, ■■■MNMMP ■» ■■IMM ■H «£» mfm§0!rM BSRK wmm ?§mm Wmmm . ¥&&WwMm mMMW' m. mmimM Wm smm«i wmmB ’?&®1®)! 'r$4?^sSSC£ Wmmmm i, MHALBERT R. MANN' LIBRARY AT "CORNELL UNIVERSITYCornell University Library QK 47.W87Le 1869 Leaves and flowers :or, Objectl lessons i 3 1924 001 801 608 mann 31924001801608ita&fjs anil JFtofow*; OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.The Mexican Sage,—the Pink,—Phlox,—-Bell-flower,—Sweet Pea,—Lily,—Morning-glory, —Heather,—Bose,—Ear-drop,—Monk’Sohood, &c., —illustrating the several classes of corolla forms. See Lesson XY.OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY WITH A FLORA. PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND PUBLIC SCHOOI8. BY ALPHMSO WOOD, A.M., AUTHOR OF THE CIA88-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC. WITH 665 ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW YORK: A. S. BARNES & CO., Ill & 113 WILLIAM STREET. TROT: MOORE & NIMS. 1869.^"7 THE NATIONAL SERIES w 2 itpy °f l$(sft STANDARD TEXTS IN THE SCIENCES. I.—NORTON’S FIRST BOOK IN PHILOSOPHY.....$1 00 PECK’S GANOT’S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.....1 75 H.—PORTER’S FIRST BOOK IN CHEMISTRY...... 1 00 PORTER’S PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY...... 2 00 HI.—JARVIS’ PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY........... 75 JARVIS’ PHYSIOLOGY AND LAWS OF HEALTH. 1 75 IV.—WOOD’S OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY......... 1 40 WOOD’S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY........... 3 50 V. —STEELE’S FOURTEEN WEEKS IN ASTRONOMY.... 1 50 VI. —PAGE’S ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY..........1 25 VH.—CHAMBERS’ ELEMENTS OF ZOOLOGY......... 1 50 THESE STANDARD WORKS AKE FOE SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS, Or may be procured from tbe Publishers by Mail, postpaid, on re- ceipt of price. A. S. BARNES & CO., NEW YORK. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, By A. S. BARNES & BURR, II the Clerk’s Office of the United States District Court for tbe Southern District of New York.PREFACE. Among the happiest days of our childhood were those devoted to the study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those rambles in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance with many a floral gem before unknown. We love to think of that wild woodland lake where first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint Sarraeenia, and the fair Nymphasa, resting on the bosom of the waters; or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yellow Violet, the Hepatica, and the Bloodroot bloomed; or of that craggy mountain, where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung out its scarlet flowers. Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could have compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as to be no irksome task, but a pastime,—a perpetual feast; and this not only to maturer minds, but to the season of early yonth even in a higher degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the charms of novelty. Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. No science is more intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci- pline for the mind as well as for the body; and since the subject itself is replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its pursuit must also conduce to the invigoration of the moral nature. If. then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty,—with exalted6 PREFACE. thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and decision of character; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a 6tudy whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study of Botany desirable; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen. As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every subject or form treated of, or described in these Lessons. But, notwith- standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature’s works, and it is only by comparison with the living specimen that eithjr the picture or the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited number accompany every botanical recitation. Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maont, Payer, Richard, Balfour, Bindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl- ington's “ Weeds and Useful Plants.” Finally, to the children and youth of our country, gathered in schools of every name, this humble volume is dedicated, with confident belief that it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture as well as of pure and rational delight. Bkooklyn, N. Y., February 23, 1S63. BOTANICAL APPARATUS. The Publishers have recently provided and have on sale a set of apjoaratus of the most approved form for the use of the student in botanical pursuits, and as described in the Class- Book, page 15. It consists of a knife-trowel for diguing and cutting specimens, a microscope and tweezers for analysis, a tin-box for preserving them fresh, and a press for drying them. The Set, securely packed, will he sent by Express to order, at a moderate price. IN PRESS. “ The Botanical Ini ex'' a work for Schools and Seminaries, altogether new? and peculiar, in which the study of the entire flora of the country and oily is reduced to the last degree of simplicity and precision. Its use will lighten the labors of the teacher and add still new pleasures to botanical pursuits for every one. It will be issued in June or July. Also, in the domain of Science, the Publishers offer Steele’s Id Weeks’ Course in Astronomy. “ “ “ Chemistry (with Apparatus), “ u “ Philosophy (in Press). Most interesting and valuable Text-Books,CONTENTS. PAGE Pbeface........................................................ 5 Lesson 1. The Leaf and its parts................................. 9 ------ 2. Veins and Venation of the Leaf........................ 11 ------ 3. Forms and Figures of Leaves........................... 15 ------ 4. Forms and Figures of Leaves........................... 19 ------ 5. Other Forms and Figures............................... 22 ------ 6. Margin and Apex....................................... 26 ------ 7. Compound Leaves....................................... 28 ------ 8. Sessile Leaves.—Forms of Stipules..................... 32 ------ 9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds........................ 35 ------10. Appendages, &c........................................ 38 ------ll. Organs of the Flower.................................. 41 ------12. More about the Calyx and Corolla...................... 43 ------13. About Adhesions....................................... 48 ------ 14. Forms of the Perianth................................ 50 ------15. Concerning the Stamens................................ 54 ------16. More about the Stamens................................ 59 ------17. The Plan of the Flower................................ 62 ------18. Of the Pistils........................................ 67 ------19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud.................. 71 ------20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant............. 75 ------21. The Inflorescence continued........................... 78 ------22. Concerning the Fruit.................................. 83 ------23. Fruits continued...................................... 88 ------24. Concerning the Seeds................................. 93 ------25. The Seed becoming a Plant............................. 95 ______20. Life of the Plant, or its Biography.................. 100 ■-----. 27. Of the Axis of the Plant........................... 103 ------28. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis.........................106 ______29. Plants to be arranged in Classes..................... 1138 CONTENTS. ?AOK Lesson 30. The Natural System....................................... 115 ------ 31. More about the Natural System............................ 119 ------32. Of the Analysis of Plants................................. 122 ------- 33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables................... 125 ------ 34. Various Suggestions and Cautions......................... 128 Abbreviations and Signs............................................. 131 Analysis of the Natural Orders...................................... 132 The Flora.—Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens....................... 143 Cohort 2. The Gamopetalous Exogens.................215 Cohort 3. The Apetalous Exogens................... 275 Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted). Cohort 5. The Spadiciflorse........................282 Cohort 6. The Floridise............................284 Glossary of Botanical Terms....................................... 302 Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, &c...................309OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON I. THE LEAF, AND ITS TAETS. Fig. 1. Leaf of the Quince. 1. Ve have before us the picture pf a Quince leaf, care- fully drawn and colored. It is of a rich green color, very pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace- fully curved, and its upper surface is smooth and naked. Although it is indeed but one leaf, ye*t it seems to be made up of three parts—b, p, ss. 2. The upper part, b, is broad and thin, and is called tho10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. blade. The upper end of the blade is the apex, and the lower end is the base. You see at once that the outline of this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex, like the figure of an egg. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf: or, to use a softer word, ovate. 3. Now see how this blade is supported. At the base it is suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called the petiole. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and slender, and in this leaf terete, or cylindrical, in form. But in some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its name,— petiole. 4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of little leaf-like bodies, one on this side and one on that. These we call the stipules. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and placed at the base of the petiole. Their shape is quite various. 5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all. Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some leaves, moreover, have not even a petiole. See the leaves of Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sessile, that is, sitting. 1. Wliat, is the color of the leaf of the Quince bush? What is the color of leaves generally ? A ns. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the outline of this leaf?—its upper surface? 2. What is the blade?—the apex?—the base? What is the figure of the blade ? 3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real name. 4. Describe the stipules. 5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves have stipules? Do the leaves of the Lilac?—of St. Johnswort, &c. ?—of theVEINS OF THE LEAF. 11 LESSON II. VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF. 6. The blade of the Quince leaf (Fig. 2) shows many veins running through it, and branching all over it. Examine them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest vein in the leaf. This is the midvein. 7. Next observe several large branches sent off from this midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veinlets. Now, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of a feather, and we call such leaves feather-veined. Therefore, Violet ? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles ?■—of Phlox, for example 1 What arate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own footstalk, called petiolule, and its own midvein, &c. 36. The Rose leaf (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or sim- 83. What does the term acuminate imply ? What sort of apex is t uspi- date ? mucronate ? acute ? obtuse ? 34. When may we call the apex truncate ? retuse ? emarginate V obcor- date ? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves. 35. Define a compound leaf. What is a leaflet ? Wliat do you call the foot-stalk of the leaflet 1COMPOUND LEAVES. 29 ply pinnate, having; several leaflets arranged along both sides of the com- mon stalk. This common stalk, an- swering to the midvein of a simple leaf, is called the rachis. 37. Among pinnate leaves, there are, at least, three important distinc- tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and 61. One of them ends with an odd leaflet, and is called odd-pinnate. Another ends with a pair of leaflets, and is equally pinnate. Another still has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate. Fig. 58. Leaf of the Rose. Fig. 59. Odd-pinnate leaf (Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony). Fig. 60. Equally pinnate leaf (Cassia). Fig. 62. Pinnately ternate (Desmodium). Fig. 63. Palmately ternate (Clover). 36. Define tlie pinnate leaf. What is the rachis ? 37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and equally pinnate. What leaf is interruptedly pinnate ?30 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 38. Every one knows that the number of leaflets in tlie Clover is three; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of the Desmodium leaf. Such leaves are called ternate. But here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said to be pinnately ternate ; in Clover, tlie odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the other leaflets ; this is palmately ternate. Fig. 64. Honey Locust. Fig. 65. HoLon Hemlock. 39. Fig. 61 represents a hipinnate (that is, twice pinnate) leaf of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have each become itself a pinnate leaf. And still more compound is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being tri-pinnate, or thrice pin- nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we have bi-ternate and tri-ternate. 38. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between tbs pin- nately and the palmately ternate ? 39. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate ? What is a hi-ternate leaf ? A tri-ternate ?FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 31 40. All the above forms of com- pound leaves, except the Clover, are founded on the pinnate vena- tion ; but the palmate venation gives us the palmately ternate (Clover, already described); the quinate, with five leaflets ; the sep- tinate, with seven leaflets, &c. See the leaves of Horse-chestnut, of Hemp, and of this Lupine (Fig. 66). Fig. 67. Rose-bay (Rhododendron). Fig. 72. Sugar-berry (Celtis Amet'icana). Fig. 68. Alder (Alnus glauca). Fig. 78. Enchanter’s Night-shade (Oir- Fig. 69. Knot-grass (.Polygonun sagitta- ccua lutetiana). turn). Fig. 74. Catmint (Nepeta Glechoma). Fig. 70. Papaw (Asimina triloba). Fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solidago Canaden- Fig. 71. Touch-me-not (Impatiensfulva). m), a triple-veined leaf. Hie pupils should be required to describe the leaves in this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base.32 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 76. Potentilla anserina; leaf with five cut lobes, almost quinate. Fig. 77. Potentilla tridentata; ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets Fig. 78. Jeffersonia diphylla; a binate leaf. Fig. 79. Lemon ; a simple leaf jointed to the petiole. LESSON VIII. SESSILE LEAVES—FORMS OF STIPULES. 41. We have already stated (Lesson I., § 5) that many leaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. 80 (an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson III., § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be am- 'plexicaul (stem-clasping). 42. In the next figure (81, Bell wort) the leaves are ellipti- cal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing as if the stem passed through the leaf; that is, perfoliate. 40. What kind of venation have all these forms ? On the palmate venju tion what forms are founded ? 41. When are leaves said to he sessile ? Defino an amplexicaul leaf. 42. Can you define a perfoliate loaf?FOKMS OF THE PETIOLE. 33 Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens). 43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such are connate leaves. 44. The forms of the petiole, when the petiole exists, are also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender stem, but you will often find it flattened. Have you ever noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which so easily flutters in the gentlest breeze ? Its petiole is flattened vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-ward. Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed, and it must be very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at re.-t. 43. When are leaves said to he connate ? 44. W hat is the usual form of the petiole 1 Carefully describe the petiole of the Aspen. 2*34 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. A sheath- ing petiole embraces the stem with its winged edges like a sheath. You can find plenty of examples of these forms. S3 ‘i Fig. 83. Rose,—stipules adnate. Fig. 84. Violet ( V tricolor),—gashed stipules. 46. Let us now study more particularly the varying forms of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les- son I., § 4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Rose and of a Pansy (Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvania m, with its (s) ochrea. Fvj. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint (y), leaf (J), ligule (s). Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules. 45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole ? Can yon describe a sheathing petiole ? Give examples of these three forms.ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35 has its stipules adnate ; that is, growing to the petiole. The Pansy has large stipules deeply cleft into many segments. 47. Figs. 85-88 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric petiole, and a pair of small, narrow stipules (£). Fig. 86 is a Knot- grass leaf, with an ochrea (s); that is, a pair of stipules so joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a ligule (s) supposed to be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing petiole. LESSON IX. ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS. 48. If you carefully notice how the leaves are distributed over any plant,—the Corn plant, for example,—you will soon admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first view, we might suppose their positions all accidental; but it is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the plant de- pends upon this circumstance. 49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady’s-slipper (89), we find the leaves alternate,—that is, one on this side, the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in 46. Stipules ; can you repeat the definition ? Describe the stipules of the Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy. 47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass—what called ? Stipules of Grass—what called ? 48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental ? 49. Can you describe the alternate arrangement ? How is this arrange- ment more accurately described ?36 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. tlie Elm, Cherry, "Willow, and many other plants. But it would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all these cases, is spiral. (See Class Book, § 224.) Fig. 89. Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium),—leaves alternate. Fig. 90. Synandra,—leaves opposite. Fig. 91. Larch (Larix Arrmricana),—leaves fasciculate. Fig. 92. Indian Cucumber (Medeola),—leaves whorled. 50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of th< Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are opposite that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the New England woods, have whorled or vertieillate leaves; that is, several in a circle at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines, &c., whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, aro fasciculate. SO. Define the opposite arrangement. The whorled ; fasciculate.VERNATION.—LEAF-BUD. 37 51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna- tion of the leaves (from the Latin vernus, spring). In this condition the young leaves are closely packed in many curi- ous modes, which are described in the Class Book, §§ 209-211. 52. If we dissect and carefully examine a swelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe in the midst of it a tender point of a growing pith, bearing and covered by many circles of little leaves and scales, packed as close as possible. Fig. 91 shows a twig with two buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting the pith, growing point, young leaves, and Scales. -with two lateral 53. According to this figure.and the next oue termmal (91), buds are either terminal (£), situated at ^ig. 94. Same the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a), BPUt through the situated on the side. But we must more care- tw0 bud3' fully define the position of the lateral buds. Should we tell you that they are axilla-ry, or located in the axil of a leaf, you would not understand, until knowing that the axil of a leaf is the upper angle between the leaf-stalk and the stem. (See b, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may soon confirm by your own observation, that there is a bud at the termination of every stem or branch, and in the axil of emery leaf. 51. What is tlie meaning of the term vernation? 52. Give a caTeful definition of a leaf-hud. 53. What is a terminal bud t What an axillary ? Where are buds al- ways found ?38 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON X. APPENDAGES, ETC. 54. The tendril is a very common appendage. You liave seen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea-vine, the Greenbrier, &c It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved poin like a finger, until it touches some object; then it quickly entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines, are too weak to stand without support. Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea,—tendrils at end of rachis. Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa,—apex ends in a tendril. Fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed. 55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Those of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in the place of stipules ; those of the Grape (Fig. 000) are oppo- site the leaves, in the place of clusters. 56. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or 54. What is the first appendage mentioned ? Please describe the form and use of the tendril. 55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea • Greenbrier; Grape-vine.APPENDAGES. 39 prickles, as if in self defence. See the Tliorn-bnsh (Tig. 99), where the long straight thorns come from the axils of the leaves, and are woody. The terrible thorns of the Honey Locust (Fig. 100) are branched. Those of the common Locust are in the place of stipules. Those last mentioned, and all others which originate with the leaves (as in Berberis, Thistle, &c.), are more prop- erly called spines. 57. As for the Rose and Bramble, they are armed with prickles, which are horny in substance, connected with the Thorns.—Fig. 99. Cratasgus parvifolia bark onlv, not with the wood. (thorns axillary). Fig. lOO. Honey Lo- ' oust (branched thorns). (bee big. 101.) 58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled with a fragrant volatile oil; sometimes raised on a hair (Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liquid. 59. Stings are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base filled with an acrid fluid. When touched the tip breaks off, the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected into the wound. (See Fig. 106.) 56. What is the habit of the thorns of the Thorn-bush ? of the Honey Locust ? of the common Locust ? What of the habit of spines ? 57. What of prickles ? 58. Describe glands, the two kinds. 59. What is the structure and action of stings ?40 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY What do these figures represent?—Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appears under a strong magnifier; Fig. 104, an unbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a hair with a gland on it; Fig. 103, also, is u gland on the top of a hair; Fig. 101 represents the hooked prickles of a Kose-bush, not magnified; Fig. 106 represents a sting of a Nettle, much magnified. 60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on the leaves and other parts of plants. By this clothing pecu- liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described as follows. 61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface pubescent when the hairs are short and soft; villous, when rather long and weak ; sericious, or silky; tomentous, when matted like felt, &e. 62. But thinly scattered hairs make the surface hirsute when they are long; pilous, when short and soft; hispid, when short and stiff, &c. CO. How are plants clothed ? 61. Define the terra pubescent; villous, &c. G2. Define the term liirsute; hispid, &c.ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 41 LESSON XI. ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 63. To-day, we commence tlie study of the beautiful flower. We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or- gans are large and perfectly distinct. Observe, in the first place, that its brighter colors form a striking contrast with the soft green of the leaves. The coloring, the structure, Fig. 107. Meadow Lily (Lilium Canadensis). Fig. 108. Wake-robin (Trillium erection). Fig. 109. Stamens («, s) and pistil (p) of the Lily. Fig. 110. Stamens (s, s) and pistils (p) of the Trillium.42 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. and the fragrance of the flower are all worthy of its Infinite Creator, and remind us of his wisdom and goodness. 64. As to the structure of the flower, it is always com- pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, a). You may call the flower-stalk the peduncle, and the point of attachment (r) the torus, or receptacle. The former is the better name. 65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose it are called sepals (s, s, s). The inner circle is the corolla, and the three pieces which compose it are called petals (p, p, p). In the Lily and some other flowers the calyx is colored like the corolla. But it is not so generally. In'the Bose, Strawberry, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin- guished by some brighter color. 66. Bow, taking both calyx and corolla together as a whole, we call them the perianth (a Greek word, meaning around the flower). This name is very convenient when we speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are not much different. 63. What is the subject of to-day’s lesson ? What do you notice as to the color of the flower ? 64. What is said of the compound nature of the flower ? Of how many pieces is the flower of the Lily composed ? What is the peduncle ? What is the torus ? 65. Will you point out and define the calyx? sepals? Will you point out and define the corolla ? petals ? What of the colors of these organs ? 68. What is the use of the word perianth ? Will you point out and define the stamens ? What of their number ? What is the pistil ? How many ?OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 43 67. Next within the perianth of the Lily we find six long, slender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens. In the Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred) of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find hut two. But the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn- ing-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c. 68. Lastly, this central, club-shaped body ('p), here as long as the stamens, but of.totally different structure, is thejyistil. Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which has two; the Rose, which has many. 69. Thus, we have learned that the flower—at least this flower—is compounded of four kinds of organs, those of each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second circle, of petals, constituting the corolla; the third circle, the stamens; the fourth circle, the pistils. \ LESSON XII. MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 70. Let us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the Strawberry (Fig. Ill), the Crowfoot, the Single Rose. In either you observe five green sepals, and the same number of colored petals. Notice also the positions of those organs, —how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, but there are many exceptions. 67. Lastly, review the whole arrangement. 70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals ? What is tha rule as to their relative position, &c. ?44 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. Fig. 112. Flower of the Pink. Fig. 113. Flower of the Lily. 71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in the sepal, you can distinguish two parts,—namely, the broad, expanded part above, called the lamina, and the narrow part at base by which it is attached to the torus; this is the claw (Fig. 116, c). The petal of the Pink has a long claw; of the Rose or Buttercup (Fig. 119), a short one. 72. The forms of the petal are almost infinite in variety, like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c., and some- 71. Will you define the lamina? the claw? 72. Please mention some of the forms of petals.OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 45 times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is 'the form of the bifid petal of a Cerastium; Fig. 115, the flower of Mitella, with five pinnatifid petals; Fig. 117, the flower of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig. 116, fringed, long-clawed petal of Silene stellaria; Fig. 118, many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short- clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its honey scale, or nec- tary, at base. Fig. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: 8, s, sepals; a, the upper sepal spurred; c, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx. Fig. 121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed: p, p, the two double petals; s, «, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur. 73. A nectary is found also in the petals of Columbine (Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &c., distorting them into grotesque shapes, called spurs. 74. Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The calyx (o) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teeth at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals 73. What is a nectary? What is a spur? Examples.46 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs. 128, 144), the Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127), &c., show a similar cohesion (union) of their petals into a tube more or less complete. 75. The calyx with united sepals is called monosejpalous, and the corolla of united petals monopetalous (from the Greek monos, one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted of only one sepal, &c. Gamopetalous and gamosepalous are similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these terms are polysepalous andpolypetalous (Greekpolys, many). 76. The gamosepalous calyx or gamopetalous corolla, al- though composed of several pieces, is described as a single organ, and its lower part, formed by the united claws, whether long or short, is the tube (Fig. 124, t); the upper 74. Describe the calyx of Pink ; corolla of Phlox. 75. Meaning of the terms monopetalous, &c. ? 70. Define the limb of a monopetalous corolla ; the tube ; the throat. a b, the calyx, composed of five united sepals, c, a bract; d, several bract- lets. Fig. 123. Pink: a, the five petals; Fig. 124. Flower of Tecoma radicani (the Trumpet-creeper): c is the calyx, composed of five united sepals; 2, the tube; s, the segments of the corolla or the petals, forming the border.GAMOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 47 part, composed of the united laminae, is the limb (Fig. 128, s)\ the opening of the tube above is the throat. Fig. 125. Flower of Saponaria (Bouncing-Bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct, Fig. 126. Phlox; claws united, with laminae distinct. Fig. 127. Spigelia (Pink-root); petals still further united. Fig. 128. Quamoclit coccinea; petals united throughout. 77. In the Figs. 125-128, you may see how the petals in different flowers are distinct, or in various degrees united. In the Bouncing-Bet, the petals, with their long claws, are entirely distinct. In Phlox, the claws unite in a tube, while the laminae are distinct. In Pink-root, only the narrow tips of the laminae are distinct; and in Quamoclit, the laminae also are wholly united. 77. What is the condition of the petals in Pink Soapwort? What their condition in Phlox 1 What their degree of cohesion in Pink-root ? What n Quamoclit ?48 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON XIII. ABOUT ADHESIONS. 78. We fear that the pupil will find some difficulties in this lesson. Yet if he bring to the task eyes determined to see, and a mind determined to understand, the difficulties will soon vanish. 79. Cohesion, as taught in the last lesson, implies the union of organs of the same kind, as sepals with sepals, petals with petals; but adhesion implies the union of one kind of organ with another kind. Fig. 129. Section of the flower of the Golden Currant, showing its parts. Fig. 130. Section of the flower of Fuchsia. Fig. 131. Of Early Saxifrage. 80. For example, split a flower of Phlox, and you will see the five stamens adhering to the inner side of the corolla tube, appearing as if inserted into it. 79. Can you state how adhesion differs from cohesion ?CONCERNING ADHESIONS. 40 81. Now we take it for granted that all the organs of the flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one point, namely, at the torus {t, Fig. 129), hence in this figure of the Golden Currant, it is understood that from t to u the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together; from u to v, the calyx, corolla, and stamens, adhere; and at v, all the organs are separate, that is, free. Observe the same structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130). 82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to he superior, because it seems to stand upon the pistil (ovary) and fruit, but the more correct term is, calyx adherent. Fig. 132. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet: t, the torus. The stamens are hypogynous. Fig. 133. Section of the flower of Pear: c, c, sepals; p, py petals; stamens, —perigynous; o, ovary,—inferior or adherent. 83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which, although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac- quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx 81. What do we take for granted? Please show the adhesions in the Golden Currant. 82. When is the calyx adherent ? When superior ? 182. 188. 350 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. or corolla they are said to he perigynous (a Greek word, meaning “ around the pistil”). Otherwise, when free, they are said to be hypogynous, meaning “ under the pistil.” 84. Now study attentively these figures, or rather, the flowers themselves. The figures are sections, i. e., show the flowers as if split. Fig. 132 (the Yiolet) shows the stamens hypogynous and the organs all free. Fig. 133 (the Pear) shows the stamens perigynous, adhering to the calyx. Fig. 131 (the Saxifrage) shows the stamens perigynous and the calyx half adherent. Do not fail to examine many flowers until these troublesome terms become familiar, for these distinctions are very important. LESSON XIV. FORMS OF PERIANTH. 85. While all flowers agree in certain general characteris- tics, so that you are never at a loss to recognize any one of them as a flower, yet in form and fashion they appear in infinite variety, each form endowed with its own peculiar grace. It is impossible to describe or name every form, but we will endeavor to reduce them to a few classes of forms. 86. Notice first that all forms are either polypetalous or gamopetalous, as already described (§ 75). Again, they are either regular or irregular. Compare the flower of Flax 83. When are the stamens said to he perigynous ? When hypogynous ? 84. How are they in Saxifrage? in Pear? in the Rose? the Violet? 86. What is the first division of the corolla forms ? What is the second division ? When is a flower said to be regular ? irregular ?FORMS OF PERIANTH, 51 135. 136. 134. 137. Polypetalons corollas.—Fig. 134. Wild Apple (Pyrus coronarid),—rosaceous. Fig. 185. Wall-flower,—cruciform. Fig. 136. Scarlet Catchfly,—carvophyllaceous. Fig. 137. Atamasco Lily,—liliaceous. and Pea. The former is equally and similarly developed all around, and each petal is like all the other petals. It is a regular flower. The Pea flower (Fig. 13S) is unequally developed, some of the petals differing in form and size from the others, as shown in Fig. 139 ; therefore it is irregular. 87. The figures at the head of this page represent four different styles of corollas which are polypetalous and regu- lar. Fig. 131 (Wild Apple) is a rosaceous corolla, that is, rose-like, having five short-clawed petals. Fig. 135 (Wall- flower) is a cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla, with four long clawed petals. 88. Fig. 136 (Scarlet Catchfly) is a caryophyllaceous corolla, 87. Name the four forms of polypetalous, regular flowers. Can you de scribe the Tosaceous corolla? What sort of corolla is the Wall-flower Describe it. 88. Please describe the Caichfly or Pink. What sort is it? The Lily please describe. What sort of corolla is it ?52 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. pink-like; a form with five long-clawed petals. Fig. 137 (Atamasco Lily) is a liliaceous corolla, having a six-leaved perianth, made up of three sepals and three petals, all colored alike. Fig. 138. Pea,—an irregular flower. Fig. 139. Its five petals sliown separate, vi*.} t>, the banner; a, a, the wings; c, c, the keel-petals. Fig. 140. Flax (Linum grandi/brum),—a regular flower. 89. Fig. 145 is the flower of Sweet Pea, an irregular corolla, called papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped, consisting of five petals, as displayed in Fig. 139, vis., one odd petal above, very large, called the banner, two smaller petals below (k), called the keel, and two lateral petals (a, a), called the wings. 90. We next propose to examine the principal forms of gamopetalous corollas. Here we have a beautiful array of them. Among the regular forms is, first, the Rotate, wheel- shaped or star-shaped, having a very short tube, and a flat, spreading border; as Fig. 141 (Campanula Americana). 91. Campanulate, bell-shaped, having a wide tube and 89. Can you describe the papilionaceous corolla ? 90. Of monopetalous corollas, describe the rotate. 91. The campanulate.FORMS OF PERIANTH, 53 Gamopetalous corollas.—Fig. 141. Campanula Americana,—wheel-shaped. Fig. 142. Campanula divaricata,—campanulate, or bell-shaped. Fig. 143. Andromeda,— urceolate. Fig. 144. Field Bindweed {Convolvulus),—a funnel-form corolla. narrow border, as in the Bell-flower (Fig. 14-2), and in Canter- bury Bells. 92. Urceolate, urn-shaped, an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow opening, as the "Whortleberry, Heath (Fig. 143). 93. Funnel-form, narrowly tubular below, gradually en- larging to the border, as Morning-glory (Figs. 22, 144). 148 147 146 145 Fig. 145. Petunia,—salver-form. Fig. 147. Dandelion,—ligulate. Fig. 146. Honeysuckle,—tubular. Fig. 148. Synandra,—labiate. Fig. 149. Toad-flax,—labiate-personate. 92. The urceolate. 93. The funnel-form.54 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 94. Salver-form, the tube suddenly spreading out in a horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia (Figs. 126, 145). 95. Tubular, when the corolla is nearly all a slender tube with a small border or none at all, as in the Trumpet Honey- suckle (Fig. 146). 96. Ligulate (from the Latin ligula, tongue), as if formed by splitting the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate the number of united petals which compose it, as also do the parallel seams. See the flowers of the Dan- delion (Fig. 147), also of Cichory. 97. Labiate (Latin labium, lip), resembles the mouth of an animal. It is a very irregular corolla, having the petals of dissimilar shape and dissimilarly united. See (Fig. 148) a flower of Synandra, or Catmint, or Catalpa. In Fig. 149 (Snap-dragon), the mouth is closed and said to be personate, which means mashed. LESSON XV. CONCERNING THE STAMENS. 98. Safely infolded within the perianth, we find a number of delicate, thread-shaped organs, quite unlike the sepals and petals. They are arranged in one or more circles, and called the essential organs, because they are absolutely necessary to the perfection of the seed. 94. Describe tlie salver-form. 95. The tubular. 96. Ligulate. 97. Labiate. Now repeat the regular forms. Repeat the names of the irregular forms. 98. Where do we find the essential organs ? How arranged ? Why are they so called ?OF THE STAMENS. 