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HORSES—BREEDING TO COLOUR

PAGE
THOROUGHBREDS ....__.... I
HACKNEYS 0.0. eae
SHIRES oe. ae. ee SG

By Sir WALTER GILBEY, Bart.

Author of

HORSES FOR THE ARMY; THE GREAT Horse or War Horse; SMALL
Horses IN WarFARE; HorsE-BREEDING IN ENGLAND AND ARMY HorSES
ABROAD; Horses Past AND PRESENT; YOUNG Race-HorsEs; THE
Harness Horse; THOROUGHBRED AND OTHER Ponies; HUNTER SIRES;
Earty CARRIAGES AND Roaps, &c.

VINTON & CO., LonpoNn
INTO:
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PREFACE

An attempt 1s made in the following pages to
explain the different colours in Horses and the
reason for the increasing frequency of some colours

and the decrease of others

Also suggestions are offered as to how horses

may be bred to colour

Elsenham Hall, Essex
June, 1907
INDEX
PREFACE... fan 5a aes ane iis i

THOROUGHBREDS ... wists wae Ka as I
ORIGINAL COLOUR ies ua ons noe db
GREYS wae 2a se “ae ize C16
CHESTNUTS ... as se ee ian? 42
Bays AND Browns ... oo est wg EF
Bracks es ae a sb iu 22
PIEBALDS AND Roans... ae ae aw 2215

HAcKNEYS ms ae Sa ve ioe) 29
GREyYs ik Ls sith on w 628
CHESTNUTS... adi wie aes ee 29
Bays aNnpD Browns sae se Bee an BO
Roans ae ae Aes Sie se 33

SHIRES ... aie es we ek jie. 3G
GREYS Sie ee ei sa dey 137
CHESTNUTS... ies ues ath ice 39
Bays AND BROWNS ss aly “es vee AO
BLacks die wot on cae wat 42
ROANS AND PaRTI-COLOURS sou 3 we «44
vi

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
FULWAR CRAVEN, Esq., ON HIS NORFOLK HACKNEY .. Frontispiece
GREY DIOMED, THE PROPERTY OF THE DUKE OF BEDFORD ,. facing 7
MASTER HENRY, THE PROPERTY OF R. D. Cockburn, Esq... Facing 9
FLAMBEAU ,. ag 2m ns oe oe . ». facing 11
DANEGELT .. se o Ss an ae a .. Facing 29

LINCOLNSHIRE Lap II. .. ai - = as .. Facing 38
BREEDING TO COLOUR

THOROUGHBREDS

Tue Term ‘“ THOROUGHBRED ”

Before proceeding to discuss the matter of colours in
our race-horses, it may be well to observe that the term
‘‘ Thoroughbred” is, comparatively speaking, of recent
origin. The word does not occur in the early volumes
of the Racing Calendar, nor in old works relating to the
Turf.

The term would seem to have come into use during
the first few years of the last century. It does not
occur in the Sporting Magazine of 1805, wherein we read
of the shipment to Russia of ‘stallions of the first breed
and celebrity.”” We do, however, find it in the Sporting
Magazine of August, 1806, among the remarks under the
heading “ Mares sent to Stallions.” Here it is stated of
some stallions that they ‘‘ covered thoroughbred mares,”
the term being employed to distinguish these from
“hunting” and “country” mares. Clearly, the word
“ Thoroughbred” had not at this time come into general
use, as the reports of the services rendered by other
stallions refer to “blood,” “hunting” and ‘“ country”
mares.

The first explanation of the meaning of the term I
have been able to trace occurs about the same period in
that well-known work, The History and Delineation of the
Horse, written by Laurence in 1807, and published two
2

years later. It is evident from the tenor of this author’s
remarks that the term was then a new one..

Laurence says :—

‘‘ All horses intended for this purpose [racing] .‘. . must
be THOROUGHBRED; in plain terms, both their sires and dams
must be of the purest Asiatic or African [Barb] coursers
exclusively, and this must be attested in an authentic pedigree
throughout whatever number of English descendants.”

There is evidence in Laurence’s own pages that the
term had not, in 1807, obtained what may be called general
currency. On more than one occasion we find him using
the expression “full or thorough blood,” which indicates
that the word ‘ Thoroughbred ” would not be familiar to
all readers at that date.

If further proof be needed that the term did not
become recognised as an English word till a compara-
tively modern time, we obtain it from the standard
dictionaries of much later dates than Laurence’s History
and Delineation of the Horse.

The edition of Dr. Johnson’s Dictionary published in
1827 does not give the word. The earliest dictionary to
give “Thoroughbred” and its correct meaning is the
edition of Walker published in 1836; and it seems worth
pointing out the fact that when William Youatt wrote
his work The Horse, in 1831, he thought it necessary to
allude to the ‘‘ Thoroughbred or Turf Horse.” Thus, in
1831, the first authority of the time thought it necessary
to explain the word.

Parent Stock OF THE THOROUGHBRED

Eastern sires had been imported into this country
and crossed upon native mares from a very early period ;
3

but Arabs and Barbs were not imported into England in
any number vntil the Restoration, in 1660. James I.
(1603-1625) had procured such horses, and Charles I.
(1625-1649) followed his example.

Oliver Cromwell, opposed though he was to sport—
as witness his various proclamations forbidding race
meetings—was far too shrewd a man to allow prejudice to
weigh against national interests. He might regard racing
and its accompaniments of wagering and cock-fighting
with all the Puritan’s disapproval, but he could not fail to
see that the horse-breeding industry was so intimately
associated with racing that one could hardly exist without
the other.

The war had gone far to denude the country of horses,
and Cromwell, as a statesman and a soldier, took measures
to repair the injury by importing the best stock money
could procure, even though the proceeding meant
encouragement of the horse-racing repugnant to puri-
tanical views.

It had been intended to break up and disperse the
Royal Stud Charles I. had maintained at Tutbury, in
Staffordshire. A list of the horses was actually made
with this object by the Commissioners who were sent for
the purpose, as soon as Cromwell came into power.

Cromwell, however, afterwards decided that, the Stud
should be preserved as public property, in order to breed
horses for the nation, and very soon after we find him
sending his own Stud-master, Mr. Place, abroad to
purchase Eastern horses, of which Place’s White Turk is
the most famous.

It was Charles II. (1660-1685), who imported Arab,
Barb, and Turkish stallions and mares in quantity that
made a real impression upon our native stock. The
importation of Eastern mares—‘‘ Royal mares,” as they
4

were called—as well as stallions, had for its principal
result the foundation of the breed which, a hundred and
fifty years later, came to be called ‘‘ Thoroughbred ’”’—the
term, as already said, denoting horses which traced their
descent from Arabs and Barbs and the “ Royal mares”’
imported by Charles II.

I have reviewed at some length elsewhere * the
importations of stallions and Royal mares during the
period above referred to, and the influence of these on
the horse-breeding industry of the time. It is, therefore,
unnecessary to go farther into the matter here.

The earlier numbers of the Racing Calendar contain
much information concerning the stallions then serving.
This is to be found in the advertisements of covering
sires, which set out particulars of the horse’s pedigree,
racing record, height, colour, &c., &c. These describe
horses serving in nearly all parts of England, Ireland, and
Scotland.

OricinaL CoLtour or Race-Horses

The following has been compiled from notes made
in course of recent researches into the colour question,
in so far as it relates to race-horses. Bearing in mind
the all-important fact that horses, like other animals and
like birds in the natural state, transmit their distinctive
colours to their progeny, and that the colour or colours
of any given species remain ‘‘constant” from generation
to generation (with occasional “freaks” or “sports,”
which are peculiar to the individual), it will be well
first to review what is known of this subject.

The original wild horse was, without doubt, of a

 

* Thoroughbred and othey Ponies (pp. 120 and seq.) By Sir WaLTER
Giczey, Bart. Vinton & Co., London. 1903.
5

“fixed colour ’’—that is to say, the species did not vary,

showing some individuals white, some grey, bay, brown
or black.

What was the original colour of the horse has been a
matter of discussion by many able writers; and the fact
that the only wild horse now in existence—Prejvalsky’s—
is bay seems to confirm the views of those authorities who
maintain that bay was the “original” colour of the
horse. This, however, is a matter into which we need
not enter, our interest lying in the colours of the horses
from which the modern Thoroughbred traces his descent.
Arab tradition maintains that the horse was created
Koummite, red mixed with black—that is to say, dark
brown. General Daumas,* who spent sixteen years
in Northern Africa in close contact with the Arab chiefs
and people, says it is beyond all question that these
colours are preferred to all others by the Arabs of the
Sahara, and he adds, ‘“‘If I might be allowed to quote my
own personal experience, I should have no hesitation in
saying that, if there be any prejudice in the matter, I
share it with them,”

The variety of colour exhibited by our race-horses
would seem to be less in our own day than it was a
century or more ago. The first volume of the General
Stud Book, the early volumes of the Racing Calendar,
and Sharkey’s Ivish Racing Calendar contain mention
of very variously coloured winners of important races—
greys, bays, chestnuts, blacks, and horses of mixed
colours.

