in tin 682 3 192 il New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell Universi Ithaca, N.Y. Libra DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BRISBANE, A COMPANION FOR THE QUEENSLAND STUDENT OF PLANT LIFE. BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S., COLONIAL BOTANIST. Copies oan be obtained free by such persons interested, on applicatic to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, Brisbane. BRISBANE : BY AUTHORITY: JAMES C BEAL, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WILIMAM STREET. Queensland. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BRISBANE. A COMPANION FOR THE QUEENSLAND. STUDENT OF PLANT LIFE. BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S., COLONIAL BOTANIST. Copies can be obtained free by such persons interested, on application to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, Brisbane. BRISBANE: BY AUTHORITY: JAMES C BEAL, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET. 1893, INTRODUCTION OR PREFATORY NOTICE. a ___ First let it be fully understood that this pamphlet is not issued with the presumptuous idea of its being superior to the hundred and one similar works. The compiler has been frequently urged to publish a full glossary of the terms used in botanic descriptions, and in complying with this request he has aimed at combining with a glossary a view of plant lifein general. Thus, not only are explanations of the terms used to designate the various organs or parts of plants given, but some account will be found of the functions of the organs themselves. In publishing works like the present in Queensland, one is under the disadvantage of not being able to obtain at a cheap rate the many illustration blocks which are always to be had in Europe, and a number of special. plates scattered through a book does not answer the purpose. It is hoped, however, that the plan adopted of giving the name of the plant easily obtainable upon which the particular organ is prominent, or which bears the particular form, will be almost as useful as the usual figure. Thus, for instance, the. term “ Cynarrhodum” is met with, which, upon looking up the word, will be found to be a name used to designate the fruit of the Rose. Surely, to walk into a garden, gather the fruit off a rose-bush, bring it in and examine with the description herein given, will be far more instructive than even the very best of figures. The work being a compilation from every reliable source available, names of the various works and authors are not given; large use has, however, been made of the works of Bentham, Lindley, Henslow, Masters, De Bary, and Cooke, as anyone conversant with their writings will observe. The whole object of the writer has been to try and smooth the way to a knowledge of botanical nomenclature. It is hoped for this publication, besides being a handy reference book upon botanical] subjects, and thus most useful to the student of that science when he may be so situated as not to be able to refer to a scientific library, that from the many notices which will be found scattered through the book upon other matters peculiar to plant life and cultivation, the work will be found also useful to the amateur cultivators of plants generally. This will explain why para- graphs are admitted which can scarcely be called botanical. To obtain a concise view of a whole plant, the following must be the mode of observation :—First, observe whether— The Root is fibrous, bulbous, tuberous, &e. The Stem is erect, climbing, prostrate, &c.; also its size and arrangement of its branches, &c. The Leaves are persistent or deciduous, opposite, verticillate, or alternate, simple, pinnate, or how otherwise divided, hairy or smooth; the margins as to whether entire or toothletted, if stalked or stalkless. ‘ The Petiole (Leafstalk) is long or short, slender, stout, or winged. The Stipules, if any; their position, insertion, figure, texture, &e. : 4 The Inflorescence, its form, as cyme, panicle, thyrse, head, raceme, spike, umbel, &c.; and in what position upon the plant, as terminal, axillary, &c. The Bracts and Bracteoles, if any; their number, figure, position, &c. The Flowers, their order of expansion, number, form, stalked or not. Observe also if male, female, or hermaphrodite, the position of the sexes, if in the same inflorescence, if on different individuals, &. The Oalyz, if any ; its structure, figure, station with respect to the ovary and the axis of inflorescence, surface, estivation, size, proportion to the corolla, colour, venation, &e. The Corolla, its structure if present, figure, station with respect to the ovary and axis of inflorescence and adjacent parts, surface, xstivation, size, colour, odour, proportion to the calyx and stamens, and venation, &c. The Stamens, their number, direction, estiyation, station with respect to the petals, insertion, proportion to the ovary and corolla; whether separate or combined in one or more parcels; whether in one series or several, of equal or unequal length. Filaments, their form, length, and surface. Anthers, their mode of insertion on the filament ; dehiscence with respect to the axis, whether inwards or outwards, and, with respect to themselves, whether transversely or longitudinally, by pores or otherwise, their form, surface, colour, size; the proportion they bear to the size of the filament, the number of their valves, the nature of the connective. The Pollen, its colour, whether cohering or distinct. The Disk and Hypogynous glands if present, their figure, texture, and station. ‘ : The Ovary, its apparent as well as theoretical structure; the position of its carpels with respect to the organs around it; its surface; mode of division; number of ribs, if any; veins, cells, ovules, their number; insertion upon the placenta ; position with respect to the axis of the ovary; the situation of their foramen styles, their number, length, figure, surface, direction, and proportion. Stigmas, their number, form, and surface. The Fruit, its texture, form, whether naked or covered by the remains of the floral envelopes, whether sessile or stipitate; mode of dehiscence, if any ; number of its valves and cells; situation of the placent# ; nature of its axis; number of _ its seeds. | 7 The Seed, its position with respect to the axis of the fruit, mode of insertion, form, surface, thetexture and nature of the testa, aril, and other appendages, if any; position of the raphe and chalaza. Albumen, its texture, if any. Embryo, its direction ; position with respect to the axis of the fruit, to the hilum of the seed, and to the albumen; the pro- portion it bears to the mass of the latter ; the form of its cotyledons and radicle; its mode of germination. The medical and economical qualities. _ 5 The above are the main features to be observed,. and until all these are known and recorded a description is not considered to be full and complete, although such may be sufficient to distinguish the plant from its allies. ‘ Parts or Frowsers Potrrep Ovr, on Frowke Dissrcren. It has been suggested that to some who are just beginning the study of plants, a few plain directions and explanations as to the composition of flowers would be an advantage. To comply with the suggestion would seem to necessitate the use of figures, which must be pense with on account of cost. Probably, however, by selecting only. the commonest and most abundant plants for examples, the loss of figures will not be felt. As all parts of a plant will be found in the body of the book, here need only be given their position in the flower one after the other. Thus, gather the flower of the common Sida weed; its flower is borne upon a slender stalk, pedicel; the first whorl of leaves is a five-lobed cup, the calyx; the next whorl is the ebrolla, composed of five yellow leaves, the petals; the next whorl is composed of stamens; in the present flower they are joined together for some part of their length, forming a cylinder ; they are free in the upper part, and upon the summit of each filament is a globose body ; the anther, within the single cell of which is the pollen; the centte of the flower is occupied by the pistil ; the swelling at the base indicates the ovary ; above this is the style, which is branched at the top, each branch bearing @ stigma. The petals of flowers of the Pea family have received distinctive terms; thus the upper one is called the standard or vewillum ; the two lateral ones the wings or ale; the two lower or inferior ones the keel or carina. Now let a flower be gathered of the common Sow Thistle. What appears the calyx of this flower, as it is termed in common conversation, is called its involucre, and the leaves of which it is composed are bracts. "Within the involucre are a number of flowers usually termed florets, the base upon which these rest is termed the receptacle ; in the present itstance it is without scales. In some flower-beads of this ‘Order the receptacle bears bristles or scales between the floréts. (See the common Bluebottle). The florets are all ligvlate—that is to say, the slender tube of each floret is furnished at the top with a sttap- like limb (wanting this limb the florets are said to be