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THE LIBRARY OF

EMIL KUICHLING, C. E.

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
THE GIFT OF

SARAH L. KUICHLING
1919
Cornell University Library
HD 1694.03A6

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engr, anx
FOURTH REPORT OF AN
INVESTIGATION

OF

THE RIVERS OF OnIO

AS SOURCES OF PUBLIC
WATER SUPPLIES.

BY THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.

IQOl.

REPRINTED FROM THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
OHIO STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.

TEEN,
TRADES.

COLUMBUS, OHIO,
FRED. J. HEER, STATE PRINTER.
1yur.
Missing Page
FOURTH REPORT UPON THE EXAMINATION OF
SOURCES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.

This special report deals with an examination of the two Miami
Tivers, in continuation of an investigation of the condtion of sources of
public water supplies begun in 1897. This completes the investigation
for all the interior streams. Another year will be required for a study
-of the water supplies of the Ohio River and Lake Erie, which will finish
the work.

The two Miamis drain the most elevated, and, in some aspects,
the most beautiful portion of the state. With a total drainage area of
6,950 square miles, of which 5,601 square miles are in Ohio, they both
‘discharge their waters into the Ohio River near Cincinnati.

The population of the two watersheds — census of 1900 — is 641,657,
‘or 92 persons per square mile. Excluding that part of the watershed of
the Great Miami lying in Indiana and the population upon it, the average
population is a little higher — too persons per square mile of watershed.
‘This is slightly below the average for the state.

Batavia and Piqua are the only communities within this territory
that depend entirely upon these rivers (their tributaries) for a water
supply. Batavia has installed a mechanical filter to purify its supply,
and is reasonably free from danger from polluted water. Piqua obtains
water from a feeder for the Miami and Erie canal. The water is not
considered fit for domestic use, and is but little, if at all, used for that
purpose.

Blanchester makes up a deficiency in its well supply in using the
impounded waters of a small creek. Both the well and surface waters
are of inferior quality.

Springfield has ordinarily a ground water supply, but in dry years
has resorted to Buck Creek for an additional supply. The creek water is
not suitable for domestic use, and Springfield must soon make suitable
provision for increasing its present insufficient supply.

Thirty cities and villages within the territory under consideration
have public water supplies. The combined population so furnished is
242,762, which is 44 per cent. of the entire population, and 91 per cent.
of the urban population, as here classified. There are six villages of
less than 1,000 inhabitants that have water works, and 18 urban towns
(over 1,000 population) without water works and still dependent ‘pon

(3)
4 ANNUAL REPORT

private wells. Miamisburg and Wilmington, each with nearly 4,000
population, are in this list. More than half of the water works in this
territory have been installed since 1890. The 25 plants that have been
completed cost $4,352,805, with a per capita cost varying from 8 to 32
dollars. The average daily supply of water for 20 plants for which infor-
mation could be obtained was 67 gallons per capita of the total population,
and 116 gallons per consumer. In the engineer’s report may be found
some interesting data in regard to rates charged for water by the differ-
ent municipalities and companies operating water works. <A detailed
report is also given of the various sources of pollution of the rivers
under consideration. It will be noted that there are a considerable
number of strawboard works and paper mills discharging their wastes
into these streams. This has already caused a nuisance in some places,
and started litigation for the abatement thereof.

Cf the 29 cities and villages having water works 15, including Hyde
Park, have more or less extensive sewerage systems. In all instances
the sewage is discharged to streamis without purification. The estimated
number of closet connections to these sewers is 4,197, and about 14 per
cent. of the total population are using the sewers. About 50 per cent.
of the population having access to the sewers make use of them.

While no public water supplies in Ohio, except that of Cincinnati,
are affected to much extent by the sewage discharged into the Miami
rivers, more or less nuisance has already been caused in thirteen different
places by sewage pollution. Many of these communities must face the
problem of sewage purification in the near future. The city of Xenia is
to be congratulated for having provided for sewage purification works
to be constructed in conjunction with a new system of sewers.

A source of pollution of streams too frequently lost sight of or but
lightly considered, is the sewage from public institutions. Within the
watersheds of the two Miamis there is a population of 531 in Childrens’
Homes, 1,509 in County Infirmaries and 8,151 in other public institutions,
including the Soldiers’ Home at Dayton and the Whio Soldiers’ and
Sailors’ Orphans’ Home at Nenia. This gives a total population of
1o,191, nearly all using sewered closets that discharge into streams, so
that the public institutions are responsible for nearly one-third as much
sewage as are all the cities and villages on both watersheds.

As pointed out in the engineer's report, “In not a single instance
does it seem necessary to pollute the streams with sewage from these
institutions. Everything is favorable to the installation of some method
of purification ; the sewerage is small in amount, usually in a concentrated
form; it is collected in one outfall sewer; in nearly every case land is
plentiful and usually labor can be had at small or no extra expense.” The
commissioners of Montgomery county deserve credit for having recently
constructed a very satisfactory system of sewage disposal for the infirmary
of that county. ‘
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 5

Supplementary to the survey of the two watersheds to determine the
origin and nature of the various pollutions of the rivers, monthly chem-
ical and bacteriological examinations of samples of water taken from the
rivers at twenty-nine different places were made for a period of eight
months. A detailed report of the findings may be found in the report of
the chemist and bacteriologist. These results agree very well, as regards
the character of these waters, with the conclusions to be reached from a
study of the engineer's report. Neither river is grossly polluted, except
some of their small tributaries, but neither in any part of its course would
furnish water suitable for domestic purposes without purification.

The Little Miami River is objectionable in appearance, has a notice-
able odor at all times, and carries considerable sediment. It is now receiv-
ing in many places the full amount of decomposable matters that can
be harmlessly disposed of by natural processes.

The Great Miami River also carries considerable sediment, and
clear waters are rarely to be found. The main stream is still able to
maintain a sufficient degree of purification to prevent nuisances from
bad odors, but in addition to large quantities of vegetable matters it
is called upon to receive and purify, the sewage of towns and wastes
of factories poured into it which have already reached proportions that
make it impossible for it to regain at any point the degree of purity
possessed by its head waters.

It would be a wise policy for the communities contributing to the
pollution of these streams to give early consideration to the question
of measures to preserve them from further damage.
6 ANNUAL REPORT

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REPORT OF THE CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOG-
ICAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE WATERS
OF THE LITTLE MIAMI RIVER AND
THE GREAT MIAMI RIVER WITH
THEIR TRIBUTARIES.

By E. G. Horton, B. S.,

CHEMIST AND BACTERIOLOGIST TO THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.

SYNOPSIS.

I. INTRODUCTION.
Il. METHODS OF EXAMINATION.

Ill. LIST OF SAMPLING STATIONS,

1. LITTLE MIAMI RIVER,
2. GREAT MIAMI WATERSHED.

ad. STILLWATER RIVER,

b. MAD RIVER,

c. GREAT MIAMI RIVER.
IV. LIST OF SAMPLES.

V. RAINFALL,

1. RAINFALL TABLE,
2. WEATHER HISTORY OF SAMPLES.

a. LITTLE MIAMI RIVER,
b. GREAT MIAMI RIVER.
VI. RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS.

VIL. LIST OF PLATES.

VIII. DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS.

1. LITTLE MIAMI RIVER,
2. GREAT MIAMI WATERSHED.

a. STILLWATER RIVER,
b. MAD RIVER,
¢. GREAT MIAMI RIVER.

2 R. OF O. (17)
1s ANNUAL REPORT

I. INTRODUCTION.

The rivers selected for the 1900 investigation were the two Miamis.
The work on the Little Miami included the East Fork of that stream,
while the tributaries of the Great Miami that were examined are those
known as Greenville Creek, Buck Creek, Mad River, and Stillwater River.
The relation of the tributaries to the main stream in each case is shown
by diagram later. As in previous investigations the plan of work con-
sisted in the examination of chemical and bacteriological samples taken
monthly from chosen places or sampling stations. The woik extended
from April to November inclusive, and in the eight months fifty-four
samples were taken from the seven stations on Little Aliami River, and
one hundred and seventy-six samples from the twenty-two stations on the
Great Miami River, making a total of two hundred and thirty samples
from twenty-nine sampling points. The April and September collections
at South Charleston were not made.

With the amount of routine work on hand it was impossible to deter-
mine the absence or presence of intestinal bacteria in all the samples
without an increased laboratory force, which was prevented by lack of
funds. Some work was done along the line of searching for intestinal
bacteria and the results will be found recorded later.

II. METHODS OF EXAMINATION.

The methods followed were the same as those of last year and refer-
ence is made to page 470 of the report of the Ohio State Board of Health
for 1899, or to page 22 of the Third Report of an Investigation of the
Rivers of Ohio.

In looking for intestinal bacteria it was our practice to employ pre-
liminary cultivation over night in I per cent. peptone solution (using
10 cc. of Io times normal peptone and go cc. of the water in question)
then inoculation was made in 2 per cent. glucose bouillon in fermentation
tubes, and on the production of gas, lactose-litmus-agar plates were
poured and colonies picked for sub-culture work to identify the forms thus
obtained.

III]. LIST OF STATIONS.

The following list of sampling stations gives the location of the
points where samples were collected, how the samples were taken, and
the body of water from which they were taken. As in the preceding work
the places selected were near the cities or large towns situated on the
stream and just above and below the local pollutions. The expression
“from the bank” means from the bank when the current swept up to the
bank in such a manner as to give a representative sample, otherwise the
collector waded out a few steps from the bank to make the collection.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 19

1. LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

1. Above South Charleston. The collections were made from a log
or from the bank in a little pool just as the stream entered the lot of
James Duffey, on the London pike, some three-fourths ot a mile from the
village.

2and 3. Above and below Xenia. Both sets of samples were taken
from a naptha launch (or row boat), at Lucas Grove. The upper
samples were taken nearly a mile above the mouth of Shawnee Run, and
the lower ones just above the dam at the Trebein mill.

4. Above Loveland at a point where the river bends to the highway
and Panhandle railroad about a mile above the village. The samples
were taken by wading from the east bank.

5. Opposite Linwood where Union levee crosses the river. The
samples were taken by wading from the west bank just south of the bridge.

EAST FORK OF LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

6. Above Batavia. The samples were taken from a boat in the
pool opposite the water works. As the intake pipe of the city water
works is in this pool the examinations at this station show the character
of the water (before filtration) used by Batavia.

7. Below Batavia. The collections were made from the right bank
of the stream about half a mile below the outlet of the Clermont County
Infirmary’s sewer.

2. GREAT MIAMI WATERSHED.
@, STILLWATER BASIN.

8. Above Greenville. The above town samples were taken from the
roots of a tree on the right bank, or from a boat, and represented the water
in Greenville Creek just above the old intake.

g. Below Greenville. These samples were taken from Greenville
Creek by wading at the foot of Martin Street. During the later months
the collections were made about half a mile farther down the stream, as
the village of Greenville was being sewered and the outlet was at the foot
of Martin Street.

10. Above Dayton on Stillwater River. The samples were here col-
lected from a row-boat at the-Y. M. C. A. Athletic grounds.

6. MAD RIVER BASIN.

11. Above Urbana. This station was located on Mad River just
above the bridge on the Urbana and Westville or Piqua Pike. The col-
lections were made from the bank.

12. Below Urbana. This station on Mad River was a little less
than a mile below the mouth of Dugan Creek and was situated a few rods
above the Redmond highway bridge crossing the stream at this place.
Wading was necessary to obtain representative samples.
20 ANNUAL REPORT

13. Above Springfield on Buck Creek. The only station located on
Buck Creek was near the Springfield water works pumping station, and
at the point where the intake pipe reaches the creek. The first samples
were taken from the rocks on the left bank, but the later ones were col-
lected from the planks placed about the mouth of the intake pipe.

14. Above Springfield on Mad River. Samples were taken by
wading into the river a short distance below the West Main Street
(National road) bridge.

15. Below Springfield on Mad River. The April collection was
made just above the old White bridge near John Wood’s factory, but
later ones were made farther down, where the river bends to the railroad
track. At the latter place the collections were made from a projecting
rock on the left bank.

16. Above Dayton on Mad River. The samples were taken by
wading a few rods above the bridge west of Harshmanville.

¢. GREAT MIAMI RIVER BASIN.
(Under this heading is included only the main stream.)

17. Above Sidney. The collections were made from the Great
Miami where it is obstructed by the stone dam opposite the water works
pumping station.

18. Below Sidney. This station was located on the Great Miami
just above Sulphur Spring or White bridge, and the collections were
made by wading.

19. Above Piqua. The samples were taken from the right bank just
above the Main Street bridge.

20. Below Piqua. This station was established on the left bank
of the Great Miami and in front of Henry Dorman’s house.

21. Above Troy. The April and May samples were taken from the
left bank above the outlet of the sewer from the Miami County Infirm-
ary, but later collections were made from the opposite bank because that
point was easier of access.

22. Below Troy. The samples at this place were taken from a boat
or by wading at a point on the Edwards farm opposite “Horse Heaven”’
and a few rods above the Big Four railroad bridge.

23. Above Dayton on the Great Miami River. For seven months
this station was just above the Troy pike bridge over the old channel, and
the collections were made from the rocks on the left bank. The November
sample was taken in the new channel a few rods below the bridge, as the
water had been turned into the new channel about two weeks previous
to the November sampling.

24. Below Dayton on the Great Miami River. The samples were
taken from a row boat off the right bank at the foot of Broadway Street.

25. Above Middletown. The samples at this station were secured
by wading from the east shore a few rods above “Second River” bridge.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 21

26. Below Middletown. This station was located at the swimming
hole on the Hale farm. The collections were made from a boat.

27. Above Hamilton. The collections were made on the right bank
from the ruins of the old dam opposite station No. 159 on the electric rail-
way between Hamilton and Middletown.

28. Below Hamilton. This station was situated at the camping
ground on the Richard Brown farm and the samples were obtained by
wading. The April sample was collected from the opposite side of the
river.

29. Below Cleves. The April sample was taken below the mouth
of Whitewater River, but the latter collections were made from the left
bank of the Great Miami about a quarter of a mile below Harold switch
on the Cincinnati and Lawrenceburg electric line, and consequently some
distance above the mouth of Whitewater River. This change in posi-
tion of the station was due to the fact that most of the territory drained
by the tributary mentioned lies outside of the state of Ohio.

For a better idea of the general distribution of the stations and of
their relation to the various tributaries and the main stream, the reader is
referred to the diagrammatic representation of the systems of the Little
and Great Miami Rivers given on page 91. The relative location of each
station to its adjacent city or village is best shown on the individual map
for the city or village. See pages 6-16.

IV. LIST OF SAMPLES.

IN THE FOLLOWING LIST THE SAMPLES ARE GIVEN BY SERIAL NUMBER,
WHERE AND WHEN TAKEN, AND THE TIME THEY WERE
RECEIVED AT THE LABORATORY.

1. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, April 16, 2:50 P. M. Received
April 17, 9:45 A. M.

2. Springfield, above, Mad River, April 16, 3:55 P. M. Received
April 17, 9:45 A. M.

3. Springfield, below, Mad River, April 16, 4.30 P. M. Received
April 17, 9:45 A. M.
4. Troy, above, Great Miami River, April 17,8:00 A. M. Received
April 18, 11:30 A. M.

5. Troy, below, Great Miami River, April 17,9:00 A. M. Received
April 18, 11:30 A. M.

6. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, April 17, 12:20 P. M. Re-
ceived April 18, 11:30 A. M.

7. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, April 17, 12:50 P. M. Re-
ceived April 18, 11:30 A. M.
22 ANNUAL REPORT

8. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, April 17, 4:15 P. M. Re-
ceived April 19, 1:15 P. M.

9. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, April 17, 5:00 P. M. Re-
ceived April 19, 1:15 FP. M.

1o. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, April 18, 9:20 A. M. Re-
ceived April 19, 1:15 P. M.

tr. Dayton, above, Mad River, April 18, to:4o A. M. Received
April 21, 10:30 A. M.

12. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, April 18, 11:50 A. M. Re-
ceived April 19, 1:15 P. M.

13. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, April 18, 12:15 P. M. Re-
ceived April 19, 1:15 P. M.

14. Piqua, above, Great Miami River, April 18, 4:00 P. M. Re-
ceived April 19, 1:15 P. M.

15. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, April 18, 4:40 P. M. Re
ceived April 19, 1:15 P. M.

16. Urbana, above, Made River, April 19, 10:45 A. M. Received
April 20, 8:00 A. M.

17. Urbana, .below, Mad River, April 19, 12:00 M. Received
April 20, 8:00 A. M.

18. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, April 24, 10:30 A. M.
Received April 25, 9:30 A. M.

19. Linwood, below, Little Miami River, April 24, 3:00 P.M. Re-
ceived April 25, 4:15 P. M.

20. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, April 25, 7:45
A.M. Received April 26, 9:00 A. M.

21. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, April 25, 8:00
A.M. Received April 26, 9:00 A. M.

22. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, ss 25, 12:00 M. Re
ceived April 26, 11:15 A. M.

23. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, April 25; 5515: P.M, Rée
ceived April 27, 8:00 A. M.

24. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, April 25, 6:00 P. M.
Received April 27, 8:00 A. M.

25. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, April 26, 8:30 A. M.
Received April 27, 10:00 A. M.

26. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, April 26, 9:15 A. M.
Received April 27, 10:00 A. M.

27. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, April 26, 3:00.P. M. Re-
ceived April 27, 8:00 A. M.

28. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, April 26, 3:20 P M. Re
ceived April 27, 8:00 A. M.

29. Piqua, above, Great Miami River, May 22, 9:45 A. M. Re-
ceived May 23, 2:00 P. M.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 23

30. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, May 22, 10:15 A. M. Re-
ceived May 23, 2:00 P. M.

31. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, May 22, 12:30 P. M. Re-
ceived May 24, 9:45 A. M.

32. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, May 22, 1:15 P. M. Re-
ceived May 24, 9:45 A. M.

33. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, May 22, 1:15 P. M. Re-
ceived May 24, 9:45 A. M.

34. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, May 22, 5:30 P. M. Re-
ceived May 24, 9:45 A. M.

35. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, May 23, 8:00 A. M. Re-

ceived May 25, 8:00 A. M.

36. Dayton, above, Mad River, May 23, 9:05 A. M. Received
May 25. 8:00 A. M.

3,7. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, May 23, to:00 A. M. Re-
ceived May 25, 8:00 A. M.

38. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, May 23, 10:25 A. M. Re-
ceived May 25, 8:00 A. M.

39. Troy, below, Great Miami River, May 22, 3:40 P. M. Re-
ceived May 24, 2:00 P.M.

40. Troy, above, Great Miami River, May 22, 4:25 P. M. Re-
ceived May 24, 2:00 P. M.

41. Urbana, above, Mad River, May 24, 7:30 A. M. Received
May 25,9:30 A. M.

42. Urbana below, Mad River, May 24, 8:30 A. M. Received
May 25, 9:30 A. M.

43. Springfield, below, Mad River, May 24, 11:30 A. M. Received
May 25, 10:30 A. M.

44. Springfield, above, Mad River, May 24, 12:00 M. Received
May 25, 10:30 A. M.

45. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, May 24, 2:20 P.M. Received
May 25, 10:30 A. M.

46. South Charleston, above, Little Miami River, May 28, 8:30 A.
M. Received May 29, 11:00 A. M.

47. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, May 28, 11:30 A. M. Re-

ceived May 29, 8:30 A. M.

48. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, May 28, 12:00 M. Received
May 29, 8:30 A. M.

49. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, May 28, 3:45 P. M.
Received May 30, 8:00 A. M.

50. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, May 28, 4:15 P. M.
Received May 30, 8:00 A. M.

51. Hamilton, above Great Miami River, May 28, 5:30 P.M. Re-
ceived May 30, 9:00 A. M.

52. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, May 28, 6:15 P.M. Re-
ceived May 30, 9:00 A. M.
24 ANNUAL REPORT

53. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, May 29, 8:00 A. M. Re-
ceived May 30, 11:00 A. M.

54. Linwood, below, Little Miami River, May 29, 12:45 P.M. Re-
ceived May 30, 9:30 A. M.

55. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, May 29, 3:30 P. M. Re-
ceived May 30, 8:00 A. M.

56. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, June 1, 2:30
P.M. Received June 2, g:00 A. M.

57. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, June 1, 3:00
P.M. Received June 2, g:00 A. M.

58. Piqua, above, Great Miami River, June 18, 9:45 A. M. Re-
ceived June 19, 8:00 A. M.

59. Viqua, below, Great Miami River, June 18, 10:15 A. M. Re-
ecived June 19, 8:00 A. M.

60. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, June 18, 12:30 P. M. Re-
ceived June 20, 10:00 A. M.

61. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, June 18, 1:15 P. M
ceived June 20, 10:00 A. M.

62. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, June 18, 4:00 P. M. Re-
ceived June 20, 10:00 A. M.

63. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, June 18, 4:30 P. M
ceived June 20, 10:00 A. M.

64. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, June 19, 7:30 A. M
ceived June 20, 8:30 A. M.

65. Dayton, above, Mad River, June 19, 9:30 A. M. Received
June 20, 8:30 A. M.

66. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, June 19, 10:30 A. M. Re-
ceived June 20, 8:30 A. M.

67. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, June 19, 11:00 A. M. Re-
ceived June 20, 8:30 A. M.

68. Troy, below, Great Miami River, June 19, 3:30 P. M. Re-
ceived June 21, 8:00 A. M.

69. Troy, above, Great Miami River, June 19, 4:45 P. M. Re-
ceived June 21, 8:00 A. M.

70. Urbana, below, Mad River, June 20, 8:15 A. M. Received
June 20, 8:00 P. M.

71. Urbana, above, Mad River, June 20, 9:15 A. M. Received
June 20, 8:00 P. M.

72. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, June 20, 1:30 P. M. Received
June 21, 10:00 A. M.

73. Springfield, above, Mad River, June 20, 2:45 P. M. Received
June 21, 10:00 A. M.

74. Springfield, below, Mad River, June 20, 3:30 P. M. Received
June 21, 10:00 A. M.

75. South Charleston, above, Little Miami River, June 26, 8:30 A.
M. Received June 27, 8:20 A. M.
THE RIVERS OF OILLO. 25,

76. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, June 26, 1:35 P. M. Re-
ceived June 27, 8:20 A. M.

77. Linwood, below, Little Miami River, June 26, 5:00 P. M. Re-
ceived June 28, 8:30 A. M.

78. Batavia. above, East Fork of Little Miami River, June 27, 7:15
A.M. Received June 28, 8:30 A. M.

79. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, June 27, 8:00
A.M. Received June 28, 8:30 A. M.

80. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, June 27, 11:30 A. M. Re-
ceived June 28, 10:00 A. M.

81. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, June 27, 6:00 P. M. Re-
ceived June 30, 8:40 A. M.

82. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, June 27, 7:00 P.M. Re-
ceived June 30, 8:40 A. M.

83. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, June 28, 7:30 A. M.
Received June 29, 10:00 A. M.

84. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, June 28, 8:00 A. M.
Received June 29, 10:00 A. M.

85. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, June 28, 11:30 A. M. Re-
ceived June 29, 8:25 A. M.

86. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, June 28, 12:00 M. Received
June 29, 8:25 A. M.

87. Urbana, below Mad River, July 9, 9:30 A. M. Receeived
July 10, 8:15 A. M.

88. Urbana, above Mad River, July 9, 10:15 A. M. Received July
To, 8:15 A. M.

89. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, July 9, 2:30 P. M. Received
July 11, 9:45 A. M.

go. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, July 9, 3:30 P. M. Re-
ceived July 11, 9:45 A. M.

gt. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, July 10, 6:00 A. M. Re-
ceived July 11, 9:45 A. M.

92. Greenville, below Greenville Creek, July 10, 6:45 A. M. Re-
ceived July 11, 9:45 A. M.

93. Dayton, above Mad River, July 10, 11:00 A. M. Received
July 11, 9:45 A. M.

94. Dayton, above Great Miami River, July 10, 12:00 M. Received
July 11, 9:45 A. M.

95. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, July 10, 12:45 P. M. Received
July 11, 9:45 A. M.

96. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, July 10, 1:30 P. M. Re-
ceived July 11, 9:45 A. M.

97. Springfield, above, Mad River, July 10, 4:00 P. M. Received
July 11, 3:30 P. M.

98. Springfield, below, Mad River, July 10, 4:45 P. M. Received
July 11, 3:30 P. M.
2U ANNUAL REPORT

gg. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, July 10, 6:30 P. M. Received
ily tiy 3eao: PM;

100. Troy, below, Great Miami River, July 11, 8:45 A. M. Re-
ceived July 12, g:15 A. MI.

101. Troy, above, Great Miami River, July 11, g:45 A. M. Re-
ceived July 12, 9:15 A. ML.

102. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, July 11, 11.30 A. M. Re-
ceived July 12, 8:30 A. MM.

103. Piqua, above, Great Miami River, July 11, 12:00 M. Received
July 12, 8:30 A. MI.

104. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, July 17,9:20 A. M. Re-
ceived July 18, 8:15 A. M.

105. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, July 17, 9:40 A. M. Re-
ceived July 18, 8:15 A. MM.

106. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, July 17, 1:30 P.M. Re-
ceived July 18, 8:00 A. M.

to7. South Charleston, above, Little Miami River, July 17, 5:30
P. AL. Received July 18, 8:00 A. M.

108. Aliddletown, above, Great Miami River, July 19, 10:00 A. M.
Received July 20, 9:30 A. M.

tog. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, July 19, 10:30 A. M.
Received July 20, 9:30 A. MI.

110. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, July 19, 12:15 P. M.
Received July 20, 9:00 A. M.

111. Flamilton, below, Great Miami River, July 19, 1:15 P. M.
Received July 20, 9:00 A. M.

112. Linwood, below, Little \liami River, July 19, 4:30 P. M.. Re-
ceived July 21, g:00 A. NI.

113. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, July 20, 7:00.
A.-M. Received July 21, 9:00 A. M.

114. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, July 20, 8:00.
A.M. Received July 21, 9:00 A. M.

115. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, July 20, 11:25 A. M. Re-
ceived July 21, 10:00 A. MM.

116. Piqua, above, Great Miami River, Aug. 7, 9:45 A. M. Re-
ceived August 8, 8:30 A. M.

117. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 7, 10:15 A. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 8, 8:30 A. M.

118. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 7, 12:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. g, 10:00 A. MM.

119. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, Aug. 7, 1:15 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.

120. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, Aug. 7, 4:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.

121. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, Aug. 7, 5:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.
TIE RIVERS OF OHIO. OT:

122. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 8, 7:30 A. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.

123. Dayton, above, Mad River, Aug. 8, 9:30 A. M. Received
Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.

124. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, Aug. 8, 10:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.

125. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, Aug. 8, 11:20 A. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 10:00 A. M.

126. Troy, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 8, 4:00 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 2:00 P. M.

127. Troy, above, Great Miami River, Aug. 8, 5:15 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 9, 2:00 P. M.

128. Urbana, above, Mad River, Aug. 9, 8:00 A. M. Received
Aug. 10, 10:00 A. M.

129. Urbana, below, Mad River, Aug. 9, 8:45 A. M. Received
Aug. 10, 10:00 A. M.

130. Springfield, below, Mad River, Aug. 9, 1:00 P. M. Received
Aug. 10, 10:00 A. M. :

13t. Springfield, above, Mad River, Aug. 9, 1:45 P. M. Received
Aug. 10, 10:00 A. M.

132. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, Aug. 9, 3:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 10, 10:00 A. M.

133. South Charleston, above, Little Miami River, Aug. 20, 8:45
A. M. Received Aug. 20, 4:00 P. M.

134. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, Aug. 20, 1:00 F. M.  Re-
ceived Aug. 21, 10:00 A. M.

135. Linwood, below, Little Miami River, Aug. 20, 4:15 P.M. Re-
ceived Aug. 22, 8:00 A. M.

136. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, Aug. 21,
7:15 A. M. Received Aug. 22, 8:15 A. M.

137. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, Aug. 21,
8:00 A. M. Received Aug. 22, 8:15 A. M.

138. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 21, 12:15 P.M. Re-
ceived Aug. 22, 8:15 A. M.

139. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 21, 4:30 P. M.
Received Aug. 23, 8:45 A. M.

140. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, Aug. 21, 5:30 P. M.
Received Aug. 23, 8:45 A. M.

141. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, Aug. 22, 7:15 A. M.
Received Aug. 23, 8:00 A. M.

142. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, Aug. 22, 8:00 A. M.
Received Aug. 23, 8:00 A. M.

143. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, Aug. 22, 11:15 A. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 23, 8:45 A. M.

144. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, Aug. 22, 11:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Aug. 23, 8:45 A. M.
28 ANNUAL REPORT

145. Fiqua, above, Great Miami River, Sept. 3, 9:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Sept. 4, 2:10 P. M.

146. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, Sept. 3, 10:15 A. M. Re-
ceived Sept. 4, 2:10 P. M.

147. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, Sept. 3, 12:30 P. M. Re-
‘ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

148. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, Sept. 3, 1:15 P. M. Re-
ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

149. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, Sept. 3, 4:30 P. M. Re-

‘ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

150. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, Sept. 3, 5:00 P. M. Re-
ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

151. Dayton, above, Mad River, Sept. 4, 8:30 A. M. Received
Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

152. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, Sept. 4, 9:45 A. M
ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

153. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, Sept. 4, 10:45 A. M
ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

154. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, Sept 4, 11:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

155. Troy, below, Great Miami River, Sept. 4, 3:45 F M
‘ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

156. Troy, above, Great Miami River, Sept. 4, 4:45 P. M
ceived Sept. 5, 8:00 A. M.

157. Urbana, below, Mad River, Sept. 5, 7:45 A. M. Received
Sept. 6, 8:00 A. M.

158. Urbana, above, Mad River, Sept. 5, 8:30 A. M. Received
‘Sept. 6, 8:00 A. M.

159. Springfield, above, Mad River, Sept. 5, 11:15 A. M. Re-
‘ceived Sept. 6, 8:00 A. M.

160. Springfield, below, Mad River, Sept. 5, 12:00 M. Received
‘Sept. 6, 8:00 A. M.

161. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, Sept. 5, 2:15 P. M. Re-
‘ceived Sept. 6, 8:00 A. M.

162. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, Sept. 17, 11:30 A. M. Re-
-ceived Sept. 18, 10:00 A. M.

163. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, Sept. 17, 12:15 P M. Re-
-ceived Sept. 18, 10:00 A. M.

164. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, Sept. 17, 5:15 P. M.
Received Sept. 18, 10:00 A. M.

165. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, Sept. 18, 7:30 A. M. Re-
-ceived Sept. 19, 8:00 A. M.

166. Linwood, below, Little Miami River, Sept. 18, 4:30 P.M. Re-
-ceived Sept. 20, 9:45 A. M.

167. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, Sept. 109,
7:00 A.M. Received Sept 20, 9:45 A. M.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 29

168. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, Sept. 19, 8:00
A.M. Received Sept. 20, 9:45 A. M.

169. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, Sept. 19, 12:30 P. M.
Received Sept. 20, 9:45 A. M.

170. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, Sept. 19, 1:30 P. M.
Received Sept. 20, 9:45 A. M.

171. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, Sept. 19, 2:15 P. M.
Received Sept. 20, 8:00 A. M.

172. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, Sept. 19, 3:00 P. M.
Received Sept. 20, 8:00 A. M.

173. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 1, 11:30 A. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

174. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, Oct. 1, 12:45 F. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

175. Piqua, above Great Miami River, Oct. 1, 2:15 P. M
ceived Oct. 2, 9:00 A. M.

176. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 1, 2:45 P. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 2, 9:00 A. M.

177. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, Oct. 1, 4:30 P. M
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

178. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, Oct. 1, 5:30 P. M
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

179. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 2, 7:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

180. Dayton, above, Mad River, Oct. 2, 9:30 A. M. Received
Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

181. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, Oct. 2, 1o:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

182. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, Oct. 2, 11:15 A. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 3, 8:30 A. M.

183. Troy, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 2, 3:45 P. M. Received
Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

184. Troy, above, Great Miami River, Oct. 2, 4:45 P. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

185. Urbana, above, Mad River, Oct. 3, 7:45 A. M. Received
Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

186. Urbana, below, Mad River, Oct. 3, 8:45 A. M. Received
Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

187. Springfield, below, Mad River, Oct. 3, 11:30 A. M. Received
Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

188. Springfield, above, Mad River, Oct. 3, 12:15 P. M. Received
Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

189. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, Oct. 3, 2:30 F. M. Received
Oct. 4, 8:00 A. M.

190. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, Oct. 13, 6:00 A. M.
Received Oct. 15, 9:00 A. M.
30 ANNUAL REPORT

191. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 13, 6:45 A. M.
Received Oct. 15, g:o0 A. M.

192. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, Oct. 13, 8:30 A. M.
Received Oct. 15, 8:00 A. M.

193. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 13, 9:30 A. M.
Received Oct. 15, 8:00 A. M.

194. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, Oct. 13, 1:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 15, 9:00 A. M.

195. Linwood, above, Little Miami River, Oct. 13, 4:00 P.M. Re-
ceived Oct. 16, 9:45 A. M.

196. South Charleston, above, Little Miami River, Oct. 18, 8:30
A.M. Received Oct. 19, 9:30 A. M.

197. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, Oct. 18, 11:15 A. M. Re-
-ceived Oct. 19, 10:30 A. M.

198. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, Oct. 18, 11:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 19, 10:30 A. M.

199. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, Oct. 19, 6:00 A. M. Re-
ceived Oct. 20, 8:00 A. M. :

200. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, Oct. 19, 11:10
A.M. , Received Oct. 20, 1:45 P. M.

201. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, Oct. 19, 1:00
P. M. Received Oct. 20, 1:45 P. M.

202, Piqua above, Great Miami River, Nov. 1, 9:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 2, 8:00 A. M.

203. Piqua, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 1, to:15 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 2, 8:00 A. M.

204. Sidney, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 1, 11:30 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

205. Sidney, above, Great Miami River, Nov. 1, 1:15 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

206. Greenville, above, Greenville Creek, Nov. 1, 4:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 2, 8:00 A. M.

207. Greenville, below, Greenville Creek, Nov. 1, 5:00 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 2, 8:00 A. M.

208. Dayton, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 2, 8:00 A. M. Re-
-ceixved Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

209. Dayton, above, Mad River, Nov. 2, 9:15 A. M. Received
Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

210. Dayton, above, Great Miami River, Nov. 2, 10:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

211. Dayton, above, Stillwater River, Nov. 2, 11:15 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

212. Troy, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 2, 3:45 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.

213. Troy, above, Great Miami River, Nov. 2, 4:45 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 8:00 A. M.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. B1

214. Springfield, below, Mad River, Nov. 3, 7:00 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 4:15 P. M.

215. Springfield, above, Mad River, Nov. 3, 7:45 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 3, 4:15 P. M.

216. Springfield, above, Buck Creek, Nov. 3, 9:00 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 5, 8:00 A. M.

217. Urbana, above, Mad River, Nov. 3, 11:30 A. M. Received
Nov. 3, 5:00 P. M.

218. Urbana, below, Mad River, Nov. 3, 12:15 P. M. Received
Nov. 3, 5:00 P. M.

219. South Charleston, above, Little Miami River, Nov. 7, 8:30
A. M. Received Nov. 8, 8:00 A. M.

220. Middletown, above, Great Miami River, Nov. 7, 1:45 P. M.
Received Nov. 8, 8:00 A. M.

221. Middletown, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 7, 2:30 P. M.
Received Nov. 8, 8:00 A. M.

222. Hamilton, above, Great Miami River, Nov. 7; 336: Po M,
Received Nov. 8, 4:00 P. M.

223. Hamilton, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 7, 4:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 8, 4:00 P. M.

224. Linwood, below, Little Miami River, Nov. 8, 7:30 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 9, 8:00 A. M.

225. Batavia, above, East Fork of Little Miami River, Nov. 8, 9:30
A. M. Received Nov. 10, 10:00 A. M.

226. Batavia, below, East Fork of Little Miami River, Nov. 8, 10:30
A. M. Received Nov. 9, 8:00 A. M.

227. Cleves, below, Great Miami River, Nov. 8, 3:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 9, 8:00 A. M.

228. Loveland, above, Little Miami River, Nov. 9, 7:30 A. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 9, 2:15 F. M.

229. Xenia, below, Little Miami River, Nov. 9, 12:30 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 10, 10:00 A. M.

230. Xenia, above, Little Miami River, Nov. 9, 1:15 P. M. Re-
ceived Nov. 10, 10:00 A. M.
32 ANNUAL REPORT

V. RAINFALL.

Since the character of a river water is greatly affected in many cases
by the addition of surface washings, and since the presence of surface
washings in the water of a stream is so largely dependent on weather
conditions, it is essential in a study of this kind to take into consideration
the time and amount of recent rainfalls. To that end the following
rainfall table was compiled from the monthly reports of the Ohio section
of the United States weather bureau.

The table includes the date and amount of rainfall for those ob-
serving stations of the weather bureau located upon the area drained by
the Little Miami River, the Great Miami River, and their tributaries (ex-
cept Whitwater River). The sum of the amounts given may not equal
the total for that month, as precipitations of less than one-tenth inch
have been omitted from the table.

For convenience the observing stations were grouped as follows:

Little Miami River basin.

(a). Little Miami River.
(b). East fork of Little Miami River.

Great Miami River basin.

(a). Stillwater River (including Greenville Creek).
(b). Mad River (including Buck Creek).
(c). Great Miami River.

RAINFALL TABLE.
Days ON WHICH ONE-TENTH INCI! OR MORE RAINFALL, OCCURED.
LITTLE MIAMI RIVER BASIN.

 

 

 

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' ae te - 4
Station joa os Bo tage gks | So ge “SB eh a ae |B ee
ip. d fs) 2 3) 2 & 2 & & BS) 2 ys] # ]e) 8
; ar ow & ow =i 8 S a =. v a g G 2 S
| 4) 2 la) =| Mo ee ee 2k | 4 fl M 1S) mw Tal mw
| | | ie |_| re |
Plattsbure: sj p22: ecten {32 25) S| .28)1 -10 | 5 25 |12 10 | 3 -43 | 6 -45 [1 22
il -35 | 9 | -38 | 2 .33 | 8 10 {16 iia es 280 | [L650 8 10
17 -55 18 12 | 8 e200 10 |20 37 [20 12 /23 220: |lssrars tasters
18 213 [19 10 )21 -40 |12 60 |21 B62. | 2.10) bse evsarers S| aiars
: 29 | .60

 

 

Departure from

MorMal -casowwiess ++ (41.59)... .{+0.13[.../+1.29]...)4+0.67).../4+1.35

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

iftotiCgdaomiaenue sae g| .20 12] .40]...).00..
Chiffon; ‘ha | [2a (15 J alos IIT
16} a4 20] 170 (22022!

Thy | 152 fon} las IIT.

‘ag | via7 jee | laa IT

“19 | 2.08 fa7 | 130 JLT

250 BO coal cen sac) bow baaaes L

| |
Total rainfall........|..- f saiaf be wail Beda aera SB 60 amobo ce sa oekellaese 4 elena raves

Departure from
normal ..cssccsees|ees Soe ale owstnaaanwa Paella sk 2 Miia eats

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OILLIO. 33

LITTLE MIAMI RIVER BASIN -~ Concluded,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
      

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| we ie
e é & 2
‘ 2 5 u e
wise Z| 2 jal 2 |g) =e) s lee lz 2/8] 2 [8] 2
a) se |S) a |S) we Pel & jal & Ye os [el te |e)
Sep Oe a ORE at eh ee a ee
Redeye scusacuieued 10{ .68)8/ .90)7
17} 138] 9] .3918
as} 117 fas | 115 |g
20 -25 |19 S277 }21
21 .38 ]27 -27 [22
22 .28 [28 26 |24
aS [ata be 29 38 129
Sanam 31 38 |..
: I-l | iI
Total rainfall veces sls ec { 251 7)ee.| 8503] 208
Departure from |
MOPMAl: aseeaeeies i eee «Sal 10038 oes
fecal
| |
Wrayniesvillle’ agedcec i. Ad 50 [8 /1.20/1 -25 1 6 -10 | 3 66 | 3 33 | 7 | 1.24 [1
17 .67 | 9 -49 | 6 -28 | 8 82 |12 | 1.00 !20 -13 |23 -58 |..
Pal ~12 }18 | 1.30 15 10 (16 -24 |14 -40 ro -37 130 ate NS
“Kotak rainfalls ic 33-¢4-hess : ! F 2.16}.
Departure from | ti I
MOMTIVAL, Acusepninedeaeed leon {—1,S6|...[-+2. a ee S85]... /4- aha 5 —1.96 +0.19
Ih |
; I :
Clarksville : 1
2
6
7
8
22
24

 

 

 

 

Total rainfall........ | Rach Ss 5)
Departure from
MOKMAL scvseenaee [sce 16

 

 

 

   

Camp Dennison

 

 

 

 

 

   

| Bae eal *

4.49). | vish...{ 0.68}...) 1.72)...] 5.39

feta)... ftasol.. lea. Be -}+9.19)...4+1.63
| I

Total rainfall........ how oe 6.39)...
Departure from |

 

 

 

 

 

 

TWOEIMAL sades eeu ete Pel . {1.86 .

aa 95).
|

 

 

3 R. OF O.
34

ANNUAL REPORT

EAST FORK OF LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

 

 

Station.

September

 

 

Octoher.

 

*Hillsboro: avcsensda ws |

November.

 

Total rainfall........|.
Departure from
nonmal: -cavaases

 

 

 

*New Richmond......

Total rainfall........
Departure from
MMOL THEA acs: ces ayepereeazeuese

Average rainfall
for the basin .....|.

Departure from
normal for basin

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

it
|
|
sell Gd ses 2.04... 2.10...) 4.52)...{ 4.35]...] 1.40]
|
|

Pea rile +1.08}...
| i

GREAT MIAMI BASIN.
a. STILLWATER RIVER.

 

41.39[...|-0.89] .

 

 

 

lc
ie

 

  
   

 

Greenville ............ ll] .50] 8
16 -10 49

 

  

 

eels :
3.61|...) 3.13]...] 8.65)...

 

 

|.
Total rainfall........ oe 1.00)... 3.87)...| 4.09)... 2.03 3.52
Departure from |
Normal, secascaie oe de eee sea ie +. [0.60/...{—-0.41).../4+0.91]...)+0.27 —0.33
i}

 

b. Map RIVER.

 

 

76 “| .40 | 3 |
v -8l |15
‘56 [16 | 20 [16

 

 

 

 

Total rainfall........
Departure from
mormal ....sseeres

TS}
a

 

 

 

| Nes
x 2.02|...| 2.36/...] 4.00]...] 2.421...) 8.B8)...] 2.30)...
0.00]...|—1.04[...[-+0.77/...|—2.57]...|-4-0.95]...]—0.82)...

 

 

1.99]...
+0,18)...

 

 

*Hillsboro and New Richmond are situated just outside of the watershed of the Little

Miami River, i
station on the territory

drained by the East Fork of Little Miami River.

but use is made of the data from these stations as there was no weather bureau
THE RIVERS OF OLLIO. 30

6. Map River — Concluded.

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

| ‘
wv Me
‘ £ : &
Station. Sh os . a | . % . | el. 3 =
ben a os) 8 u me bigs a a ¥ s d o d
& a ta st el Sees Reh im 2 2: :
al ‘Ss | S| s |5) & sl 3 Ba Give lol] ‘ss | ol ‘s
| oR a Re eae. ea BE a dae ee ye Be es
“Springfield. cos season a! 64] 8 -65 | 1 -82 | 8 233 |16 -36 | 3 15 | 6 -380] 1 23
Li .57 | 9 -28 | 2 «84 |12 -43 /16 | 1.02 | 7 24 180 || cae} coasateie
21 .63 [18 | 1.36 [6 «11 |16 e
Total rainfall...
Departure from |
MOLMAL cxcsmtin abies valllatte als uaherde S cote eck | sail esenstaiesl eoere>| ncevoratarallle el lavete tensa ace lfaxetedarate lhavoes lrauetarseats
t
c. GREAT Miami RIVER.
Bellefontaine ......... 12 i -80 | 8 45 | 3
2 -50 (12 | 1.10 (16
7 17 ‘|17 «17 |20
8 .50 |18 43 j21
| 9 -26 |20 28 124
122 a
{23
(25
30
Total rainfall........ sie
Departure from
TOLMAN: asco s ecisie tiaceie ces
Rosewood .........06. 1 1
at 2
13 9
16 10
17 21
21 22
eo 24
29
wee
Total: raintallss seccscteos |
Departure from |
MOUMAl cscs shields j-+-[—0.46
|
Sidney scsasesacic spiejataie-e wh -65 | 9 -88 | 1
17 -12 {19 74 | 2
18 -65 128 236 | 6
22 «14 [29 .85 | 7
titi eee atarast th beecatranl 2h
seals vel eames 22,
ajeiel Se aia Gate hewrere 2d
siniai|loceeapazecn epatafieiere dtpies| 26
) f
Total rainfall........|... 1.80 |...| 1.90
Departure from
TROLMM AL! xcacoagie ene ca a ave facasad receeecetse[lacte [lor ea eave
{|
Dayton cicus texeases oe Al : 49/1
17 . -83 | 2
. -43 | 6
. .87 |14
aii ate ocasesa «11 [21
«43 [22
53 125
‘ 43 [24
27 125
as 33 |26
dhl wie Sarge Neh Avaerees 29
| | | |
Total rainfall........|... 1.28/...{ 2.79}... 0.99|...] 3.35]...| 3.60
Departure from
normal Kscsisseees ieee +. [—1.05]... | 1.71]... |4-1.32]...|-+0.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*The record of precipitation at Springfield was obtained from Mr. W. C. Powell, chief
engineer of waterworks, and was kindly furnished to us from his private record-book.
ANNUAL REPORT

c. Great Miamt RIvER —Concluded.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

" 1
ee | he
a i 5 2
‘ a E ie
oo z) 2 |S! ¢ 1218 |s| ¢ | Zi 4
mek Jee esa peel ea teat oe Sa te
lee ees eas ge ee ee ta
rere en tt Na: 7 2s I
|
NeW: Panisis 1 saesndau 2] .36 | 2 :
8 -80 | 3
12 -55 [12 J
16 62 {14
17 244 415 e
18 .83 16
19 -60 [20 Sia
0 222 (25 ale
25 600 Teves f
(29 58
1 ! 1
Total rainfall ....... 5.08 3.38]...| 1.04 150 8.76
Departure irum
NorMal 2. essays +2.83]...|-0.61 —1.93 —0.12 —1.00
Springboro ........... £2) EB 27918 | 60) 6
3 -11 115 | 1.10 |20 -20 | 6
s -47 flb | 1.45 [29 -20 [21
16 .39 [20 ROU ease colllstirecnase 22
17[1.99 122] 15 feel. 30
MD cde OY 25) Me TS: il sdasaaills isvasaeotd wets ie
-10 [26 PUSS rece he easetave
96) esse alts, orermtealligsars parneavern avers
Total rainfall ...... oe 5.58 5.05 1.00 ay
Departure from |
HOHMAL, ecnesiwacs a tadea che d] bah ba Pde argh] pei | nev mse nial aba raat itaaase | Steael ea aha Sia te | eet | sh atom ana |e Aas eae Ae eta aia
|
Jacksonboro .......... Bt Bar eBoy ka Bey» Boi ef L285: |. 16
5 -10 |12 -19| 6 10 |22 40
@ AG 18 .10 |] 8 3
ae .10 S14 .10
16 -25 16 «40
17 +20 [20 15
18 75 be 1.00
19 «10 [26 +25
fee] Bes OO aire 3] levctens axel lave
Total rainfall ...... 3.40 2.90 0.45 2.05 2.75
Departure from
normal, scvwiseaer +1.23)...|-++-0.16 —1.95)...1+0.50}...|—0.56
Bethany shy vs scvseessins Bull. ied
4 -23
6 12
7 22
16 soe
fe jf LeBe
18 ol
19 185
25 97
Total ‘rainfall ..00.<}e0% 4,24
Departure from |
MOrmal: cwienceisex Eber pails ieee -{40.07|...[0.97[...|—1.57}...]4+0.53]...J4+1.00
y
to
Average rainfall
for basin .........|.-- 1.88 re 3.33 4.13 3.83 3.87 1.91 2.66 3.49
Departure from |
normal for base) Sica raneeen art eee +0.57!.../4-0.69|...|-0.69]...|++0.541...|-0.27
I

 

The following general statements were also

monthly reports of the weather bureau:

April. The temperature for the month was
average departure being but —o.5° F. for the state.

gathered from the

nearly normal, the
However, the

month was dry, as the average deficiency in rainfall was 1.01 inches
TITE RIVERS OF OHIO. D7
(1.67 inches for the southern section of the state). Very little rain
fell during the first ten days of April and only traces after the 23rd.

May. The average temperature for the month was 1.9° F. above
the normal. The average deficiency in rainfall for the state was 1.07
inches, but the deficiency for the southern section was only .06 inches,
and that of the middle section 1.75 inches. The last ten days of the
month were warm and general rains occurred from the twenty-seventh on.

June. The average temperature was 0.5° F. below the normal. The
average rainfall showed a deficiency of .42 inches for the state, and defic-
iencies of .16 and .61 inches respectively for the middle and southern
sections.

July. The temperature showed <n excess of .4° F. The excess of
rainfall for the state was .73 inches, but the middle and southern sec-
tions showed deficiencies of .45 and .12 inches, respectively.

August. The month was hot and rather wet. This was the hottest
August save one for eighteen years. The average excess of temperature
was 5.0° F The departures from the normal rainfall were + .77, + .95
and + .36 inches, respectively, for the state, the middle section, and the
southern section.

September. This month was hot and dry. In the last eighteen
years only one September has shown a higher mean daily temperature.
The departures from the normal temperature were + 3.7 and + 4.5 for
the state and the southern section of the state. The coolest spell in the
month was from the 17th to the 19th. The rainfall departures from the
normal were —.88, —.63 and — 1.24 inches for the state, the middle
and the southern sections.

October. The average excess of temperature was 8.0° F. The mean
daily temperature for the state during the month was 2.4° higher than
for any other October in the past eighteen years. The rainfall showed
departures of —.22, —.o5, and —.4o inches for the state, the middle and
the southern sections. Thus it is seen the month was a warm one for
the time of year and drier than usual.

Nowenber. The excess of temperature was 1.0°., and that of pre-
cipitation .86 inches, but as only light rains fell on the rst, 7th, and 8th,
while the heavier ones did not begin until the 2oth, that portion of the
month concerned in this study was dry for November.

WEATHER HISTORY OF SAMPLES.

From the preceding rainfall table and general statements, we derive
the following weather history of the various samples taken.

G=— LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

April. Samples were taken on the 24th, 25th, and 26th of the month
during a period of fair weather. While the rainfall for the month was
38 ANNUAL REPORT

deficient, the most of it occurred between the 11th and 22d, and thus the
samples do not follow an unusual April period.

May. Samples were taken on the 28th and 2oth. (The Batavia
samples were taken June rst). This had been a rather dry May until
the general rain covering the last five days of the month. Therefore
the samples were taken in a warm period and during the rainiest portion
of the month.

June. These collections were made on the 26th-28th of the month,
during a period of general rains of light to medium intensity. There was
a small deficiency in the precipitation for the month, but the rain was
fairly well distributed.

July. Samples were collected July 17, 19 and 20. The sampling
occurred during one( and the heavier one) oi the two periods of general
soaking rains of the month. The weather bureau stations on the Little
Miami watershed, as shown in the rainfall table, recorded daily precipita-
tions from light rains to as heavy as 2.08 inches. Previous to the 16th of
the month there had been a few days of bright clear weather.

August. Collections were made on the 20th-22d of the month, dur-
ing a wet hot period. Showers had been frequent since the 11th of the
month. The samples from the southern portion of the watershed repre-
sent the stream at it was returning to normal, after a summer flood.

September. Samples were taken September 17-19. The month of
September showed the least rainfall for the watershed of any month
during our studies on the Little Miami River, and as the precipitation
occurred chiefly on the 3d and 6th, and after the roth, the samples rep-
resent the streams after a hot dry period in the early fall.

October. Samples were taken October 13th, 18th and 19th. In this
unusually hot October the rainfall was deficient, and as the precipitation
on the area drained by the Little Miami River fell chiefly on the 7th,
22d and 23d of the month, these samples represent the water during
another period of hot dry weather in the fall.

November. Samples were taken on the 7th to the 9th of the month.
The cold fall rains did not begin until later, and as only very light rains
fell on this watershed on the 1st and 8th, and also on October 30th, the
samples were taken after two weeks of warm fair weather in the late fall.

b.— GREAT MIAMI RIVER.

As there were twenty-two sampling stations on this watershed it was
found more convenient to make part of the collections at the same time
with the Little Miami samples. Accordingly the samples from the south-
ern portion of the watershed were collected on a different trip each month
than those from the northern portion. In speaking of the southern sam-
ples reference is made to those from Middletown, Hamilton and Cleves,
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 39

while by the northern samples those are designated which come from
Dayton and points farther north, viz.: Troy, Piqua, Sidney, Greenville,
Springfield and Urbana.

