ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

NEw York STATE COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HoME ECONOMICS

 

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

 

 

 

 

 
Cornell Un iversit Library
SD 144.N7V59

Some silvi

Cultural effects of cutting on

AOAUNTMTTA

3 1924 002 931 784

mann
SOME SILVICULTURAL EFFECTS OF CUTTING
ON THE OVAL WOOD DISH TRACT
NEAR MOUNT MORRIS,
FRANKLIN COUNTY,N.Y.*

by

a
Henry Vettel

1921

* Report on work done in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master in Forestry.

Cor 7
sD

N17
 VSF

3272823
TABLE OF CONTENTS,

Description and Histery of the Tract - --«---- -

Forest Description for Area Studied- - ---=«- -

Principal Silvicultural Characteristies of Beech
Yellow Birch and Hard Maple ------+--+----

Growth Following Clearcutting - - --------

Composition of Stand------------

Stocking -----+-+-++%+4+%+-+-+4-+-+-+-+--

Height Growth --------+-+-+-+--+--+e-

Diameter Growth . Se eerie ee

Volume Growth - Boia ou ihe. Sax Tenet eae a ee

Young Growth in Small Openings Following Softwood

Logging

on the Hardwood Type -----------

Reproduction Survey of Land Cleared of Merchant~
able Timber -------2f-7e7 7 2777 -°- -

Accelerated Growth of Spruce Following Logging- -

ll
15
15
17

83

26
33
38
(1)

LOCATION OF THE TRACT,

The portion of the Oval Wood Dish Company's
lands, on which the following study was made,is
situated on the northwest slope of Mount Morris,
about three and a half miles from the town of
Tupper Lake and about three-quarters of a mile
from the state road,on the Mount Morris trail;in

Township 25,Franklin County,New York.

HISTORY OF THE TRACT.

The tract has been logged over by a series of
three cuttings. The first cut was made in 1892 for
softwood lumber by the A.Sherman Lumber Company.
The same operator again cut for hemlock and pulp-
wood in 1905. The tract has recently become the
property of the Oval Wood Dish Company,who in 19380
logged the area for pulpwood and hardwoods.
(2)

FOREST DESCRIPTION ( Hardwood Slope Type)

The soil is generally a sandy loam,fresh and
varying from shallow to deep. The area is fairly
well drained throughout. The slope is moderate
and generally of northerly exposure.

The litter is characteristic of hardwood grewth
and varies from two inches to about a foot in depth.
The humus is in a good state of decomposition and
is an inch to a foot in depth.

The ground cover is moderate, consisting largely
of herbaceous weeds (wood gorrel, Solomon's seal, bear
berry, violets,etc)with some ferns and moss. The
underbrush is moderate and made up of atriped maple
and witch hobble.

The reproduction,in the main, consists of the
seedlings and sprouts of beech, yellow birch and
hard maple,with a emall amount of spruce scattered
over the type. (Note: Miscellaneous species are not
taken account of in this description.)

The trees found are beech, yellow birch, hard
maple and a small amount of epruce. The stand is
of fairly good form and quality. Some of the

peech and yellow birch are defective due to fungous

attack.
(3)

THE PRINCIPAL SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICSOF BEECH,
YELLOW BIRCH AND HARD MAPLE.

The principal silvicultural characteristics of

beech, yellow birch and hard maple may best be grasped

from the following table of comparisons.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Species Seed Production Seedling Growth
Periodicity] Amount] Dispersal Rate.

Beech Not Annual | Rather} Restricted Slow.

Small.

Yellow Annual Large Wide Moderate.

Birch

Hard Annual Large | Moderate Slow

Maple

Species| Tolerance According Aggressiveness in Reprod
to Rank. 1 - Most. Uction, According to Rank.
Tolerant. 1 -Most Aggressive.

Beech 1 : 3

Yellow 3 2

Birch

Hard 3 1

Maple

Species Requirements for Rapid Growth.

Beech Warmth,humus and shade.

Yellow . Cool,moist air and soil,side shade.

Birch

Hard Moist (well drained)soil and air.

