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A SPRING FLORA

FOR HIGH SCHOOLS

BY

HENRY C. COWLES, Pu.D.

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF PLANT ECOLOGY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

AND

JOHN G. COULTER, Pu.D.

CRITIC TEACHER OF BIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL, NORwWaL, ILL.

AUTHOR OF “PLANT LIFR AND PLANT USES”

 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
CopyricHT, 1915, sy

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

A SPRING FLORA
E. P. 4
PREFACE

The purpose of this Flora is to provide, especially for young
people in high schools, a ready means for the identification of the
more common and wide spread spring flowering plants.

Many species, locally abundant, are omitted. The aim has been
to include those of chief ecological importance, and of not too
great taxonomic difficulty, in the range as a whole; those which
“every amateur botanist should know”. Besides these, he should,
of course, know those of local importance. The intentional omis-
sions on account of taxonomic difficulties are of grasses, sedges,
rushes, and of most willows and hawthorns.

High school teachers generally feel the need of making their
pupils acquainted with as many of the frequent and important
plants as opportunity permits. Field or laboratory studies with
this end in view are conducted to better advantage in the spring,
at the end of the course, than at its beginning, in fall or mid-year.
It is believed that this book, with its one comprehensive key and
its abundant illustrations, may help in the accomplishment of this
end more directly than the complete manuals.

The key is almost strictly dichotomous throughout and deals
only with such characteristics as are readily observable in spring.

There are brief descriptions of 380 familiar plants-which flower
before July in the North Central and Eastern States.

Henry CHANDLER CowLes
JoHN GAYLorD COULTER
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Arvabteeell (air dic scien’ sow baie donate nce aie dv eanoinn oman sae ROR 5
‘Descriptive Flora 2.0.0.0... cece cece cee e cence ence eee neaens 29
English and: Metric Scale.......... 0.02. e eee ee eee eee 126
Glossary isis ip Gig Ba Wig Rede Sey Ate eee ee HR RR ea 127
Index
ANALYTICAL KEY

a, TREES. (For next related division go to page 9*.)
b. Leaves small or narrow, usually needle- or awl-shaped (Pine family).
u. Leaves always present, i. «., tree evergreen. :
d. Leaves in clusters of two or more on ordinary branches (Pine).
vw. Leaves five in a cluster. Wuire Pine, PINUS STROBUS (p. 30).
e. Leaves two or three in a cluster.
f. Cone scales without spines or prickles.
g. Leaves long, 7. ¢., 9-16 cm. Rep Pine, PINUS RESINOSA (p. 31).
g. Leaves short, 7. ¢., 2-4 cm. Jack Pint, PINUS BANKSIANA (p. 31).
f. Cone scales armed with a spine or prickle.
g. Leaves rigid.
h, Leaves two in a cluster. Jacx Pine, PINUS BANKSIANA (p. 31).
h. Leaves three in a cluster. Pitcu Pint, PINUS RIGIDA (p. 31).
g. Leaves flaccid.
h. Scale spine minute, 7 ¢., 1 mm. or less in length.
YeLtow Pine, PINUS ECHINATA (p. 31).
h. Scale spine 2-3 mm, in length.
Jersry Pint, PINUS VIRGINIANA (p. 31).
d, Leaves single. ;
e. Leaves not opposite, needle-shaped.
Hemiocx, TSUGA CANADENSIS (p. 31).
e. Leaves opposite.
f. Fruit a cone of separate scales; leaves scale-shaped. |
Argpor VitaE, THUJA OCCIDENTALIS (p. 32).
f. Fruit a berry; leaves needle- or scale-shaped.
: Rep Crepar, JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA (p. 32).
ce, Leaves absent part of the year, i. @., tree deciduous; leaves many in a
cluster on a short branch. _ . Tamarack, LARIX LARICINA (p. 31).
Db. Leaves not needle- or awl-shaped; trees not evergreen.
uw. Leaves and branches opposite (p. 6).
d. Inflorescence white.
e. Corollas greenish, surrounded by a showy white involucre.
FLrowerinc Docwoop, CORNUS FLORIDA -(p. 100).
e. Corollas white; involucre wanting.
Brack Haw, VIBURNUM LENTAGO (p. 119).
a. Inflorescence not white.
e. Flowers appearing decidedly before the leaves (p. 6).
f. Bark whitish to grayish, smooth except on basal parts of large trees;
leaves simple (Maple).
g. Petals none; fruit woolly; leaves deeply lobed.
Srtver Marie, ACER SACCHARINUM (p. 91).
g. Petals present; fruit smooth; leaves somewhat lobed.
Rep Marte, ACER RUBRUM (p. 9g1).
f. Bark rough except on the smaller branches; twigs coarse; leaves
compound (Ash).
g. Old bark deeply furrowed; calyx present.
Wuire Aso, FRAXINUS AMERICANA (p. 106).

* The words, “for next related division go to” are to be understood with sim-
ilar references which follow.

5
ANALYTICAL KEY

g. Old bark light, scaly; calyx wanting.
Buiacx AsuH, FRAXINUS NIGRA (p. 106).
e. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves.
f. Leaves simple; bark gray; flowers polygamous.
Surar Marte, ACER SACCHARUM (p. g1).
f. Leaves compound.
g. Leaves pinnate; flowers dioecious.
Box Exper, ACER NEGUNDO (p. 92).
g. Leaves palmate; flowers irregular.
Bucxtye, AESCULUS GLABRA (p. 92).
e. Leaves and branches not opposite.
d. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins (p. 8).
wv. Flowers appearing decidedly before the leaves, both sorts in catkins.
f. Flowers monoecious (Alder).
g. Leaves doubly serrate, rounded at base, usually downy.
Hoary Atper, ALNUS INCANA (p. 49).
g. Leaves regularly serrate, acute at base, usually smooth.
Smootu Axper, ALNUS RUGOSA (p. 49).
f. Flowers dioecious (Poplar).
g. Stigmas slender; catkin scales silky; stamens less than twenty.
h. Bud scales smooth, shiny, sharply pointed; catkin scales with deep and
nearly equal linear divisions.
TREMBLING AsPpEN, POPULUS TREMULOIDES (p. 44).
h. Bud scales downy, dull brown, rounded or abruptly pointed; catkin
scales with unequal small divisions.
LarcE-TooTHED AsPpeN, POPULUS GRANDIDENDATA (op. 44).
g. Stigmas stout and fleshy; catkin scales smooth or nearly so; stamens
more than twenty.
h. Buds dark brown, very fragrant; stamens thirty or less; capsule

two-valved. Barsam Porrar, POPULUS BALSAMIFERA (p. 44).
h. Buds light brown, very glutinous; stamens sixty or more; capsule
3-4 valved. Cotronwoop, POPULUS DELTOIDES (p. 45).

e@. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves.
f. Both sorts of flowers conspicuously in catkins (p. 7).
g. Bark smooth, usually papery; lenticels horizontal, conspicuous; flowers
monoecious (Birch). i
h. Bark and twigs sweet and aromatic.
i, Bark dark brown, not detaching in filmy layers.
Sweet Bircn, BETULA LENTA (p. 48).
i, Bark yellowish or grayish, detaching in filmy layers.
YELLow Bircu, BETULA LUTEA (p. 48).
h. Bark and twigs not sweet and aromatic.
i, Bark brownish or reddish. River Bircu, BETULA NIGRA (p. 48).
i. Bark white.
j. Bark dull white, not readily exfoliating; leaves triangular, long
taper-pointed. Gray Bircu, BETULA POPULIFOLIA (p. 49).
j. Bark creamy white, exfoliating readily; leaves not triangular nor
taper-pointed,
Parer Birch, BETULA ALBA PAPYRIFERA (p. 49).
g. Bark roughish, not papery; lenticels not horizontal nor conspicuous.
h, Leaves heart-shaped; calyx present.
Rep Mutserry, MORUS RUBRA (p. 53).
h. Leaves not heart-shaped; calyx wanting; flowers dioecious (Willow).
ANALYTICAL KEY 7

i, Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, short petioled (less than 1 cm.),
green on both surfaces; branchlets detaching readily.
Brack WILLow, SALIX NIGRA (p. 42).
i, Leaves broadly lanceolate, glaucous beneath; petioles 1-3 cm. long;
branchlets not detaching readily.
PEACH-LEAVED WILLow, SALIX AMYGDALOIDES (p. 42).
f. Only the staminate flowers conspicuously in catkins.
g. Leaves simple.
h. Catkins naked, very slender; fruit an acorn (Oak).
i, Leaves entire. SHiIncLE Oax, QUERCUS IMBRICARIA.
i, Leaves conspicuously lobed or toothed.
j. Leaf lobes not bristle-pointed; acorns maturing the first year.
k. Leaves deeply* lobed.
1, Leaves regularly and narrowly lobed, smooth; bark gray, some-

what scaly. Wuirte Oax, QUERCUS ALBA (p. 50).
1. Leaves irregularly and broadly lobed, finely pubescent beneath;
bark gray. Post Oak, QUERCUS STELLATA (p. 50).

1. Leaves irregularly lobed; bark black, furrowed; upper cup scales
awned, making a fringe.
Bur Oax, QUERCUS MACROCARPA\ (p. 50).
k, Leaves slightly lobed or merely toothed.
1, Fruit long-stalked; leaves downy beneath; bark scaly.
Swamp Wuu1Te Oak, QUERCUS BICOLOR (p. 50).
1, Fruit short-stalked; leaves regularly and many toothed. CHESTNUT
Oaxs, QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII and @, PRINUS (p. 50, 51).
j. Leaf lobes bristle-pointed; acorns maturing the second year; bark
dark, smooth above, furrowed below.
k. Cup scales loosely imbricated; inner bark yellow to orange.
Brack Oax, QUERCUS VELUTINA (p. 52).
k. Cup scales closely appressed.
1, Leaves not deeply pinnatifid; acorns 2-3 cm. long, less than a
third being covered by the flat saucer-shaped cups.
Rep Oax, QUERCUS RUBRA (p. 51).
1, Leaves deeply pinnatifid; acorns less than z2 cm. long; cups
saucer-shaped, Pin Oax, QUERCUS PALUSTRIS (p. 51).
1, Leaves deeply pinnatifid, shiny above; acorns more than half-
covered by the top-shaped or hemispherical cups,
ScarLet Oak, QUERCUS COCCINEA (p. 52).
h, Catkins with conspicuous scales, not very slender; fruit not an acorn.
i, Bark close, smooth and gray; stems angular.
Water Beecu, CARPINUS CAROLINIANA (p. 48).
i, Bark rough below, smooth and brown above.
Hor HornseaM, OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (p. 47).
g. Leaves compound (Walnut family).
h. Stamens more than ten; petals four; fruit indehiscent (Walnut).
i, Bark black, furrowed, rough; fruit spherical.
-Biack Watnut, JUGLANS NIGRA (p. 46).
i. Bark with light-colored flattened ridges; fruit ellipsoid.
Butternut, JUGLANS CINEREA (p. 46).
h. Stamens ten or less; petals none; fruit dehiscent (Hickory).' —
i. Bark shaggy; husk thick; seed sweet.
Swac-parK Hickory, CARYA OVATA (p. 46).
i, Bark not exfoliating; husk thin; seed bitter,
ANALYTICAL KEY

j. Leaflets 5-7; buds short-pointed, brownish; nut with thick and
bony shell. Picnut Hickory, CARYA GLABRA (p. 47).
j. Leaflets 7-11; buds long-pointed, yellow; nut with thin-walled shell.
Bitternut Hickory, CARYA CORDIFORMIS (p. 47).
d. Flowers not in catkins.
e.' Flowers small, usually greenish; corolla inconspicuous or wanting.
f. Flowers appearing decidedly before the leaves (Elm).
g. Buds with rusty pubescence; bark aromatic; flowers nearly sessile;
fruit orbicular, not ciliate; leaves rough above.
S.iprpery Erm, ULMUS FULVA (p. 52).
g. Buds glabrous; inner bark not aromatic; flowers on slender drooping
pedicels; fruit ovate, ciliate; leaves smoothish above.
Wuite Erm, ULMUS AMERICANA (p. 52).
f. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves.
g. Flowers in dense heads, monoecious; leaves palmately lobed.
Sycamore, PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS (p. 76).
g. Flowers not in dehse heads.
h. Leaves compound; trees thorny; fruit a large flat pod.
Honey Locust, GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS (p. 82).
h. Leaves simple.
i, Young bark green, aromatic; flowers dioecious.
SASSAFRAS VARIIFOLIUM (p. 68).
i, Bark not aromatic.
j. Old -bark remaining smooth, gray.
Beecu, FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA (p. 50).
j. Old bark rough.
k. Bark with corky warts; leaves oblique at base.
Hacxserry, CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS (p. 53).
k, Bark furrowed, often divided into square plates. (“alligator bark’’);
leaves acute at base. Sour Gum, NYSSA SYLVATICA (p. 101).
wv. Flowers with conspicuous and usually showy corollas.
f. Flowers irregular (papilionaceous); fruit a pod, leguminosae.
g. Leaves simple, heart-shaped; flowers red-purple.
Repsup, CERCIS CANADENSIS (p. 82).
g. Leaves compound; flowers white; plant spiny.
Brack Locust, ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA (p. 84).
f. Flowers regular.
g. Petals brown-purple. Papaw, ASIMINA TRILOBA (p. 66).
g. Petals greenish-yellow to cream color,
h. Sepals and petals five; pistil single; ovary five-celled; leaves heart-
shaped. Basswoop, TILIA AMERICANA (p. 93).
h. Sepals three; petals six or more; pistils many, cohering in a cdne
(Magnolia family).
i. Leaves pointed. Cucumper Tree, MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA (p. 65).
i, Leaves truncated above.
Tutip Tree, LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA (p. 65).
g. Petals pink. Witp Cras, PYRUS CORONARIA (p. 77).
g. Petals white (Rosaceae).
h, Leaves compound. Mountain Aso, PYRUS AMERICANA (p. 77).
h. Leaves simple.
i, Ovary one-celled (Prunus).
j. Flowers racemose.
k. Leaves oblong, shiny, crenate-serrulate, the teeth incurved; lenticels
ANALYTICAL KEY 9

horizontal. °©Wuitp Brack CHERrry, PRUNUS SEROTINA (p. 80).
k, Leaves obovate, sharply serrate, the teeth spreading; lenticels
small, round. Cuoxe Cuerry, PRUNUS VIRGINIANA (p. 80).
j. Flowers umbellate.
k. Bark red-brown; plant not spiny; flowers small (petals 6 mm. or
less in length), appearing with the leaves. :
Witp Rep Cuerry, PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA (p. 80).
k. Bark black; plant spiny; flowers large (petals 8 mm. or more in
length), appearing before the leaves,
Witp PLum, PRUNUS AMERICANA (p. 80).
i, Ovary two—five-celled.
j. Branches spring. HawtHorn, CRATAEGUS (many species). (p. 77-)
j. Branches not spiny.
; SERVICEBERRY, AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (p. 77).
a. SHRUBS (including woody vines). (p. 14).
b. Climbing shrubs (lianas).
ce. Twiners.
d. Leaves opposite; corolla sympetalous, irregular.
HoneysuckLe, LONICERA DIOICA (p. 118).
d. Leaves not opposite; corolla polypetalous, regular.
BITTERSWEET, CELASTRUS SCANDENS (p. 90).
ce. Plants climbing by tendrils; bark shreddy; leaves heart-shaped; flowers
inconspicuous, fragrant (Grape).
d. Lower leaf surface woolly or tomentose.
we. Each of several successive leaves opposite a tendril or an inflorescence.
Fox Grape, VITIS LABRUSCA (p. 92).
we. Every third leaf not opposite a tendril or an inflorescence.
Summer Grape, VITIS AESTIVALIS (p. 92).
d. Lower leaf surface smooth or merely pubescent.
River Grape, VITIS VULPINA (p. 93).
b. Erect or prostrate shrubs, not climbing.
e. Evergreens with tough and leathery leaves (p. 10).
d. Leaves very narrow, mostly awl- or needle-shaped, not white beneath.
e. Flowers yellow, showy, not in catkins; leaves minute.
HUDSONIA TOMENTOSA (p. 94).
e. Flowers inconspicuous or in catkins; leaves not minute.
f. Leaves three in a cluster. Pitcu Pine, PINUS RIGIDA (p. 31).
f. Leaves single. ;
g. Leaves in whorls of three, sharp-pointed, whitish above.
Junirer, JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS (p. 32).
g. Leaves scattered, blunt, green on both surfaces,
Yew, TAXUS CANADENSIS (p 30).
d. Leaves narrowly oblong or broader (rather narrow and white beneath in
Andromeda); flowers showy.
we. Leaves compound; bristly, tailing shrub. RUBUS HISPIDUS (p. 81).
e. Leaves simple (Heath family).

f. Stems erect.
g. Leaves conspicuously hairy beneath; stamens five .to seven; petals

nearly separate. Lazrapor Tea, LEDUM GROENLANDICUM (p. 1or).
g. Leaves smooth or but slightly hairy beneath; stamens ten; corolla
distinctly sympetalous.
h, Corolla cylindrical or bell-shaped.
i, Leaves glaucous whitish beneath.
10 ANALYTICAL KEY

Boc Rosemary, ANDROMEDA GLAUCOPHYLLA (p. 102).

i, Leaves yellowish-green, brown scurfy beneath.
LeatHerR Lear, CHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA (p. 102).
h. Corolla wheel-shaped; anthers embedded in corolla pouches; leaves

dark green. Mountain Laurer, KALMIA LATIFOLIA (p. 102).

f. Stems prostrate.
g. Stems distinctly woody; leaves obovate, smooth; flowers not fragrant.

Learserry, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI (p. 103).

g. Stems but slightly woody; leaves heart-shaped, hairy; flowers fragrant.
TraiLinc Arsutus, EPIGAEA REPENS (p. 103).
c. Plants with periodically deciduous leaves, which usually are not tough and

leathery.
d, Branches and leaves opposite (p. 11).
e. Leaves compound.
f. Flowers drooping, polypetalous; bark striped.
Biapper Nut, STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA (p. 91).

f. Flowers in pyramidal cymes, sympetalous.
Rep-zergiep Erper, SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA (p. 120).

e. Leaves simple.
f. Corolla wanting; flowers yellow; leaves scurfy.
SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS (p. 97).

f. Corolla present.
g. Corolla polypetalous.
h. Flowers perigynous (Euonymus).
i. Erect shrub; leaves petioled; corollas dark purple, commonly four-
parted, Waanoo, EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS (p. 90).
i. Trailing shrub, rooting freely; leaves nearly sessile; corollas greenish-
purple, commonly five-parted.
StrRawBeRry BusH, EVONYMUS AMERICANUS OBOVATUS.
h. Flowers epigynous (Dogwood).
i. Corollas greenish, surrounded by a showy white involucre.
FLower1nG Docwoop, CORNUS FLORIDA (p. 100).
i. Corollas white; involucre wanting.
j. Branches red-purple; leaves short-pointed; cymes flat.
Rep-osier Docwoop, CORNUS STOLONIFERA (p. 100).
j. Branches grayish brown; leaves taper-pointed; cymes convex.
PanicLep Docwoop, CORNUS PANICULATA (p. 100).
g. Corolla sympetalous (Honeysuckle family).
h. Corolla wheel-shaped, spreading (Viburnum).
i. Leaves palmately veined (three-ribbed), somewhat three-lobed.
MapLe-LEAVED VisuRNUM, VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM (p. 119).
i, Leaves pinnately veined.
j. Leaves pubescent, heart-shaped, coarsely toothed; petioles very short.
Arrow-woop, VIBURNUM PUBESCENS (p. 119).
j. Leaves smooth, acute at base, finely toothed; petioles prominent.
k, Branches obliquely ascending; young leaves and petioles greenish.
Brack Haw, VIBURNUM LENTAGO (p. 119).
kK, Branches nearly or quite horizontal; young leaves and petioles
reddish. Brack Haw, VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM (p. 120).

h. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped.

i. Corolla bell-shaped, regular, pink.
Sxowzerry, SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSUS (p. 118).

i, Corolla tubular, more or less irregular, yellow or yellowish.
ANALYTICAL KEY II

j. Calyx tube ‘tapering, lobes slender, awl-shaped.
Busu Honeysuckxite, DIERVILLA LONICERA (p. 117).
j. Calyx tube not tapering, lobes minute.
Fry Honeysucxte, LONICERA CANADENSIS (p. 117).
d. Branches and leaves not opposite.
e. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins.
f. Plants with resinous-dotted, fragrant leaves (Myrica).
g. Leaves entire or slightly toothed. ‘
BaysBerry, MYRICA CAROLINENSIS (p. 4s).
g. Leaves pinnatifid. Sweet Fern, MYRICA ASPLENIFOLIA (p. 4s).
f. Plants without resinous-dotted, fragrant leaves.
g. Flowers appearing decidedly before the leaves.
h. Flowers dioecious.
i, Winter buds with one scale; catkin scales entire or nearly so
(Pussy willow).
j. Capsules glabrous. SALIX CORDATA, etc. (p. 43).
j. Capsules pubescent. SALIX DISCOLOR, etc. (p. 43).
i, Winter buds with several scales; catkin scales lacerate.
Aspen, POPULUS TREMULOIDES (p. 44).
h. Flowers monoecious.
i, Both sorts of flowers conspicuously in catkins (Alder).
j. Leaves doubly serrate, rounded at base, usually downy.
Hoary Axper, ALNUS INCANA (p. 49).
j. Leaves regularly serrate, acute at base, usually smooth.
Smoorn Atper, ALNUS RUGOSA (p. 49).
i. Only the staminate flowers conspicuously in catkins.
Hazet, CORYLUS AMERICANA (p. 47).
g. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves,
h. Both sorts of flowers conspicuously in catkins.
i. Flowers dioecious.
Lonc-Leavep Wittow, SALIX LONGIFOLIA (p. 43).
i. Flowers monoecious (Bircit).
j. Bark dull white, not readily exfoliating; leaves triangular, long
taper-pointed. Gray BircoH, BETULA POPULIFOLIA (p. 49).
j. Bark creamy white, exfoliating readily; leaves not triangular nor
taper-pointed. Paper Birch, BETULA ALBA PAPYRIFERA (p. 49).
h. Only the staminate flowers conspicuously in catkins.
i, Bark close, smooth and gray; stems angular.
Water Beecu, CARPINUS CAROLINIANA (p. 48).
i. Bark rough below, smooth and brown above.
Hor HornseaM, OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (p. 47).
e. Flowers not in catkins.
f. Only one perianth whorl present; flowers appearing before or with the
leaves (p. 12).
g. Bark leathery, not aromatic.
LEATHERWOOD, DIRCA PALUSTRIS (p. 96).
g. Bark aromatic.
h. Plant prickly.
Prickty AsH, ZANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM (p. 87).
h. Plant not prickly.
i, Flowers conspicuously stalked. SASSAFRAS VARIIFOLIUM (p. 68).
i, Flowers in almost sessile clusters,
Srice Busy, BENZOIN AESTIVALE (p. 68).
12 ANALYTICAL KEY

f. Calyx and corolla both present.
g. Corolla sympetalous (Heath family).
h. Flowers hypogynous (Rhododendron).
i. Flowers pink, appearing before the leaves, not clammy pubescent.
PurpLte AzaALEA, RHODODENDRON NUDIFLORUM (p. 102).
i. Flowers white, appearing after the leaves, clammy pubescent.
Swame HoneysucxLe, RHODODENDRON VISCOSUM (p. 101).
h, Flowers epigynous.
i. Flowers reddish; bark brownish or reddish, not warty; leaves resinous.
Huckreperry, GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA (p. 103).
i. Flowers whitish to greenish; bark warty; leaves not resinous
(Blueberry).
j. Bog shrubs, over one meter in height.
Swamp Biueserry, VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM (p. 104).
j. Upland shrubs, less than one meter in height.
kK. Stems dwarf (2-6 dm.), green, spreading; leaves serrulate with
bristle-pointed teeth, bright green.
Low Biueserry, VACCINIUM PENNSYLVANICUM (p. 104).
k. Stems low (3-9 dm.), yellowish green, erect; leaves pale at least
beneath, entire or nearly so. VACCINIUM VACILLANS (p. 104).
g. Corolla polypetalous.
h. Plants armed with spines, prickles, or bristles (p. 13).
i. Leaves compound (p. 13).
j. Petals and stamens six. Barserry, BERBERIS VULGARIS (p. 67).
j. Petals five; stamens numerous (Rosaceae).
k. Pistils freely exposed (Rubus).
1, Erect or arched-ascending shrubs.
m. Stems angular, armed with stout prickles; bristles wanting;
leaves palmately 3-5 foliolate; flowers large (2-5 cm. or more
in width). Tart DLackxserry, RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS (p. 81).
m, Stems round, armed with bristles; leaves pinnately 3-5 foliolate;
flowers small (2.5 cm. or less in width).
n. Stems erect, slightly if at all glaucous, densely bristle-
covered; petals as long as the sepals.
Rep Raspeerry, RUBUS IDAEUS ACULEATISSIMUS (p. 80).
n. Stems recurved, rooting at the tips, conspicuously glaucous;
petals shorter than the sepals.
Brack Raspserry, RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS (p. 81).
1, Trailing shrubs.
m, Leaves leathery, shiny, tending to be evergreen; flowers 2 cm.

or less in width. RUBUS HISPIDUS (p. 81).
m, Leaves not leathery nor shiny, strictly deciduous; flowers 2 cm.
or more in width. Dewserry, RUBUS VILLOSUS (p. 81).

k. Pistils enclosed in the fleshy calyx tube (Rose).
1. Pedicels and receptacles naked; sepals connivent after flowering,
persistent; true prickles wanting; bristles present.
Witp Rosz, ROSA BLANDA (p. 79).
1, Pedicels and receptacles hispid; sepals spreading after flowering,
deciduous; prickles regularly present.

m, Swamp shrubs with serrulate leaves; stipules narrowly linear.
Swamp Rose, ROSA CAROLINA (p. 79).
m. Upland shrubs with coarsely serrate leaves; stipules oblanceolate.
Pasture Rose, ROSA HUMILIS (p. 79).
ANALYTICAL KEY 13

i, Leaves simple.
j. Flowers pink. Witp Cras, PYRUS CORONARIA (p. 77).
‘j. Flowers white,
k. Ovary one-celled. Wuitp Plum, PRUNUS AMERICANA (p. 80).
k. Ovary 2-5 celled.
Hawtuorn, CRATAEGUS (many species) (p. 77).
j. Flowers yellow or yellowish-green.
Kk. Leaves pinnately veined.
Barserry, BERBERIS VULGARIS (p. 67).
k. Leaves palmately veined (Gooseberry).
1, Ovaries and fruits bristly; calyx lobes decidedly shorter than the
tube; leaves pubescent. RIBES CYNOSBATI (p. 75).
1, Ovaries and fruits smooth; calyx lobes as long as or longer than
tube; leaves smoothish, RIBES OXYACANTHOIDES (p. 75).
h. Plants unarmed.
i. Leaves compound.
j. Leaves trifoliolate.
k. Flowers appearing decidedly before the leaves; leaves rounded,
toothed. Fracrant Sumac, RHUS CANADENSIS (p. 89).
k. Flowers appearing after the leaves; leaves pointed, entire.
Hor Tree, PTELEA TRIFOLIATA (p. 87).
j. Leaves pinnate.
k. Stipules free from the petiole.
Mountain AsH, PYRUS AMERICANA (p. 77).
k. Stipules adnate to the petiole.
Wi tp Rosz, ROSA BLANDA (p. 79).
i. Leaves simple.
j. Petals six, brown purple; sepals three.
Papaw, ASIMINA TRILOBA (p. 66).
j. Petals five, rose purple or red-purple; sepals five-parted.
k. Flowers appearing decidedly before the leaves; corolla irregular.
Repsup, CERCIS CANADENSIS (p. 82).
k. Flowers appearing after the leaves; corolla regular.
RosE-FLOWERING RaspBerrY, RUBUS ODORATUS (p. 81).
j. Petals greenish or yellowish.
k. Leaves palmately. veined.
Witp Bracx Currant, RIBES FLORIDUM (p. 75).
k. Leaves pinnately veined (Holly family).
1, Petals oval to obovate, adnate to the stamens,
Winterserry, ILEX VERTICILLATA (p. 89).
1. Petals linear, free from the stamens.
Mountain Hotty, NEMOPANTHUS MUCRONATA (p. 89).
j. Petals white.
k. Stamens four; calyx four-parted.
ALTERNATE-LEAVED Docgwoop, CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA (p. 100).
k. Stamens fifteen or more; calyx five-parted (Rosaceae).
1, Stamens 15-20; pistil solitary (Prunus).
m, Flowers racemose, appearing after the leaves.
: CHOKEBERRY, PRUNUS VIRGINIANA (p. 80).
m. Flowers umbellate, appearing before or with the leaves.
n. Flowers appearing with the leaves; bark red-brown; distinctly
tree-like in habit, with a conspicuous primary trunk.
Witp Rep. Coerry, PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA (p. 80).
14 ANALYTICAL KEY

n. Flowers appearing before the leaves; the same root producir
several to many shoots,
Sano Cuerry, PRUNUS PUMILA (p. 80
1, Stamens more than twenty; carpels two to five.
m. Leaves palmately veined.
NINnE-BARK, PHYSOCARPUS OPULIFOLIUS (p. 76
m, Leaves pinnately veined.
n. Flowers cymose. CHOKEBERRY, PYRUS ARBUTIFOLIA (p. 77
u. Flowers racemose.
SERVICEBERRY, AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (p. 77
a. HERBS. y,'yt
b. Fern-like or rush-like plants without seeds or true flowers.
€. Spores borne on brownish stems, the green organs borne on separate stem
appearing later. Fietp Horsetait, EQUISETUM ARVENSE (p. 30
ce. Spores and foliage organs not borne on separate stems (Osmunda).
d. Spores borne on separate leaves, which arise from the same stem as tl
green leaves. Cinnamon Fern, OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA (p. 29
d. Spores borne on special portions of leaves which otherwise are green.
e. Spore-bearing portion terminal.
Royat Fern, OSMUNDA REGALIS (p. 29
e. Spore-bearing portion median.
InTerRRUPTED Fern, OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA (p. 29
//»v. Plants with true flowers and seeds.
ec. Stems with vascular bundles sca i throughout (as seen
cross section) without a vascular ring between two areas without bundle
viz., the pith and bark; leaves unless long and narrow with two or mo
primary veins (except in Symplocarpus), which are approximately parall
or at least not divergent above (except in Trillium and Arisaema); small
veins not conspicuously reticulated (except in Trillium, Arisaema, and Sy:
plocarpus); floral parts in threes or sixes (except in Maianthemum a1
Symplocarpus, where they are in fours, in Arisaema, where the perian
is wanting, and jn Sparganium, where the perianth mumber varies
(Monocotyledons.) (p. 16.)
d. Flowers in dense heads or spikes; perianth inconspicuous.
ve. Flowers in heads, not enclosed in a spathe.
Bur Reev, SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM (p. 3:
cs. Flowers in spike (spadix); if in head, enclosed in a spathe. (Araceae
f. Spadix freely exposed, not enclosed in a spathe.
Sweet Frac, ACORUS CALAMUS (p. 34
f. Spadix enclosed in a spathe.
g. Spadix cylindric or club-shaped, the upper portion flowerless; flowe
imperfect, appearing with the leaves.
Jacx-1n-THE-PuLpit, ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM (p. 3:
g. Spadix globose, flower-bearing to the summit; flowers perfect, appeari:
before the leaves.
Sxunx Cazeace, SYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS (p. 3:
d, Flowers not in dense heads or spikes; perianth commonly showy.
e, Floral parts in fours.
Witp Lity-or-tHe-vattey, MAIANTHEMUM CANADENSE (p. 3;
e. Floral parts in threes or sixes.
f. Perianth distinctly differentiated in color into a calyx and corolla (p. 1:
g. Leaves linear to lanceolate, not whorled.
Sprpenwort, TRADESCANTIA VIRGINICA (p. 3.
ANALYTICAL KEY 35

g. Leaves lanceolate or broader, in whorls of three (Trillium).
h, Flower sessile.
i, Leaves sessile; sepals spreading; petals dull purple to greenish.
TRILLIUM SESSILE (p. 39).
i. Leaves petioled; sepals reflexed; petals dark purple.

