Ph peau fobaiveety MOP Hi penis aay wit EY vn RN uN bine oy A ae at patie iy ia uy Psa HRN nt eh an hey Kae Baad pia CPi pt he raat Arid ie ea ae My ella oi east nh ee st 4 ane cat He aaah us sire oe ie os ai a? a hy ah ner on Oe hi AbD Peg CORNELL | UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ZOOLOGY 1924 003 Ani ; ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY THE DOMESTIC CAT: AN INTRODUCTION TO HTIMAN VETRERENARV AND COMDADATIVE ANtatTaAne_ In preparation by the same authors : ‘Microscopical Technology, as applied to the domestic cat, the frog and the Meno-branchus.” ‘Physiological Technology, the methods of pain- less experimentation (callisection) upon the ‘frog and the domestic cat.” NEW YORK AND CHICAGO: A. S. BARNES AND COMPANY. 1882. v hs ie % ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY AS APPLIED TO THE DOMESTIC CAT: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN, VETERINARY, AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. BY BURT G. WILDER, B.S. M.D, PRCFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY, COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, AND ZOOLOGY IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY, AND OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF MAINE, MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ETC. AND SIMON H. GAGE, BS, ‘ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND LECTURER ON MICROSCOPI€AL TECHNOLOGY IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY, FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ETC. NEW YORK AND CHICAGO:. A. S. BARNES AND COMPANY. 1882. uw i Med .10 43 Copyright, 1882, by A. S. Barnes & Co. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PREFACE. Tuts work has grown out of our needs as instructors of students pre- paring for practical work in Human, Veterinary, or Comparative Anatomy. Most of it has been employed in the anatomical laboratory of Cornell Uni- versity for from one to four years, and we have been led to believe that it may prove useful elsewhere. Some of our laboratory students aim to be professional naturalists, agri- culturists, or veterinarians, but most of them mtend to study Medicine or to teach Physiology with other branches in schools and colleges. The latter desire to gain a personal acquaintance with the organs whose functions they are to discuss, and the former require, in addition, a familiarity with anatomical methods and literature; few of them have had any practical training in Biology. The guides to vertebrate dissection by Straus-Durckheim, Morrell, Rol- leston, Krause, Huxley and Martin, Foster and Langley, Bernard, Martin and Moale, and Mojsisovics, present many admirable features, but four of them are in French or German, and none have fully answered our require- ments. Of the works above named, several imply that either the frog or the human body has been previously dissected ; hence, presumably, the brevity of the directions, the lack of descriptions of instruments and methods, and the fewness or absence of illustrations. They are based upon the frog, turtle, dog, rat or rabbit, or on animals in general, and the ordinary anthro- potomical terms of description, upper, lower, etc., are almost uniformly employed. Some dwell only upon points of physiological importance, and in nearly all the references to other publications are few and general. iv PREFACE. So far as we are aware, this work differs from the manuals above men- tioned in one or more of the following particulars :— It assumes no previous anatomical knowledge or experience, yet is rapidly progressive, introducing in succession bones, muscles, viscera, vessels, nerves, brain and organs of sense. It is based upon the domestic cat (see § 124). The terms of description and designation apply to all vertebrates (§ 38); they are technical (§ 29), and precision and brevity have been especially regarded in their selection. The purely descriptive portions are subordinated to the practical and directive. There is a General List of the instruments and materials required for ordinary anatomical work (§ 130), and directions are given for their care. All directions for dissection and manipulation begin with special lists of the instruments and materials required (§ 235). Explicit instructions are given for coarse injections, for the preparation of bones, and for the use of alcohol as a preservative. Certain regions and organs are quite fully discussed, while others are briefly mentioned or omitted altogether (§ 128). Unusual space is given to the viscera (§ 129). The study of the brain includes a consideration of the typical vertebrate brain, descriptions and dissections of the brains of the frog and the Menobranchus, and an approximately complete Descriptive List of the encephalic parts, with References and Synonyms. There are illustrations, and the methods of making the preparations figured are fully described. The abbreviations are of the technical names only, and they are nearly uniform throughout. As far as possible, the technical names are written in full upon the figures. In the explanations of the figures, the technical names and the abbreviations are alphabetically arranged (§33). There are numerous Alphabetical Lists, Tables of Synonyms and Tabular Arrangements of names according to the relations of parts (p. xxvi). Attention is called to the incompleteness of our information upon cer- tain points. There are frequent cross references and numerous definite references to other publications (§2); the titles of the works and papers cited (three hun- PREFACE. Vv dred and thirty in number) are given in an Alphabetical List of Authors at the end. While, therefore, the book is designed primarily as a guide for beginners, certain features—the references and the suggestions as to lines of inquiry— may prove useful to teachers and others who may undertake to add to existing knowledge. Histological facts and methods do not come within the scope of the work, but at the close of the discussion of most of the organs is given a summary of (A) the obvious or macroscopic structure—that which may be determined with the unaided eye, and (B) the fine or microscopic structure. The latter is in no sense complete. It embraces only the points upon which most standard authors are agreed and which may be demonstrated without a great expenditure of time. Only the structure of the given tissue is con- sidered ; hence the presence of vessels and nerves is not mentioned. If it be desired to carry the histological inquiry farther, the works of Quain, Stricker, Ranvier, Beale, Frey, and the special papers therein referred to, are recommended. Among the many friends who have aided or encouraged us, our thanks are especially due to Professor Oliver Wendell Holmes for helpful criticism of the terminology and for suggesting the preparation of a manual in which it should be incorporated ; to our colleague, Professor J. H. Comstock, and to Professors E. C. Spitzka and T. B. Stowell for valuable suggestions and for the adoption in their writings of the descriptive terms herein employed ; also to the last named for a critical revision of the early manuscript of the muscles, and for the important additions to knowledge contained in his recent paper on the vagus nerve of the cat. To all of our laboratory stu- dents we are indebted for aid, suggestions and criticisms, and especially to those (see end of Bibliography) who have selected parts of the cat as subjects of their graduation theses. Our acknowledgments are here made to the American Philosophical Society for the use of the four lithographic plates, and to the firms named in the List of Illustrations for the courteous loan of electrotypes of instru- ments manufactured by them. The original figures were drawn by the persons named in the Note pre- ceding the List of Illustrations. The three ladies have also been our stu- vi PREFACE. dents, and have shown more than ordinary interest in their work. Most of the original drawings were made by our colleague, Professor HK. C. Cleaves, whose skill, patience, and accuracy only artists and anatomists can fully appreciate. There has been constant codperation throughout, but, it may be proper to state, the senior author holds himself particularly responsible for the Introduction, the Preservation of Soft Parts, the Bones of the Limbs, the Muscles, the Heart, the Central Nervous System and the Cranial Nerves ; and the junior author for the Preparation of Bones, Coarse Injections, the Skeleton excepting the limbs, the Viscera, the Peripheral Vascular and Ner- vous Systems and the Organs of Sense. Notwithstanding our efforts for accuracy, there are doubtless errors of observation and interpretation. Corrections or suggestions will be gladly received. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PAGE References to Publications............s:.0000+ Severin: Giteielidepewetbeatearanes 1-3 Method of reference to authors. 0.0.20... cece eee ee nent eee eeaeees . 2 Catalogue of scientific papers published by the Royal Society of London .. 