April. The northern samples were taken April 16-19; the southern
April 25-26. The early portion of the month was dry, but beginning on
the 11th frequent showers occurred on the watershed up to and includ-
ing the 22d, after which the weather was fair. The heaviest rain of the
month fell on or near the 17th, one of the sampling days. The streams
were somewhat disturbed by surface washings at the first sampling period.

May. The northern samples were collected May 22-24; the south-
ern on the 28th and 29th. The collections of the former trip were made
during a fair weather period preceding a few days by moderate rains.
From the 27th to the 29th there was a general rain on the watershed and
as a result the southern samples showed disturbances.

June. Northern collections, June 18-20. Southern collections June
27-28. Light to moderate rains fell during the early part of the month,
but after the gth no rain of moment fell on the area affecting the northern
samples, and accordingly they represent the streams after a period of
dry clear weather in the early summer. Although no rain fell during
the second sampling period, yet the southern samples showed the influ-
ence of the light, moderate and heavy rains which had fallen during the
six days previous to this trip.

July. Northern samples were taken July 9-11; the southern July
19-20. The first set of collections represent no unusual conditions, but
those of the second set (southern samples) showed some disturbances,
as rains were general from the 16th to the 19th of the month, and one
day’s precipitation was recorded as high as 2 inches.

August. Sampling periods were on the 7th-9th, for the north, and
2ist-22d for the south. In general only very light rains fell at the open-
ing of the month, otherwise the first ten days were dry. Accordingly the
earlier samples represented the northern streams during a fair weather
period of unusual heat. Rains of varying intensities fell in the interval
between the two sampling periods, and the later samples do not stand for
as dry conditions, although the weather was still hot.

September. The northern samples were taken on the 3rd, 4th, and
5th of the month, the southern samples on the 18th and 19th. Very light
rains were recorded at some stations on the 3d, but the northern samples
represented fair weather samples after a week of hot clear weather. The
southern collections were made during the coolest period of the month,
and after a fair weather period of about three weeks, in which time the
only rainfall of moment was recorded at Urbana on the 6th.

October. Samples for the northern section were taken on the first
three days of the month; the southern ones on the 13th. In both cases
the weather was fair at the time of sampling, but heavy rains had fallen
40 ANNUAL REPORT

on the 7th of October, as well as during the last week of September, and
therefore the October samples revealed the character of the water in mild
fall weather from three to six days after heavy rains.

November. Northern sampling period November ‘1-3. Southern
sampling period November 7-8. As the fall rains began later, and only
a very light rain fell on the 1st or 2d, these satnples represent warm dry
weather conditions for the season of year.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 41

VI. RESULTS OF ENAMINATIONS.

The analytical results obtained from the examinations of the sam-
ples taken monthly from April to November, 1goo, inclusive, are given
first in tabulated form and later by plotted curves. In the table, the first
co:umin gives the laboratory number of the sample; the second, the serial
number of the sample as collected; the third, the approximate distance
in miles by river from the station to the mouth of the Little Miami River
or the Great Miami River, as the caze may be; the fourth, the locality or
source of sample; the fifth, the date of collection; and the remaining
columns give the analytical findings which are expressed in parts per
million, except for color, turbidity, bacteria and temperature. The color
is expressed in terms of the cobalt-platinum standard; the turbidity in
terms of the platinum wire scale; the bacteria in number per cubic centi-
meter of the water; and the temperature in degrees Centigrade.

The abbreviations used for designating the amount of sediment are
as follows: Very slight, v. s.; slight, s.; considerable, c.; much, m.

Turbidity readings marked *, indicate that the end of the turbidity
stick rested on the bed of the river with the wire still plainly visible.
When the number of bacteria is marked *, it indicates the count was low
owing to interference from overspreading growths.
42 ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
LITTLE MIAMI WATERSHED.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q@ULITTLE MIAMI RIVER. [Parts per
|
4 2 |
2/8 le 3
= E E _| Locality of sample. 2 a 2
BL a 3 =
ala [ee @ ||\eob Ge) Re :
as | 5 a8 = |e} =| 3 8
nn an |< a Oo fH n °
| | |
Stina eokee 90 | South Charleston, | | |
ADOVE iacsiwene ses April. Vecwss leveaaacrlees esa Not taken.
1128 AG eas OO Sseuari wadecon. | WLayY Ze 26 | lS S: Earthy.
TIQG: |) “15. fies. SAD oiZcusidnass het cies June 26 | .40 .34 | C. | Vegetative.
1234 | 107 Ae « Ane vad deoe July 17] .30 | .30 Cc o
1288 | 133 Oto abies acentnnst Aug. 20 | .30 | .31 | C. | Earthy.
idemeecaoely | ne I re ead a 3 bocwcairootevjurcans| Water not f’g.
1436 | 196 Ee 8 eh date Bid oie Oct. 18] .23 | .24| C. | Vegetative.
1485 | 219 Coe Nom Ti 291 25 -e | Veg., earthy.
AVERAGE ios lcs | 80 | BE heassas | eae
x ot [oe | |
1071 | 27 | 69 | Xenia, above town.| April 26 | 20 2 Ss: | Vegetative.
1126 Bt Wee cubes = ie | May 28] .28} .20 C.
1202 85) fics o June 28 | .33 40 C.
1236 | 105. |... a se July 17 1| .30 34 C, Marked veg.
1310 | 143 |.... a iF Aug. 22 | .48] .27|/ C. | Vegetative.
1858 | 162 |.... - os Sept. 17 | .16 14 S. |
1437 || AGT is vers - at Oct. 18] .35 .13.| C. | Faint musty.
15022 1230 Ts 2 se o Nov. 9, .65 Ase" 3S; | Vegetative.
AVERAGE....|..........] .34 eM tabaci ie
i | |
| | | |
1072 | 28 | 68 | Xenia, below town.| April 26 | .26| .12| S. | Marked veg.
1127 | 48].... “ 8 May 28] .82( .22) Cc. | Vegetative.
1203 | 86. oss - be June 28] .83] .40] C. |
1235 | 104 /.... os - July 17] .28] .26| C. | Marked veg.
IBtt | 144. esas re i Aug. 22 | .38 23) Ce I Vegetative.
1859 | 163 |.... oy es Sept: 1% | 17 15 S.J]
1438 | 198 }.... 7 Oct. 18 | .33 14: | “E Faint musty
1501 | 229). «... rT ‘n Nov. 9] .68} 10] S | Vegetative.
AMERAGE casele edu wives | BE QU lexeeas Nc esaecensoue
|
| | | |
1062 | 18 | 20 | Loveland, abovel | | |
tOWM. 249 asameresg | April 24] .18 | .11 | C. | Marked veg.
TH31-|) BSE | escees SEO sia spitants atiaie | May 291! .80| .75 | M. | Earthy.
AIOE | FG scsi A eee eet | June 26] .15| .52] C. | Faint sour.
1933) LOG: frscccce BOP wetaoiyegdneensie July 17 | .18 | .50 | C. | Vegetative.
1289 | 184 }.... OSs secitacasleatataigat Aug. 20 | .83 | 1.05 | C. | Earthy, veg.
1360: | 164 less EY ca cece iareieaesees | Sept. 17 | .20 | .26 S. Earthy.
14892] 199. | ces SE“ ssabeneatacsientes | Oct. 19 | 18 | .23] C. | Vegetative.
1498 | 228 |.... Se aShayihd, tia hike | Nov. 9 | 26 | AG |S; Earthy.
AVERAGE ....| paasgotes | 2 | DS Vonsous | aera *

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 45

‘OF THE GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES.

LITTLE MIAMI WATERSHED.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Milllon,) a LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.
: Nitrogen as £ :
3 Sea ee 5 e| § | ¢ [ou
@, 8 | Hole peepee Fee
ees; .| | a | mele | | ele
Bee | ol eS eS eee) By eS
bo | s 29fl pis 6 of Ss 5 a | a | 2 9 e
nm = a = | 3 ie 4 & ° 6 8 oO
6\l2 \6 |3 a1 |< le |e )a) 28 a |e
5.04 | .200 | .188 | .042 |1.24] T 295.8 | 66.0 | 354 [134 | 6.10 | 3800 | 18.0
9.15 | 442 | 262] .090 | .66] T {239.4 | 39.8] 390 |125 | 4.90] 2200 | 24.5
9.81 | 522 | 230 | 022 | .06 | 1.5 |290.2| 7.4] 438 |181 | 5.33 | 3800 | 28.0
9.98 | 540 | 1156} .018 | T | None (221.8 | 36.2 | 349 | 98 | 3.20] 2800 | 24.5
4.98 | 242 | .080 | .013 ]None] None |223.2 | None] 362 |128 | 9.00 3400 8.0
5.86 | .356 | .112 | .018 |None} 4.0 |268.8 | None! 423 |123 | 8.75 | 3000 | 8.0
|
7.47 | .884 |) .163 | .034| .83|  .9 244.5 | 24.9 | 38u [132 | 6.21 | 3266 |.....
ake ~ eel ——|
4.89 | .220 | .082 | .028 |1.17 | 1.1 |293.8 } 18.4 | 235 [127 [11.50 | 44400 | 18.0
5.83 | 270 | .230 | .034 | .70 | .5 (234.8 | 27.8 | 396 |152 | 6.03 1121100 | 20.0
6.29 | 314} 174 | .038} .67 | 8 ]250.8 | None| 423 [119 | 6.17 | 4900 | 25.0
8.31 | .794| 280 | 056 | 03]  .7 {260.8 | None] 374 ]155 |11.00 | 1700 | 27.0
6.11 | .296 | .090 | .030 | .02 | T (230.2 | 22.2 | 369 {118 | 5.73 174200 | 26.5
3.71 | 226 | .066 | .012 | .06 ) 1.4 |235.8 | None| 315 114 | 8.25 | 3200 | 18.5
8.50 | 302 | 136 | .007 | T 'g (269.8 | None] 386 [153 | 8.30 |1gn000 | 12.5
889 | 306 | 006 | .008 | .12] 1.9 (287.2 | None} 368 |127 | 8.80 | 80000 | 6.0
6.57 | 3H | 127 | .027 | 88) .9 1249.1 | 8.5 | 371 1133 | 8.22 | 76187
: a —
6.19 | .286 | .020 | .032 11.28 | 1.6 [240.2 | 13.8 | 362 [145 | 9.70 | 62400 | 18.0
5.53 | 2921 .310 | .058 } .89 | 4.3 l254.4 | 7.0 | 418 |165 | 5.40 | 11800 | 20.0
5 49 | 328 | 180 | .036 11.04 | 2.2 [221.6 | 32.2 | 383 [108 | 6.21 | 5100 | 25.5
555 | 314 | 142 | 032 | .36| 3.2 1256.6 | None| 375 |154 | 9.21 | 1200 | 26.5
7.33 | 462 | 070 | .030| T 'g 1236.8 | None| 344 1118 | 6.22 |177000 | 27.5
4.90 | 992 | (078 | 022 | T | 1.9 1242.4 | None| 388 [113 | 8.90 | 2600 | 19.5
6641 912 | 1841 .009| T | 1.7 [259.4 | None] 380 |145 | 7.60 | 34400 | 12.5
7.01 | 324 | 050 | 010 | .10] 2.6 281.0 | None| 378 {121 | 8.72 |148000 | 6.5
5.99 | 312 | .128 | .029 | .46) 2.3 1248.2 | 6.6 | 378 |134 | 7.74 | 55312 |.....
|
4.13) .216 | .036 | .011 [1.26 | 1.1 [194.2 | 20.2 | 316 [122 | 9.70 | 1800 | 17.0
7.02 | 332 | (076 | .018 | 52) .8 |157.6 | 15.2 | 483 | 91 | 7.62 | 21000 | 22.0
505 | 324 | .096 | .009 | .40| 2.2 1238.8 | 19.4 | 399 | 64 | 8.30 | 1500 | 28.5
4.11 | 954 | (066 | .026 | .30} 2.6 |219.6 | 11.2 | 350 |117 | 7.82 | 1200 | 29.0
7.13 | 312 | 1124 | 1024 | .31 | None |128.2 | 20.6 | 338 | 65 | 6.57 | 8000 | 29.5
4.61 | 321 | 036 | .006 [None] 2.8 [210.0 | None| 316 | 60 | 9.90 | 1900 | 20.0
3.62 | 220 | 032 | .006 |None| 2.9 |224.0 | None| 378 {119 | 9.50 | 2100 | 13.0
2.79 | 176 | 022) 010) T | 2.7 231.2 | None} 343 ]118 |10.40 | 1400 | 6.5
4.81 | .269| .061 | .014] .35 | 1.9 1200.4| 9.9 | 364 | 94] 8.73 | 4862 }.....

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
df

ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

@ LITTLE MIAMI RIVER —Concluded. ‘Parts Per
Ti |
i . io 3 :
21 8 |e | 3
= g E _| Locality of sample. 2 s a
v a 2S | 3 3 B
e/a ge _— a: ae S
# | 5 les — = = | 8 3
n wn jit | A O f any oO
the Weck get ox il
1063 | 19 | 3] Linwood, below t’n| April 24) .13 | .10] C. | Vegetative.
1134 54 a EP” 9 aitiea dB hades hts May 29 | 25.) 20) M. | Earthy.
1198 | 77 BP accanenalia Ale hte | June 26 | .23 .42 | C. | Vegetative
1244 | 112 EY caiGvoGeoanensent | July 19 | .25 | 7.00 M. | Earthy.
1294 | 135 He Uaioe erties |) Avge 209.3232 1200 os, fe
1368 | 166 SO Goal: cares | Sept. TS.) 222 20 | S. | Earthy, veg.
1482 | 195 Se  aeeege ee ae Oct. 13>) 432 45 C. | Earthy.
1495 | 224 ee eres see Nov. 8 | .17 ee S: | Earthy.
| |
AVERAGE....|... | 28 | 1.86 | ingens | ce seeeee
|
b. EAST FORK OF LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.
| | |
1064 | 20 | 25 | Batavia,above eo April 25 | <25)| 17 Cc: Faint earthy.
1136) EI a28 7 is June 1 | .33 24] C. | Vegetative.
1199 | 78 7 June 27 | 25 18 S: ie
1246 | 114 ra ‘3 July 20 | .25 22 G. Sour.
1297 | 137 = s Aug, 21 | .28 | 1.14 CG. Earthy.
1370 | 168 a Sept. 19 | .23 | .28] S. | Vegetative.
1443 | 200 ‘ - Oct. 19] .28 |] .88] C. e
1500 | 225 e + | Nov. 8 | 28 | 18 | S: Faint veg’ve.
AOPRAGE ccs scussyone (9% | 85 fescee Weeden anaas
| | | | |
| | | |
1065 | 21 | 23) Batavia, below Fate] April 25 | .25 | .16| C. | Faint earthy.
137 [sees lanee 5g June 1] .83 | .24| C. | Vegetative.
1200 9° lee eg es iy | June 27 | .28 18 S. ne
1245 | 118 |.... e e | July 20 | .25 .20 CG. A
1296 | 136 |... ne ‘ | Aug. 21] .28 | 1.12 Cc: Earthy.
1369 | 167 |... ‘ 7 | Sept. 19 | .23 | .27 S: Vegetative.
1444 | 201}... i: | Oct: . 19 | 332) |. 38 Cc “
1496 | 226 |... i es | Nov. 8 | 25 | Lt S. | Faint musty.
|
AVERAGE ....|... call Gl We AR ewasue i
| |

 
THE RIVERS OF OTLIO. 45

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Continued.

Million, @ LITTLE MIAMI RIVER - - Concluded.

 

|
| Nitrogen as
|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3 — FE) jel Bis |?
= ease , a | a 3 3 é | 3 z
esi gol, elalee Sl2 2) 24s
¢ 2) 2) 2/2 €,2!928 Sls, ee 1g
Be aS oF is s 6 3 = | a n a | 2 =
ROS Eel 2 | 8 87/8 o/¢| 25: & 5
ee | Pee Re ee |
8.73 | .192 | .042 | .010 | .57 | 2.6 |190.6 | 19.4 | 308 119 10.65 | 6100 | 18.5
14.75 | 638 | .097 | .010 | 18} 5 [106.6 | 26.4 }1529 |149 | 8.03 | 30000 | 21.5
413 | 260 | 118 | 006 | .08 | 3.2 [212.8 | 3.0 | 345 | 92 | 8.05 | 3000 | 28.0
19.66 | G58 1 134 | 014 | .10 | 1.3 [127.6 | 25.2 [1913 ]183 | 6.50 | 43000 | 27.5
6.45 | 246 | .068 | .022 | .10 | T |108.2 | None] 352 | 62 | 6.70 | 7300 | 30.0
4.20 370} .076 | 006 | T | 3.4 [205 8 | None] 826 | 59 |10.89 | 1800 | 21.5
4.72 | 302 | .054 | .006 | T | 3.1 {161.6 | None} 356 ]100 | 9.85 | 3900 | 17.5
2.79 | 202} 026 | T | 04] 4.1 J229.2 | 8.6] 302 | 63] 9.75 | 1200] 9.0
7.55 | 2.3 |167.8 | 10.3 | 679 1103 | 8.80 | 11975 |.....
I

.358 | .077 ee

 

b. EAST FORK OF LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

 

154.8 | 39.0 | 270 | 89 | 8.00 | 3200 | 17.0
L608. 2 W.) Sas! LOO! Ut ee Hoe eg ales
149.4 | 23.4 | 257 | 83 |] 6.30 750 | 26.

.872 | .018 | .006 | .14

.72 | 800 | .044 ] .001 | .03 | 2.
.296 | .148 | .002 | .12

 

 

 

6

6.

5, 0
5.54! .310 | 118] .010 | .04| T |167.6 | None| 251 | 76 | 6 30 | 2100 | 27.0
6.54 | .332 | .086 | .012 | T | None] 80.0 | None} 307 | 52 | 6.58 | 39900 | 27.5
5.28} 398 | .060 | .003 |None] 1.1 [135 44 50.2 | 228 1 89 | 7.05 | 2300 | 18.5
5.97 | 268 | .085 | .003 [None] 2.2 ]111.4 | 10.2 | 251 | 76 [10.90 | 5400 | 16.0
5.32 | 830 | .084 | 002] 08] 4.6 [121.8 | 6.8 | 288 | 49] 9.55 | 1500 | 9.0
5.97 | .326 | .068 | .005 | .05 | 1.4 |185.1 | 21.4 | 258 | 71 | 7.81] 7878 |.....

 

44.| 350] .052 | .002 | .02

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6 2.4 |157.6 | 63.8 | 299 | 98 | 7.90 | 3500 | 17.0
HAD: | cBES. Wl e082] cOOT | TOG Ded IGT SB! | POCA | 2a OS: | acces 5: aveattaleeaa [omens
5.47 | .266 | .146 | .010 | .13 9 [143.2 | 73.8 | 261 | 89 | 6.85 } 1300 | 26.0
5.28 | 302 | .186 | .010 | .05 .9 |195.2 | None| 262 | 84 | 5.45 | 2200 | 27.0
6.87 | 314 | .104 | .013 | T T | 80.2 | 8.2 | 353 | 56 | 5.80 | 38400 | 28.0
5.08 | 326 | .102 | .005 |None| 1.8 |139.0 | None] 246 | 38 | 6.62 | 1500 | 19.5
6.60 | .234 | .020 | .005 [None] 3.0 [115.0 | None} 243 | 70 |10.10 | 6000 | 16.0
4.37 | .276 | .084 | .002 | .04 | 4.4 ]124.4 | 23.2 | 230 | 65 | 9.65 | 2300] 9.9
5.91 | .313 | -078 | .007 | .05 | 1.8 |139.5 | 23.5 | 271] 76 | 7.48 | 7886

 

 
46

ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF-
GREAT MIAMI WATERSHED,

@ STILLWATER BASIN.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Greenville Creek. (Parts per
: a eee a = i : l |
4 | | | |
3 gS : :
e| 2 2 : | !
a E E _| Locality of sample. 2 5 3
& | # Ae 8 _| = & |
aj) sas ee v ae) see ib
Bly oe s <s £13 =
Yn 7 A 2) ca Lf) Oo
: | | | |
1047 8 |126 | Greenville, above | | | |
LOW Seererans anchor April 17 | .20 08 | S, | Faint veg’ve.
1112 3 Be ane at atts May 22 | .28 07 S. Vegetative.
1180 62 SS Seven ee See SS e June 18 | .25 08 Sy “
1217 91 CO gh 8 ie hom July 10 27 18 Sy || =
1267 | 120 OD ondcang ores ew Aug. 7 22 elf G:. || =
1331 | 149 EO a eeitee rece aan Sept. 8 | .28 | «l4 | S. | sf
1394 | 178 BOD ee vanadietng Oct: 4) 42] -80 | G. | iz
1468 | 206 TE ose racarteine tases | Nov. 1 | .20 08 S. | Earthy.
1 t |
AVERAGE ....| di soba t ae OB T Fcc as
25, Wee | |
|
1048 9 |124 | Greenville, below | |
(OWN <nagedserees April 17 | .25 | 218.| (Se) Sour
1113 | 3 PS)” casseeiieah wha May 22 | .25 11 S. | Vegetative.
1181 | 63 HN aaeeeaeane June 18 | 223) <10:| Co |
1218 | 92 a”. gilda den tit it do July 10] .23 [| .16 S. | Faint musty.
1268 | 121 tS eanelawlel Sard Auge F238 28. | C. | Vegetative.
1332 | 150 SO seehentecbsesce ase Sept. 3] .21| .17 | S. | Vegetative &
| | faint musty.
1393 | 177 Be “anak seat ade Oct. 1 | .48 .38 C. | Vegetative.
1469 | 207 tO a parte wat way Nov. 1] .30] .08] S. | Earthy.
AVERAGE 4 ses lyasuwsse4 20 |) 218 le eee eee reece r:
|
|
1054 | 13 | 79 | Dayton,above town| April 18 | .26 40 | C. | Earthy.
TIA9 |, (BB: fecens . a May 23 | .14 08 | S. | Faint veg’ve.
1177 | 67 a ff June 19 | .28 .15 | C. | Faint sour.
1221 | 95 . a July 10 | .25 .16 | V.1S. | Vegetative.
1272 | 125 e Aug. 8] .25 yl: |) 2S; “
1335 | 153 _ a Sept. 4] .25 | .25 7 S. | Sour.
1898 | 182 s Oct Be} 221 .19 | S. | Faint veg’ve.
1475 | 211 a " Nov. 2 | .24 wet Si: | es
|
BER AGE aks (scaesctios | 23 | 20 | neha | wip Losseucnens

 

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO,

47

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Continued.
GREAT MIAMI WATERSHED,

@ STILLWATER BASIN.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Million.) Greenville Creek.
: | . | - -
“ul Nitrogen as (ec TE) é ;
. , bee (aie
Sia Be 4 fF foe
2 6s" 2; <. 882 2 oe a | 3
ge i-s& eg iS E se Cee (Oe eV. ae a =
o i 6 | = ae + c = |B 2 fp Oe ies 5 g
Eee eee ee see te ee ee |e
_ os eee oP ae ac we} a if a) S Bs o 5
Oo = & | el ey Oe | 4 je jaya mo |e
t ~ . 1
| sl
4.30 | .188 | .030 016 (38.44 .2 1217.8 | 83.0 | 449 |167 |10.34 | 3300 | 12.5
4.41 | .211 094 | .038 |2.09 T (226.2 | 40.0 | 380 |141 /10.45 1100 | 22.0
4.25 | 184 | .084 | .014 | .55 .6 |278.4 | 31.0 | 467 {145 | 8.95 1300 | 25.0
5.17 | .214 | .060 020 | .44 .4 [280.0 | None} 369 | 75 | 6.44 1100 | 20.0
5.15 | .268 | .134 011 |None| 2.7 [255.4 3.2 | 421 |147 [12.35 2000 | 31.0
3.77 | .186 | .096 010 | T 1.0 ]269.0 | None| 413 |136 | 8.40 4700) | 26.0
6.76 | .272 | .063 | .024 [2.12 | None /189.6 | 85.0 | 432 1148 | 8.25 | 19000 | 19.0
3.13 164 | 019 | .002 | T 1.5 |274.0 | 26.6 | 472 |142 | 9.05 6400 | 15.5
| “
4.62! 211 | .072 | O17 11.08 | .8 [248.8 | 27.3 | 425 [138 | YS ARBOR | ae
| Ce : :
5.68 | .808 | .088 | .024 [3.15 .8 1214.2 | 74.4 | 474 |158 | 9.54 | 22000 | 12.5
4.81 | .292 | .108 | 038 |2.35 1.0 |2285.8 | 55.2 | 422 |150 j10.01 3000 | 22.0
4.86, .226 |] .104 | .018 | .54 2.0 [268.4 | 55.0 | 535 {192 | 8.83 | 10400 | 25.0
5.13 | .196 | .070 | .019 | .72 3.0 |285.2 | 8.2 | 415 |102 | 6.60 | 2800 | 20.0
515. | 227 | 2102 022 | 16 5.0 [270.6 | None! 483 |169 | 9.60 7600 | 30.0
4.51 | .340 | .106 | .024 | .05 3.9 265.0 | 9.4 | 484 |160 | 8.57 7400 | 26.5
7.43 | 394 | .094 | .020 |2.38 1.0 |194.6 | 3.84 | 521 ]156 | 8.00 | 15000 | 19.5
4.41 | .210 | .458 | .009 [None] 3.9 |280.0 | 42.6 | 464 [145 | 9.90 | BsOu0 | 15.5
5.25 | .274 | .091 | .029 |1.17 2.6 |251.7 | 35.4 | 475 |154 | 8.88 | 13275 Snore
5.93 | .284 | .020 | .015 [3.78 .4 |187.8 | 24.0 | 478 151 | 8.78 | 24800 | 14.0:
3.62 | .242 | .058 | .006 | .82 1.1 }218.2 | None] 348 |122 | 8.30 1000 | 21.5.
3.94 | .182 | .030 | .010 |2.33 1.0 [244.0 | 21.0 | 484 |158 | 8.83 1300 | 24.0
5.77 | .288 | .040 | .003 | .97 .1 [229.2 | 13.2 | 361 1123 | 8.80 | 2100 } 26.5.
3.76 | .226 | .038 | .006 |None .8 |223.2 3.2 | 342 | 95 | 7.90 1200 | 30.0
4.58 | .280 | .086 | .022 | .59 .8 (221.4 5.2 | 376 |1387 | 8.57 2300 | 28.0
4.24 | .275 | .0381 ar 03 2.3 |231.4 | None]! 381 |141 | 9.70 |330000§] 21.5
4.20 | .234 | .024 | .014 |7.66 1.3 |196.0 | None| 317 /103 | 8.95 3100 | 15.5
4.50 | .251 | .041 | .009 ]2.02 .9 1218.9 | 8.3 | 380 |129 | 8.73 | 45662 |.....
|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

§ Chiefly one species.
4s ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS, OF

6 MAD RIVER BASIN.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Buck Creck. (Parts per
278 3 hg
S acts ; S i
= S Locality of sample. wv ieee ck tj
eo = fet ap
=e 2 | 2 @ 2 2, 2
ae [: = ES 3
ti on | a eS) = fi oS
Mets ete | : ri re ie ee
1040: 1 1103 | Springfield, above| | | |
| town .........../ April 16] .10 | .04*] S. | None.
ETS i ecceats Oe einer ae {May 211 .10| .19 | C+ | Vegetative.
TSG A Pees SB eed dave sateen ot | June 20] .23 [ 09 | S. | Faint earthy.
5) ao | he eG | July 10] 15{ 23] ¢ |
TAB | MO cca. Ts eutuaneeancentent | Aug. 9 | 17] .14| S. | Vegetative.
1343] 161 ].... SE ek Matra at ik | Sept. 5 | a3: x16]! <S: “
1406 | 189 ].... > Ga zi) Osta Bold: LO. -S. | Famt vce've,
1484 | 216 |.... - ..| Nov. 3 | ah 05 | V. S.| None.
| | |
AVERAGE ...| camel 1.15 {11 | ae |
| | |
7 ad River.
aa | | |
1057 | 16 |114 ) Urbana,above town! April 19 | .22 | .25 | C. | Earthy.
1120) AN, Veins - i | May 24 | .12 | .05 S: | Faint earthy.
TST FL Nese eo ae | June 20] .21 | .18 | C. | Faint veg’ve.
1214 SS: ta tena e ms | July: iO; ets Part Ss =
12a TOR Veo a8 o ee |X Meee) Pa oS. Vegetative.
1340. | T58*|as 5 mA se J Septs af oe. | 288.4 GC, Earthy, veg.
1402 | 185 |.... ss es | Oct. 3] .18 | 23 |S, | Vegetative.
AIRE [ee ce, S Nov. 3 | 26) .08 | V. S.| None.
1 I |
BMERAGE LA viecccsccl) at TBI Zs oes Vi eats
| | | | |
| | | ]
1058 | 17 (112 | Urbana,below town] April 19 | .35 | 9 25 | Ce | Strong.
1121 fe : ee te ' May 2f| .58 | .19 |] C. | Strawboard.
1183 | 70 ].... ° ie i dune 20h sei | aa. | 1c | .
T213° | O86 tones ie es Jal 9) 22-1) 80 | C. | Vegetative.
LAT 2D eee ne | Atios OF 252) 220) Cc. | Foul.
B39 | Lae re | Sept. 5 | .55 | 42 | C. | Strawboard.
HM SEE NS ae 3 o . beet “Bp abl ee ee. | “7
14.83) | 2IS! [ass = = | Nov. 3 ! 10 | Mel) INTs. | :
ee
AVERAGE «| eaehe ail Ee Vyas |
hoe i | |
141 | 2 {100 | Springfield, above] ' | ii
HOAVTE chassis nxt | April 16 | .20 | 07 | S. | Earthy.
1123) | AE [acess BD seihtabecmatatsteinls | May 24 | .27 12 | C. | Vegetative.
LESS | Vee AE csebicla ara edie | June 20] 135 20 | C. | Earthy.
1223 | 97 fu... oe re | July 10 22 .30 |} S. | Sweet, veget.
1v79 | 181 |.... By ceduigataticcaceca Aes | Aug. 9 | 35 19 C. | Vegetative.
1341 | 159 |.... BO aes ich teas | Sept, | 38.) .86 | -€: ef
104 | 188 |... ee Oct. 33) ) 428 ell ACs | ae
1481 | 215 |...  Eksecaicn: | Nov. 8] 38) 15} ¢ | a
| |
(ARO Sl cencaiun 7 | 8 | |

 

 

 

+ Floating vegetation which had settled to bottom.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO,

4)

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Continued.
6 MAD RIVER BASIN.
Buck Creek,

Million.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

, | |

; Nitrogen as a : ‘

z | 5 Be cee t  W e
3 ; | 3 og a 8 ¢

= Ra : } ee ge tee a b w

oe & oo ae eel) ae o 5

Hee) Te ol tt ge | oe pm) eee ag a | 3

glee) a] eye Se ee) ele ey eis

Se ee) ele |e Le ee ae a
Oo = x Be || ge. ! S a 6 a

|

1.67 | .104 | .016 | .005 | .84 | .4 ]242.0 | 2.98 | 407 124 | 9.83} 395 | 13.0
2.48 | .828 | 032 | (010 ]1.14] 18 {244"4 | 27.2 | 431 |135 | 9.70 | 1200 | 20.5
2.26 | .096 |'.036 | 008 | 183 | 2 268.0 | 12:0 | 438 135 | 9.10 | 375 | 25.0
4.01 | 176 | .028 | :010 1.06 | 4 {260-2 | 30.0 | 463 [145 | 7.79 | 800 | 25.0
2.63 | .134 ] 042 | 1010 J1.64]} T [227.6 | 29.0 | 384 115 | 9.35 | 400 | 30.5
2.77 | 206 | 044 | 1011 1.46} T |23914| 1.8 | 386 1123 | 9.68 | 600 | 27.0
1.99 | -112 | 022] .002 [1.63 | .4 |219.4] 3.0 | 425 [150 | 9.90 | 1900 | 24.0
1.65 | .078 | 1019 | 014 |2.12 | {5 [249.4 | 13.2 | 399 | 82 |10.30} 1000] 8.5
2.43 | .154 | .030 | .009 1.94] .8 243.8 | 18.2 | 417 126} 9.46 | 738 |.....

Mad River.

6.90 | .258 | .014 | .o10 {1.87 | T. (229.0 | 60.6 | 497 |167 | 9.67 | 12000 | 13.0
9.82 | 104 | 040 } 1010] .82| .5 265.4) 3.0 | 347 | 92] 7.92] 700 | 17.5
3.52 | 1170 | .050 | .009 | 183 | T. {271.8 | 26.8 | 434 {131 | 8.73 | 1700 | 19.5
4.22 | 1220 | 1060 | 1017 | 164] 2 |266.2 | 11.4 | 410 | 76 | 9.00 | 2200 | 20:5
3.95 | 182 | 1054 | (016 [1.04 | 2 [250.4 | None! 396 [103 | 7.60 | 3300 | 24.5
5.53 | .380 | .032 | 007] .83} T |230.4 | 21.0 | 438 127 | 8.86 | 5900 | 20.5
3.24 | 1130 | 1032 | 1006 [1.26 | 1.0 (260.2 | 1.6 | 462 |173 | 8.70 | 4000 | 18.0
2.53 | 086] .019 | 005} T | T |251.4|] 1.4 | 390 [112 11.05 | 2200 | 10.5
4.96 | .191 ] .038 | 010) .91} .2 258.1 | 14.5 | 422 123 | 8.94] 4000 |.....
14.50 | .400 | .026 | .024 [2.80 | .4 [225.0 | 43.4 | 466 |156 | 9.40 | 39500 | 14.5
66.96 | .602 | .028 | .144 | T ‘7 }285.2 | 24.0 | 396 |147 | 6.60 | 63600 | 17.5
95.46 | .540 | 014 | .044 [Nonel 2 (305.6 | 36.2 | 485 [163 | 5.86 /109000 | 18.0
7.85 | 360 | 052} .028] .62| 6 |282.8 | 17.0 | 399 |105 | 6.50 | 6800 | 19.5
61.64 | 564 | .024| 1076 | T | 6.4 [284.6 | 11.6 | 463 1155 | 6.03 | 17500 | 24.0
27.98 | 910 | .028 | .112 | .16] 3 |266.6 | None| 481 |167 | 5.85 |111000 | 20:0
21.00 | .780 | .060 | 010 | :06 | 6 [283.8 | None| 493 |180 | 6.10 |803000 | 18.0
98°96 | 712} 080 | .044 | 13] .5 [295.8 | None] 462 |149 | 6.70 |135600 | 11.0
31.79 | .608 | .039 | .060 | .47| 1.2 |278.7 | 16.5 | 456 |153 | 6.63 |160750 |.....
3.26 | .120 | .030 | .016 {1.06 | .5 261.0 | 11.8 | 412 142 | 9.60 | 3300 | 12.0
8.34 | 268 | .022 | 062] .08| .2 |276.2] 5.6 | 426 |126 | 7.74 | 30000 | 19.0
3.98 | 187 | 176 | 018 | .44] .7 [278.6 | 40.4 | 423 129 | 7.98 | 7400 | 23.5
5.40 | 226 | 132 | .026 |1.04 | .9 |268.2 | None] 462 153 | 7.50 | 3200 | 24.0
7.15 | 334 | .048 | .007 [None] 4 ]288.2 | None| 430 |134 | 8.00 | 1400 | 28.0
4.68 | 366 | 136 | .032 1.11 | .8 [248.4 | 39.0 | 430 |143 | 8.43 | 2700 | 23'5
7.56 | 276 | 036 | .018 | .08|  .2 |274.8 | None| 456 |167 |.7.57 | 7800 | 20.0
1149 | 306 } 1024] .048 | .04] 5 |281.4 } None] 410 |134 } 9.05 | 20800 | 10.0
6.48 | .260 | .076 | .028 | .48| 5 272.1 | 12.1 | 431 141 | 8.23] 9575 |...

 

 

 

 

4 R. OF O.
50

ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mad River — Concluded. (Parts per
db
e a :
2/8 le =
= g 5 _| Locality of sample. 2 e s
2 leg = 2 5
ee Vee 3 & B | & is
e | 5 les | iesenl| 2 |e 3
vi Yn |e a oe) & nN °
; | | | |
1042 3 | 99 | Springfield, below | | | |
TOWN ie acwe es April 16 | .20] .07 |] S. {| Faint musty.
1122 | 43 Oe sabia buen’ May 24 | .27 13 | C. | Musty.
1189 74 mY Ohba iene June 20 | .25 24 C. Faint musty.
1224 98 Be areas Grete teae July 10 | .20 24 C, te
1278 | 130 a Aug. 9] .28 sl Cc. Musty.
1342 | 160 Be « coh aac acteaiaey Sept. 5 | .21 .382 | S. | Vegetative.
1404 | 187 Be a eo ees | @ct, ~3:) 21 21 C. | Faint musty.
1480 | 214 Ae Ie heh aia | Nov. 8 | Oi al3 | G. (| oe
|
AVERAGE cs leeciccan 184) AG Verse ener
| | | |
| | | | |
1059 | 11 | 80 | Dayton,above ey April 18 | 20 228.) -E. | Earthy.
1117 BG Wess a May 23 | .12 18 S.
1175 | 65 i | June 19 | .22 | .27 ao = Faint earthy.
1219 | 93 se a | July 10 | .20 14 Faint sour.
1270 | 123 a | Aug. 8 | .20 .28 ve | Earthy.
1333 | 151 a ef | Sept. 4: 1-428: |) 228). oC, Neeetative:
1396 | 180 me ze leOck: 822223 19 Ss. | Earth y.
1473 | 209 # " : Nov. 2] .19 | 16 | S; 4
| |
AVERAGE 0. [e. 0. 20 | eee | peak ataeaern
|
C GREAT MIAMI BASIN.
Great Miami River.
| | | |
1046 7 124 Sidney, above aa April 17 | .20 alt S. Vegetative
1111 BOE Mess * | May 22; .20 16 S. oe
1179 | 61 Se re June 18 | .22 21d S. os
1216 90 a 7 July 9 | .22 .20 S. ee
1266 } 119 o ne Aug. 7 | .30 Ate S. =
330 | 148 fe ie Sept. 31] .26 .22 S: “
1392 | 174 A es Oct. 1 | .24| .14| S. | Faint veg’ve.
1471 | 205 re es Nov. 1] .22 | .22} S. | Vegetative.
ARRANGE exaclessasee Be) Oey Sal ceseeneocenicens
| | |
| ] | ] |
1045 6 |122 | Sidney, below town! April 17 | .20 ll S: Vegetative.
W110 | 81 fuze. “ May 22 | .22 -09*) S. ae
1178 60 ns eo June 18 | .28 -10*) S. es
1215 89 © “ July 9 | .20 .14 3. se
1265 | 118 oe S Aug. 7 | .30 .09*| S. th
1329 | 147 Me Sept: 3'| 27 15 Ss. st
1891 | 178 ie ee Oct. | 95 17 Ss. ae
1470 | 204 et ie | Nov. 1 | .20 18 S. es
AVERAGE ....| eae PE Beceasal ones ae ie
|

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 51

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Continued.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Million.) Mad River — Concluded.
é Nitrogen as ¥3 j
z 5 gs) 8) S$ |y
oS . s eee ae oO 2
e lod| S| ale) es) 2/8
2) 68) g -|y | & | eelel?) a |e
eee) ey ee |e |e eens le 2) eS ig
30 a g| = oi e = /3 q S$ S 3
Se = Vv 1 a oO Ss q s n a 7 g
x 1S oe ee le ee ee o | 6) 2 e 3
Oo |< em 4 pee | OS < | & Biv; a fa a
2.69 ! 170 .144 | .032 [1.52 1.7 |256.2 | 22.2 | 427 1126 | 9.30 | 7600 | 12.0
14.08 | .276 | .262 | .084 | .26 | 2.4 |274.8 | 25.2 | 404 |128 | 7.25 | 48800 | 19.0
4.19 | .226 | .152 | .086 | .58 | 3.6 |279.6 | 3.2 | 484 /159 | 7.70 | 18300 | 24.0
4.52 | .210 | .202 | .044 | .85 | 3.5 |267.2 | 18.8 | 459 |153 | 7.38 | 10000 | 25.0
5.37 | .3820 | .302 | .028 | .27 4.5 |273.4 | None} 405 {130 | 8.01 | 5900 | 28.0
4.05 | .296 | .172 | .038 ]1.28 | 4.5 [260.0 | 9.4 | 427 |151 | 8.72 {115100 | 24.0
5.41 | .346 |] .110 | .022 | .04 ] 3.1 1272.2 | None| 473 |164 | 7.22 | 29700 | 20.5
7.25 | .814 | .266 | .052 | .04 | 8.3 |281.4 | None] 401 |141 | 8.07 | 14600 | 10.0
5.94 | .270 | .201 ] .042 | .60 | 3.3 ]270.6 | 9.2 | 485 144 | 7.96 | 30625 |.....
5.19 | .272 | .076 | .080 |2.05 | 1.5 [241.6 | 12.8 | 535 |150 | 9.00 | 30900 | 14.0
3.08 | .148 | .084 | .016 | .78 | 3.0 |259.8 | 32.2 | 368 | 99 | 8.77 1500 | 19.0
3.85 | .163 | .016 | .012 | .389 | 3.1 ]266.0 | 37.0 | 460 |183 | 8.55 | 2700 | 21.0
3.34 | .202 | .018 | .005 | .60 | 4.0 259.2 | None] 408 | 53 | 9.82 | 38300 | 24.0
83.41 | .156 | .039 | .007 | .67 | 2.5 |243.2 | None] 425 J161 | 9.00 1700 | 26.5
4.34 | .227 | .033 | .008 | .91 2.6 |257.8 | None} 451 |123 | 8.96 5800 | 13.5
4.77 | .217 | .029 | .002 | .77 2.9 |250.2 | None| 406 |125 | 8.95 | 5600 | 19.5
2.97 | .170 | .020 | .012 |4.42 | 2.7 [261.0 | 2.98 |} 385 111 | 9.03 | 2500 | 18.0
3.87 194 | .033 | .011 [1.382 | 2.8 |254.8 | 14.0 | 417 |126 | 8.95 6750

 

¢ GREAT MIAMI BASIN.
Great Miami River.

 

| 194 .024 | .010 [3.59

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.77 .4 {194.2 | 52.8 | 408 |147 | 8.99 | 1700 | 11.0
4.20 | .826 | .070 | .010 | .85 | 1.7 ]230.2 | 33.0 | 381 |124 |10.70 450 | 23.5
4.80 | .226 | .104 | .010 |None| _ .4 [237.0 | 35.0 | 414 ]109 |10.90 800 | 27.0
8.11 | .330 | .048 | .010 | .19 | 1.6 }221.2 | 68.4 | 457 |125 | 9.63 | 1000 | 27.0
5.57 | .270 | .074 | .008 |None| _.4 [212.2 | 1.0 | 350 [180 |11.72 650 | 31.0
6.04 | .360 | .100 | .022 | .03 .2 {220.4 | 56.0 | 406 {117 | 8.60 750 | 27.0
5.11 | .258 | .048 | .003 |None] 4 |221.0 | None} 393 |129 | 8.82 | 6600 | 21.0
6.28 | .898 | .057 | .002 | T .6 |222.0 | 20.4 | 422 |117 | 9.97 | 3800 | 17.0
|

5.61 | .295 | .066 | .009 | .52 .7 1219.8 | 33.3 | 404 ]125 | 9.92 | 1906 ].....
4.65 | .246 | .0388 | .016 |3.02 .6 1205.8 | 42.0 | 430 |156 |10.03 | 6100 | 11.0
3.88 | .388 | .080 | .018 | .58 | 2.6 [226.8 | 18.0 | 345 [120 [12.00 | 1600 | 24.0
4.23 | .296} .112 | .016 | .08 | 3.8 |252.6 | 54.0 | 402 |185 | 9.23 | 1600 | 26.5
6.19 | .256 | .052 | .014 | .56 |] 2.7 |231.2 | 30.4 | 860 | 81 | 9.30 | 2700 | 27.0
5.77 | .254 | .098 | .018 [None] 38.4 |219.8 | 5.4 | 352 |128 ]10.70 | 2900 | 31.0
5.87 | 3641 .094 | .016 | .82 | 1.9 [223.6 | 25.8 | 374 131 |10.92 | 5700 | 27.0
5.77 | 316 | .056 | .004 [None] .9 |199.0 | None| 364 |120 | 9.53 | 6600 | 20.5
6.25 | .815 | .063 | .008 | T 2.5 |232.6 | 36.8 | 409 |121 |10.94 | 10800 | 17.0

2.3 |223.9 | 25.9 | 879 |124 |10.33 | 4750 |.....

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.33 | .289 074 | .014 | 87

 
o2

ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Great Miami River — Continued. (Parts pe1
b
gi. fs
2| 2 \y z
2 | & |€ | Locality of sample. 2 £ «
BE 3S &
aij (8 : g|/ Ze .
| 3 [es me |e | 8 | 3 &
n wn |< A © & n oO
|
1049 14 }111 | Piqua, above town.| April 18 | .35 | 3.00 | M. | Earthy.
ULB |) 329 care il) 288 Hs May 22] .30|] .17| C. | Vegetative.
1172 | 58 e ss June 18] .25 .83 | C. | Earthy.
1228 | 103 ~ “ July 11 | .27 15 S. | Vegetative.
1263 | 116 at Aug. 7 | .25 .12| S. | Faint musty.
13825 | 145 “¢ Sept. 3] .25] .18 | S. | Vegetative.
1389 | 175 “ x Oct. 1] .80] .40] C. es
1466 | 202 “a zs Nov. 1/ .28| .26] S. | Earthy.
= AWERAGE wii ls noccoeces| 28 | .BB-[evsees Ce ieee ad
|
|
1050 | 15 {108 | Piqua, below town.| April 18 | .22 | 2.70 | M. | Earthy.
1109 | 30]....), “ - May 22 | .80}| .11*| S. | Faint musty.
1173 | 59 % - June 18 | .27 226: iG: | Faint musty
and earthy.
1227 | 102) J... ft a July 11 | .28 14 S. | Sour.
1264 | 117 “ “ Aug. 7[ .28 .17*| S. | Musty.
1326 | 146 * = Sept. 3] .26 .15*| S. | Veget’ve and
| faint musty.
1390 | 176 i es Oct. 1] .80}] .30| C. | Musty
1467 | 203 i . Nov. 1{ .24] .24] S. Pane ‘musty.
|
AVERAGE coihavieccac Ori Slice. l eanerlon nel
|
1043 4 |103 | Troy, above town.| April 17 | .20 12 S: Faint sour.
1115 | 40]....[ “ a May 23] .20/ .08] S. | Faint musty.
1186 69 * M June 19 | .27 18 Ss. ae
1230 | 101 i July 11] .30] .18| S. | Musty.
1274 | 127 os fe Aug. 8 | .34 10 Ss. Faint musty.
1338 | 156 7 - Sept. 4] .28/ .15| S. as
1401 | 184 s - Oct. “22% 15] -S; as
1477 | 213 oe = Nov. 2 | .25 21 S. ne
ANERAGE 5 sci Pioss. agcoa teen 26 [ee Nc sscscne ll ey ccorpnanae are Bie
1044 5 |100 | Troy, below town.| April 17 | .18 14] S. Faint sour.
1114 |) 29 eee el oi May 23] .16| .08*| S. “musty.
1185 | 68 is o June 19| .27] .06] S. | Musty.
1229 | 100 7 - July 11] .28) .12] S. | Faint musty.
1273 | 126 = oe Aug. 8 | .20 06 Ss: es
1337 | 155 “ st | Sept. 4 | .29 ll Si a
1400 | 183 ne im Oct. 2/ .25 |] .08|V.S. se
1476 | 212 . = Nov. 2 | .26 oho S: sf
AVERAGE. co¢clivesgaeuen BA NOE testes Its

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 53

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Continued.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Million.) Great Miami River — Continued.

. Nit-ogen as | a | i

z a a bd go Se ee
‘5 woe a = a = e . 2
* 86 3 i p> | ee/ 3) Pl 2 a 2
e jee) 2) 8/8) 8:8 |Solaie| 2) 2 ls
Piss) eb! eo | els | Se be leial & os le
K 2 os oe a I “4 3 5 a 2B o 5
Oo ja cm Z, Z 5 <8 Be iyvl] A es a
25.87 [1.012 | .062 | .008 14.40} T [118.6 | 38.8 {1193 [189 | 9.40 | 57000 | 15.0
4.26 | 348 | .094 | .016 | .33 | 1.9 [995.8 | 41.8 | 367 J129 | 9.08 | 1400 | 200
5.18 | .266 | .066 | .018 | .18| .s |239.0 | 50.0 | 463 (152 | 7.29 | 3700 | 23.0
6.18 | 332] .056 | .006 | T | 1.4 [219.2 | 32/4 | 496 |159 | 9.83 | 2900 | 26.0
5.32 | 256 | .086 | 1012 [None] 1.6 [205.2 | 15.2 | 370 [136 | 6.85 | 4400 | 27.0
5.42 | 330 | .110 | :012 | .27 | 6 |206.4 | 29.0 | 355 [114 | 5.60 | 4100 | 25.5
5.96 | 272 | 1058 | .003 [None| _.7 [170.2 | 8.8 | 353 |116 | 8.40 | 7100 | 21.0
6.42 | 886 | 086] .004] T | 2.2 220.2 | 39.0 | 414 J116 | 8°30 | 8000 | 17.0
8.08 | .400 | .077 | .010 | .65 | 1.2 [200.6 | 31.9 | 484 |139 | 8.09 | 11075 |.....
17.02 | .794 | .044 | .009 [4.95 | T |137.4 | 19.0 | 853 1156 | 9.15 | 61700 | 15.0
4.44] 1356 | .114 | 1032 | .74 | 4.1 [228.2 | 31.8 | 364 [130 | 9.56) 9000 | 21.0
5.35 | .294 | .116 | .022 | 32 | 1.6 241.0 | 36.0 | 493 |189 | 8.05 | 12100 | 24.5
6.24 | 340 | .062 | 1034 | 49 | 4.8 |296.2 | 47.4 | 499 |184 | 8.23 | 14300 | 26.0
5.44 | |210 | .086 | 1040 [None] 5.1 |223.8 | 22/0 | 384 /144 | 7.69 | 14800 | 28.0
5.81 | .292 | .130 | .032 | .67 | 4.8 |216.0 | 15.8 | 387 |197 | 7.41 | 8900 | 95.0
6.72 | 300 | .042 | 012] T | 2.5 178.2 | 3.2 | 371 [134 | 8.06 | 21300 | 21.5
6.36 | .408 | .077 | .082 [None] 4.0 |220.4 | 25.0 | 394 |126 | 8.26 | 39000 | 17.0
7.17 | .374 | .084 | .027 | .90 | 3.4 [208.9 | 25.0 | 468 |149 | 8.30 | 22688 |...
4.39 | .260 | .848 | .032 [2.62 | 1.9 [187.0 | 53.8 | 407 }161 | 8.03 | 10600 | 11.0
5.97 | .402 | .098 | .016 | .22) 2.6 |228.0 | 17.0 | 352 | 92 | 9.06 | 3000 | 23.0
5.34 | .275 | .080 | .016 | .47 | 1.6 (237.2 | 55.0 | 423 |144 | 8.99 | 6300 | 25.0
6.66 | 368 | .044 | 022 | 45 | 2.5 |222.4 | 47.4 | 465 [174 | 6.381 5100 | 24.0
6.75 | 288} .106} .008] T | 2.3 |215.8} 4.2 | 337 ]106 | 8.90 | 5900 | 30.0
-6.54 | 488 | 102 | 026 | .54|] 2.5 (207.4 | 10.2 | 377 1131 | 7.05 | 2800 | 26.5
6.59 | 382 | 084 | .010 | .08 | 2.3 1195.4 | 22.8 | 353 1139 | 6.69 | 6500 | 21.5
6.99 | 336 | 029} .018| T | 3.4 l224.4] 7.4] 389 1122 | 7.55} 4800 | 15.0

|
6.15 | 844) .105) .018 | .54) 2.4 214.7 | 27.2 | 388 |134 | 7.83 | 5625 |.....
4.33 | .222 | .064 | .024 [3.42 | 1.4 [184.8 | 56.6 | 379 j127 | 7.82 | 6400 | 11.0
4.85 | 418 | .212 | 022 | .45 | 5.0 |240.4 | 40.0 | 347 | 95 [10.26 | 4800 | 93.0
5.69 | 282 | .180 | .030 | .11 | 2.6 |247.8 | 17.6 | 388 |120 |10.00 {109500 | 25.0
5.81 | 372 | 076 | .098 | 37 | 3.7 [231.2 | 13.0 | 438 (170 | 7.95 | 8600 | 24.0
4.83 | 276 | .120 | .010 | 22} 3.0 |224.8 ] None] 312 |107 [10.41 ) 4000 | 29.5
5.88 | 534 | 126] .018| .34] 2.8 [213.2 | 29.2 | 342 1130 | 9.87 | 5600 | 26.5
5.88 | 338} 084] .014) T. | 3.4 1210.4 | None! 338 {130 | 8.50 | 45600 | 21.5
741 | 5861 038 | .003| T | 3.4 1222.6 | 7.0 | 377 |115 | 6.05 |298000 | 15.0
|

5.58 78 | 118 19 | 61 | 3.2 221.9 | 20.4 | 364 124 | 8.77 | 51562 |.....