; TRILLIUM RECURVATUM (p. 39).
h, Flower pedicelled.
i, Petals ovate to lanceolate, brown purple (or white or greenish);
stigmas stout and spreading or recurved; flowers ill-scented.
TRILLIUM ERECTUM (p. 39).
i, Petals oblanceolate, white; stigmas slender, erect or nearly so.
TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM (p. 40).
f. Perianth lobes approximately similar in color and ctherwise.
g. Flowers hypogynous (Lily family). (p. 16.)
h. Flowers green or greenish.
i. Flowers perfect.
j. Leaves in whorls.
CucuMBER Root, MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA (p. 38).
j. Leaves not in whorls.
k. Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels; perianth segments distinct.
DISPORUM LANUGINOSUM (p. 38).
k, Flowers axillary; perianth segments not distinct (Solomon’s seal). :
1, Leaves minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath, nearly sessile;
peduncles 1-3 flowered; perianth 10-12 mm. long; filaments
papillose roughened. POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (p. 38).
1. Leaves glabrous, partly clasping; peduncles 2-8 flowered; perianth
12-20 mm. long; filaments smooth or nearly so.

POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM (p. 38).
i. Flowers not perfect. :

j. Flowers polygamo-monoecious.

Fatsz HeLtesore, VERATRUM VIRIDE (p. 34).

j. Flowers dioecious. Carrion Frower, SMILAX HERBACEA (p. 40).
h. Flowers yellow or yellowish.

i, Leaves radical. YELLow Apper’s Toncue Lity, “_
ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM (p. 36).

i, Leaves whorled. Cucumser Root, MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA (p. 38).
i, Leaves cauline but not whorled.

j. Leaves perfoliate (Bellwort).

k. Leaves glaucous and glabrous; perianth granular pubescent within;
stamens shorter than the styles.s UVULARIA PERFOLIATA (p. 35).

k. Leaves pubescent beneath, not glaucous; perianth smooth or nearly
so; stamens exceeding the styles.

UVULARIA GRANDIFLORA (p. 35).
j. Leaves sessile.

k. Stem angled, smooth.
k, Stem round, hairy.
h. Flowers white or whitish.
i, Flowers large, solitary, Wire Apper’s Toneue Lity,
ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM (p. 36).
i, Flowers small, disposed in racemes or panicles (False Solomon’s seal).
j. Flowers in panicles; pedicels very short; stamens -exceeding the
perianth segments which are about 2 mm. long; leaves downy.

SMILACINA RACEMOSA (p. 36).

OAKESIA SESSILIFOLIA (p. 35).
DISPORUM LANUGINOSUM (p. 38).
16 ANALYTICAL KEY

j. Flowers in racemes; pedicels elongated; perianth segments 4-5 mm.
long; stamens included; leaves glabrous.
SMILACINA STELLATA (p. 37).
h. Flowers pink, Witp Gartic, ALLIUM CANADENSE (p. 35).
h, Flowers blue. WiLp Hyacintu, CAMASSIA ESCULENTA (p. 36).
g. Flowers epigynous.
h. Flowers yellow. YELLOw-Eyep Grass, HYPOXIS HIRSUTA (p. 41).
h. Flowers blue or white (ris family).
i, Stigmas petal-like. Buiue Frac, IRIS VERSICOLOR (p. 41).
i. Stigmas thread-like.
BiueE-EYED Grass, SISYRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM (p. 41).
ec. Stems commonly with a vascular ring between two areas without vascular
bundles, viz., the pith and bark; leaves with but one primary vein or with
two or more strongly divergent primary veins; smaller veins commonly
conspicuously reticulated (Dicotyledons).
d. Perianth none, though the corolla-like involucre may readily be mistaken
for a perianth; stems with milky juice and crowded linear leaves.
Cypress Spurce, EUPHORBIA CYPARISSIAS (p. 88).
V4. Perianth present; stems never with both milky juice and crowded linear
leaves,
e. Only one perianth whorl present (usually arbitrarily called the calyx,
except in the Umbelliferae); flowers not in dense heads (p. 17).
f. Flowers hypogynous (p. 17).
g. Pistil one.
h. Flowers dioecious; stems with sheathing stipules. i
Fierp SorreL, RUMEX ACETOSELLA (p. 55).
h. Flowers perfect; stipules wanting.
Peprercrass, LEPIDIUM APETALUM (p. 71).
g. Pistils more *than one; stipules if present not sheathing the stem
(Ranunculaceae),
h. Flowers dioecious.
Earty Meapow Ruz, THALICTRUM DIOICUM (p. 60).
h. Flowers perfect.
i. Ovaries with but one ovule; involucre present.
j. Leaves compound.
k, Roots tuberous; flowers several in an umbel.
Rue Anemone, ANEMONELLA THALICTROIDES (p. 61).
k. Roots filamentous; flower single.
Woop Anemone, ANEMONE QUINQUEFOLIA (p. 62).
j. Leaves simple.
k. Flowers appearing before the leaves of the season (old leaves
persisting over winter); leaves three-lobed (Hepatica).
1, Leaf lobes rounded. HEPATICA TRILOBA (p. 61).
1, Leaf lobes pointed. HEPATICA ACUTILOBA (p. 61).
k, Flowers appearing after the leaves; leaves cleft.
ANEMONE CANADENSIS (p. 62).
i, Ovaries with two or more ovules; involucre wanting.
j. Flowers yellow; leaves simple.
Marsu Maricotp, CALTHA PALUSTRIS (p. 62).
j. Flowers white.
k. Leaves decompound. ISOPYRUM BITERNATUM (p. 62).
k. Leaves tri-foliolate. If the small club-shaped petals are overlooked,
there may be sought here
ANALYTICAL KEY 7

Gotptureav, COPTIS TRIFOLIA (p. 63).
f. Flowers epigynous.
g. Leaves simple; ovary not two-celled,
h. Leaves oblong; stem erect; calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled.

Bastarp ToapFLax, COMANDRA UMBELLATA (p. 54).

h. Leaves kidney-shaped; aerial stem wanting; calyx 3-lobed; ovary

6-celled. | Witp Grncer, ASARUM CANADENSE (p. 55).

g. Leaves compound, ovary two-celled; flowers in umbels (Umbelliferae).
h. Flowers yellow.

i. Leaflets rounded. TAENIDIA INTEGERRIMA (p. 99).

i, Leaflets pointed. ZIZIA AUREA (p. 99).
h. Flowers white.

i, Annual; stem low (1.5-5 dm.); foliage light green; fruit narrowly

oblong. CHAEROPHYLLUM PROCUMBENS (p. 98).
i. Perennials.

j. Stem low (1-2.5 dm.), arising from a corm; plant glabrous; flowers
appearing in earliest spring, the red-brown stamens contrasting
with the white petals.

HaRBINGER-OF-SPRING, ERIGENIA BULBOSA (p. 98).

j. Plants of medium to tall stature (3 dm. or higher), not arising
from corms; flowers appearing in middle or late spring; stamens
not red-brown,

k. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate; plants
with unpleasant odor when bruised. .
Honewort, CRYPTOTAENIA CANADENSIS (p. 99).
k, Leaves ternately decompound.
1, Coarse plant, 1-3 m. tall, pubescent; umbels large (more than
10 cm. in diameter); fruit obovate, nearly as broad as long.
Cow Parsnip, HERACLEUM LANATUM (p. 99).
1, Plant of medium size, 3-12 dm. in height; umbels small (less
than 5 cm. in diameter); fruit slender, much elongated (Sweet

cicely). :

m. Plant glabrous; root very aromatic; styles 2 mm. or more
in length... OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS (p. 98).

m, Plant pubescent; root not very aromatic; styles not exceeding
I mm, in length. OSMORHIZA CLAYTONI (p. 98).

e. Both calyx and corolla present (except in some Compositae, whose
flowers are in dense heads).
f. Corolla polypetalous or nearly so (p. 24).
g. Flowers hypogynous or perigynous (p. 23).
h. Petals similar, leaf-like without tubular modifications (p. 22).
i. Pistils more than one, the carpels, however, often being more or less
united (p. 19).
j. Flowers strictly hypogynous (stamens inserted on receptacle). (p. 18.)
k. Pistils united; stamens ten (Geranium).
1, Perennial; petals more than 1 cm, long.
GERANIUM MACULATUM (p. 86).
_1, Annual or biennial; petals less than 1 cm. long.
GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM (p. 86).
k. Pistils separate; stamens more than ten (Ranunculaceae).
1, Pistils with but one ovule.

SPRING FLORA—2
18 ANALYTICAL KEY

m, Flowers appearing after the leaves, the latter not persisting
through the winter; flowers yellow (white in one species)
(Buttercup).

n. Flowers white. Wits Water Buttercup,

RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS CAPILLACEUS (p. 59).

n. Flowers yellow.

v. Plant aquatic. YELLow Water Buttercup,

3 RANUNCULUS DELPHINIFOLIUS (p. s9).

0. Plant terrestrial.
p. Root leaves merely crenate, not divided; flowers small,
inconspicuous. RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS (p. 59).
p. Leaves conspicuously cleft or divided; flowers commonly
large and showy.

q. Plant of dry hillsides, flowering in early spring; roots fleshy

thickened. RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS (p. 59).
qa. Low plants of ‘moist woods, flowering in middle or late
spring.

r. Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx; carpels with long
recurved beak. | RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS (p. 59).
r. Petals much larger than the spreading calyx; carpels with
straightish beak.
RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (p. 60).
q. Introduced plants of fields and waysides; medium-sized
to tall, erect plants.
r. Base of stem bulb-like; sepals reflexed.
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS (p. 60).
r. Base of stem not bulb-like; sepals spreading.
RANUNCULUS ACRIS (p. 60).
m, Old leaves persistent through the winter, the flowers, which
are white, pink, or. blue, appearing before the new leaves. If
the three-leaved involucre has been mistaken for a calyx, there

may be sought here. HEPATICA (p. 61).
u. Leaf lobes rounded. HEPATICA TRILOBA (p. 61).
n. Leaf lobes pointed. HEFATICA ACUTILOBA (p. 61).

1. Pistils with two or more ovules; leaves evergreen, tri-foliolate;
flowers white; petals club-shaped; rootstocks bright yellow.
GotpruReAD, COPTIS TRIFOLIA (p. 63).
j. Flowers perigynous (stamens inserted onthe calyx or ‘corolla).
ik. Leaves simple.
1, Stamens more than ten, coherent in a column; styles numerous;
ovaries united in a ring.
Mattow, MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA (p. 93).
1, Stamens ten or less, not coherent in a column; styles and carpels
two (Sarifrage family).
m. Leaves not heart-shaped (Saxifrage).
u. Corolla white; calyx lobes not reflexed at maturity.
Earty Saxirrace, SAKIFRAGA VIRGINIENSIS (p. 74).
u. Corolla greenish; calyx lobes reflexed at maturity.
‘Swamp Saxirracz, SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANICA (p. 74).
m, Leaves heart-shaped.
un. Stamens five (Alum root).
o. Calyx regular. HEUCHERA AMERICANA (p. 74).
‘o. Calyx oblique. HEUCHERA HISPIDA (p. 74).
ANALYTICAL KEY 19

n. Stamens ten.
u. Stems with two opposite leaves; petals pinnatifid.
BisHor’s Car, MITELLA DIPHYLLA (p. 75).
uv. Stems leafless, or if leafy, leaves not opposite; petals entire.
Fats—E Mirrewort, TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA (p. 74).
k. Leaves compound.
1, Leaves without stipules; sepals, petals, and ovaries 3. :
Fatse MerMaiD, FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOIDES (p. 88).
1, Leaves with stipules (Rose family).
m. Flowers yellow (Cinquefoil).
n. Leaves pinnate, white-tomentose beneath; perennial, spreading
by runners. SitveER WEED, POTENTILLA ANSERINA (p. 79).
n. Leaves palmate.
v. Annual or biennial with stout, erect stems; leaves 3-foliolate.
POTENTILLA MONSPELIENSIS (p. 78).
uv. Perennials with procumbent stems.
p. Leaflets clearly five, white-woolly beneath.
Sitvery Cinguerort, POTENTILLA ARGENTEA (p. 78).
p. Leaflets three, but appearing to be five by the division of
the laterals; leaves pubescent, but not white-woolly beneath.
Common CinguEFoiL, POTENTILLA CANADENSIS (p. 79).
m. Flowers white.
n. Leaves all radical; propagating by leafless runners that root
at the end; achenes exposed (Strawberry).
0, Achenes in pits; leaves moderately veiny.
Common WILp STRAWBERRY, FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA (p. 78).
v. Achenes superficial; leaves strongly veiny; a woodland plant.
Woop Strrawzerry, FRAGARIA VESCA (p. 78).
u. Plants with leafy stems; not propagating by leafless runners;
achenes enclosed (Rubus).
o. Plants without prickles; leaves delicate, not evergreen.
DwarrF Raspserry, RUBUS TRIFLORUS (p. 81).
0. Plants with prickles; leaves leathery, tending to be evergreen.
RUBUS HISPIDUS (p. 81).
i. Pistil only one, often more than one-celled, the carpels then being
united into a compound pistil.
j. Aquatic plant; leaves large, floating; flowers yellow.
YELLow Ponp Lity, NYMPHAEA ADVENA (p. 58).
j. Terrestrial plants.
k, Plants with colored juice.
1, Juice reddish orange; petals white.
Buiooproot, SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS (p. 69).
1, Juice.and petals yellow.
Cetanpine Poppy, STYLOPHORUM DIPHYLLUM (p. 69).
k, Plants with watery juice.
1, Flowers yellow or yellowish (p. 20).
m. Some of the floral parts in fours or sixes (p. 20).
n. Sepals, petals, and stamens six.
Bive Conosu, CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES (p. 67).
u. Sepals and petals four; stamens six (Crucifers).
o. Plant perennial, with lyrate root leaves, smooth.
WintTer-crEss, BARBAREA VULGARIS (p. 72).
o. Plant annual, pubescent (Mustard).
ANALYTICAL KEY

Pp. Pods 4 cm, long, fully a third occupied by the prominent
two-edged beak; leaves scarcely petioled.
CuHarLock, BRASSICA ARVENSIS (p. 71).
p. Pods less than 2 cm. long, with a very short beak; leaves
slender petioled. Brack Mustarp, BRASSICA NIGRA (p. 72).
m. None of the floral parts in fours or sixes.
un, Stamens more than ten.
Frostweep, HELIANTHEMUM CANADENSE (p. 94).
n. Stamens ten.
0. Leaves simple, radical.
Swamp Saxirrace, SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANICA (p. 74).
ov. Stems leafy; leaves tri-foliolate. Lapy’s Sorret,
OXALIS STRICTA and 0, CORNICULATA (p. 85).
n. Stamens five (Alum root).
o. Calyx regular. HEUCHERA AMERICANA (p. 74).
0. Calyx oblique. HEUCHERA HISPIDA (p. 74).
1, Flowers not yellow.
m. Plants with opposite entire leaves.
n. Sepals two; leaves two; flowers pink.
Sprinc Beauty, CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA (p. 58).
n. Sepals four or five (Pink family).
vw. Sepals distinct or nearly so.
p. Petals entire (Sandwort).
q. Leaves more than a centimeter long, obtuse.
ARENARIA LATERIFLORA (p. 56).
q. Leaves less than a centimeter long, acute.
ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA (p. 56).
p. Petals notched or two-cleft.
q. Petals deeply two-cleft; styles 3-4; stems hairy in lines.
Cuickweep, STELLARIA MEDIA (p. 56).
q. Petals notched; styles five (Cerastium).
r. Stems annual; petals longer than the sepals; plant smooth-
ish; pedicels and pods much elongated.
CERASTIUM NUTANS (p. 57).
r. Stems perennial; petals not longer than the sepals; plant
clammy hairy; pedicels and pods short.
CERASTIUM VULGATUM (p. 57).
ev. Sepals united; internodes glutinous.
Steepy Catcurty, SILENE ANTIRRHINA (p. 57).
m, Plants without opposite leaves, or if opposite, not entire.
u. Petals white (p. 21).
o. Stamens more than ten.
p. Leaves decompound; sepals four or five.
Wuite Baneserry, ACTAEA ALBA (p. 64).
p. Leaves simple, 5-9 parted; sepals six.
May Aprte, PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM (p. 66).
vw. Stamens ten (Saxrifrage family).
p. Leaves not heart-shaped; ovary two-celled.
Earrty Saxirrace, SAXIFRAGA VIRGINIENSIS (p. 74).
p. Leaves heart-shaped; ovary one-celled.
q. Stems with two opposite leaves; petals pinnatifid.
BisHor’s Cap, MITELLA DIPHYLLA (p. 75).
a. Stems leafless, or if leafy, leaves not opposite; petals entire.
ANALYTICAL KEY al

Fats—E Mitrewort, TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA (p. 74).
o. Stamens less than ten.
p. Sepals .and petals three.
Fats—e Mermaip, FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOIDES (p. 88).
p. Sepals and petals four (Crucifers).
. q Plants more or less pubescent, some or all of the hairs
being branched.
r. Pods triangular; root-leaves usually more or less pinnatifid;
stem ‘leaves arrow-shaped.
SHEPHERD’s PursE, CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS (p. 71).
r. Pods conspicuously elongated, not triangular.
ws. Leaves mostly radical, oblong to obovate, entirc or nearly
‘so. WuuitLtow Grass, DRABA CAROLINIANA (p. 71).
s. Radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid;. stem leaves present,
though often few in number.
Rocx Cress, ARABIS LYRATA (p. 73).
q. Plants smooth, or if hairy, hairs simple.
r. Pods roundish; stamens two; some of the lower leaves
pinnatifid. Prrrercrass, LEPIDIUM APETALUM (rarely),
and L. VIRGINICUM (p. 71).
r. Pods elongated; stamens six.
s, Leaves compound.
t. Leaves palmate (Toothwort).
u. Rootstoek continuous; stem leaves two, 3-foliolate.
DENTARIA DIPHYLLA (p. 72).
u. Rootstock separable into tubers; stem-leaves three,
about five-cleft. DENTARIA LACINIATA (p. 72).
t, Leaves pinnate,
CARDAMINE PENNSYLVANICA (p. 73).
s. Leaves simple.
t. Underground stem tuberous; stem leaves petioled to
sessile, not clasping.
Sprine Cress, CARDAMINE BULBOSA (p. 73).
t. Underground stem not tuberous; stem leaves arrow-
shaped, clasping. ARABIS LAEVIGATA (p. 73).
n. Petals not white.
o. Sepals and petals in fours or sixes. .
p. Sepals and petals in sixes; leaves compound; flowers greenish.
Bive ConosH, CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES (p. 67).
‘p. Sepals and petals in fours (Crucifers).
q. Petals pinkish to purplish; stem leaves not clasping.
r. Underground stems tuberous; leaves entire or sparingly
- toothed.
Sprinec Cress, CARDAMINE DOUGLASII (p. 73).
r. Underground stems not tuberous; leaves three-parted.
TootHwort, DENTARIA LACINIATA (p. 72).
q. Petals greenish; underground stems not tuberous; stem
leaves arrow-shaped, -clasping.
ARABIS LAEVIGATA (p. 73).
0. Sepals and petals in fives.
-p. Leaves compound (3-foliolate); underground stem bulbous
(flowers pink to purple).
VrioLet Woop Sorret, OXALIS VIOLACEA (p. 85).
22 ANALYTICAL KEY

p. Leaves simple, though sometimes deeply cleft.
q. Leaves oblanceolate, not at all heart-shaped; petals greenish.
Swamp Saxirrace, SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANICA (p. 74).
q. Leaves more ‘or less heart-shaped.
r. Stamens united in a column.
Common Mattow, MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA (p. 93).
r. Stamens free.
s. Stamens five (Alum root).
t. Calyx regular. HEUCHERA AMERICANA (p. 74).
t. Calyx oblique. HEUCHERA HISPIDA (p. 74).
s. Stamens ten (Geranium).
t. Perennials; petals more than 1 cm. long.
E GERANIUM MACULATUM (p. 86).
t. Annuals or biennials; petals less than 1 em. long.
GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM (p. 86).
h. Petals dissimilar in size or shape, or if similar, with more or less
tubular modification.
i, Pistils more than one (Ranunculaceae). :
j. Petals five, similar in size and shape, produced into large hollow
spurs, scarlet (yellow within); pistils five; leaves ternately compound.
CoLtumMBINE, AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS (p. 64).
j. Petals four, dissimilar, the upper pair with long spurs, blue;
pistils three; leaves palmately divided or cut.
Larxspur, DELPHINIUM (p. 64).
i. Pistil only one.
j. Leaves simple, though sometimes lobed or divided (p. 23).
k. Flowers ‘spiked; sepals five, dissimilar; petals three.
Seneca SnaAKEROOT, POLYGALA SENEGA (p. 87).
k, Flowers solitary; sepals five, auricled; petals five (Violet).
1. Plants without aerial stems.
m. Flowers blue.
u, Leaves conspicuously lobed or divided.
©. Rootstock erect; leaves 3-divided, smoothish; leaf segments
linear or nearly so.
Birp-root Vrotet, VIOLA PEDATA (p. 95).
uv. Leaves palmately s—9 lobed, pubescent; some leaf segments
broader than linear. VIOLA PALMATA (p. 95).
u. Leaves merely toothed above; basal portions lobed or not.
o, Leaves broad, heart-shaped, not at all lobed.
Common Bivue Viotet, VIOLA CUCULLATA (p. 95).
uv. Leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, incised or deeply
toothed at base. ,
ARROW-LEAVED VioLtEeT, VIOLA SAGITTATA (p. 95).
m. Flowers white with purple lines; rootstock slender.
‘a, Leaves heart-shaped.
Common WuiteE Viotet, VIOLA BLANDA (p. 95).
n. Leaves lanceolate.
LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET, VIOLA LANCEOLATA (p. 95).
1, Plants with aerial stems.
m, Flowers yellow; leaves pubescent.
Common YELLow VioLEeT, VIOLA PUBESCENS (p. 95)-
m, Flowers white or blue; leaves smooth or smoothish.
n. Stipules entire; spur short. VIOLA CANADENSIS (p. 95).
ANALYTICAL KEY 23

n. Stipules fringed, toothed; spur at least twice as long as broad.
VIOLA CONSPERSA (p. 96).
j. Leaves compound.
k. Leaves without stipules; sepals two; petals four, forming a heart-
shaped or spurred corolla; stamens six (Dicentra).
1, Underground stem a granulate bulb; corolla with two divergent
spurs. DutcuMman’s BreecuEes, DICENTRA CUCULLARIA (p. 69).
1, Underground stem with scattered grain-like tubers; corolla heart-
shaped. SqguirreL Corn, DICENTRA CANADENSIS (p. 70).
k, Leaves with stipules; sepals five, more or less united; petals five;
stamens ten (Leguminosae).
1, Leaves 7-11 foliolate; flowers purplish-blue. :
Common Lupine, LUPINUS PERENNIS (p. 82).
1, Leaves 3-foliolate.
m. Flowers in heads (Clover).
n. Flowers sessile, red to rose-colored.
Rep Crover, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (p. 83).
n. Flowers pedicelled; pedicels reflexed in age.
o. Plant creeping, the stems rooting freely; flowers white.
Waite CLover, TRIFOLIUM REPENS (p. 83).
0. Stems ascending, not rooting; flowers pink.
E ALSIKE CLover, TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM (p. 83).
m. Flowers in racemes (Sweet clover).
u. Flowers yellow.
YeELtow Sweer Crover, MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (p. 83).
n. Flowers white.
Waite Sweet Crover, MELILOTUS ALBA (p. 84).
m. Flowers in spikes, yellow. .
Brack Mepicx, MEDICAGO LUPULINA (p. 84).
1, Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril; leaflets four

or more.
m. Flowers small, a centimeter or less in length, white, tinged
with blue. WiLp Vetcn, VICIA CAROLINIANA (p. 84).

m. Flowers more than a centimeter in length.
ue Flowers yellowish-white; leaflets 4-6.
Witp Pea, LATHYRUS OCHROLEUCUS (p. 85).
u. Flowers purple or purplish; leaflets 6—14.
0. Peduncles 10-25 flowered; leaflets 8-12; stipules very small
and slender. Witp Pea, LATHYRUS VENOSUS (p. 85).
0. Peduncles 2-8 flowered.
p. Leaflets 10-14; plants of upland woods and banks.
Witp Vetcu, VICIA AMERICANA (p. 84).
p. Leaflets 4-8; plants of meadows and open swamps.
Witp Pea, LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS ‘(p. 85).
g. Flowers epigynous.
h. Sepals, petals, and stamens four; style one; flowers greenish, sur-
rounded by a showy white involucre.
BuncusBerry, CORNUS CANADENSIS (p. 100).
h. Sepals, petals, and stamens five; flowers in umbels,
i. Styles and carpels five; umbels two or more.
Wirp Sarsaparitra, ARALIA NUDICAULIS (p. 97).
i, Styles and carpels three; umbel solitary (p. 24).
Dwarr Ginsenc, PANAX TRIFOLIUM (p. 97).
24 ANALYTICAL KEY

i. Styles and carpels two (Umbelliferae).
j. Petals yellow.
k. Leaflets serrate. ZIZIA AUREA (p. 99).
k. Leaflets entire. TAENIDIA INTEGERRIMA (p. 99).
j. Petals white.

k, Annual; stem low (1.5-5 dm.); foliage light green; fruit narrowly
oblong. ° CHAEROPHYLLUM PROCUNMBENS (p. 98).

k, Perennials.

1, Stem low (1-2.5 dm.), arising from a corm; plant glabrous;
flowers appearing in earliest spring, the red-brown anthers con-
trasting with the white petals.

HARBINGER-OF-SPRING, ERIGENIA BULBOSA (p. 98).

1. Plants of medium to tall stature (3 dm. or higher), not arising
from corms; flowers appearing in middle or late spring; stamens
not red-brown.

m. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate; plants
with unpleasant odor when bruised.

Honewort, CRYPTOTAENIA CANADENSIS (p. 99).

m. Leaves ternately decompound.

n. Coarse plant, 1-3 m. tall, pubescent; umbels large (more than

10 cm. in diameter); fruit obovate, nearly as broad as long.

Cow Parsnip, HERACLEUM LANATUM (p. 99).

u. Plant of medium size, 3-12 dm. in height; umbels small (less

than 5 cm. in diameter); fruit slender, much elongated (Sweet
cicely).

o. Plant glabrous; root very aromatic; styles 2 mm. or more

in length. OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS (p. 98).

0. Plant pubescent; root not very aromatic; styles not exceeding

1 mm. in length. OSMORHIZA CLAYTONI (p. 98).
f. Corolla sympetalous.

g. Flowers hypogynous or perigynous (p. 28).

h. Corolla regular or nearly so, divisions similar size and shape (p. 26).
i, Leaves compound.

j. Leaves 3-foliolate.
k. Marsh plants with white flowers; corolla bearded.
. Bucxsean, MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA (p. 107).
k. Upland plants with pink to purple or yellow flowers (Ovxalis).
1. Flowers yellow.
Lapy’s Sorret, OXALIS STRICTA and 0. CORNICULATA (p. 85).
1, Flowers pink to purple.
Vioter Woop SorreL, OXALIS VIOLACEA (p. 85).
j. Leaves pinnate; ovary three-celled.
POLEMONIUM REPTANS (p. 108).
i, Leaves simple, though sometimes lobed or divided.
j. Leaves leathery, evergreen; flowers appearing before the new leaves.
TraiLinc ArButus, EPIGAEA REPENS (p. 103).
j. Leaves not leathery; flowers appearing with or after the new leaves.
kK. Leaves all radical (p. 25).
\, Flowers in dense, elongated spikes; stamens and parts- of calyx
and corolla in fours (Plantain).
m. Plant of woodland brooks and ravines, with smooth, heart-
shaped or round-ovate leaves,

PLANTAGO CORDATA (p. 116).
ANALYTICAL KEY 25

m, Plant of fields and waysides, with hairy lanceolate leaves.
Ris Grass, PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA (p. 116).
1. Flowers in umbels, nodding, very showy; corolla rose color
to white. Suootinc Star, DODECATHEON MEDIA (p. 105).
k. Leaves not all radical.
1. Some or all of the leaves opposite.
m, Ovary 1-celled.
n.' Swamp plant, the peduncles with a number of yellow flowers.
Turrep LoosestriFE, LYSIMACHIA THYRSIFLORA (p. 104).
n. Woodland plant, with a solitary white flower, and a whorl of
leaves at the’ summit of the: stem.
Star Flower, TRIENTALIS AMERICANA (p. 105).
m. Ovary 2-celled (Veronica, whose flowers are nearly regular,
may be sought here).
n. Annual with axillary, solitary white flowers.
PurstanE SPEEDWELL, VERONICA PEREGRINA (p. 114).
n. Perennial.
uv. Leaves pubescent, serrate; flowers pale blue, in axillary
racemes.
Common SPEEDWELL, VERONICA OFFICINALIS (p. 113).
o. Leaves smooth or smoothish, obscurely crenate; flowers white
or pale blue with deeper stripes, in terminal racemes. THyME-
LEAVED SPEEDWELL, VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA (p. 114).
m,. Ovary 3-celled (Phlox).
u. Leaves linear; corolla lobes bifid. PHLOX BIFIDA (p. 108).
n. Leaves broader than linear, or if linear, corolla lobes not bifid.
v. Flowers in pyramidal or ellipsoid panicles; stems strictly erect.
p. Calyx teeth awn-pointed. PHLOX PANICULATA (p. 107).
p. Calyx teeth triangular lanceolate, scarcely pointed.
PHLOX MACULATA (p. 107).
uv. Flowers in simple or corymbed cymes.
p. Prostrate leafy shoots wanting; leaves linear to lanceolate.
PHLOX PILOSA (p. 107).
p. Plant with prostrate as well as ascending shoots; leaves
lance oblong or broader. PHLOX DIVARICATA (p. 107).
1. None of the leaves opposite.
m, Ovary four-lobed (Boraginaceae) (p. 26).
n. Corolla reddish-purple; coarse pubescent herb.
Hovunn’s Toncuz, CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE (p. 109).
n. Corolla. white.
v. Inflorescence leafy-bracted only at the base.
MYOSOTIS VIRGINICA (p. 110).
o. Inflorescence leafy-bracted throughout.
Corn GroMWELL, LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE (p. 110).
n. Corolla blue.
o, Corolla salver-form; slender, decumbent swamp plant.
Forcet-ME-noTt, MYOSOTIS LAXA (p. 110).
o. Corolla trumpet-shaped; coarse woodland plant with showy
flowers. Luncwort, MERTENSIA VIRGINICA (p. 110).
um. Corolla yellow or orange (Puccoon).
uv. Plant hispid; flowers peduncled; corolla bearded at the base
within: LITHOSPERMUM GMELINI (p. 111).
o. Plant soft pubescent; flowers sessile; corolla naked at the
26 ANALYTICAL KEY

base within. ' LITHOSPERMUM CANESCENS (p. 111).
m. Ovary not four-lobed.
n. Ovary 1-celled.
o. Leaves entire; style single.
Star FLower, TRIENTALIS AMERICANA (p. 105).
vo, Leaves cut-toothed or lobed; style two-cleft (Water-leaf).
p. Calyx with a reflexed lobe at each sinus; plant hairy.
HYDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM (p. 109).
p. Calyx without a reflexed lobe at the sinus; plant smoothish.
q. Leaves pinnately divided; peduncles longer than the upper
petioles, HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM (p. 109).’
qa. Leaves palmately lobed; peduncles shorter than the petioles.
HYDROPHYLLUM CANADENSE (p. 109).
n. Ovary 2-celled.
o. Low white-flowered annual of fields and waysides.
PursLANE SPEEDWELL, VERONICA PEREGRINA (p. 114).
o. Tall woodland perennial with blue flowers.
NicutsHapE, SOLANUM DULCAMARA (p. 112).
h, Corolla more or less irregular (zygomorphic), its divisions dissimilar
in size or shape.
i. Plants without green leaves (Orobanchaceae).
j. Flowers numerous in a thick spike; stamens exserted.
Cancer-root, CONOPHOLIS AMERICANA (p. 115).
j. Flowers solitary; stamens included.
Broom-raPe, OROBANCHE UNIFLORA (p. 115).
i, Plants with green leaves.
j. Leaves compound (p. 27).
k. Leaves without stipules.
1, Sepals two; corolla white, heart-shaped or spurred; stamens six
(Dicentra).
m. Underground stem a granulate bulb; corolla with two divergent
spurs. DutcHMAN’s Breecues, DICENTRA CUCULLARIA (p. 69).
m, Underground stem with scattered grain-like tubers; corolla heart-
shaped. SourrreL Corn, DICENTRA CANADENSIS (p. 70).
1, Sepals united, teeth inevident; corolla bilabiate; stamens four.
Lousrwort, PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS (p. 114).
k, Leaves with stipules; calyx and corolla each with five parts;
stamens ten (Leguminosae).
1, Leaves 7-11 foliolate; flowers purplish-blue.
Common Lupine, LUPINUS PERENNIS (p. 82).
1, Leaves 7-11 foliolate; flowers purplish-blue.
m, Flowers in heads (Clover).
n. Flowers sessile, red to rose-colored.
Rep CLover, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (p. 83).
n. Flowers pedicelled, pedicels reflexed in age.
0. Plants creeping, the stems Tooting freely; flowers white.
White Ciover, TRIFOLIUM REPENS (p. 83).
o. Stems ascending, not rooting; flowers pink.
Atstke CLover, TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM (p. 83).
m. Flowers in racemes (Sweet clover) (p. 27).
u. Flowers yellow.
Yettow Sweet Clover, MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (p. 83).
a, Flowers white.
ANALYTICAL KEY 27