It is easy to understand why the race-horses of an earlier
age showed greater variety of colour then do the race-
horses of modern times. The variety is explained by the

 

* The Horses of the Sahara.
6

different colours of the horses from which they were so
much more recently descended. ,

The Arabs, Barbs, and Turks imported into England
from James I.’s time onwards,* were very variously
coloured. The names of the horses frequently include
indication of their colour; and from this we discover—
Grey (16), Bay (11), Chestnut (8), Black (4), Dun or
Yellow (3), White (2), Brown (2), Roan (2), Piebald or
Parti-coloured (2),t Bay Roan (1).

This list only accounts for under one-third the total
number of horses enumerated by Mr. Osborne; and,
could we carry investigation farther, no doubt we should
find that the undescribed horses included a very large
proportion of bays. A most important instance is the
Godolphin Arabian (imported 1724), elsewhere described
as ‘“‘a brown bay with some white on off hind heel.”
This famous horse, the bay Darley Arabian (imported
1706) and the black Byerly Turk (imported 1689) are,
as is well-known, the three great “foundation sires”
whose blood is found in the pedigrees of all our modern
race-horses.

Grey Race-Horses

In former days, grey horses were very strongly repre-
sented on every racecourse. During the earlier part
of the eighteenth century greys were the most successful
horses on the Turf, and the latter part of the same period,
1760-1800, saw some of the best grey horses that ever
ran. More detailed reference may be made to some of
the more famous grey horses.

 

* See the List of Importations in The Horse-Breeders’ Hand-Book,
By Jos. OSBORNE.

t The Bloody-shouldered Arabian and Bloody Buttocks Arabian.
OSZT ur Aq1eq ys OY} Jo TaUUIM ey} ‘pemoIG Aq jos—y1eg ‘Arnqung ‘seyO Tg Aq pertg
Proypeg Jo oyu oy} Jo Agradord oy) ‘GaWOId ATU

SAIMOLUFS (Nf fq S1gpuivg v mo1y

 
7

Gimcrack, a grey, foaled in 1760, bred by Gideon
Elliot, Esq.,in Hampshire, stood under 14 hands 2 inches;
winner of 27 races on the English Turf, value 45,480 ;
was sent to France to runa match against time for £1,000,
which he also won.

The old Gimcrack Club of York takes its name from
this famous horse. There are in ‘existence three large-
size oil paintings of Gimcrack by George Stubbs, the
celebrated animal painter—one in the Durdans collection,
one in the Elsenham collection and the other at the
Jockey Club, Newmarket.

Mambrino, a grey, bred in 1768 by John Atkinson,
Esq., of Scholes, in Yorkshire, and sold after his decease
to Lord Grosvenor, was the winner of many races in
the years 1773-1779.

It may be of interest to know that Mambrino, after
his racing career, was sold in 1779 by Lord Grosvenor to
go to America, where he laid the foundation of a breed
of the finest coach horses ever produced, and, united
with the blood of “ Jary’s Bellfounder,’’ who was imported
to America in 1823, laid the foundation of the American
Trotter.

The winner of the first Derby, in 1780, was Diomed,
a chestnut horse. From him the celebrated Grey Diomed
was bred at Great Barton, Bury St. Edmunds, by
Sir Charles Bunbury, Bart., one of the leading racing
men of his time.

The Derby has been only once won by a grey horse—
namely, Gustavus. He was by Election, a bay horse, out
of the grey mare Lady Grey in 1821. Hollandaise, by
Matchem, who won the St. Leger of 1778, was a grey,
as also was Symmetry, by Delpini, who won the same
race in 1798.
8

Turning to the Irish records,* we find several notable
grey horses. Kildare, winner of a 3-year-old Plate at the
Curragh, a King’s Plate for 5-year-olds in 1788, for
6-year-olds in 1789, and several matches, is one of
these. Kildare is described as a “ beautiful dapple grey,
6 years old, full 15 hands, master of high weight and of
good sinew and bone.”

In more recent records, the search for greys becomes
less and less productive of result. Among the few may
be cited Chanticleer, foaled in 1843 (By Buirdcatcher—
Whim, by Drone), and Strathconan. And, coming
down to our own day, the only grey Thoroughbred sire
we have is Grey Leg, who derives his colour from a line
of ancestors whose predominating colour was grey—
namely, Pepper-and-Salt, Oxford Mixture, Scot Guard,
Grey Friar (by Hermit) and his son Friary; all of
them greys.

The colour of Strathconan—to take one among the
examples given above—has been traced by the pains-
taking writer of a very able article on this subject t
through fourteen generations to the Alcock Arabian,
otherwise known as ‘‘ Mr. Pelham’s Grey Arab,” imported
early in the eighteenth century. In Strathconan’s
“colour pedigree’ the grey sire occurs five times, and
the grey dam nine times. Equally noteworthy is the
colour pedigree of the King Tom mare Euxine, who
also derived her grey colour, through sire or dam, from
the same original source—the Alcock Arabian or ‘‘ Mr.
Pelham’s Grey Arab.”

These examples bear out my own fifty years of
experience and that of other breeders, which establishes

 

* SHARKEY'S Irish Racing Calendar.

+ Baily'’s Magazine, March, 1905.
seer “bey ‘mmqyoog -q “y Jo Aqxodord ‘oyy,

~ S

 
9

the fact that to breed a grey horse it is absolutely
necessary that either sire or dam shall bea grey. Lord
Middleton, who breeds, at Birdsall, all the horses required
for his hunt, has found this rule hold good ; he has ample
scope for testing the stability of this fact, for he has no
fewer than 16 stallions at Birdsall, and these, in 1904,
covered 1,180 mares.

Why have greys ceased to be common among our
race-horses, though formerly so numerous ? The answer,
I think, may be found from examination of the lists of
fashionable sires during the last fifty or sixty years. As
we all know, the three great strains of blood trace
back to Eclipse (chestnut), Matchem (bay) and Herod
(bay). The prepotency of these great sires included
the faculty of perpetuating their colour as well as their
other qualities through their descendants; and, as the
tendency of breeders has always been to use these
strains, grey has gradually been eliminated.

Now and again we find that the prepotency of the
mare—so far as colour is concerned—was greater than
that of the sire. A striking instance of this occurs in
the pedigree of Strathconan. His maternal ancestress,
the grey Virago (1764), threw the grey filly Speranza
(1778) to Eclipse.

In the pedigree of the grey mare Griselda (1878) by
Strathconan, we find the strain on both sides. Her
maternal ancestress, Grey Starling (1745), threw the
grey filly Tuberose (1772) to Herod. The prepotency
of these mares—as regards colour—-was such that the
grey coat was perpetuated through their descendants,
male or female, for a hundred years.

One curious and mysterious fact deserves mention
before we leave this part of our subject—that is the
regularity with which some grey mares throw grey foals
10

to one sire of colour other than grey and not to another.
The mare Whim furnishes an instance of this; herself
a grey, the daughter of a remarkably prepotent grey sire,
Drone, she threw grey foals to the chestnut Birdcatcher
and to no other horse.

There is, in France, a family of grey Thoroughbreds
which has been established in that country since about
the year 1881, when Baron Schickler purchased Gem of
Gems for his French stud. This mare was a grey, got
by Strathconan out of Pointsettia; she was put by her
purchaser to the chestnut son of Thormanby, Atlantic,
who won the Two Thousand Guineas in 1874. Baron
Schickler also bought him to take to France.

The produce of Atlantic and Gem of Gems was the
grey Le Sancy. Le Sancy proved to be one of the
best race-horses ever bred in France; and his success
at the stud when his racing career was finished has
not been less remarkable. He got a large number of
horses of the highest class, all greys; the two whose
names are perhaps best known in this country are Palmiste,
who won the French Derby of 1897, and would in all
human probability have won also the Grand Prix had he
not broken down at the last moment ; and Semendria, who
won the French Oaks and Grand Prix de Paris in the
Exhibition year (1900).

Palmiste, in his turn, was sent to the stud, and has
proved the prepotency of his family colour by getting
many grey horses of the best class. Le Sancy is the sire
of several other successful race-horses, nearly all of which
are greys. Holucauste, who broke down in the Derby
of 1899, was one of the fastest horses on the Turf.

It is simply an illustration of the adage that “ nothing
succeeds like success.” Grey horses have succeeded on
the French Turf; therefore they are sent to the stud to
 
OVAGNV II

  
 
It

reproduce their kind; consequently grey horses increase
and multiply in France.

Thus it is that a grey horse is not the rarity in France
it is on an English racecourse. No decrease in the
number of greys is observable in that country; on the
contrary, their numbers continue to increase year by year,
for the simple reason that if a grey horse gets a grey
foal and the latter turns out well the is sent to the stud
and perpetuates his colour.

