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NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
ITHACA, N. Y.Cornell University Library
QK 482.N56
The vines of northeastern America:
3 1924 001 379 340
mann
31924001379340BY CHARLES S. NEWHALL
i.
THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.
II.
THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.
THE VINES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.
IV.
THE LEAF-COLLECTOR’S HANDBOOK AND HERBARIUMTHE VINES
CHARLES S. NEWHALL
Author of “The Trees of Northeastern America,” “The Shrubs
of Northeastern America,” etc.
»
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
NEW YORK	LONDON
•37 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET	24 BEDFORD STREET. STRAND
®(je finictarbocker |3rrss
18972_
/V hG
Qj'&Z a.
Copyright, 1897
BY
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
Entered at Stationers’ Hall, London
Ube Ikmcherbocfeer press, mew JtJorfcTHE VINES.
Frail things, fair things, that creep and climb
With seeming sense of rhythm and rhyme,
That sometimes humbly keep the ground
With bloom more sweet than elsewhere found
Yet sometimes climb where breezes blow,
And robins build and come and go,
You seem to bid men aim like you
For skyward things ; or (if, though true,
They fail to rise, as some men must),
To live their best, like you, and trust,—
You weird, frail things that lean and climb,
And all but speak with sense and rhyme.
iiiCONTENTS.
The Vines .....
List of Illustrations .
Preface ......
List of Families and of Genera .
Directions, Signs Used, etc.
Guide to the Vines—(by Flower)
(by Leaf) .
(by Fruit) .
Descriptions of Vines (with Illustrations)
Series A—-Flowering Plants .
Class First (Exogens) .
Mostly witi-i Distinct Petals
Mostly with United Petals
Mostly with Petals Lacking
Class Second (Endogens)
Series B—Flowerless Plants
Class Third (Acrogens) .
Explanation of Terms .
Glossary ....
Index to the Vines
iii
vii
xi
xiii
xvii
xix
xxlii
xxvii
1-184
1-168
1-84
85-154
J55-i68
169-184
185-196
185-196
197-201
202
203-207ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
1.	—Virgin’s-Bower,
2.	—Leather-Flower,
—Whorled Clematis,
—Moonseed,
—Mountain Fringe,
—Bitter-Sweet,
3
4
5
6
7-
8.	—Northern Fox-Grape,
9.	—Summer Grape,
10.	— Frost-Grape,
it.—River-Grape,
12.	—Red Grape,
13.	—Southern Fox-Grape,
14.	—Virginia Creeper
15.	—Poison-Ivy,
16.	—Smooth Bush-Trefoil,
17.	—Bush-Trefoil,
18.	—Bush-Clover,
Clematis Virginiana, L.
Clematis Viorna, L.
Clematis verticillaris, D. C.
Menispermum Cartadense, L.
Adlumia fungosa, Green
Celastrus scandens, L.
-Trailing Strawberry-Bush, Euonymous obovatus, Nutt.
Vitis labrusca, L.
Vilis astivalis, Mx.
J'itis cordifolia, Mx.
Vitis vulpina, L.
Vitis palmala, Vahl.
Vilis rotundifolia, Mx.
Ampelopsis qttinquefolia, Mx.
Rhus radicans, L.
Desmodium humifusum, Beck.
Desmodium rolundifolium, D. C.
Lespedezaprocumbens, Mx.
19.	—KlDNEY-BEAN, Phaseoluspolystachyas (L.), B. S. P.
20.	—Various-Leaved Kidney-Bean, Phaseolus helvolus, L.
2 t.—Umbelled Kidney-Bean,
Phaseolus umbellaius (Muhl.), Britton
22.—Few-Flowered Kidney-Bean,
Phaseolus pauciflorus, Benth.
Clitoria Mariana, L.
Amphicarpata commosa (L.), Rid.
Figure 23.—Butterfly-Pea,
Figure 24.—Hog-Peanut,Illustrations.
viii
PAGE
Figure 25.—Milk-Pea,	Galactia regular is (L.)\ B. S. P. 53
Figure 26.—Ground-Nut,	Apios iuberom, Moench. 55
Figure 27.—Common Vetch,	Vidasatipa, 57
Figure 28.—Four-Seeded Vetch,	Vida tetraspeima, L. 59
Figure 29.—Tufted Vetch,	Vida cracca, L. 61
Figure	30.—Carolina Vetch,	Vida Caroliniana, Walt.	61
Figure	31.—American Vetch,	Vicia Americana, Mu/il.	63,
Figure	32.—Beach-Pea,	LaHtyrus maritimus. Big.	63
Figure 33.—Yellow-white Vetchling, Lathyrus ochroieucus, Hook.	65
Figure 34. — \ EINY \ ETCHLING,	Lathyrus venosus, Muhl. 65
Figure 35.—Swamp Vetchling,	Lathyruspalusiris,	l.	67
Figure 36.—Spreading Vetchling,	Lathyrus pretends,	L.	67
Figure 37.—Low Blackberry,	Rubus Canadensis,	L.	71
Figure 38.—False Violet,	Dalibarda repens, L.	73
Figure 39.—Cinquefoil,	Potenlilla Canadensis, L.	73
Figure 40.—Climbing Rose,	Rose setigera, Mx.	75
Figure 41.—Passion-Flower,	Passijlora lutea, L.	75
Figure 42.—One-Seeded Bur-Cucumber,	Sicvos angulaius, L.	79
Figure 43.—Wild Balsam-Apple, Miemmfdis labata (Mx,), Green 83
Figure 44.—Twin-Flower,	Linnata borealis, L. 89
Figure 45.—TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicerasenipervitcns, Ait. 91
Figure 46.—JapANESE-HonEYSUCKLE,	Lonicera Japonica,	T.	93
Figure 47.—Small-Leaved Honeysuckle, Lonicerayiauca, J-iill 95
Figure 48.—Partridge-Berry,	Mitchella repens, L.	97
Figure 49.—Bedstraw,	Galium aparinc, L.	99
Figure 50.—Rough Bedstraw,	Galium asprelhem, J/j.%	99
Figure 51.—Sweet-Scented Bedstraw, Galium trijlorum, Mx. 103
Figure 5-*—Hairy Bedstraw,	Galiumpilosum, Ait.	103
Figure 53.—Climbing Hemp-Weed,	Mikania scandens, L. 105
Figure 54-—Large Cranberry,	Vaeduiwn macroenrpon, Ait. 107
Figure 55.—Creeping Snowberry, Chiogencs serpyllifolia, Salisb. 107
Figure $6.—Bearberry,	Arctostaphylos l/va-ursi, Spmig. j 7 r
Figure 57.—Trailing Arbutus,	Epigasarepens, L. 115
Figure 58.—WlNTERGREEN,	Gaullheriaprocumbens, L. 119
Figure 59. — PyxIE,	PyxiJanthera barbulata, Mx. 123Illustrations.
Figure 60.
Figure 61.
Figure 62.-
Figure 63/
Figure 64.
Figure 65.
Figure 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 6S.'
Figure 69.-
Figure 70.
Figure 71.-
Figure 72.
Figure 73.
Figure 74.
Figure 75.-
Figure 76.
Figure 77.
F’igure 78.
Figure 79.-
Figure 8o.-
Figure 8i.
Figure 82.-
F’igure 83.-
Figure 84.-
Figure 85.-
Figure 86.-
Figure 87.-
Figure 88.-
Figure 89.-
Figure 90.-
F’igure 9r.-
- MONEYWORT,	Lysimachia nwnmu/aria, L.
-BLACK Milkweed,	Vincetoxicum nigrum, Moench.
-Rough-Fruited Milkweed,
Gonolobus obliquus, Moench,
-Morning-Glory,
-Small Morning-Glory,
-Wild Cypress-Vine,
-Hedge Bindweed,
-Field Convolvulus,
-Breweria,
-Dodder,
-Woody Night-Shade,
-Matrimony-Vine,
-T rumpet-Creeper,
Ipomtxa purpurea, l.am,
Ipotnoca hederacea, Jacq,
Jpomcea coccinca, L.
Convolvulus sopium, L.
Convolvulus arvcnsis, L.
Breweria Pickeringii, G.
Cuscula Gronovii, Wild.
Solanum dulcamara, L.
Lycium vulgare, Dunal.
Tecoma radicans, Juss.
Nepcla Glechoma, Benth.
—Gill-over-the-Ground,
—Haleerd-Leaved Tear-Thumb,
Polygonum arifolium, L.
—Arrow-Leaved TEar-Thumb, Polygonum sagittatum, L.
—Black Bindweed,	Polygonum convolvulus, L.
—BR 1STLY- J01NTED BINDWEED, Polygonum cilinode, Mx.
—Hedge Bindweed,	Polygonum scandens,	/..
—Pipe-Vine,	Aristolochia Sip/10, L' Her.
— Hop,	llumulus Lupulus,	L.
—Carrion-Flower,	Smi/ax herbacea,	L.
—Yellowish Carrion-Flower, Smilax lamnifolia, Mx.
-Cat-Brier,
-False Sarsaparilla,
-Stretch-Berry,
-False China-Brier,
-Laurel-Leaved Smilax,
-Climbing Fern,
-Interrupted Club-Moss,
-Common Club-Moss,
Smilax rotundifolia, L.
Sin ilax gla nca, IT7a It.
Smilax bona-nox, L.
Smilax Pseudo-China, L.
Smilax laurifolia, L.
Lygodium palmatum, Swartz
Lycopodium annotinum} L.
Lycopodium clavalum, L.
-Northern Ground-Pine, Lycopodium complanatum, L.PREFACE.
i.
Possibly the opinion of some would be that this volume
of the series deals with a subject less interesting than that
of the first volume, on the Trees, and of the second
volume, on the Shrubs. I doubt if such judgment would
be deserved. There are too many names among the vines
that are of high repute for one or another of various quali-
ties ; witness, for uniqueness, the Dodder, with its tangle
of yellow threads, and Pyxie ; for meanness, the Poison-
Ivy ; for lovableness, the Trailing Arbutus ; for old-time
friendliness, Morning-Glories.
Moreover in even larger measure than the trees and the
shrubs, the vines have a personality of their own. Once
recognize a species, and it can seldom be confused with
another, so varied are the postures (prostrate, reclining,
climbing) and the methods of climbing (by help of ten-
dril, of rootlet, of disk, of downward pointing prickles and
hairs), besides the ordinary differences of foliage and flower
and fruit. The vines are all characters, even cranks,
some of them; and the better we know them, the more of
individuality they seem to have ; and with it all, the better
we like them.
XIPreface.
xii
ii.
All the native and escaped vines found in Canada and
the northern United States (east of the line of the Missis-
sippi River, and north of the line of the southern boundary
of Pennsylvania) are described in the following pages ;
and all are pictured, in natural size, excepting in a few cases
where the close resemblance to other forms makes repeti-
tion unnecessary.
The three guides—for flower, and leaf, and fruit—will
be readily understood, and will make identification in
most cases easy.
Technical terms are avoided, as far as possible.
I have reason again to thank Dr. N. S. Britton,
Emeritus Professor in Columbia University and Director
of the New York Botanical Garden, for valuable aid and
suggestion.LIST OF FAMILIES AND OF GENERA.
Family i. Ranunculace^® (Crowfoot
Fam.)
Family 2. Menispermace/E (Moonseed
Fam.)
Family 3. Fumariace^e (Fumitory
Fam.)
Family 4. Celastrace^e (Staff-Tree
Fam.)
Family 5. Vitace^e (Vine Fam.)
Family 6. AnacardiAce^e (Sumach
Fam.)
Family 7. Leguminos^e (Pulse Fam.)
Genus Clematis, L. (Cle-
matis).
Genus Menispermum, L.
(Moonseed).
Genus Adliimia, Raf.(Moun-
tain-Fringe).
Genus Celastrus, L. (Bitter-
Sweet).
Genus Euonymus, Tourn.
(Trailing Strawberrv-
Bush).
Genus Vitis, Tourn. (The
Grape).
Genus Ampelopsis, Mx.
(Virginia Creeper).
Genus Rhus, L. (Poison-
Ivy).
Genus Desmbdium, Desv.
(Bush-Trefoil).
Genus Lespedeza, Mx.
(Bush-Clover).
Genus Phaseolus, Tourn.
(Kidney-Bean).
Genus Clitbria, L. (Butter-
fly-Pea).
Genus Amphicarpiea, Ell
(Hog-Peanut).
Genus Galactia, P. Browne
(Milk Pea).
Genus Apios, Boer. (Ground-
Nut).XIV
List of Families and of Genera.
Family 7. Leguminos.e (Pulse Fam.)
Family 8. RosAce.e (Rose Fam).
Family 9. PassiflorAce.® (Passion-
Flower Fam.)
Family 10. CucurbitAce.e (Gourd
Fam.)
Family n. Caprifoliace^; (Honey-
suckle Fam.)
Family 12. RubiAce^e (Madder Fam.)
Family 13. Comp6sit^e (Composite
Fam.)
Family 14. EricAce^e (Heath Fam.)
Family 15. DiapensiAce^e (Pyxie Fam.)
Family 16. PrimulAce^e (Primrose
Fam.)
Family 17. Asclepiadace.e (Milkweed
Fam.)
Genus Vicia, Tourn.(Vetch).
Genus Lathyrus, Tourn.
(Beach-Pea).
Genus Rubus,Tourn.(Black-
berry, etc.).
Genus Dalibarda, L. (False
Violet).
Genus Potentilla, L.(Cinque-
foil).
Genus Rbsa, Tourn. (Rose).
Genus Passiflora, L. (Pas-
sion-Flower).
Genus Sicyos, L. (Bur-Cu-
cumber).
Genus Micrampelis, Mx.
(Balsam-Apple).
Genus Linnsea, Gronov.
(Twin-Flower).
Genus Lonicera, L. (Honey-
suckle).
Genus Mitchella, L. (Part-
ridge-Berry).
Genus Galium, L. (Bed-
straw).
Genus Mikania Wild.(Climb-
ing Hemp-Weed).
Genus Vaccinium, L. (Cran-
berry).
Genus Chiogenes, Salisb.
(Creeping Snowberry).
Genus	Arctostaphylos,
Adans. (Bearberry).
Genus Epigasa, L. (Trailing
Arbutus).
Genus Gaultheria, Kalm.
(Creeping Wintergreen).
Genus Pyxidanthera, Mx.
(Pyxie).
Genus Lysimhchia, Tourn.
(Moneywort).
Genus Periploca, L. (Twin-
ing Milkweed).List of Families and of Genera.
XV
Family 17. AsclepiadAcea: (Milkweed
Fam.)
Family 18. ConvolvulAcea: (Convol-
vulus Fam.)
Family 19. SolanAcea; (Nightshade
Fam.)
Family 20. BignoniAcea:	(Bignonia
Fam.)
Family 21. LabiAta: (Mint Fam.)
Family 22. PolygonAcea? (Buckwheat
Fam.)
Family 23. AristolochiAcEjE (Birth-
wort Fam.)