55 Fig. 151. Flower (enlarged) of Dodecatheon : a, pistil; panthers; c, filaments; petals. 99. Let us look at this picture of the Lily (Fig. 150), or at some real flower. The slender organs marked a, b, c, are the essential organs of which we are speaking; and you see at once that there are two kinds of them. Those which stand in the outer row next to the petals are the stamens. Fig. 152. Ehododendron; only the torus (£), the five stamens («), and the pistil (p). Fig. 153. Buckeye, whole flower; 7 stamens, 1.pistil, 3 petals. Fig. 154. Hydrastis, split through the centre (a section), showing the torus, 2 se- pals («), many hypogynous stamens (s£), and several pistils in the midst.56 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 155 156 1ST A leaf (Fig. 155), a sepal (Fig. 156), a petal (Fig. 157), a stamen (Fig. 158), and a pod (pis- til, Fig. 159) of Draba arabizans, placed side by side for comparison. The central organ (or organs) is the pistil. We now propose to notice the form of the stamens. 100. The stamen may- be compared to the leaf. Its slender, thread-like stalk is the filament, an- swering to the petiole of the leaf (f, p). Its head (a) is the anther, answer- ing to the blade. More- over, the anther contains within its cells many .dust- like particles called pol- len. When the cells burst the pollen escapes. Thus it ap- pears that the stamen consists of three members. See them illustrated in this figure (161) of a stamen of the Morning- lory. 101. The filament is usually of a thread-like form (as its name, from the Latin filum, a thread, implies), longer than the anther, and more or less elastic. But the filament is no more necessary than the stem of a leaf, and is often wanting. 102. The anther is an oblong body at the top of the fila- ment, consisting of two hollow lobes joined to each other and to the filament by the connectile (c), which answers to the midvein of the leaf. The two lobes are usually marked along their outer edge by a seam, which at length opens into the cells. This opening, however it takes place, is called the dehiscence. If there be no filament, the anther is sessile. 99. How many kinds ? Situations of the two kinds respectively ? 100. How does tlie stamen compare witli the leaf? Specify the three mem bers of the stamen. 101. Describe the filament. 102. The anther ; the dehiscence.OF THE STAMENS. 57 Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing the five stamens (around the one style, which has three stigmas at top). Fig. 161. Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory. Fig. 162. Same, enlarged, with pollen-grains discharged:/, filament; a, anther, —two-lobed ; c, top of connectile. Fig. 168. Buttercup. Fig. 164. Same, cut across. Fig. 165. Iris, cut aoross (extrorse). Fig. 166. Amaryllis,—versatile. Figs. 167, 168. Larkspur,—innate. 103. But dehiscence takes place very variously. When all regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge, as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). But here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the hack of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that the anthers are extrorse, that is, turned outwards. A term of opposite meaning is introrse, denoting that the lines of dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Yiolet (Fig. 173). 101. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras, &c. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The 103. Wien is tie antler said to be extrorse ? introrse ? 104. Can you distinguisl tie opereulwr and porous dehiscence? 3*58 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Peculiar forms of stamens.— Fig. 169. A stamen of Pyrola rotundifolia: p, two openings (pores) at top where the pollen escapes. Fig. 170. Stamen of Bilberry ( Vaccininivm uliginosum): p, its pores at the top of two horns; it has also two spurs. Fig. 171. Berberis aquifolium, anther closed. Fig. 172. Anther open by two lids upwards. Fig. 173. Anther of Violet with an appendage at top. Fig. 174. Oleander,—an arrow-shaped anther appendaged at top. Fig. 175. Catalpa,—lobes of anther separated. Fig. 176. Sage,—lobes of anther widely separated on stipes; b, barren lobe without pollen. Fig. 177. Mallows,—anther one-celled. Fig. 178. Ephedra,—anther four-celled. anthers of Huckleberry, Blueberry, Wintergreen, and others of the Heath family, open through two little tubes at the top. The former is opercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See Figs. 169, 170.) 105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at- tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- ment. Again, it is adnate, which means, attached by its back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced upon it. This is the versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166). 105. What three distinctions in the attachment of the anther ? Describe that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses.OF THE STAMENS. 59 LESSON XVI. MORE ABOUT THE STAMENS. 106. The careful student will find a great and interesting variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens. In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian Shot only one. Some flowers have numerous stamens, as the Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with Fig. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow; the filaments (J) are united into a tube sheathing the styles. Fig. 180. Floret of Dandelion,—anthers (a) united into a tube. Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospermum,split open to show the four stamens (didyn'a- mous) and the one style. Fig. 182. Cardamine,—stamens six, tetradyn'amous. 106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot? What in the Rose? Cactus? Apple? or in these flowers? Define “stamens definite “ stamens iud^nite.”60 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. two hundred. Let us learn how to distinguish between flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite, when they are not more than ten, indefinite, when more than ten, or not readily counted. 107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in the Lily, Rhododendron, &c. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow together, forming a tube around the pistil; in other words, they are monadeljphous (Greek, monos, one, adetyhus, brotherhood). The Pea, or Dielytra, is diadel/phous,—the stamens in two sets; and the St. Johnswort^polyadelphous,—in three or more sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan- delion (Fig. 180), where the anthers cohere while the fila- ments are distinct, i. e., syngenecious. 108. In two cases we may definitely mark the relative length of the stamens. Didyn'amous stamens (as seen in the Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 1S1) are four in num- Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead. Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same. Fig. 185. Begonia: staminate flower; 5, pistillate flower. 107. Define “stamens monadelpllous.,, Give examples. Diadelphous. Give examples. Polyadelphous. Example. Define “ stamens syngenecious.*' Mention examples.IMPERFECT FLOWERS. 61 ber, two long and two short. Tetradyn'amous stamens are six in number, four long and two short (as in the Mustard tribe, Fig. 182). Again, hypogynous stamens may be seen in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132; and perigynous sta- mens in the Rose tribe and Fig. 133. What is the differ- ence? You need not be told the meaning of these words (§£83, 84). 109. Some plants have their essential organs separated, so that the stamens are all found in one sort of flowers, the sterile, and the pistils are all in another sort, the, fertile. So Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail (Saururus); it is perfect, but naked, i. c., with nihe, such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, Mullen, &c. We may define it thus: A long peduncle (called rachis), having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before we go further with inflorescence, we must examine the bracts which accompany it. 143. Please define peduncle; also pedicel. 144. When are tlie flowers terminal ? axillary ? Define scape. 145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &c. ? 146. Define a spike. Explain to us the rac/iis.INFLORESCENCE. 77 237. 233. 239. Bracts (&, i, b). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an Involucre of four colored bracts. Fig. 238. Hepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. Fig. 239. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix. 147. Bracts are evidently of the same nature as leaves, differing only in their diminished size, and in their position on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some- times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in Balm. When several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the base of the cluster of flowers, an involucre is formed, such as we find in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244). In the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is colored white. 148. Next in resemblance to the spike is the spadix, an inflorescence seen in the Calla (Fig. 237), Golden-club (Fig. 241), and Cat-tail. It may he defined as a thickened, club- shaped spike, often with a large bract (called spathe) at base, as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig. 241. 147. W hat sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any ? Define bracts What is an involucre? How is it in Cornus ?78 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 240. Lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes),—flowers in a twisted spike. Fig. 241. Golden-club (Orontium),—flowers in a spadix with no spathe. Fig. 242. Birch (Betula),—flowers in aments. 149. An ament., called also catkin, is a more slender and delicate spike, filled witli colored scales and flowers, and all falling together without separating, such as adorn the Birches (Fig. 242), Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The Hop also bears aments. LESSON XXI. THE INFLORESCENCE, CONTINUED. 150. The flowers of the Black Cherry, Currant, Foxglove, Locust, and Motli-mullen are in racemes. The raceme, then, is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels 148,149. Can you define the spike? ament? spadix? and spathe? 150. Please name and describe the inflorescence of Black Cherry.INFLORESCENCE. 79 (not sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often erect. Fig. 242. Secund (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa. Fig. 243. Pendulous raceme of Currant. 151. The corymb differs from the raceme in having the lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the dowel’s to about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn. 152. The umbel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, &c. It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Car- away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244), the umbels are compound, as if each of the pedicels had become 151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme ? 152. Please name and describe the inflorescence of tbe Milkweed. How80 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. itself an umbel. These secondary umbels we call urnbellets. At the base of the umbel there is usually a whorl of bracts forming an involucre (a), and often also at the base of each unibellet (J), when we call it an involucel. 153. The fine flowers of the Ca- talpa are in panicles (Fig. 235), also the flowers of Oats. We may describe a panicle as if a raceme should have its pedicels irregularly branched. 154. A cluster resembling a pani- cle, but more compact, such as you see in Lilac, is called a thyrse. 155. A head of flowers, such as we see in Clover or the Button-bush, hardly needs description. We might say that the head is a reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the peduncle. 156. The great family of the Asterworts has all its flowers in heads, so dense and so nicely arranged as to be easily mis- taken for a single flower. But if you carefully examine such a head, say of an Aster, or especially of a Sunflower, you will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets. The florets of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to does that of Carrot differ? What is an umbellet? What the whorl of bracts at the base of the umbellets ? 153. Please describe the panicle. 154. The thyrse. 155. The head. 156. What the inflorescence of the Asterworts ? How is the head of Aster made to resemble a single flower ? What the florets of the ray ? What the florets of the disk VINFLORESCENCE. 81 resemble the petals of one corolla, and thn involucre, formed of many imbricated scales, resembles a calyx. This bead is often called a com- pound flower. The outer flo- rets are the florets of the ray, the interior are the florets of the disk. See all this illus- trated in Figs. 215-250. 157. The forms of inflo- rescence heretofore described result irom axillary buds; but the three following come from terminal buds. Cyme is the general name given to all the forms of terminal inflores- cence. You may recognize them by the order in which the flowers open. Thus, in the cyme, the terminal and central flowers open first, hut in the forms before mentioned, the lower and outer flowers first. 158. When the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we call it a cymous corymb, as in the common Elder; and when not level topped, it may become a cymovspanicle, as in Chick- weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Staff-tree (Fig. 231). 159. The scorpoid cyme is a very remarkable form of in- 248 Fig. 245. Head of Blue Milkweed (.Mulgedivm) ; all its florets are ligulate. Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain- ing on the receptacle. Fig. 247. A fruit crowned with its pappus. Fig. 248. Heads of Ironweed (Verno- nia); all its florets are tubular. Fig. 249. One of them remaining on the receptacle. Fig. 250. Fruit. 157. Are the forms hitherto described terminal nr axillary ? Please define ihe cyme. + 158. Cymose corymb ; Cymose panicle. 159. What is a 6corpoid cyme? Name and describe the inflorescence of Bunch Pink ; the inflorescence of Catmint. 4*82 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. c c Fig. 251. Cyme of Chickweed (Stellaria media). First, the terminal flower (a) opened; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arose two branches, and ter- minated in the flowers b, b\ thirdly, from their highest axils arose the flowers c, e, c, c, from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on. Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris). florescence, as shown in Pink-root and Forget-me-not (Fig. 252). Before flowering it is coiled from the tip down- wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In its nature it is a half-cyme. The fascicle is a densely packed cyme, as seen .Diagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass Aito each other. Fig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Raceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 256. Umbel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. Fig. 260. Hoad. Fig. 259. Compound umbel.OF THE FRUIT. 83 in Bunch Pink or Pycnanthemum. The glomerule is a small, dense cyme appearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat- mint and the Mint tribe generally. 160. The preceding diagrams may be carefully studied. They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo- rescence, and how they are related to each other. LESSON XXII. CONCERNING THE FRUIT. 161. The flower is of short duration. After a few hours or a few days of blooming beauty, it fades and disappears. 160. Please explain th<> diagrams 253-260.84 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. The stamens and petals have accomplished their work, and are dead. The sepals also, when colored like petals, are dead. But the pistil, especially the ovary, yet remains in its place, living and growing until the seeds which it contains are perfect. 1-62. Thus the fruit is the ovary or pistils brought to per- fection. 163. During the growth and ripening of the pistil, great and manifold changes occur, so that at last the fruit is very different in form, size, substance, and color. The little pistil in the flower of the Cherry must undergo a great alteration in becoming a plump Ox heart! Fig. 263. An umbel of Cherry blossoms,—namely, a bud, an entire flower, and a section showing the one pistil and the perigynous stamens. Fig. 264. The drupe, cut through to show the stone and one seed. Fig. 265. A corymb of Strawberry,—flower and fruit. The aclienia are seen on the surface of the fruit, which is only the overgrown torus. 161. Can you tell us what parts of the flower perish ? What parts remain in place and still grow ? 1G2. How do you define the fruit? 163. Mention some of the changes occurring from ovary to fruit.OF THE FRUIT. 85 164. In the fruit we see the end and aim of plant-life accomplished, accord- ing to the wise and good design of the great Creator. While it serves to re- produce and keep alive the plants upon the earth, it also serves as food for ani- mals and for man. 266 267 165. It is curious to observe how dif- Fig 266 Drnpe _a ripe ferent are the parts of the fruit which Cherry. in different plants become food. In the 261/ Tryma —acorQ Apple, we eat the calyx which here adheres to the ovary, and in ripening was thickened and en- larged by the nutritious substance. In the Strawberry, we eat the enlarged, pulpy torus, which bears, all over its surface, the little dry, seed-like fruit. In Peach, the luscious mor- sel is the outer coats of the ovary itself; and in the Orange, it is the in- ner coat. In the Hut, Pea, Wheat, and most plants, the nourishing matter is laid up in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into a dry fruit. 166. The fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels. The word pericarp means the same as seed-vessel. When 164. Mention some of tlie uses of the fruit. 165. Can you tell us what part of the Apple is eaten? What part of the Strawberry is the eatable part ? What part of the Peach ? the Orange ? In what part is the nutritious matter deposited in the Pea? Wheat ? Almond?86 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the pericarp is ripe, it may open in some special manner of itself and discharge the seeds ; or it may have no prevision for opening, and remain closed until it grows or decays 270 271 278 277 272 278 274 275 276 Fig. 270. Achenia of Rue Anemone, in a head. Fig. 271. Fruit of Caraway, consisting of two achenia. Fig. 272. Kernel of Wheat,—a sort of achenium called cariopsis. Fig. 273. Fruit of Thistle,—another sort of achenium, crowned with a parous which serves as wings. Fig. 274. Fruit of Elm,—a samara, or winged achenium. tig. 275. Fruit of Beech,—two nuts, inclosed in the burr. Fig. 276. The Peach (a drupe),—cut open, showing the seed inclosed in its stone, and the stone in the thick pulp. Fig. 277. Fruit of Pigweed,—a one-seeded pericarp called utricle. Fig. 278. Fruit of India Strawberry,—a fleshy torus bearing the achenia outside. Fruits that open we will call dehiscent fruits, and those which do not open, indehiscent. We will first study some of the forms of indehiscent fruits, arranged as follows : 167. First Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, dry; namely, Achenium, Samara, Glans. 166. Of what two parts does the fruit consist ? What is a dehiscent fruit t indehiscent 1OF THE FRUIT. 87 Second Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, fleshy; namely, Drupe, Tkyma, Et^erio. Third Division: Fruits indehiscent, several-seeded; name- ly, Berry, Pepo, Pome. 168. The achenium is such a fruit as we find in Butter- cups, Anemone, Sage. Usually there are several produced together from one flower. We must not mistake them for seeds. They are pericarps, each inclosing one seed, as you see in the figures. The grain of Wheat or Corn (called cariop- sis) is much the same, but the one seed cannot be separated from the pericarp. 169. The samara is mere- ly an achenium with a wing, as in Ash, Elm, Maple. The latter fruit is a double sa- mara. 170. A (jlans (or nut) is such a fruit as Acorn, Chest- nut, Hazelnut, much like achenium, but larger, and seated in a cup or invo- lucre. 171. A drupe is such a fleshy fruit as the Cherry or Peach. It is well called FJ?'279• “aPle ~a double samara- . Fig. 280. Pear,—a pepo. a stone-fruit. Ihe stone in- pig. 281. Gooseberry, cut across; an en- closes the one seed, and is lar8ed View, showing the seeds lying in itself inclosed in a juicy Fruit of Henbane-a pyxis pulp. with its lid open. 167. Please define our first division of fruits. What special fruits belong to it ? the second, ), the cotyledon ('8®°»821 • Sho^the progress of germination: r, radicle ; p, plumule. 194. Please tell us again wliat a seed is. In what condition is a seed ? When will it awake ? 195. Condition of the seeds generally in Spring ?OF GERMINATION. 97 198. In the next stage of growth (Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle- dons (s, petioles, Less. I.), make their appearance, and from between them, at the top of the rootlet, the plumule 6hoots forth, a little stem with a hud at the top, directing its course up- wards. The rootlet, meanwhile, has grown longer, entered the soil, and divided itself into branches and fibres all covered over with fine white hairs. These hairs, called fibrils, may be seen under a microscope, as in Fig. 322, which represents the end of a Fig- 822- The extreme enJ /» n/r i /'I*! of a rootlet of Maple, greatly flblG Oi JiluplG With, its fiblils much magnified under a lens, show- magnified. ing the fibrils. 199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and hud have drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose; but now the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its numerous fibrils, which are so many little months, it is begin- ning to draw its nourishment from the earth. 200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later (Fig. 321), shows root and stem well organized, and the young Oak fairly started on its grand journey of growth and life. The root has descended deeper and spread its branches wider 196. What is the meaning of the word germination t Describe the section of an acorn in Fig. 318. 197. Describe that stage of growth seen in Fig. 319. 198. Describe the third stage, as represented in Fig. 320. 199. The first source of food for the embryo? the second? 200. How does the plant appear in Fig. 321 ? 598 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. in the soil, while the bud has mounted higher, unfolding itself into stem and leaves, and spreading itself in the air and light. 201. The young plant has now become independent of the seed, which will soon wither and perish. The cotyledons, in this case, are never able to throw off the shell, but perish Progress of germination in Maple.—Fig. 323. A seed (samara). Fig. 324. The same, just beginning to grow ; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the shell. Fig. 325. The leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem (s) and root (r) lengthening. Fig. 326. The terminal bud appears. Fig. 327. The first pair of true leaves expanded. Fig. 328. The second pair appear, &c. together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple (Fig. 325), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change color, and become leaves,—the first pair on the plant (c). 202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the 201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple—how differ in development ?DEVELOPMENT OF BUDS. 99 top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the joints (called nodes and internodes) of the stem, its outer scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from within. Thus the ascending stem, or axis, is always termi- nated by a bud. 829 830 Fig. 829. Bud of Currant unfolding,—the scales (») gradually becoming leaves. Fig. 830. Bud of Tulip-tree,—the scales unfolding into stipules («). 203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of each leaf. So long as the terminal hud only is developed, the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the growth of these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro- duced ; and these branches, from their axillary buds, produce branchlets, and so on. 202. What do you understand by the nodes and intemodes? How is the axis always terminated ? 203. In what case will the stem be simple ? How are branches produced100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON XXVI. LIFE OF THE PLANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY. 201. The water which the plant imbibes by its roots be- comes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the blood circulates in the animal frame. The leaves, by their broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which passes through them into contact with the air and light. 205. By this means the sap is changed into a nourishing food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part. Thus the leaves are designed, not only as an ornamental robe, but as organs of breathing and digestion. 206. In the second stage of growth, when the plant depends no longer upon the seed for nourishment, it goes on increas- ing in stature and multiplying its leaves and branches. It now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves. These are called the organs of vegetation. 207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flowering. Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own nourishment and growth. Now it begins to live and act for the continuance of its own kind after it upon the earth, according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i., 11. Some of its buds undergo a striking change, and open each a flower instead of a leafy branch. 208. A- flower is therefore a leafy branch transformed (as 204. Wliat becomes of the water which the roots imbibe ? What part do the leaves act ? What change takes place in the sap ? 306. Wliat. is the second stage of plant-life ? f 07. The third stage ? Whence come the flowers ?BIOGRAPHY OP THE PLANT. 101 shown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undeveloped, its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicata forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn tha face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit. 209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit bearing. The flowers have gradually faded and disappeared, but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class Book of Botany, p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all the nourishing matter which continues to flow into it through the flower-stem, grows, and finally ripens into the perfected fruit and seed. 210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant is its hibernation (winter’s sleep), or its death. If the event of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant, it is generally followed by its speedy death. In all other cases it is followed by a state of needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves, and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with renewed vigor, in the following Spring. 211. According to their different terms of life, we distin- guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an- nual herb completes its whole history in one year. In the Spring it germinates ; in Summer it grows, blooms, bears fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. The Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such. 212. A biennial herb lives two years. During the first it 208. Please state the nature of the flower. 209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life. 210. The fifth stage. 211. In regard to their term of life, how are plants divided? Describe ai annual herb. 212. A biennial herb.102 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. germinates, grows, and bears leaves only ; and in its second year it blossoms, bears fruit, and dies. Such are the Beet and Badish. 213. A perennial plant survives several or many years. There are herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. The herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs, are such as survive the winter only by their roots or their parts which grow underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop, Asters, Violets. 214. Woody perennials survive the winter by their stems as well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow- ering, and thence flower annually during their existence. Accoiding to their size, such plants are trees, shrubs, under- shrubs. A tree is the largest among plants, having a perma- nent, woody stem, usually unbranched below, and dividing into branches above. The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil- iar examples. 215. A shrub is smaller than a tree, usually growing in clusters from one underground mass of roots. The Lilacs, Roses, Alders, are shrubs. Small shrubs, about of our ovm stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call bushes. Very low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &c., are undershrubs. 213. Describe a perennial plant. Of what two sorts ? Describe a peren- nial herb. 215. A tree, a shrub, bush, undershrub,—how distinguished ? To which of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong ? To which the Hol- lyhock? the Balsamine? Four-o’clock? To which the Tulip? Golden-rod? Lily? Pink? Quince? &c.CONCERNING TIIE ROOT. 103 LESSON XXVII. CONCERNING THE AXIS OF THE PLANT. 216. The term axis ex- presses the central column or body of the plant around which the branches and other organs are arranged. As we have already no- ticed, the axis grows and extends in two directions, —upwards and downwards. The ascending part is the stem, the descending part is the root. The former loves and seeks the air and light, the latter the dark, damp bosom of the earth. 217. The Root serves the twofold purpose of fixing the plant firmly in its place, and of imbibing the neces- sary food from the soil. The food when thus im- bibed is never in a solid Fig, 831. An entire plant (Shep- herd5 s-parse), showing the axis {a to r). The part from c to r is the descending axis, or root; from c to a the ascending axis, or stem; b, branches, bearing racemes of flowers and fruit. r 831104 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY state, but dissolved in water, and con- sists of certain earths, alkalies, and gases. (See Part II., Chap. 7, Class Book of Botany.) 218. It is the nature of the root to divide itself into branches, and the only organs which properly belong to it are branches, fibres, and fibrils. It puts forth no buds nor leaves unless the plant be in some unnatural state. 219. The roots of woody plants, es- pecially, are branching roots. Tear after year they multiply and extend in branches and branchlets beneath the Fig. 332 Branching root of a young tree. big. 333. A tuberous root (Erigcnia). Fig. 334. Fibrous roots (Buttercups). Fig. 335. Branching root (White Clover), with tubercles.FORMS OF ROOTS. 105 ground, in proportion to the growth of the branches and twigs of the stem above. The axis itself may not descend to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far exceeded in growth by its own branches which extend hori- zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the rootj the more firm will be its hold upon the ground, and the great- er its capacity for drinking in liquid nourishment for the tree. 220. The roots of herbaceous plants take a great variety of forms. Some are tuberous, some fibrous. The tuberous are such as consist of a large axis or body, with. small branches; as in the Beet, Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and many other biennial plants. 221. The fibrous are such as con- sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely any axis; as in Buttercups, Grass- es. In such cases the axis ceased to grow immediately after ger- mination, and long thread-like Fig 336 Tuberons and fusiform branches supplied its place. root of Beet. 222. Tire fibro-tuberous roots 887- Taterous and nupiform , , „ , . root of Turnip. are such as have some ot their fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dahlia, 216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions does it grow? 217. What is the twofold purpose of the root ? What does it imhibe? In what state is this food when imbihed ? 218. What is said of the nature of the root ? What are its only proper organs ? What is said of leaves or buds ? 219. Describe the roots of woody plants, and their growth. 220-222. Describe tuberous roots ; fibrous; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular. 5*106 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Spiraea. If little tubers here and there are attached to the fibres, the root is tubercular, as in Squirrel-corn. Fig. 838. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony. Fig. 339. Fibro-tuberous root of Spirasa filipundula. Fig. 340. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium. 223. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu- berous, are filled with starch, deposited there in store, for use in the future growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots are described in larger works. LESSON XXVIII. OF THE STEM OK ASCENDING AXIS. 224. The stern tending upward in its growth is often called the ascending axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise 223. Wliat purpose do fleshy roots serve ? Less. XXVIII. What is the subject of this lesson?THE ASCENDING AXIS J07 Fig. 341. Spotted Prince’s Pine, entire plant: the stem is a “leaf-stem.’7 Fig. 842. Dielytra (D. cucullaria), whole plant; it has a “ scale-stem.” m growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There- fore we have, besides erect stems, stemsprostrate, 'procumbent, trailing, when running along flat on the ground, or over bushes, as the Partridge-berry, White Wintergreen (Fig. 343); and, also, stems decumbent, first arising and afterwards re- clining on the ground, as the Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Fig. 344). 225. There are, also, subterranean stems, never arising 224. Wliat of the direction of the growth of stems 1 How does the stem of White Wintergreen grow ? How the stem of Anagaliis ?108 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 348. Ine White Wintergreen (Ghiogenes)■ it has a procumbent stem above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip. 226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud, and as it grows it bears this bud always at the summit and produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf. Fig. 344. Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Anagallis) ; it has a decumbent stem. 227. The stem has nodes and internodes. The joints where the leaves severally come out are the nodes, and the portion of stem between, the internodes. In the bud the internodes are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together; but as it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and the nodes with their respective leaves are separated. 228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and the axis never extends itself above ground, and covers itself 225. Wliat of the stem of Tulip ? 226. What the nature of the stem with respect to buds ? 227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes.FORMS OF STEMS. 109 Fig. 345. Conns of Patty-root (Aplectrum): a, of last year; A, of the present year. Fig. 34(5. Scale bulb of White Lily. Fig. 347. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel (OxaUe molacca). with scales instead of leaves. Thus we have two classes of stems; namely, leaf-stems and scale-stems. These figures, one of the delicate Diclytra and the other (Fig. 341) of the Fig. 348. Rhizome of Solomon’s Seal: a, fragment of the first year’s growth ; b, the second year’s growth; c*, the third year’s growth, bearing rf, the stem of the present year, which will leave a scar (the seal), like that of the others. Fig. 349. Premorse rhizome of Trillium. 228. What two classes of stems have we to consider ? What is the differ- ence between them ? To which class does Diclytra belong ? Prince’s Pine ?no OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Prince’s Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of 6tems. 229. Several varieties of scale-stems mnstbe distinguished; as, bulb, corm, rhizome, creeper, tuber, &c. 230. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily, have bulbs; you see (Figs. 346, 347), they consist of roundish masses of thick scales with a small axis—in fact, an overgrown bud. Th eorm is like it in shape, but has a thick axis with thin scales or none. (Fig. 345.) 231. The rhizome, or root-stock, is a fleshy, underground stem, often scaly and marked with scars, as you see in the Bloodroot, Solomon’s Seal (Figs. 348, 349). Fig. 850. Creeper of “Nimble Will,” or Witch-grass : a, bud; 5, 5, bases of the stems which rise above-ground. 232. The creeper is more slender, much branched, many- jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch- grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is very tena- cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abounds. 233. The tuber, such as grows on the underground stems of the Potato-plant, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al- ways produces buds. 229. Name five sorts of scale-stems. 230. Describe the bulb ; the corm. 231. The rhizome. 232. The creeper. 233. The tuber.FORMS OF STEMS. Ill 234. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three hinds, the trunk, caulis, and vine. Trunk is the name given to the stems of woody, erect plants, especially of trees. They tire the representatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase, lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the storm. There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of a truer grandeur than the White Pine’s trunks of the North- ern forests. 235. Caulis, is the general name given by botanists to the Vines. Fig. 851. Passion-flower (Passiflora lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig 852. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. Fig. 858. Hop, twining from right to loft. 234. Name, next, three kinds of leaf-stems. Describe the trunk. 235. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent? acaulescent? Give ex- amples of each.112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. stems of herbs. From this word come two adjectives much used and quite convenient, viz., caulescent and acaulescent / the former denoting the presence of stems above-ground, the latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent; the Garden Violet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Violet is acaulescent. 236. Vine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous. The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from right to left, as in Fig. 353. The Morning-glory, also, but it turns from left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the tendrils, of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker’s de- sign more truly than if by an audible voice. 236. Describe the vine. What their three varieties ? What is the read- mirable in the tendril ?CLASSIFICATION. 113 LESSON XXIX. PLANTS TO BE ARRANGED IN CLASSES. PLANT may be studied by itself, as an individual, separate from other plants or objects; or it may be considered in its re- lations to other plants, as consti- tuting a part of a system. In this latter view we discover one vast design embracing the innu- merable millions of plants as one kingdom, leading us to adore the wisdom and goodness of him who planned and created the world. For we see that he has not “only made each plant, with bo much loveliness and perfec- tion in itself, but has assigned to each its proper rank in the system, and endowed it with just that nature, habit, and style of beauty, which adapts it to that rank. 238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now propose to do, is useful in two ways: first, it gives us a larger and truer conception of the Vegetable Kingdom ; and 237. What two modes of studying the plant are mentioned ? In the sec- ond mode wliat discovery is made ? 238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages ?134 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. secondly, it teaches ns bow to recognize by name the plants with which we meet, so as to avail ourselves of all that has been recorded concerning the same by botanists before ns. 239. Suppose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single Flax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- glass. It grows, tilling the clear water with its silvery radi- cles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and Anally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its history. 240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been sown in the fields, and from each, also, a plant has arisen. The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain in ocean blue. Now, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study over each of all these millions? Certainly not. He finds himself already acquainted with them, for each bears an ex- act resemblance to that which he has already described. His knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every- where. 