3 Decimal Systemsicidc ccsceececseiene cnaneeseaases sca see i@ageaededeuaieles seee 8-8 Centigrade Thermometer—Fahrenhett’s Thermometer... ..ccccccesenceceveaes 3 Comparison and reduction of the two thermometric scales................ 3 Table of equivalent temperatures according to the Fahrenheit and Centi- grade thermometers ....... 0c. .0 ces sc cece ne en rece seer tet reteenes 4 Formule for the reduction of the Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales and vice VISE sai cvade het ied teens eeae eee Base TAMAR CR ERIC AR Th oo 4 Thé Metri¢:Systeitis..< 0s ces cess cones ee ea ea Reese te ba deed Ete CASE N SS Eee oes 4-8 Meter, liter and gram—definitions and common equivalents.............. 4 Comparison of the metric and English systems of weights and measures... 5 Table of the metric measures... 02... . cee cece eee eee eee eee 5 How to learn the metric system... ....... 6... cee eee ee ee eee een cece teens 6 Table of equivalents of metric and English measures. ...............0.005 7 The metric system in medicine. ......... 0.6 cee cee eee ee eee ee eee 8 Zoological (Classification: swiss oes wesw seeds sedayans sheers ee eea de oee ee Dies 8 Table illustrating classification.......... coke cece eee ener ee eeees 9 Terminology. scscis v4) ego nee vs alas Ses eaewreg RarRNS s AOL See aU Sees a ese 10 Character of the terminology here used......... 0.00.00 ce cee e eee een eee 10 General considerations upon anatomical terminology............+..eeeee 11 Aphorisms upon terminology from various sources ......... 000s ee ee seers 12 Brief statement of the objects and methods of the terminological changes OPE MAGS 4 sisaie Seed « sis. Sinrecarsssiwerecsines skeet Si eacecd seu tmetie ante 18 Designation of Orguns—OrganOnOMmy .. 2. vecceccccccccceeeceeene ceeneeeenees 14 General considerations by various authors......... 0. ce eee cece eee eens 14 ImpoFtancerof brevity ec.s 6 ceed esas ds peuieae Wee ePANe TR SME SR AW eae 15 Comparison of technical and vernacular terms in science ..............-- 15-17 Ease in acquiring technical terms. ...... 60.060 e eee cence eee eens 17 Names indicative of relative position........... cece cee cece eee eee nee 17 The limits of terminological change. .......... 0c cee eee cere e cee eee e nes 18 Priority and etymological appropriateness of technical terms............- 18 Some inconsistencies in the nomenclature here adopted.............---4. 19 Names and abbreviations on the figures ......... eee ee ee eee cee e eee 20 Vili CONTENTS. PAGE Terms of Position and Direction—Toponomy .....+22: 2 reene eres snmaetalels aie 20 The normal position of the body... 06. ce cence eect renee eeeee ee cere al Designation of the aspects of amimals.......-..ee. sees ee eee eee ee een eens 21 Views of Barclay and others ...........:e eee ee ee eeneeeeeee seoegencin e's 21-22 Ambiguity of terms... 0.20... esc c eee eee eee ee ener tenner eee n eres 22 Intrinsic Toponomy ......6. cece cece eee be cette nee teen cents 23 Cephalic and caudal, dorsal, ventral, dextral, sinistral, lateral and mesal— signification and use by various authors .........+ +2. eee sere eter ee 23-24 Ventrimeson, dorsimeson, intermediate and medial........----+-.-eseeee SA Designation of the Regions of the Limbs... 0... cece eee eee e erent 20 Proximal and distal extremities... 0.0.0.2... cee e eee eee eee eee ee eee 25 Cephalic and caudal, dorsal and ventral aspects. ........ +. sees eee ee rene 25-26 Other names for the extremities and aspects. .......-..6. sees eee ee ceeee 26 Terms of General Application to the Whole Body... ...ceccere cc cren eee neeenns 26 Central and peripheral, ectal and ental...........-.- + ss es eee eee e ener eee 26-27 Inflections) €téssccssesseeve< sew aes hes oda eee oma sete Soe pees scat eon iui 27 Adjective endings. ....0...c. cece eee c eee e ene rete ne Feet e recent ee neeeees 27 Use of the prepositions of and from. ...... eee ect e eee ee ee eee eee a4 Limitationsiof accuracy s.cseacce6 ees eveder es ieedaee eens esas vers 27 Derivatives, connecting vowels Of. .........2. ce ee cere eee e teste ee eees 23 Compound words—Hybrid words. ...... 0.0 cc cece ee tee eee rte eee e es 28 Primary Divisions of the Body—Soma and Membra..... Mider ew ewes trees te 6 29 Axial portion, soma—Appendicular portion, membra—Truncus or trunk. . 2G Comparison of right and left (dextral and sinistral) in the object and the ODBET VEL wacsve inte sraseinaaucyeracd sist sage rs yan AARON Biers Bee Oe Weta a ae Magis Aas 29-31 Position and direction on the Soma... .. 0... . cee ce ee eee cece cere eee nee a1 Columna vertebralis, its constitution and location ................ 500.02 &2 Canalis neuralis and ccelum or general body cavity.............2. eeeeee c Essential characteristic of all vertebrates....... 00... c cece cece eee e eee 08 BOAY: PUAN Bi iaiewiserrteinnnienen dai aes Mire ciniied Mahe eum eNGaaTae ab beth 33-34 UCB ON uscd cassie trate ua Gane ers PATS ites Pulopaatergeecie cide GN «Mioatuinaisineilestarneawieat Nees 33 Paired or Lateral Organs—Azygous or Mesal Organs ......0 ooo eee ee 83, 43 Designation of Position and Direction. .......... 0... cece ec eee ce eee eet eens 34 Direct: lines Oblique Vin rz soricare ge eseierios's Serrerinws tax Paes SuSE ReeS ad Designation of direct and oblique lines. .......... 0... cece cece cece eee 34-35 Designation of position on oblique and direct lines ...............000.000 35 Designation of diagonal lines. .......... 0... cece cece eee eee eeenee 35 Designation of the relative position of points on diagonal lines............ nG Designation of Direction and Relative Position on the Limbs.........26 ce eees 36 Ental and ectal and their derivatives... .. ilavaigianaaesn® wutte Pais ce. io yin ancimon anaes 36 The soma and its divisions—Head, neck, trunk and tail....... .......... 36 The trunk and ite divisions—Thorax, abdomen and pelvis .............. 86-37 Partition between the abdomen and thorax..... 0.0... cece cece cee eens 37 Ceelum or trunk cavity............ otels Paeivasieals Sey ase om eeR eR eelSs 87 Table of the divisions of the body ...........0.- cee cece ee cese ceases eee 39 Normal Position of the Limbs.............2.0 cece eee cece ences Beat icin Sete 37 Limb Segments and the Arthra or Joints... 0... ccc cece encen cece este nceees 40 Limb: Done8 ysteiweemuwvady saws ae He SERENE N Gidelae sldetcaimdaowsaadaoace’s 40 CONTENTS. ix PAGE Intermembral Homologies.... ... sila araaew-oisiniterts Mais eRe Rees See Aad Mire 42 Syutropy and antitropy.......... Se ee RT ee ae 42 Enumeration of Parts in a Series.....0. 1. cece ec ce cece ee ce cece cence 42 Use of Terms of Relative Position in a Physiological Sense................. 44 SlipSystem of NoteSies s0vies desc ees cence sages sacawnaa nea ee eae eee 45-52 Slips—Size, etc.—Making notes on. ...... cece eee ee ete een eee een ees 45 Library catalogues and catalogue data for specimens.................005 46 References, extracts, clippings and notes proper...............0c cece aee 47 Accumulation and elimination of slips ............ 00. ccc cc ccecaaeaeecs 47 Arrangement and storage of notes... 0.0.6.0... 0c cece eee eee een eee ee 48 Subdivision of notes, with Table... ......0.. 0. (occ ee ee eee renee eee 48-49 Distribution of slips ........cc secs cece eee cruausbni-bye:indoaueiseeroud\Ouekvennucvegsc dea 50 Method of using slips ............ echcassesastetlsaua-saar' avait ah ner ane, Seale ema aye 50 Portfolios for slips and sheets... 00.0.0... cece eee cece eee eer ence eect enee 48-51 Miscellaneous suggestions as to the use of slips............. 00 eee eee ees 51 Origin of the slip system..... agente Seater dices ay chee’ byes aed Zeatwr lees by aimldomgeeaepenar 52 Rules and Aphorisms of General Application in Biology UeMpadeaee se wewES Fe 52-53 Anatomical Technology—Introductory.......... 00. c ccc c ences eee enon ence eee 55 Reasons for Selection of the Cat for Anatomical Study.....c.ceecevececscnees * 55 Importance of methods. ...........60. cee ee seen scence eee ee ee en eneneees 55 Comparison of the cat as an anatomical subject with adult human beings, still-born children, horse, rabbit, dog, rat, oposSsUM.......+.+...+0 00 55-57 Needs of a standard of comparison for comparative anatomists...........- 56 Reasons for treating of only a Part of the Body. ......cccccceeve snes nenneeees 57 Reusons for giving unusual Prominence to the Viscerd....ccsseececeeesnece site 58 \ CHAPTER I. INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIAL FOR ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. Alphabetical list of instruments and materials needed for anatomical technology, With priceBi. co: char serves sgawe® coegtoun nonsaatemnaen nea emailer 59-62 Dealers’ catalogues of instruments and materials. ...........+0000+ 2+ tee ee teers 59 General Character of Instruments. .......... 0.2 e cece eee eee eee nee teen nnee 62 Description of Instruments and Material... .........0ccceenne es side Geaeien ate 62-78 Arthrotome and beaded bristles........... dis iantAdroisarecarnenemmiu hanes manne’ 62-68 Supporting blocks, flexible blow-pipe... .....