon Hill Sands.
Headon Beds,
Osborne Beds.
Bembridge Beds.
- Hamstead Beds.
Corbula nitida, Soa.
”
»
”
”
pisum, Sow. -
revoluta, Sow. (= cos-
tata).
rugosa, Lam.
vectensis, Forbes
Crassatella compressa, Lani.
Sowerbii, Bdw.
subquadrata, Hdw.
suleata, Brand.
tenuisulcata, Hdw.
Cyclas Bristovii, Forbes
Cypricardia pectinifera, Sow.
»
sp. -
Cyprina Nysti,Héb. -
”
planata, Sow. -
Cyrena arenaria, Forbes
»
cycladiformis, Desh.
deperdita, Lam.
gibbosula, Morris
obovata, Sow.
obtusa, Forbes
pulchra, Sow. (=
Wrightii.).
semistriata, Desh.
transversa, Forbes
Cytherea elegans, Lam. -
incrassata, Desh.
lucida, Sow.
Lycllii, Forbes
obliqua, Desh.
Solandri, Sow.
suberycinoides, Desh.
suessonensis, Desh,
tenuisiniata, Sow.
transversa, Sow.
tellinaria, Lam.
Diplodonta sp.
”
sp.
NM
nn
oe
RAH RD RN
RR
Rn
TABLES OF FOSSILS—EOCENE AND
OLIGOCENE.
287
Reading Beds.
London Clay.
Lower Bagshot Beds.
Bracklesham Beds.
Barton Clay.
Headon Hill Sands.
Headon Beds.
Osborne Beds.
Bembridge Beds.
Hamstead Beds.
Dreissena Brardii, Faujas
Leda minima, Sow. =~
» partimstriata, Wood
» propinqua, Wood
Leda sp. - -
Lepton sp. - -
Limopsis scalaris, Sov. -
Lithodomus sp. - -
Lucina concava, Defr. -
» gibbosula, Lam.
» inflata, Lowry -
» Thierensi, Zé. -
» species - -
sy Se - -
Mactra fastigata, Lowry
» “Spe * :
Modiola ? consobrina, Wood
» elegans, Sow. -
» flabellula, Wood
» Nystii, Kicker.
» Prestwichii, Morris
» simplex, Sow.
Mya? angustata, Sow. -
» (see also Panopea).
Mytilus affinis, Sow.
Neera cochlearella, Desh.
Nucula amygdaloides, Sow.
” pisulcata, Sow. -
» deltoidea (see Trigonoccelia).
3 Dixoni, Hdw.
» Headonensis, Forbes
» lissa, Wood
5 nudata, Wood
» similis, Sow. -
sphenoides, Ldw.
subtransversa? Nyst.
Panopa corrugata, Sow.
8 intermedia, Sow.
nm
andR ow
hi
A
288 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
—= 2/slalaislei¢d/e]#]a
als |]3/|8/82])o/a]a] 2] 8
ete le) ere le | al ele pS
eee ele lalate eS |e
° ° me v Do a at s
2/9/38 /ea/alel/e|/é|ale
Panopzea minor, Forbes. aa | isa “8 i" 4 “i % se Ss 8
Pectunculus brevirostris, Sow. s
7 deletus, Brand.-| .. . 8
pulvinatus, Zam. ae ‘ Se F
Pholadomya margaritacea, Sow. 8S
Potamomya gregaria, Sow. = - i ‘ i Z
Pe plana, Sow. -~ | owe at ‘ a . ae 8s
Protocardium sp. al one ate i os ae J
i (see also Cardium).
Psammobia compressa, Sow. - se oe 8 %
i rudis, Lam. oe ae . o es 8
(= solida).
Sanguinolaria Hollowaysil, Sow. ee F
Scintilla sp. : - =| oo os . J
Solen affinis, Sow. eo] we 8
» Obliquus, Sow. - Si) ie F
Strigilla pulchella, Ag. - ani Sore re he ee é
Sydosmya sp. - Sh gs : ox J
Tellina ambigua, Sow. - a or ia Ss é 8
» filosa?, Sow, + : ane F
» Nystii?, Desh. - 7 : ae : Ss
» Pplagia, Bdw. - é. fF
» tumescens?, Hdw. ae 2
» 8 species - - a K
Teredo sp. - - oe ; F S
Trigonoccelia deltoidea, Lam. - . aie ais 8
Unio Austenii, Forbes . js é ae P “ Ss
» Gibbsii, Forbes - - efi s ot s
» solandri, Sore. - @ 8s ve * é S$
~
Scaphopoda.
Dentalium striatum, Sow. = - 2 8
5s sp. = - a a ‘ Kk
Gasteropoda,
Achatina costellata, Sov. Joe oe a ‘ G s
Acteon dactylinus, Desh. od ee si. ss é K
Jimneeiformis, Sandd. - S ee va K
”
TABLES OF FOSSILS—-EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE.
289
gi]. ;
e/4| |¢ ai,
at || yen] Meme Nhe Sie) @ |e ie
ei ela | 8) e)ele)2)/4 |e
—_—_— > cc] & 3 a D 2 o
PA | ais /ma}ma ]a & | 3
a a FQ g g gS 2 | 38 3
BS 3 b ict q 3 S g 5 a
Ss 3 2 © = 3 s & a ni
Sele l ele lal elereie
a 4 yy A Fa q as) ° a) Bs
Acteeon simulatum, Sov. -| oo oe ais oe ee ae K
Ancillaria buccinoides, Lam. -| .. sis . 8 a o
» canalifera, Zam. -| .. oe os - 8
Ancylus? latus, Edw. a5 Se ‘ ee oo a ae S$
(= Limax ?).
Aporrhais Sowerbyi, fant. -| .. 8 es ata ee wa K
» sp. - -| ee o o we or oe on 8 Ss
Borsonia sulcata, Hdw. |) sare o “a ae ae ae 8
” Sp. - - =), as és ss Se a6 s% K
Buccinum Andrei, Desh. =|) oie a ne Ws K
n desertum, Brand.-| .. we oe K 8 < 8
es {Pisania) labiatum, | .. xa ae “ae a a 5S a .
ow.
a = lavatum, wid a ae ee 8
Sow.
Bulimus convexus, Edw. -| .. aie we : ars F we Ww
» ellipticus, Sow. ml ge ais wis is we a G 8 8S
» heterostomus, Zdw.-| . gz or ‘an s 8% Pa Sia Ss
» levolongus, Boubée -| .. ry ae 25; # ae vs es G
» vectensis, Hdz. Sih coe as ee as . . ais aa 8
Bulla attenuata, Sow. -| .. aie ue ae oa ai K,
» Sowerbyi, Myst. - ord ge oe oe te os a K
» Uuniplicata, Sow. - wy gi ae ae Ss
» ?sp. - . tl sera ae ai = eo re K
Cecum sp. - - ©] we ae a ee ae = Kk
Calyptreea obliqua, Sow. OI! paste oe aie ae F ae Jd
Pa trochiformis, Lam.- | «. 8 a F 8 ” 8
Cancellaria elongata, Nyst. -| «. re o . oe S$
” evulsa, Brand. -} eo Pe we 8 ee K
i leviuscula, Sow. - | oe 8 o es 8
93 microstoma, Brand.| os es at fs 8
» quadrata, Sow. -| oe» os os K K
Capulus squamiformis, Desh. -| o- ee oe ae 8
Cassidaria ambigua, Brand. -| ». oe ee A 8 ie K
35 coronata, Desh. -| oie a K
a nodosa, Brand. -| « es o r
s striata, Sow. @ | wr, Ss
Cerithium Austenii, Morris -| .. We #s wv +8 a or oe 8
‘i 8
9 concavum, Sow, -
E 56786.
290
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF
WIGHT.
a y
= | a g
a 2 = a A
s 2 | a a : « | S| 3
zs S a a - eB os ae) 3S
= elelalaielei2il/@|4
Alolg|/si/s/=#)a|/@|2)¢
&0 o e & = e = . 2
a = a = b +
Bat S 5 ma 6 = eS Eg 2 a
3,3 e gs | 2 = edhe q 8
8 5 g 8 a 3} o 3s
al/S |e iaelalea la); é]sa |e
Cerithium contiguum ?, Desh. ie e i oe a K
$s duplex, Sow. wi aw ti we s < ais 8
‘i elegans, Desh. Al owe a ‘ se a s 8 8
is filosum, Charlesw.-| .. > ae Pe 8
ie inornatum, Morris ie % ot ws 8
+ multispiratum, Desh. 3 a ‘66 ae K
‘ mutabile, Lam. -| ., é a oT i ‘ 8 8
sy plicatum, Lam. -] .. a 3 ON . 8
‘ pseudo-cinctum, : es ees 8
D' Orb.
Sedgwickii, Morris is a8
si trizonatum, Morris us i ae s 8
ai trochiforme, Desh.- | . are K
Py variabile, Desh. -| .. or oie . K
nf ventricosum, Sow. - |} .. ae BG eed o 8
Clausilia striatula, Hdw. mL gs 5 ie . 8
Clavella (see Fusus).
Cominella flexuosa, Lowry = - é 2 ‘ 8
sy Solandri, Hdw. - + k
Conus (Conorbis) dormitor, = 8 K
Brand.
a ; procerus, a we as ee K
; Beyr.
- o scabriculus, | .. sts a 8
Sow,
Craspedopoma Elizabethe, ‘ ks on NS}
idw.
Cumuw Charlesworthii, Zdw. -+| .. : oe ae oe ove i 8
Cyclostoma mumia, Lam, a] a . ik ae on a Pr
Cyclotus cinctus, Hdw. - 5 ae as fs oe oA ais
i nudus, Ldw. - ‘ ai chi o. a
Cylichna sp. a] ee ia i ae te J
Cyprea inflata, Lam. =| es ee ay Ss
» Pplatystoma, Edw. al es i Ss
Eulima sp. ° Soe ae J
Fasciolaria funiculosa, Desh. - “i S
» sp. o oo oe oe oe
Fusus armatus, sow, eal ie g é ae J
» canaliculatus, Sow. oh ay : ah ai 8
» carinella, Suv. [hoes si Sa F F
TABLES OF FOSSILS—EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE.
291
Reading Beds.
London Clay.
Lower Bagshot Beds.
Bracklesham Beds,
Barton Clay.
Headon Hill Sands.
Headon Beds.
Osborne Beds.
Bembridge Beds.
Hamstead Beds.
Fusus
Edwardsii, Morris ‘
(Chrysodomus) errans,
Brand.
Forbesii, Morris =
interruptus, Sow. z
(Clavella)
Brand.
longeevus,
minax, Brand. - a
Now, Lam. 3
porrectus, Brand. -
pyrus, Brand. (=F.
bulbus).
(Chrysodomus) regularis,
Sow.
turgidus, Brand. 2
unicarinatus, Desh. = -
Helix D’Orbani, Edw. - -
» globosa, Sow. 6
headonensis, Edw. -
» labyrinthica, Say. -
» Morrisii, Bdie. -
» occlusa, Edie. s
omphalus, Edw. -
» sublabyrinthica, Zdw. -
» tropifera, Edw. - =
» vectensis, Hdw. *
Hydrobia anceps, Lowry -
conica (= Chasteli
var.).
Chasteli, Vyst .
Draparnaudi, Linn.
? polita, Hdw. -
sp. -
Limnea angusta, Bdw. ~
arenularia, Brand. -
caudata, Hdw. -
cincta, Bdw. -
columellaris, Sow. -
convexa, Edw. :
costellata, Edw. -
n
Rn HW
mM
nnnnnnn A wm
w dnunn
nn mn
292
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE
OF
WIGHT.
a ‘
a | 3 Z al/4
elelgie lel elare | ss
SIBLE El ES 112) a4 8
alelala |e) ele |e ia fe
Limnea fabula, Brong. ae gee oe i is a ay 8
» fusiformis, Sow, ~ | oe ee ‘ie ae ae ai 8 Pe s
» gibbosula, Hdw. 2 er ae “ie we ve wa 8
» longiscata, Soe. | ess es a é ws im 8 8 Ss
» minima, Sow, - # || ats a oe oe ee be Ss
» mixta, Edw = lt Ais ‘ ei a ais a 8 ee s
» ovum?, Brong. a Be an ts 3% jae It ee Ss
a pyramidalis, Desh. -]| .. ne a6 Sse wi is 8 oF 8
x3 recta, Bdi. = - ie ee wt “ . ie Sy)
» sublata, Edi, - oa err aA * ae oa ei 8
» subquadrata, Hdw. -| .. ee ae oo ave ie 8
» sulcata, Bdw. - 21 cen ais e we ie oe 8
» tenuis, Edw. - I ecw a o sis “s as 8
» tumida, Bdw, - Pn is ae ee si ee 8
S30 30 - 3) xs ae aie ae aia ee o. Ss 8 8
Marginella estuarina, 2dw. -| ., at a ‘is we . J
5 bifido-plicata, 6 8 “2 i 8
Charles,
i pusilla, Fide, - ate si ai ii os 8
is simplex, dw. -| .. ae ais oo e K
35 vittata, Hdw. | ee és oe oe Ss
Melania fasciata, Sow. all es 5 3 5 o ee 8 ate 8 8
» Forbesii, Morris ey A ie ae te ee ae oe 5 8
» inflata, Morris al ty ea ay a as ae 8 as ee 8
» minima, Sow, - Bll cee o . ae ‘ ae 8
» muricata, Wood . 5 ; ie ae Ss 8 s
» peracnuminata, ss a oe oe 8
Charrlesi,
» tuwrritissima, Forbes - 7 oe i * aye oe .. 8 8
Melanopsis brevis, Sow. all ley os $e é se ie 8 8 §
e carinata, Sow. - ae é até oe ae 8 8 s s
% fasiformis, Sow. =} ., . ‘ ae 7 : 8 te 8
3 subcarinata, Morris) .. we a as ats a 8 1 8 8
i ai . A aa oa oi ss 8 oe 8 ws
i subulata, Sow, =| 4. aie oe ae ae o 8 sia 8 §
Metula juncea, Sow. + -| . ie oH F 8
Mitra labratula, Lam. + S| ee Se, x F
» parva, Sow, - eer aG F 8
TABLES OF FOSSILS—EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE, 2938
= | 3 3
oa} d :
== glal4 : 2 i s/a|a 3
a)e)elel/2)a/8) ale)
Slee ial alelelale |<
EGG ae se eae ur cece
eis/8i/a/ajal/a}/é]a|a
Mitra porrecta, Edw. - i as: = ie
» Sp.- -| « ea oc wie se a K
Murex asper, Brander - a erscs Ne a F 8
» Forbesii (see Fusus).
» hantonensis, Lowry ed og aia oc ie K
» minax,Brond.- -|.. |]... |]. | FI] S|. | EK
» sexdentatus, Sow. = [hl aie $3 ae a oe 8
» Sp. - - eT ae “ be K
Natica ambulacrum, Sow. =] ae an “ F
» depressa, Sow, = =| oe 5 ie és ai hie 8
» epiglottina, Zam. ~ | owe ea 8 8 60 8
» hantoniensis, Sow. |) we : 3 : Pe . 8
» labellata, Lam. - =] oe s ae 8 8 es 8 8 8
» moutabilis, Brand. (=| .«. 8 A 8
acuta).
» sigaretina, Sow. - -}. 8
» Studeri, Bronn. - all aie q Pr ea J
Nematura parvula, Desh. - : ee * 8 ‘te 5
Pr pupa, Vyst. “|. 2 Ae 8
5 sp. - = . os sis oe K
Nerita aperta, Sow. rr . sve ais ae 8
Neritina concava, Sow. Oey : a no wa 8 § 8
off planulata, Edw. . , of oe oi ve WwW
55 tristis, Forbes el. oe or aS : ss a se 8
* zonula, Wood Eee ar oe we a W
Odostomia 5 species at ; : oe an J
Oliva Branderi, Sow. ~ o[ as . es 8
Orthostoma sp. - -{ . 3 7 ee
Paludina angulosa, Sow. (= 5 a se . s 8 Ss
orbicularis).
Pe Jenta, Sow. - - é es ae wie 8 Ss 8
es minuta, Sow.(=glo- } .. ay . . ae . ct s
buloides).
Phorus agglutinans, Lam. = - F 8
» 8p. . -} oe 4 o K
Pisania (see Fusus). .
Planorbis biangulatus, Bdw. - redone 8
si discus, Edw. - oo oy 5 ? §
a elegans, Hdw. -|o ve re a 5
294
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
a 3 = a a
a .| 8, a ee LB lig
== BS) Sle) el eia ye) 2 | ote
Slol|Fl|a|e\e|a;e#)Sl 8
1 ee ele | ee) ee lS
#{S3)/8)/a)/a|len | e|]o)a|a
Planorbis euomphalus, Sow. - Ss S Ss
* lens, Brong. - - 3 ate Ke 8 wee 8
# obtusus, Sow.’ “To. x é x we 8 8
5 oligyratus, dw. - ao ie 8 8
a platystoma, Wood -| .. . a s s 8 8
os rotundatus, Brard. ‘ 8 Ss 8
8 Sowerbyi, Brong. sia sie “a a 8 5
Pleurotoma aspera, Edw. ol) oy ae te ae 8
3 attenuata, Sow. - iis 8
$5 comma, Sow. - . 8
8 conoides, Brand. - is E
55 crassa, Edw. - * i} :
i curta, Hilw. - ie 8
55) cymea, Hdw. = ete a ae Se 8
% dentata, Sow. - a ee Ss
i denticula, Bast, - 3 8 es E o 8
a exorta, Brand. - 8 s
3 Fisheri, dw. -| .. F
95 granulata, Zam, -| .. . id 8
" headonensis, Edve. is : ot 8
re inflexa, Zam. - ste ms i F
a innexa, Brand. -| .. i 8 8
‘ lanceolata, Edvw. - . S
5 macilenta, Brand. 7 e i Ss
* mixta, Bdw. - S
¥ plicata, Lam. - fs 8
$i prisa, Brand. 3 as 8
rostrata, Brand, - o- 8
o scalarata, Hdw. -| .. is ~ F
** Selysii, De Kon. - a‘ 8
a Ee hes oe ‘ . oe a 8
nensis).
‘ transversaria, Zam.| .. i ee J
“5 turbida, Brand. - ais . . 8
rs turgidula, Edw. -| .. 4% ee i Ny
" Woodi, Edw. aT ge sid . o E
i zonulata, Edw, -| .. Ss if 8
Potamides (see Cerithium).
TABLES OF FOSSILS—EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE. 29
at) |g
' sia Lele
Slee le yelels | eles
aie lei el eleieye21 ele
alsis8la]/ale]/a}/é]a |e
Pseudoliva obtusa, Sow. - a S
i ovalis, Sow. all ae . _ K
Pupa oryza, Edw. . 3 . ee a ‘ a 8
» perdentata, Edw, el oe ats ee e aie a8 bie we s
Pyramidella (Turbonilla) sp.- | .. re e oy a a z
Pyrula nexilis, Zan. Sali) Wes o- os F 8
» tricostata?, Desh. ol ve 8
Rissoina cochlearella, Lowry ee ¥ ¥
Rostellaria ampla, Brand. -| .. ia se AC 8 ie K
55 rimosa, Brand. -| .. ae or 8 s ae Jd
6 sublucida, D’Orb. - :
Scalaria acuta ?, Sow. 21 se wis ba ws K
» interrupta, Sow. < | ss ae ae ae K
» levis, Morris ol) Gee sts wa a se oe 8
» reticulata, Brand. -] .. ° ~ % 8
» undosa, Sow. - aM ee Sus ee ie F te
” Sp. = = oy we os oe ae -
Succinea Edwardsi, Forbes -| .. ae me we am ae i 8 Ss
‘ie imperspicua, Wood -| .. aa a as ie oA 8
8 sparnacensis ?, Desh. as A we ee a Ge
Teinostoma, 2 sp. - =) ae et a a ¥ a iz
Terebellum sopitum, Brand. -| .. ae ofl i F
Tornatella (see Actzon).
Triton argutus, Sow. = sore a ay a 8
Turbonilla, 5 sp. ell Gag ac 3 ee st “ K
Turritella granulosa, Desh. -| .. 8
in imbricataria, Lam.-| .. s 8 S
oa sulcata, Lam. ©) as ea F
oe sulcifera, Desh. -] .. s we F
a terebellata, Lam. - F
Typhis fistulosus, Sow. a es ee a S
» pungens, Brand. il gk i a 8 * K
Vicarya (see Cerithium).
Voluta ambigua, Brand. =] x SS on Ss
» athleta, Brand. =) a ies aa 3% 8
» depauperata, Sow. ll) ee ‘is Ss é 8
» digitilina, Lam. ei) ogee a 8 ea 8
» geminata, Sow. | aie ait “8 “is i si 8
296
GEOLOGY
OF THE
ISLE OF
WIGHT.
Reading Beds.
London Clay.
Lower Bagshot Beds.
Bracklesham Beds.
Barton Clay.
Headon Hill Sands.
Headon Beds,
Osborne Beds.
Bembridge Beds.
Hamstead Beds,
Voluta humerosa, Edi.
”
Volvaria acutiuscula, Sow,
luctatrix, Brand.
maga, Hdw.
nodosa, Sow,
Rathieri, Héb.
Forbesii).
sealaris, Sow. -
selseiensis, Edi.
Solandri, 2dic. -
spinosa, Zc. -
suturalis, Vysf.
Pisces,
Olupea vectensis, Newt.
Lamua acutissima, Ag. -
”
7
compressa?, Ag.
contortidens, 4g.
dubia, Ag. -
elegans, Ag. +
Hopei, Ag. -
verticalis, Ag.
Lepidosteus sp. -
Myliobatis sp. -
Otodus obliquus, Ag. =
Reptilia.
Diplocynodon (Crocodilus) sp.
Enys sp. - - -
Ophis sp.- - °
Paleryx sp. - .
Trionyx incrassatus, Qwen
Aves,
Ptenornis sp. = -
Bird phalanx -
oe
he
nnn rR
nm
7a
Tf
n
Rm wm
TABLES OF FOSSILS
EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE.
Reading Beds.
London Clay.
Lower Bagshot Beds.
Bracklesham Beds.
Barton Clay.
Headon Hill Sands.
Headon Beds.
Osborne Beds.
Bembridge Beds.
Hamstead Beds.
Mammalia.
Acotherulum
Gerv.
saturninum,
Anchilophus Desmaresti, Gerv.