tubular), The stamens will be found inserted in the tube of the corolla, and the anthers will be seen near the top of the corolla tube, cohering into a éylinder round the style. The ovary is inferior, striated Gini e termed an a¢hene), crowned by a pappus of numerous fine soft whi bristles (this pappus is the calyx of the floret). The fruit is often carried some distance. from the parent plant by means of the light pappus. Next let an orchid flower be explained—say, a Dendrobium, as this genus is abundant with us. The flowers are all on pedicéls, and each subtended by a leaf termed a bract. The perianth is superior, com- posed of six segments. The three outer are often called sepals; these are nearly equal in length. The lateral ones are, however, obhiusly dilatéd at the base, and conhate with a projection from the base of the 6 column into a pouch or spur. ‘Ihe three inner segments form the petals (the lower one in the orchid flower is known as’ the labellum). In the flower bemg examiued the two side petals are nearly of equal length with the upper sepal, the Jabellwm 1s shorter than the other segments, articulated at the end of the basal projection of the column, concave at the base, with the margins gradually.expanding into two lateral lobes, which usually embrace the column, the terminal lobe is usually spreading or recurved ; the disk usually bears longitu- dinal raised plaits. The column is the thick centre piece, and consists of the consolidation of the stamens and styles ; it is often short, winged at the sides. On thé top is the anther, and if the lid be removed will be seen the four masses of pollen in collateral pairs. Below the anther, or its floor, as it has been termed, there is more or less of a projection. This is what is termed the rostellum, and immediately below this, on the inner face of the column, will be seen the stigma. As the flowers of the genus Euphorbia present some difficulty to the botanic student, a. description of the inflorescence of one species, with occasional reference to others, is here given. The common garden shrub Luphorbia (Poinsettia) pulcherrima will answer the purpose, so let us take it. The flowers are borne in cymes. The large vermilion-coloured leaves are termed bracts; in this species they resemble the stem-leaves in nearly all except colour; these same organs, however, in some other species are very distinct in appearance from the stem-leaves ; for instance, in &. Bojeri they resemble two fleshy, scarlet petals. Znvolucres on short foot-stalks, articulate at the base, green, ovato-orbicular, toothed, marked by five sutures on the outside, with which alternate, on the inside, five falcate processes, beginning with narrow extremities at the mouth of the involucre, and, adhering to this with their backs, they become gradually broader below, passing inwards, and attached to an elevation in the centre, they divide the lower part of the involucre into five distinct cells, and supporting on their edges erect fimbrie, they divide the upper part also, but less completely; teeth of the involucre numerous, coloured like the bracte, woolly on the inside, connivent; gland- appendage single, on the outside of the involucre towards the axis of the cyme, round, entire, peliate, folded in the middle so as to appear two-lipped, nectariferous ; four yellow teeth placed round the mouth of the involucre are abortive appendages. These appendages in Ei, Mitchelliana and several other indigenous species are quite white, © and resemble petals. In Euphorbia fulgens they are bright red. Male flowers about fourteen, in two rows in each loculament, and rising from its base, erect, petiolate, naked (without perianth), monandrous, mixed with chat (abortive male flowers) which are woolly at the apex, and occasionally tinged red there. Petioles colourless, as long as the involucre; filaments red, anthers two-lobed, lobes divaricated, so that those which are next each other in the two rows overlap, opening at a deep furrow along their outside. Pollen granules yellow, lenticular, Female flower solitary central, on a short stout pedicel, naked (without perianth). Styles 3, exserted, hairy, each deeply cleft, or the single style divided to the base into three deeply cleft branches of a dark red colour. Ovary, hairy, three-lobed, each lobe emarginate. Ovules solitary in each cell— Bot. Mag. 7 Feen Sreuctvre anp Sexvan DEVELOPMENT. Probably no class of plants are such general favourites as ferns, therefore a few words as to the botanical names of their various parts may be here given. _ The Roots proper of ferns are entirely fibrous, often rigid and wiry; when young, often covered with soft hairs. The Stem is spoken of under different terms, as rootstock, rhizome, and caudex, this latter being usually applied to the stem when above ground, whether in the form of a tree-trunk or resembling the stem of a trailer or climber, the term rhizome being applied to the underground stem ; in some of these latter, beneath the crown are formed a number of brittle roots resembling the tubers of a Dahlia. The Leaves are termed fronds, and their vernation, with few exceptions (the Adder-tongues and their allies), cireinate (coiled). The stalk from the rhizome to the lamina or ramification is called the stipes; its continuation through the ramification of a compound frond is termed the rhachis; pinna and pinnule being used for leaflets as in other plants. The Fructification is borne upon the back, edge, or on a separate frond or portion of frond. The clusters of fructification are called sori, and the part to which these are attached the receptacle. The sori is a cluster of sporangia or spore-cases, and may be naked, as in Polypodium, or covered with an indusium, as in Asplenium, and nearly flat, tubular or funnel-shaped, as in Trichomanes. The spore-cases or sporangia in most cases are one-celled, and more or less surrounded with a jointed ring or annulus. These spore-cases are stalked or stalkless (sessile), and the ring is vertical or transverse, according to the tribe or suborder to which the plant belongs. Germination.—The spores of some ferns take a longer time than others to germinate after leaving the sporangia. The first stage of their growth is the formation of what is known as the prothallus.. This is usually somewhat reniform in shape, and composed of cellular . tissue. On the under surface are two sorts of organs analogous to the stamens and pistils of flowering plants; these are respectively known as antheridia and archegonia. The position of these organs has been found to vary in different tribes. Antheridia.—These are small masses of tissue developed in the same manner as the root-hairs, consisting of a single layer of cells forming the wall and containing a number of spirally-coiled threads, usually with a number of cilia on their anterior coils. At maturity the antheridium swells by the aero of water and finally bursts its wall, discharging these coiled filaments, which possess the power of locomotion, and for this reason are called antherozoids. These antherozoids often drag with them a little vesicle, which seems to play no part in the process of reproduction. Archegonia.—The archegonium is also a rounded mass of tissue usually less prominent than the antheridia, consisting of an external layer of cells and a large central cell, which soon divides into two. The lower portion, at first the larger, develops into a roundish cell, which is analogous to the ovule of flowering plants, and is called the oosphere. The upper portion of the central cell develops between those composing the neck of the archegonium into a canal filled with 8 a sort of mucilage;, this finally swells up, forces the cells of the neck apart, and is expelled to aid in attracting and retaining the anthero- oid at thé neck of the archegonium. ‘The oospheré is thus left exposed. ai. Hartilization.