Family 24. UrticAce^e (Nettle Fam.)
Family 25. LiliAcea: (Lily Fam.)
Family 26. FIlices (Fern Fam.)
Family 27. LycopodiAcea; (Club-Moss
Fam.)
Genus Vincetoxicum, Mo-
ench. (Black Milk-
weed).
Genus Gonolobus, Mx.
(Rough-Fruited Milk-
weed).
Genus Ipomoea, L. (Morn-
ing-Glory).
Genus Convolvulus, Tourn.
(Bindweed).
Genus Breweria, R. Br.
(Breweria).
Genus Ciiscuta, Tourn.
(Dodder).
Genus Solanum, Tourn.
(Woody Nightshade).
Genus Lycium, L. (Matri-
mony-Vine).
Genus Tecoma, Juss. (Trum-
pet-Creeper).
Genus Nepeta L. (Gill-over-
the-Ground).
Genus Polygonum, Tourn.
(Knotweed).
Genus Aristolochia, Tourn.
(Pipe-Vine).
Genus Humulus, L. (Com-
mon Hop).
Genus	Smilax, Tourn.
(Greenbrier).
Genus Lygodium, Swartz.
(Climbing Fern).
Genus	Lycopodium, L.
(Club-Moss).DIRECTIONS, SIGNS USED, ETC.
Note i.—The place of any given specimen can be
readily found by help of one or more of the three
“ Guides ” given on pages xix-xxx. The first Guide is
arranged for use with the flowers ; the second, with the
leaves ; the third, with the fruit. Which of the three can
be used to best advantage will depend on the time of year.
The descriptions are scientific but not technical.
Note 2.—In describing a species, the general items that
have been given under the genus or the family to which
the species belongs are not usually repeated.
Note 3.—Signs used : A grave accent (') over a vowel
indicates that it is accented and long. An acute accent
(✓) over a vowel indicates that it is accented and short.
Note 4.—Names enclosed in brackets indicate that the
vine is not native.
XVIIGUIDE I.
FLOWERS.
. - 2. Sepal
^	Petal
j. Anther —
Filament *
y. Stamen%
~ — ~"j. Seed-case
- • «r — <£ Receptacle
\
-<5. Style.
^ V- Pistil
7. Stigma
Fig. a.
Fig. b.
Series A. — Vines producing real flowers and seeds
(Phaendgamous plants).
Class First.—Flowers, with the parts never in threes
(usually in fours or fives). Leaves netted-veined
Division I. Sepals and petals both present, the latter not united into
one piece (Polypetalous).
A. Stamens, numerous, at least more than ten. Sepals not attached
to the seed-case or cases.
(a) Seed-cases, numerous, separate, concealed in an urn-shaped
or cup-shaped receptacle. The Rose in Rose Fam.
No. 8 (Rosiceae), page 74.
(a) Seed-cases, more than one, separate, not enclosed in the
receptacle.
(£) Stamens inserted on the edge of a disk that lines the tube
of the calyx. Flowers perfect. Rose Fam. No. 8
(Roskceae), page 68.
XIXXX
Guide.
(6) Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Flowers dicecious.
(/. e., staminate and pistillate forms on separate plants).
Moonseed. Fam. No. 2 (Menispermaceae), page 8.
B.	Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.
Vine Fam No. 5 (Vitacese), page 16.
C.	Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals ; when of the
same number, alternate with them.
1.	Sepals not attached to the seed-case (». e., the seed-case free),
(a) Seed-case with one cell.
(b) Seed, one ; flowers regular, greenish. Sumach Fam.
No. 6 (Anacardiacete), page 34.
(b) Seed, one ; flowers irregular, purplish. Lespedeza in Pulse
Fam. No. 7 (Leguminbsae), page 40.
(b) Seeds, two to many, attached in one row along the side
of the cell ; flowers irregular. Pulse Fam. No. 7
(Leguminbsae), page 36.
(b) Seeds many, not attached in one row along the side of
the cell ; flowers regular. Passion Flower Fam. No.
9 (Passifloraceae), page 76.
((/) Seed-case with more than one cell. Staff-Tree Fam. No.
4 (Celastraceae) page 14.
2.	Sepals attached to the seed-case (i.e., the seed-case not free),
(a) Tendrils present. Gourd Fam. No. 10 (Cucurbitace.e),
page 78.
((?) Tendrils lacking. Staff-Tree Fam. No. 4 (Celastraceae),
page 14.
Division II. Sepals and petals both present, the latter more or less
united into one piece (Gamopetalous).
A.	Stamens more numerous than the united petals. Fumitory Fam.
No. 3 (Fumariacete) page 12.
B.	Stamens of the same number as the united petals and opposite
them. Primrose Fam. No. 16 (Primulaceae), page 122.
C.	Stamens of the same number as the united petals and alternate
with them, or fewer.
1. Sepals attached to the seed-case.
(a) Tendrils present. Gourd Family No. 10 (Cucurbitaceae),
page 78.
(a) Tendrils lacking.
(b) Stamens with anthers united around the style. Composite
Fam. No. 13 (Compositae), page 102.
(b) Stamens with anthers not united.Flowers.
XXI
(c)	Petals, four, united. Madder Fam. No. 12 (Rubiacete),
page 96.
(r) Petals, five, united. Honeysuckle Fam. No. 11 (Capri-
foliaceae), page 87.
2. Sepals not attached to the seed-case.
(a) Corolla irregular.
(b) Prostrate ; flowers blue. Gill-over-the-Ground in Mint
Fam. No. 21 (Labiatse), page 152.
(/;) Climbing ; flowers scarlet. Trumpet-Creeper in Bignonia
Fam. No. 20 (Bignoniaceae), page 151.
(a) Corolla regular.
(b) Stamens of the same number as the united petals.
(r) Seed-cases, two ; separate. Milkweed Fam. No.
17 ( Asclepiadacese), page 124.
(r) Seed-case one.
(//) Stamens free from the corolla, but inserted with its
base. Heath Fam. No. 14 (Ericaceae), page 106.
(1d) Stamens adherent by their sides to the tube of the
corolla. Pyxie Fam. No. 15 (Diapensiaceae), page
121.
(d)	Stamens adherent by their bases to the tube of the
corolla.
(e)	Seeds few, one or two in each cell. Morning-Glory
Fam. No. 18 (Convolvulaceae), page 127.
(<’) Seeds, many. Nightshade Fam. No. 19 (So-
lanaceae), page 146.
Division III. Petals wanting (Apetalous).
■ (a) Seed-case, one, attached to the sepals. Pipe-Vine in Birth-
wort Fam. No. 23 (Aristolochiacese), page 163.
(a) Seed-case, one, free from the sepals.
(3) Leaves alternate. Buckwheat Fam. No. 22 (Poly-
gonacese), page 157.
{b) Leaves opposite. Hop in Nettle Fam. No. 24 (Urti-
caceae), page 164.
(a) Seed-cases, numerous, with single seeds (achenes). Clematis
in Crowfoot Fam. No. 1 (RanuncuHceae), page 4.
Class Second.—Flowers, with the sepals and the petals
never in fives—usually in threes. Leaves strongly
veined from base to apex, the veins more or lessxxu
Guide.
nearly parallel (Endogens). Smilax in Lily Fam.
No. 25 (Liliaceae) 173.
Series B.—Vines producing in place of real flowers and
seeds, yellow dust-like spores in minute spore-cases
(Cryptogamous plants).
(a) Spore-cases borne on the back of the leaf. Climbing Fern
in Fern Fam. No. 26 (Filices), page 186.
(a) Spore-cases in spikes solitary at the base of the small, ever-
green leaves, low moss-like plants. Lycopodium in
Club-Moss Fam. No. 27 (Lycopodiicete), page 186.GUIDE II.
LEAVES.
A.	Leaves simple *
I.	Alternate.
(a) Edge entire. Go to i.
(a)	“ toothed. Go to 2.
(a)	“	lobed.
(b) Lobes entire. Go to 3.
(b)	“	toothed. Go to 4.
II.	Opposite.
(n) Edge entire. Go to 5.
(a)	“	toothed.	Go to 6.
(a)	“	lobed.
(b) Lobes entire. Go to 7.
(b)	“	toothed. Go to 8.
III.	Indeterminate (because of smallness or closeness). Go to 9.
B.	Leaves compound.
(a) Alternate.
(b)	Edge	of	leaflets	entire.	Go to 10.
(b)	“	“	toothed	or lobed.	Go	ton.
(a) Opposite.
(b)	Edge	of	leaflets	entire.	Go to 12.
(b)	“	“	toothed	or lobed.	Go	to	13.
C.	Leaves lacking or represented by minute and remote scales. Go
to 14.
*The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple leaf by the
absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.
xxiiiXXIV
Guide.
GUIDE II.
leaves—Continued.
Note.—Names in italics are also given elsewhere in roman type under the more
frequent form.
Grapes (V'ltis), climbing with ten-
drils, page 20.
Smilax (Smilax), climbing with
tendrils, page 171.
Moonseed (Menispermum), climb-
ing without tendrils, page 8.
Woody Nightshade (Solanum),
climbing without tendrils, page
146.
Pipe-Vine (Aristolbchia), climb-
ing without tendrils, page 163.
Climbing Fern (Lygodium), climb-'
ing without tendrils, page 183.
Convolvulus Fam. (Convolvu-
laceae), climbing without ten-
drils, or prostrate, page 127.
Knot-Weeds (Polygonum), climb-
ing without tendrils, or pros-
trate, page 157.
Heath Fam. (Ericaceae), pros-
trate, page 106.
Pyxie (Pyxidanthera), prostrate,
page 121.
Matrimony Vine (Lycium),
branches trailing, stem erect,
page 148.
False Violet (Dalibarda), pros-
trate, page 72.
_ Grapes (V'ltis), climbing with ten-
drils, page 70.
Passion-Flower (Passiflbra),climb-
ing with tendrils, page 76.
—1Smilax (Smilax), climbing with
tendrils, page 171.
Moonseed (Menispermum), climb-
ing without tendrils, page 8.
Woody Nightshade (Sol&num),
climbing without tendrils, or
prostrate, page 146.
Convolvulus Fam\ ConvolvulScese),
climbing without tendrils, or
prostrate, page 127.
Grapes (Vitis), climbing with ten-
drils, page 20.
Gourd Fam.(Cucurbitacese),climb-
ing with tendrils, page 78.
Hedge Bindweed (Convolvulus),
climbing without tendrils, or
prostrate, page 136.
2
Grapes (Vitis), climbing with ten-
drils, page 20.
Smilax (Smilax), climbing with
tendrils, page 171.
Bitter-Sweet (Celastrus), climb-
ing without tendrils, page 14.
5
Honeysuckle	Fam.	(Capri-
foliaceae),	without	tendrils,
twining, page 87.
Bedstraw (GMium), without ten-
drils, climbing by prickles, page
98.Leaves.
XXV
Climbing Hemp-Weed (Mikiinia),
climbing without tendrils, page
102.
Milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae),
climbing without tendrils, or
prostrate, page 124.
Twin Flower (Linntea), prostrate
and rooting, page 87.
Partridge-Berry (Mitchella), pros-
trate, page 96.
Moneywort (Lysimachia), pros-
trate, page 122.
6
Climbing Hemp-Weed (Mikania),
climbing without tendrils, page
102.
Trailing Strawberry-Bush (Euony-
mus), drooping or trailing, and
rooting, page 16.
Twin-Flower (Linnaea), prostrate
and rooting, page 87.
Gill-over-the-Ground (Nepeta),
prostrate, page 152.
7
8
9
Club-Mosses (Lycopbdium), page
186.
10
Poison-Ivy (Rhus), climbing with
rootlets, page 34.
Vetches and Vetchlings (Viciaand
Lathyrus), climbing with ten-
drils at the end of the leaves,
pages 56, 62.
Ground-Nuts (Apios), twining,
no tendrils, page 54.
Butterfly-Pea (Clitoria), climbing
without tendrils, page 46.
Hog-Peanuts (Amphicarptea),
climbing without tendrils, page
48.
Kidney-Beans (Phaseolus), twin-
ing or prostrate, no tendrils,
page 40.
Milk-Peas (Galactia), twining,
leaning, or prostrate, no tendrils,
page 52.
Bush-Trefoils (Desmodium), pros-
trate, no tendrils, page 38.
Bush-Clover (Lespedeza), pros-
trate, no tendrils, page 40.
11
Mountain-Fringe (Adlumia),
climbing by its leaf-stems, page
12.
Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis),
climbing by tendrils with sucker-
like tips, page 30.
Poison-Ivy (Rhus), climbing by
rootlets, page 34.
Climbing Rose (R5sa), climbing,
without tendrils, page 68.
Dwarf Raspberries and Black-
berries (R.ubus), prostrate, page
69-
Cinquefoil (Potentilla), prostrate,
page 72.
12
Leather-Flower (Clematis), climb-
ing by the interlocking of leaf-
and leaflet-stems, page 6.
Whorled Clematis (Clematis),
climbing by the interlocking of
leaf- and leaflet-stems, page 6.XXVI
Guide.
13
Virgin’s-Bower (Clematis), climb-
ing by the interlocking of leaf-
and leaflet-stems, page 4.
Leather-Flower (Clematis), climb-
ing by the interlocking of leaf-
and leaflet-stems, page 6.
Whorled Clematis (Clematis),
climbing by the interlocking of
leaf- and leaflet-stems, page 6.
Trumpet-Creeper (Tecoma),
climbing by rootlets, page 151.
14
Dodder (Cuscuta), page 139.GUIDE III.
FRUIT.
Class I.—Fruit releasing the ripened stone or seed by
decaying :
A.	Fleshy or pulpy.
(a) With one stone, or with several firmly united into one (e. g.,
Moonseed). A drupe. Go to i).
(a) With two or more seeds—or in Bur-Cucumber, and some-
times in Smilax, with one.
(b) Fruit simple, not an aggregation.
(e) With a hard rind, melon-like (e. g., Bur-Cucumber).
A pepo. Go to 2.
(r) Without a hard rind (e. g., Grape, Wintergreen). A
berry. Go to 3.
(b) Fruit compound, an aggregation of one-seeded drupelets
(e. g., Blackberry). An ataesio. Go to 4.
B.	Dry. A thin-coated seed, or aggregation of such seeds (e. g..
Cinquefoil). Achenes, or nutlets. Go to 5.
Class II.—Fruit releasing the ripened seeds by splitting:
(a) Pod, splitting along one side, one-celled, with many crowded,
silky seeds (e. g., Milkweeds). A follicle. Go to 6.
(a) Pod, splitting along two sides, one-celled, with one seed, or
with many attached along one of the seams (e. g., Pea).
A legume. Go to 7.
(a) Pod, jointed, splitting across at the joints, each section with
one seed (e.g., Bush-Trefoils). Go to 8.
(a) Any form of fruit that splits up and down and is not other-
wise named (e. g., Morning-Glory). A capsule. Go
to 9.
XXV11xxviii
Guide.