Anoplotherium commune, Cuv,
ss minus, Filhol -
45 secundarium,
Cur.
Anthracotherium alsaticum,
Cuv.
» Gresslyi, H.
von Meyer.
53 minus, Cuv.
Cheeropotamus
gypsorum,
Desmar.
Soryphodon sp. - -
Dacrytherium ovinum, Owen -
Dichobune cervinum (see Dicho
Dichodon cervinus, Owen -
55 cuspidatus, Owen -
Elotherium magnum, Pomel -
Hyenodon minor, Gerv. -
Hyopotamus bovinus, Owen -
2 porcinus, Gerv. -
os vectianus, Owen
(see bovinus and
velaunus).
velaunus, Cuv, -
Lophiodon sp. (see Coryphodon:
Paleotherium annectans, Owen
is crassum, Cuv. -
Peurtum, Cuv. -
magnum, Cuv.
PS medium, Cuv. -
w minus, Cuv. -
Pterodon dasyuroides, Blainv.
Theridomys aquatilis, Aymard
Xiphodon gracilis, Cuv. -
don).
a
Ro mw
cp SE =a
ro
EP, Se a TES
298 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
TABLE V., by Pror. T. R. Jonzs, F.R.S.
Fossin Ostracopa OF THE IsLE oF WIGHT.
Those marked thus O are known to have been found in the Island;
those marked X occur also at localities not in the Island.
| | | 2s
i rain
\ co) OR 3
‘ | # as 2:
| ane |e
eleleie ei) et elals
——— 2/8 2A) Be |e | 3
a(S (el gi 2418/8 al 2|4
ere | e|/ 3, 4 Sie la | elole :
Sb eae |) a ee oe ee ee |e, | ee a
malSlB| Et el si ftoalelS/E) alal ds
S/2le/S/2/ 2/2/83] 2/2/3181 412
le 8\¢ | SIE B\elel8/5/2) 28/8
Sl/x([e@{/o = S 4 lalAlAlElS(SleE
Cypris gibba, Ramdohr. -; X)}0O
» cornigera, Jones oil govs'l[Paacgn Wl Wa ay Heda decaf |p sean ll eecay ll veer IP ace: fl eae ates oe [Oi
Potamocypris Brodiei, Jones
& Sherborn - Flee AN da tO a
1 =
Candona Forbesii, Jones -}|..} O01]... | 0 2
so
a Mantelli;Jones = |a6. | ws. | a [oa bee few | oe bow Ia = oO
Cypridea valdensis:((8o0.) ©: [uo | ae | ea [ee | we fice [ice bef oe | oe | as 3 +-{0O
a
oa «Spiiigera (GNora.) =] Ol | aw ste Pose | ae [ee en [we thew al. oO
a Austeni,Jones: | s | se fie [me [ee Pow fe los | as [see [ws 3 “ ?
3 Dunkeri, Jones: | sos. |) sax) ew. | seeas' || ee | ace, |S. | eas ees 2 «10
an
oi, ‘tuberculata, Sows | ae} ws. | os |i ee | we faa | ee fae [ew | ag al as me)
? Pontocypris, sp. wll ee [ae [yee | sen | O! ! 5
Darwinula leguminella 2
(Forbes) wpe [oe [ee fee fee pee [oe [oe foe fae fae fg
Cyprione Bristovil, Jones. =) x. | ae | ae | ae | we [oe | ee fe | ax fas 5 ++ | 0
Metacypris Fittoni (Mant.) )..]..|..)..]--[..)..].. 5 0
? st unisulcata, Jones | . oO : 3
Cythere striatopunctata, S
Jones = aude ee [oes oO O|x 3
>
» Wetherellii, Jones -|.. |...) .. oO x 3
sg
» Bosquetiana, J. &S. 0 x 8
» Qelirata, 7.08 +]... 0 8
i plicata, Minster =| ..]..4].. 0 x. |X «te =
» transenna,J.&@ 8 -|..[..]..]..]0 ‘ x E
» Forbesii, W&@S +] ot. da. oO
Cythereis corrugata (Ieuss.)
var. - lied sae | deed ee: | O
ei Prestwichiana,
JL 8. [Spt Usage 1 Hava oh seem if eee Pati Poses, [gaa LO.
*% Bowerbankiana,
TES. - | ae see bak lake Papa de eae Nea, | ate dees WORE
ix cornuta (Roemer) | ..[..]..]../O0]}..]../X . P
CytherideaMuelleri(4finster)} K|]O}O/O0/]/0]..])..)..]..}..10
6 rn var. torosa,
Jones =) ve | | we we bee foe baa ban | web xe |
is montosa, J. &@ S.-!..10
TABLES OF FOSSILS—OSTRACODA.
299
25
.| 38].
$| 2a |¢
a|\ 2 Bees 4
ues s/B\2lala)/8).la/Slal®
EI@|S/B/S(e/e/ ala] els
Ss PB (sl lsislal2lela <
alelelelelelelsiaiglelalal2
as og ols 3\|2 S\4i i dlalels leis
2/8 g oS TE g g ela|$|/e|}3]5
nm i CH oO Ss Sie
Glei|alSleiPlals Slalelsl|aie
Cytherideadebilis, Jones - ; ‘ Ob aw x
i perforata (Roemer) es ae DXi) ae | gee | RE
Xestoleberis colwellensis,
TES. - az | QO
s aurantia (Baird),
var. - rs oO
Pseudocythere — Bristovii,
JES, - ae | 0
” sp. - e oO
” attenuata,
Jones - oe | oe oO
Cytherideis colwellensis,
ones - ie 0
i spe - . 0
4 gracilis (Reuss.) ie | Se 0
Cytherella Muensteri :
(Roemer) - ios! Saee oO xX
” Sp. - - ve tt jae ae |
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
300
‘UMOPUBY 0} ‘BULIO}[Y 199) v “‘porpddns st ALL OY} JO jv oY, +
“daep 4095 OFS ‘TOA poyntiod plo uy +
‘Od | > pgm AtOA | 6.0L | 14 8.8 08.8 0 oro. 0 800. 680. | F292. | 08.08 cae (a : > FASL 8 Td y “od
sees “ELST ‘63 Loqutazdeg
AoyUs LOAN | - pling AYsyg | gt | #9 rg age. 096'T eee. 8a1. 0 790. oes. | 9.68 = funopurg oaoqu = f4UR vtLL
—HaLVA\ dovddaS
‘od |: a G.8s | 0.0L | G6-ET | OF.9 | OFS'ET | OTF.T] S98.T] Goo. tO. GOL. | 83.8h | 6-29 | - Stst gs youyy 4OTseD UL TAL
soTqu
“MLO | -7V[ed puvavgg | F.63 | 0-9 F.So | O8.g | 0898'S ale. 60g. 100. 900. | 900. | 09.83 | 9-LF | - = TEST F JuquosoN “suds
—: MOOWUSIIV
satgr “GIST OT Taq MovoN “UMOC,
‘yey | -peped tpuyang, | Far | 9.8 8.9 org | Org INT. 820. 900. 810. Lo0. | OF.96 | 9-T9 | QORTMOg IS “TOA SULYSEAL oth
"SLEL “UT LOqmtrdAO KT
od : * cog LS | LF 0.16 | GE. | OLST Sut. OST. 0 SFO. | O8.38 | 4.09 | ‘fourmmy = Meyer up suas
“CAST “At aaqmaydag
og 7 - ‘0g Foe | PP 0.18 oss'T T6I. LST. 0 100. Tso. | Se.P8 | g.sa | ssurds umow syddus doyuay
4 ‘ erquivped | “SLNT ‘OT AOQMaAo N ‘WO1} Lys
pursuooty todd. | ‘PIQIN} AUSIS | 6.93 | OF L136 | OTE | 060 cL0. 190. 0 liv. geo. | thre | 6.09 | Muar dvou Toa, SyLOsI qe Ay
—: YONINGA
8 cs) 3 2 A) 8 . Pp S 3 8
| 2) 2 | 2 jesd| ze leet] 2 | a | 2 | ek) #
e 5 3 a. | Bee | ee ieee | 6 5. 5B | 2= | Bs
5 5 5 BBE! gS aoe 5 5 a tn ee
<= *SYAVTUIY g 4 : eg? a8 57 = w a “oe 32 ea
= = Seen| PR [* * : = £ = | 38
5 oO s oP & > ao
; 98 Bo] cae & 3 a
ssouiplvyy 2 8 2 g 5 3
['(Q98T) BOIsstmTION UOTYNIIOF Sealy oy} Jo yaxodoyy Ig ogy TOY pojovryxG |
UVA WAY OF] Worf pUL LHI AL JO AIST Ol} JO UNVSNUTU!) VTA) PUV MIVITA OF WI STIAAL PUB SONIUIA WOAZ UALVA\ JO NOTLISOZKo;)
‘ATddOS UHLVAN GNV SNOTLOGS TIAL
‘TIT XTANAddV
WELL SECTIONS. 301
BemBripce. At the Bembridge Hotel.
R. F. Grantuam. Trans. Surveyors’ Inst., vol. xx., pt. v., p. 144, plate.
(1888.)
23% feet above Ordnance Datum.
Shaft 70 feet, the rest bored.
Water-level 243 feet down. Yield 2,200 gallons in 12 hours.
Tuickness.| Depru.
Freer, Freer.
( Brown and blue clay [no details} 70 70
Clay : - - - 5 75
Stone - - - - 2 7
Mixture of sand - - - 12 89
[Bembridge | Light [-coloured] sand - 4 93
and Osborne< Stone - - - - 2 954
Series. ] Dead grey sand - : - 43 100
Coloured [mottled] clay - - 36 136
Stone - - - - J 137
Blue clay with shells - - 10 147
Blue clay with sand - - 3 150
Rock - - - - 2} 1524
Green sand - 2 33 156
Clay and stone - - - 53 1614
Green sand - - - 1 1624
Sandstone - - - 23 165
Green sand - - - 3 1654
White marl - - - 3h 169
Green sand with clay = - - 6 175
Purple clay - - : O38 198
Clay and shells - - - 22 220
[Headon 2 Green clay - i“ 3 223
Beds.] Small shells - - 7 230
Dark green clay - - 6 236
Light [-coloured] sand - - 6 242
Hard rock - - : 23 2443
Sand - - 2} 247
Brown clay - - 24 249%
Hard rock - - - 3 2523
Black clay and shells - 4 2564
Mixture of sand - - - 2h 259
Light [-coloured] sand - 4 263
| Rock : ed 264
The Bembridge Limestone was probably reached at about 35 feet, but no
record has been kept of the beds passed through in the shaft.
CarisBrook. Newport Waterworks. Height above Ordnance Datum
about 58 feet,
From information obtained by Mr. WurraxeER on the spot.
Shaft 25 feet, bore of 20 inches diameter, 30 feet. Water pumped
down 10 feet, but soon rises (to the surface) on cessation of pumping.
Supply abundant. Chalk.
FresuwatTer, Golden Hill Fort. For H.M. Government.
(Communicated by Messrs. Docwra.)
i Freer.
’ ( Light red clay
», coloured clay =
Senne a "SAllthinbeds - 6
Red clay and shells -
Light stone -
302 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT,
Light loam - | FEET.
Brown clay -
Light loam -
5, blue cla - -
peso Z Brown loam -
74 feet. Light blue clay and shells -
Blue mottled clay Thicker beds - 44
Rock and shells -
Shells -
Black sand and shells
Light red clay
Dark blue clay = -
Light blue clay -
» red clay -
» blue clay
|_ Red mottled clay
Brown clay and shells
Light rock -
» loam
» blue clay nel shells
Blue clay
» Mottled clay (dark)
Light loam
Shells
Blue clay and shells
Rock and shells” -
Blue clay and shells
Shelly stone -
Light clay -
Mottled loam
Green loam
Brown loam
Stone -
Green loam
Sand rock
Mottled loam
[Headon Dark sand - -
Beds, 2 Brown sand and clay
993 feet.] »» Clay and sand
G » sand
Blue clay and sand
Dark sand - -
Blue loam -
Black sand
Dark sand - -
Stone - S
Blue clay - -
Black sand -
sand
» sand and ehrells
Blue clay -
Black sand -
Sand - -
Blue clay
Yellow mottled clay -
(Bed, not named) - -J
Bias clay - - -
imestone - - - :
Light green clay . ¢ Thin beds . 3b
_Dark green clay - :
|
|
i Thick beds - 24
+
SThin beds + 22
> Moderately thick 50
‘
AW.
>Thinner beds s 24
Total - « yee
Total depth, 1733 feet.
‘Water level 95 feet down.
94 feet to bottom of shaft, the rest is bored.
WELL SECTIONS. 3803
Haven Srreer. 6 chains north-west of the Church.
From specimens and notes communicated by Mr. Townenp.
Old well 30 feet, then bored to 378 feet.
No water obtained.
Freer,
Hamstead Beds ( Sand f about ZO 0
and Bembridge Clay old well—no record = - -{ Shout 10.0
2 Mar!s. Shelly blue slipper - : - at 130 to 208
eas } Hard earthy limestone with Limnea - at 208 to 210
Blue and black slipper - to 230
Sand(?) -_ - - at 249
Blue shelly slipper - - - - at 264
Mottled yellow and white marl at 278
Stiff red clay - - 280 to 286
Osborne Beds | Shaly slipper - : - 290 to 320
and < Yellow and green slipper - at 330
Headon Beds. | Reddish slipper at 343
Reddish marl - - - at 350
! Greenish slipper and clay - at 357
Rock, light blue - - at 366
Hard green sandy marl —- - at 368
LSpongy fine-grained grit - at 378
Owing to the destruction of the fossils it is impossible to fix the limits of
the different beds in this boring. The ‘‘sand’’in the old well is the bed
at the base of the Middle Hamstead Beds. The “limnzan limestone” is
apparently the Bembridge Limestone. The boundary between the Osborne
and Headon beds is quite uncertain.
Haven Street. Longford House.
From specimens communicated by Mr. TowNEND.
Old well 100 feet (no record), the rest a 10-inch bore(on Parson's system).
At first yielded over 22,000 gals. a day, the water rising 12 feet above the
ground. In July 1887 the water rose 9 feet above the ground after several
hours pumping. In October 1887 the supply had fallen off greatly, the
water not rising above the surface and being greatly lowered by pumping.
The water is unpalatable and ferruginous. Temperature 55°.
Tuickness. | Deptu.
Fr. Ix. | Fr. In,
Hamstead ( Old Well (no record) - - 100 0 100 0
Beds Shelly blue and green clay 42 0 142 0
(perhaps Whitish marl - 5 0 147 0
40 feet). | Green clay 2 0 149 0
< White granular marl ~—- - 1 0 150 0
Bembridge Shelly blue clay - - - 6 6 156 6
Marls Hard and soft whitish marl - 3.6 160 0
(about 120 feet). | Black and green clay - 1 6 161 6
Bluish white very shelly marl = - 2 6 164 0
. Grit and rotten stone, with much
Bemibritige water - : : - 010 | 164 16
Limestone. | Rock, very hard - : > & 3 | Ter 6
Analysis of sample of water taken 13th August 1887.
Total Solids - - - - 25°0 Grains per Gallon.
Chlorine - - 2°5 os
Free Ammonia - - *063 ee)
Albuminoid Ammonia - = > °0014 a ” ”
Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrite - "032280 yy,
304 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Knicuron. South-east part of the Pumping Station of the Ryde Corpora-
tion Waterworks, about 130 yards south of Knighton Mill. 1885. About
46 feet above Ordnance Datum.
From information and specimens communicated by Mr. F. Newman,
Borough Engineer, to Mr. Whitaker.
Shaft 15 feet, the rest bored. Water at 53 feet, rose above the surface, but
the tubes soon filled with sand. Water was again met with at 66 feet, and from
this downward the sand was all wet. The greatest quantity was at 53 feet.
Depru
oF SPECI-
MENS
IN Feet.
( Dark-grey (biackish) sand, with plant-remains 9
“ATineat Grey and brown dirty sand - 10
[ a Dry. Pieces of chalk, a little ‘grey clay and
Be é about pieces of flint lt
125 feet. ] Moist. Grey and brownish sandy clay, with
green sand, plant-remains and bits of flint - 12
Brown gritty sand - 123
Dry. Brownish grey firm clayey sand - 22
Moist. Brownish grey firm clayey sand.
This and the above with small pieces of a
more clayey character - - 40
Moist. Brownish grey clayey sand - - 44
[Carstone. Brown clayey sand, with quartz grains and “o
Base 46
: < small pebbles; only Bbgnt differences in
uncertain, the specimens - - a
about 40 feet.] 50
Brown and grey clayey sand, like the above
but finer, partly hard, with a trace of plant-
remains - 51
Described as stony and with water at great
pressure. Specimen brown firm clayey sand
|__ with quartz grains 53
Dry. Grey and greenish: grey firm clayey
sand 56
Described as moist Gr sensi, as uice are tie
beds below. Specimen grey and blackish
firm clayey sand - 66
ra Grey een dlayes pate with quarts grains and
a eve 43] .Pebbles - 74
SNOUT ICE Greenish sand - - 73
Green clayey sand - - - 82
Fine grey sand - - 91
Loose light-grey fine sand - 101
Fine grey sand - - - 110
Knicutrox. Ryde Waterworks. Just north of the Engine House, 1885.
About 453 feet above Ordnance Datum.
Communicated by Mr. F. Newman, Borough Engineer, to Mr. Whitaker.
Gault, to Lower Greensand, with water, 46 feet.
The boring at the Mill, of which a note follows this, is 185 feet to the north.
The difference of level of the bottom of the Gauit in the two borings shows a
northerly dip of between 16° and 17°, supposing that the inclination is uniform :
it probably increases northwards,
Knicuton. Ryde Waterworks. Boring in the Mill, 1885. Floor of Mill
48 feet above Ordnance Datum,
Communicated by Mr. F. Newman, Borough Engineer, to Mr. Whitaker,
Gault, mixed with sand at 161 feet below the floor of the Mill. At
1205 feet a specimen of clayey sand, with clay and small pebbles [? junction of
Gault and Lower Greensand ].
WELL SECTIONS.
Newport. Messrs. Mew & Co,’s Brewery.
(From information and samples communicated by AnTHuUR KiNp_ER, Esa.)
boring carried to
Surface 12 feet above O.D.
THICKNESS,
Fret.
aye ae Clay, with thin rock at 26 feet
Bembridge ae feet a eeoaples pee :
Beds. 48
Bembridge :
Limestone. \ Limestone - 7 = 4
{ Mottled clays 2 28
| Shell limestone and green marl
a of oe at about 180 feet.
aty shale full of Ostracoda at
ae about 180 feet. Cyrena obovata
: in green clay at about 200 feet
[samples are not marked with
the depths] - -
Mottled clays. Cyrenaat 245 feet
Lead-coloured shelly clays -
Mottled green, neds and yellow
clays” -
Greenish sand -
Mottled dark-red and green clays
ea eds < Mottled green, red, and ie
clays - a
823 feet. Limestone - -
Green clay - 3
Limestone. Lignite at 313 feet.
Turtle bone at 313 feet -
Pale green, red, and yellow clays -
Brown and green clays -
Whitish marl and green soapy clay
Darker green marl - -
White marl, with indeterminable
shelis and fish bones - -
Lead coloured lay: and shell marl
Green clay -
Lead coloured clay with Cyrena -
White chert [Bragments smoiset
356 feet]
Greenish marl full ‘of Cyrena -
Pale green marl - - *
Green marl. Potamomya, Oyeents
Serpula - - -
Dark-green and yellow marl.
Melania muricata - -
White shell-marl with indetermin-
able bivalves and fish bones” -
White marl and dark- epreels oe
Middle Potamomya -
‘ Headon Green clay and ironstone nodule -
Beds Lead-coloured shelly marl
1063 feet. Dark-green shelly marl full of
Cyrena -
Limestone or hard marl, full of
indeterminable shell fragments -
| Hard shell bed (pyrites) - -
E 56786,
Well sunk 138 feet;
460 feet. Temperature of the water 61° 5°,
aby
moo
te
aw PO eto
— PHO KH wroly
Rie
we
wl pe
to Go
role
an
wie
met on ew
305
» Water flowed up from the bottom, and, at the surface, seemed to have some
DEPTH.
FrEer.
200
259
267
289
290)
295
304
308
312:
315
3414
344
347
348
350
354
3545
356
359
3613
367
370
375
378
379
380
381
388
389
306 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
THICKNESS. DEPTH,
DEPTH. FEEt.
| Hard flaggy sandstone with nodule 1 390
Black sandy clay with shells 13 403
Dark-green shelly clay with iron-
stone nodules. Cyrena obovata,
Paludina, Melania, Planorbis,
Balanus, and Serpula at 409 feet 6 409
Lead-coloured shelly clays. Cyth-
erea incrassata, Melania P Natica,
and Balanus_ - - - 10 419
Greenish and lead-coloured clay - 1 420
Green sandy clay. Cythereu in-
crassata, Cyrena, Havin at 420
feet - 28 448
| Green sand and sandy clay. Water
iL at HHS feet - 13 461
Newport. Atthe Steam Mills in Pyle Street.
Communicated by Mr. Tayuor.
Fr. In.
Clay, dry - : : : : - - 70 0
Clay, bored = = es < - 75 O
Soft marly rock = - - - - - 4 6
149 6
Newport. At the corner of South Street and Archer Street.
Communicated by Mr. Lock.
FEET.
To rock - - - - - - - 145
Newport. At the Round pump.
Communicated by Mr. Locg.
FEET.
Clay to rock - - - - - - 140
Newvort. Anchor Brewery, 3 wells.
Communicated by Mr. Lock.
Fr. In,
Torock - - - - 150 0
Rock - - - - . 7 5
Newport. West Medina Cement Works.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Parsons.
Tuickness, Depru.
Beer, FEET,
( Clay with 5 beds of shaly rock f old \ 153 153
ae | Stone, with water - dake 158
Bed 8° 2 Black and green clays - : Ds 1703
173 £ 2 ; Yellow and white marl - 1d 172
eels Limestone and marl - - 1 173
Bembridge
Limestone } Limestone - 7 : 6 179
6 feet.
WELL SECTIONS 307
Tuickyzss.| Depru.