-.:: se eeee cere eee eee eee 64 Cats—Price, care, storage, Ct. ... eee eect c eee eee ene cern eees 64-35 Chain-hooks, small compressor and dissecting gOWD........-+:seeereeeres 65 Drawing materials, foot lathe and drills, force;s (coarse and fine), nippers forcutting DONG ii wcenrceusacies sous eg aa Nowa Seem Seba eee 67 Dropping-butitle oiler, parchment labels, rubber gloves and tubing, saw... 68 Scales and special weighing pan, scalpels......... 0... ce es reece nee reeee 69 Scissors and sponges.........606 2 eect eee eee eee ene e weer e erences 70 Syringotome, tags for labels, tools, towels, tracer (seeker or finder), sharp BNC DLUM tase ashe tenisiemnetan ds eee kine Rohe aber nates Saye ee eee 1 x CONTENTS. PAGE Wetting bottle for 15 per cent. glycerin, waste paper for particles made in dissecting............. ssa Ot BE tel hs inti fe Ae eet pp ude feels 73 Garevot Tnstriments)i.c 62.222 deca escnnnagueeabs gd sanewaiin nd sak gidnda usa 13~74 Special directions for blow-pipe, tray, forceps, nippers, saw, scissors, scal- pel, and cutting instruments generally............-.-0eeseee enue %4, Cases and Trays for Instruments........ 02 cee ce tee nee 74 Packing Instruments for Transportation. ..... 00. e0 cece eee s nent e eens vii) Polishing Instruments. ........ 00sec cece eee ee eee nen tent ene ee enn eetee 75-76 Sharpening Instruments. ........... 0. cece cece eee cette tee etter eeeees 76-79 Honing and stropping ........... cece eee eee nee cette teens ce eeeee 76 Determination of sharpness. .......... 02. ce eee tee ere eee nena ne eens 78 Killing Animals for Dissection. ..........:cee eee e cent cere cette eer e nt erene 79-81 Drowning, killing with chloroform or ether in a box...........-..+--.- 80 Anesthetic Dox... 0.0... ees cece ee eee cece ere er eneeee iaeaeeasaws 81 Killing Hleas with Benzine... 2... cee ccc eee ne ce erect en teenies 80 Precautions for Cleanliness, Comfort and Health.............. 000s. eee 81-86 Waste paper, waste pail and waste pit........... 0 cece eee eee eee eee 81-82 Washing Sink oie saeainden ove eat ca Fae Rat eb aed Kiiite da ence duietincinne-s 82 Deodorizers — Animal charcoal, alcohol, potassium permanganas, sul- PlaterOfArOn. jas. salna ciadin en Nae mac aeie cope STAN Gaba sataw ere mulanet emcee 83 Malodorous parts to be promptly removed........ 0... 2. cece eee eee ee 84 Dissection Wounds—Precautions and Treatment............00.ceee ee eeees 85 CHAPTER II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON, ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND ABDOMINAL TRANSECTION. General Description of the Skeleton... 0.0.0.0... 6... c cece e cece e eee eens 87-95 Components of the skeleton ....... foe eee eee eee ence eeees 87 Somatic or Avial Parts of the Skeleton.........0ece ees pyarbiesttanlintd ras surance Sts 87 Skull-atid Vertebrates csi ned esa de tava a aeream ds sete heeds ecels 89 Coste or ribs, sternum, scapula and claviclg......... 00... .ce eee eee eens 90 Peivis, Shoulder and Hip Joints, Wrist and Ankle......cccccccecueencccaas 91 Membra or Appendicular Parts of the Skeleton... .. ccc cec ence ence en unaee 91 Bones: Of thé libS: 030% s.veve vs sa kaecg Mian nunessiwesed er eeceee 91 Normal position of the limbs. .............00. ceeeeee eee ce eeeeaues 92 Position of the arthra or joints in the limbs...........-....0005 Shares 93 Os hyoides and! larynkXiws5 saa sind ava racnene aang to Ves eee Baa oe 94 Anatomical landmarks. ........ cee. cece cece cece eee eens weer del pce agueraua sea’ 95-98 Mesat Somatic Landmarks... 00... ccc ccc cece ee cece eee ee tee tee ee eee ees 95 Lateral Somatic Landmarks... ccc ccc cece cece ce ence sete nae et eeeeee nae 96-97 Membral Landmarks ....... siv'n's int wale: Aainy waateudane sierra eaieies wa nels ee ee Te 97--98 Abdominal: Transectiony .. soc sss sos sa wosweusnns bows R¥es OedeRR ae ane ce peas 98-102 Parts involved ss ss ieau s'e'seide ed a's Cane oe Seema aows Mane eee ed aid 99 Preservation of the Cephalic Half of the Transected Body... 6.0... cece eens 101 Thoracic Transection. ......... cece cece ec ceeees PREY S4EREE EERSTE ARE Hes 102 CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER ITI. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS. PAGE Prepatation of Bones csixcatioad cecieasnelev eee ee dees eiees sygeeseuteRera oe 103-111 General directions... c..cccamacaieawienee ieee wae ear aie e Shee ECE PERS 1038 Removing soft parts from alcoholic specimens.............-. .ee+eee 105 Removal of soft parts by ants or Deimestes.......... PGRA ee wie a PHAN 105 Putrefactive maceration in water...........cceeec cece te eee eee er ees 105 Boiling in liquid soap. ........ cc cee cee eee eee ieee eee eee n enon ees 106 Preparation Of SUNS vec wecnsiadewawiwawe sa gouie vagediinee bea bbws He ey sae 107 Cements for Bones and Teeth... cccccccccccccecscccccceeeeerseeteceeneees 107 Preparation of Natwral Skeletons... 0.2 ceccecce cece were en eer eee eeene 108-109 Flexible natural skeletons .......... eee ee cece tee e ect te eee eee eeeens 109 Preparation of the Bones of Young Animals. .ccccccccccccccecavevenessces 109 Disariteulating SRUUG s. 5 05 seeps g 6 ey Bais G oepis BASS OE Sie sis sed agatese BREE GENRES 109 Blsuehing Bones sg sve. tos: wok g dale Vale awed ae See Saless seis a ee wa SES 110 Preservation of Soft Parts: .. 02 sinc. sasssesere Woes 299 Reeds wane eee me rs © 111-181 Agents preventing decomposition........... 20sec esse eee nee seneeenes 111 Ethyl Alcohol— Absolute and Commerctdl .....-. 06sec cece eee eee e en ceee er 112 Table of percentages of alcohol. ........ 2... cscs eee cece eet e eee eens 112 Leading characteristics of alcohol..... bo 84 9a 4b ee Kee ee Be 118 Inflammability of alcohol and precautions against fire..............6.-. 114 Determination of percentages of alcohol with the alcodmeter........... 114 Determination of and changing the percentage of alcohol....... ......- 115 Table of the amount of alcohol and water to mix in order to obtain a FEQUITEd PEKCENALE AGUS WAH G svUnaaeaane 500 Table showing three ways of enumerating the arched gyri............. 501 The Sngular GYMS 6s iii csa Aamewd apasioas Gis dane sane amarowndevborines 501 The Fissural Pattern—Constant Characters. ......cccecccesvevececes brooms 501 List of constant fissures... 6.0... cc cece cet ee cee ener e eee eee ee re enes 501 Variable characters of the fissural pattern..............cseceeeceveaee 502 List of inconstant fissures..... 0... ccc cece tect ee eee eee te ee nes 502 Homology of Human and Feline Fissures, with Difficulties... ...c. cece eee 502 Promising lines of inquiry...... ccc sce e cece ence eee e ee atone ee eees 508 ' CHAPTER XI. THE CRANIAL NERVES AND THE ORGANS OF SENSE. Cranial Nerves—General Considerations. ......... 0:0: cece tee eee ence eenaee 504 Comparison of cranial and myelona] nerves...........-.c eee ee ee ener ee 504 Table of synonyms of cranial nerves..... ....0..eccee eee e nent eens 505 Numerical designation of the cranial nerves by Willis and Sémmering. . 505 Physiological arrangement of the cranial nerves..............2.+-0005 505-506 Sensory nerves, special and general..... 2.0.6... ce cece eee e eee eens 506 Special Consideration of the Twelve Cranial Nerves...................000. 507-510 Table of the Cranial Nerves, giving Eetal Origins, Foramina of Exit, Distribu- thon ANd FPUnction. ccc cc cece eee cence eee eet en eeneee Seas Rode 510 Directions for the Demonstration of the Cranial Nerves. ........00cceceeaees 511 Organs Of SENSéw. ecu cues ne. case ee eles cae ha dwar senna wea apie seas 511-583 General Considerations... 6.0... cece cent e cee eee eee en enn e nen eneneees 511 Skin, tongue, nose, eye, ear, general sensibility.............. 000. eens 511 Cutis, the Skin........... iyawie Medd e EEGs eS Sees ea HEEE Fae ss ERS E oO Meee eas 512 Structure and function of its various parts... 2.2... eke ee ce eee eee 512 Appendages of the skin—Hair, claws, sweat and sebaceous glands...... 512 Tactile NAS) .c,c80cce se sag hs Pek AG eR eae ee ees Stee 512 Lingua, the Tongue—Uses, papilla, nerves ............. eee cece e ener ee eens 512-513 Nasus, the Nose—Lining membrane, sensibility of its various parts........... 513 Nares, prenares and postnares ........ 6. eee eee e cece eee e tence teens 513 Oculus, the Eye... .... cc ccc cece eee e eee e een recente eee erent tant eeeeee 514-526 Appendages of the HYC....ccc ccc c ccc nce e erent eee e eee enn ened ssanaeuas 514-516 Palpebree or lids 0.06... ccc cece cece tect en eet e tebe n nen tees 514 CONJUNCEVA. oc ce cece dete eeies ee eee eee does seein cae altig an died nein ee 514 Canthi Of the: Lids) 460656 4 sess vie ou srainwey emaieigs Sites ig Wim eree yiiets ce 514 Meibomian gilands..... se dabidutbeeeuRteneaeaiitide Alama t Eta Leela 514 Membrana nictitans—Attachment and office...........-. cece eee eee 515 Lachrymal apparatus. ... 0... ccs cece ee eee ee teen cette nent n ene ees 515-520 Muscles of the HY€.. 6... cece cee ee ne tenn ener ete 516-520 Origins of the muscles of the eye... .... eee cece e een e eee tee ee ete eee 519 Action of the muscles of the eye. ....-. 