Class III.—Fruit, minute cases filled with dust-like
spores:
(a) Fruit on the back of the leaf, or frond (e. g., Climbing-
Fern). Go to io.
(a) Fruit in spikes (e.g., Club-Mosses). Go to n.
Note.—Names in italics are also given elsewhere in roman type under the more
frequent form.
Moonseed (Menispermum), twin-
ing, page S.
Poison-Ivy (Rhus), climbing by
rootlets, page 34.
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos), pros-
trate, page 112.
2
One-seeded Bur-Cucumber (St'e-
yos), one seed, page 78.
Wild Balsam-Apple (Micram-
pelis), four seeds, page 81.
3
Grapes (Vitis), tendrils forked, ex-
cepting in Southern Fox-Grape,
page 20.
Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis),
tendrils, adhering by disk-like
tips, page 30.
Passion-Flower (Passiflbra), ten-
drils, simple, page 76.
Smilax (Smilax), tendrils, in pairs
on the leaf-stem, page 171.
Woody Nightshade (Solanum),
many-seeded, without tendrils,
climbing, page 146.
Honeysuckle (Lonicera), several-
seeded, leaves opposite, with-
out tendrils, climbing, page 88.
Bitter-sweet (Celastrus), three- to
six-seeded, leaves	alternate,
without tendrils,	climbing,
page 14.
Partridge-Berry (Mitchella), berry,
red, eight-seeded ;	prostrate,
page 96.
Creeping-Wintergreen (G a u 1-
theria), berry, red, many-seeded;
prostrate, page 118.
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos), berry,
red, five united nutlets ; pros-
trate, page 112.
Cranberries (Vaccinium), berry,
reddish, many-seeded ; pros-
trate, page 106.
Creeping Snowberry (Chiogenes),
berry, white, many-seeded; pros-
trate, page no.
Matrimony Vine (Lycium),
branches trailing, stem erect,
page 148.
4
Dwarf Raspberry and Blackberries
(Rubus), page 69.
False Violet (Dalibarda), nearly
dry, page 72.
5
Clematis (Clematis), achenes
numerous, each with plume-like
tail, page 3.Fruit.
XXIX
Cinquefoil (Potentilla), achenes
numerous, smooth, page 72.
Climbing Rose (Rosa), achenes
numerous, enclosed in a globu-
lar case, page 68.
Climbing Hemp-Weed (Mikania),
achenes, four, each five-angled,
page 102.
Gill-over-the-Ground (Nepeta),
achenes four, slightly cohering,
page 152.
Bedstraws (Galium), achenes or
nutlets two ; slightly cohering,
page 98.
Knot weeds (Polygonum), achene
one, flattened or three-angled,
Page 157-
Hop (Humulus), achene one,
covered by the thin calyx and
yellow-dotted, with resinous
grains, page 164.
False Violet (Dalibdrda), achene-
like drupelets, five to ten, page
72.
6
Milkweeds (Asclepiadacese),
page 124.
7
Bush-Clover (Lespedeza), seeds
one, page 40.
Vetches and Vetchlings (Vicia and
Lathyrus), seeds, two to several;
tendrils at the ends of the com-
pound leaves, pages 56, 62.
Butterfly-Pea (Clitbria), seeds,
three to four ; pod, knotty and
somewhat flattened, page 46.
Hog-Peanuts(Amphicarp£ea), pods
of two kinds : the upper, three-
to four-seeded ; the lower (most-
ly underground), usually one-
seeded, page 48.
Milk-Peas (Galactia), seeds, four
to ten ; pod, downy, becom-
ing smoothish, or very hairy ;
slender and flat, page 52.
Kidney-Bean (Phaseolus), seeds,
four to ten, kidney-shape, ob-
long with blunt ends, or four-
sided, flattened, page 40.
Ground-nut (Apios), seeds, many,
black ; pod, nearly cylindrical,
page 54-
8
Bush-Trefoils (Desmodium), page
38.
9
Mountain Fringe (Adliunia), one-
celled ; seeds, four to eight,
page 12.
Moneywort (Nummularia), one-
celled ; seeds, few, page 122.
Convolvulus Family (Convolvu-
laceoe), one- to four-celled ;
seeds, two to six, page 127.
Trumpet-Creeper (Tecotna), two-
celled ; seeds, very many, page
'5i-
Wild Balsam-Apple (Micrdmpelis),
two-celled ; seeds, four, page
81.
Twin-Flower (Linn'ea), three-
celled (two abortive) ; seeds,
one, page 87.
Bitter-Sweet (Celastrus), three-
celled, scarlet lining ; seeds,
three to six, page [4.XXX
Guide.
Pyxie(Pyxidanthera), three-celled;
seeds, many, page 121,
Trailing Strawberry-Bush (Euony-
mus), five-celled, scarlet lining ;
seeds, few, page 16.
Trailing Arbutus (Epigasa), five-
celled ; seeds, many, page 113.
Pipe-Vine (Aristolochia), six-
celled ; seeds, many, page 163.
10
Climbing-Fern (Lygodium), page
183.
11
Lycopodiums, page 187.DESCRIPTION OF VINES
(WITH ILLUSTRATIONS)
CLASS FIRST
EXOGENOUS PLANTS (LEAVES USUALLY NETTED
VEINED)
DIVISION I
CALYX AND COROLLA USUALLY BOTH PRESENT, THE LATTER OF
SEPARATE PETALS
(POLYPETALOUS)No. i.—Family RANUNCULACE/E. (Crowfoot Fam.)
Genus Clematis, L.
From a Greek word meaning a vine or tendril.
Flowers, rather large, excepting in No. i (Virgin’s-Bower).
Petals, none. Sepals, four, colored like petals.
Stamens, very many, distinct, shorter than the sepals;
attached beneath the seed-cases. Seed-cases, many in
a head. Young seeds, one in each case.
Leaves, compound, or in Leather-Flower (C. Viornd), the
upper ones sometimes simple ; opposite, without
stipules.
Fruit, ornamental and unique, a head of single seeds, each
seed tipped with the greatly lengthened feathery or
hairy style. Clustered achenes.
Woody, climbing vines (herbaceous in Leather-Flower,
C. Viurua), supported by the twisting and interlocking of
their leaf- and leaflet-stems. The juice is acrid. There is
but one clematis native to England—the Traveller’s Joy
(C. vitdlba).
Sometimes the movements of climbing plants are due
to light, but in the clematis the curious interlocking of
the stems is probably caused by the irritability of the4	Crowfoot (Ranunculaceco).	[No. r
parts as they touch. After a time they become stiff and
thick.
“These plants have no use in Phisicke as yet found
out, but are esteemed onely for pleasure, by reason of the
goodly shadowe which they make with their thick bushing
& clyming, as also for the beauty of the flowers, & the
pleasant sent or savour of the same.”—Gerard’s Herball,
London, 1597-
Fig. i.—(i) Virgin’s-Bower. Clematis. C. Virginiana, L.
Flowers, half to three quarters inch across, whitish, in
loose-stemmed clusters from the axils of the leaves.
Petals, lacking. Sepals, about one half inch long,
thin, spreading, blunt, reverse egg-shape. Stamens,
twenty-eight to thirty-six. Anthers, short and blunt.
Staminate and pistillate forms on different plants.
July, August.
Leaves, compound ; opposite ; stems two to three inches
long, or more.
Leaflets, three, edges toothed and sometimes lobed,
smooth, two to three inches in length, egg-shape.
Apex, pointed. Base, usually somewhat heart-shape.
Fruit, furnished with long plumes in showy, downy tufts.
Found, common from Canada to Georgia and the Missis-
sippi River, climbing vigorously over bushes and
along walls and fences.
A woody, hardy vine, with stems from eight to fifteen
feet in length. The plant is very ornamental, especially
a. Leaf. b. Part of staminate flower-duster.
56
Crowfoot (Ranunculacece).	[No. r
so in the fall by reason of its tufted fruit. It climbs by
help of its twining and interlocking leaf-and leaflet-stems.
It is one of the commonest vines for home cultivation, and
one of the best.
Fig. 2.—(2) Leather-Flower. C. Viorna, L.
Floiuers, large, solitary, dark purple, on long stems.
Petals, lacking. Sepals, one inch long, very thick
and leathery, cohering throughout or with the tips
separated and turned back, long egg-shape, pointed.
Stamens, many. Anthers, line-like. May to August.
Leaves, oftenest compound, the upper ones sometimes
simple and nearly stemless.
Leaflets, three to seven ; two- to three-lobed or entire ;
smooth or nearly so; egg-shape or oblong. Base,
sometimes slightly heart-shape.
Fruit, with plume-like tails one and one half inches in
length.
Found, in rich soil, oftenest in woods, from Pennsylvania
and Ohio to Georgia.
A climbing, herbaceous vine, with the stem slightly
ridged and grooved, from ten to fifteen feet in length.
Fig. 3.—(3) Whorled Clematis. C. Verticillaris, D. C.j Atrdgenc
Americdnus, Sims.
Flowers, two to three inches across, solitary, one from
each pair of leaves, bluish-purple. Petals, lacking.
Sepals, one and one quarter inches in length, thin,Fig. 2.—Leather-Flower. (C. Vidrna, L.)
7	a. Leaf and flower, b. Fruit.8
Moonseed (Menispermacece). [No. 2
widely spreading, not cohering, pointed, oblong to
egg-shape. Stamens, about twenty-four, the outer
ones widening, like imperfect petals, and tipped with
imperfect anthers. Flower-stems and leaf-stems
about equal in length. May.
Leaves, compound, opposite, often in pairs (giving the
effect of a whorl of four leaves—whence the name),
on slender stems.
Leaflets, three, one to two inches in length, egg-shape to
slightly heart-shape, nearly smooth. Edge, entire or
sparingly toothed or lobed. Apex, pointed.
Fruit, with long plume-like tails.
Found, in woods and rocky places from Virginia north-
ward. Rare.
A handsome, woody-stemmed vine climbing by means
of its twisting leaf-stems to a height of fifteen feet.
No.2.—Family MENISPERMACE/E.(Moonseed Fam.)
Genus Menispermum, L.
From two Greek words meaning “ moon " and “ seed,” because of the crescent form of
the seed.
Fig. 4.—Moonseed. M. Canadtnse, L.
Flowers, small, white, in loose clusters from the sides of
the branches. Cluster-stem at the base of the leaf-
stem, not, as in the grape-vine, opposite to it. Petals,
small, six to eight, not united. Sepals, four to
eight. Petals and sepals similar and in three or moreFig. 3.—Whorled Clematis. (C. VerticilIS.ris, D. C.)
Blossom and young leaves, b. Last year’s leaf-stem with coiled leaflet-stemsio Moonseed (Menispermacece). [No. 2
rows. Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate
plants. Stamens, twelve to twenty-four, slender, as
long as the sepals. Anthers, four-celled. Seed-cases
two to four, free, and raised on a short common
receptacle. Seeds, one to three in each cell, crescent-
shaped and flattened. June, July.
Leaves, simple, alternate, three- to seven- (usually five-)
angled or lobed, edges entire ; four to five inches in
diameter, heart-shape, smooth or nearly so ; the leaf-
stem usually attached within the edge. No stipules.
Leaf-stem, three to five inches in length.
Fruit, about one third inch in diameter, black, globular,
fleshy, resembling a small grape. Stojie, curved, flat-
tened, grooved. A one-seeded drupe. September.
Found, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward to
the Mississippi River, oftenest along streams. Com-
mon.
A woody, twining vine, eight to twelve feet in length.
Its root is used medicinally as a tonic. It might easily
be mistaken at first sight for a grape-vine—until the po-
sition of the fruit- and flower-clusters is noticed, in the
axil of the leaves instead of opposite them.II
Fig". 4.—Moonseed. (M. Canaddnse, L.)12	Fumitory (Fumariacece). [No. 3
No. 3.—Family FUMARlACEFE. (Fumitory Fam.)
Genus Adlumia, Raf.
From the name of John Adlum, a cultivator of the vine in Washington, D. C.
Fig. 5.—Mountain-Fringe. Climbing Fumitory. A. fungbsa
(Ait.), Green. A. cirrhosa, Raf.
Flowers, white or purplish, drooping, irregular, very numer-
ous, in clusters. Petals, four, united in two pairs, the
outer pair with spreading tips, the inner pair with the
tips crested and joining over the stigma. Corolla,
flattened, egg-shape, two-lipped at the summit, at
the base somewhat heart-shaped. Sepals, two,
minute, scale-like. Stamens, six, the lower parts of
the filaments united into a tube which is joined to
the corolla, the upper parts arranged in two sets.
Style, slender. Stigma, two-crested. Seed-case, small,
free, one-celled, four- to eight-seeded. June, Oc-
tober.
Leaves, twice compound, dividing in threes, alternate,
without stipules. Leaflets, delicate, smooth, with
their edges two- to three-lobed.
Fruit, oblong, four- to eight-seeded. Seeds, shining,
kidney-shape. A capsule.
Fotmd, in damp woods and over rocky hills from Canada
to North Carolina, and westward. Often cultivated
for ornament.
A delicate herbaceous vine, with watery and slightly
bitter juice; a biennial, eight to fifteen feet in length;
climbing extensively by help of its slender, tendril-like
leaf-stems.Fig. 5.—Mountain-Fringe. A. fungdsa (Ait.), Green14	Staff-Tree (Celastracece). [No. 4
No. 4.—Family CELASTRACE^E. (Staff-Tree Fam.)
(1) Genus Celastrus, L.
Fig. 6.—Bitter-Sweet. Wax-Work. Staff-Tree. C. scandens, L.
Flowers, small, greenish, regular ; in clusters at the ends
of the branchlets; the staminate and the pistillate
forms often on separate plants. Petals, five, distinct,
spreading, inserted with the alternating stamens on
the edge of the disk that lines the base of the calyx.
Sepals, five, united, forming a cup-shaped calyx. Sta-
mens, five. Style, thick. Seed-case, free, three-celled,
three- to six-seeded. June.
Leaves, two to three and a half inches in length, simple,
alternate, slightly fine-toothed, smooth, from egg-
shape and oblong to reverse egg-shape. Apex,
pointed. Base, pointed or sometimes rounded.
Stipules, minute and soon falling.
Fruit, about one third inch in diameter, round, orange-
color, three-celled, three- to six-seeded ; opening when
ripe, and showing within a rich scarlet cover of the
seeds. Seeds, oblong, reddish-brown, one or two in
each cell. A berry-like capsule. September.
Found, oftenest along streams and over old walls and
thickets, from North Carolina northward.
A strong woody climber, twining upon itself in coils
and snarls, over fences and walls and bushes to great dis-
tances. Very showy in autumn and winter by reason of
its brilliant orange and scarlet fruit.
This is one of the best of vines for decoration. In
country homes it is in great demand, especially at the
Christmas time.15
Fig. 6.—Bitter-Sweet. (C. scdndens, L.)
Fig. 7.—Trailing Strawberry-Bush. (E. obovatus, Nutt.)16	Staff-Tree (Celastracece). [No.4
(2) Genus Euunymus, Tourn.