Fret. Fest.
f Green and carbonaceous clays - 8 187
Mottled red, green and yellow clays 26 213
Hard fine-grained grit (concretion?) — 213
White and green clays = - - 2 215
Green and red clays - = 1 216
Mottled green, yellow and carbon-
aceous clays - - 17 233
Black clay - - - 6 239
Mottled clays—green, black, yellow,
and brown - - - 26 265
Hard green clay with Paludina - 3 2654
ee clayey sand - 1s 267
imestone - 13 2684
ogeme 4 Seng ¢ 2 a) Ss
113 feet Hack a 7 : 3 272
: Green clay - - - 1} 2734
Red clay - - - iS 43 278
Red and green clay - ‘ 4 282
Green clay = “ 3 3 2824
Sand rock = 3 14 984
Light-green clay - = 2 286
Blue clay - - . 1 287
Rock 1 foot 4 inches a
limestone) - - -
Blue clay - S 3 i 292
Hard detrital limestone 3 feet
L 4 inches - - 3
( Light-green clay - = < 2 2923
Limestone 4 13 294
Light-green sandy clay - - 2h 2964
Limestone 2 feet 5 inches - 24 299
Dark green clay - - - 1 300
: Black peaty substance - - 14 3013
Green clay “ = 4} 306
Limestone - = 2 308
Red, green and mottled clays 21 329
Upper Headon 5 Green clay and 4-inch concre-
Beds tionary limestone - 2 331
642 feet. Dark green clay - - - 4 3312
Dark blue clay - -
, Black clay full of shells - 64 333
| Light-coloured very fine loam 2 1 339
! Dark green shelly clay 4 3395
| Dark-coloured shelly clays - 8 342}
Whitish clays - - 2h 345
Very dark shelly clays, black at
the base : - 11} 356}
Green clays - - le 2h 3585
Black clays full of shells, Cyrena
obovata, Potamomya gregaria
Limnea, Fish-bones— - - 6} 3643
Dark-green clay - - - 2 3654
| Black shelly clay - - - 13 367
| Sandy clay, very shelly - - 1 368
| Do. do. with water,
J 2,500 gals. per hour a: 376
Middle Headon } Dark sandy clay - ‘ 3 3763
Beds. | Deep black clay - -, - 133 390
| Dark-green sandy clay, with Cy-
rena obovata, C. deperdita, Me-
| lania = muricata, Buccinum
308 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Tuickness., Drepru.
FEET. FEET.
labiatum, Nematura parvula,
Planorbis, and Cerithium pseudo-
cinctum - . - 15 405
Blue clay with Cytherea incrassata
[Venus Bed ?} - - 5 410
Blue sandy clay with Cytherea in-
crassata - : 1 41]
Very shelly greenish clay wit
Cyiheret” . - - - 1 412
Blue and brown clay with Cytherea 0) 414%
Greenish clay full of Cytherea - Qh 417
Brown sandy clay - 3 420
Brown very sandy clay - - 6 426
Hard blue clay - - 3 429
More sandy brown clay - 7 436
} Hard earthy limestone - - 43 4403
| Fine micaceous sandy loam - 7 447%
- 3 4503
Micaceous loam and lignite
Brown sandy loam -
At the time of going to press this well was still unfinished.
Parkuurst Upper Prison.
Communicated by Mr. Lock.
Fr. In.
Clay, &e. - - : . - - - 255 0
Limestone [Bembridge Limestone] - - 4 6
259
Parkuurst Prison Farm.
Communicated by Mr. Lock.
Freer.
To rock - - - - - - - about 200
Pargsuurst Lower Prison.
Communicated by Mr. Lock.
‘ 4 Freer
Clay with thin rocks = - - - - - 239
Freestone.
At the Prison this well is said to be 250 feet deep. It was probably
deepened afterwards.
Parkuurst BARRACKS,
Clay, to rock - - - - 236
Water rises to 56 feet below surface, but after pumping sinks much and
continuously. Pumping affects the wells at the Cement Works and Prison as
also at High Street, Newport [?]. Now (Aug. 29th, 1887) water stands at
70 feet from the surface.
WELL SECTIONS, 309
St, HeLens. Nearly half a mile south-east of the Church. Height about
150 feet above the sea. Sunk 15 feet, the rest bored.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Parsons.
Tuicknsss.| Depru.
Fret, Ferr.
Banet endl Blue slipper, black at base [no
15 feet (?) Specimens | e = 15 5
Green and brown clay - % 75 90
Stone (5 or 4 inches) s ee Bae
Blue clay (shelly at 100 feet) - ll 101
| Green clay - - 2 103
Green clay and marl 5 : 2 105
Green clay - - 3 108
Brown clay - 2 110
Green clay - - 1 lll
Mottled brown and green clay - 3 111i
ae Green cla: - z 112
Ea erilee Green sar - - 2 114
1184 feet (2) Green clay - - - 4 118
| Green stone - - 1 119
Dark marl and black clay - 1 120
| Green clay - - $ 1203
Green stone and clay - - 3g 123}
Brown carbonaceous clay - Oe 126
Black shelly clay - - . 4 126)
Black clay with Serpula - - I 127
Dark-green sheliy clay with Cyrena 3h 1304
Black clay . . 1i 132
L Green clay and pyrites - a 134
Bembiid Freestone - : - 5 139
Lim, Be | Greenish grey clay - 4 143
imestone Sandwel 2 4 Ly
16 feet. ae bead :
Freestone - 3 150
{ Dark green clay - 1 151
| Very dark green clay — - - 1% 1627
Do. sandy - 12 1543
Dark green and brown Bae - 1 1553
Osborne Beds | Green sandy clay and sandstone - 33 159
(St. Helen’s d Grit - - 1 160
Sands) Fine-grained sandstone i 12 1612
253 feet. Blue sandstone - 13 163
Buff sandstone - - - 6 169
Rock - - 3 1694
Buff sandstone - : 5 1743
(Hard sandstone - Z = a 1752
No fossils from the first 15 feet could be found among the waste and no
fragments of the Black Band. A thin black seam is said to have been passed
through at 15 feet, but samples were only preserved below that depth.
Perhaps the first 1333 feet is entirely in Bembridge Marls.
St. Hetens. North-east of the Station. Height about 5 feet above
high-water.
Sunk and communicated by Mr. Parsons,
Tuickyess., Deprun.
Freer. Freer,
Blue marl with Ostrea vectensis,
A Cyrena obovata, C. obtusa, C.
Bembridge semistriata, Melania muricata,
Math. Cerithium mutabile, Serpula
tenuis - - - - 28 28
Bembridge } Limestone - - 9 37
Limestone.
Osborne Beds Blue and various coloured clays + 11 48
310 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
St. HeLen’s Fort. 1867?
Sunk and communicated by Mussrs. Docwra anp Son. (The words in
brackets from an account communicated by Mr. My.ye.)
Bored throughout.
Tuickness.| DEpTH.
Fr. In Fr. In.
Concrete - jz s & : 19
Speckled sand - - - 22
Shingle and black pebbles - 37
Grey clay (Yellow sandy clay, 57) 91
Peat (Black earth) - 93
Greenish send (Coarse green sand) - 100
Stones (Flint gravel) - - 102
Greenish clay and shells - - - 117
Pale green shell-marl (Shelly clay) -
Green clay and shells (Hard eter lay)
7 eee
AKLNSWOMOCOS HAWN Awe
SOESSABRMAROMCOSCSDOCSCOSCOSOSCSO
ae
oo
SeEPFOSONMAROANRMDOOSSCOSCSCSCOSCSCS
Claystone -
Grey clay and shells (Brown shelly clay} - - 149
Claystone - - 149 1
Green clay and shells - - 151
Stones - 151
Dark green clay ‘and shells - 154
Claystone - - 1 155
Green sand - - 162
Green clay and pebbles - - = 164
Grey sand - - - | 170
Mr. Myune’s account is as follows, below 149 feet.
TuickNneEss.{ DeptH.
Fr. Fr.
Claystone
Hard blue clay ° - G 2 a
Limestone é
Green clayey sand F : ape
Dark blue clay : - 6 168
Dark sandy clay - - 2 170
SpirHeaD Drerences—Horse Sand Fort.
Communicated by Carr. Hnwert, R.E., to H. W. Bristow, The fossils:
determined by Mr. ETHERIDGE.
Surface of shoal 244 feet below high-water of ordinary spring-tides.
Measurements from the Pump Room Floor, 33 feet above high-water.
6 foot Cylinder to 83 feet; the rest bored.
Tuickness. DeErru.
Freer. FEET.
Water, &c. to surface ofshoai—- 273 27k
(Shingle and a little sand -
“Natural concrete”? - - 5 32%
Clean shingle - -
Moderately fine sand and occa-
sional shingle, pieces of bark
and branches of trees. - 18 503
Shingle, sand and_ vegetable
Recent | matter, the latter almost entirely
Marine De- compressing to centre dark band
posits 70; < [shown on the drawing sent] - 8 58}
feet. Shingle, sand and shells - - 5 633
Blue clay, shingle: and sand - l4 77
| Pure sand : 3 73
Bracklesham
Beds
4714 feet.
|
WELL SECTIONS,
THICKNESS,
Blue clay : a
Chalk flints -
Shingle, sand and shells
Rock s a 4
Flint shingle and clean orange
sand - S 2 2
Greenish-grey clay with slight sand
and occasional flint pebbles and
stone - - - 7
Greenish-grey clay - -
Greenish-grey clay and_ slightly
more sand. Ostrea, Cardita
planicosta - .
Greenish-grey clay, less sand, no
fossils - - :
Greenish-grey sandy clay -
Greenish-grey clay, no fossils = -
Greenish-grey clay. Nummulites,
Corbula - -
Brownish-grey clay. Nodules of
siliceous sandstone full of glau-
conite at 335 feet. No fossils
Fine clean greenish-grey and black
sand. Cardita _ planicosta.
Many nodules of sandstone and
iron pyrites —- -
Grey rock. Pecten corneus, Car-
dium semigranulatum - -
Brownish-grey clay. Cardium
semigranulatum, Pectunculus
pulvinatus, Pecten corneus -
Darker brownish-grey clay and
flint pebbles. Pectunculus pul-
vinatus, Turritella imbricataria
Very fine greenish-grey and some
srange sand, and flint pebbles.
Cardium semigranulatum, Pec-
tunculus, Voluta, Turritella im-
bricataria, Fusus longceevus
Greenish-grey sandy clay, slightly
stratified -
Greenish-grey clay, with some
sand, slightly stratified.
Cytherea suberycinoides, Pec-
tunculus -
Greenish-grey sand rock, numerous
fossils. Nummulites - -
Light greenish-grey and_ black
very fine quicksand. Cardita
planicosta and Turritella at
494 feet - - :
Rather darker green-grey sand
with clay in lumps. Cytherea
lucida, Corbula gallica, Cardita
planicosta, Fusus pyrus -
Dark-green band of sandstone and
iron pyrites - :
Light-grey clean sand. Frequent
nodules of iron pyrites and
pieces of lignite. Cardita plani-
costa -
45
25
37
30
20
18
15
27
whe
243
143
168
205
235
255
273
288
338
358
3593
3712
376
386
4203
4443
446%
505
532%
533}
5575
312 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
THICKNESS.
Brownish-grey sand and stratified
clay with iron pyrites 23
Brownish-grey clay, occasionally
stratified and with vegetable
impressions and plant remains 7
Clean sharp light-grey (almost
white) siliceous sand. No
L fossils - - 24
SprtHeaD Derences—Noman Fort.
DertH.
Freer,
560
567
569}
Communicated by Masor E. A. Hewirt, R.E., to H. W. Bristow. The
fossils determined by Mr. ETHERIDGE.
Surface of shoal 34 feet below high-water. Measurements from Powder
Magazine floor, 33 feet above High-water.
THICKNESS.
Feet.
Water &c. to surface of shoal 5 374
(Hard compact flint shingle, bright}
sand, chalk stones, Isle of Wight |
stone, shells &c. Jaw of Red |
Recent Deer fifty feet down. Large flint
Marine shingle, fine pale-yellow sand, l
Deposits. shells, &c. e
Fine flint-shingle, coarse angular
pale-yellow sand. Remains of
trees, shells, &c. Nassa reticulata,
Trochus ziziphinus - -J
(Grey sand with slight clay and
occasional flint shingle, shells, &c. 28
Greenish-grey sandy clay. No fossils 11g
Green-grey clay, fossils. Cardita
acuticasta, Concretionary sandstone 0 8 24 8
Beds Hard blue and green loamy clay - 20 0 44 8
. Ironstone with casts of Limnea - 0 4 45 0
Harder green and purple clay - 12 0 57 G6
Wootton. At Beech,
TuIcKNEss.| DEPTH.
Fr. In. | Fr. In
Middle Clay - - - - 386 0 36 0
Hamstead { Sand - - 2 5 0 41 0
Beds. Clay - : - 3.0 44 0
The bed of sand corresponds with the one seen at Brannon’s Cottage, and
in the cutting above the Station.
Woortron. At Whitehayes.
From notes made during the excavation.
THIcKNEss.| DEPTH.
Fr. In. | Fr. In.
( Yellow clay - - - 10 0 10 0
Middle Blue clay - - - - 3 0 13 0
Hamstead < Red clay - 1 6 14 6
Beds. Blue and yellow ‘iy with turtle
bones - - - 3 6 18 0
‘This well was still unfinished at the time of the completion of the Survey.
319
APPENDIX IV.
GEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ISLE OF
WIGHT.
1. PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY.
Maps and Sections.
Sheet 10 of the Map. Originally geologically surveyed on the One-Inch
Scale, by H. W. Brisrow and W. T. AvELINE (1856). The Isle of Wight
re-surveyed on the Six-Inch Scale, by CLEMENT Rerp (Tertiary) and AUBREY
Srranwan, M.A. (Cretaceous) 1883.
Geological Map of the Isle of Wight (in MS.), surveyed by Clement Rerp
(Tertiary area) and AUBREY STRAHAN (Secondary area), on a scale of
6 inches = 1 mile. Exhibited at the fourth meeting of the International
Geological Congress in September 1888, and subsequently hung in the
Museum of Practical Geology.
Horizontal Sections, Sheet 47. By H. W. Bristow, 1858. Revised Edition
jn 1870. [Under revision in 1889.] No. 1, from Totlands Bay, across the
western extremity of Headon Hill to the Sea near the Main Bench. No. 2.
Section from the Solent, near Worsley’s Tower, to the Sea under High Down
Beacon. No. 3. Section from Hempstead Chiff to Hanover Point. No. 4.
Section from Norris to Rocken End. No. 5. Section from Binstead to
Ventnor Cove.
Vertical Sections, Sheet 25. By H. W. Bristow in 1858. [Under revision
in 1889.] Illustrative of the Upper, Middle, and Lower Eocene strata of
-Hempstead, St. Helens, Colwell and Totland Bays, Headon Hill, Alum Bay,
and Whitecliff Bay.
Memoirs.
On the Tertiary Fluvio-marine Formation of the Isle of Wight, by
Pror. E. Forspes. 8vo. 1856. (Edited by R. A. C. Gopwin-AustTEn.
With notes by H. W. Brisrow, and Descriptions of Fossils by Pror. J.
Morris, J. W. Satter, and T. R. Jones.)
Description of Horizontal Section, Sheet 47. By H. W. Bristow. 8vo.
1859. (Pamphlet.)
Description. of, Vertical Section, Sheet 25. By H. W. Bristow. 8vo.
1859. (Pamphlet.) ; ;
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Rock Specimens in the Museum of
Practical Geology. By Pror. A. C. Ramsay, H. W. Bristow (and others).
8Bvo. 1862. (3rd Ed.), pp. 154, 158, 160, 166, 167, 170-173.
A Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical
Geology. By Pror. T. H. Huxueyand R. Erneripce. 8vo. 1865.
A Catalogue of the Cretaceous Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology.
By E.T, Newron. 8vo. 1878. : rm
‘A Catalogue of the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Fossils in the Museum of
Practical Geology. By E.T. Newron. 8vo. 1878
2. List oF WoRKS, OTHER THAN THOSE OF Tue GEOLOGICAL SuRVEy,
sy H. W. Bristow, F.R.S., F.G.S.*
[This list is arranged in chronological order. For Index of Authors, see
p. 336.]
*In the compilation of this List much assistance has been derived from the
excellent “List of Works on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology of the
Hampshire Basin,” by W. Wuiraxer, published in the Proc. Winchester and
Hampshire Scr. Soc. for 1873, pp. 108-127.
320 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
1605,
VerSTEGAN, R.—Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities
Concerning the most noble and renowned English Nation. 4to, Antwerp.
(Other Editions in 1628, 1634, 1655, 1673, 1723.)
1738.
Cooxe, B.—An Observation of an extraordinary et in a well in the
Isle of Wight. (Letter dated 1736.) Phil. Trans., vol. xl., p. 379 (vol. viii.
of Abridgment, pp. 244 and 658).
1749-50,
Cook, B.—Account of an earthquake felt in the Isle of Wight, March 18,
19. Phil. Trans., vol. xlvi. p. 651 (vol. x. of Abridgment, p. 508).
1755.
Fietpinec, H.—Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon (1753). 12mo. London.
(Gives an account of the shore at Ryde, I.W
1782.
Axon.—The Isle of Wight: A Poem, with Plate of Needle Rocks before
the Fall of the Pointed Rock, from which the group takes its name. 12mo.
1794.
Driver, A. & W.—General View of the Agriculture of the County of Hants,
with View of the Isle of Wight.
Agriculture by Rev. R. Warner, and a Postcript by A. Youne. 4to.
Warner, Rev. R.—General View of the Agriculture of the Isle of Wight
(forming a part of Hampshire), with observations on the means of its Improve-
ments. 4to. London.
1795.
Warner, Ruv. R.—The History of the Isle of Wight: Military, Eccle-
siastical, Civil, and Natural: to which is added a View of its Agriculture
(folding Map). 8vo. Southampton.
1798.
Marsuauu, W.—The Rural Economy of the Southern Counties of as
comprehending ae . . the Isle of Wight,&c. . 2... &e.
8vo. 2 vols, London. (Second edition in 1799.)
1801,
Pennant, T.—A Journey from London to the Isle of Wight. (Plates and
Maps.) 2 vols. 4to, London.
1802.
ENGvErIELD, Sir H. C.—Observations on some reinarkable Strata of Flint,
in a Chalk-pit in the Isle of Wight. Trans, Linn. Soc., vol. vi. p. 103.
Additional Observations, p. 303.
1805.
Bray ey, E, W., and Brirron, J.—The beauties of England and Wales:
or delineations, topographical, historical, and descriptive of each county.
8vo. London.
(Vol. vi.: Topographical and Historical Description of Hampshire and the
Isle of Wight.) ]
Campen, W.~-History of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight; with
additions by R. Gove. Fol.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 321
1806.
Campren, W.—Britannia: or, a Chorographical Description of the
Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Saatiand: and Ireland, ae the Islands
adjacent ; from the earliest antiquity. Translated from the edition ublished
by the Author in MDCVIL. Enlarged by the latest discoveries, by Ricuarpb
GoucH. (Vol.i, pp. 174, 208.)
1808.
AuBin, J.—Vectiana, or a Companion to the Isle of Wight. Seventh
Edition, 12mo. London. (Twelfth Edition, 1831),
1809,
Cooxr, W.—A New Picture of the Isle of Wight, illustrated with 36
plates, and a voyage round the Coast. 8vo. and 4to. London. (Second
Edition, Southampton, 1813).
1810.
VANCOUVER, C.—General View of the Agriculture of Hampshire, including
the Isle of Wight.
[Map and Account of Soils and Minerals.] 8vo. London. (Another
Edition in 1813.)
1811.
Bercer, Dr. J. F.—A Sketch of the Geology of some parts of Hampshire
and Dorsetshire. Trans. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 249.
De Luc, J. A.—Geological Travels. ‘Translated from the French MS.
8vo. London. (Vol. ii., p. 124.)
Maxcet, Dr, A.—A Chemical Account of an Aluminous Chalybeate Spring
in the Isle of Wight. Trans. Geol. Soc., vol. i., pp. 213-+-248., and Journ. Nat.
Phil. Chem. and Arts, ser. 2, vol. xxxii., pp. 52, 85.
1812.
Lemprigre, W.—On the medicinal effects of an Aluminous Chalybeate
Water lately discovered at Sand Rocks, in the Isle of Wight. 8vo. London,
Other editions 1820 and 1827). See also Nicholson, Journ. Nat. Phil..
p. 52-66 and 85-100. at
MinpLeTon, J.—Outlines of the Mineral Strata of Great Britain. Monthly
Mag., vol. xxxiv., No. 233, p. 310, and No. 234, p. 393.
1813.
TownsEnD, Rev. Jos—EpH.—The character of Moses established for veracity
as an Historian, recording events from the Creation to the Deluge (pp. 190,
231, 310). 4°. Bath and London. mae
Waterworth, Dr. T. L.—Account of a Cnn Spring in the Isle of
Wight. Thom. Ann, Phil., Ser. i., vol. i., p. 447. ;
Wenerun, T.—On the Freshwater Formations in the Isle of Wight. (MS.
in the Library of the Geol. Soc.) :
; .—On the Isle of Wight and the discovery of Freshwater
Shells. (MS. in Library of the Geol. Soc.)
1814.
Wesster, T.--On the Freshwater Formations in the Isle Wight, with
Some Observations on the Strata over the Chalk in the South-east of
England. Trans. Geol. Soc., 1st. ser., vol. ii., p. 161, pl. 9-1 .
—~-, ——.—On some new varieties of Fossil Alcyonia. JIdid., vol. iii.,
p. 377, pp. 27-30.
E 56786. me
322 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
1816.
EnGLerieLp, Sir H. C.—A Description of the Principal Picturesque
Beauties, Antiquities, and Geological Phenomena of the Isle of Wight, with
Additional Observations on the Strata of this Island, and their continuation
in the Adjacent Parts of Dorsetshire, by Tuomas Wesster. Fol. London.
50 plates.
1816-1829.
Sowrersy, J. De C.—The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. 8vo.
London. Vols. ii. to vi. (Vol. i. in 1812.)
1818.
Anon.—Animal Remains (Bones at Motteston and Northwood, Isle of
Wight). Phil. Mag., vol. lii., p. 68.
Farey, J.—An Alphabetical Arrangement of the Places from whence
Fossil Shells have heen obtained by Mr. James Sowerby, and drawn and
described in vol. ii. of his ‘ Mineral Conchology . s a » = Phal.
Mag., vol. li., p. 348,
1820.