6. see e ence ee eee eee e ee ee en eees 519 Nervous supply of the muscles......... +... ec ee ese ee eet t eee ee eee 520 Globus Oculi, Eyeball... ccc ccc cee eet eee eee eens 520-526 How to obtain the eyeball of a cat, ox or sheep........ 6s. e eee eeeeeeee 520 Form and parts of the eyeball. .......2-+ scree ee eee e ten eee tenes 520 xX CONTENTS. PAGE Tris !AN Pupil spe sicvsnsscvensimiensine & Oso Leste e eee we ase amuse de awa seaUnimspouentusianesy 520 Images formed by the eye... 1... cee cece eee eee ee eee tenn een eee 520 Tunics or coats of the €Ye.. 6... cece cect eee e eee eee 521 Preservation of an eye in alcohol for the coats........ 0.0.0.0 cee e eee 521 DClevOti Ca anid. COLDEA s,s sxo.a-+ a dacavaveiia sianacdoaters S.d:t.s%e.m. eoame se A Aeuniaeaeaianaitenato tale 521 Choroidea, plicee ciliares.. 2... 6... cece cece eee e eee beeen eeee 521-522 Retina, ora serrata and pars ciliaris retin@..........06. eee eee eee eee 522 MPAPOUUM 63.00 ucedicau ween a Keays Wiis Lose 2 9 gk TEAS rele eceunmede §22 Aqueous humor and aqueous chambers, ......... 0. cece eee ee renee eee 522 Corpus vitreum or Vitreous HUMOF....... 6. cece eee eter eee eens 522 Lens, ligament and capsule ........ 6.0 cece eee cece eee e tne enna eee 522-523 Organum Auditus, Auris, Ear.........-.. 06sec ee ener eee icing Baran sara oeiga 526-533 HBber na HOP seccciaarcaneeon se tvdhea Miioaeeas 6 8e.nns Me dleaer en big ge yeas 526 Tynpaniim, Middle: HO? os. sesceiacsa ois ones pads wide ee oes pae9 bs MaeseeNs 527 Membrana tympani oc. .ceced seco ret ee seks beter eees eae wns tess 527 Canalis Bustachiana, vss sees caine yas sag Cuda sees see eacee eases te san 528 Malleus and tensor tympani muscle......... 6.00 cece eee cece e eee 528 Incus and Os lenticulare.......... 0.0 cece ce een tenet een ee eee 528 Stapes and stapedius muscle............ cece eee eee ec ee een ences 529 Labyrinthus, Internal Ear... ccc cence ee ene eee anes 529 Vesti baliimiee socio. tc. egies clave cae eta ave dae « Sues Wigyete tania REC aware 529 Fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda. ...... 6.6... cece cece ee eee ee 529 COCHICE isn. esti terctmeaG eaten gmteenel ahah Goku 529 Scala vestibuli and scala tympani........... 00.00 c ccc ce eee ete eens 529 Modiolus and lamina spiralis.......... 00.0.0 c ese e cece nce e ete ee eens 529 Cafiales SEMICICUATES. ci casas fe Fae ae a Sea eee ein Ae N eS Dante 5380 APPENDIX: asus ty agviieiia ser sastanes sees ee Sate utielca tite Bebe ei 534-537 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32:01 32 2 ees ae Ss 49 Se x RSE Sa Ree Gus: AR AGeoalgw need Deena 538-553 INDE Xen oe bee ees aate eyed ee kes san edeees se eAS ais Shad nGuoncivenitmacnaneas Naeco ene k 554-575 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. In respect to twenty-six figures we are indebted to the persons named in parenthesis, either for the idea of a figure or for the use of an electrotype. Of the original figures, the larger number were drawn by E. C. Cleaves, Professor of Free-hand Drawing in Cornell University. The four plates of the brain were drawn and lithographed by Miss G. D. Clements, who also drew Fig. 81-82. Fig. 11-12, 14-19, were drawn by Miss I. M. Curtis; Fig. 124-127, by Mrs. 8. 8. Phelps Gage; and Fig. 92, 110-112, 121-128, by the senior author. In preparing the drawings for the original figures, the specimens—now preserved in the museum of Cornell University—were photographed with a vertical camera, as sug- gested by the junior author (6). The outlines of the drawings were traced directly from these photographs ; hence the relative size and position of parts are accurately represented. Finally the drawings were photo-engraved. FIGURE PAGE 1.—Paper Meter Yard (American Metric Bureau) ...............0...05- He eMielnte . 6 2-4.—Diagrams of Three Aspects of a Vertebrate, exhibiting the most general fOAt UTS iiss aa aeed dein eae y enim Sadaiede 4 sae Pacey cones DUNE eee Te. S 30 5.—Diagrams of the Three Body Planes, with the various lines of direction..... 3 6.—Diagram of the Dorsal Aspect of the Cat, with the limbs inthe normal position. 38 * %—Diagram of an Ideal Transection of the Thorax of the Cat, with the arms in an approximately normal position, and showing the location of the principal WISCOTA. 2 'ieiyrcci wae HY SRR EE TERE AGEE SES Ee GSR amdkescieee’sinnd 43 8.—Japanned Tray for Catalogue Slips (Readers’ and Writers’ Economy Co.).... 50 9.—Pigeon-hole Case (Readers’ and Writers’ Economy Co.)........-.eeseee sees 51 10.—Stubs’s Nippers (Codman and Shurtleff)......... 00... see ee eee ee eee eeeeees 62 11-12.—Nippers and Fine Scissors... 0.0.0: eee ee cece cece eee recente eee ene ees 63 13.—Small Compressor (Geo. Frost & Co.). 6. wee cece eect e eee e ene ee eenes 65 14.—Blunt-pointed Scalpel........... spine ae dea a lpaeuh A GoanacenG sided Mea davai uid Fane, SN 66 15.—Syringotome . 0.2... cece eee eee eee ene een en ee teen ee ne ee ene ee ea aee 66 AG SATIHOLOMC nsiieeciies saw Goa ers Sees tetas ay need as tae ode we woes oeaees -. 66 AFAR sa bets Seiten La VS eae seed ae Petra nee pee eeE Se eatS 66 18:—Goarse Forceps isieaviscueuicet dee pea tes eer eed cee eee g eae Spee dea geen 66 19.—Flexible Blow-pipes:issssascedesmerecs ne auevene onus seesedeved sien a ses 66 20.—Fine Curved Forceps...... 0 ccc cect cent cece e ete cen neeees oe teteetnegane 66 xxii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIGURE PAGE 21.—Back-saw (Goodnow and Wightman)...........ceeeeee cece eee tne en ee eteneees 68 22.—Large Scalpel (Codman and Shurtleff)...........+.- iRise HEPA SES Ade S ee 69 23.—Medium Scalpel (Codman and Shurtleff)... .......- eee eee e ee cence eet e teens 69 24.—Charriére Scalpel (Codman and Shurtleff). ......... 00 eee e ee ee ee eeee Sev aueletis 69 25.—Coarse Scissors, curved flatwise (Codman and Shurtleff ) cL thE aT REE 70 26.—Tripod Magnifier (Smith and Beck) ....... 0... cess eee eee ee cece eee en ee enees 72 27.—Wetting Bottle for 15 per cent. Glycerin ........ 0 ce secre en cece eee er eeeneee 72 28.—Honing and Stropping Knives ........... esc e cee ee eet eee ence tee tee eeeee %6 29. Anesthetic: Box wie dieters since waracaeradelera aeration quiveiaie,) anwar, dele edd ea w Reaverecoenaralsaecs 81 80.—The Skeleton seen from the Left (Straus-Durckheim, A)............eee cue eenes 88 31.—Covered Glass Box (Whitall, Tatum & Co.). 2.0.0... ccc cece ee teen teen ees 126 32.—Wide-mouthed Specimen Jars with Covers (Whitall, Tatum & Co.)............. 127 33.—Welted Vial for the Brain or Heart......... 0... eee cece cece ee en ence veneeeee 128 $4, Bottle Brushis sissies swwe eoie'e cas geeceree ved ego w sig wigs bib yg sata ait. Fim mereteneoRtE oe 129 35.—White Metal Syringe with top unscrewed and piston removed ..............0-5 188 96. Can Ulie ss 65 5 tomer nesahyuadisale< nese aan ons a NES5%. SRNR WHEN ReaeEgNaEES 188 87.—Brass Syringe (Codman and Shurtleff).......... 0. cece cece ee ene eect eeeeee 139 38.—Small Brass Syringe with removable Stop-cock and Canule for Fine Injec- tions (Codman and Shurtleff)....... 0... ccc eee ete eee cece eee e eee 139 89.—Femoral Vessels exposed for Injection... .........0:ec see se cece e tree een ee enees 142 40.—Incisions and Preparations for Ligating..........6 0.00. eee cee cece cece eee eee 144 41.—Double Ligature, Surgeon’s and Square Knot.......... .......6. wee SAEs 144 42.—Inserting and Securing Canulee..... 6... cece cece cc cee eee cece et eee eee ees 145 43.—Ental Aspect of an Adult Left Scapula.... 2.0... ec cece eee cece eee ee ee eee 154 44.—Ectal Aspect of an Adult Left Scapula.......... 6... cece cece cee eee eee eee 155 45.—The Glenoid End of an Adult Right Scapula and the Proximal End of an Adult Right Mumerusss ¢ ..s02 csc aneve seer eave ei eda seasaidwud meas anaes wees + 156 46.—Ventral Aspect of an Adult Right Humerus..................0.620 cece eee eee 158 47.—Dorsal Aspect of the Carpal Region of a Young Lion and of two Young Dogs (Wilders, O)icce.02 is oeiecin'es Web ae thee aeeied) Ges Be ee ieee bade ke aed 161 48.—Right and Left Clavicule of an Old Cat......... ccc cee e cece ene eee ener eeee 162 49.—Ventral Aspect of an Adult Sternum ..... ... Seetwieuita Me eeey sees ae sae ee 163 50.—Caudal View of the Seventh Pair of Ribs... .........0. cece eee cece ee ee ee 166 51.—Ventral View of the Cat’s Pelvis with adjacent Vertebre (modified from S,raus- Durckheimy:A) od isanccanseaweeweane aden see Sa.¥ 6 eae SoG Y oe ne bande See eee 168 52.—Ventral Aspect of the Cervical and two Thoracic Vertebre (modified from Straus- Durek Weitii Ay) osc. aia: crter Sasa: beaut ewesd Mawes ReMiee’ ad te eke bets fue aud Ga aod - 172 58,.—Caudal View of the Fourth Cervical Vertebra .........ecce cece cece eee eteeeees 173 54.—Caudal View of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra.............00ceceeeeeeeceeees 178 55.—Caudal View of the Fourth Lumbar Vertebra........... 0.0 cee cece eee teens 178 56.—Dorsal View of the Skull. ........ 0 cee cece eee eee eect eee e ee eeeencenres 180 57.—Ventral Aspect or Base of the Skull (modified from Straus-Durckheim, A)...... 