—The antherozoids, analogous to pollen of flowers, when discharged from the antheridium, swim in. the moisture always present on the under surface of the prothallus, swarm in large numbers around the neck of the archegonium, and are retained by the miucilage. Some finally force their way into the canal of the neck, a few reaching the oosphere and disappearing within its substance. Thus it would seem proved that in ferns there exists a true sexual generation. After fertilisation, the neck of the archegonium closes, and the fertilised oosphere, now called the oospore, increases in size, and aoe develops into 4 true fern. After the oosphere has been fertilised, it commences its growth by ordinary processes of cell multiplication, and for a time-remains within the walls of the archegonium, which continue to grow, until finally the interior growth breaks through the walls, differéntiated into its first root and leaf. The young fern draws its nourishment from the prothallus for a time, bué soon develops root-hairs, which, extending into the soil, maintain thereby an existence independent of the prothallus, which then withers away. Another mode of reproduction from the prothallus is that it produces buds, without the formation of sexual organs. VEGETABLE Puysroroey. Asa large number of the terms explained in this work refer to that part of botany termed Vegetable Physiology, it has been thought well to give in this place a brief summary of the subject. As, however, the author teels that nothing which he could write would be so terse as Dr. Maxwell T. Master’s chapter upon the subject in his “Botany for Beginners,” free use has been made of it in the present instance. _ “The minute structure of plants consists of cells, tubes, and vessels, of various kinds, disposed in various ways. The cells are bladders of membrane, of different shapes and sizes arranged in diverse methods. Within the outer bladder, or cell-wall as it is ¢alled, are, at least, in the young active condition, certain contents, of which the most important for our present purpose is 2 mucilaginous fluid, called protoplasm. All cells, except those which are old, contain moré or less of this protoplasm, which is the most important part of the éell so far as functions are concerned. The bladder, or cell-wall,is merely a kind of protecting skin, composed of cellulose, a substance akin to starch. ‘Within the cells are formed or deposited various substances, such as albuminous matter, woody material, starch, sugar, oily. and fatty materials, colouring ingredients, and the like. ‘The célls so constituted are usually too small to be conveniently seen without the aid of a compound microscope, but the pith-cells of the English Elder may be distinguished with an ordinary magnifying glass; those of the pulp of an orange by the naked eye, and these latter indeed may, by a little patience, be separated one from another.” [In the several species of our indigenous Citrus these cells are very free, and separate without the least difficulty—FMB] “All 9 plants of “whatever kind are made up of cells such as those just described, and many have no other structure. In the so- ealled higher plants, however, we meet with tubes and vessels of various kinds and shapes differently arranged. Some of these tubes contain woody deposits, as in those which constitute the wood, or the hard shell of stone fruits; others contain a fine thread or threads coiled up ina spiral manner. A spiral vessel is one which contains one or more such threads rolled up within it. Such vessels are found almost exclusively. in flowering plants, and constitute, therefore, one of the marks of distinction between them and flowerless plants. By breaking ,across the leaf stalk of a Strawberry, the fine spiral threads may be drawn out and rendered visible to the naked eye. These tubes and vessels are either elongated cells, or consist of cells placed one over another, the intervening partitions being obliterated. All begin existence as globular cells, and become modified in course of growth. A mass of cells constitutes what is called tisswe—cellular . tissue; a,mass of vessels constitute vascular tissue. If the cells con- tain much woody deposit, we speak of the resulting tissue as woody. Most plants, moreover, are invested by a skin or bark of some kind, In its simplest and most common condition this consists of one or more layers of flattened cells. Such layers constitute the epzdermis, or skin. : “The plant, in the majority of cases, is rooted in the earth. In other instances it floats in or on the surface of water; its leaves are exposed to the atmosphere and to the action of light. Unlike an animal, a plant has no separate mouth and stomach; its skin presents an unbroken surface, or at least exhibits, under natural conditions, no aperture through which solid material, however fine, can enter. Its cellsand vesselsare closed onall sides, as arule,and have not, exceptin rare instances, anv direct or immediate, communication one with another. Tn animals there is a continuous alimentary or food-channel from the mouth to the stomach and intestines. There is also a series of con- tinuous branching tubes devoted to the circulation of the blood, another set of tubes destined for the passage of air into and out of the lungs, and so forth. In plants there is no such series of directly con- tinuous tubes permeating the whole organism. From these facts it may teadily be inferred that no solid substance can enter into or be digested in them. The plant, then, does not live on solid food, but on that which is liquid or gaseous. _ “We have now to see whence it obtains its suppliés of such nutriment. Rooted in the ground, it has, as a whole, no power of locomotion. But though this is true of the plant as a whole, it does not apply to the parts of which it is composed. The roots, for instance, grow and extend themselves,and they grow most freely in that direction where food is most abundant or easily got at. Let one examine the roots of a tree growing on the banks of a stream, and see what a leash of fine root-thteads are produced if the main roots happen to be immersed in the water. In like manner the growth and lengthening of the shoots, and the swaying to and fro of the branches, bring the leaves into contact with gaseous fcod, and enable them to avail themselvés of it without necessitating the movement of the whole lant from place to place in search of nourishment, as is imperative in the case of most animals. 10 “The roots and the leaves are the chief, and, in many cases, the only feeding organs of the plant. The roots imbibe water from the soil by means of fine fibrils and root-hairs, the older, thicker portions having no such faculty of absorption, but serving merely as conduits and holdfasts. The water which exists in and amongst the particles of the soil dissolves certain of its ingredients, so that when it enters the roots it is not absolutely pure, but holds in solution a small quantity of gaseous as well as of earthy or mineral substances. These are required in the building up of the plant’s substance, and in the formation of its secretions. The way in which this solution or earthy and gaseous matter is absorbed into the tissues of the roots has now to be explained. It has-been shown that, when a bladder containing some thick liquid, such as syrup, is placed in a vessel of some thinner fluid, such as ‘water, there is a passage of the thinner liquid through the membrane into the interior,so that the thick liquid becomes diluted and the bladder stretched. This is precisely what takes place in the case of the roots. The thin solution of earthy matter passes through the membranous walls of the root cells, there to mingle with the thicker protoplasm which they contain. This process of absorption is technically called osmosis, or endosmosis. “ Root-absorption is probably always going on more or less, but it is infinitely more rapid and abundant when a plant is in full growth. The fluid when absorbed by the roots receives the name of ‘sap.’ We know, by observation and experiment, that this sap rises from the root, passes up the stems, through the branches, and enters the leaves. The sap, then, flows upwards, and it is a matter of great interest to ascertain how it is that such a fluid should ascend against gravity.” [No thoroughly satisfactory solution of the problem has yet been arrived at—F.M.B.] “The explanations are manifold— several causes co-operate to bring about the result. In the first place, the process vf osmosis begun in the root-cells, is continued in the young portions of the stem. Moreover, there now comes into operation a process of diffusion, by virtue of which certain liquids pass through others. Graham, an English chemist, called the thin, readily diffusible liquids, ‘ crystalloids,’ the thicker, less easily diffused fluid, ‘colloids,’ from their gluey or gummy nature; and he demonstrated that the crystalloid fluids pass through and diffuse themselves amongst the colloid ones. When the leaves are fully expanded another circumstance helps powerfully to promote the rise of the sap, and this is the profuse perspiration or evaporation of watery vapour and fluid from their surface. Let a few leaves be gathered and placed under a tumbler exposed to the sun, and shortly will be seen a quantity of water condensed on the sides of the tumbler, which has been evaporated from the leaves. This outflow takes place to an enormous extent under favourable circumstances, varying in amount according to the pressure, temperature, and moisture of the atmosphere, the quantity absorbed by the roots, and the structure of the leaf itself. ‘There are thus an influx through the root, an upward current through the stem, and an outflow from the leaves. All these act and re-act one on the other; the circumstances that favour the one for the most part influence the others. If the one or the other be in excess, the plant suffers. If the outflow from the leaves be greater than the influx from the root, the plant withers, and unless the balance be restored it will die. If the outflow’be stopped while the influx 11 continues, the plant will become unhealthy, and perish if not relieved.” [I may here remark that this frequently occurs in Queensland. Growers find soft-wooded plants, such as pelargoniums, &c., passion vines, and even the pineapple, especially in hot wet weather after a spell of dry time, rot at the roots and base of the stems. The cause of this is that the roots have absorbed a far greater quantity of water than the plants can utilise; the cells become overcharged, the circula- tion is interfered with, and death ensues by what may be termed vegetable dropsy. I might digress still further and venture an opinion that to this overcharging of the root cells may be attributed that long-standing puzzle “The Australian dead forests.’