 

 
54

ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Great Miami River — Continued. (Parts per
|
2
6 7
vo G od
2 | 2 ig 2
= g EB Locality of sample. 2 > +
2] (88 8 eo) 2) oe
Ls we vo Oo O a>] &
Ess a =| & | 3 3
vn nn \* Q Oo a vn oO
1053 | 12 | 80 | Dayton,above town| April 18 | .25 .21 | C. | Earthy.
1118 | 37 ).... “ et May 23] .22] .19] S. | Faint musty.
1176 | 66 - ee June 19 | .30 .80 | C. | Vegetative.
1220 | 94 ff July 10] .25] .19 | S. | Veg., earthy.
1271 | 124 a x Aug. 8 | .26 20 S; Earthy.
1334 | 152 se Sept. 4 | .30 .33 | C. | Vegetative.
1397 | 181 « i Oct. 2] .21 | .26 | C. | Faint musty.
1474 | 210 sf | Nov. 2] .19] .29] S. | Earthy.
ANERAGE.. 24 ilons ey ctnes 25 SLO! este crgaal, Jace ea astoutanies
| |
1052 | 10 | 75 | Dayton, below town| April 18 | .28 | .60| C. | Faint musty.
1116] 35]....) “ : May 23] 26] .13] C. | “
1174 | 64]... ee ie June 19 | .23 mal C. | Earthy.
1222 | 96 “ ee | July 10| .25| .15 | S. | Musty.
1269 | 122 ee ee | Aug. 8 | .24 16 S. 7
1336 | 154 - i Sept. 4 | .26 120 Ss. Musty, oily.
1395 | 179 ee we Oct. 2/ .25] .16] S. | Musty.
1472 | 208 ee | Nov. 2 | .22 18 | S. | Faint musty.
\
AVERAGES «sellicoeveen cs 225 SAMs Sc3. eens It deste cavspenne dessins
|
|
1075 | 26 | 49 | Middletown, above |
LOWES 26h peo April 26 | .22 .09 | C. | Strong veg.
1129 | 49 BOL cramtera aan tieradears May 28 | .31 .14 {| Ss | Vegetative.
1205 | 83 He « sieecalaalaalig | June 28 | .85 {1.90 | M. o
1242 | 108 foe coach wseauic tae | July 19 | .26| .57 1 C. | Faint musty.
1306 | 141 & Aug. 22 | .26| .67 | C. | Earthy, veg.
1366 | 172 Se Labne a sa eas Sept. 19 | .18 .18 | V. S.| Vegetative.
1429 | 190 oe) “eeayamaag he Oct. 13 | .88] .85] C. “s
1486 | 220 Wal as cea eeahed Nov. 71! .23 he: S: =
|
AM BRACE idcles ca svesns Pa: 7.
| |
| |
1074 | 25 | 47 | Middletown, below | |
TOW. econ sng eed April 26 | .24 Jal C. | Vegetative.
1130 | 50 Me ree | May 28] .31 | .16] S. | Faint musty.
1206 | 8&4 A) aa hernias | June 28 | .35 .80 | M. | Oily.
1243 | 109 BO aa hao cae | July 19 | .26] .54] C. | Musty.
1307 | 142 BOY cosas cuneate | Aug. 22 | .30/ .73] C. | Earthy.
1365 | 171 Mee cchkare Revepcteoutel Sept. 19 | .28| .30] S. | Veg., ft. must.
1430 | 191 Bc rkee eeniceaperat Oct. 13' .33 | .381 |] C. | Musty.
1487 | 221 OPS aaa dea coc Nov. 7 | .25 | .23) S. “
AVERAGE ..--| ..--+0| IM AIC as astdll oeliesacveanoessis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

00

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Continued.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Million.) Great Miami River — Continued.
: Nitrogen as a ¢ ‘
uv » : oO .
i — c| jsf els]?
3 3 B| .| 8] & é
ao > 3 n be
glee || . | BS Peele &| S & |) &
ee heed g a a v ge || 38 ot Ill Was eee © m s
& | ‘e¢ —e|] 9 2 Il ae SOR) RS ef) ae a o
30 sa) o& a o 5 a 2 3 no 3 2 =
Rg | 8 OS cee il eee ee “218 S| 8] 4 3 §
©: || ca Be We oo = |S te rae ey aa a
5.92 | .248 | .022 | .020 13.74 .6 [189.2 | 10.2 | 448 |159 | 8.83 | 17600 | 13.5
5.94 | .3884 | .084 | .018 |1.02 1.4 |239.6 | 44.2 | 366 [123 | 7.35 | 2700 | 21.0
5.61 | .282 | .044 | .024 | .47 1.8 |237.0 | 23.0 | 445 {188 | 9.90 | 4800 | 23.0
6.02 | .312 | .0384 | .014 | .20 1.8 |224.4 | 70.8 | 442 |117 | 7.35 | 4700 | 24.5
§.24 | .276 | .073 | .006 [None] 1.2 |219.4 | 30.6 | 368 |1382 | 6.7 2900 | 28.5
6.99 | .400 |] .074 | .008 | T 1.0 222.0 | None] 388 |119 | 7.22 | 3500 | 26.0
5.30 | .252 | .028 | .004 |] .04 | 2.3 |224.0 | None] 403 {158 | 7.40 | 5600 | 20.0
6.16 | .304 | .084 ; .013 | T 1.8 |212.0 | 20.2 | 400 |105 | 7.30 | 3000 | 15.5
|
5.90 | .307 | .049 | .013 | .68 1.5 220.9 | 24.9 | 407 |188 | 7.52 | 5600 |.....
7.82 | .896 | .032 | .020 |3.36 .8 |193.4 | 67.2 | 591 1156 | 9.00 [118600 | 13.0
4.52 | .412 | .102 | .034 ]1.10 | 3.9 |240.2 | 8.2 | 3851 | 95 | 6.96 | 9700 | 18.5
4.27 | .230 | .084 | .016 | .40 | 4.7 245.0 | 47.0 | 436 ]200 | 6.70 | 22300 | 21.0
6.14 | .264 | .056 | .030 11.16 | 5.5 |237.2 | 4.0 | 352 |103 | 8.30 |150000 | 27.0
5.57 | .284 | .062 | .018 | .84] 4.4 |230.2 | None} 400 |160 | 5.83 | 41400 | 26.5
5.18 | .356 | .066 | .024 | .68 |] 3.9 |225.6 | 33.0 | 398 {150 | 9.22 | 8100 | 28.0
5.87 | .259 | .056 | .008 | .04 | 3.8 [223.8 | 15.0 | 349 |128 | 7.05 [100900 | 19.5
4.31 | .274 | .076 | .020 |8.80 | 6.9 |227.0 | 14.0 | 380 |123 | 7.70 | 72900 | 18.5
|
5.46 | .309 | .067 | .021 |1.99 | 4.2 ]227.8 | 23.5 | 407 ]189 | 7.59 | 65487
4.08 | .216 | .022 | .018 |2.60 1.6 ]204.2 | 6.0 | 373 |152 |10.07 | 4900 | 16.0
6.29 | .224 | .032 | .082 | .57 | 4.4 }237.0 | None} 406 |131 | 8.95 | 14100 | 21.4
10.11 | .482 | .084 | .010 | .12 .6 |194.8 | 12.4 | 556 131 | 6.68 | 54900 | 26.0
9.82 | .274 | .054 | .020 | .82 4.0 {211.0 | 54.6 | 453 |140 | 7.16 | 21600 | 27.0
7.72 | .278 | .070 | .018 | T 2.4 ]204.8 | 40.8 | 403 |144 | 6.39 | 40000 | 26.0
6.92 | .232 | .016 | .008 | T 6.1 |230.2 | 18.0 | 422 /102 | 9.82 |] 9200 | 21.0
8.34 | .253 | .074 | .014 [None] 3.8 |189.0 | None] 410 1134 | 8.45 | 2400 | 15.0
5.21 | .176 | .012 | .008 | .05 | 4.1 [226.4 | 16.0 | 363 |109 |11.70 , 4000 | 12.5
7.25 | .261 .045 | .015 | .46 3.3 |212.2 | 18.5 | 423 |130 | 8.65 | 18888 |.....
4.70 | .286 | .034 | .024 {3.32 | 2.8 |202.4 | 2.2 | 370 |134 | 8.70 | 13000 | 16.0
7.91 | 326 | .058 | .088 | .49 | 4.5 [232.4 | 20.0 | 460 151 | 7.16 | 27500 | 21.5
12.16 | .464 | .048 | .012 | .14 1.9 |198.0 | 4.0 | 593 |183 | 6.27 |124100 | 25.5
11.11 | .280 | .074 | .024 | .08 | 7.3 |222.0 | 39.8 | 484 |173 | 5.90 | 36900 | 27.0
10.78 | .332 | .068 | .015 | T 4.2 |240.8 | 17.8 | 446 1153 | 5.67 | 97100 | 27.5
9.89 | .438 | .046 | .020 [None] 9.3 |239.8 | None] 463 |131 | 8.09 | 33700 | 21.0
7.97 | .273 | .032 | .016 | T 5.1 {186.8 | 27.6 | 434 |156 | 7.45 | 2800 | 15.0
9.65 | .318 | .016 | .026 | .06 | 7.8 |242.2 | 12.2 | 485 ]153 | 7.50 8800 | 13.5
9.27 | .340 | 047 | .022 ) .51] 5.3 |220.5 | 15.4 | 461 |148 | 7.09 | 42987 |.....

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
56 ANNUAL REPORT

RECORD OF CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Great Miami River — Concluded. (Parts per
| I
di ! |
“ 3
2/8 ls g |
= 5 £ . Locality of sample. & 3 .
2 | & Rg 3 pl ae Wi
@ | lee a | 3 = K
2 |e lee =e ie |S | 3
A | a le a oO} ea] a& }
|
1070 | 24] 35 | Hamilton, above |
OWN, ayeesazs ,.-| April 25 | .16 .09 | C. | Vegetative.
1132 | 51].... SP gaa senna ies May 28 | .28 | 5.60 | M. | Earthy.
P207 | BL | sai Be? 9 hia Sate June 27 | .27 | 2.80 | M. | Vegetative.
1240 | 110 ].... Be ie onterashd ahaa July 19 | .28 | 2.45 |} M. | Earthy.
1309 | 140 [.... Ss eitave heen Aug. 21} .28] .93] C. e
TBT2 | BION sccc-s ta hesereie een et Sept. 19] .25 | .25 | S. | Vegetative.
12) W928 36 Ose Siege wena ts Oct. 18 | .43 .43 | C. | Faint musty.
1488 | 222 ].... AO a Paci n a hes Nov. 7 [| .25 225 Ss i
AVERAGE 322: |esaceeness | 2280 E60! lees excl aswaweanaaeaes
|
|
1069 | 23 | 32 | Hamilton, below |
COWL, 4 cscgrcarnes April 25 | S18 095) JC Musty.
1133 52 |.... fee abcn chek May 28 | .28 | 5.40 M. | Earthy.
1208 | 82/].... Lae ee June 27} .27 | 1.80 | M. | Oily.
AQAT ||) TIT Ne cstes PED Benita stats lees July 19 | -26 | 1.40 M. | Earthy.
1308 | 189 }.... Shoe Ui waaay Aug. 21 | .28 st C; |
1371 | 169 |.... Ma Cer es Sept. 19 | .25 .23 5 Faint musty.
1428 | 193 |.... OP ees ares at Oe | Oct. 13 | .83 | .44 Cc
1489 | 223 |.... HS Beg dekaes cg | Nov. 7 [ .27 | 201 S Musty.
AVERAGE 2. oscas. 26 | eo cell aco aaeeecets
| |
|
1067 | 22) 5 | Cleves, below town| April 25 | .16 | .11 ‘C; Vegetative.
11385 | 53 ].... ss a | May 29 | .23 | 5.20} M. | Earthy and ft.
| | | musty.
1201 | 80/].... ee | June 27 | .30 | 2.00 | M. | Earthy and ft.
| musty.
1247 |) TIS: Vs eck - 3 July 20) .30 |] 5.40] M. | Veg., earthy.
1298 | 188 |.... S “e Aug. 21 | .28 | .93 | C. | Earthy.
1361 | 165 |.... > “ Sept. 18 | .20 | .34 Se | “
1431 | 194 |.... . i | Oct. 13 | .81 | .38] C. | Earthy, veg.
1497 | 227 |.... ce ” | Nov. 8 | .27 | 24 S. | Earthy.
|
AVERAGE ....|..... | 26 | 1,88 |e. sss eee
|

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 57

GREAT AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES — Concluded.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Million.) Great Miami River — Concluded.
Nit | 7
a itrogen as Fe : : ‘
3 ; = ¢ & oO oO
= 1 o 3° : a
‘3 a! 5 a e J
a oS J 5) 2 |e o . #
e 3S] 3 1 Bee | ee | | a | 8
|| Sees 2 Bb a e me ES TO © 3 a
eee) Ss) epee ee ee) me ee | ee ce
Sige ee Set Be | ee | Bo ee
K | 5 M = = ia] ss 8 ‘| 4 38 Sg 3
©. |< em Z| A < [8 Bia} A ca BH
8.04 | .160 | .030 | .022 [3.02 1.8 /201.2 8.8 | 316 |128 | 9.65 6100 | 18.5-
26.89 | .736 | .076 | .009 |1.83 .1 [122.4 7.4 11794 |171 | 8.47 | 84500 | 19.5
12.78 | .3872 | .082 | .014 | .98 1.1 }186.4 | None] 621 /115 | 7.02 | 53600 | 26.0:
10.95 | .874 | .065 | .012 | .08 2.1 |180.2 | 22.2 | 592 |119 | 7.10 | 16700 | 28.0
7.24 | .320 | .096 | .016 | T 3.6 {187.2 | 21.0 | 486 |118 | 7.48 | 13600 | 29.0
7.01 | .288 | .031 | .009 | .07 7.1 1226.0 8.2 | 416 |106 | 9.68 1100 | 20.5
7.75 | .268 | .065 | .008 | T 8.6 1179.4 | 29.2 | 418 1134 | 8.56 2200 | 15.5.
7.26 | .246 | .018 | .007 | T 5.5 |227.2 | 19.6 | 417 ]125 | 9.78 | 25000 | 12.5
10.86 | .345 | .058 | .012 | .75 3.1 |188.7 | 13.9 | 626 |127 | 8.47 | 25350 |.....
4.27 | .254 | .058 | .030 |2.60 8.3 1206.8 | 15.8 | 347 |187 | 9.02 8200 | 19.0
22.15 | .788 | .085 | .012 [1.36 2.1 1140.4 2.8 |1547 |161 | 7.88 | 57600 | 19.5
9.32 | .302 | .072 | .022 | .84 | 3.9 |230.0 | 35.6 | 467 {122 | 6.78 | 78600 | 26.5
10.28 | .342 | .066 | .016 | .14 | 4.0 {195.8 | 30.0 | 500 |133 | 6.90 | 20400 | 28.0
7.69 | .290 ] .078 | .0138 | T 8.8 |182.8 7.2 | 883 |182 | 6.82 | 53800 | 29.0:
7.50 | .846 | .122 | .024 | .06 9.7 |230.6 | 12.6 | 414 |111 | 7.70 3200 | 20.5
7.80 | .263 | .073 | .010 | T 4.4 181.2 | None] 371 |122 | 8.40 7200 | 15.5
7.80 | .304 | .023 | .018 | .06 6.7 (227.6 | 11.8 | 381 {128 | 9.15 | 38200 | 12.0
9.60 | .861 | .072 | .018 | .57 4.7 1199.4 | 14.5 | 551 |131 | 7.83 | 33400 |.....
4.27 | .204 | .0382 | .020 |3.01 2.2 |203.4 7.6 | 369 |141 | 9.20 2400 | 18.5
19.43 | .696 | .100 | .014 | .77 .7 (121.4 | 15.2 {1721 {188 | 7.93 7200 | 19.0
10.66 | .510 | .086 | .012 | .59 4.3 |225.6 | 28.0 | 674 |130 | 7.62 4400 | 27.0
22.82 | .708 | .082 | .018 | .08 2.2 1165.0 | 28.8 |2066 |224 | 6.60 | 14500 | 27.0
7.26 | .310 | .061 | .010 | .04 8.6 {172.2 .6 | 480 {118 | 7.72 | 17200 | 30.0
5.50 | .278 |-.029 | .008 | .12 7.2 |232.4 | 11.4 | 450 | 98 | 9.32 2300 | 19.0:
7.27 | .282 | .046 | .006 | 3.3 4.6 |187.4 | None] 412 {121 | 9.40 | 2900 | 17.0
6.68 | .258 | .012 | .008 | .08 | 6.5 ]226.6 | 7.8 | 381 ]129°]10.20 | 5400 | 9.0
10.49 | .406 | .056 | .012 | .63 8.9 ]191.7 | 12.4 | 813 |144 | 8.50 LOSS |sxciaes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
08 ANNUAL REPORT

VII. LIST OF PLATES.

In plotting the analytical findings of the Great Miami River it was
found advisable to plot the main stream on one page and the two
main tributaries on a second page. For convenience in plotting curve
“B” (Mad River) the station above Dayton is placed 10 miles nearer
Springfield than it should be, but the omission of that distance is indicated
on the plates.

There are three series of plates including four sets of curves and
a total of thirty-three plates as follows:

SERIES I.

Curve “A” Little Miami River and East Fork of Little Miami River.
Plate 1. Oxygen Required.
“2. Nitrogen as Albuminoid Ammonia.
3. Nitrogen as Free Ammonia.
4. Nitrogen as Nitrites.
5. Nitrogen as Nitrates.
Chlorine.
Alkalinity.
Incrusting Constituents.
Total Solids.
Dissolved Oxygen.
Bacteria.

OOO ST OY

Hw

SERIES 2.
Curves “B” and “C”.
Curve “B” Mad River and Buck Creek.
Curve “C” Stillwater River and Greenville Creek.
Plate 12. Oxygen Required.
“73. Nitrogen as Albuminoid Ammonia
14. Nitrogen as Free Ammonia.
15. Nitrogen as Nitrites.
“16. Nitrogen as Nitrates.
17. Chlorine.
“78. Allcalinity.
‘1g. Incrusting Constituents.
“20. Total Solids.
21. Dissolved Oxygen.
22. Bacteria.
SERIES 3.

Curve “D” Great Miami River.
Piatc 23. Oxygen Required.
“24. Nitrogen as Albuminoid Ammonia
25. Nitrogen as Free Ammonia.
26. Nitrogen as Nitrites.

6e

66
Serieol Flatel

28.
29.
30.
ST.
32.
33.

THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

Nitrogen as Nitrates.
Chlorine.

Alkalinity.

Incrusting Constituents.
Total Solids.

Dissolved Oxygen.
Bacteria.

 
ANNUAL REPORT

60

 

Z 74% /q [°8/48D
THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

61

 
ANNUAL REPORT

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Series! Plated

THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

 

63
ANNUAL REPORT

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ANNUAL REPORT

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THE RIVERS OF OITLI0.

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THE RIVERS OF CHIO.

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THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 75

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THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 79

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86 ANNUAL REPORT

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88 ANNUAL REPORT

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THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 89

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90 ANNUAL REPORT

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THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 91

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ANNUAL REPORT

 

DUAGRAI OF THE J =
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THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 93

VII, DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS.
1. LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

Seven sampling places were made on this stream and located as
tollows: Above South Charleston on one of the headwater branches;
above Xenia, below Nenia, above Loveland, and opposite Linwood; all
on the main stream, and above and below Batavia on the East Fork of
Little Miami River. This fork empties into the main stream some ten
mules above Linwood. The South Charleston station was not established
in April, and no September sample was taken there as the stream was
dry except for a few pools.

Physical Properties. The waters of the Little Miami River presented
rather inferior results in regard to appearance. The majority of the
samples contained a considerable sediment, and while only a few (from
the lower portion of the watershed) showed high turbidities, yet none
of the samples were clear. In only one sample could the wire of the
turbidity stick be seen at a depth of more than to inches. The waters
always possessed a noticeable odor, and this odor was of a vegetative
nature in most cases. The waters of the Little Miami occupy an inter-
mediate position among the river waters of the state as regards color.
The upper waters of the watershed were found slightly more colored
than those nearer the mouth of the river.

Oxygen Required and Albuminoid Ammonia. Plates 1 and 2.
These determinations are considered together as their fluctuations in
the Little Miami are due chiefly to the vegetative organic matter in the
water and not to sewage. The oxygen required and the nitrogen as
albuminoid ammonia were nearly always high, indicating a large amount
of vegetative material. The lowest findings were obtained at Loveland
and Linwood. On the other hand the May and July findings at the
latter place were the highest found for the season on this river, and
were the result of heavy rains. The tributaries at Linwood in May
and July were also extraordinarily high. It is to be noted that the rain-
falls and the dates of sampling happened to stand in such relation to
each other as to cause marked results to appear only at Linwood.

The generally high findings at Batavia show a goodly amount of
vegetative matter in the East Fork, and indicate the wisdom shown in
filtering the water of that branch before it is used for the public supply
of the village named. This undesirable vegetation, as well as sus-
pended silt and clay, is readily removed by a proper filtration.

The findings above Xenia in July indicate a slightly larger proportion
of vegetative matter than usual. That the oxygen requirement and
albuminoid ammonia findings were not still higher each month above
Xenia, on account of the effluent from the strawboard factory at Cedar-
ville, is doubtless due to the fact that, after leaving the reservoir, the
effluent has a flow of several miles in Massick’s Creek and then enter
94 ANNUAL REPORT

the main stream some distance above Xenia, and therefore the above
determinations are reduced by oxidation, precipitation, and dilution to
the point shown.

At South Charleston the river is a mere brook and for some dis-
tance above the sampling place, as was subsequently learned, it is over-
hung with weeds and grass while it slowly finds its way through fields
and pasture land. It is therefore not strange that these determinations
were found to be high at this place.

Nitrogen as Free Ammonia. Plate 3. The absence of marked
sewage pollutions is shown by these curves. The sewage from the
Clermont County Infirmary causes a small increase in free ammonia
below Batavia. A considerable amount of free ammonia was present at
South Charleston and at first thought it might be attributed to barn-
yard drainage, but the chlorine does not correspond, and the cause rests
in the local pollution along the banks above the sampling place.

At Xenia the water above the town is ordinarily high enough in
free ammonia to fail to be increased by the water from Shawnee Run.
The city of Xenia is but little sewered and so Shawnee Run carries but
little sewage, although some is present as shown by the various findings.

Agreeing with the chlorine findings there is a slight increase in the
nitrogen and free ammonia between Loveland and Linwood.

Nitrogen as Nitrites and Nitrates. Plates 4 and 5. As usual the
lowest findings were obtained during the dry weather months toward fall.
The results indicate no great past pollution which had not been overcome,
and this is especially true of the East Fork water at Batavia. In the
earlier months of the investigation the results on the main stream were
higher as a result doubtless of farm drainage during cultivation, since
manures and soil enrichers are used in this section of highly cultivated
land.

The general high nitrites at Xenia are attributable not to that city
alone, but have their source in material introduced farther up stream,
partially at the Cedarville strawboard factory and partly from other
sources.

Chlorine. Plate 6. These curves serve as the best indicators of
sewage influences on the stream, since the chlorine was less disturbed by
local factors than the determinations for nitrogen, for oxygen required,
and for bacteria. The general low chlorine findings show the absence of
specific sewage pollutions as well as of the decided mineral pollutions
which have been recorded in some of the previous investigations of the
streams of the state. The maximum chlorine averages for the season
on the Little Miami were at Linwood and below Xenia, each being 2.3
parts per million. As might be expected the chlorides were generally
higher in the fall months when the volume of water in the river was least.

The slight sewage influence of Xenia is shown by the rise in each
curve at the point representing the entrance into the Little Miami River
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 95

of Shawnee Run, which carries the sewage of the city. By reference to
the accompanying report of the Engineer of the Board it is seen that, aside
from the Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans’ Home, a very small pro-
portion of the people of Xenia have access to the sewers, and consequently
a much smaller sewage influence is exerted on the stream by that city
than one might think if only the number of inhabitants were considerd.
The sewage from the Home is not supposed to reach the river by way of
Shawnee Run except in occasional instances.

The slight increase in chlorides at Batavia is indicative of a small
amount of sewage from the County Infirmary plus some surface drainage
from the village. It is noticed that the chlorine findings above and below
Batavia are much higher in April, October and November than during
the summer months. This peculiarity may be somewhat influenced by
the wintering of a large number of steers on the bank of the river above
Batavia at the town of Lynchburg. (See Engineer's report under Lynch-
burg.) The steers begin to arrive early in October and are sold in the
spring. Owing to the crooked course of the stream, Lynchburg is
nearly fifty miles from Batavia by river, and organic matter has opportu-
nity to be disposed of but the chlorides remain.

At South Charleston the stream usually contains little or no chlorine,
but departures occurred in July and November. Such departures in a
stream of moderate size might mean something, but in so small a branch
of quiet flow as the one at South Charleston a minor local factor could
produce distinct changes in the analytical figures.

The diluting effect of the heavy rains is seen in the May and August
samples at Loveland and Linwood, and again at the latter piace in July.

Alkalinity and Incrusting Constituents. Plates 7 and 8. The
amounts of incrusting material were fairly constant throughout the Little
Miami River and were lower than for any of the streams of the state pre-
viously studied. The head waters were more alkaline than those of the
southern portion of the watershed, as shown by the general dip of the
curves from left to right. Although the southern samples were some-
what more influenced by rainfalls than the northern samples, yet it re-
mains true that the northern area yields the harder waters. The waters
of East Fork were lower in alkalinity than those of the main stream,
the averages for above and below Batavia being 135.1 and 139.5 respec-
tively, while the averages on the main stream varied from 167.8 at Lin-
wood to 249.1 above Xenia.

As Batavia has recently (October, 1900) installed a public water sup-
ply, using the river water after mechanical filtration, and as their process
of treatment involves the use of a coagulant, it is well to consider the
alkalinity obtained above Batavia. The coagulant is decomposed by the
carbonates and bi-carbonates and hence there should not be too low an
alkalinity otherwise undecomposed coagulant might appear in the effluent
—a condition which should not occur. The lowest alkalinity above Bata-
96 ANNUAL REPORT

via was 80.0 (obtained in high water) and this figure gives a good margin
of safety for the proper and intelligent operation of the filter plant.

Diluting influences from rainfalls are best seen at Linwood in May,
July and August.

Total Solids. Plate 9. The solids were rather lower than usual for
Ohio streams and were fairly constant throughout the watershed barring
the excessive amounts of clay borne in the high waters at certain sam-
pling periods. As stated in the previous section the head waters were
slightly harder, but this was compensated for, as regards total solids, by
the increased amounts of suspended matter in the water of the lower por-
tion of the watershed. Agreeing with the hardness the solids of the East
Fork were lower than those obtained on the Little Miami River proper.

Dissolucd Oxygen. Plate 10. These curves by the dips at Xenia
and Batavia show the addition of some organic matter. Some rather low
results were obtained at South Charleston when the water was low. On
the whole the results for the stream are low indicating an amount of
oxygen below the normal.

Bacteria. Plate 11. In general the bacterial results agree with other
findings in showing a slight sewage influence below Batavia. On the
other hand, while some sewage enters the river between the two sampling
places at Xenia, its presence is not indicated by the course of the bacterial]
curves. This is an unusual occurrence and is due to the abnormally high
number of bacteria at the sampling place above Xenia. In considering the
effect of the strawboard factory refuse introduced at Cedarville, and which
caused the bacterial disturbance just referred to, we noticed here, as in
other streams where similar conditions existed, that on the mixture of
strawboard factory wastes with river water a great increase in the number
of bacteria occurred, and further that this high bacterial content of the
stream persisted longer than the chemical evidences of the specific pollu-
tion. It appears that microbic life finds under those conditions a favor-
able enyironment and hence propagation of certain species rapidly ensues.

The findings at South Charleston are higher than might at first be
expected, but they agree with the other results in indicating considerable
organic matter, and in addition it should be noted that all the samples at
this station save one, were affected by local rains. The low finding at
Xenia in July is responsible for the downward course of the curve from
South Charleston.

The relatively low number of bacteria at Xenia in June, July and
September give an intimation of what might be expected with cessation
of the specific pollution from the strawboard factory at Cedarville. The
high number of bacteria in the remaining months at Xenia is due to this
pollution and is not indicative of sewage or the usual effect of surface
washing.

The May samples exhibit the most uniform rain influences on the
stream, while the July result at Linwood produces the greatest inflection
in the bacterial curves due to precipitation causes.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 97

The stream as a whole is rich in microbic life—especially so, for so
small an amount of sanitary sewage. In one sample above Batavia there
were 750 bacteria per c. c., but the next lowest finding in the 52 samples
bacterially examined was 1200 bacteria per c. c. In 75 per cent. of the
samples there were upward of 2,000 bacteria to c. c.

SUMMARY FOR LITTLE MIAMI WATERSHED.

The average composition of the water of the Little Miami River
including the East Fork is as follows computed from the averages at our
seven stations :

COlOE 2 haus soda onaen nes 29 CHIGHINE cic ecainceunnaewns oe8 1.6
AGUPDIGILY ss ven eg awe saesere eee .52 AK ainiity axils cance ayianss Bere 197.8
Oxyeen: required... neve 6.32 Incrusting constituents ...... 15.

N. as albuminoid ammonia... so29: lh otal Solids: savyas aa easeae's 5 387.

N. as free ammonia.......... .100 || Dissolved oxygen ............ 7.86
ING JAS MALE ITE Si. case ptaleles malas O18. || Bacteria peti: Co c.ccase oes a 23900.
IN BS MIEFATE Ses oc ways occas ceca s 27

The station established at South Charleston to determine the purity
of the headwaters was of little value as the samples there happened to
be too much influenced by local rains, in addition to local pollutions which
greatly affected so small a stream. The grossest pollutions occur at or
near the headwaters and hence the question is, “Does the water attain
a reasonable degree of purification?” On the main stream the best water
is in the lower course and is possibly as good above Loveland as anywhere,
and yet its character is not such at that place as would entitle it to consid-
eration for a public water supply without treatment of some nature.

The accompanying report of the Engineer of the Board says that the
conditions at Lynchburg are very bad in the winter, but with the cause of
the trouble removed in the spring the evil effects on the stream are lessened.
The analysis at Batavia show that from April to November the Lynch-
burg pollution had been well purified by the time the water reached the
first named village. Batavia has just introduced a public water supply,
taking the water from the river and treating it by mechanical filtration,
thus adding artificial to natural methods of purification in the securing
of a water of good qualiy.

With the water of the East Fork of the Little Miami River possess-
ing some desirable features as shown by our analyses, and with the unde-
sirable characters removed by the proper operation of their filter, the
citizens of Batavia should be supplied with a very acceptable water and
one whose use for domestic purposes should, from a sanitary standpoint,
quickly supplant the waters derived from private wells in the village.

In regard to the suspended matter the Little Miami is worthy of
mention, for the results obtained during 1900 indicate that its waters are
seldom clear under ordinary conditions of weather, and at times of rain
it becomes a turbid stream and exceedingly so in the southern portion.

7 R. OF O.
98 ANNUAL REPORT

As a whole the Little Miami River is comparatively free from sanitary
sewage, but it receives manufacturing sewage, and contains so much
organic matter of a vegetable nature, especially in its upper waters, that
purification is somewhat retarded, and would be more so with grosser
pollutions. Accordingly the Little Miami River does not rank well among
streams as regards ability to care for pollutions by natural purification.
On this account it is well that the sewage of Xenia (which city is about
to be sewered) is to be filtered before it is emptied into Shawnee Run a
short distance above the point where that tributary enters the main stream.

Sampling stations were not established on Massick’s Creek, but when
the writer saw that stream in June its condition was foul. Bubbles of gas
were rising to the surface of the liquid and a test showed the entire absence
of dissolved oxygen. As is stated in the Engineer’s report Massick’s
Creek is but little more than an open sewer, by which a little surface drain-
age from Cedarville and a larger amount of strawboard factory drainage
reach the Little Miami River.

As regards hardness the waters of the Little Miami occupy an inter-
mediate position in Ohio, though perhaps no softer than the average.
Some other streams have shown lower alkalinities but none thus far
studied have been lower in amount of scale forming material, and with
the suspended matters removed these waters could be used for boiler pur-
poses, although sludge would form and need to be removed..

2. GREAT MIAMI WATERSHED.
This portion of the work will be considered in three divisions, viz:
Stillwater River including Greenville Creek, Mad River including Buck
or Lagonda Creek, and the Great Miami River proper.

a. STILLWATER RIVER.

There were three sampling places on this portion of the Great Miami,
two being located near Greenville on the creek bearing that name, the

upper one above town and opposite the water works, the other below
town. The third station was on Stillwater River, a short distance above
its mouth.

Physical Properties. In color the samples were quite uniform. None
of the samples were free from suspended matter as all deposited notice-
able amounts of sediment and about 30 per cent. of the samples showed
considerable sediment, but they did not carry the large amounts of clay
found elsewhere on the Great Miami system. The highest turbidities
from the Stillwater basin were found at Dayton in April and at Green-
ville in October, both being caused by recent sharp rains. The April
sample below Greenville was taken shortly after the commencement of a
heavy rain, but insufficient time had elapsed to allow much of an increase
in turbidity. Doubtless turbidities greater than .40 do occur at times but
they are of short duration in a stream like this, and a further study of the
rainfall table, the dates of sampling, the local conditions, and the turbidities
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 99

obtained indicate that this tributary does not attain excessive turbidities.
However, the results indicate that the waters of the Stillwater basin do
not become extra clear under ordinary conditions. The lowest finding was
at the Greenville station in November when no rain had fallen for ten days,
but even then after a dry period in a dry fall the turbidity wire was visible
only at a depth of twelve and one-half inches.

Most of the samples had a vegetative or earthy odor while none were
odorless.

Organic matter as indicated by findings for oxygen required and for
nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia, free ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates.
Plates 12-16.

It is seldom that the effects of surface washing after rains are so
well shown as in the Stillwater curves and determinations for the oxygen
requirement. This is due in part to the otherwise minor departures from
the normal. Excessively large amounts of carbonaceous matter are not
met with at any time, but the direct rain influences are noted at Dayton
and also in a lesser degree at the station below Greenville in April, and
again at both Greenville stations in October. The July and September
curves had upward tendencies as the result of minor additions from rain-
falls at Dayton and their absence at Greenville.

The albuminoid ammonia results give in a slightly lessened degree
the same indications as do those just discussed. The ammonias are higher
than in some of the better streams, but the rise in these curves as well as
in those for nitrites and oxygen required point to the addition of some
sewage at Greenville. In August most of the curves descend at Green-
ville owing to some unusual pollution above the city. This was not found
again.

All the nitrites at Greenville were high save in November, and they
had not disappeared in Dayton except in October, although nearly so in
July. The upward course of the nitrite curve between the Greenville
stations was reversed in May, July and October, due to the unusually high
readings above town. The nitrites of the stream were generally high for
an open watercourse which was not receiving grosser pollutions, and they
indicate incompleteness of purification. In general the nitrates show the
usual seasonal variation, but the higher figures of the late fall are want-
ing as cold rains had not yet commenced. Nitrates were quite in evidence
in the spring but decreased in the late summer and early fall toa minimim
period. Why the nitrates in the June and November samples were high
at Dayton and low at Greenville, with the reverse condition in May is not
quite understood.

Chlorine. Plate 17. The full extent of Greenville’s influence upon
the waters of Greenville Creek is shown better in the curves for chlorine
than in the free ammonia of other curves. Two causes lead to this. First,
chlorides are almost wanting in the water above the village under ordinary
circumstances while considerable free ammonia is present with vegetative
100 ANNUAL REPORT

organic matter. Second, the indirect influence from Greenville either by
seepage or by direct surface drainage would contain its proportion of chlo-
rine unchanged, while the organic matter by filtration and oxidation would
have passed beyond the first steps of decay. After the rise at Greenville
the chlorine curves show distinct drops due to dilution, except for October.
Here it should be noted that the Greenville samples for the month named
were affected by rainfall and the chlorides accordingly lowered, while
the Dayton October sample was not so affected, and in addition it, for
some reason not apparent, yielded the highest chlorine finding of the
season for that station. Although the chlorine curve for August shows
the usual upward tendency at Greenville yet attention is called to the high
results then obtained at the upper station for chlorine, oxygen required,
albuminoid and free ammonias. The dissolved oxygen in that sample
was also high. This pollution occurring but the one time does not dis-
close to us its source.

The mineral characters of these waters are well shown by the findings
for alkaluuty, tncrusting constituents, and total solids, (Plates 18-20), in
addition to the sections just given. Due to the absence in these samples
of the marked quantities of clay and silt obtained in most of the preceding
investigation, the curves for solids agree better with those for alkalinity
and incrusting constituents. In addition to carrying only small amounts
of suspended matter, the Stillwater samples were noticeable for their lack
of sulphates—being nearly as low in incrusting material as the water of
the Little Miami River. The Stillwater samples, however, were not lack-
ing in carbonates or bi-carbonates, as shown by the high alkalinities. The
discrepancy in the direction of the .\pril and October curves for solids
compared with the actual mineral character of the waters was due to
the local rains at those times at Dayton and Greenville, as already
referred to.

In general the mineral character and total solids of the stream increase
slightly at Greenville and then decrease much more by dilution with softer
waters before Dayton is reached.

Bacteria. Plate 22. It is to be noted that none of the samples from
Greenville Creek or Stillwater River were low in bacterial life for the best
finding was at Dayton in May when 1000 bacteria were present in a cubic
centimeter of the water and two-thirds of the samples taken had 2,000
or more bacteria per c.c. The indications are that the October result at
Dayton was due to an accidental contamination, and it should not be taken
as representative. The April findings at the two lower stations were
augmented by the sharp rainfall at or before the time of collection. The
slight downward course of the October curve at Greenville has no sig-
nificance, since the bacterial content of both samples had been so far re-
moved from normal by rain influences as to lose whatever value they
might otherwise have possessed as indicators of sewage. The remaining
curves by their course at Greenville show the increase in bacteria resulting
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 101

from the direct and indirect pollutions of the creek between the stations
above and below Greenville.

SUMMARY FOR STILLWATER RIVER.

When uninfluenced by rains the water of this tributary is quite uni-
form in character, and when influenced by rains there is not the extreme
variation that frequently appears elsewhere. This stream is moderately
rich in vegetative matter but lower than some. Its quality is not such
as would make it an acceptable source for a public supply if the raw
water was used. Although the present Greenville water supply has some
undesirable mineral characters, yet it is decidedly preferable to the raw
water of Greenville Creek from a sanitary view.

Although the water above Dayton is on the whole somewhat better
than that found above Greenville, yet the results indicate that purification
is rather tardy and it may be found necessary for the sewage of Greenville
to be treated before it is emptied into the river.

The average composition of the water as found in Greenville Creek
and Stillwater River is as follows, the October bacterial finding at Dayton
having been omitted as an unreliable one.

NOME tie Susy seauenegEmni: US: | | Cileniae ai. awe nana 1.4
EGE DIGI EY? 2: hota ais ekavneeans Nt A IKAMNILY: Ss ten eccey ears 239.8
Oxygen required ............ 4.79 Incrusting constituents ...... aut
N. as albuminoid ammonia... 2450) Potalsohids ccdaccveseawemern HLT.

N. as free ammonia.......... 068 | Isoss.on ignition:.:::c.cesae. 140.

Ne JAS NIEEIbES 22 sacaee oe wena: 016 | Dissolved oxygen ........... 8.96
IN ASUITIEPALES. a pacjaue ae ee [42 | BaCtéria, Pef 6. Gia ceadgsuce T7227

b. MAD RIVER.

The graphical representations of these results appear in curve “B”
{n order to permit “B” and “C” to be placed on the same plate, ten miles
were omitted from curve “B” between Springfield and Dayton. Six
stations were established on this division of the Great Miami watershed.
The uppermost station was above Urbana; the next one was below
Urbana and nearly a mile below the mouth of Dugan Creek, which branch
bears a little sanitary sewage from Urbana and a considerable amount of
strawboard factory waste. The third station was on Mad River above
Springfield and just above the mouth of Lagonda or Buck Creek, which
stream carries most of the sewage from the city of Springfield. The
station which appears third on the plates, owing to its greater distance
from the mouth of the Great Miami River, is the one above Springfield
on Buck Creek. The last named station was opposite the present pumping
station of the Springfield water works and at the point where a pipe enters
Buck Creek to serve as a supplementary source for the supply of Spring-
field. The fifth station was on Mad River below Springfield and in order
to include the pollution from the factories near that city had to be located
some distance below the mouth of Buck Creek. The sixth station was on
Mad River at Dayton and opposite Harshmanville.
102 ANNUAL REPORT

Physical Properties. The main tributary of Mad River, viz: Buck
Creek, possesses better physical properties than many of the Ohio streams
but it is by no means to be thought of as a perfect water in this respect.
The most notable change in color in the water of Mad River occurs as the
result of the addition of strawboard factory refuse at Urbana. Taking
the average above Urbana as a standard for Mad River, there is found
such an increased color below Urbana that the average color at each sta-
tion on Mad River proper remains higher than the standard until Dayton
is reached, in spite of successive dilution.

Like the samples from the Stillwater watershed, those from Mad
River fail to show great increases in turbidity after rains, for omitting
the station below Urbana where the turbidity was modified by the straw-
board effluent, we find the greatest turbidity for the season was above
Urbana in September when the reading was only .38. Besides failing
to ‘become very roilly, it seems the water of Mad River quickly recovers
from a changed turbidity as shown by the low findings of the May samples
—preceded a few days by one of the hardest rains falling on this part
of the watershed during the time of our studies. On the other hand the
results from the Mad River basin indicate waters that are seldom really
clear under ordinary conditions, for of forty-eight samples only three
(two on Buck Creek and one on Mad River above Urbana) were clear
enough to enable the wire of the turbidity stick to be seen beyond a
depth of fourteen inches. In the three exceptions the wire was visible
at a depth of 20 inches, which in one case was the depth of the water.
In spite of the moderately low turbidities it is to be noted that an unusually
large number of the samples—more than halfi—showed a “considerable”
sediment. This would indicate the suspended matter was of the nature
of vegetation, loam and sand rather than clay in its finely divided state.
None of the samples were odorless except two from Buck Creek, while
many showed by the odor their vegetable character.

Orveen Required and Albuminoid Ammonia. Plates 12 and 13.
As indicators of sewage these determinations were of little value in Mad
River owing to the disturbances caused by pollution of anothe rnature,
but as indicators of the pollution from the strawboard factory thev take
high rank. The marked jumps taken by these curves at Urbana sug-
gest a strong influence but the other findings and the facts show that only
a very small amount of sanitary sewage enters the river from Urbana.
The fluctuations at Urbana are due to the presence of greater or less
amounts of factory wastes. The April and July curves are flatter than
the others, the former because of dilution from rainfall, the latter because
of a diminished amount of the factory refuse.

The amount of carbonaceous organic matter in Mad River was
greater below Springfield than above only in May. Two factors helped
to produce this result. One is the entrance of the water of Buck Creek
between the sampling points; the other is the presence of so much unde-
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 1038

composed material from the Urbana pollution as to cause the water of
Mad River above Springfield to still be high in albuminoid ammonia and
oxygen required. When the pollution below Urbana rose, the findings at
Springfield were also higher, showing too great a pollution for the
stream to handle in that distance and regain its normal purity. By a
comparison of the results above Urbana with those above Dayton it is
seen that in a flow of some forty-five miles sufficient purification and
dilution had occurred to counterbalance the pollutions of Urbana and
Springfield as judged by the findings for oxygen required and albuminoia
ammonia. In connection with this, reference may be made to the findings
and the curves (Plate 21) for dissolved oxygen. The amount of free
oxygen was of course lowest below Urbana because of the strawboard
factory refuse, and did not regain its normal until the above Dayton
sampling place was reached. The results above Springfield on Buck
Creek show a higher proportion of free oxygen.

The Nitrites (Plate 15) mark the pollution at Urbana, the flattened
curves for April, July and October, being partially due to rain influences,
and in part especially in July to a lessened pollution at Urbana. The
nitrites agree with the free ammonia, chlorine and bacteria in showing the
addition of sanitary sewage at Springfield. In general the nitrite find-
ings above Dayton were but a trifle higher than those in Buck Creek
above Springfield, and in Mad River above Urbana, indicating a fairly
good degree of purification by the time the water reached Dayton.

Nitrates. Plate 16. Little comment is necessary here. The results
on Buck Creek were generally a little higher than elsewhere. The
November result above Dayton is not attributable to surface washings
and its cause is not apparent.

Free Ammonia and Chlorine. Plates 14 and 17. These may be dis-
cussed together since they are for this stream the best indicators of
the extent of sewage pollution. The only free ammonia curve failing
to rise after the addition of Springfield’s sewage was the one in June,
when the finding above town was one-third higher than in any other
month. This high reading as well as the somewhat lower, though still
high ones for July and September, did not come from fresh sewage.
The chlorines do not follow the three ammonia determinations just
mentioned nor again in August below. Urbana, when the chlorine curve
takes an anomolous turn upward. In the latter case the water was
unusually rich in oxygen consuming power at the time and a possible
source for the chlorine may have been the muriatic acid, used at times
in the process of making strawboard. The chlorine falls slightly from
Springfield to Dayton with the dilution which is small in that stretch
of the stream’s flow. The amount of free ammonia above Dayton was
moderately low except under the influence of the April surface wash-
ings, and was as low as that above Springfield on Buck Creek, or
104 ANNUAL REPORT

above Urbana on Mad River and shows a return to original conditions
after the pollutions which exist on this stream and tributaries.

The /ncrusting Constituents (Plate 19) are generally low, but what
appears unusual is their increase on the addition of surface washings.

The -dikalinitics (Plate 18) are very high throughout. Except in
April, when the water was high as noted by the collector, there occurs
a marked increase in alkalinity below Urbana which is lost, however,
by the time the water reaches the Dayton station. The water of Buck
Creek is slightly richer in sulphates and poorer in carbonates than is
the main stream, but in connection with the sewage of Springfield it
affects the mineral nature of Mad River very little.

Since the highest figure obtained for total solids was 535, it is
observed that none of the results for solids were unusual.

Bacteria. Plate 22. These findings and resulting curves show well
the bacterial effects of the two major pollutions of Mad River, viz:
the strawboard effluent at Urbana and the Springfield sewage. At each
of these cities the curve exhibits a decided rise every time. The
greater inflection was at Urbana, but of course the latter would con-
stitute the more serious menace to health owing to the opportunity
for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore the strawboard
refuse produces the more marked and more persistent disturbance of
the physical properties of the water, and the appearance of a water
receiving strawboard refuse would prevent the ordinary person from
usiig it as a beverage where a sewage polluted water might be unhesi-
tatingly accepted by that person because its appearance was not had
and because it had a good taste.

In no month was the bacterial finding above Dayton as low as
above Springfield on Buck Creck, and only in August, September and
November did the findings at the former place remain lower than those
obtained above Urbana. From the bacterial side the pollutions of the
river are not compensated for by natural processes of purification. Here
again we would note the persistingly high bacterial content of a river
water which has received the refuse from a strawboard manufactory.
The Buck Creek bacterial findings were not so bad for an open stream
when used for water powers and commercial enterprises, but they
are not wholly satisfactory for a water to be supplied for domestic
purposes to a large and thriving city. Omitting the Buck Creek samples,
the Mad River results were all high, as only five samples showed less
than 2,000 bacteria per c. c, viz., 700 and 1,700 in Mav and June
above Urbana, 1,400 in August above Springfield, and 1,500 and 1,700
in May and August above Dayton. The greatest disturbance by rain
was in April at Urbana and at Dayton, but not at Springfield as the
samples at the last named city were taken two days earlier, and thus
previous to the rain which occurred during the sampling period. The

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 105

minimum, maximum, and average bacterial findings per c. c. are given
below arranged according to the minimums:

 

 

 

 

 

reise
Station and Stream. D) fe = 2

& a y

= S x

|

Springfield, above, Buck Creek...........0..0..0.00.. 325 1,200 738
Wabatias, a baes. Nad: River sovetca ace Wied Sie ete tek ex aed TOO 12,000 4,000
Springfield, above, Mad River...................... 1,400 | 30,000 9,575
Dayton, above, Mad River...........0...0.0. 0000000 1,500 30,900 6,750
Springfield, below, Mad River......................! 5,900 | 115,100 30,625
Urbana; belows, Mad Rivetngcgi 4a a saaalottetnsy eaten | 6,800 | 803,000 | 160,750

 

 

SUMMARY FOR MAD RIVER.

The average composition of the water of this stream including
Buck Creek as determined by forty-eight samples from six stations is as
follows.

COlOr cate eisai ona eee aus: 26 | CHIGMME: ici edie seand etund 1.4
SWE ity pasta ds crea ween 20) Alkalinitytcesataretceaieacde %- “2O229
Oxygen required ............ aQ.24 | Incrusting constituents ...... 14.1
N. as albuminoid ammonia... b280 |) otal solids: sed nccrauu aan apace 430.
N.as free ammonia.......... d.070 i LOS8: OM IENINOM ewes we deeds 136.

IN, aS: NithiteSs 24s scone sa oan e,027 Dissolved oxygen «ices causes 8.36
IN ee AS AUT ALCS es so sd eines nce (80. | Bacteria, pe? © Chessssaedunis c35406

a Ninety-five per cent. higher than it would have been with the findings below Urbana
omitted.

b Thirty-one per cent. higher than with findings below Urbana omitted.

c Two hundred and forty-two per cent. higher than with findings below Urbana omitted.

d Sixty-nine per cent. higher than with findings below Springfield omitted.

e Eighty-six per cent. higher than with findings from below Springfield and below Urbana
omitted.

An interesting study is found in the foregoing table and the refer-
ence to the increases which occurred over what the average would have
been in certain cases with the omission of the results below Urbana
(so modified by strawboard factory refuse) or those below Spring-
field (modified by sewage).

If it were not for the marked pollution at Urbana and Springfield
the waters of Mad River would be fair waters as regards organic
material. ‘The studies indicate in this stream a greater ability for self
purification than in some cases. The water at Dayton compares favor-
ably in most respects except as to the number of bacteria with the head-
waters. The physical properties are included within moderate limits
except for the addition of material from Dugan Creek at Urbana. Unlike
some waters studied the present one will on a short sedimentation deposit
most of its suspended matter although some fine material will remain
in suspension for a considerable time. The best water of this system
as far as our investigations were carried was found in Buck Creek, but
106 ANNUAL REPORT

as indicated in various places in preceding tables, curves, and discussion,
the water of Buck Creek does not possess a sufficiently high degree of
purity to make it a wholly acceptable source of supply in the raw state
for the city of Springfield.

Cc. GREAT MIAMI RIVER,

Thirteen stations are located on the Great Miami River proper,
one station above and another below each of the following six cities:
sidney, Piqua, Troy, Dayton, Middletown and Hamilton, while the
thirteenth station was below Cleves. The April sample at the last
named place was taken below the mouth of Whitewater River, but the re-
maining collections were made above the point where that tributary emp-
ties. For further details as to location of sampling points the reader is
referred to a previous section of this report. Attention is again called to
the fact that it was necessary for the collector to make two trips owing to
the number of stations, and consequently the samples at Middletown,
Hamilton and Cleves were collected from five to fourteen days later in
the month than those at Dayton and points farther north. During the
following discussion the stations or samples referred to as southern
are those at Cleves, Hamilton, and Middletown; while those at Dayton,
Troy, Piqua and Sidney are spoken of as northern stations or northern
samples.

Physical Properties. The color of the water was moderate in amount
and fairly uniform throughout the stream and season. The highest
average was .2y obtained below Middletown.

At most of the stations the prevailing odor was vegetative or
at times earthy, but below the larger places, as Hamilton, Middletown,
Dayton, Troy and Piqua the odor was stronger and less pleasing. In
regard to the amounts of suspended matter considerable difference is
noted between the northern and southern samples, because the former
were influenced but little by rainfall except at Piqua in April, while the
samples from the southern section usually gave evidence of present or
recent rains. The April sampling period for the northern route was
one of general rains, but Piqua being the last city visited on the trip
showed the greatest influence from surface washings. In consequence
of the presence of heavy surface washings in the waters of the southern
section some excessive turbidities were obtained. In none of the inves-
tigations previous to this year have such high readings been obtained,
and that the total solids were not higher in the cases of these abnormal
turbidities indicates the presence of a very fine clay, and not suspended
material of a heavier nature.

Seventy per cent. of the southern samples had ‘‘considerable” or
“much sediment while the clearest sample had a turbidity of .o9. In
support of these roilly findings in the lower course of the Great Miami
River we would make mention of a statement made to the collector by a
resident of Cleves whe said he had lived in Cleves seven years and
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 107

did not remember seeing the water of the stream what could really be
called clear.

Oxygen Required, Plate 23. Albuiminoid Ammonia. Plate 24.
The most noticeable additions of carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter
by surface washings are shown at Viqua in April, and in the lower course
of the stream in May, July, and also to a lesser degree in June. The
curves of averages for these determinations also show the disturbances
just noted. The unexpected jump upward from Middletown to Hamilton
in May, when the samples from the two cities were taken within the
‘space of three hours deserves explanation. There had been a heavy
local rainfall on Seven Mile Creek. It waters enter the Great Miami
above Hamilton and below Middletown. The July result at Cleves.
was also due to surface washings.