241. In this manner we obtain the idea of a Species. Thus, a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same hind, having descended from a common stock, and resem- bling each other and their common parent in every feature. 242. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is a species; the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Purple Flax of the gardens is another. The White Clover is a spe- 239. Can you give us an idea of an individual plant ? 240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need to ndy the others ? 241. Please state your idea of a species. 242. Please illustrate your idea of a species.THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 115 cies with its progeny of millions of plants; the Keel Clover is another; the Yellow Clover another; the Buffalo Clover another. In like manner all the plants of the globe are grouped into species, and this is the first step in classification. 243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we may thus define : A Genus is an assemblage of species which are much alike; especially in their flowers and fruit. Thus, Flax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned above, and other similar species. Clover is a genus com- posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned. Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover, Ked Clover, &c. Pine is a genus, embracing as species White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long leaved Pine, and many others. 244. Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat among themselves, and these differences constitute varieties. Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds of varieties although only one species. Koses differ in their form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va- rieties under each species. Probably no two plants of any species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is not a characteristic of Nature. LESSON XXX. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 245. In attempting to classify and arrange the genera of plants, according to their natural resemblances and differ- 243. Can you now define a genus ? Please illustrate your idea of a genus. 244. What is a variety ? Illustrate your meaning.116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. ences, botanists have formed a system called the Natural Sys- tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification. 216. We have already stated that the plants of the globe are all created in species, and that this is the first step in classification. Then, in the second place, the species are grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000. 217. The third step in our system carries us forward to the Natural Om ers. These are made up of genera. As we as- sociate similar species to form a genus, so we associate similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of orders described in the Natural System is about three hun- dred. For example, the natural order Crucifirse, or the Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage, Turnip, Radish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear resemblance to each other in many respects. 218. How then shall we define a natural order? It is a group of similar genera; or, a group of genera closely re- lated to each other. Therefore, individuals form species; species form genera; genera form orders. But how shall we classify these three hundred orders ? 219. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains. We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs. We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the mosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we tee plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom. 215. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ? 246,247. What is the first step in classification ? the second ? the third ? What number of species known in all the vegetable world ? What number of genera ? of orders ? (Ans. 303.) 248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps. 249. Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom.THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 117 Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it into two subkingdoms. IIow shall we do it? 250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of these plants produce no flowers; as, e. g., the Ferns and Mosses. Lot us then take all such plants and consider them as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the Flowkbless Plants All other plants will of course constitute the other sub-king dom, vis., the Flowering Plants. Botanists call the latter the Phxenogamia, and the former, the Cryptogainia (Greek words of the same import). 251. Now these two sub-kingdoms have other distinctions besides flowering and not-flowering. See the fruit-dots growing on the back of Fern leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters of hollow cases, and each case tilled with a fine yellow dust. But this dust is not seeds, with embryo, radicle, &c. (Less. 24), but little sacs, containing a fluid, similar to the pollen grains (Less. 15). Me call them Spores. See, also, the Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens ^ '7WWI& 855 856 857 853 Some of the Cryptogams.—Fig. 355. A Fern, showing the fruit dots. Fi»gs. 356, 857 858, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance <^f any 250. Please distinguish the] two subkingdoms. The meaning of Crypto- gamia ? Phsenogamia ? 251. What about the Spores of Ferns, &c. \118 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. often, also, without stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp- togams that they are not only flowerless, but seedless, and often leafless and stemless. 252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the present, and consider the Flowering Plants (Phsenogams), as one sub- kingdom;—how shall this be divided? Every one notices a striking difference between plants with parallel-veined leaves and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flow’ers two, four, or five-parted, &c.,—the former have seeds one-lobed (monocotyledoned, Less. 15), the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle- doned, Less. 15). Let us, then, divide the Phsenogamia into two provinces; as Nature has already done. Fig. 359. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two years growth: 1, the pith; 2, 3, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. Fig. 360. Cross-section of an endoge- nous stem (Corn), showing no distinction of layers. 253. We may call these two provinces severally, the Exo- gens and the Endogens:—two Greek words denoting outside growers, inside-growers, referring to their modes of growth. 254. Now, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, we may distinguish them thus : The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con- centric rings, or layers, as seen in Eig. 360;—the outer ring 252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 253. Please give the character of an Exogen ; an Endogen. Mtaning of these two words ?THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 119 being the youngest; the leaves net-veined ; the flowers sel- dom (or never completely) three-parted; and the seeds two- lobed. On the contrary : 255. The Endogen has its wood, if any, confused, the inner portions being the newest;—its leaves parallel-veined;—its flowers three-parted; and its seeds or.e-lobed. LESSON XXXI. MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 256. Thus Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined that you may know them as far off as you can see them. The next step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these provinces. First, as to the Exogens: We know that they generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seeds (ovules) inclosed in their ovaries. But there are exceptions to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &c., have no pistils at all, or, at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens: the naked-seeded and the vessel-seeded. The botanists call the lat- ter the Angiosperms (Greek, angios, a vessel; sperma, seed); and the former, the Gymnosperms (Greek, gymnos, naked). 257. Secondly, the Endogens: here consider the peculiar forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en- veloped in green, alternate scales, called glumes, instead of 254. Is the Lily an Exogen or Endogen ? The Buttercup? The Maple, &e.? 256. What is the next step in the analysis ? State the manner of subdi- viding the Exogens. What is the meaning and etymology of the word “ Angiosperms ?” What of Gymnosperms ? Give an example of each. 257. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petaliferse? What of the Glumiferse ?120 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the circles of petals common in other flowers. Hence we have a class of Glume-plants and of Glmneless-plants, or, as the botanists say, Gldmiferjs and Petaliferae. Thus we divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz.: 1. Angiosperms j Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels. 2. Gymnosperms ; Exogens with no stigmas, and with naked seeds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses,Yews, &c. 3. Petaliferce ; Endogens with no glumes and ordinary flowers. 4. Glumiferas; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as the Grasses, Sedges, Grains. 258. Again, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into Cohorts, as follows: the Angiosperms are divided (not very naturally) into three cohorts, viz.: 1. The Dialypetalce-, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow- ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, Hose, Mustard. 2. The GcimojpetalcB, having flowers with the petals united into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove,. 3. The Apetalce, having flowers without petals, either naked, or with only one circle of floral envelopes (which must then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color); as Gin- ger-root (Asarum), Poke (Phytolacca), and Pig-weed (Cheno- podium). 4. Next, the Gymnosperms are regarded as forming one cohort, called the Conoids, having the fruit usually in cones. (Less. XXIII.) 258. After the classes, what is the next step in analysis ? How are the Angiosperms subdivided ? Please define the Polypetalous Exogens ; the Gamopetalous; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form? Why ? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form ? Define the fifth cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Glumiferous Endogens constitute?THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121 The Endogenous Petaliferse are divided into two cohorts, viz.: 5. The Spadiciflorce, having the flowers on a spadix, as in the Egyptian Calla and Jack-in-the-pulpit. 6. The Floridice, having the flowers separate, not on a spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus. 7. The Class Glumiferas constitutes the seventh cohort, under the name Graminoids, i. e., the Grass-like plants. Six other cohorts are formed from the flowerless plants, but we cannot notice them in this work. 259. Lastly, the cohorts Are themselves divided into, or composed of, the Natural Orders, which we defined in Les- son XXX. 260. Table I. Tabular View of the Natural System. Kingdom. Sub-kingdoms Pl'ovinces. Classes. Cohorts. 'Dialypetalous. Gamopetalous, i Angiosperms.. ( Apetalous. r Exogons.. 1 Gymnosperms.=Conoids. J \ Spadiciflorae, j i Petaliferse...( Floridese. j Phsenogamia. lEndogens. ( Ulumiferse ... .=Graininoid3. Vegetables. | Cryptogamia, (Tts divisions here omitted.) 261 Table II. View or the Natural System. 1. Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2.' PH^ENOGAMIA. 1. Flowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) CRYPTOGAMIA 2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never quite 3-parted_3. EXOGENS. 2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 8-parted--4. ENDOGENS. 3. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels_5. Angiosperms. 3. Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines. Spruces, &c.. .6. Gymnosperms. 4. Flowers without glumes, navmg petals, &C....7. Petaliferae 4. Flowers witn green, alternate glumes, no petals . . S Glumifera 259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided? Give us ex- amples of each of all these cohorts. 260 Explain the use of Table I 261 Of Table 11.122 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 5. Petals distinct and separate. Polypetal^® 5. Petals united more or less. GamopetaLj®. 5. Petals none. Apetala:. 6. The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Conoids 7. Inflorescence a spadix. Spadtcifloile. 7. Inflorescence not a spadix. Floride-e. 8. Grass-like plants. Graminoids. 9. Sucn as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Mushrooms all omitted in this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter XIV • 262. Table III. Another Yiew of the Natural System VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.: Sub-kingdom First, PH^ENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, including Province /., the EXOGENS, or Dicotyledons, including two classes Glass 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz.; Cohort A, Polypetalous Exogens (as Roseworts, &c.): Cohort IS, Gamopetalous Exogens (Phloxworts, &c.}; and Cohort C, Apetalous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c.). Class 2, the Gymnosperms, with one Cohort, viz.: Cohort D, Conoids, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c.). Province //., the ENDOGENS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes, viz. Class 3, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Cohorts; Cohort E, Spadiciflorjs (the Aroids, &c.); Cohort F, Floridem(Lily worts, &cA Class 4, the Glumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz.: Cohort G, Graminoids (Grasses, Sedges, &c.). Sub-kingdom Second, CRYPTOGAMIA the Flowerless Plants Province III. &c , &c LESSON XXXII. OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 263. To study any subject by the separate examination of the 'parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis. For example, in Grammar, we analyze, a sentence when we voint out and separately consider the subject, predicate, 262. Of Table III. 263. Wbat is tbe general meaning of analysis 1 Illustrate.BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123 object, &c. In Chemistry, we analyze water when we sep- arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine each by itself. 261. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each particular organ composing the plant, but doing all this in connection with certain tables, in order to determine its name and history. 265 This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur- suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses half its pleasure and usefulness. The student can acquire a better knowledge of a species by the study of a living specimen, than by memorizing the longest description found in books. 266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. If he is duly interested in. his study, he will not fail to seize and analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons become acquainted with every species in his locality. 267. But we do not expect that all. this will be accomplished by our young friends while using as their only text-book this little work. We only aim now to furnish them with the means of making afair beginning, so that they may be able, in future seasons, to advance rapidly with the “ Class Book,” or other works of that rank. 268. In the following pages we present the pupil with numerous tables, designed to conduct our inquiries in every process of botanical analysis; also accompanied by a plain, miniature Flora, or a partial description of all the flowering plants in the United States. 264. What is its signification in botany t124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 269. Specimens gathered for analysis should have flowers in full bloom, full-grown leaves, and also, if possible, the mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is well to have the whole of it, as the root and lower leaves often afford characters by which the species is known. Suppose you now have good specimens of some one unknown plant, gathered for analysis, —how will you proceed with them ? 270. We first examine the several parts of the plant, begin- ning with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter- mining the character of each according to the definitions given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table commencing on page 121, entitled, “ Review of the Natural System,” and read, compare, and decide according to the directions contained in Lesson XXXIII., in order to determine the Natural Order to wrhich the specimen belongs. Having determined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter- mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables. 271. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows : As to the plant—whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree. As to the root—whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibre-tuberous. As to the stem—whether a scale-stem or leaf-stem; bul- bous, rhizome, or erect, &c. As to the leaves—whether alternate or opposite; parallel- veined or net-veined; whether the figure be ovate, lanceo- late, oblong, &c. 269. What kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis ? 270. Please state the first thing to be done with them. After you have found the Order, what then ? '271. What special care should be taken? As to character, what do we inquire concerning plants? What concerning the root? the stem? the leaves? the stipules? What concerning the flowers? the calyx? the corol la? stamens? What concerning the pistil or fruit?USB OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES. 125 As to stipules—whether present or absent. As to the flowers—whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical; regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent; the petals, whether distinct or united; the stamens, whether hypogynous or perigynous, whether opposite to the petals or alternate with them. As to the pistil and fruit,—whether the carpels be more than one, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson XVIII.) LESSON XXXIII. HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES. 272. Our readers are already informed that the Flora which accompanies these instructions is not intended to make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will not expect to find in it any thing like a full account of all our flora, but a few plain exercises by which they may trace every flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order, about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora with a class of pupils who have well studied the former part of the work, some method like the following would be inter- esting and profitable. 273. Suppose the class present, and each furnished with a spe- cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit. Teacher. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let ns find out to- gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. We will commence at the “Analysis of the Natural Orders” (page 132), and read the first pair of lines, which we will call a couplet.126 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY John (reads). “Plants bearing flowers (Phamogamia). “ Plants not bearing flowers (Cryptogamia).” Teacher. To which of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong? John. To the flowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit. Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass. John. To the second. Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second couplet in the same manner. Edward. “Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-parted. “Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers three-parted.” This specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves and five-parted flowers. It is, then, an Exogen. Pass to No. 3. Teacher. Now let it pass along, and if a wrong decision is made, let the observer signify it by raising bis hand. Sarah. “ Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels. “ Stigmas none. Seeds naked.” These flowers have pistils and stig- mas. I think it is an Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5. Eliza. “ Corolla with distinct petals. “ Corolla with united petals. “ Corolla none; sepals sometimes none.” My specimen has five distinct petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Polypetalous. Pass over to A. Jane. “Herbs. “ Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs.” This plant is an herb. Pass on to No. 2. Mary. “ Leaves alternate or all radical. “Leaves opposite, on the stem.” The leaves of the stem are alternate, but many are radical. Pass to No. 15. Louisa. “Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. “Flowers irregular,” &c. I do not remember the legume. (Several hands are raised.) Teacher. Edward will define a legume. Edward. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod. Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition ? Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves and one cell. Louisa. But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17. Nancy. “ Stamens numerous.” &c. I count more than twenty stamens here. Turn to No. 21.HOW TO ANALYZE. 127 Lucy. “Stamens on the torus,” &c. I think they are on the torus, and not on the calyx. Next to No. 22. Emily. “ Pistik few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles). “Pistils (styles, also, if any), completely united.” I see many little green pistils, quite distinct, in the centre of the flower. Go to No. 23. Caroline. “Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate,” &e. This flower has five petals, but I do not know whether they are deciduous or not. / Teacher. Will some of you relieve Caroline’s doubts? Emily. I think they are deciduous, for they have already fallen off from several of my flowers. Teacher. True. Then what is Caroline’s decision? Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant belongs to the “ Order of the Crowfoots,” which is the first natural order. Teacher. Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the genus of the plant. But before we look into the “ Analysis of the Gen- era,” we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred in our conclusion. John will read aloud these characters, and the class will consider whether their specimens answer to each. John (.reads). “Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice” (&c., to the end). Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the “Analysis of the Genera.” Edward, the first couplet. Edward. “ Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. “ Sepals imbricate in the bud.” The sepals are imbricate. No. 2. Sarah. “ Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit. “Ovaries with two or more seeds.” I find one seed in each ovary,— indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed. Pass to No. 3. Eliza (after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite differ- ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d. Jane (after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on the stem, and a little scale with honey at the base of each petal, I must pro- nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4. Teacher. We now turn to that genus (page 147), and read its character for the sake of confirmation and a better knowledge.128 OBJ EOT BESSONS IN BOTANY Mary (reads the character of the genus Ranunculus aloud). Teacher. We are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is next. Mary. “ Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers small. South........ “ Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even........ “Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise.” This spe cimen has smooth seeds and yellow petals. Pass to a. Louisa. “ Leaves more or less divided,” &c. This second line of the triplet describes the plant. Pass on to h. Nancy. “ Boot leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate. “Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base. “ Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft.” Pass to c. Lucy. “ Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect. “ Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals.” The sepals are reflexed. Read Nos. 14, 15. Emily, after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or Ranunculus bulbosus, in which conclusion all concur. LESSON XXX LV VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS. 274. The work of analysis is often attended with difficul ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the young botanist. So it often is in the study of Algebra, or ol Logic; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning His decisions may be wrong through a want of a thorough acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his kuowl edge,—here, as well as in all other pursuits. 274. Mention two sources of error in the analysis of plantsDIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. 129 275. But the minuteness of the organs or parts to he studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student, much more to the careless one. To overcome this, skill in dissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis- pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums are herbs or shrubs; whether the flowers of Petunia are reg- ular or irregular; whether the Pear leaf is ovate or oval, &c. Experience will at length diminish this difficulty. 276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c., are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an Exogeu or an Endogen? Its netted leaves indicate the for- mer, hut its flowers being three-par. ed throughout, and iis seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to be an Endogen. Again, is Spring Beauty an Exogen or an Endogen? Its leaves seem, at first, parallel-veined, but as its flowers are five-parted it is an Exogen. 277. Angiosperms will he readily distinguished from Gym- nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever- green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &c. 278. The industrious student will very soon find himself so well acquainted with the different characters of the cohorts that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table. This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the 275. What of the minuteness of the organs of some plants ? What of the ambiguity of the plants themselves ? What will soon diminish this diffi- culty ? Mention examples of this ambiguity. 276. Are the limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c., always clear? How do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen ? that Spring Beauty is an Exogen? 277. How may the Gymnosperms be quickly distinguished? 6*130 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY characters of the five great orders following will prove a great saving of time and trouble. 279. The Crucifers are herbs with alternate leaves, cruci- form flowers (§ 87), two stamens shorter than the other four, and two-celled pods. Example, Mustard. 280. The Peaworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples, Pea, Bean. 281. The Embellifers have alternate leaves, small, regular, five-parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara- way 282. The Asterworts are herbs with compound flowers, that is, with heads composed of many little five-parted flow- ers appearing together like a single flower. Asters, Sun- flower. 283. The Labiates are herbs with square stems, opposite leaves, labiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts. Peppermint. Among Endogens we select two or three orders. 28L The Orchids. Herbs with very irregular and gro- tesque flowers, and 6tamens united to the style. Orchis. 285. The Sedges. Herbs with solid stems; linear, grass- like leaves (if any), on entire sheaths; and with green glumes and flowers. 286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves on split sheaths, and with green glumes and flowers. 279. Define the Crucifers 281. The Umbellifers. 283. The Labiates. 285. The Sedges. 280. The Peaworts 282. The Asterworts. 284. Define also the Orchids. 286 The Grasses.ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS Often used in Descriptive Botany. ach., achema. cest., aestivation. alter., alternate. a nth., antln-r. a.vill., axillary. c., conunou. cal., calyx. caps., capsule. &>r., corolla. decid., deciduous. dia?n., diameter. emarg., emarginate. /. or ft., feet. fit., filament. f., flower; Jls., flowers. fr., fruit. ltd., head ; hds., heads. hi/p., hypoirynous. imbr., imbricate. inf., inferior. invol., involucre. irreg., irregular. lea., legume. if., leaf; Ivs., leaves. Ifts., leaflets. ova., ovary. pet., petals. r.. rare, uncommon. recp., receptacle. reg., regular. rhiz., rhizome rt., root. sds., seeds. seg., segments. sep., sepals. st., stem. sta., stamens. stig., stigmas. sty., styles. Apr., April. Aug., August. Dec., December. Feb., February. Jan., January. Jl., July. Jn., June. Mar., March. Nov., November. Oct., October. Sept.% September. N., Northern, that is, the northern portions of the United Slates. N.-F., New England, or the Northeastern States. N.- IV., the Northwestern States. F., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States. IV., the Western, or the States bordering on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. M. , the Middle States or portions oi the United States. S., the Southern States. S.-F, the Southeastern States, and S.~ IT., the Southwestern States. N. T., New York. Mass., Massachusetts. Fa., Pennsylvania, &c. f. (with or without the period), a foot. ' (a single accent) denotes an inch (a twelfth of 1 foot). " (a double accent) a second, a line (a twelfth of an inch). 0 An annual plant. 0 A biennial plant. § (placed after), a naturalized plant, t (placed afteri, cultivated for ornament. X (placed after), cultivated for use. oo Indefinite or numerous. $ A staminate flower or plant. IX A perennial plant. A plant with a woody stem. $ A pistillate flower or plant. 5 A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. £ Monoecious, or a plant bearing staminate and pistillate flowers. 5 $ Dioecious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants. 5 § ^ Polygamous; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fls. 0 (a cipher) signifies wanting or none, as, “ Petals 0.”132 LESSONS IN BOTANY ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, Being a Key for the ready determination of any plant, native or cultivated, growing within any State east of the Mississippi river, or hordering on its western shore. Note.—A star (*) prefixed to the name of tbe Order, denotes that that Order, with its genera and species, is described in its [dace in the Flora. The Orders n<* thus marked are not noticed in the Flora beyond this Table. The Orders are here numbered to correspond with the “ Class Book of Botany.” CLASSES AND COHORTS 1 Flowering Plants ... 2. Sub-kingdorn, PH d£NOGAMIA. 1 Flowerless Plants.... Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms, Sea-weeds, &c. (not further noticed here). Sub-kingdom, CRYPTOGAM!A. 2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted ...3. EXOGENS. 2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net veined). Flowers 3-part.ed... .4. END0GENS. 3. Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel_5. Angiosperms. 3. Stigmas none. Seeds naked (Pines, Spruces, &c.).. .6. Gymnosperms. 4 Flowers without glumes, colored or green___7. Petaliferse 4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth... .8. Glumiferse 5. Corolla with distinct petals_A. Cohort 1. Polypetalous. 5. Corolla with united petals___B Cohort 2. Gamopetalous. 5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none .C. Cohort 3. Api;t\lous. 6. The cone-fruited plants (same as Gymnosperms). . D. Cohort 4. Conoids. 7. FIs. on a spadix, aputalous or incomplete... . E- Cohort 5. Spadiciflor^e. 7. FIs. complete, perianth double. No spadix. .2*. Cohort 6. Floridejs. 8. The grass-like plants (same as Glumiferse). G. Cohorts. Gr amino ids A Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens 1. Herbs__2. 1. Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. .3. 2. Leaves alternate or all radical_15. 2. Leaves opposite on the stem_____11. 3. Flowers regular or nearly so_4. 3. Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume, § 180) ..57 4. Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more. 5. 4. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many ns the petals, or fewer . 7. 5. Leaves opposite__60. 5. Lca\ea alternate. . G.ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 133 6. Stamens on the toms or on the hypogynons (§ 83) petals.. - 63. 6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynons, § 83).. .68. 7. Ovaries simple, distiuct or oue only. Vines or erect shrubs... .69. 7. Ovary compound--------8. 8. Ovary inferior,—wholly adherent to the calyx___70. S. Ovary superior,—free from the calyx, or nearly free____9. 9. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number... .72. 9. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number... .10 10. Leaves opposite on the stem___73. 10. Leaves alternate, compound____76: 10. Leaves alternate, simple ...78. 11. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more__47. 11. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer_12 12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only__48. 12. Pistils united into a compound ovary__13. 13. Ovary free from the calyx. . .14. 13. Ovary adherent to the calyx. ..49. 14. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number_____51. 14. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number_52. 15. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume... .17. 15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), aud the fruit a legume.. 18 16. Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals__42. 16. Stamens few aud definite, 5-12----43. 17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals... .21. 17. Stamens few and definite---18. 18. Ovary free from the calyx,—superior... 19. 18. Ovary adherent to the calyx,—inferior--39. 19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple.. .30. 19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz.20. 20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles combined into 1... .31 20. Carpels 3 or 4, united, the styles or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6_32. 20. Carpels 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles_37. 20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined into 1. .38. 21. Stamens on the torus (hypogynons)---22. 21. Stamens situated on the corolla at base.. ..27. 21. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base_____28. 22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styies)... 23. 22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united__24. 23. Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Order of the * Crowfoots. T 23. Petals 3, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Wo ter-shields. 7 23. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * Water-beans. 8 24. Sepals 2 only__26. 24. Sepals 4, 5, or 6 , mostly 5 .. .25134 LESSONS IN BOTANY 80. SO. 32. 32. 25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. * Water Lilies. 9 25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leaves tubular. * Water-pitchers. 10 25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts. liock-roses. 17 26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. * Purselanes. 22 26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud. * Poppy worts. 11 27. Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled. * Mallows. 24 28. Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§ 178). * Purselanes. 22 28. Sepals 3 to 5___29. 29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a long pod. South. Lindenblooms. 26 29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. *jRoseworts. 47 29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. Loasads. 53 Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. * Berberlds. 6 Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous. * Crowfoots. 1 31. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 108). Pods 2-celled. * Crucifers. 13 31. Stamens 4, or 8 -12. Pod 1-celled. Cajparids. 14 Sepals and petals in 3’s. Stamens 6. Small herbs. Limnanths. 36 Sepals and petals in 4’s. Stamens 8. Climbing. * Indian Soapworts. 41 82. Sepals and petals in 5’s__33. 33. Stamens definitely 5__34. 33. Stamens indefinite, 3-30____86 34. Stamens monadelphous. Stems climbing. Passionworts. 57 84. Stamens distinct... .35. 35. Stem climbing. Flowers greenish. (Mexican vine.) Order 104 35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turner worts. 56 35. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. * Sundews. 19 36. Flowers perfect, very many and small. Rock-roses. 17 36. FIs. moncBcious. Plants woolly, scurfy, or downy. Order 112 87. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts. 30 37. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. (Leadworts.) Order 80 87. Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels. 87. Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. * Houseleeks. 38. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves radical, spinous. S. * Sundews. 38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, dotless. * Order 38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate. Rueworts. 89. Style 1, but the carpels (§124)as many as the petals (2-6). 39. Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals... .40. 39. Styles 3-5____41. * Onagrads. 40. Seeds several. 40. Seeds two only. 41. Sepals 2, with 5 petals. 41. Sepals as many as the petals. 42. Ovaries many or few, rarely 1, always simple. 42. Ovary compound, 8-carpoled, open before ripe. * Saxifrages. 61 * Ifmbelworbs. 63 * Purselanes. 22 Araliwls. 64 * Crowfoots. 1 Mignonettes. 15ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 135 43. Sepals fewer or more in number than the petals________44. 43. Sepals and petals each of the same number________45. 44. Sepals 2 (or vanished); petals 4 (2 pairs), with 1 or 2 spurs. * Fumcworts. 44. Sepals 4, petals 2; the largest sepal spurred behind. * Jewtl weeds. 44. Sepals 5, petals 3. No spur. * Milkworts. 45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Capparvls. 45. Flowers 5-parted_____46. 46. Stamens 8. Spur slender. Trophywof’ts. 46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Vooltbs. 46. Stamens 10 (or more). Fruit a legume. No spur. * Ptaworts. 47. Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. * Orow/outs. 47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. Johnsicorts. 47. Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. Ice-plants. 48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 48. Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. *Houseleeks. * Order J uice milky. 48. Pistils 2, covered up by the stamens 49. Carpels as many as the sepals____49“ 49. Carpels fewer than the sepals. . .50. 49: Anthers opening at the top. 49. Anthers opening along the side. 50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Style 1 (double). 51. Style 3-cleft at the summit. 51 Style and stigma 1, undivided. ,52. Leaves pinnate, with stipules between the petioles. 52. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed____53. 52. Leaves simple, entire.. .54. 53. Flowers cruciform, with 6 stamens. 53. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. 54. Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. 54. Petals on the torus (kypogynous)_____55. 55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). 55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. ' 55. Flowers regular, 5-parted___56. 56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *St. Johnsworts. Me las tomes. * Onagrads. * Saxifrages. Araliads. * Cornels. * Purselanes. * Order Bean-capers. * Crucifers. * Geraniums. Loosestrifes. * Milkworts. Water-peppers. 56. Leaves not dotted. * 57. Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. 57. Pistil compound, 3-carpeled_____58. 57 Pistil compound, 5-carpeled....59. 58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. 58 Flowers monoecious (§ 109). Leaves 1-sided. Cultivated. 59. Stipules present. Plants half-shrubby. Cultivated. * 59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-shrubs. Native. Pinkwnrts. * Peaworts. * Buckeyes. Begoniads. Geraniums. * Order 12 34 45 14 85 16 46 1 18 28 6 60 97 5 68 69133 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 14. Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. 14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. 14. Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. 15. Style none. Drupe 4-6-seeded. 15. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. 15. Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, many-seeded. 16. Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. * 16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamons....l8. 16. Ovary 1, compound____17. 17. Ovary 1-celled___20. 17. Ovary 2-6-celled___22. 18. Stigmas united or connate. ..19. 18. Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow ly. Flower-bud with convolute pieces. 19. Flower-bud with valvate pieces. 20. Seeds several___21. 20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. 21. Leaves cleft and lobed. Leudn oris. * Primworts. Soap worts. Holly worts. Vervains. * Heathworts. Borrageworts. * Bindweeds. * Dogbanes. * Asclepiads. 80 78 77 74 88 73 90 * Order 101 Hydrophylls. 91 21. Lvs. or lfts. entire. FIs. not spicate. Gentianworts. 21. Leaves entire. Flowers spicate. 22. Leaves opposite_____23. 22. Leaves alternate____24. 23. Ovary 2-cel led. 23. Ovary S-celled. Plants not twining........ Ribworts. * Loganiads. 24. Ovary S-celled. Plants not twining. } * Phloxwortt. 24. Ovary 2-cellcd, 2-6-seeded. Twining * Bindweeds. 24. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stem erect. * Borrageworts. 24. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded... .25. 25. Styles 2. * Hydrophylls. 25. Style one. * Nightshades. 26. Herbs. Corolla 4-parted, dry, scarious. Ribworts. 26. Shrubs....27. 27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Jasmineworts. 27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. * Oliveworts. 28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia____29. 28. Ovary entire, of one piece___30. 29. Leaves opposite. Stems square. * Labiates. 29. Leaves alternate. Stems round. * Borrageworts. 30. Ovary with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. I'ervains. 30. Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4______81. 81. Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 81. Trees. Seedswingless. * Paulownia, in Order 81. Erect shrubs. Seedswingless. * Heathworts. 81. Herbs....82. 85 92 93 90 91 94 79 98 99 89 90 87 88 86 73ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 139 82. Leafless and without verdure. 82. Leaves only at base. FIs. spurred. 82. Leafy_____38. Fruit 4 or 5-celled. 83. Fruit 2-cclled__34. 84. Corolla convolute in bud. 34. Corolla imbricate in bud. 34. Corolla plicate in bud. Broomrapes. 82 Butterworts. 81 Pedaliads. 84 Acanths. 87 ♦ Figworts. 86 * Nightshades. 94 C. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. 1. Plants beibaceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115)... .2. 1. Plants woody,—shrubs or trees___22. 2. Flowers with a regular calyx or calyx-like involucre... .3. 2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla....20. 3. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire....8. 3. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it_4. 4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-seeded. * Order 1 4. Ovary one only, simple or compound__5. 5. Style or stigma one only_6. 5. Styles or stigmas 2-12... .7. 6. Ovary 1-ovnled, bearing but one'seed....ll. 6. Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds... .12. 7. Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded... .13. 7. Ovary 4-oo-ovuled, 4-cc-seeded....l7. 8. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas_9. 8. Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas.... 10. 9. 18. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1-4. * Order 52 Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. * BirthworU. 100 10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. * Order 61 10. Ovary 1 or 2-seeded. Style 1. Sandahcorts. 108 . Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4. * Order 47 . Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. * Maroelworts. 101 . Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green. Kettle worts. 115 12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. (Loosestrifes.) Order 51 12. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. * Order 78 , Fruit 3-6-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas. Spurgeworts. 112 Fruiti-seeded 14. 14. Stipules sheathing the stems. * Knot-grasses. 102 14 Stipules none 15. 15. Calyx with scarions bracts outside. Amaranths. 106 15. Calyx double. Climbing. Mexican Vine. 104 15. Calyx naked 16. 16. Leaves alternate. Goosefoots. 105 16. Leaves opposite. §3. * Order 21140 LESSONS IN BOTANY 17. Leaves opposite....18. 17. Leaves alternate.... 19. 18. Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. 18. Fruit a capsule, opeuing by 4 or 5 valves. 19. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled, 5-horned. 19. Fruit a fleshy, 4-oo-seeded berry. 19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. 20. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. 20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. 20. Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants... .21. 21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. 21. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. 21. Stamens 12-24. Leaves whorled, dissected. 22. Flowers, none of them in aments... .23. 22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments....34. 22. Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments. 23. Leaves opposite.... 24. 23. Leaves alternate__27. * Order 22 * Order 21 * Order 60 * Poke weeds. 10J Amaranths. 106 * Order 131 Lizard-tails. 123 Star worts. 124 Threadfoots. 125 Eornworts. 126 .35. 24. Stamens 2. * Order 99 24. Stamens 3. Parasites. Mistletoe— Loi'anths. 103 24. Stamens 4-9 25. 25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. * Order iO 25. Fruit not winged....26. 26. Seeds 6. Low shrubs. Box. Spurgewoi'ts. 112 26. Seed 1. Shrubs. Oleasters. 111 27. Style or stigma 1. Seed 1... .28. 27. Styles or stigmas 2... .31. 27. Styles or stigmas 3-9... .32. 28. Calyx free from the ovary... .29. 28. Calyx adherent to the ovary... .30 29. Anthers opening by valves. 29. Anthers opening by slits. 80. Seeds 2-4. Shrubs. 30. Seed 1. Trees. 31. Stamens numerous. 81. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. 32. Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. 32. Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. 82. Leaves simple, not linear_33. 33. Flowers 8 parted. Fruit dry. (Stillingia.) Spargeworts. 112 83. Flowers 4 or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy. (Buckthorns.) Order 43 84. Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 119 84. Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. Hickory worts. 118 * Laurels. 107 Daphnads. 110 Sandahvorts. 109 * Order 65 * Order 62 Elmworts. 113 {PrickCy Ash.) Order 37 Crowberries. 116ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 141 85. Fruit fleshy, compound. Juice (sap) milky. Artocarps 85. Fruit'dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery_____36. 36. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-cel led. (Liquidambar.) Order 86. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores 36. Aments cylindrical or oblong____37. 37. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 87. Ovary *2-celled, 2-oviiled, 1-seeded. * Birchworts. 37. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. * WiLlowworts. D. Orders of the Conoids. Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Stems branched. Pineworts. Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. Yews. Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-like. Cycads. E. Orders of the Spadiciflora:. 1. Trees or shrubs with palmately-cleft leaves all from one terminal bnd, and a branching spadix arising from a spathe. Palms. 1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple....2. 2. Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duckmeats. 2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil____3. 8. Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape. * Aroids. 8. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy______4. 4. Flowers with no perianth, densely packed. Cat-tails. 4. Flowers with a perianth or not. In water. Naiads. F Orders of the Floride^:. 1. Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, mvolucrate head. . .17 1. Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &c--2. 2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary__4. 2. Perianth free from the ovary--3 3. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147)....9 3. Petals and sepals similarly colored....12. 4. Flowers imperfect___5. 4. Flowers perfect . 6 5. Low herbs, in water Frogbits. 5. Woody climbers. Yamroots. 6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. Arrowworts. 6. Stamens 3 to 6, distinct___7. 7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free. Bloodworts. 7. Perianth glabrous outside.... 8. 114 62 117 121 120 122 127 128 129 130 132 131 183 134 136 144 1S8 139 142142 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 12. 12. 14. 16. 16. Burmaniada. 137 * Irida, 143 * Amaryllide. 140 * Water-‘plantains. 135 8. Stamens 3. Anthers turned inwards. 8. Stamens 3. Anthers turned outwards. 8. Stamens 6. 9. Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. 9. Pistils 3, more or less united... .10. 10. Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. * Trilliads. 147 10. Leaves alternate___11. 11. Stigmas 3. Plants growing on other plants. Bromeliads. 141 11. Stigmas united into one. * Spider worts. 152 Leaves net-veined, broad______13. Leaves parallel-veined____14. 13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Oroomia—Roxburgs. 146 13. Flowers dioecious, 6-parted. Greenbriers. 145 Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1.... 15. Styles and stigmas 3, distinct____16. 15. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). *Lilyworts. 148 15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 3-stamened. Pontederiads. 150 15. Flowers greenish, glume-like, or scarious. *Rushes. 151 Leaves rush-like. Ovary of three 1-seeded carpels. * Arrow-grasses. 135 Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6-oo-seeded. * Melanths. 149 17. Petals yellow, small, but showy. Leaves radical. Xyrids. 153 17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts. 154 G. Orders of the Graminoids. Flower with a single oract (giume). Stem solid. Sheaths entire. Sedges. 155 Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Stem hollow. Sheaths split on one side. Grasses. 156THE FLORA: OR, SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany. Explanations.—The Tables in this work are designed to be complete, that is, each Ordinal Table includes all the genera belonging to that order known within the limits of the Flora (i. &. the States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includes, in like manner, all its known species. The numbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to the descrip- tions immediately following. If no number be annexed, the pupil will understand that that genus is not further noticed. COHORT I. THE POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. Essential Character.—Flowering Plants (Pu.exogamia), with their stems growing by additions to their outside in layers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or peri- carp (Axgiosperms), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals distinct ^Pot-tpetax^:). (But to this last condition there are many exceptions.) Order I. R AXUXCULACE.E. The Crowfoots. Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice, with leaves mostly alternate and much divided, without stipules; sepals 3-15, deciduous, distinct, and colored when apetalous; •petals 3-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting; sfamens&, distinct, hypogynous; pistils x (rarely 1 or few), distinct, becoming in fru it either achenia, follicles, or berries.144 THE FLORA. Fig. 361. Bulbous Crowfoot; 2. a petal, showing the honey-scale at base; 3, a single ovary 4, section of it, showing the ovule. Fig. 365. Wild Columbine; 6, one of the hollow petals attached to the receptacle with the stamens and styles; 7, a ripe follicle; 8, a seed ; 9, section of it, showing the embryo. Fig. 370. Plan of the flower. Analysis of the Genera. § Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed___a § Sepals imbricate in the bud___2 2 Ovaries 1-seeded, achenia in fruit_S 2 Ovaries with 2 or more seeds____4 3 Corolla 0, or undistinguisliable from the colored calyx .. .5 3 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form.... d 4 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit dry... .6 4 Sepals falling off sooner than the stamens_k 4 Sepals persistent with the fruit. Petals very large___m 5 Sepals persistent with the stamens... .b 5 Sepals caducous (falling) sooner than the stamens....oOrder 1.—THE CROWFOOTS. 145 6 Flowers regular_____7 6 Flowers irregular_____h 7 Petals none_____e 7 Petals smaller than the sepals... .f 7 Petals larger than the sepals___g a Petals none or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Virgin's Bower. Clem'atis. b Stem leaves opposite, remote from the flower. Anem'one. Anemone. b Leaves all radical. 8 bracts close to the flower. Liverleaf. Hepat'ioa. c Flowers mostly imperfect. Leaves compound. Meadow Rue. Thalio'trdm. c Flws. perfect. Lvs. simple, palmately lobed. Prairie Rue. Tbautvette'bla. d Leaves all radical, linear. Torus linear. Small plant. Mousetail. Myosu'rus. d Lvs. cauline. Petals with a honey-scale at base. Crowfoot. Ranun'culus. d Leaves cauline. No honey-scale. Petals red or yellow. Pheasant'8-eye. Ado'nis. e Sepals white, 5 in number. Leaves compound, e Sepals yellow, 6-9. f Petals tubular at apex. Roots yellow, f Petals tubular at base, 1-lipped, f Petals tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent, f Petals concave, 2-lobed. Flowers racemed. Petals larger than the colored sepals, 8-lobed. False Rue. Isopy'rum. Marsh Marigold. Cal/tha. Gold-thread. Cop'tis. Globe-flower. Troi/lius. Hellebore. Helleb'orus. Yellow-root. Zanthorhi'za. Fennel-flower. Nigel'la. g Petals larger than the colored sepals, spurred alike. Columbine. Aquile'gia. h Upper sepal spurred, inclosing spurred petals. Larkspur. Delpfiin'hjm. h Upper sepal hooded, covering 2 deformed petals. Monk's-hood. Aconi'tum. k Flowers numerous, in long, slender racemes. Bugbane. Cjmicif'lga. k Flowers many, in short racemes. Berries simple. Buneberry. Act^'a. k Flower one only. Leaves 2. Berry compound. Turmeric-root. Hydras'tis. m Disk sheathing the ovaries. Very Showy. Peony. P^eo'nia. 1 2 4 5 6 7 3 9 10 11 1. CLEM'ATIS. Virgin’s Bower. Calyx oi 4 colored sepals, valvate-induplicate in the bud. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Stamens many, shorter than the sepals. Ova- ries many, styles becoming long and feathery upon the seed-like achenia. —2f Mostly climbing vines, -with twisted petioles for tendrils, and with opposite, compound leaves. § Leaves verticillate. Outer stamens petal-like. Vine....No. 1 § Leaves opposite. Petals none. Calyx colored_____a a Erect herbs near 1 foot high. Flowers solitary....10, 11, 12 a Vines climbing____b 7146 THE FLORA. b Flowers clustered in panicles_____2, 3, 4, 5 b Flowers solitary, large, showy____6, 7, 8, 9 1 Clem'atis verticilla'ris. Purple Virgin's Bower. Leaves ternate, 4 at each nodo, Flowers purple, 2 at each node. Hills. N. W. 2 C. Virginia'na. Virginian V. Leaves ternate. Leaflets smooth, lobed, and toothed. 6 C holoseric'ea. Silky V. Leaves ternate, leaflets downy or silky, entire. S. 4 C Catesbya/na. Cate&by's V. Lvs. bi-ternate, lfts. 3-lobed. Clusters axillary. S. 6 C. Flam'mula. Sweet V. Lvs. pinnate. Lfts. entire, pointed. FIs. terminal. + 6 C. cylin'drica. Crisped V. Lfts. acute, thin, 3-15. Sepals wavy at edge, b-p. S. 7 C. reticula'ta. Veiny V. Lfts. obtuse at each end, thickish. Sep. wavy. b-p. S. 8 C. Vior'na. leather-flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, pinnate. Sep. not wavy. P. 9 C. Viticella. Vine-Bower. Lfts. oval, 3-15. Sepals not wavy, obovate. P. + 10 C. ochroleu'ca. Ground V. Lvs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath, p-y. 11 C.ova'ta. Egg-leaved V. Lvs. undivided, broad-ovate, smooth, glaucous, p. S. 12 C. Baldwin'ii. Baldwin's V. Lvs. 3-cleft, the upper lance-ovate, entire, p. S. 2. ANEMO'NE. Anem'one, or Wind-Flower. Calyx regular, of 5-15 colored sepals resembling petals. Petals prop- erly none. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many, collected into an oblong or roundish head. Achenia generally without tails. Leaves mostly radical, palmately lobed, those of the stem opposite, forming a sort of involucre. § Carpels with long, feathery tails in fruit. Flower large... .1 § Carpels without tails____a a Stem leaves (involucre) sessile___2, 3 a Stem leaves petiolate----b b Flower-stalk 1 or several, all leafless--4, 5, 6 b Flower-stalks 2-5, all but the first 2-leaved in the middle___7, 8 1 A. Nuttal'lii. Pasque-jlower. Lvs. cleft into linear lobes, very hairy. Apr. N.-W. 2 A. Carolinia'na. Carolina A. Flower only one, with 15 sepals. S. W. 8 A. Pennsylvan'ica. Pennsylvanian A. Flowers 1-5, with 5 obovate, pure white sepals. Height 12-20'. N. W. 4 A nemoro'sa. Wood A. Flower 1, stalk 2 or 8'long. Sepals rose-white. Apr. 5 A. cylin'drica. Gray's A. Flowers mostly several, whitish, stalks 6-12'long. Fruit heads oblong or cylindrical. May. N. W. 6 A. thalictroi'des. Rue A. Flowers several or many, rosy or white, on short (1-2') stalks. Leaves of the invol. 2, twice ternate. Apr. Common. 7 A. Virginia'na. Virginia A. Leaf-lobes, lance-ovate. Flowers greenish- white. Height 2-3 feet. Common. 8 A. multif'ida. Red A. Leaf-lobes linear. Flowers red. Height 6-12'. r. N.Order 1.—THE CROWFOOTS. 147 3. HEPAT'ICA. Noble Liverwort. Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 3 entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated a very little below the corolla. Corolla of 5-9 petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia without tails.—it Pretty little plants blossoming in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 3-lobed, green through the winter. Flowers numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or white. Fig. 871. Flower and leaf of H. triloba. 1 H. tril'oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals obtuse. Scapes hairy, several inches high. 2 H. acutil'oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals acute. FIs. and scapes like the other. 4. R A NUN'C ULUS. Crowfoot. Buttercups. Calyx of 5 ovate sepals. Corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a honeyed scale or pore at the base inside. Stamens 00. Achenia numerous, flattened, crowded in a roundish or oblong head.—A large genus of herbs mostly perennial (2{) and with yellow flowers. Leaves di- vided or entire. Juice very acrid. § Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. FIs. small. S....1, 2 § Petals yellow. Seeds smooth and even......................1 § Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise .... j a Leaves all undivided. Plants growing in wet places______5-8 a Leaves more or less divided, not growing nnder water____b a Leaves in fine, thread-like divisions, growing under water___8, 4 b Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate__9, 10 b Lower leaves 3-cleft but not divided to the base. Height l-2f... .11-18 b Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft....c c Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect___14,15 c Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals__16-18 1 R. nrarica'tus. Rough-fruited C. Plant smooth. Seeds with large, stout, hooked beaks. Sepals spreading. Leaves 8-lobed and cleft. South. 2 R. parviflo'rus. SmaU-jlowered C. Plant hairy. Seeds with a very short beak. Sepals finally reflexed. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South. 8 R. aquat'ilis. Water Crowfoot. In ponds and rivers. The white petals with a cavity at base. Only the flowers above water. Sommer. 4 R. Pursh'ii. Pursh's Crowfoot. In stagnant water. The yellow petals with a scale at base. Floating leaves, 3-5-parted. SpHng.148 THE FLORA. 5 R. Flam'mula. Spear-hived G. Stems ascending (1-2f). Leaves all lanceolate, narrow, entire, on sheathing stalks. Sum. 6 R. pusil'lus. Tiny C. Stems nearly erect. Leaves ovate and lanceolate. Petals mostly but 3, with about 10 stamens. May. 7 R. rep'tans. Creepiny G. Stems creeping and rooting (4-8'). Leaves lance-lin- ear, and linear. Flower 1 at a node. July. 8 R. Cymbala'ria. Boat 0. Stems creeping and rooting (1 foot). Leaves all rmnd- cordate, crenate. Salt-marshes. June. 9 R. aborti'vus. Abortive G. Plant glabrous, l-2f. high. Root leaves, round- cordate. Petals smaller than the sepals. Spring, o. 10 R. rhomboi'deus. Rhombic G. Plant hairy, bushy, 4-10' high. Root leaves rhombic-ovate. Sepals spreading. N. W. 11 R. palma'tus. Palm G. Stem hairy. Seeds with a straight beak in a round head. Leaves palmately 3-5-cleft, with sinus closed. South. 12 R. recurva'tus. Rook-seed G. Stem hairy. Seeds with a recurved beak in around head. Leaves all similarly 8-parted. Flowers small. Spring. 18 R. scelera'tus. Villainous G. Stem glabrous. Seeds not beaked, in an oblong head. Flowers small. Leaves palmately 3-5-parted. June, July. 14 R. bulbo'sus. Bulbous G. Erect (6-12') from a solid bulo. Petals large. Head of fruit round. Root leaves ternate. Spring. 15 R. Pennsylvan'icus. Bristly G. Erect (l-8f.), very hairy. Head of fruit ob- long. Leaves ternate. Summer. 16 R. repens. Large creeping G. Stems first ascending, then creeping. Flower- stalks furrowed. Petals obovate, large. Wet places. June. 17 R. fascicula'ris. Early G. Stem erect. Root fibres thickened. Flower-stalks terete. Petals narrow. Leaves appear pinnate. May. 18 R. acris. Tall Buttercup. Stem erect (2-3f.). Leaves palmately divided, and cleft. Petals roundish. Flower-stalk terete, calyx spreading. Summer. ellow....5 » flowers white, purple, &c.....2 1 Fruit a jointed pod, with the partitions crosswise... .11 Silicle flattened or turgid, with a broad partition__4 Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition___3 3 Silicle triang., seeds several in each cell. Shepherd?s-purse. Capsel'la. 3 Pepper-grass. Lepid'ium. Swine Cress. Senebie'ra. Whitlow-grass. Draba. Horse Radish. Armora'cia r. Awlwort. Subula'ria. 3 Silicle roundish, with one seed in each cell. 3 Silicle double, with one seed in each lobe. S, 4 Silicle flattened. Leaves cauline or radical. 4 Silicle turgid. Leaves cauline. 4 Silicle turgid. Leaves all radical. 5 Silicle obovoid, i. e., inversely egg-shaped, turgid. False Flax. Cameli'na. 5 Sil. globose, turgid, membranous. Style long. Bladder-pod. Vesica'ria. 5 Silicle oblong, turgid, and somewhat terete. Cress. Nastur'tium. 6 Seeds arranged in two rows in each cell, not winged. Cress. Nastur'tium. 6 Seeds in two rows in each cell, wing margin. Tower-mustard. Tur'ritis. 6 Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell____7 7 Sil. linear, flatfish, each valve with 1 central vein. Rock Cress. Ar'abis. t 7 Silique lanceolate, flat, the valves veinless. Tooth-root. Denta'ria. 8 7 Siliques linear, veinless, terete. Flws. purple. False Rocket. Iodan'thtjs. 7 Siliques linear, veinless, flat. FIs. whitish. Cuckoo flower. Cardami'ne. 9 8 Seeds ovate or oblong.... 9 8 Seeds globose_____10 8 Seeds flat, with a broad, winged margin. S. 9 Calyx J-open. Lvs. runcinate, or finely dissect. 9 Calyx closed. Leaves Lyrate-pinnatifid. 9 Calyx closed. Leaves lanceolate. False Wall-flower. Erys'imum. 11 10 Calyx spreading. Valves of the pod 1-3-veined. Mustard. Sina'pis. 12 30 Calyx mostly erect. Valves of the pod 1-veined. Cabbage, &c. Bras'sica. 11 Pods short, 2-jointed, with 1 seed in each joint. Sea-rocket. Caki'le. 11 Pods with several transverse joints and cells. Radish. Raph'anus. Leavbnworth'ia. Hedge-mustard. Sisym'bridm. Winter Cress. Barba'rka. 10 1. IBE'RIS. Candy-tuft. The two outside petals larger than the two inside ones. Pods flattened, truncate, emarginate, the cells one-seeded.—Foreign, ornamental plants. 1 Flowers white. Plain about If. high_2-4 1 I. umbella'ta. Purple C. FIs. purple, in umbels. Lvs. serrate, upper entire. 2 I. ama'ra. Bitter C. Corymbs lengthening into racemes. Lvs. slightly toothed. 8 I. pinna'ta. Wing-leaved C. Corymbs scarcely lengthening. Leaves piunatifid, 4 I. saxat'ilis. Rock C. Corymbs not lengthening. Shrubby. Lvs. linear, entire.Order 13—THE CRUCIFERS. 163 2. LTJNA'RIA. Satin-flower. Sepals somewhat 2-lobed at base of the flower. Petals nearly entire. Stamens without teeth. Siliele oval or lanceolate, flat, usually very large, with a stalk. Seed-stalk adhering to the partition.—Foreign, ornamental plants. L. redivi'va. Perennial S. Pods lanceolate, narrowed to each end. Lvs. sharp- toothed. U- Ik bien'nis. Biennial S. Pods broad-oval, rounded at each end. Lva. blunt- toothed. © 3. CAPSEL'LA. Shepherd’s-purse. Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-shaped at base, notched at top, compressed laterally, that is, contrary to the narrow partition. Valves boat-shaped. Style short. Seeds 00, oblong, small.—A common weed, with white flowers. O. Bursa-Pasto'ris. Shepherd?8-purse. Found everywhere, in fields, pastures, and road-sides. Stem growing to a foot in height, hairy below, branching. Root leaves many (when the plant has room), half a foot long, deepiy-lobed and toothed. Stem leaves much shorter, with two ear-shaped stem-clasping lobes at base. Flowers very small, in racemes which become very long, and are suc- ceeded by the little purse-shaped pods. Apr.-Sept. (See Fig. 331.) 4. LEPIDTUH. Pepper-grass. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, entire. Silicles roundish or oval, notched at the end, flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Cells 1-seed- ed. Valves boat-shaped, dehiscent. Flowers white, racemed, numerous. 1 Stem leaves undivided. Flowers from .June to Sept__2 1 L sativum. Leaves all divided and lobed. Pods round. Gardens. July. 2 L Viiginicnm. Tongue-grass. Pods round, wingless. Stern leaves toothed. 8 L rudera'le. Pods roundish-oval, wingless. Petals 0. Stem leaves entire. "W. 4 L campes/tre. Pods ovate, winged, rough-sealy. Leaves arrow-shaped. W. - 5. SENEBIE'ItA. Swine Cress. Siliele 2-lobed, appearing double. Valve somewhat turgid and inde hiscent. Cells each with 1 roundish and 3-cornered seed. Flowers white, in short racemes which stand opposite to the leaves.164 THE FLORA. S. pinnatif'ida. A prostrate, weed-like plant, common at the South, in fields and on river-banks. Leaves divided in a pinnate manner, into oblong, toothed lobes. Flowers obscure, with scarcely any petals. Silicles flattened, notched at apex, wrinkled on the surface. Feb.-July, 6. DRA'BA. Whitlow-grass. Calyx equal at base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle oval-oblong, entire, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Cells 2, many-seeded. Seeds not margined.—Low herbs, with small white or yellow flowers in racemes. (See Fig. 396.) § Petals 2-cleft, white. Leaves all radical__1 § Petals entire or merely notched. Stems more or less leafy... .a * Style present. Plants perennial___2,3 a Style none. Plants annual or biennial____b b Pedicels as long or longer than the pod__4, 5 b Pedicels shorter than their pods_ 1 D. verna. Spring W. Leaves oblong, hairy. Scape 1-5' high. 0 (See Fig. 396.) 2 D. arabi'sans. Rock W. Leaves minutely toothed. Silicle twisted, longer than the pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6" long. Lake shores. (Figs. 155-159.) 8 D. ramosis'sima. Bushy W. Leaves with remote and slender teeth. Silicle as long as its pedicel, style half as long. Flowers white. Rocks. 4 D. nemora'lis. Wood, W. Petals notched at end. Pod half as long as its pedicel. Seeds near 30. Flowers yellowish-white. N-W. 4 D. brachycar'pa. Short-fruited W. Petals entire. Pod as long as pedicel, 10-12-seeded. Leaves round-ovate. S. W. March, April. 5 D. Carolinia'na. Leaves round-ovate, entire. Pods linear, in a sort of corymb. Flowers white. Plant hispid, 1-3' high. E. S. April-June. 6 D. cuneifo'lia. Wedge-leaved W. Leaves wedge-oblong. Pods lance-oblong, 20- SO-seeded, racemed. Plant 3-8' high. S-W. 7. AR'ABIS. Rock Cress. Sickle-pod. Sepals erect. Petals clawed, entire. Silique linear, flattened, valves one-veined in the middle. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Flowers white. Aprils June. § Leaves all (or at least the radical) pinnatifid... .1, 2 § Leaves all undivided ; toothed or entire, often clasping__a a Siliques short (6-12") and straight. Seeds not winged_____3, 4 a Siliques longer (1-2'), straight or curved. Seeds not winged____5, 6 a Siliques long (3'), curved, hanging. Seeds winged____7, 8Order 13.—THE CRUCIFERS. 165 1 A. Ludovicia'na. Louisiana R. All the leaves feather-cleft. Seeds Dor- dered. Plant slender, 6-10' high. S. Mar., Apr. 2 A. lyra'tal Lyre-leaved R. Only the root leaves feather-cleft. Seeds not bordered. Plant 6-127 high. Pods l*-27 long. 8 A Thalia'na. Mouse-ear R. Stems erect. Leaves nearly entire. Petals twice longer than the sepals. Pods erect. Plant downy. May. 4 A denta'ta. Toothed R. Stems diffuse. Leaves sharply toothed. Petals scarce longer than sepals. Pods spreading. Rough. M. W. 5 A patens. Patent R. Downy. Pods spreading and curved upwards, beaked with a distinct style, w. W. S. 6 A hirsu'ta. Hairy R. Plant hairy. Siliques straight, erect. Style none. Leaves arrow-shaped. FIs. g. 7 A keviga'ta. Smooth Sickle-pod. Stem leaves arrow-shaped, clasping, narrow. Pod spreading. Plant glabrous, 2f. high. 8 A Canaden'sis. True Sickle-pod. Stem leaves pointed at both ends, sessile. Pod curved, pendulous. Tall, downy. 8. DENTA'RIA. Tooth-root Pepper-root Sepals converging or closed. Silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless valves opening elastically. Seeds in a single row in each cell, ovate, not bordered.—Plants if. Rhizoma prostrate, jointed. Stem leaves but 2 or 3. Flowers white or purplish. H Stem leaves almost opposite or whorled... 1, 2, 8 H Stem leaves alternate or scattered. Root-stock moniliform____4,5 1 D. diphyl'la. Two-leaved P. Stem leaves 2 only, leaflets 3, ovate, toothed. 2 D. lacinia'ta. Gut-leaved P. Stem leaves 3, leaflets 3-5, linear, cleft. 8 D. multif'ida. Stem leaves 2-3, numerously divided into linear leaflets. S. 4 D. max'ima. Leaflets 3, ovate, cut and cleft. Lvs. 3-7. FIs. purple. M. 5 D. heterophyl'la. Lflts. 3, nearly entire; of the rt. lvs. round-ovate, toothed. 9. CARDAMI'NE. Bitter Cress. Calyx a little spreading. Silique linear, with flat, veinless valves which are narrower than the partition. Stigma entire. Seeds not margined, with a slender seed-stalk. Flowers white or purple. * Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. Api-iX-June---1, 2 * Leaves simple or partly ternate. Mostly perennials___a a Style slender. In low, wet grounds.... a Style none. In high mountains______ 1 C. hirsu'ta. Pennsylvanian C. Smooth, about If. erect. Leaves 5-11-foliate, the terminal lobe largest, 3-lobed. Stigma sessile. Wet. (5) c. 2 C. praten'sis. Cuckoo-flower. Stem simple, ascending. If. Leaves 7-15-foliate, with stalked, roundish leaflets. Style present. Flowers large. Wet. U166 THE FLORA. 8 0. rhomboid'ia. Rhombic 0. Stems upright, bearing tubers at base. Pods linear-lanceolate. Leaves roundish and rhomboidal. w_. or p. c. 4 C. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved G. Stems decumbent, branched. Pods linear- subulate. Leaves roundish, lower 3-lobed. w. By streams. 5 O billidifo'lia. Daisy-leaved G. Leaves smooth, roundish. Pods erect. Height 1-3'. N. H. G C. spatula'ta. Spath-leaved G. Leaves hairy, spatulate. Pods spreading. 6'. S. 10. BARBA'REA. Winter Cress. Sepals erect, nearly equal at base. Silique columnar, 2-4-cornered. Valves concave or keel-shaped by means of a strong central vein. Seeds in a single row. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. B. vulga'ris. Winter Cress. Common in old fields, also brook-sides. Whole plant glabrous. Stem l-2f. high, branching above. Leaves lyrate with the terminal lobe roundish, upper leaves obovate, pinnatifid at base, cremate, or repand- dentate—all dark green, shining. Flowers showy, in racemes. Pods ob- scurely 4-cornered, slender, %' long, curved upwards. May, June. 21 11. ERYS'IMUM. False Wall-flower. Calyx closed. Silique linear, 4-sided. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Mostly ®. Flowers yellow. 1 E. cheiranthoi'des. Stem ascending. FIs. small. Pods spreading, 1' in length. M. 2 E. Arkansa'num. Yellow Phlox. Stem strictly erect. Flowers large (1' broad). Pods 2-3' long. River bluffs. A fine plant. W. 12. SINATIS. Mustard. Sepals spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Silique nearly terete, valves 3-veined. Style short. Seeds in a single row, globular.— 0 or © with yellow flowers. (Figs. 393, 394.) 1 S. nigra. Black M. Upper leaves lance-linear, entire. Pod 4-cornered, smooth. 2 S. arven'sis. Field M. Leaves all repan d-toothed. Pods torose, smooth. 8 S. alba. White M. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid. Pods bristly, shorter than beak. Order XVI. VIOLA'CEiE. Violets. Herbs with simple (often cleft), alternate leaves with stipules ; flowers irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in 5’s; corolla spurred at base; anthers united: 2 of the filaments appendaged;Order Id.—VIOLETS. 167 style 1, with a one-sided stigma; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds many, with the embryo nearly as long as the albumen. Analysis of the Genera. Sepals unequal, with ear-shaped lobes at base. Viola. 1 Sepals nearly equal, not appendaged at base. Orem Violet. So'lea. 1. VI'OLA. Violet. Sepals 5, prolonged at base into two anriculate lobes. Petals more or less unequal, the largest one spurred at base, the 2 cpposite ones at the sides equal, the 2 upper ones all equal. Stamens cohering by their anthers, 2 of them spurred at base. Seeds attached to the valves of the capsule. —U Low herbs, caulescent or acaulescent. Pe- duncles angular, solitary, 1-flowered, nodding at the top. * Acaulescent: leaves and flowers all radical__a Fig. 39S. Violet No. 1: section. * Caulescent: stems leafy____d d Flowers blue_____b a Flowers white____Nos. 2-4. a Flowers yellow... .No. 1. b Petals beardless... .5-7 b Petals bearded_____c c Leaves divided_____8, 9 [otic 22. c Leaves undivided______10-12, and the Ex- d Pet. yellow. Stems leafy at the top only____13-15 d Petals not yellow, or but partly yellow... .e e Stipules entire. Summer______16 e Stipules fringe-toothed. May, June.... 17-19 e Stipules lyrate-pinnatitid, very large__20-21 Fig. 899. Ripe, open cap- 1 V. rotxmdifo'lia. Early Yellow Violet. Lvs. round-ovate, 8U*e Violet cordate, smooth. Sepals blunt. April. 2 V. lanceola'ta. Lance-leav&iV. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to the base. Some bearded. 8 V. primulsefo'lia. Primrose V. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrupt at base. FIs. beardless. 4 V. blanda. Sweet Wild V Leaves round-cordate. FIs. beardless, fragrant. May. 5 V. palns'tris. Boy V. Lvs. reniforra-cordate. Spur very short. Stips. ovate. White Mts. 6 V. SeUdr'kii. Selkirk's V. Lvs. round-cor. Spur near as long as petals, blunt. May. 7 V. peda'ta. Foot-leaved F.Lvs. pedate, 5-9,-part.,segm. narrow, entire. Root premorse. 8 V. delphinifo'lia. Larkspur V. Leaves in 7-9 linear, 3-cleft segments. W. April. 9 V. palma'ta. Palm-leaved V. Leaves hastate-lobed. cordate. Variety of No. 10.163 THE FLORA. 10 V. cuculla'ta. Hood-leaved V. Leaves reniform-cordate, base lobes involute, com. 11 V. villo'sa. Woolly V. Leaves round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, downy. M. S. 12 V. sagitta'ta. Arrow-lvd. V. Lvs. lance-oblong, some sagittate or cut-toothed at base. 13 V. hasta'ta. Halberd-leaved V. Smooth. Lvs. hastate. Stip. ovate, minute. S. 14 V. tripar'tita. Three-deft V. Hairy. Lvs. deeply 3-parted. Stip. lanceolate. S. 15 V. pubes'cens. Downy V. Downy. Lvs. broad-cordate. Stip. ovate, large, c. 6 V. Canaden'sis. Canada V. Plant If. high. Leaves cordate, pointed, smooth. 17 V. stria'ta. Cream-coloredV. Spur £the length of the corolla. Stip. large, oblong. 18 V. Muhlenber'gil. Muhlenberg1 sV. Spur i the length of corolla. Stip. lanceolate. 19 V. rostra'ta. Long-spurred V. Spur longer than corolla. Stipules lanceolate. 20 V. tric'olor. Pansy. Heartsease. Stipules as large as the leaves. FIs. three-colored. 21 V. grandiflo'ra. G-reat-jlowered V Stip. much smaller than the leaves. Purple, f 22 V. odora'ta. Sweet English V. Stolons creeping. Lvs. cordate. Fragrant, t Order XVIII. HYPERICACEyE. St. Johnsworts. Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entirej dotted leaves, and no stipules; flowers mostly yellow, in cymes ; sepals unequal, 4-5, dotted; petals 4-5, twisted in the bud, dotted, and with the veins oblique; stamens hypogynous, in 3 or more par- cels; ovary superior; style 1; fruit a capsule or berry, many-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. Petals and sepals 5__2 Petals and sepals 4. Flowers yellow. St. Peterswort. As'otrum. 2 FIs. yellow. St. Johnswort. Hyper'icum. 1 2 Flowers purplish. Elode'a. Fig. 400. Hypericum perforatum (Common St. Johnswort): stem, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 401. The stamens in 3 sets surrounding the ovary with 3 Styles. Fig. 402. Cross-section of the ovary.Order 18.—ST. JOHNSWORTS. 169 HYPERTCUM. St. Johnswort. Sepals 5, connected at base, nearly eqnal, leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique. Stamens many (sometimes few and distinct), united into 8-5 parcels with no glands between them. Styles 3-5, either distinct or united at base. Capsule l-celled, or 3-5-celled.—Herbs or shrubs, with branching stems, opposite, entire leaves, and yellow flowers. (Pigs. 210, 211, 400-402.) § Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united into sets__a § Stamens 5 to 15, not at all united___g a Carpels (pistils) and styles 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled__Nos. 1, 2 a Carpels 3. Capsule 3-celled (the partitions meeting)__b a Carpels 3. Capsule l-celled (the partitions not quite meeting)__e b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate... .8-5 b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear______6, 7 b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots....8-10 c Shrubs. Styles united into 1____d c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1_____e c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top___f d Flowers solitary or in 3’s, axillary. Stems 2-edged___11, 12 d Flowers clustered in a compound, terminal cyme....13, 14 e Flowers in a leafless, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse----15, 16 e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute... .17, 18 f Stem or branches 4-cornered or square____19, 20 f Stem and branches terete, not angular... .21, 22 g Flowers in corymbous cymes______28, 24 g Flowers racemed on the slender branches______25, 26 1 H. pyramida'tTim. Giant S. Herb 8-4f., flowers 2' broad. Leaves lance-oblong. 2 H. Kalmia'num. Kalm’s S. Shrub l-2f., flowers V broad. Leaves lance-linear. 3 H. Buckle'yi Buckley's S. Leaves obovate. Flowers terminal, solitary. S. 4 H. prolif'icum. Prolific S% Lvs. lance-oblong. Cymes compound. W. 5 H. galeoi'des. Bedstraw S. Lvs. lance-linear. Clusters axillary. S. 6 HL rosmarmifo Iram. Rosemary S. Lvs. petioled, shorter than internodes. S. 7 H. fascicula'tum. Clustered S. Lvs. sessile, longer than the internodes. S. 8 H. perfora'tum. Punctured S. Stem 2-edged. Lvs. small, light-dotted, c. 9 H. coiymbo'sum. Corymbed S. Stem terete. Lvs. large, black-dotted, c. 10 H. macula'tum. Spotted S. St. terete. All over black-dotted. Sty. long. 11 H. au'reum. Golden S. Lvs. thick, obtuse, sessile. FIs. large (lp). Stain. 500 ! S. 12 H. ambig'tnim. Dubious S. Lvs. thin, acute, sessile. FIs. 8" broad. Pet. toothed. S. 13 H. myrtifo'linin. Myrtle S. Branches terete. Lvs. clasping. Cyme leafy. S. 14 H. cistifo'limn. Rockrose S. Branches 2-edged. Lvs. sessile. Cyme leafless. S. 15 H. nudiflo'rum. Naked-fiowered S. Lvs. lance-ovate. Pod ovoid-conic. M. S. 16 H. sphs&rocar'poEL Round-fruited S. Lvs. linear-oblong. Pod globular. W. 8170 THE FLORA. 17 H. adpres'snm. Closed S. Lvs. half-erect. Petals obovate, longer than sep. 18 H. dolabrifor'me. Hatchet S. Lvs. spreading. Pet. dolabriform, long as sep. 19 H. angulo'sum. Angled S. Lvs. ovate, acute. Style thrice louger than ovary. 20 H ellip'ticum. Elliptic S. Lvs. elliptic, obtuse. Style as long as ovary. N. M. 21 H. grave'olens. Strong-scented S. Smooth. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping. S. 22 H. pilo'sum. Hairy S. Hairy. Lvs. lance-ovate, appressed. S. 23 H. mu'ticum. Dwarf S. Lvs. ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Cymes leafy, a. 24 H. Canaden'se. Canada S. Lvs. linear, black-dotted. Cymes leafless, c. 25 H. Saro'thra. Pine-weed S. Lvs. awl-shaped, minute. FIs. sessile. 26 H. Drummon'dii. Drummond's S. Lvs. linear. FIs. stalked. W. Order XIX. DROSERACEiE. The Sundews. Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glands, with leaves alternate, circinate (rolled from top to base) in the bud; flowers regular, of 5 persistent sepals and 5 withering petals; stamens 5, distinct, and a single, compound ovary ; styles 1-5, and fruit a 1-3-celled many-seeded capsule, and with seeds having a small embryo at the base of the albumen. Analysis of the Genera. r Stamens 5. Dros'era. 1 i coiled (circinate) in the bud. | Stamens 10-15. Diojoe'a. 2 Leaves ( not coiled in the bud. Sterile stamens many. Parnas'sia. 3 1. DROS'ERA. Sundew. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, each deeply 2-parted, so that there seems to be 6-10. Capsule 3-5-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded.—If Small aquatic herbs. Leaves (all radical in the American species) clothed with long, reddish, gland-bearing hairs, exuding a clear, sticky fluid. Plowers in a raceme on a slender scape, which is at first coiled downward, but uncoils as the flowers open. * Scape 4-6 times longer than the spreading leaves 1-3 * Scape 1-2 times longer than the ascending leaves 4-6 rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved S. Leaves round, on long hairy stalks. FIs white, Bmall (about 3" broad). Scapes 5-8' high. c. 2 D. minor. Lesser S. Lvb. wedge-obovate, on smooth stalks. Scape 3-6'. p. S. 3 D. brevifo'lia. Tiny S. Lvs. spatulate, on short, hairy stalks. Scape 2-3'. p. S.Order 19.—THE SUNDEWS. 171 4 D longifolia, Long-leaved S. Lvs. spatulate, on long;, smooth stalks. 4-7'. White. (Fig. 20, 21.) 5 D. linearis. Linear-leaved S. Lvs. linear, obtuse; stalks smooth. 3-6'. White. 6 D. filiformis. Thread-leaved S. Lvs. filiform, long. Scape If. Purple. 2. DIONNE'A. Venus’ Fly-trap. Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins. Stamens 10-15. Style 1. Stig- mas 5, many-cleft. Capsule breaking irregularly in opening, 1-celled, many-seeded.—if G-labrous herbs. Leaves all radical, sensitive, closing con- vulsively when touched. Scape umbelled. D Muscip/nla. A very remarkable plant, in sandy bogs, at the South, sometimes cultivated. Leaves spread- ing, the petiole broadly winged, ending in a roundish blade which is fringed with6pines, instantly closing upon insects which alight upon it. Scape 6-12' high, bearing an umbel of 8-10 white, handsome flowers. Apr., May. f Fig. 403. Venus1 Fly-trap. Fig. 404. Ovary and style. Fig. 405. Section of ovary. 3. PARNAS'SIA. G-rass-of-Parnassus. Sepals 5. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx (pe- rigynous). Stamens also perigynous, in 2 rows, the outer row of numerous sterile filaments, united in 5 sets, the inner row of 5 perfect stamens. Stigmas 4, sessile. Cap- sule 4-eelled. Seeds very numerous.—if Elegant herbs, with radical leaves and 1-flowered scapes. 1 P. Oarolima'na. Meadow G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Leaves about 7-veined, broadly oval or ovate, radical ones on long stalks, cauline few, near the ground, sessile, clasping. Scape about If. high, bearing one flower at top, which is about V across. Petals marked with green veins. July, Aug. 2 P asarifolia. Broad-leaved G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Lvs. reniform. S. 8 P, palus'tris. Swamp G. Sterile filaments, 9-15 in each set. Lye. cordate. N. W,172 THE FLORA. Order XXI. CARTOPHYLLACE^B. Pinkworts. Fig. 406. Pink (Pheasant’s-eye): &, the bracts; c, the tubular calyx. Fig. 407. The ovary with its 2 styles, Fig. 408. A petal of the Diurnal Lychnis, 2-cleft: c, the claw. Fig. 409. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. Fig. 410. A flower enlarged, calyx not tubular. Herbs with the stems swelling at the nodes; opposite, entire leaves ; sepals 4 or 5, sometimes distinct and sometimes united into a tube; petals 4 or 5 (sometimes 0), with or without claws, hypogynous ; stamens generally twice as many as the petals; styles 2-5; fruit a 1-celled (rarely 2-5-celled) capsule with numerous seeds, and an embryo coiled around fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. § Stipules dry, scale-like, between the leaves at base--0 § Stipules none____2 2 Sepals united into a tube. Petals with long claws... .3 2 Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals sessile or none___4 3 Calyx with 2 or more bractlets at base__a 8 Calyx naked, i. e., with no bractlets____b 4 Pod 1-celled and with several seeds. Petals generally present... .5 4 Pod 1-celled, with 1 seed. Petals none, calyx green... .g 4 Pod completely 3-celled. Petals none, calyx white... .h 5 Petals 2-parted or 2-lobed____v 5 Petals undivided and entire____dOrder 21.—PINKWORTS. 173 6 Styles or stigmas 3 or 5. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded___e 6 Styles or stigmas 2 or united into 1. Pod 1-seeded___f a Styles 2. Petals variously notched or fringed. Pink. Dian'thus. 1. b Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. Soapwort. Sapona'ria. b Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed when open. Silene. Silene. 2 b Styles 5. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth short or long. Rose Campion. Lychnis. 3 c Styles 5. Pod opening at top by 10 teeth. Mouse-ear. Cerastium. 4 Styles 3. Pod splitting into 6 valves. Chickweed. Starwort. Stella'ria. d Styles 3. Valves of the ripe pod 3, each 2-toothed. Sandwort. Areni'ria. d Styles 3. Valves of the pod 3, entire. Grove Sandwort. Axsi'ne. d Styles 4 o’* 5, always as many as the sepals. Pearlwort. Sagi'na. d Styles 3 and 5. Plant fleshy. Disk 10-lobed. Sea Sandwoi't. Honkkn'ya. e Styles 5. Leave® linear, whorled. Flowers white. Spurry. Sper'gula. e Styles 3 and 5. Lvs. linear, opposite. FIs. red. Sand Spurry. Spergula'ria. e Styles 3 in all the fls. Leaves in 4’s. Stipules ovate. All-seed. Polycar'pon. e Styles 8 in all the fls. Leaves opposite. Stipules many-cleft. Stipulio'ida. f Sepals green, distinct or nearly so.... Nailwort. Pabonych'ia. f Sepals white above, united into a tube below. Syphonyoh'ia. E Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube. KnaweU. Scleran'thus. h Styles 8. Stamens 3 or 5. Herb flat on the ground. Carpet-weed. Mollu'go. 5 1. DIAN'THUS. Fink. Carnation. Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, im- bricated scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched. Stamens 10. Styles 2, with revolute stigmas. Capsule cylindrical, one- celled. Tf Bracts as long as the calyx tube__2, 3, 4 If Bracts much shorter than the calyx____5, 6, 7 1 D. Arme'ria. Wild Pink. Bracts erect. Leaves linear. Flowers small, pink-red in cymes of about 3. Stem 18-24' high. In sandy fields. July. E. 2 D. barbatus. Sweet William, or Bunch Pink. Bracts erect; Leaves lanceolate, cymes large, many-flowered. Red or variegated with white. May-July. f D. Chinen'sis. China Pink. Bracts spreading. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers solitary, red, large. Plant evergreen, not glaucous, f 4 D. caryophyl'lus. Carnation Pink. Bracts rounded. Petals crenate, beard- less. Whole plant glaucous. Many beautiful varieties, t 5 D. plmna'rius. Pheasant's-eye. Bracts ovate. Petals fringe-toothed, bearded. Plant glaucous. Flowers solitary, white and purple, t 6. D. super'bus. Superb P. Bracts mncronate, ovate. Petals pinnatifid fringed, bearded, cymes level-topped. White, f174 THE FLORA. 2. SILE'NE. Catch-fly. Campion. Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed. Petals* 5, 2-cleft, the claws often crowned with a stiff scale. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule partly 3-celled, opening by 6 teeth at top. (Fig. 116.) * Petals many-cleft and fringed. FIs. white or roseate, large. Perennial-----1-3 * Petals bifid or entire, not fringed_a a Calyx inflated and netted with veins. Perennial_______4, 5 a Calyx close upon the pod, not inflated_______b i b Flowers spicate, alternate. Annual-------6, 7 b Flowers not spicate_____c c Petals white, closed in sunshine... .8, 9 c Petals red, purple, &c.,—(d) bifid____10, 11 —(d) entire.... 12-15 1 S. stella'ta. Wkorled Q. Lvs. in 4’s. Calyx inflated. FIs. white, many. July. 2 S. ova'ta. Ovate 0. Leaves opposite. Calyx not inflated. Flowers white. S. 8 S. Baldwin'ii. Baldwin's 0. Lvs. opposite, obovate. FIs. very large, roseate. S. 4 S. infla'ta. Bladder G. Petals not crowned. Flowers few, white. 5 S. nivea. Snowy 0. Petals with a little crown. Flowers many, white. 6 S. quinquevul'nera. Variegated O. Woolly. Petals entire, red, white-edged. S. 7 S. noctur'na. Spiked 0. Downy. Petals narrow, 2-parted, greenish-white. 8 S. Antirrhi'na. Snapdragon C. Sticky in spots. Calyx egg-shaped. 9 S. noctiflo'ra. Night C. Viscid-downy. Calyx cylindric. Petals 2-parted. 10 S. Virgin'ica. Virginian C. Leaves spatulate. FIs. large (2'), crimson. M. S. 11 S. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved G. Leaves round, large. FIs. large, scarlet. W. 12 S. Pennsylvan'ica. Perennial. Petals rose-purple, toothed at end. 13 S. re'gia. Royal G. Perennial. Petals scarlet, entire, oblanceolate. 14 S. Arme'ria. Garden G. Annual. Stem sticky in spots. Flowers rose-p. t 15 S. acau'lis. Stemless G. Annual. Scape 2' high, 1-flowered. Mountains. 3. LYCH'NTS. Cockle. Rose Campion. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at base. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-eelled, or 5-celled at the base, opening at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Petals sometimes crowned. * Petals broad, entire. Plants very hairy____1, 2 * Petals 2-cleft, crowned with 2 scales at top of claw_3, 4 * Petals gashed or 4-cleft. Plants nearly smooth______5, 6 1 L. Githa'go. Cockle. Sepals longer than the crownlcss, purple petals. 2 L. Corona'ria. MulleinPink. Sepals shorter than the stiff-crowned petals, t 3 L. Chalcedon'ica. Sweet William. FIs. scarlet, in a crowded, compound cyme, t 4 L. diu'rna. Diurnal L. Flowers light purple, in an open, loose cyme, t (See Fig. 406.)Order 23.—THE PURSELANES. 175 5 L. corona'ta. Chinese L. Petals very broad, fringed with numerous teeth, f 6 L. rioscu'culi. Ragged Robin. Petals divided into 4 long teeth, crowned, f 4. OERAS'TKJM. Mouse-ear. duckweed. Sepals 5, ovate, acute. Petals 5, bifid or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, some- times 5 or A. Styles 5. Capsule cylindrical or roundish, opening at top by 10 tooth-like valves. Seeds numerous. Els. white, in cymes. (Eig. 114. Petals about as long as the calyx. Plants hairy. ..1,2 Petals much longer than the calyx. Plants hairy or downy____3, 4, 5 1 C. vulga/tum. Common M. Lvs. obovate. Sepals acute. FIs. at first crowded. 2 C. visco'sum. Sticky M. Hairs sticky. Leaves lance-ovate. Sepals obtuse. 3 O. arven'se. Field M. Lvs. linear. Ripe pods as long as the calyx. N. E. 4 O. oblongifolium. Leaves lance-obl. Pods longer than calyx. M. 8 C. nu'tans. Nodding M. Ripe pods curved, thrice longer than calyx. N W. 5. MOLLU'GO. Carpet-weed. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, opposite to the sepals. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.—© Low or prostrate herbs, with the leaves appearing whorled. M. verticilia'ta. Stems slender, jointed, much branched, lying flat on the ground. At each joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually about 5 in number, and a few flowers, each solitary on its stalk, which is shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, sepals white inside. In dry places. July-Sept. Order XXII. PORTULACACEAS. The Purselanes. Herbs with thick, entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers; flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, open only in the sunshine; stamens opposite to the petals when of the same number, often more; pistils several, with their ovaries united, free, or half-free, forming in fruit a pyxis (§ 178) or a capsule. Analysis of the Genera. Tf Sepals five. Petals none. Fruit a pyxis. Stamens oo. Sea Purselane. Sesu'vicm. H Sepals 2. Petals 5... .a a Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Spring Beauty. Clayto'mxa. 1 a Stamens 8-80, on the torus. Pod 3-valved. Tali'nch. a Stamens 8-80, on the calyx. Pyxis opening by a lid. Pobtcla'oa. 3176 THE FLORA. 1. CLAYTO'NIA. Spring Beauty. Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Stigmas 3, on 1 long style. Capsule 3-valved, 2-5-seeded.—They are small, fleshy, V, early-flowering herbs, arising from .a small tuber. 1 C. Carolinia'na. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and petals obtuse. 2 C. Virgin'ica. Leaves linear or lance-linear. Sepals acute, petals obovate. 2. PORTULA'CA. Furselanes, Sepals 2. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 8-20. Styles 3-6. Pyxis lid opening off near the middle.—Low and fleshy herbs. 1 P. olera'cea. Common P. Leaves thick, wedge-shaped. Stem fleshy, reddish, prostrate. Flowers sessile, small, yellow. A common weed. Summer. 2 P. grandiflo'ra. Great P. Leaves cylindric and fleshy. Stems ascending. FIs. large, red or scarlet. Cultivated. Juno. Order XXIY. MALVACEAE. The Mallows. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves, with the flowers showy, axillary, regular, often with an involucel at the base; 5 sepals valvate and the 5 petals convolute in the bud, hypogynous; stamens indefinite and monadelphous, the anthers splitting across; carpels several, united into a ring or forming a several-cell ed capsule ; seeds with a curved embryo in a little albumen. Fig. 411, Hibiscus Trionum (Flower-of-an-hour); 2, cross-section of tbe flower, showing the arrangement of its parts; 3, cross-section of the 5-celled capsule; 4, capsule open by its live valves; 5, Malva sylvestris; 6, its fruit, consisting of 10 carpels arranged in a circle; 7, section of one of the carpels, showing the curved embryo.Order 24.—THE MALLOWS. 177 Analysis of the Genera. & Calyx naked, i. e., having no involucel_b § Calyx furnished with an involucel as if a second calyx.... 2 Pistils and carpels more than 5__a 2 Pistils and carpels 5 only, each 1-seeded__c 2 Pistils and carpels 5 or 3, each 8-oo-seeded_d a Involucel of 6-9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. * Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded. b Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear, b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded. b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3-9-seeded. c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united, c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct, c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod. Marsh M. Althje'a. 1 Tree M. Lavate'ra. Mallow. Malva. 2 Basket M. Modi'ola. Naposa. Nap.e'a. Sida. Sida. Indian M. Abu'tilon. Glue M. Malvavis'ous. Peacock M. Pavonla. Marsh M. Kostelets'kya. d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx regular, d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx split on one side, d Involucel of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets. Hibiscus. Hebis'cus. 3 Okra. Abelmos'chus. Cotton. Gosstp'ium. 1. ALTHAE'A. Hollyhock, &c. Calyx surrounded at base by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Carpels a>, 1-seed- ed, not opening, arranged circularly around the axis. 1 A officina'lis. Marsh M. Lvs. downy, entire or3-lobed. FIs. rose-col., stalked. 2 A. rosea. Hollyhock. Leaves rough-hairy, roundish, 5-7-lobed. Flowers sessile. 3 A. ficifo'lia. Fiy-leaved Hoi. Lvs. hairy, deeply 7-parted. FIs. orange-colored. 2. MAL'VA. Mallows. Calyx 5-cleft, vrith a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Carpels and styles numerous. Fruit cheese-form, separating when ripe into many 1-seeded pieces, arranged circularly. * Flowers white or rose-colored____1, 2, 3 * Flowers deep red or purple---4, 5, 6 1 M. rottmdifo'lia. Cheese M. Stem prostrate. Lvs. round-cordate. FIs. small. 2 M. crispa. Crisp M. Stem erect, tall. Lvs. abundantly crisped and curled, f 3 M. moscha'ta. Musk M. Sts. ascend. Lvs. deeply 5-part. FIs. large, showy, f 4 M. sylves'tris. Wood M. Lvs. roundish, lobed. Petals obcordate. 5 M. triangnla'ta. Lvs. triangular-ovate. Petals wedge-obovate. N.-W. 6 M. papaver. Poppy M. Lvs. palmately parted. Petals erose. Stalks very long. S.-W. 8*178 THE FLORA. 3. HIBIS'CUS. Hibiscus. Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. Styles united, stigmas 5, distinct. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-many-seeded capsule. Flowers large, often nearly a foot broad. § Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palmately divided____1, 2 § Calyx, &c., velvet-downy. Leaves undivided, angularly lobed....3, 4 § Calyx, &c., glabrous, i. «., smooth__a a Leaves deeply lobed or parted___5, 6 a Leaves undivided or slightly lobed___7, 8 1 H. aculea'tus. Prickly H. Bractlets of involucel forked. FIs. sulph-yellow. S. 2 H. Trio'num. Flower-of-an-hour. Bractlets entire. FIs. chlorine-vellow. c. t 3 H. Moscheu'tos. Marsh H. Lvs. ovate,, toothed. Sepals abruptly pointed. Rose-red. c. 4 H. grandiflo'rus. Giant E. Leaves cordate, lower 3-lobed. Sepals gradually pointed, p-r. S. 5 H. milita'ris. Sword H. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed. Flowers tubular-bell-shaped, flesh-color. W. 6 H. cocci'mus. Scarlet H. Lvs. palmately 5-parted. Cor. expanding, carmine-red. S 7 H. Carolinia'nus. Lost H. Herb. Lvs. cordate. FIs. purple. Very rare. S. 8 H. Syri'acus. Tree H. Tree 8-15f. high. Lvs. wedge-ovate, w. p. + Order XXX. LIN ACE A2. The Flaxworts. tions of the parts of the flower, the imbricated sepals, the con torted sepals, the 5 stamens, and the 5 carpels. Fiy. 420. Crim- son Flax.Order 31.—GERANIA. 179 Herbs with entire, simple leaves and no stipnles; with Uoweis regular, symmetrical, perfect, and 5-parted; calyx imbricate, and corolla convolute in the bud; stamens and styles each 5; capsule with 5 double-cells, 10-seedecL Our only genus is Ll'XOL Flax. The character is sufficiently indicated in the Order. The long, tough fibres of the bark constitute the linen of commerce. § Flowers blnex>r red, large (1' broad),_____Nos. 1-3 § Flowers yellow. Leaves linear. Sepals ciliate....4, 5 § Flowers yellow, Leaves lanceolate. Sepals entire_________6-8 1 L. usitatis/simuirL Common F. Flowers blue, in a sort of corymb. Leaves lance-linear, acute. The seed yields linseed oil. Fields. 2 L. peren'ne. Perennial F. Flowers blue, axillary and terminal. Leaves lin- ear, acute, scattered. Gardens. 8 L. gTandiflo'nun. Crimson F Flowers crimson, axillary. Leaves lance-elliptic, acute, sessile. Gardens. 4 L. rig'idum. Rigid F. Sepals longer than the globular pod. Styles united at base. 5 L. simplex. Simple F. Sepals shorter than ovate pod. Styles distinct. S.-W. 6 L. Virginia'num. Stems and branches erect. Flowers 6" broad, e. 7 L. diflu'sum. Steins, branches, leaves diffuse. Flowers 2r/ broad. W. 8 I*, trig'ynum. Troe. e-sty led F. Flowers large (!') with 3 styles, f Order XXXI. GERAXIACELE. Gerania. Herbs or shrubby plants with the lower leaves opposite; with the flowers regular or irregular, terminal or opposite the leaves; with the sepals 5, persistent, and petals 5, clawed, twisted in the hud; the stamens 10, monadelphous, and pistils 5, united; the carpels in fruit separating and bending upwards on the elastic style, each with one seed. Albumen 0. Analysis of the Genera. j Stamens 10, all of them perfect.............G era 'nifm. 1 j regular. ( Stamens 5 perfect, 5 imperfect..............ERo'nirw. Corolla I irregular. Stamens 7 perfect, 3 imperfect..........1’ki.akgo'mi u. gera'Nhal Sepals and petals §, regular. Stamens 10, all perfect Fruit beaked,180 THE FLORA. at last separating into 5, long-styled, 1-seeded carpels. Styles smooth in- side, finally curling from the base upward, but still adhering at top to the axis.—Herbs with forked stems, much divided leaves. Flowers mostly purple. Petals entire, twice as long as the awned sepals____1, 2 Petals notched or 2-lobed, short. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed. Pods hairy ®_____3, 4 1 G. macula'tum. Spotted G. Erect. Lvs. palmately 3-5-parted. Flowers large (1' broad), showy. Sepals mucro- nate. Spring, c. 2 G. Robertia'num. Herb Robert. Dif- use, weak. Lvs. primately 3-parted to the base. Flowers small (7'' broad). Sepals mucronate. June. 3 G. pusil'lum. Dwarf G. Diffuse. Sepals veinless. Leaves parted into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes 3-cleft. Fields and hills. July. 4 G. Carolinia'num. Stems diffuse. Se- pals with an awn. Lvs. parted into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft lobes. Fields. July. Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and fruit; 3. fruit enlarged, showing one carpel on its elastic style; 4, cross-section of a seed, showing the large embryo filling the whole space; 2, the 10 stamens. Observation.—The pupil will perceive by the table above, that the parlor “ gera- niums” belong to the genus Pelargo'nium. Order XXXII. OXALIDACEA3. Wood Sorrels. Low herbs with a sour juich, and alternate, compound leaves; with flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 5-petaled;Order 34.—THE JEWEL-WEEDS. 181 stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynous, the alternate ones longest; carpels 5, united and forming in fruit a 5-celled pod ; seeds albuminous. OX'ALTS. Wood Sorrel. Sepals 5, distinct or united at base, persistent. Petals much longer than the sepals. Stamens united at the base. Styles 5. Capsule roundish or pod-shaped, cells several-seed- ed. Herbs mostly 2£, with trifoliate leaves. 1 O. Acetosel'la. Wood Sorrel. FIs. white, with purple veins. Plant acaulescent, arising from a creeping root-stock, c. N. Ju. 2 O. viola'cea. Violet W. Flowers violet-purple. Plant acaules- cent, arising from a scaly bulb. Scape with an umbel. May. 8 O. stricta. Yellow W. Flowers yellow. Plant with leafy stems, weak, branched. Flowers um- belled. Grows everywhere. Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella. In the plan of the flower, o, the 5 carpels in the centre! 8, the 10 stamens in two rows; p, the 5 petals; c, the 5 sepals. Fig. 426. The ripe pod. Order XXXIV. BALSAMIXACEJE. The Jewel-weeds. Serbs annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves; flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical; calyx spurred; stamens 5, on the torus ; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves. IMPA'TIEXS. Touch-me-not Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest (y) enlarged into a sac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2 double ones (p, p). Stamens 5 short, the anfhers united over the pistiL182 THE FLORA. Fruit a pod of 5 strong elastic valves which break and coil at the slightest touch when ripe, scatter- ing the seeds. Stem ten- der, thickened at the nodes. Leaves alternate. 1 I. pal'lida. Pale Jewel-weed. Lva. oblong-ovate. FIs. pale yellow, sparingly dotted, with a very short, recurved spur. 2 I. fulva. Tawny Jewel-weed. Leaves rhombic-ovate. Flowers deep orange, thickly spotted, with a long elose-reflexed spur. 3 I. Balsami'na. Balsamine. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers very large and showy, white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, &c. t Fig. 428. Flower of the Pale Jewel-weed. Fig. 429. Its parts displayed: s, 8, s, y, the four sepals, the latter spur- red ; p, p, the 2 petals, each double. Order XL. ACERACEiE. The Maples. Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves; the flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the petals 5, hypogynous, sometimes 0 ; the stamens mostly 8, and the fruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. Leaves simple, palmate-veined. Very common. Maple. Acer. 1 Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. Leaflets 3-5, toothed. Box-Elder. Negcndo. 1. ACER. Maple. Calyx of 5 nnited sepals, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 0. Styles 2. Stamens 6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed. Flowers mostly polygamous. | Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees__1, 2 | Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Large trees_3,4 § Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves_5-7 1 A. dasycar'pum. White M. Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver-white beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large, Petals 0. Tree 50f.Order 40—THE MAPLES. 183 Fig. 480. Red Maple (Acer rubrum), a leaf and several samara. Fig. 431. Sugar Maple (Acer 8acekarinum), leaf; flowers, and fruit. 2 A. rubrum, lied M. Swamp M. Leaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneath. Petals linear-oblong. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40 to lOOf. Flowers red. 3 A. sacchari'num. Rock M. Sugar M. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep, rounded openings between. Bark light'gray. g-y. 4 A. ni'grum. Black M. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed, roundish, with 3 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray; y. 5 A, spicatum. Mountain-.Bush M. Racemes erect, thyrse-like. Shrub 10-15f. high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g. 6 A. Pennsylvan'icum. Striped M. Whistle-wood. Racemes drooping. Tree small, with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 3-lobed. g. 7 A. Pseudo-Plat'anus. Sycamore M. Racemes long, drooping. A large tree, in parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded. Flowers green.184 THE FLORA Order XLI. SAPINDACEiE. Indian Soapworts. Plan ts of various habit, mostly with unsymmetrical flowers; sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud ; stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ; fruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded. The Order includes the following three Tribes. Analysis of the Genera. |1. The Buckete Tribe. Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled_______a a Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Leaves digitate. Buckeye. ASs'oclcs. 1 | 2. The Soapberry Tribe. Leaves alternate. Carpels t-ovuled_______b b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. Sapin'dus. b Herbs climbing with tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large, inflated, 3-carpeled pod. Balloon-vine. Cardiosper'mum. § 3. The Bladder-nut Tribe. Leaves opposite, pinnate. Staphyle'a. 2 1. AJS'CIJLUS. Buckeye. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petals. Stamens 7, distinct, unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, bu only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in terminal panicles.Order 45.- THE MILKWORTS. 185 § Fruit covered with prickles. Petals 4 or 5, spreading:_1,2 § Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of them clawed_3-5 1 iE. Hippocasta'neum. Horse Chestnut. Leaves of 7, obovate leaflets. Petals 5. Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome. + 2 SI. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill- scented. Flowers yellowish. Seed mahogany-color. W. 8 SI. fla'va. Big Buckeye. A large tree, with pale-yellow flowers. Leaflets 5-7 Petals very unequal, longer than stamens. W. 4 jE Pa'via. R&L-jlnoered B. Shrub 3-1 Of. FIs. large, red, in thyrse-lise racemes. Very handsome. S. t 5 SI. parviflo'ra. White B. Shrub 2-3f. Petals 4, somewhat alike, spreading, thrice shorter than the stamens. S. 2. STAPHYLE'A. Bladder-nut Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored like the 5 petals. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Capsules 2 or 3, with thin, inflated walls.—Shrubs. 1 S. trifo'lia. Temate B. A handsome shrub, 6-8f. high. Leaves temate, leaflets ovate. Racemes pendulous. Petals qjliate below. Fruit very large, 8- celled, inflated like a bladder. Order XLV. POLYGALA- CEJ5. The Milkworts. Plants without stipules, bearing very irregular flowers ; stamens 4-8, diadelphous; anthers opening at the top, 1-celled; fruit a flattened, 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, free from the calyx. Fig. 437. Polygala polygama: a, the radical flowers; 8, P. paucifolia; f the crest on the lower petal; 9, the stamens in 2 sets, and the style seen beneath the hooded lower petal. Fig. 440. The ovary and the style: 1, seed of P. sanguine*, with its 2-lobed caruncle; 2, seed of P. NuttalliL POLYG'ALA. Milkwort. 5, persistent, 2 of them (wings) wing-shapod and colored.186 THE FLORA. Petals 3, the lower one boat-shaped, and often tipped with a crest. Sta- mens united by the filaments into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the claws of the petals. Fruit a small 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, flattened on the sides and notched on the top. Seeds with an appendage at one end.—Low, bitter herbs (sometimes shrubs), with simple entire leaves, sometimes bearing underground flowers. {Fig. 437, a.) * Leaves all alternate and scattered___a * Leaves whorled, at least the lower ones-----e a Flowers purple, or reddish, or white-----b a Flowers yellow or yellowish green________d b Flowers solitary or in racemes, purple-------Nos. 1-3 b Flowers in spikes which are oblong or slender.... c c Leaves lanceolate, large, pointed at each end... .4 c Leaves linear, 1 to 2" wide_____5-7 c Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-shaped______8-10 d Spikes solitary, large, thick. Biennial______11, 12 d Spikes numerous, corymbous, small. Biennial....18, 14 e Spikes acute, slender... .15, 16 e Spikes obtuse, thick_________17, 18 1 P. paucifo'lia Showy M. FIs. 2 or 3, large (root As. small). Lvs. ovate. {Fig. 438.) 2 P. grandiflo'ra. FIs, racemed, crestless. Lvs. lance-ovate. S. 3 P. polyg'ama. Flowers racemed, crested. Lvs. linear-oblong. {Fig. 437.) 4 P. Sen'ega. Seneca Snake-root. FIs. white, in slender spikes. Stem If. high. 5 P. sanguin'ea. Bloody M. Spikes oblong, obtuse, dense. Wings sessile. 6 P. fastigia'ta. Roofed M. Spikes roundish, loose-flowered. Wings clawed. 7 P. Nuttal'lii. Nuttall's M. Spikes roundish, acute, dense. Wings elliptic. 8 P. inuarna'ta. Flesh-colored M. Lvs. few, subulate. Pet. much longer than calyx. 9 P. seta'cea. Naked M. Leaves very minute. Petals longer than calyx. S. 10 P. Chapman'ii. Chapman's M. Lvs. subulate. Calyx long as petals. S. 11 P. lu'tea. Yellow M. Tall (8-12'), with orange-yellow flowers. M. S. 12 P. na'na. Dwarf M. Low (3-5'), with greenish-yellow flowers. S. 13 P. cymo'sa. Cyme-flowered M. Lvs. mostly cauline. Seed not bracted. S. 14 P. ramo'sa. Branching M. Lvs. mostly radical. Seed bracted. S. 15 P. verticilla'ta. Whorled M. Lvs. linear. Wings roundish. FIs. greenish. W. 16 P. Boykm'ii, Boykin s M. Lvs. lance-obovate. Wings round obovate. S. 17 P. crucia'ta. Cross M. Spikes obtuse, thick, sessile. Wings pointed. 18 P. brevifo'lia. Short leaved M. Spikes obtuse, loose, stalked. Wings acute. Order XLVI. LEGTJMINOSJS. Leguminous Plants. Plants with alternate, mostly compound stipulate leaves, with •1-5 sepals; 5 petals, more or less papilionaceous, sometimes regular;Order 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 187 about 10 stamens, monadelphons, diadelphous, or distinct; a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit, and with no albumen in the seeds. Fig. 448. Flower of the Pea. Fig: 444. Its petals displayed; v, the banner; a, a, the wings; c, e, the 2 keel petals. Fig. 445. A legume (pea-pod). Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers papilionaceous (§ 89). Upper petal (banner) covering; the rest in bud.. .2 § Flowers nearly regular, or upper petal covered by the rest in bud____t § Flowers regular, in dense heads. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves bipennate.. ..u 2 Stamens 10, all distinct__=» 2 Stamens 10, all or 9 united___8 3 Leaves cirrhous {Fig. 96), the rachis ending with a tendril. . .r 8 Leaves not cirrhous----4 4 Pod a loment (§ 180), i. e., jointed between the seeds ...6 4 Pod a legume, 1, 2, or co seeded, not in joints_5 5 Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 3-foliate leaves)_7 5 Trailing or twining vines, leaves pinnately compound.. ,.9 6 Flowers yellow___q 6 Flowers cyanic (not yellow)__p 7 Leaves simple, with yellow flowers... .o 7 Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple) . .u 7 Leaves palmately S-foliate--m 7 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate___k 7 Leaves pinnate with no odd leaflet, 15-25 pairs. . .b 7 Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet-----8188 THE FLORA. 8 Leaflets dotted with dark glands___g 8 Leaflets not dotted. Herbs___f 8 Leaflets not dotted. Shrubs or trees....« 9 Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliate... .d 9 Leaves pinnately 3-(rarely 1-) foliate. Flowers yellow....c 9 Leaves pinnately 8-folinte. Flowers cyanic.... 10 10 Calyx 4-toothed or entire___b 10 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft__a a Keel with the stamens and style spirally coiled. Bean. Phase'olus. 1 a Keel obtuse, on short claws. FIs. very large, blue. S. Blue Banner. Centrose'ma. a Keel acute, on long claws. FIs. very large, roseate. Butterfly Pea. Clito'ria. b Calyx 4-cleft, supported by 2 bractlets. FIs. purple. Milk-vine. Galao'tia. b Calyx 4-toothed, with 2 bractlets. FIs. purple. Sds. flattened. Dol'ichos. b Calyx 4-toothed, without bractlets. FIs. pale p. Hog-Peanut. Amphioarp^e'a. b Calyx entire. Flowers and seeds scarlet. S. Bed Bean. Erythri'na. c Legumes 5-seeded. S. Vig'na. c Legumes 1-2-seeded. S. Rhynco'sla. d Herbs. Keel (straight in Galactia, 2) spirally twisted. Pea-vine. Apios. 2 d Shrubs. Keel curved. FIs. blue, in hanging racemes. + Wista'ria. e Flowers white or red, in racemes. Locust. Kobin'ia. 8 e Flowers yellow, few in a cluster. Pods inflated. Bladder Senna. Colu'tea. f Pod 2-celled lengthwise, turgid. Milk Vetch. Astrag'alus. f Pod half-2-celled lengthwise. Bastard Vetch. Phaca. f Pod 1-celled. Style hairy outer side. Goafs Rue. Tephro'sia. f Pod 1-celled. Style not hairy at all. S. Indigo. Indigo'fera. g Shrubs. FIs. spicate, only 1 petal (the banner). W.S. Lead Plant. Amor'pha. g Herbs. Flowers with 10 stamens, bluish, spicate. W. Da'lea. g Herbs. Flowers with 5 stamens, white or red, capitate. W. Petaloste'mon. h Pod 1-2-seeded, valves double. Tall, with yellow flowers. S. h Pod many-seeded, very long. Tall, with yellowish flowers. S. k Pod few-seeded. Flowers scarlet in k Pod few-seeded. Flowers white or yellow. Melilot. k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers yellow. Leaves resinous-dotted in k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves dark-dotted, k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves not dotted, m Herbs with curved or spiral pods, m Herbs with small 1 -4-seeded pods not coiled, m Tree with yellow flowers in hanging racemes, f n Stamens all united. Calyx 2-lipped, n Stamens all but 1 united. Calyx bill-shaped, o Shrubby. Keel oblong, straight. © Herbs. Keel curved, acuminate. P Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Umbels stalked, p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Racemes stalked. Glotid'ium. Sesba'nia. Erythri'na. Melilo'tus. 4 Rhyncosia. Psora'lea. Melilot. Melilo'tus. 4 Medic. Medioa'go. Glover. Trifo'lium. 5 Golden Chain. Labur'num. Lupine. Lupi'nus. 6 Psora'lea. Scotch Broom. Genis'ta. Rattle Pod. Crotala'ria. Coronil'la. Vt. Hedys'arum.Okdeh 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 189 p Lvs. pinn’ly 3-fol., stipellate. Pod 3-7-jointed. Tick Trefoil. Desmo'dium. p Lvs. pinn’ly 3-fol. Stipcls none. Pod 1-jointed. Bush Trefoil. Lespede'za. 7 q Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Staffiens all united. Zor'nia. q Leaves pinnate, 7-49-foliate. Stamens 9 united. ASschynom'ene. Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Pod slender at base. Stylosan/thes. Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base. Peanut. Ar'achis. r Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded. Chick Pea. Cicer. r Leaflets entire. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Pea. Pistjm. r Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy most inside. Sweet Pea. Latii'yrus. r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch. Vio'ia. b Pod legume flat'and thin, sbort-stiped. Lvs. pinnate. Tree. S.W. Cladas'tris. s Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at base). Lvs. 1-3-foliate. Baptis'ia. 9 t FIs. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. Cerois. t FIs. perfect, yellow. Lvs. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia. 10 t FIs. imperfect, green. Sta. 5. Trees thorny. Honey Locust. Gleditb'ohia. t FIs. imp.,greenish. St. 10. Treesunarmed. Ky. Cojfee-ti'ee. Gymnoc'ladus. u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. Sensitive Plant. Mimo'sa. u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. Sensitive Brier. Schran'kla. u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. S. Sponge-tree. Vachkl/lia. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Stam. 5-10. Herbs. Desman'thus. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. S. Julibrassin. Aoa'ola. 1. PHASE'OLUS. Bean, &c. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, the 2 upper teeth half united. Keel in- cluding the stamens and style, and with them spirally coiled or twisted. Legume straight or curved, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney- shaped.—Herbs twining or trailing. Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate. June-Oct. * Native species, growing in fields and woods____a * Exotic species, growing only by culti- vation___b Fig. 446. Section of flower of the Bean, showing the spirally coiled stamens and style, the simple ovary, &c. 1 a Flowers racemed. Pods curved... a Flowers 1 or few in a head. Pods straight... .2-4 b Stems climbing... .5-7 b Stems erect, bushy....8190 THE FLORA. 1 P. peren'nis. Perennial Wild-lean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Kacemes in pairs. 4-7f. p, 2 P. diversifo'lius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-3-lobed. Peduncle longer than leaf. c. 3 P. hel'volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Peduncle 3-4 times longer than the leaf. M. S. 4 P. pauciflo'rus. Few-flowered W. Leaflets linear-oblong, hairy. Peduncle longer than the leaf. W. 6 P. vulga'ris. Common Garden-lean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Kacemes solitary, shorter than leaves. 6 P. multiflo'rus. Scarlet Pole-lean. FIs. scarlet, showy. Root tuberous. Pedicels opp. f 7 P. luna'tus. Lima B. Flowers white. Lf'ts. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large. 8 P. na'nus. Bush-lean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute, f 2. A'PIOS. Ground-nut. Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete, the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base.—Twining, smooth herbs. 2£ Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate. A. tubero'sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length. Leaflets mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Racemes axillary, solitary, dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur- ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets and shady woods. July, Aug. 3. ROBIN'IA. Locust. Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less united. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded.—Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers showy, in axillary racemes. April, May. R. visco'sa. Clammy Locust-tree. Racemes rather compact, rose-white, erect. Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South. R Pseudaca'cia. Common Locust-tree. Racemes rather loose, drooping, white, fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well os the branchlets. R. his'pida. Rose Acacia. Shrub 4-9f. high, hispid, with clusters of large, purple flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval. 4. MELILO'TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than flie others. Of the 10 stamens 9 are united, one separate. Pod 1 or few-Order 40.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 191 seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers in racemes. 1 M. officina'lis. Yellow M. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 8f. 2 M. alba. White M. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Height 4-6f. Very fragrant. 6. TRIFO'LIUM. Clover. Trefoil. Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist- ent. Petals more or less united at the base, persistent and withering. Banner longer than the wings, which are also longer than the keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume short, membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, mostly indehis- cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves. Leaflets straight-veined. Flowers in heads or spikes. Apr.-Sept. * Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads. Pod 1-seeded___1, 2 * Flowers cyanic (not yellow)_a a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and finally deflexed________b a Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de- flexed ________c Fig, 447. Red Clover,—a head of flowers. Fig. 448. A single flower. Fig. 449. A pod, with a part of the calyx. Fig. 450. A seed, cut open. See also Fig. 87. b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer,.. .3, 4 b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer_____5, 6 c Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla_____7 c Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla____8-10. 1 T. procum'bens. Yellow C. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 3 or 4 times shorter than the pod. Heads ovate, i in. thick. Stems prostrate. May. 2 T. agra'rium. Larger Yellow G. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about as long as the pod. Heads oblong, i in. thick. Stems ascending. June, July. 3 T. Carolinia'num. Southern G. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer than its tube. Legume 4-seeded. Scarcely forms a turf. W. S. 4 T. repens. White G. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. FIs. white, c. T. reflexum. Buffalo G. Lflts. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as the red corolla. 6 T. stolonFferum. Prairie G. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. W.192 THE FLORA. 7 T. arven'se. Rabbit-foot G Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lfts. narrow obovate. 8 T. praten'se. Red G. Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers rose-red, or white, c. t (Figs. 447-456.) 9 T.me'dium. Zigzag C. Lfts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. FIs. deep purple, r. 10 T. incaraa'tum. Rose Trefoil. Lfts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. FIs. rose-red. f 6. LUPLNUS. Lupine. Oalyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. "Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and globose. Pod leathery and knotted.—Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15- foliate, rarely simple. 1 L. peren'nis. Common L. Root creeping, perennial. Stem erect, l-2f. high, hairy. Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, 14-2' long, broadest above the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to white. It is often called Sun-dial, from the fact of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night.—Several other species are cultivated in gardens. May, June. (Fig. 66.) 2 L. villo'sus. Mullein L. Stem erect, l-2f., terminating in a showy raceme. Leaves simple, clothed in a dense coat of silky wool as well as the stem. S. 7. LESPEDE'ZA. Bush Clover. Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume lens-shaped, small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening.—U Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowering in Aug., Sept. TT Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner... .1, 2 TJ FIs. racemed, &c., violet or purple. Some of the fls. with no corolla... .a a Stem prostrate, trailing, diffuse. Leaflets oval_8 a Stem erect and mostly branched, l-3f. high___4, 5 1 L. capita'ta. Read B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves. Stein nearly simple, 2-4f. 2 L. hirta. Hairy B. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves. Stem branching, very hairy. 8 L. repens. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves, which is always smooth. Stems slender, many. 4 L. viola'cea. Violet B. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying tc oblong and linear obtuse, mucronate. Corolla 8-4" long. Varies greatly. 5 L. Steu'vi. Plant velvety or downy. Lfts. roundlsh-obovate. Variable.Order 48.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 193 8. PI'SUM. Pea. Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, bearded on the upper side. Legume obloDg, tumid. Seeds globose.—Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end- ing with a branching tendril. P. sati'vnm. Common Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4, ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than the leaf- lets (2-3' long), ovate, half-cordate at base. Flow- ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white. Pods 2 or S' long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable leguminous plant, all over smooth and glaucous. There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 443.) 9. BAPTIS'IA. Wild Indigo. Calyx 4-5-cleft half way. Petals of about equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, 1 ° ' 7 rtt'. wi. wiiiinuu x ea. notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- the large stipules; p, the uous. Pod inflated, many-seeded, raised on a P°<3; / the flower; t, the stalk in the persistent calyx.— u Large herbs tondrilsontheeiidoftheieat with leaves palmately 3-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets mostly oblong, broadest above. Apr-Sept. § Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (3 species far South, omitted.) § Leaves 8-foliate... .a Flowers blue, in a few long racemes....1 a Flowers white, in a few long racemes___b a Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes... .o b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles... .2, 8 b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles___4, 5 c Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx___6, 7 c Flower-stalks much longer than the calyx. S. Omitted. 1 B. austra'lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts. obovate or oblong. FIs. large. W. S. f 2 B. leucopha'a. Whitish W. Stipules large, ovate. Racemes nodding. W. 3 B. villo'sa. Woolly W. Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. S. 4 B. leucantha. Stipules lance-linear, about as long as petioles. W. S. f 5 B. alba. Stipules and bracts minute, early falling off. S. 6 B. lanceola'ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. S. 7 B. tincto'ria. Leaflets small, round-obovate. Racemes terminal. Common.194 THE FLORA. 10. OAS'SIA. Senna. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded.—Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow. July, Aug. U Racemes axillary. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect______1, 3 H Racemes above the axils. Anthers all perfect. Stem l-2f. high--------4,5 1 C. obtusifo'lia. Blunt S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem l-3f. high. S. 2 O. occidenta'lis. Western S. Leaflets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. high. S. 3 O. Marilan'dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate. Stems 5f. high. 4 C. Chamsecris'ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. FIs. large. Lfte. 16-24. 5 0. nic'titans. Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. FIs. small. Leaflets 12-30. Trees, shrubs, or herbs with stipules mostly, and alternate leaves; with flowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous; with 5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many bractlets outside ; 6 petals (rarely 0), which are perigynous as well as the stamens ; 1—qo pistils, which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the calyx tube; fruit various; seeds with no albumen. Order XLVII. ROSACEaE. Roseworts.Okder 47.—KOBE WORTS. 195 Fig. 452. Flowers of the Great Eed Cherry: 6, section, showing the perigynous stamens, the single ovary, &c. Fig. 453. Section of the cherry, showing the 6eed lying in the stone and palp. Fig. 454. Section of the flower of Lady’s-niantie (Class Book, p. 325), with the simple ovary, lateral style, &c. Fig. 455. A flower of Strawberry. Fig. 456. A section of tho same, showing the perigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on the large torus. Fig■ 457 Section of a Rose, showing tho many simple pistils sunk in the hollow torus, &c. 455 Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs_____u. § Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees______2 § Flowers with 2—co pistils___3 2 Style lateral, e. arising from the side of the ovary.... o 2 Style terminal, i. e., arising from the top of the ovary_c 8 Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome....d 8 Pistils (carpels) 2-50, free, in an open or closed calyx_4 4 Carpels 1-seeded, acheuia inclosed in the calyx tube____e 4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx....5v 4 Carpels several-seeded, pods in an open calyx_______k 5 Styles persistent on the dry achenia_f 5 Styles falling off with the rest of the flower__6 6 Calyx entirely bractless. Flowers never yellow... .g 6 Calyx with bractlets beneath it as if double.. . .h a Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. FIs. scattered. Lady'ft-manile. Alchemil'la. a Stamens 4. Style terminal. FIs. in dense spikes. Burnet. Sanguisor'ba. a Stamens co. Style terminal. Flowers in spikes. Burnet. PoTE'Rirjir. b Stamens about 20. Drupe 1-seeded. S. Cocoa Plum. Chrysobala'nus. c Stone globular, smooth. Fruit not glaucous. Cheney. Cer'asus. 1 c Stone flattened, smooth. Fruit glaucous or downy. Plum. Pru'nus. c Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit pulpy. Peach. Per'sica. c Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit dry. Almond. Amyg'dalus. d Petals spat.-oblong. Pome with 5 dble.-cells. Shad-bush. Aalela.n 'chier. 2 d Petals roundish. Pome with bony, 1-seeded cells. Thorn. Cratas'gus. d Petals roundish. Pome with thin, 2-seeded cells. Apple Pyrus. 3 d Petals roundish. Pome with 5, many-seeded cells. Quince. Cydo'nia. 4196 THE FLORA. © Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Flowers often double. Rose. Rosa. 5 e Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, prickly calyx. Agrimony. Agrimo'nia. f Petals and sepals 8 or 9. A small, rare plant on mountains Dryas. f Petals and sepals 5. Achenia numerous. Avens. Geum. 6 g Sepals equal. Fruit a heap of pulpy achenia. FIs. cyanic. Bramble. Rubus. 7 g Sepals unequal. Stems creeping. Flowers white. False Violet. Dalibar'da. 8 h Torus small, dry. Flowers yellow. Bractlets minute or 0. Waldstei'nia. 9 h Torus small, dry. FIs. mostly yellow. Bractlets large. Cinquefoil. Potentil'la. 10 h Torus becoming very large and juicy in fruit. Strawberry. Fraga'ria. 11 h Torus becoming large and spongy. FIs. purple. Lvs. pinnate. Com'arum. k Petals obovate, not yellow. Stamens very long. Steeple-bash. Spir^e'a. 12 k Petals lance-linear, not yellow. Stamens very short. Indian Physic. Gille'nia. k Petals multiplied, orange-yellow< Pods 1-seeded. Shrubs. Guelder Rose. Ker'ria. 1. CEP'ASUS. Cherry. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5, much spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 ovules. Drupe globular, very smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom. Stone also globular and smooth.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves folded in the bud. Flowers early, white. May. (Fig. 452.) § Leaves evergreen, leathery, entire_1 § Leaves deciduous, thin__a a Flowers in umbel-like clusters from side buds. Drupes red__b a Flowers in racemes leafy at base. Cherries black or blackish... .2, 3 b Shrubs or trees growing wild, native_4, 5 b Trees cultivated, not native_6, 7 1 0. Carolinia'na. Cherry Laurel. Flowers in dense, short racemes. Fruit black, poisonous. Splendid in cultivation. 2 C. sero'tina. Wild Black C. Trees with lance-oblong, blunt-toothed leaves. 3 C. Virginia'na. Choke C. Shrubs with oval-obovate, slender-toothed leaves. 4 O. pum'ila. Sand G. Shrubs trailing, with lance-obovate, acute lvs. Fr. egg-shaped. 5 C. Pennsylvan'ica. Wild Red C. Trees. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate. Fr. roundish. 6 O. A'vium. Oxheart C. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath. 7 O. vulga'ris. Great Red C. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, narrowed to base. 2. AMELAN'OIIIER. June-berry. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-ovate and oblanceolate. Stamens short. Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, each nearly divided into two 1-seeded divisions.—Small trees or shrnb3 with simple, serrate leaves, and white early flowers in racemes.Order 47.—ROSEWOKTS. 197 A. Canaden'sis. Shad-beri'y. June-berry. A small tree or shrub found in woods, with a dark-grayish bark. Flowers large white, in racemes at the ends of the branches, appearing in April and May, while the forests are yet naked. Frail round, purplish, well-flavored, ripe in June. The plant is very variable in size, and in the leaves, &c. 3. PY'RUS. Pear. Apple. Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 00. Style* 2-5. Pome fleshy or berry-like, containing 2-5 cartilaginous (thin ana elastic) carpels, each with 2 seeds.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple oi pinnate. Flowers showy, white or rose-colored, in cyme-like umbels. May, June. § Leaves pinnate. Fruit as large as peas, scarlet when ripe.... 6, 7 § Leaves simple_____a a Wild shrubs, 5-8f. high. Flowers small, in compound clusters... .5 a Trees wild or cultivated. Flowers large, in simple clusters___b b Flowers white. Pome bell-shaped, acute at base... .1 b Flowers rose-white. Pome with a pit at base... .2-4 1 P. commu'nis. Pear. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 5, distinct, f (Fig. 280.) 2 P. malus. Apple. Leaves ovate, not lobed, the veinlets incurved. (Fig. 183.) 3 P. corona'ria. American Grab. Leaves ovate, often lobed, cut-serrate, straight- veined. (Fig. 454.) 4 P. angastifo'lia. Nart'ow-leaved G. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely veiny. 6 P. arbutifo'lia. Choke-berry. Leaves obovate or oval, with glands on mid-vein, 6 P. America'na. Mountain-Ash. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, pointed. 7 P. Aucupa'ria. English M. Leaflets lance-ovate, acute. Fruit larger. 4. CYDO'NIA. Quince. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. ' Styles 5. Stamens many. Pome with 5 parchment-like cells, each with several seeds.—Shrubs. Leaves simple.. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster. 1 O. vulga'ris. Common Quince. Leaves downy beneath, broadly ovate, acute, en- tire, with small, half-ovate stipules. Flowers roseate, solitary terminal. Fruit large, obovate, highly esteemed in preserves, &c. (Fig. 1 ) 2 0. Japon'ica. Japan Quince. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate. Stipules reniform. Flowers red, side clusters, opening early. 5. RO'SA. Rose. Calyx tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the throat, limb 5-cleft the sepals generally with a little leaf at tip Petals 5 (greatly multiplied19S THE FLOKA. by culture); achenia 00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the in side of the fleshy calyx-tube.—Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves un- equally pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole, or often free. In the table, the first ten species are found growing wild in this country, and sometimes also cultivated. The other species never grow wild here. § Styles growing together into an inserted column. Climbers-------h § Styles not cohering into a column_____a a Stipules nearly free from the petiole and falling off--g a Stipules adhering to the petiole____b b Plant armed with curved or hooked prickles, erect... .d b Plant armed with straight prickles_____c c Wild, native Roses, 1-3 fi, erect....5-7 c Cultivated exotics climbing (No. 20) or erect___21-23 d Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath... .f d Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect____e e Wild, native Rose, flowers single... .8 e Cultivated exotics, mostly double-flowered______18, 14 f Flowers single. Wild... .9, 10 f Flowers double. Exotic, cultivated... .15-17 g Leaflets 5-9. Flower-stalk enveloped in bracts....4 g Leaflets 3-5. Flower-stalk bractless, very smooth_______2, 19 h Leaflets 3-5, mostly 3. Native and cultivated______1 h Leaflets 5-9_____k Stipules and sepals mostly entire___11,12 k Stipules fringed, sepals entire__3 k Stipules entire, sepals pinnatifid___18 1 R. setig'era. Michigan R. Flowers in corymbs, rose-colored, changeable. W. f 2 R. laeviga'ta. Cherokee R. Lfts. very smooth, ellip. FIs. solit., white. S. f 8 R. multiflo'ra. Japan R. Lfts. soft, wrinkled. FIs. corymbed, double. S. t 4 R. bractea'ta. Macartney R. FIs. solitary, with large bracts beneath it. S.-W. f 5 R. lu'cida. Shining R. Lfts. 5-9, elliptic, shining. Prickles few. Calyx hispid. 6 R. nit'ida. Wild R. Leaflets 5-9, narrow-lance, shining. Prickles numerous. 7 R. blanda. Bland R. Lfts 5-7, oblong, dull. Prickles very few. Calyx smooth. 8 R. Carolina. Swamp R. Stems 4-7f. high. Flowers in corymbs. Dull green. 9 R. rubigino'sa. Sweet Brier. Sepals persistent. Some of the prickles awl-shaped. 10 R. micran'tha. Eglantine. Sepals deciduous. All the prickles hooked alike. FIs. small. 11 R. sempervi'rens. Evergreen R. Prickles alike. Lfts. evergreen, leathery, t 12 R. arven'sis. Ayrshire R. Prickles unlike. Lfts. soft, deciduous, f 18 R. cixmarao'mea. Cinnamon R. Stipules broad, pointed, involute, wavy, f 14 R. cani'na. Dog R. Stipules broad, serrulate. Sepals fall off after flowering, t 15 R. centifo'lia. Cabbage R. Moss R. Sepals spread in flower, often very glandular. +Order 47.—ROSEWORTS. 199 16 R. damasce'na. Damask R. Monthly R. Sepals reflexed in flower. Flowers very double, t 17 R. alba. White R. Sepals pinnatifid, Bpreading. FIs. corymbed, large, t 18 R. moscha'ta. Musk R. Leaflets lanceolate, pointed. FIs. panicled, large, white. + 19 R. In'dica. Chinese Monthly. Bengal R. Tea Rose, &c. Lfts. ovate, pointed, f 20 R. Alpi'na. Boursault R. Lt'ts. 5-11, obovate, sharp-serrate. Stipules narrow. + 21 R. eglante'ria. Yellow Rose. Lfts. broad-oval. Petals obcordate, fugacious, f 22 R. Gal'lica. French R. Leaflets elliptical. Petals large, spreading, f 23 R. Pimpinellifo'lia. Burnet R. Lfts. small, roundish. Flowers small, t 6. GE'UM. Avens. Calyx 5-cleft, usually with 5 alternate bractlets outside. Petals 5. Stamens many, collected on a dry receptacle, and bearing the long, per- sistent style.—U Leaves pinnate or lyrate. § Style bent and jointed near the middle_____a § Style straight and not jointed, wholly persistent. Eare plants.... 6, 7 a Head of fruits quite sessile, with the styles finally hooked__b, 1 a Head of fruits stalked in the calyx more or less____4, 5 b Petals yellow, longer than the calyx... .2, 3 1 G-. Virginia'num. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Receptacle hairy. 2 G-, macrophyl'lmn. Mountain A. Lvs. ending with a very large roundish leaflet. 8 G. stric'tum. Yellow A. The end leaflet but little larger than the rest. Height 3-5f 4 G. vemum. Head-stalk A. Petals yellow, small. Stalk as long as head. W. 5 G. riva'le. Water A. Whole flower dark purple, large, nodding. 6 G-. triflo'ram. Bractlets longer than the calyx or purplish petals. FIs. 8. W. 7 G-. Peck'ii. Peck's A. Bractlets minute. Pet. yellow. Stem almost leafless. Mts. 7. RU'BLTS. Bramble. Blackberries and Raspberries. Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens oo. Ovaries many, becoming many pulpy, drupe-like acbenia (grains) united into a compound fruit.—Half-shrubby plants with U roots and © stems, armed with prickles. Flowers mostly white. In the Blackberries the pulpy receptacle constitutes a part of the fruit, but in the Raspberries it does not. * Leaves simple, 3-5-lobed. Flowers large... .1-3 * Leaves compound, of 8-7 leaflets... .a a Stems stout, upright, often recurved at top... .b a Stems weak, trailing or prostrate----7 b The side leaflets stalked. Prickles strong, recurved... .8 b The side leaflets sessile. Prickles weak, nearly straight....4200 THE FLORA. Raspberries. 1 R. odora'tus. Rose Flowering. Petals round, purple. Stalks hairy-clammy. 2 R. Wutka'nus. White-flowering. Petals broad-oval, white. FIs. several. N.-W. 8 R. Chamaemo'rus. Cloud-berry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts. 4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx_5, 6 4 R. Idasus. Garden Raspberry. Petals shorter than the calyx. 5 R. strigo'sus. Wild Red Raspberry. Corolla cup-shaped, single. 6 R. rossefo'lius. Bridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated. 7 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains___11 7 R. triflo'rus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grains. 8 R. occidenta'lis. Thimble-beny. PI. glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark. 8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals... .9, 10 Blackberries. 9 R. villo'sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets ovate. 10 R. ctmeifo'lius. Sand Bl. FIs. 1-8 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate. M. 8. 11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or bracts... .12, 13 11 R. Canaden'sls. Dewberry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts. 12 R. his'pidus. Hispid, Running Bl. Flowers small, with spreading sepals. 13 R. trivia'lis. Low Bush Bl. Flowers large, with reflexed sepals. S. 8. DALIBAR'PA. False Violet. Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta- mens many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like achenia.—it Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white flowers on each stalk. North. D. re'pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches to a foot in length. Leaves roundish-cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear. Petioles 1-8' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. June. 9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract- lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle.—it Acquiescent herbs with lobed or divid- ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes. W. fragarioi'des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Root-stock thick, scaly, blackish. Leaves trifoliate, on petioles 8-6' long; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above. Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which are h! across. June. W. loba'ta. Lobed D. Along rivers, &c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gene* ally 8-6-lobed, &c. April} June. S.Order 47.—ROSEWORTS. 201 10. POTENTIL'LA. Cinquefoil. Calyx deeply 4-5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets outside. Petals 4r-5, obcordate. Stamens qo . Achenia oo, collected in a head on a small, dry receptacle.—Herbs or shrubs with compound leaves and (mostly) yellow flowers. (Figs. 76, 77.) * Leaves palmately compound____a * Leaves pinnately compound... .6-8 a Leaflets 8 only in each leaf_1 a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining....4, 5 1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous... .2, 8 1 P. tridenta'ta. Trident G. FIs. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., 3-toothed at end. N. 2 P. Norve'gica. Norway C. Erect, many-flowered. Petals short. N. M. 3 P. min'ima. Tiny C. Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet. longer than sepals. Mts^ 4 P. Canaden'sis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong. 5 P. argen'tea. Silver G. Leaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid. 6 P. frutico'sa. Shi'ubby C. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. Height l-2f. N. 7 P. Anseri'na. Goose-gras*. Stemless herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical. 8 Herbs with leafy stemb. (8 rare species omitted.) 11. FRAGA'RIA. Strawberry. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out- side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens co. Achenia many, fixed to the surface of the large, conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle.—Low H plants with trifoliate leaves. (Figs. 265, 455, 456.) 1 F. Virginia'na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on scapes. Boot-stock sending out runners which take root and form new plants. 2 F. In'dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 8-lobed. Petals yellow. Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. S. f (272.) 12. SPIRHS'A. Meadow-sweet. Hard-hack. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 10-50, exserted. Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1-celled, several-seeded pods. Styles terminal.—U Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May, Aug. * Shrubs ^-9 f. high.... a * Herbs with the leaves once or thrice pinnate... .7 a Stipules present... .1, 2 a Stipules none. Leaves simple and undivided... .b d*202 THE FLORA. b Flowers in panicles. Leaves lance-ovate_________3, 4 b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate... .5, 6 1 S. opulifo'lia. Nine-bark. Leaves simple, 3-lobed. Corymbs umbellate. N. 2 S. sorbifo'lia. Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles. 3 S. tomento'sa. Hard-hack. Lvs. with a rusty white dense wool beneath. 4 S. salicifo'lia. Willow-leaved. Lvs. nearly smooth. Shrub 3 or 4f. high. 5 S. corymbo'sa. Corymb very large, terminal, flat-topped. Height l-2f. S. 6 S. hypericefo'lia. St. Peter's Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated. 7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk________8, 9, 10 7 S. Arnn'cus. Goaf s Beard. Lvs. thrice-pinnate. FIs. in slender spikes. M. 8 S. loba'ta. Queen of the Prairie. Flowers purple. Side leaflets 3-lobed. W. 9 S. filipen'dula. Dropwort. FIs. white. Lfts. pinnatitid-serrate. Gardens. 10 S. Ulma''ria. Meadow-sweet. Flowers white. Lfts. doubly-serrate. Gardens. Order LII. ONAGRA'CEA3. Evening Primroses. Serbs with alternate or opposite leaves; and with the parts of the flowers generally in 4’s, sometimes in 3’s, 2’s, or l’s; with the sepals united below into a tube, valvate in the bnd ; the petals and stamens inserted into the throat of the calyx; ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx ; becoming in the fruit a 2-4-celled capsule or berry with many seeds. Fig. 458. Flower of (Enothera fruticosa. 9. Plan of the flower. Fig. 460. Section of the 4-celled capsule of 43. 8agittaria saciltifolia (com- mon form), leaf and flowers. 4. One of the pistils enlarged. 5. The pistil of Alisma cut open, showing the seed and curved embryo.Order 138.—THE ORCHIDS. 285 veined, entire, on long petioles. Seape l-2f. high, branching in whorls, bearing nu- merous purplish-white flowers, in July. 2. SAGITTA'RIA. Arrow-head. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, the s with about 24 stamens, the i with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as many compressed, margined achenia.—K Stemless plants, leaves radical, generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3’s, the sterile ones above the fertile. S. vuriab'ilis, A curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the seape simple, with the stalks 1-flowcred. The leaves are generally arrow- shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, sometimes lanceolate, and sometimes even consisting of a petiole only. About If. high. July. Order CXXXVIII. ORCHIDACEM The Orchids. Herbs perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, par all el-veined leaves ; flowers very irregular, but. the perianth consisting always of 6 parts, viz., of 3 sepals and 3 petals, all usually colored, the lower petal called the lip differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base; stamens 3, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the style and forming what is called the column; authors 2, 4 or 8-celled; pollen powdery, or waxy, or granulated; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. * Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves-----2 * Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves.... * Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and no leaves, or a late one....o * 2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like- 2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like_8 8 Corolla produced into a spur behind....b 8 Corolla destitute of a spur-4 4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless_e 4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, beardless....f 4 Flowers showy, purple or yellow, few or 1 only-g a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers 2. Lady s-slipper. Cypripk'dium. 1 a Root a corm. Lip S-lobed, 2-spurred. Anther 1. Calypso. C-altp'so.286 THE FLORA. Fig. 646. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedivm acavle), whole plant with its 2 leaves, scape, and curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower; s, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united; p, the petals; i,lip (lower petal); e, the anthers, upper one sterile; o, the 3-celled ovary. 8. The column seen rom beneath, with the pistil, two stamens, and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of Jrchis spectabilis. Fig Q50. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1. Arethusa bulbosa; f be flower. 2. Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses >eneath. b FIs. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lvs. 1-go . Orchis. Orchis. 2 b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaf 1 only. Tipula. Tipula'ria. s Rootcoraline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs. none. Coral-root. Corallorhi'za. 3 c Root 2 corms. Spur none. Leaf 1, late, radical. Putty-root. Aplectrum. d Flowers 1 ODly, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa. Arethu'sa. 4 d FIs. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. 0 or few.) Bletia. Bletia. e Leaf 1. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros'tylis. Mioros'tylis. e Leaves 2, radical. Lip flat, ascending. Column winged. Liparis. Lip'aris. e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Tway-blade. ListedOrder 138.—THE ORCHIDS. 287 f Leaves all green. Lip obtuse, erect. ladies' Tresses. Spiral'thes. 5 f Leaves netted with white. Lip pointed, reflexed. Rattlesnake Plantain. Goodye'ra. f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis. Cran'ichis. g Lip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaf linear. Grass Pink. Calopo'gon. 6 g Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera)___h h Column free from the lip. Flowers purplish. Beard Pink. Pogo'nia. 7 h Column growing to the lip. Yellow. On trees. S. Tree Orchis. Epiden'drum. 1. CYPRIPE'DIUM. Lady’s-slipper. The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Column terminated by a petal-like lobe (which is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2.—Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few. May-July. * Flowers yellow, one or more. Stems leafy... .5, 6 * Flowers white or rose-purple___1 1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more______2-4 1 O. acau'le. Stemless L. (Figs. 642-644.) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base, and 1 large flower at top. c. 2 O. can'didum. White L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 only, smaller, white. W. S. r. 3 C. spectab'ile. Showy L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers few, very large, purplish, c. 4 C. Arieti'num, Pam's-Head L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower 1 only, small, purplish, r. 5 0. pubes'cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin FI. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip flattened at sides, pale yellow, c. (Fig. 89.) 6 0. parviflo'rum. Smaller yellow L. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat above and below, bright yellow, c. 2. ORCHIS. Orchis. Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar; all, or all but two, ascending and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lobed, produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary. Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy grains.—Flowers generally showy, in spikes or racemes. June-Aug. mostly. Note.—Under this genus we include two others, viz.: Gymnadenia and Platanthera The beginner would find it difficult to separate them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 6S2, &c. No. 1* is the true Orchis. Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gymnadenia, and all the others belong to Platanthera.288 THE FLORA. § Leaves radical and wiiiy *2 (rarely 8). Flowers on a scape.... 1-8 § Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, on a scape----------4, 5 § Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts... .a a Corolla lip entire, neither lobed, fringed, nor toothed-----6-9 a Corolla lip 2 or 8-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish... .10-12 a Corolla lip cleft into a fringe at the edge, but not divided-----13-15 a Corolla lip divided into 3 parts, which are fringed or not-------b b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 long bristles, the 2 side petals 2-parted. S....16,17. b Flowers white, the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed-------18, 19 b Flowers purple, numerous, showy ; lip raised on a claw----------20-22 1 O. spectab'ilis. Showy Orchis. True Orchis. FIs. few, pink-purple, handsome. Leaves oblong-ovate. Height 4-7'. (Figs. 649, 650.) 2 O. orbicula'ta. Round-lv. 0. FIs. whitish, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves round. Scape bracted. 3 O. Hook'eri. Hooker's O. Flowers green, spiked. Spur long as ovary. Leaves round. Scape naked. 4 O. obtusa/ta. Blunt-lv. 0. Leaf obovate, obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8'. r. 5 O. rotundifo'lia. Small Round-lf. 0. Lf. round. Lip, mid. lobe obcord. 6-9'. r. 6 O. hyperbo'rea. Northern 0. Flowers greenish. Lip, petals, leaves, and bracts, lanceolate. 7 O. dilata'ta. Broad-lip 0. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombic at base. 8 O. niv'ea. Snowy 0. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S. 9 O. nigra. Black 0. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong. ] 0 O. tridenta'ta. Trident 0. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary. 11 O. bractea'ta. Bracted 0. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long. 12 O. fla'va. Small yellow 0. Lip obtuse, with a tooth each side, spur long. 18 O. crista'ta. Crested yellow 0. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur. 14 O. cilia'ris. Large yellow O. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur. 15 O. Blephariglot'tis. Ox-tongue 0. FIs. white, large ; 2 side petals cut-toothed. 16 0. Michauxii. Michaux's 0. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary. 17 O. re'pens. Five-bristled 0. Leaves lance-linear. Spur shorter than ovary. 18 0. leucophae'a. White Prairie 0. Bracts shorter than the ovaries. Lip fan- shaped, 3-parted, fringed. Spur club-shaped, twice longer than ovary. 19 O. lae'era. Ragged 0. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end. Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary. 20 O. amcena. Prairie 0. Flowers dark-purple. Lip broad, lobes toothed, not fringed. M. W. S. c. 21 O. Fsyc'odes. Fringed 0. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2 petals merely toothed, c. 22 O. grandiflo'ra. Great-Jl. 0. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, largo. 2 petals fringed, r.Order 138—THE ORCHIDS. 289 3. COR AI.LORHI'ZA. Coral-root Dragon’s-claw. Flower ringent Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch- ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique.—Herbs without green herbage, leafless, with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May-Sept. 1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base_2, 8 1 O. multiflo'ra. Many-flouxred 0. Spur manifest. Lip 8-lobed (the side lobes small), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. Height 10-15'. 2 0. odontorhi'za. Dragon'8-daw. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip orennlate, spotted. Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14/. 8 C. inna'ta. Lesser G. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-6'. 4. AEETHU'SA. Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to the petal-like column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen cells like a lid. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell.—Small plants, 1-flowered, in wet places. Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths. A. bulbo'sa. A beautiful plaut 6-12' high, invested with about 3 long loose sheaths with lanceolate points (hardly leaves). At the top is a large, fragrant purple flower, in June. (See Figs. 651, 652.) 5. SPERAN'THES. Ladies' tresses. Flowers in a spiral spike, somewhat ringent. Petals and sepals nearly erect, all tending to the upper side opposite the lip. Lip raised on a short claw, concave, entire, widened at top and furnished with 2 callous pro- cesses at base. Column arching, pollen-masses 2.—Stem leafy below or nearly naked, bearing a spike of small, white flowers, which are bent sideways and horizontal. July-Oct. (Fig. 240.) * FIs. in a single row on one Bide, and but little twisted. Lvs. radical_1, 2 * FIs. in several rows all around the short spike. Lvs. on stem below____8, 4 1 S, grac'ilis. Slender L. Leaves ovate, varying to lance-oblong. Lip obovate, wavy-erisped. 2 S. tor'tilis. Twisted L. Leaves linear, early withering (like first). Lip 3-lobed, finely erenate. 13290 THE FLORA. 8 S. latifo'lia. Broad-lv. L. Leaves oblong-lance. 2-4/ long. Spike dense. Lip oblong, blunt, crisp. 4 S. cer'nua. Nodding L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-10' long. Spike dense. Lip oblong, round, crisp. 6. CALOPO'GON. Grass Pink. Flower with the sepals and petals similar, spreading, distinct. Lip on the upper side of the flower, stalked at base and bearded above. Column winged at the summit. Pollen-masses 2.—Leaf sheathing the base ol the scape, which is bulbous at base. Flowers several. (Fig. 655.) O. pulchel'lus. A handsome plant, common in moist meadows and in bogs. Scape slender, l-2f. high. Leaf sword-shaped or broad linear, long. Flowers pink- purple, remarkable for having the lip on the upper side and the column below. July. Fig. 658. Pogonia verticilluta. Fig. 654. Pogonia ophlglossoidca. Fig- «»■ Calopogon pulehelli*.Order 140.—THE AMARYLLIDS. 291 7. POGO XIA. Beard-flower. Flower with its sepals and petals distinct and somewhat spreading. Lip bearded inside, sometimes 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless; anther terminal, pollen-masses 2, mealy.—Leaves 1-5, on the stem. Flowers purple. Ju'ie-Aug. * Sepals linear, spreading, muck loDger than the petals---1,2 * Sepals and petals nearly equal, similar, and nearly erect___8, 4 1 P. verticilia'ta. Whorl-leaved B. Leaves 5, in a whorl near the 1 brownish flower. Sepals 2' long. r. (Fig. 693.) 2 P. divarica'ta. Spreading B. Leaves 2, alternate, distant, lance-oblate. Lip 3-lobed, crenulate. S. 8 P. ophiglossoi'des. Adder-tongue B. Leaves 2, distant, upper bract-like. Flowers terminal, pink-colored. (Fig. 694.) 4 P. pen'dula. Sodding B. Leaves 3-4, alternate, with as many pink-white, droop- ing flowers. Order CXL. AMARYLLIDACEJE. The Amaiyllids. Herbs perennial, mostly bulbous, with linear leaves, with the flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, hexandrous; perianth of 6 similar pieces united below and adherent to the ovary, which is 3-celled, with the styles united into 1; fruit a capsule or berry, with albuminous seeds. (Fig. 137.) Analysis of the Genera. § Perianth beariug a crown on the summit of its tube__a § Perianth destitute of a crown-2 2 Segments united into a tube above the ovary-b 2 Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding___3 3 Perianth irregular__o 3 Perianth regular__d a Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens. S. PANCRA'Tmr. a Crown a firm cup containing the stamens. Narcissus. XAncis'srs. b Fir. solitary. Perianth-tube straight, erect, b Flowers many. Perianth-tube straight, b Flowers many. Perianth-tube curved, c Stamens declined and curved. Scape with 1. d Sepals all white, Larger than the petals, d Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals, d Sepals and petals equal, yellow. Atamasco L. Zephvrax'thus. American Aloe. Agave. Tuberose. Polyanthus. Jacobea Lily. Spreeella Snow-drop. Galanthus Snow-fake. Llucojuji Star-grass. Hrroxi292 THE FLORA. 1. NARCIS'SUS. Jonquil. Daffodil. Perianth regular, crown of one piece, funnel-form or bell-form, consist- ing of a whorl of sterile petal-like filaments united by their edges, within which the fertile stamens are inserted.—A beautiful genus of bulbous plants with sword-shaped leaves and yellow or white flowers. None here native, t Aprils June. * Scape bearing 1-3 large flowers_2-4 * N. Tazet'ta. Polyanthus. Scape many-flowered, sep. white, crown yellow, short. 2 N. Daf'fodil. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged. Sepals whitish. Crown yellow, long and large. 3 N. Jonquil'la. Jonquil. Scape terete. Crown yellow, much shorter than the yellow sepals. 4 N. poet'icus. Poet's Narcissus. Scape terete. Crown variegated, rotate, short; sepals mostly white. 2. AGA'VE. American Aloe. ] A. Virginica. False Aloe. Scape simple, o-6f. high. Flowers in a spike, greenish- yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Penn. S. 2 A. America'na. Century Plant. Scape branched, 15-25f. high, bearing 1 vast panicle of yellow flowers, after many years. Leaves very thick, lanceolate, spinous-dentate, often striped, f Order CXLIII. IHIDA'CE^. The Irids. Perennial herbs, arising from bulbs or thickened roots; leaves 2-rowed ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, spathaceous; perianth of 6 petal-like segments; stamens 3 ; anthers turned outwards, ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 style and 3 stigmas, becoming in fruit a 3-celled capsule with many albuminous seeds. Analysis of the Genera. 1 Flowers regular, 3 petals unequal to the 3 sepals....2 1 Flowers regular, petals and sepals alike_3 1 FIs. irregular, stamens ascending. Sds. winged, f Com Flag. Gladi'olus. 2 Stamens separate. Stigmas petal-like. Petals erect. Sepals reflexed. Iris. 1 2 Stamens united. Sepals very large. Pets, spreading, f Tiger-flower. TigridTa. 8 Flowers blue, small, rotate. Leaves, &c., grass-like. (Fig. 4S.) Blue-eyed-grass. Stsiryn 'c hium. 3 FIs. purp., white or yellow, tube very long, sessile on the bulb, t Cro'ous. C FIs. yellow, red-spotted, tube short. Height 3-5f. t Lcia. Paroanthus.Order 147.—THE TRILLIADS. 293 IRIS. Flower-de-luce. Perianth 6-parted, the 3 outer divisions (sepals) reflexed, or spreading, the 3 inner (petals) erect. Stamens 3, distinct. Style short. Stigmas 3, petal-like, covering the stameus.