Wuire Sweer CLover, MELILOTUS ALBA (p. 84).

m. Flowers in spikes, yellow.
Brack Mepicx, MEDICAGO LUPULINA (p. 84).
1, Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril; leaflets four or

more.
m. Flowers small, a centimeter or less in length, white, tinged with
blue. WiLp Vetcu, VICIA CAROLINIANA (p. 84).

m, Flowers more than a centimeter in length.
nu, Flowers yellowish-white; leaflets 4-6.
Witp Pea, LATHYRUS OCHROLEUCUS (p. 85).
n. Flowers purple or purplish; leaflets 6-14.
v. Peduncles 10-25 flowered; leaflets 8-12; stipules very small
and, slender. Wi.tp Pea, LATHYRUS VENOSUS (Pe 85).
vu. Peduncles 2-8 flowered.
Dp. Leaflets, 10-14; plants of upland woods and banks,
Witp Vetcu, VICIA AMERICANA (p. 84).
p. Leaflets 4-8; plants of meadows and open swamps.
Witp Pea, LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS (p. 85).
j. Leaves simple, though sometimes lobed or divided.
kK. Ovary 4-lobed; leaves opposite (Mint family).
1, Leaves petioled; stamens four, the upper (inner) pair longer
than the lower; plant creeping, strongly scented when bruised.
Grounp Ivy, NEPETA HEDERACEA (p. 111).
1. Upper leaves clasping; stamens four, the lower (outer) pair longer
than the upper; plant decumbent.
Hensit, LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE (p. 112).
k. Ovary 2-celled.
1, Stamens six or eight; corolla three-parted; flowers white, in a
close spike. Seneca SnakerooT, POLYGALA SENEGA (p. 87).
1. Stamens two, four, or five (Scrophulariaceae).
m. Stamens two; corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost
regular (Veronica).
n. Annual, with axillary, solitary white flowers.
Common SPEEDWELL, VERONICA OFFICINALIS (p. 113).
n. Perennial,
0. Leaves pubescent, serrate; flowers pale blue, in axillary
racemes,
PursLangE SPEEDWELL, VERONICA PEREGRINA (p. 114).
uv. Leaves smooth or smoothish, obscurely crenate; flowers white
or pale blue with deeper stripes, in terminal racemes. THyMe-
LEAVED SPEEDWELL, VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA (p. 114).
m, Stamens four, or with a rudiment of a fifth.
n. Corolla spurred at base; at least the upper leaves not opposite
(Toadflax).
o. Flowers yellow and orange.
Burrer anp Eccs, LINARIA VULGARIS (p. 112).
0. Flowers blue. LINARIA CANADENSIS (p. 112).
a. Corolla not spurred at base.
0. Leaves opposite (p. 28).
p. Delicate annual with blue and white flowers.
Biue-eEvep Mary, COLLINSIA VERNA (p. 113).
p. Coarse perennial with greenish-purple flowers.
Fiewort, SCROPHULARIA MARILANDICA (p. 113).
28 ANALYTICAL KEY

0. Leaves not opposite.
p. Upper leaves colored scarlet or yellow; stem leaves merely
cleft. Paintep ‘Cup, CASTILLEJA COCCINEA (p. 114).
p. Upper leaves green; leaves pinnatifid.
Lousewort, PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS (p. 114).
g. Flowers epigynous,
h. Flowers not grouped in dense heads.
i, Leaves whorled; stem weak, bristly.
Bepstraw, GALIUM APARINE (p. 116).
i, Leaves opposite, not whorled.
j. Delicate plants without connate leaves (Houstonia).
k. Corolla salver-form; peduncles one-flowered.
\ Biuets, HOUSTONIA CAERULEA (p. 116).
k, Corolla funnel-form; peduncles more than one-flowered.
HOUSTONIA PURPUREA (p. 117).
j. Coarse plant; some leaves connate.
Horse GentTran, TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM (p. 118).
h. Flowers grouped in dense heads (Compositae); calyx where present
Tepresented by pappus. .
i, Juice not milky.
j. Heads radiate (i. e., with ray flowers).
k. Rays flesh color to purplish, numerous; pappus capillary- (Erigeron).
1, Plants with basal offsets; stem simple, not very leafy; heads large,
few; rays about fifty. ERIGERON PULCHELLUS (p. 120).
1, Basal offsets none; stem corymbed, leafy; heads smallish, numer-
‘ ous; rays many more than fifty.
ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS (p. 121).
k. Rays white; pappus none.
1, Leaves compound, much dissected; heads small,
Yarrow, ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM (p. 122).
1, Leaves simple, though sometimes pinnatifid; heads large.
Ox-rvYE Darsy, CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM (p. 123).
k. Rays yellow.
1. Leaves opposite; receptacle flat, chaffy; pappus two small teeth
or none; rays few, lobed. COREOPSIS LANCEOLATA (p. 122).
1. Leaves not opposite.
m. Receptacle conical, chaffy; pappus none; plant rough hairy.
: Buiack-EYeD Susan, RUDBECKIA HIRTA (p. 121).
m. Receptacle flat, not chaffy; pappus capillary; plant smoothish.
Gotpen Racwort, SENECIO AUREUS (p. 123).
j. Heads discoid (i. e., without ray flowers); dioecious plants with
entire white-woolly leaves. Evrertastinc, ANTENNARIA (p. 121).
i. Juice milky; flowers yellow.
j. Pappus of both scales and bristles (Krigia).
k, Annual; scales and bristles less than ten,
‘Dwarr DanveLion, KRIGIA VIRGINICA (p. 124).
k. Perennial; scales. and bristles ten or more; stem leaves clasping.
ERIGIA AMPLEXICAULIS (p. 124).
j. Pappus all capillary; leaves radical, pinnatifid; achenes beaked.
Danvetion, TARAXACUM OFFICINALE (p. 125).
DESCRIPTIVE FLORA

OSMUNDACEAE (FLowerinc Fern Famity)

Leafy plants with creeping rhizomes. Sporangia naked, globose,
usually with pedicels. Stipes winged at the base.

OSMUNDA

Fertile fronds or. fertile parts of the fronds without much
chlorophyll, much contracted, and bearing short-pediceled, naked
sporangia. Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from
thickened rootstocks, once or twice pinnate. Spores green. Ster-
ile fronds truly bipinnate.

O. regalis, Roya, Fern. Very smooth, pale green. Sterile pinnules
13-25, sessile or short stalked. The fertile pinnules are at the summit
of the frond. Common in swamps and wet woods. May and June.

Oo. Claytoniana, INTERRUPTED Fern. The sterile fronds once pinnate
and the lobes entire. Covered when young with loose wool which soon
disappears. The fertile fronds are taller than the sterile. Some of the
middle pinnae are fertile. The sporangia are greenish, turning brown.
Common in May in low ground. ;

O. Cinnamomea, Cinnamon Fern. Sterile fronds once pinnate and
the lobes entire. Rusty woolly when young. ‘Sterile fronds tallest,
smooth when full grown. The fertile fronds are separate, appear
earlier from the same rootstock, and soon wither;. they are twice pin-
nate, and covered with the cinnamon colored sporangia. Common in
swamps.

EQUISETACEAE (Horsetait Famity)

Rush-like plants with jointed and hollow stems arising from run-
ning rootstocks. Sheaths occur at the joint-like nodes. The fertile
stems bear terminal, cone-shaped structures composed of stalked
scales (sporophyllus) which bear sporangia beneath, Equisetum
ts the only genus.

29
30 PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY)

EQUISETUM

Rootstocks perennial, branched. Stems regularly striated.
Branches, when present, in whorls from the nodes. (Equus, horse;
seta, bristle.)

E. arvense, Common HorsertaiL. Stems annual, the
fertile ones brownish, usually unbranched, the sterile

ones green, prostrate or erect, branched, appearing after
the fertile ones. Common.

TAXACEAE (Yew Famity)

Trees or shrubs with evergreen linear leaves, and
dioecious flowers. The staminate flowers are glo-
bose. The pistillate ones consist of an erect ovule
which becomes a bony, coated seed, more or less
surrounded by a large fleshy disk.

TAXUS

 

Equisetum ar. T. canadensis, Yew, Grounp Hemtocx. Disk of the
vense, Horse- pistillate flowers cup-shaped, becoming pulpy, red and
ae 3 ee berry-like. Leaves flat, rigid, scattered, two-ranked,
shoots: linear, green on both sides. A low, straggling bush.

PINACEAE (Pine Famity)

Trees and shrubs. Awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves. Monoe-
cious or dioecious, flowers borne in scaly catkins, the pistillate
ones becoming cones or berry-like. Ovules two or more at the
base of the scales. Nearly all evergreen.

PINUS (Pine)

Leaves 2-5 in each bundle, evergreen. The flowers develop in
the spring, the cones maturing the second autumn.

P, Strobus, WHITE Pine. A handsome tall tree of dry or moist
woods. Leaves in fives, very slender, light green. Cones elongated,
long-stalked, cylindrical, nodding. A timber tree of the greatest im-
portance.
PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 31

P. rigida, Pircu Pine. Leaves dark green. Cones ovoid, often in
clusters. Scales with a short, stout, and generally recurved prickle.
Sandy or barren soil, Very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood.

P. virginiana, SourHERN Scrus Pine. Leaves short and in twos.
Cones sometimes curved and the scales tipped with a straight or curved
awl-shaped prickle. Sterile ground. A straggling tree with spreading
branches.

P. Banksiana, NortHern Scrus PINE,
Leaves in twos, very short and thick, oblique,
divergent, cones conical, the scales pointless.
A low tree. Barren, sandy, or rocky soil.

P, echinata, YELLow Pine. Leaves in twos ~
and threes, slender and with long sheaths, The __
scales bear a small and weak prickle A J 25
straight tree with dark green leaves. Dry or
sandy soil.

 

P. resinosa, Rep Prine. Leaves in twos, Pinus Banksiana, Northern
dark green. Cones ovoid, smooth, their scales a with
slightly thickened and pointless. Dry woods. ee
A tall tree with reddish smooth bark and hard wood.

LARIX (Larcx)

Leaves many in each cluster, deciduous. Small cones borne
laterally at the end of short spurs, developed in early spring.
Leaves soft, many in a bundle, developed in
early spring. Pistillate cones crimson in flower.

L. laricina, Tamarack. A slender tree with

hard and very resinous wood. Occurs chiefly in
cold swamps. a

 

TSUGA (HeEmtocxk)

Leaves solitary, flat, whitish along two lines
beneath.

 

T. canadensis, Hzmiocx. A tall tree with

at spreading and delicate foliage, bright green above,

Larix laricina, Tam- ’

arack. @. staminate silvery beneath. Cones on the end of last year’s

twig b, pistillate branches, maturing the first year. Leaves petioled.
twig; c, cone. Cones ovoid. Hilly and rocky woods.
32 ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY)

THUJA (Arsor VITAE)

Leaves scale-like, opposite, and more or less two-ranked.
Monoecious.

T. occidentalis, Arson VITAE, WuitTE Cepar. Leaves in four rows
on the two-edged branchlets. ‘Scales of the cones pointless. Swamps
and cool, rocky banks. A tree, 10-20 meters high, with pale, shreddy
bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

JUNIPERUS (Juniper)

Foliage not two-ranked. Dioecious. Fruit berry-like with bony,
ovate seeds. Evergreen. ,

J. communis, Juniper. Catkins axillary. Leaves in whorls of three,
Prickly pointed, channeled and whitish above; thin and narrow, widely
spreading. Shrub two meters high or less, Dry soil.

J. virginiana, Rep Cepar. Catkins terminal.
Scale-like leaves opposite and entire. ‘ Berries
on straight peduncles. Ranges in form from
a shrub to a tree fifteen to twenty-five meters
high, pyramidal in fotm. Dry hills or deep
swamps, especially common in pastures. Bark
shreddy. Heart-wood red and aromatic.

 

Juniperus virginiana, Red
Cedar. 4u, pistillate twig;

B, staminate twig: ¢ is SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-REED FAMILY)

tillate flowers; d, stam:
inate flowers. .

Hydrophytes with alternate, sessile,
ieee, 2-ranked leaves;. flowers monoecious and in globular in-
florescences.
SPARGANIUM

Inflorescences scattered along upper part of stem. Perennials
with fibrous roots and creeping horizontal rootstocks. Flowers
through the summer. . The. fertile heads become bur-like.

S. eurycarpum, Bur-rEeEp. Fertile flowers closely sessile. Fruit
broadly obovoid. Stems stout and erect. Style short, bearing 1 or 2
elongated stigmas, Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers. Common.

ARACEAE (Arum Famity)

Flowers crowded on a spadix which is usually surrounded by
a spathe. A large family, chiefly tropical.
ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) 33

ARISAEMA
Spadix globose, enveloped by a fleshy

ovoid spathe. Flowers

monoecious or dioecious and without perianth, covering only the

base of the spadix.

A. triphyllum, Inpian Turnip, JACK-IN-
THE-Putrit. Sterile flowers above the fer-'
tile on the club-shaped spadix. Fruit a
1-few-seeded scarlet berry. A perennial
herb with a corm. Common in rich woods.
Most conspicuous in May. The corm is
turnip-shaped, and has intensely acrid juice.
The spathe is often dark purple or varie-
gated with dark purple and whitish stripes

or spots.
three leaflets.

SYMPLOCARPUS

Spadix globose, enveloped by a fleshy,
Flowers perfect and peri-
(Symploka, connection ; Arisaema triphyllum, Jack-in-

ovoid spathe.
anth present.

karpos, fruit. The ovaries are coalescent

into a compound fruit.)

Leaves usually two, each with

 

the-pulpit.

' §. foetidus, Skunk Cazpace. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. Fruit

 

Symplocarpus foetidus, Skunk Cabbage.

Leaf and section of inflorescence.
SPRING FLORA—3

a globular mass, composed of the
enlarged and spongy. spadix, en-
closing the spherical seeds just
beneath the surface. A perennial
herb with a strong odor like that
of the skunk. A cluster of large,
broad leaves preceded in earliest
spring by the nearly sessile
spathes which barely emerge
from the ground. The spathe is
spotted and striped with purple

and yellowish green. Swampy
places.
ACORUS
Spadix cylindrical. Spathe

not obvious. Flowers perfect.
34 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

Perianth present. The spadix is borne on the side of a leaf-
like scape.

A. Calamus, Sweet Frac, Caramus. Sepals and stamens 6, Aro-
matic, especially the thick creeping rootstocks from which the drug
calamus is obtained. Leaves sword-like. Scape leaf-like and extend-

ing far beyond the yellowish-green spadix. Margins of streams and
swamps.

COMMELINACEAE (SpipErwort Famity)

Herbs with fibrous and sometimes thickened roots, jointed and
often branching leafy stems, and mostly perfect flowers, which are
often irregular. Calyx and corolla distinct, composed of three
persistent and usually. green sepals and three usually ephemeral
petals. Style 1, stigma undivided. The leaves are entire and
parallel veined.

TRADESCANTIA

Flowers regular, showy. Filaments bearded. Perennials. Stem
juice copious, mucilaginous. Leaves keeled. The ephemeral blue
to purple flowers, occurring in um-
belled clusters, are produced
throughout the summer. (Named
for Tradescant, gardener to
Charles the First of England.)

LILIACEAE (Lity Famity)

Herbs, with regular and sym-
metrical almost always 6-androus
flowers.

VERATRUM

Flowers polygamo-monoecious.

. Stem pubescent above, arising from

a running rootstock. (Vere, truly;
ater, black.)

V. viride, Fatsz Hetiesore. A
somewhat pubescent perennial with simple stems arising from a thick-
ened base which produces coarse fibrous roots which are very poison-
ous. The leaves are 3-ranked and strongly veined. The dull flowers

 

Tradescantia virginiana, Spiderwort.
LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 35

occur in panicles; in summer. Stem stout, very leafy to the top.
Leaves: broadly oval and sheath-clasping. The panicle pyramidal, the
perianth yellowish-green. Swamps and low grounds.

UVULARIA

Flowers perfect and terminal. Style 3-cleft to below the middle.
Stems leafy and round. Leaves perfoliate. (Name from the
flowers hanging like the uvula or palate.)

U. perfoliata, Bettworr. Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like.
Rootstock short and roots fleshy. The yellowish drooping flowers
occur in spring, and are solitary on terminal peduncles. Glaucous
throughout, Leaves glabrous. Stamens shorter than the styles. Fre-
quent in rich woods.

U. grandiflora, Bettworr. Similar to foregoing but not glaucous.
Leaves whitish-pubescent beneath. The stamens are longer than the
styles,

OAKESIA

Stem angled. Leaves sessile and the flowers opposite them.
(Named for William Oakes, New England botanist, 1799 to 1848.)

O. sessilifolia. The flowers resemble those of the bellwort. The
acutely angled stem arises from a slender creeping rootstock and
bears sessile clasping leaves, and 1 or 2 flowers, terminal on slender
peduncles. The leaves are acute at each end, glaucous beneath. Woods
and thickets.

ALLIUM (Onton, Gartic)

Flowers perfect, umbellate. Style single, long. Plants with
a strong odor. Perianth of 6 sepals, often becoming dry and per-
sistent. The leaves and usually the scape-like stem arise from
a coated bulb. Flowers in a simple umbel, some or all of them
frequently replaced by bulblets. (Allium is the ancient latin
name of garlic.)

A. Canadense, Witp Garuic. Bulb small, bulb-coat somewhat
fibrous. The umbel densely bulbiferous, the flowers being few or
often none. Moist meadows. May and June.

ERY THRONIUM

Flowers perfect. _Perianth-segments distinct and petaloid.
Style single, long, and uncleft.. Nearly stemless herbs with two
36

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheath-
ing the base of the usually 1-flowered scape which rises from a
deeply placed bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, vernal.

Erythronium — ameri-
canum, Yellow ad-
der’s tongue.

 

E. americanum, YELLOW ADDER’S-TONGUE.
Leaves mottled, perianth light yellow, stigmas
united. Rich ground.

E. albidum, Wuuite Apper’s-Toncuz, Doc’s-
Tootu Viotet. Leaves less spotted than those of
the yellow-flowered species. Perianth pinkish
white, the stigmas short and spreading. Rich
ground.

CAMASSIA

Flowers perfect, light blue, and in long ra-
cemes. Perianth-segments distinct. Style
single, slender, and uncleft. Stem a scape
from a bulb. The perianth slightly irregular.
Leaves linear. (From the Indian name
quamash or camass.)

C. esculenta, Witp Hyacintu. Low herb.
Leaves keeled. Bracts of the racemes longer than

the pedicels. Rich ground.

SMILACINA

Flowers perfect. Fruit a globular
berry  Perianth-segments distinct.
Leafy-stemmed. Flowers  6-parted,
racemose or paniculate. The berries at
first greenish or yellowish, speckled
with brown, and changing to dull red.
Perennial herbs, with simple stems aris-
ing from rootstocks. Flowers white
and sometimes fragrant. (Name a
diminutive of Smilax.)

S. racemosa, FatsE Sotomon’s SEAL.
Flowers on very short pedicels in a ter-
minal racemose panicle. Stamens longer

than the very small sepals. Rootstock fleshy.

taper-pointed. Frequent in moist woods.

 

Camassia esculenta, Wild
hyacinth.

Leaves numerous, oblong,
LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 37

S. stellata. Flowers larger than the foregoing and on solitary
pedicels in a simple, few-flowered raceme. Stamens not longer than
the sepals. Rootstock rather
slender. Moist banks, com-
mon,

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

MAIANTHEMUM

Flowers perfect. Fruit
a berry. Perianth seg-
ments distinct. Low. Stem

Smilacina stellata, False Solomon’s

seal. Inflorescence and rootstock. pee ;
: Smilacina racemosa, False Solomon’s seal.

1-3 leaved. Flowers 4-parted, solitary or fascicled, in a simple
raceme. (Name from Maius, May, and anthemos, a flower.)

M. canadense, Witp Lity-or-THe-VALLEyY. Leaves lanceolate or
ovate, cordate at base, sessile or very shortly petioled. Moist woods.

DISPORUM

Flowers perfect. Fruit a berry. Perianth-segments distinct.
Leafy-stemmed. Flowers few in terminal umbels, or solitary.
Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 lanceolate or linear divisions
deciduous. Downy low herbs, with creeping rootstocks. Stems
erect and sparingly branched above. Leaves thin, ovate, and
closely sessile. Flowers greenish-yellow and drooping. (Name
from dis, double, and spora, seed, in allusion to the two ovules in
each cell of the ovary.)
38 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

D. lanuginosum. Leaves taper-pointed. Flowers solitary or in
pairs. Perianth soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens,
greenish. Stigmas 3. Rich woods.

POLYGONATUM

Flowers perfect. Fruit a berry. Perianth-segments connate.
Stem leafy. Peduncles axillary, 1-8 flowered. Perianth cylin-
drical, 6-lobed, the 6 stamens inserted about the middle of the tube,
and included in it. Berry globular, black or blue. Perennial
herbs, with simple stems from creeping knotted rootstocks, naked
below, bearing above the nearly sessile or half-clasping leaves,
and the axillary nodding greenish flowers. (Name from polu,
many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the root-

stock.)

P. biflorum, Smatt Sotomon’s SEAL.
Glabrous, except the nearly sessile leaves,
which are usually minutely pubescent as
well as pale or glaucous beneath. Stem
slender, 3-9 dm. high, peduncles 1-3 but
mostly 2-flowered, filaments slightly rough-
ened, inserted toward the summit of the
perianth. Wooded hillsides.

P. commutatum, Larce SoLomon’s SEAL.

Polygonatum biflorum, | Glabrous throughout. Stem stout, 0.6-2 m.

Solomon’s seal. high. Leaves partly clasping or the upper

nearly sessile. Peduncles several flowered.

Filaments smooth and naked, or nearly so, and inserted in the middle
of the tube. Meadows and river banks. ‘June.

 

MEDEOLA

Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style branches
distinct. Fruit a berry. The cauline leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers
in umbels. Styles filiform. (Named for the sorceress Medea,
for its supposed medicinal virtues.)

M. virginiana, Cucumper-roor. Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and
3 petals oblong and alike, pale greenish-yellow, deciduous. Stamens
6, the anthers being shorter than the slender filaments. Styles stig-
matic on the upper side, recurved from the globose ovary, long and
thread-like, deciduous. Fruit a globose, dark purple berry with few
LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 39

seeds. A perennial herb with a simple, slender stem which is woolly,
and rises from a horizontal white tuber which has the taste of cu-
cumber. The stem bears near the middle a whorl of 5-9 leaves, and
another whorl, usually of 3, much smaller leaves at the top, the latter
subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. Rich damp
woods,

TRILLIUM (Wake Rosin)

Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style branches
distinct. Fruit a berry. The cauline leaves 3 in a single whorl.
Style short, thick, the stigmatic surface irregular. Sepals 3,
lanceolate, spreading,’ herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3,’ larger,
withering in age. Stamens 6; anthers linear, on short filaments,
adnate. Styles awl-shaped or slender, stigmatic down the inner
side. Low perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising
from a tuber-like rootstock. At the top a whorl of 3 broadly
ovate leaves and a large terminal flower; vernal. (Named from
tres, three; all the parts being
in threes.) Monstrosities are
not infrequent.

T. sessile, Ovary and fruit
6-angled. Flower sessile. Leaves
sessile, usually mottled. Sepals
spreading. The sessile petals
are erect and spreading, nar-
rowly lanceolate, dull purple,
varying to greenish, Moist
woods.

T. recurvatum. Ovary and
fruit 6-angled. Flower sessile.
Leaves contracted at the base
into a petiole, usually mottled.
Sepals reflexed. The bases of
the petals narrowed into a
claw. Rich woods.

T. erectum. Ovary and fruit
6-angled. Flower pediceled.
Anthers when mature extend-
ing beyond the stigmas. Petals Tyijum. a, T. grandiflorum. b, T. recur-
ovate to lanceolate, Brown- vatum, flower and (c) rootstock,

 
40 AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY)

purple or white or greenish. Stigmas stout, distinct, spreading or re-
curved. Rich woods. Flowers with a disagreeable odor.

T. grandiflorum. Ovary and fruit 6-angled. Flower pediceled.
Anthers when mature extending beyond the stigmas. Petals oblance-
olate, white, turning rose color or marked with green. Stigmas very
slender, rather erect, and somewhat coherent. Rich woods.

T. cernuum. Ovary and fruit 6-angled. Flower pediceled. An-
thers when mature not extending beyond the stigmas. Leaves very
broadly ovate. Peduncles usually recurved. Petals white or pink,
wavy, recurved, spreading. Moist woods.

T. undulatum. Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or angled. Filaments
slender, about equaling the anthers. Leaves with petioles, ovate, taper-
pointed. Petals pointed, wavy, widely spreading; white, painted with
purple stripes at the base; shorter than the peduncle. Called the
Painted Trillium. Cold woods and swamps.

SMILAX

Flowers dioecious, umbellate. Leaves
net-veined. Perianth-segments distinct,
deciduous, small, greenish or yellow-
ish, Fruit a small berry.

S. herbacea, CarrIoN-FLOWER. Stem
herbaceous, climbing, not prickly. Flow-
ers carrion-scented. Berries bluish-black
with a bloom. Leaves ovate or rounded,
mostly heart-shaped at base, abruptly
acute. Peduncles 4-20 cm. long, often

 

Smilax herbacea, Carrion flow-

er. a, pistillate inflorescence;
b, staminate inflorescence; c, Much longer than the leaves, 20-40 flow-

staminate flower; d, vegeta- ered. Common in moist meadows and on
tion shoot with tendrils. river banks. June.

AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryiiis Famity)

Herbs, chiefly bulbous and with scapes, linear, flat root-leaves,
and regular, perfect, 6-androus flowers.

HYPOXIS

Stemless small herbs with grass-like and hairy linear leaves and
IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) / 4L

slender few-flowered scapes. Perianth spreading, 6-parted nearly
down to the ovary, persistent. i

H. hirsuta, YELLow-Evep Grass. The leaves are longer than the
1-4 flowered scape. Flowers in an umbel. The divisions of the peri-
anth yellow within and hairy and greenish without. Meadows and
open woods,

IRIDACEAE (Iris Famity)

Herbs, with vertical 2-ranked leaves, and conspicuous perfect
flowers, arising from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or bracts.

IRIS

Branches of the style or the stigmas opposite the anthers,
Sepals spreading or recurved. Petals spreading or erect. Stig-
mas petal-like. (Jris, the rainbow.)

I. versicolor, BLurt Frac. Stems leafy and rather tall, arising from
thickened raotstocks. Flowers violet-blue, :
variegated with green, yellow, or white, and
purple-veined. Stems stout angled on one
side, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves sword-shaped,
glaucous. Petals flat, half as long as the
sepals. Style-branches with slightly over-
lapping petaloid lobes. Wet places. May
to July.

SISYRINCHIUM

Branches of the style alternate with
the anthers. Flowers-regular. Root
fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas
thread-like. Sepals and petals alike,
spreading. Low slender perennials with
grass-like leaves, 2-edged stems and um-
bel-clustered small flowers coming from
a usually 2-leaved spathe.

S. angustifolium, BLUsE-EYED  GRAss.
Spathe solitary. The plant stiff, erect or
ascending, and glaucous, 1-5 dm. high. The av
simple stems distinctly winged. Spathes Iris versicolor, Blue flag.

 
42 SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

green, the outer bract with margins united above the base. Capsules
dull brown or purple-tinged. Meadows, fields, and damp, sandy soil.

SALICACEAE (Wittow Famity)

Dioecious trees or shrubs with both kinds of flowers in catkins,
one flower to each bract. No perianths. Stigmas 2, often 2-lobed.
Leaves alternate and undivided, with stipules which are either
scale-like and deciduous or leaf-like and persistent.

SALIX (WILLow)

Leaves mostly long and pointed. Buds covered by a single
scale. Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. Largely
wind- pollinated and
freely hybridizing.

S. nigra, Brack WIt-

Low. Scales yellowish,

| falling before the capsules
| mature. Filaments hairy
\ below. Stamens 3-5 or
more. Shrub, or, when
well developed, a rough-
barked tree 5-30 m. high.
Young branches easily
breaking off. Leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, very
-long-attenuate, often
downy when young, but
becoming green and gla-
brous except the short pet-

iole and midrib, closely
serrulate. Scales soft-
Salix, Willow. Leaf, and staminate and pis- pubescent outside. Banks
tillate flowers and inflorescences. of streams, ponds, and

lakes.

 

S. amygdaloides, PreacH-LEAvED Wi tow. Scales yellowish, fall-
ing before the capsules mature. Filaments hairy below. Stamens 3-5
or more. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pale or glaucous be-
neath, Petioles slender. Stipules minute and very early deciduous.
SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) 43

The pistillate catkins become very loose in fruit. Common in swamps
westward.

S. longifolia, Sanp-Bar Wittow. Scales yellowish, falling before
the capsules mature. Filaments hairy below.” Stamens 2. Leaves
tapering at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young,
smooth and green on both sides when mature. Stipules small and
deciduous. A shrub or small tree which spreads extensively on allu-
vial deposits and forms dense clumps.

§S. cordata, Pussy Wittow. Scales persistent, colored at the tip.
Stamens 2. Filaments glabrous. Capsules glabrous. Stipules per-
sistent, usually conspicuous. A widely distributed shrub character-
istic of wet places. A free hybridizer.

S. Discolor, Pussy Wittow. Scales persistent, colored at the tip.
Stamens 2, Filaments
glabrous. Capsules pu-
bescent, Catkins sessile
on the old wood, naked
at base, appearing be-
fore the leaves, thick,
cylindrical, appearing in
earliest spring. Scales
dark red, brown, or
blackish, densely clothed
with long glossy hairs.
Large shrub or small
tree common in low
meadows or along river
banks,

POPULUS

Trees with broad and
more or less _heart-
shaped or _ ovate,
toothed leaves, and of-
ten angular branches.
Buds_ scaly, covered

with resinous varnish. a-c, Populus tremuloides, Aspen; a, pistillate cat-

kin lon and kin; b, pistillate flower with scale; c, leaf; d-h,
as . 3 g b P. grandidentata, Large-toothed aspen; d, stam-
drooping, appearing be- inate catkin; e, pistillate catkin; f, staminate |
fore the leaves: Flow- flower; g, pistillate flower with scale; h, leaf.

 
44 SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

ers arise from a cup-shaped disk. The stamens are 8-30 or
more.

P. tremuloides, Trempitinc Aspen. A tree 6-20 m. high, with
smooth greenish-white bark. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a
short sharp point and small somewhat regular teeth. Petioles long
and slender and laterally flattened. Scales cut into 3-4 deep linear
divisions, fringed with long hairs. Bud scales glabrous, or merely
ciliate. Common in thickets and clearings.

P. grandidentata, Larce-roorHep Aspen. Tree often 20 m. high
with smoothish gray bark. Leaves roundish-ovate, with large and ir-

  

d

 

9

a-c, Populus deltoides, Cottonwood; a, winter bud; 6, fruit; c, leaf. d-g, P.
balsamifera, Balsam poplar; d, winter bud; e, staminate flower; f, pistillate
flower; g, leaf.

regular sinuate teeth, densely covered when young with white silky
wool, smooth on both sides when mature. Petioles laterally flattened.
Scales cut into 5-6 unequal small divisions, slightly fringed. Bud-
scales tomentose.

P, balsamifera, BaLsam Porrar. Tree 6-30 m. high, the buds large
JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) 45

and varnished with an abundant and fragrant resin. Petioles little
if at all laterally flattened. Stamens 20-30,

P deltoides, Cotronwoop. Tree 15-30 m. high. Leaves broadly
deltoid. Petioles long and laterally flattened. Scales fringed but not
hairy. Stamens 60 or more, Capsules. on slender pedicels, in long
catkins. Borders of streams,

MYRICACEAE (Sweet GaLEt Famiry)

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with each kind of flowers in
short scaly catkins, and resinous-dotted often. fragrant leaves.

MYRICA

The only genus. Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and
with a pair of bractlets, the sterile in ellipsoid or cylindrical, the
fertile in ovoid or globular catkins, from axillary scaly buds; sta-
mens 2-8; filaments somewhat united below; anthers 2-celled.
Fruit small globular or short-cylindric, dry, coated with resinous
grains or wax.