Perhaps we may regard this circumstance as another
illustration of the wise and broadminded system of
breeding that prevails among our French neighbours.
In breeding horses for working purposes they display no
undue prejudice in favour of blood sires simply because
they are blood sires; but, in choosing a stallion, they
attach far more importance to make and shape than
they do to his breeding.

May it not be that the frequency of grey race-
horses is due to the same wise policy—that if a grey
race-horse achieves success on the Turf he receives, when:
sent to the stud, the preference of breeders, who regard
his performances as sufficient warranty of merit, even
though he may not come of the most fashionable English
strains ?

Having re.sard to the part the Thoroughbred plays in
breeding hunters and other horses of luxury, we may
find other reasons for the rarity of grey sires to per-
petuate their colour. Grey horses are disliked by many
people because the coat shows stains so easily, and
because the hair which comes off shows conspicuously
on the clothes. The grey horse turns white as he gets
old and thus shows his age.

Moreover, as Captain Hayes has remarked, coachmen
and grooms dislike greys, as being more troublesome to
I2

clean and keep clean than horses of dark colours. These
are trifling objections in themselves, but, in the absence
of special reason for choosing a grey, they suffice to ensure
preference for bay or brown; hence the disinclination to
put to the stud a grey, which may bestow his colour on
the foal of his begetting.

CHESTNUT THOROUGHBREDS

One of the most interesting points in connection with
the subject of colour in our Thoroughbreds 1s the certainty
with which the chestnut has gradually crept and asserted
itself, to the exclusion of the grey. In the first
volumes of the General Stud Book (originated in 1791 by
Mr. Weatherby and published in 1808) greys and bays
were almost universal, the chestnut horse being com-
paratively rare. Those thereare, with very few exceptions,
are sons and daughters of Eclipse.

In the list of imported sires, classified according to
colour, on page 6, the horses described as chestnuts are
eight in number; no doubt there were many more
chestnuts among the horses whose colour has not been
recorded; but we need not seek reason for the gradual

 

* Eclipse was foaled in the year 1764, won his first race, at Epsom, in
1769, and continued his unbeaten career as a race-horse until 1771, when
he was withdrawn from the Turf. During the two years of his active
career he won eleven [oval Plates, one more than the number won by
any other horse, and in ten of these he carried twelve stone. His finest
performance was under the light weight—for those days— of 8 st. 7 Ibs.,
with which he, on 23rd August, 1770, won the Subscription Purse at
Guildford. He went away with the lead, and at the two-mile post was
more than a distance (240 yards) ahead of his competitors, Tortoise and
Bellario. In 1771 Eclipse went to the stud and stood for service at Clay
Hills, Epsom. Mr. Whyte (History of the British Turf; > vols.; 1840)
gives a table of the successes gained by his progeny, from which we find
that during the twenty-three years 1774-1796 his produce included 344

winners of £158,047 12s., with other races in which the prize did not take
the form of cash.
13

‘increase in the number of Thoroughbreds of this colour—it
‘proclaims itself. Eclipse, the greatest of the old sires,
was, as before stated, a dark chestnut, with white off hind
leg and a white blaze. Marske, the sire of Eclipse, was a
brown, and of the four grandparents of Eclipse, we know
the colour of only one—namely, that of his. grandsire,
Squirt, a chestnut. Squirt traces back, through his
granddam, Betty Leedes, to the D’Arcy Yellow Turk,
who, from his descriptive name, was probably a light
chestnut.

In the matter of colour pedigree, however, we need not
look beyond Eclipse and his grandsire. I believe it is
correct to say that there is not now on the Turf a horse in
whose pedigree the name of Eclipse does not occur with
greater or less frequency. ‘‘ From a Stud point of view,”
says Mr. Richardson in The English Turf, ‘‘ Eclipse got
two great sons, Pot-8-os and King Fergus.” Both of
these were chestnuts. From the former comes the Sir
Hercules (black) or Birdcatcher (chestnut) “line of
Eclipse.’’ Of Birdcatcher it may be observed that though
his sire Sir Hercules was black, his dam Guiccioli was a
chestnut, by the chestnut Bob Booty, out of the chestnut
Flight, and that the sire of Bob Booty and of Flight was
a chestnut in either case. The colours of their dams are
not recorded.

_ There are two other lines of the Eclipse family which
figure conspicuously in the pedigreés—that generally
known as the Youchstone-Newminster line, through
Camel, and the line of Blacklock. The Hermit (chestnut)
family is one of the chief representatives of the
Touchstone branch, and The Galopin-St. Simon family
represents Blacklock. There is also a third line—that
of Tramp (bay).

It would seem as though the “‘ Eclipse colour” had
14

been transmitted principally through the Birdcatcher
family, Hermit having, as it were, ‘‘ recovered” the colour
after it had missed some generations.

Birdcatcher’s chestnut son, the Baron, got both Stock-
well and Rataplan from the bay Pocahontas, a mare full
of Eclipse blood. St. Albans was by Stockwell, out of the
chestnut Bribery, who inherited Eclipse blood through his
brown sire, The Libel. Blair Athol inherited it through
his brown dam, Blink Bonny, through her bay dam,
Queen Mary, as well as from his chestnut sire, Stockwell.
Doncaster, another son of Stockwell, was out of the
chestnut Marigold, by the chestnut Teddington, who traces.
back to Whalebone ; and thus we might trace the influence
of Eclipse through the pedigrees of all the horses named.

Hermit furnishes an example of a great chestnut sire
who, though his more immediate ancestors—Newminster
and Touchstone, on the sire’s side, and Tadmorand Ton,on
his dam’s—were bays, derived his colour, in all probability,
from his great granddam, the chestnut Palmyra, and
through his great grandsire, the black Camel, both of
whom trace their pedigrees (Palmyra through her dam
Hester, by Camel) through Whalebone to Eclipse. The
prepotency of the Eclipse blood, as shown by the colour,
makes the case of Hermit particularly noteworthy. Many
of his best sons and daughters inherited the rich whole-
coloured chestnut from him—Peter, Timothy and Ascetic,
for example.

A horse named Aurelius was one of the first Eclipse
sires who inherited the chestnut coat. This stallion is
advertised in the Irish Racing Calendar of 1791 as standing
to cover at the Curragh in the following terms :—

“The only son of Eclipse, out of a Blank mare, he is very
like Eclipse, being the same size, shape, growth, colour,
ES

marks, &c. He is 15 hands inch high, and undoubtedly was
the best 3-year-old in England. ... In the Second Spring
Meeting, 1788, he won the Prince’s Stakes of 100 Guineas,
beating Grey Diomed, Amatis, &c.; the following Saturday
he won the Prince’s Stakes of 200 Guineas, beating again
Grey Diomed and Fenoor, giving them 3lbs. Going from
Newmarket to Epsom to run for the Derby he was taken ill;
notwithstanding, he was second to Sir Thomas and more than
nine horses * in the race.”

Grey Diomed, it will be remembered, was a son of the
chestnut Diomed, winner of the first Derby in 1780.

The name of Aurelius is not prominent in the
pedigrees, however. The Eclipse colour occurs in many
good sires of later dates, in addition to those already
mentioned. Harkaway’s name will occur to everyone.
Then there are St. Albans, Blair Athol, Bend Or, Amphion,
Bonavista, Kendal, Carnage, Gallinule and Cyllene. In
addition to these, we might recall the names of at least
seventeen other chestnuts, including Sainfoin, Sir Hugo,
Saraband, Prism, Yardarm, Bumptious and Brag. All
these trace their descent from Eclipse.

Although, as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
chapter, chestnut has gradually crept in and asserted
itself in our Thoroughbred ‘stock, it is a somewhat
uncertain colour in its appearance. It may lie dormant
for a generation or two (as in the case of Hermit) and
then reappear, proving the prepotency of a chestnut
ancestor.

Mr. C. C. Hurst collected some very interesting figures
bearing on this point and embodied them in a paper read
before the Royal Society in December, 1go5. In the
General Stud Book he found that bay or brown sires, both

 

* There were eleven starters.
16

of whose parents were bay or brown, begat, of chestnut
mares, bay or brown foals in 370 cases. On the other.
hand, bay or brown sires one only of whose parents were
chestnut begat 355 bay or brown foals and 347 chestnut
foals, of chestnut mares. Chestnut sires put to chestnut
dams produced chestnut foals in over a thousand cases.