Fig. 7.—Trailing Strawberry-Bush. £. obovatus, Nutt.
Flozvers, flat, regular, about three blossoms on one long
stem springing from the axils of the leaves. Petals,
four or five (usually five), distinct, rounded. Sepals,
four or five, united. Stamens, alternate with the
petals and inserted with them on a disk which lines
the base of the calyx and sometimes covers the seed-
case. Filaments, short. Seed-case, three- to five-
celled, not adhering directly to the calyx, but more
or less to the disk.
Leaves, about two inches in length, simple, opposite,
toothed, reverse egg-shape to oblong. Apex, blunt
or pointed. Base, pointed.
Branchlcts, four-sided.
Fruit, five-lobecl, splitting when ripe and showing within
the scarlet cover of the seeds. Seeds, few. A
capsule.
Foimd, in low, damp ground from New York, west and
south.
A trailing or drooping woody vine rooting at the joints.
No. 5.—Family VITACEtE. (Vine Fam.)
Flozvers, greenish, small, regular, in clusters opposite the
leaves ; pistillate and staminate forms often separate.
Petals, four or five, distinct or cohering at the top,
soon falling. Calyx, minute. Stamens, as many as
the petals and opposite them, inserted on a disk
which surrounds the seed-case. Filaments, slender,
Seed-case, free, two-celled, usually four-seeded. Style,
short or none. Stigma, slightly two-lobed.No. 5]	Vine (Vitacecc).	17
Leaves, simple in the genus Vltis (Grape), compound in
the genus Ampelopsis (Virginia Creeper) ; alternate,
the lower ones often opposite ; edge various.
Fruit, one- or two-celled, usually four-seeded. Seeds,
bony. A berry.
Woody vines, with watery juice and swollen joints ;
climbing by tendrils ; the foliage and young shoots acid.
GUIDE TO GENERA.
Leaves simple—(i) Vitis (Grape).
Leaves compound—(2) Ampelopsis (Virginia Creeper).
(1) Genus Vitis, Tourn. (Grape.)
Flowers, in compound clusters, very fragrant. Petals,
separating only at their base. The disk at the base
of the seed-case set with five honey-glands alternating
with the stamens.
Leaves, simple, rounded and heart-shaped. Edge, entire or
variously lobed or toothed. Tendrils, forked.
Bark, loose and shredded (except in Southern Fox-Grape,
V. rotundifolia, Mx.).
Fruit, pulpy.
Stems, climbing by help of slender and naked-tipped coil-
ing tendrils.
“The wilde Vine with her branches few & clusters thinne
Adorns our countrey Bowre, a seemly thing I winne.”
Gerard’s Herball, London, 1597.
“ The subtlest, most evanescent of all sweet odors, that
of the wild grape-vine!”—Atlantic Monthly, September,
1893.i8
Vine ( Vitacece).
[No. s
“ By the river bank he wandered,
Through the Muscoday, the meadow,
Saw the grape-vine, the Bemahgut,
Trailing o’er the elder-branches,
Filling all the air with fragrance.”
Longfellow's “ Hiawatha.”
“ Almighty God for the comfort of mankind ordained
wine ; but decreed, therewith, that it shoulde be moder-
ately taken, for so it is holsom & comfortable ; but when
measure is turned into excesse it becometh unwholsome,
& a poison most venemous, relaxing the sinewes, bringing
with it the palsie & falling sicknes : to the aged it bring-
eth hot fevers, frensie, & lecherie, consumeth the liver &
other of the inward parts :	.	Finally in a word to
conclude: this excessive drinking of wine dishonoreth
noblemen, beggereth the poore, & more have been de-
stroied by surfeiting therewith than with cruell battell.”—
Gerard’s Herball.
Tendrils are modified forms of leaf, leaf-stem, flower-
stein, branch, or stipule. Meehan comments interestingly
on their doings. Until they find a support they are in
constant motion. “ I have demonstrated,” he says, “ that
this motion, if it remains unsatisfied, is exhausting to the
plant. It is a drain on its health and vigor.” Darwin
says that generally if a tendril fails to catch anything it
merely gradually withers, but that in a few species, if it
fails, at first it slowly bends downward, then loses its
power of clasping, and very soon disarticulates itself and
drops off like a leaf in autumn.
Some tendrils appear as though they made deliberate
choice. “ Knowing that the tendrils avoid the light, I
gave them a glass tube blackened within and a well-black-
ened piece of zinc. They quickly curled about the tube,
and bent abruptly around the edge of the zinc ; but theyNo. 5]
19
Vine ( Vitacece).
soon recoiled from these objects with what I can only call
disgust, and straightened themselves,” They were dis-
satisfied with the smooth surfaces ; when rough ones were
substituted they at once seized upon them and held fast.
In animals the will and the nerve-centres are responsi-
ble for the action of the muscles. What is responsible in
the plant for the action of the tendrils? Why does the
tendril reach straight out, seemingly as eager as a finger to
reach the needed support ? The support is reached. Is
the tendril satisfied ? No more than is a baby when its
fingers touch the rounds of the supporting chair. The
chubby fingers close. The muscles of the hand and arm
contract and stiffen, and so the child holds and stands
where else it would have fallen. Why does the tendril
when it feels the support likewise stiffen and cling with all
its might ?
More ! Why does it at the same time throw its entire
straight length into a spiral? True in that form it can
better withstand a sudden strain—as can the twisted cable
that holds a ship to its anchorage,—but the vine is not
supposed to know that. Then why does it act ?
Besides, there is a mechanical difficulty. Take a fine
wire. Fasten it firmly at each end. Now try to throw it
into a single even spiral. You cannot do it. Neither
can a plant do so with its tendrils. But the plant solves
the difficulty. It makes a double spiral—i. e., near the
middle the direction of the curve is evenly and gracefully
reversed, and with no sacrifice whatever of strength or of
beauty, Ah, how often the “wise” men have to answer
their own or others’ persistent “Why?” simply with
“ I do not know.” One can explain in part, but back of
it all is something that cannot be explained.
[See further concerning tendrils, under Gourd Family, pp. 80, 81.]20
Vine ( Vitacece).
[No. 5
GUIDE TO SPECIES.
(a)	Bark shreddy, tendrils forked.
(b)	A tendril or flower-cluster opposite each leaf on the
new wood, (i) Northern Fox-Grape (V. labrusca, L.)
(b)	Tendrils and flower-clusters intermittent (wanting
opposite each second or third leaf on the new wood).
(c)	Leaves sometimes rusty-downy beneath, especially
when young, sometimes with a bluish bloom.
Branchlets cylindrical. (2) Summer Grape (V.
aestivalis, Mx.).
(c)	Leaves mostly with whitish persistent down.
Branchlets angled. West and South. (3) Downy
Grape (V. cinerea, Eng.).
(r) Leaves usually not downy (smooth or short hairy
beneath).
(d)	Fruit very small (about one quarter inch in
diameter), without bloom. Clusters, mostly
loose. (4) Frost-Grape (V. cordifolia).
(d)	Fruit, one third to five twelfths inch in diameter,
with a thick bloom. Clusters mostly compact.
Western New England to Pennsylvania and
westward. (5) River-Grape (V. riparia, Mx.).
(«!) Fruit, one third to five twelfths inch or more
in diameter, shining, without bloom. Clusters
mostly loose. West and South. (6) Red
Grape (V. palmata, Vahl.).
(a) Bark not shreddy, tendrils not forked. (7) Southern
Fox-Grape (V. rotundifolia, Mx.).
Fig. 8.—(1) Northern Fox-Grape. V. labnlsca, L.
Flowers, the pistillate forms in compact clusters. June.
Leaves, variable, from four to six inches wide, very rusty-
woolly (or sometimes whitish-woolly), when young,
and continuing so beneath when grown. Tendrils,
once or twice forked ; a tendril or flower-cluster
opposite each leaf. Bark, loose and in shreds.
Young branchlets, woolly.OO o
21
Fig. 8.—Northern Fox-Grape (young leaf). (V. labrusca, L.)22
[No. 5
Vine ( Vitacece).
Fruit, large (half to three quarters inch in diameter),
dark purple or amber color, with a tough pulp, and
a pleasant musky (“foxy”) flavor and odor. It is
the very best for making grape-jellies. Clusters,
small to medium. September, October.
Found, in moist proves from New England to South
Carolina.
A vine that climbs often over great distances, reaching
o	7	o
like cables among the branches of high trees. From this
species are derived some twenty cultivated varieties. Of
these, four are now widely introduced and of great market
value, namely: Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and Diana.
With these might perhaps be included a fifth, the Hart-
ford Prolific. The first two, it is claimed, originated in
North Carolina. The counter-claim that the Isabella is
an imported grape is disproved by the fact that it some-
times reverts completely to the Fox-Grape—in leaf and
fruit. Also seedlings from it are sometimes fruitless, as
happens with other American species, but apparently
never with European species. Dr. Laspeyre, of North
Carolina, appears to have been its first cultivator, about
1805; for in 1810 he was selling it in the Wilmington
markets. The name, Isabella, was given in compliment
to Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, who is said to have taken a cut-
ting from it to Brooklyn. (See Dr. Curtis’s State Report
on North Carolina Woods and Timbers.)
The Catawba seems to have originated in Buncombe
County, N. C., near the French Broad River.
Fig. 9.—(2) Summer Grape. V. cestivalis, Mx.
Flowers, the pistillate forms in long, loose clusters. June.
Leaves, very variable, four to seven inches in width,
toothed, and usually more or less three- to five-lobed,23
Fig. 9.—Summer Grape. (V. aestivalis, Mx.)24
[No. 5
Vine ( Vitacece).
sometimes rather thin, and with a bluish bloom or
pubescence, sometimes thicker and rusty-downy be-
neath. Tendrils, forked. Tendrils and flower-clusters,
intermittent (wanting opposite each second or third
leaf). Branchlets, cylindrical.
Bark, loose and shreddy.
Fruit, small (about half an inch in diameter), dark blue or
black with a bloom, well-flavored, in compact bunches
six to twelve inches in length. September.
Found, in rich woods and thickets, common and widely
distributed North and South.
Vines with slender, high-climbing stems. From V.
aestivalis, Mx., at least twelve cultivated varieties are
derived.
This species is sometimes divided into two—V. bicolor,
Le Conte, for forms found mostly in the North, and V.
aestivalis, Mx., for the Southern forms.
Resembling Fig. 8.—(3) Downy Grape. V. cinirea, Eng.
Leaves, entire or slightly three-lobed, greyish-downy, the
down persistent beneath. Leaf-stems, very long.
Tendrils, forked. Tendrils and flower-clusters, inter-
mittent (wanting opposite each second or third leaf).
Branchlets, angular, densely downy or woolly.
Bark, loose and shreddy.
Fruit, small, black, without bloom, in large, compound,
and long-stemmed clusters.
Found, from Central Illinois to Kansas and Texas.2526
[No. 5
Vine ( Vitacece).
Fig. io.—(4) Frost-Grape. Winter-Grape. Chicken-Grape.
’Possum-Grape. V. cordifblia, Mx.
Flowers, in loose, many-blossomed clusters. May and
Ju ne.
Leaves, three to five inches wide, coarsely and sharply
toothed, and sometimes slightly three-lobed ; smooth
and shining above, usually short-hairy on the ribs
beneath and on the leaf-stem ; green on both sides.
Apex, pointed. Base, heart-shaped, usually deeply
so. Stipules, small and soon falling. Tendrils and
flower-clusters, intermittent (lacking opposite each
second or third leaf).
Bark, loose and shreddy.
Fruit, about one quarter inch in diameter, black, shining,
without bloom ; very acid until made pleasant-flavored
by sharp frosts. Seeds, one or two rather large.
Clusters, loose, seldom compound. November.
Found, in thickets and along streams from New England
westward and southward.
A vine climbing to the height of ten to twenty feet.
Fig. 11.—(5) River-Grape. V. vulpina, L. V. riparia, Mx.
This species differs from the preceding (Frost-Grape)
chiefly in the following items :
Flowers, in smaller and more compact clusters.
Leaves, more shining, and more deeply and more fre-
quently three-lobed. Stipules, larger and more per-
sistent.28
[No. 5
Vine ( Vitacece).
Fruit, one third to five twelfths inch in diameter, with a
thick bloom ; ripening early. Seeds, very small.
Clusters, small, generally compact.
Found, from Western New England to Pennsylvania and
westward.
Fig. 12.—(6) Red Grape. V. palmata, Vahl. V. rubra, Mx.
Flowers, in large, loose clusters.
Feaves, smoothish, three to five inches in diameter, lobed,
the lobes mostly long-pointed. Teiidrils, forked.
Tendrils and flower-clusters, intermittent (lacking
opposite each second or third leaf).
Bark, loose and shreddy.
Fruit, one third to five twelfths or more inches in diame-
ter, black when ripe, shining, without bloom, ripening
late. Seeds, rounded, very large. Clusters, loose,
seldom compound.
Found, from Illinois to Missouri and southward.
Fig. 13.—(7) Southern Fox-Grape. Muscadine. Bullace.
V, rotundifblia Mx.
Flowers, in small clusters with crowded blossoms. May.
Leaves, two to three inches across, rounded (or rarely
slightly three-lobed or angled), edge very coarsely
toothed with broad somewhat blunt teeth ; smooth
and shining on both sides (or rarely slightly downy).
Base, heart-shaped. Tendrils, not forked. Tendrils
and blossoms, intermittent.2Q
Fig. 12.—Red Grape. (V. palmata, Vahl.)30
[No. 5
Vine ( Vitacece).
Bark, pale and smooth, not shredded. Pith, continuous
through the joints.
Branchlets, with minute dots.
jFruit, large (half to three quarters inch in diameter),
purplish, without bloom, very tough-skinned, with
pleasant musky flavor ; few in a bunch ; ripening
late. Seeds, with wrinkles across both sides.
Found, often in cultivation, and native just south of our
limits, from Maryland to Kentucky and Kansas, and
southward.
The cultivated Scuppernong common in Southern gar-
dens is derived from this species.
(2) Genus Ampelopsis, Mx.
From two Greek words meaning “ vine " and “ appearance.”
Fig. 14.—Virginia-Creeper. American Ivy. Woodbine. A.
quinquefblia, Mx.
Flowers, small, greenish, in clusters. Petals, five, concave,
spreading, thick. Calyx, slightly five-toothed. Seed-
case, two-celled, each cell with two young seeds.
Style, very short. July.
Leaves, alternate, compound. Leaflets, three to seven
(usually five), long and pointed, radiating from a
centre ; edges coarsely sharp-toothed above the mid-
dle, entire toward the base ; smooth, brilliantly colored
in the fall. Tendrils, swelling at the tips into sucker-
like disks by means of which the plant clings firmly
to walls and trees in its extensive climbing.3i
Fig* 13.—Southern Fox-Grape. (V. rotundifdlia, Mx.)
[No. 5
32	Vine ( Vitacece).
Fruit, about the size of peas, dark blue, in loose clusters;
two-celled, each cell with one or two ripened seeds.