M. carolinensis, Bayzerry. Shrub 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong, en-
tire or somewhat crenately toothed, thinner and more flaccid than in
the preceding, mostly obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. broad, green and resinous-
dotted on both sides; fruit 3.5-4 mm. in diameter. Sandy or sterile
soil, chiefly near the coast. _

M. asplenifolia, Sweet Fern. Shrub 3-6 dm. high, with sweet-
scented, fern-like, linear-lanceolate leaves; stipules half heart-shaped;
seales of the sterile catkins kidney- or Beane Sane pointed. Sterile
soil. 5

JUGLANDACEAE (Watnut Famity)

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules; flowers
monoecious; the sterile, in catkins with an irregular calyx adnate
to the bract; the fertile, solitary or in a small cluster or spike; with
a regular 3-5 lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2-4 celled
but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a crus-
taceous or bony nutshell, containing a large 4-lobed seed. Coty-
ledons fleshy and oily, 2-lobed. Petals sometimes present in the
46 JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY)

fertile flowers. A small family of important trees, consisting
chiefly of the two following genera.

JUGLANS

Stamens 12-40; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers soli-
tary or several together on a peduncle at the end of the branch,
with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses.
Styles 2, very short; stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed.
Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly
rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nutshell. Trees, with
odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates.

J. cinerea, ButtrerNut. Leaflets 7-17, oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
rounded at base, downy especially beneath, the petioles and branch-
lets downy with clammy hairs; fruit ellipsoid, clammy, pointed, the
nut deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the
base. Rich woods, Trunk 16-30 m. high with gray bark, widely
spreading branches, and lighter brown wood than in the next.

J. nigra, Brack Watnurt. Leaflets 11-17, ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above,
the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy; fruit spherical,
roughly dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom. Rich
woods. A large and handsome tree with rough dark bark and valu-
able purplish-brown wood.

CARYA

Fine timber trees with hard and very tough wood. From the
scaly buds, in spring, usually both kinds of flowers arise, the
sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. The fruit has a
four-valved exocarp (the hull), a smooth and bony endocarp
(the shell of the nut), and a single, four-lobed seed (the kernel).
The nuts ripen and fall in October. (Karua, an ancient name of
walnut.)

C. ovata, SHaG-BARK Hickory. The bark of the trunk exfoliates
in rough strips or plates. The inner bud-scales become large and
conspicuous and persist till the flowers are fully developed. Leaflets
5-7. The husk of the fruit splits into thick and woody valves. The
seed is sweet. A large and handsome tree. ‘
BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) 47

C. glabra, Picnut Hickory. The bark does not exfoliate. The
seed is bitterish, Nut thick walled. Leaflets 5-7. Winter buds
brownish, rounded.

C. cordiformis, BirrerNutT Hickory. Like C. glabra, but leaflets
7-11, and nut thin-walled, Winter buds yellow, pointed.

BETULACEAE (Bircu Famity)

Monoecious trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, and
straight veined, and with deciduous stipules.
The staminate flowers in catkins, the pistillate
ones in clusters, spikes, or in scaly catkins.

CORYLUS

Shrubs or small trees, with doubly-toothed
leaves. Flowers in early spring. The stam-
inate catkins arise from the scaly buds of the
axils of the preceding year, while the pistil-
late ones terminate the early leafy shoots.
The nut is enclosed in a leafy cup formed by
the two bractlets enlarged and often grown
together and lacerated at the border; cotyle- Cy,yivs americana,
dons very thick; sweet and edible. : Hazelnut.

 

C. americana, Haze~tnut. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped. Invo-
lucre open above. Thickets.

OSTRYA

Slender trees with very hard wood, brown-
ish furrowed bark, and leaves resembling
those of birch. The flowers appear with the
leaves. The fruit is enclosed in a bladdery
bag (the inflated involucre), which is much
larger than the small smooth nut within. .This

Ostrya virginiana, Hop inflated involucre gives an appearance like

hornbeam. FPistillate that of the fruit of hops.
and staminate cat- tes
kins, O. virginiana, Hop Hornseam, Leaves oblong-

 
48 BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)

ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply double-serrate, downy beneath, 11-15
principal veins, Rich woods.

CARPINUS

Trees or tall shrubs with gray bark which has the appearance
of being very tight-fitting to the wood, giving the stems and
branches a “hard-muscled” appearance. The slender buds and
straight-veined leaves resemble those of beech. '

 C. caroliniana, Bruz Bzecu. Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply
double-serrate. Along streams.

BETULA

Trees or shrubs with the outer bark often separable in sheets
and that of the smaller branches dotted. Buds sessile and scaly.
Staminate catkins terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in summer,
remaining naked through winter, and expanding in early spring.
They appear with or precede the leaves. The pistillate catkins are
ovoid to cylindrical and usually terminate the very short 2-leaved
early lateral branches.

B. lenta, Sweer Bircu. Bark and
twigs sweet-aromatic. Leaves green on
both sides. Bark of trunk dark brown
and tight, in age becoming ashy-brown
and furrowed. The fruiting catkins
short-cylindric. Rich woods.

B. lutea, YELLtow Bircu. Bark and
twigs sweet-aromatic, but less so than in
preceding species. Leaves green on both
sides. Bark of trunk yellowish- or silvery-
gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers.
The fruiting catkins narrow-ovoidto sub-
globose. Rich moist woods.

 

‘Betula lutea, Yellow birch; a,
branch with staminate and B. nigra, River Bircw. Bark not aro-
pistillate catkins; b, single matic, Leaves whitish beneath. Bark
staminate flowers; c¢, leaf. < si .
fe greenish-brown. Twigs reddish. Leaves
acutish at both ends, downy beneath when young. Petioles and pe-
duncles and the thick-cylindric catkins woolly-pubescent. Banks of
streams and swamps.
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)’ 49

B. populifolia, Wire: Bircu. Bark dull, chalky- or ashy-white,
smooth and tight, the layers not readily exfoliating. Staminate catkins
usually solitary. Leaves triangular, very taper-pointed, smooth and
shining on both sides, tremulous on very slender petioles. Sandy or
rocky soil. Commonest near the coast.

B. alba papyrifera, Canoz Bircu. Bark lustrous, creamy or pink-
ish-white to bronze, freely splitting into paper-like layers. Staminate
catkins mostly 2 or 3. Young leaves pubescent beneath. Large shrub
or medium-sized tree.

ALNUS

Shrubs or small trees with few-scaled leaf-buds and solitary or
often racemose-clustered catkins. Flowers, in the following spe-
cies, developed in earliest spring before the
leaves, the catkins all coming from naked buds
formed the preceding season; fruit wingless,
or with a narrow dry margin.

A. incana, Specktep ALper. Shrub or small
tree, leaves broadly elliptical’ to ovate, mostly’
rounded at base, sharply and doubly serrate, the
upper surface dark green, the lower mostly
downy, at least on the veins. Stipules lanceolate,
Swamps and borders of streams.

 

: Alnus incana,
A. rugosa, SmoorH Atper. Shrub or small Speckled alder:

tree, leaves obovate, acute at base, sharply and
almost regularly serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green on both
sides. Stipules oval. Sometimes intergrades with A. incana,

FAGACEAE (Betecu Famity)

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, straight-
veined leaves and deciduous stipules. The one-seeded nut enclosed
in a cupule consisting of more or less consolidated bracts which
become hard. ;

FAGUS

Trees with a close and smooth ash-gray: bark, and undivided
strongly straight-veined leaves. The flowers appear at the same
time as the leaves, the yellowish staminate ones arising from the
SPRING FLORA—4 e é wi i

4
50 FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY)

lower, and the pistillate ones from the upper axils of the leaves.
(Name from phagein, to eat, in allusion to the edible nuts.)

F, grandifolia, Brercu. Large tree, leaves oblong-ovate, taper-
pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, light green. The prickles
of the grayish or yellowish fruit filiform, elongated, recurved or
spreading. Rich uplands.

QUERCUS (Oax)

Flowers greenish, yellowish, or reddish. All the species in-
cline to hybridize freely. The involucre forms a scaly cup around
the base of the rounded nut or acorn.

Q. alba, WHITE Oax. Leaves when young whitish beneath, when
mature pale or glaucous beneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong,
obliquely cut into 5-9 oblong or linear and obtuse, mostly entire
lobes. The cup hemispherical saucer-shaped, roughish at maturity,
much shorter than the ovoid (2-3 cm. long) acorn. Dry upland woods.

Q. stellata, Post Oax. Leaves grayish or brownish, downy under-
neath, dark green and rough above, thickish, 5-7 rounded divergent
lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1-3 notched, Acorn 1-2
cm. long. Sandy or sterile soil.

Q. macrocarpa, Bur Oax. Leaves obovate or oblong, sometimes
nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath, the lobes sparingly
and obtusely toothed, or in the smaller ones entire. The cup deep, thick
and woody (2-5 cm. across) with hard, thick, pointed, and conspicu-
ously imbricated scales, the upper ones usually making a mossy-
fringed border. The acorn is broadly ovoid and half covered by or
entirely enclosed by the cup. A large and valuable tree, extremely
variable in the size and fringe of the acorn cups. Rich soil.

Q. bicolor, Swamp Wuite Oax. Leaves obovate or oblong ovate,
wedge-shaped base, usually soft downy beneath. The cup 4 to } as
long as the acorn, woody, the upper scales awn-pointed, sometimes
forming a mossy-fringed margin. Acorn 2-3 cm. long, peduncled. A
large tree with flaky bark. Borders of streams and swamps,

Q. muhlenbergii, CHestnut Oax. Leaves slender petioled, often
oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or
rounded at base, almost equally and rather sharply toothed. The cup
nearly sessile, shallow, thin, and composed of small scales. The acorn
globose cr obovoid, 1.5 to 2 cm. long. Dry limestone hillsides and
rich bottoms. A tall tree whose bark becomes flaky.
FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) 5I

Q. Prinus, CHestnut Oax. Leaves thick, obovate, or oblong to
lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, un-
dulately crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath. Cup thick
and composed of hard and stout scales. A large tree with thick and
deeply furrowed bark. Rocky banks and hillsides.

Q..rubra, Rep Oax. Cup saucer-shaped or flattish with a narrow
raised border, 1.8-2.5 cm. broad, of closely appressed scales, sessile or
on a very abrupt stalk, very much shorter than the narrow-ovoid
acorn, which is 2-3 cm. long. Leaves rather thin, turning dark red
after frost, moderately pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad
base, with a few coarse teeth. The bark of the trunk dark-gray and

smoothish. Timber coarse and poor. Common both in rich and poor
soil,

  

Quercus, Oak; u, Q. velutina, Black oak, branch with young leaves and pistillate
and staminate catkins; 6, leaf of Q. alba, White Oak; c, leaf of Q. rubra,
Red Oak.

Q. palustris, Prin Oax. Cup flat saucer-shaped, sometimes con-
tracted with a short scaly base or stalk, fine scaled, very much shorter
than the usually globose acorn which is 1-1.5 cm. long. Leaves deeply
52 URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY)

pinnatifid, with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses. Low
grounds, chiefly on the coastal plain and in the Mississippi basin,

Q. coccinea, ScarteT Oak. Cup top-shaped or hemispherical with
a,conical base, 1.5-2.2 cm. broad, coarsely scaly, covering half or more
of the short ovoid acorn, the scales brown. Leaves,.at least on full-
grown trees, bright green, shining above, glabrous beneath, turning
red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes divergent and ‘spar-
ingly cut-toothed. The bark of the trunk is gray and the interior
reddish. Dry soil,

Q. velutina, Brack Oax. Cup hemispherical with a conical base,
1.8-2.3 cm. broad. The acorns are ovoid to hemispherical, 1.2-2 cm.
long, light brown, often pubescent. Leaves variously divided, ordinarily
with hairy tufts in the axils beneath. Bark dark brown and rough,
internally orange. This bark is largely used in tanning. Dry uplands,

URTICACEAE (Nettie Famity)

Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious or rarely (in
the elm) perfect flowers. A large family mostly tropical.

ULMUS

Trees with alternate, serrate, pinnately-veined leaves and stip-
ules which soon drop off. Flowers-mostly polygamous, upon the
last year’s branches. Fruit winged all around, one-seeded. The
flowers are purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, appearing
in early spring. The leaves are strongly straight-veined, short
-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at base.

U. fulva, Siippery Em.
Flowers nearly _ sessile.
Leaves very rough above.
» A small or middle-sized
tree with ‘tough reddish
bark and a very mucilag-
inous inner bark. Rich soil.

U. americana, AMERICAN

Ei_m, Waite Exim. Flow-
: : -. ers on. slender -droopin

Ulmus americana, American élm; a, leaf; 6, in- n ping

florescence; vc, inflorescence of U. fulva,.Slip- pedicels, appearing before
pery elm. the leaves. Fruit ; ovate,

 
URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) 53

with a fringe. The leaves smooth above-or nearly so., A large and
well-known ornamental tree, variable in habit. Moist woods, espe-
cially along rivers. ‘

CELTIS

Flowers appear with the leaves and are borne’ on branches of
the same year. They are greenish, axillary, the pistillate ones
solitary or in pairs, the lower usually staminate only. Fruit a
drupe. m

C. occidentalis, Hacx-
BERRY. A small or
sometimes large tree
with the general appear-
ance of elm. It bears
sweet and edible fruits
which ripen in autumn
and are as large as wild’
cherries, but the pulp is
much thinner. This tree
shows much variation as
to stature, foliage, form
and color of fruit. The
fruit is reddish or yel-
lowish and: turns dark
purple at maturity. The
leaves are ovate, taper-
pointed, sharply serrate. Woods and river banks.

 

Cellis occidentalis, Hackberry; a, inflorescence and
individual flowers; b, leaf.

MORUS

A tree with alternate leaves and milky juice. The pistillate
and staminate flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, three-
nerved. Achenes ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent
berry-like calyx, the whole spike thus becoming a thickened, ob-
long, juicy, and edible aggregate fruit.

M. rubra, Rep Mutperry. A large tree; ripening its blackberry-
like fruit. in July. Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy
beneath. Flowers frequently dioecious. Fruit dark purple. Rich
woods.
54 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY)

SANTALACEAE (Sanpatwoop Famity)

A small family, chiefly tropical, and including herbs, shrubs and
trees.

COMANDRA

Low herbaceous perennials. The flowers perfect and in umbel-
like clusters. Anthers connected to the calyx-
lobes by a tuft of thread-like hairs. A.smooth
plant with herbaceous stems arising from a
rather woody base, alternate and almost sessile
leaves, and greenish-white flowers.

C. umbellata, Bastarp ToaprLax. The flower-
ing stems 1.5-4 dm. high, branched, very leafy.
‘ The leaves are oblong, thin, pale beneath, the pale
es eee si midrib being prominent beneath. The inflorescence

Inflorescence and is an ellipsoid panicle composed of many small

single flower. flowers on divergent: branches. The roots form

parasitic attachments to the roots of trees and
shrubs. Dry ground. Flowers in May and June.

 

ARISTOLCOCHIACEAE

(BirtHwort Famity)

A small family of twining shrubs
or low herbs, with perfect flowers,
the conspicuous calyx valvate m
bud and coherent with the 6-celled
ovary which forms a many-seeded
fruit. Stamens 5-12, more or less
united with the style.

ASARUM

Stemless, perennial herbs. Sta-
mens 12, with more or less distinct
filaments. The calyx is 3-parted.
The petals when present are rudi-
mentary. The creeping rootstock
is aromatic-pungent. It bears one or two kidney-shaped or heart-

 

Asarum canadense, Wild ginger.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) 55

shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close
to the ground in the lower axil. Early spring.

A. canadense, Witp GiNcER. Soft pubescent. Leaves kidney-
shaped, more or less pointed. Calyx bell-shaped, brown, purple inside.
Common in rich woods.

POLYGONACEAE (BuckwHeaT FaAmILy)

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of
sheaths above the swollen joints of the stem. The flowers mostly
perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx. The fruit is usually
-an achene, compressed or 3-4 angled or winged.

RUMEX

Coarse herbs, with small and unattractive flow-
ers, mostly green, crowded and _ coimmonly
whorled in racemes.

=

R. acetosella, Firrp Sorret. A common low |
weed, 1-3 dm. high. The leaves are narrow-lance-
olate or linear, halberd-form, at least the lowermost,
the narrow lobes entire and widely spreading. The Rumer | acetosella,
pedicels are jointed at the summit. The sepals are Field sorrel; sta-
scarcely enlarged in the fruit, and are exceeded in eee. ee

: : pistillate flowers,
length by the naked achene. Sterile soil, common. fruit, and leaf,

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pinx Famity)

Herbs with opposite entire leaves, usually 5 sepals (united or
separate), 5 petals, 10 stamens (sometimes fewer), 2-5 styles,
and a 1-celled ovary becoming a pod.

ARENARIA

Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile leaves and small white
flowers. Sepals 5. ‘Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched,
rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, opposite the sepals. Pod
short, splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there
56 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY)

are styles, few to many-seeded. (Name from arena, sand, in which
many of the species grow.)

A. lateriflora, Sanpwort, Seeds few. Perennials with ~broadish
leaves. Sparingly branched,
minutely pubescent, leaves

Qe ovate, 1-2 cm. long. Pe-
) duncles 2-flowered. May
aS a. and June. .

A. serpyllifolia, Sanp-
wort. Seeds many. Leaves
roughish-pubescent. The
plant 5-15 cm. high. Leaves
ovate, small, and acute.

    

Arenaria; a, A. laterifolia, Sandwort; b, A. Sandy or rocky soil. June-
serpyllifolia, Sandwort. August.
STELLARIA

Herbs with solitary clustered white flowers. Sepals 4 or 5 and
separate, petals 4 or 5 and deeply 2-cleft. Stamens 3-10. Styles
3. (Name from stella,
a star, in allusion to
‘the star-shaped flow-
ers.)

.S. media, CHi1cK-
WEED. Stems weak and
spreading. Leaves ovate
or oblong, the lower 2 Stellaria media, Chickweed, flowering shoot and
we. Wate etioles. The single flower’ enlarged; b, Cerastium vulgatum,

y~P " Mouse-ear chickweed.
petals shorter than the
sepals. Annual or nearly so. A common weed. Introduced from
Europe.

 

CERASTIUM

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals many or 2-lobed, rarely entire, often
wanting in some of the flowers. Stamens 10 or fewer. Stamens
mostly 5, opposite the sepals. The pod often curved, many-seeded.
Seeds rough. (Name from keras, a horn, alluding to the shape of
the pod.)
PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY) 57

C. vulgatum, Common Movuser-Ear CuHIcKWeED. Perennial, Petals

equaling or shorter than the sepals or wanting. .Upper bracts nearly
herbaceous. Pedicels longer than the calyx. Common
in fields and dooryards. May-July.
' C,. nutans, Mouse-car CuHicKweep. Annual. Stems
erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched, 1.5-5 dm.
high. Inflorescence loose, many-flowered. Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate. Petals a
little longer than the sepals. Pods nodding on the
stalks, curved upward, nearly or quite three times the
length of the calyx. Moist rich soil. May-July.

 

.

SILENE

Herbs with solitary or clustered flowers, a 5-
toothed calyx, 5 petals with slender stalk-like base,
10 stamens, 3 styles, a 1-3-celled ovary, and a pod
opening at apex by 3 or 6 teeth. (Name from
sialon, saliva, from the sticky exudation on the stems
and calyx of many species.)

S. antirrhina, SLEEpy Catcurry. Annual. Stems
slender (2-9 dm. high). Leaves lanceolate or linear.
Flowers small, paniculate. Calyx ovoid.’ Petals ob-
cordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.
Common in waste places and open woods. June-Sept.

 

PORTULACACEAE (Purstane Famity)

 

Herbs with entire fleshy leaves, 2 separate or
united sepals, 4 petals, 5-20 stamens, a 2-8 parted Sree bite,
style, and a 1-celled pod. Corollas opening only in Sleepy catchfy;
sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shriveling. a, habits’ °b,

single flower.

CLAYTONIA

A perennial herb flowering conspicuously and abundantly in
spring. The simple stems arise from a small deep tuber. They bear
a ‘pair of opposite leaves and a loose raceme of pinkish flowers.
The veins of the corolla are more deeply colored than the -rest.
Sepals 2, ovate, persistent, Stamens 5, adhering to the: short
58 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

claws of the petals. Style 3-cleit at the apex. (Named in honor
of Dr. John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists.)

C. virginica, Spring Beauty.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 7-15 cm.
long. Moist open woods, common.

NYMPHAEACEAE
(Water Lity Famity)

Aquatic. perennial herbs, with
floating leaves. Flowers axillary
and solitary.

NYMPHAEA

Leaves with a deep sinus at the
base. Flowers yellow or sometimes
Claytonia virginica, Spring Beauty; tinged with purple, produced all
habit, corm, and flower. summer. Sepals 5 or 6 or some-
times more, roundish, concave. Pet-
als numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted
with the very numerous short stamens on the receptacle under the
ovary. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripen-
ing above the water. (Name formerly
used for the white-flowered water-lilies,
which were dedicated by the Greeks to
the water nymphs.)

 

N. advena, YeLLow Ponp Liry. Sepals 6,
unequal, yellow, mostly tinged with green

or brown. Very common in still or stag- a
ymphaea advena, Yellow

n .
GES WEEE pond-lily; flower and leaf.

 

RANUNCULACEAE (CrowFoot FaMIty)

Herbs with flower parts all distinct, 3-15 sepals, petals 3-15 or
wanting, stamens numerous or rarely few, and many or few pistils
becoming either pods, achenes, or berries. When the petals are
wanting the calyx is often colored like a corolla.
RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 59

RANUNCULUS

Annuals or perennials.. Stem leaves alternate. F lowers soli-
tary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (A Latin name
for a little frog, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.)

R. aquatilis capillaceus, Waite Water Buttercup. Leaves all
under water and mostly petioled, their capillary divisions and sub-
divisions rather long and soft, usually. collapsing more or less when
withdrawn from the water. Common especially in slow flowing water.
Petals white. June-August.

R. delphinifolius,- Yettow Water Butrercup. Stems floating or
submerged. Leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divi-
sions, Petals 5-8, deep bright yellow, 8-12 mm. long, much larger than
the sepals. Carpels in a round head, slightly roughened, beaked, and
margined toward the base with a conspicuous border. Quiet water.
When rooting out of the water or left in the mud of drying ponds
the form becomes modified.

 

Ranunculus. u, R. abortivus; b, R. acris.

R. abortivus, SMALL-FLOWERED Buttercup. Biennial, slightly suc-
culent. Stem 1.5-6 dm., sparingly-pubescent, primary root-leaves
round heart-shaped with a wide shallow sinus. Petals pale yellow,
shorter than the small calyx. Shady hillsides and along brooks.
Common, April-June.

R. recurvatus, Hairy, 3-6 dm. high. The achenes with a long re-
curved beak. Root-leaves rarely divided. The achenes in globular
heads, compressed, and with margins. The leaves long-petioled,
deeply 3-cleft. Large. The petals shorter than the reflexed calyx,
pale. Common in woods. May, June.

R. fascicularis, Earty Buttercup. Low, ascending, 1-2.5 dm. high,
finely pubescent. The root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibers, Rad-
60 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

ical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division being
remote from the sessile lateral ones. Petals often 6 or 7 and twice
the length of the calyx. The carpels scarcely margined, beaked,
The style long and attenuate. Petals bright yellow. Dry or moist
hills. April and May.

R. septentrionalis, Common Swamp Buttercup, The style long
and attenuate. Petals bright yellow. The stems 3-8 dm. long, erect,
ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent. The. lower
petioles very. long, and the leaves 3-divided. The petals. broadly
obovate, much larger than the calyx. The carpels strongly margined
and beaked. Moist or shady places. May—August.

R. bulbosus. Hairy. Stem 3 dm. high, erect from a bulb-like
base, The root-leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions being sessile, the
terminal ones stalked and 3-parted. Petals round and wedge-shaped
at base. Calyx reflexed. Carpels with a
very short beak. Fields. Abundant in
the N. E. and rare west. May-July. The
petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow,
the corolla more than 2.5 cm. broad. From
Europe.

R. acris, Hairy. Stem erect, 6-9 dm.
high. Leaves 3-divided, the divisions all
sessile and 3-cleft or parted. The petals
obovate, much longer than the calyx.
Flowers nearly as large as the preceding
species, but not so deeply yellow. Com-
mon in fields, especially in the east. June—
August. From Europe, ,

 

THALICTRUM

Thalictrum dioicum, Early Perennial herbs, with alternate com-

meadow rue. 4, pistillate in- Bae
Bec eetee RL oe nite See pound leaves, the divisions and the
florescence; c, leaf; d, single leaflets stalked, and the petioles dilated
flower. at the base. Flowers in corymbs,
usually dioecious. Sepals 4~5, petal-

like or greenish and usually disappearing. Petals none. Achenes
4-15. 3

T. dioicum, Earty Meapnow, Rue. Dioecious. Smooth and pale.or
glaucous, 3-6 dm. high. The leaflets thin, light green, drooping,. 3-7
RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 61

lobed. The sepals purplish or greenish white. Common especially

in rocky woods and ravines. April-May.

ANEMONELLA

_Low, smooth, perennial. Leaves all radical and
compound. Involucre compound at the base of an
umbel. Sepals 5-10, white or tinged with pink;
conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, ovoid,
sessile.

A. thalictroides, RuzE ANemMone. .Stem and slender
petiole of the radical leaf 1-3 dm. high, rising from

a cluster of thickened roots. The leaflets roundish, :

somewhat 3-lobed, cardate at the base. Flowers sev-
eral in an umbel. Common in woods.

HEPATICA

Leaves heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and

persistent through the winter. The new leaves ap-
pear after the flowers, the latter occurring singly
on hairy scapes. (Name from the resemblance
of the leaves to the outline of the liver, hepas.)

H. triloba. Leaves with 3 obtuse or rounded lobes.

 

Anemonella.
thalictroides,
Rue anemone.

Sepals 6-12,

blue, purplish, or nearly white. The achenes numerous in a small
loose head, pointed, hairy. Common in woods in early spring.

 

H. acutiloba.. Leaves with
3-pointed lobes or sometimes
5-lobed. The lobes of the in-
volucre also acutish. Merges
into the preceding. :

ANEMONE

Perennial herbs with rad-

ical leaves, the stem leaves

Hepatica triloba,

being 2 or 3 together, op-

posite or whorled, and forming an involucre, remote from the
flower. Peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. The sepals
few or many, petal-like. Petals none. (Named from the Semitic
62 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

name for Adonis, from whose blood the crimson-flowered Anem-
one of the Orient is said to have sprung.)

A. canadensis. Hairy and rather low. The primary involucre is
3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a, pair of peduncles with
a 2-leaved involucre in the middle, and these branch
similarly in turn. The radical leaves 5-7 parted.
The sepals white. River banks and prairies.

A. quinquefolia, Woop ANEMONE. Smooth and
rather low. The stem perfectly simple, arising
from a root-stalk. The involucre of 3 long-petio-
late, trifoliolate leaves. The sepals 4-7, oval, white,
or tinged with purple outside. Margins of woods,
April and May.

 

ISOPYRUM

Slender, smooth, perennial herbs with 2-3

ee quinquefolia, ternately compound leaves; the leaflets 2-3

coc anemen® lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white.

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or
more, the styles pointed.

I. biternatum. Fibers of the root thickened
here and there into little tubers. Moist and
shady woods and cliffs. May.

CALTHA

Glabrous, hydrophytic perennials with
round and _ heart-shaped large leaves.
Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Pistils 5-10 with
scarcely any styles.

 

C. palustris, MarsH Maricotp. Swamps
and wet meadows in April and June. The
stem is hollow and furrowed. The sepals are
broadly oval and bright yellow. Sometimes used for greens when
young. The brilliant golden yellow flowers resemble buttercups and
are often wrongly called cowslips.

Isopyrum biternatum.

COPTIS

A low, smooth perennial with divided root-leaves, and small
RANUNULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 63 °°)

white flowers on scapes. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals
5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pis-
tils 3-7 on slender stalks. (Named from coptein, to cut, referring
to the divided leaves.)

C. trifolia, GotprHREAD. A tiny woodland plant whose long bright
yellow and thread-like roots are thought to have medicinal value.

 

Caltha palustris, Marsh marigold. Coptis trifolia, Goldthread.

They are bitter. The evergreen leaves are dark green and shining,
3-lobed, scalloped, finely toothed, long-stemmed. Mossy woods and
swamps. May-July.

‘ AQUILEGIA

Perennials with 2-3 ternately compound leaves, the leaflets
lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches.
Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with
a short spreading lip, and extending backward into large spurs
which are much longer than the calyx. ‘Pistils 5, with slender
styles.
64 RANUNULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY)

-,A, canadensis, CoLumBINE. Delicate in appearance but hardy, be-
ing’common on rocky hillsides. The long-stemmed compound leaves
are light olive green. The flowers grade in color from yellow through
scarlet to red at the tip of the spurs; they nod on their pedicels so
that the spurs turn upward, but the pedicel becomes erect when the
fruit is ripe. The long spurs indicate
the relation of the flower to long-
tongued insects. April to June.

DELPHINIUM

The showy flowers are in ter-
minal racemes. The leaves are
palmately divided or cut. The five

Aquilegia canadensis, Columbine. Sepals are irregular and petal-like,

' the upper one being prolonged into.
a spur at the base. The petals are four and irregular, the upper
pair being continued backward into long spurs which are en-
closed in the spur of the calyx. (Named from Delphin, referring
to the shape of a flower, which is not unlike the conventional
outline of a dolphin.)

 

ACTAEA

Perennials, with broad, 2-3 ternately compound leaves, the ovate
leaflets sharply cleft and toothed. The white flowers occur in a
short and thick terminal raceme. The
sepals are 4 or 5, falling off when
the flower expands. The petals are
4 to Io, small, flat, and on slender
claws. The stamens are numerous and
have slender white filaments. The pistil
is single, the stigma being sessile and
2-lobed.

A. alba, Wuire Banezerry. The glob-
ular berries are white, the pedicels which
bear them becoming thickened in fruit, as
large as the peduncle, and red. The raceme is ellipsoid and the petals
slender, appearing to be transformed stamens. Common in rich woods
in April and May.

 

Delphinium, Larkspur.
ANONACEAE (CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY) 65

MAGNOLIACEAE (Macworia Famity)

Trees or shrubs, the leaf buds covered by membranous stipules.
The calyx and corolla colored alike, and imbricated in the bud.
The leaves alternate, not toothed, and marked with minute trans-
parent dots. The flowers single and large.

MAGNOLIA

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and
rather woody, cone-like, red fruit. Each carpel at maturity opens
on the back.

M. acuminata, Cucumper Tree. A tree 18-27 m. high, the fruit
when young slightly resembling a small cucumber. The leaves are
thin, oblong, pointed, green, and a little pubescent beneath, 13-25 cm.
long. The flower is shaped like a slender bell, and is green tinged with
yellow, 5 cm. long. The cone-like fruit is cylindrical. Rich woods.
May-June. °

LIRIODENDRON

A beautiful tree sometimes 40 m. high and 2-3 m. in diameter.
The timber is commonly called poplar or whitewood. (Named
from lirion, lily, and dendron, tree.)

_L. Tulipifera, Tutte Tree. Leaves very smooth with 2 lobes near
the base and 2 at the apex. Sepals 3, reflexed.. Petals 6, in two rows,
making a bell-shaped corolla. Anthers, linear, opening outward. Car-
pels flat, narrow, and coherent in an elongated cone which falls away
whole. The petals are 5 cm. long, greenish-yellow marked with
orange. Rich soil. May-June.

ANONACEAE (Custarp Appite FamIty)

A tropical family except for the following genus. Trees or
shrubs.
ASIMINA

Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised. The
deep red flowers occur singly in the axils of last year’s leaves.

Petals 6, the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous
SPRING FLORA—5
66 BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY)

and in a globular mass. Carpels few, ripening into 1-4 large
thick-cylindrical, pulpy fruits. Seeds several, flat.

A. triloba, Papaw. Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed. The
petals round-ovate. Tree 3-12 cm. high. The flowers appear with the
leaves. The fruits are 7-13 cm. long, green,
turning brown, the pulp being sweet and edible
in autumn. Banks of. streams and rich soil.
April-May.

BERBERIDACEAE (Barserry Famity)

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. Fruit
a berry or a pod.

 

PODOPHYLLUM

Asimina triloba, Papaw.

: Perennial herbs, with creeping root-stalks
and thick, fibrous roots. Sepals 6, falling early. Petals 6 or 9,
obovate, white. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary
ovoid, with a large sessile stigma. Fruit a large, fleshy berry.
Stems 2-leaved and 1-flowered. (Name from pous, foot, and
phullon, leaf, probably referring to the thick petioles.)