The Derby has been won on thirty-three occasions by
a chestnut. Perhaps it may be convenient to give a list
of the names of the horses here :—

Diomed .. .. 1780] St. Giles .. 1832{ Hermit .. .. 1867,
Sir Thomas... 1788; Dangerous .. 1833] Favonius .. 1870
John Bull .. 1792] Plenipotentiary 1834] Doncaster .. 1873
Election. . .. 1807| Mundig.. .. 1835} George Frederick 1874
Pan ee .. 1808] Pyrrhus the First 1846} Bend Or .. 1880
Azor.. .. 1817| Cossack .. .. 1847! Shotover .. 1882
Sam Sy .. 1818] Teddington .. 1851} St, Blaise .. 1883
Sailor .. .. 1820| Daniel O'Rourke 1852) Sainfoin .. 1890
Moses .. .. 1822} Thormanby  .. 1860) Sir Hugo aa, 1802
Cedric .. .. 1824} Kettledrum  .. 1861] Jeddah .. .. 1898
Middleton .. 1825; Blair Athol .. 1864] Cicero .. ae F905

No chestnut with four white legs has ever won the
Derby. The horse that makes the nearest approach to
this description was Blair Athol who had two white fetlocks.
and a blaze.

Glancing over the foregoing list, the point that will
suggest itself to the reader is that few of these Derby
winners are among those chestnuts which have made
a name at the stud; Blair Athol, Doncaster, Bend Or and
Hermit single themselves out. Nevertheless, if we divide
the history of the race roughly into three periods of about
40 years each, we find that the number of chestnut winners
in each period shows an increase on that preceding it :—~

From 1780 to 1820 there were 8 chestnut winners.
» 1821 ,, 1860 ~ 12 35 i
” 1861 ” Igoo »” Iq 2 ”
Ly

We need not attach too much weight to these figures ;
but they recall the often repeated assertion that the
Eclipse blood is asserting its greater vitality over the other
main strains, and perhaps go to confirm its accuracy.

Bay AND Brown THOROUGHBREDS

At the present time bay race-horses are, as for many
years past they have been, in the majority. The three
great lines from which our best Thoroughbreds have
sprung are the Eclipse (chestnut), with which we dealt
in the last chapter, the Herod (bay), and the Matchem
(bay), all three of which blend in the pedigree of Blacklock
(bay, 1814), whence we trace Voltaire, Bay Middleton,
Voltigeur, Vedette, down to Galopin, St. Simon, and
Persimmon—all bays or browns, with a tendency to pro-
duce bays among their progeny. This is markedly the case
with Galopin and St. Simon, neither of which horses, it is
said, have ever begotten a chestnut.

Before going further, it may be well to say that it is
proposed to treat bay and brown as varieties of the
same colour. It goes without saying that we have bays in
plenty which cannot possibly be mistaken for browns, and
that we have browns which cannot be mistaken for bays ;
but, as we all know, horses frequently occur of which the
colour is so doubtful that they are described in the Stud
Book and elsewhere as “‘ bay or brown.”

Mr. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,* writing of the horses seen
among the Anazeh tribes of Arabia, says :—

‘¢ There is, among English people, a general idea that grey—
especially fleabitten grey—is the commonest Arabian colour.
But this is not so among the Anazeh. Bays are still more

 

* The Bedouin Tribes of the Euphvates.
18

common. ... Perhaps, out of a hundred mares among the
Anazeh, one would see thirty-five bay, thirty grey, fifteen
chestnut, and the rest brown or black... . The bays often
have black points and generally a white foot, or two or three
white feet.and a snip or blaze down the face. . . . With very
few exceptions, all the handsomest mares we saw were bay,
which is, without doubt, by far the best colour in Arabia, as it is
in England... . In choosing Arabians, I should take none
but bays, and, if possible, bays with black points.’’

Mr. Blunt’s views as to the superiority, both in
quality and numbers, of the bay Arab are confirmed by
two such capable and independent observers as Major
Upton* and General Tweedie.t We may, therefore,
take it as fact that the bay is the commonest colour
among the Arabs, and that the best Arabs are usually
bays.

Though we have been able to identify only thirteen
bay horses among those enumerated by Osborne (page 6),
it is not to be supposed for a moment that these exhaust
the list of bays. On the contrary, bay being the com-
monest colour among Arabs, it is only reasonable to think
that the name given the horse would, as a rule, not refer
to his colour unless it were something a little out of the
ordinary. When a horse was described as somebody's
“bay Arabian,” it is probable that the colour was recorded
to distinguish the horse from another of different colour
belonging to the same owner.

The predominance of bays among our race-horses for
many generations justifies the belief that they are
descended, for the most part, from bay ancestors. Of
one hundred and twenty-seven Derbys (1780-1906), no

 

* Gleanings from the Desert of Arabia. 1881.
t The Arabian Horse : his Country and People. 1894.
rg

fewer than sixty-five have been won by bays, twenty-
four by brown horses, and one by a “bay or brown,”
Volodyovski, gor :—

Young Eclipse ..
Assassin.
Sergeant
Ainwell ..
Skyscraper
Waxy a
Spread Eagle ..
Didelot ..
Champion
Eleanor ..
Tyrant ..
Tyrant ..
Hannibal
Cardinal Beaufort
Paris

Pope

Phantom
Blucher ..
Whisker

Prince Leopold
Papdog ..
Mameluke

Saltram .. .
Sir Peter Teazle
Rhadamanthus..
Eager.

Deedalus

Colt by Fidget ..
Sir Harry
Archduke
Whalebone

1781
1782
1784
1785
1789
1793
1795
1796
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1809
1811
1814
1815
1816
1826
1827

 

BAYS
Frederick
Priam
Spaniel . é
Bay iMiddishon..
Phosphorus
Bloomsbury ..
Little Wonder ..
Coronation
Cotherstone ..
Orlando..
Merry Monarch
Surplice
Flying Dutchman
West Australian
Andover
Wild Dayrell
Caractacus
Macaroni
Gladiateur
Lord Lyon
Blue Gown
Kingcraft

1829 | Cremorne

1830: Galopin ..

1831 | Kisber

1836| Silvio

1837; Sefton

1839) Iroquois..

1840; St. Gatien *
1841| Melton ..

1843 | Ormonde

1844| Merry Hampton
1845| Ayrshire

1848} Donovan

1850!/ Isinglass

1853| Ladas

1854) Sir Visto

1855 Persimmon
1856| Galtee More
1863| Flying Fox

1865| Diamond Jubilee
1866} Volodyovskit ..
1868) St, Amant

1870 | Spearmint

 

* Dead Heat with ee
+ “ Bay or Brown.”

1783
1787
1790
1791
1794
1797
1798
1799
1810

BROWNS
Octavius
Tiresaus..
Cadland ..

Amato
Attila
Voltigeur
Ellington
Blink Bonny
Beadsman

1812
1819
1828
1838
1842
1850
1856
1857
1858

Musjid ..
Pretender
Sir Bevys
Harvester *
Common
Ard Patrick
Rock Sand

* Dead heat with St. Gatien.

1872
1875
1876
1877
1878
1881
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1899
1900
IgOI
1904
1g06

1859
1869

1879
1884
1891
1902
1903

Since 1890, moreover, the St. Leger has been won
nine times by a bay—viz., Isinglass, Throstle, Sir Visto,
Persimmon, Galtee More, Flying Fox, Diamond Jubilee,
Doricles and Sceptre.
20

If comparatively few of the names in the list of chestnut
winners of the Derby are those of horses who made a
name at the stud after their racing career was done, the
same cannot be said of the list of bays and browns. We
have Waxy, bay (1793); Whalebone, brown (1810) ; Priam,
bay (1830); Bay Middleton (1836); Flying Dutchman,
bay (1849); Voltigeur, brown (1850); West Australian,
bay (1853) ; Beadsman, brown (1858) ; Galopin, bay (1875) ;
Ormonde, bay (1886); Merry Hampton, bay (1887);
Ayrshire, bay (1888); Donovan, bay (1889); Isinglass, bay
(1893); Ladas, bay (1894); Persimmon, bay (1896); Galtee
More, bay (1897); and Kisber (1876), who did such valuable
service in Hungary.

In reviewing the bays and browns which have won
fame as stallions we must look beyond the roll of Derby
winners. Orville-(1799) got Emilius, who got Priam and
Plenipotentiary. Tramp (1810) got Lottery, who got
Sheet Anchor, from whom, in the direct male line, came
Rosicrucian and the Palmer, through Weatherbit and
Beadsman. Blacklock (1814! was the sire of numerous
winners and ancestors of winners. Bluebeard, Brutandorf,
Velocipede and Voltaire were among his sons. Galopin
and Hagioscope were among his descendants in the male
line, and Hermit, Bend Or and Petrarch ‘are conspicuous
among those in the female line. Touchstone, brown (1831),
recalls the names of a long roll of good horses. Among
these, two of his sons, Cotherstone and Orlando, won the
Derby, and two won the St. Leger—viz., Blue Bonnet and
Newminster. Surplice, another son, won both those
races. Mendicant, his daughter, out of Lady Moore
Carew, won the Oaks. Melbourne, brown (1834),
enriched the Turf as the sire of West Australian, Blink
Bonny, Canezou, Marchioness, Sir Tatton Sykes and
Young Melbourne. Musket, who did so much to
21

raise the average of Australian horses, comes of the
Melbourne strain. All the horses named were bay or
brown; a chestnut of true Melbourne descent is seldom
found.