Scupamore, C.--A Chemical and Medical Report on the properties of the
Mineral Waters cf . . . . the Isle of Wight. 8vo. London. (Another
edition in 1833.)
1821.
Sowersy, G. B.--On the Geological Formatione of Headen Hill in the
Isle of Wight. Ann. of Phil., vol. xviii. (ser. 2, vol. ii.), p. 216.
1822.
ConysBearg, Rev. W. D., and Puiiyips, W.—Outlines of the Geology of
England and Wales. 8vo. London.
Sepewick, Rev. Pror. A-On the Geology of the Isle of Wight, &c.
Ann. of Phil., vol. xix. (ser. 2, vol. iii.), pp. 329 to 355.
1824,
Firron, Dr. W. H.—Inquiries respecting the Geological Relations of the Beds
between the Chalk and the Purbeck Limestone in the South-east of England.
Ann. of Phil., vol. xxiv. (new series, vol. vill.), pp. 365 and 455. (Reprinted
in 4°. in 1833.)
Wesster, T.—On a Freshwater Formation in Hordwell Cliff, Hampshire,
and on the subjacent Beds from Hordwell to Muddiford. Trans. Geol. Soc.,
ser. 2, vol. i., p. 90, pl. xii.
1825.
Buckianp, Rev. Pror. W.—On the Discovery of the Anoplotherium
commune in the Isle of Wight. Ann. of Phil., ser. 2, vol. x., p. 360.
Sepewick, Rev. Pror. A.—On the Origin of Alluvial and Diluvial Forma-
tions. Ann. of Phil., ser. 2, vol. x., p. 18. (Isle of Wight, p. 20.)
Wesster, T.—Reply to Dr. Fitton’s paper entitled “ Inquiries respecting
the Geological Relations of the Beds between the Chalk and the Purbeck
Limestone in the south-east of England.” Ann. of Phil., vol. xxv. (vol. ix. of
new series), p. 33.
1831,
Sepewrck, Rev. Pror. A.—Address to the Geological Society, delivered
18th February 1831. On the deposits of the Isle of Wight above the London
Clay. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 294. See also p. 289.
BIBLIOGRAPLLY, 323
1832.
ConyBrare, Rev. W. D.—Inquiry how far the Theory of M. E. de
Beaumont concerning the Parallelism of Lines of Elevation of the same
Geological Aira, is agreeable to the Phenomena as exhibited in Great Britain.
Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. i., p. 118.
Browne, H.—The Geology of Scripture. 8vo. Frome. Elevation of the
Isle of Wight, p. 23. Formation of Haden [Headon] Hill, p. 30.
1833.
De La Becue, Sir H. T.—A geological Manual. 3rd Edition, considerably
enlarged. S8vo. London. (Supracretaceous Rocks of the Isle of Wight,
pp. 260-264.)
1835.
BuckLanpb, Rev. W.—On the Discovery of Fossil Bones of the Iguanodon
in the Iron Sand of the Wealden Formation in the Isle of Wight, and in the
Isle of Purbeck. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 425.
Morris [Pror.] J.—Fact and situation of the Occurrence of Seeds and
certain Species of Shells in the Lower Freshwater Formation of the Isle of
Wight. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii., p. 391.
Pratt, S. P.—Remarks on the Existence of the Anoplotherium and
Palcotherium in the Lower Freshwater Formation at Binstead, near Ryde, in
the Isle of Wight. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. ili., pp. 451-453.
1836,
Firron, Dr. W. H.—Observations on some of the Strata between the Chalk
and the Oxford Oolite, in the South-east of England. Trans, Geol. Soc., Ser. 2,
vol. iv., p. 103.
1837.
FarrHoime, G.—Description of the Isle of Wight and its coasts, together
with the evidences which they present of the recent origin of the island as a
dry land, forming chapter 7 of “New and Conclusive Physical Demonstra-
tions both of the Fact and Period of the Mosaic Deluge &c.” &vo. London.
Privost, C.—Coupe d’Alum Bay et d’ Headen-Hill, dans Vile de Wight.
Bull. Soc. Géol. France, t. viii., p. 76. ;
Sowerby, J. pz C.—On his new genus of fossil shells, Tropeum. Proc.
Geol. Soc., vol. 1i., p. 535. fea: ~ ;
Tooxr, A. W.—The Mineral Topography of Great Britain. Mining Review,
No. 9, p. 39. (Isle of Wight, p. 45.)
1838,
Bowersank, Dr. J. S.-An Account of a deposit containing Land Shells
at Gore Cliff, Isle of Wight. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. ii, p. 449.
—_—_., —.—Lower freshwater formation in the Isle of Wight. Mag.
Nat. Hist. . 2, vol. ii., p. 674. ;
ie Sicoun CMere sur les Sables et Grés Moyens Tertiares.
Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. ix., p. 54. “En Angleterre,” pp. 65-67.
Ippetson, Carr. L. L. B.—Typorama, a Modelled View of the Under-
cliff in the Isle of Wight. (Descriptive Letterpress to the above.) 8vo.
gece ., —. —A Trigonometrical Model of the Undercliff on the scale of
il 1 d geologically). ek, :
: te oan Wome of Geology, or a Familiar Exposi-
i f Geological Phenomena. 2 vols. 8vo. London.
a ether Falitions with additions published in 1839, 40, 42, 44, 48. Seventh
iti ised by Progr. T. R Jones, in 1858.) } :
Giwea, Paor, (are! R.—On some Fossil Remains of Paleotherium,
Anoplotherium and Cheropotamus, from the freshwater beds of the Isle of
Wight. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iii., p. Is
x 2
324 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
1839,
Ciarxe, Rev. W. B.—Ilustrations of the Geology of the South East of
Dorsetshire. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol iii., New series, pp. 390, 432, 483.
D’Arcuiac, Vicomtre.—Note sur la coordination des terrains tertiaires du
nord de la France, de la Belgique, et de l’Angleterre. Budl. Soc. Géol. France,
vol. x., p. 159.
OciLtsy, W.—Description of the Frontal Spine of a second species of
Hybodus ; from the Wealden Clay, Isle of Wight. Mag. Nat. Hust., vol. ii.,
series 2, p. 279.
1840.
Rickman, W.—Earth Falls at the Undercliff in the Isle of Wight. Inst.
Civ. Eng., vol. i., p. 35.
Sowersy, J. ps C,—Letter on the Genus Crioceratites and on Scaphites
gigas. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 409.
1841.
Bowersank, Dr. J. S.—On the London and Plastic Clay Formations of
the Isle of Wight. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 169.
GRANVILLE, Dr. A, B.—The Spas of England and principal Sea-bathing
places. 8vo. London. (Isle of Wight, pp. 537-549.)
Mupiz, R.—The Isle of Wight: its Past and Present Condition, and
Future Prospects. 8vo. London and Winchester. (Vol. iii., chap. 3, Geology
of the Isle of Wight.)
Owen, Pror. [Sir] R.—Description of some Fossil Remains of Cheropo-
tamus, Paleotherium, Anoplotherium, and Dichobunes, from the Eocene
Formation, Isle of Wight. Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 41.
Trimmer, J.—Practical Geology and Mineralogy. 8vo. London. (Fresh-
water Formations of the Isle of Wight, pp. 359-61.)
1842,
Owen, Pror. (Sir] R.—Report on British Fossil Reptiles (Part II.).
Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, pp. 87, 91 to 95, 12%, 168.
1843,
Firton, Dr. W. H.—Observations on part of the Section of the Lower
Greensand at Atherfield, on the coast of the Isle of Wight. Proc. Geol. Soc.,
vol. iv., p. 198.
—, ——.—Comparative Remarks on the Lower Greensand of Kent and
the Isle of Wight. Ibid., p. 208.
Lez, J. E.—Notice of Saurian Dermal Plates from the Wealden of the Isle
of Wight. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xi., p. 5.
Murcuison, Sir R. J.—Observations on the Occurrence of Freshwater
Beds in the Oolitic Deposits of Brora, Sutherlandshire; and on the British
Equivalents of the Neocomian System of Foreign Geologists. Proc. Geol.
Soc., vol. iv., p. 174.
1844.
Fitton, Dr. W. H.—Observations sur le lower greensand de Vile de
Wight. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol i., 2° série, p. 438.
Leymeri£, A.—Observations sur la communication faite sur le lower-
green-sand de Vile de Wight, par M. Fitton, dans la séance du 20 mai 1844.
Bull, Soc. Géol. France, vol. ii., 2" série, p. 41-47 (1844 a 1845).
ManTE.t, Dr. G. A.—Medals of Creation or First Lessons in Geology
and in the study of Organic Remains. 12mo. 2 vols.
Owen, Pror. [Sir] R.—Report on the British Fossil Mammalia. (Part IT,
Ungulata.) Rep. Brit, Assoc. for 1843, pp, 224-226,
BIBLIOGRAPHY 325
1845.
Ecerton, Sir P. ve M. G.—Description of the mouth of a Hybodus
ae, found in the Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i.,
p. 2
Frrrox, Dr. W. H.—Comparative Remarks on the Sections below the
Chalk on the Coast near Hythe, in Kent, and Atherfield, in the Isle of
Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 179.
Forbes, Pror. E.—Catalogue of Lower Greensand Fossils in the Museum
of the Geological Society. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., pp. 237 and 345,
Forses, Pror. E., and Carr. L. L. B. Ispetson.—On the Section
between Black-Gang-Chine and Atherfield Point, Isle of Wight. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 190.
—_,— .—On the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of the
Isle of Wight. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1844, trans. of sections, p. 43.
Leymeriz, Pror. A.—Observations on a Communication made by Dr.
Fitton to the Geol. Soc. France at the Meeting of May 20, 1844, on
the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xxvi.,
p. 281.
Stmms, F. W.—On the Thickness of the Lower Greensand Beds of the
South-east coast of the Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 76.
1846,
Firton, Dr. W. H.—Stratigraphical account of the Section from Atherfield
to Rocken-end in the Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., p. 55.
Manre.i, Dr. G. A.—Notes on the Wealden Strata of the Isle of Wight,
with an account of tne Bones of Iguanodons and other Reptiles, discovered at
Brook Point and Sandown Bay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., pp: 91-96.
Owen, Pror. [Srr] R.—Description of an Upper Molar Tooth of Dichobune
cervinum, from the Eocene Marl at Binstead, Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. ii., p. 420. .
, ———.—A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds. 8°,
London.
Prestwicu [Pror.] J.—On the Tertiary or Supracretacous Formations of
the Isle of Wight, as exhibited in the Sections at Alum Bay and White-cliff
Bay. Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., vol. ii., pp. 223, 259, ; Pl, ix.
Saxby, S. M.—On the Discovery of Footmarks in the Greensand of the
Isle of Wight. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xxix., p. 310.
1847.
Firron, Dr. W. H.—A Stratigraphical Account of the Section from
Atherfield to Rocken-end, on the South-west Coast of the Isle of Wight.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iit., p. 289. (Plate xil., comparative sections of
d in England.
pailnichga ine cen and Nomenclature of some of the sub.
cretaceous Strata. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1846. Trans. of sections, p. 58.
ManTELL, Dr. G. A.—Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight, &c.
8°. London. 2nd Edition, 1851. 3rd Edition, 1854, ;
- _—Fossil Remains of the Reindeer in the Isle of Wight. London
» Vol. i, p. 36. a
ee ee decnrnetiae of a large Species of Unio in the Wealden Strata
of the Isle of Wight. (Brit. Assoc. 1844.) Ibid., p. 41, and Plate 14.
Prestwicu, {Pror.] J.—On the probable Age of the London Clay, and
its Relations to the Hampshire and Paris Tertiary Systems. Quart. Journ.
lil, p. 354.
ips ae ‘the sain points of structure, and on the probable Age of
the Bagshot Sands, and on their presumed equivalents in Hampshire and
id., vol. ili., p. 378. ;
ues ee ees of Cypris in a part of the Tertiary Freshwater
Strata of the Isle of Wight. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1846. Trans. of sections,
pp. 56 and 58,
326 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
1848,
Cuampers, R.—Ancient Sea-Margins, as Memorials of Changes in the
Relative Level of Sea and Land. 8°. Edinburgh and London. Pp. 241-3.
Morris, [Pror.] J.-A description of a New Species of Nautilus (N. Saxbii)
from the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. iv., p. 193. .dnn. Nat. Hist., vol.i., pp. 106-107.
Nessit, J. C.—On the presence of Phosphoric Acid in the subordinate
members of the Chalk Formation. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iv., p. 262.
Owen, Pror. [Sir} R.— Description of ‘Teeth and portions of Jaws of two
extinct Anthracotherioid Quadrupeds—({Hyopotamus Vectianus aud H. bovinus,)
discovered in the Eocene deposits on the N.W. Coast of the Isle of Wight, &c.
Ibid., vol. iv., p. 103-141.
1849.
Ippetson, Carr. L. L. B.—Notes on the Geology and Chemical Composition
of the various Strata in the Isle of Wight. Map, in relief, coloured geologi-
cally. 8vo. London.
, ——.--On the Position of the Chloritic Marl or Phosphate of Lime
Bed in the Isle of Wight. Rep. Brit. Assoc., trans. of sections, p. 69.
LonspaLe, W.—Notes on Fossil Zoophytes found in the Deposits described
by Dr. Fitton in his Memoir entitled ‘‘ A Stratigraphical Account of the Section
from Atherfield to Rocken End.”? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. v., p. 55.
McCoy, F.—On the Classification of some British Fossil Crustacea
ree Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iv., p. 330.
ManxTELtt, Dr. G. A.—A brief Notice of Organic Remains recently
discovered in the Wealden Formation. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. v.,
p. 37.
Paine, J. M., and Way, J. {.—On the Phosphoric Strata of the Chalk
Formation. Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc., vol. ix., pp. 56-84.
Prestwicu, [Pror.; J.—On the Position and General Characters of the
Strata exhibited in the Coast Section, from Christchurch Harbour to Poole
Harbour. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. v., p. 43.
1850.
Gopwin-AusTEen, R. A. C.—On the Valley of the English Channel.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vi., p. 69.
Prestwicn, 'Pror.] J.—On the Structure of the Strata between the
London Clay and the Chalk in the London and Hampshire Tertiary Systems.
Part J. The Basement-bed of the London Clay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol vi., p. 252.
1851.
Dumont, A.—Note sur la position géologique de Vargile rupelienne et sur
la synchronisme des formations tertiaires de la Belgique, de l’Angleterre et du
ee la France. Bull. Acad. Roy. Sciences Belgique, t. xviii., Ile. partie,
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Waricut, Dr. T.—A Stratigraphical Account of the Section from Round
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Exwess, J. W.—On the Classification of Oligocene Strata in the Hampshire
Basin. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1882, p. 539.
Fisuer, Rev. O.—On the Strata of Colwell Bay, Headon Hill, and
Hordwell Cliff. Geol. Mag., dec, ii., vol. ix., p. 138.
Garpnzr, J. S.—A Chapter in the History of the Conifer. Nature, vol.
XXV., p. 228.
Taeatsens W. J.—Geology of the Counties of England and of North and
South Wales. 8vo. London. ;
Hutxe, J. W.—Note on the Os Pubis and Ischium of Ornithopsis Eucame-
rotus. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol xxxviil., p. 372. Plate Xiv. .
_—An attempt at a complete Osteology of Hypsilophodon Foaii; a
British Wealden Dinosaur. Phil. Trans., vol. 173, pp. 1035-1062. ,
—Description of some Iguanodon-remains indicating a new species,
I. Seelyi, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxviii., p. 135. Plate v. ;
Jupp, Pror. J. W.—On the Relations of the Eocene and Oligocene
Strata in the Hampshire Basin. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol, xxviii, p. 461-
489.
.—The Headon Hill Section. Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. ix., p. 189.
Lucas, A. H. S.—On the Headon Beds of the Western Extremity of the
Wight. Ibid., p. 97.
ns M. W.The Chloritic Marl and Upper Greensand of the Isle of
i id., p. 440. Plate x. : ;
fis acne H. G.—On aremarkable Dinosaurian Coracoid from the
Wealden of Brook in the Isle of Wight, probably referable to Ornithopsis.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXxvill., Pp. 367.
1883.
Erneripcr, R.—President’s address on Geology. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for
1882, pp. 502-529.
334 GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Hinps, G. J.—Catalogue of Fossil Sponges in the British Museum. 4to.
. Prestwicu, Pror. J.—Notes relating to some of the Drift Phenomena of
Hampshire [Elephant Bed, Freshwater Gate]. Rep. Brit, Assoc. for 1882,
. 529,
Sretey, H. G.—On the Dorsal Region of the Vertebral Column of a new
Dinosaur (indicating a new genus, Sphenospondylus), from the Wealden of
Brook in the Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxix., p. 55.
1884,
LypEKKER, R.—Note on the Anthracotheriide of the Isle of Wight.
Geol, Mag., dec. iti., voli., p. 547.
1885.
Bropiz, P. B.—Fossil Birds. Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. 2, p. 384.
Garpner, J. S.—On the Land Mollusca of the Eocene. Ibid., p. 241.
Plate vi.
Jonzs, Pror. T. R.—On the Ostracoda of the Purbeck Formation; with
Notes onthe Wealden Species. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xli., pp. 311-353,
LypexkeEr, R.—Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). Partsi.andii. 8vo. London.
Tomes, R. F.—Observations on some imperfectly known Madreporaria,
from the Cretaceous Formation of England. Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. ii,
p. 541.
Woopwarp, A. S.—On the Literature and Nomenclature of British Fossil
Crocodilia. Ibid, p. 496,
1886
Hinpe, G. J.—On Beds of Sponge-remains in the Lower and Upper Green-
sand of the South of England. Phil. Trans., vol. 176, Part II., plates 40-45,
pp. 403, 412, 418-20, 447.
Report of the Committee on the Erosion of the Sea Coasts of England and
Wales. Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 428-432.
1887.
Jones, Pror. T. R.— Notes on Nummulites elegans, Sow., and other
English Nummulites. Geol. Mog., dec. ui., vol. iv., p. 89.
,—, and Suerporn, C. D.—Further notes on the Tertiary Entomos-
traca of England, with special reference to those fron: the London Clay. Ibid.,
pp. 885 and 450.
Kesepine, H.—[Letter.} On the Osborne Beds. Jbid., p. 70.
, —.—On the discovery of the Nummulina elegans Zone at Whitecliff
Bay, Isle of Wight. Jdid., p. 70.
Lypekxker, R,——Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). Parts JII-V. 8vo. London.
—, —.—On certain Dinosaurian Vertebre from the Cretaceous of India
and the Isle of Wight. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii., p. 156.
———,—.—Note on the Hordwell and other Crocodilians. Geol. Mag.,
dec. iii., vol. iv., p. 307.
Norman, M. W.—Geological Guide to the Isle of Wight. May, sections
and 15 ae i. selene 7 Ventnor. :
Rerp, C.— She Extent of the Hempstead Beds in the I ig
Mag., dec. iii., vol. iv., p. 510. PEE ere Nee
SeeLey, Pror, H. G.— On Aristosuchus pusillus, Ow., bein
Notes or the fossils described by Sir R. Owen 4g Podelloplourgh ee,
Quart, Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii., p. 221. Sa
—,—-.—On a Sacrum,- apparently indicating a new type of Bird
[ Cire nites cluniculus, Seeley), from the Wealden of Brook. Jdid.,
p. 206.
Woops, H.—{Letter] On the occurrence of Phosphatic Nodules in the
Lower Greensand, east of Sandown. Geol. Mag., dee. iii., vol. iv., p. 46.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 335
1888.
Cotenurr, G. W.—On a Portion of the Osborne Beds of the Isle of Wight,
and on some Remarkable Organic Remains recently discovered therein. Geol.
Wag., dec. iii, vol. v., P 358.
Garpner, J. S.—f{Letter} On the Correlation of the Grés de Belleu with
the Lower Bagshot. Idid., p. 188.
eras H. Kerpine, and H. W. Moncxron.—The upper Eocene,
comprising the Barton aud Upper Bagshot Formations. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. xliv., pp. 578-635.
Houuke, J. W.—Supplemental Note on Polacanthus Foxii, describing the
Dorsal Shield and some points of the Endoskeleton, imperfectly known in
1881. Phil. Trans., vol. 178 (B.) Plates &, 9. .
Jonss, Pror. T. R.—Ostracoda from the Weald Clay of the Isle of Wight.
Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. v., p. 534.
2 Lypekker, R.—Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia in the British Museum, vol. i.
vO.
.—Note on a new Wealden Iguanodont and other Dinosaurs. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv.,p. 46. Plate iii,
McCook, H. C.—A new Fossil Spider (Eoatypus Woodwardii). Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia for 1888, pp. 200-202, and Annals & Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser 6, vol. ii.
Prestwicu, Pror. J.—Further observations on the correlation of the
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SEELEY, Pror. H. G.—On Thecospondylus Daviesi, with some remarks on
the Classification of the Dinosauria. Ibid., p. 79.
Srranan,A.,and C. Rerp.—La Géologie d ede Wight. Printed for the
International Geol. Congress. Svo. London.
1889,
Buytt, A.—The probable Cause of the displacernent of beach-lines. An
attempt to compute geological epochs [with additional note]. Christiania
Videnskabs—Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1859, No. 1.
LypexKeEr, R.—On the Remains and Affinities of five Genera of Mesozoic
Reptiles. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv., p. 41.
.—On a Ceeluroid Dinosaur from the Wealden. Geol. Mag.,
dec. iii., vol vi., p. 119.
_—On Remains of Eocene and Mesozoic Chelonia, and on a Tooth
of (2) Ornithopsis. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv., pp. 237-239.
Newron, E. T.—Description of a New Species of Clupea (C. vectensis)
from Oligocene Strata in the Isle of Wight. did, p. 112. Plate iv.
3. List of the Monocrapus published by the PaL#onroGRaPHIcaL
Society, which refer to the IsLz or WIGHT.
Garpner, J. S., and C. von ETTINGSHAUSEN.— Eocene Flora, vol. i.
(Filices). 1879-1882. i
Garpwer, J. 8.—Eocene Flora, vol. 1. (Gymnospermz). 1883-1885.
MitnE-Epwarps, H., and J. Haime.—Tertiary, Cretaceous, . ;
Corals. 1849-1854. ;
DENG P. M.—Supplement to the Fossil Corals. 1866-1870.
Forses, E.—Tertiary Echinodermata. 1852. —
Wricurt, T.— Cretaceous Echinodermata, vol. i. 1862-1882.