—F M.B.] “The upward current is facilitated by the swaying movement of the trunk and branches caused by the wind, the alterations of pressure and relaxations on the.cells and vessels tending to squeeze the sap upwards, as shown by Mr. Herbert Spencer. Capillary attraction, or that process by which fluids in contact with fine tubes rise in or between them, as the oil rises between the threads of a lamp wick, may also help to account for the rise of the sap in plants, but is probably less potent than the other causes just mentioned. “We have now traced the current of sap from the root to the leaf, and in so doing have necessarily adverted to some of the principal duties fulfilled by the root, stem, and leaf. The leaves, however, are not merely concerned in the evaporation of water; they have, as both feeding and breathing organs, other very important duties to perform connected with the absorption and emission of gases. The skin of the leaf, especially on its lower surface, is perforated here and there by small breathing holes, or stomata, which contract or open, according to the more or less moist state of the atmosphere, and, perhaps, the intensity of the light. Through these pores liquids and gases enter and escape. “Tt is found by chemical research that the greater part of a plant consists of carbon and water, to which are added sundry wineral ingredients, and others containing nitrogen, the latter element playing an important part in the protoplasm and in the albuminoid contents of the cells. As we have seen, the plant derives some of these ingredients from the soil by means of its roots; it can, for instance, procure by their aid water, certain. gases—including carbonic acid gas and ammonia—various mineral ingredients and salts, including nitrates, but for its supply of gaseous food it is mainly dependent on the leaves. These organs not only allow of the outflow of water, but they drink it in under certain circumstances like the roots. This is shown by the manner in which a withered plant regains its firmness when syringed. Still it is probable that the most important office of the leaves consists in the interchange of gases. The air contains a quantity of carbonic acid gas (a compound of carbon with oxygen), and upon this, with ammonia (consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen) and water (oxygen and hydrogen), the plant feeds. In day- light, when the leaves:are exposed to the sun, they are engaged in imbibing the carbonic acid gas from the air, and in utilising it. They store up the carbon, which is needed for their tissues and secretions, and they set free the oxygen into the air. In this manner, plants, while engaged in feeding by means of their leaves, act in an opposite way toanimals. The latter, when breathing, avail themselves of the oxygen of the air, and give out from their 12 lungs carbonic acid and other gases, Thus, what is of no service to the one, is essential to the other, and vice versd. Plants, as they feed, fit the air for the respiration of animals; animals, as they breathe, yield up to the atmosphere the ingredients needed for the food of plants. The following is a simple mode of proving the emission of oxygen gas from plants:—Take a few leaves, piace them in a tumbler half filled with water, invert over the mouth of the tumbler a funnel of glass, closing its aperture by a small cork, and place the apparatus in a window exposed to the sun. Shortly bubbles of gas will be observed on the leaves; the. gas so formed will accumulate, and ultimately fill the funnel. If now the cork be removed, and a lighted match be applied to the end of the tube, the match will burn with increased brilliancy, or if its flame be previously put out, and the wood be in a glowing state, it will again burst mto flame when placed near the aperture of the funnel, thus proving the existence of oxygen gas. At night, or if exposed to darkness, the leaves cease to feed; but as they continue to breathe they set free carbonic acid, and, to some extent, therefore, render the air impure for animal respiration. Santas “ Aga result of the interchange of gases, of which we have been speaking, growth, the formation of new tissues, and the production of various secretions, &c., take place. It is the green colouring matter of the leaf, the chlorophyll, which is the chief agent in the breaking up of carbonic acid, tho setting free of oxygen, and the fixing of the carbon under the influence of sunlight. It is supposed by chemists that the gradual reduction in the quantity of oxygen may account for the formation of starch, various vegetable acids, and other secretions, containing relatively less and less oxygen, till ultimately such substances are formed as turpentine, resins, or other so-called hydro- carbons, which consist of hydrogen and carbon in admixture, and into the composition of which little or no oxygen enters. __ _ “The remaining phenomena of plant life may perhaps be best illustrated by continuing our comparison of them with those mani- fested in the Animal Kingdom. Anatomically, there is no line to be drawn between plants and animals; the lowest plants and the lowest animals are so much alike, that it often happens that the naturalist is unable to say to which group a particular organism may belong. Physiologically, however, there are differences, as we shall now attempt to show. Regarded as living beings, both plants and animals’ feel, feed, digest, breathe, grow, move, and increase in numbers. Itisin their mode of fulfilling these functions that the chief differences between the two kingdoms consist. _ “Plants feel—they respond to stimulus. They may not bé able to communicate their sensations as some animals do; but many of the latter are not a whit more communicative on this point than a sea- weed. We, as members of the Animal Kingdon, feel the impact or contact of other substances. Light, heat, cold, electrical disturbances, chemical substances, all make us feel; and if the sensation be of a disagreeable nature, we get away from the source of irritation as fast as we can; but if the sensation be pleasant, we endeavour to repeat it. In the case of plants the great stimuli are light and heat. These exert a powertiul influence on the protoplasm, as has been shown again and again. The protoplasm, of plants, and the ‘sarcode’ of animals have precisely similar properties. The action of light in giving rise to 13 motion both in plants and animals is well geen in the lower organisms, which, if green—that is, if containing chlorophyll—move towards the light ; but if they have no chlorophyll, light has no special influence in determining their movements. Hence the motion witnessed would seem to be depended on the decomposition of carbonic acid gas, and the ‘elimination of oxygen, which takes place under such circum- stances as already explained. The protoplasm which lines the cells has contractile powers, and these contractile powers are, as we have seen, sefin action by the stimuli of light or heat, and probably by elecirieity. “There are other movements in plants evincing sensibility. Human beings are apt to blush on the occasion of sudden strong emotions, and this blushing is due to a sudden turgescence of the rhinute vessels, induced by their momentary dilatation. Plants execute movements, due, like blushing, to varying amounts of turgescence. In most active vegetable cells currents of fuids may be observed. These currents are not entirely dependent on contraction of the protoplasm, but on the varying degrees of absortion manifested in it. If one portion suddenly exerts a great power of absorbing water, there is a corre- sponding flow to meet the demand, hence imbibition causes targescence, and the turgescence gives rise to the formation of currents in individual cells. When a number of such cells are closely packed together, and are influenced in the same way, not only is there a flow in the cells individually, but there isa rush of fluid from cell to cell, and conse- quently a movement throughout the whole organ thus affected. In this way the opening and closing of flowers, as well as the folding and unfolding of leaves, may to some extent be accounted for. The curious movement of the sensitive plants are to be explained in a similar manner -by the swelling of certain of their tissues, this turgescence being stimulated or set in action by certain stimuli, and checked by others. Climbing plants and some tendrils exhibit two different kinds of movements—the one a spontaneous revolving power manifested in young actiye shoots, in some plants in one direction, in others in the contrary. The object of these revolutions is to allow the stem to attach itself to some support round which it may twine. How they are affected is not understood ; they seem to be spontaneous, and not under the influence of external conditions.. The movements of most tendrils, hover, are directly excited by contact. A slight touch causes them to move. In orchids (see the labellum of Pterostylis, alecna, &e.), and in many flowering plants, displacements take place in the stamens (see Berberis),in the style (see column in Sfylidium), or in the pollen itself, these movements being apparently dependent on contraction of the protoplasm, or on varying hygrometric conditions. Hence, then, so far Bs teeliag goes, if we admit sensitiveness as the equivalent of sensation, we cannot deny that a plant possesses the same faculty as an animal. If we take locomotion or the power of translation from place to place, once considered distinctive of animals, we shall find it is possessed by vegetables as well. This is seen in certain organs of yeproduction called zoospores, and in the antherogoids of Alge and other cryptogamous plants. The movement in all likelihood depends on the agitation of the fine eilie or threads with which these organisms are furnished; but we are stil ae as to the cause that excites the aunetion of the eilia. 