182 58.—Ventro-lateral View of the Left Bulla tympanica and Adjacent Parts........... 185 59.—Hemisection of the Skull, Right Side....... 0.00.0. c ccc ccc cece cece ccc ceuaue 186 60.—Dorso-caudal View of the Lamina Cribrosa and the Sinus Frontalis............. 188 61.—Lateral View of the Left Mandibular Ramus............. 0. cececceesescuceeee 188 62.—Dorsal View of the Mandible (modified from Straus-Durckheim, A)........ wees. 189 63.—The Scalpel Held as a Pen (Bernard, A)... 00... 00... cc ce cce cece ceceeeccucees 199 64.—The Scalpel Held as a Carving-knife (Bernard, A)........0..00000 ceeeceeuees 200 65.—The Scalpel Held as a Violin-Bow (Bernard, A).......0.0..cccccceeecuveeeeees 200 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxiii FIGURE PAGE 66.—The Kctal Skeletal Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder.......... ...2000005 211 67.—The Second Layer of Skeletal Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder............ 218 63-71.—Views of the Four Aspects of the Humerus with Areas of Muscular Attach- IMOD UA 2279.3 B lobactna aGhatay civaus aapmsee Meter Savetie we bal rately ecole vsas Liana nee! Aa 228 72.—The Pectoralis Group of Muscles... 02... ccc cece cece cee eect settee eeeene 234. 73.—Ental Aspect ‘of Left Shoulder Muscles and Ectal Aspect of the Serratus Mag- nus and Levator Anguli Scapule Muscles ............0 6. cece eceeeeces 246 74.—The Cephalic Aspect of the Left Arm with the Ectal Muscles of the Scapula. 254 75.—The Muscles upon the Ental Aspect of the Scapula and the Caudal Aspect of the Brachium and Antebrachium........... 0... ccc cece cee eens anes 262 76.—Lines of Incision for exposing the Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera.......... 274 77.—General View.of the Viscera........... cece e ee ec ee cence eee ceeeeteaeeee 276 %8.—Diagram showing the Relations of the Abdominal Organs and the Perito- MUG UANL sera fascia eecirctnvty Sassussmiaustal disco @i@-ere 6 Sin. catsad Gehee er>inGyoan eA Re Svan wacleaalacs 279 79.—Stomach and Duodenum, Ventral View........... ccc cece ewer et eee ee nee 281 80.—Cecum and ITleo-cawcal Valve, Ventral View. .......... cece cece eee eee cease 284 $1.—Ventral View of the Pancreas and its Parts (Gage, B)...... cc cece ee eee ee 288 82.—Cholecystis and Pancreatic Reservoir and their Relation with the Duodenum (Gaze; B)esacecxe enau ties oi ees voy ss se ea ae erOG Ree Keowee eres se eeF 289 83.—Ventral View of the Human Pancreatic Ducts (Bernard)..............0-.00. 290 84.—Longitudinal Section of the Ampulla of Vater, showing the Entrance of the Ductus Choledochus and the Duct of Wirsung (Gage, 3); the same in man (Bernard , 27°) - 3 cities saeeaeetsae Sak od pak SAR ANG MOE SAE Taee a EN 201 85.—Dorso-ventral Section of the Right Kidney, Caudal View... ............... 298 86.—Longitudinal Dextro-sinistral Section of the Right Kidney, Ventral View.... 293 87.—Salivary Glands of the Left Side......... cece cece cece ee eee tenet ene ete eeee 300 88.—Hemisection of the Head. ..... 0... cece cece tee e tee eee teste teens eeeeeee 305 89.—Lungs and Trachea... 1.0... cece ce eee eee eet ee en nne cence eenenees 310 90.—Caudal View of the Diaphragm with the Structures that traverse it......... 313 91.—The Dorsal Aspect of the Bearh with the Central Portions of the Larger Ves- BEl Biv wvbsis 4's elges ae SHAT wnerilremnnadwsSaee'es pcenas Peele Sie eeleg al 317 92.—Diagram of the Cardiac Cavities, Dorsal Aspect................ sine werdiet Satis 823 93.—Dorsal Part of the Heart seen from the Ventral Aspect...........-....0005 e383 94.—Longitudinal Segment of the Heart, showing the Right Sinus of Valsalva and Cardiac Artery i25 « (opr) TL salsas yop sauas 7OUIXOI emer : $poaquaa (asojnv1Avu) ee "7. | sap10qmy (wnaunozoa) asvyngif, Paso atna0r92 MNIPIUsazTUy, J aulsofiaundosaut f 901917 \ / ‘ x smobos4sD ‘ i fund a7 afZ _ es x ‘“s y, es ee, on > _intestinum t hs ‘ ~ 4 5 oS A De0G,\ N oe x », a wey Oh, pyedun? Ro, 1 r middle arthra.. or 2, 7 Pe Lf fh WANN oS _ (appprunikd) aanuzry fh oN, Sa oN wmop) | Yes VAN Noutsofioun apuny) NS VA hunuboia aproydoas) ayoipos, t \gaprozadau 3)D.42Uad’ wmnizadnsz Nea), | OME WITH THE LIMBS IN THE Fig. 6—D1aGRaM OF THE Dorsal ASPECT OF THE Cat, Norma Position. 38 39 O# THE BODY. DIVISLONS ‘(msnatof) wnTyserqeyuy (goof) me (wodoud 69) sn3Q f ‘(ohm pusy—noqrys) SAT “(yb1y2) SosaTA J ‘(pupy) snueyl (96 quod f—yunio) SINAV ‘(uso saddn) wniyserg ‘(002) epneg *(g0}) wan | "SIAIIg | “(ypaq) wawmopqy ‘(yunw) SN “(gsoya) xeIOYL *(qosu) wnTTOD * “(yoau) "WUTMIUBITZ } * *(pooy), "208 | ‘(fpoq) SNdYOD AH ‘(uoysod umpnogpuaddn—oquit)) VIQWI TAL ‘(fpog) SNAUOD "9 LYVd JO ‘Dl4 ONIGNOdSIYYOD FHL a0v1day OL aU Of] 9UNI.0799/ (Mamempayan) 220771-415-.. eproqn 9 ‘i wv oF Grr j\IAeSoae (27777) 2 apenas — Renée nip TUL! Suxof TIT TOSS, oS snyjo 0. q mm 3vI4AI fs : 4A. MIT | ‘oudsofsaunraqve (aproutors 's 22072974 DK) Yo4 UID 39 DIVISIONS OF THE BODY, ‘(uuvasof) wnpqoesqaqy | ‘(eho quoif—wuto) SWAY goof) seq ‘(dadoud Ga]) suzy ‘(say purmy—najays) SAT ‘(ybry)) SOT®IN J ‘(uoysod amynapuaddn—squit)) BIQW> TA } (puny) suUeyl | “(mio seddn) wniyserg + ‘(f4poq) SNAUOD ‘(n01) epned "(y02) YAQAVD “Stalag | “(iygag) wewopqy e * -‘Gunw) SNONOUL "(soya) xBIOY x4 He cs ttt + (uomuod youn) VU0S | ‘(qoeu) wanjop = * ®t (yeu) NNNTIOD *DUMIUBIZ) } : ‘(poy) LNdVO J ‘208 ‘(Spoq) SQdNYOD AHL AO SNOISIAIG TIVdIONIYd AHL AO ATAVL 40 INTRODUCTION. is not easy, with most Mammals, to replace them in the normal position. It may, however, be readily accomplished with an orang, and without much difficulty with the arms of a cat or a child. The student may exemplify the normal position of the arms approxi- mately by getting upon all-fours, placing the palms upon the floor at either side, with the fingers pointed laterad ; the convexities of the elbows should then be made to look dorsad and laterad, upward and outward. If now the arms be extended laterad to their utmost length, still keeping the palms against the floor, and the elbows away from it, the limbs will have nearly the position shown in figures 6 and 7. § 81. Limb Segments.—With the cat, as with most air-breathing Vertebrates, each limb presents at least three divisions or seymenta, con- nected with each other and with the soma by three arthra (joints or articulations). These segments and arthra are thus proximal, intermediate, and distal. As shown upon the right of the diagram, the proximal segments are brachium (upper arm) and meros (thigh). The intermediate segments are antebrachium (forearm) and erus (leg proper). The distal segments are the manus (hand) and pes (foot). The entire limbs are joined with the trunk by the shoulder and hip joints, while the eldow and knee intervene between the brachium and ante- brachium, the meros and crus, and the wrist and ankle between the ante- brachium and manus, the crus and pes respectively. The technical names for the arthra placed in parenthesis are those which were pro- posed in 1873 by the senior author (10, 18); but as they have not been generally adopted they are not insisted upon here. Each manus and pes also presents a threefold division, carpus, metacarpus, and digits (thumb and fingers) ; tarsus, metatarsus, and dactyls (toes). The distinctive names for the digits and dactyls are placed under them. The primus (great toe) is represented by a dotted line, in consideration of its absence from the cat. § 82. Limb Bones.—On the left side of the diagram are shown the bones corresponding to the segments already enumerated. The proximal segments have each a single bone, the humerus and femur, which are represented as subcylindrical, with enlarged extremities. The intermediate segments have each two bones, ulna and radius, tibia and fibula, which, in the normal position of the limbs, lie side by side, the radius and tibia on the cephalic aspect of the limbs, and the ulna and fibula ou the caudal. These bones are likewise subcylindrical, but the ulna and tibia are larger at their proximal ends, while the radius and fibula increase more or less distad. The patella (knee-pan) and the olecranon and other special features are not shown. CARPUS AND TARSUS. | 41 § 83. Marsh has proposed (2) to apply general names to the corresponding bones of the arm and leg. Thus, the bones of the proximal segments are the Ossa propodialia ; the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula, constitute the epipodialia ; the bones of the carpus and tarsus are mesopudialia ; the metacarpalia and metatarsalia are—as indeed they have previously been called—the metapodialia, and the old term phalanges is retained for the bones of the digits and dactyls. § 84. Carpus and Tarsus.