P. peltatum, May Apprz. The
flowerless stems are terminated by a
large round 7-9 lobed leaf, umbrella-
like. The flowering stems bear 2 one-
sided leaves and a nodding white
flower at the fork. Flowers in May
and ripens fruit in July. The fruit
is edible. Common in rich
woods,

 
 
 
 
 
 
  

CAULOPHYLLUM

A perennial glabrous herb
with knotty rootstalks. It Podophyllum peltatum, May apple.
sends up in early spring a
simple and naked stem which is terminated by a small inflorescence
of yellowish-green flowers and bears a little below the inflo-
rescence a large compound sessile leaf. Sepals 6, with 3 or 4
LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY). 67

bractlets at the base. The petals are replaced by 6 somewhat
kidney-shaped bodies, much smaller than the sepals, and one at
the base of each sepal. The ovary bursts soon after flowering,
due to the pressure of the 2 enlarging
seeds. The spherical seeds stand
naked on their thick stalks, the fleshy
integment turning blue. (Named
from kaulos, stem, and phullon, leaf.)

C. thalictroides, Bruz ConosH. The
flowers appear while the leaf is yet small.
The stems are 3-7.5 dm. high. The leaf-
lets are obovate and 2-3 lobed. Deep rich

woods. April-May. Caulophyllum thalictroides,
Blue cohosh.

 

BERBERIS

Shrubs with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in
drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1-9 foliolate leaves.

B. vulgaris, Barperry. Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets out-
side. Petals 6, obovate, having 2 glandular spots inside. Stamens
6. Stigma circular and depressed. The fruit a 1-few seeded berry.
The leaves of the fresh shoots are scattered and are mostly reduced
to spines, from the axils of which fascicles of leaves arise the next
season, as well as the drooping many-flowered racemes. The berries
are ellipsoid and scarlet. Thickets and waste ground. May and June.
Introduced from Europe.

LAURACEAE (Laure, Famity)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, mostly
marked with minute dots. The flowers have a regular calyx of
4 or 6 colored sepals, and are clustered.

SASSAFRAS

Trees with spicy aromatic bark and entire or lobed leaves. The
flowers are greenish-yellow, and naked. They appear with the
leaves in clustered racemes. Dioecious. The staminate flowers
have 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in three rows.
68 PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY)

The pistillate flowers have 6 short rudiments of stamens and an
ovoid ovary. The fruit is a blue drupe borne on a club-shaped
pedicel.

S. variifolium, Sassarras. Trees 4-28 m,
high, with yellowish-green twigs, leaves ovate,
entire, or some of them 2 or 3 lobed. Fre-
quent in woods, April.

BENZOIN

 

A shrub with yellow flowers in almost

Sassafras variifolium,
Sassafras. sessile umbel-like clusters, which appear

before the leaves. The clusters are com-
posed of smaller clusters each of 4—6 flowers and surrounded by an
involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf buds scaly. Easily recog-
nized by the odor of its broken leaves, which resembles that of

benzoin, an oriental gum.

B. aestivale, Spice Busy. The
flowers are polygamo-dioecious. The
fruit is a red drupe. The plant is
2-5 m. high, the leaves being oblong-
obovate, pale underneath. Damp
woods. March-April.

PAPAVERACEAE
(Porry Famity)

Herbs with milky or colored
juice. Leaves alternate and with-
out stipules. Regular flowers with
the parts in twos or fours. Sepals .
fugacious, Petals 4-12, spreading, Pere sevings, rie bam
imbricated and often crumpled in ie pai
the buds, early deciduous. Stamens many and distinct. Fruit a
dry pod. Sceds numerous.’

 

z

SANGUINARIA

A low perennial. Its thick horizontal root-stalks have a red-
orange juice. They send up in earliest spring a palmate-lobed
FUMARIACEAE (FUMITORY FAMILY) 69

leaf and a 1-flowered scape. The bud is erect and the flower
white and handsome. (Name from the color of the juice.)

S. canadensis, Brooproor. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stamens about
24. Style short. Stigma 2-grooved. Pod ellipsoid. Seeds with a

large crest. Common in open rich woods. April-
May.

STYLOPHORUM

A perennial low herb. The naked stems
bear at the top 2 opposite leaves and a 1-few-
flowered umbel. Leaves pinnately parted or
divided. Juice yellow.

S. diphyllum, CeLanpine Poppy. Sepals 2,
hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar. Pods
bristly. Seeds conspicuously crested. Leaves
pale beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong:
divisions. Damp woods, May.

 

Sanguinaria canadensis,
FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Famity) Blosdroot,
Delicate smooth herbs with thin juice, com-
pound dissected leaves, irregular flowers, with 4 somewhat united
petals, and 6 diadelphous stamens. The leaves are delicate,
usually alternate, and without stipules.

DICENTRA

Low stemless perennials with ter-
nately compound leaves and race-
mose nodding flower. The petals co-
here slightly, forming a heart-shaped
or 2-spurred corolla. (Name from
dis, twice, and kentron, a spur.)

D. Cucullaria, DutcHMan’s BREECHES.
A very delicate plant having a cluster
of grain-like tubers crowded together
in the form of a bulb. From this arise
in early spring the finely cut leaves and the slender scape which bears
4-10 flowers. The flowers are white, tipped with cream color. The

 

Stylophorum diphyllum,
Celandine poppy.
Jo CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

2 divergent spurs of the corolla are longer than the pedicel and the
crest of the inner petals is minute. Frequent in rich woods.

D. canadense, Sgurrret Corn. Similar to the foregoing in general
aspect but with many distinctive characteristics. The root-stalks bear
scattered grain-like
tubers, The corolla is
heart-shaped, the
spurs being very short
and rounded. The
crest of the inner pet-
als is conspicuous.
The flowers are green-
ish-white, tinged with
pink, and have the
fragrance of hya-
cinths. Rich woods.
April-May.

CRUCIFERAE
(Mustarp FaMIy)

Herbs with a thin
and pungent juice,
and .4-parted, regu-
lar flowers. Sepals
4 and deciduous,
Petals 4, hypogy-
nous, their spread-
ing limbs forming a
cross. Stamens 6,
two of them in-
serted lower than
the others and

shorter. Leaves al-
Dicentra. u, D. cucullaria; 6b, underground stem; ternate; st ip ules
c, flower of D. canadense; d, underground stem.

 

none. Flowers in
terminal racemes or corymbs. A large and natural family.

DRABA
Low, pubescent herbs with entire or toothed leaves and white
or yellow flowers.
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 71

D. caroliniana, WuitLow Grass. Small, 25-12 cm. high; petals
usually twice the length of the calyx; pods broadly linear and smooth,

much longer than the ascending pedicels. Sandy and waste fields,
March to May.

LEPIDIUM

Small plants with simple leaves, small white or greenish flowers,
and a roundish pod much flattened in a direction opposite to the
narrow partition.

L. virginicum, Witp Peprercrass. Leaves with tapering base, the
upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower incised or pinnatifid;
the orbicular or oval pods with a small notch at the top; stamens only
2, Common along roadsides. June to September.

L. apetalum, Peppercrass. Pod orbicular and minutely wing-
margined at the top. Petals usually wanting. Dry places, especially
roadsides.

CAPSELLA

Low annual plants with clustered pinnatifid basal leaves, and
arrow-shaped sessile stem leaves. The raceme of small white
flowers continues to elongate
through the season. The pod is tri-
angular and flattened in a direction
opposite to that of the narrow par- —
tition. Seeds numerous.

C. Bursa-pastoris, SHEPHERD’S 3
Purse. A very common weed, ex-
tremely variable in foliage and in out-
line of the pod, whose shape gives it
its common name. April to Sept.

 

BRASSICA Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Shepherd’s

i * ‘. purse; a, flowers and fruit; b,
Annuals or biennials with yellow root leafs we; stenk leaf: a, elasping
flowers. The lower leaves are in- upper leaf.

cised or pinnatifid.

B. arvensis, CHartocx. A frequent and injurious weed in grain
fields. The knotty pods are fully one-third occupied by a stout 2-edged
beak. The upper leaves are scarcely petioled and are merely toothed,
72 CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)

The fruiting pedicels are short and thick and the pods are smooth, 4
cm. long. Introduced from Europe.

B. nigra, Brack Mustarp. Leaves slender, petioled and somewhat
hairy, the lower ones having a very large terminal lobe and a few
small lateral ones, The pods short, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, on short erect
pedicels, flattened. The seeds are dark and very pungent. Common
along roadsides and in waste places. Introduced from Europe.

BARBAREA

Mostly biennials. Flowers yellow. Pods linear, round or
somewhat 4-sided.

B. vulgaris, WINTER Cress. A smooth perennial. The lower leaves
lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large. The lateral
divisions 1-4. The upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at
the base. Flowers bright yellow. Pods erect or ascending on spread-
ing pedicels. Low grounds and roadsides.

DENTARIA

Herbs with long, horizontal, fleshy and pungent rootstocks.
Simple stems naked below and bearing 2 or 3 petioled, compound
leaves about or above the middle, and
terminated by a single cluster of large
white or purple flowers, and lanceolate
flat pods.

D. diphylla, TootHwort.  Rootstock
_long and continuous, often branched;
stem-leaves 2, similar to the basal ones;
leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate,
coarsely crenate, the teeth abruptly acute;:
flowers white. Rich woods.

 

D. laciniata, Tootuworr. Rootstock
tuberous, deep-seated; basal leaves, often
none; stem-leaves 3-parted, the lateral
segments often 2-lobed, all broadly ob-
long to linear, more cr less gash-toothed; flowers white or rose-color.
Rich woods.

Dentaria laciniata, Toothwort.
CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 73

CARDAMINE

Herbs with fibrous roots, sometimes tuber-bearing. Stems leafy,
with alternate, simple or compound leaves, and bearing a cluster of

white or purple flowers and linear flat pods.

C. bulbosa, Sprinc Cress. Stem smooth, from
a tuberous base and a slender rootstock bearing
small tubers; root-leaves oblong to heart-shaped,
stem-leaves 5-8, scattered, becoming narrower
above, often toothed; flowers white. In wet
meadows and around springs. May, June.

C. Douglasii, Sprinc Cress. Like the last, but
stem usually pubescent, root-leaves orbicular, and
flowers rose-purple. Rich woods. April, May.

C. pennsylvanica, PENNSYLVANIA BITTER Cress.
Stem from fibrous roots, usually smooth, and
bearing pinnate leaves with 7-11 leaflets; terminal
leaflet obovate, lateral ones oblong; flowers small,
white. Moist places.

ARABIS

Stem from fibrous roots, with no tubers, bear-

   

 

Cardamine Douglasii,
Spring cress.

ing alternate simple or pinnatifid leaves, a cluster of white or

purple flowers, and linear flat pods.

leaves rarely lyrate,

 

Arabis lyrata, Rock cress, May.

A. lyrata, Rock Cress. Branching
from the base, smooth except the lyrate-
pinnatifid root-leaves ;
tered, narrow, with tapering base, toothed
or entire; flowers white, the petals much
longer than the sepals. On rocks or
sandy places. April to July.

A. laevigata, SmootH Rock Cress,
Stems simple and very leafy, with root-

stem leaves scat-

and narrow stem

leaves, mostly toothed and partly clasp-
ing by an arrow-shaped base; flowers
white and small, the petals scarcely
longer than the sepals. Rocky places.
74 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxirrace Famity)

Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves, with or with-
out stipules. Stamens 5-10. Fruit either a capsule or berry.

SAXIFRAGA
Herbs with clustered root-leaves, white flowers, Io stamens,
and 2-beaked capsules which sometimes become almost separate.

S. pennsylvanica, Swamp SaxirracE, A

3 ping large plant becoming as much as 6 dm. high;
“s ct large, lanceolate, obscurely-toothed leaves;

ap flowers in a large oblong cluster, and divi-
Laie sions of the capsule at length divergent. Low
a meadows.

S. virginiensis, EarLty Saxirrace. A low
plant from 1.5-3 dm. high; obovate, crenate,
toothed leaves; flowers in an open cluster;
and the two divisions of the capsule united
only at base, divergent, purplish. On rocks
and dry hillsides. April to June.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica, TIARELLA

Swamp saxifrage.

Low herbs with root-leaves, and usually
leafless stems. Small, white flowers in racemes. Petals entire.
Stamens 10, long and slender. Ovary one-celled.

T. cordifolia, Fatse Muirrewort. Leaves rising from a rootstock
or from runners, heart-shaped, lobed and toothed, downy beneath;

stem 1-4 dm. high, rarely with one or two leaves. Rich woods,
April to June.

HEUCHERA

Herbs with round, heart-shaped root-leaves. Flowers in small
clusters, greenish or purplish. Petals small, entire. Stamens 5.

H. americana, ALum Root. Stems 6-9 dm. high, glandular and hir-
sute with short hairs; calyx regular, 3-6 mm. long; petals about as
long as its lobes. Rocky woods.

H. hispida, Atum Root. Stems 5-12 dm. high, hispid or hirsute
with long spreading hairs, scarcely glandular; calyx 6-8 mm. long;
stamens longer than petals. Woods.
PLATANACEAE (PLANE TREE FAMILY) 75

MITELLA

Low herbs with round, heart-shaped
leaves and mostly naked flowering stems;
flowers in a slender raceme. Petals small,
pinnatifid. Ovary one-celled.

M. diphylla, Bisuor’s Cap. A hairy plant,
with heart-shaped, acutely lobed leaves, those
on the stem two and opposite, nearly sessile;
flowers white, in a raceme 1.5-2 dm. long.

Rich woods. May. H ee or die

 

RIBES

Low and sometimes prickly shrubs with alternate, palmately
lobed leaves. Flowers small, clustered. Fruit a berry crowned
with the remains of the calyx.

R. Cynosbati, Prickty GooSEBERRY.
A spiny shrub, often with bristly pric-
kles, 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves pubescent;
calyx broadly bell-shaped; berries armed
with long spines. Rocky woods. April
to June.

R. oxyacanthoides, Smoot GoosE-
BERRY. A spiny shrub, spines 3-8 mm.
long; leaves smoothish; flowers green-
ish, purple, or white; calyx broadly ob-
long; berries smooth, or sometimes with
whitish prickles. The common north-
ern gooseberry. May to June.

R. floridum, Witp Brack Currant.
An unarmed shrub with lobed leaves,
doubly serrate, and with resinous dots
beneath; racemes of large yellow and
whitish flowers, drooping and downy;
Mitella diphylia, Bishop’s cap. calyx tubular, bell-shaped, smooth. Rich
woods. April to May.

 

PLATANACEAE (PLane Tree Famity)

Trees with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and monoecious
naked flowers in separate and naked spherical héads.
76 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

~ PLATANUS

Large trees with outer bark peeling off in
thin plates. The leaves with petioles, hol-
low at base, and enclosing a bud of the next
season. Fruit club-shaped, one-seeded nut-
lets with a ring of bristly hairs at base.

P. occidentalis, Sycamore, A tree reaching
4o m. in height with a trunk sometimes over
Ribes floridum, Wild 4 ™. in diameter; leaves mostly truncate at base,
black currant. sinuate-lobed, the lobes sharp-pointed; fertile
heads solitary, hanging on long peduncle, per-
sistent through the winter.
Usually along streams in rich
soil. May.

 

ROSACEAE (Rosz Famity)

Trees, shrubs, or herbs with
regular flowers. Stamens
usually numerous, inserted on
the calyx. One to many car-
pels, which are distinct or
united, and alternate leaves.

     

f al 4

r 4

Platanus occidentalis, Sycamore; a, leaf;
b, staminate inflorescence; c, pistillate
inflorescence.

 

PHYSOCARPUS

Shrubs with simple, palm-
ately lobed leaves and umbels
of white flowers. 30 to 40 stamens. 1 to 5 pods, inflated.

'P, opulifolius, Ninr-park. Shrub 1 to 3 m.
high. Branches long, roundish; leaves 3-lobed,
heart-shaped; pods usually 3, purplish, mem-
branaceous. River banks and rocky places.
June,

PYRUS

Trees or shrubs with showy flowers in
corymbs or umbels. Stamens numerous.
Pipesiiouenoaeelvs: Carpels adnate. Calyx tube and fruit fleshy

Nine-bark. (pome) :

 
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 77

P. coronaria, Witp Cras. Tree 6 to 10-m.
high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, rounded at
base, and persistent; calyx lobes becoming
smooth; fruit greenish-yellow. Thickets and
open woods. April and May.

P. arbutifolia, Cnuoxesrrry. Shrub 1 to 3
m. high. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, acute,
serrate, tomentose beneath; pedicels, calyx and
young fruit tomentose; ripe fruit red. Swamps
and low woods. March to May.

P. americana, Mountain AsH. Trees or
tall shrubs, nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 13 to 15, lanceolate,
taper-pointed, serrate; fruit berry-like, bright red, about the size of
large peas. Woods. May and
June.

 

Pyrus coronaria, Wild crab.

AMELANCHIER

Small trees or shrubs with
smooth leaves, white flowers
in racemes. Stamens nu-
merous; carpels 5; the berry-
like pome 1o-celled on ac-
count of false partitions.

 

Pyrus arbutifolia, Chokeberry.

A. canadensis, SERVICE
Berry. Trees or shrubs 3 to 12 m. high. Leaves ovate, usually cor-
dated base, pointed finely and sharply serrate; flowers large, in droop-
ing racemes; petals narrowly oblong, 15 to 25
mm, in length; fruit crimson or purplish. In
dry woods. March to May.

A. oblongifolia, SHapsusH. Shrubs or small
trees, 2 to 6 m. high. Young leaves and racemes
white, tomentose; leaves oblong, usually rounded
at each end, finely serrate; flowers numerous, in
dense racemes; petals obovate or oblong, 5 to 10
mm. in length. Moist woods and rocky grounds.
April, May.

 

CRATAEGUS

. : Amelanchier,
Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny, with — Service berry.
78 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

simple, usually lobed leaves and white or pink flowers, in corymbs.
Inferior ovaries, and small pomes of various colors.

C. coccinea, Rep Haw. Shrubs or small
trees with stout spines, 3 to 5 cm. long. Peti-
oles long, slender; blades broadly ovate to or-
bicular, rough, pubescent, pointed at apex,
sharply cut and serrate; fruit usually pubes-
cent, yellowish-green, becoming dark reddish-
brown. Thickets. April, May.

FRAGARIA

 

Stemless shrubs with runners. Leaves
with three wedge-shaped leaflets and clus-
ters of white flowers on naked stems. Fruit
the pulpy scarlet receptacle bearing minute achenes scattered
over its surface.

Crataegus, Red haw.

F, virginiana, Witp STrRAwserry. Flower cluster with a flattish
top, calyx lobes tending to be connivent about the young fruit;
achenes in pits and the pulpy receptacles.
Moist rich woods and fields. April to
June.

F. vesca americana, Witp Srraw-
BERRY. Flower cluster soon regular and
becoming ra€eme-like; calyx lobes loosely
spreading or reflex, early exposing the
fruit; achenes superficial or nearly so on
the receptacle. Rocky woods. May, June.

 

POTENTILLA

: Fragaria virginiana, Wild
Shrubs with compound leaves. strawberry.

Flowers solitary or in clusters, with
numerous stamens and carpels, collected in a head on the dry
receptacle.

P. monspeliensis norvegica, RoucH C1INQuerorL. Stout, erect, hir-
sute, reaching 9 dm. in height; leaflets 3, oblong; those of the upper-
most 3 to 5 toothed near the end. Flowers small with yellow petals
and 5 to 20 stamens. Open ground. May to August.

P. argentea, Sitvery CinQueFoit. Stems ascending, reaching 5 dm.
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) é 79

in iength, branched at the summit, white, woolly; leaflets 5, wedge-
shaped, more or less pinnatifid, silvery-white beneath; flowers rather
large with yellow petals; stamens 20. Barren fields. June to Sep-
tember.

P. Anserina, Sitver Weep. Perennial, spreading by slender run-
ners; leaves white, tomentose, silky villous;
young radical ones pinnate; leaflets 7 to 21,
oblong; peduncles axillary, one-flowered.
Marshes and river banks. June to August.

P. canadensis, CoMMON _ CINQUEFOIL.
‘Somewhat erect, becoming 7 dm. high or
procumbent. Stem hirsute bearing solitary
flowers on axillary peduncles; leaves with 3
leaflets, which are apparently 5 on account
of the parting of the lateral leaflets; leaflets — Potentitia canadensis,
oblong, serrate, more or less hairy beneath, Common cinquefoil.
Sandy soil. May to July.

 

ROSA

Shrubs, usually prickly, with pinnate leaves, conspicuous stipules
and urn-shaped calyx tube. Petals are broad and numerous with
stamens inserted on the edge of the
tube, and hairy ovaries becoming hard
achenes.

R. blanda, Witp Rose. Stems becom-
ing 15 dm. high, unarmed, or occasionally
with prickles; stipules dilated; leaflets 5
to 7, oblong-lanceolate, wedge-shaped at
base; flowers large clustered or solitary;
sepals hispid, entire; sepals connivent af-
flowering, persistent. Rocks and beaches.

 

Rosa blanda, Wild rose.

R. carolina, Swamp Rose. Stems be-
coming 25 dm. high, with stout, often curved prickles; stipules long
and very narrow; leaflets 5 to 9, narrow, oblong, and acute at each
end; sepals spreading after flowering, falling from the mature fruit.
Borders of swamps and streams.

R. humilis, Pasture Rose. Stems low, not exceeding 9 dm. in
height, with straight, slender prickles; stipules narrow; leaflets mostly
7, smooth; flowers often solitary; sepals spreading after flowering,
outer ones more or less lobed. Dry soil, or on rocky slopes.
80 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

PRUNUS

Small trees or shrubs with 5-cleft calyx, 5 spreading petals, 15
to 20 stamens, and a solitary pistil which becomes a fleshy drupe.

P. serotina, Witp Brack Cuerry. Large tree with reddish-brown
branches, the inner bark aromatic; leaves oblong or lanceolate, taper-
pointed, serrate, with short incurved teeth; flowers in racemes; fruit
purplish-black, Woods,

P. virginiana, CHokecueErry. Shrub or small tree with grayish bark,
inner layers with a disagreeable odor; leaves oval to obovate, abruptly
pointed, very sharply serrate, with slender teeth; fruit red turning to
dark crimson. Woods.

P. pennsylvanica, Witp Rep Cuerry. Tree 6 to 10 m. high, with,
light red-brown bark; leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed, sharply
serrate, shining, green, and
smooth on both sides; flow-
ers numerous, in umbel-like
clusters; fruit light red,
very small. Rocky woods
and clearings.

P, pumila, Sanp CHeErry.
Prostrate, spreading and
creeping; leaves linear, stipu-
late, oblanceolate, almost en-
Prunus; a, P. pennsylvanica, Wild red cherry; tire or toothed above the

b, P. pumila, Sand cherry. middle; flowers 2 to 4 in
~ cluster; fruit dark purplish-

 

red. Sandy and rocky shores.

P. americana, Witp Pum. Tree 3 to 10 m. high; leaves more or
less thorny, narrowly obovate, long, acuminate, sharply serrated;
flowers large; petals narrowly obovate, about 1 cm. long; fruit becoming
red at maturity, about 2 cm. in diameter. River banks and borders
of woods,

RUBUS

Perennial herbs or somewhat shrubby, with white or reddish
flowers, numerous stamens, usually numerous carpels becoming
small drupes collected on a spongy or fleshy receptacle.

R. idaeus aculeatissimus, Rep Rasprerry. Prickly stemmed, up-
right shrubs, and beset with straight stiff bristles; leaflets 3 to 5,
ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 81

oblong-ovate, cut-serrate; petals white, as long..as. the bristly-hispid
calyx; fruit light red, falling off. whole from the dry receptacle.
Thickets. May to July.

R. occidentalis, Black Raspperry. Glaucous shrubs, with stems
recurved and armed with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets mostly
3, ovate, coarsely double-serrate; petals white, shorter than the sepals;
fruit purple-black, falling off whole from the dry receptacle. Thickets
and fence rows. May, June.

R. odoratus, PurrLte FLower1nc Raspserry. Unarmed shrubs, the
branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular hairs; leaves simple,
3 to § lobed, the middle lobe prolonged; flowers large and showy;
petals rounded, purple rose-color; fruit large and red, separating from
the receptacle as in all raspberries. Rocky woods. June to August.

R. triflorus, Dwarr Raspserry. Low and herbaceous, ascending
or trailing, unarmed; leaves with 3 or § leaflets, which are rhombic-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, thin and smooth; petals
small, erect, white or pink; fruit red, not separating easily from re-
ceptacle. Damp woods. May to
July.

R. allegheniensis, Tati
Buiackperry. Armed _— shrubs,
reaching 2 m, in height, the old
stems purplish and with stout
prickles; leaves palmately com-
pound with 3:or 5 leaflets, which
are villous above and velvety be-
neath; branchlets, pedicels, etc., Rubus allegheniensis, Tall blackberry.
glandular-pubescent; fruit sub-
cyclindric, blackish, not separating from the fleshy receptacle. Open
thickets and clearings. May to July.

 

R. hispidus, Swamp Bracxserry. Prostrate or nearly so, the
slender stem’ beset with retrorse prickles; leaflets thickish, dark green
or shining above; racemes few-flowered; fruit small, reddish-purple.
Moist woods and swampy meadows.

R. villosus, Dewserry. Becoming prostrate, the rather woody stem
armed with stout retrorse prickles; fruiting branches upright; leaflets
thin, doubly serrate, flowers in leafy racemes; fruit blackish, with few
to many large drupelets. Dry, open places.

SPRING FLORA—6
82 LEGUMINOSEAE (PULSE FAMILY)

LEGUMINOSEAE (Putse Famity)

Herbs, shrubs, and trees with alternate, usually compound leaves.
Flowers usually irregular, with 10 stamens and a single pistil be-
coming a pod in fruit. The irregular corolla is said to be papilion-
aceous, that is, with the upper petal larger than the others, and
enclosing them in a bud, usually turned backward. The two lateral
ones exterior to the two lower ones, which are more or less co-
herent, forming a keel enclosing the stamens and pistil.

GLEDITSIA

Thorny trees with once or twice pinnate leaves, and incon-
spicuous greenish regular flowers in small spikes. 3 to Io dis-
tinct stamens, and a flat many-celled
pod.

G. triacanthos, Honey Locust.
Thorns stout, often 3-pronged; leaflets
lanceolate-oblong; pods linear, elon-
gated (2 to 5 dm. long), often twisted,
filled with sweet pulp between the seeds.
Rich woods. May, June.

 

CERCIS

Cercis canadensis, Redbud.

Trees with heart-shaped, simple
leaves, reddish-purple, almost regular flowers in umbels, appear-
ing before the leaves. 10 distinct stamens, and an oblong, flat,
many-seeded pod.

C. canadensis, Reppup. A small tree
with pointed leaves and pods nearly
sessile. Rich soil.

ae
LUPINUS KS
Herbs with palmately-compound 2
leaves and showy blue flowers in ter-
minal racemes. Stamens monadel- \
phous. A scythe-shaped, oblong keel.
Pods flat.

L. perennis, Lupine. Somewhat hairy, stem erect, 3 to 6 dm. high;

Lupinus perennis, Lupine.
LEGUMINOSEAE (PULSE FAMILY) 83

leaflets 7 to 11, oblanceolate; flowers in a long raceme, purplish-blue;
pods broad, very hairy with 5 or 6 seeds. Sandy soil. May, June.

TRIFOLIUM

Tufted shrubs with mostly palmately, 3-foliolate leaves. Flow-
ers in heads or spikes. Keel short and obtuse and the roth
stamen more or less sep-
arate from the others.
Pods small, often included
in calyx.

T. pratense, Rep CLovER.
Stems ascending, some-
what hairy; leaflets oval or
obovate, often notched at
end and marked on upper
side by pale spots; stipules
broad, bristly-pointed ; flow-
ers sessile in dense ovoid
heads; corolla magenta to

 

ee : Trifolium; a, T. pratense, Red clover; b, T.
whitish. Fields and mead- repens, White clover.

ows.

T. repens, Waite Ciover. -Stem smooth, slender, spreading and
creeping; leaves inversely heart-shaped; stipules scale-like, narrow;
petioles and peduncles very long; flowers stalked in short heads; calyx
much shorter than the white corolla. Fields and
roadsides.

T. hybridum, ALstKe Ciover. Like the last, but
stems erect or ascending; leaflets ovate, rounded at
apex; flowers rose-tinted.

MELILOTUS

Herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-
foliolate leaves. Flowers, as in trifolium, but in
spike-like racemes. Pod ovoid, wrinkled and
longer than the calyx.

 

M. officinalis, YeEtLow Metirot. Upright, usually
? . tall; leaflets obtuse, closely serrate; petals yellow,
Melilotus offici- : :
nalis, Yellow of nearly equal length; pod prominently cross-
melilot. ribbed. Waste ground,
84 LEGUMINOSEAE (PULSE FAMILY)

M. alba, Sweer Crover. Tall; leaflets serrate, truncate; petals
white, the standard longer than the other petals; pods somewhat
reticulate. Rich soils and along roadsides.

MEDICAGO

Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, toothed leaflets, and
flowers as in Melilotus. Pod curved or coiled.

M. lupulina, Brack Mepicx. Procumbent and
pubescent; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at apex;
flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods kidney-formed.
Waste places.

ROBINIA

 

Trees or shrubs, often with spines replacing

Medicago lupu- stipules. Pinnate leaves and showy flowers in

Le Nee drooping racemes. Diadelphous stamens and
linear flat pods.

R. pseudacacia, Common Locust. A valuable timber tree; branches
smooth; flowers white, fragrant, in slender loose racemes; pods smooth.
Common in cultivation. May, June.

VICIA

Herbs mostly climbing by a tendril at the end of the pinnate
leaves. Half-sagittate stipules.
Axillary flowers. Style hairy all
round or only on the back at the

‘apex. Pods flat.

V. caroliniana, Vetcu. Nearly
smooth; leaflets 8 to 24, oblong, ob-
tuse; peduncles loosely-flowered ;
flowers small, whitish; keel topped -
with blue.. River banks. April to
June.

 

V. americana, Vetcu. Leaflets
glabrous, 10 to 14, elliptical, ovate-
oblong, very obtuse; peduncles 4 to 8 flowered; flowers purplish.
Moist soil.: May, June.

Vicia americana, Vetch.
OXALIDACEAE (WOOD SORREL FAMILY) 85

LATHYRUS

Closely resembling Vicia, but style dilated and flattish, hairy only
on the inner side.

L. palustris, MarsH Pera. Slender and glabrous; stems usually
winged; stipules lanceolate, ovate, sharp-pointed at both ends; leaflets
3 or 4 pairs, lanceolate to elliptic; pe-
duncles 3 to 5 flowered; flowers purple.
’ Banks of rivers and lakes. June to August.

L. venosus, Witp Pea. Stout, climbing,
usually somewhat hairy; stipules very
small and slender; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs,
oblong, ovate; peduncles many-flowered;
flowers purple. Shaded banks. May to
July.

L. ochroleucus, Witp Pea. Stems slen-
der, 3 to 9 dm. high; stipules semi-cordate, Lathyrus venosus,
half as large as the ovate leaflets; pe- Wild pea.
duncles 7.t0 10 flowered; flowers yellowish-white. Hillsides. May to
July.

 

OXALIDACEAE (Woop Sorret Famity)

‘Low herbs with sour, watery juice. Leaves palmate, with 3
obcordate leaflets. Flowers with 10 to 15 stamens and a superior
5-celled ovary.

OXALIS

Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5; stamens Io, usually united at base.
Styles 5 and distinct. Pod cylindric.

O. violacea, VioLtetT Woop Sorret. Stemless,
nearly glabrous; base bulbous and scaly; -leaves
radical; stem naked, bearing an umbel of several

an violet flowers. Rocky places and open woods.
O. stricta, YELLow Woop Sorret. Pale green,
pubescent or strigose; stems several, decumbent,

Oralis stricta, Yel. Stoutish; pedicels at length deflexed, mostly 2;
low wood sorrel. petals pale yellow, often with a reddish spot near
the base. Dry or .sandy soil.

O. corniculata, YetLow Woop Sorret. Coalescent, regular or de-
86 RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY)

cumbent; pedicels clustered at the summit of the peduncle, ascending
with spreading hairs; petals yellow. Dry or moist soil.

GERANIACEAE (Geranium Famity)

Herbs with lobed or divided leaves and regular flowers, and five
glands alternating with the petals. Stamens as many, or twice
as many as the sepals and ovary deeply lobed.

GERANIUM

Plants with forking stems. Peduncles 1 to 3 flowered. 10 sta-
mens with perfect anthers, the five longer ones with glands at
their base, and the two carpels separating with their long styles,
when mature, from the elongated axis.

G. maculatum,
Witp GERANIUM,
Erect and hairy;
leaves 5-parted, the
wedge-shaped = divi-
sions lobed and cut at
the end; sepals slen-
der, pointed; pedicels
and beak of fruit
hairy; petals entire,

Geranium maculatum, Wild geranium, light purple, bearded
on the claw, more
than 1 cm. long. Fields and open woods. April to July.