—Perennial herbs with thick roots or rootstocks, sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, and large showy flowers. April-July, § Stems leafy, toll (l-2f. high), mostly bearing several flowers_a § Scapes leafless, low (1-6' high), mostly bearing but 1 flower....c a Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics in gardens, &c.....11-18 a Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants, hardly ever cultivated....b b Leaves linear, grass-like, less than half an inch wide....l b Leaves sword-shaped, nearly 1 or 2' wide____2-4 c Sepals or perianth bearded, beard crested or not crested.... 8-10 c ’Sepals and potals beardless, but sometimes with a crest....5-7 I L Virgin'ica. Boston I. Stem slender. Ovary and pod acute, sides 2-grooved. Flowers yellow-blue. E. [als obtuse, large, c. 2 I. versic'olor. Blue Flay. Stem 1-angled. Flowers blue-yellow-white. Pet- 3 I. tripet'ala. Stem terete. Flowers blue. Petals very small, 8-toothed. S. 4 I. cu'prea. Copper-coVd I. Stem terete. FIs. orange-yellow. Sepals notched. S. 5 I. lacus'tris. Label. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue and yellow. Lvs. lance. W. 6 I. ver'na. Early I. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue. Leaves linear, very long. S. 7 I. ochroleu'ca. Cream-colored 1 Scape 3-flowered, flowers yellow. Lvs. sword- shaped. Pod 6-angled, t 8 I. crista'ta. Crested 1. Scape 1-flowered, 2-4' high, flower blue and yellow. Leaves lanceolate, 8' long. S. [obtuse. Leaves ensiform. f 9 I. pum'ila. Dwarf I. Scape 1-flowered, 6-10' high, flower deep blue. Petals 10 I. Chinen'sis. China I Scape many-flowered, flattened, flowers pale blue. Stigmas jagged, f II I. sambuci'na. Common Flower-de-luce. Stem many-flowered, flowers blue or whitish. Petals and sepals notched, v. t 12 L German'ica. German F. Stem many-flowered, flowers deep blue, spathes also colored, r. f 18 I. Susia'na. Chalcedonian lids. Stem 1-flowered, fl. striped. Petals deflexed. /• Order CXLVII. TRILLIACE^E. The Trilliads. Herbs with tuberous roots, simple stems, and whorled, net-veined leaves ', with the flowers one or few, terminal, and mostly 3-parted; with the sepals green, and the petals more or less colored; with the stamens 6-10, awl-shaped filameiAs and linear anthers; with the ovary free, 3-5-eelled, becoming in fruit a juicy, many-seeded pod.29L THE FLORA. Analysis of the Genera. Plants with 1 whorl of leaves and 1 flower. Pod many-seeded. Wake-Robin. Trii/ljum. 1 Plants with 2 whorls of leaves and several greenish flowers. (Fig. 92.) Indian Cucumber. Mede'ola. Fig. 656 Trillium erythrocarpum, with the parts of its flower as if separated : s, the 3 sepals; p, the 3 petals; 8t, the 6 stamens; o, the 3 carpels. TRIL'LIUM. Wake-Robin. Character as expressed in the Order above. —U Low herbs with a simple stem, bearing at top a whorl of 3 leaves and a single large flower. Apr.-June. (Figs. 108, 110, 656.) § Flower sessile, petals dark purple___1, 2 § FI. on a peduncle, raised above the leaves___a § FI. on apeduncle, rec”rved beneath the lvs.. .7-9 a Lvs. ses., rhomboidal or rhomb.-ovate.. .5, 6 a Leaves petiolate, rounded at the base____8,4 1 T. ses'sile. Picket W. Lvs. sessile. Sepals erect, § as long as the linear-lanceolate petals. 2 T. recurva'tum. Beck s W. Lvs. petiolate. Sepals recurved, long as lance ovate petals. 656 3 T. niva'le. Snowy W. Stem 2-4' high. Leaves obtuse. Petals obtuse, wavy, snow-white. The smallest species. W. 4 T. erythrocar'pum. Smiling W. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves and petals pointed, wavy, white, tinged and pencilled with purple. 6 T. grandiilo'nim. Great-jloivered W. Petals lance-obovate, recurved, twice larger than the sepals, rose-white. Large and showy. M. W. S. 6 T. erec'tum. Bath Flower. Petals ovate, acute, much broader (not longer) than the sepals, dusky purple (or white, W.), ill-scented. 7 T. pen'dulum. Pendant W. Style scarcely any. Leaves rhombic. Petals lance-obovate, short-pointed, flat, scarce larger than sepals, w. M. S. W. 8 T. cer'nuum. Nodding W. Style scarcely any. Leaves ovate, petiolate. Petals lanceolate, wavy, recurved, much larger than calyx. Rose-white. 9 T. stylo'sum. Style-bearing T. Style manifest, as long as the stigmas. S.Order 148.—LILYWORTS. 295 Order CXLYIII. LILIACE^E. Lilyworts. Herbs with parallel-veined leaves, bulbous or tuberous stems ; flowers perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored; perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from the ovary; stamens 6 (rarely 4); anthers fixed by a point and turned inwards; style single ; ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled; seed with fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. § Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody stem (caudex)... .2 § Plants with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots... .4 2 Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower... ,d 2 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube__3 8 Stem (or caudex) leafy at least below, few or many-flowered... .b 8 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower_a 8 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered... .u 4 Stamens bent to one side, curved-ascending. Flowers showy... .«> 4 Stamens straight, and equal in position... .5 5 Perianth segments united to near the summit... .f 5 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube__6 6 Flowers in terminal, leafless clusters, small, whitish... .g 6 Flowers axillary, or terminal and solitary.... 7 7 Leaves thread-form, &c.... h 7 Leaves ovate, &c....k a Flowers nodding. Wild plants. Erythronvum. Erythronium. 1 a Flowers erect. Garden plants, t Tulip. Tu'lepa. b Nectary a linear groove at the base of each segment. Lily. Lilium. 2 b Nectary a round cavity at base of each seg. f Crown Imperial. Fritilla'bia. b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, large. Seeds many, f Yucca. Yucca. b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, small. Seeds 1-3. S. NoUna. Noli'na. c Flowers in racemes, blue or purple, f Squill. Scilla. c FIs. in racemes or corymbs, yellow or white. Star-Bethlehem. Ornithoo'alum. c Flowers in umbels, white or roseate. Stamens straight. Garlic. Ai/lium. 3 c FIs. in umbels, blue. Stam. declined and curved, f Love-flower. Aoapan'thus. d Perianth-limb re volute, as long as the tube, f Hyacinth. Hyacin'tbus. d Per.-limb spreading, much shorter than tube, f Grape Hyacinth. Musca'ri. e Segments distinct. Stamens at base valve-like, f Asphodel. Asphod'elus. e Segmeuts half-united. Stamens perigynous (§ 83). f Day Lily. Heuerocal'lis. e Segments half-united. Stamens hypogynous. f White Day-Lily. Fun'kia. 4 f FI. tubular-oblong, greenish, axillary. Jointed Solomon's Seal. Polygona'tum. f FI. broad bell-shaped, white, racemed. Lily-of-ihe- Valley. Convalla'ria.296 THE FLORA. g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 6-parted. Solomon's Seal. Smu-acFna. 5 g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-seeded. Glintonia. Clinto'nia. 6 g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 4-parted. Tway-leaf. Majan/themum. h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red. Aspar'agcs. k FilameDts flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Twist-foot. Strepto'pus. k Filuinents filiform, much longer than the anthers. Prosartes. 1’rosap/trs. k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. Bdlwovt. Uvula'ria. 7 1. ERYTHRO'NIUM. Dog-tooth Violet. Perianth bell-form, se- pals recurved,the 3 inner ones usually with a callous tooth each side near the base, and a groove in the middle. Pod a little stalked. Seeds egg-shap- ed.—Stem a bulb deep in the ground. Scape bear- ing a single flower, its base sheathed by the base of the two smooth leaves. Apr., May. Fig. 657. The Dog-tooth Vio- let (2£ Americanum). 8. The bulb. 9. The flower spread open, showing the 2 teeth in each petal, also the position of all the parts. 660. The ovary, style, and stigma. 1. A cross-section of the ovary. 2. The plan of the flower: a, the 3 sepals in the outer circle; 6, the 3 petals next; c, the 6 sta- mens ; and d, the 8-celled ovary. E. America'num. Yellow E. toothed. Leaves spotted, nearly equal. Common. E. bractea'tum. Bracted E. Flower greenish-yellow. Scape bearing a bract. Leaves very unequal. Mountains. Vt. E. albi'dum. White E. Flower white. Scape without a bract. Petals not toothed. Pare in N. Y. and W. Flower yellow. Scape without a bract. PetalsOrder 148.—LILYWORTS. 297 2. LIL'IUM. Lily. Perianth bell-shaped, segments mostly recurved, each with a groove running lengthwise within from the middle to the base. Stamens shorter than the style. Valves of the pod connected by latticed hairs.—Herbs with bulbous and leafy stems. Leaves whorled or scattered, sessile. Flowers terminal. June, July. (See Figs. 107, 150.) § Plants bearing bnlblets in the axils. Flowers orange. Gardens....6, 7 § Plants not bulbiferous in the axils of the leaves_a a Flowers erect, orange-red. Sepals raised on claws....4, 5 a Flowers nodding, white. Sepals sessile. Gardens_____6,7 a Flowers nodding, yellow or orange. Sepals sessile. Wild plants... .1 1 Sepals orange-red, strongly revolute, almost into rings__2, 3 1 L. Oanaden'se. Common Meadow Lily. Sepals yellow, merely recurved, spread- ing above middle, c. 2 L. super'bum. Superb L. TurTc1 s-cap. Flowers 3-30, very showy. Leaves lanceolate, lower whorled. u. M. W. S. 8 L. Carolinia'num. Carolina L. Flower generally but 1. Leaves wedge-lance- olate, partly whorled. S. 4 L. Philadel'phicmn. Philadelphia L. Upper leaves in whorls. Flowers 1-3, pur- ple-spotted. c. 5 L. Catesbee'i. Catesby's L. Lvs. all scattered. ' FI. 1, red and yellow-spotted. S. 6 L. bulbif'erum. Orange L. Flowers erect, rough within, bell-shaped. Leaves 8-veined, scattered, f 7 L. tigri'num. Tiger L. Flowers nodding. Sepals strongly revolute. Leaves S-veined, scattered, t 8 L. can'didum. White Lily. FlowerB in a raceme, smooth, large. Lvs. scattered, f 9 L. Japon'icum. Japan Lily. Flower 1 only, very large. Sepals reliexed at end. f 3. AL'LIURf. Garlic, Onion, &c. Flowers in a dense umbel with a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6- parted, colored, usually spreading, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary angu- lar. Style thread-like. Pod 3-lobed, containing 1 or 2 black seeds in each cell.—Strong-scented, bulbous, stemless herbs, the leaves radical and the umbel on a scape, sometimes bearing bulblets instead of flowers. May- July. § Leaves flat, lanceolate, but perishing before flowering_1 § Leaves flat, lanceolate or linear, present with the flowers....a § Leaves terete and hollow, or tubular---c a Filaments simple. Ovary with a 6-leaved crown. Leaves linear_______b a Filaments 3-forked. Leaves lance-linear. Gardens.... 13*298 THE FLORA. b Stamens longer than the sepals. Umbel nodding---------2 b Stamens equalling the sepals. Umbel with bulblets or flowers______3, 4 b Stamens shorter than the sepals. Umbels with flowers only---------5, 6 c Stem leafy half way up. Filaments 3-forked... .7, 8 c Stem naked. Filaments simple_________ I A. tricoc'cum. Lance-leaved Garlic. Umbel If. high, with a thin spathe, 12-20- flowered. Flowers white. Plants strong-scented. Woods. N. W. 2 A. cer'nuum. Nodding G. Leaves longer than the 4-angled scape. Roso- colored flowers, 12-20, in the handsome, nodding umbel. M. W. S. 3 A. stella'turn. Star G. Umbel erect when in flower (nodding in bud), with many rose-colored flowers. Western. 4 A. Canaden'se. Canada G. Umbel a dense head of bulblets and some flowers. Bulblets sessile, bracted, 12-18' high. 5 A. mutab'ile. Changeable G. Leaves bristle-form. Scape terete. Flowers many (20-40). S. 4 A. stria'turn. Striate G. Leaves striate, linear. Scape 3-angled. Flowers few (3-7). 7 A. sati'vum. Common G. Bulb compound. Umbel bearing bulbs, f 8 A. pomim. Leek. Bulb simple. Umbel bearing numerous flowers, t 9 A. venea'le. Crow G. Sta. exserted. Umbel with bulbs. Slender. M.W. 10 A. Schaenopra'sum. Civee. Leaves rush-like, as long as the scape. Stamens included. II A. fistulo'sum, Welsh Onion. Leaves thick, as long as the swollen scape. 12 A. cepa. Common Onion. Leaves thick, much shorter than the swollen scape. 4. FUKKIA. Day Lily. 1 F. ovata. White D. Flowers white, funnel-form, many in the raceme. Leaves broad-ovate, more or less heart-shaped, t Japan. 2 F. cceru'lea. Blue D. Flower blue, rather bell-form. Leaves ovate-pointed, not at all heart-shaped, f Japan. 5. SMILACI'NA. Solomon’s-seal. 1 S. racemo'sa. Clustered S. Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the peri- anth. Stem recurved, l£-2f. Flowers numerous, small, white. 2 S. stella'ta. Stellate S. Flowers few, in a simple raceme. Leaves many. N. 3 S. trifolia'ta. Three-leaved S. Leaves 3 or 4, lance-elliptic. Flowers few, ra- cemed. N.Order 149.—THE MELAHTH8. 299 6. CLINTO'NIA. Clintonia. 1 O. borea'lis. Northern C. Leaves broad, oval- lanceolate. Flowers white, 2-5, nodding in the erect, bractless umbel. Common in woods. N. 2 0. multiflo'ra. Many-flowered C. Leaves oblong- lanceolate. Flowers spotted, 12-30 in the co- rymb, erect or spread. Plant downy. Woods. M. S. 7. U V ULARIA. Bellwort Perianth 6-parted. Sepals linear-spatulate or lanceolate, with a honey-cavity at the base of each. Filaments very short, anthers half as long as the sepals. Style 3-cleft. Pod (or berry) 3-celled, cells few-seeded.— Boot-stock creeping. Stem leafy and usually branched. Flowers mostly solitary, straw- yellow, pendulous. May. 1 Leaves perfoliate (§ 220). Pod obovate, 8- lobed at end... .3 Fi0- 66s- Clintonia borealis. i T -tot , j , Fig. 664. A berry cut across to 1 Leaves sessile. Sepals cream-colored, ob- . ..... J r * show the 2 cells, tusish, ovate, 3-angled___2 2 XJ. sessilifo'lia. Wild Oats. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath. Pod raised on. a little stalk. Stem 6-10' high, divided, c. 2 XJ. puber'ula. Downy B. Leaves fine-downy, shining green both sides. Pod sessile. Stem 8-12' high. Mountains. S. 3 U. grandiflo'ra. Oreat-flf>wered B. Sepals smooth within and without, li' long. Anthers obtuse. Stem If. high. 8 U. perfolia'ta. Mealy B. Sepals granular-roughish within, scarce 1' long. Anthers pointed. Stem If. high. Order CXLIX. MELANTHACEaE. The Melanths. Herbs perennial, often poisonous, with parallel-veined leaves; perianth double, of six similar pieces, green or colored alike, persistent; stamens 6, with their anthers turned outwards (extrorse); ovary 3-celled, the styles usually distinct, a capsule in fruit.300 THE FLORA. Analysis of the Genera. § Perianth segments united below into a long tube-a § Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube__2 2 Anthers 1-celled, cordate (shield-form when open)... .3 2 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers in simple racemes--d 3 Flowers in a panicle, that is, a compound raceme-b 3 Flowers in a simple raceme or spike-c a Leaves and flower arising from an underground corm. Golckicum. Col'chicum. b Sepals clawed, each claw bearing a stamen. Melan'thium. b Sepals clawed, claw free from stamens. ZigacLene. Zi'gadenus. b Sepals not clawed, base bearing a stamen. Puke. Vera'trum. 1 c Flowers white, in racemes. Stamens on the sepals. Fly-poison. Amian'thium. c Flowers greenish, in a spike. Stamens free from sepals. Scfeenocau'lon. d FIs. perfect. Filaments widened at base. Ovary 6-ovuled. Xerophyllum. d Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary oo-ovuled. Helonias. d Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy. Blazing Star. Chailelir'hjm. VERA'TRHM. Poke. False Hellebore. Flowers polygamous by abortion in the same plant. Sepals united at base, colored, spreading, sessile, and without glands. Stamens 6, shorter than the sepals, wanting in some of the flowers. Ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive. Pod 3-partible, many-seeded.—Stems leafy more or less. Flowers panicled. June, July. § Stem stout and very leafy throughout... .1 § Stem slender, nearly naked__2 2 Sepals rather blunt. Leaves oval and lanceolate....2, 3 2 Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear.... 1 V. viride. Green-jl. P. Lvs. large, oval, pointed. Coarse plant with green fls. 2 V. Woodii. Wood's V. Scape 3-6f. Leaves lanceolate. Fls. nearly black-. W 8 V. parviflo'rum. Small-jl. V. Stem 2-5f. Lvs. oval. Fls. dingy green. Mts. S 4 V. angustifolium. Grass-lv. V. Very slender, 3f. Lvs. long. Fls. greenish-white. W Order CLI. JUNCACEyE. Rushes. Uerbs generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers; perianth of 6 glume-like pieces, whorled in two circles (sepals and petals) stamens 6, rarely 2, on the torus; style 1; ovary 3-celled; seeds few or many.Order 152.—SPIDERWORTS. SOI Analysis of the Genera. § Perianth greenish outside, yellow inside. Stamens 6. Stigma 1. Seeds many. Leaves sword-sbaped. Scape nearly naked. Narthecium. Nartheoiom. § Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 8-seeded. Stems leafy, jointed. Leaves linear. Wood Rush. Lu'zola. § Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Stigmas 3. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves terete, or linear, or none. Rush. Bullrusk. Jun'ous. Fig. 665. Flower of Luzula, much magnified: p, the green peri- anth ; s, the 6 stamens; x, the 8 stigmas. Order CLII. COMMELYNACE^E. Spiderworts. Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base; periantJt of 2 circles, outer of 3 green sepals, inner of 3 colored petals; stamens 6, on the torus; ovary 2 or 3-celled; style and stigma 1; capsule 2 or 3-celled, with few seeds. Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers irregular, clustered in a heart-shaped floral leaf. Commely'na. § Flowers regular, clustered, floral leaf like the rest. Spiderwort. Tradescan'tia. 1 § Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stamens 3. Moss-like herbs. S. Maya'oa. TRADESOAN'TIA. Spiderwort. Flowers regular, in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 leaf-like bracts. Petals broad, larger than the sepals. Filaments clothed with Pointed hairs. Juice viscid, spinning into cobwebs. § Leaves linear, sessile, not narrowed at the base, smooth....1, 2 § Leaves ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at base, hairy... .3, 4 1 T. Virgin'ica. Common S. Leaves broaddinear. Umbel many-flowered, ses- sile, terminal, with 2 leaf-like bracts. Petals large, blue or white. 2 T. ro'sea. Roseate S. Leaves linear, long. Umbel few-flowered, with 2 sub- ulate bracts. Petals twice longer than sepals, rose-colored. Penn. S. 3 T. pilo'sa. Hairy S. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Umbels both terminal and axillary, mauy-flowers. Petals small, bluish-purple. W. 1 T. crassifo'lia. Thich-lv. S. Leaves ovate, some petiolate, acute, woolly be leatli. Flowers small, rose-purple, terminal. Stem weak. Leaves striped, fINDEX AND GLOSSARY: Containing Definitions of Botanical Terms, together with references to those paragraphs in which they are defined in the foregoing Lessons. A (in composition) signifies without; as apetalous, destitute of petals. Abbreviations, p. 131 Abortive, imperfect, useless. Aoaulesceut, 235. Acerose, needle-shaped.—Fig. 9. Achenium, 168. Aculeate, armed with prickles. Acuminafe, pointed, 33. Acute, sharp-angled, 33. Adherent, 82. Adhesion, 79. Adnate, growing to or upon, 105. Adnate stipules, 46. Activation, 134, 135. Aggregate, assembled close together. Aggregated fruits, 183. Albumen, Albuminous, 189, 192. Alburnum, white-wood or sap-wood; outer layers of the trunk. Alternate, 49. Ament, 149. Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 41. Analysis. 263. Ancipital, two-edged. Angiosperms. 256, 257. Annual, yearly, 211. Anther, 100. Apetalse, 258. Apetalous, without petals. Apex.—Fig. 56. Apex of the leaf, 2. Appendage, some unusual part added. Appressed, pressed closely to something else. Aquatic, growing in water. Arborescent, tree-like. And, dry. [ley. Arislate, bearded; as the glumes ofbar- Armed, furnished with spines or thorns, as if in self-defence, 56. Aromatic, strong-scented, spicy. Arrangement of leaves.—Lesson 9. Ascending, arising obliquely. Ascending axis.—Lesson 28. Attenuate, made slender or thin. Auriculate, ear-shaped, 20.—Fig. 28. Awned, tipped with a bristle-shaped ap- pendage, as the beard of Barley, &c. Axil, 53. Axillary, growing out of the axils, 53. Axillary buds, 53. Axis, the stem or central column, about which the organs are arranged, 216. Baccate, berry-like; covered with pulp. Banner, 89. Bark, the external covering of woody stems. Beak, a hard, short point, like that of a bird. Bearded, with long, stiff bristles or hairs. Berry, 174. Bi (in composition), twice; as in Bi-cuspidate, with 2 points. Bi-dentate, with 2 teeth. Biennial, of 2 years’ duration, 212. Bifid, 2-cleft. Bifoliate, 2-leaved. Bifurcate, 2-forked. Bi-labiate, 2-lipped. Brnate, 2 grown together. Bi-pinnate, twice pinnate, 89. Bi-pinnatifid, twice pinnate-cleft, 24.- Fig. 31. Bi-saccate, with 2 tumors or sacs. Bi-ternate, twice tern ate, 89. Bi-valved, 2-valvcd. Biography of the plant.—Lesson 26. Blade of the leaf, 2. Botanical analysis, 264. Bracteate or Beaded, having bracts. Bractlets, little bracts. Bracts, 147.INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 303 Branches, 208. Branching root, 219. Branchlets, small branches. Bristles, stiff’ hairs. Bud, 52. Bulb, 230, Bulblets, little bulbs borne above ground. Bulbous, having bulbs. Bushes, 215. Caducous, falling off early. Calyculate, having bracts resembling an outer, additional calyx. Calyx, 65. Campanulate, bell-shaped, 91. Canescent, whitish with fine hairs. Capillary, very slender, hair-like. Capitate, head-shaped, globular. Capsule, a pod, 182. Carinate, keel-shaped. Carpels, 124. Cartilaginous, gristly. Caryophyllaceous, 88. Cary<>psi8, grain or kernel. Catkin, 149. Caudate, with a tail. Caulescent, 235. Cauline, 146. Caul is, 235. Cellular, composed of cells. Cemuous, nodding. Chaffy, with chaff. Character, marks which distinguish a spe- cies, genus, &e. Ghartaceous, of the texture of writing- paper. Cilice, hairs, like those of the eye lashes. Giliate, furnished with ciliae. Ci rein ate, 140. Circumscissile, opening like a lid. Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril. Classification.—Lesson 29. Clavate, club-shaped. Claw, 71. Climbers, 54, 236. Climbing fern, 12. Cochleate, resembling the shell of a snail. Cohering, connected. Cohesion, 79. Cohorts, 258. Colored, not green. Column, the consolidated stamens and pistils of the Orchis. Coma, a tuft of hairs, 187, 188. Complete flower, 110. Compound flowers, 156. Compound leaves, 23-35. Compound petiole, 44. Compound pistil, 124. Compressed, flattened lengthwise. Cone, the same as strobile, 183, 185. Confluent, joining together. Conjugate, joined in pairs. Connate, joined together at base, 48. Connectile, 102. Connivent, converging together. Conoids, 258. Contorted, twisted, 130. Convex, rising spherically. Convolute, 132. Cordate, heart-shaped, 19. Coriaceous, leathery, thick and tough. Corm, 230. Cornute, Gorniculate, horned. Corolla.—Lesson 12. Corona or Crown, the expanded, cup-like disk of Narcissus, &c. Corymb, 151. Corymbous, arranged like a corymb. C<‘State, ribbed. Cotyledon, 190, 191. Creeper, 232. Crenute and Crenulate, 81. Crisped, On spate, with excess of margin. Cristate or Crested, with raised ridge. Cruciform, 87. Crvptogamia, 250. Cucullate, hood shaped. Culm, the stem of grasses. Coneate, wedge-shaped, 17. Cupule, cup of the acorn, &c. Cuspidate, with a small abrupt point, 88, Cuticle, the epidermis, scarf-skin. Cyme, 157. Cymous, like a cyme. Decandrous, with 10 stamens. Deciduous, falling off iu autumn. Decompound, more than once compound- ed, as bi or tri-pinnate. Decumbent, 224. Decurrent, extending down the stem as do the leaves of Mullen. Decussate, crossing at right angles. Deflexed, bent downwards. Definite, 106. Dehiscence, 102. Dehiscent fruits, 166. Deltoid, 15. Dentate, Denticulate, 30. Depressed, flattened from above. Descending axis.—Lesson 27.304: INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Dialypetalas, 258. Di (in composition), two \ as in Diadelphous, 1U7. Diandrovs, with 2 stamens. Dichotomous, forked, branched by two equal divisions. Didynamous, 107. Diffuse, spreading loosely. [lobes. Digitate, finger-shaped, with narrow Dioecious, staminate and pistillate flowers on difl'erent plants, as in the Willow. Discoid head, the florets all tubular, as in Burdock, Ironweed, 156. Disk flowers, 156. Dissected, cut into 2 parts. Dissepiment, a partition in apod. Distinct, not united, 77. Divaricate, spreading in a straggling manner. Dodecandrous, with 12 stamens. Dorsal, on the back. Double flowers, lit). Doubly dentate, 32. Downy, clothed with soft hairs. Drupe, 171. Duramen, inner wood of the trunk. E, or Ex, (in composition), destitute of. Echinate, beset with prickles. Elliptical, 16. Elongated, exceeding the common length. Einarginate, 34. Embryo, 100. Endogens, 253, 255. Enneandrous, with 9 stamens. Ensiform, sword-shaped, 28.—Fig. 8. Entire, even-edged, 29. Ephemeral, lasting but a day. Epidermis, the outer skin. Epigynous, standing on the ovary. Epiphytes, plants growing on other plants. Equally pinnate, 37. Equitant, 137. Erect stems, 224. Erose, jagged, as if gnawed. Etserio, 173. Exogens, 253. Exotic, not native, foreign. EJ.vserted, projecting out of. Exsiccate, dried up. Exrdipulate, without stipules. Extrorse (anthers), facing outwards, 103. Falcate, sickle-shaped, linear and curved. Fascicle, 159. Fasciculated, 50. Fastigiate, having a flat or level top. Feather-veined, 257. Ferruginous, rust-colored. Fertile, fruit-bearing, 109. Fibrils, 198. Fibro-tuberous, 222. Fibrons, 221. Fig, 184. Filament, 101. Filiform, thread-shaped. Fimbriate, bordered with a fringe. Fistulous, Fistula, tubular, hollow. Fexuous. bent in a wavy mariner. Florets, the flowers in a compound flow- er, 156. Floridiae, 258. Flower-bud, 128. Flowering Plants, 250. Flowerless Plants, 250. Foliaceous, having the texture of leaves. Follicle. 179. Footstalk, the stalk of either flower or leaf. Forked venation, 12. Forms of leaves.—Lessons 3, 4. Free, not adhering, 81. Frinqed, the same asfirribriate. Fruit.—Lessons 22, 23. Fruh-scent, slirubb}-. Fugacious, soon perishing. Funiculus, the seed-stalk. Funnel-shaped, 93. Furcate, forked. Fusiform, spindle-shaped. Galea, the arched upper lip of a labiate corolla. Gamopetalce, 258. Gamopetalous, 75. Gamosepalous, 75. Geminate, in pairs. Genus, Genera, 243. Germ, the ovary, 189. Germination, 196. Gibbous, swelled out, protuberant. Glabrous, smooth, without hairs. Glands, the organs of secretion, 58. Glandular, glaud-bearing. Gians, 170. Glaucous, sea-green: pale, bluish-green, with a powder or bloom. Globous, Ghbular, round or spherical. Glomerate, crowded together. Glotnerule, 159. Glume, the outer chaff, enveloping the flowers of the Grasses. Glume Plants, 257.INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 30£ Glumeless Plants, 257. Glumiferss, 257. Graminoids, 258. [grains. Granular, formed of, or covered with Grooved, furrowed or channelled. Gymnosperms, 256, 257. Gynandrous, having stamens and pistils combined into one body. Habit, the general appearance of a plant. Habitat, the place where a plant grows. Hairs, 60. Hastate or Halbert-shaped.—Fig. 57, l. Head, 155. Heart-wood, same as duramen. Helmet, same as galea. Heptandrous, with 7 stamens. Herb, a plant not becoming woody, 211. Herbarium, a collection of dried plants. Hexandrous, with 6 stamens. Hibernation, 210. Hip, 176. Hirsute, 62. Hispid, rough with stiff hairs, 62. Hooded, curved or rolled into the form of a hood. Hybrid, partaking of the nature of two species. Hypogynous, inserted under the ovary, 88. Imbricated, 131. Imperfect flowers, 109. Incised, deeply gashed or cut. Indefinite, variable in number and too many to be counted, 106. Indehiscent,"not opening. Indehiscent fruits, 166. Indigenous, native of. Inferior calyx, calyx free. Inferior ovary, ovary adherent. Inflated, tumid, as if filled by wind. Inflexed, bending inward. Inflorescence, 141. Innate, 105. Inserted, growing out of. Internode, 202, 227. Interruptedly pinnate, 37. Introrse, 103. Involucel, involucre of an umbellet, 152. Involucrate, surrounded by an Involucre, 147. Involute, 189. Irregular flowers, 86. Keel, carina, 89. [boat. Keeled, ridged and curved beneath, like a Labiate, 2-lipped, 97. Laciniate, 27.—Fig. 43. Lactescent, milky or juicy. Lamina, blade, 7l. Lanceolate, 15. Lateral, on the side, 58. Leaf.—Lessons 1, 2, 3. Leaf-bud, 128. Leaflets, 35. Leaf-stems, 228. Legume, 180. Leguminous, bearing legumes. Lenticular, shaped like a double conve* lens. Liber, the inner bark. Ligneous, woody. Ligulate, strap shaped* 96. Ligule, 47. Liliaceous, 88. Limb, 76. Line (") the 12th part of an inch. Linear, 28. Lobate, or Lobed.—Figs. 80, 85. Loment, a jointed legume, 180. Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lyrate, 21.—Fig. 34. Marginal, on the margin. Medulla, the pith. Membranous, or Membranaceous, thin and soft, like a membrane. Midvein, 6. [set. Monadelphous, stamens united into one Monandrous, with one stamen. Monoecious, stamens and pistils in sepa- rate flowers on the same plant. Monopetalce, corolla with united petals. Monopetalous, 75. Monosepalous, 75. Mucronate, 33. Mulberry, 183. Multifid, many cleft. Muricate, with hard, sharp points. Naked, a relative term, signifying desti tute of. Naked flower, 110. Naked seeds, 256. Napiform, tuberous root wider than long. Natant, swimming. [sons 30, 31. Natural System; Natural Orders.—Les Nature of the flower, 208. Nectarifen'ous, producing honey. Net-veined, 8. [tils. Neutral flowers, without stamens or pis- Nodding, in a drooping posture.306 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Node, 227, 202. Normal, regular, according to rule. Number of Genera, 246. Number of Species, 246. Nut, a simple, 1-seeded, hard fruit. Ob fin composition) implies inversion; as Obcordate, 'diversely heart-shaped, 34. Oblanceolate, 17. Oblique, unequal, one-sided Oblong, 16. Obovate, 17. Obsolete, indistinct, as if worn out. Obtuse, blunt, 33. Ob volute, 138. Ochrese, 47. Odd-pinnate, 37. Offset, a short, thick runner. Opercular dehiscence, 104. Opposite, 50. Orbicular, rounded, 16. Orders, 247. Ordinal, relating to the orders. Oval, 16. Ovary, 121, 123. Ovate, 2. Ovoid, egg-shaped. Ovules, 123. Pales, the inner chaff of grass flowers. Palmate, hand-shaped. Palmate venation, 10. Palmately ternate, 38. Panduriform, fiddle-shaped. Panicle, 153. Papilionaceous, 89. [cesses. Papillous, with small, gland-like pro- Pappus, 188. Parallel venation, 11. Parasite, a plant living on other plants. Parietal, of, or adjoining the wall; as Parietal placentse —Fig. 269. Pectinate, comb-like, with long, narrow segments. Pedate, foot-shaped, 26. Pedicel, 143. Pedicellate, furnished with a pedicel. Peduncle, 143. Pellucid, transparent. Peltate, 20.—Fig. 25. Pendulous, drooping, hanging down. Pentandrous, with 5 stamens. Pepo, 175. Perennial, enduring 3 years or more, 218. Perfect flower, 110. Perfoliate, 42. Perianth, 66. Pericarp, 166. Pirigynous, inserted into the calyx, 83. Persistent, permanent, not falling off. Personate, 97. Petal, 65. Petaliferge, 257. Petaloid, resembling petals. Petiole and Petiolate, 3. Petiolule, 35. Phasnogamia, 250. Pilous, 62: Pine-apple, 183. Pinna, (wings), segments of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate, 36. Pinnately ternate, 38. Pinnatifid, 24. Pinnatisect, 25. Pistil, 68.—Lesson 18. Pistillate, bearing pistils. Pith, the central cellular substance of the stem. Placenta, a lobe or fleshy ridge bearing the seeds. Plaited, same as Plicate. Plan of the flower.—Lesson 17. Plicate, folded like a fan. Plumous, feathery or feather-like. Plumule, 190, 191. Pod, dry fruit; as capsule, legume, ogon.................228 Apple.................. 197 Apple of Sodom.........269 Apple Peru............. 26S Aquilegia.............. 149 Arabis, fig. 29........ 164 Aracete................ 282 Arachis.................189 Archangelica............210 Arehemora.............. 210 Arctostapbylos..........286 Arenaria, fig. 410..... 173 Arethusa, fig. 651-2....2S9 Argemone............... 158 Ari.sterna............. 2S3 Arlstolochia............275 Aristolochiaccee....... 275 Avmoracia.............. 162 Arnica................. 222 Aroids........r........282 Arrow Dragon........... 283 Arrow-bead, fig. 47 ... 285 Arrow-wood, fig. 51.... Artichoke............... 227 Arum.....................2S3 As&rum...................275 Asclepiadace®............ 278 Asclepiads................273 Asclepias, fig. 283...... 274 Ascyrum.................. 168 Asb, fig. 187............ 274 Asparagus.................296 Aspen.................... 281 Asphodel, Asphodelus_____ 295 Aster,fig. 524.......... 229 Asterworts............... 219 Astilbe.................. 207 Astragalus............... 188 Atamacco Lily, fig. 137... 291 Atropa....................268 Auricula................. 242 A\ens.................... 199 Awl wort................. 162 Azalea, fig 205,532-4.... 238 Baldwinia.................222 Balloon Vine............. 184 Ballots...................256 Balm..................... 256 Balm-of-Gilead._/f0'. 636-7, 234 Balsaminaceaj............ 181 Balsam in e...............182 Bane-berry............... 145 Baptisia................. 19S Barbarea................. 166 Barberry................. 153 Barton ia................ 270 Batatas...................267 Bay-galls................ 278 Bean. fig. 446, 311...... 1S9 Bear-berry, fig. 545 .... 236 Beard-flower____________... 291 Beard-tongue..............249 Bedstraw..................218 Beech, fig. 275.......... 279 Beet, fig. 886 ......... Bcfaria.................. 236 Begonia, fig. 185....... Belladonna................26S Bell-flower.............. 234 Beilis................... 222 Bellwort,yfy. 530-1, 81.233,299 Benzoin.................. 279 Berberidaceae............ 153 Berberids ............... 158310 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Berberis. Jig 1T1-2, S77-S0 Berlttndiera............ Betula.................. Betulace®............... Bidens ................. Bignonia................ Bignoniaceae........... Bilberry,/#. 170........ Bindweeds............... Bindweed,/j7. 144....... Birch, /#. 13, 632-3.... Birch worts............. B irth worts............ Bitter Cress............ Bitter-sweet, fig. 611-18.. Blackberry, Jig. 268.... Black Currant........... Black Haw, Jig. 16...... Black Hoarhound......... Black Saltwort.......... Bladder-nut, Jig. 434... Bladder-pod............. Bladder Senna........... Blazing Star............ Blephilia............... Bletia.................. Blood-root.............. Blue-banDer............. Blueberries, fig. 546 .. Blue-curls...........255, Blue-eyed Grass, Jig. 48.. Blue-flag....... ....... Blue-hearts............. Blue Lettuce, f. 85, 245-7, 809................. Bluets.................. Boberhaavia........... Boltonia................ Borrage................. Borrage worts........... Borraginacese*.......... Borrago, Jig. 598-600... Borrichia............... Boxberry./£r. 547....... Box Elder............... Brachychasta............ Bramble................. Brassica................ Bridal liose............ Brooklime............... Brunella ............... Buchnera................ Buck-bean............... Buckeye, Jig. 153....... Buckwheat............... Bugbane................. Bugloss................. Bulrush................. Bupleurum............... Burdock,/0. 509-11 ..... Burnet.................. Burr Marigold........... Burr-seed............... Bush Clover............. Bush Honeysuckle........ 153 Butter and Eggs.......... 222 | Buttercups,/^. 16B, 334.. 2S0 i Butterfly Pea.......... 280 228 244 244 Button-bush Cabbage_____ Cakile..... 266 267 280 Calaininth., Caiairiiniha, Calendula .. Calico-bush 249 147 18S 218 162 162 257 257 221 238 2S0 275 165 269 200 205 256 242 185 162 188 800 256 286 158 18S 236 259 292 293 249 223 219 276 222 261 260 260 261 222 237 182 Cal la, Jig. 237 688-41.. 283 Callistephus..............222 Calopogon,/#. 655........ 290 Caltlia.................. 149 Calynyction...............266 Calypso...................285 Calystegia............... 267 Camelina................. 1G2 Camomile................. 223 Campanula, Jig. 142...... 234 Campanulacese ........... 233 Campion...................174 Candytuft................ 162 Canterbury Bells,Jig. 527-9 284 Caprifoliacete............215 Capsella, Jig. 831....... 163 Capsicum .................26S Caraway, Jig. 271.........210 Cardamine, Jig. 182...... 165 Cardinal-flower...........233 Cardiospermum............ 184 Carnation................ 173 Carpet-weed.............. 175 Carpinus................. 28U Carrot....................210 Carum.................... 210 Caryophyllaceae.......... 172 Ca.>sia, Jig. 60......... 194 Cassiope................ 236 Castanea..................279 Castilleja............... 248 Catalpa,/(7.196-7, 286.... 245 Catchfly, Jig. 136....... 174 Catmint, Jig. 52, 593-4.... 258 222 199 162 200 251 259 Cedronella....... Celandine, Jig. 40 Celery........... Celtis, Jig. 72__ Centrosema....... Centunculus...... 256 158 210 188 242 249 270 185 276 Century Plant____ Cephalanthns..... Cerastium, Jig. 114 Cerasus ......... 292 218 175 196 145 261 301 210 195 22S 261 192 217 Cercis,/#. 4............. 1$9 Cba?rophyllnm........... 210 Chaff-seed............... 248 CbatmeliriuiH........... 800 Chaptalia................ 223 Cheokerberry,/#. 54U-8.. 237 Clieiranthus............ 161 Chelidonium.............. 158 Cbelone................. 252 Cherry, Jig, 452-8...... 196 Chervil................. 210 Chestnut,/0. 49......... 279 Chick-pea............... 1S9 Chickweed, Jig. 21 ..... 175 Chick-winteigreen....... 213 Chimaphila.............. 240 China Aster............. 222 Chiogenes. fig. 343 .... 237 Chionanthus............. 274 Chokeberry.............. 197 Chrysanthemum, fig. 55 222 Chrysobalanus............195 Chrysogonum............. 222 Chrysopsis.............. 221 Cbrysosplenium.......... 2o7 Cicely, Jig. 487-90..... 212 Cicer................... 189 Cichorium............... 223 Cicuta,/#. 65............213 Cimicifuga...............145 Cinquefoil ............. 201 Circsea,/#. 53, 73, 193, 464 2()4 Cives....................298 Cladastris.............. 189 Clarkia................. 203 Claytonia............... 176 Clethra................. 236 Clematis, fig 219....... 145 Climbing Fern, fig. 6... Clintonia, fig. 668..... 299 Clitoria................ 188 Cloudberry............. 2()0 Clover,/ 87,63, 335,447-50 191 Cockle.................. 174 Cocoa-plum.............. 195 Coffee-tree............. 1S9 Cohosh.................. 153 Colchicum.............. 3(S0 Collinsia. fig. 578 .... 251 Collinsonia............. 255 Colt’s-foot..............222 Columbo................. 270 Columbine, fig. 365-70 ... 149 Colutea................. 188 Comarum ................ 196 Comfrey. fig. 603 ...... 261 Commelyna................801 Commelynacese............801 Composite............... 219 Cone-flower..............222 Conioselinnm, fig. 85....210 Conium,/(7 65......... .. 212 Conobea..................249 Convallaria..............296 Convolvnlacete.......... 266 Convolvulus,/#. 144..... 267 Coptis.................. 149 Coral-berry............. 216 Cornllorhiza............ 289 Coral-root.............. 2?9 Coreopsis............... 228 Coriander............... 210 Coriandrum, fig. 498-4 ... 210 Cornaceje.............. *ji4 Cornel, fig. 237 ....... 214INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 311 Corn Flag................292 Cnmn.% Jtg. 495......... 214 Cnronilla............... 188 Cory dal................ 160 Corydalis............... 160 Corylus..................279 Cosmanthus .............. 264 Cotton, Jig. 802........ 177 Cotton-tree. Jig. 808... Cow-parsnip............. 210 Cowslip................. 149 Cow-wheat................249 (Iranberry.............. 287 Cranlchis............... 2S7 Crantzia................ 210 Crnssulace®............. 205 Crat®gus, Jig. 99....... 195 Cress'.................. 162 Crest-uinbel............. 210 Crocus.................. 292 Crotalaria.............. 183 Crowfoot, Jig. 801-4.... 147 Crowfoots, Jig. 200-1.... 148 Orownbeard.............. 222 Crown Imperial...........295 Crucifer®............... 160 Crucifers................160 Cryptot*nia............. 212 Cuckoo-flower...........n162 Cucumber-tree........... 152 Culver’s Physic......... 251 Cunlla. Jig. 595-6 ...... 257 Cupulifer®............... 279 Currant Jig. 243, 261, 829. 205 Cusciulne®.............. 266 Cydonia................. 197 Cynoglossum............. 268 Cynthia................. 228 Cypress-vine ............ 267 Cypripedium,^. 89, 646-8 287 Cyrilla................. 237 Daffodil................ 292 Dahlia.................. 228 Daisy....................222 Dnlea................... 1S8 Dalibarda................ 200 Dandelion./ 147,13n. 504-6 231 Dasystoma. Jig. 565-8____25=8 Datura................... 269 Daucns................... 210 Day Lily............295, 298 Decumaria................ 207 Delphinium, Jig 168, 20S. 150 Dentaria................. 165 Desman thus.............. 189 De.sm0dinm.jfy7. 62,287... 139 Dewberry................. 200 Dintnorpha............... 2o6 Dianthus................. 178 Dicentra.,/?#. 3S9, 892 .... 159 Dicerandrn............... 255 Diclmndra................ 266 Diervilla................ 217 Digitalis................ 24S Diodia.................. 218 Dlon®a..................171 D.pbylleia.............. 153 Diplopappus............. 222 Disoopleura.............210 Dittany.Jig. 595-6 ..... 257 Dock, Jig. 288.......... 276 Dodecatheon,/ 151, 554-5 243 Dogbanes. Jig. 285, 620-6.. 