October.
Found, wild in low, rich ground, from Florida northward
and westward, and everywhere in cultivation.
A vigorous woody climber, covering trees and walls often
to the distance of fifty feet ; very useful in cultivation for
screens and trellises ; and very ornamental, especially in
the autumn with its brilliant crimson and scarlet and pur-
ple foilage.
For some reason, perhaps because of its climbing habit
and its inappropriate popular name of American-Ivy, the
Virginia-Creeper is often feared as something poisonous.
It climbs a tree trunk somewhat as does the Poison Ivy
(Rhus radicans, L.), but it is easily distinguishable and is
entirely harmless. One should remember that the Virginia-
Creeper has five finger-like leaflets that are suggestive of
the fact that one’s own five fingers can safely handle it;
while the Poison-Ivy has but three.
“In the course of about two days after a tendril [of
woodbine] has arranged its branches so as to press on any
surface, the curved tips swell, become bright red, and
form on the under sides the well known little disks or
cushions with which they adhere firmly. .	.	. Since
they adhere to smooth surfaces, .	.	. this alone
renders it probable that some cement is secreted, .	.	.
the quantity however must be small. .	. It must not
be supposed that the attachment is effected exclusively by
the cement, for the cellular outgrowth completely envelops
every minute and irregular projection and insinuates itself
into every crevice.”—Darwin.33
Fig. 14.—Virginia-Creeper. (A. quinquefdlia, Mx.)
a. Young leaf and flower-buds. b. Fruit.34	Sumach (Anacardiacecc).	[No. 6
No. 6.—Family ANACARDlACEAi. (Sumach Fam.)
Genus Rhus.
Possibly from a word meaning “red.”
Fig. 15.—Poison-Ivy. Poison-Oak. R. radicans, L. R. Toxi-
codendron, L.
Flowers, small, greenish, in loose clusters from the axils of
the leaves ; the staminate and pistillate forms on dif-
ferent plants.	Petals, five, not united. Sepals, five.
Stamens, five, alternate with the petals. Styles, three.
Seed-case, free, one-celled, with one seed.
Leaves, compound, alternate. Leaflets, three ; edges, entire
or variously sharp-notched ; mostly pointed, and some-
what downy beneath.
Fruit, small, rounded, pale brown or whitish, smooth, not
splitting when ripe, one-seeded. Stone, ridged or
lined. September. An almost dry drupe.
Found, from Canada to Georgia, climbing often in great
profusion over walls and fences and up the trunks of
trees, taking also at times the shrub form.
A woody plant which takes all positions ; sometimes it
is erect (one to three feet high) ; often it is prostrate and
trailing ; oftenest, perhaps, it is climbing.
In its climbing form it covers the posts of fences, the
trunks and branches of trees, stone walls—clinging tena-
ciously wherever it goes by multitudes of thread-like root-
lets, and sometimes reaching a distance of forty or even
fifty feet, with a stem from two to five or six inches in
diameter. At times it so closely covers its growing sup-
port as to smother it.-35
F'S- z5-—Poison-Ivy. (R. rddicans, L.)36	Pulse (Legumin 'osce).	[No. 7
The plant is violently poisonous to the touch, causing
in most persons a painful eruption : some are poisoned by
it without touching it, probably by means of the drifting
pollen of its flowers. A recommended application is
sugar of lead applied, after the use of saline cathartics, or
a thick paste of bi-carbonate of soda rubbed into the skin
as soon as the eruption appears. It is also claimed that
relief and, if used promptly, frequent cure follow the use
of apis mellifica or of belladonna, taken in homoeopathic
doses. There are wellnigh as many recommended anti-
dotes as there are for the bites of rattlesnakes ; and what
will help in some cases will not in others.
No. 7.—Family LEGUMIN(!)S/E. (Pulse Fam.)
Floivers, irregular (papilionaceous, i. e., butterfly-like).
Petals, five, distinct (excepting the two that unite to
form the keel) ; the upper one, called the “standard”
or “banner,” larger than the others and enclosing
them in the bud, and when fully blossomed usually
turned backward or widely spreading ; the two side
ones, called “wings” slanting, and lapping the lower
ones ; the two lower ones, forming the “ keel ” usually
more or less united by their front edges, and enclos-
ing the stamens and the style. Calyx, of five more or
less united sepals. Stamens, ten, either all or, much
oftener, all but one united toward the base. Style,
simple. Seed-case, free, one-celled ; or (in Genus i,
Desmodium) with cross divisions forming a two- to
several-celled and jointed pod, each joint with one seed.
Leaves, compound, alternate, edge of leaflets entire.
Stipules, present. Leaf-stems, swollen at the base.
Fruit, a legume, i. e., a one-celled and two-valved pod,
like a pea-pod ; or in Genus i (Desmodium) aNo. 7]	Pulse (Leguminosce).	37
loment, i. e., a jointed pod with one or more cross
divisions, and one seed in each joint.
Herbaceous vines, one species (the Butterfly-Pea, Cli-
toria Alar tana) woody at base.
GUIDE TO GENERA.
(a) Leaflets, three. Tendrils, none. Pod, either jointed,
with one seed for each joint, or one-celled and one-
seeded.
(b) Pod, jointed, with one seed to each joint, (i) Des-
modium (Bush-Trefoil).
('b) Pod, one-celled and one-seeded. (2) Lespedeza
(Bush-Clover).
(a) Leaflets, three. Tendrils, none. Pod, neither jointed
nor one-seeded, excepting sometimes in the lower
and usually underground pods of the Hog-Peanut
(No. 8).
(1b) Standard (the large upper petal), curved back, and
spreading.' Seeds, four to ten, oblong with squared
ends, kidney-shape, or four-sided. (3) Phaseolus
(Kidney-Bean).
(b) Standard, erect. Vine smooth, ascending. (4) Cli-
toria (Butterfly-Pea).
(b) Standard, erect. Vine hairy, ascending. (5) Amphi-
carptea (Hog-Peanut).
(b) Standard, bending somewhat inward. Vine smooth
or minutely downy, prostrate. (6) Galactia (Milk-
Pea).
(a) Leaflets, five or seven. Tendrils, none. (7) Apios
(Ground-Nut).
(a) Leaflets, an even number. Tendrils or bristles, pres-
ent at the ends of the leaves.
(6) Leaflets, eight to twenty-four. Style, thread-like,
bearded by a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex,
especially on the outside (toward the keel). (8)
Vfcia (Vetches).
(<5) Leaflets, six to twelve. Style, flattened and bearded
down the inner side (toward the free stamen. (9)
Lathyrus (Vetchlings).38	Pulse (Leguminbsce).	[No. 7
(1) Genus Desmodium, Desv. Meibomia (L.), Kuntz.
Fig. 16.—Smooth Bush-Trefoil. £>. humifUsum, Beck.
This species closely resembles the next (D. rotundi-
folium), excepting that it is nearly smooth throughout,
with leaves that are oval to egg-shape, and with smaller
and narrow and less persistent stipules and stipels. It is
found in dry, sandy soil in Maine, and from Pennsylvania
to Maryland. It sometimes reaches a length of eight feet.
Fig. 17.—Bush-Trefoil. Tick-Trefoil. D. rotundifblium, D. C.
Flowers, in clusters, axillary or terminal, of few blossoms,
purple ; standard, reverse egg-shape ; wings, attached
to the keel by a slight band. Calyx, five-cleft, more
or less two-lipped, with its lobes longer than the tube.
Stamens, in two sets (nine united toward the base,
and one distinct). August.
Leaves, compound, alternate.	Leaflets, three, rounded,
hairy on both sides, one to two inches across, with
stems and stipels ; edges entire. Stipules, conspicu-
ous, persistent, egg-shape, pointed. Leaf-stem, hairy.
Pod, flattened, two- to six-jointed, deeply lobed on the
edges, somewhat as in Fig. 16, on a short stalk, very
adhesive with its covering of small hooked hairs.
Seeds, one in each joint. A loment.
Found, in dry open woods from Florida to New England
and westward.
A prostrate vine, herbaceous, hairy, two to four feet
lonm
oFig. 16.—Smooth Bush-Trefoil. (D. humifasum, Beck.)40
[No. 7
Pulse (Legumin'osce).
(2) Genus Lespedeza, Mx.
From the name of a Spanish governor of Florida.
Fig. 18.—Bush-Clover. L. prociimbens, Mx. L. repens (L.), Bart.
Flowers, in few-blossomed axillary clusters, of two sorts,
the larger with stamens and pistils but seldom bear-
ing seed ; the smaller with seed-bearing pistils, and
oftenest without petals. Corolla, violet-purple, longer
than the calyx ; the keel as long as the wings. Calyx,
five-cleft, with slender, nearly equal lobes, and with
two small bracts beneath. Stamens, in two sets (nine
united at base, and one distinct). Cluster-stems, two
to five inches long, very slender. August, Sep-
tember.
Leaves, compound, alternate. Leaflets, three, one quarter
to three quarters inch long, oval to reverse egg-
shape, on very short stems, without stipels, smooth
above.
Pod, rounded, small, flat, one-celled, one-seeded. A
legume.
Found, common in dry sandy soil in Canada and the
United States.
A slender trailing vine, herbaceous, slightly downy or
hairy, one to two feet long.
(3) Genus Phaseolus, Tourn. (Kidney-Bean.)
Flowers, in axillary clusters. Keel, enclosing the stamens
and style, and either twisted into a spiral or strongly
incurved. Calyx, five-toothed with the two upper
teeth more or less united. Stamens, in two sets (nine
united toward the base, and one distinct).41
Fig. 17.—Bush-Trefoil. (D. rotundifdlium, D. C.)
Fig. 18.—Bush-Clover. (L. proctimbens, Mx.)42	Pulse (Leguminosce).	[No. 7
Leaves, compound, alternate. Leaflets, three with stipels.
Pod, four- to ten-seeded. Seeds, oblong with squared
ends, kidney-shape, or four-sided.
Herbaceous vines. The Lima Bean, and other favorite
climbing beans of the garden belong with this genus.
Fig. 19.—Kidney-Bean. Wild-Bean. P polystdekyus (L.),
B, S. P. P. perdnnis, Walt.
Flowers, scattered in loose axillary clusters that are twice
as long as the leaf-stems or more. Corolla, purple or
violet, small. Keel and the included style and sta-
mens, twisted. Style, bearded along the upper side.
July and August.
Leaflets, three, one and a half to three and a half inches
long, rounded egg-shape, the terminal one often
somewhat heart-shape. Apex, short-pointed.
Pod, about two inches in length, strongly curved, droop-
ing, tipped with the base of the style. Seeds, four to
five, flattened, dark purple, kidney-shape. A legume.
Found, in dry ground from Canada to Florida and west-
ward. Common.
A twining, herbaceous vine, slender, somewhat downy ;
from a perennial root. Stem, four to seven feet long.44
[No. 7
Pulse (Leguminosce).
Fig-. 20.—Various-Leaved Kidney-Bean. P. he'lvolus, L. P.
diversifblius. P. Strophostyles angulbsa, Ell.
Flowers, stemless, in clusters of four to seven blossoms at
the ends of the cluster-stems. Cluster-stems, four to
eight inches long. Corolla, greenish-white and pur-
ple, the standard large and rounded. Calyx, with two
bracts beneath. August, September.
Leaflets, three, one half to one and two thirds inches long
(oftenest about one inch), from egg-shape to narrow
oblong ; commonly more or less three-lobed.
Pod, straight, or nearly so, and nearly cylindrical, two to
three inches long, one quarter inch wide, nearly
smooth. Seeds, four to eight, one quarter inch long,
oblong, usually very downy. A legume.
Found, on and near sandy shores and river banks, along
the coast from Massachusetts southward, and from
the Great Lakes to Kansas and Texas.
A branching, herbaceous vine, twining or prostrate
(usually spreading on the ground), one to six feet long.
Fig. 21.—Umbelled Kidney-Bean. P. umbellatus (Muhl.), Britton.
S. peduncularis, Ell.
Flowers, stemless, in few-blossomed clusters.
Leaflets, three, usually about one inch in length, egg-shape
to narrow-oblong, seldom lobed.
Pod, one and a half to two inches long, scarcely one sixth
inch wide, straight or nearly so. Seeds, one sixth
inch long or less. A legume.[No. 7
46	Pulse ( Leguminosce).
Found., in sandy ground from Long Island and New
Jersey to Florida, and westward to Southern Indiana
and Texas.
A vine two to four feet long, from a perennial root-
stock.
Fig. 22.—Few-Flowered Kidney-Bean. P pauciflbrus, Be?ith.
Flowers, in few-blossomed clusters. Cluster-stems, much
longer than the leaf-stems.
Leaflets, three, one to two inches long, slightly hairy, long
egg-shape to very narrow, not lobed. July, August.
Pod, one to one and a half inches in length, straight,
slender, flattened, downy or hairy. Seeds, five to
eight. A legume.
Found, from Indiana to Minnesota and southward to
Missouri and Texas.
A slender prostrate vine, downy or hairy, two to four
feet in length.
(4) Genus Ci.itoria, L.
Fig. 23.—Butterfly-Pea. C. Mariana, L.
Flowers, nearly two inches in length (standard pale purple
or blue, the rest whitish or blue and white), in one-
to three-blossomed axillary clusters. Standard, erect,
rounded to reverse egg-shape, usually notched above,
not spurred, much larger than the other petals.
Keel, shorter than the wings, pointed and incurved48	Pulse (Leguminosce).	[No. 7
on long claws. Calyx, tubular, five-toothed, three-
quarters inch long, with small bracts beneath.
Stamens, united toward the base. Style, curved
and bearded down the inner side. Cluster-stems,
shorter than the leaves. July, August.
Leaflets, three, usually about one inch long and half an
inch wide though often larger, mostly long egg-
shape. Apex, blunt or slightly pointed. Base,
usually rounded or slightly heart-shaped. Stipules
and bracts, awl-shape.
Pods, one and a half to two inches long, very narrow,
flattened, knotty, pointed with the remains of the
style. Seeds, three or four.
Found, in dry ground from New Jersey to Florida, and
westward to Missouri and Texas.
A smooth perennial vine, ascending and twining, woody
only at the base. Stem one to three feet in length, slender
and branching.
(5) Genus AMPHicARPatA, Ell.
From two Greek words meaning “ both " and “ fruit,” with reference to the different
forms of the pods.
Fig. 24.—Hog-Peanut. A. commbsa (L.), Riddell. A. monbica, Nutt.
Flowers, purplish, two sorts, in axillary, usually few-blos-
somed, drooping clusters, those on the upper branches
complete, but seldom fruiting; those on the lower
creeping branches bearing fruit, but with few sta-
mens, if any, and with the corolla lacking or merely
rudimentary. Keel and wings, nearly straight andFig. 22.—Few-Flowered Kidney-Bean. (P. paucifldrus, Benth.)5°	Pulse (Legumin'osce).	[No. 7
similar, and partly enfolded by the reverse egg-shaped
standard. Calyx, tubular, or bell-shape, with four
(sometimes five) short and nearly equal teeth—that
of the upper flowers about one sixth of an inch in
length. Bractlets, minute, or lacking. Stamens, in
two sets, in the upper unfruitful flowers ; in the lower
ones, wanting; or, if present, not in sets. Style, not
bearded. Seed-cases, of the upper flowers, smooth with
hairy margins; of the lower ones, hairy. August,
September.