Darwin, C.—Fossil Cirripedes. 1851-1858.
Jonzs, T. R.—Cretaceous Entomostraca. 1849,
Jones, T. R.—Tertiary Entomostraca. 1855. ;
Jonzs, T. R., and C. D. SHERBORN.—Supplement to the Tertiary Ento-
traca. 1889.
ae T.—Malacostracous Crustacea. 1856-1860.
Davipson, T.— Fossil Brachiopoda, vols. 1., Iv., and y. 1850-1884.
Lycert, J.-—Fossil Trigonie. 1872-1883.
Epwarps, F. E., and 5. VY. Woop. Eocene Mollusca, Cephalopoda and
i ‘ol. i. 1848-1877. : :
br S. iy —Seare Mollusca, Bivalves, vol. 1. 1859-1870. Supple-
ment to the Eocene Mollusca, vol. i. 1877.
336
Suarpe, D.—Upper Cretaceous Cephalopoda.
and T. Betxi.—Reptilia of the London Clay [and of the
Owen, R.,
Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds], vol. 1.
Owen, R.—Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations.
Owen, R.—Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations.
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF
WIGIT
1853~18 55.
1848.
1851-1862.
1853-1879.
InpEx oF AUTHORS.
(The figures refer to the dates of publication.)
Albin, J., 1808.
Anon, 1782, 1818, 1865.
Aveline, W. T. See List 1.
Barrois, Dr. C., 1874, 1875, 1876.
Beckles, 8. H., 1862.
Bell, Prof. T. See List 3.
Berger, Dr. J. F., 1811.
Blake, Prof. J. F., 1881.
Blytt, A., 1889.
Bowerbank, Dr. J. S., 1838, 1841.
Brayley, E. W., 1805.
Brion, H. F., 1874.
Brion, J., 1858.
Bristow, H. W. See List 1.
Britton, J., 1805.
Brodie, Rev. P. B., 1878, 1885.
Browne, A. J. Jukes. See Jukes-
Browne.
Browne, H., 1832.
Buckland, Rev. Prof. W., 1825, 1835.
Camden, W., 1805, 1806.
Carruthers, W., 1867, 1869-72, 1875.
Chambers, R., 1848.
Clarke, Rev. W. B., 1839.
Codrington, T., 1868, 1870.
Colenutt, G. W., 1888.
Conybeare, Rev. W. D., 1822, 1832.
Cooke, B., 1738, 1749-50.
Cooke, W., 1809.
Cornuvl, J., 1860, 1862, 1863, 1864.
D’Archiac, Vicomte, 1838, 1839.
Darwin, C. See List 3.
Davidson, Dr. T. See List 3.
Davies, W., 1865.
De la Beche, Sir H. T., 1833.
De la Harpe, Dr. P. See La Harpe.
De Lue, J. A., 1811.
De Rance, ©. E., 1882.
Dixon, F., 1878.
Driver, A., 1794.
Driver, W., 1794.
Dumont, A., 1851, 1852.
Duncan, Prof. P. M., 1870.
List 3.
Edwards, F. E. See List 3.
Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., 1845.
Elwes, J. W., 1882.
Englefield, Sir H. C., 1802, 1816.
Erosion of the Coast, Report, 1886.
Etheridge, R., 1883, See also List 1.
Ettingshausen, Dr. C. von, 1879, 1880.
See also List 3.
Evans, C., 1871, 1872.
See also
Fairholme, G., 1837.
Farey, J., 1818.
Fielding, H., 1755.
Fisher, Rev. O., 1862, 1882.
Fitton, Dr. W. H., 1824, 1836, 1843-7.
Forbes, Prof. E., 1845, 1853. See also
Lists 1 and 3,
Fox, Rev. W., 1862, 1865, 1866, 1369.
Gardner, J.S., 1875-7, 1879, 1880, 1882,
1885, 1888. See also List 3.
Gervais, Prof. P., 1858.
Gibson, T. ¥., 1858.
Godwin-Austen, R. A. C., 1850, 1855,
1857. See also List 1.
Gough, R., 1805, 1806.
Gould, C., 1859.
Granville, Dr. A. B., 1841.
Grimshaw, H., 1879.
Haime, J. See List 3.
Harris, T., 1865.
Harrison, W. J., 1882.
Hébert, E., 1852,
Heer, Rev. Dr. O., 1862.
Hinde, G. J., 1883, 1886.
Hulke, J. W., 1870-4, 1876, 1878-82,
1888.
Huxley, Prof. T. H., 1870.
List 1.
See also
Ibbetson, Capt. L. L. B., 1838, 1845,
1849,
Jones, Prof. T, R., 1858, 1862, 1870,
1878, 1885, 1887, 1888. See also
Lists 1 and 3.
Judd, Prof. J. W., 1871, 1880, 1882.
Jukes-Browne, A. J., 1871, 1877.
Keeping, H., 1881, 1887, 1888,
Koenen, A. von, 1864.
Kowalevsky, Dr. W., 1874.
La Harpe, P. de, 1856, 1858.
Lankester, Prof. E. R., 1863.
Lee, J. E., 1843.
Lefévre, Th., 1880.
Leighton, W. H., 1866,
Lempritre, W., 1812.
Leymerie, A., 1844, 1845,
Liveing, Prof., 1871.
Lonsdale, W., 1849.
Lucas, A. H. S., 1882.
Lycett, J. See List 3.
Lydekker, R., 1884, 1885, 1887-9.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MeCook, H. C., 1888.
McCoy, F., 1849, 1854.
Mantell, Dr. G. A., 1838, 1844, 1846,
1847, 1849, 1854, 1858.
Marcet, Dr. A., 1811.
Marshall, W., 1798.
Meyer, C. J. .A., 1866, 1869, 1871-3.
Middleton, J., (812.
Milne-Edwards, Prof. H. See List 3.
Mitchell, W. 8., 1865, 1867.
Monckton, H. C. W., 1888.
Morris, Prof. J., 1835, 1848, 1854.
also List 1.
Mudie, R., 1841.
Murchison, Sir R. I., 1843.
See
Newton, E. T., 1889.
Nesbit, J. C., 1848.
Norman, M. W., 1858-61, 1882, 1887.
See also List 1.
Ogilby, W., 1839.
Owen, Prot. Sir R., 1838, 1841, 1842,
1844, 1846, 1848, 1857, 1858, 1861.
See also List 3.
Paine, J. M., 1849, 1853.
Parkinson, C., 1879, 1881.
Pengelly, W., 1862, 1865.
Pennant, T., 1801.
Phillips, W., 1822.
Phipson, Dr. T. L., 1862.
Pratt; SP... 1835.
Prestwich, Prof. J., 1846, 1847, 184y,
1850, 1854, 1857, 1883, 1888.
Prévost, C., 1837.
Price, F. G. H., 1879.
Ramsay, Sir 4. C., 1878. See alsa
List 1.
Reid, C., 1887, 1888.
Renevier, E., 1856.
Ricketts, Dr. C., 1867.
Rickman, W., 1840.
Rivers Pollution, Report, 1874.
Ryle, T., 1873.
See also List 1.
Salter, J. W. See List 1.
Sandberger, Prof. F., 1862.
EF 56786.
g/
Saxby, S. M., 1846.
Scudamore, C., 1820.
Sedgwick, Rev. Prof. .A.,
1831.
Seeley, Prof. Hl. G., 1866, 1875, 1882,
1883, 1887, 1888.
Sharpe, D. See List 3.
Sherborn, C. D., 1887.
Simms, F. W., 1845.
Sollas, Prof. W. J, 1877.
Sorby, Dr. H. ©., 1858, 1857.
Sowerby, G. B., 1821.
——., J. De C., 1816-1829, 1837,
1849.
Strahan, A., 1888.
1822, 1825,
See also List 3.
See also List 1.
Tate, Prof. R., 1865.
Tawney, E. B., 1881.
Tomes, R. F., 1885.
Tooke, A. W., 1837.
Townsend, Rev. J., 1813.
Trimmer, J., 1841, 1854, 1855.
Tylor, A., 1868, 1869.
Vancouver, C., 1810.
Verstegan, R., 1605.
Walker, J. F., 1868.
Warner, Rey. R., (794, 1795.
Waterworth, Dr. T. L., 1813.
Way, J. T., 1849, 1853.
Webster, T., 1813, 1814, 1816, 1824,
1825.
Wetherell, N. T., 1852.
Whitaker, W., 1864, 1865, 1867, 1873.
Whitley, N., 1856.
Wiener, G. W., 1878.
Wilkins, Dr. E. P., 1858, 1859, 1861.
Wilkinson, Rev. J., 1861.
Wood, 8. V. See List 3.
Woods, H., 1887.
Woodward, A. S., 1885.
Woodward, Dr. H., 1869, 1879.
Wright, Dr. T., 1851, 1852. See also
List 3.
Young, A., 1794.
Y
338
LN DHX.
Achatinu costellata, 162.
Addie, Messrs., well communicated by,
315, 316.
Adgestone, anticline at, 44.
Afton Down road-cutting, 82, 92.
Afton House, cockles in peat near, 228 ;
gravel near, 228.
Alluvial Deposits, 228-236.
Alum, 94, 252.
Alum Bay, Barton Clay of, 118-120;
Bracklesham Beds of, 109, 110, 115-
117; coalat, 252; Headon Hill Sands
of, 122; London Clay of, 97-99;
Lower Bagshot Beds of, 101-108;
Reading Beds of, 94, 95.
Alverstone Brick and Tile Works, 201.
Alvurstone (near Sandown) grayel at,
219; Lower Greensand of, +4.
Alvington, Chalk of, 93.
Alvington Farm, Hamstead Beds near,
200.
Anmonites inflatus, zone of, 66, 67.
Amos Hill, Headon Beds of, 137.
Avgular Flint Gravel, 209, 21v.
Anticlines, 239-247.
Apes Down, 93.
Apley, Osborne Beds at, 153, 154.
Apley Wood, Bembridge Limestone in,
167.
Appuldurcombe, Chalk near, 91; Gault
near, 58.
Appuldurcombe Down, dip of beds in,
245, 246,
Apsecastle Wood, Sandrock Series at,
46, £7.
Apse Farm, clay at, 33.
Apse Heath, gravel at, 219.
Area Websters, 173,
a\rreton Down, 87, 92, 93; gravel of,
212, 219; Headon Hill Sunds near,
123; Lower Greensand of, 48;
shattered flints of, 78; Upper Green-
sand of, 71,
Ashey, Bembridge L'mestone of, 165;
Bracklesham Beds of, 114, 115 ; com-
pression of beds at, 243; fault near,
100, 114, 115, 241, 242; Hamstead
Beds near, 208, 204; London Clay
near, 97, 100; Reading Beds neur,
94, 95.
Ashey Down, analysis of chalk of, 255 ;
shattered flints on, 78.
Ashlake Brickyard, Hamstead Beds and
Bembridge Beds at, 174, 175, 202;
gravel at, 216.
Atherfield, Blown Sand of, 237; gravel
at, 223; Lower Greensand of, 18, 24-
22; Wealden Beds at, 3, 138-15.
Atherfield Clay, 21; of Atherfield, 24-
26; of Compton Bay, 22, 23; of
Punfield, 38, 39; of Sandown, 32, 35,
36; of the Central Downs, 40, 41.
Atkey, Mr, J., well communicated by,
313-315.
Attfield, Prof. J., analysis of water by,
314, 315.
Austerborne, an old name for Osborne,
151.
Bagshot Beds, 101-109; coal in, 252;
pipeclay in, 251.
Barnes Chine, 12, 13, 15, 16.
Barrois, Dr. C., on the Chalk, 76, 84, 85,
87,92, 93; on the Folkestone Beds,
53; on the Upper Greensand, 66, 67,
79, 80.
Barton Clay, 101, 103, 109, 113, 116-123,
125, 127, 144.
Barton Cliff, 117, 120.
Beacon .\lley, gravel at, 221.
Beckles, Mr. $. H., on Iguanodon, 7.
Beech Lane, wells at, 316-318.
“ Beef” in Wealden Beds, 10, 13, 14, 17.
Belemnitella Marl, 85-90, 92.
Belemnitella mucronata, zone of, 93 ;
quadrata, zone of, 93.
Bembridge, Alluvium near, 236; Blown
Sand at, 237; brick-earth ut, 221;
gravel at, 217; Bembridge Limestone
of, 125, 167, 168 ; Bembridge Marls of,
171-174; well at, 301.
Bembridge Beds, 126.
Bembridge Downs, 92.
Bembridge Farm, Headon Hill Sands
near, 123,
Bembridge Group, of Prof. Judd, 127.
Bembridge Limestone, 125, 127, 158-
169; economic uses of, 163, 251;
tubular cavities in, 161.
Bembridge Muarls, 170-183, 190, 195;
eroded surface beneath, 164.
Bierley, brick-pit at, 64,251; springs at,
65,
Billingham, Sand-rock Series at, 42.
Binnel Bay, Sand-rock Series at, 32.
Binstead, Bembridge Limestone of, 125,
158, 166, 169 ; Osborne Series at, 153;
Quarries, 153, 166.
Binstead Lodge, gravel at, 216; Ham-
stead Beds near, 202, 204.
Birchmore, Sand-rock Series near, 42.
‘Black Band,’ 174-176, 179, 184, 1s7-
191, 193, 195-203,
Black Barrow, 41.
INDEX.
Blackgang, Gault at, 64; gravel near,
223; landslips at, 61, 62; Lower
Greensand of, 29, 30, 33, 50, 57, 58;
Upper Greensand near, 68, 69.
Blackland, Hamstead Beds at, 203.
Black Pan, gravelat, 221; Lower Green-
sand of, 47.
Black Rock, Bembridge Limestone of,
162.
Blackwater, Alluvium at, 235 ; gravel
near, 218; Lower Greensand of, 42,
43, 56.
Blake Down, gravel of, 217-219, 221;
Lower Greensand of, 45.
Blown Sand, 234, 235, 237.
Bolton Copse, Bembridge Marls near,
17S
Bonchurch, Chloritic Marl at, 81; Gault
at, 64; landslips near, 61, 62; Car-
stone at, 59; quarries near, 251.
Boniface Down, a watershed, 248, 250.
Borings in the Hamstead Beds, 191-193.
Borthwood, brick-pit at, 251; Lower
Greensand of, 47.
Bottlehole Spring, 41, 65, 232.
Bottom Ccpse, Bembridge Limestone of,
165.
Bouldnor, Hamstead Beds of, 184-193,
199:
Bournemouth Beds, flora of the, 106-108,
Bovey, flora of, 107.
Bowcombe, 86, 93.
Bracklesham Beds, 101, 103, 104, 106,
109-117, 119; flora of the, 106; at
Bracklesham, 109, 113.
Brading, Bembridge Limestone of, 165,
166; cement-works at, 251; Ham-
stead Beds near, 184, 202-204 ; Lower
Bagshot Beds at, 104; Reading Beds
at, 94-96.
Brading Down, 92; gravel of, 209, 210.
Brading Harbour, Bembridge Beds of,
166, 173, 174; enclosing of, 236, 237.
Brannon’s Cottage, well at, 318.
Brick-earth, 219, 221-226, 25].
Briddlesford, Hamstead Beds near, 203-
206, 317.
Brighton, gravel at, 217.
Brixton Anticline, 5, 240, 245-247.
Brixton, brick-earth at, 224,251; chalk-
talus near, 237; Chloritic Marl near,
71; Lower Greensand of, 40, 41;
streams at, 232; Valley Deposits at,
220; road-cutting near, 84; Wealden
Beds at, 15.
Brixton Bay, the streams of, 248.
Brixton Down, 84, 85.
Broadfield, well near, 813-315.
Broadstairs Chalk, 93.
Brockenhurst Series, 127, 140, 141, 143,
144, ;
Brongniart, M. A., on the travertines of
the Paris Basin, 161.
Brook, Alluvial deposit near, 230, 232;
Chalk Marl near, 70 ; Chloritic Marl
pear, 70; gravels near, 220, 223, 225;
Lower Greensand of, 40; Upper
Greensand near, 70.
339
Brook Bay, 3, 5-11.
Brook Chine, elephant remains at, 223,
225 ; valley deposits of, 225.
Brook Point, 6, 10, 11, 252.
Brook (New Forest), Bracklesham Beds
at, 113,
Brown, Mr., well communicated by, 316.
Brown Down, Bracklesham Beds at, 113.
Buckbury, Hamstead Beds near, 203.
Buckland, Rev. Dr. W., on reptilian
bones, 17.
Bucks, Sand-rock Series near, 41.
Budbridge, river-courses at, 218.
Building-stone, 66-72, 251.
Bulimus ellipticus, 159.
Bull-face Ledge, bones at, 11.
Burnt Wood, Bembridge Limestone
near, 164; Hamstead Beds near, 197.
Burwash Wheel (Sussex), Wealden
Shales of, 13.
Calbourne, gravel at, 210, 215; London
Clay near, 97 ; Lower Bagshot Beds
near, 103; structure of beds at, 244,
247.
Calyptraa trochiformis, 120, 122.
Candona Mantelli, 14.
Cardita planicosta, 117.
Carisbrook, brick-earth at, 222; Chalk
Rock at, 86; Chloritic Marl at, 81;
fault at, 242; gravel at, 210, 212;
Headon Hill Sands near, 122, 123;
well at, 301.
Carpenters, Bembridge Marls near, 174.
Carruthers, Mr. W., on Cycadean fruits,
258,
Carstone, 20, 50, 52-54, 56; fossils of
the, 54; of Bonchurch, 64; of
Compton Bay, 22, 23; of Marvel, 42;
of Norfolk, 52; of Punfield, 37, 38,
52; of Rock, 41; of Sandown, 35;
of the central Downs, 55-57; of the
southern Downs, 57-59.
Caves in the chalk-cliffs, 75, 82
Cement Works, 251.
Cerithium concavum, 145; C. elegans,
185; C. mutabile, 172; C. plicatum,
185; C. pseudo-cinctum, 145.
“Cerithium plicatum beds,” 184-186,
189, 192, 193, 204--206.
Chale, Blown Sand at, 237; Carstone
near, 57; Sand-rock Series of, 45 ;
source of the Medina at, 235.
Chalk, 73-93; analyses of, 254, 255;
cliffs of, 75, 79, 2; eroded surface
of, 95, 96; features and thickness of,
73-79; outliers of, 85; used for
cement-making, 251.
Chalk Marl, 75, 76, 79-91; glauconite
in, 79.
Chalk Rock, 75-77, 82-90; analysis of,
254.
Chalk Talus, 237, 238.
Chalybeate Springs, 23, 24, 31, 34, 57.
Chara Lyellii, 151; C. tuberculata,
169; C. Wrightti, 146.
Chert Beds, 66-72 ; reef formed by, 83 ;
sponge-spicuies in, 67.
¥3}
340 GEOLOGY OF THE
Chert in the Bembridge Limestone, 161.
Chessel, Lower Bagshot Beds near, 103.
Cheverton, 86.
Chichester, sand near, 215; syncline of,
239.
Chillerton, Carstone near, 56; features
near, 42; Gault near, 64; gravel near,
210: springs at, 65; Upper Green-
sand at, 71.
Chillerton Down, 85; faults on, 242.
Chilton Chine, Alluvium near, 230, 232;
Plateau Gravel near, 220; valley
deposits at, 224, 225.
Chine, origin of the name, 5.
Chloritic Marl, 66, 79-82; of Brixton,
70,71; of Brook, 70; of the Under-
cliff, 79-81; worked for phosphates,
79-81, 253, 254.
Clamerkin, Hamstead Beds near, 196.
Clatterford, 86.
Chiff End, Headon Beds of, 135, 138;
Bembridge Limestoue of, 160; Bem-
bridge Marls of, 181; Osborne Beds
of, 148-150, 152.
Clupea vectensis, 152.
Coal in the Bracklesham Beds, 109, 110,
114, 1165, LV, 259; °
Codrington, Mr. T., on gravels, 211,
223; on a paleolithic implement, 222.
Colenutt, Mr. G. W., on the Osborne
Beds, 152, 155.
Colwell Bay, 149; Headon Beds of, 126-
128, 131-135, 138; thrust-planes in,
242.
Combley, Bembridge Limestone near,
165; Headon Hill Sands at, 123.
Compression of strata, 97, 99, 244; flints
broken by, 77, 78.
Compton Bay, Carstone of, 55; Chalk
of, 82, 83; Chalk talus of, 237;
Chloritie Marl of, 81; compared with
Punfield, 38; Gault, 63, 66; glau-
conite from, 255; gravel near, 226 ;
Lower Greensand of, 18, 21-24, 40,
55 ; phosphates of, 253; Upper Green-
sand of, 63, 66,68; Wealden Beds of,
7-11.
Cones, fossil in the Wealden Beds, 7, 17.
Continental equivalents of the Lower
Greensand, 50, 51.
Contortions in gravels, 211, 220.
Conus dormitor, 120, 121.
Coombe Tower, Carstone near, 55;
Chalk near, 85; Chert Beds of, 71.
Copperas, 122.
Coppin’s Bridge, gravel near, 223.
Coprolites, 36, 37, 81, 253.
Corbula beds, 184, 185, 189, 192, 193,
200, 201, 204-207.
Corbula pisum, 185, C. vectensis, 185.
Corfe, flora of, 105.
Corve, Lower Greensand of, 44.
Cotton, Mr. W., on fossils from the
Bembridge Limestone, 162.
Cowes. See East Cowes and West
Cowes.
Cowes, water supply of, 214; gravel
near, 212-215.
ISLE OF WIGHT.
Cowleaze Chine, a deserted stream-bed,
233; Perna Bed in, 24,25; Wealden
Beds of, 12, 13, 15.
Crackers Rock, fauna of, 48, 49; of
Atherfield, 26, 27; of Compton Bay ;
24,
Crassatella sulcata, 120, 121.
Creech Barrow, flora of, 105.
Cretaceous Beds, flora of the, 105, 106.
Cridmore, Lower Greensand of, 42, 43.
Cripple’s Path, 69.
Cross Lane, Hamstead Beds, near, 203.
Culver Cliff, Chalk of, 75, 78, 79, 88, 89;
Chloritic Marl of, 81; fault in, 242;
Gault and Upper Greensand of, 66,
70; origin of the name, 1.
Cuvier, on cavities in travertine, 161.
Cyclus Bristovii, 190.
Cypridea spinigera, 3.
Cypris corniyera, 14.