14 “ As regards the diet of plants and animals respectively, we have already seen that the former cannot take in solid materials. It is far different with animals, the most humbly organised of which have the power in some way or another of introducing solid food into their interior and of digesting it. The nutriment of animals differs, therefore, from that of plants physically. Another difference consists in its chemical nature. An animal not only feeds on solid food, but that food is of organic nature; in other words, the animal enjoys the privilege of eating its fellow creatures, dead or alive. A’ plant is, however, not confined absolutely to inorganic matter for its diet. It thrives upon and indeed requires organic matter, or the products of organic matters; but they must, as a rule, be waste products, not living. Plants manured with purely mineral ingredients not only do not thrive, but they are often worse off than others of the same kind that are not manured at all. It is pretty clear, then, that plants cannot live solely upon inorganic materials. Our every day experience shows us, on the other hand, that animals cannot live exclusively upon organic materials. If we want to feed a plant so as to ensure the greatest amount of vigour, we give it organic food in the shape of manute. If we want todigest our own food we take a sufficiency of salt ; we give chalk to our chickens, lime and iron to the weak and delicate of our own species. “The gaseous food of plants has already beenalluded to. Itremains to notice the breathing process in plants and animals respectively. “ Respiration is an interchange of gases, and this interchange is effected in animals by means of cavities, lungs, gills, or trachex ; but whatever shape the breathing apparatus assumes, the ultimate result is that the air inspired or expired is passed through a membrane. We know from the researches of Graham that membranes act the part of filters, allowing some gases to pass and retaining others, according to the nature of the filter and of the gases. ‘In the lower animals, and in plants, we have no special lungs or gills. There are trachee in plants, but they are not specially sub- servient to respiration; and there is covering the whole surface a thin membranous cuticle or epidermis. This cuticle acts as a filter, allowing the gases to pass by diffusion into or out of the leaf. In addition, there is a direct passage of gases through the stomata. “Tn a general sense, then, the mechanism of respiration is the same in animals and plants. The movement of the leaves by the wind probably serve the same purpose as that fulfilled by the muscles of respiration in the case of an animal. The gases exhaled and inhaled during the breathing process are the same in both instances. Con- stantly there is an absorption of oxygen and a disengagement of car- bonie acid gas. The elimination of oxygen by the green parts of plants is, as before stated, not so much an act of respiration as of digestion. The plant is thus constantly exposed to two antagonistic forces—the one tending to build up, the other to destroy, the organism, At cer- tain epochs in certain organs, and if kept in darkness, the plant invariably emits the same gases asan animal does. So also, under the influence of green light, the ordinary action of leaves is partially inverted. In alluding to the effect of light on the disengagement of oxygen gas, it sbould, however, he remembered that the light can be and is fixed or stored in the plant, so as to operate for a time even in, complete darkness.”’ 15 The work concludes with an addenda in which is given the characters of the seven natural orders of plants with which teachers are to become acquainted who purpose taking botany as one of the subjects at their final examination. Here they will find not only the characters of the order as a whole, but of each suborder and tribe, with also the name of some easily obtainable typical plant of each tribe. To further show plant classification into genera and species, the generic and specific characters of a plant in each order are given. This, and the notes here and there given, will, it is hoped, form an acceptable supplement to the text-book, whether taken advantage of by teachers or not. F.M B. 1893. GLOSSARY OF BOTANIC TERMS, THEIR EXPLANATION AND APPLICATION, FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANS, Erc., AND HINTS ABOUT PLANT LIFE IN GENERAL. A—As a prefix, denotes absence of an organ, as APHYL'LUS, withoutleaves; ACAU’LIS, stemless; AcmPH’ALOUS, ACEPH'‘ALUS, headless. ABER’RANT—Applied to species or genera that deviate from the usual characters of their neighbours. Apnor’mMat—Differing from the usual growth or structure. Axor’TIoNn—Signifies an imperfect develop- ment of any given organ. Azori’GINAL—The same as_ indigenous ; plants which appear to be the spon- taneous production of any country. AxBrRa'DED—Roughly rubbed off ; used in des- cribing Lichens. Asster’GEnt—Cleansing, havingacleansing quality, as the fruit of the Sapindus, the skin and pulp of which is used as a substitute for soap, for washing linen. Acors’sony—Something superadded to the usual condition of an organ. AcantH’opHorRus — Thorn-bearing; fur- nished with spines or large stiff bristles. ~ Accres’crns—Persistent and increasing in size, as the calyx of the Cape Goose- berry, A’orrosus, Acrerosr—Linecar and sharp- pointed, needle-shaped, as the foliage of many Hakeas. AcER’VULI—Little heaps of clusters, AcETAB’ULOsUs—Shaped like a cup or saucer. Acerta’rius—Suited for salads. AcHAScoPH’ytuM—A plant which has an indehiscent fruit. AcHrnr’—A. dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit. The term Achenium is apes by different authors, to two distinct kinds of fruit. 1. Where the fruit is superior, and consequently the pericarp is not invested by the calyx. Itisdry, hard, single-seeded, and _indehiscent. This is otherwise termed a Nut. 2 Where the pericarp is inferior, and consequently invested by the calyx, in other respects resembling the last, but usually not so hard. ~ The seed of Com- posite are the best samples. For example, see Cosmos fruit. AcHLAMYD'EOUS—F lowers without any dis- tinct perianth. AonRO’MATIO—Colourless. AcIo’uLAR—Needle-shaped. Aorouta'RI—Basilliform, needle-like and somewhat club-shaped. Actpo’tus—When the branches or other organs terminate in a spine or hard point. . : Acrp’uLa—_—_ Ap’aca—A name given in the Philippine Hands to Musa textitis, the plant which ields the fibre known as Manilla Hemp. AcHorg—The seeds of the Arnotto—Biza orellana. AcH-R00T—The root of Morinda tinetoria, used in India as a dye. A’cirs—The edge of anything ; the an, £ certain stems. An edge formed the intersection of two planes. : AcRAMPHI'BRYA—Plants that grow both at the point and along the sides, as endogens and exogens, Acro’prra—A term used by Endlicher, synonymous with “* Acrogens.” ~ Ao’Rosprre, Acrospi’rA — The first leaf that appears when corn sprouts, It is a developed plumule. ALBEFAO’T1I0—A condition of plantsinduced by absence of light, commonly called blanching, in which little or no chloro- phyll is formed ; the peculiar secretions are diminished, and the tissues are tender and unnaturally drawn out ; and thus plants which in a state of health are tough, unwholesome, and unfit for food, become palatable and wholesome. ALFAL/FA—The a name of Lucerne, Medicago sativa. AFTERMATH—The grass which springs up after mowing. An’sury—A gouty nodular condition of certain roots, arising from the presence of grubs. An'IMz—A resin procured from Hymenea Courbaril. The name is also applied to other clear varnish resins, p An’tHooy’sNE—The blue colouring matter of plants. : ANTICAL—Placed in front of a flower, the front being regarded as the part most remote from the axis. Thus the label- lum of an Orchid flower is antical. Aquosus—Watery. Bapoot—The Indian name of Acacia arabica. The gum is known as “ Gattie.” Bimus—Lasting two years. BriapE—The lamina or expanded part of a eaf. 3 BrastE’/Ma—The axis of an embryo, com- prehending the radicle and plumule, with the intervening portion ; also the thallus of a Lichen. Brastus—The plumule. BuEPHARIS—The eyelash, used to denote that an organ bears a ayinge of fine hairs. Bompyctng—Silky, feeling like silk. Borpgaux MrxruRs, THEORIGIN OF—Great discoveries are frequently made by accident, or, at least, by indirect means. Tt appears Eba the mixture of copper- cuphate and lime which is proved to be go valuable for the Vine-mildew, Pero- nospara, Potato-mildew, as ,well as for les | by insects, was first of all used in the vineyards near Bordeaux to keep off thieves! The outer rows of the vines were sprayed with this substance fe render the berries distasteful to marauders. After a time it was dis- covered that these outer rows did not suffer from the mildew, whilst the inner rows, which were not washed with the copper solution, suffered; and_ this particular mixture, says Professor Riley, has sinca remained at the head of the cheap remedies for many fungous diseases.