Some of the Piqua pollutions enter the canal and some water escapes
at intervals from the canal to the river between Piqua and Troy. This
helps keep up the various findings for organic matter above Troy. The
general upward trend of the various curves at Middletown is not due
alone to sanitary sewage for certain of the determinations for organic
matter are greatly modified by the nature of the manufacturing sewage
admitted. By reference to the report of the Engineer, it is seen that
Middletown possesses a thriving paper mill industry.

The failure of the curves for the oxygen required and albuminoid
ammonia to rise at Dayton with the addition of the sewage of that city
is worthy of consideration. Between the two Dayton stations on the Great
Miami River that stream receives the waters of its two largest tributaries,
viz., Mlad and Stillwater rivers. By reference to Table 1. of the Engin-
eer’s report it is seen that the drainage areas of Mad and Stillwater
rivers are respectively 645 and 653 square miles. No gagings are avail-
able to inform us of the relative volumes but with the drainage areas
so nearly equal and with nearly the same monthly rainfall (except in
September) it is permissible to assume the volumes of water in Mad
River and Stillwater River at Dayton were approximately the same. With
equal quantities of water in these tributaries the mean of their quantities
would represent the character of the tributary water received at Dayton.
Wolfe Creek may be considered one of the pollutions of Dayton. From
the analytical tables the following figures are obtained:

 

 

 

 

4 | 2
a4 Ss
eu | £2
we | Es
> o S
Bo an
° , 4
— 3 2 ees a
Average tor Mad River at, Daytots .2 2.0. ncnewdvcues naa ndalew taps | 3.87 194
Average: for Stillwater Rivet at Dayton... eciasaccqeenens eww Maes | 4.50 .251
Mean of Mad and Stillwater Rivers at Dayton.................... 4.18 (222
Average for Great Miami River above Dayton....................] 5.90 307

Average for Great Miami River below Dayton.................... | 5.46 309
108 ANNUAL REPORT

The drainage area of the Great Miami River above Dayton is 1158
square miles and that of the two tributaries is 1298 square miles. The
rainfalls were on the whole similar. Without Dayton influence the aver-
age oxygen requirement below Dayton should have been close to 5.00
parts per million without additional purification, but the finding was
5.46 parts. In the same way the albuminoid ammonia below town would
have been in the neighborhood of .262, whereas .309 parts were found.
Therefore while a glance at the plates would cause one to think there
had been no organic matter added at Dayton, a closer study shows there
was such an addition which agrees with the facts as given in the
Engineer's report.

The causes for the increased findings at Troy in September and Novem-
ber are not apparent. If the greater amounts of water had entered the
river from the canal containing so much organic material, the oxygen
required would also have been higher.

Nitrogen as Free Aimimonia. Plate 25. The generally flat course of
the curves shows the absence of such concentrated pollutions as were
found below certain cities on watersheds previously studied. The aver-
ages show more or less of an increase between the above town ‘and
below town stations for each village or city where samples were taken.

Because of the relatively low amount of free ammonia in the water
of Great Miami River above Dayton compared with the albuminoid and
with the oxygen required, and because of the greater effect upon the
free ammonia findings when sewage is introduced, we find the free
ammonia curves rising below Dayton in spite of the diluting effects
of Mad and Stillwater rivers as mentioned in the preceding section.

In connection with the distinct additions of free ammonia factors
at a town no larger than Troy in comparison with larger places on the
stream, reference should be made to the figures given in the Engineer’s
Table of Sewerage. While Troy is not one of the largest places on the
stream yet it takes second rank among those on the Great Miami in the
estimated per cent. of population using sewers, and in actual number
of persons using sewers, only two places on the main stream (Dayton
and Hamilton) make a higher showing. In addition to this relatively
heavy sanitary sewage pollution, we should not fail to mention the
refuse which reaches the river from the slaughter houses at the edge
of Troy. The unusual result at the place just named in \pril may
have had some connection with the heavy rainfall at the time of taking
those samples. Similar fluctuations for chlorine and nitrates appear
but not for albuminoid ammonia and oxygen required.

In September at Hamilton the water was low and the below town
finding was greater than at any other time in the season—causing a
greater inflection in the curve.

Nitrogen as Nitrites and Nitrates. Plate 26 and 27. The nitrites,
and to a lesser degree the nitrates, show the effect of urban pollutions.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 109

Like the free ammonia the nitrites show more prominently than the
oxygen requirement and the albuminoid ammonia the pollution from
Dayton.

The .\pril nitrates at Piqua are in evidence because of the effect
of the rainfall influencing those samples so much more than the others
as previously noted. The curve’s jump at Dayton in November is
not attributed alone to the Great Miami nor to Dayton as the samples
at Dayton on Mad River and Stillwater River were also high.

Chlorine. Plate 28. As indicators of urban pollution these findings
need little comment—the curves speak for themselves as they show the
addition of sewage at each town and city. The chlorine curves at
Dayton are not misleading as were those from some of the other
determinations since the chlorine was less influenced by other causes.
April yielded the flattest curve for the samples were all under some
rainfall influence. In September the southern samples were taken under
drier conditions and the lack of dilution is apparent in the higher level
of that portion of the September curve. The drops from below Middle-
town to above Hamilton in May and July are not customary and they
were occasioned by the decidedly greater amounts of rainwater at
the latter place. This influx of rainwater was chiefly from Seven Mile
Creek where heavy rains had occurred. ,The extent of these peculiar
rain changes may be illustrated by a comparison of turbidities although
the Hamilton sample was te‘:en within two hours of the one below
Middletown. In May the carbidity below Middletown was .16 and
above Hamilton 5.60; in July the turbidity below Middletown was
54 and above Hamilton 2.45. The determinations for oxygen required
and albuminoid ammonia also show the same changes.

Alkalinity and Incrusting Constitucnts. Plates 29 and 30. As
shown by the findings and the curves for averages the waters of this
stream were fairly uniform in these characters. The carbonates were
very high but the sulphates and chlorides were low and thus while the
water at any place is hard yet the hardness is chiefly temporary and
thus better than in some of the streams of Ohio. Two breaks are
noticeable on the alkalinity plate due to rain influences in April and
May.

Total Solids. Plate 31. Agreeing in general with the combined
alkalinity and incrusting constituents the sotids showed no marked depart-
ure from the normal except when heavy rains caused the waters to con-
tain larger proportions of soil as at Piqua in April, at Hamilton in May,
and at Cleves in May and July.

Dissolved Oxygen. Plate 32. These findings were not fully satisfac-
tory, the course of the curves at Troy not being in accord with the
other-findings and as yet not understood. The paper mill effect is
noticeable at Middletown, while the results at Sidney were increased
by the oxygen given off by growing algae and other vegetation.
110 ANNUAL REPORT

Bacteria. Plate 33. The bacterial findings do not stand out so prom-
inently in their indications here as in most of the, previous studies, but
nevertheless they afford much information. The curve of averages shows
an upward inflection at each city or town, and but three exceptions are
noted in the monthly curves. At Hamilton in May the above town
sample was so greatly increased in number of bacteria from the water
of Seven Mile Creek, which had just entered the main stream, that there
was a falling off in numbers by the time the curve reached the below
town station. At Troy in April the rain during the night previous to
the collection of the samples had washed in an abundant supply of or-
ganic matter above town, as shown by the highest findings there ob-
tained for the season in free ammonia, nitrites and bacteria. In August
at the same station other organic findings were high as well as the
bacteria.

The generally high results for April, especially in the northern sec-
tion, show rain influences with the climax at Piqua. From the aver-
ages it would appear that the southern portion of the river was the richer
in bacterial life, but it must be remembered in this connection that while
the northern samples received a general rain in April, they were but little
disturbed at other times, while several of the southern samples received
more or less serious additions of surface water and the bacterial fluctua-
tions appear which follow su¢@h additions. While sufficient data is lack-
ing for a positive statement, it would seem from certain indications that
under similar conditions of weather, the water of the lower portion of the
‘Great Miami River would not be higher in bacteria than the upper portion
if as high.

It is to be noticed that the curves do not fall between Sidney and
Piqua, and further reference to other plates and to the table shows
that the same holds true in general for other determinations. This
would indicate the entrance of some pollution between the stations below
Sidney and above Piqua.

As shown earlier in the discussion the introduction of the tributary
waters from Mad and Stillwater rivers at Dayton, caused some of the
findings to indicate in a lessened manner the pollution from Dayton. In
-contradistinction to these, we would call attention to the unmistakable
indications obtained by the Dayton bacterial studies.

The bacteriological findings indicate that after the pollution from Sid-
ney the water fails to again attain a bacterial character as low as it had
above Sidney. Only three of the eight samples at the station last named
contained over 1000 per c. c., while none of the 96 samples from the other
stations contained as low as 1000 bacteria per c. c., the nearest approach
being 1100 above Hamilton in September. Taking the average number
of bacteria found in eight samples above Sidney we have 1900 bacteria
per c. c., and only four out of 96 samples from subsequent stations con-
‘tain as few as that high number, showing that the water of the Great
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 111

Miami is much lower in microbic life above Sidney than at subsequent
places in its course.

It would have been desirable to have included, as a part of the reg-
ular work, the search for intestinal organisms, but stress of work pre-
vented this procedure except in August, September and a portion of
October.

The following table gives the rank of each station by minimum,
and then by average findings; the minimum, maximum, and average
number of bacteria found. In the last two columns are given the num-
ber of months in which the samples were examined for intestinal bacteria
and the number of months when colon bacilli were found in that search.

 

 

 

 

| g

5
5 |e
& (855
‘4 YU
fe] ! gsies
Station. ede | BOIR Ss
e cl] ¢ g 2 ee
EI | 0 3 = bo Salo?
ae) 3 & = 3 allas
2 3| | 2 8&8 |PS/Es

2 | “| 2 Z 4 A A

|

Sidney; “above: wasuwiaeengeae¢ Ey, a 450 6,600 1,906 | 3 0
Hamilton. abOve: <sesc4 6 aucke please 2 9 1,100 | 84,500 | 25,350 2 2
Pigiias AbOWE. .<sces04 ks keeeess es 3 | *6 1,400 | *57,000 | *11,075 3 1
Sidnéy,. below <2 cs eas cnaune fens 4) 2] 1,600 10,800 4,750 | 3 3
ACTEVES 5, BELOW 5) 003.205 orate oa Mavavatiene: dai dee 5 5 2,300 17,200 7,038 2 1
Middletown, above ............... 6 tg 2,400 54,900 18,888 2 1
Daytons, above sa dxdancmeawacutecsnnaries 7! 3] 2,700} 17,600 5,600 | 3 1
SRrOyae ADO Ver ree yn koa eetumieeds Wee 8] 4] 2,800} 10,600 5/625 3 2
Middletown, below .............., 9} Il 2,800 | 124.100 42 987 2 2
Hamilton; below  sexcseeaeuias ees 10 | 10 3,200 78,600 33,400 2 2
PEON 5 DIO We oso ciiawt Seehentard enka 11 | 12 4,000 | 228,000 51,562 3 3
TYAVtON,,. “DELO saci chucrsitoaneaeceens dx deem 12113] 8,100 | 150,000 |] 65,487] 38 3
Riga, belOW? ascc.ch.oeeiein hoe hex 13} 8] 8,900 61,700 22,638 3 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUMMARY FOR GREAT MIAMI RIVER.

The summaries for the tributaries Mad and Stillwater rivers have
already been given and the following refers, only to the Great Miami
proper.

Taking the average of the findings of the 104 samples we have the
following as the average composition of the Great Miami River:

Color ja23 = had heey a cee 26 Gil Orie nha. ea ose eens tos Ba
Turbidity <4. doses csteanes 60 Alkalinity . Maraiemangeed sells
Oxygen required ............ 7.40 Incrusting eonstibvents eee 22.1
N. as albuminoid ammonia... .339 || Total solids ................. 475.

N. as free ammonia.......... .070 || Loss by ignition............. 135.

IN. aS HIETiteS 26 wat y3 eee ets .016 || Dissolved oxygen ........... 8.38
NaS fithatesicccdacAGaedaarc 22 Bacteria: pet, Gis eicsesaraes 22793

* Omitting the April finding above Piqua, which was an unusual one, the maximum number
at that station falls to 8,000, the average to 4,514, and the station receives second rank by averages
instead of sixth. °
ti ANNUAL REPORT

The above is a high turbidity for an average and is somewhat unduly
increased by a few excessive findings, but it is true that the water of the
Great Miami carries at time of heavy rain a large amount of suspended
matter and that it retains for a considerable period a portion of finely
divided clay so that clear waters are rarely found in its course. Seven
Mile Creek with its clay territory and rather steep flow is one of the
greatest producers of roilly water in the state.

The Great \liami River water is hard. The scale-forming element
is not so large but its carbonates and bi-carbonates exceed those of any
of the streams previously studied. The Olentangy and the Scioto are but
little lower in alkalinity but they are much higher in incrusting constitu-
ents, than the Great Miami. As hard as is the main stream it is a trifle
softer than its two largest tributaries in Ohio. Like some other streams
in the state this one contains a large amount of vegetative organic matter.
When there is added to this normally high organic content, the various
amounts of sanitary and factory sewage which enter at the several larger
centers of population there results an undesirable condition of pollution
for the water has difficulty in purifying itself by natural processes. It
is not to be wondered at that the number of bacteria ‘is so high —an
average of nearly 23,000 perc. c. (This figure is slightly increased if
the findings on Mad and Stillwater rivers be included). With the water
now struggling to regain its normal condition, what will it be a few years
hence with the increased pollutions that will come from the growing
cities situated on the banks of the Great Miami and its tributaries’ It
will be only a short time until this stream will need to be protected from
the introduction of untreated sewages. At present it does not anywhere
show the foul conditions which unfortunately exist on some other
streams, but it does receive one pollution after another, with such fre-
quency as to cause the quality of the water at all times to be under sus-
picion. The water above Sidney cannot be called suitable for a public
supply, and while it may have improved in one or two respects at any
given place further down the stream, yet on the whole it is even less
potable, and therefore it can be said there is no place in its course that
the water of the Great Miami River should in its present condition be con-
sidered as fit for a public water supply.
REPORT UPON A SANITARY SURVEY OF THE

LI.
III.
IV.

VI.
VII.
AA.

WATERSHEDS OF THE GREAT MIAMI
AND LITTLE MIAMI RIVERS.

By BENJ. H. FLYNN,

ENGINEER TO THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.

SYNOPSIS.
INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHEDS.
POPULATION OF WATERSHEDS.
POLLUTION OF WATERSHEDS.
A. SOURCES OF POLLUTION.
B. AMOUNT OF POLLUTION.
ICE SUPPLIES.
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.
DAMS AND WATER POWER.
STREAM GAGING.

(113)

8 R. OF O.
114 ANNUAL REPORT
I. INTRODUCTION.

The watershed work for the season of 1900 covered the entire
drainage of the Little Miami River and such part of the Great Miami
River basin as lies above the junction of the Whitewater River and the
above stream. This includes for the Great Miami watershed practically
all of the drainage area lying within the state of Ohio and also two small
sections just across the Indiana line. The small strip of land below the
confluence of the Whitewater and the Great Miami and all the watershed
of the former stream, practically all of which is in Indiana, were not
touched in this work.

From the nature of the study which is being made by the Board it
would be useless to investigate any territory outside of the state or the
small stretch of land below the entrance of a large, what may be called,
foreign stream into the river under investigation.

The intention has been to keep the scope of the work for the past
year, in agreement with that of the previous years, and it is believed
that it has been accomplished, though with a little less personal investiga-
tion. The methods in use have been more on a parallel with those in use
during the latter part of the season of 1899. Before the field work was
started in the spring, blanks requesting information as to population,
drainage, and neighboring industries were sent to all health officers and
township clerks in the area under investigation. These were filled out
in a much better manner than usual and a large amount of general in-
formation was thus gathered at very slight expense. With the knowl-
edge thus secured the field work could be laid out with a great saving of
time and expense in useless trips to small villages containing nothing
but a few houses and stores.

As in the previous years all the larger towns were visited and per-
sonal investigations made of their water supply and sewerage. These
investigations included also all the isolated public and private institutions
of any size.

Information was also gathered concerning the general character of
the industrial wastes, with special reference to those which affect the
purity of the streams into which they are dumped or to which they drain.

Along with the sanitary survey of the watershed as complete informa-
tion as possible was secured concerning the dams and water-powers. It is
hoped that the data on these subjects will be of use in estimating the
runoff of the various streams and in accounting for the variation of their
flow.

The investigation of the ice supplies was limited as in the previous
year, to a mere outline of the sources from which the bulk of the supply
is obtained.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 115
Il. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHEDS.

The Miami watersheds occupy a large portion of the southwestern
part of Ohio and a considerable area in the south-eastern part of Indiana.
The Little Miami watershed lies to the east and south of the Great Miami
watershed and to the west of the Scioto River basin. The waters from its
southern border are carried by short turbulent creeks direct to the Ohio
River.

The Great Miami watershed is much larger than that of the Little
Miami and extends on the north to the area drained by the extreme
northern tributaries of the Scioto and Wabash rivers and the southern
tributaries of the Maumee. The western part of this basin, in Indiana,
borders on territory tributary to White River, a branch of the Wabash.

The western tributary of the Great Miami River, the Whitewater
River, enters it only five miles from the confluence of the former with the
Ohio, and for the purposes of this investigation it was separated from the
Great Miami River, as nearly all of its drainage area lies within Indiana.

The Great and Little Miami rivers occupy rather narrow valleys,
with the general axis of each lying east of north.

It will be noted that the main drainage lines of the Great and Little
Miami watersheds occupy respectively the eastern and western portions
of the drainage areas so that the Great and Little Miami rivers are
brought quite close together, with the principal tributaries joining them
from the opposite sides. The one exception to this is Mad River which
enters the Great Miami at Dayton from the east. The lower portion of
these two watersheds are separated by a small area tributary to Muill
Creek and to the Ohio River direct.

The Miami watersheds include all of Miami, Montgomery, and War-
ren counties, the major portion of Butler, Champaign, Clark, Clermont,
Clinton, Darke, Green, Logan, Preble, and Shelby counties, and small
portions of Auglaize, Brown, Fayette, Hamilton, Hardin, Highland, Mad-
ison, and Mercer, also of Franklin, Randolph, Union, and Wayne counties,
Indiana. The above description only takes in the portion of the Great
Miami watershed that is above the Whitewater River.

AREA.

The total area of the Great Miami watershed is 5247 square miles,
of which 1355 square miles are in Indiana and the remaining 3892 in
Ohio.

The total area of the Little Miami watershed is 1709 square miles,
all of which is in Ohio.

The total for the two watersheds is 6956, of which 5601 square miles
are in Ohio. The area above the confluence of the Whitewater River
116 ANNUAL REPORT

and the Great Miami is 3809 square miles, of which 81 are in Indiana.
This last named area of 3809 square miles gives the extent of the terri- ,
tory which it was intended to cover in this survey, making the total area
covered, with the Little Miami, 5518 square miles, something over 1000
square miles less than was gone over the previous year.

These areas were determined by careful planimeter measurements
from the State Board of Health watershed map of Ohio and from the
General Land Office map of Indiana. The Ohio areas are probably more
accurate than those in Indiana, but they all agree fairly well with the
results of other investigations.

For convenience in studying it, the Great Miami watershed has ‘been
divided into four subsidiary watersheds, namely: Stillwater, Mad, Up-
per Great Miami, and Lower Great Miami. The first two names are
self-explanatory, the third name is applied to all the territory above Day-
ton and between Mad and Stillwater rivers, and the fourth includes all
the territory below Dayton and the Mad and Stillwater basins. The
Little Miami watershed was not subdivided.

The areas of these subsidiary watersheds together with many of the
still smaller streams are given in the following table:

TABLE I— AREAS OF WATERSHEDS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

=
S
Watershed. we ;
= o
oS
<x
Shillsvated RIVER” m secant ore Sucka Ne AD Ae AeA SHIOSS Lae Rkdatad oie Satoh ok a wb oecdees 653
Gre erie Cree erect ocala thence eandne hain eee tadtaben Aa cle scesy ted egtn anlage 200
Upper Great Miaintivccsc cacestn adie. .he meade, Deut eactileele ancy byheey weyers Hed 1,158
Toramie: (Creele: ica atie ces aiewarreten wh geagone noe 18 Gwe dee Mad een aad 244
Maid: RAG eco arnheatansa atsesiteote awshaclinaiicns ero saearee casevayacany tateeanant aakerigasioceie Walon avaloon gah: hou 645
Buk: Creche crass sa acdlort a asta ait ne Aeughoatulewitams cas WAQ Rue cee low 160
Lower Great Miami (above Whitewater) ..........00. 00002 e eee eee 1,353
Tevet CECE ences eter act seer gue ea iia eas Oa ota a Sh Ee acne daa’ laa end ola chloe Bae ee 129
Sever Mile. Greek: ins “eee il eee Dae cereeheee meeiosiens oa heey wad bn 282
TRAIT COOKS 25. cnc duensrie cS Aad apd a neeseag de aed AL OE RISE G aera e Lied od Rigas Bete 321
‘Total for Great Miami River (above Whitewater)..................... 3 809
Great Miami River below and including Whitewater...........0.0......... 1,438
Total-forGreat sMiamit Riveticcies ic ceu-daieaia deine dighieseae ot eke 5,247
TCitbler Witaiite TRIVE Dee acers esa eee she arecneteratih ote Rinaey (lsh dea tessa ok le ate Seare, wks 1,709
CR SET SOG TO IR ota aut aera es crntrenie naa ee leota tia eg pean eines peemaciyen eaten yo eo! O37
Todds, Mag: ch saree rneahs sea hase uiiee ts ees tela una uso med dea cleuk «is 241
East Branch Little Miami River............ pas BR GS rk icine tla tc gl bie O.d Sclsik hd 475
Total for Little Miami River and Great Miami River (above Whitewater).| 5,518
Grand total for Miami Rivers............ 0... cece cece e eee eeeaaes 6,956

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 117

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY.

As a general statement the Miami watersheds, with reference to the
surface formations, occupy a place in between the Maumee and San
dusky basins on one hand and the Muskingum on the other. In the
district under discussion there are found greater extremes of elevation
than in any other portion of the state, but the slopes are more uniform,
the surface more rolling, than is found in the Muskingum watershed
and there is none of the level prairie formation that is found in the
north-western part of Ohio.

A dictionary of altitudes published by the U. S. Geological Survey
gives the mean low water level in the Ohio River at the confluence of
the Great Miami as 425 feet above sea level and the elevation of a point
east of Bellefontaine as 1540 feet, these are the extreme elevations of
the State.

The north-western part of the Great Miami basin and the north-
eastern part of the Little Miami consist of comparatively level elevated
areas, marked, however, with rolling glacial moraines. Between these
two districts and connecting the extremes of elevation mentioned above
there is a wide strip of quite hilly and heavilly rolling land with a rather
steep slope to the south-west. A narrow strip of high land running
lengthwise of this area forms the dividing line between the Great and
Little Miami basins.

As the entire area of both watersheds has been glaciated the sur-
face presents the smoothed-over appearance which accompanies this phen-
omenon and no abrupt changes are to ‘be found except where the streams
have cut out their valleys in the soft drift.

The surface is covered with wide areas of a heavy limestone soil
‘crossed with narrow stretches of a loamy and gravelly soil. Some of
the stream valleys contain extensive alluvial deposits, forming very fertile
areas for cultivation. Much of the clay sub-soil of the southern part of
the Little Miami watershed is covered with loam, forming on the level
uplands excellent farming districts.

As the whole. district is essentially an agricultural one the timber
was rapidly cleared off and but small isolated wood lots now remain
over the tillable portion. Along the steep hillsides and the streams there
are still found stretches of forest, much of which is scrub or young
growth, all the merchantable timber having been cut out.

The lower and rougher portions of the Little Miami watershed
contain the most heavily wooded areas to be found in either basin. Here
on the steep hills bordering the streams there are still to be found many
good tracts of timber, the inaccessability of which has so far prevented
their destruction.

Corn, wheat and tobacco are the staple crops, the last being import-
ant in both districts. On account of the proximity of the large urban
118 ANNUAL REPORT

population in and around Cincinnati, quite extensive dairy interests have
been built up.

Good roads cover nearly all of both watersheds, indicating better
than anything else that they are rich districts inhabited by a prosperous
and enlightened people.

GEOLOGY.

As stated both areas have come under the influence of the glacial
action which has covered the original strata with a layer of drift from
5 to more than roo feet thick.

Practically all the bed rock belongs to the Silurian age, with the
Hudson River group, the Utica shale, and the Trenton limestone cover-
ing the entire southern portion of both watersheds, while to the north
and east there is a wide band of the Niagara, Clinton, and Medina group,
and to the extreme northeast is found the lower Helderberg and Water-
lime group.

On the high elevation east of Bellefontaine there appear small areas
of both groups of the Devonian age; the Hamilton and Upper Helder-
berg and the shales.

Near Dayton and in the valleys of the Stillwater at Covington and
of the Mad River below Springfield there are quite extensive limestone
quarries. At the latter place and at Cedarville on Massicks Creek a
considerable quantity of limestone is taken out to be roasted for lime.

DRAINAGE.

The main drainage line, the Great Miami River, of the Great Miami
watershed starts at the extreme north-eastern part of the district and
runs in a south-westerly direction, joining the Ohio River at the Ohio and
Indiana state line. Until Dayton is reached it occupies the central por-
tion of the watershed but from that point on it les very close to the east-
ern edge of its drainage area. Below Dayton its tributaries, not con-
sidcring the Whitewater River, consist of Indian, Seven Mile, and Twin
creeks, each of which drains a long and narrow strip of territory. At
Dayton the main stream receives two large tributaries; the Mad River
from the cast and Stillwater River from the west.

In the Little Miami watershed the main drainage line, the Little
Miami River, rises in the extreme northern part of the district and flows.
south-west keeping close to the western boundary for its whole length
and finally joining the Ohio a few miles above Cincinnati. Its principal
tributaries, all coming in from the east, are the east branch of the Little
Miami, Todd's Fork, Caesar’s Creek, and Massick’s Creek, the first named
being the most important.

The length, total fall, and fall ner mile of the main streams and
tributaries of both watersheds are sh wn in“tne following table:
“HE RIVERS OF OHIO. 119

TABLE II— APPROXIMATE GRADIENT OF PRINCIPAL STREAMS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

aj. | 8
ee} =
Bile |
Stream From To yo | & o
g a | Wy
8/38) $s
2 | sm | 8a
A & <
Great Miami River..... Ohio River in.ssc05 Hamilton ........ 33 | 145] 4.4
2 OH tai Jay Hamilton: ¢ ovasice. Dayton: vves.aee de 44} 160] 3.6
a ; Dayton: 2c.sisc46i Piqua. 2ssdvns cess 33 | 110] 3.3
: a Piqua: oye sah asesnces Degraff: : 2s ...00 27 | 120 | 4.4
' - Deeratt x scssacaus Headwaters ...... 26 90 | 3.5
2, a EY nc ave Ohio River....... ec Wuhhantls 163 | 625) 3.8
Stillwater River........ Dayton ecyecapsears Covington ....... 30 | 150] 5.0
S DD hana eet’ Covington ....... Headwaters Green-
ville Creek .....| 386 | 240 6.7
s OO ee te tases So we eleaaleiasls Headwaters Still-
water River ....{ 32 | 165 | 5.0
. S Dayton x05 eee Headwaters Green-
ville Creek .....{ 66 | 390 [ 5.9
re EP inate eee ie Me Sees Anta e Headwaters Still-
water River ...| 62 | 315] 5.1
Mad: Rivet sciccc1-63-aniences = ep eaateee Springfield ....... 23 | 170] 7.4
BS TN hebtceate teele hs cag testa Springfield ....... Headwaters ...... 385 | 300] 8.6
ae eer Dayton -ieccieteiss MPF RD secant 58 | 470] 8.1
ewan, Creeks vcs accesses Great Miami River - --++.+| 48 | 450 9.4
Seven-Mile Creek ...... i a ts a ee 34] 510 | 15.0
Little Miami River.....| Ohio River....... Milford csecic 45 acs 13 66 | 5.1
oY o OO Casta Malton .5 cosccieve Waynesville .....] 35 180 5.1
a a OY at hale Waynesville ..... Headwaters ...... 46 | 450] 9.8
- a Se tshans Ohio River....... Be civesatens 94 | 696 | 7.4
E. Branch L. Miami R../ Little Miami River| Batavia .......... 12] 105] 8.8
i - HO Ey asl BALAI A: spercckosalaicanl Williamsburg ....} 19] 200 | 10.5
= eee | Williamsburg ....| Headwaters ...... 42 | 300] 7.1
ms eee | Little Miami River rs a 73 | 605} 8.2

 

It is evident at once from this table that all the streams of the
watershed have very rapid rates of flow. Even the lowest average
gradient, 3.3 feet per mile as found between Dayton and Piqua, is
sufficient in a large stream to give a very good current. The Great
Miami River has throughout its entire course a very uniform gradient,
more so than is usually found in such a long stream. Mad River also
has a quite uniform but a much steeper gradient. As would be expected
the streams, Seven Mile and Twin creeks, coming down from the high
land near the Indiana line have a very high gradient, the highest to be
found in both watersheds. The upper part of the Little Miami River
and the east branch of the same stream also have high rates of flow
induced by steep gradients. At one time advantage was taken of these
excellent streams by numerous water powers but now many of these
have been abandoned. This question will be taken up later in con-
nection with the descriptions of the water power still in use.

Owing to the extensive use of the land for agricultural purposes
there are no extensive tracts of swamp land left. Many large areas
120 ANNUAL REPORT

have been ditched and tiled turning what was formerly waste land into
exceptionally fertile fields.

The valley of the Mad River between Dayton and Springfield, except
immediately below the latter city, is very low and swampy, muah of it
being so low that it can with but great difficulty be drained for use.
Along this same stream, in Champaign County, there are iarge areas
of low, wet, peaty land which has as yet not been successfully drained.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 121

III. POPULATION.

For the first time since the beginning of this work has it been pos-
-sible to make a satisfactory study of the population on the watersheds
‘under investigation. For this year the reports of the 1900 Census
-are available, and as accurate data as it is possible to secure in this
-country could be had for the work.

The figures for urban population are accurate except where a city
is on the dividing line of the watershed, when it was necessary to esti-
‘mate the population within the watershed. This occurred only in three
-cases; Cincinnati, Evanston, and Hyde Park, portions of each of which
sare in the Little Miami drainage area.

The same figure, 1000, has been assumed for the dividing lne
‘between urban and rural when classifying the villages, though in these
-districts a larger one could be better used than in any of the former
-cases on account of the large number of villages with populations above
this figure and still unprovided with public improvements. It is true
‘also that any material raising of the standard would throw into the
‘ural population many villages which have public water supplies and
more or less sewerage.

In determining the rural population, the population of every village
‘it was possible to obtain was subtracted from the total township popula-
‘tion and the remainder assigned to the proper watershed according
‘to the area each contained, then the village populations were assigned
‘to their proper districts.

Using these methods the total population of the entire Great Miami
watershed in Ohio and Indiana was 520,698 of which 258,859 was classed
-as urban and 261,839 as rural. Of the total population 89,814 was in
Indiana, divided as follows: urban 32,062 and rural 57,752.

For the Great Miami watershed above Whitewater, as used in this
‘report, the total population was 430,884 of which 226,797 was urban
and 204,087 was rural. Of this rural population 3647 was in Indiana;
‘there was no urban population in Indiana within the watershed proper.

The total population of the Little Miami watershed was 120,959 of
which 39,645 was urban and 81,314 rural.

These same figures for the subsidiary watersheds, for both water-
sheds and for the state, also the population of each class per square
‘mile are given in the following table.
122 ANNUAL REPORT

,

TABLE III— POPULATION ON WATERSHEDS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

|
| ‘ Population per
| Total Population. Square Mile.
Watershed. ;
= ma = ¢ a fa,
2 : g e || 253
Y ca & P io &
Stillwater .............. 11,249 39,921 51,170 | 17.2 | 61.1} 78.3
Upper Great Miami..... 34,708 56,027 90,735 | 30.0 | 48.4) 78.4
Mad River a.iesacnsdesia's 47,519 29,785 77,304 | 73.7] 46.2 | 119.9
Lower Great Miami.... 133 321 78 854 211,675 | 98.5 | 57.9 | 156.4
Total for Great Miami] 226,797 204 , 087 430,884 | 59.5] 53.6 | 118.1
Little Miami ........... 39,645 81,314 120,959 | 23.2 | 47.6} 70.8
Total for Miamis..... | 266,442 285,401 551,843 | 48.3 |) 51.7 | 100.0
|
The State ...... .. | 2,202,857 | 1,954,688 | 4,157,545 | 54.0 | 48.0 | 102.0

 

 

 

This table shows that for the Great \liami watershed both the
urban and the rural population are in excess of the average for the
state while in the Little Miami watershed the urban population is less
than one-half of the average and the rural is the same as the average
rural for the state. For both watersheds the average urban population
is 6 per square mile less and the rural 4 per square mile in excess of
the averages for the state, making the total average only two less than
the total for the state, 102 per square mile.

Contrary to expectations both the Stillwater and Upper Great Miami
watersheds have an average population per square mile but little in excess.
of that for the Little’ Miami watershed with its large area of rough
hilly country. Dayton and Springfield are responsible for the large
urban population in the Lower Great Miami and the Mad River districts,
respectively.

It will be interesting to note that in the small area, 216 square
miles, between the Miami Rivers, and tributary to Mill Creek and to.
the Ohio River district, there is a total population of 375,571 of which
350,894 is urban and 24,677 rural. This gives an average population per
square mile as follows: urban 1625, rural t14, and a total of 1739.

The sewage of a good per cent. of this enormous population together
with millions of gallons of objectionable industrial wastes finds , its
way to Mill Creek, turning the latter into an exceedingly foul open sewer.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 123:
IV. POLLUTION OF WATERSHED.

-l. SOURCES OF POLLUTION.

The factors to which the pollution of the watersheds is due are,
as formerly stated, farm drainage, sewage of towns and institutions,
the drainage from dumps, and industrial wastes. As this subject was.
fully discussed in the report on the pollution of the Muskingum water-
shed in the 1899 annual report, it is not considered necessary to go into:
details here.

It will suffice to say that farm drainage is meant to include all the
wastes from the rural population and from that portion of the urban
population that is not within reach of sewers. In this class there
should be placed the pollution caused by the excrementatious matter
of domestic animals which is found spread over fields as manure, heaped
up in barn-yards and pig pens, and scattered over streets and roads.
Country slaughtering, surface privies, kitchen slops, etc., also add
much to the pollution of the small streams draining rural communities.

The most serious pollution of the streams of course is to be found
in the sending of sewage of towns and public institutions direct to them
for disposal. The storm water sewers, of a thickly settled community,
carry in concentrated form, much of the objectionable refuse which is
responsible for the so-called rural pollution.

Under the head of pollution caused by dumps is included the very
offensive drainage from night soil and garbage dumps and tipping
grounds and the less objectionable leechings from general refuse heaps.
A no mote foul and disgusting thing can be imagined than the dumping’
of night soil and dead animals into the streams or so near them that
every rain or high water washes the stuff into the channel.

The industrial wastes of the Miami watersheds differ from those
of the Muskingum district in the absence of coal mine drainage and
the addition of a large amount of waste from paper mills. This latter
is especially true of the Great Miami river which has on its borders
a number of large paper mills which send their refuse direct to the
streams. Briefly this waste consists of the filth, both organic and
inorganic, washed and bleached from the stock from which paper is
made, and of the chemicals used in this, and also the final process of
mixing, coloring, etc. These consist of bleaching preparations, chlorine,
-and lime, the various acids separating the fiber, and cleaning machinery,
and the dyes and filling material used in the final finishing.

With the exception of this one industry which is peculiar to this-
section the remainder of the manufacturing plants are such as are
found throughout the state. These consist of breweries, cider mills,
canning factories, distilleries, strawboard works, wood-working shops.
124 ANNUAL REPORT

etc., the waste from which is in general vegetable; then creameries,
cheese factories, slaughter houses, soap and rendering works, tanneries,
woolen mills, etc., which send out animal refuse, and finally those turn-
ing out mineral waste, as gas works, metal-working shops, etc. It
may be stated that the easily decaying vegetable, all the animal, and a
few of the mineral wastes cause a nuisance, while practically all the
industrial wastes if present in quantity destroy the potability of a
water.

c\s a general rule it is probably true that as soon as a water polluted
by industrial wastes recovers its physical purity, so to speak, it has
recovered its potability, while a sewage polluted water cannot be con-
sidered within reasonable limits as ever again becoming potable. In
some cases an industrial waste may supply the food necessary for the
maintenance of harmful bacteria in a water and in this way destroy
the usefulness of stream as a source of water supply.

B. AMOUNT OF POLLUTION.

Under this head there will be given a brief description of the
larger towns, with their industries, sewerage, etc., and any special
source of pollution. For the smaller places, the combined population,
industries, etc., on each small tributary, will be given so as to make it
possible to form some idea of the character of the water to be expected
in these streams. These small tributaries will be taken up in order,
beginning at the mouths of the Great and Little Miami rivers respec-
tively, and bringing in each stream in its turn.

Details of the sewerage systems and water supplies of both towns
and institutions will be given in special sections following the one in
question.

I. LOCATION AND AMOUNT OF ALL THE ABOVE MENTIONED SOURCES OF
POLLUTION.

a. GREAT MIAMI RIVER.

Taylor's Creek. This stream drains the very hilly portion of Hamil-
ton county just west of Cincinnati, on which are the small villages of
Sheartown and Dent. The combined population of these is some 300
and neither has any industries.

Afiamitown. Population 400. Here there is located a small saw mill
and cider press.

New Baltimore. Population 125. In the Great Miami River opposite
this place is a small dam supplying water-power to a combined saw and
flour mill.

Ross. Population 300. This village supports a flour mill and two
saw mills.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 125.

Indian Creeb On this long and narrow watershed there are the vil-
lages of Millville, Woods, Reiley, Mixerville, College Corner, Cottage
Grove, Goodwin's Corner, and Beechmire, the latter ones being in
Indiana. The combined population of these villages does not exceed
1400 with 500 for the largest, College Corner. There is still some
lumber left in this section and nearly every village has one or more saw
mills.

Symmes Corner. Population 135. This village is on a small creek
which enters the river a few miles below Hamilton.

Hamilton. Population 23,914. This city, the county seat of Butler
County, is drained by the Great Miami River, passing through its center,
and the Miami and Erie canal through its eastern portion. It has a
good water supply and quite an extensive system of both sanitary and
storm sewers. It is estimated that the sewage of 4700 people is sent
to the river direct. The large per cent. of the population not accessible
to the sewers, use walled up vaults, very few of which are water-tight.
These must be cleaned out and the night soil is hauled to the country,
a little being dumped into the river however. Kitchen garbage and
refuse in general is tipped on low land near the river where it is
finally washed into the latter by high water. There are supported here-
a large and varied assortment of industries, among which are two large
paper mills, two safe and lock factories, several large foundries and
machine shops, agricultural implement works, shoe factory, a number of
important wood working shops, malting house, brewery, flour mills, car-
riage factory, gas works, etc. Many of these concerns are furnished
power from the Hamilton hydraulic which obtains its water from the
Great Miami River some five miles above the city. The public water
supply is of good quality and is in general use. Those not using the
same must depend on wells, most of which are driven from 20 to 60 feet
into a bed of sand and gravel.

Butler County Infirmary. Population 152. The sewage from this
whole institution is emptied into an open pit which drains through a
small run, direct to the Great Miami River.

Seven Mile Creek. This, one of the large tributaries of the Great
Miami, joins the latter only a few miles above Hamilton. A short dis-
tance above its mouth the stream branches, with Four Mile Creek turning
off to the west.

Four Mile Creek. On this watershed in addition to Oxford there are
the villages of Darrtown, Morning Sun, Fair Haven, West Florence,
and Campbellstown. The combined population is 550 and the industries
consist of a few scattered saw mills.

Oxford. Population 2009. This village has a public water supply
but no sewers outside of those found in the four institutions located’
in and near it. Several house drains lead out on the fields from which
some of the sewage is washed to the creek. The village is an educa-
126 ANNUAL REPORT

tional center with its industries limited to a saw mill, flour mill, and
planing mill. Those not using the village water obtain their supply from
wells dug 15 to 20 feet into hardpan, gravel and rock. In the Miami
University, Oxford College, The Western and Oxford Retreat there
are something over 500 people. Each of these institutions is furnished
with a water supply under pressure and with sewered closets, the
waste from which reaches the creek by more or less direct routes.

Seven Mile Creek. On the main branch of the stream there are, in
addition to Eaton, the villages of Seven Mile, Collinsville, Somerville,
Camden, and Upshur. In all these have a population of 1770, of which
go5 belong to Camden, the largest of the group. The industries of
these villages consist of the usual saw and planing mills for each, with
the addition of a creamery and flour mill in Camden.

Eaton. Population 3155. This village, the county seat of Preble
county, has a good public water supply but no sewers beyond a few
short storm drains. Vaults are constructed in any and every way and
but few are ever cleaned out, many being covered over when full. Gar-
bage and night soil are hauled to the country and there disposed of.

The industries consist of a canning factory, flour mill, two saw
mills, glove factory, furniture factory, tile mill, ice factory, ete.

The private water supply is of less importance each year as the
village water is introduced. The wells in use are dug from 12 to 40
feet deep into gravel and rock, the latter appearing in the western part
of the village.

_ Preble County Children's Home. Population 54. As yet this insti-
tution sends no sewage to the creek but extensive improvements are
being made and very soon both inmates and officers will have the use
of sewered closets.

Preble County Infirmary. Population 55. The infirmary is provided
with sewered closets which are used by some twenty people, the remainder
using outdoor vaults. The sewage is sent to a small cesspool or pit
which holds back much solid matter but allows the liquid portion to
pass direct to the creek.

Gregory Creek. ‘Tributary to this small creek are the villages of
Lesourdville, Monroe, Huntsville, Hughes, Bethany, Tylersville, and
Mauds. The combined population is 690 and the industries consist
of a flour mill, and a few small tile and saw mills.

Dick's Creck. The drainage of Amanda and Excello goes to this
creek and to the Miami and Erie canal. These villages have populations
of 210 and 120 respectively, and each supports a large paper mill.

Elk Creck. In the watershed of this creek are the villages of Tren-
ton, Miltonville, Jacksonboro, Greenbush and West Elkton, whose com-
bined population is nearly 900. The industries of these consist of two
small saw mills and a buggy factory. .\t Trenton are located the car
barns for one of the interurban electric roads.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 127

Great Miami River.

Middletown. Population 9,215. This city occupies the east side of
the Great Miami River, with a small suburb Heno, on the west bank.
Middletown has an excellent water supply and a rather extensive system
of combined sewers, which carries the sewage of some 2000 people
direct to the Great Miami River. Those not accessible to the sewers
use vaults which must be ten feet deep but are not required to be water-
tight unless they are in the upper end of town near the water works
well, in the neighborhood of which an attempt is being made to protect
the sub-surface water. Night soil and garbage is dumped in and near
the river just below the city. Dead animals are buried in the gravel near
this point.

The waste from a large number of manufacturing establishments
finds its way to the river also; a small amount however goes to the
canal. Among the industries are five large paper mills, a large tobacco
factory, tobacco warehouses, rolling mill, bicycle factory, machine shops,
carriage works, brewery, malt house, slaughter houses, gas works, flour
mill, saw mills, etc. The refuse from the paper mills is so profuse in
quantity that the river at times is discolored for a considerable distance.

The private water supply is obtained from wells both dug and
driven, from 12 to 1§ feet into the gravel which underlies the whole
city. In the central and lower portion of Middletown the well water
cannot be of good quality owing to the pollution caused by the deep
vaults.

Twin Creek. This stream drains quite an extensive watershed on
which are located a few very good villages together with the following
smaller ones: Johnsville, Farmersville, Winchester, Lanier, New Lex-
ington, Eldorado, Pyrmont, Euphemia, West Baltimore, Verona, Gor-
don, Sonora, Ethica, West Manchester, Castine. These have a com-
bined population of 3,200, and number among their industries some
dozen saw mills, two tile works, two creameries, flour mills, planing
mills, cider presses, elevators, etc.

Germantown. Population 1,702. This is quite an old but substan-
tial village, which has slipped away from the. path of industry much
to its detriment. Its industries at present consist of a flour mill, creamery,
cigar factory, tobacco warehouses and a distillery some distance out-
side of the corporation. There are a few storm sewers in the village
but none for house drainage, and every one must use the out-door vault.
The construction of these is not regulated, and many of them are never
cleaned.

The water supply is from private wells both drilled and dug from
18 to 25 feet into a bed of gravel underlying the village.

West Alexandria. Population 740. This village has a very good
public water supply but no sewers beyond a few storm water drains.
Vaults are constructed to suit the owner and quite a number are never
128 ANNUAL REPORT

cleaned, new ones being dug to replace the old ones. A large number
of people still obtain their drinking water from wells dug from 18 to 35
feet into a bed of gravel found below the clay.

Lewisburg. Population 560. This is a growing village now support-
ing a grist mill, two saw mills, grain elevators and a stone quarry,
some of the product of which is burned for lime.

Clear Creck. This stream drains the villages of Springborough, Red
Lion, and Dodds, the total population of which is 650, and whose indus-
tries consist of a few saw mills and a creamery.

Great Miami River.

Franklin. Population 2,724. This village has a public water
supply and a few short combined sewers which carry direct to the
Great Miami River the sewage of some 400 people. The houses not
accessible to the sewers are provided with vaults constructed in any
manner but which must be cleaned out and the contents hauled to the
country. Some garbage is hauled out to the farms but much of it is
dumped into the river.

The industries consist of four paper mills, flour mill, saw mill,
and two slaughter houses in Clear Creek. One of the paper mills
and the saw mill are furnished with water power from the river.

Private wells obtain their water from the sand and gravel only a few
feet below the surface.

Carlisle. Population 260. The drainage from this village reaches
the river through a small creek.

Miamisburg. Population. 3,941. This village has no public water
supply and no sewers beyond a few storm water drains. Surface drain-
age is to the canal and the river. Formerly the construction of vaults
was not regulated and they were never required to be cleaned but now
they must be water-tight and the contents must be hauled regularly to
the country.

In the way of industries there are three paper mills, several tobacco
warehouses, a foundry, two large carriage factories, a wheel factory,
twine factory, flour mill, planing mill, etc. Two of the paper mills,
the planing mill, and the flour mill are run by water power. The
water supply is from private wells, the majority of which are dug
from 30 to 35 feet into a gravel bed, while a few are driven through this
gravel and into a soft stone below a layer of hardpan.

Bear Creek. On this small watershed are to be found the villages
of Gettersburg, Liberty, and New Lebanon, the combined population of
which is 440 and whose sole industries consist of one or two saw mills.

Great Miami River.

West Carrollton. Population 987. This village is situated a short
distance back from the river on the Miami and Erie canal, to which
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 129

some of its surface drainage goes. It has a public water supply but no
sewers except a short one for storm drainage. The construction of
vaults is not regulated and the ground water is no doubt seriously pol-
luted by the careless methods in use.

The sole industry of the villaze consists of a large paper and pulp
mill which employs some 700 people, many of whom are from the neigh-
boring towns. The waste from this plant together with the sewage
from a large portion of the employes goes direct to the canal. ‘

The private water supply is obtained from wells driven from 20
to 26 feet into the gravel.

Alevanderville. Population 200. The inhabitants of this village
are employed at the West Carrollton paper mill. Just above the village
the canal furnishes water power to a flour mill.

Montgomery County Infirmary. Population 414. All the inmates
and officers of this institution have the use of sewered closets, the waste
from which is first purified in an intermittent filtration plant before being
turned into Oppossum Creek, which carries it to the river.

National Soldiers’ Home. Population 4,850. This institution, a
city in itself, is furnished with its own water supply and an extensive
sewer system which carries the liquid wastes of every kind direct to the
Great Miami River. From this one institution more sewage is sent to
the river than from any city in either watershed, with the one excep-
tion of Dayton.

Dayton State Hospital. Population 960. This asylum, located just
south of Dayton, has a complete system of sewers and a water supply
under pressure. The sewage is emptied direct to the Miami and Erie
canal at a point west of the institution.

Dayton. Population 85,333. This city is the largest in both water~
sheds, and the fifth largest city in the state. It is situated at the junction
of Mad and Stillwater rivers with the Great Miami River and is the site
of one of the earliest settlements in the Miami valley.

The city has an excellent public water supply and extensive systems
of both sanitary and storm sewers. To the former it is estimated that
some 30 per cent. of the people have access, and that some 15,000 have
the use of the same. All the sanitary sewage is conducted to one out-
fall sewer which carries it direct to the Great Miami River at a point
opposite the lower portion of the city. The storm water drainage together
with a large portion of the industrial wastes is emptied into the various
water courses, including the canal and hydraulic, at the most convenient
point. The large per cent. of the population not accessible to the sewers
still use the ordinary out-door vaults, but their construction is regulated
to some exent and they are required to be cleaned as necessary. Gar-
bage, dead animals, and some night soil are cremated in the munici-
pal crematory in the southern part of the city. Some night soil is
carted to the country and disposed of on the farms. This crematory

9 R. OF O.
130 ANNUAL REPORT

contains four Dixon furnaces, fired with both coke and natural gas; the
former however is only used to burn the offensive gases given off during
the cremation. The garbage is collected and brought to the furnace
by five two-horse and three one-horse self-dumping wagons. For the
year ending February 1, 1900, there were cremated 66,765 bushels of
garbage, 6,754 barrels of night soil, 892 dogs, and a few horses and mis-
cellaneous animals. The plant is operated by three men, at a cost per
year of $1,719.75 for labor, $4,278.66 for fuel, and $2,076.25 for repairs,
principally grate bars, or a total of $8,074.66. For the same year
$1,729.81 was collected for the destruction of refuse for private parties,
making the net cost of operation $6,244.85. The ash from the furnaces
is dumped on low ground near the plant.

There is a large and varied assortment of industries in and near
the city, which send a considerable quantity of objectionable waste to
the streams. Among these are nine breweries, several large slaughter
and packing houses, a lard oil mill, linseed oil mills, four soap works,
‘gas works, a number of paper mills, a strawboard works, etc., together
with a large number of plants for general manufacturing, the waste
from which is not so objectionable.

Owing to the excellent quality of the city water supply the use of
private wells is being discouraged, although there are of necessity quite
a number still in use. These are both dug and driven from 30 to 60
feet into the gravel which underlies the city.

IVolfe Creek. This stream enters the Great Miami River at Dayton,
bringing to the latter the drainage from Arlington, Wengerlawn, Amitz,
and Salem, in addition to that of Trotwood and Brooksville. The first
villages named have a total population of 520, and a list of industries
including three saw mills and a flour mill.

Trotwood. Population 214. This village has a public water supply
which was introduced for fire protection and is not in general use for
domestic purposes. The private water supply is from wells driven from
21 to 26 feet through hard-pan into gravel. This is protected to some
extent by compelling all vaults to be made fairly tight and to be cleaned
out as often as necessary.

The industries consist of a creamery, canning factory, saw mill,
wagon works, incubator factory, etc. All drainage is direct to Wolfe
Creek through surface ditches and gutters.

Brookville. Population 869. The industries of this village con-
sist of a flour mill, grain elevators, tobacco warehouses, creamery, machine
shop, etc. The drainage of these is direct to south branch of Wolf Creek.

Mad River. This drains the large eastern part of the Great Miami
watershed, including nearly all of Clarke and Champaign counties.

Harshmanzille. Population 300. This was the site of a large paper
mill which was destroyed by fire a number of years ago. There was
also developed here an extensive water-power which ran an oil mill,
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 131

malt house, flour mill, saw mill, etc. The flour mill has now been
turned into a shoe factory which uses some of the water power.

Fairfield. Population 312. The drainage of this village, which
supports a small saw and grist mill, is carried by a small creek to Mad
‘River.

Dry Run. On the watershed of this small creek there are the vil-
lages of Sulphur Grove and Brandt, whose combined population is
300 and whose industries consist of a saw mill and cider press.

Mud River,

Osborn. Population 948. This village has a public water supply
which is as yet not in general use; shallow driven wells supplying nearly
all the water for domestic purposes. Owing to the lax methods of con-
‘structing vaults, and in caring for them, the ground water cannot help
but be polluted, and the use of the public supply should be encouraged.
The industries consist of a saw and planing mill, three flour mills, two
run by water-power, a whip factory, bed spring factory, etc. The vil-
lage has no sewers; all drainage is direct to the river and mill-race.

Medway. Population 300. An electric railroad power house is
located here.

Donnell’s Creek. Donnellsville, Northampton, and Dialton are sit-
uated on this stream. Their total population is 450 and their industries
‘consist of a few saw mills, a cider press, feed mill, and tile mill.

Mad River.

Enon. Population 295. This is a quiet village about a mile back
from the river.

Noblesville. Population 100. Dry Run brings the drainage from
this village to the river. Its industries consist of a tomato canning
factory, sorghum mill, cider press, and saw mill.

Masonic Home. Population 160. This institution consists of one
large building, fitted with all modern improvements, situated on the high
-ground back from Mad River and overlooking Springfield. Its sewage
is carried direct to the river.