Leaflets, three, very thin, one half inch to three inches in
length, three quarters as wide, somewhat egg-shape,
those at the sides with the base oblique. Stipels
present.
Fods, of the upper flowers, if present, somewhat curved,
with a short stalk, and with three or four dark seeds;
those of the lower flowers, one inch in length, hairy,
usually beneath the ground, reverse egg-shape or
pear shape, with one large flattened brown seed. A
lesfume.
O
Found, common, in rich, damp soil, from Canada to Mis-
sissippi and Florida.
An ill-named vine, slender, twining, hairy, perennial,
herbaceous ; the stem much branched, rough in one direc-
tion, four to eight feet long.
Resembling Fig. 24.—Pitchers’ Hog-Peanut. A. Pitcheri,
T. and G.
This species differs from the preceding (A. commbsa)
chiefly in the following items :SI
Fig- 23.—Butterfly-Pea. (C. Mariana, L.)52
[No. 7
Pulse (Legumin'osce).
Flowers, The upper ones more frequently producing fruit,
the lower ones less frequently. Clusters, erect. Calyx,
one quarter inch long. Seed-case, hairy.
Leaflets, usually two to four inches in length.
Pod, one and one third to one and one half inches in
length.
Found, from Western New York to Illinois and southward
to Louisiana and Texas.
(6) Genus Galactia, P. Browne.
From a Greek word meaning “ milk,” because some species were supposed to have a
milky juice.
Fig. 25.—Milk-Pea. G. regularis (L.), B. S. P. G. glabdla, Mx.
Flowers, from seven twelfths to two thirds of an inch
long, reddish-purple (greenish outside), in short and
somewhat irregular, four- to eight-blossomed clusters
that are seldom as long as the leaves. Standard,
broader than the other petals. Keel, nearly straight,
its petals slightly joined above. Calyx, four-cleft;
teeth sharp, entire, the upper one broadest. Stamens,
in two sets. Style, beardless.
Leaflets, usually three, five sixths of an inch to one and
two thirds inches long, with short stems, oblong or
egg-shape, often notched at both ends, slightly hairy
beneath. Stipels, present.
Pod, one and a half inches long, very narrow, flat, slightly
curved erect, rather hairy. Seeds, four to six. A
legume.
Found, in sandy woods from New York southward.
A prostrate, herbaceous vine, perennial, with a smooth
or minutely downy stem two to four feet in length.53	Fig. 25.—Milk-Pea. G. regularis (L.), B. S. P.54	Pulse (Legumiriosee).	[No. 7
Leaf resembling Fig. 25.—Downy Milk-Pea. G. filbsa, Ell.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, in many-blossomed clusters that are usually
longer than the leaves, sometimes four to six times as
long.
Leaflets, half to one inch in length, oval, whitish-downy
beneath.
Pods, very downy. Seeds, ten.
Found, from Pennsylvania southward.
(7) Genus Apios, Boer.
From a Greek word meaning “ pear,” with reference to the shape of the tubers.
Fig. 26.—Ground-Nut. Wild Bean. A. tuberbsa, Moeneh.
Flowers, brownish-purple, fragrant, in short, compact, and
often branching axillary clusters that are shorter than
the leaves. Standard, very broad, and turned back.
Keel, scythe-shape, becoming coiled. Calyx, bell-
shape, slightly two-lipped, the two upper teeth
rounded and very short, the two at the sides nearly
obsolete, the lower one longest and pointed. Sta-
mens, in two sets (nine united toward the base, and
one distinct). July and August.
Leaflets, three to seven (usually seven, rarely three),
narrow, egg-shape, more or less pointed, smooth,
with short stem. Stipcls, lacking.
Pod, slender, nearly cylindrical, straight or slightly curved.
Seeds, many, black. A legume.
Found, in damp ground, from New Brunswick to Florida
and westward.5556
[No. 7
Pulse (Leguminosce).
A perennial twining and climbing vine, smooth, her-
baceous. It bears edible tubers, of an oval shape. They
are somewhat potato-like, and are said to be very nu-
tritious. The stem is round and two to four feet in
length.
D
(8) Genus Vi'cia, Tourn. (Vetch, Tare.)
Flowers, axillary. Standard, notched. Wings, adhering
to the keel. Calyx, tubular, five-cleft or five-toothed,
the two upper lobes shortest. Stamens, in two sets
(nine more or less united at the base, and one
distinct). Style, thread-like (not flattened as in
Lathyrus) bent at right angles to the seed-case,
bearded by a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex.
Leaves, compound, alternate. Leaflets, in four to twelve
pairs, edges entire. Tendrils, at the ends of the
leaves—a continuation of the common leaf-stem.
Stipules, half arrow-shaped at their base.
Pod, flat oblong. Seeds, two to several (or many in V.
Americana), globular. A legume.
Herbaceous vines, more or less climbing by help of the
tendrils.
Fig. 27.—Common Vetch. Tare. [V safiva, L.\
Flowers, violet-purple, nearly stemless, in clusters of one
or two blossoms from the axils of the leaves. Corolla,
half an inch long. Chister-stems, shorter than the
leaves. June.
Leaflets, five to seven pairs, two thirds inch to one inch
in length, from reverse egg-shape to very narrow.
Apex, notched and bristle-tipped.
Pod, slim, erect, smooth, one to two inches in length.
Seeds, several. A legume.57
Fig. 27.—Common Vetch. [V. sativa, L.]58	Pulse (Legumindsee).	[No. 7
Found, in cultivated fields and in waste ground from New
England southward and westward.
A somewhat downy vine, two to three feet long, with a
simple herbaceous stem. Introduced from Europe.
The Narrow-Leaved Vetch [var. angustifolia, Ser.J
has the leaflets somewhat longer than in the type, and
narrow.
Fig. 28.—Four-Seeded Slender Vetch. [ V. tetrasperma, L.]
This species differs from the preceding (V. sativa, L.)
chiefly in these items :
Flowers, very small, whitish. Cluster-stems, very slender,
in flower shorter than the leaves, in fruit longer than
the leaves.
Leaflets, (four to six pairs, sometimes three), one half
to five sixths inch long, by one twelfth inch wide.
July.
Pod, one third to one half inch long. Seeds, four.
Found, near the coast from Nova Scotia to New Jersey.
Delicate vines with very slender, almost thread-like
stems one to two feet long.
Resembling Fig. 27.—Hairy Vetch. V. hirsiita, Koch.
This specie differs from the Common Vetch (V. sativa,
L.) chiefly in these items :
Flowers, small in clusters of three to six blossoms.
Corolla, bluish-white. Cluster-stems, about the length
of the leaves. Calyx, with the teeth equal. June.Fig. 28.—Four-Seeded Vetch. [V. tetraspdrma, L.]6o
[No. 7
Pulse (Legumin'osce).
Leaflets (six to eight pairs), a quarter to two thirds inch
long, scarcely one twelfth inch wide, widest above,
with the apex squared.
Pod, short, hairy. Seeds, two.
Found, from New York to South Carolina.
A hairy, very slender creeping vine one to three feet in
length.
Fig. 29.—Tufted Vetch. V. cracca, L.
Flowers, many, twelve to twenty or more in a long,
densely blossomed, one-sided cluster ; blue, becoming
purple, one half inch in length, reflexed. Calyx, with
its teeth unequal and shorter than its tube. Cluster-
stem, lengthened. July.
Leaflets (ten to twelve pairs), one half to two thirds inch
long by one sixth to one quarter inch wide with short
stems, oblong to lance-shape, strongly bristle-pointed,
downy.
Pod, several-seeded.
Found, from Newfoundland to New Jersey.
A slender climber, slightly downy, with square stem,
two to three feet in length.
O
Fig. 30.—Carolina Vetch. V. CarolinicLna, Walt.
Flowers, small (one quarter inch long or a little more),
whitish, in loose clusters of six to twelve blossoms.
Keel, tipped with blue. Calyx, teeth unequal, the
two upper very short. Cluster-stem, usually rather
shorter than the leaves. May.
Leaflets (four to eight pairs), half to one inch in length,
mostly alternate, oblong or narrow. Apex, rounded,
slightly pointed, or sometimes notched.Fig. 29.—Tufted Vetch. (V. crdcca, L.)
61	Fig. 30.—Carolina Vetch. (V. Caroliniana, Walt.)62	Pulse (Legumin 'osce).	[No. 7
Pod, oblong. Seeds, several.
Found, from Ontario and New York to Georgia, and west-
ward to Minnesota and Kansas.
A slender, nearly smooth climber, four to six feet high
with branching stems.
Fig. 31.—American Vetch. V. Americana, Muhl.
Flowers, purplish, two thirds inch in length, in clusters of
four to eight blossoms. Calyx, teeth unequal, the
lower broad, lance-shape, and much longer than the
upper. Style, very hairy at the apex. Cluster-stems,
shorter than the leaves. May.
Leaflets (five to seven pairs), very blunt, five sixths to one
inch long, nearly stemless.
Pod, many-seeded.
Found, in moist ground from New York and New Jersey
westward.
A slender, smooth vine, one to three feet in length.
(9) Genus Lathyrus, Tourn. (Vetchling. Everlasting
Pea.)
This genus closely resembles the preceding ( Vicia). It
has the characteristic arrangement of tendrils, at the end
of the compound leaf ; but it differs in having the style
flattened, and bearded on the side toward the banner (and
toward the free stamen), and in its usually few leaflets,
—one to six pairs.
The Sweet Pea [Z. odorahis, L.], one of the best-loved
of our garden flowers, belongs with this genus. It is a
native of Sicily.n
Fig. 31.—American Vetch. (V. Americana, Muhl.)
Fig. 32.—Beach-Pea. (L. maritimus, Big.)
63	u. Leaf with stipules, b. Fruit.64	Pulse (Legnmin'osce).	[No.7
Fig. 32.—Beach-Pea. Z. marttimus, Big.
Flowers, purple or blue, three quarters inch in length, in
clusters of six to ten blossoms. Cluster-stems, rather
shorter than the leaves. May and July.
Leaflets, three to five pairs (oftenest five), with the lower
pairs largest, one to two inches long, thick, egg-shape
to oval. Stipules, nearly as large as the leaflets,
united, broad egg-shape, at the base heart-shaped,
with one lobe larger than the other, and oftenest
coarsely toothed.
Pod, several-seeded.
Found, along the sea-shore from New Jersey to the Arctic
Ocean, and on the lakes.
A stout creeper, smooth or nearly so, with a four-
angled stem, one to two feet in length, resembling the
pea-vine of the gardens.
Fig- 33-—Yellow-White Vetchling. Z. ochroleiicus, Hook.
Flowers, yellowish-white, in clusters of seven to ten blos-
soms. Cluster-stems, shorter than the leaves. June,
July.
Leaflets, three to five pairs (oftenest three), one to one and
a half inches long, thin, egg-shape to oval. Stipules,
half heart-shape, often half the size of the leaflets.
Pod, several-seeded.
Found, from New Jersey to Iowa, and northward to the
Arctic Circle.
A slender-stemmed climbing vine, smooth or nearly so,
one to three feet in length. Rare.r
65
Fig. 33.—Yellow-White Vetchling. (L. ochrolehcus, Hook.)
Fig. 34.—Veiny Vetchling. (L. venosus, Muhl.)66
[No. 7
Pulse (Leguminosce.)
Fig. 34.—Veiny Vetchling. L. venbsus, Muhl.
Flowers, purple one half to two thirds inch long, in
many-blossomed clusters. Cluster-stems, three to
five inches in length. Calyx, teeth very unequal.
June, July.
Leaflets (four to six pairs), one and a half to two inches in
length, egg-shape to long oval. Stipules, very small
and narrow ; at the base, half arrow-shaped ; at the
apex, pointed.
Pod, flat and narrow, several-seeded.
Found, in shady places from Georgia to Mississippi and
northward.
A stout climber, smooth or slightly downy. Stem four-
angled, two to three feet in length.
Fig- 35-—Swamp Vetchling. L. palustris, L.
Flowers, purple, sometimes variegated with blue and
purple ; one half inch or more long, in clusters of
two to six blossoms. Cluster-stems, longer than the
leaves.
Leaflets, two to four pairs, one to two inches in length,
narrow or line-like. Apex, pointed. Stipules, lance-
shape, with apex and base pointed. June and July.
Found, in moist ground from Nova Scotia to New Jersey
and westward across the continent.
Pod, several-seeded.
A slender climber, smooth or nearly so, the square stem
oftenest broadly winged at the angles, two to four feet in
length.
The variety called Myrtle-Leaved Vetchling (var. myrti-
fbhus,, G. ; L. myrtifolius, Muhl.) has the leaflets egg-P'g- 35-—Swamp Vetchling. (L. palustris, L.)
67	Fig. 36.—Spreading Vetchling. [L. pratdnsis, L.]68
Rose (Rosacece).
[No. 8
shape to oblong, one inch or less in length, with the
stipules usually larger and broader than in the type, and
with the stem often only slightly winged. It is found as
far south as North Carolina.
Fig. 36.—Spreading Vetchling. [L. prate mis, L.]
Flowers, yellow, in few-blossomed clusters.
Leaflets, one pair, narrow, lance-shape to line-like. Apex,
pointed. Stipules, half arrow-shape, half the length,
or more, of the leaflets.
Found, in Massachusetts, New York, and Ontario.
A low, straggling vine introduced from Europe.
No. 8.—Family ROSACE/E. (Rose Fam.)
Flowers, regular. Petals, not united, inserted with the
stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the tube of
the calyx. Sepals, united toward the base, often ac-
companied outside by a row of small leaf-like bracts.
Stamens, numerous, inserted as above. Seed-cases,
several to many, free from the calyx excepting in
Genus Rosa (4) where the many seed-cases are em-
bedded in the inner surface of the more or less
rounded calyx-tube.
Leaves, compound, except in Dalibarda (2), alternate,
edges toothed.
Fruit, seed-like drupes, drupelets, or achenes.
GUIDE TO GENERA.
('a) Flowers, white.
(b) Leaves, compound. Fruit, a collection of fleshy
drupelets. (1) Rubus (Blackberry. Raspberry).
(b) Leaves, simple. Fruit, a collection of nearly dry,
seed-like drupes. (2) Dalibarda (False Violet).No. 8]
Rose (Rosacece).	69
(a) Flowers, yellow. Leaflets, three (apparently five, by
the parting of the side leaflets). Fruit, a dry head
of achenes. (3) Potentflla (Cinquefoil).
(a) Flowers, rose, changing to white. Leaflets, three to
five. Fruit, globular, enclosing bony achenes. (4)
R6sa (Rose).