—The carpalia (bones of the carpus), and the ¢arsalia (bones of the tarsus), are variously interpreted by different writers; see Balfour, A, IT, 508. The following general description, based chiefly upon the researches of Gegenbaur, is given by Huxley, A, 31 :— “‘There is reason to believe that, when least modified, the carpus and the tarsus are composed of skeletal elements which are alike in number and arrangement. “One of these, primitively situated in the centre of the carpus or tarsus, is termed the centrale ; on the distal side of this are five carpalia, or tarsalia, which articulate with the several metacarpal or metatarsal bones; while, on its proximal side are three bones—one radiale or tibiale, articulating with the radius or tibia ; one winare or fibulare, with the ulna or fibula; and one intermedium, situated between the foregoing. “ Carpal and tarsal bones or cartilages, thus disposed, are to be met with in some Amphibia and Chclonia, but, commonly, the typical arrangement is disturbed by the suppression of some of these elements, or their coalescence with one another. «Thus, in the carpus of man, the radiale, intermedium, and ulnare are represented by the scaphoides, lunare, and cuneiforme respectively. The pisiforme is a sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the Mf. flexor carpi ulnaris, which has nothing to do with the primitive carpus. The centrale is not represented in a distinct shape, having probably coalesced with one of the other elements of the carpus. The fourth and fifth carpalia have coalesced, and form the single unciforme. See § 421. “ | j "‘SWIOTLING A ‘SHLON 40 NOISIAIGHNG AHL ONILVULSATIE AIavy, “sot § (G1) aponuguag qySoy i t I ih i 50 INTRODUCTION. notes to their proper places at the time they are made, it is well to have an extra portfolio, which, in this case, would be marked, ‘“‘ Heart of Cat: Distribution.” When its contents are to be distributed, the other portfolios are arranged upon the table in some natural order; the removal of their bands will permit the upspringing of the side so as to expose the heading, and facilitate the introduction of slips. § 110. Slip-box.—This should be of stout tin, preferably Japanned. The inside measures of length and width should be 22 cm. x14 cm. (about 9x 5.5 in.), which is nearly the size of the ordinary sheet of note paper. The depth is less simply stated. If the box has a folding lid, like the ‘‘ Japanned tray, postal size,” here figured (Fig. 8), a depth of 8 cm. will be needed. But the scientific student has such abundant need for shallow trays, that he will usually find it more convenient to have, in place of the folding lid, a single cover, 2cm. deep. This should overlap the edge of the box for 1 cm., resting on a welt. The depth of the box itself will then be only 7 cm. If the slips are kept in envelopes instead of portfolios, the box and cover together should have a depth of 9cm. The Japanned tray, “standard size,” is only 5 cm. deep, and if the “ postal size ” is ordered, care should be taken that it is of the actual width required for the postal card, since some the of so-called ‘‘postal slips” are only 12.5 cm. long. The free edges of the box and cover should. be turned, and the latter should be ‘“ wired.” 8111. Cost of Materials.—The tin box may be had for from 50 cents to $1.00. A tin cash-box, with lock, costs $1.50. The Japanned tray, postal size, with slips, blocks and guides, is $2.65. “Roll Manilla,” 40 inches wide, is 8 cts. per yard; including the cutting, the slip- folios cost at the rate of 10 cts. for 25-35. The bands are rated at $2.20 per M. for No, 372, and $5.85 for No. 885. By the hun- dred they cost proportionally a little more. The slips may be cut by hand, but it is usually cheaper to have the cutting done by the stationer. They cost from 50 cts. to $1.00 per M. $112. Other Methods.—The slips may be placed in envelopes, sealed at the side, and with the right end cut off. If this plan is adopted, it is true economy to use stout envelopes which will not readily fray and tear. Cloth-lined envelopes of the proper width, 9 cm. (three and one-half inches), may be had for about $2.50 per hundred, and are practically indestructible. Another way is to write the heading upon a card the size of the slips, and put Iie. 8.—THE JAPANNED TRAY, FOR CATA: | LOGUE Siips. READERS AND WRITERS . Economy CoMPANy. ; PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT, 51 the band over all. Finally, there is the method exemplified by the accompanying figure (Fig. 8), which seems, however, better adapted for museum and library catalogues. § 113. Using the Slips.—For ordinary reference, the portfolio is held in the left hand, the band removed, and the slips turned until the desired one is found. As a basis for manuscript or lecture-notes, they may be arranged in the proper order by spreading them out upon the table; more or less condensa- tion and elimination will then occur. The selected or condensed notes may be used as lecture-notes, or their substance transcribed to sheets. § 114. For carefully prepared manuscript, the following stages of com- position are recommended :— 1. Slips, hand-written. 2. Slips, selected, condensed, and, if possible, type-written. 3. Sheets, hand or type-written, into which the type-written slips may sometimes be incorporated by pasting. 4. Sheets, carefully type- written, a corrected copy of the first set. Manuscript so prepared, especially if in addition an interval of at least one week elapses between the first and the second copies, will usually need few changes in proof. § 115. Sheet-Portfolios.—The sheets referred to are of the standard note size, about 21x 12.5 cm. Such sheets and drawings of similar size may be conveniently kept in sheet-portfolios of stu | the Manilla paper, double the size of the sheet, say about 21 x 27 cm. Portfolios of sheets, or the sheets themselves, may be conveniently kept in the “Pigeon Hole Case,” “ pamphlet size,” supplied at $1.50 by the R. & W. Ec. Co. The case shown in the figure is known as the “Billet size.” For “note sheets,” a are only two tiers of holes. iy [ly ce; Hi a_i, _ | nN al, _ ey _ st Fic. 9.—UNIFORM, INTERCHANGE- ABLE PIGEON HOLE Cask, BILLET sIzE. READERS & WRITERS Eco- Nwomy Co., (A.) § 116, Miscellaneous Suggestions.—A. By writing the portfolio headings with pencil, they may be changed as desired, and to any extent. Even if written with ink or printed, however, each portfolio presents four surfaces which may be used in turn. §117. B. The type-riter or calligraph can be adjusted to any width of paper. Of course, the longer the line the fewer the shiftings ; but the narrower sheet is more easily manipulated, especially when changes or divisions are required, and it is often a real ad- vantage to be able, without delay, to write alternately upon the sheets and the slips. §118. C. While assorting a large number of slips for which portfolios have not been prepared, it is sometimes desirable to remove them all without mixing the separated piles. This may be accomplished, either by interposing a blank slip between the successive piles, or by placing them crosswise, and carrying a band over them diagonally. 52 INTRODUCTION. § 119. Origin of the Slip-system.—It is probable that the slip-system has been devised independently by many individuals, and we are informed that Mr. Folsom, the Librarian of the Boston Atheneum, proposed the use of slips in Card Catalogues at the Librarian’s Convention in New York in 1853. Asa means of recording and arranging scientific information, how- ever, the first published notice known to us is the following by the senior author (17), communicated tothe Boston Society of Natural History, May 15, 1867 :-— § 120. “It consists in the brief statement of facts, ideas, or references to books, written upon one side of a slip of paper equal to the sixth part of a sheet of note paper. ‘“‘A few of these blanks are carried in the pocket, and advantage is thus taken of op- portunities for recording and preserving information which the time, place, or state of mind would not permit to be written out in full, or which might be forgotten before a fitting opportunity should occur. “ These slips are distributed at leisure into envelopes bearing the title of the subject. “By keeping the slips separate, it is evident that an indefinite subdivision of each general subject can be made by simply increasing the number of envelopes and redistri- buting the slips. “The slips may be used either for simple reference, or, if in preparation of a lecture or communication, by arranging them on the table in any desired order, and transcribing parts of them in the form of notes; while for a written paper they serve to indicate the general order of discussing a subject. “The method proposed makes sure of the essential fact or idea in a brief form, and the slips, being kept separate and of uniform size, may easily be arranged, carried and arranged, or rearranged in any order at any time.” This plan was presented in a lecture at the session of the Anderson School of Natural History on Penikese Island, in July 1878, and, according to a report in the N. Y. Tribune, ‘was almost universally and immediately adopted.” § 121. Rules and Aphorisms of General Application. “In the order of Nature, doing comes before thinking; Art before Science”—Joseph Henry (Mayer, 1, 95). ‘Personal familiarity alone makes knowledge alive.”—Philip Gilbert Hamerton. ‘Practice the utmost rigidity and thoroughness in research, without regard to time consumed, or value of results.”