—Gard. Chronicle, August, 1890. The following is another extract from the same source. It is said to be easier to make than the ordinary Bordeaux Mixture, and its effects more. lasting, and it does not injure the foliage :—Sulphate of copper, 2 kjlos ; Water, 15 litres. Dissolve, and add— Carbonate of soda, 3 kilos. A preci- pitate of oxide of copper results ; and when this is effected, add—Treacle, 250 ta 300 grammes. Stir occasionally, and, after 12 hours, add—Water, 100 litres. The mixture may be applied with a spray-pump. Experiments were made with this mixture in the garden of the National School of Horticulture, Versailles. i BrincaLt or Brinzat—The fruit of the Egg Plant, Solanum melongena. CauczoLatE—Having the form of a slipper or round-toed shoe, : Carims—This word is used in vegetable pathology to denote decay of the wall of the cells and vessels, whether attended by a greater or less degree of moisture, Life is necessarily limited in all organic structure, and therefore the time must come when the oldest parts of trees must submit to decomposition ; and as soon as this commences it acts as a putrefactiye fervent, and involves neighbouring sound tissue. In plants of shorter. duration, deca: takes place from various causes, sometimes from mere constitutional peculiarities, some- times from a cessation of vital func- tions, sometimes again from atmos- pheric or other outward agents, and sometimes from parasitic Fungi. The rapidity with which the mischief spreads when once set up is exempli- fied by the potato murrain, and the black ‘spot of orchids; a few days in either case being sometimes sufficient to induce complete decomposition, The decay of fruit’ though not due, as is sometimes supposed, to minute Fungi, is certainly. promoted by their presence, the mere contact of the tissues and parasite being sufficient to set up putre- factiye action,—Rev. M, J. Berkeley, Caro—The fleshy part of fruit. Carposto/MIuM — The opening into the spore-case of Algez., CENO'BIUM, CENOBIONAR, CENOBIONEUS— Such fruits us those of Labiatce, Bora- ginee, &c., which consist of several distinct lobes, not terminated by a style or stigma. Cuxo’R10N—A carpel; also the pulpy matter which fills the interior of a young seed before impregnation. Constricrep—Tightened or contracted in some particular place, as the top of the corolla-tube of Alstonia constricta— the fever or bitter-bark flowers. Cor Seminis—An old name for the embryo. Coumarin—The fragrant principle of the Tonka Bean. CrisrirorM—Riddled with holes like a sieve. Criprosu—Perforated like a sieve. CymBELL& — Reproductive _ loconiotive bodies, of an elliptical form, found in some Alga. Cyst—The spore-case of some Fungi; also the hollow spaces in parenchyma, in which oily matter collects, ag in the rind of an orange. Damar or Dammer—A_ viscid resinous product of Canarium microcarpum. C. strictum produces what is known as the Black Dammer. The White Dammer and Dammer Pitch is pro- duced by Vateria indica. Drastic—Applied to medicines which act violently. Dux—The horsehair-like fibres of Saguerus saccharifer. Dynamis—A power. A figurative term employed by Linnzus to express the degrees of development of stamens. Thus his ‘‘Didynamia” signified stamens of two different lengths, or of two different degrees of development. Eppors—The tuberous stems of various Araceous plants. (See Colocasia anti- quorum, ‘*Tara.”) Epeine—This term is applied to dwarf plants, turf, or material of any descrip- tion used in gardens for dividing beds, borders, &c., from the walks. Exraio—In Greek compounds, “Olive.” Emarcip—Flaccid, wilted. Empotus—A plug; a process which pro- jects downwards from the upper part of the cavity of the ovary in Armeria, and closes up the foramen of the ovule. EMPHYSEMATOSE—Bladdery, resembling a adder. Enpoco’n1uM—The contents of the nucule of a Chara. Escuarotic—Having the power to burn the skin. EXANTHEMATA—Skin diseases, blotches of leaves, &c. ~ Eyze—A term used in gardening for a leaf-bud; also for the centre or the éentral markings of a flower: signifies 78 Frcunpation—The act of making fruitful. Dr. Lindley tells us that the large fleshy roots of Basella tuberosa are con- sidered by the people of Quito to pos- sess the power of increasing fecundity. FrELtrus—Bitter as gall. . Forcrpate, Forcrea’tus (Forceps, nippers), Forrica’tus (Forfex, scissors)—Forked, like a pair of pincers or scissors, sepa- rating into two distinct branches, more or less apart. Fracin—Of a pasty texture ; fleshy and pulpy. Fronprscence—The leafing of plants was denominated by Linnzus their fron- descence. ‘ FrustuLes— The joints into which plants of Diatomacee separate. a Forera, Furcrate (Fulerum, a prop)— Additional organs, such as pitchers, os tendrils, spines, prickles, hairs, Ce between Gattre—An Indian gum obtained from the Babool, Acacia arabica. SalisEe alls in Algw secreting vegetable jelly. GLAREOSE—Growing in gravelly places. _ Gon’cyLtus—The spores of certain Fungi. Also a round, hard, deciduous body, connected with the reprcduction of certain Alge. Grossus—Ooarse ; larger than usual; thus Grosse-serratus= coarsely serrated. Gynr'cus or Gyni’zus—The depressed stig- matic surface of Orchids. Hasitat—The situation in which a plant grows in a wild state, Homoros or Homo—In Greek compounds, signifies similar or alike. Homiruse, Humrru’sus—Spread over the surface of the ground. Hycroscori’ciry—The property,of extend- ing or shrinking upon the application or removal of water. (See the awns of the Bunch Speargrass. InTROSUScEPTION—This term denotes the act of taking in, whether of fluids hy the roots or of gases by the foliage. Iconrs—Pictorial representations of plants. IsorH’orous—Transformable into some- thing else. Thus Paztonia, is an isophorous forra of Spathoglottis. LacrentrormM—Shaped like a Florence flask. Lear_ Propacation—The propagation of plants by their leaves is a method of rapid increase adopted with great ad- vantage in the case of those which succeed. An incision made in any firm part of the midrib, as well as the petiole, will in certain instances induce the production of a young plant. The kinds of plants to be so propagated should have, as a rule, thick fleshy leaves, such as Begonias, Gloxinias, &c. Take the leaves which are nearly fully matured, not too old, and peg them on light sandy soil, and keep them some- what dry, until the bulbil-like plants are formed where the incisions were made. Lecnrcuana Honzy—A dangerous kind of honey, supposed to be furnished by Paullinia australis and Serjania letha- lis. This is given because planta of the above genera are to be met with in garden culture. Lrpars, Lr/PALUM—Sterile stamens. Liane—A woody twining or climbing lant, like those which occur in tropical orests. Lr, Lizr, Loor—Names for the fibre by which the petioles of the Date Palm are bound together. Lituus—A blue dye prepared from Roccella tinctoria and some other Lichens, by maceration and occasional agitation in a mixture of urine, lime, and potash. A kind of fermentation takes place, and the lichen becomes first reddish and then blue. When dried it has, when rubbed with the nail, a coppery tint like indigo. Litmus is of great importance to chemists, as it affords a delicate test for acids and alkalies, since blue litmus acquires from acids a red tint, which is restored by alkalies. For this ‘purpose paper is steeped in a solution of litmus, and then dried and bound up in packets; when so pre- pared, it is sold under the name of test-paper. Liruate—Yorked, with the points a little turned outwards. Liturate, Litura’tus (From Litura, a blot) —When spots are formed by the abra- sion of the surface. Metiico—Honey-dew ; a disease of plants in which an unnatural secretion of sweet matter appears on their surface. MeEmwnonius—A brown-black colour; pitch black. Morra—The parts of a flower in general ; .as pentamorius, which signifies all the parts being arranged in fives. 