Orville, Tramp, Blacklock, Touchstone (brown) and
Melbourne all come from the Godolphin Arabian; and the
Darley Arabian’s name occurs frequently in the pedigrees
of Orville and Touchstone. Melbourne, who was “held
in great regard by breeders as having more of the blood
of the Godolphin Arabian in his veins than any horse
of his time bar Harkaway,”* furnishes an example of the
uncertainty with which colour is reproduced. His sire,
Humphrey Clinker, was a bay. Humphrey Clinker’s sire,
Comus, was a chestnut, and his dam, Clinkerina, was a
brown. Comus was by the black Sorcerer, out of the
bay Houghton Lass; and Clinkerina was by the brown
Clinker, out of the bay Pewet. Among Melbourne’s
eight paternal great-great-grandparents was one black
(Trumpator); two bays, Young Giantess and Tandem: a
brown, Sir Peter Teazle (twice); two chestnuts, Hyall
and Alexina; and one undescribed, Termagant. Melbourne’s
dam (unnamed) was a bay by the bay Cervantes, out of a
bay mare (unnamed). Cervantes was by the chestnut
Don Quixote, out of the brown Evelina; and the bay dam
was by the bay Golumpus, out of a brown mare (un-
named). Among Melbourne’s eight maternal great-great-
grandparents was one chestnut, Eclipse; two un-
scribed mares, Grecian Princess and Termagant;
four bays, Highflyer, Gohanna, Catherine and Sister to
Zodiac; and one brown, Paynator. Thus, among his
sixteen great-great-grandparents, are six bays to three
browns (one occurring twice). Eclipse bestowed his

 

* Osborne.
22

own colour on Don Quixote, but it went no farther in
Melbourne's pedigree.

Arbitrator and Barcaldine, both bays, are among the
best descendants of Melbourne. Horses of the Melbourne
blood are famed for size and power—most valuable in
these days, when so many horses are bred solely with an
eye to speed.

It is to be noticed that there has not, within living
memory, been a bay Derby winner with four white legs.
The nearest approach is General Peel, who ran second to
Blair Athol in 1864, and won the Two Thousand; and the
Earl, who was second.

Buack THOROUGHBREDS

Black cannot be regarded as a common colour
among race-horses. When it does occur, its appear-
ance in a pedigree is noteworthy, first, for the
certainty with which it indicates descent from the
Byerly Turk, and, secondly, for the manner in which it
vanishes for a generation or two and reappears in an
individual horse, who may or may not bequeath it to his
progeny.

The black Trumpator (1782) furnishes a case in point.
This horse derived his colour from the Byerly Turk,
whose name occurs so frequently ‘on both sides of his
pedigree. There are no black horses among his imme-
diate ancestors, so far as the record shows (the colour of
his granddam, daughter of the brown Snap, is not given).
His sire was the chestnut Conductor, by the bay Matchem,
and his dam the brown Brunette, by the bay Squirrel, out
of the bay Dove.

Trumpator got from the bay Young Giantess the
23

black Sorcerer. Two of Sorcerer’s best sons, Soothsayer *
{out of the chestnut Goldenlocks) and Comus (out of the
bay Houghton Lass), were chestnuts. Smolensko, another
son, was a black, thus repeating the colour in the third
generation. Trumpator got the bay Penelope out of the
bay Prunella; and Penelope’s brown son Whalebone
(1807) begat the black Camel. Whalebone also got the
black Sir Hercules (1826); but Sir Hercules’ descendants
in the male line, down to Stockwell and Rataplan, were
chestnuts. Sir Hercules also got the black Clarinda
(1834) out of Mustard, and Clarinda threw the black
Nightingale (1857) to Mountain Deer. Trumpator’s name
also occurs in Clarinda’s pedigree on the dam’s side.

We find the colour of the Byerly Turk in his
descendant Black Susan (1762), and this is not surprising,
as the great sire’s name appears on both sides of the
pedigree of the brown Snap (1750), the sire of Black
Susan. It is very curious to observe how the colour
reappears after lying dormant through several generations.
A noteworthy case is that of the black Curfew (1887),
by Barcaldine-Carillon. There is not a black horse or
mare in his pedigree till we reach the generation fifth
above himself; then we find the Byerly Turk colour in
Curfew’s ancestors, Camel and Sir Hercules, on both
sides.

Turning back, for a moment, to a comparatively un-
known horse, we find Sweeper, by Saltram, advertised in
the Racing Calendar of 1801 as “‘a most beautiful black
horse, near 15 hands and a half, winner of many races.”
His pedigree follows. The Darley Arabian, Godolphin
Arabian, and Byerly Turk blood is very strong in

 

* Soothsayer was sold to go to Russia before his worth asa stallion
had been discovered in this country. His stock proved very successful on
the Russian Turf.
24
Saltram’s pedigree. From the last-named Sweeper
inherited his colour.

Whenever we find a black horse we are certain to trace
its pedigree, on one side or the other—sometimes both—
to the Byerly Turk, generally through Trumpator. The
pedigrees of Voltaire (1826), Jet (1842), Peggy (1840),
Ambrose (1849), Delhi, also described as a chestnut (1838),
Echidna, also described as a brown, Ethelbert (1850),
and Morglay (1886) may be examined as examples.

The offspring of the black sire or dam would seem to be
most usually a chestnut—a point which bears out Captain
Hayes’ remark* that ‘“‘ black appears to be a much less
persistent hereditary colour than chestnut or bay, because,
in the produce of black dams and black sires, red pigment
has a strong tendency to manifest itself.”

Smolensko, the son of Sorcerer, mentioned above, is
the only black horse that has won the Derby (1813). Sir
Bevys, who won in 1879, was called a black; but there
was always a suspicion of chestnut or brown about him,
and he is described as a brown in the Racing Calendar ;
it is, however, only proper to mention that he traced his
descent on both sides from Trumpator. Probably the best
race-horse whose colour most nearly approached black
was the Flying Dutchman, a descendant of Sorcerer.
Very few of his stock were darker than brown; his best
son, Dollar, was a dark brown. Dollar was sent to France,
where he proved a most valuable sire, his stock being
proverbial stayers.

These cases of doubtful colour are worth citing as
evidence of the partial reproduction of the black coat in
some of the Byerly Turk’s descendants.

The same influence can be traced in the pedigrees of

 

* Points of the Horse.
25

a few good black horses on the Turf at the present time—
Black Arrow (also described as a brown), Slieve Gallion
(brown or black), and Prince William, for example.

PreBaLp AND Roan THOROUGHBREDS

I have not been able to discover a parti-coloured
horse such as piebald among those which have made
any mark on the Turf; and this is not remarkable, since
horses of such colours are quite the exception among
the Eastern breeds. ‘‘ Roans, piebalds, duns and yellows,”
says Mr. Blunt, “are not found among the pure-bred
Arabians, though the last two are, occasionally, among
Barbs.”

This rule has its exceptions. Greys with large and
conspicuous bay or chestnut markings were among the
original importations of Eastern stock; such were the
Oxford Bloody-shouldered Arabian, the Bloody Buttocks
Arabian and the Grey Bloody Buttocks (mare). The name
of D’Arcy’s Black-legged Royal Mare suggests that she
was peculiarly coloured, as does that of the Lowther
White-legged Barb. Other unusual colours were repre-
sented among the original imported stock by the Halifax
Roan Barb and the Gower Dun Barb. There is, in the
Elsenham collection, a portrait of a ‘“‘ Bloody-shouldered
Arabian,” painted by George Stubbs, R.A. This horse
could not have been the ‘‘ Oxford Bloody-shouldered
Arabian”’ which is starred in Mr. Osborne’s list as one
of the twenty-four imported in Queen Anne’s reign
(1702-1714). Stubbs was born in 1724, and the horse
whose portrait he executed must have been a later
importation.

As regards roan horses, the late Earl of Glasgow,
some fifty years ago, possessed some roans, but the colour
26

seems to have died out completely among Thoroughbreds.
The mare Mrs. Ridgeway (1849), who threw to Voltigeur
Vedette, sire of Galopin, is described in Osborne’s Handbook
as a roan in some pedigrees and as a bay in others.
There is nothing in her ancestry on either side to
explain her exceptional colour, if it be correctly recorded
as roan.

The blue roan colour is not common among horses
of any breed, but horsemen will agree that they have
never known a blue roan that was not a good one.
27

HACKNEYS

ORIGIN OF THE HACKNEY

A few words concerning the history of this breed are
necessary before we consider the variations of colour.