Cyrena, 3; €'. obtusa, 181; C. pulchra,
172; C. semrstriata, 173.
“Cyrena cycladiformis Bed,” 130; “C.
pulchra Bed,” 130.
Cytherea incrassata, 144.
Cytheridea montosa, 199.
Decalcification, of Gault, 60 ; of gravel,
214, 215; of Lower Greensand, 34.
De la Harpe. Sce La Harpe.
Denudation, effects of, 210, 211, 223,
230, 233, 236, 244, 248-250,
Dickson's (Conse, Nematura pupa bed
near, 198.
Ditrupa plana, 98-100.
Doewra, Me-srs., wells
by, 301, 302, 310.
Dodpits, Bembridge Limestone of, 125.
Dorchester, a watershed at, 250.
Dorehill, well in Hamstead Beds at, 205,
206.
Dorsetshire, anticline of, 239; coast of,
sce Punfield ; thrust-plane in, 241.
Downend Brick-vard, 94, 95, 104, 213;
Hamstead Beds near, 204.
Downs, 73, 76, 77 ; Chalk of the, 73-93;
angular gravel on, 209, 210,
Drainage, origin of the lines of, 248,
250; in the Weald, 249.
Drift wood, in Alluvium, 231-233, 236 ;
in the Bembridge Marls, 181; in the
Lower Grecnsanil, 19, 22, 23, 31, 32,
36-34, 46, 49, 54, 55; in the Wealden
Beds, 3, 5-16.
Dropping Well, 213.
Dungewood, Lower Greensand of, 44.
Dansbury, Chert Beds near, 70.
Durton Farm, Bemhridge Limestone of,
165; Hamstead Beds near, 202.
Duvilhier, M., on analysis of Chalk Rock,
254.
Duxmore Farm, Hamstead Beds near,
203.
communicated
Eades Farm, Headon Beds near, 140,
Last Afton, Lower Bagshot Beds of, 103.
INDEX,
East Cowes, Bembridge Limestone of,
125, 158, 165; Headon Beds near,
141, 142.
Easton, Lower Bagshot Beds of, 103;
gravel at, 228.
Edwards, Mr. F. E., collection by, 1138;
on turtles eges, 159, 162.
Egypt Poiut, Bembridge Limestone of,
165 ; boring at, 315.
Elephant remains, 211, 222-928,
Elm Cottage, Bembridge Limestone of,
165.
Elm Grove (Newport), Bagshot Beds at,
lod.
Elwes, Mr. J. W., fossils determined by,
315, 316.
Encroachment of the sea, effects of, 23,
230, 233, 236, 248-250.
Englefield, Sir H., on St. Boniface
Well, 92.
Eocene Beds, 94-123.
Eremuth, an old name for Yarmouth,
163.
Etheridge, Mr. R., fossils determined by
310-313.
Evans, Mr. Caleb, on the London Clay,
100.
Evxogyra sinuata, 25.
Fairfields, Sand-rock Series at, 45.
Fairy Hill, Bembridye Marls at, 174.
Farnham, Upper Grcensand of, 254,
250.
Farringford House, Bagshot Beds of,
103.
Faults, 8, 32, 43, 57, 242; at Ashey,
100, 114.115, 241; at Carisbrook, 86 ;
at Chillerton, 85; in Dorsetshire, 241 ;
supposed, in the Medina Valley, 165,
201.
Fernhill, well at, 317.
Ferns, in the Lower Greensand, 29; in
the Wealden Beds, 8, 10, 15.
Ferruginous Sands, 21; of Atherfield,
26-30; of Compton Bay, 22, 23; of
Punfield, 37, 38; of Sandown to Bon-
church, 32-34; of Sandown to Culver,
34-37; of the central Downs, 40-44;
of the southern Downs, 44-47.
Finchley, gravel near, 211.
“ Firestone,” 66, 67, 69, 70.
Firestone Copse, borings in, 202.
Fish-remains, in Chalk, 91; in Gault,
63; in Lower Greensand, 25, 36; in
the Osborne Series, 148, 150, 152, 155—
158; in Wealden Beds, 8, 14, 15.
Fisher, Rev. O., on the Bracklesham and
Barton Beds, 101, 103, 109-113, 115,
116, 118, 219:
Fish-house, brick-earth at, 222.
Fitton, Dr. H., on the Lower Greensand,
18, 21, 24-33, 49, 50; on Shepherd’s
Chine, 233 ; on Wealden Beds, 4, 5.
Five Houses, Lower Bagshot Beds at,
103.
Flint-implement, 222.’
Fhoats, 77, 78.
341
Flora, of the Bagshot Beds, 104-108; of
the Bembridge Marls, 178, 181-183 ;
of Aas Mamstead Beds, 190, 192, 203,
207,
Fluvio-marine Beds, 124-207,
Folds, 239-247 ; age of the, 242; origin
of the lines of drainage, 248-250,
Folkestone beds, 20, 49, 50, 59-54.
Forbes, Prof. E., on the Chalk, 74; on
the Chloritic Marl, 80; on the Fluvio-
marine Beds, 124, 126-128; on the
base of the Gault, 55; on the Lower
Greensand, 24, 26, 30, 47-49; on
tufa, 229, 230.
Foreland, Bembridge Limestone of the,
167-169; Bembridge Marls of the,
171-173 ; gravel near the, 217.
Forest Side, Hamstead Beds at, 195.
Fox, Rev. W., on reptilian bones, 13.
Freeplace, Hamstead Beds near, 199,
Freestone, in the Upper Greensand,
66-71.
Freshwater, Bagshot Beds of, 103 ;
Chalk of, 73, 74, 82, 92; spring at,
228; valley deposits at, 223, 926-228 ;
well at, 301, 302.
Freshwater Church, Headon Beds at
139.
Frogland, Chloritie Marl at, 81.
Frome, origin of the valley of the, 249
250,
Fullholding, Bembridge Limestone near,
163; Hamstead Beds near, 199, 200;
Headon Hill Sands at, 122.
Fusus longavus, 120, 121; F. pyrus,
120, 121.
>
,
Gardner, Mr. J. S., on the flora of the
Bagshot Beds, 104-108; of the Bem-
bridge Beds, 182, 183; of the Ham-
stead Beds, 192, 206, 207; of the
Reading Beds, 97, 106, 167.
Garretts, Lower Greensand at, £3,
Garstons, Chalk near, $5; Chloritie
Marl at, 81.
Gat Cliff, Upper Greensand of, 66, 72.
Gatcombe, Alluvium near, 235; Chalk
near, 87; Chert Beds at, 71; Chlo-
ritic Marl near, 81; springs near, 65;
structure of country near, 247.
Gatten, clay-bed at, 46.
Gaudry, Prof. A., on the Folkestone
Beds, 53.
Gault, of Compton Bay, 23, 55, 63; of
Sandown, 35; of the Undercliff, 57-
62, 64; slipping of the, 58, 59;
springs from the, 64, 65; thickness
and relations of, 52-55, 60,63; used
for brick-makivg, 251.
Gervillia anceps, 27.
Gibbs, R., 95.
Gibson, Mr. T. F., on reptilian bones,
17.
Gilbert, Mr. G. K., on Ladder Chine,
237.
Glacial age of the Plateau Gravels, 211.
Glass-sands, 101, 104, 122, 123, 127,
128.
342
Glauconite, analysis of, 255; in the
Chalk, 76; in the Chloritie Marl, 66,
79.
Godalming, coprolite-bed near,
pebble-bed at, 50.
Godshill, Lower Greensand of, 45-47 ;
slipping of the Gault at, 58; source cf
the Yar near, 235.
Godwin-Austen, Mr. R. A. C., on the
Fluvio-marine Beds, 124; on the
gravel of Freshwater, 226-228; on
the Hamstead Beds, 193, 194; on the
Wealden Beds, 4.
Golden Hill, well at, 139, 301.
Gore Cliff, Chalk on, 90; Chalk-talus
on, 237 ; Chloritic Marl of, 81; Gault
of, 64, 66; landslips near, 61, 62;
phosphate diggings on, 2538, 254;
Upper Greensand of, 66, 68, 69.
Gossard Hill, Alluvium near, 235 ; anti-
cline near, 245; Gault of, 64; syn-
celine of, 71; Upper Greensaud of, 71.
Gotten, Sand-rock Series of, 45.
Grand .Arch, the, 75.
Grange Chine, brick-earth at, 224;
elephant-remains at, 22%, 224; source
of the stream of, 232; Wealden Beds
of 11.
Grantham, Mr. R. F., well communicated
by. 208.
Gravels, 208-228 ; classification of, 208.
Great Pan, Bembridge Limestone near,
165; Hamstead Beds near, 202.
Great Park, Bembridge Limestone near,
163 ; Hamstead Beds near, 200 ; Hea-
don Hill Sands near, 122.
Greatwood Copse, springs at, 65; Upper
Greensand of, 70.
Green-coated nodules in the Chalk-with-,
flints, 78. See also Chalk Rock.
Gres du Soissonnais, flora of the, 105.
Gun Hill, Lower Greensand of, 44.
Gunville, Barton Clay at, 119; Bem-
bridge Limestone near, 163; gravel
at, 215; Hamstead Beds at, 195, 200;
Headon Hill Sands of, 122, 123; til-
ting of strata at, 214.
Gurnard Bay, Bembridge Limestone of,
125; Bembridge Marls of, 176-178;
Hamstead Beds of, 176; Insect Lime-
stone of, 176-178; Osborne Series
neur, 150.
Gurnard Ledge, Bembridge Limestone
of, 158, 164, 165.
373
Hamstead, age of the beds at, 125, 126;
Bembridge Marls of, 178-182; gravel
at, 215; Hamstead Beds of, 184-193,
196.
Hainstead Beds, 184-207 ; at Ashlake,
174, 202; at St. Helen's, 174; tilting
of the, 212-244.
Hamstead Ledge, Bembridge Limestone
of, 158, 163 ; clay-ironstone near, 252,
Handfast Point, fault at, 241.
Hanover Point. See Brook Point.
Hardingshute, Hamstead Beds near, 2v2.
Haring, flora of, 105.
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Harpe. See La Harpe.
Haslemere, Perna Bed at, 48.
Haslett, Lower Greensand of, 41, 14.
Hassall, Dr. A. H., analysis by, 33.
“« Hassock,”’ 66.
Haven Street, Hamstead Beds near, 204;
wells at, 303.
“ Hazel-nut Gravels,’’ 231-234,
Head Down, Upper Greensand of, 66, 72.
Headon Beds, 124-147; erosion at the
base of, 144; of Colwell Bay, 149.
Headon Group of Prof. Judd, 127.
Headon Hill, Bembridge Limestone of,
158-160, 169; Bembridge Marls of,
181, 182; gravel on, 216; Headon
Beds of, 124-131, 134, 136, 137;
Osborne Beds of, 148-150.
Headon Hill Sands, 101, 109, 117-123,
127, 130, 133, 135, 139.
Headon Jimestones, character of, 159,
161.
Heasley Lodge, Carstone near, 56;
Chalk near, 87; Sand-rock Series at,
44,
Heathfield, Hamstead Beds near, 203.
Heer, Rey. Dr. ©., on the flera of the
Bagshot Beds, 105, 107.
Helix globosa, 159.
Hewett, Major I. .\., wells communi-
cated by, 310-313.
Hinde, Dr. G. J., on the Chert Beds, 67.
Hill Cross, Bembridge Muarls at, 181.
Hiil Farm, Bembridge Limestone at, 160.
Hill Wead, Bracklesham Leds at, 113.
Hillis Farm, Hamstead Beds near, 197.
Hill, Mr. W., on green nodules in the
Chalk, 78, 79.
Hog’s Back, the, 240.
Holaster planus, zone of, 92.
Hooker, Nir J., on the flora of the
Reading Beds, 97.
Horestone Point, Bembridze Limestone
of, 167; Bembridee Marls of, 173 ;
Osborne Beds at, 156, 157.
Horringford, anticline at, 43; gravel at,
219, 221, 251; Lower Greensand at,
43,
llorseledye, 33, 49.
Horse Sand Fort, well at, 310-312.
liowyvate Farm, brick-earth near, 221,
yoo
.
How Ledge, 132, 136-138 ; thrust-planes
near, 212.
Hulke, Mr. J. W., on reptilian remains,
11-13. ‘
Hunny Hill, Hamstead Beds at, 200.
Hydraulic cement, 251.
Hydrobia Chasteli,, 175, 189, 190.
“ Hypsilophodon Bed,” 13, 15, 17.
Hythe Beds, 21.
Ibbetson, Capt. L. L. B., on a supposed
unconformity, 90; on Bembridge
Limestone, 169; on phosphatic
nodules, 253, 254; on Lower Green-
sand, 24, 26, 80, 52,88, 47-49; on
Upper Greensand, 67.
Idlecombe Down, 86.
INDEX,
Tpomodes bones, 7, 18, 17; footprints
or,
“ Insect limestone,” 171, 176-178, 182.
Inverted beds, 104,
Tron ore, 252; grains of, 35, 36, 40, 43,
64; oolitic, 28, 29, 33, 41, 59.
Itchall, Carstone at, 58; Sand-rock
Series at, 45.
Jones, Prof. T. R., on eyprids, 14, 175,
178, 298, 299,
Judd, Prof, J. W., on Oligocene Beds,
126, 127, 135; on Punfield, 4, 38,
39; on Lower Greensand, 4,19, 50,
51; on Wealden Beds, 4, 17.
Jukes-Browne, Mr. A. J., on Chloritic
Marl, 80 ; on “ Vectian,” 20.
Keeping, Mr. H., on Bembridge Lime-
stone, 160; on Bracklesham and
Barton Beds, 115, 118-120; on
Hamstead Beds, 193, 194, 200; on
Headon Beds, 127, 136-139, 143, 144.
Kern, Carstone near, 56; Chalk at, 87 ;
Sand-rock Series at, 44.
Kinder, Mr. A., well communicated by,
305, 306.
King’s (Quay, Bembridge Limestone of,
166; Osborne Beds of, 152.
Kingston, Lower Greensand of, 29, 42,
44; watershed at, 248.
Knighton, Carstone near, 56 ; Sand-rock
Series at, 44; springs near, 65; Upper
Greensand at, 72; wells at, 3u4.
Knock Cliff, Carstone at, 59; Gault of,
64; Sand-rock Series of, 34.
Knowles, Carstone near, 57.
Ladder Chine, gravel of, 234; origin of,
237; Lower Greensand of, 28.
La Harpe, Dr. P. de, on the Bagshot
Beds, 105.
Lake, Lower Greensand of, 47.
Lancing, Reading Beds at, 97.
Landslips, 60-62, 72.
Lee Farm, Hamstead Beds near, 199.
Lenham, Pliocene Deposits of, 242.
Lepidosteus, 150, 152, 158.
Lessland, Lower ‘Greensand of, 45.
Lewisham, Woolwich Beds at, 107.
Lignite, in the Bracklesham Beds, 109,
110, ia 114, 116, 117; in the Lower
Greensand, 22, 23, 26, 31, 32, 36, 37,
49, 54,55; in the Wealden Reds, 5-
13, 15, 17 ; phosphatic, 252.
Limnea longiscata, 146.
Linstone Chine, 132, 138.
Little Chessell, Headon Beds of, 139,
140.
Little Duxmore, Bembridge Limestone
of, 165; Hamstead Beds near, 203.
Little Kitbridge, Hamstead Beds near,
200.
Little Lynn Common, gravel on, 214;
Hamstead Beds at, 204, 205. |
Little Nunwell, Bembridge Limestone
of, 165; Headon Hills Sands near,
123.
343
Little Pan, Bembridge Limestone near,
165; Hamstead Beds near, 202, 203.
Little ” Shambler's Copse, Bembridge
Limestone of, 165.
Little Stairs Point, fault at, 242, 245;
oe of, 219%: Lower Greensand of,
Little Whitcombe, anticline at, 43.
“ Lobster Beds,” 24, 26, 27.
Lock, Mr. wells communicated by, 306,
308.
London Basin, Bagshot oo of the, 101,
109 ; syncline of the, 2
London Clay, 97-100; pene bed of
the, 97-99 ; flora of ‘the, 105, 106.
Longford House, well at, 303.
Longlands, Bagshot Beds at, 104.
Long Lane, Hampstead Beds near, 203.
Lower Bagshot Beds, 101-109.
“ Lower “Freshwater Formation” of
Webster, 124, 125.
Lower Greensand, 4, 18-20, 25, 33, 35,
47-49; glanconite of, 255; phosphates
in, 252, 253; of Atherfeld, 24-39 ;
of Bonchureh, 24,59; of Culy er Cliff,
35-37, 57; of Punfield, 37-39; of
Sandown, 32, 34-37 ; of Shanklin, 33,
34, 59.
Lower Hamsteal, Hamstead Beds near,
195.
Lower Hide brick-pit, 33, 46.
Luccomb Chine, Carstone near, 59;
dip of strata near, 245; Lower Green-
sand of, 33, 34; old souree of the Yar
near, 236; Upper Greensand near,
69.
Lynn Farm, Headon Hill Sands near,
123.
Main Bench, 75, 93.
Malden, Rev. C., on rainfall, 256.
Malm Rock, 66-72.
Mammalian bones in the Hamstead Beds,
194.
Mann, Mr. J. R., on rainfall, 256.
Mantell, Dr. G. A., on Palmacites, 169;
on reptilian bones, 11, 17, 68; on
the “ Pine Raft,” 6, 7.
Margate, Chalk of, 93.
Marks Corner, Hamstead Beds near,
200.
Marshfield, Bembridge Limestone near,
163.
Marvel, anticline at, 43; Carstone at,
56; Sand-rock Series at, 42.
Meden, an old name for the Island, 1.
Medina, 218; Alluvium of the, 235;
borings along the, 175, 198, 201.
Medina Cottage, Hamstead Beds near,
198.
Medina Valley, age of the, 212; Lower
Greensand of the, 45; valley deposits
of the, 222, 223.
Melania fasciata, 185, 192.
Melania turritisssima, 181; range of,
174.
Melanopsis carinata, 182
formis, 145.
; M. subfusi-
344
Melbourn Rock, 76, 83-90, 92.
Mersley Down, 87, 93; gravel on, 210.
Merston, Lower Greensand of, 43.
Mew & Co.’s Well, 140, 165, 176, 200,
305, 306.
Meyer, Mr. C. J. .A., on the Chloritic
Marl, 80; on the Lower Greensand
37, 50; on the Punfield fossils, 38,
39; on the Wealden Beds, 4.
Micraster coranguinum, zone of, 93;
M. cor-testudinarium, zone of, 92.
Middle Bagshot Beds, 101, 109-117.
Middieton, Headon Beds of, 137.
Midhurst, Folkestone Beds of, 50;
Gault of, 53, 54.
Miocene flora, 107.
Miocene period, Hamstead Beds formerly
referred to the, 184.
Monk's Buy, Carstone of, 59; Sand-rock
Series of, 34.
Monocline, effect of on the apparent
thickness of strata, 97.
Monte Bolea, flora of, 105, 107.
Mornhill Farm, Headon Hill Sands near,
123.
Morris, Prof. J., on the Bembridge Lime-
stone, 168; on the Bembridge Marls,
179, 180.
Morton Farm, Lower Greensand near,
44.
Mottistone, Chalk near, 83, 84, 93;
Lower Greensand of, 40.
Mount Joy, 86.
Mount Misery, gravel on, 213.
Mud-rivers of Gault, 58, 59.
Mull, flora of, 107.
Murex asper, 120, 121.
Mya minor, 192.
Myine, Mr., well communicated by, 310.
Needles, the, 73, 75, 93.
“Nematura Beds,” 189-191, 195-200,
202.
Nematura pupa, 190.
“ Neritina Bed,” 130, 132, 136, 139, 146.
Nesbit, Mr. J. C., on phosphates, 253,
254.
Nettlestone, Osborne Beds at, 152-157.
Newbarn, Chalk near, 85.
Newbridee, Bembridge Limestone of,
158, 163; gravel at, 215; Headon
Beds near, 140.
Newbury, Mr., well communicated hy,
316.
Newchurch, Alluvium near, 236; anti-
cline near, 44; gravel at, 219; Lower
Grecnsand at, 43, 47.
Newclose Farm, Bembridge Limestone
near, 163.
Newclose House, Carstone at, 56.
New Ditch Point, 82.
New Farm, Hamstead Beds at, 204.
New Forest, gravels of the, 211.
Newman, Mr. ¥., wells communicated by,
304.
Newport, Alluvium at, 235; Bagshot
Beds at, 104; Bembridge Limestone
at, 165; Bembridge Marls at, 176;
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
brick-earth at, 222; Hamstead Beds
near, 191, 192, 195, 200-203; Headon
Beds at, 140, 142; Osborne Beds at,
148; Reading Beds at, 94; wells at,
305-308.
Newport Down, shattered flints on, 78.
Newport Waterworks, well ut, 301.
Newton, Mr. E. T., on Bracklesham
fossils from Ashey, 115; on the
Wealden reptiles, 259.
Newtown, Bembridge Limestone near,
163, 164; blown sand of, 237; fold in
the strata near, 243; Hamstead Beds
near, 196; “ Insect limestone” near,
177; Osborne Series near, 150.
Ningwood, Hamstead Beds near, 199.
Ninham, gravel at, 221.
Niton, Carstone near, 57; Sand-rock
Series near, 32; source of the Yar at,
221; springs at, 65.
Node’s Point, Bembridge Limestone of,
167.
Nodes, the, 93.
Noke Farm, Hamstead Beds near, 200,
201, 204.
Noman Fort, well at, 312, 313.
Norman, Mr. M., on Jandslips, 61, 62;
on Upper Greensand, 66, 69.
Norris Castle, Bembridge Limestone at,
165; Headon Beds near, 141, 142;
gravel near, 214.
North Downs, Pliocene Beds on the,
242,
North Park, Bembridge Limestone near,
163 ; Hamstead Beds near, 200.
Northwood, gravel at, 214; Hamstead
Beds near, 200, 201.
Norton, Bembridge Limestone near, 162;
Bembridge Marls near, 181.
Norton Green, gravel at, 216.
Nummulites in the Barton Clay, 118,
120; in the Bracklesham Beds, 111-
113, 117.
Nunwell, compression of beds at, 243;
Hamstead Beds near, 203.
Oakfield, gravel near, 217.
Oldhaven Beds, 97-99.
Oldpepper rock, 82.