7 NEMATHECIA—Warty excrescences of the fronds of certain rose-spored Algz, producing tetraspores, as in Phyllo- ora. Auecore Worms (Anguillulide)— This group of microscopic animals give rise to disease in both wild and cultivated plants. They differ from the earth- worms and other true worms, and ex- hibit a much lower type of structure. They are minute, white or translucent, and usually so small as to resemble short, slender pieces of hair, even when visible at all without a magnifying glass. All those kinds that cause disease in plants are very minute, and live in the interior of the parts they attack, so that these parts must be cut into, or opened, before the worms are discovered. When seen through a microscope, they appear slender, taper- ‘ing both ways, but the front end, in which is the mouth, is rather blunt, the hinder end, or tail, is usually long, and tapers gradually, or it may bear an extension of the skin along one or both 79 « sides. There is no head, nor are there limbs or organs of sense of any kind visible. The mouth opens in front; on the gullet and intestines there are usually two swollen muscular bodies, which serve for helping to prepare the food in its passage downwards. The intestine opens below in the anus, some distance from the end of the body, the tail, of varying length, lying behind it. The characters of the genera and * species are recognisable usually in the mature animals alone. The situation of the sexual openings, and, in the males, two horny out-growths, con- nected with reproduction, assist in- supplying distinctive characters, as do also peculiarities in the internal organs, which can be made out with no great difficulty under the microscope in the living animals. Some years ago Dr. J. Bancroft drew attention to the destruction these minute animals were doing to the Banana and a number of other plants in and around Brisbane. In Europe they have been found to seriously damage both the roots and foliage of florist plants; in South America the coffee plants; in Europe also they are said to have done more or less damage to the sugar beet and the grape vines. The best mode of pre- vention consists in changing the crops on any piece of ground, so as to pre- vent suitable food for the Nematodes being afforded. On infested soil, there- fore, plants liable to attack should be followed by others unsuitable as food for the worms. This recommendation could hardly be carried out with regard to trees. NzpHrosta—The spore-case of Lycopods. Nopvutzs—A name given to knots of wood which are found in the bark of various trees. They vary both in shape and size, being from the size of a pin’s head to over a foot in diameter, and from globular to so irregular in form as to resemble a rhizome of ginger. They are supposed to be born in the paren- chymatous tissue, and at first com- pletely free and isolated in the bark, with a peculiar bark of their own. When in progress of development these nodules are brought in contact with the wood of the tree which bears them, the intermediate bark may be destroyed by the pressure to which it is sub- jected, and then the wood of the nodule may become adherent to the wood of the tree; these curious formations are found very large in the bark of our Bunya trees and quite free. The wood of the nodule is arranged in concentric zones around a common centre, and has both pith and medulary gays, and how- ever irregular, the form is evidently in all cases a genuine sphere ; it has all the elements of organisation found in the trunk of the tree, but arranged dif- ferently. In the Cedar of Lebanon and the Olive these nodules are often abun- dant and in the latter have been seen to produce a small branch from the summit, and we find it stated that the Olive may be and is at times propagated by this means, the name of UVovolihbeing | given to them when used for propaga- tion. I have, however, always failed in obtaining roots from such cuttings, although they may have kept alive in the propagation frames for one, two, or more years. Hiven bottom heat failed to induce rooting, OnoMATOLOGY—That branch of knowledge which relates to the rules to be observed in the construction of names. Ootysis—Monstrous ovular development in plants. Orpit/La—Applied to the shields of the Lichen Usnea, Osus—A termination indicating augmenta- tion, as radiosus, having a large root. PENNIFORM, PENNIFOR’MIS — Feather- shaped. Having the ribs of a leaf arranged as in a pinnated leaf, but conflyent at the point, as in the Date and some other palms, &c. PHALANGES — Bundles of stamens; a collection of several stamens joined more or less by their filaments. Puyocotocy—That part of Botany which treats of the Algz, or so-called Sea- weeds. Puyco/MaTER—The gelatines in which the sporules of Alge first vegetate. Eareencariiag—The elementary tissue of ge. PHYLLOBRYON—The contracted pedicel of an ovary; such as occurs in some peppers. Puytorros!1a—That part of Botany which relates to the diseases of plants. PuytogEnin—The gelatinous matter of gee. Putvu—The silky hairs or scales of a species of Cibotium. 80 Ratran—A commercial name for the stems of Oalamus or Lawyer canes. Ratrooy or Ratoon—One of the stems or shoots of sugar-cane of the second year’s growth from the root, or later. Ret'Iquia— Leavings; - the withered re- mains of leaves which do not fall off, but perish upon a plant and adhere to it. Synonym for “Induvie.” Revatenta AraBicA—The prepared farina of the Lentil. Sold also as Ervalenta. RIGHT-HANDED—See “‘ Dextrorsum.” Scrrprurg-worts—A name given to the species of Opegrapha, or Letter Lichens. Scro’‘rum—A pouch; the volva of some Fungi. TSLEIAN THUS—Perfect flower. Synonym for “ Hermaphroditus.” Tnre'po—A boring animal. Any disease in plants produced by the boring of insects. Tropis—In Greek compounds, signifies the keel of a papilionaceous flower, or any part resembling it. Tust, Tu’BuLI—The pores of certain Fungi; also ringed tubes found in the globule of a Chara, 7 Ura—In Greek compounds, signifies a tail or tail-like process, Ver'TtHx—The top or summit of any part. Wort—A term applied to plants generally, and sometimes especially to those of herbaceous habit. Also used to desig- nate a sweet infusion of malt or grain. Chaucer’s ‘‘ Wortes” applies to culti- vated plants generally. ADDENDA. (The descriptions given have particular reference to Australian plants.) Order LEGUMINOSAE. Amongst Dicotyledons this order stands second in point of numbers. It contains about 7,000 species in 400 genera, and the species are met with in every part of the globe. _. Flowers, irregular, usually hermaphrodite; regular, usually ‘polygamous. Known species over 6,500. Next to Composite, this is the largest natural order of phenogamous plants, Calyx of 5 or rarely fewer usually united sepals, campanulate or tubular, more or less divided into 5 or fewer teeth or lobes, or rarely the sepals entirely distinct, Corolla of 5 or rarely fewer petals, perigynous or rarely hypogynous ; very irregular in the first suborder (Papilionace), less so in the second (Cesalpiniew), small, regular, and the petals often united in the third (Mimosex). Stamens twice the number of petals, rarely fewer, or sometimes indefinite, inserted with the petals. Ovary single (consisting of a single carpel), with 1, 2, or more ovules arranged along the inner or upper angle of the cavity; style simple. Fruit, a pod (legume), usually flattish, and opening round the margin in 2 valves, but sometimes follicular or indehiscent, or variously shaped. Seeds with 2 large cotyledons, a short radicle, and, with few exceptions, little or no albumen. The species consist of herbs, shrubs, trees, or climbers. Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite, usually fur- nished with stipules, compound, or reduced to a single leaflet, or to a dilated petiole (phyllodium), or in a few cases really simple, the leaflets or leaves entire or’ rarely toothed or lobed. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, spikes, or clusters, when terminal, often becoming leaf-opposed by the growth of a lateral shoot rarely solitary and axillary. Susorper I. PAPILIONACHA. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla very irregular, papilionaceous, or very rarely nearly regular, the petals 5, imbricate, the upper one, or standard, always outside in the bud. Stamens 10, or, very rarely, 9 or 5. This suborder supplies many important fodders, culinary vegetables, dyes, fibres and medicines. Tribe 1. Popanyrtex.—Shrubs, rarely herbs and very rarely climbers or small trees. Leaves simple or digitately compound, very rarely pinnate. Stamens 10, all free or scarcely united at the base. Pod not articulate. Examples: Daviesia, Pultenea, or the common Dogwood, Jacksonta scoparia. Species of the two first as well as the last named plants are amongst the most common of our Queensland shrubs. Tribe 2. Guntstex.—Shrubs or herbs, very rarely small trees. Leaves simple or with 1 or 3 or more digitate leaflets, rarely 1- foliolate. Stamens all united in a sheath open on the upper side in all the Australian genera (exceptin a species of Hovea). Example: EF : e 82 Crotalaria, or “Rattlepod,’ common garden plants; some yielc good fibre and are cultivated for that purpose. Lupinus, the well. known flower; Genistaand Spartium, the Brooms; or Ulex Huropeus the Furze bush. Tribe 3. Trirortem—Herbs, very rarely shrubs. Leaflets usually 3, pinnate or rarely digitate, the veinlets extending to the edge and often produced into minute teeth. Peduncles, racemes, O1 flower-heads axillary (or apparently terminal by the reduction of the upper floral leaves), never leaf-opposed. Upper stamens free (except Ononis), the others united ina sheath. Pod not articulate. Examples: Medicago, Trifolium (clover), the Lucerne and Clovers. Tribe 4. Lorem—Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire. Flowers capitate or umbellate on axillary peduncles. Upper stamen usually free, at least at the base, the others united in a sheath; filaments either all or 5 only dilated towards the end. Pod not articulate. Example: Lotus, or Birdsfoot Trefoil, Some of the species are pretty border plants. Tribe 5. Ganrecem.