Buck Creek. Just before this stream joins Mad River it receives
the sewage of Springfield, Knights of Pythias Home, Odd Fellows
Home, and of the Clarke County Infirmary. Just above Springfield the
‘main stream turns to the north and quite a large tributary, Beaver Creek,
comes in from the east.

Springfcld. Population 38, 253. This city has a good public water
supply as regards quality, but a very poor sewer system. Including
private sewers it is estimated that some 20 per cent. of the people have
access to the system and that some 3,000 have the use of the same.
‘Those not accessible to the sewers use vaults, very few of which are
132 ANNUAL REPORT

tight, but all of which must be cleaned as necessary. Garbage and night
soil are dumped and buried along the banks of Mad River just below
the city. Dead animals are boiled down in two small plants and the
waste thrown into the river or fed to hogs. It is hard to imagine
a method of disposing of the refuse of a city that is filthier, more unsani-
tary, and more objectionable in every way than the one used in this
city. To this fated spot on the banks of a once beautiful river there
is a continual stream of garbage and night soil wagons and dead ani-
mals. The disposition of this stuff is not supervised in any way and it
takes but a very short visit to convince one of the fact that it is cared for
in any but a sanitary manner.

The industries of Springfield consist of several large argicultural
implement works, together with a great number of metal-working con-
cerns; such as foundries, iron mills, engine works, machine shops, etc.
These are supplemented by the usual general manufacturing estab-
lishments, flour mills, saw and planing mills, ice plants. gas works,
a brewery, etc.

On account of the good quality of the city water, private wells are
used only when necsssary. They are usually dug from 15 to qo feet
deep into the gravel and sand found below the surface soil.

Knights of Pythias Home. Population 136. This institution ob-
tains its water supply from the Springfield water works, and the sewage
of all its residents goes direct to a Springfield sewer, making it rather a
part of the city than an isolated institution.

Odd Fellows Home. Population 173. This Home also obtains its
water supply from the Springfield water works, but its sewage is sent
direct to Buck Creek.

Clarke County Infirmary. Population 162. For general purposes
this institution uses the Springfield city water, but the drinking water is
obtained from shallow dug wells It is estimated that at least 150 of the
officers and inmates use indoor closets sewered to a mill-race leading to
Buck Creek. The few remaining use outdoor vaults.

Clarke County Children’s Home. Population 85. All the residents
of this Home use closets sewered to a small run which empties into Buck
Creek. The water supply is obtained from a number of 50 foot wells.

Beaver Creck. On the watershed of this stream there are the small
villages of Harmony, Plattsburg, Vienna Cross Roads, Brighton, and
Orchard. The total population of these is 775, and their industries con-
sist of three saw mills, a tile mill, and the usual small slaughter houses.

Buck Creek. On this creek above Springfield are located the vil-
lages of New Moorfield, Catawba, Powhatan, and Mutual, the population
of which is 625. Their industries consist of two or three saw mills, a
cider press, creamery, and a water-power flour and feed mill. At one
time there were several water-power flour mills on this creek, and two
abandoned ones are still standing near Powhatan.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 183

Mad River. This stream above Springfield drains quite a number
of small villages and the larger village of St. Paris and the city of Ur-
bana.

Chapman Creek. On this stream a short distance back from the
Tiver is the village of Tremont, with a population of about 400, and the
following industries: saw mills, a water-power flour mill and feed mill,
and a slaughter house.

Storm Creek. Farther back from the river on this creek is Terre
Haute, a village containing some go people and a saw mill and cider
press.

Nettle Creek. On this watershed are the villages of Westville and
Millerstown, the combined population of which is 400, and whose in-
dustries consist of a saw mill, hoop factory, and fertilizer works.

St. Paris. Population 1,222. The drainage from this village goes
to Nettle, Storm and Chapman creeks. Beyond grain elevators and a
flour mill it has no industries.

Mad River.

Champaign County Infirmary. Population 77. The sewage from
some 50 of the occupants of this institution is carried to a cesspool which
overflows to a small run leading to the river. The others use unsewered
vaults. The water supply is from the Urbana water works, a spring,
and a 50 foot dug well.

Dugan Creek.

Urbana. Population 6,808. This city has a public water supply
but as yet no sewers whatever beyond a few short storm water drains.
It is probable, however, that the creek receives the sewage from a num-
ber of places through private sewers. A number of water closets are
sewered to cesspools dug down into the gravel so as to require less fre-
quent cleaning. Vaults are also dug down to gravel and when full are
covered over and new ones dug. Very few cesspools or vaults are ever
cleaned out.

The private water supply is obtained from this same and deeper
stratas of gravel and cannot help but be of uncertain quality.

The industries of the city consist of a woolen mill, dye house, straw-
board works, fruit canning and packing houses, creamery, car shops,
artificial ice plant, gas works, and some general manufacturing.

Champaign County Children’s Home. Population 55. The sewage
from the entire population of this Home is sent to cesspools which over-
flow of Dugan Creek. The water supply is obtained from the Urbana
water works.

Mad River. Above Urbana this river drains the villages of King’s
Creek, Kennard, Cable, Mingo, West Liberty, and Zanesfield. The total
population of these is 2,300, of which the largest, West Liberty, has
134 ANNUAL REPORT

1,236. The industries include three or four saw mills, three small water-
power flour mills, two of which are but little used, a creamery, and a few
cider presses.

Stillwater River. This river joins the Great Miami at Dayton, and
brings in the drainage from nearly all of Darke county and portions of
Montgomery, Preble, and Miami counties, and a small portion of Indiana.
Up to Ludlow Creek the river drains the village of Little York, Union,
Fidelity, Nashville, and West Milton. These have a total population
of 1,850, of which West Milton has go4. The industries consist of four
saw mills, a creamery, woolen mill, cider press, and two flour mills, with
several more feed and flour mills scattered along the river.

Ludlow Creek. On the drainage area of this creek are the villages.
of Ludlow Falls, Laura, New Lebanon, Phillipsburg, and Pittsburg.
These have a total population of 1,160, and their industries consist of
four saw mills, a flour mill and a cider press.

Stillwater River.

Pleasant Hill. Population 557. The industres of this village con-
sist of a canning factory, saw mill, and plaster works.

Painter Creek. This brings in the drainage from Painter Creek,.
Delisle, and Arcanum, which villages have a total population of 1,425,
of which 1,125 belong to Arcanum alone. The industries of this group
consist of three saw and planing mills, two flour mills, a creamery and a
cider press.

Stillwater River.

Covington. Population 1,791. This village has neither a public
water supply nor a sewer system. Vaults are usually very shallow on
account of the nearness of the rock to the surface, and the surface drain-
age after rains must carry off much objectionable matter.

The local industries consist of a creamery, woolen mill, flour mill,
lime kilns, stone quarries, and tile and brick yards. Private wells are
8 to 10 feet deep, most of them drilled into the rock.

Greenville Creek. In addition to the city of Greenville this creek
drains the villages of Bradford, Gettysburgh, New Harrison, Weaver’s
Station, Palestine, Coleville, Hillgrove, and Bartonia; the latter in In-
diana. Bradford has a population of 1,254, and the remaining number
a total population of about 1,000. The industries consist of the railroad
shops at Bradford and several saw mills, flour mills, a cider press, cane
mills, etc., scattered through the district. A number of these are run
by water power furnished by Greenville Creek.

Greenville. Population 5,501. This city, the county seat of Darke
County has an excellent public water supply and one of the best sanitary
sewer systems in the watershed. It is estimated that 80 per cent. of the
people have access to this system, but on account of its newness only 200
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 135

people as yet have the use of the same. The sewage is at present dis-
charged through one outlet sewer direct into Greenville Creek. The sur-
face drainage is cared for by gutters and the few old combined sewers
which were in place, supplemented by one new line.

Vaults are required to be water-tight but very few comply with this
regulation, especially the old ones. Night soil and garbage are disposed
of individually on the neighboring farms.

The industries consist of a few saw mills, tile mills, and machine
shops. The private water supply is obtained from wells dug about 25
feet into the gravel found below the surface soil and clay.

Darke County Infirmary. Population 80. This institution is located
a few miles south of Greenville and its sewage and surface drainage go to
a branch of Greenville Creek. It is estimated that some 60 of its occupants
use sewered closets. The water supply is obtained from two 80 foot driven
wells. Pressure is obtained by pumping the water together with a cer-
tain amount of air to a horizontal steel tank where the air is compressed,
forcing the water through the pipes when the pumps are not running.

Stillwater Creek. Above Covington this stream drains one of the
most level sections of the watershed. In addition to Versailles this dis-
trict contains the following villages: Horatio, Bloomer, Webster, Dawn,
Frenchtown, Beamsville, Stelvedio, Pikeville, Ansonia, Woodington, Ha-
german, Rossville, New Weston, Burketsville, and Lightsville; the com-
bined population of which is some 2,700, with 676 for Ansonia, the largest
of the group. ,

The industries of these villages consist of a large number of saw
mills and hoop, handle and stave factories, one or more for each village,
with the addition of a few flour mills, tile mills, cider presses, etc.

Versailles. Population 1,478. This village is now putting in a
water works, the supply to be obtained from a number of driven wells
in the valley of Swamp Creek. The public water supply was badly needed
as the water from the shallow private wells was of poor quality.

There are as yet no sewers in use; storm water is cared for by ditches
and gutters. Vaults are but rarely found, shallow pits, boxes, etc., being
used almost entirely. Garbage and refuse are dumped in several low
places near the village, caused by the excavation of gravel for railroad
work.

The industries consist of a creamery, cider press, two saw mills and
a chicken packing house.

Darke County Children’s Home. Population 70. This Home is
north of Greenville, with its drainage going to a branch of Stillwater
Creek. About 40 of its residents have the use of sewered closets, the re-
mainder using vaults. It will be noted that the drinking water is ob-
tained from a shallow dug well, while the water for general use comes
from a number of deep driven wells.
136 ANNUAL REPORT

Great Miami River. Just above Dayton the river receives the drain-
age from Chambersburg, Vandalia, West Charleston, and Ginghamsburg,
the total population of which is 660, and whose industries consist of a
few saw mills.

Honey Creek. On this watershed are the villages of Miami City,
New Carlisle, and Addison; the total population of which is 1,470, with
995 of this for New Carlisle. Among the industries are two flour mills
and several saw mills and planing mills.

Lost Creek. In addition to the County Children’s Home this stream
drains Casstown, Fletcher, and Lena; the total population of which is
790, and for which three saw mills constitute the total industries.

Mianu County Children’s Home. Population 71. The drainage
from this place it drains to Lost Creek. It is estimated that the average
number of its residents using sewered closets is 21, the remaining 50
using out-door vaults. The water supply is from a number of dug wells,
located some distance from the buildings.

Great Miami River.

Tippecanoe City. Population 1,703. This village has a public water
supply and a number of combined sewers which empty into the Miami
and Erie canal. It is estimated that about 20 percent of the people have
access to these sewers, but as yet they are used by only some 25 persons.
The old vaults are merely holes in the ground, but the new ones must be
water-tight. Garbage and night soil are dumped in an old gravel pit south
of town and also along the canal.

The industries consist of a bent works, two whip factories, straw-
board works, furniture factory, and the usual saw mill and flour mills;
the latter run by water-power from the canal. A distillery is now being
put in and will soon be in operation. Nearly all of the industrial wastes
are sent to the canal. Private wells are from 5 to 25 feet deep, plenty
of water being found in the gravel under the surface soil.

Troy. Population 5,581. This city, the county seat of Miami
County, has a public water supply and a few short combined sewers. It
is estimated that some 15 percent of the people have access to the sewers,
and that some 850 people have the use of the same when the large num-
ber of private sewers are included. Vaults are constructed in any and
every way, but must be cleaned out as necessary. Garbage and dead ani—
mals are buried in a sandy island below town, and garbage is dumped
here and along the river.

Among the industries of this place are two distilleries, two brew-
eries, several quite large slaughter houses, and a number of carriage and
wagon factories; also dash and pole and shaft works. A flour mill below
town is run by water-power from the river.

The private water supply is from shallow wells, both dug and driven
into the gravel found through this whole section.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 137

Miami County Infirmary. Population 75. This institution is lo-
cated just north of Troy and only a short distance back from the river.
On an average 60 of its residents have access to closets sewered direct to
the Great Miami River. The water supply is from a shallow driven well.

Piqua. Population 12,172. The public water supply for this city
is obtained from the “hydraulic” and is not used for domestic purposes.
For this use water is obtained from private wells, a large number of which
are dug from 15 to 30 feet into the gravel and a few are drilled 35 to
40 feet deep, getting into the limestone below the gravel.

Piqua has the separate system of sewers with about 30 percent of the
people accessible to the sanitary system, and with some 600 persons hav-
ing the use of the same. The sanitary sewers lead to one outfall sewer
which empties into the Great Miami direct. Vaults are required to be
water-tight, but the regulation is not enforced. A school house even has
put in a cesspool which reaches the same gravel strata from which the
drinking water is obtained only a short distance away.

The principal industries consist of four woolen mills, two straw-
‘board works, three linseed oil mills, two breweries, a malt house, cream-
ery, rolling mill, stove works, several large slaughter houses, and a large
amount of general manufacturing. The industrial wastes go both to
the canal and to the river, and cause a nuisance in both at times.

Loramie Creek. The head-waters of this stream are impounded in
Loramie reservoir for the supply of the Miami and Erie canal. Besides
the village of Minster there are on the watershed the smaller villages of
Lockington, Houston, Dawson, Russia, Wyant, Loramie, Osgood, York-
shire, North Star, and Botkin. These have a total population of some-
thing over 1,800 and their industries consist of eight saw mills, three
creameries, a flour mill, and a few tile mills. ;

Minster. Population 1,465. The surface drainage of this village
goes to the canal and to a creek leading to the canal. As there are no
‘sewers these same waterways receive the drainage from the various
manufacturing establishments, among which are a creamery, two shoddy
mills, two barrel factories, a flour mill, machine shop, etc.

Water is obtained from shallow wells dug in the gravel, and from
deeper wells drilled to rock.

Great Miami River.

Shelby County Infirmary. Population 47. This infirmary is three
miles southwest of Sidney, and its surface drainage and sewerage are to
Rock Run, a small tributary of the Great Miami. It is estimated that
about 30 of its residents use sewered closets. The water supply is from
three wells from 98 to 105 feet deep.

Sidney. Population 5,688. This city has a public water supply but
as yet only a few short sewers, though a complete sanitary system is un-
der way. To the present sewers, which empty into the Great Miami
138 ANNUAL REPORT

River, it is estimated some 15 percent of the people have access, but only
about 530 persons are now using the same. The construction of vaults.
and cesspools is not regulated and the many in existence cannot help but
be a nuisance to the few shallow private wells still in use. The local in-
dustries consist of a brewery, tannery, two hollow-ware plants, and a
number of general manufacturing plants making brooms, carriages, poles
and shafts, flour, scrapers, whips, etc.

Shelby County Children’s Home. Population 47. This Home is
located just east of Sidney on the high ground overlooking the Great
Miami River. Every one has access to closets, sewered direct to the
above named stream. The water supply is obtained from the Sidney
water-works and from a spring.

Mosquito Creek. This creek enters the Great Miami at Sidney,
bringing in the drainage from Plattsville, New Palestine, Rosewood, and
Carysville. The total population of these is 450, and their industries con-
sist of a few saw mills and a creamery.

Plumb Creek. On the watershed of this stream are the villages of
Swanders and Anne, the combined population of which is 750, and whose
industries include a number of saw mills, a creamery, and a flour mill.

Great Aliami River.

Port Jefferson. Population 355. This is a quiet old village located
at the head of the feeder which joins the canal at Lockington. Its only
industry consists of a saw mill. :

Pemberton. Population 250. Little Indian Creek carries the drain-
age of this place a short distance to the river. Among its industries are
a grain elevator, saw mill, and cider press.

Quincy. Population 642. The industries supported here are a.
water-power flour mill on the river, a handle factory, saw mill, and
creamery. ‘

Stony Creck. A few miles back from the river there is located on
this stream the village of Spring Hill. Population 157. Some of the
surface drainage at Bellefontaine also reaches this stream.

Great Miami River.

De Graff. Population 1,150. This village has as yet neither a pub-
lic water supply nor a sewer system. On account of the large number of
shallow pits and boxes used as vaults the surface drainage is no doubt
objectionable after rains. Water is obtained from private wells, both
dug and driven from 20 to 80 feet into the gravel.

Buckinjahalis Creek. This stream drains both the county infirmary
and children’s home, and also a portion of Bellefontaine.

Logan County Children’s Home. Population 46. This institution is
located one and one-half mile west of Bellefontaine. The waste from the
laundry, kitchen, and several closets, accessible to perhaps ten of the res-
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 139

idents, is carried direct to the creek. The water supply is obtained from
wells driven from 40 to 53 feet deep.

Logan County Infirmary. Population 68. This infirmary is located
on Flat Branch Creek, a tributary of the above, some three and one-half
miles northwest of Bellefontaine. Its drainage, together with the sewage
from closets accesible to only eight persons, goes direct to the creek. The
water supply is also from driven wells 30 to 4o feet deep.

Bellefontaine. Population 6,649. This village has a public water
supply but no sanitary sewers whatever, and only a few short storm-
water drains. The surface drainage goes to both Buckinjahalis and
Stony creeks. It is claimed that there are a few water closets connected
with the storm sewers, but the majority in use drain to cesspools. Vaults
and cesspools are dug down to gravel, but they must be cleaned out when
necessary, and the contents disposed of on farms.

Among the industries are the railroad shops, three carriage factories,
a saw mill, creamery, and the ever present slaughter house, the latter
being out of the city however.

Private wells are being abandoned for the city water, those in use,

however, are both dug and driven into the gravel found just below the
surface.

Great Miami River.

Loganville. Population 150. No industries.

Hodge Creek.

On this stream is the village of Maplewood, the population of which
is 200, and whose industries consist of a tile mill, saw mill and grain
elevator.

Wolf Creek.

On this watershed are the villages of Bloom, Sante Fe,
Geyer, Jackson Center, Montra, New Hampshire, and Waynesfield,
The total population is about 2,200, and their industries consist of a large
number of saw mills and stave mills, also a planing mill, three tile fac-
tories, a flour mill, creamery, and excelsior factory.

Great Miami River.

The head-waters of the main stream are impounded in
Lewistown Reservoir for the supply of the Miami and Erie
canal. On the watershed are the villages of Lewistown, Lake View,
Huntsville, New Richland, and Belle Center. The combined population
of these is about 2,180, and their industries consist of several cider presses,
saw mills, and stave factories, also a creamery, shoe factory, stirrup fac-
tory, tile and brick works, etc.
140 ANNUAL REPORT

b. LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

Tributary direct to the Little Miami River in some of the surface
drainage of the extreme eastern part of Cincinnati.

Mt. Washington. Population 781. This village is located on the
hills east of the river, with its drainage reaching the latter by the way of
several small runs. Its only industry seems to be a canning factory.

Duck Creek.

This overburdened stream brings into the Little Miami River
the sewage from a large number of the suburbs of Cincinnati, and
some of the storm drainage of that city.

Madisonville. Population 3,140. This village has a public water
supply but as yet no sewer system. Its surface drainage is to the east
fork of Duck Creek. Many water-closets drain to cesspools which, with
most of the vaults, are dug some 10 feet deep and walled up. When full
many of these are cleaned out but a number have been covered over and
new ones dug. The only industry is a planing mill, many of the inhab-
itants being employed in Cincinnati. The private water supply is from
wells dug from 45 to 75 feet deep.

Afadeira. Population 125.

Kennedy Heights. Population 209.

Silverton. Population 250.

Pleasant Ridge. Population 953. About half of the population of
this village drains to Duck Creek.

Oakley. Population 528. This village has been piped for water
to be supplied from the Cincinnati works, but the connection has not been
made as yet. A number of strects were recently paved and a few short
storm sewers put in.

Norwood. Population 6,480. Only half the population of this vil-
lage is tributary to Duck Creek. Norwood has a public water supply and
an extensive system of both sanitary and storm sewers. On the Duck
Creek side it is estimated that about 75 percent of the people have ac-
cess to the sanitary sewers and that they are used by some 1,600 persons.
No new vaults are allowed and every house is supposed to be sewered,
though of course there are a large number of the older ones which are
not as yet connected. Garbage is disposed of individually by dumping
in any convenient place away from the city. The industries consist of a
large playing card factory, electric supplies factory, washing machine
factory, furniture factory, and tool works. There are only a few private
wells now in use.

Hyde Park. Population 1,691. It is estimated that about 1,000
people of this village are in the Duck Creek drainage area. The village
is supplied with water from Cincinnati, but has no sewers except storm
water drains. A private sewer to Duck Creek is used by some 250 peopte.
The village is a residence district for Cincinnati and has no industries.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 141

Evanston. Population 1,716. About 1,000 people in this village are
tributary to Duck Creek. The public water supply is obtained from
Cincinnati but in contrast to Hyde Park this village has a complete
system of sanitary sewers. It is estimated that about 95 per cent. of
the population have access to these sewers and that they are used by
some 375 people.

Dairy Farms. Along Duck Creek there are a number of large dairy
farms from which a large amount of very objectionable drainage reaches
this stream.

Little Miami River.
Up to the entrance of the East Fork the river receives
the drainage of Newton, Plainville, Terrace Park, and South Milford,

the combined population of which is some 1,200, and whose industries
consist of two water-power flour mills at Plainville.

East Branch of the Little Miami River.

This stream drains a larfe hilly section of the watershed, including
portions of Clermont, Brown, Highland, and Clinton counties. On this
area there are a large number of very small villages, which have no in-
dustries whatever and which for all purposes of this investigation can
be ignored.

Perrinville. Population. 150. No industries.

Stone Lick Creek.

On this stream are the villages of Boston, Monterey, Newtonville,
and Edenton, the combined population of which is 700, and whose indus-
tries consist of small flour mills.

East Branch of the Little Miami River.

Clermont County Infirmary. Population 75. This institution is
situated on the “Branch” only a few miles below Batavia. About 50 of
its residents have the use of closets sewered to a cesspool which over-
flows to the above mentioned stream. The main building is built on
rather low ground making it difficult to carry the sewage away. The
water supply is obtained from springs and a shallow dug well.

Batavia. Population 1,029. This city has a public water supply,
just recently introduced, and a number of storm sewers emptying
into the river. Vaults are usually very shallow and seldom cleaned out,
new ones being dug as required. The bulk of the water used for
domestic purposes is taken from private wells dug from 25 to 50 feet
through the clay and into the gravel below. The only industries are
a brick and tile works, and a small water power grist mill.

Above Batavia the watershed consists of a long and narrow strip:
of territory extending up nearly to Fayette County. In this area are
142 ANNUAL REPORT

the villages of Williamsburg, Lynchburg, and New Vienna, and a host
of smaller places, among which are Amelia, Marathon, Fayetteville, St.
Martin, Westboro, Midland, Dodsonville, and Martinsville. The total
population of these smaller villages is 3,350, and their industries include
a number of flour and saw mills, a canning factory, a tile mill, etc.

Hilliamsburg. Population 1,000. This is a quiet old place in the
midst of the hills of Clermont County. In addition to its numerous stores
with which to supply the wants of the neighboring farmers it has a
flour mill and two chair factories.

Lynchburg. Population 907. This village has a public water
‘supply but no sewers whatever. Its surface drainage and the wastes
from its industries go direct to the creek. Vaults are but seldom dug,
‘boxes being used almost entirely. The private water supply is from
shallow wells dug into the surface strata of sand and gravel. The indus-
tries consist of a large distillery, a brick and tile mill, and a saw mill.
The distillery runs from October to July and makes up into whiskey
some 750 bushels of corn a day for the above season. The refuse from
the stills is fed to steers, some 1,000 of which are kept for this purpose.
The animals are being fattened for the market and so are kept con-
‘fined in small pens. The drainage from these is led to a pond or set-
tling basin from which the liquid portion is run to the river and the
solid parts used for fertilizer. At times all of this refuse is sent direct
to the creek. The whole establishment is dirty and foul-smelling in
the extreme and the creek is polluted for miles, and to such extent that
fish cannot live. No serious complaint seems to be made as the plant is
the life of the town.

New Ttenna. Population 805. This village is situated at the very
headwaters of the East Branch. Its industries consist of two flour
mills, two saw mills, creamery, cider press, and stone quarry.

Little Miami River.

From the East Branch to Loveland this river receives the
-drainage of Terrace Park, Mulford, Camp Dennison, Muiami-
ville, Remington, Montgomery, Hazlewood, and Symmes. The total
‘population of these is some 2,700, with 1,159 for Milford, the largest
.of the group. The industries of these places include a number of dour
-mills and saw mills and a canning factory.

Loveland. Population 1,260. There are a number of storm drains
from this village to the river which carry a considerable amount of
‘kitchen and some closet drainage, causing a nuisance at times. As there
is no public water supply a number of places are provided with the
means for storing rain water with which to flush the closets,

The industries consist of a large creamery, flour mill, canning fac-
‘toty ,etc. The water for domestic use is obtained from shallow dug wells
.and from cisterns.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 143

Obanon Creek.

This stream brings in the drainage from Goshen, a_ small
village of some 250 people and Cozaddale, with only 50 people, but at
the latter place there 1s a creamery.

Little Miami River.

Between Loveland and Morrow the river receives almost directly
the drainage from Fosters, Miamiville, King’s Mills, and Deerfield,
and less directly that from Mason. The combined population of these
is some 2,100, and their industries consist of a number of flour mills, saw
mills, and canning factories, the latter at Deerfield; also a large powder
and cartridge factory at King’s Mills. There is an abandoned salt well
at Mainville.

Turtle Creek.

Lebanon. Population 2,867. This village, the county seat of War-
ren County, has both a public water supply and a few short combined
sewers. It is estimated that 5 per cent. of the people have access to these,
but as yet they are in use by only 30 persons. New vaults are required
to be water-tight but old ones are constructed in the usual unsanitary
manner. Private wells are usually dug from 12 to 60 feet deep. The
industries consist of a flour mill, saw mill, and creamery.

IVarren County Children’s Home. Population 40. This institution is
located a short distance west of Lebanon, and is supplied with water
from the water works of that village. All of the occupants have access
to closets sewered direct to Turtle Creek.

Warren County Infirmary. Population 110, This infirmary is sit-
uated here on high land across Turtle Creek from Lebanon, It is sup-
plied with water from the Lebanon water works and from two dug wells.
Its entire population has access to closets sewered to a cesspool which
drains and overflows to the creek.

Little Miami River.

Morrow. Population 869. This village is situated at the confluence
of Todd’s Forks and the Little Miami River. Its industries consist of a
creamery, brewery, saw mill and flour mill, the latter run by water power
obtained from the river.

Todd’s Fork. ‘

In addition to Blanchester, Wilmington, and the Clinton County
Homes, this watershed contains the villages of Pleasant Plain,
Butlerville, Clarksville, Cuba, New Antioch, and Ogden. The total
population of these latter is something over 1,200, and their industries
consist of several saw mills, two flour mills and a pickle factory.

Blanchester. Population 1,788 This village has a public water sup-
ply, but the water is not fit for domestic use; shallow dug wells and cis-
144 ANNUAL REPORT

terns furnish water for this use. The village has neither sanitary nor
storm sewers. A number of buildings are provided with water closets
sewered to cesspools and some of which overflow to Second Creek, a
branch of Todd’s Fork. As a rule all vaults and boxes are cleaned and
the contents taken to the country.

The industries consist of two hame factories, tile mill, creamery, can-
ning factory, machine shops, saw mill, and flour mill.

Wilmington. Population 3,613. This large village has neither a
public water supply nor sewer system. There are a few private sewers,
from houses and buildings, which empty into a small run causing a nuis-
ance at times. Boxes are in general use in preference to vaults, and they
are usually kept clean. Night soil and garbage are disposed of on the
neighboring farms. The local industries include a bridge works, auger
bit works, shoe factory, flour mill, saw mills, creamery, slaughter houses,
etc. The water supply is from private wells dug from 20 to 25 feet into
the gravel, a few going 50 to 60 feet into the shale and limestone.

Clinton Count, Children’s Home. Population 27. This house is
situated just west of Wilmington. It is not provided with a sewer of
any kind, and its water supply is obtained from an ordinary dug well;
in every way it is like a large farm house.

Clinton County Infirmary. Population 94. This institution, situ-
ated just east of Wilmington, is provided with a sewer for kitchen and
laundry drainage only. All the occupants use unsewered closets. The
water supply is from shallow dug wells.

Little Miami River.

Fort Ancient. Population 50. This place is interesting from the
fact that on the hills above it, overlooking the river, there is a very fine
and extensive example of the prehistoric earth-works.

Freeport. Population 120. There is located here a good water
power flour and saw mill, and a bridge works.

Caesar's Creek.

On the watershed of Cesar’s Creek there are the villages of
Harveysburg, New Burlington, Paintersville, Lumberton, Port Will-
iam, Bowersville, Bloomington, New Jasper, and Jamestown. The
total population of these is about 3,000, of which 1,205 belongs to James-
town The industries consist of a large number of saw mills, several flour
mills, and one or two creameries and tile mills.

Little Miami River.

Waynesville. Population 723. This village is now putting in a pub-
lic water supply. At present the water for domestic use is obtained from
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 145

shallow wells dug down through the soil and gravel to the rock. A few
water tight vaults are in use but the majority consist of very shallow
holes, nearly all of them are cleaned, however. The local industries con-
sist of water power flour mill and saw mill, a creamery, and wood-work-
ing shop.

Corwin. Population 131. This village is just across the river from
Waynesville and is the railroad station for that place.

Alt. Holly. Population 175. There is a small flour mill and distil-
lery here.

Spring Valley. Population 522. This village supports quite a large
flour mill and a few saw mills.

Sugar Creek.

This small stream drains Bellbrook, Centerville, and Beavertown,
the combined population of which is 800, and whose industries consist
of a few saw mills only.

Beaver Creek.

On the watershed of this stream are the villages of Alpha and Zim-
merman, the total population of which is some 250. Each place supports
a small water power feed mill.

Litile Miami River.

Trebeins. Population 40. There is located here a large flour mill
operated by water power obtained from the river.

Shawnee Run.

Xena. Population 8,696. This city, the county seat of Greene
County, has a public water supply but as yet no sewers except a few short
combined ones, put in originally for storm water only. A new system
of sanitary sewers has been planned, including an intermittent filtration
disposal works, and it is expected that these will be put in during r1got.
To the present sewers it is estimated that 10 percent of the population has
access and that they are used by some 60 persons. There are quite a
number of water-closets in use which are sewered to cesspools, some of
which may drain to the sewers.

The law requires that vaults be water tight though but few of the
older ones are so constructed. Many old vaults have been abandoned and
covered over without cleaning. Garbage is fed to hogs, many of which are
kept in town. The industries include a strawboard works, an old brew-
ery, shoe factory, five cordage works, and the usual saw, flour, planing
and tile mills.

There are a number of private wells still in use though they are grad-
ually being abandoned in favor of the city’s supply.

10 R. OF O.
146 ANNUAL REPORT

Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans’ Home. Population 1,010. This
large institution is situated just southeast of Xenia on Shawnee Run. It
has its own water supply, and a sewer system to which are connected
water-closets accessible to all the occupants of the Home. The sewage
is supposed to be pumped to settling pits in the rear of the buildings, but
the pump is too small to handle all of it and some overflows from the
collecting well to Shawnee Run, causing a much complained of nuisance.
The settling pits are not properly cared for and offer but little chance for
sedimentation. The overflow from these goes to Gladys Run which enters
the Little Miami River at Spring Valley.

Little Miami River.

Greene County Children’s Home. Population 36. This Home is lo-
cated a few miles northwest of Xenia on a small run going direct to the
river. The waste from the kitchen and laundry is led to this ravine but
the sewer carries no water-closet drainage. The water supply is obtained
from a spring.

Greene County Infirmary. Population 100. This institution is
northwest of Xenia near the Children’s Home. All its occupants have
the use of water-closets sewered to a ravine leading to the river. The
water supply is obtained from a well and a spring.

Massick’s Creek.

In addition to Cedarville this stream drains the villages of Wilber-
force, Selma, and Grape Grove. The total population of these is 550, and
their industries consist of a few saw mills and tile mills.

Iiilberforce College. Attending this school are some 330 students,
with 27 officers and instructors. The latter, only, have access to water-
closets sewered to the creek, the others using out-door vaults. Water is
supplied from a number of springs.

Cedarville. Population 1,189. This village has quite a number of
industries, among which are a strawboard works, water power flour mill,
two saw mills, stone quarry and lime kilns, tile works, brick yards, etc.
As the rock is very near the surface vaults are as a rule shallow, but are
kept cleaned out. The water is obtained from private wells dug 30 to
40 feet in the rock. The refuse from the strawboard works is carried
in a flume some distance below town and is emptied into a five acre reser-
voir. This is supposed to intercept all suspended matter and prevent the
usual nuisance in the creek, but it does not seem to be a success.

Little Miami River.

Goe’s Station. Population 300. The industry of this place is a quite
extensive powder mill.
Missing Page
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 147

Yellow Springs. Population 1,371. The sole support of this village
is the educational institution located here, Antioch College. Neither the
village nor the college has a water supply other than private wells, or any
sewers whatever.

Clifton. Population 262. There is quite a picturesque water power
flour and saw mill located here.

South Charleston. Population 1,096. The industries of this place
include a saw mill and tile mill, a flour mill and a creamery. There are
three short sewers in the village for cellar drainage only. Vaults are usu-
ally very shallow and many are covered over instead of being cleaned out.
The water supply is from private wells both dug and drove, some 15 to
20 feet through the surface soil and clay into the gravel and quicksand
below.

2. SEWERAGE OF CITIES AND VILLAGES BAVING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES,

In this section there has ‘been collected the general details of the
sewer systems previously referred to, also a tabular statement is given
for convenience in reference and comparison. In a few cases the table
will give all the information that there is to give and no further mention
of these will be made in the text.

Batavia has but recently introduced a public water supply and sewage
can be expected from this village in the near future.

Bellefontaine is one of a number of towns in this watershed that are
situated so near the head-waters of the stream to which they are tributary
that it is impossible to dispose of any quantity of sewage by dilution alone
and some method of purifying the same must be secured along with the
introduction of a sanitary or combined system. It is contrary to an ordi-
nance to send house drainage to the storm sewers, but it is generally
understood that some is disposed of in this way.

Dayton was until 1890 supplied with a very inadequate system of
combined sewers. During the above year a sanitary system was designed
for the city and work at once started to install the same and turn the old
combined sewers into a storm water system. Now there are 47 miles
of sanitary sewers in, with six additional miles under construction. It
is estimated that 30 percent of the total population have access to the
sanitary sewers, now in place, and that 18 percent have the use of the
same. This latter figure was arrived at from the fact that there are 1,700
connections to the sewer system and 2,832 water-closets on the water
works mains. The sanitary sewers all lead to one outlet sewer which
empties into the Great Miami River, in the lower part of the city, at a
point opposite the waste way from the hydraulic and two of the large
storm sewers. The sewage causes a local nuisance in times of extreme
low water, but there seems to be no cause for complaint on this account
as the outlet is removed from the immediate vicinity of dwellings. Dur-
ing high water, in order to discharge the sewage into the river, it is
148 . ANNUAL REPORT

necessary to lift it some 16 feet, for which purpose a 20,000,000 gallon
pumping plant has been installed. This consists of two 12-inch centrif-
ugal pumps, actuated by two 4o horse-power steam engines, with each
pump and engine so arranged as to work interchangeably as a safeguard
against a complete failure of the plant from accident. The six miles of
sanitary sewers which are now under construction are in the northern
part of the city in low lying ground from which, in order to carry the
sewage to the present system, it will be necessary to lift the same some
five feet. This small head is to be overcome by two Shone ejectors, which
will be operated by compressed air furnished from the .water works
pumping station. There are about 50 miles of storm water sewers in,
covering practically the whole city and emptying at the most convenient
points into the Great Miami, Stillwater and Mad rivers, the Miami and
Erie canal, the hydraulic, and various creeks and ditches. It is stated
that there are still a number of house connections to these sewers, it being
almost impossible to get every drain diverted to the sanitary system.

Evanston has both storm and sanitary sewers emptying into both
Bloody Run and Duck Creek, the latter only a tributary of the Miamis.
In the whole village there are six miles of sanitary sewers, which are
accessible to some 95 percent of the people and are in use by 29 percent.
While in the area within the Little Miami watershed, there are 3.4 miles
of sanitary sewers which give 95 percent of the population in the area
access, and are used by some 37 percent of the same portion of the total
population. The sewage sent to Bloody run adds to the general filth
of the Mill Creek valley and that portion going to Duck Creek causes
more or less of a nuisance during the summer and fall.

Franklin. The few short sewers in this village were originally put
in for storm purposes only, but the construction of the water works
favored the introduction of baths, water-closets, etc., the easiest drainage
for which were the storm sewers already in place.

Greenville is now completing one of the best sanitary sewer systems
in the district. It has already completed 12 miles of sewers with 4.5
under way, which, when completed, will give some 80 percent of the
people access to the same. There are at the present time, however, only
30 connections to the system, representing a very small percent of the
population, but it is expected that during the coming year there will be
a large increase in the above number. For three years the sewage is to
be discharged direct to Greenville Creek, but after this time purification
will be required, as it was thought that by the time this period should
elapse there would be discharged into the creek a quantity of sewage
sufficient to cause a nuisance.

Hamilton also has a good system of sanitary sewers, with three out-
lets to the Great Miami River. Here also, as in Dayton, during excep-
tionally high water it is necessary to raise the sewage from the main
outlet sewer, some 16 or 17 feet in order to discharge it into the river.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 149

For this purpose there has been installed a pumping plant consisting of
two 12-inch centrifugal pumps actuated by two steam engines. The
plant has a capacity of some 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 gallons daily, and
has been in use but twice, in the month of February of 1897 and 1808.
In all there are 18.8 miles of sanitary sewers in, giving some 65 percent
of the total population access to them. It is estimated that some 4,700
people, or 20 percent of the total number, have the use of the sewers.

Hyde Park. The surface drainage of Hyde Park goes both to
Crawfish Creek and to Duck Creek. There are no sanitary sewers in and
ali house drainage is to cesspools or through private sewers to the creek.
It is estimated that in the latter way Duck Creek receives the drainage
from some 50 houses. This sewage causes a nuisance in warm weather
and is much complained of.

Lebanon has a few short combined sewers, originally intended for
storm water only, which carry from a few houses enough sewage to cause
‘more or less nuisance in Turtle Creek, a very small stream. This village
belongs to the list of towns in which purification will be required for the
-discharge from any extensive system of sanitary sewers.

Madisonville. Attention must be called to the total lack of sewerage
in Madisonville, one of the numerous villages serving as a resident place
for workers in Cincinnati. This village contains a large number of very
fine residences in which, according to the water-works books, there are
only 49 water-closets. All these drain to cesspools, as there is no system
whatever of sanitary drainage.

Middletown. About 30 percent of the population of Middletown
have access to some 7.2 miles of combined sewers. This system has five
outlets to the Great Miami River into which the sewage is emptied with
but little nuisance on account of the great dilution.

Norwood is within the drainage areas of both Bloody Run and Duck
Creek, and its storm and sanitary drainage is to both streams. In the
whole city there are 22 miles of sanitary and five miles of storm sewers,
to the former of which some 60 percent of the population is accessible
and 43 percent has the use of. In the area within the Little Miami water-
shed there are 14.0 miles of sanitary sewers and 2.5 miles of storm sewers.
It is estimated that one-half of the total population is on the Duck Creek
drainage area and that 75 percent of these have access to the sanitary
_sewers draining to Duck creek, and that some 50 percent of the same have
the use of the sewers. The sewage emptied into Duck Creek causes a
very objectionable nuisance for the greater part of the summer and fall.

Pigua has the separate system of sewers with some 4.4 miles of san-
itary sewers and 3.0 miles of storm sewers now in place. About 30 per-
cent of the total population has access to the sanitary sewers, but only
one-sixth of these, or 5 percent of the total, have as yet taken advantage
-of them.

Sidney has quite a number of combined and semi-private sewers lead-
ing to the Great Miami River, which are made use of by some 6 percent of
150 ANNUAL REPORT

the total population. These drains have given rise to much complaint
on account of the nuisance caused by them and it is intended to install a
new sanitary system. In order to further this much needed improvement
permission has been given by the Board to send the sewage direct to the
river until such time as purification shall be required on account of a
nuisance. or other proper consideration.

Springfield has 10 miles of combined sewers to which it is estimated
that some 20 percent of the city’s population have access and some 8
percent the use of. These sewers empty through 12 outlets into Mill Creek
and Buck Creek, both small streams, where during the warm months the
sewage stagnates and causes a very objectionable nuisance. Just above
the confluence of Mill Creek and Buck Creek there is, in the former stream,
a dam which impounds a large part of the sewage, causing a most foul
nuisance, nearly in the center of the city. This same creek, Mill Creek,
runs through the heart of the city, being arched over in places, and
receives filth of every description, which its very small flow is not able to
carry away, adding further to the nuisance. It seems that according to
the local ordinances Springfield has only storm sewers and that house
connections are not allowed to be made to the drains, certainly a relic of
its childhood. ‘This law, as seen, is not observed, even the city building
being connected to one of the so-called storm sewers. The facilities for
collecting and disposing of sewage in this, the eighth city of the state,
can be considered nothing short of disgraceful.

Tippecanoe City has a few short combined sewers, emptying into the
Miami and Erie canal, which, while they are accessible to quite a percent
of the population, are but little used for house drainage.

Troy is traversed by three waterways which receive the drainage
from a few short combined sewers and from a very large number of pri—
rate sewers. With these latter included it is estimated that some 25
percent of the population are accessible to the sewers and that 15 per-
cent have the use of the same.

Urbana. There is no means for the disposal of house drainage except
by private cesspools. It is hardly necessary to state that in a city of this
size and furnished with a public water supply, this condition cannot help
but be objectionable and that a sanitary sewer system should be put in
at once.

Hest Alexandria also has no sanitary sewers and all water-closets
have to be drained to cesspools, but on account of the small number in
use it is not as yet as objectionable as in a larger place.

[est Carrellton. None of the houses of West Carrollton have as
yet been provided with the so-called “modern conveniences.”

Nenia has 1.2 miles of sewers designed at first for storm-water only,
but now carrying house drainage, which empty into Shawnee Run and its
tributaries, causing a very objectionable nuisance. A complete sanitary
system has been designed for this city which will shortly be put in.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 151

The outfall sewer is to be carried below the city in 'the valley of Shawnee
Run, where intermittent filtration beds are to be put in for the purification
of the sewage before turning it into the run.

It will be noted that the storm drainage of a small portion of Cin-
cinnati goes to Duck Creek, but it is not believed that any considerable
amount of sewage reaches that stream from this city.

Of the 29 cities and villages given in Table 4 as having public water
supplies, eight have no sewers whatever, seven have a few storm water
drains only, eight have a more or less extensive system of combined
sewers, and six have the separate system of sewers, with, in this case,
the sanitary system quite well developed. The sewage is disposed of in
every case by dilution alone.

In all there are 67.7 miles of storm sewers, or an average of 6.2
miles for each of the 11 places for which the mileage could be secured.

Of the combined sewers there are 23.0 miles, an average of 2.9 miles
for each of the eight given, while for the sanitary there are 104.1 miles,
an average of 17.4 for each of the six given.

For the fifteen towns, including Hyde Park, which have sewers for
house drainage, the average percent of the total population accessible to
these sewers is 36. In these same towns it is estimated that the total
number of closet connections to the sewers is 4,197, representing some
29,140 people, or an average of 280 connections and 1,943 people for
each town. The average percent of the total population using the sewers
1s 14.

Of the total population in these 29 cities and villages, 207,187, or 87
percent, live in those having more or less extensive systems of combined
or sanitary sewers, while 30,575, or 13 percent, live in those which have
as vet no sewers for carrying off house drainage. In all there are 67,148
people living in houses accessible to the sewers, which is 33 percent of
the total population of the sewered towns. There are of those who
actually have the use of sewers only 29,140, or 12 percent of the total
population, and 14 percent of the population of the sewered towns. Thus
it is seen that less than one-half of the people so fortunate as to live in
houses within reach of sewers have as yet taken advantage of them.
After a sewer has been constructed there is much still to be done before
the full benefit of the improvement is secured.

Returning to a consideration of the individual systems it appears
that in 13 cases, which include the storm sewers of Urbana and the private
sewers of Hyde Park, the discharge of sewage into the various streams
has caused more or less of a nuisance while in three only has there been
no nuisance caused as yet.

The sewage from none of the cities and villages in the Great Miami
watershed discharges into a stream from which a public supply is taken,
in Ohio. In the Little Miami watershed the sewage from Evanston,
Hyde Park, Lebanon, Norwood, and Xenia, affects the water supplv of
152 ANNUAL REPORT

Cincinnati, which is at present drawn from the Ohio river below the
Little Miami. By water, these places are the following distances above
the present intake of the Cincinnati water works: Evanston, 16 miles;
Hyde Park, 16 miles; Lebanon, 42 miles; Norwood, 15 miles, and Xenia,
76 miles. The emptying of sewage into the streams at Batavia, Blan-
chester, Lynchburg, Madisonville and Waynesville, would also influence
the supply for Cincinnati. These sources of pollution need not be ser-
iously considered, however, as the quantity of sewage is small, the dilu-
tion enormous, and the distance very great except in the cases of Evanston,
Hyde Park and Norwood; also on account of the fact that the water
supply of Cincinnati is much more seriously polluted by the sewage of
that city itself, and the fact that a new supply is being developed above
all these sources of pollution before mentioned.

The water supply for Batavia is drawn direct from the East Branch
of the Little Miami River at a point 47 miles below Lynchburg, but as
long as the water is properly filtered there is little danger from the
introduction of a sewer system in the latter village, or from the large
amount of filth from the distillery and cattle pens which at present enters

the stream.

3. SEWERAGE OF ISOLATED PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, WITH NOTES ON WATER
SUPPLIES.

It will take but a brief review of this section in order to appreciate
the necessity of including these isolated institutions in any investigation
of the sources of pollution of a watershed. On account of a number of
large institutions in addition to the usual county homes, it is even more
important that they should be included in this study than in any of the
former investigations of this character. For many of the institutions all
the necessary information is given in concise form in Table 5, and no
further mention need be made of these.

As seen, this table notes for each place the source of the water
supply for both domestic and general use. Where necessary these notes
will be elaborated on in the text following.

Dayton Soldiers’ Home. This national home for old soldiers, located
one mile west of the Dayton corporation line, has a total population,
including officers and attendants, of 4,850. These are housed on the
cottage plan with each building heated with steam from a central plant.
They are also sewered and provided with water. The water supply is
obtained from 16 driven wells, located some distance east of the insti-
tution and within the corporation of Dayton. The water is found at a
depth of from 45 to 55 feet in a bed of gravel overlaid with hardpan.
The well site is surrounded with vaults and cesspools many of which go
through the layer of hardpan which is only 12 feet thick. While this
condition seems to have caused no trouble as yet, it is certainly an unde-
sirable one and may lead to a serious paflution of the supply. The normal
Missing Page
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 153

level of the water in the wells is 35 feet from the surface, and it is lowered
but little by ordinary pumping. The supply is pumped direct from the
‘wells to a large open reservoir by two horizontal duplex Smith-Vaile
pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each. The reservoir has an area of
some 12 acres with an average depth of 20 feet, and serves as a boating
course for pleasure parties, a practice certainly to be condemned. Water
from fountains, grottoes, etc., also flows back to this lake to prevent
wastage. J*rom the lake the water is pumped to a standpipe by a 1,000,000
gallon horizontal compound duplex Smith-Vaile pump and an 800,000
gallon horizontal compound duplex Gordon-Maxwell pump. In this sta-
tion there is shortly to be installed a new 5,000,000 gallon pump as the
present capacity is insufficient. The stand-pipe is 18 feet in diameter,
148 feet high, and has a capacity of 280,000 gallons. The average daily
consumption is estimated at 1,600,000 gallons, or 330 gallons per capita
of the population of the institution. If the above figures are correct it
shows clearly that somewhere there is an enormous wastage of water.
Sewered closets are provided for the use of every one on the ground.
The waste from closets, buildings, etc., is carried through an 18-inch
outfall sewer, four miles long, to the Great Miami River, and there dis-
posed of by dilution. At one time much of the solid matter was disposed
of in compost pits, but these have been abandoned as a nuisance.

Dayton State Hospital. This is’ an asylum for the insane and is
located just south of the city limits of Dayton. The average number of
inmates is 830, with seven officers and 123 employes. Originally the
water supply was obtained from a number of springs, but these became
unsatisfactory and in 1896-8 eight 30-foot wells were put down from
which the present supply is obtained. The water is pumped direct from
the wells to a 90,000 gallon standpipe by a horizontal compound duplex
Laidlaw—Dunn-Gordon pump of 1,000,000 gallons capacity and a small
Smith-Vaile pump which is little used. The wells do not seem to give
a satisfactory water and it is proposed to put down a new set near the old
springs. All the buildings are provided with water-closets which are
sewered to the Miami and Erie canal, one mile west of the institution.

Miami University. This university is located at Oxford and has an
average of 150 students and instructors, none of whom live in the insti-
tution proper and only a small percent of whom are present during the
summer. The water supply for both drinking purposes and general use
‘is obtained from the village water-works. Formerly much of the drinking

water was obtained from a well but this became contaminated, probably
from a defective sewer, and its use was prohibited. The buildings are
‘provided with water-closets, the waste from which led into two cess-
‘pools, draining to Four Mile Creek. These cesspools or tanks were
designed to give purification by the septic process, but they either were
carelessly built or have since been so neglected that they cannot be given
much credit.
154 ANNUAL REPORT

Oxford College. This college, for women, is located at Oxford and
has some 135 students and instructors present and living in the institution
for the usual school year. Its water supply is obtained entirely from
the village water-works. The buildings are fitted throughout with water-
closets, which are sewered to Bull Run, a branch of Four Mile Creek.
During warm weather this sewage causes a nuisance which is rightfully
complained of.

The Iestern. This college, also for women, is located at Oxford
and has attending and living in it some 150 students and instructors. Its
water supply for domestic use is obtained from a cistern, while a well
near Four Mile Creek supplies the water for general use. The buildings
are supplied with water-closets, the waste from which is emptied out
on a field draining to Bull Run, a branch of Four Mile Creek.

Oxvford Retreat. This is a private sanitarium, having on an average
some 70 patients and attendants. It is supplied with Oxford village water
for all purposes. It is fitted with all modern conveniences, sewered direct
to Four Mile Creek.

Masonic Home. This institution, located just west of Springfield,
is supported by private enterprise and has some 160 residents and attend-
ants. Its water supply for both domestic and general use is obtained
from a well 40 feet deep. The buildings are fitted throughout with water
closets, sewered direct to Mad River.

Knights of Pythias’ Home, and Odd Fellows’ Home. These are
each private institutions, supported by the orders for which they are
named. The total number of residents and attendants in each is 136, and
173 respectively. They are both situated on the high ground just north
of Springfield and each is supplied with the city water. They are also
fitted with all modern conveniences, and sewered direct to Buck Creek;
the former, however, through a part of the Springfield system.

IVilberforce College. This is an educational institution for colored
youths, and is situated in the village of Wilberforce, Greene County. It
has some 357 students and instructors, with the majority of the former
living in the institution proper, the remainder in the village around. The
water supply for the college is pumped from a spring and distributed
through the buildings. Indoor water-closets are provided for the officers
only, some 27 persons, while the students use unsewered closets.

Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home. This large institution,
situated just southeast of Xenia, has a population of some 1,010 people
including officers and attendants. As it is more of a school than a per-
manent home, the summer population is much smaller than for the re-
mainder of the year. The institution is on the cottage plan, with each
building supplied with water, gas, steam, etc., from central plants located
on the grounds. The buildings are also provided with sewered closets
accessible to inmates as well as officers. The sewage is fed to a large
cesspool from which it is supposed to be pumped to open pits or beds in
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 155:

the rear of the buildings. These beds are supposed to collect the solid
matter and to allow the liquid portion to seep away into the soil. Not only
are the beds a failure, but the sewage pump is too small to handle all the
sewage and at times much of it overflows to Shawnee Run, where it causes
a nuisance much complained of by the residents of Xenia, through which
the run passes. Further details of the water supply and sewerage of this
institution are given in a special report to be found elsewhere in this vol-
ume.

County Children's Homes. Both the inmates and officers of the
Champaign, Clark, Shelby and Warren County homes have the use of the
sewered closets. In Darke, Logan and Miami County homes the officers.
have the use of sewered closets at all times, while the inmates use the same
during the night only or in bad weather. The Clinton, Greene and
Preble County homes are not provided with sewered closets; in fact the
Cliuton County home does not even have a sewer for waste water. The
Preble county home is now being improved and will soon be fitted with
modern plumbing. The sewers from the Champaign and Logan County
homes are first led to cesspools in which much of the solid matter is col-
lected, the liquid draining to Dugan and Buckinjahalis Creeks. The
Champaign and Warren County homes are supplied respectively with the
Urbana city and the Lebanon village water, while the others have private
water supplies from wells and springs.