Maple

 

 

 

The restricted dispersal of beech seed may in

part be accounted for by the fact that a large portion

of its seed crop is lost through destruction by

fungi and animals,and aleo to the fact that its seed

, Prothinghan,
composition,
ment of Agriculture Bul.

yy

i
side --@

The Northern Hardwood ¥orest:
growth and management.
Bab, 1915.

Its
United States Depart-
(4)

is not wind disseminated whereas birch and maple are both
distibuted by the wind. Frothingham,1915,states that:
“Sugar maple is the most generally aggressive reproducer
throughout the beech-birch-maple type. This is un -
doubtedly due to the combined tolerance and seeding
qualities. Beech,which is probably more tolerant, does
not bear large seed crops annually and much of the seed
produced is destroyed by animals. Yellow birch,which
does bear seed each year,is less tolerant. Its light
winged seed are so widely dispersed, however, that many
fall where the crown shade is light enough to permit

the development of the seedlings. These are adaptable
to a great variety of seedbed conditions. Yellow

birch thus accomplishes through its reproductive
aggressiveness often more than beech can accomplish

through ite extreme shade endurance."
45)

GROWTH FOLLOWING CLEARCUTTING,

The object of this portion of the study was to
determine the composition and growth as to height,
diameter and volume of the stand of hardwoods formed
after clearcutting.

A portion of the lower slopes of the hardwood
slope type was found which had been cut clear of
all trees about 25 years ago. The purpose of the
clearcutting was to supply fuel wood to a nearby
hauling camp.

A series of six one-tenth acre sample plots
were laid out on those portions of the area which
originally had been densely or fairly densely stock-
ed. All trees,both dead and ivinecwere calipered .
by inches and tenths, beginning at one inch D.B.H.
After all the trees had been tallied, the mean
sample tree was determined by means of basal area.
(Total basal area divided by the number of trees.)
This mean sample tree was found in the stand and
cut at the root collar,and measurements taken for
the use of pressler's and Schiffel's formulae.

Pressler*s Formula.

V-LB* HAa

Schiffel's Formula.
V-(L4Bt+Gb4)*H
\6)

Where B base at the root collar.
bs base at half the total height.
W total height.
Htd height at which the diameter is half
thatat the root collar.
The volumes were then applied to the plots.
(Volume of mean sample tree X the number of trees)

The result was the total volume per plot.
ae

GROWTH FOLLOWING CLEARCUTTING,
The results following clearcutting are as follows:
COMPOSITION OF SECOND GROWTH,

From Table and Diagram it is found that
of the three hardwood species, the larger portion,
40.0%,of the stand is made up of hard maple,with
yellow birch, 37.8%, second and beech, 15.8%, last.

It has been found that beech, birch and maple seeds,
all germinate well on exposed mineral soil mixed
with humus. Their best development is attained on
well drained,fairly deep loamy soils,but of these
three species, birch requires the largest amount of
moisture in the superficial layers of the soil.

The soil on this area was found to be a well drained
moderately deep,sandy loam. At the time of cutting
the seedbed conditions fot the three species had been
rendered good because at the hauling camp,which had
peen situated there,work animals had been allowed

to run loosed over the cutover area nearby. This
resulted in a well worked seedbed in which the soil
and humus were well mixed. Since the soil requires
ment for the species was amply met on the area, the
varying percentages of species found are influenced
by the following reasons. The dominance of maple

is probably due to ite natural aggressiveness in
(8)

seeding of cutover areas. The large percentage of
yellow birch is most likely dependent on the moisture
content of the soil. The area bordered the upper
limits of the spruce flat type,where the amount of
moisture was quite large,one of the requirements for
the best development of yellow birch. In the case of
beech,its restricted seeding,its non-aggressiveness
in reseeding cutover areas and the need for shade

for best development,accounts for the small percentage

of the stand it occupies.

1°
(9)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1.

Plot No. | Beech | Fel. Birch Hd.Maple iweel.

ee 8.6 Ot od. 58.6 Je

3 16.9 42.9 40.08 0,0

3 38.8 356.6 ool 8.5

“ Lose Shed 4.6 Lead.