The Hackney, like the Thoroughbred, traces _ its.
descent from the horses of Eastern blood (Arabs and
Barbs), more especially from the Darley Arabian, imported
into England in the reign of Queen Anne. It is now
more than two hundred years since the Darley Arabian
was brought to this country and stood at Buttercramb,
near York, where his owner, Mr. Darley, had a small
stud of mares. To the Darley Arabian, some years after
his arrival, Mr. Childers sent his favourite mare Betty
Leedes; and she, in 1715, threw Flying Childers, the
speediest horse on the Turf of his day. Flying Childers.
became the sire of Blaze, also famous for his speed.
Blaze (foaled 1733) went to the stud in Norfolk, and
Norfolk owes its subsequent fame as the home of the
Hackney to the blood of Blaze.

In this regard, it must be remembered that there was
then, and had been for long past, peculiarly good native
stock in Norfolk, admirably adapted to make the best
roadsters when crossed with such a horse as Blaze. As.
J have shown elsewhere,* Norfolk Trotters were valued

 

* The Harness Horse, 4th Edition. By Sir WaLTeR Givpey, Bart.
Vinton & Co., London. 1905.
28

over 400 years ago. Marshall* says that before Queen
Anne’s reign (1702-1714) the farmers of the county used
an active breed of horses which could not only trot but
gallop; and the curious team races this writer describes
prove that the Norfolk breed of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries was surefooted as well as active.

The Darley Arabian was a bay, but examination of the
volumes of the Hackney Stud Book shows that this
colour is not the most common among the best bred
Hackneys of the present day. There’ is not much to
choose between the chestnuts, bays and browns in point
of number.

Grey HacKkNneys

Grey was never a common colour among Hackneys—
greys were always much fewer in number than chestnuts,
bays or browns—but they were more numerous a few
years ago than they are now, for reasons that will be
suggested. In the first sixteen volumes of the Stud Book,
the names of 116 greys occur among the 6,942 stallions
therein registered—about two in every 300. Yet in the
last seven volumes, covering the period 1900 -1go06, the
names of only eight greys occur among the 2,573 stallions
registered, or about two in every 650. In other words,
there are not nearly half as many greys as there used to
be. A noteworthy point in connection with these eight
grey stallions is that all the foals got by them have been
chestnuts.

The small number of greys is to be accounted for in
many ways. In the first place, the demand for Hackneys
of this colour ts less than that for Hackneys of any other
colour, and by consequence breeders do not attempt to

 

ft Rural Economy of Norfolk. By Wm. MarsHaLt. 1795.

 
LTAVINVE

 
29

produce greys. Ability to do so, within certain limits, lies
in their power. Two greys mated produce a foal the
colour of which, in all probability, will be grey; and it is
a well-established fact that to produce a grey foal one
parent must be a grey. Thus, by avoiding the use of a
grey parent, the chance of a grey foal is avoided. This
policy, having been pursued for many years, has, as its

natural result, the gradual disappearance of greys from
the Stud Book.

CuestnuT Hackxeys

Chestnut is a very common colour among horses
of this breed, and is steadily becoming more so. This is
easily explained when we glance at the “colour pedigree”
of the best modern Hackney stallions. Danegelt (foaled
1879), a most successful sire, was a whole-coloured dark
chestnut; his sire Denmark (foaled 1862) and his
grandsire Sir Charles (foaled 1843) were both chestnuts.
Performer (foaled 1840), the sire of Sir Charles, was a
brown; the chestnut may be said to have lain dormant
for a few generations, as Performer traces back to
Jenkinson’s Fireaway, whose sire Driver and grandsire
‘The Original Shales were both chestnuts.

The success of chestnut Hackneys at the most
important shows held during recent years is a matter
of common knowledge; it has been noteworthy ever
‘since the date of the establishment of the Hackney
Horse Society in 1884.

As a natural consequence, the services of these
‘chestnuts have been in great demand by breeders, and the
colour has been inherited, with other characteristics, by
their progeny. There can be no doubt but that chestnut
is an impressive colour; in other words, that it has strong
30
tendency to reproduce itself. A chestnut mare, put to
a stallion of the same colour, will almost certainly throw
a chestnut foal. To illustrate the truth of this, it may
be mentioned that during the fifteen years 1891 to 1906
considerably more than one hundred chestnut foals were
bred at the Elsenham stud by mating mares of this
colour with Danegelt and his son Royal Danegelt, both
of which were chestnuts.

Professor C. J. Davies, writing in the Live - Stock
Journal Almanac, 1907, says he has never known a yellow
dun colt to be born when one parent was bay, brown or
chestnut and the other parent dun. He cites one case in
which a dun mare with dark points and dorsal stripe
threw three chestnut foals in succession to the chestnut
Hackney stallion Troubador. This seems to indicate
that chestnut is a more prepotent colour than dun.

Bay anp Brown HackNeEys

It is proposed to treat bay and brown as varieties
of the same colour. There are numbers of bays which
cannot possibly be mistaken for any other colour; but, on
the other hand, there are many horses registered in the
Stud Books of the various breeds whose colour is so
indeterminate that they are described as ‘‘ bay or brown.”

Of the bays little need be said. Bay retains its
popularity with horse owners, as we may see any day in
the London streets. Probably the great majority of
good. harness horses—single, pairs and teams—are bays.

Brown horses are described in one of two ways—
either as ‘“‘brown” or “dark brown.” Horses of the
former line are sometimes called ‘dark bays”; this is a
mistake—the deeper colour is not bay at all, but brown.
A “dark brown” resembles the hue of old mahogany.
31

Examination of the pedigrees of brown stallions now
alive shows clearly that they inherit their colour from
Performer * (foaled 1840), whose sire Phenomenon
(foaled 1835) was also a brown; or, if the brown horses
do not trace their descent to Performer, they trace it to
the brown Atlas (foaled 1840). These three horses are
known to have been the most successful stock-getters in
their time.

Lord Derby II. (foaled 1871) was full of the blood of
both the Performer and Atlas strains; he was a beautiful
dark brown, and having been the winner of many prizes
in the show ring, his services were much in request. He
bestowed his colour freely on his stock.

The Hackney Stud Book contains the names of many
famous bay sires—Wildfire (foaled 1827) and Norfolk Cob
(foaled 1819) among the number. These two horses
trace their descent, through the brown race-horse Flying
Childers, to the bay ‘foundation sire” the Darley
Arabian (foaled 1702).

During the last twenty-five years Lord Derby II.
mares have been eagerly sought for the purpose of mating
with stallions of the Danegelt strain. Unfortunately the
mares got by Lord Derby II. were comparatively few in
number, and as the number decreased exceptionally high
prices were paid for such mares, both privately and at
public auctions. In many cases a thousand guineas has
been paid for a Lord Derby II. mare.

Brown Hackneys have enjoyed peculiar favour in
France for a long period. Norfolk Hackneys were

 

* Performer greatly influenced the Hackney horse stock of his day.
Trotting matches under saddle were then much in vogue, and Performer
was allowed to be one of the finest trotters in England; he covered
three miles in nine minutes. Such an achievement would naturally give
a stallion the prestige that now attaches to success in the showyard.
32
imported into that country about the year 1800; there
is in existence a picture of such a stallion, a brown,
foaled 1819, which was named by his French purchaser
Jagger.

Soon after 1830, Mr. H. R. Phillips * began to supply
the French Government with Norfolk Hackneys, and
continued to do so for many years. The preference of
our neighbours, when the business developed, was for
brown stallions of the Performer and Phenomenon strain ;
both of these horses, as already mentioned, were brown.

It was through the sires thus purchased by Mr. Phillips
that the Hackney blood was diffused over the horse-
breeding districts of France, Germany, Italy and Russia.
Everywhere their value has long been well established ;
and in some regions these horses have made very marked
impression upon the local stock. Oldenburg, in Germany,
since Oliver Cromwell’s time, and, no doubt, from a
much earlier date, had been famed for the horses bred
there. The Oldenburg breeders, by judicious selection
of brown mares to mate with the imported Norfolk
Hackney sires, have established a remarkably fine breed
of dark brown harness horses, ranging in height from
15.2 to 16.3.

The best-looking horses of the Oldenburg breed have
for many years past found ready sale in London for
carriage work. I have known single horses of this strain
to be sold for 200 guineas, and pairs at from 300 to
600 guineas.

Since the termination of the Franco-Prussian War,
in 1871, France has been our best customer for horses—
more particularly for light horses. Animals of the heavy

 

* Mr. Phillips was an eminent London horse-dealer who, for
fifty years, had almost a monopoly of the work of supplying the
Governments of European countries with breeding-stock.
33

breeds, of the Shire, Clydesdale and Suffolk types, are
not in demand. When the war came to an end one of
the first matters to which the French Government devoted
attention was the improvement of the public breeding
studs; and, in pursuance of the wise policy of supplying
the military needs of the Republic, great endeavours were
made to secure a sufficient number of stallions capable
of begetting stock suitable for military purposes.

The French demand for Hackney stallions had been
steady for very many years prior to the war; but the
decision to gradually increase the breeding-stock soon
made its effect felt in this country. As I have shown
elsewhere,* there has been an increasing demand for
Hackney blood for the public studs. In 1874 the total
number of stallions standing at the national studs was
1,087; in 1905 the number had been increased to 3,267,
or within 173 of the full strength sanctioned by the law.