 

G. carolinianum, Witp Geranium. Diffusely branched, hairy;
leaves cut and cleft into many oblong-linear segments; flowers in a
close cluster; sepals about as long as the whitish or very pale pink
petals; beak of fruit tipped with a short style. Rocky places. May,
June.

RUTACEAE (Rve Famity)

Shrubs or trees, usually with alternate, compound leaves.
Flower with 3 to 5 parts and stamens as many, or twice as many
as the sepals,
POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) 87

ZANTHOXYLUM

Shrubs or trees with pinnate leaves, small greenish flowers
and thickened fleshy pods.

Z. americanum, Pricxty Asw. An aromatic shrub;
leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, downy when young; flowers yel-
lowish-green, appearing before the leaves in sessile,
umbellate clusters; calyx none; petals 4, 5; pistils
3 to 5, forming fleshy pods. Rocky woods and river
banks. April, May.

PTELEA

 

Shrubs with trifoliolate leaves and greenish-
white, small flowers in terminal flat-shaped clus-
ters. 3 to 5 sepals and the same number of petals.

Zanthoxylum
e americanum,
Fruit nearly orbicular, winged all round (a Prickly ash.

samara).

P. trifoliata, Hor Tree. A tall shrub, with ovate, pointed leaflets,
downy when young. The bitter fruit is used as a substitute for hops.
Rocky places. June.

POLYGALACEAE (Mirxwort Famity)

Herbs with simple, entire leaves, very
irregular flowers, and diadelphous or
monadelphous stamens. Anthers opening
at the top, and fruit a 2-seeded pod.

 

POLYGALA

Ptelea trifoliata, Hop tree. Calyx of 5 sepals, 3 of which are small

and the other 2 much larger, and colored
like the petals. Petals 3, connected with each other and with the
stamen-tube, the middle one keel-shaped. Stamens 6 or 8, their
filaments united into a split sheath or into 2 sets.

P. Senega, SENECA SNakeERooT. Stems from thick, knotty root-
stocks, simple, reaching 3 dm. in height; leaves lanceolate, with rough
88 LIMNANTHACEAE (FALSE MERMAID FAMILY)

margins; flowers white, in a single close spike. Rocky
soil, May to July.

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurce Famity)

Herbs with milky juice, mostly apetalous flowers and
3-celled ovary. The fruit a 3-lobed capsule.

EUPHORBIA

Herbs with peduncles terminal, often in umbellate
clusters. Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-
Polygala Sen. Shaped, 4 or 5 lobed involucre resembling a calyx or

ega, Seneca corolla. Staminate flowers numerous, lining the base

snakeroot. of the involucre. Pistillate flowers solitary, in the
middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel.

 

E. Cyparissias, Cypress Spurce. Stems densely clustered, from
running rootstocks, reaching 3 dm. in height, crowded with linear,
entire leaves; floral leaves heart-shaped; umbels
many-rayed; glands crescent-shaped. Escaped from
gardens.

 
  

LIMNANTHACEAE (Fatse Mermarp Famity) SZ

Low herbs with alternate, pinnate leaves, per- a
fect, regular flowers with 3 to 6 parts. Glands 3,
alternate with the petals. Carpels nearly ae

: : Euphorbia Te
tinct, but with a common style, becoming fleshy “sige Cypress
and separating from the short axis. spurge.

FLOERKEA

Small shrubs with minute, solitary flowers on axillary peduncles.
Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 6. Ovaries
3, united only at base. Fruit composed of 3 roughish achenes.

F. proserpinacoides, Farsr Mermarp. Leaflets 3 to 5, lanceolate,
sometimes 2 to 3 cleft. Marshes and river banks.. April to June,
AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY) 89

ANACARDIACEAE (Casuew Famity)

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and small
regular flowers in spikes or heads. A 1-celled
ovary with 3 styles or stigmas. Fruit drupe-like.

RHUS

 

Leaves usually compound. Flowers greenish-
white or yellowish. Sepals and petals 5. Sta-

mens 5. Floerkea proser-

pinacoides,

4 7 False mermaid.
R. canadensis, Fracrant Sumac. A straggling

bush, 1 to 2 m. high; leaves with 3 leaflets which are rhombic-obovate,
or ovate, cut-toothed ; flowers pale yellow, in small spikes or heads, ap-
pearing in spring before the leaves; fruit clothed with crimson hairs.
Dry rocky banks,

AQUIFOLIACEAE (Hotty Fairy)

Trees or shrubs with simple leaves, small white or greenish
flowers, with parts 4 to 8. Fruit a drupe.

ILEX

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Calyx 4 to 6 toothed.
Petals and stamens 4 to 6. The berry-like drupe containing 4 to
6 nutlets.

I. verticillata, WintTERBEerry. Shrubs with deciduous leaves, oval,
obovate or wedge-lanceolate, serrate, downy on the veins. beneath;
flowers very short-peduncled; calyx lobes ciliate on the margins; fruit
red. Low grounds. May, June.

NEMOPANTHUS

A branching shrub with gray bark. Alternate, deciduous, en-
tire or slightly toothed leaves. Flowers on long axillary peduncles,
solitary or somewhat clustered. Parts of the flower 4 or 5.

N. mucronata, Mountain Hotty. Erect, reaching 3 m. in height;
leaves elliptic-oblong, thin; drupe light-red. Damp woods.
go STAPHYLEACEAE (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY)

CELASTRACEAE (Srarr TREE FAMILY)

Shrubs with simple leaves and small regular flowers. 4 or 5
stamens, as many as the petals, and inserted on a disk which fills
the bottom of the calyx. Fruit 2 to 5-celled.

EUONYMUS

Shrubs with 4-sided branches. Opposite serrate leaves. Loose
cymes of small perfect flowers on axillary peduncles. Parts of
the flower 4 or 5, about 3 to 5-lobed.

Seeds enclosed in an aril.

E. atropurpureus, WaauHoo. Tree-
like shrub reaching 4 m. in height;
leaves petioled, oval-oblong; flowers
dark purple; pods smooth, deeply
lobed.

 

Euonymus atropurpureus, Waahoo. CELASTRUS

Twining shrubs with alternate
leaves and small greenish flowers in raceme-like clusters. Petals
and stamens 5. Pod globose, orange-colored, 3-celled. Seeds en-
closed in a pulpy scarlet aril.

C. scandens, Bittersweet. Leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate,
pointed; the opening orange-colored pods display the scarlet covering
of the seeds. Along streams and in thickets, June.

STAPHYLEACEAE (Brapper-nuT FaMILy)

Shrubs or small trees with opposite pinnate leaves, perfect flow-
ers, and stamens as many as the petals, and borne outside a large
disk.

STAPHYLEA

Upright shrubs with pinnate leaves; leaflets 3 or 5, serrate;
flowers white, in drooping racemes; sepals and petals 5; pistil
of 3 carpels; fruit a large, inflated 3-celled pod, bursting at the
summit.
ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY) gl
S. trifolia, Brapper Nut. Shrub 3 m:

high; branches greenish, striped; leaflets
3, ovate, pointed. Moist thickets. May.

ACERACEAE (Marte Famity)

 

Trees and shrubs with opposite,
simple, usually palmately lobed leaves.

Staphylea trifolia,
Small apetalous flowers and a 2-celled, Bladder nut,

2-lobed ovary.

ACER

Calyx colored, mostly 5-lobed. Petals either none, or as many
as the sepals. Stamens 3 to 12. Ovary 2-celled. The back of
each carpel develops a wing, converting the fruit into 2 1-seeded
samaras, or key-fruits.

A. saccharum, Sucar Marie. A large tree; leaves 3 to 5-lobed
with pointed sinuate-toothed lobes; flowers in nearly sessile, flat-
topped clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves, drooping
on slender, hairy pedicels; petals none; wings of fruit broad. Rich
woods. April, May.

A. saccharinum, Smver Marre. A handsome tree; leaves very
deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white beneath,
the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers in umbels, much
preceding the leaves; petals none; fruit woolly when young. River
banks. March, April.

A.rubrum, REpD
Marte. A_ medium-
sized tree with reddish
twigs; leaves exceed-
ingly variable in shape
and broadly ovate or
suborbicular, truncate
or cordate at base,
woolly when young,
whitened beneath; the
acuminate lobes irregu-
larly serrate; petals linear-oblong; fruit smooth on long drooping
pedicels. Wet woods. April.

 

Acer rubrum, Red maple.
92 VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY)

A. Negundo, Box Exper. A low tree with light green twigs;
leaves pinnate with 3 to 9 veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed leaflets;
flowers greenish, in drooping clusters, earlier than the leaves; petals
none; fruit smooth. River banks. April.

SAPINDACEAE (Soapserry FaMIty)

Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite compound leaves.
Flowers unsymmetrical. Stamens more numerous than the sepals.

AESCULUS

Leaves opposite, palmately compound. Leaflets serrate and
straight-veined. Flowers in a terminal close cluster. Petals 4
or 5, more or less unequal. Stamens 6 to 8. Ovary 3-celled.
Style 1. Fruit a leathery, 3-celled and 3-seeded pod.

A. glabra, Bucxrtye. A large tree; leaflets usually 5; stamens
curved, longer than the corolla; petals 4, upright; fruit covered with
prickles when young. River banks. June.

VITACEAE (Vine Famity)

Shrubs usually climbing by tendrils, with alternate, palmate
leaves. Tendrils and flower clusters opposite the leaves. Stamens
as many as the petals, and opposite them. Berry 2-celled, usually
4-seeded.

VITIS

Climbing by the coiling and naked tendrils. Flowers in a large
cluster, fragrant. Simple leaves, rounded and_ heart-shaped.
Berry pulpy.

V. labrusca, NortHERN Fox Grape. Branchlets and young leaves
very woolly; leaves entire or deeply lobed, dentate, continuing rusty-
woolly beneath; berries large, dark purple or amber color. In cultiva-
tion this group has given rise to the concord, catawba, and other
varieties. Thickets.

V. aestivalis, Summer Grape. Branchlets pubescent; leaves un-
MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) 93

lobed or more or less deeply 3 to 5-lobed, with broad teeth, very
woolly when young, tawny-flocculent, even in age; berries middle-
sized, black. Thickets. May, June.

V. cordifolia, Frost Grape. Leaves smooth and mostly shining,
unlobed or slightly 3-lobed, deeply cordate,-sharply toothed; stipules
small; berries black and shining, very sour. Thickets and stream
banks. May, June,

V. vulpina, River Grape. Resembling the last, but leaves more
shining and usually 3-lobed; stipules larger and more persistent;
berries blue with a bloom. Stream banks.

TILIACEAE (Linven Famity)

Trees with soft white wood. Leaves alternate, heart-shaped,
serrate. Small cymes of cream-colored, fragrant flowers, hang-
ing on the axillary peduncles. Fruit globular, dry and woody.

TILIA

Sepals and petals 5. Stamens numerous. Filaments cohering
in 5 clusters. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary.

T. americana, Basswoop. Leaves large, green, and glabrous; floral
bract, which is united to the axillary peduncle, tapering or stalked at
base; fruit obscurely ribbed. Rich woods. May, June.

MALVACEAE (Matiow Famiry)

Herbs or shrubs with alternate, palmately veined leaves. Flow-
ers regular, with numerous stamens, monadelphous, in a column,
and several carpels with ovaries united in a ring, or forming a
several-celled pod.

-MALVA

Herbs with 3-leaved involucel like an-outer calyx. Petals ob-
cordate. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many
kidney-shaped carpels as there are styles.

M. rotundifolia, Common Mattow. Stems procumbent; leaves long,
94 CISTACEAE (ROCKROSE FAMILY)

round-shaped, on very long petioles, obscurely-
lobed and crenate; flowers clustered in the
axils; petals whitish, twice as long as the calyx;
carpels pubescent. Roadsides and cultivated

grounds.
Y
wy CISTACEAE (Rocxrose Famity)
ss ii tae i Low shrubs or herbs with simple, mostly

Common mallow. i
entire leaves and regular flowers. Stamens

numerous and distinct. Capsules 1-celled.

HELIANTHEMUM

Shrubby plants with petals fugacious (or none). Stamens nu-
merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Stigma nearly sessile. The
earlier flowers with large yellow petals and indefinitely numerous
petals. The later flowers much smaller, with small petals or none,
and 3 to Io stamens.

H. canadense, Frostweep. Hoary, pubescent, reaching 5 dm. in
height; leaves lance-oblong, pale beneath; the large flowers solitary,
the small flowers clustered on short branchlets. Sandy or gravelly
soil, June to August.

HUDSONIA

Small bushy shrubs covered with scale-like, persistent, downy
leaves. Numerous small, showy, yellow flowers, crowded along
the upper part of the branches. Style long and slender.

H. tomentosa. WHeath-like plant, hoary with down; leaves oval
or oblong, close pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile, or nearly so.
Sandy shores. May, June.

VIOLACEAE (Vioter Famity)

Herbs, with alternate, stipulate leaves, axillary, nodding flowers,
an irregular corolla of 5 petals (one of them spurred or saccate),
5 stamens connivent over the pistil, and a 1-celled, 3-valved pod.
VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) 95

VIOLA

Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2
lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla.

V. pedata, Birp-root Viotet. Nearly glabrous; leaves and scapes
directly from a short rootstock; leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions
3-5 parted, the segments all linear or narrowly spatulate; upper petals
dark violet, the others pale to deep lilac-purple, all beardless; style
club-shaped, beakless. Open, sandy ground.

V. cucullata, Common Biue Vioret. Glabrous, leaves and scapes
‘ from a_ thickened “rootstock; leaves heart-shaped, crenate-serrate;
petals violet-blue, the lateral ones bearded; style capitate, beaked on
the lower side. Damp ground.

V. palmata, PALMATELY-LEAVED VIOLET. More or less pubescent;
leaves and scapes from a thickened rootstock; leaves palmately 5-9
lobed, the segments variously toothed and cleft; petals violet-purple,
lateral ones bearded; style capitate, beaked on the lower side. Rich
woods.

V. sagittata, ARRow-LEAVED VIoLET. Usually glabrous; leaves and
scapes from a thickened rootstock; leaves lanceolate, long-petioled,
with sagittate lobes or teeth at base; petals violet-purple, lateral ones
bearded; style capitate, beaked on the lower side. Moist banks and
fields,

V. lanceolata, LANcE-LEAvED ViotetT. Glabrous; leaves and scapes
from- a long and filiform rootstock producing leafy runners; leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; petals white, with ‘purple lines on the
3 lower, the lateral ones usually beardless; style capitate, beaked on the
lower side. Open, wet ground.

V. blanda, Sweet WuHirTeE Viotet. Glabrous except upper surface of
leaves; leaves and scapes from a long and filiform rootstock; leaves
heart-shaped, minutely hairy above; petals white, with purple lines on
‘the 3:lower, the lateral ones beardless; style capitate, beaked on the
lower side. Rich woods.-

V. pubescens, YELLow Viotetr. Pubescent plants with erect, leafy
stems; leaves near the summit, broadly ovate with cordate or truncate
base, crenate-dentate; petals yellow with purple veins, lateral ones
bearded; style capitate, beakless, bearded at the summit. Rich woods.

V. canadensis, Canapa VioLET. Minutely pubescent, glabrate plants
with erect leafy stems; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; petals
96 ELAEAGNACEAE (OLEASTER’ FAMILY)

white inside, outside tinged with violet, lat-
eral ones bearded; style capitate, beakless,

bearded at the summit. Woods.
£ V. conspersa, Glabrous or nearly so,
with ascending leafy stems;-.lower leaves
round-reniform, upper round-cordate, cre-
nate; petals pale violet, sometimes white;
Y style not capitate. Shaded ground.

THYMELAEACEAE

(MeEzEREUM FAMILY)
Viola canadensis, Canada

violet. Shrubs with very tough bark. Leaves

entire. Apetalous flowers with a colored

calyx, bearing twice as many stamens as its lobes, and fruit a
berry-like drupe.

DIRCA

' A much branched shrub with jointed branches and obovate,
alternate leaves. Flowers preceding the leaves. Yellow, petal-
like sepals. The 8 stamens and style exserted. Drupe
ovoid, reddish.

D. palustris, LeatHERwoop. Shrub becoming 2 m.
high; wood white and brittle, but the bark remarkably
tough; flowers 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many
dark hairy scales. Rich woods. April.

 

Dirca palustris

ELAEAGNACEAE (OxzEaster Famity) Leatherwood.
Shrubs or trees with silvery-scurfy leaves, and the calyx tube
becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit, closely enclosing the
achene.
SHEPHERDIA

Shrubs with opposite, entire leaves and dioecious flowers. The
staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx and 8 stamens. The
pistillate flowers with a 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary, and
becoming berry-like.
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 97

S. canadensis. Shrub 1 to 2 m. high; leaves ellip-
tical or ovate, nearly naked, and green above, silvery-
downy and scurfy, with rusty scales beneath; fruit
yellowish-red. Limestone rocks and banks, May.

 

ARALIACEAE (GinsENc FaMIty)

Shepherdia
canadensis.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with compound leaves,
small epigynous flowers in umbels, and fruit a drupe.

ARALIA

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate compound leaves whose ultimate
divisions are pinnate, white or green flowers in umbels or panicles,
5 carpels, and black fruit.

A. nudicaulis, WILD SARSAPARILLA.
Stem scarcely rising out of the
ground, smooth, bearing a single,
long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked
scape with 2-7 umbels; leaflets
ovate, pointed serrate. Damp woods.
May, June.

PANAX

Herbs, with whorled, palmately
3-7-foliolate leaves, solitary um-
bels, 2 or 3 carpels, and red or
yellow fruit.

 

Panax trifolium, Dwarf ginseng. P. trifolium, Dwarr GINSENG.

Root or tuber globular; leaflets 3-5,

sessile at the summit of the leaf-stalk, narrowly-oblong; umbel simple
and terminal; fruit yellowish. Rich woods. April, May.

UMBELLIFERAE (Parsrzy Famity)

Herbs, with alternate, mostly compound leaves; small, epigynous,

flowers in umbels; the 5 petals and stamens inserted on the disk
SPRING FLORA—7
98 UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY)

that crowns the ovary and surrounds the 2 styles; fruit of 2
seed-like and ribbed or winged carpels that separate at maturity.

ERIGENIA

Low, nearly stemless plants from deep-seated tubers. Leaves
ternately decompound. Umbels of white flowers, compound, leafy-
bracted. Fruit flattened, nearly kidney-form,
with very slender ribs.

E. bulbosa, HargincER oF Sprinc. A small,
glabrous, spring plant; simple stem 1 or 2 dm.
high; leaf segments linear-oblong; fruit 2 mm.
long, 3 mm. broad. Woods, February to April.

CHAEROPHYLLUM

Annuals, with ternately decompound leaves,
pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes.
Umbels usually with no involucre, involucels of
many bractlets, and white flowers. Fruit
glabrous, narrowly oblong to linear, ribbed.

 

Erigenia bulbosa,
Harbinger of

cneie C. procumbens, Cuervit. More or less hairy;

stems spreading, becoming 5 dm. high; umbels
with few rays; fruit narrowly oblong, contracted but not tapering
at summit. Moist places. April to June.

OSMORHIZA

Glabrous or hirsute perennials with thick aromatic roots;
ternately compound leaves, and ovate, dentate leaflets. Umbels
of white flowers few-rayed, with few-leaved involucres and mostly
bearing involucels. Fruit bristly, linear-oblong, with a prominent
tail-like attenuation at base.

O. Claytoni, Sweet Cicery. Stems villous-pubescent; ternate
leaves crispy-hairy, with ciliate-hispid stipules; stylopodium and style
not over 1 mm. long. Open woods. May, June.

O. longistylis, Swrer Crcety. Usually larger, becoming 12 dm.
high; stems glabrous except at the nodes; stipules densely pilose at
the margin; stylopodium and style 2-4 mm. long. Rich woods. May,
June.
UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 99

CRYPTOTAENIA

Perennial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels
of minute bractlets or none; white flowers; and linear-oblong,
glabrous fruit with obtuse ribs.

C. canadensis, Honeworr. Plant becoming 9 dm. high; leaflets
large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular
and unequally few-rayed; fruit often curved. Woods. June, July.

ZIZIA

Smooth perennials, with ternate leaves, no involucre, involucels
of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and ovate to oblong, glabrous
fruit with filiform ribs.

Z. aurea, GoLpEN ALEXANDERS. Leaves 2 or 3-
ternate, the radical very long-petioled; leaflets
ovate to lanceolate, serrate, acuminate; rays 15-
25; fruit oblong. Woods and meadows. April
to June.

TAENIDIA

 

Glabrous and glaucous perennial, with ter- Zizia aurea, Golden
nate leaves, mostly no involucre or involucel, Alexanders,
yellow flowers, and oblong fruit with filiform ribs.

T. integerrima, YELLow PIMPERNEL. Slender, becoming 10 dm. high;
leaves 2 or 3 ternate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire. Sandy woods
and thickets. May, June.

HERACLEUM

Tall, stout perennials, with large compound leaves, broad um-
bels, deciduous involucre, many-leaved involucels, white or pur-
plish flowers, and obovate fruit, with broad lateral wings and
filiform dorsal ribs.

H. lanatum, Cow Parsnip. Woolly, with grooved stems becoming
3 m. high; leaves ternate, with broad, irregularly cut-toothed leaflets.
Wet ground. June, July.
100 CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY)

CORNACEAE (Docwoop Famiry)

Usually shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate simple leaves,
epigynous flowers, stamens as many as the petals, style 1, and
fruit a 1 or 2-seeded drupe.

CORNUS

Leaves opposite, except in the last species, and entire. Flowers
small, perfect, 4-merous, in naked cymes or in close heads sur-
rounded by a corolla-like involucre. Drupe small, with a 2-celled
and 2-seeded stone.

C. canadensis, BuNncHBERRY. Stems low and simple, from a slender
rootstock; lower leaves scale-like, upper ones crowded into an apparent
whorl, ovate and pointed; flowers greenish-
white (or petals purple-tipped), in a close
cluster surrounded by an involucre of white or
pinkish, ovate, short-acuminate bracts. Cool
woods. June, July.

 

C. florida, FLowrer1nc Docwoop. A tree be-

coming 12 m. high; leaves ovate and pointed,

j bracts of the involucre white or pinkish, ob-

fh Y, cordate, 3-6 cm. long. Dry woods. May, June.
o i C. stolonifera, Rep-osteER DoGwoop. Branches

bright red-purple, smooth; leaves ovate,
rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed,
minutely pubescent both sides, whitish beneath;
naked cymes small and flat; fruit white or lead-color. Wet ground.
June, July.

C. paniculata, PaNICcLED
Docwoop. Shrub becoming
2.5 m. high; branches smooth,
gray; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acute at base, taper-pointed,
whitish beneath but not
downy; naked cymes convex,
loose; fruit white, on bright :
red pedicels. Thickets and Cornus paniculata, Panicled dogwood.
shores. June, July.

C. alternifolia, ALTERNATE-LEAVED Docwoop. Shrub or tree 2-6 m.
high, with greenish branches streaked with white; the alternate leaves

Cornus florida, Flower-
ing dogwood.

 
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 101

clustered at the ends, ovate or oval, acute at base, long-pointed; cymes
broad and open; fruit deep blue. Thickets. May, June.

NYSSA

Trees, with alternate, entire, or angulate-toothed leaves, green-
ish dioecious, 5-merous flowers on axillary peduncles, very small
petals (deciduous), 5-10 stamens, and fruit a drupe.

N. sylvatica, Sour Gum. Medium-sized tree; leaves oval or obovate,
more or less pubescent when young, shining above when old; pistillate
flowers 3-8 at summit of slender peduncle; fruit ovoid, bluish-black.
Rich soil. April, May.

ERICACEAE (HeatH Famity)

Mostly shrubs, with regular flowers, stamens as many or twice
as many as the petals (4 or 5), anthers appendaged or opening by
terminal pores, style 1, and ovary 3—10-celled.

LEDUM

Low shrubs, with alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty
wool beneath and with revolute margins. Small white flowers in
terminal, umbel-like clusters. 5 obovate and spreading petals and
a 5-celled capsule.

L. groenlandicum, Lasrapor Tea. Erect, 1 m. or less high; leaves
oblong or linear-oblong; stamens 5-7; capsule slender, cylindric. Bogs
and damp thickets. May, June.

RHODODENDRON

Shrubs or small trees, with mostly alternate entire leaves. Large
showy flowers in umbel-like clusters from terminal buds. Bell-
shaped or funnel-form corolla; and 5-celled capsule.

R. viscosum, Swamp Honeysuck.e, Branchlets bristly, as well as
the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate leaves; corolla white,
clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes; the 5 stamens and style
long exserted. Swamps. June, July.
102 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)

R. nudiflorum, PurpLte AzaLea. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate,
sparingly pubescent; pedicels strigose hairy; flowers appearing before
or with the leayes; corolla flesh-color, pink, or purple, the tube
strigose, scarcely longer than the ample lobes; the 5 stamens and
style long exserted; capsule strigose. Open woods and swamps. May,
June.

KALMIA

Evergreen, mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite,
entire, thick leaves. Showy flowers. Bell-shaped corolla with Io.
pouches receiving as many anthers; and 5-celled capsule.

K. latifolia, Mountain Lauret. Leaves mostly alternate, bright
green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs terminal, many-
flowered, clammy-pubescent; flowers pink or white. Rocky hills. May
to July. :

ANDROMEDA

Evergreen shrubs, with thick leaves. Clusters of pink or white
flowers. Urn-shaped to cylindrical 5-toothed corolla, 10 stamens;
2-4-awned anthers; and 5-celled capsule.

A. glaucophylla, Boc Rosemary. Low shrubs with creeping base;
leaves linear to narrowly oblong, white beneath with close fine pu-
bescence; branchlets and bud-scales glaucous; flowers on thick curved
pedicels in terminal umbels; capsule depressed, turban-shaped, glaucous,
Bogs and banks. May to July.

CHAMAEDAPHNE

Low and much branched shrubs, with
nearly evergreen and thick scurfy leaves.
White flowers in 1-sided small racemes in
the upper axils. Io stamens with anthers
tapering into a tubular beak, and a depressed
5-celled capsule.

C. calyculata, LeatHEerR Lear. Leaves ob-
long, obtuse, flat. Bogs. April, May.

 

EPIGAEA

Chamaedaphne calyculata, ae
Leather leaf. Prostrate or trailing, scarcely shrubby
ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 103

plants, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen rounded and
heart-shaped alternate leaves on slender petioles. Rose-colored
flowers in axillary clusters. Corolla tube hairy within. 10 sta-
mens, and depressed-globular 5-celled capsule.

E. repens, Traine Arsutus. Flowers ap-
pearing in early spring and exhaling a rich spicy
fragrance. Rocky soil, especially in the shade
of pines,

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

 

Shrubs with alternate leaves. Scaly-bracted
nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or
clusters. Urn-shaped corolla with a 5-toothed Wi
revolute limb. Io included stamens, anthers
with 2 reflexed awns in the back near the Epigee repens, Trail-
apex. Fruit a berry. Ine, SrburaEs

A. Uva-ursi, Brarserry. Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen,
obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red, Rocks and bare hills?
May.

GAYLUSSACIA

ny Branching shrubs, usually with resinous
: dots. Pale flowers (tinged with purple or
red) in lateral racemes. Tubular or bell-
shaped corolla with 5-cleft border. 10 sta-
mens with awnless anthers. Ovary Io-celled
and fruit a berry-like drupe.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, G. baccata, HucK.eserry. Much branched,
as Beenber iy rigid, slightly pubescent when young; leaves
oval to oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy (as well as the
flowers) with shining, resinous globules; racemes short, clustered,
1-sided; bracts and bractlets reddish; fruit black. Rocky ground and
swamps. May, June.

a

VACCINIUM

Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; white or
reddish corolla, variously shaped. 4 or 5-cleft and revolute
limb. 8 or 10 stamens. Anther cells tapering into a tube. A
4 or 5-celled berry (sometimes 8 or 10-celled by false partitions).
104 PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY)

V. pennsylvanicum, Low Biueserry. Low shrubs, 2-6 dm. high,
the green warty stems and branches glabrous; leaves lanceolate or
oblong, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, bright green, smooth and

shining both sides; corolla cylindric bell-shaped; berries

usually bluish-black and glaucous.

iw
u

Dry ground.

V. vacillans, BLurserry. Low, 3-9 dm. high, glab-

rous, with yellowish branchlets; leaves obovate or oval,
very pale or dull, glaucous at least beneath, entire or
minutely serrulate; calyx usually reddish; corolla urn-
shaped, greenish-yellow, often tinged with red; berries

| z blue, with a bloom. Dry ground.
V. corymbosum, Swamp BLuEBERRY.

Shrubs 1-4 m.

Vaccinium high; leaves ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, entire, smooth

vacillans,
Blueberry.

or somewhat pubescent beneath, half-grown at flower-
ing time; corolla urn-shaped, white or pinkish; berries

blue-black; with a bloom. Swamps and low woods.

PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Famity)

Herbs, with simple leaves, regular flowers, stamens as many as
the lobes of the sympetalous corolla, and opposite them, and a

1-celled ovary with a central free placenta.

LYSIMACHIA

Leafy-stemmed perennials, with entire
and dotted leaves. Corolla wheel-shaped,
with entire divisions. Filaments mona-
delphous at base or distinct.

L. thyrsiflora, Turrep LoosESTRIFE.
Smooth, or pubescent above when young;
stem simple, becoming 8 dm. high; leaves
opposite, the lowest scale-like, the others
lanceolate; spike-like or head-like clusters
of small, light yellow flowers in the axils of
the middle leaves; corolla deeply 5-7 parted
into linear, purplish-dotted divisions; fila-
ments distinct. Swamps. May to July.

 

Lysimachia thyrsiflora,
Tufted loosestrife,
OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) 105

TRIENTALIS

Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, with a
few alternate, minute leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny
leaves at the summit. The slender pe-
duncle bearing a delicate white and star-
shaped flower (without tube).  Fila-
ments united into a ring at base.

T. americana, Star Frowrer. Spreading
by slender rootstocks, sometimes -produc-
ing long stolons; leaves elongated-lance-
olate, tapering at both ends; petals finely
pointed. Woods. May to July.

 

DODECATHEON

J Trientalis americana,
Smooth herb, with a cluster of basal Star flower.

leaves. Simple, naked scape bearing an
umbel of showy flowers nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-
color or white with a very short tube, and reflexed long and nar-

tow divisions. Filaments short, with long,
slender anthers approximate in a cone.

D. Meadia, SHoottnc Star. Leaves oblong or
spatulate, gradually narrowed at base. Woods
and moist cliffs. May, June.

OLEACEAE (Otive Famity)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pin-
nate or simple leaves, a 4-parted calyx and
corolla (sometimes apetalous), 2 stamens,
and a 2-celled ovary.

 

FRAXINUS

Dodecatheon Meadia,
Shooting star.

Trees, with pinnate leaves. Flowers
small, mostly apetalous, in crowded panicles or racemes. Fruit
dry and winged (samara).
106 GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)

F, americana, Wuite Asu. Large and very valuable forest tree,
with gray furrowed bark and smooth gray branchlets; leaflets 5-9
petiolate, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, entire or sparingly
toothed, paler beneath; fruit marginless below, abruptly dilated into a
lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-oblong wing. Rich woods. April,

 

Fraxinus; a, and b, F. americana, White ash; c1, winter bud of F. nigra,
Black ash; cz, winter bud of F. quadrangulata, Blue ash.

F. nigra, Brack AsH. Small or middle-sized tree; leaflets 7-11,
the lateral ones sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate,
green and smooth both sides; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical,
blunt at both ends. Swamps.

GENTIANACEAE (GenTIAN FaMILy)

Smooth herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, regular flowers
with stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, a 1-celled ovary,
and fruit a capsule.

MENYANTHES

A perennial herb, with creeping rootstock sheathed by the base
of the long petioles which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets. White or
POLEMONIACEAE (POLEMONIUM FAMILY) 107

reddish flowers in a raceme on a naked scape, and short funnel-
form corolla bearded inside.

M. trifoliata, Bucxpean. In bogs
and shallow water. April to June.

POLEMONIACEAE

(PoLEMoNIUM FamiILy)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite
leaves, regular flowers with 5 sta-
mens, 3-lobed style, and a 3-celled
ovary becoming a capsule.

 

Menyanthes trifoliata, Buckbean,

PHLOX

Perennials with opposite, sessile, and entire leaves. Cymose
flowers terminal or crowded in the upper axils. Salver-form
corolla witha long tube that includes the very unequally inserted
stamens.

P. paniculata, Panictep Putox. Stem stout, erect, smooth or
somewhat hairy above; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, the upper often heart-shaped at base; panicle pyramidal;
calyx-tube awn-pointed; corolla pink-purple varying to white. Open
woods. July to September.