5 5.0 28.9 Dy « & Ged

6 18.2 re ed 25. Ga?
AVERAGE 15.8 ote 40.0 6.4

PERCENTAGA COMPOSITION OF S#COND GROWTE

 

GARDWOCDS AFT#AR CLAARCUTTING,

 
(10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

0b

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ds

 

 

Tee F BA
aTden’ PH

VOLTA’ TOA
yoood

*TTSOS TH
aTdenq DpH
TOITA’ TOA.
yooed

“TT908 TH
eTden* py
WOITA* TOA
yooog

*TTS08 TH

oTden* pH

UIT * TOA
yooed

“TTOOS TH
eo Tdew ‘oH
YOITA* TOA

yo oeg

“TTE08 TH

aTden pn

YOITA * Tak
qoe og

*“TTS08 TH

eTdew* PH

YOITE TOA
qooog

AVERAGE

Plot 6

 

Plot 5

 

Plot 4

 

Plot 3

 

Plot 6

 

Plot 1

,us01eg

 

a ate alie Siae W aa e ae RS

Bele aT Ns wea alee tates! nae! Maio
(11)

STOCKING,

Tables and Diagrams show the total number of
dead and living trees per acre; the average of the six
one-tenth acre plots taken was 1115 living trees per
acre. This indicates the density of stocking was the
result of clearcutting. This dense stocking is one of
the necessities of a good second growth stand since it
furnishes the individual competition, which tends to
give better form and quality to the trees. Diagram
shows that since the establishment of the stand, 36.29%
of the total number of trees have died, but their
competition undoubtedly had a beneficial effect on
the rest of the stand. Those trees which were fell-
ed and examined showed that during the last few
years the growth was beginning to slow down. This was
probably because the density of stocking,after the
stand reached and age of 25 years,was too great to

insure the best growth.
(13)

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3.

Plot \o.[Nunber of Trees Per Acre Percentage
Living Dead Living Dead
d L166 1350 46.2 52.8
a 1420 950 2.8 “uel
° 1310 480 73.% po.8
4 1060 440 C57 S548
5 1140 $70 Tes o+.5
6 OU 50 75.6 ROS
AVERAG&# | 1115 635 Oss TL 36.20

 

 

 

 

 

COMPARISON OF NUMBER AND P&RCki GAGE OF DEAD

AND LIVING Th##5 PER ACRE,

 
"89074 DeSP MOUS 1UFTOM IUSTT JO BSauTT*s9eT} BUTATT mous SouTT AACOH »

 

WLOL

 

| | | | | | | :
9002 00093 O00S OO0F 0008 0002 OO0T Heol, JOo°on

°9 40Td

 

 

°S 49Td

 

 

°“% 4OTd

 

(13)

 

*¢ Old

 

 

°*2 3OTd

 

 

°T 4°0Td

 

| ] | | ] :
oorT 009 OOF 002 dsoory FO°ON

 

 

 

“eqyoTd oe dues uo Deseg ) :
NI SPYFVHL DNIAIT Due aVad JO NOS TUVdNOD

sa a ae ee es te
(14)

‘g9924 peep MOUS IUSTOM YUFTT Jo eouty'soery BuTATT mous SsuTT AACOH x

 

YOVETAV

O24 O9 OS OF O¢ 0g OT 0 ,UsoIId

 

°9 4OTd

 

 

*S 3°Td

 

 

°*> 2°ld

 

 

"€ 4OTd

 

 

°*g 40Td

 

 

“T 4°Td

Oz 09 os OF de 0g OT 0 4yueoim8g

 

(787,070 oTdues 9 uo posed ) ; :
‘SaNVLS GOOMGUVE HLsoso GNOOFS NI SF7¥YL ONIAIT GNV AV@d FO FOVANZOMYd FO NOK TeVdWoo

 

¢ wersetq
(15)

GROWTH OF STAND - - HEIGHT,

From Table the height growth of the hardwocds
will be found to be on the average 45.6 feet or by
taking growth per species per year,based on the mean
sample tree:=-

Beech = - - - 1.8 ft.per year.

Birch - - - - 1.7 ft,per year.

Maple - -- - 1.9 ft.per year.
or an average height growth of almost two feet per
year. This excellent growth is due to site and the

density of stocking.