(1) Genus Rubus, Tourn. (Raspberry. Blackberry.)
From a word meaning “red.”
Flowers, white. Petals, five distinct, soon falling. Sepals,
five, partly united, spreading. Stamens, numerous,
on the edge of the disk. Seed-cases, many, each with
two young seeds, only one of which ripens, crowded
on a lengthened fleshy receptacle.
Leaves, compound. Stems, armed with prickles, except in
Dwarf Raspberry (R. triflbrus, Rich).
Fruit, a pulpy, edible “berry,” so called, formed by the
ripened seed-cases ; really, a mass of small drupes.
Leaf resembling Fig1. 37.—Dwarf Raspberry. R. triflbrus, Rick.
Flowers, white, one to three on a slender stem. Petals,
small, erect, slightly longer than the sepals. Petals
and sepals often six or seven.
Leaflets, three or five, one to two inches long, double-
toothed, thin and nearly smooth.
Stem, slightly woody or herbaceous, with herbaceous
branches, short (six to twelve inches), without
prickles, ascending or trailing.
Fruit, rather sour, dark red, of a few disconnected grains,
which, when ripe, separate from the receptacle.
Found, from New Jersey northward and westward, in moist
woods.70	Rose ( Rosacece).	[No. s
Fig. 37.—Low Blackberry. Dewberry. R. Canadensis, L.
Flowers, with leaf-like bracts, in clusters, on slender, soli-
tary cluster-stems.	Petals, large, reverse egg-shape,
twice as long as the sepals. May.
Leaflets, three (rarely five or seven), one to one and a half
inches long, nearly stemless, oval to broad lance-shape,
nearly smooth.
Fruit, black, half to one inch in diameter, very juicy and
sweet, not separating when ripe from the lengthened
receptacle. A collection of drupelets. July and
August.
Found, common in dry open ground from Newfoundland
to Virginia, and westward.
A woody vine with valuable fruit. Stem somewhat
prickly, and trailing extensively.
Leaf resembling Fig. 37.—Running Swamp Blackberry (R.
htspidus, Li).
Flowers, small, in clusters of several to many blossoms.
Cluster-stems, often bristly.
Leaflets, three (rarely five), one to two inches in length or
smaller on the branchlets. Edges, toothed, entire
toward the base. Apex, pointed or on the branchlets
sometimes blunt. Base, mostly rounded, or on the
branchlets sometimes pointed.
Fruit, black, of few grains, sour.
Found, in swampy or low ground from Nova Scotia to
Georgia and westward.
A slender vine, scarcely woody ; trailing several feet,
with more or less erect branches eight to twelve inches
high. The main stem and the larger leaf-stems are armedf
7172
[No. 8
Rose (Rosacece).
with small, reflexed, bristle-like prickles. The leaves are
mostly persistent through the winter.
(2)	Genus DalibArda, L.
From the name of a French botanist.
Fig-. 38.—False Violet. D. Opens, L.
Flowers, white, one (or sometimes two) on a long stem.
Petals, five, soon falling, reverse egg-shape, longer
than the sepals.	Calyx, deeply five- or six-parted,
with three of the lobes longer than the others, and
toothed ; spreading in flower, but closing around the
seed-case in fruit. Stamens, many. Styles, five to
ten, long. Seed-cases, five to ten. June, August.
Leaves, simple, rounded, one to two inches in diameter.
Edge, blunt-toothed; downy. Base, heart-shape.
Apex, blunt. Leaf-stem, slender, one to three
inches in length.
Fruit, a head of nearly dry, seed-like drupes.
Fozmd, common in low woods from Pennsylvania to
Canada.
A low, perennial herb, downy, with creeping, closely-
tufted stems, one to twelve inches in len gth.
(3)	Genus Potenti'lla, L.
From a word meaning “ powerful,” because of the supposed medicinal qualities of one
of the species.
Fig. 39.—Cinquefoil. Five-finger. P. Canadensis, L.
Flowers, yellow, solitary, on long axillary stems. Petals,
five, rounded, or reverse heart-shape, as long as the
calyx. Calyx, spreading, deeply five-cleft, with five
bractlets between the lobes, so appearing to be ten-
cleft. Stamens, many, with slender filaments. April
to August.Fig. 38.—False Violet. (D. rfepens, L.)
73	Fig. 39.—Cinquefoil. (P. Canadensis, L.)
YOUNG LEAVES.74
[No. 8
Rose (Rosacea).
Leaves, variable in size, compound, with radiating leaflets.
Leaflets, three, but apparently five by the dividing of
the side leaflets ; somewhat wedge-shape or reverse
egg-shape, toothed, nearly smooth above. Very
rarely there may be seven apparent leaflets. Stipules,
hairy, often divided.
Fruit, a head of smooth achenes on a dry, very hairy re-
ceptacle.
Found, common in dry soil, in Canada and the United
States.
A slender prostrate vine, perennial, herbaceous, more or
less hairy ; from a few inches in length to a foot or more ;
often spreading by runners.
A seven-leaved cinquefoil shares with the four-leaved
clover its reputation for magical virtues. Let the finder
sleep with it beneath her pillow, and, if its reputation is de-
served, “she will dream of the lover whom she is to have,
as sure as the dead man lies in his grave.”
(4) Genus Rosa, Tourn. '
Fig. 40.—Climbing Rose. Prairie Rose. Michigan Rose.
R. se tiger a, Six.
Flowers, two to three inches across, in clusters, only
slightly fragrant. Petals, five, deep rose color,
changing to white. Calyx and stalks dotted with
small glands. Sepals, pointed, Styles, united in a
protruding column as long as the stamens. July.
Leaflets, three to five, egg-shape, edges toothed. Apex,
pointed.
Frtiit, called a “ hip,” globular with the bony achenes on
the inside.Fig. 40.—Climbing Rose. (R. setfgera, Mx.)
Fig. 41.—Yellowish Passion-Flower. (P. Ibtea, L.)76 Passion-Flower (Passifloracece). [No. 9
Found, in damp ground from Ontario to South Carolina
and Florida, and west to Wisconsin and Texas ; also
in cultivation.
An extensively climbing vine, the only native climbing
rose of America, as it is the only one also with united and
exserted styles. The stems are armed with a few stout
prickles. Vigorous shoots sometimes grow from ten to
twenty feet in a season. There are about twenty varieties
of the species in cultivation ; one of them is the favorite
Baltimore Belle.
No. 9.—Family PASSIFLORACEAi. (Passion-Flower
Fam.)
Genus Passifl6ra, L.
From words meaning “ passion” and “ flower” because of a fancied resemblance in
the parts of the flower to the implements of the Crucifixion.
Fig. 41.—Yellowish Passion-Flower. P Ihtea, L.
Flowers, greenish-yellow, about one inch across ; on
jointed stems, solitary or in pairs from the axils of
the leaves. Petals, five, not united, inserted on the
throat of the calyx. Sepals, five, colored like the
petals, at least within ; united toward the base into a
shallow cup ; the edges of the cup furnished with a
delicate triple fringe. Stamens, five, united below so
as to form a sheath around the long stem of the
seed-case. Anthers, large, balanced at their centres.
Styles, three, with club-like stigmas. Seed-case, free,
one-celled, many-seeded, raised on a sheathed stem.
May, July.
Leaves, simple, alternate, three-lobed toward the apex,
heart-shaped at the base; the lobes blunt ; edges
entire.	Stipules, present. Leaf-stei7is, without
glands.77
No. 9] (Passion-Flower Passijloracece).
Fruit, dark purple, oval, one half inch in diameter;
numerous-seeded. A pulpy berry.
Found, in damp thickets from Southern Pennsylvania to
Florida, and westward.
A smooth, slender vine, herbaceous, from five to ten
feet long, climbing by axillary tendrils.
The Blue Passion-Flower (P. c cor idea, L.), often culti-
vated for its foliage and its showy blossoms, is a native of
Brazil.
There it often grows to a distance of thirty feet, with a
woody stem four or five inches in diameter.
A southern species, P. incarnata, L., having blossoms
two inches or more across with white or purplish petals
and crown, and with markings of green and of deeper
purple, is well worthy of cultivation. Its fruit (commonly
named May-pop) is as large as an egg, and edible. This
species is found as far north as Kentucky and Virginia,
and in some places is so abundant as to be looked upon as
a troublesome weed.
There are some one hundred and twenty species of the
Passion-Flower, nearly all of them found only in the
Western Continent, and most of them only in the Tropics.
Five of them are found in the Atlantic States, but only
one of the five (our P. liitea, L.) as far north as Pennsyl-
vania and Illinois.
The name Passion-Flower was given, probably by the
early Spanish missionaries to this country, because the
parts of the flower and of the plant serve so strangely well
as reminders of the crucifixion of our Lord. In the pal-
mate leaves (less marked in our species than in others)78	Gourd (Cucurbitacece).	[No. 10
they saw the hands of Christ’s enemies ; in the coiled ten-
drils, scourges. The delicate spreading rays reminded
them of the nimbus, or halo, about His head, and of the
crown of thorns. The three styles with their stigmas
sueeested the three nails—two for the hands, and one for
the crossed feet ; the five anthers, the five wounds, or
sometimes the hammers for driving the nails. Also the
position of the spreading stigmas was suggestive of the
cross itself. The ten parts of the flower stood for the ten
disciples, omitting Judas and Peter.
So the flowers, which in many places wrere very common,
came to be constant reminders of the Christ.
No. io.—Family CUCURBITACE^. (Gourd Fam.)
(i) Genus Si'cyos, L.
The Greek name for the cucumber.
Fig. 42.—One-Seeded Bur-Cucumber. S. angulatus, L.
Flowers, small, whitish ; in two forms, both from the same
axil: the pistillate form in rounded clusters, the sta-
minate form in lengthened clusters. Petals, five,
spreading, united toward the base. Calyx, five-
toothed. Stamens, five. Anthers, united in a single
mass. Style, slender. Stigmas, three. Seed-case, one-
celled, one-seeded, adherent to the calyx. July to
September.
Leaves, three to five inches across, simple, alternate, five-
angled or five-lobed, rounded, heart-shape. Ends of
the lobes pointed, edges toothed, the hollows rounded
and shallow. Surfaces downy. Leaf-stems, hairy.
Tendrils, three-branched or more, the branches in
spirals.Bo	Gourd (CucurbitacecB).	[No. id
Fruit, eight to ten cucumbers in a crowded cluster, each
egg-shape, one half inch long, becoming dry, not
splitting in ripening, filled by the one seed, covered
by barbed and easily-detached bristles. A pepo.
Found, in damp and waste places from Canada to Florida
and westward.
A weak, hairy vine, herbaceous, with branching stems,
climbing extensively by half of its abundant forked and
spiral tendrils. It is useful in cultivation for screens.
The spiral contraction of a tendril after it has caught a
support is in various ways of high service to the plant.
Sometimes it serves to lift it toward the light. Always
it makes the hold of the plant more elastic, and therefore
safer, as the hold of a ship at anchor is made safer by a
twisted rope than it could be by a straight wire. The
pretty plant-ships are struck by a gale of wind, roughly as
a fleet of men-of-war in the Bay of Biscay. Do they
founder before it ? No, they rock and roll, and the tiny
cables stretch, but will not break. If anything yields, it
will be the anchorage, not the cables.
“ When a tendril has caught a support, and is spirally
contracted, there are always as many turns in one direction
as in the other, so that the twisting of the axis in one di-
rection is exactly compensated by the twisting in the
other.”—Darwin.
Commonly there is but one change of direction in the
coil, and that at the centre, but whether one or as many
as seven or eight, always the total turns in one direction
are as many as in the other.No. i o] Gourd ( Cucu rbitacece).	81
Darwin shows the principle of this motion by a familiar
example :
“ When a haberdasher winds np a ribbon for a cus-
tomer he does not wind it into a single coil, for if he did
the ribbon would twist itself as many times as there are
coils [turns], but he winds it into a figure eight on his
thumb and little finger, so that he alternately takes turns
in opposite directions, and thus the ribbon is not twisted.
So it is with the tendrils, with this sole difference—they
take several consecutive turns in one direction, and then
the same number in an opposite direction, but in both
cases the self-twisting is avoided.”-—Darwin’s Climbing
Plants.
So also the housemaid, to avoid snarling her long
clothes-line, winds it into a figure eight between her hand
and her elbow.
[See further concerning tendrils under V'ltis, pages 18, 19.]
(2) Genus MicrAmpelis, Mx. (Echinocystis, T. and G.)
✓
Fig. 43.—Wild Balsam-Apple. M. lobbta (Mx.), Green.
Flowers, very small, greenish-white ; in two forms, both
from the same axil ; the pistillate form in small clus-
- ters or solitary, the staminate form in lengthened
compound clusters, often one foot in length. Petals,
six, spreading, united at the base. Sepals, six, slender,
shorter than the petals. Stamens, three. Style, very
short. Stigmas, two, large. Seed-case, two-celled,
four-seeded. July to September.8s	Gourd (Cucurbitacece).	[No. io
Leaves, simple, alternate, thin, deeply five-lobed. Base,
heart-shape. Tendrils, three-forked.
Fruit, oval, two inches long, fleshy, becoming dry, covered
with weak prickles, two-celled, opening at apex when
ripe. Seeds, four, large, flat, dark. A pepo.
Found,, in rich soil from Canada to Pennsylvania, Eastern
Kansas and Texas.
An extensively climbing, herbaceous annual, nearly
smooth, with abundant foliage, useful for screens and
arbors.CLASS FIRST—Continued
(EXOGENS)
DIVISION II
CALYX AND COROLLA USUALLY BOTH PRESENT—THE LATTER
OF UNITED PETALS
(GAMOPETALOUS)
85No. ii.—Family CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (Honeysuckle
Fam.)
Flowers, tubular, narrow bell-form, or funnel-form. Petals,
five, united. Stamens, inserted on the corolla and as
many as its lobes,—or in Linnaea (i) one less than
the lobes. Styles, one. Stigmas, three to five.
Seed-case, two- or three-celled, adherent to the calyx.
Leaves, simple, opposite, entire—or sometimes in Linnaea
(i) very slightly lobed, or wavy—without real
stipules.
Fruit, one- to several-seeded. A berry or a capsule.
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
Herbaceous, Stamens 4.	(1) Linnaea (Twin-Flower).
Woody, Stamens 5.	(2) Lonicera (Honeysuckles).
(1) Genus Linnaia, Gr.
Named for Linnaeus, who especially loved the delicate Lijiruea borealis that is
described below.
Fig. 44.—Twin-Flower. Z. borealis, Z.
Flowers, nodding, very fragrant, in pairs on long stems
from the axils of the leaves. Corolla, rose-color to
whitish, narrow bell-shape, five-lobed, soft-hairy at
the throat. Calyx, five-toothed. Stamens, four, in
two pairs of different length. Seed-case, adherent to
the calyx, three-celled (two of the cells abortive).
8788 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece). [No. u
Cluster-stems, about three inches in length, erect,
slightly hairy. June.