Professor Davies, in the article previously referred to,
mentions a case in which a dun mare threw bay foals to
bay or brown stallions, suggesting the greater prepotence
of bay and brown over dun.

Roan Hackneys

Blue roans and red roans are more commonly seen
among Hackneys than any other breed of horses ; though,
as in the case of the greys, the pages of the more recent
volumes of the Stud Book contain the names of fewer
roans than did the earlier volumes.

Perhaps the most celebrated Hackney sire ever known
was the roan Norfolk Phenomenon (foaled 1835), regarded

 

* “ Horse-Breeding in England and India and Army Horses Abroad.”
By Sir Water GiLBey, Bart. Vinton & Co., London.
34

by Mr. H. R. Phillips as “ the best stallion in England ”
when three years old. About 1838 Mr. Phillips bought
Phenomenon to go to Yorkshire, where he did invaluable
service in improving the local stock. Later, he was sent
to Scotland, and died in Edinburgh when thirty years old.
Phenomenon was not less remarkable for his symmetry
than for his action, which Mr. Phillips described to me
as “wonderfully all-round true.” When over twenty
years old this horse made the astonishing trotting record
- of two miles in six minutes.

Another famous horse, in his day, was Baxter’s red
roan Performer (foaled 1850). ‘The Druid” mentions *
this Performer as one of the “four or five very good
Hackney sires” to be found in Norfolk at the time he
wrote—about 1856.

It is difficult to suggest any satisfactory reason for
the decrease in the number of roan Hackneys. The
colour, whether of the red or blue variety, is not
unpopular, and either can be produced with some degree
of certainty ; a roan mare which has been mated with a
roan stallion throws a roan foal in the majority of cases.

The colour of the foal depending so largely on the
prepotency of one parent or the other, it is never possible,
without previous knowledge of the prepotency of both
parents, to predict with any approach to certainty what
colour will be bestowed on the foal of a mixed mating—
mixed as regards colour; but a roan mare, mated with
a stallion of other colour, may throw a roan foal, but
with much less certainty than she would do to a roan sire.

The roan foal is so frequent a result of roan and roan
mating that, in course of years, a strain of roans could,
without doubt, be established. The process would entail

 

* Post and Paddock. By ‘‘ THE Druip” (H. H. Dixon). Vinton & Co.,
London.
35

a good deal of close inbreeding; but inbreeding, even
incestuous breeding, is not unnatural in the horse, and
there is evidence in the General Stud Book to prove that
incestuous breeding may be highly successful.

It may be added that roans are not necessarily the
‘produce of roan parents or of one roan parent. To
illustrate the possibility of producing the colour from a
mixed mating, we may take the case of blue grey, some-
times called “blue roan” cattle. There isa great demand
for beasts of this colour, but the colour is not peculiar
to any breed or family ; it is obtained by mating a black
Polled Angus cow with a white Shorthorn bull. It is at
least probable that the same result would: follow the
mating of a grey stallion and a black mare.
36

SHIRE HORSES

History oF THE BREED

The “Great Horse” or “ War Horse” from which
our modern Shires trace their descent is a very ancient
breed. These heavy and powerful animals were produced
in England by crossing stallions brought from the
Continent with home-bred mares. Such importations
took place in the year 1160, and probably at an even
earlier date.

These ‘‘ Great Horses” were required to carry men in
heavy armour, and as the light chain mail of the Norman.
period was gradually discarded in favour of plate armour,
which was far heavier, so did the demand increase for
the only horses capable of carrying the enormous weight.
Hence for centuries the Great Horse was by far the most
valuable animal, and its breeding was the constant care
of our Sovereigns.

The efficiency of mounted men depended, in those
days, upon the strength of the horses, which might be
required to carry as much as 4 cwt. (32 stone); and,
throughout the long period during which plate armour
was worn, neither pains nor money were spared to
maintain and keep in the country the ‘Great Horses”
which were indispensable for the men who wore it.

The importance of the Great Horse as a factor in the
scheme of national defznce began to decline about the
37

end of the sixteenth century, when hand fire-arms began
to come into use. As the new weapon became more
generally employed, the plate armour, which furnished no
sufficient defence against the bullet, was discarded; and
with its disappearance the necessity for using such
powerful chargers disappeared also. Horses of lighter
and more active stamp replaced them for military
purposes, and the Great Horse found a new sphere of
utility as a draught horse, not only for cart but carriage
work, the wretched tracks which served as roads demand-
ing the use of heavy horses for the passenger vehicles of
those times.

As the roads of the country were improved and
passenger carriages became lighter, the Great or Shire
Horse was displaced again by animals of a lighter stamp,
and, since the later years of the eighteenth century, has
been appropriated to heavy draught work in country
and in town. 7

I have sketched the history of the Great Horse
elsewhere*; and the foregoing brief summary perhaps
suffices for the present purpose.

Grey SHirE Horses

It is worth noticing that two of the earliest pictures
of Shire Horses represent greys. These are a painting by
Albert Durer, executed in 1505, which shows an animal
of excellent conformation, tended by a man-at-arms,
suggestive of the use made of the breed at that period,
and a picture by Paul Potter, dated 1652. It need hardly
be said that the Great Horses of those times varied in
colour as they do now.

 

* The Great Horse ov Shive Hovse. 2nd Edition. By Sir WALTER
Gitpey, Bart. Vinton & Co., London, 1889.
38

Examination of the Shire Horse Stud Books show us
that grey is gradually disappearing in this breed as in
others. The first four volumes of the Stud Book, covering
the period 1800 to 1882, contain the names of 2,962
stallions, of which no fewer than 298, or more than ten
in every hundred, were greys. The volume (No. 27)
last published gives the names of 934 stallions, and of
these only 19, or about two in every hundred, are greys.
Hence we must conclude that grey is dying out more
rapidly among Shires than among Hackneys.

It is not difficult to account for this. The very
interesting list of ‘‘ winning strains” given in Volume 27
of the Stud Book contains the names of 111 winners of
prizes at the Society’s Shows from 1884 to 1906 inclusive,
with those of their sires and grandsires.

Sixteen grandsires are named, and one only—Lincoln-
shire Lad II. (1365)—is a grey. This horse was one of
the most celebrated sires in the Stud Book; no fewer
than seven of his sons occur in the prize lists, and these
seven have sired among them, so far, twelve prize-winners.
It is a curious fact that of these seven sons only one—
Paxton (4604)—was a grey, and he unfortunately, begat
no prize-winners. Paxton’s dam was the chestnut mare
Pink. The other six are the brown Carbon (3523), the
bay Ercall Wynn (14620), the brown Harold (3703), the
roan Lincolnshire Boy (3188) and the bays Potentate
(12086) and Pride of Hatfield (13103). Harold has been
by far the most successful of Lincolnshire Lad II.’s sons
as a getter of prize-winners, no fewer than seven of the
twelve grandsons being by this horse, and among these
twelve there is not a single grey.

In regard to colour, therefore, Lincolnshire Lad II.,
grand horse as he is acknowledged to have been, was not
prepotent. In the single case of Paxton, thrown by the
‘TIL CVI TaLHSNTOONTT

  
  
39
chestnut Pink, he bestowed his colour; and Paxton, as
already said, got no prize-winners.

Lincolnshire Lad II. did not come of grey stock, so
far as his ancestry can be traced. His sire, Lincolnshire
Lad (1196), was a brown bay, and Lincolnshire Lad’s
sire was Lincoln (1345), a bay horse. We discover
the source of Lincolnshire Lad II.’s colour on his dam's
side; his dam, Madam, an unregistered mare, was by the
grey Matchless (1506).

The absence of grey stallions among the prize-winners
at the Society’s shows sufficiently accounts for the rapidly
increasing rarity of pedigree shires of this colour. There
is not one grey horse among the one hundred and eleven
prize-winners in the list.

CHESTNUT SuireE Horses

Chestnut is not a very common colour among Shires—
a somewhat curious thing when we remember how
closely this hue is allied to the black which was once a
distinguishing characteristic of a famous breed. Reference
will be made to black horses in another chapter. Glancing
over our list of sixteen ‘‘ foundation grandsires,” we do not
find a chestnut among them. Among their sons there is
only one—namely, Hitchin Duke (9586), by the bay
Bar None (2388). The dam of Hitchin Duke was the
chestnut mare Brock (2183). The only one of Hitchin
Duke’s sons to gain a place in the prize lists was Wyn
Hitchin Duke (14782), a bay horse.

Looking further back in the Stud Book, we find a
chestnut, Honest Tom (1062), among the ancestors of
Blythwood Conqueror (14997); but I observe that the
revised edition of the volume which contains this horse’s
name gives it as ‘‘ Honest Tom” without the number,
40

there being a doubt whether Derbyshire (577) was got by
the Honest Tom registered as No. 1062.