County Infirmaries. Only in the infirmaries of Butler, Greene,
Montgomery and Warren counties do both inmates and officers have the
use of sewered closets, while in all the rest except the Clinton County in-
firmary, the officers and a portion only of the inmates have the use of such
modern conveniences. The sewers from the Champaign, Clermont,
Preble, and Warren County infirmaries lead to cesspools, which overflow
to the neighboring streams. The Butler County infirmary also sends its
sewage to a pit from which much of the liquid soaks away, the remainder
going direct to a small tributary of the Great Miami River. If the cess-
pool is properly constructed and cleaned out when necessary, this method
of caring for a small amount of sewage prevents to a certain extent, the
nuisance which must always be caused by sending sewage to a stream
too small to care for it by dilution.

The Darke, Greene, Logan, and Shelby County institutions send their
sewage to small streams and to runs where, for a part of the year, it
causes quite a nuisance. The Clarke County infirmary is fortunately sit-
uated near a body of water large enough to dispose of its sewage in a
satisfactory manner by dilution alone.

The largest of the infirmaries and the one having the only modern
method of caring for its sewage is that for Montgomery County. This in-
stitution is situated a few miles west of Dayton and at such a distance
from the Great Miami River that it would be very expensive to reach that
stream with an outfall sewer. A small tributary of the above named
156 ANNUAL REPORT

river drains the infirmary farm but it is much too small to care for the
sewage of 414 people. Plans were prepared by Robert E. Kline, County
Surveyor, for an intermittent filtration plant to care for the sewage of
this institution, and in June 1899 they received the approval of the Board,
and the works were put in during the same year. The sewage from all
the building is collected in an 8-inch outfall sewer leading through a
screen chamber into a storage reservoir from which it is discharged peri-
odically onto the filter beds by means of an automatic flushing device. The
reservoir consists of a covered brick and concrete chamber 14x20x16 feet
deep and holding some 12,000 gallons. Before reaching this reservoir
the sewage is freed from its ccarse suspended matter by passing it through
a screen box or basket placed in a circular chamber and so arranged that it
can be drawn up and emptied. With the present consumption of water
the reservoir discharges once every 24 hours onto the filter beds. There
are eight beds now in use, each 50 by 62.5 feet, giving a total effective
area of little more than half an acre. The beds contain a 3 to 4 foot layer
of filtering material, consisting of a thin layer of screened gravel, then
unscreened gravel, and finally a layer of sand. The beds are placed in
two rows of four each, with a carrier running in the center of the levee
between the rows. From this carrier there leads out over each bed a half
tile distributor, portions of which are broken away at intervals so that
the sewage may be spread evenly over the surface. To prevent the sand
from being disturbed in such distribution there is placed a small slab of
stone opposite each opening on which the sewage falls as it leaves the
distributor. Each set of beds is underdrained by two long lines of 4-inch
tile, each line being placed 12 feet from the sides respectively. The efflu-
ent from these underdrains is collected in a 6-inch outfall sewer which
empties into the above mentioned run.

As the reservoir discharges only once in 24 hours, each bed has a rest
of seven days before it is used again. After the beds have dried off,
the attendant rakes over the surface and collects any solid matter which
may have gathered on the surface, and dumps it out on the field adjoin-
ing the beds.

After the filters were first installed there was considerable difficulty
experienced in operating them, owing to the fact that the surface was al-
lowd to become overgrown with weeds to such an extent as to make it
almost impassable to the sewage. Since the beds have been raked over
after each flooding there seems to have been no difficulty experienced,
as the sewage disappears quickly from the surface and appears finally as
a well purified effluent.

There is the usual musty odor about the disposal works but not
strong enough to be objectionable. The storage reservoir has a de-
cided odor about it, but not a more objectionable one than was coming
from some fertilizer stored near it.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 157

For the benefit of the other counties which might wish to profit
the good work being done here, it will be said that the disposal works.
including the sewer, cost, completed, $6,096.65.

The total number of occupants of the miscellaneous institutions is
8,151, of whom all but 330 have the use of sewered closets. It must be
remembered that the occupants of a few of these places are present during
a portion of the year only, and in one or two cases during a portion of
the day only. :

The children’s homes contain 531 inmates and officers, with 288.
using sewered closets and 243 not.

In the infirmaries there are 1,509 people, all but 305 of whom have-
access to sewered closets.

This makes for all a population of 10,191, of which 9,313 use sewered:
closets and 878 are not so provided. These institutions are responsible
for one-third as much sewage as are all the cities and towns of both water-
sheds.

In not a single instance does it seem necessary to pollute the streams
with the sewage from these institutions. Everything is favorable to the
installation of some method of purification ; the sewage is small in amount,
usually in a concentrated form; it is collected in one outfall sewer; in:
nearly every case land is plentiful, and usually labor can be had at small
or no extra expense. ,

4. SUMMARY.

In regard to the effect on public water supplies there is little need to.
summarize the contents of the previous sections.

Batavia has the only permanent surface supply and it is obtained
from a stream which is not affected to any extent by sewage, as Lynch-
burg, the only tributary town with a water supply, is not sewered. The
pollution of the stream at this point, by the distillery and its accompany-
ing cattle pens is, however, very serious, and the Batavia filter plant
should be maintained at a high state of efficiency.

The supply for Piqua no doubt receives some sewage from the feeder
passing through Sidney, but as the water is so objectionable from other
causes that it is not used for domestic purposes this does not matter.

Blanchester has a surface supply which is not potable for other rea-
sons than sewage pollution. Farm drainage and mud are responsible for
the poor quality of the water.

The water of Buck Creek with which Springfield helps out its.
‘ ground-water does not receive any sewage pollution; in fact the stream:
at the intake does not drain any urban towns. The water during the
the low stages of the stream is of fair quality except when compared’
with the excellent ground water from the gallery. It must be remem-
bered, however, that it comes from a well populated farming district and
the chance for serious pollution is ever present. These four constitute:
all the public supplies obtained from surface sources.
158 ANNUAL REPORT

Of the total sewage pollution of the streams it will be seen that both
watersheds receive the sewage of some 38,453 people, of which 34,801
‘belong to the Great Miami watershed, and 3,652 to the Little Miann
watershed. The pollution caused by this sewage is cut down a little by
the one purification and the several partial purification plants which have
‘been put in.

It must not be thought that the above represents the total sewage
population, as there are thousands of cases where the drainage from the
vaults of isolated houses and manufacturing establishments is sent to the
various water-courses. It is impossible to determine the number of such
‘cases without a house to house canvass, something absolutely out of the
‘question in work of this kind. The wide distribution of this sewage
pollution is brought out by the following map, which shows the streams
which receive some of this direct sewage pollution.

In the Great Miami watershed it will be seen that there are only
‘6 streams of any size that are not polluted by sewage.

The Great Miami river above DeGraff escapes, but on the watershed
there are the large villages of Jackson Center, Lake View and Belle
Center, which, if not at present, will in time be sending sewage to the
stream.

(ireenville Creek above Greenville and Four Mile Creek above Ox-
ford are free from this sewage; also Loramie Creek, but the lower village
of Minster is located on this watershed. Mad River above Dugan Creek
receives no sewage but drains the large village of West Liberty.

Twin Creek receives no sewage but receives the drainage from Ger-
mantown, West Alexandria and lewisburg.

There are three cases in the Little \Iiami River, the main stream
above Massick’s Creek, Czesar’s Creek, and the East Branch above Bata-
via. These watersheds, however, include Yellow Springs and South
Charleston, Jamestown and Williamsburg, and Lynchburg respectively.

With the clay land and objectionable farm drainage it would be diffi-
cult to find even a small stream which could furnish a potable water.
In order to bring out the other phase of the question, that is the ability
to dispose of sewage, the following table has been prepared, in which
the relation of the urban population to the tributary watershed areas is
shown:
THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

159

 

 

  

Q » | urban, Sie » ;
A Public /astrtutions .

® $F a?

-
ss

 

wilh sewers,

 

PLATE 13
MIAM! WATERSHEDS ae = sence oo -
IIAP SHOWING aoe vps
PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF SEWAGE f We) Ge a.
> +." 7 Es
POLLUTION ANO STREAMS POLLUTED f ay ;
BY SEWAGE. ae WI oa
1/900. | MINSTER. ‘
“OG UF i
a ° he S ‘ SS
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a > 34 : 5 Ps #
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t
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} CHENILKON g ‘
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e 5 a
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O Towns with public wa ter Pe : ‘. [he shaded portions show
® = > ond sewers, ‘s, atreoms Hof recewe at

least some Sewage
bollution.

 

 
160 ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE VI— URBAN POPULATION IN RELATION TO WATER-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SHED AREAS.
aa
poe ie cae
u oc ° = 0
o v ree o bn
= Place. Popula- Stream. a i AS & aS
tion. HH oo
3 ;eadd|SoR] 2g
5 ‘ES ElESS | So
tealt- a | So
| | |
1 | Areantim: gueccsecaces 1,225 | Painter’s Creek... 5 4.1 |W.
2. | Batavia. > sxcanaseecas 3 1,029 | East Branch Little
Miami River .. 456 | 346.1 |W.
3 | Bellefontaine ........ 6,649 | Stony creek and
Buckinjahalas Cr. Bi [has aaa goes W.
4 | Blanchester ......... 1,788 | Second Creek..... 5 2.9 |W.
5 | Btadiord. csscasceces 1,254 | Greenville Creek 1
mile below...... 193 | 153.9
6 | Portion of Cincinnati. 5,000 | Little Miami River] 1,706 | 34.1 |W.
| @Cedarvalle: seieretear ss 1,189 | Massick’s Creek... 62 | 51.6
8. | “Cleviess wie anmise ae aes 1,328 | Great Miami River| 3,807 | 286.2
9 | Covington. scree. 1,791 | Stillwater River ..| 433 | 24.1
10 | Dayton ............. 85,333 | Great Miami River] 2,536 | 29.7 |W. &S
I | Deerath: -saiccacaunss4 1,150 | Great Miami River| 390 | 28.7
12) SACOM: ale suigdeassna ere dee 3,155 | Seven Mile Creek 21 6.6 |W.
13 | Portion of Evanston. 1,000 | Duck Creek ...... 1 10/W.& 58.
V4) panklin» caccleacescena ca 2,724 | Great Miami River] 2,680 98.5 |W. & S.
15 | Germantown ........ 1,702 | Twin Creek ...... 301 1
16 | ‘Greenville. sce cacyccss 5,501 | Greenville Creek .. 118 | 21.4 |/W.& S.
17 | lamilton:— acccteeecs-c 23,914 | Great Miami River] 3,547 | 14.8 |W. &S.
18 | Portion of Hyde Park 1,000 | Duck Creek ...... 2 2.0 |W. & S.
19 | Jamestown .......... 1,205 | Caesar’s Creek ... a
20 | Lebarion: ws.sasesices 2,867 | Turtle Creek ..... 22 7.7 |(W.&S.
21 | Loveland, a.0e2e<ss06 1,260 | Little Miami River| 1,106 878 |W. & S.
22) Lynchburg: gccescess< 907 | East Branch Little
| Miami River ..... 70! 76.9 |W.
23 | Madisonville ........ 8,140 | Branch of Duck Cr 5 1.6 |W.
24 | Miamisburgh ........ 3,941 | Great Miami River} 2,662 683
25 | Middletown ......... 9,215 | Great Miami River] 3,075 334 |W. & S.
26° | IMGORd:: irene Gecdiced aes 1,149 | Little Miami River] 1 157 1000
O0 | Minster x vacs escergess 1,465: | Loramie Creek 2..[ 9 ® Jesse.
28 | Portion of Norwood. 8,240 | DuckeCreek ...... 3 0.9 IW.&S
29: | Osborn .ecccces ewe ae 948 | Mad River ....... 575 607 |W.
30: | (Oxtord’ .e5c2.5540ee8 2,009 | Four Mile Creek. . 95 45.0 |W.
Sl |) Piqual. ja6¢3-8 e0 cence 12,172 | Great Miami River] 863 | 70.9 |W.
Babe St. PATISh 2 cco e alee s si6 1,222 | Black Snake Run. oie i
BS? | StdHe Ye ac socae ce tee tea 5,688 | Great Miami River} 552 97.0 |W. &
34 | Springfield .......... 88,253 | Buck Creek ..:... 155 4.1 |W. &
Mad River 3 miles
| below .......... 417 | 11.4
385 | South Charleston.... 1,096 | Little Miami River 7 6.4
36 | Tippecanoe City..... 1,703 | Great Miami River| 1,021 600 |W. & S.
Bt b Trotwood). 22025. 04 mses 914 | Wolf Creek ...... 56 261 |W.
BS: | EtOW™ -3.c cst eaweene 5,881 | Great Miami River 916 156 |W. & S.
39) WEbana, vic ndsusad wanes 6,808 | Mad River ....... 162 23.8 |W.
40 | Versailles ........... 1,478 | Swamp Creek .... 59 | 39.4 |W.
41 | Waynesville ........ 723 | Little Miami River] 410 569 |W.
42 | West Alexandria..... 740 | Twin Creek ...... 155 209 |W.
48 | West Carrollton..... 987 | Great Miami River] 2,609 | 264.3 |W.
44 | West Liberty........ 1,236 | Mad River .... 82 25.8
45 | Williamsburg ....... 1,002 | East Branch Little
| Miami River ...| 241 240
46 | Wilmington ......... 8,613 | Todd’s Fork...... 25 6.9
AEA Kenia - neys-d bese Neceeatnee 8,696 | Shawnee Run 3
: | miles below..... 1 1.2 |W. & S.
| Little Miami River] 246] 28.3 |W.& S.
48 | Yellow Springs...... 1,871 | Yellow Springs Cr. 4 2.9

 

 

 

This table includes 4 towns with Public Water Supplies but not Urban.
“Drainage area too small to measure.
YHE RIVERS OF OHIO. 161

According to Hazen’s estimates Ohio streams require a drainage
area of from 15 to 40 square miles to dispose of, in an unobjectionable
manner, by dilution, the sewage of 1,000 people. From the stream gaging
that has been done in Ohio it is now evident that the low flows are much
smaller than was expected, especially as most of the comparisons were
made with the run-off of eastern streams. Instead of a minimum of
0.1 of a cubic foot, or a little less per second per square mile of drainage
area, it is found that the average flow for a month, and in some cases
two months, is less than 0.01 of a cubic foot per second per square mile.

This must modify seriously the estimates of the drainage area neces-
sary to unobjectionably dispose of the sewage by dilution of 1,000 people.
If the estimate of from 15 to 40 square miles for every 1,000 inhabitants
is correct when based on a minimum flow of a little less than 0.1 cubic
foot per square mile, it will be necessary to allow from 150 to 400 square
miles for the minimum flow as actually found.

From an extended acquaintance with conditions over the state it
would seem that the latter figures are very nearly correct. In studying
this question it must be borne in mind that the 1,000 inhabitants refers to
the population actually sending sewage to the streams.

In Dayton, with only a little more than one-sixth of the population
using sewers, a drainage area of 30 square miles per 1,000 of the total
population has not prevented a slight local nuisance.

The sewage of Evanston, Hyde Park, Lebanon, Norwood and Spring-
field causes a nuisance in every case, as would certainly be expected.

Greenville has 21 square miles per 1,000 of its population, and will
only escape a nuisance until its system comes into general use. Xenia
has gone at the matter in the proper way; they intend to put in the puri-
fication plant along with the sanitary sewers.

From the size and tributary drainage areas available it is very prob-
able that purification works will be needed in the following towns as soon
as a complete sewer system is put in and comes into general use: Arcanum,
Bellefontaine, Blanchester, Cedarville, Covington, Eaton, Jamestown,
Lynchburg, Madisonville, Minster, Oxford, Piqua, St. Paris, Sidney,
South Charleston, Urbana, Versailles, West Liberty, Wilmington, and
Yellow Springs.

11 ROFO.
162 ANNUAL REPORT

V.. IGE SUPPLIES,

The investigation of the ice supplies for a district as extensive as
the one under discussion is of necessity limited to a brief outline of the
principal sources unless more time and labor than could be given to it is
available.

The most evident fact noticed in a study of this question is the
growing importance of the artificial ice industry. The ever increasing
pollution of the streams and ponds from which the natural ice was cut,
together with the more general enlightenment of the public in reference
to sanitary matters, has been gradually increasing the demands for the
artificial product. In a thickly settled portion of the state, as found in
the Miami valleys, it is impossible to find a stream of any size which does
not suffer from more or less sewage pollution. The Miami and Erie
canal, together with its basins and feeders, was at one time able to and
did furnish an enormous amount of very fair ice, but now this waterway
receives so much refuse that from but a very small portion of the system
can a usable ice be cut.

It is possible, however with proper precautions, to get good ice from
the back-water of dams in the small streams and from the small natural
and artificial ponds. The ice may be high in organic matter, but if the
draimage areas are kept free from pollution the ice is certainly usable.
In a majority of the cases, however, it will be found that not the slightest
precatttion is taken and that ice is cut from ponds and streams the water
of which cannot help but be most foul. Frequently, the artificial ponds.
are kept full of water during the ice season only and for the remainder
of the year are merely swampy holes full of stagnant water. Too often
also cattle and hogs have access to these ponds.

In the smaller villages, and some of the larger ones also, it seems
to be a general practice for the local butcher to do his own slaughtering,
and also have near his slaughter house a pond from which a supply of ice
is cut for his own use. No attempt is made to protect this pond from
pollution as it is claimed that the ice is for cooling purposes alone and its
quality does not matter. It is true that a regular business is not made of
selling this ice for domestic purposes, but it is a fact, however, that when
an occasional piece of ice is required the local butcher is the one who
furnishes it. In this way a considerable quantity of exceedingly filthy
ice is marketed for domestic use.

Below are given a few notes on the sources of the ice supply for the
cities and principal villages:

Of the larger cities nearly every one has one or more artificial ice
plants, supplying both the local trade and shipping also to the neighboring
towns.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 163

Bellefontaine has a small artificial ice plant which supplies a portion
of the local trade. Natural ice is shipped in from Lake Erie and cut
locally from Silver Lake and a few small ponds.

Dayton is supplied with both artificial and natural ice. The Dayton
Ice and Cold Storage Company has a plant which turns out about go
tons daily during the season from May to October. The bulk of this
1s used in Dayton, but some is shipped to Hamilton, Miamisburg, Piqua,
Troy, Xenia, and a number of smaller places. Three of the local brew-
eries have each an artificial ice plant of from 30 to 35 tons capacity daily,
a large portion of the product of which is used for general local consump-
titon. The natural ice is cut by several companies from ponds fed from
Mad, Stillwater and the Great Miami rivers.

In Eaton the Crystal Ice Company has an artificial ice plant of eight
tons daily capacity. Nearly all of this is used locally; a small quantity
is shipped to West Alexandria.

Nearly all the ice supply for Hamilton is made by a local brewery,
which ships some out to surrounding villages. Some natural ice is cut
from a basin fed by the hydraulic canal, which is in turn fed by the Great
Miami River.

Lebanon is supplied with about five tons daily from a local artificial
ice plant. A small amount of natural ice is-cut from Turtle Creek and
some is shipped in from Lake Erie.

Middletown has a local brewery equipped with an ice plant of 60
tons daily capacity. Natural ice is cut from ponds fed from the Miami
and Erie canal.

In Springfield the Springfield Coal and Ice Company made, during
the past year, 6,237 tons of artificial ice. The greater part of this was
used locally, the remainder being shipped to Bellefontaine, Troy, etc.
Natural ice is brought in from Lake Erie and from the Dayton ponds
by five dealers.

The Urbana Ice Company supplies Urbana with ten tons daily, of
artificial ice, practically all that is used in the city. Some natural ice is
cut from local ponds, but its use is not extensive.

Piqua formerly had an artificial ice plant which supplied much of
the ice used for domestic purposes both locally and for the neighboring
towns, but this burnt during the last season and this city was compelled
to use ice from the hydraulic and its basins, helped out with artificial
ice shipped in from Dayton.

The cities and villages near Cincinnati, as Cleves, Evanston, Hyde
Park, Madisonville, Norwood, Oakley, Pleasant Ridge, etc., are furnished
with ice from the varied supply for this large city. Much of the ice used
for domestic purposes is manufactured, though there is still an enormous
quantity cut from the Miami and Erie canal and its basins and from ponds
fed from this waterway.
164 ANNUAL REPORT

Batavia, Blanchester, Bradford, Greenville, Oxford, St. Paris, Troy,
West Alexandria, and Xenia are supplied partly with natural ice from
local ponds and streams and partly with artificial ice from the plants at
Cincinnati, Dayton, Eaton, Hamilton, Hillsboro and Urbana.

The remaining cities and villages of the Miami watershed are sup-
plied almost entirely with natural ice from the various local sources.
Practically all the ice used by the following villages is cut from local
ponds fed from surface drainage: Ansonia, Arcanum, Bethel, Brookville,
Camden, Jackson Center, Lewisburg, Mason, Milford, Mt. Washington,
New Carlisle, New Vienna, South Charleston, Spring Valley, Versailles,
Waynesfield, Wilmington, West Milton, and a host of smaller villages.

In the following list there are included the principal towns which
depend almost entirely upon ice cut from the local creeks and rivers,
usually from the back-water of some dam: Belle Center, Cedarville,
DeGraff, Germantown, Jamestown, Loveland, Morrow, Osborn, Pleasant
Hill, Quincy, Sidney, Waynesville, Williamsburg, West Carrollton, and
Yellow Springs, also including, of course, the large number of small
villages supplied in this way.

A few, including Covington, Franklin, Lynchburg, West Libeity,
Tippecanoe City, etc., are supplied both from ponds and from flowing
streams.

Lake View and its neighboring villages cut a considerable quantity
of ice from the Lewistown reservoir.

Miamisburg is supplied with ice from ponds filled from the canal.

Near Le Sourdsville, in Butler county, there are a number of large
ponds, supplied with water from the canal, from which formerly an
enormous amount of ice was cut and shipped and from which there is
still taken a considerable quantity.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 165

VI. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.

In the Miami watersheds there are 30 cities and villages which are
supplied with water from 28 water-works. Cincinnati, Hyde Park, and
Evanston, portions of which are within the watershed, are furnished with
Ohio River water by Cincinnati works, which plant is outside of the
watershed and will not be included in the discussion of the supplies them—
selves. Only a portion also of the population of Norwood is within the
watershed, but this city is furnished with its own public supply from a
source within the watershed.

There is within the watershed, in cities and villages supplied with
water, a total population of 242,762, of which 238,243 are classed as urban.
There are six villages, Osborn, Trotwood, West Alexandria, West Car-
rollton, Lynchburg, and Waynesville, with a total population of 4,519,
which have water-works, but are not classed as urban as each has a pop-
ulation of less than 1,000. Of these Trotwood, with a population of 214,
is the smallest; in fact this village is the smallest in the state to be so
provided. The first four named villages are in the.Great Miami water-
shed and the remaining two belong to the Little Miami.

Of the urban towns not supplied with water there are ten, with
a total population of 16,314 in the Great Miami; and eight, with a total
population of 11,885 in the Little Miami watershed, making a total of
eighteen, with a population of 28,199. Two of these eighteen, Miamis-
burgh and Wilmington, have populations of 3,941 and 3,613 respectively,
and are sadly in need of a public water supply. It is impossible, with
conditions as they exist in Ohio, for villages of this size to obtain a
potable water from the average private well. As a general rule it is
very difficult to obtain a satisfactory water from the private wells of any
of the urban towns, and they would all be benefited by the installation of
a good public water-works.

The percentage of urban towns without water supplies, in these
watersheds, is larger than for any of the other districts which have been
investigated. In the Great Miami there is a total of 26 towns classed
as urban, only 16 of which have water-works, while the Little Miami
has only eight provided with water out of a total of 16, or in both the
watersheds there are only 24 water supplies in 42 towns. No doubt
much of this slowness to take up public improvements is due to the fact
that a large number of the citizens of these villages are retired farmers,
who have come in to live at ease on very moderate incomes. It is a class
who have lived nearly their whole lives without the conveniences of a
modern community and no desire is felt for them, especially as their
installation adds materially to the tax rate at first.

The commercial and industrial elements are nearly always for the
improvement of the village and where these predominate there is
166 ANNUAL REPORT

usually no trouble in securing votes. It usually requires a severe fire or
an especially fatal epidemic of some water-borne disease before many of
these communities see the need of a public water supply.

As stated in the last annual report, and repeated here in the hope of
dispelling the doubts of some hesitating community; there has been
invented no method of carrying off the wastes of the human economy
which is as sanitary, unobjectionable and cheap as the water-carrying
system, and no public improvement will do so much for the prosperity of
a village and for the health of its people as the introduction of a good
potable water supply in connection with a complete sanitary system of
sewers.

CLASSIFICATION.

For convenience in studying the public water supplies they have
been divided with reference to source into the usual classes: Surface
and Ground. The “Ground” division is further subdivided into Sub-
surface and Deep-seated waters, according to the character of the same,
as explained by the terms. As has been stated this division is not always
easy to make, but it is the intention to keep in the first class all waters
the purity of which is easily influenced by surface pollution, and to place
in the latter class those supplies which are drawn from such depths or
through such strata that the surface conditions have but little if any
influence.

According to the above divisions the following table has been pre-
pared.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 167

TABLE VII — CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Classes. Towns, Population. Totals
(A) Surface...... { 1—Batavia ......... 1,029
2—Piqua ........... 12,172
Rotall sew gee 18,201
AVErAgEs 5 cuneate ess 6,600
(B) Ground..:... f Subsurface. {( 1—Dayton ......... - 85,333
=P AtON assed svad dre 3,155
38—Franklin ........ 2,724
4—Greenville ....... 5,501
5—Hamilton ....... 23,914
6—Lynchburg ...... 907
7—Middletown ..... 9,215
8—Osborn ......... 948
9—Oxford ......... 2,009
10—Tippecanoe City.. 1,703
11—Trotwood ....... 214
T2—T roy weickerasuny 5,881
138—Urhbatia: —22c0c1ees 6,808
14-Versailles ....... 1,478
15—Waynesville ..... 723
16—West Carrollton. . 987
EGtal’ .vexaste 177,500
ANCTAGE aces ered ss 10,719
Deepseated ....... { 1— Bellefontaine .... 6,649
| 2-Lebanon ........| 2,867
3—Madisonville .... 3,140
4—Norwood ....... 6,480
5—Sidney .......... 5,688
6—West Alexandria. 740
i otal) -caceesk 25 , 564
AVETAZS adcuueigwn es 4,264
WT Gtalk |. aqcrandleascsactex 177 ,064
ANETAPE Bein iies acne allen wes 8,048
Surface and 1—Blanchester ..... 1,788
Ne ee ree ep eurtace .1hie { 2—Springfield 0.1... 38/953
DO NENIA:. Ad cuccsae wires 8,696
Motall  cicacve svqocens  AS,4387
INNOTATE: > a nhore satel ioe 16,246
Grand total..|........ 239 ,002
General average......]........ 8,852

 

 

This table brings out, even better than in any of the other watersheds
studied, that there are but few streams left in the state that can furnish
a potable water supply.

In the Miami watersheds there are but two towns supplied wholly
with surface water. One of these supplies, Batavia, is filtered before
using, and the other, Piqua, is not fit for domestic use and is not used

t
168 ANNUAL REPORT

for such purpose by any of the citizens of that city, and if the present
financial troubles of Piqua are straightened out, the city will soon be
supplying its citizens with a sub-surface water which has already been
developed, thus leaving only one supply entirely from surface sources.

In the Surface and Ground division there are three towns supplied
with surface and sub-surface water. Blanchester obtains such a large
percentage of its supply from an impounding reservoir that its ground
water is lost sight of and the whole is rendered unfit for domestic use
from the poor quality of the surface water.

Springfield does. not actually belong in this class and would not
now be in it but for two dry years which cut down its excellent ground
supply to such an extent as to compel it to go to Buck Creek in order
to tide over several short days and to secure a reserve for fire protection.
Ordinary years, or with a further development of the ground supply, this
city would belong to the “sub-surface”’ class.

The original supply of Xenia was obtained by impounding the runoff
from several springs together with some surface water. This has since
been supplemented by a ground water which is as yet used only during
the dry season when the reservoir runs low.

Sidney’s first supply was entirely from surface sources, but these
have long been abandoned for a deep-seated water.

In the above list of 27 supplies, only one, that of Batavia, appears to-
be permanently from a surface source and that only because a filtration
plant has been installed. Three, Piqua, Sidney and Xenia, are now, or
were originally, supplied practically with surface water and have or
intend to replace it with ground water, or are in a transitory state. Two,
Blanchester and Springfield, have been compelled to supplement ground
water with surface water from lack of a sufficient amount of the former.
Of these 27 supplies, 22 aie entirely from ground sources.

The total population supplied either wholly or in part with surface
water, is 61,938, of which 50,425 are furnished with it as a temporary
expedient only, or the ground supply is under way. The remaining
11,513, or 5 percent of the grand total, are for the present to be supplied
with surface water.

The 22 ground supplies are for a population of 177,064, or 74 per-
cent of the total population in the towns with public water supplies. Of
these ground water supplies 16 of the 22, with a total population of
171,500, are of sub-surface origin and the remaining six, with a pop-
ulation of 25,564, are of deep-seated origin.

Dayton, population 85,333, is one of the largest cities in the United
States which is supplied entirely by ground water. With the exception:
of Lynchburg and possibly Versailles, all the ground water supplies may
be considered as satisfactory so far as potability is concerned. The sub-
surface supply for Urbana is taken from a point in a direct line with the-
under drainage from the city, and it may in time suffer some deterioration:
though at present it is entirely potable.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO., 169

A few of the ground waters are slightly objectionable from the
presence of iron, and many are too hard for an ideal water, but neither
of these objections is fatal to their use for a public supply, especially
in this state where it is the rule to collect rain water in cisterns for the
laundry, bath, etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS.

Following are the detailed descriptions of the public water supplies
of the two watersheds, except for the towns of Eaton, Greenville, Piqua,
Sidney, Springfield and Urbana. The water-works for the first five of
these are fully described in the annual report of the State Board of
Health for 1898, and that for Urbana in a special report in the annual
report for 1900. However, a brief description will be given here of these
supplies, with special reference to changes in supply and increase of mains,
services, etc.

Batavia. Population 1,029. The public water supply was put in
by the village in 1go0, at a cost of $31,000, including the electric light
plant. The supply is obtained from the East Branch of the Little Miami
River at a point just above the village and above all local pollution. As-
seen from the description of the watershed the East Branch drains a hilly
farming country, and receives no especial pollution until Lynchburg, 42
miles above, is reached; at which place a large distillery winters some
1,000 head of cattle, the filth from which enters the stream direct. Be-
fore this source was approved filtration was required by the Board. The
village presented plans for a rather crude system of slow sand filtration
which were here hardly satisfactory and finally plans for mechanical filtra-
tion by the We-fu-go process, this latter being approved. The water is.
pumped from the river by a low service pump to two sedimentation tanks.
situated on the side hill back of the filter house and pumping station. From
these tanks the water flows by gravity onto the filter, through it to a clear
water well, from which it is pumped to a supply reservoir situated on the
high ground north of the village.

The filtration process involves the use of a coagulant, sulphate of alu-
minum, in this case, which is admitted to the water as the latter passes
to the sedimentation basins. The coagulant solution is pumped from the
coagulant tanks by a small piston pump actuated by the low service
pumps so that a constant ratio is maintained between the amount
of solution and the amount of water pumped. The actual amount of
coagulant used must be varied by changing the strength of the solution;
it is usualy one grain per gallon. At times of high turbidity in the stream
it will be necessary to increase this amount in order to get perfect clarifi-
cation.

The sedimentation tanks are two in number and consist of open
wooden tubs, each 20 feet in diameter and 134 feet high, with an effec-
tive height of 1o feet, giving a capacity of 23,660 gallons each or 47,320
170 ANNUAL REPORT

gallons for both. These tanks are exposed to the weather, with no pro-
tection whatever. As the water enters the tanks it falls over the sides of a
pan secured to the discharge pipe of the pump and receives more or less
aeration, The tanks are used alternately, an automatic device admitting
the water to first one and then the other, thus securing a longer period of
‘quiet sedimentation. The outlet from these tanks is supplied with a skim-
mer float so as at all times to secure the clearest water for the filters. The
tanks are supplied with suitable pipes for flushing out the collected sedi-
ment.

The filter consists of an 8-foot cypress tank, 8 feet deep, fitted with
a double bottom, the upper one of which is fitted with brass strainers sup-
plied with phosphor bronze screens. The openings in the screens are ap-
proximately $ by 1/100 inches. In the bottom of the strainer is placed a
brass ball so arranged as to throttle the downward flow but to allow a
free upward flow of the wash water. On the screens rest a two foot
nine inch bed of sand, composed of crushed quartz. The compartment
between the bottoms is for the collection of the clear water and to this is
connected the discharge pipe of the filter which is fitted with a regulator
so that the rate of filtration is kept uniform, irrespective of the condition
of the bed. The inlet pipe is controlled by means of a float, so that a
uniform level is maintained on the bed. A positive head of 4 feet is main-
tained on the filter and a suction head of seven feet, making a total of
eleven feet.

The filter is washed by reversing the flow through the sand and at the
same time stirring it with a revolving mechanical agitator. The wash
water is carried off by an annular trough fastened inside of the filter tank.

The total filtering area is 50 square feet, or 0.0012 of an acre, giving,
at the standard capacity of 120,000,000 gallons per day a rate of filtra-
tion of 100,000,000 gallons per acre per day.

The clear well is 42 feet in diameter and 16 feet deep, with a capac-
ity of 165,000 gallons.

The low service pump is a horizontal duplex McGowan of 500,000
gallons capacity. The water is pumped from the clear well to the reser-
voir by two horizontal duplex McGowan pumps of 750,000 gallons capac-
itv each. The pressure at the station is 95 pounds, and the average on
the mains is somewhat less than this. The reservoir is 30 feet in diam-
eter and 17 feet deep, with a capacity of 84,000 gallons. Both this reser-
voir and the clear well have brick walls laid in cement and concrete
bottoms and neither is covered.

There are 3.5 miles of mains in, to which some go percent of the
people have access. There are 26 services in all, of which all are in use
and none metered. As the plant has been running for so short a time
no estimate can be made on the average daily consumption. The water
after filtration is clear and seems to be of excellent quality and should
displace the private wells, many of which are badly contaminated.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 171

Bellefontaine. Population 6,649. The public water supply was put
“in by the village in 1882, and has cost to date $140,000. The water is
-obtained from four 8-inch wells located just south of the village in the
valley of a small stream. The wells are 160 feet deep and go through
-80 feet of gravel and clay and 8o feet into limestone. The supply has
always been sufficient, but it is intended to put down a number of shal-
low wells in the gravel for an additional supply. There is no local pollu-
‘tion of the grounds and it is a question, even if there were, whether it
would affect the deep wells.

The water is pumped direct from the wells to a reservoir by two hori-
-zontal compound duplex Gordon pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each.
A new vertical! compound duplex Snow pump of 2,500,000 gallons capac-
“ity is to be installed soon, for reserve in case of accident to the present
pumps. The reservoir is located on high ground to the east o* the village
and gives a pressure of 80 pounds at the station and an average of 60
pounds over town. It is an open basin 206 by 106 by 20, holding 2,000,000
gallons, with sloping sides built of brick laid in cement. The whole
is surrounded by a high barbed-wire fence for protection from contam-
ination.

There are 17.0 miles of mains in, to which some 95 percent of the
‘people have access. There are 956 services in, of which 900 are in use
‘and only 18 metered. It is intended to increase the number of meters
very soon so as to cut down waste, as the consumption is very large for
-a village of this size. The average daily consumption is 642,000 gallons,
which is 714 gallons per service, 143 per consumer, and 94 per capita
-of the total population.

Blanchester. Population 1,788. The public water supply was put
in by the village in 1896, and has cost to date $30,000. An electric light
plant costing $10,000 is in the same building. The supply was to be ob-
tained from 3 wells 6 feet in diameter and 50 feet deep, but they soon failed
-and the village was without water, as there were no funds available for a
new supply. In 1899 a private company. was formed among the citizens of
-the village for the purpose of securing a supply of water for fire protec-
‘tion at least. A franchise was obtained from the village under which
-they were to supply the water, the village to pump the same, and the com-
pany to have the privilege of collecting the private water rents.

As ground water was not available and there were no streams near of
sufficient size to secure a supply, a reservoir was excavated in the valley
-of a small run, having a drainage area of 1,400 acres, and a surface supply
‘impounded. The reservoir has an area of about 3 acres and an average
depth of 6 feet, giving a capacity when full of some 5,000,000 gallons.
The reservoir was formed by excavating the upper end and by an embank-
ment around the lower portion. The sides and bottom are not paved or
protected in any way, and the water is very muddy for a long period after
-each rain. In the spring of 1900 a heavy rain caused a flood, too large
172 ANNUAL REPORT

for the waste-way, and the reservoir banks were overflowed and a portior
broken out. The waste-way is 10 feet long and can flow 5 feet deep.
before the reservoir banks will overflow. This would require a rainfall
of 4 inch per hour over the entire watershed, of such duration as would
allow the water from the most remote section to reach the river; it would!
also have to be on a soil, impervious from continual rain or freezing.
The reservoir with connections, etc., cost $6,000.

The water from the reservoir flows by gravity through an 8-inch pipe
to the old wells in which the suction of the pumps is placed. The water
in the wells will rise to within 7 feet of the surface when pumping is sus-
pended for some time and the reservoir line will not flow until the wells.
have been lowered to 12 feet so that a small amount of well water is
supplied, but it is a very small proportion of the total consumption and
can hardly be considered.

The water is pumped direct from the suction wells to an elevated
tank by two horizontal compound duplex McGowan pumps of 750,000
gallons capacity each. The pressure is 50 pounds at the station and °
averages 45 pounds on the mains.

There are 11 miles of mains in, to which 90 percent of the people
have access. There are 70 services in, all of which are in use and Io:
metered. The average daily consumption is about 15,000 gallons, which
is 214 gallons per service, 43 gallons per consumer, and 9 gallons per
capita of the village.

The water is not used for domestic purposes at all and is not fit for
such use without filtration.

Dayton. Population 85,333. The public water supply was put im
by the city in 1869 and cost to January 1, 1900, $1,363,282, for con-
struction alone. The total expenditure of the water-works department
for the thirty years was $2,108,721, of which $745,429 was for main-
tenance. The total income for the same period was $1,248,638, show-
ing the net cost of the plant to be $860,083, a figure much below the
present value of the works. The construction account for 1900 will be
heavy as a new suction line is being put down, also new wells, and a large
pump is to be put in requiring extensive changes in pumping station, etc.

The first supply was from Mad River direct, but this was abandoned in
1887, when the first of the present extensive system of wells were put down.
There are now eighty-seven 8-inch wells, driven 30 to 60 feet in the bed’
of Mad River in the upper portion of the city. During the past year 24.
of the old wells were replaced and 20 additional new ones put in, bring-
ing the total to the figure named above.

The bed of Mad River consists of a very porous gravel which carries.
a large amount of water, the sub-surface flow of the stream. The normal
level of the water in the wells coincides with the river level except in very
low stages when it rises above the surface water level. On a test one
well gave 400 gallons per minute with the level lowered only 5 feet. At
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 173

this same test a well 50 feet away was lowered only 4 inches. The wells
extend up and down the river 2,000 feet each way from the pumpmg
station and until this year were reached by a 30-inch suction line going
down the river and by a 20-inch and 30-inch going up. A new 5 foot
suction line is being put in up the river to replace the small lines and also,
in time, to extend above them as new wells are added.

While the site of the wells is above all sewage pollution it does not
escape all manufacturing refuse, especially that from a strawboard
works. Except in times of extreme low water it is doubtful whether any
of this refuse would influence the sub-surface water, but at such dry times
some of it would soak into the gravel bed, where, if the filtration were not
perfect it would pollute the water of the wells. This is a phase of the
question which must be watched in the future. It may be advisable at no
distant time to put in a sewer or conduit that would care for all the ob-
jectionable drainage to the river above the wells.

The water is pumped direct to the mains by a 4,000,000 quadruplex
Holly pump installed in 1873, a 10,000,000 gallon horizontal, com-
pound, duplex Holly pump erected in 1889, and a 15,000,000, gallon pump
of the same pattern, installed in 1895. A new 10,000,000 gallon vertical,
triple expansion Holly is now being put in.

The domestic pressure averages 60 pounds. There are 117.9 miles of
mains in, giving some go percent of the total population access to the
water. There are 12,018 services in, of which 9,500 are in use and 563
of these metered, about 60 are for hydraulic elevators.

The average daily consumption is 5,098,000 gallons, which is 537
gallons per service, 98 per consumer, and 60 per capita of the total popu-
lation. :

The water is of excellent quality and is in general use to the gradual
exclusion of private wells.

Eaton. Population 3,155. A detailed description of the public
water supply for this village was given in the report of the State Board
of Health for 1898, and there has been no change in the source since
that time. There are now 417 services in, of which 407 are in use and
168 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is 58,800 gal-
lons, which is 144 gallons per service, 29 per consumer, and 19 per capita
of the village. A comparison with the report for 1898 will show that
the estimate of the consumption was much too high; the present figure
is from the pumping records for the year. The low consumption is due
to the absence of manufacturing plants and also to the total lack of
sewers. There are about 30 water-closets supplied by the system, the
waste water going to cesspools.

Franklin. Population 2,724. The public water supply for this
place was put in by the village in 1887, and has cost to date $57,000. The
supply is obtained from six 6-inch wells driven 65 feet into a clay, sand,
and gravel bed bordering the Miami and Erie canal in the lower part of
174 ANNUAL REPORT

the village. The water stands, normally, 22 feet below the surface and is
lowered but little by the ordinary consumption. There is direct connec-
tion with the canal for use in cases of emergency.

The water is pumped direct from the wells to the mains by two
horizontal, compound, duplex Holly pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity
each. The pumps are set 18 feet below the surface so as to keep the
water well within the suction limit. The station pressure carried is
60 pounds and the average on the mains is 55 pounds.

There are 8.0 miles of mains in, giving some 90 percent of the
people access to the water. There are 410 services in, of which 240
are in use and 24 of these are metered. The average daily consumption
is estimated at 300,000 gallons, which is 882 gallons per service, 172 per
consumer, and 110 per capita of the total population. The large con-
sumption is due to the extensive use of the water by the various paper
mills. Some of it is also due to the large amount of leakage claimed to:
be caused by the deterioration of the pipes from electrolysis.

Greenville. Population 5,501. Since the supply for this village was
reported on, in 1898, there have been added six new 8-inch wells, aver-
aging in depth from 46 to 54 feet. These go through various layers of
clay and gravel down nearly to bed-rock. These walls are in the same
location as the old ones and were put down merely as a safeguard against
the failure of the first set. This, together with the running of a large
number of services to the curb on account of street paving, has run the
tctal cost up to $101,000.

There are now 717 services in, of which 450 are in use and 257 of
these metered. The average daily consumption is 218,000 gallons, which
is 484 per service, 97 per consumer, and 40 per capita of the whole pop-
ulation

Hamilton. Population 23,919. The public water supply was put in
by the city in 1884 and has cost to date $365,000. The first supply was
from a large well or basin situated in the low land north of the city,
and lying between the Great Miami River and an abandoned channel of
the same stream. The basin was 500 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 15 feet
deep, dug into a large bed of gravel.

The supply from this source was unsatisfactory and in 1889 a num-
ber of deep wells were driven in the basin and these, with additions,
have furnished the supply since that time. Now there are nineteen
6-inch and three 8-inch wells, driven from 75 to 135 feet into the bed of
gravel.

The water flows from the wells at the river level and is conducted
about 1,000 feet to a receiving basin set 13 feet below mean low water
in the river. The receiving well is a closed brick chamber 28 by 13 by 33
feet deep, with a capacity of 90,000 gallons.

The water is pumped from this basin to a supply reservoir by a
vertical, compound, duplex, Gordon-Maxwell pump of 3,000,000 gallons.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 175

capacity. The average domestic pressure is 90 pounds. The reservoir
is situated on the high ground west of the Great Miami River, and is
reached by two mains, a 20-inch main laid in the bed of the river, and a
i-inch main crossing on a bridge. It is an open basin with sides paved
with brick in cement, and is 200 by 270 by 24 feet deep, with a capacity of
7,000,000 gallons. As: first constructed the reservoir was not cemented
and there was frequent trouble with growths of various kinds. Since the
sides were cemented, however, no trouble has been reported.

There are 4o miles of mains in, giving some 95 percent of the
population access to the water. The mains even extend outside of the
corporation in order to supply several manufacturing plants. There are
3,295 services in use and 827 of these metered. The average daily con-
sumption is 1,818,000 gallons, which is 569 gallons per service, 103 per
consumer, and 76 per capita of the total population. It will be noted
here that the pumping capacity is less than twice the average daily con-
sumption, a rather perilous condition for a pumping plant to be in not-
withstanding the very fair reservoir capacity.

Lebanon. Population 2,867. The public water supply was put in
by the village in 1896, and has cost to date $52,000. A light plant has.
recently been installed in the same building, at a cost of $20,000 com-
pleted. The supply is obtained from six 6-inch wells driven from 96 to
to4 feet through alternating strata of clay, sand, and gravel. The wells.
are located a short distance west of the village in the low ground bor-
dering a small tributary to Turtle Creek.

The water from the wells is siphoned to a receiving well from which
it is pumped to a standpipe by two horizontal, compound, duplex, Still-
well-Bierce and Smith-Vaile pumps of 750,000 gallons capacity each.
The supply from the wells is such that the water in the receiving well
can be lowered only 10 feet by the present pumping capacity.

The receiving well consists of a brick cistern covered with a tin
roof and is 40 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep, with a capacity of
235,000 gallons. The standpipe is 80 feet high and 25 feet in diameter,
with a capacity of 300,000 gallons. The average pressure on the mains.
1s 70 pounds.

There are 10 miles of mains in, to which at least 95 percent of the
people have access. There are 442 services in, of which 430 are in use
and 12 of these metered. Two of the meters are on the lines to the
County Infirmary and Children’s Home, respectively.

The average daily consumption is 105,000 gallons, or 244 gallons.
per service, 49 per consumer, and 37 per capita of the total population.
The water seems to be of excellent quality and is in general use for
domestic purposes.

Lynchburg. Population 907. The public water supply was put im
by the village in 1896, and has cost to date, together with an electric
light plant, $18,000. The first supply was obtained from a dug well 16:
176 ANNUAL REPORT

feet in diameter and 20 feet deep, which enters a bed of gravel just above
the rock. This well soon failed to supply enough water and a 4-inch
suction line was run to a large basin from which a distillery obtains its
water supply. This basin consists of a trench 120 feet long by 15 feet
wide, with an 18-foot well at each end, all excavated 15 feet deep in a
bed of sand and gravel. The sides of this basin are planked up and the
whole is covered with a flat plank roof at the ground level. It occupies
a low swale and is easily accessible to surface drainage, much of which
is very objectionable. The well is situated nearly in the center of the
village and its water is more or less polluted by objectionable surface
drainaye. In 1900 the 4-inch suction line to the distillery basin was
teplaced by a 5-inch line.

.\s the distillery opens for the season in November and will use
practically all of the water available from the basin, the village was com-
pelled to seek a new supply. Application was made to the State Board
-of Health for the approval of three springs, only one of which could be
considered, namely, the “Sulphur” spring, located one and one-fourth
siiles northeast of the village in the low land near a small run. With
suitable care this spring ought to be able to provide at least 20,000
gallons of potable water per day, and its use was approved by the Board.

It is at such a height that the water could be conducted by gravity
to a pump well at the present station.

The water is pumped from the well and basin to an elevated tank
by a horizontal, duplex, Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pump of 250,000 gallons
capacity. The tank is 16 feet in diameter, 20 feet high, with a capacity
of 30,000 gallons, and is placed on a trestle 89 feet high. The average
pressure on the mains is 40 pounds.

There are 3.5 miles of mains in use, to which 80 percent of the
people have access. There are 104 services in, of which 94 are in use and
none metered. The average daily consumption is estimated at 25,c00
gallons, which is 266 gallons per service, 53 gallons per consumer, and
28 per capita of the total population. The water is not in general use
for domestic purposes.

Madisonville. Population 3,140. The public water supply was put
in by the village in 1892 and has cost to date, together with an electric
light plant, $66,500. The water-works cost alone about $35,000. The
supply is from one 6-inch well and two 8-inch wells, each 150 feet deep
and drilled through various strata of clay, quicksand and gravel down to
the rock. The wells are located just west of the village in the low valley
of a branch of Duck Creek. The normal level of the water is 21 feet from
the surface.

At first the wells were pumped by direct suction, but this method
failed to supply enough water and in 1895 three deep well pumps were

ut in. The wells are only 12 feet apart and within the walls of the
pumping station, conditions favorable to the installation of deep well
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 177

pumps. All the pumps are the double acting Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon type,
two having a capacity of 500,000 gallons each, and the third 350,000
gallons. The pump cylinders are placed 120 feet from the surface.

The water is pumped by the deep well pumps to a receiving tank
and from this direct to the mains by two horizontal, compound, duplex,
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each. The
receiving chamber consists of a covered steel tank 20 feet in diameter
and 15 feet high, with a capacity of 55,000 gallons. The pressure at the
station is 80 pounds and the average on the mains is 50 pounds.

There are nine miles of mains in, giving some 90 percent of the
people access to the water. There are 188 servicés in, of which 96 are
constantly in use and 83 in use during sprinkling season only. The
average daily consumption is estimated to be 110,000 gallons, or 800 per
service, using the average number in use, 160 gallons per consumer, and
35 per capita of the total population. The water seems to be of excellent
quality and is in general use for domestic purposes, where it is available.

Middletown. Population 9,215. The public water supply was put
in by the city in 1874, and has cost to date $110,000. The supply is
obtained from a large well 20 feet in diameter and 35 feet deep, dug
in a gravel bed in the upper part of the city and near the Great Miami
River. The normal level of the water is 16 feet below the surface and
it is lowered about 11 feet by ordinary consumption in the dry season.
The supply has always been sufficient except in 1893, when it failed
during a period of exceptionally dry weather.

The water is pumped direct from the well to the mains by a quad-
ruplex Holly power pump, installed in 1874. The pump has a capacity
of 1,250,000 gallons per day and is operated by a 56-inch American tur-
bine operating under a 17-foot head of water, secured from the Middle-
town hydraulic.

In 1885 two horizontal, compound, duplex, Smith-Vaile steam pumps
of 1,500,000 gallons capacity each were installed. These are for reserve
and for use in case of fires, steam being kept at low pressure in one
boiler all the time. In cases of emergency the water from the hydraulic
can be admitted to the well.

Enough water power to supply the domestic pressure is obtained from
the hydraulic at an annual rental of $260, certainly a very economical
method of pumping. A pressure of 45 pounds is maintained at the sta-
tion and the average on the mains is 4o pounds.

There are 18.0 miles of mains in, to which some 75 percent of the
people have access. There are 1,095 services in, of which 995 are in
use and 62 of these are metered. The average daily consumption is
g00,000 gallons, or 904 gallons per service, 180 per consumer, and 98
per capita of the total population. The large consumption is due to some
extent to the general use of the water for industrial purposes; also to
an extensive waste, induced by the cheap water and fostered by the small

number of meters.
12 R. OF O.
178 ANNUAL REPORT

The water from the well seems to be of excellent quality and the
authorities are trying to prevent its pollution by regulating the con-
struction of vaults in the upper part of the city in the general vicinity of
the well.

Norwood. Population 6,480. This village is on the divide between
Duck Creek and Mill Creek, and only about half of its population is trib-
utary to the former, or the Little Miami watershed.

The public water supply was put in by the village in 1894, and has
cost to date $154,138. A light plant was installed in the same building,
costing, completed, $34,501. The original supply was from six drilled
wells, 235 feet deep and 6 and 8 inches in diameter. These wells began
to fail and two io-inch wells were drilled 260 feet deep through clay,
gravel, and sand and into the limestone rock a few feet, which have fur-
nished the whole supply since September 1st, 1900. The normal level
of the water is 110 feet from the surface and it is lowered but little by
pumping. The wells are located in the eastern part of the village, but
the water will not be greatly liable to pollution on account of the depth at
which it is found, 240 feet, and the general introduction of sewers which
has prevented the construction of vaults. A third well is being put
down so as to have an ample supply.

The water is pumped to a receiving basin by air-lifts and from there
to a standpipe by two horizontal, compound, duplex, Laidlaw-Dunn-Gor-
don pumps of 750,000 gallon capacity each. Compressed air is supplied
by a Rand Drill Company's compressor and by a new Ingersoll-Ser-
geant compressor, the former being held in reserve. A 3-inch air line
is carried down 240 feet in the well and the water is forced up between
this and the casing.

The receiving basin is an open oval-shaped cistern, 15 by 20 by 8&
feet deep, with a capacity of 14,000 gallons. The standpipe is 60 feet
high, 40 feet in diameter, with a capacity of 537,000 gallons, and is placed
on a hill of such height that the station pressure is 112 pounds, stand-
pipe full, and the pressure on the mains varies from 104 to 142 pounds.

There are 35 miles of mains in, giving some 95 per cent of the people
access to the water. There are G74 services in, of which 874 are in use,
and 140 of these metered. ving to the changes in the plant the con-
sumption could not even be estimated.