GROWTH OF STAND - — DIAMETER,

Table shows the average diameter of the
stand at 25 to 30 years to be 3.8" or by species,
(mean sample tree) at 25 yearsi-

Beech - - — 3.94 inches
Birch = - = 3.68 inches

Maple - - — 3.56 inches
(16)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3.
M&AN CAMPLE Tad MAASUREVANTS,
Plot| Species |Age |D.B.H | Height | Volume Mean Sample Tree( CuFt)
No. M.S. 7. Yrs |Incn Feet. Schifrel's | Pressler's
Formula Form)

1 Yel.Bircen|35 4.1 | 47.0 ed eo

3 Hd.Maple |o5 5.0 44.6 Lat bo?

3 Yel. Biren | ZY ad 41.6 6.0 Beta te

4 Hd.wazle [36 Og f 7.1 ee) Bio

5 Yel. Biren | 35 3.6 42.8 2.0 isd.

6 |Beech 36 4.1/| 46.3 2.5 2.5/7

6 Yel... Bi reh | 30 4.15 | 48.6 Dad 3.3

Table 4

fOLUMs OF

S#COND GROWTH HARDWOODS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plot Wo. Volume per Acre.(Cords)
Schirtfel Pressler Average
i 32.70 66.64 Bo eet
3 83.40 1g .50 61.45
3 23.55 26.78 62.06
& 2D.UU 65.00 35.00
5 oe ae 23.30 om. 78
6 14.73 Ley Fe 14.76
6 18.26 19.43 18.85
AVERAGE 35.80 26.20 Be.

 

 

 

In converting cubic feet to cords the factor
of 90 cubic feet to a cord was used.

 
(17)

GROWTH OF STAND = - VOLUME,

Tables and Diagrams give the results
found for the volume of the stand. The average
volume per acre is shown to be 22.5 cords or an
average mean annual increment ,in Tables and
Diagram ,of .91 cords or 3.86% This gives the
excellent yield of almost a cord per acre per year
for second growth hardwoods,at 25 to 30 years.

From a comparison of Diagrams and
the general statement may be formulated, that the
volume of a stand is in direct proportion to the

basal area, which is indicative of density of

stocking.
18)

,
¥

 

FOV UZAY

9 40Td

 

GS 3°Td

 

% 40Td

 

g 49Td

 

& 4°Td

 

T }0Td

| \ |
oose Q00¢e OOoST lodt QO 3e9e7 OTAQNO

 

“WUOV UFd ( 3eee OTAND pue Spsop JSEYNNTOA JO NOS TYVdNOO

% werse td
(19)

Get

 

a)

ZOVUZAV

 

9 4°Td

 

GS 3°Td

 

¥ 3°9Td

 

g 401d

 

& 40Td

 

COT

T 40Td

\ \ |
G2 OS Se 0 498g ezenbs

 

*“SLOId JO VZV IVSVd TWL0L FO NOY IYVdNOO

G wersetq
(20)

Table 5
MEAN ANNUAL INCREMENT OF SECOND
GROWTH HARDWOODS.

 

 

 

 

Plot No. M.A.1.( Cords)
1 L.18
2 86
3 93
4 .96
5 91
6 60
AVER AGE 91

 

 

 
(31)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“ENZNZUONT IVANNY NAVIN FO NOSIUVaNOO

9 weIzvetq

ZOVUGAV

 

"9 49Td

 

“Ss 2 OTe

‘} 101d

 

"€ 40Td
*S 30Td

°T 4°Td

epr09
(32)

YOUNG GROWTH IN AMALL OPENINGS FOLLOWING
SOFTWOOD LOGGING ON THE HARDWOOD TYPE,

On another portion of the hardwood slope type,33
sample plots varying from one-twentieth to one-tenth
acre in are were laid out in such places,where at the
time of the ocuttingd in 1896 and 1905, s0ftwoods were
taken out singly or in groups. On these areas all trees
were calipered and tallied by one inch D.B.4H, classes.
Stand tables were prepared from which figuree on the
percentage of composition could be based. Trees up
to a D.B.H. cf six inches were used in making these
tables,since the number of trees dropped off rapidly
beyond that diameter. Those above six inches D.B.4.
were assumed not to have composed part of the young
advance growth or the seedlings that started after
the loggings.