Oligocene Beds, 124-207 ; thickness of
the, 127.
Osborne Beds, 126, 127, 148-158 ; lime-
stone, 148-150.
Osborne, Bembridge Limestone of, 166 ;
gravel near, 214; Hamstead Beds
near, 201 ; Headon Beds of, 141, 142;
Osborne Beds of, 148, 151; rainfall at,
256.
Ostrea callifera, 193, 194; O. flabellula,
144; O. vectensis, 182.
Owen, Prof. Sir R., on reptilian bones,
13.
Pagham, Sand-rock Series at, 42.
Paine, Mr. J. M., on phosphates, 252,
253; on soluble silica, 254, 255.
Palxolithic implement, 222.
Pallance, Hamstead Beds at, 197.
INDEX. -
ra Brook, Hamstead Beds near,
Palmer's Farm, gravel near, 213.
Paludina lenta, 146; P. fluviorum, 3.
Panopea intermedia, 99, 100; P. minor,
192; P. plicata, 27.
Paper-shales, 3, 8, 10, 18.
Paris Basin, correlation with the, 105,
125, 126.
Parkhurst Forest, alum-works in, 252 ;
gravel of, 214; Hamstead Beds of,
184, 191-195, 200, 204; wells at, 308.
Parkinson, Mr. C., on the Upper Green-
sand, 66, 68, 80.
Parsons, Mr. T., wells communicated by,
306-309.
Pattison, Mr., on analysis of Chalk, 255.
Peacock Hill, Bembridge Limestone of,
166.
Peat, 235, 236.
Pecten asper, zone of, 79, 80 ; P. recon-
ditus, 120, 122.
Pennant, Mr. T., on Brading Harbour,
1, 236.
Perna Bed, at Atherfield, 24-26; at
Compton Bay, 21 ; at Punfield, 38, 39 ;
at Sandown, 35, 36; pebbles in the,
19, 25, 35, 38, 39.
Perna Mullett, 24,
Petersfield, Folkestone Beds at, 50.
Phillips, Prof. J., on the term “ Vec-
tian,” 2.
Phipson, Dr. T. L., on analyses of fossil
wood, 252, 253.
Pholadomya margaritacea, 99.
Phorus agglutinans, 120, 121.
Phosphatic nodules, 6, 22, 25, 35-38, 50,
53, 55,57, 68, 70, 76, 79-81, 252-254.
Physical features, 1, 2, 248-250.
* Pine-raft,”’ 6, 7, 11, 252.
Pinna affinis, 100.
Pipe-clay in the Bagshot Beds, 101-108.
Place Brick-yard, 197, 198, 214.
Planorbis discus, 161; P. ewomphalus,
146.
Plant-bed in the Osborne Series, 148,
150, 152, 155, 156, 158.
Plants of the Bagshot Beds, 104-108 ;
of the Bembridge Marls, 178, 181-
183 ; of the Hamstead Beds, 190, 192,
203,206,207 ; of the Reading Beds, 97,
106, 107 ; of Sheppey, 105, 106, 108.
Plastic Clay, 94-97.
Plateau Gravels, 208-220.
‘¢ Platnore,”’ 60. :
Player, Mr. J. H., on glauconite, 255.
Porchfield, Bembridge Limestone of,
164; Hamstead Beds near, 196, 197.
Portsdown anticline, 239, 240.
Potamocypris Brodiet, 178.
Potamomya plana, 145.
Pottery clays, 94.
Poundgreen, Headon Beds of, 139.
Prawns in the Osborne Beds, 157, 158.
Presford, Sand-rock Series at, 41.
Preston, gravel at, 216.
Prestwicly Prof, J., on the Bagshot Beds,
101; on the Bembridge Limestone,
345
169; on the Bracklesham Beds, 109-
113 ; on the London Clay, 97, 98; on
the Reading Beds, 94.
Bi Mr. F. G. H., on the Gault, 53,
5.
Priory, Bembridge Marls near the, 174.
ee Point, Osborne Beds at, 154, 156,
Tots
Proteacee in the Eocene Beds, 108.
Psammobia compressa, 120, 121.
Pseudocythere Bristovii, 175.
Puckpool Farm, Osborne Beds at, 154.
Pulborough, base of the Gault at, 53,
54; Folkestone Beds at, 50 ; shale-bed
at, 20, 50.
“ Punfield Beds,” 4.
Punfield, Chalk at, 89, 90; Gault and
Upper Greensand at, 66, 82; Lower
Greensand at, 4, 18, 19, 37-39, 51,
52; Wealden Beds at, 4, 8, 9.
Purbeck, a watershed in the Isle of, 250.
Pyle, Lower Greensand at, 44.
Quarr Abbey, Bembridge Limestone at,
166.
Quarrels Copse, Hamstead Beds at, 206.
* Race,” 195.
“ Rag,” 66, 69, 70.
Rainfall, 256.
Ramsay, Sir A., on Bembridge Lime-
stone, 168 ; on Bembridge Marls, 179,
180; on coal-seams in Alum Bay,
110; on the eroded surface of the
Chalk, 95.
Rams Down, 66, 71.
Reading Beds, 94-97 ; used for pottery,
251.
Redcliff, 18, 35-37; Carstone of, 57;
phosphates at, 50, 253.
Redhill, Carstone at, 58;
Series at, 45.
Redway, Lower Greensand of, 43.
Renevier, M., on the Lower Greensand,
50, 51.
Reptilian bones, 259, 260; from the
Upper Greensand, 66, 68; from the
Wealden Beds, 7, 11-13, 15-17.
Rew Down, 248, 250.
Rew Farm, Chalk of, 91.
Rew Street, gravel at, 215.
Rhinoceros, 211.
Ricketshill, Hamstead Beds at, 204.
Rill, Gault at, 64; Sand-rock Series at,
46.
«“ Rise of Yar,’’ 228.
River-systems, 248-250.
Road-metal, 67, 72, 210, 213, 218, 219,
921, 234, 251.
Rock, Carstone at, 55 ; Sand-rock Series
at, 41.
Rocken End, Lower Greensand near, 30,
31.
Rolls Bridge, Hamstead Beds near, 197.
Rookley, brick-pit at, 251; Carstone
near, 56; Upper Greensand at, 71.
Roots in Bembridge Marls, 190, 195.
Roslin, Carstone near, 56.
Sand-rock
346
Rostellaria rimosa, 120, 121.
Roud, clay-bed near, 45.
Roughland, 5, 6.
Rowborough, 86.
** Rubstone,” 66, 67, 69, 70.
Ruffin’s Copse, gravel at, 214, 215.
Russell’s Farm, clay-bed near, 45.
Ryde, Bembridge Limestone at, 166,
167; Bembridge Marls near, 174;
Fluvio-marine Beds at, 125; gravel
near, 216, 217; Osborne Beds at, 153.
Ryde House, Osborne Beds at, 152, 153,
156.
Ryde Waterworks, London Clay at, 97 ;
wells at, 304, 305.
Sainham, Sand-rock Series at, 45.
St. Boniface Down, 91; gravel on, 210,
Bos;
St. Boniface Well, 91, 92.
St. Catherine’s Down, a watershed, 248 ;
Carstone of, 58; Chalk of, 90; chalk-
talus on, 237; dip in, 245, 246; fault
in, 242; gravel on, 210; landslip
near, 62; phosphate-diggings, 253,
254; Sand-rock Series of, 45; source
of the Yar, 223,235; Upper Green-
sand of, 66, 72.
St. George’s Down, gravel on, 211-213,
219, 251; Lower Greensand of, 43.
St. Helen’s, Bembridge’ Limestone of,
167, 174; Bembridge Marls of, 171,
173, 174; gravel at, 216, 217;
Osborne Beds at, 154-157 ; Hamstead
Beds at, 174, 202 ; wells at, 309, 310.
St. Helen’s Series, 148-158.
St. Lawrence, Chalk near, 91; Chloritic
Marl at, 81; rainfall at, 256.
St. Martin’s Down, dip in, 246 ; Upper
Greensand. of, 66, 72.
Salter, Mr. J. W., on the junction of the
Wealden and Lower Greensand, 48.
Saltmoor Copse, Lower Bagshot Beds
in, 104.
Sandford, brick-pit at, 33; gravel near,
219, 221; Lower Greensand of, 33,
45, 46.
Sandgate Beds, 21, 49, 50.
Sand in the Hamstead Beds, 191, 192,
201, 203, 2u4. :
Sandown, anticline at, 5, 16, 42-44, 240,
245-247; brick-pit at, 251; Gault
near, 64; gravel near, 219; Lower
Greensand near, 32-37; Wealden
Beds, 16, 17.
Sandown Level, 236.
Sand-rock Sernes, 20; correlated with
the Folkestone Beds, 49, 50, 52-54;
of Atherfield, 30-32; of Bonchurch,
34; of Compton Bay, 22-23; of
Culver, 35, 36; of Punfield, 37, 38 ;
of the Central Downs, 40-44; of the
Southern Downs, 44-47.
Saxby, Mr. 8. M., on a crayfish, 66.
Sconce, Bembridge Limestone of, 158,
160-162; Bembridge Marls of, 181;
bricks used at, 222.
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Scratchell’s Bay, 75, 79.
Sea View, Bembridge Limestone of, 167 ;
Bembridge Marls at, 174; brick-earth
near, 221; Osborne Beds at, 152, 156.
Sedgwick, Prof. A., on the Fluvio-Marine
Beds, 125.
Sedmore Point, 5-7, 11, 16.
Seeds in the Bembridge Marls, 181, 182.
Selsey, Bracklesham Beds of, 109, 113,
117; gravel at, 217.
Sbaleombe, Bembridge Limestone near,
163 ; vertical beds at, 244.
Shaleombe Down, 83, 84, 93; Chalk
Rock of, 254.
Shalfleet, Bembridge Marls near, 181;
Hamstead Beds near, 199; Lower
Bagshot Beds near, 103.
Shambler’s Copse, Bembridge Marls
near, 175.
Shanklin, anticline near, 245; an old
source of the Yar, 236; brick-pit near,
251; Carstone near, 59; clay-beds
near, 50; gravel near, 219; iron-
pyrites at, 252; phosphates at, 253;
quarries near, 251; Sand-rock Series
near, 46,47; Upper Greensand at, 69;
water-works at, 65.
Shanklin Chine, 33.
Shanklin Down, 92; a watershed, 248 ;
gravel on, 210.
“Shanklin Sands,” 20.
Shanklin Spa, 32, 33.
Sharman, Mr. G., on fossils from Ashey,
Li:
Sheat, anticline near, 71.
Shecpwash, Carstone at, 58.
shepherd's Chine, Alluvium of, 232,
234; Wealden Beds of, 13-15.
Sheppey, flora of, 105, 106, 108.
Shide, brick-earth near, 222.
Shingle (in gravel), 215-217.
Ship Chine, 15.
Ship Ledge, 11.
Shippard’s Chine, Alluvium of, 230-232,
234; gravel of, 225, 226; (Wealden
Beds of, 8.
Shorwell, Chalk near, 85, 86; Chert
Beds at, 71; Lower Greensand of, 41;
spring at, 65, 232.
“ Shotterwick,” 66, 69.
Sibbecks, Sand-rock Series at, 45.
Signal House in Parkhurst Forest,
borivgs near the, 194, 200.
Silica in the Chalk, 77; in the Upper
Greensand, 67.
Silicified shells in the Headon Beds,
141.
Simms, Mr. F. W., on the Gault, 64; on
the Lower Greensand, 24.
Skinners Grove Tile Works, 197.
Skinner’s Hill, gravel at, 219; Lower
Greensand at, 44.
Slide faults, 241, 242. See also Ashey.
“Slipper,” a name for clay, 60.
a Moor, Lower Greensand of, 41,
Smith, Mr. E. J. A’Court, on the Bem-
bridge Beds, 176-178.
INDEX.
ee Mr. F., on the Bembridge Beds,
Solent, 1 ; an old river-valley, 211, 249.
Sotyka, flora of, 105.
Sowerby, Mr. G. B., on the Headon
Beds, 125.
Spain, Neocomian Rocks of, 51.
Spithead Defences, wells at the, 310-
313.
Sponges, in the Chalk, 78; in the Upper
Greensand, 67.
Springs, 64, 65, 71, 72, 82, 232, 236.
Spur Lake, Bembridge Limestone of,
164.
Stag Rock, gravel on, 227.
Standen, Carstone near, 56; Sand-rock
Series at, 43; Upper Greensand at,
cae
Stuplers, gravel near, 213; Hamstead
Beds at, 203, 204; well at, 313.
Star Inn, quartz-grit near, 42.
Stenbury Down, 91; gravel on, 210.
Sticelett, Hamstead Beds of, 196, 197;
Bembridze Limestone near, 165;
Bembridge Marls of, 176.
stone, Lower Greensand at, 43.
Stonesteps, Hamstead Beds near, 199.
Stroud Wood, Hamstead Beds near,
202, 204.
Stubbington, Bracklesham Beds at, 113.
Studland, flora of, 105, 107.
Summerhouse Point, Osborne Beds at,
154, 156, 157.
Sun Corner, 83; flints at, 78.
Sussex, the Lower Greensand of, com-
pared, 50.
Synclines, 239-247; of Gossard Hill,
71; of the Hampshire Basin, 249; of
the London Basin, 249.
Swainstone, Bembridge Limestone near,
163 ; London Clay near, 97.
Swanage, 3.
Switzerland, the Neocomian Rocks of,
50, 51.
Tawney, Mr. E. B., on the Headon Beds,
127, 136-139, 143, 144.
Taylor, Mr., wells communicated by,
306.
Teall, Mr. J. J. H., on Carstone, 52, 53 ;
on glauconite, 255.
Terebratula sella, 28.
Terraces of river-gravel, 220-228.
Thames, the valley of the, 249.
Thorley, Bembridge Limestone near, 163.
Thorness Bay, Bembridge Limestone of,
164, 165; Bembridge Marls of, 176 ;
fold near, 243.
Thorness, Bembridge Limestone near,
164; gravel at, 215; Hamstead Beds
of, 196, 197.
Thorness Point, Bembridge Marls at,
178:
Thrust-planes. See Slide-faults. ;
Tilley & Sons, Messrs., well communi-
cated by, 313, 314.
Tinker’s Lane, gravel at, 214; Ham-
stead Beds at, 197.
347
Topley, Mr. W., on the Folkestone Beds,
53; on the Weald, 249.
Totland Bay, Headon Beds of, 126, 128-
138; tufa in, 229, 230,
ea Mr., wells communicated by,
Travertines of the Paris Basin, 161.
Trees, fossil in the Wealden Beds, 6-11,
18,15; in Alluvi m, 231-233, 236.
Trial-borings in the Hamstead Beds,
191, 193.
“ Trigonocelia Bed,” 136.
Tufa, at Widdick Chine, 229, 230; at
York’s Farm, 230.
Tufaceous character of the Bembridge
Limestone, 161.
Tunnel, at Ventnor, 72.
Turritella imbricataria, 117.
Turtle-eggs, supposed, 159, 162.
Tyne Hall, gravel at, 217.
Typhis pungens, 120, 122.
Unconformity, supposed, between the
Eocene and Oligocene Series, 124,
125¢
Underclay in the Bracklesham Beds,
110.
Undercliff, Chloritie Marl of the, 79-81 ;
Gault of the, 57-62, 64; landslips of
the, 60-62; rainfall of the, 256;
Upper Greensand of the, 65, 66.
Unio Gibbsit, 190; U. Solandri, 145 ;
U. valdensis, 7.
Upper Bagshot Beds, 101, 109, 117-123,
27s
Upper Cockleton, Hamstead Beds at,
197,
Upper Freshwater Formation of Web-
ster, 124, 125.
Upper Greensand, 65-72; building-
stone in the, 251; phosphatic nodules
in the, 253; soluble silica of the, 254,
255.
Upper Hide, clay bed at, 47.
Upper Marine Formation of Webster,
124, 125.
Upper Neocomian.
sand.
Upper Yard, quartz-grit near, 42.
Upton Mill, Hamstead Beds near, 204.
Utrillas, Neocomian Rocks of, 51.
See Lower Green-
Valley Gravels, 208, 210, 211, 220-228.
“Vectian,’ name proposed for the
Fluvio-marine Series, 2; for the Lower
Greensand, 20.
“ Vectine,’ name proposed for the Lower
Greensand, 20.
Vectis, the Roman name for the
Island, 1. 3
Ventnor, Chalk near, 91; Chloritic Marl
near, 80, 81; dip near, 246; quarries
near, 251 ; Upper Greensand of, 69 ;
water supply of, 65.
« Venus Bed,” 129, 132, 136, 140, 144,
Vignolles, Mr., boring communicated by,
315.
348
Voeleker, Dr., on an analysis of chalk,
255.
Voluta luctatriz, 120, 121.
Von Buch, or travertines, 161.
Wackland, Lower Greensand at, 44.
Wall Lane, Bembridge Limestone of,
165.
Walpen Chine, Gravel, &c. of, 234, 235 ;
Lower Greensand of, 28-30.
Warden Ledge, 133, 138.
Warden Point, diagram of the cliffs
near, 14y.
Warminster Beds, equivalents of the, 67,
80.
Warren Hill, Lower Greensand of, 44.
Watch House Point, Bembridge Lime-
stone of, 167; Osborne Beds of, 154.
Watcombe Bay, 92.
Water-lily bed in the Hamstead Beds,
189, 192.
Watersheds, 235, 248-250.
Wutford, age of gravel near, 21].
Way, Mr. J. T., on phosphates, 252,
253; on soluble silica, 254, 255.
Weald, anticline of the, 239, 240, 242 ;
drainage system of the, 249.
Wealden Beds, 3-17; equivalents of the,
4; marine fossils in the, 4, 13; of
Brook and Atherfield, 11-16 ; of Brook
and Compton Bay, 5-11; of Sandown,
16, 17; phosphates in, 252; relations
to the Lower Greensand, 4, 18, 19, 25,
35,47, thickness of the, 3, 7-11, 13-
lis
Wealden Shales, 3-5, 8-10, 12-19; used
for bricks, 251.
Weathering of Lower Greensand, 34.
Webster, Mr. T., on a fault, 241; on
“hazel-nut gravels,’ 231; on the
Chalk, 75; on the East End landslip,
61; on the Fluvio-marine Beds, 124,
125; on the “ Pine Raft,” 6.
Week Down, a watershed, 250.
Week Farm, Chalk of, 91.
Wellow, Bembridge Limestone of, 158,
163; Osborne Series near, 150.
Werror Brickyard, 198.
West Court, Sand-rock Series near, 41.
West Cowes, Bembridge Limestone of,
125, 158, 165; Bembridge Marls of,
176, 177; Osborne Beds of, 148, 150 ;
well at, 140, 175, 176, 198, 313-315.
West Medina Cement Works, 175, 176,
198-200, 306-308.
Weston Chine, Headon Beds of, 133,
137.
Westover, Lower Bagshot Beds at, 103 ;
gravel near, 210.
Whale Chine, Alluvium of, 234; Lower
Greensand of, 28.
Wheatlow Brook, Headon Beds of, 139.
“Whills,” 66, 69.
Whippance, Hamstead Beds near, 197.
Whippingham, Bembridge Marls near,
175; gravel near, 214; Hamstead
Beds near, 201.
GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
Whitaker, Mr. W., on Chalk, 83, 84, 86-
88; on Chalk Rock, 75; on flints, 78 ;
on London Clay, 97, 98; on Reading
Beds, 95, 96 ; wells communicated by,
301, 304, 315, 316.
Whitcombe, Chert Beds at, 71.
“White Band,” the, 184, 185, 187-189,
191, 192, 195, 197, 199, 203.
Whitecliff Bay, Lower Bagshot Beds of,
103; Barton Clay of, 119, 120; Bem-
bridge Limestone of, 167-169 ; Bem-
bridge Marls of, 170-173; Brackle-
sham Beds of, 101, 103, 109-114, 116,
117; fold in the strata of, 243 ; Headon
Beds of, 142-144; Headon Hill Sands
of, 123; London Clay of, 97-100;
Osborne Beds of, 157; Reading Beds
of, 94, 95.
Whitecroft, Carstone near, 56.
Whitehayes, well at, 318.
Whitehouse Farm, Hamstead Beds near,
197.
Whitwell, a source of the Yar, 221, 235;
springs at, 65.
Widdick Chine, Headon Beds of, 135,
137, 138; tufa at, 229, 230.
Wilderness, .\lJuvium of the, 235.
Wilkins, Dr. E. P., on the Hamstead
Beds, 201.
Wiltshire, overlap of Wealden Beds in,
19.
Winstone, Carstone near, 59 ;
rock Series near, 46.
Wolverton, Lower Greensand of, 41, 44.
Woodvale, well at, 141, 315, 316.
Woodward, Dr. H., on the “ Insect
limestone,” 176-178.
Woolverton, Bembridge Marls near, 174.
Woolwich Beds, flora of the, 106, 107.
Wootton Bridge, Bembridge Marls near,
175; gravel at, 216; Hamstead Beds
near, 174.
Wootton Creek, an old valley, 213;
Bembridge Limestone of, 166 ; brick-
earth of, 222.
Wootton, gravel near, 214; Hamstead
Beds of, 184, 192, 201-206 ; wells at,
316-318.
Wroxall, a source of the Yar at, 221,
235; brick-pits near, 251; Carstone
at, 58; Gault near, 64 ; springs at, 65 ;
Upper Grvensand near, 72.
Wydcombe, Carstone at, 58; Sand-rock
Series at, 45; springs at, 65.
Sand-
Yafford, Lower Greensand of, 41.
Yar (eastern), Alluvium of the, 235;
blown sand of, 237; change in the
course of, 218, 219; Lower Greensand
of the valley of, 45, 47; old tributaries
of, 248 ; terraces of, 218-222.
Yar (western), Alluvium of the, 228,
230-235; blown sand of, 237; old
sources of, 223, 230, 235; old tribu-
taries of, 248 ; valley-deposits of, 223-
228,
INDEX.
Yarbridge, Chalk at, 88; Chloritic Marl
at, 72; eravel near, 219; Lower
Greensand of, 44; Upper Greensand
at, 72.
Yarmouth, Bembridge Limestone of,
163; Bembridge Marls near, 180-182;
clay: -ironstone at, 252; Hamstead
Beds of, 184, 196, 199.