P, maculata, Witp Sweer Witu1aM. Smooth or slightly roughish;
stem slender, erect, spotted with purple; lower leaves lanceolate, upper
nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad rounded
or heart-shaped base; panicle narrow, ellipsoid; calyx-teeth triangular-
lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed; corolla pink-purple. Rich woods
and along streams. June to September.

P. pilosa, Prtosr Putox. Stems slender, nearly erect, usually hairy,
as are the lanceolate or linear leaves which taper to a sharp point;
cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender, awl-shaped and awn-like;
corolla pink-purple or rose-red. Dry woods, May, June.

P. divaricata, BLuzE Puitox. Stems spreading or ascending from a
decumbent base; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acutish; cyme
spreading, loosely flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped; lobes of
the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched
at the end, or sometimes entire. Rocky woods, May, June.
108

P, bifida, CLerr Putox.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATERLEAF FAMILY)

Minutely pubescent; stems low, diffuse

and branching; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous; flowers few

 

as

a

S

Hf

Phlox; u, P. divaricata; b, P. bifida.

P, reptans, Jacozs’s LaAppER.

June.

on slender peduncles;
calyx-teeth . awl-shaped;
lobes of the pale-purple
corolla 2-cleft to or below
the middle, the divisions
linear oblong. ~ Sandy soil.
May and June.

POLEMONIUM

Perennials, with alter-
nate pinnate leaves,
flowers in corymbs, sta-
mens inserted at the
summit of the very
short tube of the open
bell-shaped corolla, and
filaments hairy at base.

Smooth or slightly pubescent; stem
weak and spreading; leaflets 5-15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs
few-flowered, with nodding flowers;

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

(WarTeERLEAF FaMILy)

Herbs, usually hairy, with mostly al-
ternate leaves, regular blue or white flow-
ers with 5 stamens in I-sided racemes,
and a 1-celled entire ovary becoming a

2-valved capsule.

April to

sta-
mens and style included; corolla light blue;
capsules about 3-seeded. Woods.

 

Polemonium reptans,
Jacob’s ladder.

HYDROPHYLLUM

Perennials, with large petioled leaves, and white or bluish-

purple clustered flowers.

Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft.

Stamens

end style mostly exserted, the filaments more or less bearded.
BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY) 109

Ovary bristly-hairy, becoming a spherical capsule containing 1-4
seeds,

H. virginianum, Waterear. Smoothish; leaves pinnately divided,
the 5-7 divisions ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, cut-toothed;
peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves; calyx-lobes
narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate. Rich woods. May to August. ~

‘H. canadense, Wartertear. Nearly smooth; leaves palmately 5-7
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base; calyx-lobes linear, awl-shaped,
nearly smooth. Rich woods. June to August.

H. appendiculatum, Watertear, Hairy; stem-leaves palmately
5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately
divided; calyx bristly-hairy, with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus.
Rich woods. May, June. ,

BORAGINACEAE (Boracr Famrty)

Mostly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, regular
flowers with 5 stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, solitary
style, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary forming in fruit 4 sced-like nut-
lets.

CYNOGLOSSUM

Coarse herbs, with petioled lower leaves.
Flowers mostly in panicled racemes. Corolla
funnel-form, the tube about equalling the calyx.
Stamens included. Nutlets roughened all over
with short barbed or hooked prickles.

_C. officinale, Hounn’s Toncus. Strong-scented
herb, clothed with short, soft hairs, leafy, panicled -
above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile; co-
rolla reddish-purple. (nearly white) ; nutlets flat on
the broad upper face. Waste ground.

 

Cynoglossum  offici-

MYOSOTIS nale, Hound’s
tongue.

Low and soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, :
those of the stem sessile. Flowers small, in naked racemes. Co-
rolla-like tube about as long as the calyx, the throat with 5 append-
ages opposite the lobes. Stamens included. Nutlets compressed.
110 BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)

M. laxa, Forcet-me-not. Perennial from slender subterranean
shoots; stems very slender, decumbent; pubescence appressed; leaves
lanceolate-oblong; calyx open in front, its lobes as long as the tube;
corolla pale blue. In water and wet ground. May to August.

M. virginica, Forcer-me-not. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the
base, erect; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong; calyx very hispid closing in
fruit; corolla very small, white. Dry grounds and rocky woods.
April to July.

MERTENSIA

Smooth herbs, with pale and entire leaves. Flowers purplish-
blue in loose clusters. Corolla longer than the calyx. Nutlets
ovoid, fleshy when
fresh.

M. virginica, Lunc-
worT. Very smooth,
pale, erect; leaves
obovate, veiny; co-
rolla trumpet-shaped,
many times exceed-
ing the calyx, light
blue (pinkish in
bud), rarely white;
filaments _exserted;
nutlets roughish.
Stream banks. April,
May.

LITHOSPERMUM

Herbs, with thick-
ish, and usually red
roots, sessile leaves,
solitary or spiked
flowers, almost ses-
sile, included an-

 

Mertensia virginica, Lungwort.

thers, and smooth or rough, hard nutlets.

L. arvense, GromweELt. Minutely rough and hoary; stems erect;
leaves lanceolate or linear; corolla nearly white, scarcely longer than
LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) III

the calyx; nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled, gray and dull. Road-
sides. May to August.

L. Gmelini, Puccoon. Hispid with bristly hairs; stem leaves lance-
olate or linear, those of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong; flowers peduncled, crowded, showy,
deep orange-yellow, woolly at base inside, the
tube much exceeding the calyx; fruiting calyx
3-4 times longer than the white, smooth, and shin-
ing nutlets. Pine barrens, April to June.

 

L. canescens, Puccoon. Softly hairy and
hoary; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, more or less Lithospermum
: é Gmelini, Puccoon.
downy beneath; flowers sessile; corolla deep
orange-yellow, naked at base inside, the tube much exceeding the
calyx; fruiting calyx barely twice the length of the white, smooth,
and shining nutlets. Dry woods. April, May.

LABIATAE (Mint Famity)

Herbs, with square stems, opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped
corolla, usually didynamous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets.

NEPETA

Perennial herbs. Calyx more or less curved. Corolla dilated in
the throat; the upper lip erect and notched; the lower 3-cleft, the
middle lobe largest. Stamens ascending, ex-
serted.

N. hederacea, Grounp Ivy. Creeping and trail-
ing; leaves petioled, round-kidney-shaped, crenate;
corolla light blue, thrice the length of the calyx.
Shady ground. May to July.

LAMIUM

 

Nepeta hederacea, Decumbent herb. Lowest leaves small and
ere long petioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly
toothed, the uppermost ones subtending the whorled flower cluster.
Corolla dilated at throat; upper lip arched; middle lobe of lower
lip broad and notched.
112 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)

L. amplexicaule, Hensit, Low; leaves rounded, deeply crenate-
toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla small, purplish, the
upper lip bearded, the lower spotted. Waste ground. April to

October.

SOLANACEAE (Nicutsuape FaAMILy)

Herbs, with alternate leaves, regular flowers with 5 stamens,

 

Solanum Dulcamara,
Nightshade; Bitter-
sweet,

and fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule
or berry.

SOLANUM

Herbs, with a 5-cleft, wheel-shaped co-
rolla. Stamens exserted, the anthers con-
verging around the style and opening at
the tip by 2 pores. Berry usually 2-celled.

S. Dulcamara, Bittersweet. A climbing or
twining perennial, more or less pubescent;
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-
shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes or leaflets at
base; flowers small, purple or blue, in small
cymes; berries ovoid, red. Moist ground.
June to September.

SCROPHULARIACEAE (Ficwort Famity)

Herbs, with a 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, usually
didynamous stamens inserted on the tube, and fruit a 2-celled

capsule.

Herbs, with at least upper leaves alternate.
Corolla spurred at base on the lower side, and thin
capsule opening below the summit by one or more

pores or chinks.

L. vulgaris, Toaprirax. Glabrous, erect; leaves

LINARIA

 

Linaria vulgaris,
Toadflax.

pale, linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; dense
raceme of yellow flowers. Fields and roadsides.

L. canadensis. ‘Slender, glabrous, flowering stems nearly simple;
SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY). 113

leaves narrow and entire; racemes of blue or purple flowers slender,
loose. Sandy ground.

COLLINSIA

Slender herbs, with opposite leaves, and parti-colored flowers
in umbel-like clusters, which appear whorled in the axils of the
upper leaves. Corolla 2-cleft, the short
tube saccate on the upper side, the middle
lobe of the lower lip saccate and inclosing
the declined stamens. Stamens 4, with a ©
gland-like rudiment of the fifth.

C. verna, BLue-Evep Mary. Lower leaves
ovate, upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the
heart-shaped base, toothed; whorls about 6- '
flowered, flowers long-peduncled; corolla
blue and white, more than twice exceeding
the calyx. Moist ground. April to June.

 

SCROPHULARIA

Collinsia verna, Btnewyed
Herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and ge rl

small greenish-purple flowers in a loose terminal cluster. Corolla
inflated, more or less globular, with 4 erect lobes and one spread-

ing one.

S. marilandica, Ficworr. Perennial, with square
stem, glandular-puberulent in the pyramidal flower-
cluster; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate; capsule thin, subglobose, with short
conical summit, Rich woods. July to September.

VERONICA

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves. Co-
rolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost reg-
ular. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper

: ... lobe of the corolla. Capsule flattened, obtuse
Scrophularia marilan- a :
‘ dica, Figwort. or notched at apex.

 

V. officinalis, SpeepwELt. Pubescent; stem prostrate; leaves short-
petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate; racemes
SPRING FLORA—8 = 9° HGS gals gabe dane, SPER Be 3 fh
114 SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)

densely, many-flowered; corolla pale blue; capsule obovate-triangular,
broadly notched. Dry woods and hillsides. May to August.

V. serpyllifolia, THyME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. Nearly smooth, much
branched at the creeping base; leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely
crenate, the lowest petioled, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts;
raceme loose; corolla whitish or pale blue, with deeper stripes; capsule
rounded, obtusely notched. Damp meadows. May to July.

V. peregrina, PursLaNne SpPEEDWELL. Puberulent or nearly smooth,
erect, branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, the others
sessile; the upper oblong-linear and en-
tire; axillary whitish flowers almost ses-
sile; capsule orbicular, slightly notched.
Waste grounds. April to October.

CASTILLEJA

Herbs, with alternate leaves, the
floral ones usually dilated, colored,
and more showy than the reddish or
yellow spiked flowers. Calyx tubular,
cleft down the lower and often also
the upper side. Tube of corolla in-
Castilleja coccinea, Painted cup. cluded in calyx, its upper lip elon-
gated and keeled.

 

C. coccinea, Paintep Cur. Hairy; root-leaves clustered, mostly
entire, obovate or oblong; those of the stem incised; floral leaves 3-5
cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit;
calyx equally cleft both sides. Sandy
grounds.

PEDICULARIS

Herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves.
Flowers rather large and in spikes.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper
lip flattened and often beaked; the
lower erect at base, 2-crested above,

 

Pedicularis canadensis,
3-lobed. Lousewort.

P. canadensis, Lousewort. Hairy; stems simple, clustered; leaves
scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid; spike
PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) 115

short and dense; calyx split in front; upper lip of the greenish-yellow
and crimson corolla hooded, incurved; capsule flat, somewhat sword-
shaped, Thickets and banks. May, June.

OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rare FaMILy)

Yellowish or brownish, root-parasitic herbs, with no green
foliage, bearing scales instead of leaves, tubular, more or less
2-lipped corolla, didynamous stamens, and a I-celled capsule with
very numerous minute seeds.

CONOPHOLIS

Chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man’s
thumb, covered with scales. Flowers in a thick scaly spike.
Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens exserted.

C. americana, Cancer-root. In woods, mostly under oaks, appear-
ing in clusters among fallen leaves. May and June.

OROBANCHE

Brownish, purplish, or whitish plants. Flowers solitary or
clustered. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

O. uniflora, Broom Rare. Stem subterranean or nearly so, very
short, sending up long, 1-flowered, naked scapes; divisions of calyx
lance-awl-shaped; corolla with a long curved tube, 2 yellow bearded
folds in the throat, and spreading obovate lobes. Damp woods.
April to July.

PLANTAGINACEAE (Piantain Famity)

Stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, and dry,
‘membranaceous, sympetalous corolla bearing the stamens on its
tube.

PLANTAGO

Herbs with ribbed leaves. Small whitish flowers in a bracted
head, on naked scape. Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals.
Corolla salver-form or rotate with 4-parted border. Stamens 4.
Capsule 2-celled.
116 RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

P. cordata, Brook PLANTAIN. Tall and glabrous; leaves fleshy,
heart-shaped or round-ovate, long petioled, the ribs arising from the
midrib; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy;
seeds 2-4, not hollowed on the face. Along streams.

P. lanceolata, Rip-crass. Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at
length much longer than the lanceolate or Jance-oblong leaves;
spike dense, at first capitate, in age cylin-
drical; bracts scarious; seeds 2, hollowed on
the face. Very common in meadows.

RUBIACEAE (Mapper Famity)

Herbs or woody plants, with opposite, en-
tire leaves connected by interposed stipules,
or in «whorls; regular, epigymous flowers,
stamens as many as the lobes of the regular
corolla (4 or 5), and various kinds of fruit.

GALIUM

Slender herbs, with square stems, leaves in
whorls, and small flowers in cymes. Corolla
; wheel-shaped, 4-parted. Stamens 4. Fruit
Plantago lanceolata, dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when

Rib grass. Fae 7 : i
ripe into 2 seed-like carpels.

 

G. Aparine, Bepstraw. Stem weak and reclining, prickly backward,
hairy at the joints; leaves about 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, rough on the
margins and midrib; peduncles bearing 1-3 white flowers; fruit bristly.
Rich woods and shaded ground.

HOUSTONIA

Small herbs, with opposite leaves connected by short stipules,
and cymose or solitary flowers. Corolla usually much longer than
calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a pod.

H. caerulea, BLuets. Small and delicate glabrous plants, with erect
slender stems not higher than 2 dm.; leaves oblong-spatulate; peduncle
I-flowered; corolla light blue (or nearly white), with a yellowish eye
CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) 117

and a slender, long exserted tube. Wet meadows, from early spring
to midsummer.

H. purpurea. Smooth or somewhat pubescent, be-
coming '5 dm. high; leaves varying from roundish-ovate - Bh
to lanceolate; flowers in small terminal clusters; co- X

rolla funnel-form, white to purplish. Woods. May to
September. 2 :

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honevsuckte FaMity)

Shrubs, rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, epigy-
nous regular flowers, stamens as many as the lobes of: :
the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube, Houstonia

; caerulea,
and fruit a berry, drupe, or pod. Bluets.

 

DIERVILLA ‘

Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong, pointed, serrate leaves
and 3-several-flowered peduncles from the upper axils or ter-
minal. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular, 5-lobed. Stamens
5. Pod slender, pointed, 2-celled.

D. Lonicera, Bus Honeysucxte. Leaves oblong-ovate, . taper-
pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; flowers at first pale
yellow, turning. to
deep yellow, scarlet,
or crimson; pod
long-beaked. Dry
woods. June to
August.

LONICERA

 

Diervilla Lonicera, Bush honeysuckle, Erect or climbing

shrubs, with entire

leaves, and often showy and fragrant flowers. Corolla tubular

or funnel-form, often gibbous at base, irregularly or almost
regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Berry several-seeded.

L. canadensis, Fry Honeysucxie. Upright shrub, with straggling
branches; leaves ovate-oblong, often heart-shaped, petioled, ciliate;
118 CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)

peduncles axillary, 2-flowered at summit; corolla funnel-form, green-
ish-yellow, the lobes much shorter than the tube; the 2 berries,
separate, red. Woods. April to June.

or less pointed

of the upper,

 

L. dioica, Honrysuckte. Twining
shrubs, glabrous; leaves oblong, glaucous
and smooth beneath, the upper I-4 pairs
connate into disks; even the uppermost
disks somewhat oblong or rhombic, more

at each end; flowers in

sessile, whorled clusters from the axils

connate leaves; corolla

greenish-yellow or purplish, hirsute within
the tube; berry red or orange. Rocky
ground. May and June.

SYMPHORICARPOS

Low shrubs, with oval, short-petioled
leaves, and white flowers in close clus-
ters. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5 lobed,

Lonicera dioica, Honeysuckle, With as many short stamens inserted in-
the throat. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.

S. racemosus, Snowszerry. Shrub becoming 10 dm. high; leaves
elliptic-oblong to orbicular, green on both sides, pilose beneath;
flowers I or 2, or in short spikes at the ends of the branches; corolla

campanulate, bearded inside; stamens and
style included; fruit white. Dry ground.
June and July.

TRIOSTEUM

Coarse, hairy, leafy herbs. Leaves
large, entire, pointed, tapering to the base
or connate around the simple stem. Flow-
ers solitary or clustered on the axils.
Corolla tubular, about equally 5-lobed,
scarcely longer than the calyx. Ovary
3-celled, becoming a dry drupe.

 

Symphoricarpos racemosus,
Snowberry.

T. perfoliatum, Horse GenTIAN. Stem densely glandular-puberulent
above; leaves dark green, oval, abruptly narrowed below to a connate-
CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) 119

clasping base, the uppermost tapering or scarcely connate at base;
corolla purplish to yellowish or greenish; fruits usually 6-8 at each
node, dull orange-yellow. Rich woods. May and June.

VIBURNUM

Shrubs, with simple leaves and
white flowers in flat-topped clusters.
Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded
drupe with soft pulp.

V. acerifolium, MapLe-LEAvED ViBuR-
nuM. Shrubs becoming 1.5 m. high;
leaves downy beneath, 3-ribbed from the
rounded or subcordate base, somewhat
3-lobed, the pointed lobes diverging and
unequally toothed; fruit crimson, turn-
ing purplish-black. Rocky woods. May
and June.

V. pubescens, Arrow-woop. Low, straggling: shrub; leaves short-
petioled or subsessile, ovate or oblong ovate, cordate at base, acute

 

Triosteum perfoliatum, Horse
gentian.

 

Viburnum acerifolium, Maple-
leaved viburnum.

or taper-pointed, coarsely
toothed, downy beneath;
fruit dark purple. Rocky
grounds. May and June.

V. Lentago, Sweet Vi1-
BuRNUM. Shrub or tree,
becoming 9 m. high; leaves Viburnum Lentago, Sweet viburnum.

 
120 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

ovate, closely and very sharply serrate, at least the upper caudate~-
acuminate and on winged petioles; cyme sessile, 3-4 rayed; fruit: blue-
black. Woods. May and June.

V. prunifolium, BLrack Haw. Tall shrub or small tree; leaves
oval, obtuse, finely and sharply serrate, the lowet surfaces and petioles
glabrous; cyme 3-5-rayed; fruit similar to the last. Dry or moist
ground. May and June.

SAMBUCUS

Shrubby, with pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and nu-
merous small flowers in large flat-topped clusters. Corolla often
urn-shaped, with a spreading 5-cleft border. Stamens 5. Fruit
a berry-like, juicy drupe containing 3 seed-like nuts.

S. racemosa, RED-BERRIED ELper. Stems woody, with warty bark
and brown pith; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy beneath; cymes
panicled, convex, or pyramidal; flowers yellowish-white; fruit bright
red. Rocky woods. May and June,

COMPOSITAE (Composite FaMIty)

The largest family of flowering plants, with epigynous flowers
in @ close head on a common receptacle surrounded by an invo-
lucre, tubular corolla with 5 stamens inserted in the throat, and
fruit seed-like (achene) and crowned by the calyx in the form of
bristles, scales, awns, teeth, etc. (pappus).

ERIGERON

Herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and solitary or corymbed
heads. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Disk yellow;
rays white, pink, or purple. Involucre of narrow equal bracts.
Achenes flattened; pappus of long bristles, rather scanty.

E. pulchellus, FLreasane. Hairy, producing offsets from the base;
stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few large heads on slen-
der peduncles; basal leaves obovate or spatulate, sparingly toothed,
the cauline ones distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire;
rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple. Open ground
and moist banks. April to June.
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)- 121

E. philadelphicus, Freasane. Hairy; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing
several small heads; leaves oblong, the upper Clasping by a heart-
shaped base, entire, the lowest spatulate, —
toothed; rays much more numerous, very nar-
row, rose-purple or flesh-color. Generally in
rich soil, May to August.

ANTENNARIA
White-woolly herbs,

with entire leaves SW x.
and corymbose or a, aa
racemose heads.

Heads many-flowered,

dioecious; flowers all \
tubular. Involucre

dry and __ scarious, b
white or colored, im-

bricated. Achenes Erigeron, Fleabane; a, E. pulchellus; b, E.,
terete or flattish; pap- pitladelehreus:

pus a single row of bristles.

  

A. canadensis, Evertastinc. Forming broad mats; stems slender;
basal leaves small, spatulate to oblanceolate; stem leaves scattered;
heads loosely corymbose; styles. pale, drying
brownish. Dry soil. May to July.

A. plantaginifolia, PLAN TAIN-LEAVED
EverLastinc. Basal leaves from broadly
ovate to oblanceolate; stem leaves scattered,
lanceolate; heads loosely or densely corymb-
ose; styles crimson... Dry soil. April to
June.

RUDBECKIA

Herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy
terminal heads. Heads many-flowered,
Antennaria, Everlasting; with yellow rays. Bracts of the involucre

staminate inflorescence leaf-lik di R eal sci

(left); pistillate inflores- leaf-like, spreading. eceptacle conica

cence (right); base of or columnar. Achenes 4-angled, smooth,

stem; with no pappus.

 

R. hirta, BLack-rvep Susan. Very rough and bristly-hairy through-
out; stems simple or branched near the base, naked above, bearing
122 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

single large heads; leaves
nearly entire, the upper ob-
long or lanceolate, sessile;
the lower spatulate; disk
dark purple or brown. Dry
soil. June to September.

COREOPSIS

Herbs, generally with
opposite leaves, and many-
flowered heads with yel-
low or parti-colored rays.
fInvolucre double, each
series of about 8 bracts,
the outer leaf-like and
spreading, the inner
broader and appressed.
Receptacle flat. Achenes
flat, often winged, 2-
toothed or 2-awned.

 

C. lanceolata, TicKsEep.
Smooth or hairy, tufted,
branched only at base; leaves all entire; lanceolate; the lowest ob-
lanceolate or spatulate; achenes with broad, thin, spreading wings.
Rich soil, ‘May to July.

Rudbeckia hirta, Black-eyed Susan.

ACHILLEA

Herbs, with small corymbose heads.
Heads many-flowered with a few rays.
Bracts of involucre imbricated, with
scarious margins. Achenes oblong, flat-
tened, margined; pappus none.

A. Millefolium, Yarrow. Stem simple or
forked above, woolly or nearly smooth; stem
leaves numerous, smooth or somewhat
pubescent; cormybs very compound, flat-
topped; bracts of involucre pale; rays 5-10, white to crimson. Fields
and banks.

 

Coreopsis lanceolata, Tickseed,
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 123

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or
corymbed heads. Heads many-flowered, with yellow disk and
white or yellow rays. Scales of the broad in-
volucre imbricated and with scarious margins.
Receptacle flat or convex. Achenes striate.

C. Leucanthemum, Ox-zve Daisy. Stem
erect, simple or forked; basal leaves spatulate-
obovate, on long slender petioles, the blades
erenate-dentate; middle and upper stem-leaves
oblong or oblanceolate, coarsely toothed; in-
volucral bracts narrow, brown-margined; rays
white. Fields, June to August.

 

Achillea Millefolium,
Yarrow.

SENECIO

Herbs, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads.
Heads many-flowered, with yellow rays. .Involucre cylindrical to
bell-shaped, sometimes with a few bractlets at base. Receptacle
flat. Pappus of numerous very soft and capil-
lary bristles.

  

Chrysanthemum Leucan- Senecio, Ragwort; u, S. aureus; b, S. Balsamitae,
themum, Ox-eye daisy. showing variation of leaves.

S. aureus, GoLp—EN Racwort, Stems erect, at first tomentose, soon
glabrate; lower leaves long-petioled, round-ovate to slightly oblong,
crenate-dentate; stem leaves lyrate to laciniate-pinnatifid; uppermost
sessile and clasping; achenes glabrous,
124 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY)

KRIGIA

Small herbs, branched from the base, with chiefly- radical leaves,
and small heads terminating naked scapes or branches. Heads
several to many-flowered, with yellow rays. In-
volucre bracts in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes
short and truncate, terete or angled; pappus
double, the outer of thin scales, the inner of deli-
cate bristles.

K. virginica, Dwarr DaNnpeLion. Scapes several,
up to 3dm. high, becoming branched and leafy; earlier
leaves roundish
and entire, the
others narrow

 

of involucre 9-
18, reflexed’ in’
age; achenes 5-
angled; pappus of 5-7 short
scales and as many alternating
bristles. Dry ground. April to
August.

Krigia
amplexicaulis,

K. amplexicaulis, CynrTuta.
Stem up to 6 dm. high; stem-
leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasp-
ing, mostly entire; the radical
ones on short winged petioles,
often toothed; bracts of in-
volucre as in the last; achenes
more slender; pappus of 10-15
small scales and 15-20 bristles.
Moist banks. May to August.

 

TARAXACUM

Taraxacum officinale, Dandelion,

Herbs with pinnatifid or
runcinate radical leaves, and a large solitary head on a slender
hollow scape. Heads many-flowered, with yellow rays. Involucre
double, the outer of short bracts, the inner of long, linear, erect
bracts. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4~5 ribbed, the apex
COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 125

prolonged into a very slender beak which bears at its tip the
copious soft white pappus.

T. officinale, Danpetion. Leaves coarsely pinnatifid, sinuate-
dentate; heads large, orange-yellow, outer involucral bracts elongated
and conspicuously reflexed; achenes olive-green or brownish. Open
ground everywhere. April to September.
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126
GLOSSARY

Achene. A small, one-seeded fruit, as in dandelion or strawberry.

Adnate. United throughout entire length, as anthers adnate to each other.

-androus. Referring to the number of stamens, as 6-androus.

Annual. Applied to plants which complete their life cycle in one growing season,
perishing at approach of winter.

Apetalous. Without petals.

Aril. A growth about the seed, as in certain gymnosperms.

Aromatic. With pungent fragrance.

Attenuate. Tapering slenderly.

Auricled. Having ear-shaped appendages.

Awl-shaped. Tapering from the base into a slender or rigid point.

Awned or Awn-pointed. Having a bristle-like appendage.

Axillary. Located in the upper angle formed by a leaf with the stem.

Biennial. Applied to plants which complete their life cycle in two growing seasons.

Bloom. A delicate down which may be removed by rubbing, as the bloom on
grapes.

Bracts. Small, leaf-like organs usually subtending flowers.

Campanulate. Bell or cup-shaped.

Capillary. Hair-like.

Capitate. Head-like. Applied to dense and globose inflorescences.

Capsule. A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of two or more carpels.

Carpel. A simple pistil or one part of a compound pistil; a megasporophyll.

Catkin. A scaly, dense, spike-like, and usually flexible inflorescence, as in the
birches and poplars.

Caudate. Having a tail-like appendage.

Cauline. Related to the stem.

-celled. Used of the ovule-containing chambers of an ovary, as, ovary 2-celled.
Not to be confused with cells, the microscopic units of structure of or-
ganisms.

Chaffy. Bearing numerous small and thin scales which become dry and mem-
branous, as in the heads of some Compositae.

Ciliate. Having the margin fringed with fine hairs.

Coherent. Said of structures which are more or less attached to each other.

Connate. Closely united.

Connivent. Said of structures which are in contact.

Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid, as indian turnip.

Corymb. A flat or convexly topped inflorescence whose pedicels are of unequal
length and whose youngest flowers are at the center.

Crenate. Tooth-margined, but the teeth much rounded.

Crustaceous. Hard and brittle.

Cyme. An inflgrescerice, usually flat-topped, with the oldest flowers at the center.

127
128 GLOSSARY

Decompound. More than once compounded or divided.

Dentate. Tooth-margined.

Diadelphous. Said of the stamens when they are arranged in two sets.

Didynamous. Said of the stamens when they are arranged in two pairs of un-
equal length.

Dioecious. Said of plants having staminate and pistillate flowers on different in-
dividuals, d

Discoid. Disk-like.

Disk. A structure appearing in certain flowers, as in Umbelliferae. It is a
cushion-like outgrowth of the receptacle around the base of the pistil.

Divergent. Spreading abruptly apart.

Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a central stone or pit, as a peach.

Endocarp. The inner layer of the ovary wall.

Ephemeral petals. Those which last for only one day.

Epicarp. The outer layer of the ovary wall.

Epigynous. Said of flowers whose perianth arises above the ovary.
Exfoliate. To peel off in thin layers.

Filament of stamen. The part which supports the anther.
Filiform. Thread-form.

Flaccid. Without rigidity, wilted.

Flocculent. Pearing soft wool-like hair in small masses.
-foliolate. Referring to the leaflets, as trifoliolate. —

Fugacious. Said of petals or sepals which fall or fade very early.

Glabrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming so.
Glabrous. Smooth. Free from hairs.

Glaucous. Having a bloom.

Glutinous. Sticky, like the gluten of wheat.
Granulate. Bearing minute grains.

Halberd-form. Like an arrow-head in form, but the basal lobes turned out nearly
at right angles.

Hirsute. Stiff-hairy.

Hispid. Bearing rigid or bristly hairs.

Hybrid. A form resulting from the crossing of different species.

Hydrophyte. An aquatic plant or one growing in very wet places.

Hypogynous. Said of flowers whose perianth arises beneath the ovary.

Imbricated. Overlapping, as frequently the sepals or petals in buds.

Imperfect flowers. Flowers which lack one or the other of the essential parts;
they are either staminate or pistillate.

Incised. Having the margin as if cut sharply and irregularly.

Included stamens. Those which do not protrude at all from the corolla tube.

Indehiscent. Not opening at maturity, as many kinds of fruits.

Inferior ovary. Equivalent to epigyny.

Internodes. The spaces between the nodes or joints of the stem.

-Involucel. A secondary involucre.

Involucre. A whorl of bracts surrounding an inflorescence or a single flower.
Characteristic of Compositae.

Keel. Applied to the.two united petals of many flowers of Leguminosae which
simulate the form of the keel of a boat, as in sweet-pea or clover.
GLOSSARY 129

Lacerate. Having the margin roughly cleft, as if torn.

Lonceolate. Said of leaves shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than
wide.

Lenticel. The spongy pores in bark which permit transfusion of gases. Espe-
cially conspicuous in birch,

Lyrate. Pinnately cleft, the terminal lobe being rounded and conspicuously larger
than the others.

Membranous. Thin, dry, and more or less translucent.

Monadelphous. Said of stamens which are united by their filaments into a tube
or column.

Monoecious. Said of plants having staminate and pistillate flowers on the same
individual.

Ob-. A prefix giving the idea of inversion.

Obcordate. Inverted heart shape, said of leaves with the broad part of the heart
away from the stem. .

Obovate. Inverted ovate.

Obovoid, Inverted ovoid.

Obscurely toothed. Very slightly toothed.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.

Ovate. Egg-shaped. Said of leaves with an outline like an egg with the broader
end down.

Ovoid. Nearly oval in outline.

Palmate. Said of leaves which are radiately lobed or divided, suggestive of the
palm and fingers of the hand.

Panicle. A loose and irregularly compound inflorescence whose flowers are on
pedicels,

Papilanaceous. Said of corollas like that of pea and of many other Leguiminosae,

Papillose. Bearing minute, nipple-shaped projections.

Pappus. The modified calyx of Compositae. It forms a crown of various char-
acter at the top of the achene.

Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower.

Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either an inflorescence or a soli-
tary flower.

Perennial. Lasting year after year.

Perfect. Said of flowers which have both kinds of essential parts, i. e., stamens
and carpels.

Perfoliate. Said of leaves through which the stem appears to pass.

Perianth. The accessory parts of a flower, ¢. e., calyx and corolla.

Perigynous flowers. Those intermediate in structure between hypogyny and epig-
yny; the calyx adnate to the ovary. :

Pinna. One of the divisions of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate leaves. Compound, divided into pinnae, on the plan of a feather; the
leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft.

Pinnule. A secondary pinna of a decompound leaf.

Pistillate flowers. Flowers with pistil, but no stamens.

Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules.

Polygamo-dioecious. Said of plants which, like the maples, are polygamous, with
a tendency to be dioecious.

Polygamo-monoecious. Polygamous with a tendency to be monoecious.

Polygamous. Said of plants which produce both perfect and imperfect flowers.

SPRING FLORA—9
130 GLOSSARY

Polypetalous. Said of flowers whose petals are separate.

Pome. <A kind of fleshy fruit of which apple is the type.
Procumbent. PTrostrate, but without taking root at the nodes.
Pubescent. Covered with short hair, as the _pubescence of a peach.