Tables and Diagrams show beech to form
60.74% of the stand,with hard maple at 8.05%, birch
7.06% and spruce 8.13% An examination of table
shows beech to dominate in every D.B.H. class, with
maple second and birch a close third. This tend to
show that the cutting of the softwoods and thereby the
breaking up of the crown canopy,admitted a relatively
small amount of direct sunlight to the ground. Those
hardwoods which dominated in the stand had a natural

tendency to close the crown openings rapidly by
(23)

increased growth of their crowns. The above conditions
gave rise to a situation which only the beech could

properly meet through its tolerance.
234)
Table 6

SOUPOSETION OF YOUNG GROWTH FOLLOWING SELECTION

WWe. Trees Pon Pape Cteg = &, species Lae ¢

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D.B.H.} Beéch| Yelicw | dra | Scruced] Hiscel.| Total
inches Birch Maple

I oo4 a5 58 3 56 347

2S oe. 12 o 3 46 160

3 41 8 4 3 26 84

4 17 2 3 2 B 38

5 g 2 3 2 5 al

6 8 o5 | 8 3 2 14.5
roraL | 400 | 46.5 | »s 14 145 658.5

Table 7

PERCFNTAGs OF TR#azS BY SPECI2£S IN # ACh DIANA TAR

 

 

 

CLASS.
B.B.8.| Beton Yeliow Hard Sp ruce Miscel.
Birch | Maple.
i 67.44 6.34 ©.32 .86 16.14
3 56.88 7.50 5.63 1.35 28.75
3 48.81 S.52 4.76 3.87 33.34
4 53.18 6.25 ¢.38 6.35 B5.0u
5 42.86 5.53 14.27 § .53 23.81
6 55.18 3.45 10.79 13.79 13.78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
(25)

 

 

OV

of

02 OT Q

 

"HLMOUS ONNOA

JO NOILISOds100 WOVANTOUEd

2 wersetd

 

*TTSsoe TH

sonidg

 

eTdeW PIeA

 

YOItTG MOTTSA

qoesd

quooled
(a6)

REPRODUCTION SURVEY OF LAND CLEARED OF MERCHANTABLE
TIMBER,

All data for this phase of the work were taken on
a portion of the hardwood slope type similar to the
other area except that this part of the type was
better drained. The area was cut over for softwood
lumber 39 veer ago, then again 15 years ago for
hemlock and pulpwoods and for all merchantable pulp-
wood and hardwoods in 1920. These cuttings gave a .
final condition very similar to clearcutting.
Survey strips were run through the type. All trees
were calipered by inch classes beginning at one inch
D.B.H. At every two chains sample plots one rod
square were laid off and a count made of all young
growth below .6 inches D.B.H. The data presented are
based on the measurements of 25 sample plots,each
one square rod in area.

Table and Diagram show hard maple to make
up the larger portion, 74.02%,of the stand, beech next,
20.61%, and yellow birch last,3.58% Tables and
show the original composition of the stand and the
remnant left after cutting. These data show that in
the original stand maple dominated,with beech next
and birch last. In the remnant left after cutting,
only a few good yellow brich seed trees were found,

which probably were not enough to properly reseed the
327)
area. Another point to be considered is that the
seedbed conditions were rather unfavorable for birch
since the area was well drained and liable to drying
out due to the opening up of the stand and since the
cover of hardwood litter did not allow the seeds to get
to the mineral soil where they might germinate. The
third point to be brought out if the fact that the
time which has elapsed since the last cutting has not
been long enough to enable the seeding of these
openings with birch. It will be seen from Table
and Diagram that spruce constitutes a very small
portion of the young growth,in percentage only .03%
or six seedlings of saplings per acre. The reasons
that spruce will not reseed the area are;unfavorable
seedbed and insufficient moisture. The fairly large
amount of hardwood litter makes a poor seedbed. The
seedg may germinate on the leaves but their roots
are unable to get through to the mineral soil, because
of the impenetrable texture of the hardwood leaves.
The litter also sheds water easily and dries out,
leaving the seedlingd without the required amount
of moisture. Another disadvantage lies in the fact that
apruce seed is often dispersed before the hardwood
leaves fall. This tend to cover the seed to such a
depth that a fairly large proportion of the seedlings
are killed,by lack of light, too much heat,and too humid
(28)

growing conditions,since the seedlings are not able

to push through the covering of litter. A plentiful
supply of moisture is essential at the time of
germination and nthroughout the period of establishment.
The area on which the data were taken was found to be
well drained and did not have a plentiful supply

of moisture. The amount of moisture in the soil was
made legs,to some extent, by the drying out of the

soil due to exposure through cutting.
(39)

Table 8
COMPARTSOwW OF THE NUMR&R OF SfZDLINGS AND PARCENTA GA

COMPOSITION OF Tin REPRODUCTION.