—Herbs not twining, shrubs, or rarely trees or tall woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, rarely reduced to 3 or 1 leaflets. Stipelle none, or setaceous in a tew pinnate genera. Stamens 9, upper one usually free, at least at the base, the others united in a sheath, very rarely all united ; filaments filiform. Ovules 2 or more (except in Indigofera linifolia and Psoralea). Pod not articulate, 2-valved (except in Psoralea). Examples: Indigofera, Millettia, Swainsona or Darling Pea. Tribe 6. Hzpysarzex.—Herbs, or very rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves various. Pod separating transversely into 1-seeded articles, usually indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to a single 1-seeded indehiscent reticulate article. An artificially distinguished group, having the foliage and other characters sometimes of the Lotez, sometimes of the Galegex, or of the Phaseolew. Examples: Zornia, Desmodium, Lespedeza, or the Harth-nut,- Arachis hypogea. Tribe 7. Victzx.—Herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the common petiole usually ending in a tendril or fine point. Flowers and fruit of Phaseolew. Peduncles or racemes axillary. Hxamples: Pisum, Pea; Vicia, the Vetch; Lathyrus, the Sweet Pea; or Abrus, Crab’s-eyes. Tribe 8. PHaszroLren.—Herbs, usually twining or prostrate, rarely erect or shrubby at the base, very rarely trees. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate, rarely 5 or 7-foliolate, with stipelle (digitate in Flemingia and a very few species of other genera, stipelle minute or none in &hynchosia and its allies). Upper stamen usually free, at least at the base or all but the base. Anthers uniform or nearly so (except in Mucuna, in which they are alternately longer and erect, and shorter versatile and often bearded). Pod not articulate, 2-valved. Examples: Phaseolus, Canavalia, Glycine, Hardenbergia, the Bushman’s Sarsaparilla; Krythrina, the Cork or Coral tree; Canavalia gladiata, Sword Bean, &c.; all plentiful in gardens. Tribe 9. Datpereizm.—Trees or woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, with 5 or more leaflets or sometimes 1 leaflet, very rarely 3. Stipella none or small and subulate. Stamens all united in’ a sheath or tube or into two parcels of 5, very rarely the upper one free. Pod indehiscent. Examples: Lonchocarpus, Pongamia. The first is a 83 common woody climbing plant of the Brisbane River bank; the other *, ies very plentiful in Tropical Queensland and in plamtations about risbane. Tribe 10. SopHorrx.—Trees, woody climbers, or rarely tall shrubs or almost herbaceous. Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, without stipelle, or reduced to a large leaflet. Stamens all free or scarcely united at the base. Exainples: Sophora, Castanospermum, the Moreton Bay Chestnut or Bean tree. A species of the first-named genus is often to be met with on the borders of scrubs; another forms a small tree on the tropical coast. : Tribe 11. Swarrzizz.—Tall shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnate, with many or reduced to 1 leaflet. Petals 6,1, or none. Stamens indefinite or rarely 10, free. Pod not articulate. So far as known, no repre- sentative of this tribe is to be seen in Queensland. Susorper I]. CHSALPINIE. Flowers usually 5-merous, very rarely 4-merous or 3-merous ; the sepals united at the base into a short tube, lined by the disk, bearing at its margin the petals and stamens, rarely forming a campanulate or tubular calyx with the stamens near the base, as in Papilionacez, _ the free part of the sepals or lobes of the calyx imbricate or rarely valvate. Corolla irregular or nearly regular, either with the 5 (or 4 or 8) petals variously imbricate in the bud, but the upper one never outside and usually quite inside, or in some genera some or all of the four lower petals wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer, or indefinite, free or rarely more or less united, all perfect or several of them reduced to staminodia. Ovules anatropous or nearly so. Kadicle of the embryo short and straight. From this suborder is obtained timber, dyes, gums, medicines, and perfumes. Tribe 12. Sctprotoniexz.—Leaves impari, or rarely abruptly pinnate. Calyx segments usually divided to the disk, imbricate. Petals 5, slightly unequal. Ovary stipitate. Ovules 3 or many. No representatives to be seen in Queensland. Tribe 13. Evcmsanprstex.—Leaves ail bipinnate or rarely bipinnate and simply pinnate on the same plant (see Gleditschia). Calyx divided to the disk. Petals usually 5, subequal or but slightly unequal. Stamens 10 (or fewer in Gleditschia). Anthers versatile. Ovary-stipitate. Ovules 2 or many, or rarely 1. For examples see Cesalpinia, Hematoxylon, and Gleditschia, Divi-divi, Logwood, and Honey Locust, all common trees in cultivation. Tribe 14. Cass1e2.—-Leaves impari or abruptly pinnate. Calyx segments or sepals 5, rarely 4 or 8, free to the base, imbricate or very rarely subvalvate. Petals 5 or fewer or more. Stamens 2 to 10; anthers basi or dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal clefts or pores. Ovary stipitate. Ovules 2 or many, or rarely 1. Examples: Cassia, Ceratonia, Pudding-pipe tree, and the Carob. Tribe 15. BAUHINIES.—Leaves simple, entire, 2-lobed, or rarely 2-foliolate. Calyx above the disk gamosepalous or valvately parted, the apex often 5-dentate, or rarly 5-lobed. Petals 5. Anthers versatile. Ovary stipitate, free, or the stipes adnate to one side of the calyx-tube. Ovules 2 or many; seed albuminous. “Examples: Bauhinia, Cercis, or Judas tree. 84 Tribe 16, Amueryt1Em.—Leaves abruptly or rarely imparipinnate, 2 or many or very rarely 1-foliolate. Calyx-lobes free to the disk, imbricate or very rarely valvate. Petals 5 or fewer or none. Anthers versatile. Ovary stipitate, adnate with the calyx tubes bearing the disk; ovules 3'or many. Examples: Tamarindus, Schotia, Saraca, the Tamarind, Boerboom (Jonesia, synonym for Saraca), one of the most beautiful of our garden trees. Tribe 17. CynomeTrem.—Leaves abruptly pinnate 2 to many foliolate. Calyx-lobes free to the disk, imbricate or valvate. Petals, 1, or 5 or fewer or none. Anthers versatile. Ovary 1 to 4-ovulate. Flowers usually small. Example: Oynometra, this tropical coast tree is probably the only example obtainable in Queensland. Tribe 18. Drmonpuanprex.—Leaves bipinnate or very rarely simply pinnate. Flowers small, irregular in paniculate cylindrical spikes, sessile or very shortly pedicellate. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid. Petals 5, imbricate. Anthers versatile. Ovary with numerous ovules. Example: Erythrophleum, or the so-called Leguminous Ironbark of Leichhardt, a tree of Tropical Queensland. SuzorpEr ITI. MIMOSEA, Flowers, 5-merous, 4-merous, or rarely 3-merous, or 6-merous, small, regular, sessile in spikes or heads, or very rarely shortly pedi- cellate, often polygamous. Sepals valvate, often united. Petals valvate, except in Parkia, often united. Stamens, equal to or double the number of the petals or indefinite. Seeds usually flattened, with ahard, shining testa. Albumen none or very scanty. MRadicle of the embryo short and straight. Leaves bipinnate, except in the American genus Inga. The important products of this suborder are timber, bark for tanning, gums, and flowers for perfumes. Tribe 19. Parxinm.—Calyx-teeth very short, broad, imbricate, corolla, 5-fid. Stamens, 5 or 10; anthers with a deciduous apical. gland. No examples to be had in Queensland. Tribe 20. ADENanrHERE®.—Flowers most frequently 5-merous. Calyx valvate. Stamens 10 (rarely 5); anthers with a deciduous apical gland. Examples: Hntada, Prosopis, and Neptunia, Match- box bean, Algaroba, and Queensland Sensitive Plant, abundant about the Darling Downs and Ipswich. Tribe 21. Evmrmosram.—Flowers 4-5-merous, rarely 3 or 6-merous. Calyx valvate or pappiformis, or none. Stamens 5 or 10 (4-8) ; anthers without apical glands; pollen granular. Example: Mimosa, the common Sensitive Plant, found naturalised in many parts in Queensland. Tribe 22. Acactez.—Flowers, 4-5-merous, rarely 3-6-merous. Calyx valvate, very rarely none. Stamens numerous, frequently very numerous, free or consolidated at base only with disk; pollen-grains cohering in masses. Example: Acacia, any Myall, Brigalow, or Wattle. Tribe 23. Incrz.—Flowers most frequently 5-merous. Calyx valyate. Stamens numerous, frequently very numerous, rarely 10 to’ 15; anthers small; filaments united more or less in a tube; pollen- grains cohering in masses. Examples: Manufactured by GAYLORD BROS. Inc. Syracuse, N. Y. Stockton, Calif.