Raceme (adj., racemose). A simple inflorescence of about equi-pediceled flowers
on a common stalk; example, lily-of-the-valley.

Radical leaves. Those which arise from the base of the stem, so near the ground
as to have the appearance of arising from the root.

Ray. Applied to one of the branches of an umbel, as in Zizia.

Ray flowers. The marginal flowers in a composite head.

Receptacle. The more or less expanded top of the stalk (pedicel or peduncle)
from which the flowers arise.

Reticulated. Characterized by a net-like pattern; net-veined.

Retrorse prickles. Those directed back or downward.

Revolute margin. One which tends to roll back.

Rhizome. A subterranean or only prostrate stem.

Rootstock, Same as rhizome.

Rotate corolla. One which is flat and circular in outline; wheel-shaped.

Runcinate. Sharply incised with the segments directed backwards.

Saccate. Sac-shaped, as the bottom of the corolla in violet.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes directed down.

Salver-form. Said of a corolla composed of a slender tube abruptly expanding
into a flat top; the form of the antique salver.

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit like that of maples; “key’’ fruit.

Scape. <A peduncle rising from the ground and without foliage, as in tulip.

Scarious. Thin, dry, not green.

Scurfy. - Rough with short, woolly hairs.

Serrate. Said of margins with sharp teeth pointing forward.

Serrulate. Finely serrate.

Sessile. Without stalk. Said of leaves without petioles, anthers without fila-
ments, etc.

Sinuate-toothed. A toothed margin with a tendency to be wavy.

Sinus. The cleft between two lobes, as in a cordate leaf.

Spadir, A flower-bearing, fleshy axis, as in jack-in-the-pulpit.

Spathe. ‘A large bract, or pair of them, usually hood-shaped, enclosing an in-
florescence, as in skunk cabbage or jack-in-the-pulpit.

Spatulate. Waving the shape of a spatula; gradually narrowing down from a
rounded summit.

Sporangium. A spore case. Obvious in pteridophytes; in spermatophytes, the
pollen-sacs are examples.

Spore. A unicellular reproductive body capable of direct growth into a new
individual.

Sporophyll. A spore-bearing organ, leaf-like in origin and sometimes in appear-
ance, as the sporophylls of the common ferns. ‘Among seed plants the
stamens are sporophylls, and the young pollen grains are spores.

Spur. A sac-like extension of the corolla as in violet or nasturtium.

Staminate flowers. Those which have stamens but no pistils.

Stigmatic surface. The pollen-catching surface.

Stipe. The leaf-stalk of a fern. ’

Stipule. An outgrowth at the base of the petiole or on each side of it, as in
the rose family.
GLOSSARY 131

Stolon, <A prostrate stem or runner which tends to take root and branch, as in
strawberry.

Strigose. Covered with sharp, straight, and stiff hairs which tend to lie flat.

Stylopodium. The expansion at the base of the style, as in Umbelliferae.

Subcylindric. Somewhat cylindric.

Sympetalous. Said of corollas whose petals are more or less united.

Ternate. In threes.

Tomentose. Densely, woolly pubescent, as mullein leaves.
Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.

Truncated. Ending abruptly; as if cut off.

Tuberous. Tuber-like. .

Umbel. An inflorescence whose pedicels or peduncles arise from the same place.
Characteristic of Umbelliferae.

Valvate. Opening by valves, as a capsule.

Valve. One of the segments into which a capsule or pod splits.

Vascular bundle. One of the groups of conducting and supporting tissue which
are characteristic of vascular plants,

Vernal. Flowering in early spring.

Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs.

Whorl. The arrangement of leaves or flower parts in circles, or groups, at the
nodes,
INDEX

Latin names of families are in SMALL CAPITALS

Acer, 91.
Negundo, 92.
rubrum, OI.

saccharinum, gI.

ACERACEAE, QI.

Achillea, 122.
Millefolium, 122.

Acorus, 33.
Calamus, 34.

Actaea, 64.
alba, 64.

Adder’s Tongue, 36.
Yellow, 36.
White, 36.

Aesculus, 92.
glabra, 92. ‘

Alder, Smooth, 49.
Speckled, 49.

Allium, 35.
canadense, 35.

Alnus, 49.
incana, 49.
rugosa, 49.

Alsike Clover, 83.

Alternate-leaved Dogwood, 100.

Alum Root, 74.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 40.
Amaryllis Family, 40.
Amelanchier, 77.
canadensis, 77.
oblongifolia, 77.
American Elm, 52.
ANACARDIACEAE, 89.
Andromeda, 102.
glaucophylla, 102,
Anemone, 61.
canadensis, 62.
quinquefolia, 62,
Rue, 61.
Wood, 62.
Anemonella, 61.-
thalictroides, 61.
ANONACEAE, 65.

Antennaria, 121.
canadensis, 121.
plantaginifolia, 121.

AQUIFOLIACEAE, 89...

Aquilegia, 63.
canadensis, 64..

Arabis, 73.
levigata, 73.
lyrata, ‘73.

ARACEAE, 32.

Aralia, 97.
nudicaulis, 97.

ARALIACEAE, 97.

Arbor Vite, 32.

Arbutus, Trailing, 103.

Arctostaphylos, 103.
Uva-ursi, 103.

Arenaria, 55.
lateriflora, 56.
serpyllifolia, 56.

Arisema, 33.
triphyllum, 33.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 54.

Arrow-leaved Violet, 95.

Arrow-wood, II9.

Arum Family, 32.

Asarum, 54.
canadense, 55.

Ash, Black, 106.,
Mountain, 77.
Prickly, 87.

White, 106.

Asimina, 65.
triloba, 66.

Aspen, Large-toothed, 44,°
Trembling, 44.

Azalea, Purple, 102.

’ Balsam, Poplar, 44.

Baneberry, White, 64.

Barbarea, 72,
vulgaris, 72.

Barberry, 67.

133
134

Barberry Family, 66.
Basswood, 93.
Bastard Toadflax, 54.
Bayberry, 45.
Bearberry, 103.
Bedstraw, 116.
Beech, 50.

Blue, 48.
, Family, 49.

Bellwort, 35.

Benzoin, 68.

aestivale, 68.
BERBERIDACEAE, 66.
Berberis, 67.

vulgaris, 67.
Betula, 48.

alba’ papyrifera, 49.

lenta, 48.

lutea, 48.

nigra, 48.

populifolia, 49.
BETULACEAE, 47.
‘Birch, Canoe, 49.

Family, 47.

River, 48.

Sweet, 48.

White, 409.

Yellow, 48.
Bird-foot Violet, 95.
Birthwort Family, 54,
Bishop’s Cap, 75.
Bitter Cress, 73.
Bitternut, Hickory, 47.
Bittersweet, go. -

(Nightshade), 112,
Black, Ash, 106.

Currant, Wild, 75.

Haw, 120. :

Medick, 84.

Mustard, 72.

Oak, 52. :

Raspberry, 81.

Walnut, 46.

Willow, 42. °
Blackberry, Swamp, 81.

Tall, 81.
Black-eyed Susan, 121.
Bladder Nut, o1.

Nut F amily, 90.
Bloodroot, 69.
Blue Beech, 48.

Cohosh, 67.

Flag, 41.

INDEX

Phlox, 107.

Violet, 95.
Blueberry, 104.

_ Low, 104,

- Swamp, 104.
Blue-eyed Grass, 41.

Mary, 113. -

‘Bluets, 116,

Bog Rosemary, 102.
Borage Family, 109.
BoraGINACEAE, 109. >
Box Elder, 92.
Brassica, 71.
arvensis, 7I.
nigra, 72.
Brook Plantain, 116.
Broom-rape Family, 115,
Broom Rape, 115.’
Buckbean, 107.
Buckeye, 92.
Bunchberry, 100.
Bur Oak, 50.
Bur-reed, 32.
Family, 32.
Bush Honeysuckle, 117.
Buttercup, Common Swamp, 60,
Early, 59.
Small- flowered, 59.
Swamp, 60.
White Water, 50.
Yellow Water, 59.
Butternut, 46.

Cabbage, Skunk, 33.
Calamus, 34.
Caltha, 62.
palustris, 62.
Camassia, 36.
esculenta, 36.
Canada Violet, 95.
Cancer-root, 115.
Canoe Birch, 49.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, II7.
Capsella, 71.
Bursa-pastoris, 71.
Cardamine, 73.
bulbosa, 73.
Douglasii, 73.
pennsylvanica, 73.
Carpinus, 48.
caroliniana, 48.
Carrion-flower, 40.
Carya, 46.
Carya cordiformis, 47.
glabra, 47.
ovata, 46.

Cashew Family, 89.

Castilleja, 114.
coccinea,. I14.

Catchfly, Sleepy, 57.

Caulophyllum, 66.
thalictroides, 67.

Cedar, Red, 32.
White, 32. .

Celandine Poppy, 69.

CELASTRACEAE, 90.

Celastrus, go.
scandens, go.

Celtis, 53.
occidentalis, 53.

Cerastium, 56.
nutans, 57.
vulgatum, 57.

Cercis, 82.
canadensis, 82.

Cherophyllum, 98.
procumbens, 98.

Chamedaphne, 102.
calyculata, 102,

Charlock, 71. ,

Cherry, Choke, 80.
Sand, 80.

Wild Black, 80.
Wild Red, 80.

Chervil, 98.

Chestnut Oak, 50, 51.

Chickweed, 56.

Common Mouse-ear, 57.

Mouse-ear, 57.
Chokeberry, 77.
Chokecherry, 80.
Chrysanthemum, 123.

Leucanthemum, 123.
Cinquefoil, common, 79.

Rough, 78.

Silvery, 78.
CISTACEAE, 94.
Claytonia, 57.

virginica, 58.

Cleft Phlox, 108.
Clover, Alsike, 83.

Red, 83.

Sweet, 84.

White, 83.

Cohosh, Blue, 67.
Collinsia, 113.

INDEX 135

verna, I13.
Columbine, 64.
Comandra, 54.

umbellata, 54.
COMMELINACEAE, 34.
Common Cinquefoil, 79.

Locust, 84.

Mallow, 93.

Mouse-ear Chickweed, 57.

Swamp Buttercup, 60.
ComposiTAE, 120.
Conopholis, 115.

americana, 115.
Coptis, 62.

trifolia, 63.
Coreopsis, 122.

lanceolata, 122,
CoRNACEAE, I00.

Cornus, 100.
alternifolia, 100.
canadensis, 100.
florida, 100.
paniculata, 100.
stolonifera, 100,

Corylus, 47.
americana, 47.

Cottonwood, 45.

Cow Parsnip, 9s.

Crab, Wild, 77.

Crategus, 77.
coccinea, 78.

Cress, Bitter, 73.
Pennsylvania Bitter, 73.
Rock, 73.

Smooth Rock, 73.

Spring, 73.

Winter, 72.
Crowfoot Family, 58.
CRUCIFERAE, 70.
Cryptotenia, 99.

canadensis, 99.
Cucumber-root, 38.

Tree, 65.

Currant, Wild Black, 75.

Custard Apple Family, 65.

Cynoglossum, 109.
officinale, 109.

Cynthia, 124.

Cypress Spurge, 88.

Daisy, Ox-eye, 123.
Dandelion, 125.
Dwart, 124.
136

Delphinium, 64.
Dentaria, 72.
diphylla, 72.
laciniata, 72.
Dewberry, 81.
Dicentra, 69.
canadensis, 70,
Cucullaria, 69.
Diervilla, 117.
Lonicera, 117.
Dirca, 96.
palustris, 96.
Disporum, 37.
lanuginosum, 38.
Dodecatheon, 105.
Meadia, 105.

Dogwood, Alternate-leaved, 100.

Family, 100.

Flowering, 100.

Panicled, 100.

Red-osier, 100.
Dog’s-tooth Violet, 36.
Draba, 70.

caroliniana, 71.
Dutchman’s Breeches, 69.
Dwarf Dandelion, 124.

Raspberry, 81.

Early Buttercup, 59.
Meadow Rue, 60.
Saxifrage, 74.

ELAEAGNACEAE, 90,

Elder, Box, 92.
Red-berried, 120.

Elm, American, 52.
Slippery, 52.
White, 52.

. Epigzea, 102.
repens, 103.

EQUISETACEAE, 29.

Equisetum, 30.
arvense, 30.

ERICACEAE, IOI.

Erigenia, 98.
bulbosa, 98.

Erigeron, 120.
philadelphicus, 121.
pulchellus, 120.

Erythronium, 35.
albidum, 35.
americanum, 35.

Euphorbia, 88.
Cyparissias, 88,

INDEX

EupHorsiAcEA£, 88.
Everlasting, 121.
Plantain-leaved, 121,
Euonymus, 9o.
Americanus obovatus, 10.
atropurpureus, 90.

FaGACcEAE, 49.
Fagus, 49.
grandiflora, 50.
False Hellebore, 34.
Mermaid, 88.
Mermaid Family, 88.
Mitrewort, 74.
Solomon’s Seal, 36.
Fern, Cinnamon, 29.
Flowering, Family, 29.
Interrupted, 29.
Royal, 29.
Figwort, 113.
Family, 112.
Flag, Blue, 41.
Sweet, 34.
Fleabane, 120, 121.
Floerkea, 88.
proserpinacoides, 88.
Flowering Dogwood, 100,
Fly Honeysuckle, 117.
Forget-me-not, 110.
Fragaria, 78.
vesca, 78.
virginiana, 78.
Fragrant Sumac, 89.
Fraxinus, 105.
americana, 106.
nigra, 106.
Frost Grape, 93.
Frostweed, 94.
FuMARIACEAE, 69.
Fumitory Family, 69.

Galium, 116.
Aparine, 116.
Garlic, 35. .
Wild, 35.
Gaylussacia, 103.
baccata, 103.
Gentian, Family, 106.
Horse, 118.
GENTIANACEAE, 106,
GERANIACEAE, 86.
Geranium, 86.
Family, 86.
INDEX 137

Geranium maculatum, 86.
Wild, 86.
Ginger, Wild, 55.
Ginseng, Dwarf, 97.
Family, 97.
Gleditsia, 82.
triacanthos, 82.
Golden Alexanders, go.
Ragwort, 123.
Goldthread, 63.
Gooseberry, 75.
Prickly, 75.
Smooth, 75.
Grape, Frost, 73.
Northern Fox, 92.
Summer, 92:
Grass, Blue-eyed, 41.
Rib, 116.
Whitlow, 71.
Yellow-eyed, 41.
Great Solomon’s Seal (See Large
Solomon’s Seal), 38.
Gromwell, 110.
Ground Hemlock, 3o.
Ivy, III.
Gum, Sour, 101.

Hackberry, 53.
Harbinger of Spring, 98.
Haw, Black, 120.
Red, 78.
Hazelnut, 47.
Heath Family, ror.
Helianthemum, 94.
canadense, 94.
Hellebore, False, 34.
Hemlock, 31.
Ground, 30.
Henbit, 112.
Hepatica, 61.
acutiloba, 61.
triloba, 61.
Heracleum, 99.
lanatum, 99.
Heuchera, 74.
americana, 74,
hispida, 74.
Hickory, Bitternut, 47.
Pignut, 47.
Shag-bark, 46.
Holly Family, 89.
Mountain, 89.
Honewort, 99.

Honey Locust, 82.
Honeysuckle, 118.
Bush, 117.
Family, 117.
Fly, 117.
Swamp, I01.
Hop Hornbeam, 47,
Tree, 87.
Hornbeam, Hop, 47.
Horse Gentian, 118.
Horsetail, 20.
Common, 30.
Family, 29.
Hound’s Tongue, 109.
Houstonia, 116.
cerulea, 116,
purpurea, 117.
Huckleberry, 103.
Hudsonia, 94.
tomentosa, 94.
Hyacinth, Wild, 36.
HypRoPHYLLACEAE, 108,
Hydrophyllum, 108.
appendiculatum, I09,
canadense, 109.
virginianum, 109,
Hypoxis, 40.
hirsuta, 41.

Tlex, 89.
verticillata, 89,
Indian Turnip, 33.
IrmDAcEAE, 41.
Iris, 41.
Family, 41.
versicolor, 41.
Isopyrum, 62.
biternatum, 62,
Ivy, Ground, 111,

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 33.
Jacob’s Ladder, 108,
JUGLANDACEAE, 45.
Juglans, 46.
cinerea,
nigra, 46.
Juniper, 32.
Juniperus, 32.
communis, 32,
virginiana, 32.

Kalmia, 102.
latifolia, 102,
138

Krigia, 124. ;
virginica, 124,

LaBIATAE, IIT.
Labrador Tea, tor.
Lamium, 111.

amplexicaule, 112.
Lance-leaved Violet, 95.
Larch, 31.

Large Solomon’s Seal, 38.

Large-toothed Aspen, 44.
Larix, 31.
laricina, 31.
Larkspur, 64.
Lathyrus, 85.
ochroleucus, 85.
palustris, 85.
venosus, 85.
LauRACEAE, 67.
Laurel, Family, 67.
Mountain, 102,
Leather Leaf, 102.
Leatherwood, 96.
Ledum, Ior.
groenlandicum, 101.
LecuMInosaeE, 82,
Lepidium, 71.
apetalum, 71.
virginicum, 71.
LILIACEAE, 34.
Lily Family, 34.

Lily-of-the-Valley, 37.

Yellow Pond, 58.
LIMNANTHACEAE, 88.
Linaria, 112,

canadensis, [12.

vulgaris, I12.
Linden, Family, 93.
Liriodendron, 65..

Tulipifera, 65.
Lithospermum, I10.

arvense, IIO,

canescens, III.

Gmelini, 111.
Locust, Common, 84.

Honey, 82.
Lonicera, 117.

canadensis, 117.

dioica, 118. _
Loosestrife, Tufted, 104.
Lousewort, I14.
Lungwort, IIo.

Lupine, 82.

INDEX

Lupinus, 82.
perennis, 82,

Lysimachia, 104.
thyrsiflora, 104.

Madder Family, 116,
Magnolia, 65.

acuminata, 65.

Family, 65.
MAGNOLIACEAE, 65.
Maianthemum, 37.

canadense, 37.
Mallow, Common, 93.

Family, 93.

Malva, 93.

rotundifolia, 93.
MALVACEAE, 93.

Maple Family, 91.

Red, or.

Silver, 91.

_ Sugar, oI.
Maple-leaved Viburnum, 119,
Marigold, Marsh, 62.
Marsh Marigold, 62.

Pea, 85.

May Apple, 66.
Meadow Rue, Early, 60.
Medeola, 38.

virginiana, 38.
Medicago, 84.

lupulina, 84.
Medick, Black, 84.
Melilot, Yellow, 83.
Melilotus, 83.

alba, 84.

officinalis, 83
Menyanthes, 106.

trifoliata, 107.
Mertensia, IIo.

virginica, 110. \
Mezereum, Family, 96.
Milkwort, Family, 87.
Mint, Family, 111.
Mitella, 75.

diphylla, 75.
Mitrewort, False, 74.
Morus, 53.

' rubra, 53.
Mountain Ash, 77. ,

Holly, 89.

Laurel, 102.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, 57.-

Chickweed, Common, 57.
Mulberry, Red, 53. .
Mustard, Black, 72,
Family, 70.
Myosotis, 109.
laxa, I10.
virginica, IIo.
Myrica, 45.
asplenifolia, 45.
carolinensis, 45.
MyRICAcEAE, 45.

Nemopanthus, 89.
mucronata, 89.
Nepeta, III. “
hederacea, III.
Nettle Family, 52.
Nightshade Family, 112,
Nine-bark, 76.

Northern Fox Grape, 92.

Nymphea, 58.
advena, 58.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 58.

Nyssa, IOI.
sylvatica, 101.

Oak, 50.
Black, 52.
Bur, 50.
Chestnut, 50, 51.
Pin, 51.
Post, 50.
Red, 51.
Scarlet, 52.
Shingle, 7.
Swamp White, 50.
White, 50. ..
Oakesia, 35..
sessilifolia, 35...
OLEACEAE, 105.
Oleaster Family, 96.
Olive Family, 105.
_ OROBANCHAGEAE, II5.
uniflora, 115.
Orobanche, 115..-
Osmorhiza, 98. -
Claytoni, 98.
longistylis, 98.
Osmunda, 29.
cininamomea, 29.
Claytoniana, 29.
regalis, 20.
OSMUNDACEAE, 29.
Ostrya, 47.

INDEX 139

virginiana, 47.
OXALIDACEAE, 85.
Oxalis, 85.

corniculata, .85.

stricta, 85.

violacea, 85.
Ox-eye Daisy, 123. .

Painted Cup, 114.
Palmately-leaved Violet, 95.
Panax, 97.

trifolium, 07.
Panicled Dogwood, 100.

Phlox, 107.
PAPAVERACEAE, 68,
Papaw, 66.

Parsley, Family, 97.
Parsnip, Cow, 99.
Pasture Rose, 79.
Pea, Marsh, 85.

Wild, 85.
Peach-leaved Willow, 42
Pedicularis, 114.

. canadensis, 114.
Pennsylvania Bitter Cress, 73.
Peppergrass, 71. i

Wild, 71.

Phlox, 107.

bifida, 108.

Blue, 107.

Cleft, 108.

divaricata, 107.

maculata, 107.

Panicled,. 107.

paniculata, 107.

pilosa, 107.

Pilose, 107.

Wild Sweet William, 107.
Physocarpus, 76.

opulifolius, 76,
Pignut, 47.

Pilose Phlox, 107...
Pimpernel, Yellow, 99.
Pin Oak, 51.
PINACEAE, 30.

Pine, 3

Pomily, 30.

Northern Scrub, 31.

Pitch, 31

Red, 31.. , .

Scrub, 31.

Southern Scrub, 3I.

White, 30.
140 INDEX

Pine, Yellow, 31.
Pink Family, 55.
Pinus, 30.
Banksiana, 31.
echinata, 31.
resinosa, 31.
rigida, 31.
Strobus, 30.
virginiana, 31.
Plane Tree Family, 75.
PLANTAGINACEAE, II5.
Plantago, 115.
cordata, 116.
lanceolata, 116.
Plantain, Brook, 116.
Family, 115.

Plantain-leaved Everlasting, 121.

PLATANACEAE, 75.
Platanus, 76.

occidentalis, 76.
Plum, Wild, 80.
Podophyllum, 66.

peltatum, 66.
PoLEMONIACEAE, I07.
Polemonium, 108.

Family, 107.

reptans, 108.
Polygala, 87.

Senega, 87.
PoLyGALACcEAeE, 87.
PoLycoNACEAE, 55.
Polygonatum, 38.

biflorum, 38.

commutatum, 38.
Pond Lily, Yellow, 58.
Poplar, Balsam, 44.
Poppy, Celandine, 69.

Family, 68
Populus, 43.

balsamifera, 44.

deltoides, 45.

grandidentata, 44.

tremuloides, 44.
PorTULACACEAE, 57.
Post Oak, 50.
Potentilla, 78.

Anserina, 79.

argentea, 78.

canadensis, 79.

monspeliensis, 78.
Prickly Ash, 87.

Gooseberry, 75.
Primrose Family, 104,

PRIMULACEAE, 104.
Prunus, 80.
americana, 80.
pennsylvanica, 80,
pumila, 80.
serotina, 80.
virginiana, 80.
Ptelea, 87.
trifoliata, 87.
Puccoon, 111.
Pulse Family, 82.
Purple Azalea, 102.
Flowering Raspberry, 81.
Purslane Family, 57.
Speedwell, 114.
Pussy Willow, 43.
Pyrus, 76.
americana, 76.
arbutifolia, 76.
coronaria, 76.

Quercus, 50.
alba, 50.
bicolor, 50.
coccinea, 52,
imbricaria, 7.
macrocarpa, 50.
Muhlenbergii, 50.
palustris, 51.
Prinus, 51.
rubra, 51.
stellata, 50.
velutina, 52.

Ragwort, Golden, 123.

RANUNCULACEAE, 58.

Ranunculus, 59.
abortivus, 59.
acris, 60.
aquatilis, 59.
bulbosus, 60.
delphinifolius, 59.
fascicularis, 59.
recurvatus, 59..
septentrionalis, 60.

Rape, Broom, 115.

Raspberry, Black, 81.
Dwarf, 81.
Purple Flowering, 81.
Red, 80.

Red Cedar, 32.
Clover, 83.
Haw, 78.
Red Maple, 91.
Mulberry, 53.

Oak, 51.
Raspberry, 80.
Red-berried Elder, 120.

Redbud, 82.

Red-osier Dogwood, 100.

Rhododendron, 1o1.
nudiflorum, 102.
viscosum, IOI.

Rhus, 89.
canadensis, 89.

Rib-grass, 116.

Ribes, 75.

Cynosbati, 75.
floridum, 75.
oxyacanthoides, 75.

River Birch, 48.
Grape, 93.

Robinia, 84.
pseudacacia, 84.

Rock Cress, 73.
Cress, Smooth, 73.

Rockrose Family, 94.

Rosa, 79.
blanda, 79.
carolina, 79.
humilis, 79.

Rosaceae, 76.

Rose Family, 76.
Pasture, 79.
Swamp, 79.
Wild, 79.

Rosemary, Bog, 102.

Rough Cinquefoil, 78.

RUBIACEAE, 116,

Rubus, 80.
allegheniensis, 81.
hispidus, 81.
ideus, 8o.
occidentalis, 81.
odoratus, 81.
triflorus, 81.
villosus, 81.

Rudbeckia, 121.
hirta, 121.

Rue Anemone, 61.
Early Meadow, 60.
Family, 86.

Rutacgag, 86.

SALICACEAE, 42.
Salix, 42.

INDEX 14!

amygdaloides, 42.
cordata, 43.
discolor, 43.
longifolia, 43.
nigra, 42.
Sambucus, 120,
racemosa, 120.
Sand Cherry, 80.
Sand-bar Willow, 43.
Sandalwood Family, 54.
‘Sandwort, 56.
Sanguinaria, 68.
canadensis, 69.
SANTALACEAE, 54.
SAPINDACEAE, 92.
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 97.
Sassafras, 67,
variifolium, 68.
Saxifraga, 74.
pennsylvanica, 74.
virginiensis, 74.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 74.
Saxifrage, Early, 74.
Family, 74.
Swamp, 74.
Scarlet Oak, 52.
Scrophularia, 113.
marilandica, 113.
ScROPHULARIACEAE, II2.
Seneca ‘Snakeroot, 87.
Senecio, 123.
aureus, 123.
Service Berry, 77.
Shadbush, 77.
Shingle Oak, 7.
Shepherd’s Purse, 71.
Shepherdia, 96.
canadensis, 97.
Shooting Star, 105.
Silene, 57.
antirrhina, 57.
Silver Maple, 91. aj
Weed, 79.
Silvery Cinquefoil, 78.
Sisyrinchium, 41.
augustifolium, 41.
Skunk Cabbage, 33.
Sleepy Catchfly, 57.
Slippery Elm, 52.
Small Solomon’s Seal, 38.
Small-flowered Buttercup, 59.
Smilacina, 36.
racemosa, 36.
142

Smilacina stellata, 37.
Smilax, 40,
herbacea, 40.
Smooth Alder, 49.
Gooseberry, 75.
Rock Cress, 73.
Snakeroot, Seneca, 87.
Snowberry, 118.
Soapberry Family, 92.
SOLANACEAE, I12.
Solanum, 112.
Dulcamara, 112.

Solomon’s Seal, False, 36.

Large, 38.
Small, 38.
Sour Gum, ror,
SPARGANIACEAE, 32.
Sparganium, 32. »
eurycarpum, 32.
Speckled Alder, 49.
Speedwell, 113.
Purslane, 114.
Thyme-leaved, 114.
Spice Bush, 68.
Spiderwort Family, 34.
Spring Beauty, 58.
Cress, 73.
Spurge, Cypress, 88.
Family, 88.
Squirrel Corn, 7o.
Staff Tree Family, go.
Staphylea, go.
trifolia, 91.
STAPHYLEACEAE, 90.
Star Flower, 105.
Stellaria, 56.
media, 56.
Strawberry, 78.
Strawberry Bush, Io.
Stylophorum, 609.
diphyllum, 69.
Sugar Maple, o1.
Sumac, Fragrant, 89.
Summer Grape, 92.
Swamp Blackberry, 81.
Buttercup, 60.
Honeysuckle, ror.
Rose, 79.
Saxifrage, 74.
White Oak, 50.
Sweet Birch, 48.
Cicely, 98.
Fern, 45.

INDEX

Flag, 34.

Gale Family, 45.

Viburnum, 119.

White Violet, 95.
Sycamore, 76.
Symphoricarpos, 118.

racemosus, 118.
Symplocarpus, 33.

feetidus, 33.

Teenidia, 99.
integerrima, 99.
Tall Blackberry, 81.
Tamarack, 31.
Taraxacum, 124.
officinale, 125.
TAXACEAE, 30..
Taxus, 30.
canadensis, 30.
Tea, Labrador, Io1.
Thalictrum, 60. ‘
dioicum, 60.
Thuja, 32.
occidentalis, 32.
THYMELAEACEAE, 96.
Thyme-leaved Speedwell, 114.
Tiarella, 74.
cordifolia, 74.
Tickseed, 122.
Tilia, 93.
americana, 93.
TILIACEAE, 93.
Toadflax, 112.
Bastard, 54.
Toothwort, 72.
Tradescantia, 34.
Trailing Arbutus, 103.
Trembling Aspen, 44.
Trientalis, 105.
americana, 105.
Trifolium, 83.
hybridum, 83.
pratense, 83.
repens, 83.
Trillium, 39.
cernuum, 40.
erectum, 39.
grandiflorum, 40.
recurvatum, 39.
sessile, 30.
undulatum, 4o.
Triosteum, 118.
perfoliatum, 118.
Tsuga, 31.

canadensis, 31.
Tufted Loosestrife, 104.
Tulip Tree, 65.

Ulmus, 52.
americana, 52.
fulva, 52.

UMBELLIFERAE, 97.

URTICACEAE, 52.

Uvularia, 35.
grandiflora, 35.
perfoliata, 35.

Vaccinium, 103.
corymbosum, 104.
pennsylvanicum, 104.
vacillans, 104.

Veratrum, 34.
viride, 34.

Veronica, 113.
officinalis, 113.
peregrina, 114.
serpyllifolia, 114.

Vetch, 84.

Viburnum, I19.
acerifolium, 119.
Lentago, 119.
Maple-leaved, 119.
prunifolium, 119.
pubescens, 119.
Sweet, 119.

Vicia, 84.
americana, 84.
caroliniana, 84.

Vine Family, 92.

Viola, 95.
blanda, 95.
canadensis, 95.
conspersa, 96.
cucullata, 95.
lanceolata, 95.
palmata, 95.
pedata, 95.
pubescens, 95.
sagittata, 95.

VIOLACEAE, 94.

Violet, Arrow-leaved, 95.

Bird-foot, 95.
Canada, 95.
Common Blue, 95.
Dog’s-tooth, 30.
Family, 94.

INDEX : 143

Lance-leaved, 95.
Palmately-leaved, 95.
Sweet White, 95.
White, 95.
White Dog’s-tooth, 36.
Wood Sorrel, 85.
Yellow, 95.
VITACEAE, 92.
Vitis, 92.
aestivalis, 92.
cordifolia, 93.
Labrusca, 92.
vulpina, 93.

Waahoo, 90.

Wake Robin, 39.

Walnut, Black, 46.
Family, 45.

Water Lily Family, 58.

Waterleaf, 100.

Family, 108.

White Adder’s Tongue, 36.
Ash, 106.
Baneberry, 64.
Birch, 49.

Cedar, 32.

Clover, 83.
Dog’s-tooth Violet, 36.
Elm, 52.

Oak, 50.

Violet, 95.

Water Buttercup, 59.

Wild Black Cherry, 80.
Black Currant, 75.
Crab, 77.

Garlic, 35.
Geranium, 86.
Ginger, 55.
Hyacinth, 36.
Lily-of-the-Valley, 37.
Pea, 85.
Peppergrass, 71.
Plum, 80.
Red Cherry, 80.
Rose, 79.
Sarsaparilla, 97.
Strawberry, 78.
Sweet William, 107.
Willow, 42.
Black, 42.
Family, 42.
Peach-leaved, 42.
Pussy, 43.
144 INDEX

Willow, Sand-bar, 43. Pimpernel, go.
Winter Cress, 72. Water Buttercup, 59.
Winterberry, 89. Wood Sorrel, 85.
Wood Anemone, 62. Yellow-eyed Grass, 41.
Sorrel, 85. Yew, 30.
Sorrel Family, 85. Family, 30.
Yarrow, 122, Zanthoxylum, 87.
Yellow Adder’s-tongue, 36. _ ,americanum, 87.
Birch, 48. Zizia, 99.
Melilot, 83. aurea, 99.

Oak (see Chestnut Oak), 50.
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