272 Dogtooth Violet.........296 Dogwood................. 214 Dolicli09............... 188 Draba. Jig 396-7........ 164 Drnba arabizans,/ 155-159 Dracocephalum........... 256 Dragon-root.............283 Dragon’s-head...........256 Dragon’s-claw...........289 Drop-flower.............232 Dropwort................202 Drosera................. 170 Droserace®.............. 170 Dry as.................. 196 Dry Strawberry..........200 Dwarf Dandelion.........223 Dwarf Pimpernel.........242 Dwarf Pink..............219 Dysodia.................222 Eardrop.............159, 203 Echinacea...............223 Echinodorus.............284 Echinospermnm........... 261 E -hium.................261 Eclipta. Jfy7. 305 ..... 223 Egg-plant...............269 Egyptian Calla.......... 2S3 Elder...................217 Elecampane..............222 Elliottia............... 237 Ellisia................. 263 MUn.Jig. 5 ', 274,359... Elodea.................. 168 Enchanter's Nightshade, Jig. 53, 73............. 204 Ensleniu................ 274 Ephedra. Jfy7- 17S...... Epidendrum..............287 Epigsea................. 23S Epilobium .............. 203 Erica...................236 Ericace®................ 235 Erigenia,jfy7. 333...... 212 Erureron ............... 230 Erodium................. 179 Eryngium................ ‘210 Erysimum................ 166 Erytlir®a...............270 Erythriua............... 188 Erythronium.Jfyr. 657 -- 296 Kscholtzia.............. 158 Euloplius............... 210 Eiipatorium./^. 512-13 .. Euphrasia............... 24‘* Evening Primrose........ 203 i^ver lasting rea,jiy. so... Eyebright.................249 Fabiana.................. 269 Fagopyrum................ 276 Fngus.................... 279 False Aster.............. 222 False Bindweed........... 267 False Catmint............ 257 False Dog-fennel..........222 False Flax............... 162 False Gentian............ 255 False Gromwell........... 261 False Heliotrope......... 261 False Mitrcwort.......... 208 False Pennyroyal......... 257 False Rocket............. 162 False Sneezewort......... 222 False Sunflower.......... 222 False Syringa.............2o8 False Tamarisk........... 269 False Violet............. 200 False Wh 11-flower....... 166 False Wintergreen........ 239 Featherfoil.............. 242 Fennel..................... 210 Fennel-flower, Jig. 41... 145 Fern,Jig. 226,355........ Fever-root............... 215 Fi%,,Jig. 298 ........... Figwort.................. 249 Figworts.................247 Flax. Jig. 418-420....... 179 Flaxworts................ 178 Floahane................. 230 Floating Heart........... 270 Floride®................. 2S4 Flower-of-an-hour........ 178 Flower-de-luce........... 298 Flowering Almond,fig. 11 Fly-poison...............300 Foenicnlum............... 210 Fool’s Parsley...........210 Foresliera............... 274 Forget-ine-not J?0. 604... 262 Forsteronia.............. 272 Forsythia................ 274 Four-o’clock, Jig. 318...276 Foxglove................. 248 Fragaria,y?£7. 202. 265 _201 Frankenia, Jfy7. 169..... Fraser a................. 270 Fraxinua,Jfy7. 187....... 274 French Marigold.......... 222 Fringe-tree.............. 274 Fritillaria.............. 295 Fuchsia, Jfy7. 180 ...... 203 Fumaria.................. 159 Fum.'iriaee®..............159 Pumeworts................ 159 Fumitory................. 159 Funkia................... 298 Gaillardia................221 Galactia................. 188312 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Galanthus................291 Galeopsis, fig. 5S2-4... 256 Galium.................. 218 Gamopetalous Exogens... 215 Garlic.................. 2«7 Gaul them............... 237 Gaura....................203 Gaylussacia..............236 Gelsemium............... 247 Gem-fruit................208 Genista..................188 Gentian .................270 Gcntiana,./2{7. 615-9... 271 Gentianacero.............270 Gentianworts............ 270 Gerania................. 179 Geraniacc®.............. 179 Gerani urn, fig. 296,340,421 179 Gerardia................ 252 Germander............... 255 Geum.................... 199 G"ilia.................. 265 Gill,y?p. 74, 587-8 .... 258 Gillenia................ 196 Gladiolus............... 292 Glaucium................ 158 Glaux..’................ 242 Gleditschia............. 189 Globe-flower............ 149 Gloriosa.^0. 97......... Glotidium............... 188 Goat’s-beard ........... 202 Goat’s Rue.............. 188 Golden Chain............ 1S8 Golden-club, fig. 642 .. 283 Golden rod, ^£7. 75 .... 224 Gold-thread..............149 Gonolobus............... 2;4 Good-night.............. 266 Goodyera................ 287 Gooseberry, fig. 281.... 205 Gossypium............... 177 Grape Hyacinth.......... 295 Grass Parnassus......... 171 Grass Pink.............. 290 Gratiola.................250 Green brier, fig. 95 ... Green Dragon............ 283 Green Head.............. 218 Grom well............... 261 Grossulacece............ 204 Ground Cherry........... 268 Ground-nut...............190 Halenia................. 270 Hardback................ 201 Hare-bell, fig. 526..... 234 Hawkbit................. 223 Hawk weed............... 231 Hazel....................279 Heart’s-ease............ 16S Heath, fig. 314-5........236 Heath worts............. 235 Hedeoma................. 255 Hedge Hyssop............ 250 Hedge Mustard............162 Hedge Nettle.............256 Hedysarum................1S8 H plenum.................222 Helianthus,y?p. 807 .... 226 Heliopsis................222 Heliotrope...............261 Heliotrophytum...........261 Heliotropium............ 261 Hellebore................145 Helleborus.............. 145 Iielonias............... 800 Helosciadium ............210 Hemerocallis............ 295 Hemianthus...............24S Hemp Nettle,./Ep. 582-4.. 256 Henbane, fig. 282 ...... 268 Hen bit..................256 Hepatica.,;?{7. 238, 871 .... 147 Heracleum................210 Herb Robert, J?#. 421....180 Herspestis..........a... 249 Hesperia................ 161 Heterotheca..............221 Heuchera.................207 Hibiscus, fig. 411-14....173 Hieracium................231 Hippuris, /j0\ 461-3.....203 IToarhound.............. 256 Hoe Peanut...............1SS Holly hock, fig. 218.... 177 Hone wort............... 212 Honey Locust, 64, 100 189 Honeysuckle, jig. 82, 146, 496 ................ 216 Honkcnya................ 178 Hop, fig, 853 .......... Jll Hornbeam................ 280 Horn Pondwecd, fig. 98.. 8S Horn Poppy...............158 Horse Balm...............255 Horse Chestnut.......... 185 Horse Nettle.............269 Horse Radish............ 162 Hottonia................ 242 Hound’s tongue.......... 263 Honseleek.yEp. 474...... 206 IIouseleeks,>V-191..... 205 Houston ia...............219 Hoy a................... 274 Huckleberry..............236 Hyacinth, Hyacinth us___295 Hydrangea, fig. 482 .... 209 llydrastis.yjp. 154..... 145 Ilydroootyle............21 o Hydroplivllaceffi....... 263 I-Iydrophylls........... 268 II y d rop 11 y 11 umjfig. 605-S. 263 IIyo>cyarnus.............268 Hypericuceffl........... 168 Hypericum .............. 169 Hypoxis................. 291 Hyptis.................. 255 Hyssop.................. 255 Hyssop us................255 Iberis................... 169 lllicium................. 151 Ilysanthus............... 248 Impatiens, fig. 71, 428.... 181 Indian Corn, jig. 360 ... 118 Indian Cucumber, fig. 92. 294 Indian Physic............ 196 Indian Pipes............. 240 Indian Soap worts.........184 Indian Tobacco........... 233 Indian Turnip............ 2S3 Indigo................... 188 Indigofera............... 1S8 Innocence................ 251 Innla.................... 222 Iodanthus................ 162 Ipomsea.................. 267 Iridace*..................292 Irids.................... 292 Iris,y?(7- 165, 229, 294-5... 293 Irish Moss,y2f7. 190..... 206 Iron-weed. fig. 248-50.... 81 Iron-wood................ 280 Isanthus..................255 Isatis....................161 Isopappus................ 222 Isopyrum................. 145 Itea......................207 Ixia..................... 292 Jack-in-the-pulpit......2S8 Jacobea Lily............. 291 Japan Quince..............197 Jeffersonia. fig. 284, 875-6 154 Jerusalem Cherry......... 269 Jerusalem Sage........... 256 Jewel-weed............... 182 Jonquil.................. 292 Judas-tree, fig. 4........189 Julibrassin ..............189 Juncaceae.................300 Juncus................... 301 Juneberry.................197 Juniper, jig. 7.......... 15 Jussiaea..................203 Kalmia....................238 ICerri a................. 196 Knawell.................. 178 Knot Bindweed ........... 277 Knot-weeds, fig. 69 ..... 276 Kosteletskya..............177 Krigia....................223 Labi at,® ............... 254 Labiate Plants............254 Labrador Tea............. 286 Laburnum ................ 188 Lactuca,y?p. 36 ......... 224 Ladies’-tresses, fig. 240 ... 2S9 Lady's-mantle.y?(7. 454.... 195 Lady’s-slipper, fig. 89___287 Lady’s-thumb..............277 Lamium................... 256 Lauipsana................ 223INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 313 Lappa, fig. 509-11...... Larch, fig. 91.......... Larkspur,120, 872_______ 150 Lathyrus................ 189 Lnuracc©.................27S Laurel.................. 152 Laurels..................27S Lavatera.................177 Lavandula .... ......... 255 Lavender.................25* Lead-plant.............. 188 Leaf-cup................ 222 Leather-flower.......... 146 Leaven worthia.......... 162 Ledmn........»...........286 Leguminos©.............. ISO Leguminous Plants....... 1S6 Leiophyllum............. 286 Leioseleuria.............286 Lemon, fig. 79........... 82 Leonotis................ 256 Leon lice............... 153 Leonlodon............... 228 Leonurns................ 256 Lepachya................ 222 Lepidiuin............... 163 Leptocaulis..............210 Leptnpoda............... 222 Lepuropetalon........... 207 Leaped eza.............. 192 Lettuce................. 223 Leucantbemum............ 222 Leucas.................. 256 Leucojnni............... 291 Leverwood............... 2SU Lichens.^. 856-8 ....... 117 Llgnsticum.............. 2lu Ligustrum............... 274 Lilac, fig. 281 ........ 274 Liliace©................ 295 Liliuin, fig. 107, 118.. 297 Lily, fig. 846.......... 297 Lily worts.............. 295 Lily-of-the-valley,^. 44. 295 Limnanthemum ............270 Limosefia............... 248 Lin ace©................ 178 Liliana.^0. 568-4....... 249 Linn©n.................. 215 Linum................... 179 Lion’s-ears............. 256 Lion's-foot............. 282 Lion's-heart.............260 Li paris................ 2S6 Liquidambar.^fp. 4 a---- 13 Liriodendron............ 152 Listcra................. 2S6 Lit^ospermnm.^. 601-2. 261 Liver wort, (7. 30 ..... 147 Lizard-tail, fig. 186.... 61 Lobelia................. 232 Lobeliace®.............. 282 Lobeliads............... 232 Locust.................. 19® Logan iace«............. 246 Lonicera. fig. 82......... 216 Loosestrife............... 243 Loplmnthus................ 256 Lophosperinuin, 181.. 24s Lousewort................. 24* Lovasre....................210 Love-flower............... 295 Ludwigia...................203 Lnnaria.....-.......... 163 Lungwort...................262 Lupine,^0. 66............. 192 Lupin ub, fig. 66......... 192 Luznla fig. 665 .......... 801 Lychnidea................. 265 Lychnis,^. 408 ........... 174 Lyciuin................... 269 Lycopsis...................261 Lyeopus....................257 Lycospersicum............. 268 Lyg««desmia............... 224 Lysiinuchia............... 243 Macbridea................ 256 Mncranthera............... 249 Madder.................... 213 Madderworts............... 218 Mad wort.................. 161 Magnolia. fig. 2S......... 151 Magnoliace©............... 151 Mngnoliads................ Ill Majuntheinum.............. 296 Mallows,^. 177, 217....... 177 Mnlva,fig. 415-17 ........ 177 Malvace©.................. 176 Malvaviscus............. 177 Mandrake.................. 154 Maples,yty. 262, 480-1____ 182 Mare s tail...............2<>3 Marigold.................. 221 Marjoruin................. 255 Marrubium................. 256 Marsh Mallow...............177 Marsh Marigold............ 149 Marsh Umbel............21 <» Marutn.................... 223 Marvel-of-Peru.............276 Marvel worts.............. 275 Mastworts................. 279 Matrimony..................269 Mattliiola................ 161 Maurandia................. 24S Mayaca.................... 801 May Apple................. 154 May-flower................ 238 May-weed.................. 223 . Meadow Lily, fig. 107-9.. 41 Meadow Rue................ 145 Meadow-sweet.............. 201 Meconopsis............. I S Medeola,_/E0. 92.......... 294 Medicago...................1S8 Medic..................... 188 Melampyrum................ 249 Melilotus................. 190 Melanthace©............... 299 Melant.hium .............800 Melanths.................299 Melissa................. 256 Mentba...................256 Menyanthes.............. 270 Menziesia................236 Mermaid-weed............ 208 Mertensia.............. 262 Miami-mist.............. 264 Microstylis............. 2S6 Mignonette, fig. 118..... 44 Milk Vetch.............. 188 Milk-vine............... 188 Milkweed,fig. 288 ...... 274 Milkworts .............. 185 Milfoil..................281 Mimosa.................. 189 Miniulus,^ 569-72 ...... 252 Mint.................... 256 Mirabilis............... 276 Missouri Currant, fig. 471. 205 Mitebella. fig. 497..... 218 Mitel la. fig. 477-81 .. 207 Milreola ............... 246 Mitrewort,^. 115.........207 Modesty................. 210 Modiola................. 177 Mollugo................ 175 Molucca Balm............ 256 Molucella............... 256 Monarda.7?(7. 580-1 .... 258 Moneses................. 237 Moneywort............... 248 Monkey-flower, fig. 569-72 252 Monk's-hood, fig. 43.... 151 Monntropa............... 240 Mornins-slory,./^. 22, 161, 162: 852 .......... 267 Moiss Andromeda ....... 2-36 Moss Pink............... 265 Motherwort.............. 256 Mountain Ash............ 197 Mountain Fringe......... 159 Mountain Heath.......... 286 Mountain Laurel ........ 238 Mountain Mint........... 258 Mountain Sorrel......... 276 Mouse-ear............... 175 Mouse-tail..'........... 145 Mud-flower.............. 248 Mud wort................ 248 Mulberry,^. 297.......... 91 Mnlgedium.jfy. 86, 241-7. 223 Multein.......*......... 249 Mullein Pink............ 174 Muscari................. 295 Mustard.fig. 291, 893-5... 166 Mustard worts........... 166 Mylocaryutn..............237 Myosotis................ 262 Myosurus................ 145 Myriophyllum............ 208 Nabalus, fig. 507-S..... 282 Nailwort................ 178 14314 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Napsoa................. 177 Narcissus.............. 292 Nardosmia ............. 223 Nartbeeium............. 801 Nasturtium............. 162 Nauinbergia............ 242 Neck weed.............. 251 Negundo................ 1S2 Neirembergia........... 269 Nelumbiace®............ 154 Nelumbium.............. 155 Nelumbo................ 155 Nepeta, Jig. 74, 587-8 .... 258 Nerium................. 272 Nettle, Jig. 106...... Neurophyllum .......... 210 Nicandra............... 269 Nicotiana.............. 209 Nigella................ 145 Nightshade............. 269 Nightshades............ 268 Ninebark............... 202 Nipplewort..............228 Noble Liverwort.........147 Nolina................. 295 Nuphar................“.. 155 Nyctaginace®........... 275 Nymph®ace®............ l 5 Nyuiphffiajft?. 198-9, 381-4 156 Nyssa.................. 214 Oak .jig. 82-4, 54,318-21.. 279 Obolaria .............. 270 Ocymum,y?0\ 5S6........ 255 (Bnotbera. Jig. 458-9 . 203 Okra................... 177 Oldenlandia............ 218 Olea................... 274 Oleace® ............... 274 Oleander,fig. 174 ..... 272 Oliveworts............. 274 Onagrace®.............. 202 Onion, Jig. 816-17..... 297 Onosmodiuin.............261 Orchidace® ............ 285 Orchids,^. 45 ......... 285 Orchis,jtf(7. 649-50... 287 Oregon Currant......... 205 Origanum............... 255 Ornithogalum........... 295 Orontium,y?p. 642 ..... 283 Orpine................. 206 Osier.................. 2S1 Osman thus............. 274 Osmorhiza.............. 212 Ostrya................. 280 Oxalidace®............. ISO Oxalis,yZ(7. 425 ...... 181 Ox-eye................. 222 Oxybaphus.............. 276 Oxycoccn*.............. 237 Oxydendrum............. 236 Oxyria................. 276 P®onltt,y2^. 838 ...... 145 Painted-cup.............. 248 Pancratium............... 291 Pansy, fig. S4........... 168 Papaver.................. 158 Papaverace®............ 157 Papaw,y?{7. 70........... Pardantlius.............. 292 Parnassia................ 171 Paronychia............... 173 Parsley.................. 210 Parsnip..................210 Parthenium............... 223 Partridge-berry.......... 21S Pasque-flower............ 140 Passion-flower, Jig. 42, 351 Pastinaca................ 210 Paulownia................ 24S Pavonia.................. 177 Pea.y?(7. 286. 443-5, 451... 193 Peach, Jig. 276.......... 195 Peanut................... 189 Pear./?. 10, 88, 133, 280.. 197 Pearhvort................ 173 Pedicularis.............. 248 Pelargonium.............. 179 Peltandra................ 283 Pennyroyal...............255 Pennywort, fig. 24, 25.... 210 Penthorum.................206 Pcntstemon............... 249 Peony, fig. 33S.......... 145 Pepper................... 268 Pcpper-and-Salt...........212 Pepper-grass............. 168 Peppermint...............255 Pepper-root.............. 165 Periploca................274 Periwinkle...............272 Persea................... 278 Persica.................. 195 Petalosteinon............ 188 Petroselinnm............. 210 Petunia, fig. 145, 614 .. 268 Phaca.................... 188 Phacelia.................263 Pbarbitis ............... 267 Phaseolus................1S9 Phea.sant’s-eye,/406-7.143.173 Philadelphia Lily........ 297 Philadelphus..............208 Phlonii*.................256 Phlox, fig. 1.6, 609..... 265 Phloxworts............... 264 Phvsalis.................268 Phy.sostegia. fig. 589-91 .. 260 Phytolacca, fig. 627-31 .. 278 Phytolaccace®............ 278 Pigweed, jig. 31, 277 ... Pimpernel................ 214 Pimpinella............... 210 Pinckneya................ 218 Pine, Jig. 9, 800........ Pine-sap................. 240 Pink, Jig. 112........... 178 Pink-root, y??. 127 ..... 246 Pinkworts............... 179 Pinxter................. 239 Pipsissewa, fig. 548 ... 240 Pi-mm, Jig. 133-9, 224.... 193 Pitcher-plant........... 157 Plum, Jig. 15........... 195 Podoi>hyllum............ 154 Podostigma...............173 Pogonia. Jig. 653-4..... 291 Poison llemlock, Jig. 491-2 212 Poke....................278, 800 Pokeweeds............... 278 Polar-plant............. 222 Polemoniacese........... 264 Poleinonium............. 266 Polyanthus..............291, 292 Polycarpon.............. 173 Polygala, Jig. 437-8 ... 1S5 Polygalaee®............. 185 Polygonace® ............ 276 Polygonaturn............ 295 Polygonel’a ............ 276 Polygonum, Jig. 69, 86 ... 276 Polymnia................ 222 Poly premum............. 246 Polyttenia.............. 210 Pornl weed, Jig. 46..... Poplar..................152, 231 Poppy....................158 Pop | >y worts.......... 157 Populus..................281 Portulaea............... 176 Portulacace®............ 175 Potato.................. 269 Potentilla, Jig. 76-7 .. 201 Poterium.................195 Prairie Innocence....... 219 Prairie Rue..............145 Pride of Ohio............243 Prim.................... 274 Primrose.................242 Primula. Jig. 549, 553 . 242 Prinmlace*............ 241 Prim worts.............. 241 Prince’s Feather........ 277 Prince’s Pine, Jig. 341_ 240 Privet.................. 274 Prosartes............... 296 Proserpinaca.............203 Prunns.................. 195 Psoralea................ 1S8 Pterospora.............. 237 Puccoon ................ 262 Pnrselane............... 176 Putty root. Jig. 845 ... 286 Pycnanthemum ............255 Pyrethrum............... 222 Pyrola, Jig. 14, 169, 536-9 . 239 Pyrrhopappus............ 223 Pyrus, Jig. 134......... 197 Quamoclit. Jig. 610..... 267 Queen-of-the-rrairie . ... 2<’2 Quercus ................ 279 Quince, Jig ' 1, 2...... 197INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. S15 Radish................. 162 Ragged Robin........... 175 Ranunculaee®........... 143 Ranunculus............ 147 Rnphanus.............. 162 Raspberry............... 200 Rattle-pod............ 188 Rattlesnake Plantain..287 Red Bean..............18S Resin-weed..............222 Rheum.................276 Rhinanthus..............249 Rhododendron fig. 152,585 239 Rliodora............... 286 Rhubarb............... 276 Rhyncosia.............188 Ribes...................205 Richardia............. 2S3 Rivina ...............278 Robinia............... 190 Robin's Plantain...... 282 Rock Cress............ 164 Rocket................161 Rosa, fig. 221, 299... 197 Rosace®............... 194 Bose,fig 39,58,83,101.203 197 Rose Acacia........... 190 Rose Bay. fig. 67 ..... 289 Rose Campion.......... 174 Rosemary.............. 256 Rose worts............ 194 Rosmarinus............. 256 Rubia................. 218 Rubiace®............... 218 Rubus................. 199 Rndbeckia............. 222 Rue Anemone, fig. 207... Rumex ................ 276 Rushes..................300 Rutland Beauty........267 Sabbatia................. 271 Sage, fig. 176, 228, 585.... 257 Sagina..................... 173 Sagitturia, fig. 643-5..... 2S5 Salience®...................281 Salix. fig 19... Salvia, fig. 585. Sambucus .... Sain ol ns.. •-S1. 257 217 242 Sand Myrtle............236 Sandwort............... 173 Sangninaria.fig 888...... Sanguisorba.............. Sanicle.................. Sanicula................. Sapindacese ............. Sapindu*................. Saponaria, fig. 125...... Snrrncenia. fig. 885-7... Sarraceniace®............ Sassafras................ Satin-flower............. Satureja................. Saururus, fig 186........-• 158 195 211 211 184 1S4 173 157 156 279 163 255 Saxifrasa .. 207 Saxifragacere . . 206 Saxifrage, fig. 181, 214.. ... 207 Schenocaulon .. 800 Scheuchzeria ... 284 Schizanthus ... 24S Schrankia ... 189 Scbwalbea ... 248 Schweinitzia ...237 Scilla ... 295 Scleranthus ... 173 Scorpion-grass ... 262 Scotch Broom ... 188 Scraicb-gmss, fig. 26. ... 277 Screw-stem ... 270 Scropliularia ...249 Scro'phulariace® ... 247 Scutellaria ...259 Sea-rocket ... 162 Sea Sandwort Sedge, fig. 227 Scdum, fig. 190, 472-8 ... 206 Seed-box ... 203 Self-heal ... 256 Semiflower ...248 8empervivum ... 206 Senebiera ... 163 Senecio ... 221 Senna ... 194 Sensitive Brier Sensitive Pea ... 194 Sensitive Plant ... 189 Sentera .... 274 Seri cocarpus .... 222 Sesbania .... 188 Sesuvium ... 175 Seymeria .... 249 Shad-berry ... 197 Shamrock ... 191 Sheep-poison .... 288 Sliepherd’s-purse, fig. 288, - 831 ... 168 Sickle-pod .... 164 Sida .... 177 Silene, fig. 116 ... 174 Silkweed Silphium .... 222 '"•Sinapis ... 166 Sisymbrium .... 162 Sisyrinchium ... 292 Sium 210 Skullcap ... 259 Skunk Cabbage ... 2S8 Skunk Currant ... 205 Smilacina ... 29S Smoke-tree. fig. 18 .. Snake-bead ...249 Snap-dragon ... 248 Sneezewort 222. 230 Snowberry Snowdrop .. 291 Snowflake ... 291 Soap wort 173, 184 Solanace® Soianura, fig. 611-13. ... 269 Solea.................... 167 Solidago, fig. 75, 501-8 ... 224 9'>loinon’s Seal, fig. 348... 298 Sonchus.................. 223 Sorrel....................276 Sorrel-tree ..............236 Sow-thistle.............. 223 Spadicilior®..............282 Spanish Needles.......... 228 Specularia........... 283 Speedwell, fig. 575-7.... 250 Spergula................. 173 St«*rgularia..............173 Spermacoee............... 218 Spice-bush............... 279 Spiderwort................801 Spidcrworts...............801 Spigelia, fig. 563-4.... 246 Spiranthes, fig. 240 .... 289 Spirea................... 201 Sponge- tree............. 189 Sprekelia................ 291 Spring Beauty............ 176 Spurry................... 173 Squill................... 295 Squirrel-corn............ 159 Starhys.................. 256 Staphylea, fig. 235 ..... 185 Star Anise................151 Star-grass................291 Star-of-Bethlehem....... 295 Starwort.............178, 229 Stellaria, fig. 251...... 173 Stipulicida.............. 173 St Johnswort, fig. 400-2 . 169 St Johnsworts,y?j7. 210-11 168 Stock.................... 161 Stonecrop................ 206 St Peterswort............ 168 St Peter’s Wreath....... 202 Strawberry, fig. Ill, 278, 455-6 .............. 201 Streptupus............... 296 Stylisina................ 266 Stylosanthes............. 189 Subularia................ 162 Succory.................. 223 Sugar-berry, fig. 72.... Sullivantia ..............207 Summer Savory............ 255 Sundews,./^. 20. 21...... 170 'Sunflower,498-500. .. 226 Swamp Pink............... 239 Sweet Basil.............. 255 Sweet Clover............. 190 Sweet Flag................283 Sweet Pea................ 189 Sweet Potato..............267 Sweet William........178, 174 Swine Cress.............. 163 Symphitum................ 261 Symphoricarpus........... 216 Symplocarpus......... . 283 Synandra,yi'#. 90, 148, 597. 260 Symhiris................. 248316 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Syphonycbia.............173 Syringa.................. 274 Tngctes.................. 222 Talinum.................. 175 Tall Hyssop.............. 256 Taraxicum............... 231 Tecoma, fig. 124 ....... 244 Tepbrosia,y£{7. 59....... 183 Tetragonotheca.......... 222 Tetranthera.............. 279 Teucriiim.7?j7. 592..... 255 Thalictrum............... 145 Thaspium..................213 Tliimble-berry........... 200 Thistle,273............. Thorn.................... 195 Thorn Apple............. 269 Thyme................... 255 Thymus................... 255 Thysanella............... 276 Tiarella................2<>$ Tick-seed............... 228 Ticdmannia............... 210 Tiger-flower............. 292 Tiger Ltly,fig. 150..... Tisridia................. 292 Tilla^a.................. 206- Tipularia................ 2S6 Toad-flax, fig. 149 ..... 249 Tobacco,fig. 204......... 269 Tomato................... 26S Tongue-grass............ 163 Tooth-root............... 165 Touch-me-not, f. 71,121-2 181 Tower Mustard............ 162 Tradescanlia .............Sul Tragopogon............... 223 Trailing Arbutus......... 238 Trautvetteria........... 145 Tree Orchis............. 2S7 Trefoil..............189, 191 Trichostema............. 255 Trientulis............... 243 Trifolium............... 191 Triglochin.............. 284 Trilliaeeaj............. 293 Trilliads, fig. 110. 206, 349 293 Trillium, fig. 108, 656__ 294 Trinsteum............... 215 Trollius................ 149 Troximon................ 223 Trumpet-flower,jtfp. 561.. 244 Trumpet-leaf............ 157 Trumpets................ 244 Tuberose................ 291 Tulip, Tulipa........... 295 Tulip-tree. f. 225, 330, 374. 152 Tupelo.................. 214 Turk's-cap.............. 297 Turmeric-root........... 145 Turnip, fig. 337........ Turnsol................. 261 Turritis................ 162 Turtle-head.............. 252 Tussilago............... 222 Tway-blade.............. 286 Tway-leaf...'........... 296 Twin-flower.............. 215 Twin-leaf............... 154 Twist-foot............... 296 Umbelifer*................209 Umbelworts.............. 209 Umbrella-leaf........... 153 Umbrella-tree........... 152 Uvularia,7?(7. 81....... 299 Yaccininm, fig. 170, 544.. 236 Vncliellia.............. 189 Vegetable Oyster......... 223 Venus’ Flytrap, fig. 403-5 171 Veratnim................ 300 Verbascum............... 249 Verbesina............... 222 Veronica,^. 575-7 ...... 250 Vesicaria............... 1G2 Vetch................188, 189 Viburnum................. 215 Vicia................... 1S9 Vigna................... 1SS Vinca................... 272 Viola, fig. 89S-9....... 167 Vio aceae............... 166 Violet, fig. 269........ 167 Violets, fig. 132, 173.. 166 Viper’s Bngloss......... 261 Virgin’s Bower.......... 145 Visiana................. 274 Wake Robin.............. 294 Waldsieinia.............200 Wall flower, fig. 135, 223 . 161 Water-beans............. 154 Water-carpet............207 Water Hemlock........... 213 Water Hoarbound.........257 Waterleaf, fig. 6u5-8...263 Water Lily............. 156 Water Peppei........... 277 Water Pimpernel........ 242 Water-pitcheYs......... 156 Wrater Plantain........ 234 Wax-plant.............. 274 Wheat, fig. 272, 812.... Wheat-thief.............262 Whistle-wood .......... 183 White Bay.............. 152 White-weed..........222,230 White-wood............. 152 Whitlow-grass.......... 164 Wild Apple, fig 134..... Wild Basil..........255,257 Wild Ginger, fig. 23... 275 Wild Indigo.............193 Wild Lettuce, /£(7. 36, 810. 224 Wild Oats.............. 297 Wild Potato............ 267 Willow,^. 3,17, 38, 634-5 281 Willow-herb.............203 Willoworts..............281 Wind-flower............ 146 Winter Cress........... 1C6 Wintergreen^p'. 14..... 239 Wistaria............... 158 W itch -grass, fig. 350. W oad.................. 161 Wolf-berry........... 216 Wood-rnsh........\......301 Wood-sorrel............ 181 Woolmouth.............. 253 Xeropbyllum............ 300 Xyris, fig. 194......... Y arrow ............... 231 Yellow Birch........... 281 Yellow-eyed-grass,/^. 194 Yellow Jessamine....... 247 Yellow Jessie.......... 203 Yellow Rattle.......... 249 Yellow-root............ 145 Yew,fig. 301............ Yucca ................. 295 Yulan.................. 152 Zanthorhiza............ 145 Zephyranthus,166 ... 291 Zigadenus.............. 300 Zmnia.................. 223 Zizica................. 213 Zornia................. 1S9APPENDIX THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. u Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers.” Feboivau. Acacia, Rose (Robinia liispida, 319*). Friendship. Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, S05). Sad remembrances. Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope. Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition. Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty. Amaranth, Globe (Gomphrena globosa, 619). I change not. Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Coquetry. Andromeda (Andromeda, 487). A cruel fate has fixed me here. Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation. Angelica (Archangelica, 381). These are idle dreams. Arbor-vitas (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death. Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for thee. Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility. Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave. Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age. * Refers to the page in the ClasB-Book of Botany, where may be found a more full and complete account of the species or genus than could be consistent with the limits of an elementary treatise. Reference to page and place in this work may be made through the Index.318 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud. Bachelor’s Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness. Balm (Melissa, 548 ; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy. Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 656). You have cured my pain. Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not. Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil. Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes. Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet. Bluets (Houstonia ccerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty. Bos (Buxus, 632). Constancy. I change not. Broom (Genista, 310). Humility. Broom Corn (Sorghum saccharatum, 709). Industry. Bulrush (Scirpus, 738). Indecision. Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don’t come near me. Buttercups (Ranunculus, 205). I cannot trust thee. Cactus (the Cactaceas, 359). You terrify me. Canterbury Bells (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). A haughty spirit before a falL Catchfly (Silene, 256). I am a willing prisoner. Cedar (Juniper Virginiana, 664). I live for thee. Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude. China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). I’ll think of it. Chrysanthemum (458). I love. Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry. Clover, White ( “ “ ). Truth needs no flowers of speech. Clover, Yellow ( “ “ ). Slighted love. Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up. Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears. Corn Cockle (Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than wc rth. Coxcomb (Celosia, 616). You are a fop. Crocus (700). What an enigma thou art. Cypress (Cupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement. Despair. Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self-esteem.THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 319 Dahlia (439). Forever thine. Dandelion (Taraxacum Dena-leonis, 473). You intrude. Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood. Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida, 390). False pretensions. Eglantine Rose (Rosa rubiginosa, 335). I wound to heal. Egyptian Calla (Richardia -Ethiopica, 669). Modesty. Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circa?a, 356). I shall beware of your enchantments Fennel-flower (Nigella damascena, 309). Love in a mist. Perplexity. Fig (Ficus Carica, 635). It is a secret. Fir Balsam (Abies Balsamea, 661). Time will cure. Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 375). Domestic industry. Fleur-de-lis (Iris, 697). I bring you a message. Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity. Foxglove (Digitalis, 536). My heart acknowledges your influence. Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 378). A bridal decoration. Geranium maculatam (377). You burn with envy. Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium quercifolium, 279). There is nothing in a Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [name. Geranium, Rose (P. graveolens, 278). Thou art my choice, Goldenrod (Solidago, 430). Encouragement. Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation. Heart’s-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not. Hibiscus Syriacus (270). Thy beauty soon will fade. Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable. Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion. Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal. Holly (Hex opaca, &c., 496). Am I forgotten 1 Hollyhock (Althaea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show. Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer Hop (Humilus lupulus, 638). You do me injustice. Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 712). Jealousy. Hydrangea hortensis (373). Vain boasting. Ice-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks are freezing.320 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata, 477). Away with your quackery. Ivy (Hedera Helix, 390). Nothing can part us. Japonica, Bed (Camellia Jap., 273). Pity may change to love. Japonica, White (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness. Jessamine (Jasminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me. Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love. Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 301). Unbelief. Treachery. Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium, 581). Caprice. Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). Fickleness. Laurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &c., 485). Falsehood. Lavender (Lavandula, 541). Owning her love she sent him Lavender. 8hak«. Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion. Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love. Lily, White (Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and sweetness. Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 319). My heart is buried. Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation. Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue’s cause. Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity. Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty. Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241). Moral worth superior to beauty. Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Conquer your love. Mistletoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence. Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thee. Monk’s-hood (Aconitum, 211). Deceit. Your words are poison. Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness. Myrtle (Myrica ceriera, 650'. Thine is the beauty of holiness. Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love’s offering. Narcissus, Poet’s (Narcissus poeticus, 693). Egotists are agreeable only to Nasturtion (Tropseolum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves Nettle (Urtica dioica, 636). Thou art a slanderer. Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death. Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism.THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 321 Oak (Quercus, 642). TliOu art honored above all. Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms me. Oleander (Nerium Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion. Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace. Orange Flowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274). Bridal festivity. Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient. Parsley (Apium petroselinnm, 388). Thy presence is desired. Passion-flower (Passiflora, 363). Let love to God precede all other love Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview. Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference. Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation. Peony (Paeonia, 212). A frown. Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Tour wit is too keen for friendship Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past. Phlox (567). Our souls are one. Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy. Pine, White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism. Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love. Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyUus, 254). Artlessness . Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal. Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure. Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). ’Twixt life and death. Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence. Primrose, Evening (CEnothera, 352). Inconstancy. Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation. Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette! Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections. Rose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 337). Gentle and innocent. Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretension. Such as I am receive me. Would I were more for your sake. Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty. Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me. Rose, Moss (R. cent: folia, B., 336). Thou art one of a thousand. 14*322 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Rose, White (R. alba, 336). My heart is free'. Rose, White, withered (336). Transient impressions. [you. Rose, Wild (R. nitida, 335). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive Rue (Ruta, 282). Disdain. [virtues. Sage (Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic Snap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me. Snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life. Snow-drop (Galanthus, 694). I am no summer friend. [friend. Sorrel (Polygonum acetosella, 606). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous Speedwell (Veronica, 526). My best wishes. Spiderwort (Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content? Star-ofcBethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710). Look heavenward. Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles. Sumac (Rhus, 283). Splendid misery. Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus, 304). Must you go? Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345). Benevolence. [villain too. Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be a Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy. Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt. Thyme (Thymus, 547). The prize of virtue. Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken. Tulip, Yellow (707). I dare not aspire so high. Venus’ Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee. Vervain (Verbena kastata, 537). I see thy arts, and despise them. Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 243). Faithfulness. I shall never forget. Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found, Virgin’s Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection. Wall-flower (Cheirantlius, 232). A friend in need is a friend indeed. Water Lily (Nymphfea odorata, 220). Be silent. Weeping Willow (Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning fer friends departed. Zinnia (444). To the prude.■: 1 - * iiuMiM y«i MMwillllw -V V ' ' , • ■ " '■ -' 1 '■' ■■ -, ,' : MfSMtM fgri fc?a- .v ; ipl rSriV-,;i — flip wgii MiiHl