— Henry James Clark (Pack- ard, 1). “Lenteur dans la marche; aridité dans étude; solidité dans les prin- cipes; stireté dans les résultats; ce sont la les attributs des sciences d’ob- servation.”—Bichat, A, i, p. v. Correct methods are the keys of knowledge. Whoever has learned how to work has taken a long step toward indepen- dence of teachers and books. APHORISMS OF GENERAL APPLICATION. 53 “The method may determine the result.”—Louis Agassiz. ‘‘If researches take at the first step a wrong direction they diverge the farther from the truth the farther they are followed.”—Gabdoriau. “Tt is often as if the truth were rather whispered than spoken by Nature.”— Owen. Accuracy is more to be desired than speed. Books may be consulted in haste, but Nature demands deliberation. Non-discrimination is no proof of identity Ignorance of a specimen’s locality may cause delay; an error respecting it may create confusion. As is the locality to an individual, so is the individual to any of its parts. “There is so close a solidarity between ourselves and the animal world that our inaccessible inward parts may be supplemented by theirs. * * * A sheep’s heart or lungs or eye must not be confounded with those of man ; but so far as the comprehension of the elementary facts of the physiology of circulation and of respiration and of vision goes, the one furnishes the needed anatomical data as well as the other.”—Hualey, 3. “ Carpenters and tailors do not learn their trades upon rosewood and cloth of gold.” Wilder, 2, 8- “ Felitomy should be the stepping-stone to anthropotomy.”—Jdem, 2, 6. “No medical student should be allowed to dissect the human cadaver until he has familiarized himself with the anatomy of the cat.”—Cleven- ger, 1, 1. He who can skillfully dissect a cat will find little difficulty in dissecting a man. “ Fiat experimentum in corpore vili.” The softer the parts, the harder their study. Soft parts are perishable. Hurried dissection is rarely trustworthy. The thorough examination of soft parts can be made only under one or more of the following conditions: A. Limitation of the inquiry; B. Abun- dance of material; C. Continuity of dissection ; D. Co-operation of several dissectors ; E. Preservation of the parts. Filth and bad odors cannot always be avoided, but their continuance is rarely necessary. Accurate knowledge of a few things is better than vague ideas concern- ing many. First expressions are rarely correct or perfect. A description is perfect only when it enables one who has never seen the object to form a correct image of it. ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. INTRODUCTORY. § 123. This work treats mainly of the Gross Anatomy of certain portions of the Domestic Cat, and of the Methods of their Examina- tion and Preservation. Reasons for Selection and Preference.There shall be given here a condensed statement of the reasons for selecting the Cat, for giving almost exclusive attention to the Cephalic region of the body, and for devoting to the Brain and other Viscera a relatively large amount of space. § 124. For Selecting the Cat.—Three things are to be learned by the student of Anatomy and Physiology, whether Human, Veteri- nary or Comparative : methods of manipulation ; fundamental Sacts of structure and function ; and terms of expression. Most of the methods might be learned upon any mammal, but convenience and economy are consulted by the use of one which is at the same time widely distributed, common, easily kept in con- finement, and of moderate size so as to be readily manipulated and cheaply preserved. Methods cannot be practised without some knowledge of the nature, location, and uses of the parts concerned ; and the record or communication of results involves the use of terms; hence there is effected a substantial saving of time, mental effort and expense by employing, in the acquisition of methods, a form anatomically and physiologically comparable with those which the student is pre- paring himself to investigate. The adult human subject is inconveniently large, not always easy to obtain, and often expensive when all things are considered. The immature individuals (still-births) which 56 INTRODUCTORY. may sometimes be had, lack the firmness of texture which is desirable for the examination of certain parts. The veterinarian is especially interested in the horae and the cow; but these are too large and costly for elementary work ; in less degree, the sheep and the pig are open to the same objection. The needs of the comparative anatomist were well expressed in the course of a “ Labora- tory talk,” by the late Prof. Jeffries Wyman, as recorded by the senior author (2, 5):— “Tn commenting upon the unsatisfactory nature of some published notes of dissec- tions, he said : ‘Much of this is due to the lack of suitable standards for comparison. The human body is not a suitable standard for the lower vertebrates. The best thing any anatomist can do is to prepare complete accounts of the structure of a few forms, each typical of some large group. The fowl could represent the birds, and the cat the mammals. The cat’s anatomy should be done first, because it would also serve as an introduction to Human Anatomy, and thus become an important aid to Medical Education.’ ” Theoretically, among known forms, the wants of the comparative anatomist might be more fully met by the more generalized opossum or raccoon. The tiny musk-deer of Java could be more easily dissected and preserved than most of our hoofed quadrupeds ; while a medium sized monkey, especially after some confinement, is the best possible substitute for the human subject. Unfortunately, however, none of these animals is sufficiently abundant in all parts of the civilized world, and we must select such as are to be had. The rat is certainly too small for most purposes, and not easy to obtain unmutilated. The rabbit, like the rat, belongs to a group of peculiar mammals, the Rodents, with no special advantages in respect to either human or veterinary anatomy. Dogs vary greatly in size and mode of life, so that no one of the many breeds can be fairly spoken of as the dog, and although, as stated by the senior author (21, 308), the pectoral muscles present less variation than might be expected, few comparisons have been made of the other soft parts except- ing the brain, where, as regards the disposition of the cerebral fissures, the variation is considerable and perplexing (Wilder, 12, 242). So far as we can judge from published records and our own observations, cats are much less subject to variation than dogs. They are both walkers and climbers, and therefore comparable with the domestic quadrupeds on the one hand, and with the monkeys, and through them with man, on the other, They are common in most civilized lands, fertile, easily reared, and may be kept in confinement, even in considerable numbers, without difficulty. They quickly succumb to anesthetics, and their size is such as to facilitate both dissection and preservation in alcohol. They are quiet, while dogs are noisy. § 125. Of aless practical nature, yet well worth mention, is the remarkable combination in the cat’s organization, of delicacy, agility and strength ; a combination which seems almost perfectly adapted to the prolongation of individual life and the perpetuation of the species. Indeed, as well remarked by Mivart (B, 493,) ‘‘Something may be said in favor of cats being the highest of mammals, if man is considered merely in his animal capacity, in which alone he can be brought into comparison with other organisms.” See also Minot, 7, and Dana, 123, 160. This idea will be acceptable to those who prefer the purely teleological aspect of Nature. Others, however, may find ample ground for discussion respecting the universal operation of the doctrine of Final Causes, at least in the present state of our knowledge. Teleology has not yet explained the existence of the insignificant clavicle, the rudimentary primal metacarpal, the little pocket at the border of the ear, or the cusps on the deciduous mapn- dibular canine teeth. § 126. In short, while freely conceding the advantages which might be presented by INTRODUCTORY. 