Bay aNnp Brown Suire Horses

Bay and brown may be treated as varieties of the
same colour; the latter is often so dark as to render it
doubtful whether the horse should be described as brown
or black, while, on the other hand, it is sometimes so
bright that it is impossible to determine whether the colour
should be registered as brown or bay.

Bay and brown stallions are, as among other breeds, in
the majority. Of the sixteen ‘‘ foundation grandsires,” nine
are bays—-namely, Potentate (12086), Hitchin Conqueror
(4458), Premier (2646), Ringleader II. (8099), Bar None
(2388), Prince William (3956), Duke of Worsley (13002),
Honest Tom (5123) and Lincoln (1350)—-and two are
browns— namely, Harold (3703) and William the
Conqueror (2343).

The two brown sires, it is worth noticing, have been,
next to the grey Lincolnshire Lad II., the most successful
“foundation grandsires’” as getters of prize-winners,
who, in their turn, have begotten prize-winners. The
brown Harold (3703), got by Lincolnshire Lad II. out
of the black Flower, has, among his sons, twelve prize-
winners, of which only two are browns—namely, Calwich
Blend (17226) and Conquering Harold (15558). The
remaining ten comprise eight bays, one blue roan, and one
black. Reappearance of the brown coat in this family is
uncertain. Neither Calwich Blend (17226) nor Conquering
Harold (15558) is credited with a prize-winning son; but
Harold’s (3703) brown coat occurs in the descendants
of some of his other sons. Thus his bay son Regent II.
(6316) begot Knottingly Regent (18130), and his bay son
41

Rokeby Friar (14827) begot Childwick Majestic (17254) and
Sergeant VI. (16389), all three of them browns; while
his black son Prince Harold (14228), out of the bay mare
Hale Lofty, begot the black Hendre Baronet (16714), who
begot the brown Hendre Spark (18795).

The other brown “foundation grandsire,”’ William the
Conqueror (2343), had three bay prize-winning sons
among his progeny, of whom Hitchin Conqueror (4458)
has been the most successful getter of prize-winners.
Hitchin Conqueror (4458) has seven prize-winning sons
at his credit, and only one brown, Coeur de Lion IV.
(11233), among them, the other six being bays. Cceur de
Lion IV. (11233) begat a brown prize-winning son in
Nailstone Coeur de Lion (16269), and Hitchin Conqueror’s
colour appears also in his grandson Eckington Conqueror
(19579), by the bay Blaisdon Conqueror, and in his
grandson Rampton Conqueror (19044), by the bay
Blythwood Conqueror (14997).

Browns have won their share of the Challenge Cups.
Staunton Hero (2918) won the Elsenham Cup in 1886,
Harold (3703) in 1887, Rokeby Harold (15313) in 1893,
1895 and 1896, and Girton Charmer (20515) in 1905.

There would seem to be as little certainty in the
production, by a bay sire, of a bay as opposed to brown
son as there is in the production by a brown sire of a
brown as opposed to a bay son. Thus the bay Potentate
(12086) sired the brown Moor’s Zealot (15731), who sired
the bay Dunsmore Jameson (17972). The bay Premier
(2646) sired the three bays, Calwich Heirloom (14547),
Pride of Blagdon (6272) and Salisbury (5324). Only one
of these three sired a prize-winner—namely, Salisbury,
who got Statesman V. (13615), a brown. The bay Prince
William (3956) sired the brown Royal William IT. (12207),
and the two prize-winning sons of the latter, Mintwell
42

(18930) and The Forest Chief (17021), are bays. The bay
Lincoln (1350) got the bay Monk (2629) and the brown
Prince Victor (5287). Monk got the bay Monaco (11879),
and Prince Victor got the black Bury Victor Chief (11105),
out of the brown Daisy.

It would seem that the general tendency of both bay
and brown sires is towards bay progeny. The colours of
the sires got by Harold, William the Conqueror and
Hitchin Conqueror are fair examples of this.

Brack SuireE Horses

Blacks are more common among Shires than any other
breed, and the colour is of frequent occurrence in the
progeny of sires and dams both of other hues.

This is easily explained. Our Shire Horses are
descended largely from the ‘‘ Large Old English Black
Horse” which Arthur Young, over a century ago, described
as one of the only two breeds of English cart horse worth
mention.

The “Black” was a recognised breed in Oliver
Cromwell’s time, and commanded a high price, as I have
shown elsewhere.* This animal was “the produce
principally of the Shire counties in the heart of England.”
In the Eastern counties it was known as the Black
Lincolnshire Horse; and Mr. Reynolds, Veterinary
Inspector to the Liverpool Corporation, points out that
black and grey were held to indicate purity of breeding.

The grey coat, as already shown, is much less common
than it was twenty or thirty years ago; but the black has
greater vitality, and, as we shall see, reappears frequently
in the progeny of bay and brownsires. The characteristics

 

* The Great Horse or War Horse, 2nd Edition. By Sir WaLTER
GiLsey, Bart. Vinton & Co., London. 1899.
43

of an old breed are the certainty with which they repro-
duce themselves. We know, for example, how marked is
the Arab character in the foal one of whose parents is an
Arab ; and the appearance of a black coat may certainly
be regarded as a “throw back” to some ancestor, more
or less remote.

No fewer than four of the “foundation grandsires”
are blacks; and of the 16 winners of the 23 Champion
Cups three have been blacks—-namely, Vulcan, 1889 and
1891; Bury Victor Chief, 1892 and 1894; and Present
King II., in 1906.

Among the prize-winning sons of the grey Lincolnshire
Lad II. (1365), were the brown Harold (3703) and the
roan Lincolnshire Boy (3188). Harold begot a black son,
Prince Harold (14228), out of the bay Hale Lofty as
before mentioned.

The bay Prince William (3956), son of the brown
William the Conqueror, had two prize-winning sons—one
the black Lockinge Albert (15695), out of the brown
Forest Queen. The brown Prince Victor (5287), son of

“the bay Lincoln (1350), got the black Bury Victor Chief
(11105) out of the brown Daisy.

On the other hand, the black sire fails to bequeath
his colour more often than not. Prince Harold (14228),
above referred to, has seven prize-winning sons to his
credit, and of these only two—Hendre Baronet (16714),
out of the black Hendre Baroness and Xerxes II. (15943)
—were blacks. The black Vulcan (4145) got three prize-
winning sires, only one of which was black —namely,
Scylax (8177), out of the bay Gyp-—the other two being
bay and brown respectively. Scylax got one prize-
winning son, and he was a bay. Bury Victor Chief
also got three prize-winning sons, and only one of
these—Rocks Commander (16924), out of the bay
44

Jeanette—was a black; the other two being, again, bay
and brown.

The black Hindlip Champion (9584) had two prize-
winning sons—the black Jeroboam (15172), out of the bay
Wildflower, and the bay Stonewall (15375), out of the bay
Wallflower, either of whom got a brown son.

Examination of almost any Shire pedigree shows the
existence of one black ancestor or more. To take an
example at random, the descent of the bay Blythwood
Conqueror (14997) is recorded for ten generations. The
colour of his great-great-grandsire Ben (120) is not
known; but Ben’s great-grandsire was Blacklegs, a black,
and Blacklegs’ great-grandsire was John Bull, otherwise
known as Fisher’s Black Horse. Among the nine
ancestors whose colour is recorded, Blythwood Conqueror
has two blacks, the most distant ancestor to whom he can
be traced being one of them.

Roan AND PARTI-COLOURED SHIRES

Roan, more especially blue roan, is not at all an
uncommon colour in this breed. Referring again to the
list of prize-winners in Vol. 27 of the Stud Book, we find
that one son of Lincolnshire Lad II. (1365) was a roan—
namely, Lincolnshire Boy (3188). This horse has one
prize-winning son in Coton Conqueror (12945), a black, out
of the chestnut mare Bounce. Harold (3703) has, among
his prize-winning progeny, one blue roan, Horbling
Harold (15647), out of the blue roan mare Bluebell (4627).

Piebalds are seldom seen among pedigree stock, but
the parti-coloured Shire is by no means uncommon in the
Fen country. Some fifty years ago Mr. Colvin, of
Pishobury, Sawbridgeworth, in Hertfordshire, possessed a
45

breed of piebalds. Mr. Charles Maisters, of Saddlebow,
King’s Lynn, Norfolk, had a famous stallion named
England’s Wonder, foaled in 1871. England’s Wonder
was a roan horse, but among the many good horses sired
by him were several of odd colours.

Teams made up of piebalds were not unusual in the
stables of great brewing firms a century ago. Such were

Pirate and Outlaw, whose portraits were painted in 1810
by J. C. Zeitter.*

Dun is a very uncommon colour among Shire Horses.

 

* This picture is reproduced in The Great Horse ov War Horse 2nd edition).
Works by SIR WALTER GILBEY, Bart.,

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