Osborn. Population 948. The public water supply was put in by
the village in 185, and has cost to date, including the electric light plant,
$30,000. The supply is obtained from four 6-inch wells in the northern
part of the village. The wells are driven 50 feet through a thin stratum
of clay and into a large bed of gravel. The normal level of the water
is from 15 to 18 feet below the surface and it is lowered but little by
pumping.

The water is pumped direct from the wells to a stand-pipe by a hori-
zontal, compound, duplex, Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pump of 500,000 gal-
TILE RIVERS OF OHIO. 179

dons capacity. The standpipe is ro feet in diameter, 125 feet high, and
has a capacity of 70,000 gallons. The station pressure is 60 pounds and
the average on the mains is 50.

There are 3.0 miles of mains in, to which some 80 percent of the
‘people have access. There are 100 services in, of which 97 are in use
and none metered. The average daily consumption could not be ob-
tained.

The water seems to be of good quality but it is not in general use as
yet for domestic purposes.

Oxford. Population 2,009. The public water supply was put in by
the village in 1896, and has cost about $45,000. The supply is obtained
from a large well dug in the sand and gravel bed near Four Mile Creek,
‘some distance northeast of the village. The well is 20 feet in diameter,
35 feet deep, and is walled up with brick laid in cement and arched over
so as to prevent flooding during high water, which overflows the well
site. The top of the well is provided with a ventilator above high water.
‘The normal level of the water is 9 feet from the surface but it is frequently
lowered to 24 feet by pumping.

The water is pumped direct from the well to the mains by two hori-
zontal, compound, duplex, Smith-Vaile and Stillwell-Bierce pumps of
750,000 gallons capacity each. The pressure on the mains varies from
45 to 65 pounds.

There are 7.0 miles of mains in, which give some 95 percent of the
people access to the water. There are 234 services in, of which 211 are
in use and g of these metered. The daily average consumption is
30,000 gallons, which is 142 gallons per service, and 15 per capita of the
village. The total number of consumers is hard to estimate owing to the
fact that 3 quite large institutions are supplied, but the consumption per
‘consumer cannot be far from 25 gallons.

Piqua. Population 12,172. As yet there has been no change in the
water supply for this city since the 1898 Report of the State Board of
Health, though the water-works trustees have developed a ground sup-
ply which secured the approval of the Board, but owing to local jeal-
ousies and difficulties this water has not been substituted for that of the
“Hydraulic.”

The trustees put down twenty-three 4-inch wells in the bed of the
Great Miami River north of the city and in the valley of the Ross Creek
adjoining. These wells were from 48 to 134 feet deep, driven through
various strata of soil, clay, gravel and sand. A good flow of water was
found in 14 of the wells and these were reserved for the public supply.
While there are certain local conditions which might interfere with the
continued purity of the water, yet they are so unimportant and so easily
overcome that the well supply should be installed at once as it is so vastly
superior to the water from the hydraulic.
180 ANNUAL REPORT

The secretary of the water works, Mr. W. B. Mitchell, has given im
his last report, figures on the original cost of the plant and hydraulic and
the cost of additions:

Original cost: Of Hydrate p. nc acco ds we ede lawonseundodneh eudce ha ptecaih atebfomueue & $268 ,911 64
Original Cost: Of WaAter=WOFKSs wscccsu aeweeed Ga ty atualeealen tee Sayeed 56,896 84
TRO alll cps encapceca oe aie anette dee tal pn gee teeter ad Sy dina Se mien RNR $325,808 48
Additional: -costof watet=works: .. . scsivnecn v.44 Reeihena sc yaae eres aes 63,896 84
Total cost of plant complete to May 1, 1900.................... $389,705 32°

In addition to the above the new wells cost $2,861.71, all of which
came from the revenue of the plant. The total cost of operating the
plant, maintenance of hydraulic, etc., exclusive of interest was $5,144.32
for the past year.

There are now 24.5 miles of mains in, giving some go percent of
the people access to the water. There are 1,400 services in, of which 1,320
are in use and'none metered. The average daily consumption is esti-
mated at 1,500,000 gallons which is 1,136 gallons per service, 227 per
consumer, and 123 per capita of the total population. This large con-
sumption is due to the general industrial use of the water and to the
excessive wastage, brought on by no meters and a poor quality of water.

Sidney. Population 5,688. There has been no change in the sup-
ply for this city since our report of 1898.

At this time there are 14.5 miles of mains in, giving 95 percent ac-
cess to the water. There are 800 services in, of which 7oo are in use and
24 of these metered. The average daily consumption is 639,000
gallons, which is 913 gallons per service, 183 gallons per consumer, and
112 gallons per capita of the city’s population. The consumption will
soon increase as it is intended to put in a complete sanitary sewer system,
thus increasing the number of houses supplied with closets, baths, etc.

Springfeld. Population 38,253. Since our report of 1808 this city
has had considerable trouble from a partial failure of the supply of water
from the large well and gallery. On account of the extremely dry weather
of 1899 it was necessary to help out with water from the wells and gal-
leries of the old station, the former source of the total supply. The water
from this source was pumped, by the old engine left at the station, to the
reservoir near the new station and allowed to flow from there to the
pump well. Even this increase in the supply was not sufficient for all
purposes and Springfield was left in very bad shape for fire protection.

To overcome this danger the trustees, in the early part of the summer
of 1900, tapped the old 20-inch main leading from the old station to the
reservoir at Buck Creek and put in a 12-inch pipe, so that the creek water
can flow direct to the reservoir. The intention was to keep the reservoir
full in this way and to allow the water to seep through into the gallery
and pump well and only use the water direct in case of fire. This reser-
voir is 250 by 500 by 15 feet deep and as it is excavated in a rather porous
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 181

gravel bed, nominally its water level is equal to and varies with the height
of the ground water.

It was the intention to reinforce the ground water with seepage from
this reservoir supplied from the creek, and such use would not be ob~
jectionable, but as the reservoir puddled very soon with turbid creek
water this seepage action was necessarily slow and it was necessary on
a few occasions to run the creek water direct to the pump well, by the
way of the reservoir and a 36-inch pipe from the latter to the pump well.

There are locai difficulties, as well as sanitary, regarding the use of
Buck Creek water, in the nature of suits for diverting the water from the
amills below, etc.

There are now 54 miles of mains in use, giving some 90 percent
-of the people access to the water. There are 4,090 services in, of which
4,040 are in use and 200 of these metered. The average daily consumption
is 3,070,000 gallons, which is 760 gallons per service, 138 per consumer,
and 80 per capita of the total population.

Tippecanoe City. Population 1,703. The public water supply was
put in by the village in 1897, and has cost to date, together with the elec-
tric light plant $28,000. The supply is obtained from driven wells lo-
cated in the eastern part of the village and near the Miami and Erie
canal. There are five 8-inch wells, driven 80 feet deep into a deep bed
of sand and gravel. Only three of the wells are in use. The normal
level of the water is to feet below the surface and this is lowered by
pumping to a depth of from 17 to 35 feet, according to the season.

The wells are surrounded by the scattered houses of a small village,
and will in time suffer some pollution unless steps are taken to drain off
all objectionable refuse.

The water is pumped direct from the wells to the mains by two hori-
zontal, duplex, Smith-Vaile pumps of 500,000 gallons capacity each, and
at a pressure of 60 pounds, which is decreased to 55 on most of the mains.

_ There are 6.0 miles of mains in, which gives some 95 percent of the
populaton access to the water. There are 267 services in, all of which are
in use, but none metered. The ayerage daily consumption is 75,000
gallons, which is 281 gallons per service, 56 per consumer, and 44
per capita of the total population. A canvass was recently made of this
village and it was found that there are 428 houses in the place, 315 of
which are supplied with water by the 267 services. From the census,
this is four persons per house, using which figure, there are 1260 people
using the water, or by allowing five persons per service there are 1,335,
a discrepancy of 6 percent, which is certainly allowable in estimates of
this character.

Trotwood. Population 214. This is the smallest village, or rather
community as it is not incorporated, in the state that has a public water
supply. The plant was put in in 1899 by a stock company, formed of
nearly all the citizens, to provide primarily for a fire protection only,
182 ANNUAL REPORT

and has cost to date $3,100. The agitation was occasioned by a very
disastrious fire the year previous.

The water supply is secured from two 8-inch wells, driven 26 feet
through clay and hard-pan and into a bed of gravel. The water stands
in the wells 12 feet below the surface and the level was lowered but little
by pumping at the rate of 120 gallons per minute. The water is pumped
direct from the wells to a horizontal steel tank by a vertical, duplex, power
pump run by a gasoline engine. The tank, engine, pump, and wells are
all within the confines of a neat stone building situated at the edge of the
village.

The pump was made by C. O. Lucas of Greenville, Ohio, and is fitted
with a device by which a certain amount of air can be pumped with the
water to the tank and there, under pressure, force the water through
the mains when the pump is not running. The pump is a double acting
one, with a capacity of 175,000 gallons in 24 hours, working under a pres-
sure of.from 40 to 80 pounds, the limits allowed in the tank. This tank
is 24 feet long, 5 feet in diameter and holds 5,000 gallons. It is fitted
with a blow-off cock for the regulation of the pressure and the amount
of air above the water.

There are 1,800 feet of mains into which some 75 percent of the
people have access. There are 22 services in, 16 of which are for sprink-
ling only, and none metered.

The water is of good quality but it is not in general use for domes-
tic purposes as yet. On account of the few services and the wide range
of pressure allowed in the tank, from 80 to 4o pounds, the pump is run
for a short time only, each day, and the water in the tank is not so fresh
as it would be with a larger consumption.

Troy. Population 5,881. The public water supply was put in by
the village in 1884, and has cost to date $125,000. The first supply was
obtained from a large well, 25 feet in diameter and 31 feet deep, dug in
the sand and gravel which underlies this whole section. This failed to
supply the increasing consumption and in 1891 another large well was.
dug, which was later filled by a flood and not reopened As the con-
sumption increased, five 8-inch wells were driven 20 feet in the bottom:
of the first large well and the flow considerably increased for a time,
but the water soon ran low and they are not of much use now. In 1898:
three wells were driven near the old large wells but they were of no value.
In the same year five 8-inch wells were driven along the street south
of the plant and considerable water found at from 38 to 51 feet below
the surface. In 1899 eight 8-inch wells were driven just east of the
plant, to a depth of from 38 to 54 feet. The last two sets of wells, 13 in
all, furnish the bulk of the water.

The water is pumped direct from the wells by two horizontal, com-
pound, duplex, Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon pumps of 1,700,000 gallons capac-
ity each. Until March 1898 nearly all of the water was pumped by
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 183

two Smith-Vaile power pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity each, actu-
ated by a 15-inch and 28-inch Victor turbine supplied with water under
16 feet 8 inch head from the hydraulic. This hydraulic was fed from
the Miami and Erie canal and a little local territory and furnished an
excellent power until March 1898, when a flood washed out the embank-
ment near the power house, damaging the latter and filling up one of
the wells as noted above. The average domestic pressure carried is 60
pounds.

There are 14.0 miles of mains in, to which some 90 percent of the
people have access. There are 1,002 services in, of which 994 are in use
and 78 of these metered. The average daily consumption is 503,000 gal-
lons, which is 506 gallons per service, 101 gallons per consumer, and 86
per capita of the total population.

The water works is located in the northern part of the city where the
wells are subject to but little local pollution as yet and the water seems
to be of good quality.

Urbana. Population 6,808. There has been no change in the water
supcty for this city since the special report of the State Board of Health
in the 1899 annual report, except in the increased use of the driven wells.
These eight wells are 6 inches in diameter, average 4o feet in depth, and
obtain their water from an extensive bed of gravel mixed with fine sand.
The sand finally worked into the screens of the wells to such an extent
that the supply from this source was lessened materially. To overcome
this the well casings were drawn and new screens put down and the wells
put in use to help out the large dug well.

There are now 20.0 miles of mains in, giving some 85 percent of the
people access to the water. There are 960 services in, of which goo are
4n use and 18 of these metered. The average daily consumption is
1,170,000 gallons, which is 1,286 gallons per service, 257 per consumer,
and 186 per capita of the total population.

The water is at the present time a potable one, but it is in the line
of pollution from the sub-surface drainage of the city and it may at some
time seriously feel the influence of this drainage, though it is not harmed
to any extent by it as yet.

Versailles. Population 1,478. On November 1, 1900, this village
secured the approval of the State Board of Health for a public water
supply to be obtained from three 8-inch wells located on the banks of
Swamp Creek and near the center of the village, though not in the imme-
diate neighborhood of many houses. The wells are driven 30 feet deep
through a bed of clay and into gravel, and could furnish an excellent
water but for the surrounding population. The water is not of the best
but as it is all that can be had, and is so much better than the private well
water, its use was permitted. The plant is now being put in and it is
expected to be in operation very soon.
184 ANNUAL REPORT

Waynesville. Population 723. On November 1, 1900, this village
secured the approval of the State Board of Health for a public water sup-
ply to be obtained from a number of 6-inch drilled wells located south of
the village and near the Little Miami River. The wells are from 4o to
50 feet deep, drilled through various strata of sand and gravel and into
limestone, just above which the water is found.

The wells are removed from practically all local pollution and the
small amount existing can easily be removed, so that they should fur-
nish an excellent water, much better than the private well supply. Bonds
for $30,000 have been soid and a combined electric light and water plant
is now being: put in.

West Alexandria. Population 740. The public water supply was
put in by the village in 1897, and has cost to date $16,000. The supply
is obtained from four artesian wells located in the southwestern part of
the village. The wells are 6 inches in diameter, two of them 132 feet
deep, one 95 feet deep, and one 65 feet deep, and all go through alter-
nate layers of clay, gravel, and hard-pan. It is claimed that the wells will
flow with a head of 16 feet above the surface.

Only the natural flow of the wells is utilized, the water being con-
ducted to a receiving basin from which it is pumped to the standpipe by
two horizontal, duplex, Smith-Vaile pumps of 1,000,000 gallons capacity
each. The basin consists of a covered brick well, 20 feet in diameter, 24
feet deep, with a capacity of 7,500 gallons. The standpipe consists of a
steel tank 4o feet high, 16 feet in diameter, and holding 60,000 gallons,
placed on a brick tower 60 feet high. The average pressure on the mains
is 40 pounds.

There are 2.5 miles of mains in, to which 95 percent of the people
have access. There are 91 services in, all of which are in use, and all
metered. The average daily consumption is estimated to be 35,000 gal-
lons, which is 385 gallons per service, 77 gallons per consumer, and 47
gallons per capita of the village’s population. This consumption, if cor-
rect, is very large for a place of this size, especially with all services
metered, and it is hardly accountable for unless it is due to the rather ex-
cessive summer sprinkling.

Vest Carrollton. Population 987. The public water supply was
put in by the village in 1895 and has cost to date $7,900. The supply is
obtained from two 8-inch wells drilled in the low land along the Miami
and Erie canal. The wells are 65 feet deep and go through gravel,
hardpan, and into a deep bed of sand in which the water is found. The
normal level of the water is about Io feet from the surface and it is
lowered to about 30 feet by the highest consumption.

The water is pumped direct to the mains by a horizontal, duplex,
McGowan pump of 750,000 gallons capacity. The average pressure is
60 pounds. The pump is located in the mill of the G. H. Friend Paper
and Tablet Company, which firm has a ten-year contract with the village
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 185

under which they are to furnish steam for the pump and keep the same
in repair for the use of same and of the water in the wells. The con-
sumption of water in the village is small, but a large amount is used
‘by the paper mill.

There are 2.5 miles of mains in, giving some 90 percent of the
people access to the water. There are 89 services in, of which 84 are in
use and none metered. The well water seems to be of good quality
-and is used for domestic purposes wherever available.

Xenia. Population 8,696. The public water supply was put in by
a private company in 1887 and has cost to date, as claimed, $200,000.
The company now operates under the name of ‘The Xenia Water
Company.”

The first supply was obtained by impounding the runoff of a number
-of springs, located one and one-half miles north of the city. The flow
from these is collected in an open reservoir, formed by an earthen
-embankment, with sheet-piling core-wall, thrown across a small valley
-and forming a basin one and one-half acres in area. Through the center
of the reservoir there is a dividing wall, for convenience in cleaning only.
This, as well as the inner side of the dam, is roughly paved. Much of
the surface drainage to the reservoir is diverted but some of it is used.
Later, near this reservoir, a large well, 75 feet square, was dug 25 feet
deep through a bed of clay and hardpan into gravel. The water from
this is pumped by a 1,000,000 gallon horizontal, duplex, Worthington
pump, to a large stone pump-well, 40 feet in diameter, built in the
dividing wall of the reservoir. The combined water of the well and
reservoir is then pumped through the mains to a standpipe by two hor-
izontal, compound, duplex, Gordon-Maxwell pumps of 1,500,000 gallons
capacity each. It is estimated that the springs will supply 300,000 gal-
lons daily and the well 100,000.

In 1896 these sources were helped out by an additional ground
supply secured from six 6-inch wells and three 8-inch, located southwest
-of the city, just out of the corporation limits. These wells are from 28
to 40 feet deep and go through a bed of clay and into gravel. The
normal level of the water is six to eight feet from the surface and it
can easily be lowered to the suction limit, indicating a rather weak vein
at the above depths. A test well is now being put down into the rock,
which is found at 60 feet, in hopes of securing a more abundant supply.

This last set of wells is pumped by a 1,000,000 gallon horizontal
‘compound, duplex, Deane pump, direct to the mains and standpipe.
This station supplies some 175,000 gallons a day for a few days each
week in the summer and fall, and is not used in the winter.

The standpipe is 115 feet high by 20 feet in diameter, with a capacity
-of 270,000 gallons, and furnishes, when full, an average pressure on the
-mains of 55 pounds.

There are 20 miles of mains in, to which some 90 percent of the
-people have access. There are 700 services in, of which 670 are in use
186 ANNUAL REPORT

and 50 of these metered. The average daily consumption is 350,000:
gallons, which is 522 gallons per service, 134 per consumer, and 42
per capita of the total population.

SUMMARY.

The data in the previous section have been summarized in Table
VIII:

The above table contains a brief description of the 27 public water
supplies of the Miami watersheds.

The total population in these cities and villages is 239,000, or an
average of 8,852 per supply. Twenty-three of the plants are under
municipal ownership and control, one under joint municipal and private
control, and three are owned and controlled by private corporations.

The first water-works for Blanchester was put in by the village, but
the supply of water from wells failed almost immediately and the vil-
lage was without water for nearly two years, as there were no more funds
available to seek a new supply.

In order to get fire protection a private company was formed and a
franchise secured from the village according to which the company
agreed to furnish a supply of water for the pumps in return for which
they were to collect all the private water rents. This company, the
Blanchester Water and Light Company, put in the impounding reservoir
at a cost of $6,000. The franchise is to run for 15 years from 1899,
and the village can purchase at the expiration of the franchise only.
The water rates are fixed by the franchise, which also specifies that the
water shalt be taken from the reservoir.

The Trotwood water-works was put in by a stock company formed
of citizens of the village. This company has no franchise as the village
is not incorporated and none could be granted. The plant was put in
by sufferance alone. The mains are in the county and township roads,
the verbal permit of the commissioners and trustees having been secured.

The franchise of the Urbana water-works company expired in 1899
and no new one has been secured since that time. There has been con-
siderable friction between the city and the company and the terms of
settlement are uncertain. The company still supplies water for the cit-
izens, collecting the rent for the same, and this condition may hold for
some time.

Xenia is supplied with water by the Xenia Water Company, oper-
ating under a 20 years’ franchise granted July 19, 1886. The city
may purchase the plant at any time after the expiration of the first
ten years. Rates are fixed by the franchise. The water is to be taken
from wells or filtering galleries near the Little Miami River or Cesar’s
Creek, with direct connection to either stream for fire protection only.
As a matter of fact neither stream is used, but the water is secured from
an entirely foreign source.
Missing Page
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 187

The very recent growth of the public sentiment in favor of water
works is shown by the fact that the average age of the plants is only 11
years. Only one plant was installed during the decade from 1860 to-
1870; four from 1870 to 1880, six from 1880 to 1890, and sixteen
since 1890.

The total cost of the 25 plants which have been completed is $4,352,-
805, or an average of $174,112 per plant. In order to give a better idea
of the relative cost of these plants, the per capita cost was computed;
that is, the total cost of the water-works plant complete for every inhab-
itant of the city, or village. This was found to run from $8 to $32.02,
with an average of $19.32.

The low cost of the West Carrollton plant is due to several causes,
among which are the ease with which water was secured, small amount
of mains, and the absence of a standpipe or reservoir and of a pump
house.

The high cost of the Piqua plant is due to the fact that a long
hydraulic was constructed to furnish both water and power for the water
works and power for outside industries.

The high cost for Sidney was brought about by the abandonment of
the old surface supply and the installation of a ground supply.

With these exceptions the per capita cost lies within very reasonable
limits, the variations being easily explained by the character of the water
works and the greater or less difficulty in securing a supply.

As would be expected from the topography of these watersheds
pressure is supplied by direct pumping in ten cases, by pumping to stand-
pipes and tanks in twelve cases, and by pumping to reservoirs in three
cases only. There are no gravity supplies. Compressed air instead of
elevation furnishes the pressure in the case of the Trotwood tank.

The average size of the standpipes and tanks is 211,667 gallons.
The three supply reservoirs have a capacity of 98,000, 2,000,000,000 and
7,000,000 gallons respectively. There are ten reserve and impounding
reservoirs, collecting wells, ranging in size from 55,000 gallons to 7,500,000
gallons.

The average pressure at which the water is supplied varies from
24 to 120 pounds per square inch, with an average of 58 pounds. Sixty
pounds seem to be the standard domestic pressure and most of the
variations below this figure are due to irregular topography and to too
small mains.

In all, there are 463.0 miles of water mains in, an average of 18.5 for
each water-works.

The percent of population accessible to the mains runs from 75 to 95,
the average being 89.4. The percentage of the total population of all
the towns which is accessible to the mains is 90.2, a little greater than
the average percent, as the larger cities and villages usually have more
complete systems, The total number of services that have been put in is
188 ANNUAL REPORT

30,467, or 1,219 for each plant. Of these the total number in use is
26,866, an average of 1,075 per system.

There are in all 7,652 meters in use, or an average of 306 for each
water-works, or 425 for each water-works that has any meters what-
soever. Seven of the supplies do not have a metered service. West
Alexandria has every service metered. This village together with Day-
ton, Eaton, Greenville, Hamilton and Norwood, constitute all the supplies
in which meters are at all extensively used.

The total pumping capacity of the 25 water-works is 91,825,000
gallons per 24 hours, or an average of 3,673,000 gallons for each. It is
interesting to note that the total pumping capacity of the several supplies
varies from 1.6 times the average daily consumption to 57 times. For
the 20 in which the consumption could be estimated the average excess of
the total pumping capacity over the average daily consumption is fourteen-
fold. This high figure is due to the large excess found in the new
plants, as an allowance for future growth. It would seem that for a
direct pumping plant, with no, or moderate storage facilities, the total
pumping capacity should be at least four to six times the average daily
consumption and in more than one unit, so as to allow for short periods
of excessive consumption and for accidents. Urbana, Bellefontaine, and
Piqua each have a total pumping capacity only a little more than two
times the average daily consumption; and Hamilton has only 1.6 times as
much. Hamilton has a supply reservoir nearly seven times its average
daily consumption, and Bellefontaine one of three times its average daily
consumption, so that in these cases the deficiency is not felt so severely.
Bellefontaine is now increasing its capacity by a new 2,500,000 gallon
pump, and Hamilton has the matter under way.

Both the Urbana and Piqua plants would be seriously handicapped
by an accident to one of their pumps, or by a large fire occurring at the time
of the maximum consumption.

The average daily consumption for the 20 plants where this was
obtainable is 833,090. The average daily consumption per service is 584
gallons; per capita of the total population, 67 gallons; and per consumer
it is 116 gallons. There are not enough metered supplies to bring out
the reduction in consumption due to these devices.

RATES.

The rates at which water is sold for general domestic purposes,
together with the meter rates, in the 25 cities and villages having public
water-works in operation, is given in detail in Table IX.

Tt is almost impossible to make a comparison of the cost of water
for ordinary uses in the different places, owing to the variation in the
way in which the charges are made. For ordinary house use, that is, one
yard hydrant or one inside faucet, the charge is based, in the various
towns, according to the number of rooms, number of faucets, number of
persons, and finally with no specifications whatever.
Missing Page
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 189

The rates for bath tubs, water-closets, wash-basins, etc., are much
more uniform and a very fair idea of the variation in price can be secured,
but the charges for street and lawn sprinkling are made on so many
aifferent bases that comparisons are almost impossible. To overcome this
difficulty a standard case has been assumed, consisting, as is shown in
the table, of an 8-room house situated on a lot 50 by too feet, and valued
at $5,000. This house is supposed to be occupied by one family, of six
persons, and to be fitted with one kitchen sink, one bath tub, one water
closet, one wash-basin, and one yard hydrant for sprinkling yard and
street. It also has a stable in which are kept one horse and one carriage.
For this case there has been computed as carefully as possible, from the
published schedule of rates, the annual charge in each city and village
where the data were sufficient.

For the 21 given, the average was $17.30 with a minimum of $10.00.
and a maximum of $22.00. For the 18 municipal plants the average was
$17.06, and for the three private $18.68. It will be interesting to note
that for 20 cases in the Muskingum watershed the average rate for this
same standard house was $19.63 and for 13 municipal plants it was $17.94
and for the seven private, $22.78. Between the rates for the plants owned
by the municipalities there is a remarkable agreement in the averages,
while in the private rates there is quite a wide discrepancy. ©

Many different methods are also used in specifying the rates to be
charged for metered water and it was necessary to make these conform
to the standard as given in the table. On this account, in a few cases
the figures are only approximations, but the general rate is believed to be
correct.

For the minimum use of water the meter rate varies from 7 to 40
cents per 1,000 gallons, and for the maximum use from 3 to 20 cents per
1.000 gallons. It does not seem possible that very much attention is paid
to the actual cost of supplying the water when these rates were established.

The majority of the meter rates are based on a sliding scale depending
on the amount of water used, but a few charge the same price per 1,000
gallons for both the large and small consumers. It is also customary to
establish a minimum charge for meters in the shape of an annual rent
for the meter, or a set minimum rate which must be paid whether che
water is used or not, this latter usually varying with the size of the meter..
190 ANNUAL REPORT

VII. DAMS AND WATER-POWERS.

As in the Muskingum watersheds, so there has been for the Miami
rivers an enormous decline in the use and development of water-power,
especially among the smaller powers on the minor streams. The decline
in the Little Miami watershed is only apparent in the smaller number of
mills, as the horse-power in use has diminished but little owing to the
more complete development of some of the larger powers, especially the
one at King’s Mills.

In gathering the information concerning the use and development
-of the water-power in the Miami watersheds, the same methods were used
as were employed in the investigations of the previous year. The data
are from personal inspections and from reports of owners and operators
in nearly every case and can be considered reliable to a degree sufficient
for work of this character. The estimates on the horse-power available
are not exact owing to the uncertainty regarding the condition of the
wheels. The estimates on pond area are rather crude and are given only
.as a guide to the amount of storage available.

The areas of tributary watersheds were obtained by planimeter meas-
urements from the State Board of Health map of Ohio.

Owing to the large area to be gone over a number of small and little-
used powers were probably overlooked. This is especially true in Logan
-county, where there are one or two small mills on the head-waters of
“both the Great Miami and Mad rivers, which were not visited on account
-of their unimportance and inaccessibility.

Of the dams and water-powers investigated, the principal data are
given in Tables X and XI.

In the Great Miami watershed there are given 53 dams, only two of
which are not in use; five divert water for the supply of the Miami and
Erie canal, and 48 furnish water-power, two dams supplying both the
-canal and water-power. The 48 dams furnish some 89 mills, with a total
horse-power of 4,158 or an average of 47 horse-power per mill. In 1880,
according to the United States census, there were in the Great Miami
watershed 218 mills, using some 7,191 horse-power, or 33 horse-power per
mill. In the 20 years there was a decline of 59 percent in the number of
mills, but only of 42 percent in the total horse-power in use.

In the Little Miami watershed the table gives 24 dams, two of which
are not in use and the 22 remaining supply power for 28 mills, using 1,803
‘horse-power, or 64 horse-power per mill. In 1880 there were 59 mills
using 1,956 horse-power, which is 33 per mill. This is a decline of 52
percent in the number of mills, but only 8 percent in the total horse-power
in use. ’

On the Miami and Erie canal, within the Great Miami watershed,
‘there are given 14 mills using 860 horse-power, or 61 per mill. In 1880
Missing Page
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 191

there were 48 mills using 2,011 horse-power from the canal. If the
above figures are correct there was a decline, in twenty years, of 70
percent in the number of separate powers and of 57 percent in the total
horse-power in use.

The decline in the use of water-power on the canal is no doubt
mainly due to the falling off of navigation, which left many of the mills
without sufficient means of obtaining supplies or of disposing of their
‘product. The general tendency to use the more reliable steam power in
‘preference to water-power and the increase of competition, were also
factors in the abandonment of the small water powers.

In the water powers supplied from the streams direct the principal
and almost only cause in a number of places was the decrease in runoft
from the tributary watershed and the increase in the variation of this
flow. This is a cause which has been expounded at such length that
there is no further need for discussion here. It is altogether too true
that the rapid deforesting of the state has seriously affected the reg-
ularity of the flow of the streams. Where there was formerly a fairly
constant stream of water flowing there is now a variable one, dry in
summer and with frequent floods in the spring.

The other factors which enter into the question of the decline in
the use of water-power are the filling up of the reservoirs and impounding
areas and the natural deterioration of the plants.

The first of the above is one which cannot be avoided and one which
requires radical treatment to remedy the evil affects. With the greater
variation in the flow of the streams and with a rapidly decreasing storage
capacity the water-power available was most seriously affected. Instead
of being able to store the night flow for use during the day, it is necessary
to depend upon the average daily flow of the stream.

The natural wearing out of the plants from long use, coupled with
lack of means for repair and renewal, is causing many of the smaller
plants to be abandoned. The old school millers are dying off and the
younger men, failing to find the operation of a small isolated mill remun-
erative enough, abandon it and seek other fields for employment.

It will be noticed from Tables X and XI that the water-power is
employed in both these watersheds in a,much greater variety of work
than in the other watersheds. The isolated powers are still mainly used
in flour, feed and saw mills, but the power developed by the hydraulics
in) Davton, Middletown, and Hamilton, are used in a number of different
industries. The large paper mills of the two last named places derive
at least some of their power from this source. In a few cases where
the water-power is not sufficient, steam has been substituted and the
water of the privilege used for boiler supply, washing purposes, etc.

The Hamilton hydrattlic supplies some twelve mills and factories
with 434 horse-power. The water is brought from the river by a race
five miles long and is distributed to the various powers in such a way
192 ANNUAL REPORT

that some have the full head of 26 feet from race direct to the river,
a few have a 13 foot head between the race and a tail race, emptying.
into the old river bed; the remainder having 18 feet head, from a second
level to the river. The full head of this last group is not used at present,
there being 74 feet fall between the first and second levels.

The next important power is found at Middletown, where the state
dam sends a part of the flow of the river to a hydraulic which now sup-
plies 658 horse-power to six plants, including the city water-works. The
fall is obtained between the hydraulic and the river direct and varies
from 17 to 18 feet according to the location of the power. This power
is good for from ten to twelve months in the year and is one of the best
in the district. =

At Miamisburg some 330 horse-power is furnished to three mulls
by a dam in the Great Miami River at West Carrollton. In consideration
of supplying a certain amount of water to the canal, this water-way is
used as a race for a portion of its length.

At Dayton a hydraulic from Mad River supplies fifteen manufac-
turing establishments with 384 horse-power, not all of which is in use
however. The fall is obtained between different levels of the hydraulic,
between these and the canal and between the latter and the river. The
water is not sufficient at all times for the power rented and all of the
latter is not used.

Above Dayton, at Harshmanville, Mad River furnishes some 300
horse-power to a number of small mills, but at the present time only
40 horse-power is used and this in a shoe factory.

.\t Piqua a hydraulic supplied principally from the canal, at one
time furnished power to a large number of mills. At the present time,
however, it only furnishes some 210 horse-power to the city water-works.

In the Little Miami watershed by far the most important power is
that developed at King’s Mills by the King Powder Company. At first
the water was conducted through a long race to a number of isolated
mills scattered along the river bank for two miles or more. Now it is
conveyed to a central power plant where it is used to generate electricity,
which is in turn conveyed to the isolated mills necessary in the man-
ufacture of powder.
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 193

AA. STREAM GAGING.

The work in stream gaging has been carried on along the same lines
as first laid down with the assistance of Mr. F. H. Newell and Mr. H. A.
Pressey, of the United States Geological Survey. To these gentlemen
and to Prof. C. N. Brown of the Ohio State University, this Board wishes
to express its appreciation for their assistance and codperation in this
work.

During 1900 it was possible to work up the daily discharge of the
Sandusky and Maumee rivers for 1899 and 1900 and the results of this
work, together with the usual report on the Scioto and Olentangy rivers,
is presented in the following tables and plates.

Owing to changes in the stream bed and certain obstructions to the
flow it was not possible to work up the discharge of the Sandusky at
Fremont for the present report, and the flow of this stream at the Mexico
station only is given.

SCIOTO RIVER (ABOVE COLUMBUS) AND OLENTANGY RIVER.

The daily stream heights for these streams were taken by persons
in the employ of the Ohio State Board of Health, but, as formerly, the
computation of the discharge was made under the direction of Prof.
C. N. Brown, of the Department of Civil Engineering of the Ohio State
University. The rainfall statistics for the first five months of the year
were also worked up under the same direction, but the data for the
remainder of the year were compiled by the engineering department of
the Board.

As was explained in the last annual report of the Board, the rainfall
over these watersheds is secured from the reports of the United States
Weather Bureau. The reading of the monthly rainfall for all the sta-
tions in the watershed and for those adjacent to the same are taken and
the isohyetals, or curves of equal rainfall, plotted on the watershed map,
then the areas of equal rainfall are measured by a planimeter and the
mean rainfall over the entire watershed secured. Except in a few cases
of extreme variation in the rainfall, the isohyetals for every variation of
one-fourth inch in rainfall are put in, so as to make a very close estimate
on the mean rainfall of the whole district. It is not possible to put in
the twelve maps with the monthly rainfall, but to illustrate the principle
the yearly rainfall has been plotted and the isohyetals drawn for each
inch of variation in the rainfall instead of the one-fourth inch curves as
used in the monthly maps.

The mean yearly rainfall as taken from this map was found to be
slightly different from that secured by the addition of the figures of
mean monthly rainfall. This is probably due to the inaccuracy of the
direct yearly estimate due to the absence of complete records from a

13 R. OF O.
ANNUAL REPORT

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for each watershed as determined by the

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and the equivalent rainfall

The following table, XII, shows the rainfall at the stations used
method outlined above.
195

THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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‘006T YOX SGAHSUALVM ADNVINATO GNV OLODS NO TIVANIVY — IX ATAVI
196

ANNUAL REPORT

The monthly discharge of the streams is given in Tables XIII and
XIV, which were prepared after the usual standard of the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey, but with the addition of the ratio of the runoff to the rainfall.

TABLE XIII— MONTHLY DISCHARGE OF OLENTANGY RIVER AT
COLUMBUS, 1900.

Drainage area 514 square miles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Discharge in Second-f't Run-off.
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1900.

JaNUaty” -cecaaternqeets 2,580 | 366 691.0 | 42,504 | 1,845 ] 1,551 | 2.52] .615
February .......... 2,450 | 305 763.0 | 42,385 | 1.485 | 1.546 | 3.52 | .439
Match. «.sanenseecs 7,492 | 347 | 1,090.0 | 67,029 | 2.121 | 2.445 | 2.46 |] .994
PDT | Wasnt nc aed 2,150 95 560.0 33,310 | 1.089 | 1.215 2.96 | .410
Mays | winencé menus sce 142 55 77.0 4,731 | 0.150 | 0.173 1.76 | .098
JG: ae sects ced nla eco 427 | 25 121.0 7,220 | 0.235 | 0.263 | 3.86 | .068
Air sss eerie se th 427 8 74.0 4,546 | 0.144 | 0.166 | 3.44] .048
AS BUUSE oe eueds ocd see 1,630 8 240.0 | 14,747 | 0.467 | 0.5388 | 4.81 | .112
September ......... 247 8 34.0 1,997 | 0.066 | 0.073 | 2.10 |] .035
October xesacevenss 25 8 8.7 536 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 1.77 | .011
November ......... 1,030 8 124.0 7,404 | 0.241 | 0.270 | 3.66 | .074
December ......... 305 | 55 111.0 6,428 | 0.216 | 0.250 | 1.28 | .195
Nears siacanateds cts }P 492 8 322.0 | 232,837 | 0.627 | 8,510 | 84.14 ] .249

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

197

TABLE XIV—MONTHLY DISCHARGE OF SCIOTO RIVER AT COLUM-

t

BUS, 1900.

Drainage area 1047 square miles.

 

 

Month.

Janiary: cirtesnses|

November .........
December

|
i
| Maximum.

9,165

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Discharge in Second f’t. Run off.
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75 1,034 | 63,574 | 0.990 | 1.141 | 2.57 | .444
407 1,455 | 80,799 | 1.390 | 1.450 | 3.62) .399
556 2,131 | 181,012 | 2.080 | 2.351 | 2.04 |1.151
430 1,042 | 62,011 | 1.000 | 1.113 | 2.22] .501
92 ‘182 | 11,173 | 0.170 | 9.201 } 1.54 | .130
11 149 8,842 | 0.142 | 0.159 | 3.77 | .042
11 54 3,342 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 3.43 | .017
5 104 6,401 | 0.100 | 0.115 | 3.89 | .030
1 14 813 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 1.62 | .009
9 25 1,555 | 0.024 | 0.028 | 2.32 | .012
il 225 | 18,374 | 0.215 | 3.240 | 3.81 | .063
385 139 8,527 | 0.182 | 0.153 | 1.18 | .135
1 541 | 391,423 | 0.516 | 7.026 | 31.96 | .220

 

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ANNUAL REPORT

 

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THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

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200 ANNUAL REPORT

SANDUSKY RIVER.

The daily readings of the stream heighth of the Sandusky River at
Mexico date from November, 1898, to November, 1900, when the gage
was destroyed and the station abandoned. From time to time meter
gagings of this stream have been made, but not until this year were
enough data secured to make a discharge curve for it at this point.

Owing to the lack of facilities it was impossible to estimate the
1ainfall by any means except that of averaging the monthly records of
the various stations in and near the watershed. For the watershed’
above Mexico six stations are used and in the same table there are given
two other stations, with a separate average of the eight for use at such
time as it is possible to get the discharge at the Fremont station.

The monthly discharge of this stream is shown in TableX VI, and the
daily discharge is shown graphically in Plates 17 and 18.

TABLE XVI— MONTHLY DISCHARGE OF SANDUSKY RIVER AT
MENICO, 1898-1900.

Drainage area 776 square miles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| : : Run off.
Month. Discharge in Second-feet) Total in |“Secft. Depth | Rain-
[aes Acre-feet. per sq. in fall in | Ratio.
Max. | Min.| Mean. mile. | inches. | inches.
1898. | | |

Dee : | 4,035 | 100 727.4 44.726 | 0.950 | 1.090 2.65 -411
January ....| 5,410 | 240 | 1,515.6 93 , 222 1.953 | 2.253 3.29 -684
February ...| 2,725 | 100 636.4 35,344 ; 0.820] 0.854 2.21 .386
March ...... 3,580 | 795 | 1,871.1 115,049 | 2.424] 3.714 4.84 . 767
April? secc 3 1,730 | 100 600.2 35,714 | 0.773 | 0.856 1.44 -594
May aiven8 oes 1,145 45 626.6 13,933 | 0.292 | 0.334 4.55 .073
JUNE ot eaves 935 6 207.5 12,347 | 0.267 | 0.297 2.95 .100
aly cela L00 4 Diliee 1,949 | 0.040 | 0.040 4.82 .008
August ..... 375 3 43.9 2,699 | 0.056] 0.066 1.86 035
September .. 6 ; 29) 173 | 0.003 | 0.003 2.34 -001
October .... 30 oO 8.9 547 | 0.011 | 0.011 2,22 005
November .. 45 12 23.9 1,422 | 0.030 | 0.030 2.28 .013
December ... 655 30 170.8 10,502 | 0.220} 0.280 3.20 .072
EN Bsn ob 5,410 2 496.6 | 322,901 | 0.640 | 8.688 | 36.00 -241
January ....| 2,245 8 655.5 40,581 ] 0.844] 0.974 2.22 -439
February ...| 2,380 125 888.9 49,3867 | 1.145; 1.192 4.18 285
March ......| 4,870 | 270 | 1,407.0 86,513 | 1.813 | 2.093 2.64 - 793
April ....... | 1,355 | 180 686.2 40,832 | 0.884] 0.984 2.84 3840
May aces ce cen 180 20 &8 .4 5,436 | 0.114 { 0.134 2.57 021
JUNE .l55.248.6 445 80 161.5 9,610 | 0.208 | 0.228 3.94 578
July wsecyaes 410 6 78.7 4,839 | 0.101 0.121 4.72 . 256
August ..... 1,560 4 242.6 14,917 | 0.312 | 0.362 4.76 .076
September «. 125 4 88.3 2,279 | 0.049 | 0.058 2.04 . 028
October .... 270 8 70.1 4,310 | 0.090 | 0.100 2.53 -039

 

 

 

 
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201

THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

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THE RIVERS OF OMICS. 203

At Mexico, where the above gaging station is located, the Sandusky
River has a watershed of 776 square miles. This district consists of
rolling farm land in a rather high state of cultivation. There are very
few tracts of timber, of any size, left and the fields are fairly well.
drained by ditches and tiling.

There are six small dams in the river above the gaging station, but
they store very little water and seem to have no perceptible influence on:
the flow at Mexico.

MAUMEE RIVER.

The gaging station on this stream was placed at Waterville, the:
first available place above the influence of back-water from Maumee Bay.
This station was also established in November, 1898, by the Board, work-
ing in connection with the U. S. Geological Survey and the readings are-
still being taken.

The mean monthly rainfall on this watershed was secured by aver-
aging the depth reported from 21 stations within or neighboring to the:
drainage basin. It is recognized that the method used on the Scioto-
and Olentangy is much more accurate, but the time and facilities available
would not allow its use on these districts. On the other hand this method
of simply averaging the data from s¢attered stations is the one in general
practice and it can be safely asserted that there are but few runoff data
extant where as many stations in proportion to the area are available.

Table XVII gives the rainfall stations used and the mean found from:
these. :

The monthly discharge of this stream for the portion of 1898 and
for 1899 and 1900 is given in Table XVIII, and the daily discharge is-
shown by Plates 19 and 20.
204 ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE XVIII— MONTHLY DISCHARGE OF MAUMEE RIVER AT
WATERVILLE, 1898-1900.

Drainage area 611 square miles.

 

 

Run off.

Month. Discharge in Second-feet. | Yotal in | Sec-ft. Depth | Rain-
Acre-Feet |per sq.| in fall in | Ratio.
Max. | Min. | Mean. | miles. | inches. | inches.

 

1898.
‘December .| 32,120 680 | 8,203.4 504,407 | 1.825 | 1.525] 2.41] .632

1899.
January ..| 33,250 780 |10,979.0 675,072 | 1.796 | 2.070 |] 2.60] .796

‘February .| 26,765 | 1,310 | 6,301.2 349,950 | 1.080 | 1.070 | 2.14] .500

March ...| 32,100 | 8,700 |19,431.4 | 1,194,790 | 3.180 | 3.660 | 4.39] .833
April sass: 12,960 | 1,800 | 6,027.5 358,661 | .986 | 1.095 | 1.11] .986
May vies 2,750 | 1,200 | 1,990.0 352,360 | .325 .875 | 3.66] .102
JUNE es 2,450 150 | 1,057.3 62,814 | .178 .203 | 1.88 | .108
July. cscs 1,200 3 285.3 17,536 | .046 .046 | 4.36] .011
August ...| 4,940 70 | 1,362.2 43,758 | .223 .253 | 2.09 | .121
September 990 20 259.0 15,411 | .042 .042 | 2.40 | .018
‘October .. 150 5 48.1 2,955 | .007 .007 | 2.51] .003
November 1,310 40 521.0 31,001 | .085 .085 | 2.12 | .040
‘December .| 9,950 10 | 2,323.2 142,847 | .380 .450 |] 3.08 | .146
Wear ocees 33, 250 3 | 5,211.7 | 3,017,155 | .689 | 9.356 | 32.34 | .227
1900.

January ...| 10,200 | 1.200 | 5,053.9 310,752 | .827 .947 | 1.25] .757
February .| 18,985 | 2,450 | 7,943.9 441,180 | 1.300 | 1.342] 4.50] .298

“March ....| 42,750 | 2,600 |15,609.7 959,803 | 2.554] 2.942 | 2.13 | 1.381
April .....| 13,965 | 2,600 | 8,149.1 484,904 | 1.330 | 1.480 | 2.40] .617
“May ...... 3,050 200 937.7 57,657 | 1.530 | 1.760 | 2.65 | .664
June ......[ 6,320 680 | 3,443.6 H+4.907 | .563 .623 | 4.30 | .145
PUNY. Beene, 5,120 300 | 2,093.5 128,724 | .342 -892 | 4.89 | .080
August ... 1,930 | 5 562.7 | 34,598 | .092 .104 | 3.56 | .029
‘September 250 5 26.8 1,596 | .004 .004 | 1.45 | 003
‘October .. 250 5 40.6 2,499 | .006 .006 | 2.80 | .002
November 9,700 10 | 2,619.0 155,840 | .428 478 | 3.89 | .123
‘December 6,320 70 | 1,508.7 92,766 | .246 286 83 | 344

 

Year nce 42,750 5 | 4,665.7 | 2,275,226 | 7,635 | 10,364 | 34.65 | .299

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
205.

THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

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THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 207

This watershed has an area of 6,111 square miles, portions of which
are in both Indiana and Michigan. The central and southern parts of
the district are quite level, while the northern is more rolling. In por-
tions of the watershed, notably the central part, there are still extensive
areas of scrub-timber land, but by far the largest part is under cultiva-
tion or cleared for grazing.

The Miami and Erie canal goes through this watershed and appro-
priates for its use at St. Mary’s, Grand Rapids, and Defiance, a portion
of the flow of the stream. This water is in part returned at the numerous
waste ways, but much of it is returned to the river below the gaging
station.

It is impossible to estimate the amount of water diverted and the
influence it would have on the low flows. This factor destroys some of
the value of the figures on the percentage of runoff, but in general they
can be taken as correct.

,
INDEX,

PAGE
Albuminoid ammonia (see nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia).
eMlesanndler Valle soah-h recning aakttead Marea tus 9 Ava Bisipea NA oding Oa Nawal ae Sarat eee!)
Alkalinity —
DISCUSSION: Uaisee.tun ake ane bd. weede aioe cain, gee ieee 95,100, It, 109
EAAUSE 2 a. gh aan hae p ean dcp BAe a usstee BOGEN as Ssatetay grale pei nigel eS 65, 76, &7
Area of (Great: Miami Watersheds: «os vacanin ee evaeads teneoeda exesceemiaue 115)
% Terttle Miami, watershed seve cci6aateacitedny Rowe Ad Gaede a dd base T een Ts

Watersheds. “table” Ofiisces: cca ph aamaceatina 2 ene acumnaeien Aone et An been tadeeet aT

Bacteria —
IDUSCLISSIONS iiaisau auvedew isc adn esayaatane’dan awetae Mamta cs dank ey INS. “EO. tak)

Pilates .igase4 : Gy gaucand reese cia e8s BOy, OL

Bacteriological examinations dee ‘exeiinadons),

Bettairat 4, ace aeys a Gtsiautae ce Si ain fa Check ea deeb eee i MIS A SE ANA Se 181
DAS EUSStOME cn Rates can thai cee cate alate dk oe ae Red is 2 ceded Bema can etaeesd ated 93, 98
STU cM eae aie Gh eed nd cneh shape UES A Bote sana aes we baler manic 2 eam ana & Seite 16
Results: of exanination. + sac ad sean gman auicnniaans cops en aeadtas sen 2s . 44
Samiples: (GON > 4 sees ge. s eee es Je ee eed etna Rad eats 4a he ee hee 21
Samphine StatiGns! 22:0 245useceen sey eee se sae a eee dea 1s Ge Ra Ae Yas bao 19
SS CMVO TA GET OM» alas Sass chc sausage use Ses tao aah oe apap Se ncaa aS heraye ete at vec uRedabcanen Rb Poa eedodes EAD
NARS RESTA ple Lassie 16 crt tae re heetbetcmagatoonce. dns diverter Macedon Sash ane nuadie RN ahead totadears 169

Bear Creeks <locdickidia caauie eal os 2a eet ek deiel on iata cay pe deataes 128

Beaver Greek: cgaigewieiiees es Sis ec eS ea ck Sikh north fay ORE ae aires eee 145

Bellefontaine —

S@WETACE >. heute va Hes cee daaa eee aes eas eae een Eee eE Monee e ae 147
Witter SUDpIY” aici ei ade tee oak Shey nae aio ag sheet eke eae oder 171
BEOOKGINE cd ssnus NAN Ae Aa aeanne diane cet amet shes ai casey ekeretltis & ede dds eiencesaeber hl aes gees 130

Buick: Creéle warscs neous ebaa Sins vacates eugene Bikes Oho

(For cheinical aiminatian see Mad asec.
Birch alias: Creeks vans on ase nie ote em nen Oa Sede on Rea TER ges LSS
Butler County InhrmMaty e+ csaesaiees os pa nemaraten ye takae cen tae tay eee 125

Cpa (Credle: «canada acide GRA RE EN 1 Sa NE eae ed Radar eee e 148
GA TRS es aces cadethed Sites tn doe eardeenalebche Ase ae IIR SR QPS aay GEE Behe er pedaesanalan slela due toes 128
GS VAIL ea one eases toa. ea. ce avenue Martane ouste ie laneles an inbea edtaricou cv opemPouonene mage dened & 146
Chanipaign County Children’s: Homes 2:42. .csc cepted pees enweeee eee ewie as 133
Champaign. Cotinty Infirmary: isc. eve step pseneet ee aateaeasiaine ei etek Be 138
Chapman Creek ..........- MAME PGE Regateee senes dis ae 18S

Chemical examinations (see ‘geaminetions).
Chlorine —

[iSCUSSIO Mi ailte wy aed ae ted ae oes aus taal aid dene eM 94, 99, 103, 109
PL RSSs Cece cre AP Seo are ewe ten hth Wa eo AARNE a Be sie aes cocina fate ..64, 75, 86
Clarke Cotinty! Infitinaty sas ccwavitvaew ie aarana weap awagaand deeeweks ae eee 132

Classification of public water supplies of Great and Little Miami watersheds... 166
14* R. OF O. (209)
210 THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

PAGE
Clear (Greek 23. feennaie Herpng 128
Clermont County tices. decanter argh ea sek hasta seanae ad Sanpete aan edcan Saye sega Sei oaee 141
Cleves —

Resilts: Of examination. cas saewns yeh Genes eee ps an ar ree ge ee 56

Sai PlES FROM, 8 oosidadéng sialyl caeeeee MEARE ER SE ee Aa eas eB OL

Sailing SATIONS: .cuenial ed oueadeianiacaeye eat neeepeneeasase rere onads Bl
CMO Ts 5-2 240s hibvieAshoeeNALes . 47
Clinton Coituty ‘Childvents Pome, Se eta ahoncapd ancl soensen hast ag Asada Nawab acatin Desa 9 sEcashaksb avers 144
Glinton County: Inirmaryivscacgexcvkers conker verdadero ae acaieei hae ae DAE
Color (see physical aooihsbe
COR fas an 3g onewre rein ie uaa ts ico eos Ryde an RM aleh 5,50 asa? ele aeaeare: ah
County Chiideen s “Bienes —

Sewerage and water supply Of: cccusascispadsseccoas deeuee es eveeasessanw 155
County Infirmaries —

Séwétase and avarer Supp lye Gib 6. o.com An nalace duals bdaadzolouaie oP Fite, anmietedts 155
COVAMSEOM 2.2444 e td Ghee Satine mos dias eat ait anc oe Arbutus AS does 134
TATye PARIS eee eho ios ea ea ee oe ane were ae Solera he vee ns 141
Dams and water power. = vanaf fae fl wbnceahey 190
Darke County Children’s Bisa: be Bnet in Meat ss Dee LA ad lS fir Oc tt ag Natt BRE De antoeg ed 135
Darke County: TM AGIiNaT ye iat e0tegayi AGondas a Aielg cate hpuhadad bgt terme tbat Cakd 135
AVEO. 4.6 hatie ee oe Hin dA hat w haby Qed Aes ceded bee doe or eee Soe areata 129

NMRA e {i> Lhe vcs ie nectosene danas seo eed 10

Results Of examinations: ano peanau each sauonghilds salpenary 4) tate diam ae 46, 50, 54

Samples front. ceeds deed geeaeis pee eee ee ptaen area mata eel Ol

Sariplino’ Stations sc ieeuscsseeaseag ah seu Gea cee tee ay ot meieenw eos, 20

SEWERAGE OF yok Sed ka Race oe eee dae eRe Ee Ea OTe Sandy 2h ead daaomns LLG

Water Supply Oh: ca au Manes cas omne. el dita here Pechie oyna ed udu Soak em bm LOS
Davtone State lospital musics 53x acoso A al Abe a AAS cre athe) GAMA , seen dintettseer 129

Sewerage and: Wares SHPO YG HOl otc Galalewn adaatenied 6 Aston ee ewe 153
STEVE Tpatbles 2.53 Se esd deal ance beta tasateis bane eo gt Pal a dee es cle dhcbenaunle nbs kta ys ht en Oia atiin Byes or in 37
Packs Greeks a 2: paces sh . 126
Discussion of analytical recall

Great: Miami Rivetois iss een en ete ie Ache dus moee 6 AMA As eee A 106

Taieh le: alerting: SReNGetiesiva Semn)ae eos on ie ee ee Anne ocean oe ae ale OR

Maid Raver no aacewey eee e eas Albee earns gy 406 0 diss ad Gauadae tek dev ck ance 101

Stillwater River 9g

Discharge —

Daily of Maumee River at Waterville for 1898-99 — Plate 19............ 205

Daily of Maumee River at Waterville for 1900 — Plate 20................ 2
Daily of Olentangy River at Columbus — Plate 15. .