57 other forms, especially if it were practicable to supply a separate standard for the anthro- potomist, the zoologist and the veterinarian, we nevertheless believe that even then these three might be advantageously compared with the cat as a fourth and intermediate form, and that, when all points are considered—size, habit, distribution, physical endow- ment and zoological position—the cat should be chosen over all others, both as a single standard for comparison, and as a subject of elementary and preliminary anatomical and physiological work. § 127. Nor is this choice wholly without precedent. It is true that descriptive and practical works upon Mammals have been more often based upon others than the cat. For obvious reasons, the horse has been the subject of many publications ; the rabbit is selected by Krause (A), the rabbit and the dog by Foster and Langley (A), the rat by Rolleston (A) and Morrell (A), while Coues has described (47) the skeleton and muscles of the opossum. Yet Straus-Durckheim devoted a magnificent monograph to the bones, ligaments and muscles of the cat ; and reduced copies of his outline plates, with a translation of the “Explanations,” have been published by our colleague, Prof. Henry 8. Williams. The ‘skeleton is delineated and named, in connection with those of the Duck and the Codfish, by E. Tulley Newton (A), and as the work was “prepared under the supervision of Prof. Huxley,” the usefulness of the cat has probably been appreciated by that zoologist. Finally, the recent volume by Mivart (B) purports to describe the entire structure of the cat, although no practical directions are given, and, according to notices in The Nation for June 2, 1881, and in Science, and The Atheneum for June 4, the author seems to have made somewhat frequent and wholly unspecified substitutions of human anatomy for that of the cat, The junior author has published two papers (7, 3) upon the anatomy of the cat; and the desire for a complete account of its brain, expressed by the senior author in 1873 (11, 229), has been recently, in part, fulfilled in the papers numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 12, 13 and 14. § 128. Reasons for Treating of only Part of the Body.—This work is primarily an explanation of methods, and the descriptions of organs are mainly in illustration thereof. The account of only forty muscles covers an equal number of pages. To devote a pro- portionate space to the 150 or more other muscles, and to all the arteries, veins and nerves would swell the volume to undesirable dimensions. Some selection was therefore neces- sary. ‘ Of the two general regions of the body, the cephalic is certainly more familiar to most persons, more interesting, more employed in art, more often used in experiment, and more subject to injury and disease. To obtain and prepare the heart and the brain involves some manipulation of the thorax and head. The arm of the cat is more complete than the leg, since it has all five of the digits, and presents the interesting and important provision for the rotation of one of the epipodial bones about the other. Notwithstanding our doubts respecting the homologies of the WM. clavo-trapezius and some of the antebrachial muscles, the myology of the arm is in a more satisfactory state than that of the leg, where the great ‘‘adductors” are likely to puzzle anatomists for some time to come. In short, the same practical considerations which have led most anatomists to describe the muscles of the antebrachium with more fullness than those of the back, have induced us to select the arm rather than the leg for the more detailed descriptions. 58 INTRODUCTORY. § 129. Reasons for Giving Unusual Prominence to the Vis- cera.—lIt is stated by Macalister (British Association Report, 1877, p. 94), that “at least 600 bodies are annually examined in the dis- secting rooms of Great Britain and Ireland;” yet how few are the published observations respecting the characters, constant or variable, of any parts other than the bones and the muscles. In this country the case is still worse, and we have no journal espe- cially devoted to Anatomy and Physiology. This comparative neglect of the internal organs is probably due, in great part, to the fact that, as remarked by the senior author, (2, 9), the average “ human subject is rarely available for the study of viscera. Usually some of them are diseased. The heart is apt to be full of injection-mass. The brain and abdominal viscera decay so rapidly that some of their important features are soon obliterated ; and when, as is customary, their removal is postponed until after the examination of the overlying muscles, their condition is often such as to render them unfit for preservation. How many students have gained a good’ view of the thoracic duct, or the sympathetic ganglia? How often has it been ascertained whether a subject has two pancreatic ducts or only one? Is a satisfactory examination of the brain made by the majority of dissectors?” In short, do not the larger number of medical students regard the viscera, even the heart, as simply a mass of ill smelling material, difficult to examine, not very instructive, and worthy only of the waste pail? Whatever be the cause of this inattention to the viscera, the fact leads us to give ample space and illustration to these organs as they exist in an animal peculiarly adapted for their study and preservation. Moreover, although a predilection for surgery prevails among medical students, most of the diseases they will have to treat affect the viscera rather than the skeleton and its muscles; physiology, too, is largely splanchnological, and a correct knowledge of the brain is yearly more desirable in connection with the pro- gress of rational Psychology. Lastly, notwithstanding the general preference of systematic zoologists for skeletal characters—a preference certainly based upon convenience, and, in respect to fossil forms, upon absolute necessity—we are disposed to think, as suggested by Gill (J, p. xxvii) and the senior author (22, 189), that the more comprehensive vertebrate divisions should be founded upon cerebral and cardiac characters. CHAPTER I. LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIAL FOR ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY—DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS—CARE, POLISHING AND SHARPENING OF INSTRU- MENTS—METHODS OF KILLING ANIMALS—PRECAUTIONS FOR CLEANLINESS—DEO- DORIZERS. § 130. Anatomical Instruments and Material—tThe follow- ing is a General List of the Supplies required for anatomical work. A Special List will be given in connection with each kind of manipu- lation. The names are arranged in alphabetical order. Common letters are used for the names -of instruments and materials which are desirable, especially in a large laboratory. The names in black letter are of articles which are regarded by us as indispensable to the performance of the best kind of work. Several articles are not marked indispensable because for them may be substituted others which, although less perfect and satisfactory, may be cheaper or more easily obtained. For example, ordinary cotton may be used instead of the absorbent, a pail or pox in place of the anesthetic-box, crockery instead of glass, etc. Of the two syringes, the cheaper is marked indispensable, but the more expensive will answer the purpose more conveniently. In the first column are given the numbers of the figures of the instruments and appa- ratus in this work. In the second column, the sections are named when possible. Usually these sections occur within the present chapter, but in some cases, as with Alcohol, Jars, etc., the articles are treated of elsewhere, as may be ascertained from the Index. In the last column are given the maaimum prices of the less familiar articles. They are usually taken from dealers’ lists, and are therefore based upon the ordinary weights and measures, It will be understood that prices vary according to the quality of the goods, the state of the market, and the distance of the dealer from the place of manufacture. Illustrated Catalogues of Anatomical and Surgical Instruments, of Tools, of Glass-ware, and of Chemical Apparatus and Supplies, may be obtained of dealers, as, for instance, .Codman & Shurtleff, of Boston, Shepard & Dudley, of New York, and Snowden, of Philadelphia; A. J. Wilkinson, and Goodnow & Wightman, of Boston ; Whitall, Tatum & Co., of New York ; J. & H. Berge, of New York, and others. ARTICLE. Fie. SxEc. PER PRICE Absorbent cotton... ...... cece eee eee renee ae 134 Tb. $1.00 Alcohol, ethyl... 2.00... cece beeen cence eens 2g ch. TI gall. 2.50 Alcodémeter (alcoholometer), or indioaicien i fe re 2.00 Ansesthetic-box. .. 16.0. cscs ec eee cee nese eee 29 194 ae 1.50 Animal charcoal...........cs see c cece eee nees se 198 Tb. 10 Arseniate of $90d8........ 0. cece ec ce cece eee ee ae ch. IIT Tb. 20 Arthrotome...... cece cee eee eee ete e eens 16 185 se 1.25 60 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. ARTICLE. Fig. Src. PER Atomizer or spraying apparatus....... ....... Bags, coarse, for catS......... 0c cee eee ee eeeee Basins, graniteware........... 0. cess eee eee ae ¥a Beaded bristles. 6.43 605 x0 cise weies oe eras a 136 P Benzine zs <2 yes ones vownminvaveseemeecnrws Bistoury, concave, blunt point................ 2 a small, straight, blunt point.......... 14 @ ee # sharp point ......... 2 ake 3 Blocks, 15x 7x Fem... ec eee eee eee eee ag 137 Blow pipe, flexible...................00000. 19 138 Bone chisel...... 00.0.0... cece ee eee cece eee vs “ re Bottle brushes.............0 ie deoaie stele 84 Be doz. Butcher knife, small........ 00... ..0c eee eee ie oe Cans and boxes, metal............ 0.00 cece eee Sd ch. TIT Canales, glass ss. 36 Carbolic acid, strong ........... 0... cece ee eee si te Catsscicnietnnisgecus paeeseaescaaduuteess a 139 Chain hooks: +s os % cas ay ssh Bik sein eee He 140 Chamois leather ........0 .. cece cece eee hs a SS Chlorofortases: as