 

 

 

Species No.Of Seedlings | Percent cf Total
Beech 4155 @0.61
Yoel. Biren 719 3.58
Hd.Marle 14859 74,08
Sieruce 6 03
“iscel. $53 is 76

TOTAL 200738 100.00

 

 

 

 

 
(30)

 

|
ab002
COT

 

 

 

WL0u
"TTSOS TN
eonadgs
eTdew prey

YoItg MOTTOR

qoeed
| I | | t |
OO00ST O000T 000g 0 ‘ar08 red ‘on
I | | | |
08 09 OF 02g 0 quooileg
“NOILONdoudz4
TAL

 

JO NOILISOdNOO FOVANTOUTd PUB FUOV UFd SONTIWAGIS JO axGWNNN JO NOSIUVdHOO

Q wersetq
(31)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 9
SRIGINA), STAND bAroRA OUTTiaG.*
D.P.u|Beech | Birch | Maple | 8.ruce | Misceil.
4 Le Ce 6.31 8.42 5.68 65.42
5 6.84 5.79 7.90 5.79 1.56
6 wie oe Ll 5.26 6.84 25S
7 1 38 sod 6b 4.241 ido
8 4.736 Do e.61 6.64
9 1.58 2.61 2.10 a6
16 4.72 3.61 oog
li 2.10 63 LG
g 6.10 o.08 DS
13 1.58 7.38
14 1. Do «od Silo «DO
LS wo 5908
is 20 2:10 wae
17 1.05 aid
15 25S
1s DO “oS
20 dine i208
21 soo 1:05
28 2.10
28 dD
B4 1.08
BOD 1.58
=6 soe
a7 1.05
3% oe
TOTAL |@owle | 26.32 | 70.57 67.04 Loos

 

* Number of trees per acre.

 
(32)

Table 10

EPph ANT Le P? APTFR CUTTING.*

 

 

 

 

 

DB. . | Beech | Pimon | Megie Spruce | Mige@el 2.
4 4.07 oO Lis BS
5 Ba Bo 85 LOO .00
6 2.00 ~33 1.33
7 1.&? wis “OF 1 x tthe
5 «SF 108 sot lado 67
o Lsvw 1.38 Ls do
10 coe -67
Led G7 GF
li 1s87 ote eo ~ 5d
lo 67
14 250
iS 10d
16
Le
18 233
Le
20
el awe ate
TOTAL LS. 1.68 | 5.do ¢ .88 1.00
Peroeent of
Original :
Stand Doel | 10. | TF. 7s 56.14 lias

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Number of trees per acre.

 
(33)

ACCERLERATED GROWTH OF SPRUCE FOLLOWING
LOGGING,

The purpose of this study was to determine the
effect of cutting on growth in volume of spruce,
released from suppression. The trees from which the
data were gathered were situated on the lower slopes
of the hardwood type,adjoining the upper limits of
the spruce flat type. This are had twice been cut
over for softwoods, thereby releasing the trees.

These cuttings gave the remaining stand almost full
light. The remaining softwoods were cut in 1920
and these trees,which had not yet been removed in
logging,offered the material from which the
required data were gathered.

Tables and Diagrams show the remarkable
growth in volume due to the releasing of the spruce
from suppression. A comparison of average diameters
at the stump,at the time of release (25 years ago)
and the stump diaméters at the present time,showe the
following results.