Daily of Sandusky River at Mexico for 1898-99 — Plate 17. Oe
Daily of Sandusky River at Mexico for 1900 — Plate 18..................

Daily of Scioto River at Columbus — Plate 16
Monthly of Maumee River at Waterville — Table 18......0...00000....... 2

Monthly of Olentangy River at Columbus — Table 13........0.0..00......

Monthly of Sandusky River at Mexico — Table 16........00.00.0.0....... 2

Monthly of Scioto River at Columbus — Table 14........00000000.00.0....

Donnell’s Creek .........

Drainage of Great and Little Wisin ‘qatecsnede. eens ante eee age
MPMCISACRECNS ashe Beh Sesh hs wae mies WER ONL ES ohn erty, tad tenes

Dugan Creek
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 211

PAGE

East Branch Little Miami River.. y Scat SOE
(For chemical examination see Little eae Rice)

PATON, ora einsey Si sterwsciates elven pk Scots Chiat e AAG Uta ts ei ned aaniectine add eekeorn kee AOA 126

AN Steir SMP ply. .ccivnitdastduiscs Std. chsdaanannh Om eetacanmaes nude ee enemsamuaicacees Line
POU C PGC ey eet asnacs ana alalti ase Sua eeeoauaey sign toe eer emia nahn tenet ek adalah eterenetle TDG
PTOI rays teeny ane nara aAbemegaaee se Wanaeinat see tor et Rl aN ia haste es AA Lh Cola r Sones 131
BV ATISCOM 2 wayne creme Gh o 2 Meee eed eae L rbd Aiea Mae dans seh pdGalitelne nich ween al

Sewerage for s iivseainges Said asin teak Lean hs hh i iss ovegs Vitec nl 0 Souac nese an Me Beato, AB
Examinations —

CUNO CS! Cin. sre Patel thd od eg ikeeere ce nance oe pace mada dain he gerne 18

FRESTUES SOR St in sucutuleti 3 resonate sehen gan ae eaten tots tasaie a he mek linge AS hs et 41

Bhd ne fe HEA Naas thes ate Gels Soi daae Bd Rab ged ca dsantar lech Soaeaed chute aaialelalrare nem aoeate 131

PGE ATIC TOM tm Ser sesaccesssitelese aca Bee a Scaaceheabiohe fact Mot loa dhcwingw sven cou Bab A coeurdnaseadcn Gases 144

POUT ane Cree les io secset cra ae ate tebe acide lecRiat Suoneiiitads teams gah oneaithealn eee 125

Erambelitis Ssh aactoun auiae, ator n-amieaaine Gaetan ca plaehehls Serewn nea ae mate ras ee iene 28
SSE Te ery hese eocecsseespt cerclsgve tre ston aa gto oes ore ON Pama cere we eet eh hs tonsa LAS
Wrater=:Supply! aus wah > mnevin eens o4 cees coer ake tS ha elas blade Lek 173

Free ammonia (see nitrogen as free ammonia.)

ROSH EEES essere cs cece S Sued ous eenssay seed ihe BN. Lue S ey SobgacaseN eh ae eke Rateeee victamonen LAE

General description of Great and Little Miami watersheds.................000. 115
General topography of Great and Little Miami watershed...................... 117
Geology of Great and Little Miami watersheds.............00 00 cc cece cece eee 118
ETAT ATCO WAT 9s scctalae steep goede sonlelecd.a atte 4 spennacbelana a sew een aeh aa tins amadediala Gtr wh dander et 127

(Goes: ‘StAH ON: ocak sh Se aed aeons Casreee Tae cen oe cae omens eoennweae TAG
Gradient, ieviinesciunhcs ‘at principal streams of Great and Little Miami

 

AVALERSHE MS) oe cac eoa7 eccrmydenintes araeuqneis Mun tnie a eve aon wk oa aaaneneeh Nee ae Bees 119

Great Miami River ....... a set . 186, 187, 188, 139
Location and amount et pollution oe this ‘ereain sob edi ay ENE Rey DA eee 124
Hiseussion. Of Examinations! OF. 55.25 ac.2 tie dakias beds on Shaatidivse wee ea hacet 106

PACES! — BSS oe. ceteris Sete inte: HERON Neh OG ha NSLS 2 Ochs cemented ayer HOUR OM
Regia fall: 2 ccrexaseacnoraisat AG Gae o scetaed-e auc tepsioieed Gand ope Ment debian SOG Satie 35

Report Onvexaminations Ot, causes «2 tenis auntnaaending Aah aden durahabadiaihaleeteauatnars Le

Saniples frOnl. 1268s s2eke de weiiay es taeeis eon tee ee Espeteeeswwaeses. SEE

Sainpline StatiOns:y os. ccacwe aes agers see ee Ye cod et one eed 19:

SUMMARY we hehe aia. ne Biss ob cactus re Sees ab ues cid een geese Gaye & lil

Table Gt results; Oh EXAnINAONS: 3 ecce sue sctrcianidente ng aA aunt a eee Saeed sdotead 50
Great Miami Watershed —

Map: 0-5 .saonuins aoe ieee oops egos Boe teens maneglyy viene oer 2

GEGIO SY os aA Roa eke Be RANE RS ad ca eNO wee ene aie Se Mes pea 118
Diainages.: ic ikon aud gesaee ee Geode aes ae seeneete ee aera. LOS

POpuUlatiOMm cs Agunsincaiun secu ate eames Gos Barnes toga ae aa te ao nk 121
PO GHONGOR Looe cxeddievec eee bb uh Gndiaris HOSOI ae Racy Mick Saeed A eeepialer, heme OD
Sources. Of pollution s cevo.3a.9 eal ae sia ac A 2g etal Aen anneey delierinne dan 123
Aiount of pollutiongsescyewerte cowmeenor ies tem pe lat open eet see FOF
Report of sanitary survey ot, sash Ree Cah fetter ea ars avin tA aterm acre meena i ne aT Ta 113

Introduction to report of sanitary survey of.............................. lld
Geveral description Of, svc senses ere: tt aes Ors tii Seansanecaeoa cee CIS
ARE OT, Lacett aie db sheets setscasadled Wipe Stas Mask ata iNek UE Sod lb RIGA! a td debates atnb 3 Ande dodo ee avo yanncatieed 4 115
General topostaphy, eavicae ta nkraa sees fede Wiad aoe ages aaa 117
Wee: SUDPIICS: catiaes deeGiae hi AeSS Stee een eee ee ead 162
Puhlie water Supplies: acae se o4. eek nee yee ean AeeR Ree tee edad TOD
212 THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

Great Miami Watershed — Concluded. PAGE
Detailed description of plavits. 2... ¢.)..ccssaseauekpegeiaes ai tiaedaeeees. LOU
Dats: aid water POWER: cen ieee cas daedoneendses Sawn eEe eeeeween eee 190

Greene County Children’s Hone... 000.00. c0 cece cece eet e eee eee LG

Greene County Infirmary...... . Lb

Gregory Creeley milan wore we weneumnsuls sig ac tone iery tates ear a ti etn s boheme cette ® 126

Greenville’ Creel o-ccg tn ew tt antennae ewan aelegienme dh Conaedonuats . it
(For chemical examinations of, see Stillwater River.)

GRECTVING 26225 decntind 2 pleasidealdsud HE SCR ARE REAR 1 REE ES wee LBS
Discussion sitesi _s-101
Sainples: HOM: .cddeSas ect a thease hh Gheaden Wala wees 23 eB
Sampling: StahiOns> oy. dunteswendh mara teenie tenes 5b A doe dash aati 19
Results’ Of iexaniinatOns one orton wegeee udu cae acon See eae RS hoe ease 4
belt OWE woes gece eaters a test it ea torts cord cuayetsan nate Aen v
SEWELACEOE ac ngeda.4 sonia Wa ey ohes ee a pean bored ene rem en Baas 148
\WWSteE SUPPLY OF ice osusend aGlea eee Meee Be od eee ee OS be eee ne knee LS

PPAINTEOM? eingeits egnohdehan 0 del apaealaend- Btusdan qade Geeneanaauple, AS-i uy naveaa et Lea 125
Maps Of cosassce na accunscrd ng oe olinisernca ae Mase erane eo Ranting bar RAM aha eek Se Aenea ah 12
Results: Of exantinatrons - swe: sas qereeentse Sata he taveet tame w arene miohebieetcus oll hoods 56
Samples: fron case cae ee iddatenan boaGn dt MANN Meese Tee a amee ed 21-31
Sampling stations I
SOW CTA CEL ia: cater Sg HOSUR HP BER OS RU NER ee os ema aay SU ates 148
AWater SUpDIY c.cg-acd fae baat had ta eae ee eae 4 eee es tee aes IT

Harshimarivill xc oc. ecco Gele cia ae Doth ade se eeewergesiens sesh aedeeceyess 100

THO eC COL asserts stu 9 Stet Reavoslenptscescen Seabed ace atelg alee hetaud aipsionarteeerkUn sand les Ghlaghuteplise at belie 139

Plonmey Greely 625 cee venennava sa ie sedvenn sed oie ot Bie ach do dog ladle ignneh Dende rene 136

Hyde Pat? ining cent cunys Bg cde deg obs sie p's, eo RATS 2 Be fedeaiche sedeeanaeee ate tes Sd 140
Sewerage ...... Mea eeepc saeco a oe EN dei one seats ee he tee dat Gre ae ec 149

Ice supplies of Great and Little Miami watersheds............................ 182

Incrusting constituents —

DISCUSSION acd aswide ad Sele SSE AS Re Bee es Sheed D. 100, TU 209
PNaGESh ms 2,828 Yer hci tha ed OSs PATE oaee cient Ue enh re GARE AOD Bae sae AS 66, 77, 8&8
Tandiian Creel 3 ej aouncwiediet.cdce doe pan tat Sova et ba ea dotnn Ged sansa dir ns Rae week IRD.

Introduction to examinations of Little and Great Miami Rivers and their

tribttarnes= casio ciara. alela-commia aa ane egies aes umn peice aah Ba peed ees 18

Introduction to sanitary surveys of the Great and Little Miami watersheds..... 1i4

Isohyetals of Scioto and Olentangy watersheds............4................. 174

Isolated public institutions —

SOW ETA OL ws uhh eases gate aot eemencar a hd oeaaus edhe Meta Wed a ernie eit cues 182
Notes On water siipples! Of) ecu cea. kecdde dias atrnaen eee ae v4 152

Keene dy TH GiGHt si sxe eS cetacean nes agenesis Gulch Gingiaeae wee atten hota oe al

Knights of Pythias Tomes ws acnnnens Sicasess a 5 palaun es orbs ee4an sacacumlemaade 12
Sewerage aiid (walter supplyoOlewy «ca s.a soneearend saws sc) ins paws menlead bearccuedeake 154

Lebanon —

SOWiERARES | pb hor. dann tasadeteladicnd. as agrees qa odeolaeines Tic enwea tite Blea a oem aete 149
AVG Astip plivet deksee nen caer nee ctbebcandahe Rateewey ch secant via mloulaeng Ss aucun eh ch
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 213

PAGE
Die WiSburel dens he uc GPU n Ne adil tos nnd Souda Gee Gah otie Odd denSbasednetmerietere IOS
Linwood —
Discussion ...... vided Wesson cough dihada haa aie wk coat ve Sacha wer ot OS aU S
Recnlls at eeambiations ..4ccs..., biddiuoreeh Rowe batoke Ges. oppose AF
SHINES ATOM ia ven hea ie LuoliGaacuas ehaoRaaumradeneerddn wulme Boeaneens Blend
SAP lis? SCATOM y jatses. 44 Geen ckcednttta dan died arate dead Ryle aearioineaeacat 19)
Little Miami River. oa Aan inane Ba ieee ivnns wget maa, eiaeattunnos anes OSIAG,
Discussion of eemnications SE pe WIRY ENT A mites. Bee RANE ure sere menn armen OS
PACES, pc} sna abe tere dae Wek E aesh 1 eet ca eoes ie ey ot andi he Liane MASS pe Sel ald 59
Paintball oeerecg eas es Sack ens cod crust mes R ckytt ACA a on pao SONA Gor Acad 32
Report of examinations Of. .....0.. 0. ccc cece cece ccc ccceessuvserevesesee. UT
Samples EE OMIA nde peln re ty cinrndientrenets ise qsraler aad RAMA Uline cee oe aN A eI aah a
AUN tne SEACIONS) We ine hk petal sti ase nceedietan Galea tate seca Teoma atoniatname etl. Palo
SHUTS OE a neta det oc vrs ed 2 eet oon ahaa nls deateanh gs ooaun oon ante saa en tie SEALE 97
Table of results of examinations. .....0.0. 0.0.0 ccc cece e cece cece eee eens 42
Little Miami watershed —
PATS TOE fe cetein esc) stch 0k Acta cysececins co nen ay gongs veh arab RGD Soma Cet aman sn a ace wh 115
TIO MME OL ‘POlNItl Ott! Ucn scjtesnne Xa Axe oi y's oh aibGE ad pareerere ae aaa EAN Mh wien wee 124
Daiis and water Ponvele navcasniene nocam wears ae benme ne ian ganas clea 190
DO Rat aS Gris oneal ah ne orcas 4B aA 2 oe cea Wak Skat a ang cau AON Sa oe ale ae 118
General <descriplonnOl ses ug gait Wow saa: Sindd Sedakle o pace borden de cee va ILS
(Ge SieEal TOPO SRADIIV yma 4 earcundboe Od. to ae Ato dtontaeintnn. 08 Ma. a diksoeye uber eu ab ae tsk 2 117
GeO ye cate tenes tars ne tad pee aiay co chetipayrg eta dessa steam btreaas are ainkdaet anne nieenegeeennnar arose os OLS
Téé: Stippliés! .cesccouvns : ; ySTPIi at hee Ae lea Ie) Ras ee tI ea Nera LO
Introduction to cuneate on Rania survey ak. hgh eee rma narace ete a Gu heeMA ee sen ae (114
Map) Of axe iene ener ered oan os be eed on anny Se teatee Re ot nines yan ye 2
Pollittton Of 3 dec..6 ao ace eacng 3 a cease RO bk oes Ree eda woe ee 18
POPUIAHOM., 2°29 cele ahis csc acs RUA WEUUM Sea S 8 eb Roa LAA DDR Oe Adcomavaihe Beka 2?
Public: water -SuppieSicas¢2 srseiaeaas caste ee deccneialiad ondageeaawie SalaotenLOOy MOO
Report <om Saiitatey SUEVEY Of: soa. kicn a vedaoan ee eee ne rnoenwead eee, ADD
Sources of pollution ...... Pa Sieh at ele areal meee ANG A Rie ese RINE Gest ne ERIE MNES 123
ogaty County ‘Children’s Home. « scneucy thes ave sae eset eed see 138
oean County Infirmary’ 20yssscson eb nde ceseey 4 poeinn Cre ees ree ees 189
TsO pany alle’ <a enc aaiderdan avon date Geen wun nd eed Rano ah aed decnidecg aso pba 139
Tuomarinie: CrOGke 4 d.t.« sux Caanhsea sce. 8 om Usaataedvmnnad sus etute ee sedadiei tate ee, Grid iS eige ASusieiccsets 137
TOS Sreeke 2.55 Sa Nas eaa Serine ot eeaeaeniond totes Le at abe gee aloes 180
TeOivielautade: laraissate ceca conanpemtnie heats Catucay casas dag avira faba "esn 0 oar n ain eo cade TE anche ade TISa re REA 142
PITS CUSSTOM, -oice cg sires delete ne 8 Sra G ORM a HB diesacare og lg Se Abana ein aren acane obs Atanas 93-98
Samples: FGM: cc sac-ch a pe eee ras SE Ree es ee ee peaerseg mes leS
GAT pli! SESTOM tarhiasaa val Sd cy 3e ee aclasew Sesh ta EE etre gat et gece Sa thee 19
Results Of ExainMiatiOns vss aden curd Mem diesek GS Facet d ga aaa HN bw ehe yas Baewnakids 42
Teudlows Greele «va ce ke eae Sh aie ee ae Mts heen alah oetade dA ae ean GOS
Tame bre: ste woes mancte tae Hani eA Dene tin ee Herne aw aaereras She eee eERS 142
Water Supply for ss ava veoy poacher igany Mids theme gaara pee a ae 175

Whaler ar duis: taeceuicn oe ah ook Beds Sa Sets seo Se SS Bee ERIS A Bee EAA 140
INTNASG tye = whisk ak Boag ta san late ene ek Pe agcceah ete) Beil ad done, daistieatenions, desl Wyaed Ge horn Cela 140
SeWera@e! gagrte cet ena Ge ad cued dgnating tuted th ator aaadltlelteaneeneeaiye se sae ona 149

Water Slippy <2 sc pee dig a saiee al SOR eR eee) qUORE he rewee es a 176
Mad River ........ udwean via Maleiudintes ora geecusie wesese lode ISL. 133

Discussion of Aaaatied cath: oe WainCae ao aie enliyotee ne Aint 2a ead Bache Jeeeiee LOM
Plates ee on ee eee oan! sie
Rai fall ony auvam ase canes erecta tins PR adn SOR West Seamer eee a Se eave 1 BO
214 THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

Mad River —Concluded. PAGE
Saiiples: frit. 4c sioeece ae Ce Sees Re SAGE Pee Ra ee nd ete 21.
Saimpline Stations 2.4 «ogo .on. be aaa aes Chee eee ee a EE a Meee 19
SUEMIMATY | d aprierieRinlits Sted Sune oe ants bs dads BUGS Sauk Sek RARE Meee RE ads 105
Table of results of examinations ...............-0000% decid ebe stag eae SY 48

Map of —

BaEENVTAY Peveaccenein hy areata ule oerieae ae arvaue autho thhd a te nls veces anan ng akc nalen Goes fot Oh hace taebapiels 16
DASTON: ac utecsslncai ua y erass ete ae A eas Soccamen ts cag hee bien ates 10
Great and Little Miami ‘watetsheds:......c0 2600503094 exe neee oye ee on ees 2

Greenville: ccicucucsveucc soot dddaadt Lashosdde renee Pere wed Be teeee teeee es ea. 2
FUTATLEOR besa B35 mer acoso ptin cous tnesaeed Atta va tous Band aoonp ag Ba Re es ee, AS

WH TG GOV Gal si otc oa ace han trhrd se cone desnpdaebusrecndicn Aba bet od ansota aicenbph uaa es da Sy OUa Ne ee ene eters ll
Pa G) 1a Seca cpcaryes tate aoa eee hg oo eNO esl eer dis ager MRR AE N cathe pais cin Leper i
Showing principal sources of sewage pollution of Miami watershed........ 150
Sidney sexperts hee vane ce cad sateen eee ca Sate anus re memE ee wmmrentre 6
SPENGHEld: ue vysy spe tego a eres See ge eee eds ee Behn nee ree Sun l4
TEP OW es ecg aes sac ns ete os esse skin Nee aacs nates BLS SEA OSE Ag OE aT, BET x
Urbane Teziccichi eave oh ob eoreapSeap Madeasanyeuee Adare eeetie pede Ake Mpa doaces shreds 13
SROMIA yeas Waite itthnced asd Bsus ra fal vine eechsuetek Achaysh a REASCRE: MMMM Mate eee samme ot)
PASO GS TOTES a latig cle abet doch ts dseeaa iva gti dace oeg. a drintsoye ie anioys Saya agatpanuanlinal Ararat ok nue 131
Sewerage and water Supply Oty ...cncaianmnt or teed eeaies pA es bend awk sas 4
Mian chs's: (Creeks: xechtaravk oh Stent heen Canad aeetarnere tant Sates eae Gane eau a de 146
Maninréé: River, Sa Cites Of sig ac.03 secs atcagetarens g~ see ae oa HOS CEA eee A 203
ARC GINNGIG? res arses eset Meee Gt ree oN eee aercere ata Waa RM alas erceten ate gishihalae tab aebers ceeding 1381
Alethods, of examifationuey is csc0ne cs egheennniee sew se eee eeeeeae tate ORR 18

Miamyr County Children’s: Tomes <.cc2 sae eeceen eed te eis 44a bees ose seater sg 180
Anata Wotinty: Manninaty gia. uy acess 8h ak aha pace be ah geome MEA ee eee: DBR

EMIEAUTAMLUOWLD a rtue ttaant eam ena elated DAR dU Sita hati kateaniicy whiten & huss eaten noe MAR AAR 12!
Miami University, sewerage and water supply of...........-. 0.0 0e eee ee ee eee 153
Mian watersheds: didGrantO8 2 2.20¢44,.0¢s stata sealiee heeds Sateen haere we
ned tONVAd eect eternal Skodte Oe eh acenariae aE canteen at SHE, whet NOM
Map 1b. te ae oatieh ay cova Sates wasn
Results 08 exairiinatiOs).ais cc cc nis ow hee oweaseese sas eee ue ageaee md
Samples fom «stern scone cuss ey a paetyeeto sone nese eRe .. ..21-31
Sampling StatiOis as ease es aes tee a Dy os Sea ade oe oie fee 20
SEMETA GE: sts, hv ehrs SS hc he hid rh Maen ea es Bw cae bode ak SEI Bh Dw Sohlleartade 149
SWIG SUP DIY = aAisiiivelu'oat dares f Bd7 ned deiacnanialet woa-e ba. kus avenannedennse Oe patentee: 17
IMATISHCR “ec oncks cana teeAasaase Sn.c ba ei bry. ais AGAR INRRa IN Mien tah DR Mt ahaa ae ton case epeteroace LINER
Montgomety County Matinaryve, pews ocinmeee chad iead ae te eamew Pes Fag eee ea ay L290
Sewape disposal ates sik: Wieck Gane catarivs. ke Saaremaa sie SS
NGO MIE Ls ce ces ehendic! pitemaRarahs scn-elace ce easton ale rg Wat shai wih Wl sMelmarmmesion waeatesayb eiosh Ie mrasn tee dante 148

NGG IA, IG GEOL geld ak wed ane ae bt aulaperninellacay a ue oo doy aan nied ite ok He sakes as ge Ma
Mite LOY" 3.08.0 3:5 ave nie ets bee earn dg gel SU MRS SEs de sel dasbae ga, cece LS
Dlity Wiis MORON 5s siers sy he eounnarnde Seine ag ts Meshes inlA At Gt ae Nad nce ypedde 140

Natroniall SOldtens? PiOii es cc wiescescn ida snr paramareane eee Aude aimoucvieeg Baines -2 129)

Séwace: and ‘water stipply Oly inc 2 meget five ceosnwn's cline ie awe oa ae wend 152
Ne tT e ACh eke curacao Ayaan ates arn ede anol alo ek cielo eaten eal aes Saat al Ge 131
New Balttiniore sca sienna oss bees eats ote 28 eee ead ed cies tesa 124
NSS CN Se tata scxccez ca tand Gpancagat Babs FB aise vocab Sa)euSieor sed fb Saag es as dane achuel Z axe veces anion gethtcerten & 142
Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia —

DiSGuSSIG ttt: aereardnoaenged sate ac ea on ee aaios aed imaenn akan 93, 99, 102, 107

PU ATOS! secs audancutne, chav He be Beeson teach end Dae Geena oh eames 60, T1, 8&2
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 215

Nitrogen as free ammonia — PAGE
DISCUSSION | 5 tsa wancie eee Aten os naan ae melo ode epee nun areal le OP 1038, L08
PAE S .c-sotha angithunioie crsmn ete Mitac wes Aled ae ait Gara a een RO eels Tee OO

Nitrogen as nitrates —

Discussion ........ ee aes ntpe hatnyd cess she eee inn ae 94, 99, 103
DUALS case seh Sakae ot hte sd Aces tatiaspe oe feces A ser a na taoc aeicced erat ce Ny eas 63, 74, 85
Nitrogen as nitrites —
PPISCUSSI ONIN crecaiacAs etna td cee CA oa tntcle Sent exe nee eater le a eccce een ae 94, 99, 102
BAKES: Borrewied eatery csta dail ca upcenvtiin das Guaeya hea ghdstavaansiat ood oa ceaie Rotel same 62, 73, 84
NIG eS valle. let Sieh ca ur gies aera setulae 4h dala tacl A catia St prend taaaoryad tard ed Scale a 131
INEGI cat soe aaa alavabach can and beGont soap lla Sc aa ae ees egies hod Geen mt Fee ocigtv 140
EWE GAS CF ue cc crsesrenanvara asta ake cise tabtrahte ts cusmeners eens aati shat omsalnserenali cheat pan a, 149
AVIATET SUD lV eaneyh yh ee cre ate Marth nas le Sead a peeled setae ous te ark wna lata tide cn 178
WbanOmiGreels! sags. avarice Ane eae eceslaciaat ce Soa a beable ohatuei eee saveenninne Rigatoni IS
Odd REI MOSS LOIS. creel ic a 0 weactce arte ira edie sigedra-w soncoviereageoybvolat teed dutch debit eb am enya 2
Sewerageand watér supply ob. si cnon ud ony yew ni ee-ed Guresa wae a ov ee oe aor 154
Odor (see physical properties. )
Ohio: Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans? Home. +. 20. c2se2eeaddsescodecees wT pease 1s
Olentangy River, gaging of....... iS Toes aye Goh Be Beta ts SR ea OS ORL Th Dette: 193
OSWO GI Buea ed cote Lk ee oie VA tutla sa ace ns tn iis satan athe aenntn en test 131
, Water Sippy GR cisasacnta shox tential sel Maeda Qt atianellaoie nae th Aa ales 17s
OREO ca Neotes he cuted sesanes esrb cde ineamtacssevstinuletacnve Sh aphech ae a azennenvn Sentaven oi tecetndert a anon roRaa 12
Water Stipply Gf aacca ie ia gained a1 duiaaunn Ne Mc ceen dtd Geers aa keae meiame 179
Oxford College, sewerage and water supply of....... 0.0.0. cc cece eee eens It
Oxford Retreat, sewerage and water supply of....... 0.0.0.0 ce cece cece ee eens 14
Oxygen, dissolved —
Discussion Aina hihl ae 2 2.26, 100, 109
TAGES?» acres behan trends at De tence wig icles Sarton rh A Pat AR cde Nae ls lh caelaby ada a G8, 79, 90
Oxygen required —
Discussion «255 22st Se aegeee Mayes Hewes oa ae Aden SS RRR 93, 99, 102, 107
PIES: voce 2 y hwo Ae aa whe Coe RR eee sees eee FO. “RO BI
Painter (Greely spats aide nae cigs eaten ARLE Ea CaS MEER. os G oatnon eat Ana hanes 134
Pemberton oe sae eheaig tates . 138
Pemnville cou; tues a ecae bal oe Se ei a tin te be eee es Ge ns 141
Physical properti¢s:. GiscuSsiOn: . siccssedvesceseeeee are encaGay UT, 08s 1025, 106
BE

ER GIUIALS saeace ceancea Wah a speahid iene achat ha eeu dace have duit otenteonodaMloacep aN eae eka aptaabely als
Map OP 2.075. a aint. charter heaved Lane Ee Ue Rae eaemeeenEE OOF

Results: OF texamiiattonnccuccn rc BAG are: Shoe acces Gan ees GRBEE a2
Samples: front .. cane eens pseet ne eweta era cian ae 4 tse we seen ore 21-31
SamipliMenstatiOnsysscns nseens clack see sx ERE RCRD WA Lees tee ee eee: 20
Sewerage 2.2) vnc aides Fic Psssiesth ae SIUC hi SRS SR WRG He yd Rea HN Si SS SE De as 149

179

Water stip ply: fassuccroch tc aeeteitin qa eile.-o Rohde nays anced SNA inadesante. Lubsdeleeneade
Plates —
Alkalinity 32 sien teweea whee eas pe AEs we ag eS 65, 76, 87

Ammonia. SIbUMIMOId Ak ss ene co ueteee sabre pare sows Meee hace 60, T1,  &2
AMINA, MELEE! ons, os ould ewe ace eae ee tae eee eet ee eels TS B83
BatCtei ay se jul awauetchecs eaabide i bd esate 69, 80, 94
GHG WO> craciress Roaeee etexsp srciwswsndse tet ect Saudade lean nef ose are eae te ce. Aiea BU
Discussion of ee 93
Incrusting’ Constituents: .coyew sess emnss owes sing Wh arae argeal a doRtenuein ahew oc 66, 77, 8S
TAS€ Obs on Auk ice veces Se eee bee de eilede an enemas Hh ewe gal OOS
INT GRACES eccwtcall Ors nce neta abs Baar oer A eT Baia we hh Gea a Rae OBN ak) 85
216 THE RIVERS OF OILI0.

Plates — Concluded. PAGE
INGEMES accra as oe nerd shonn etn ne ieee ung ee anreane pene Redes 4 ue wats ea HOB, ag BE
Osicen. Gisselved cs. coreteee: daawagiey era aed. We 90
ONyeen PeqUIEEd. cane iiivunsterceeen seas whewanee pine ee eens TDS, “BL
Solids) Ota | 2 eens eos eles aac oad Sead ak DES AP EES HE aba F G7. TR, 89
Map Siw ing principal source ae sewage - petiinan: at Morn watersheds.... 159
Isohyetals of Scioto and Olentangy watersheds..............65 cree eee 19-4
Daily discharge of Olentangy River at Columbus.... 2 -..---.-05 sees ees 19
Daily discharge of Scioto River at Columbus. .. . 199
Daily discharge of Sandusky River at Mexico, ISiS—-t.. 201
Daily discharge of Sandusky River at Mexico, J00.... 20
Daily discharge of Maumee River at Waterville, 189s—t)... 205
Daily discharge of Maumee River at Waterville, 1900....... 4 2G

Pleacam ts Pla eas gts React notes: ko deyQue-an cena erases . 14

Pleasants Ridee ges-As. 6 isd eee vom cori etiam ivaedaneeken « de suen see 140

Plumb Creek : Aes Sate & RS

Pollution of Great ‘nek inte ean: Ww eihepshedss Arse wap oA PMC Re asim ele Sohal 128
SOURCES OP daca ee Be ah Se nek gh ne bh he Rees se ee waded hole ees 128
ATMOUTE Of aakd Fisieeuk SUA bk ckae Own aseh dda oe Boe eee aa eee eee eo Lee
SSUETTMITAT OE © 5 cm b cotedapenadasaheratnd Gviard tua stcaasiee heh hal saeaseuir ean arora Sond AAACN RARER S Lae

Population of Great and Little Miami watersheds........... 0... ce eee ee ee eee 121
Table of on Great and Little Miami watersheds......... 0.0.00... 00 0202s c 122

POrt PEERS OM 65.4 dada. daoaneies heh yh ager oea a edd Gleaeunant ene ea 8h Og Gone Mba Re IE A Sw 138

Preble County: Children's: Om esass.c-1capenedrons 04 a OI Rad Cos bier sas 126

Preble County Infirmary ......... eee . 126

Public water supplies of Great and Lille ‘Weemi yalensticds.,. as 165
Classification of. . Mogi use aa thats ge 60
Detailed ABseeipttom a plants, . 2169

OUICW doa fechdes (oe ok ola atetact o's Aa loaksh Ob at ah aehernasedietig lo 9 pa eset tie gh banned sok te 138

Rainfall —

PIS GUSSTONE:OE 4 soy edt rans ica aad recite acres aumtedaa iaey acaphst Ns le wanda idieyasee Ut ion Cob
Table Of ss esses2830% 82

On Maumee watershed. .

20

On Sandusky warersted . Cai eda teswihokore& 200
On Scioto and Olentangy aeecslieds, IDEN a LiMel a tannin Amba bereits MAES mes ho has 195
Report of the examination of the Great and Little Miami rivers and their tribu-
PAUSES. aad aveaeny asthe, Gleneingeeaaieee tag stethe ac ee a Ba ea ae te SRA aoe wre et le
Report upon a sanitary survey of the watersheds of the Great and Little Miami
PAVERS 4 4 2yl oa Renee A eae oe Ga SEAR DR RR TAR CAE tg Soe ee Se PARE 118
Result of examination of Miami Rivers... ........ 0.000. cc cence ee tence ee AO
Ross . it
St. Paris . 138
Samples —
List of . ‘ Dh Nea eats Re PEA UNNES Mache etn ee Gana ee eee a ee Tl
Weather History At. i : spnaiaien  2OMt
Sampling stations, deseniation Ole tian t Careodts binaagina baie Ntaiaceh tite tapeuclicieGhterd Si as RNS a 19
Sariditsky? River GAINS. OF «33 ...004 Glsauidinaaia nl JS aneh aie aeuautdaieun a nde de dew Wages 200
Scioto: River; Sagi es: Ofs weno ne ince me wn aan dd amaawnleaternna ee wawaams mie 193
Sediment (see physical properties.)
GS aucin Mile (Cte ls: sy: umes stern tend dda nels + Aastha yeaa ral Ope: ROG
THE RIVERS OF OHIO. 217

Sewage disposal — PAGE
Montgomery County WT ERAT Mats $ se destanyad. cae. a PRI ak feta hr an. Geechee Sela
Sewerage and water supply of —
(COUMIEE MMM EMA TICS: «24.0 eaten baweued oon pe beast heel axa tle Sones
County children's Nontese..3 0h son sad as hces SGAAG la acs woe besweN dense akin 15

Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home.............2.00.c0e0eeeev eee I
MUI CREO RCE: COMe ES 3... cers thauseiuh ara eocka a anes dtaes Bi acc oibeoats pahatoess es sonbeeon ediound. tle
Odd Bellows Home: csv gi wawcreesdn waeae ols teehee peau dommes teraae Ld
Knights-of Pythias: Homes ac xccs ae os char eh ae ado 82208 Res es cance, Wad
ATASG nie: TET IME: coe tess aware case ash ais wave Senge @ a ed mse eckeioes Sob e dpceasks bah A Laisa 5

Oxford Retreat ........... does penenon hat a aiohed ava balahbrst myevace Bache ceantneen nea Lit
GS INSECT INS 4 oe 8 dso cetusty ee cd aaa ec ceo 154

NT NECN Te ASVINAVCL S Tay? Sysen sso carsrse erect eco ate dana ls acy at oe Rac i 153

Daytont State Hospitals cz wo atecoiah beatucing oh vaecheus bad 12 ood ones D8

National Soldiens: TL Ome isc fk iste yoga sas Garuda) AN ema cae one LOD
Scwerage —

Of cities and villages of Miami watershed having public water supplies... ..147

OF isolated: publie: mSHtutionssoy cox saeawekces ac ocaa kines nae es wena hag ears 152
Shawnee RUM o .evik jac ens cigveucusgaeeeaeeam eee oraena ee sald oa 8a oe a ase cea 145
shelby (County Childténts: Homes cnc ace chen bos ec geeeca Maes aide ooo ee ENS Be: 138
Shelby County Mahima y eye vss .cie-ocdaste Sadeleanns a ooee Gating Raced ied HERP a ae
Sidney — 5

Map of . EE LY AOU eke Re Mapiudlnahe eth ts decal on baer acneumateee: (oe
Results ab 4 euauatnntion. Ship te ec tina teeta, 4Sh-ceha-e eee Quan aeiaveehee ame eee eet OME
SApless PROM Ip aes och teeieathn Wesco so aeeelee aa nie 3 he Ie bo eH AATEN af ahomrarencns 21-31
Dai Pliniee StAtioms fe... veteran ores acomeanayt Suckers bad eon gece deen tee need ae are SERS 20

DEWELAGS AOL wien ncds uta cere be dchey 4.4'n Ge leanne ia aoe ta & eeeedechiees Sieaic eal Seay 149
Water SUpply s.ccccieaccesan don EVA wae avs ta drousibiase bal dood Sunk baer nlewdlarea daiee acevaeat 180
SM STG ease shes 22 eerase le Teak olsgbunc tess csaean cea ane avoaaadenlbaeah A aataa tek atte a aamaapelah atau behead 146

Discussion ...... ste ates ec as CaO are op eae GAG FOO Cle A REO ales LO OE
Results of Sette io i Aaasleanehaton yet aaan gous ow a TUC RON elt sls a dees ot ale eae neein oor eetes 42
Saimiples iroims wets ca sua waaay oo caeanmag eee pans Ramee LA eee 21-31
Sainpline Station: ezsawsiesacia va es eo ed ys G geeR AeA a Rae G Rah ae eacbaw odie 19

Solids, total —
DISC HSSTON™. aiccivcn on neat nddishibiniun bee amtawnulos cata lonetamacked GO, Lbs HOO
PIAtES: cob denen dusee PrN coded’ Roa we bomen y een ae GSH Adele G7, TR, 89
Springheld: 4 indonesian oes ia Maas aa ART Mea pe aaa Se agmaneenalnee yen 131

DISCUSSION: Se SH Grice vere care cur alata yay 'e xtavers mala ehiedamnene ees ee eet SERRE aw nee 101
Map: Gb ucyeecmenne rec adg beeen anes eee sees Reocsevns Rata ad fics. ead we. (4
ResuliSOt Sxaminatioitvcs «gases 4 oe eoers os Ladenus ten ea Lanes vel 48,0 AN
Sain ES: ALOT csalag asl dedue.b id gids. ocacarse ape sssealtors iacaad an @lecaueld aud Dal R SH, etude aotnee sea Uber 21-31

2)

Sanipling. StaHons: «22 2ase4cnemaeiiid asus Fae Ae een nee BAR e Gans AHR ae en
SeWena ce? Ot" a anaaeae nine een ie eh Daictaaceside vans Gad Gece ena Sek any a aaa etn aL godly ay ED
Mister sup play Ob: emvsiin ay + ar tact neateeaetncodne cecgidmalh cartes py eR Be 1
Spring: Valley noc ve ustet es pure da ohana Dee teen aed eee ss cere se ee tate LD
Stillwater River ........ slewan nieaeda oy e oeien ae Geko se.2's Senne Ea ee Bei POD
Discussion of excrnination Of; eae Be scythe /aio Suen aot eaa SMR ALE aaah, SAGO as 98
Platese wyesa. oe Sea hata Males Saat AA OLA Rilale tah Ao epenenad ahs esommasens BORA
Paar bel UD ages cares te Galo ae a ced saeco ea aes ee SRB Meng Merctens derrlont als 34
Saiiples from. s accy saewwae soaeesk ul bb tele ds cerawe cust neice Ae eah ss 21.
Samiplinge Stations: Olt crea greene ANS penn kM ovEAIe Deemed 19
218 THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

Stillwater River — Concluded. PAGE
Summary ee bates 101
Table of results ar: xa MAHON! 6 Ae er ae mnewennt woe hase mated ith ieat cet 46

Stoney Rick Greek: cx anni mens ane ei aray wanrdton @ plate Michiana gata AUn Maat tae 141

Stay Gneely sins 's a heres 4 eon wake) Sacre wees saenite oe rade NEGA EK 138

Stopiit Creek xa cdessucs dacouae wet Se canes Sea Wea Em EU wea Re oe 133

Steeda Caen oy ois cece adel hana S HRs ais DRADER SH RLS EAS GE RRS 193
Miniinee: RIVETS «25.5 axa sien cn MEGAN Newey brine Bess eee Rap de AOE HOEK § ES 203
OQURMTATIONS TRAM EE aco ccc secu gecesonstrnpee deed eet toes bteed Pete ce tarss Whelaagad ich ch dora Soa essie asec “ea 193
Sands key River: Sac adc hese aethateenkio nee Ree OS eam OA RD dane wateiipenen dad 200
SELOHO! TRAVE I cg yacece ova ces taeateonsiaie sieitiaaia dd misare eaeiestie es “eipe SSR BNO Saeed Ua Oe eae 193

Sugar (Greek aes yo. gee hee sessed Mee ete aa Seder geet edit ted DED

Summary of pollution a Misiak aepesciveds ada ies hae at on sere taridhe ahah NMG

Summary of public water supplies of Miami watersheds, sews ta ved eens LSU

SMIMUMIES “CMEMETS: 8x a2 kee ols. o ip o Gallant aens Sa ents nk Peden BGI Ret aed BEN 124

Table 1. Area of watersheds. ad sees tS aa eaneigesapnce ahd nanan pantamlaviares alt
2. Approximate gradient iif inate streams. Sif dante teiteneee- eaape eae awed lle)
os “POP Utlabyon Ol AWakersh@d Se he nsteuts wean were tle cous: vanced & #sestde ane, Fao Reeve ae ie
4. Sewerage of cities and villages having public water supplies........... 147
5. Sewerage of isolated public institutions...........0. 0.000 eeeeee eee eee DY
6. Urban population in relation to watershed area............. 0000 eee ee 10
7. Classification of public water supplies......... ravage Tg
®. Summary of data of public water sinalies ‘ef tian water ereheds. jaared oh [xt
Oe NVAREE TALES asid aa decaa pa meactre ot cambiawn ace Atotiede baad saotalalniees eta aat hae Js

10. Water power of Great Miami watershed............. 000002 c eee ce eee 191
11. Water power of Little Miami watershed. ........................ 2... 191
l2. Rainfall of Scioto and Olentangy watersheds........... 0.0... .00. 2005 1
13. Monthly discharge of Olentangy River at Columbus.................. 196
14. Monthly discharge of Scioto River at Columbus...................... 17
15. Rainfall on Sandusky watershed......... nay dpa cabana eae nage TUN
16. Monthly discharge of Sandusky Rive er at } ies RAC Gy steals Lit Qeiateane nate e.ane, oul
17. Rainfall on Maumee watershed. secigeates Fi note qacinaaha kk os ales
1x. Monthly discharge of Maumee River at Watery “alle. ee ee es 2od

WANG S SLO 5 oe 48a. iarenenil ita ton wea meendghcn is seston tesedeel adele tcemmaciarnsname Ceaueratmertauesnnmdee. @, weet
TippecanGe Gain... Adeucdad wana sanseatae ee deen Roti ned& Beaainen mmaoaeweas ee sale LAG

SOWEEASE LOS iho cramer ane e eas Aisa ds sic Alsip annmacte tah Samed soe 150
NW URGIe SUID PINEEO Leta dco cachet tod wueardiannattiaeaeae MeRMReV Rye Week neaas Ste Beer Skee 181
The Western, sewerage and water supply of. 0000000000 cee cece cee ce ee eeeee 154
Todd's Forks 2... Sg ah a nator Rec a dere tN acer oe certtvas ayaa dag 8 Grube sawsvaneoaedanse ts 145
SP RGDEMIS: gavetts, aewshore an wale ke Ne rade Ton - see GG aedlal ceed eRe: hind Mabel eel sear hak W5
MEOW OOG! cere Gasser. cs. gene linia elit lantun vet banned dtaoam tetra ane oreanse coy anemenie antennae 130
\Water anak tut os cig th ta cublaeegeancl nue. ts Abia ste & su tveasailnnade ac ance neoaand air SPRELA SA te Is]
AR ROVE - s5h-iugiea teeta td ce sen ha fcencteanagtariyi ann a alee gan tee Nola any orooanneneeade mane Tol
TOU OIE aso. ceon cused ws Se ce eacipeitnde ir alysis orca momen enn MaMa aoe Site Le ee eee 8
eestilts. ant GxcaminatiOnss semuucauhi aa sams Ga Myeaueted geen de ache gacdnalsacca, ADL
Samples MOM yaw e noes wero Pea yve~ ad toasted oe Roe ad dae me ane 91-31
Sampling Statioms: cies we ists aioe a kaw Gnd bras adaldata drei dx ate Heebner wee’ 2)
SOMUPABE ON 2 sere x ccc Sie clash Guinan atendasch wind Lay, scenaucte eae pean wisamiadans. taal
Water supple. . ‘ Ses warauuver Na aaunbavate ayn Ac cerequgaian aloes wees RD

Turbidity (see shyeieal ‘prenenes. a.
UMUPEIG HE RCEIS Set htuiet Suhel wna ane lalate oa Mise Maeocine a cence nk tinue ives oor the
UN Greehke: > Accmetisecgigig es aomeary olathe sds Shear skeet ie easements ong, ar
THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

PAGE
Urban populations in relation to watershed areaS..........ccceeceeeeeeeeeseees LOU
Wirbanal, Jie canis s porte cu teaids ca.cra sewn Srastis a tow ee tos eo cnmcrqaun ssa gemma, dah ratuacisenapeae tie 133
Discussion 10]
IVT SOR Zac 322 fo re coacradbas he AGS crest ian tnnc tn ie ede tlhe ane rie ce RMR at 18
RESIS: Of Examinations: ys xe x uuseraibe nr zou ves eae a eee e's Geadecoukne gees tan 48
Samples: Prony, ve ised sox sca cod yekiods to cohs a emsaatecR eek choad a eideaaciehncn ads 21-31
SAM PLN SUSEATIONS 9g sified sins e saaes nels Goose d £ detve bona aiolalanbdne Sawamdunaivemantcars 19
SE WSIS EL OE Sorc tee Acti h in nS te scence nga ct tartge ana haa talent at a ease stearate 150
ANGLER SUD DIY 1G Bit. catiuawe aris Wnels eptrinnsee oncarre a ian acesteiaiiay oan as Gadd slanes 1&3
Versailles: apasaeecn ae yen vnvaneee ee ca ods can eeu taadatee heen EA WEES AB ELS 134
Watery: Sep ply tO rsh 2s cere aan auath ected ot adic eee anes aos ete te oohenaaese each 183
Watren- County» Children’s Plome: ge ovn- oars ncaa ceieemee es bang vabtedeae ees 143
Warren County Infirmary ..... Lah MAGS ets ‘a 145
Water power of Great Miami wianenatied, uth shh bedcte dachngase, Drama eoslanel Mead Aah ine aanenle ahs 191
Of Little. Miami watershed: + jecwinis.s ora wont amare ees FitS ash bee avs revetets LOA,
WARE: CGAP ES yin ox 5 dhe acanrernca sen ao dg yarregemansyecae am aratoane akete aut BPalsey Fhe a acca meetake paket 18s
Watershed map of Great and Little Miami Reta: 4 2
Water supply —
Bor. Batavial «2 stew ycarbdsaah latuentee bated moeee Roh a due sea vnatie Oe Ue Ace dant 160
Bellet Omari ey rns. cee, ais ces ease ant sens ateeascal Oabacneemeoee tees als tne ete itin ts Stee aise nee HA
Blanchester se teh nse TU VEN ot atte leet a esnecteaie Sar Vn BRG Geladodedseoetiee tid haces ION
TAYE TA (so sossrd sens ecttctinse hehe tesnieede aabeatranicae® im. dyeanonsgh and sane Lie Ours oa ROR EE Li
HES ALO I> cy Srccaeee sd areaaitace ata rie paras dha-ra tebe aeNA os Pace toe ale SA TA es ns omen tee as eI IA SO 173
Piranha’ space testes aye Sars wee een oe veces abe Meed uk Vi ak renee etal aie EA
Greenville a8 panne yy tang dua aan sire aed Meals d Shane Dass Wee eet ee ht
Hamilton . v4
Lebanon Sas faapeecn op hata arse saeae meee ie canker eek r rb att 8 Sy) tas Cale erat Moa Goh TAL
TEVMCIVDLDE GD. 3 a Ateneleby ik mcoters! a a aul ein Les At nalcances checaeater 2% deledtat. . ga nceal moneda cenen eee)
Madisonville sla tneioa te Sys A etna Bada emia oot eae ee ee aan, TEED
VET La et werd ie ate certs ial etna cio casee ox Here nO nth Mlavi@ eee pniotartess ghatineslisieh nie incl eaten ataneveeeniisla aa ey ANCE
Norwood . 178
OSbOrn.- 25044452 eae e242 eh 4 Ss Be Re Se FI ee ee ees ee RR Gee 178
Oxford Sadie a Sree ape eekeaaet at go Peet ab pe cei PRGA rea aNa oe LE
PNG AA: ce sucrotr pec ANd cleans 2s gay ace ociafeg ese sat Sree yoututs tact aia Reagnureagly, OR, adele ae eeoeagun eee 179
Sidney. 4. Seve seca ene ere meee an ehaes MER MESda Re prAna: 180
Springheld: wun sane werd ea ononeatos ox tia dated eamennears Semone sawecome anette 180
‘Tippecanoe: City: vvaiecenceg see ark mene gee nin pe Sega Lata e Neg 18)
MEOLWOOE ise ced cote teats Se cence abe yep asin alate hea eyaaih s nN oa coneren eae ae hea acnie 18i
VGOV -cidelin Gels acd PA ASE OOS She BOOM a NEO A AEN AS AD Racca ce AE UR es 1&2
UI is oe A « pss cs aha cg aee > wissen, BAe puonauhe Soars a aes Beh aha genes bar sR Ge Ge ee 183
Wer saillesn caiicet accentuating, & Ante abtate A tela aecsanr nae tina phd ad ties ede Stata bane 183
WAVES WALLEY ce ce cparstanipensactsctore a pangs weluaroleleiaee Qaseh lsu A lean Aad At Sa, stenae A 184
NESE ACT OSCA TITAS wie sng tasba ta tacorra nese 8 weaieseeesn ww ore a to ach ARAN ORG Sean Ses SHU ORK on 184
Wrest. Carolin. .cucaiote seca cwdcheah eer cena es ears sane re ssy aan eae 184
OHIAy karin no coe caw ES ess oem Oe ei yeaa tah ea nt ncaa eee 185
Water supplies —
Notes on, of isolated public institutions...............0. 0000.00 0--002-., 152
Of the Miami watershed, summary of.........0. 0.000. ce cece eee eee eee 186
WEG R PAPE OTe oa tots sa Gioceshonsg aman e Shas menue ME eerie s coe Shenae ARS
Waynesville: 42nd. cacvonda eave pinks dao sere ee eaten see eek wales 144
Water SUPP TOR: cin: cn sins teased e pepe aoe edad ep eienseauas yeas 184
220 THE RIVERS OF OHIO.

Wiest vA lexaivainas 22:hng siden kone utacdaateen cin tank Maa So ahiietas Sees ere

SEWERAGE UE «she alacerssniress netensecdva ares teranemoloyaityiniva th ached Saacniemele Baas ghahedirye Wealeias HOO)
Water: Supply: 16fi3.44 carn ee teeta be deme eta Oe atetaasul ae 184
NVFCSECCAnEOLCOM wersentriesca econo ames ies Ihe wae Rec OAS x 4 128
SEWERAGE |e ituuady waves soe tee ewe G0 da daenth tigen cmncpanie raat a4 waren septs Radia 150
Water supply of............. oo oo keane ee tas TR Vins cea 184
Walbertorce (College ccc. 44 s3daaiine aie ce wand-nkuwexeo aot ye sees 146
SWE SANG Water SIPPY OF... cucaniniawasae oka odode wlseon eae ee esas es 154
WY thet TSI CT OM i sa Gikesianante,tn.shch oh meteny tna tecteasbec aba aalatek s Bahieow i toy BEM MeN Men ea dos Se erase amen 142
AVAL TPO TI a ceases ee vats assert gindonds asta ocienticnecnetnrnigm iced oh aeaod Danaea banca te ea ». 144
ANOLE CREEKS the daceesatrrgctere ncaa ema oo apne LA OHH AHN Ae Sob Ne GES Mroaroire MGs 120, 139
NEOTEL 2. h.5e os dae ciel o'aatalantoaarieiel erates aaa ae are hedaners areas. Oats 145
DAS CUSSOMen sae. wate ae elds wane ate eben nade ae ea ods od GENeaEA s te 93-98
Map Of 4 nad cat oraees wd he pb eee en teds Geaenowkn aa hier awa nena shee eees 15
Results: gi Sxaminationse. os seccaevd saad Made aue eh aoteadsskeadiadiensvege: 2
SAMI PIES: ErOtt 4 ssc acacashear a grecicy- $04. 2. dase avdband sasibab se a ach Ihvahe die dos aueawacslaley da ke 21-31
SA 1p lias StALIONS! 560 Ac aia gta td vase y Mareen tn aaa he de MORIN aloe eo 19
SOW ETACES HOF ctnncterineileeia Nae tad eae avnanotasceataene aide andionen Maw alta tourna nee 150-
SN Welt te SIU Psy, eh gd Nac os dc eo wows fg Poe dapcfe wRNLeetoa nett detbceooe Sa UISeeh ane be oheeLSRG 191
WellOnve “Sp Rite $ ~ se di < cts ieaaraciontce ‘oe wou wages ids aaa eo ace en hike 1 Dem atanmeen ae rdnee 147
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