Yav erland, 16,17; Upper Greensand at
my
es
349
York’s Farm, tufa at, 230,
Zerena ship-way, Bembridge Marls in
the, 175..
Zones in the Chalk, 92, 93; in the
Gault, 65 ; in the Upper Greensand
66, 67, 79, 80.
TERTIARY
OLIGOCENE
LOWER
Geology of the Isle of Wight, Plate ey
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of Wight
he Coast from Afton Down, near Freshwater. to 8S! Catherines Down.
by A. Strahan, MAL FG.S: |
Scale 12 Inches-1 Mile
200 300 rae cies
k SE =
5 |
4 2 Mile
Hanover or
Brook Potint
x ay Shippards or
Small Chine Compton. Grange
Chine
Brooke Chine
bedeht
SWEALDEN SHALES
a3
on
a Chilton Chine
Fishing Huts
nn ae ~ | WEALDEN
—| BEOS
Te Lands liv pt =
Ship Chine Barnes Chine Barnes High
WEALODEN
BEDS
Atherfield Point
Coastguard
LOWER
GREENSAND
LOWER GRYPHAA BED SUCGRAR PS Mnile segs
Vd ee Avene er Bee Des LOWER GREENSAND —— > Southern end of
S° Catherine's Hill
Blackgang Chine
GHLORITIG MARL
|\__UPPER
| /GREENSAND
) GAULT
\
eer Tamar ars . : B _CARSTONE
\ SANDROCK
BEDS
Oats att
CLAY = BED
3 = = — ,
Ek S A N D SGRYPHAA BEDSCLIFFHEND SANDSFOLIATED CLAY AND SAND Ss A N D ) 0 F Ww A Its 12 E N u N od cs R Cc L \ F F OF B
Kngraved by WMRedaway.
Geoloyy of the Isle of Wight
Geological Survey of England and Wales. Plate i.
ate SH.
y ‘ . A
OCOmparatuve Secbhroms of the Cretaceous hocks
Oi Wine Mie wy Wight and:-of the Dorsetshire Coast
by A. Strahan, M.A, F-G.S.
NCHS Ne N°3. Ne 4. Nos
PUN FIELD COMPTON BAY ATHERFIELD CULVER Pee eee
AND BLACKGANG AND REDCLIFF DeSEs Coane
THE GROUPS OF THE ZONES
LOWER GREENSAND
AFTER DP FITTON
AFTER M.BARROIS
ae aa ecige a Vn le IE eS Re CP ee eS Chali: Rech:
= 8 aS
S
ee $
= |
° 2 z
a Eee ace by
m 2 ee 8
& 0 ~
3° }
° s laa ®
= 3 m -
> ; | S
ie ig 3
x fel NS ( ° oe
RO. &
fo G = a
=
8 oa %
iS e
< ae ra ~
m aor ee S
» P S
Ibourn. }
Rock ee
° 4
ic N
t=
os 8
r cS
x = ®
m
oO
ae % | a
mo |
zu \
wm |
> ® |
z Sek
° \ < >
° 2 fre,
a
6 ~ BS
= e o.
iS , > w
& \ % S
~ . is
c : ane ‘
% * 8 9
y
- a
% ps
Ui Freestone |
a cf Woritic Mart &
q \ oy t
1 y a 2
im : ese
2 nace o
° be @ is
D
< a m
° m Be
m
f r ~ lesz
S ‘ uw
a >
= ae
aed z ’) Oo
a | ©
wD
th ° 5
m 8
rm a > 7
fu a
z { c ©
{ « >
wo Fosstliferous ~ { >
Limestone
> « e
4 69
z
7 ul £
= |
ef ern Bed } os
Re L P F
7 . a Sail 2
=e Spraugs a |
r ks Biel
° y ~
ne — oe il g
oS +t I
rs =
\ es © [is >
3. [iw
\ > q |e]
x a
wh R 9 al
f [> fs
or = x Pall
(S31
: \ nO & & Ja | .
ie eas x Bel
\ By = Oo S
ae aa > SI Sas
ey s x & e
\ a & . ®
\ \ BQ a Z =
4 g
yest we. >
Pe. a %
i} 3 © 5 & |
\ \ % > m
a 2
\
on
io = m &
ip | =
Tot c Nodule Bed. 5
ina s 8
ere a S &
ean roe 7 uy
tk rea : :
Nee. OF eyed 2
es ae °
\ ;& ~
: \ Se is ce
\ > Oi
- ~ a
\ ad KS) %
\ 3 Sls a
: is a
\ 7 9 {ie e
\ = Ses aie x
ay SP
s a. 8 8
\ " (a) 2 3
\ A aS o
c / =
\ 6 eS (by 3
\ ¢ Ps :
Cis
aS ia} =
N° 3.contTrINuED wad > elo =
oa : | 8
BRIXTON BAY gs ais Hie! x3
oy ean eleteee| 3
2 me & m a sewebee| A
+ io % aoe =a il, St
~y | oe g
: | 3
& | 5
S i 5 i
| Ry 3 ™ | 2 Challe Roce
\ & 2 ce | Section. cont |
§ z x | in W24 !
= 3 {
Rock
Atcor > + 7 - > n o =
Shei ae aS Micraster cortestudinarium Holaster planus >
Zone Zone <
S
Section. cont? |
in W?4
Too teal
E oO WwW ES R G R E E N Ss A
eee £3 ee a axa
LAN 8 NES ae en ee ae awd Hy te Beds eee
Sandrock Series REM 7 7% 72 Gut ATE OLS: iS as Re ian se
EaLOre
6 tr rouporer Group VIL
CERAS BEDS
Wa ip en
g C h l n e CS
: ae ae Tondslips_ — =
Compton Chine ets Bee ee
West Bank East Bank ee a
ee Me een Bs :
im ‘=
Q
np a
Pp
A
a 4
a o
eg
om
oO.
4 9
Ladder Chine Whale
Barnes
Group
Atherfield Clay
VIL criactnas
Chime
ch
SS icialne
feet = Lin
80
GraupiT Group V
SCAPHITES
POSSIBLE
FAULT
Ship Chine
n
LE
§
Q
Group lV
GRYPH4A LOBSTERS
Ahi
Brizxton Chine
Group HZ the"
h
be
Perna. Bed.
aeg
ae
c
ckers' Group II the
LOBSTERS Athertield Cla y—~
Chilton
Chine
Section contirael)
un the first
cohunn
_Cowleaze Chine and
Barnes High
Sedmore Point
Wealden Beds
Limestone or Ironstone
Cyprides
Paludina
Cyrena
Lignite
Reptiiian bones
Fish
Oysters
Ferns
Unio
References to the
Vicarya
eH oVIL HOS GS
Brook (Piotr
as
Engraved by W.MRedaway.
73275.Farringdon R4 & Doctors’ Commons.
JuddaC? L*4 Lith
G é O l 0 G / ( A 1 Sa Vv f y 0 + E aN Ge (Ge Ai Ve ee & WANE She te
Section 2? from the Solent near Worsleys Tower to the Sea under Iiah Pown Beacon
hy Henry We Bristow ERS
Yorle G inohar to a mite
Chale lo f o lo a4) 10 0 A) “oe 70 80 Chats orl Mik
mr bapaty eapedsenyanslony ' 4y : \ s ‘y 1 i |
Moot Looe o ' } bo avon Woe ‘Od Eval
footpath near
op / ,
NAR, Worsley w Jower yi |
Ainstohe Chine Colwell Common Road terry £4e
Footpath dy Arundbles he aD Seared pit
Road to Meador Hill :
Thea Solent * Abe to, Giwall Guns Osborne Limestone
Mee set Brambles Nine Se Oh Upper Headon Neda Osborne Beda
Hendon Limedtone
Waning On nie Ul .
Hamid shore Haale Upper Hendon Deda
Upper tleadon ods Male tantont eta
: *Townte er ion Wed :
Headon TH, Sane
Hoadon TIE Sande ;
Nanton Clay
Neaolelontam Neda, wet wean of! Leonite
fi
Lower Bapahot Neds Searede e C2are White nen
London Clay Cov Nopnoe Neda)
Section Lf trom lolland Bay across the western extremity of Headen Hill to the Sea near the Main. Ren
by Ih ney We Bristow, ERS
Gravel & sand
' Yoale TS neces to a mite
LE GOWaEe icles arel lA hay.
ERE
Cathie LC y ,
eae . ni aa :
On
or
€
Fimyio -marimne
Sf Helens, or Osborne Beds
OLI
Upper i
Midd be | Headon Rods
hower Headon Hell
WO eet
Headon Hill Sands :
Nobo ks
| Kartouw Chay a , Hembrtdye Bed
imam Drackleshane Bors Totland Bay Oxharne Beds | —
3 Vppew Mendon We ri
Ry ||
," vadon Hede
8 | Lower Bagshot Sands & Clays! eine) Midite Heaton
ty Jowen Menton Beds = agf FoR NNCLE
L within abe ory TA tel as Horton HAIL Sinbs yt §
e Yayo Be, » hays \ : * ‘ vs ‘ Q
ee hondon Clay or Hognor Beds oo nanan i Pent a . gt ; : | io .
, petubitat OTe Hat BRnGe tbe es noni ” i ‘ hie vig hS DO se ; &e =
RO a ee Anal Davie olay weet mires: Qypaume ety! yy ie Maa f § BS SS , ‘
(Paste day / Harton Ciny Danke bhlah aif \ witnan , BOOS i fy & 38 , yw ig sey : yy
Croenbely gray tidy Col a wi'*~ve ay yer Ve { fi ; : y
mee ’ wi avy &y 4 oes s t
UPPER SECONDARY Be ee gO : 2 aA , wy
CRETACKOUS | .
SSS halle Lowe Qapwhot Sandy nod Clays
dinstone Chine
Footpath
Osborne Beds.
N.5°R
Totland
u level
G
Upper Headon Beds
Bay
Chairs 10
eee et
Peet 2001
G /
Section
by Brambles
Zane ta,
Brambles Qune
2
Upper Headon Beds
Upper Hendon Beds
Middle Weadon Keds }
Lower Heaton Weds:
Pembridye Beds
Osborne Beds {
Limestones == —
2 from
a S U FA V E— ) O Ff é NOM sree be aA Vmep
the Solent near Worsleys Tower to the Sea under tah Down
by Henry We Brestow, BROS
Yorle G inches te a mile
Lo ea) 30a +O 80 60
Cotiwell Common
White
Bb bright yellow se
Road to
@lwsly Chine Upper Headon Beds,
Hendon limestone
Miaddle Headon Beds.
Headon Hill: Sand
Barton Chay
Rracktesham Beds, 1
Lower Bayshot Beds
Yecltton. 1 trom Totland Bay across the western extremity oi
hy Henry W. Bristow, FR
Jeale 12 inches to a mile
Hl Hill
ea don
SO root
or mualetnig
Heudon Hall
asad
Me Sands
Porrug ine ree dank
| pans °
Neprrurtit Ae UTLEY
Dark Witte mately Gypsiamne & legate
) ark
Barton Chay |
clays
sandy elity
preentshagrey
Greent gr SC
Lower Banogshot Sands
Headon Hill to
and
ss “Vv
Beace
Road to
Headon Hill
Osbome Beds
s
ith sears of Ironite
Sands & Cave.
London Clay (or Hognor Beds )
the Sea
London Clay
Clays iC
* Bognor Bed
Osborne Limestone
near the
hoad to
Alam Bay
Sard-pit
Main Bench
a *}
Force
& Footpath
detrey
/
we per dt ood é ¥
PB Uy inate DO
10 Chains or ¥ Mule
High
Le
heen
~y
os
me ean
o Sd Ky
s
Down
Geology of the Iste of Might
Plate 4.
High Down
Beacon
43S feet
Sarew
»Enalish Channel
'
: ig
6 ey ’
id ‘ N/ é
v \ we NY /
4 Ol Catste ae
y .\/ < ¥ jf
\ Ri XY ~~» /
Yay !
aN /
» /
x
S.5°W.
The Enalish Channel
i_level
ENGRAVED BY JW LOWRY
Bembridy
HAMSTEAD CLIFF
Upper Hamstead
Beds (marine }
( lacustrine and estuarine
Lowey Hamstead Beds
77
Funt Gravel
Pale bluish-green clay, with seams of Ostrea. callgera
bored by Lithodonms.
Carbonaceous clay with broken Cyrena squistiiata.
Blue clay,full of Corbula pisum, Cerithium picatum.
C.elegans. Volta Rathicri, E strctloceras.
Black clay, full of Corbula vectensis. Also Cytherea Lyelin. &e.
Shaly clay: Cyrena semistriata, Cerithiom pheamun Mya manor.
Shell-bed, full of Cerithmn, Hydrobia Melania, & Cyne.
Shaly day clay: seams of Paladina lenta & Umio.
7- seams of Mya,Cerithnun, Melamia, Corin Cyrena, &c
Pee ae clay: Cyclas.
Green clay, with Pakodma.
Mottled red & green clay: Unio, Paludina,,
Seeds, £c., occasionally.
Obscure (mottled clay ?)
Carbonaceous clays, with seams of Meleuia inflata,
var. levis. Unio, Paladma, Planorbis, Hydrobia
Chasteli and Seeds.
Bluish loam.
Gay with Palndima, Seeds, dc.
lay with occasional Paluaina. and Melama.,
and seams of Carpolithes onium. Fossils rare.
- laminated carbonaceous clay, ith Seeds.
leaves of Palm & Water-lily. Crio.Palodinw Melaia ec
Green &red maris.
ays (obscure and sparingly fossiliteraus'.
White band: green clays and white shell-marls:
Melamia fasciata, Cersthimn inornatmn.(.Sedgwickii. Mya.
Green clay, with lines of tronstone nodules.
Obscure (soft loamy clays ?/
Nematura bed: carbonaceous cay, full of Cyrea
ge
Marts
and Nematnra pupa : also Hydrobia ,Cerithium ,Cyclas.
Green days, with Palnaina,Nematara /in the upper
part /, Melanspsis carinata.
Black band: black clay. full of Palndima lenta;,
Unio at the base.
Green marls with root-like markings.
a semistriata.
GEOLOGIC Ask
WHITE CLIFF BAY
lye Limest’
Osborne
3
Bh
3
3
y
:
Middle
wer Headon Beds \«
:
1
Upper Headon Beds
Beds
Headon
& OL £
Variegated. yellow de Brown lay Foosasionally sandy) lines
of siliceous concretions ; no fossils.
Pale Shales ‘£ abani of omortios with Ralndina lenta &c.
Lead. coloured Gays, laminated above & paler bdow. Palndina lenta.
and a large species; Melanopsis fusiformis ; Melania turritissima ;
Fish; Cyrena rare.
Pale bhiish Sands & sandy Gays; Melania turritissima;
Melanopsis fusiformis; Pasdactenta; Fish; Seeds.
Sandy Limestone, sometimes passing iréo marl: Cyrena transversa ; Chara
Tuio-Bulimas cipticus; Achatina: costdlaza Lannea lomgiscata;Palnding lenta ; 1 pa
Hed Marts withoit fossils.
Pale blue laminated sandy Cay, with traces of Fish; & a rew pebviles.
Variegated red &: Green maris, contaiung slight traces oF :
ried tou
Cae Pe ae) opaie fusiformic; Paladins lenta.
ays a
Serpula band.
Melania costata; |
Qay:Cyrena semistriata;C pulchra;Ccbovam; c. eee Centhmm iutabile ; |
Dark shaly Cay.’ Cavna semisviata..
Greav suruty beds: OstreaVectensis; sata ; Mytilus ;Nucula.
Lavonatel buds & -Cyrena semismata ;Ceritnium?
Greenish inars, with lines dr white eonoedions in the lower
Caan white mart with small amaaions: Chara tuberculata ;Planorbis obtmsus.
(Gernsh ht sae rte Linnea longjscata;Planarbis discus; Helix occlusa
Pile oer atine aiborathing ir Pabuadiaa obuloides ; Chara tberculata ; C.Wrightii.
S Crilomcratic?
s Compact, yellow: ‘imma lougiscata ;Flanorbis obigyrams ; Chara tuberculata .
* E sofemary: ‘Planorbis discus, (large) Lima lougiscata ; Chara tubercolata.
+ reoulah grep marly Qay:Limnzea longiscata Planarbis .
Tdlowish compact Limestone. Lima longi ; Chara tnberculata .
Dark: bituminous clay, with Lima. wi patches.
Hard. gritty bands hereabout.
Red. & Green mottled cays.
ays & sands.
Shelly band: large Palndina,Melanopsis carinata.
Dark green Marls.
Obve-green clay: Melenopsis carmata.Palndma lenta.
Helow Lonestone: Helix occlusa? Planorbis discus? Limma-alangi scata ;Fish .
Green days: Palndina Melanopsis.
reddish, buaish,& ash coloured laranated days: lays of Potamomya gregaria,
occasional, nds os coloured are 2sp.Fi les; Serpule on the
Paina aud Potamomya..
Grey laminated clays: Unio,Cyrena obavata-
eae clay, with calcareous “concretions: Limasea candata, Chore Wright.
inoue sands & hard calcareous bands: Hydrobia. &<.
clay, with ‘yrena obovata.
oon clay ur tes fossils.
Yellow sand. without fossils.
Marl A green lay with calcareous concretions: Cyrewss
Gbovate Limaed Wngiseata Planarus enamphalns.
pieces of Wood.
White sand with thin lavers of whitish clav
Carbonaceous clays & greenish sands: Cyrene, Cerithram Chara.
Green auidp loam, with a few casts of marine shells: Psammobin
compresse., Cytherea Incrassata,Cyrena.
Cytherea incrassata very abundant.
Blue sandy day: Cerithimmpsendo-cinctam.
Stiff blue clay, full of fossils: C;
Cyrena. Fusus labiatas,Cancel
ered Imcrassata, Psammobia,
elongata, Canuricata.Natica.
Sand or sandy greenish clay. ws brown:
ironstone nodules: casts of marine shells.
Brown sandy clay, with nodules containing marine shells
and fish-remains.
Brown clay, with flint pebbles & pieces of the underlying clay. Full of
onthe shells: Osea Motisia, Cotneree, Cardia Fesusvahe ke
Green fresh water maris, with secans of Potawamya plana,
Planorbis,Linmea, &c.
Grey sandy clay.
Hard ferruginous sandstone.
days, with seams of, ironstone niodules:
Fa ee te soars ee eee
Carbonaceaus clay ani lignite.
Green day, ferruginous at the base.
yo: Oe
COLWELL & TOGLAND+
BAYS
Bembridge L.
SO JON de
onally sandy) lines
th Palmdima lenta Sc.
‘paler bdow. Palndma lenta
fosiformis ; Melamia turritissima;
ls of Paludima lenta -
nia tumussima;
Fish; Seeds.
ites Cyrena transversa.; Chee, Virgin;
wes of Fish; & a rew pebbles.
) shglt traces of Cyrena .
ypSis carinaTa.
pata. Palndma lemta-
mbis discus? Limmealongiscata ;Fish .
Larinated of Potamomrya gregaria,
lama 2 sp. Zein oe he
tions: Lmmea. canara, Chore Wrightii-
.s bande: Hydrobia.. dec.
shells.
pining marine shell«
ces of the underlying clay. Full of
berea ,Cardita Fusns Yohita, &c.
of Fotamauya plana,
we & wonstone nodules:
halns, P obmsus,£c.
rleadon Bee
Mid: Headon
OF
Compuautle
COLWELL & TOTLAND*
BAYS
ENGLAND 2d
WAL LE S:.
foe Tee ff? he OLIGOCENE,” FLUVIO-MARINE SERIES
of the ISLE OF WIGHT.
Ly Edw "Forbes, FR. Sdc&e. and H.W. Bristow, ERS.
with additions &. corrections by Clement Reid, PLS. LCS.
Scale 40 feet to an inch.
100 Feet
HEADON HILL
ays(with hard bands) brownizh above, whitish bdow;Mélania muricata; Cyrena semistiata;
C. obovata &c Serpula; Potamomya; Mdanopsis fusiformis.
Banbridge L:
Tufareous, ribbly; breciated & cmeretionary Limestone passing into edleareous Cay,
with les ofeoneretions aalled “Tatties ef §3"towards the upper part; UdixNectensis;
H globosa;H omphalus; H. eliipticas; Achatina costellata; Pupa perdentata;
Olansitia stiatmla;Limnza longiscata; Planorbis obtmesus ;P. discus; Palndina angulosa;
P. globuloides -
Fluich sandy & marly Gays; Fossils; Cyrena cbovata..
Ked & blue Maris, with lines of nodular coneretions of argillaceous
Limestone tn. which fassils occur ocmHemally
|C-Forbesn;
Dark Shales band c ; n
gre Shales;.an. i rapauome ba tn the contre, Insects, Fish, Cypridae = .
Dark grey Shales with cushod shells.
Osborne (or S? Ilelen's) Series
Reddish & bluish dayey Marls with. nodules contasning shells.
Fragments of Tardes ; Linmza langjscate ; ;Paludina globolaides .
Dark blue ays with foruginous & bande taining wnivaverPalndinalemay
Ppa ames Potamamya;
ed & green Marte
Sandy beds, greenish Gays & grey Shales with broken shdls & wood:(Pahuiina lenta above)
Potamamya;(Cyrena oboraia var.major; Unio; Melanopsis fusiformis? and Melama moricata.
Variegated Sands with dayey streaks: Mdanopsis fusiformis;Cyrena pulchra; Cyrena oborata.
“Cytherea incrassata ;Corbula
r Whitish sandy Cay, wih crushed Lomnzea.
Limestone Lin maa longiscata ; Planorhis.
Greenish Qays & Sands crowded in places with univalres & bivalves.
Cexifsinm trizonamm , Cyrena cborata. (Paludina angulosa
dees ae
Upper _Headon. Beds
Argillaccous Lisnestone Planorbis cote
Bluish-ydlow & loruinated , < Haryrioma
carboraccous Shales; Potamnomsya. Lace
Laminated Cays with sandy patches: Potamomya
Eather compact, pale greenish ydlow Sand=
Green dayer beds abounding in Cyrena, cbowsta.é Melania murjcata
cmardtions, Potamides cinctus;Melania rmuricata; Cyrena cbovara
tah green Qays:Poamides cmetas ; Cyrena obovata; Neritina; Ostrea.
ignites & Sands. Yoaanides cncws &c.Neritina; Melanopsis
'S BED ; Lrownith day Full of marine shells,a bark o Oysters of variable takness Ostrea velata,