Average diameter 25 years ago---=- 5.5"

Average diameter at present- - ~ - ee

Percent increase in diamter---- 123.64%
The increase in volume due to relesse in trees,

which at the age of cutting averaged 127 years equalled
= (34)

83.35% of the total volume. This result must not be
taken as the criterion for what spruce will do after
release from suppression,since the site was a very
favorable one for this species. The area was
immediatly adjacent to the spruce flat type. The
sOilwas of good quality with sufficient moisture for
good spruce growth. A fairly large amount of hardwood
litter which had ample opportunity to decay when the
stand was opened would also tend to increase growth.
An interesting feature of the accelerated growth is
that not only the younger trees but also the older
ones responéed equally well to release from suppression.
In fact the oldest tree,168 yre old,made an increases
growth equal to 87.4% of the total volume,while the
youngest tree,84years old,made and increase growth

of 86.8% of the total. The data are however quite
meagre and so it cannot definitely be said that

all ages of trees respong equally well to release

from suppression.
\35)

 

 

 

 

 

Table 11
Tree Age Volumes(CuFt){ Percent
No. |Total/At Time Of] Yrs of Accel Total Acceler.| Accel.Grwti
Accelerat, Growth Growto | is of Total
dL 183 158 24 8.75 C55 (a0
3S 170 145 65 29.38 23.0% 78.4
3 117 Sl 26 6.80 5.05 %1<0
4 110 84 26 16.45 114.38 86.8
5 193 166 : 26 29.40 Oe 87.4
6 150 120 30 8.98 7.91 88.1
e 174 1428 32 44.90 40.05 89.2
8 145 it3S 33 54.30 23.68 53.3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COMPARISON OF TOTAL VOLUM2 AND VOLUME DUE TO ACCALHRATAD
GROWTH OF SPRUC# R&aLEASED FROM SUPPRESSION.
“UYMOIS PoYeIaTadOe 01 ONN oMNTOA BMOTS
SUTT VUSTOM TEIUSTI swnNToA Te104 SMOUS SUTT AAPOH »

 

 

8°ON Sot

 

 

(36)

SE

2°ON @dTy

SO°ON aor

 

G°ON Sedy

 

 

Z°ON aor)

C°ON DdL]

 

 

S°ON eazy

i T “On Self

I | | | | |

oF G2 0g ST OT S 0 Rooq otang
"ONILLNO AG NOISSTHddNS WOT AESVFTFN Fonuds

JO HLMOUS AFLVUFTZOOV OL ZN FANTOA CUS FANIOA WLOL JO NOSINVdNOO

6 werZetq
S°ON SOL]

 

L°ON Ser

 

O°ON 9erL

 

G°ON Secs

 

PON SOIL

 

C°ON Sery

 

S°ON 9OaL

(37)

 

T°ON S024

 

! | |
OOT 0 qusoieg

“HIMONS IVLOL FO SI ALMOND GFLVURTZOOV HOTHM weSVINZOURd ONIMORS LEVHO
OT wersetq
(38)

SUMMARY
Growth Following Clearcutting.

(1) On site adapted to the growth of beech, birch and
maple,but hwere there is a fairly abundant supply of
moisturein the surface and subsurface layers,maple
and birch will make up the large portion of the
stand in almost equal percentages,with beech forming
the lesser portion.

(3) Clearcutting results in a very densely stocked
stand in which the mortality is high in early life.
(3) Height growth amounted to about two feet per
year.

(4) Diameter growth was about four inches in 25 years.
(5) The stands showed an average volume growth of
-91 cords per year or an M.A.I. of 3.86%.

Young Growth in Small Openings Following Softwood Logging.
(1) In small openings beech made up the larger portion
of the standdue to its extreme tolerance.

(3) Spruce is almost wholly crowded put a&fter selection
cutting,in percentage of the total stand it occupies
only 2.13%.

Reproduction Survey of Land Cleared of Mechantable Timber.
(1) On typical hardwood land,heavily cut and having
only a small amount of moisture in the surface layers,
maple made up about 75% of the etand, beech 20% and
yellow birch about 4%.
(35)

(3) Spruce is almost absent in the reproduction on
typical hardwood land heavily cut,in percentage
only .036.

Accerlerated Growth of Spruce Following Logging.
(1) Spruce released from suppression about 25 years
ago,made in that time an increased growth of 126.64%
or the accelerated growth equalled 83.35% of the

total volume.
he

&

~
= ‘
/ i
5 2
_? *
2
‘ *
» 4
.
3 4
J ,

¢ 4

: ain

8 &