Leaves, small, simple, opposite, rounded, with scattered
hairs, sometimes with very slightly lobed or wavy
edge.
Fruit, dry. Cells, three (two of them abortive), ripening
but one seed. A capsule.
Found, in damp woods and bogs from the mountains of
Maryland far westward, and northward to the Arctic
Ocean.
A delicate trailing plant, evergreen, herbaceous, with
slender stems that branch and root until they carpet the
ground.
I was a boy on a tramp among the mountains of New
Hampshire, when I first found these pretty and fragrant
little bells among wide reaches of damp moss. I did not
know then of Linnaeus’ liking for the flower, and I knew
little of botany, but I ranked it then and have ranked it
ever since as among the daintiest of all the flowers that
grow.
There is said to be a portrait of Linnaeus in which the
button-hole of the coat is ornamented with this flower.
(2) Genus LonicTra, L. (Honeysuckle).
From the name of a. German botanist of the sixteenth century.
Flowers, tubular, or funnel-form, in stemless clusters in the
axils of the upper leaves. Corolla, five-cleft, often
swollen at the base. Calyx, small, and very short
five-toothed. Stamens, five. Seed-case, two- or three-
celled, few-seeded, adherent to the calyx.go
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece). [No. n
Leaves, simple, opposite, entire.
Fruit, red or orange, several-seeded, marked with the per-
sistent teeth of the calyx. A berry.
Woody vines.
Fig. 45.—Trumpet Honeysuckle. L. sempenhrens, Ait.
Flowers, trumpet-shape, nearly regular, without fragrance,
about two inches long. Corolla, deep red without,
or rarely yellowish, yellowish within ; bulging on one
side. Stamens and style only slightly exserted. May
to July.
Leaves, variable, ovate to oblong or lance-shape, smooth,
the upper united by their bases, the lower with stems ;
in the South persistent and evergreen, but falling in
the North.
Fottnd, very common in cultivation, and wild from
Connecticut to Indiana and southward.
A showy and vigorous twining shrub, sometimes in
rich soil climbing to the top of forest trees. Very orna-
mental in cultivation.
Blossom resembling Fig. 46.-—American Woodbine. Evergreen
Honeysuckle. Yellow Honeysuckle. L. grata, Ait.
Flowers, very fragrant, spreading at the mouth ; the lower
lip narrow, the upper lip broad and four-toothed, in
clusters of five or six blossoms. Corolla, about one
and a half inches long ; the slender tube reddish or
purplish, the rest whitish, all changing to yellowish ;
smooth within, not swollen and not hairy at the base.
Stamens and style smooth and much exserted. May,
June.92
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece).	[No. n
Leaves, evergreen, opposite, sometimes in threes, smooth,
usually reverse egg-shape, the upper ones united by
their bases. Young branches, often hairy.
Found, in cultivation, and wild, from New Jersey west-
ward, and southward to the mountains of Carolina.
A vigorous, shrubby twiner, ten to twenty feet long.
Cultivated for its fragrant flowers and its foliage.
Fig. 46.—Japanese Honeysuckle. [Z. fapdnica, T.]
Flowers, about one and a half inches long, in pairs in the
axils of the leaves, fragrant, spreading at the mouth,
the lower lip narrow, the upper lip broad and toothed,
white, changing to yellowish.	Tube of corolla, some-
what hairy within and without.
Leaves, one to two and a half inches long, oval to egg-
shape, opposite, never united. Young branches,
hairy.
Found, common in cultivation, and sometimes escaped.
A vigorous, shrubby vine, widely cultivated for its fra-
grant flowers and its foliage.
Leaf resembling Fig. 45.—Hairy Honeysuckle. Z. hirsiita, Eaton.
Flowers, orange-yellow, sticky ; tube, slender, one half inch
or less in length, swollen at the base, hairy within.
Mouth, lips, stamens, and style as in the last, but the
filaments bearded.
Feaves, egg-shape to broad-oval, usually hairy above and
on the edges ; downy-hairy beneath ; the upper ones
united by their bases, the rest with short stems ; veins
prominent. Branches, downy-hairy.93
Fig. 46.—Japanese Honeysuckle. [L. Japdnica, T.]94
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece). [No. n
Found, in damp ground from Pennsylvania northward and
westward.
A somewhat coarse and large-leaved vine, twining often
to the height of fifteen or twenty feet.
Leaf resembling Fig. 45.—Yellow Honeysuckle. L. Sullivdntii, G.
Flowers, fragrant, light yellow, usually in clusters of about
ten blossoms ; tube, about one half inch long, not
swollen at base, hairy within ; the mouth, lips,
stamens, and style, as in the last, but the filaments
nearly smooth. May to July.
Leaves, two to four inches in length, smooth, oval to
reverse egg-shape, becoming much whitened ; stem-
less, and on the flowering branchlets oftenest united
at their bases in pairs.
Found, from New York to Georgia and westward.
A smooth woody vine, scarcely twining, three to six
feet in height.
Fig. 47.—Small-Leaved Honeysuckle. L. glauca, Hill. (L.
parvifblia, Lam., and part of var. Douglasii, G.)
Flowers, in clusters usually of crowded blossoms ; greenish-
yellow or tinged with red. Tube, one third inch in
length, hairy within. Mouth, lips, stamens, and style,
as in the Woodbine (L. grata), but the style and the
base of the filaments hairy.
Leaves, two to three inches in length or more, oblong,
the upper ones united at the base in pairs, the others
either united or separate and stemless.
Found, from Pennsylvania westward and northward.
A smooth twining vine three to five feet high.96	Madder (Rubiacece).	[No. 12
No. 12.—Family RUBlACEAL (Madder Fam.)
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
Vine, prostrate ; stems, cylindrical, (i) Mitchella, L.
(Partridge-Berry).
Vine, ascending ; stems, square. (2) Galium (Bed-
straw).
(1) Genus Mitchella, L.
Named for John Mitchell, an early botanist of Virginia.
Fig. 48.—Partridge-Berry. M. ripens, L.
Flowers, about one half inch long, terminal in pairs ;
white, often purple-tinged, very fragrant. Corolla,
funnel-form, four-lobed, densely hairy within. Calyx,
four-toothed. Stamens, four, inserted on the tube of
the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Style, one.
Stigmas, four, line-like. In some specimens the sta-
mens are exserted and the stigmas included, in others
the stamens are included and the stigmas exserted.
Seed-case, one for the pair of flowers, adherent to the
calyx, four-celled ; one young seed in each cell. June,
July.
Leaves, evergreen, simple, opposite, entire, connected
around the stem by minute stipules, one half to five
sixths of an inch in length ; round egg-shape, slightly
heart-shaped at the base, with short stems, smooth
and shining, and often marked with whitish lines,
turning black in drying.
Fruit, a bright red, edible berry, curious for its double
structure—one berry for the pair of flowers, crowned
with two sets of calyx-teeth, and with eight small
seeds. A berry-like double drupe.97
Fig. 48.—Partridge-Berry. (M. repens, L.)98	Madder (Rubiacece).	[No. 12
Found, northward and southward, in dry woods, especially
about the trunks of pines.
A pretty trailing and woody little evergreen, one to
two feet in length, retaining its berries and its leaves
throughout the winter. In color and size the red berries
resemble the Checkerberry, for which they are sometimes
mistaken—needlessly mistaken, however, for their double
“ eyes ” and their lack of spicy flavor easily distinguish
them.
(2) GAlium, L. (Bedstraw).
From a Greek word meaning “ milk” because the flowers of one species, G. v£rum,
were used for curdling milk.
Flowers, very small, in clusters ; the cluster-stems form
the axils of the leaves. Corolla, four-parted, wheel-
shape. Calyx, minutely four-toothed or entire.
Stamens, four, short, inserted on the tube of the corolla,
and alternate with its lobes. Style, two, united at the
base. Seed-case, adherent to the calyx.
Leaves, simple, opposite, or in whorls around the slender
stems ; entire, without stipules.
Fruit, dry, round, double, separating when ripe into two
one-seeded parts. Achenes or nutlets.
Weak climbing and leaning herbs, with square stems
that in most species are very rough on the edges.
Fig. 49.—Bedstraw. Goose-Grass. Cleavers. G. AparYne, L.
Flowers, white, numerous. Cluster-stems, branching,
each branch bearing one or two (sometimes three)
blossoms. June.Fig. 49-—Bedstraw. (G. Aparlne, L.)
Fig. 50.—Rough Bedstraw. (G. asprellum, Mx.)
99ioo	Madder (Rubiacece).	[No. 12
Leaves, one to two inches in length, very narrow, about
eight in a whorl (sometimes only six), lance-shape or
reverse lance-shape, rough on the mid-veins and the
edges.
Fruit, covered with very fine hooked prickles, which
when ripe cling at a touch, so aiding in the distribu-
tion of the seed.
Found, in shaded ground from Indiana through the
Northern States to Canada.
A weak vine several feet in length ; its stems reclining,
hairy at the joints, square, and rough with downward-
pointing bristle-prickles, by help of which the vine climbs.
The root yields a red dye, and the leaves are used
medicinally.
“ As girls we used to rub from the fruit the prickles, and
then play the white seeds within were pearls. The lustre
was indeed very pearl-like, but it would not last.”
Fig. 50.—Rough Bedstraw. Rough Cleavers. G, asprdlum, Mx.
Flowers, white, numerous. Cluster-stems, two or three
times forked.
Leaves, five twelfths to two thirds inch in length, four to
six in a whorl (usually six on the main stems, and
four or five on the branches), one-veined, the mar-
gins and the mid-vein roughened with prickles, lance-
shape to oval, sharp-pointed.
Fruit, minute, smooth, or often when young slightly
hairy.No. 12]	Madder (Rubiacece).	ioi
Found, common in thickets and low ground in the
Northern States and Canada.
A weak vine two to five feet in length, much branching.
o 1	o
Its stems are reclining, square, and rough with minute
downward-pointing and hooked prickles by help of which
the vine clings and climbs.
O
Resembling Fig. 50.—Small Bedstraw. G. trifidum, L.
Flowers, very small, white, on one- to seven-flowered
stems. Petals and stamens, often only three.
Leaves, unequal, in whorls of four to six or seven, line-
like to reverse lance-shape, not sharp-pointed, three
twelfths to seven twelfths inch long, one-veined ;
edge and mid-vein, rough.
Fruit, smooth.
Found, in boggy and wet ground throughout the conti-
nent.
A weak, ascending vine, one to two feet long, branch-
ing and interlacing, with the stems usually roughened
backwards on the edges. Dries black.
Fig. 51.—Sweet-Scented Bedstraw. G. triflorum, Mx.
Flowers, greenish-white. Cluster-stems, mostly three-
blossomed.
Leaves, one to two inches in length, four to six in a
whorl, one-veined, the margins slightly roughened,
lance-shape to oval or to reverse egg-shape ; bristle-
pointed.102
[No. 13
Composite (Compositee).
Fruit, covered and whitened, with hooked bristles.
Found, in rich, damp ground throughout the United
States and Canada.
A weak vine, one to three feet in length, with the
angles of the stem roughened backwards. The plant is
fragrant in drying.
Fig. 52.—Hairy Bedstraw. G.pilbsum, Ait.
Flowers, purplish. Flower-stems, two- or three-forked.
July to Sept.
Leaves, one inch long (or sometimes less), four in a whorl,
oval, not bristle-pointed, three-nerved ; surface some-
what hairy and dotted.
Fruit, beset with hooked hairs.
Found, from Vermont to Illinois and southward.
A weak perennial vine, one to three feet long, reclining
or sometimes erect. Stems branching, hairy on the edges
or somewhat rough.
No. 13.—Family COMPOSITE. (Composite Fam.)
Genus Mikania, Willd.
Named after a botanist of Prague.
Pig- 53-—Climbing Hemp-Weed. Climbing Boneset. M.
sedndens, L.
Flowers, flesh-colored to pale purplish, in clusters made
up of many small heads, each head composed of fourio3
Fig. si.—Sweet-Scented Bedstraw. (G. trifldrum, Mx.)
Fig. 52. — Hairy Bedstraw. (G. pildsum, Ait.)104
Composite (Composite). [No. 13
blossoms and surrounded by four narrow scales. Co-
rolla, tubular. Calyx represented by a row of slender
roughened bristles. Stamens, five, inserted on the
corolla. Anthers, united in a tube around the style.
Style, one, two-cleft at the apex. Seed-case, one-
celled, one-seeded, united to the calyx. July to Sept.
Leaves, mostly two to three inches in length, simple,
opposite, toothed, or sometimes entire, pointed at the
apex, with the base usually heart-shaped, and often
unequally lobed. Leaf-stem, mostly one to two inches
long.
Fruit, seed-like, dry, five-angled, lengthwise. An achene.
Found, along the borders of streams and in damp thickets
from New England southward. Somewhat rare.
A beautiful vine more or less herbaceous with long twin-
ing stems, smooth or nearly so throughout.
Nearly every Sabbath the summer through, the simple
village church where we worshipped was made beautiful
with wild flowers. Especially was it so one Sabbath in
September. The Saturday before, Miss Mary and the
younger children had taken Toby (their small black pony,
aet. 25 years or thereabout) and driven a mile down the
shore. There in a swampy stretch at the side of the road
they found in abundance the beautiful climbing hemp-
weed. It screened to their tops and over their tops the
high bordering thickets. They gathered their prize in
masses ; and the next day its grace and its beauty
preached with the preacher to the worshippers in God’s
house.106	Heath (Encacece).	[No. 14.
No. 14.—Family ERICACE/E. (Heath Fam.)
Flowers, regular. Petals, four or five, united. Stamens,
twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them.
Pollen, of four united grains. Style, one. Seed-case,
four- or five-celled, and many-seeded except in Bear-
berry (Arctostaphylos, No. 3).
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire, without stipules.
Fruit, a berry, or, in Arbutus (No. 4), a capsule.
Prostrate vines.
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
(a) Leaves half inch in length, or less.
(b) Leaves whitened beneath. Berries red. (1) Vac-
cfnium (Cranberry).
(b) Leaves rusty-bristly beneath. Berries white. (2)
Chiogenes (Snowberry).
0) Leaves about one inch in length, or more.
(b) Leaves reverse egg-shape or spatulate. Edge en-
tire. Berry red. (3) Arctostaphylos (Bear-
berry).
(b) Leaves heart-shape. Fruit a capsule. (4) Epigtea
(Arbutus).
(b) Leaves reverse egg-shape or oval. Edge toothed.
Berry red. (5) Gaultheria (Wintergreen).
(1) Genus Vacci'nium, L.
Fig. 54.—Large Cranberry. American Cranberry. V.
macrocarpon, Ait.
Flowers, pinkish, nodding on the ends of slender erect
stalks. Petals, four, very narrow, rolled back, united
below.	Calyx, four-cleft. Stamens, eight. Anthers,
lengthened upward into slender tubes, exserted, nearly107	Fig- 55-—Creeping Snowberry.	(C. serpyllifdlia, Salisb.)io8
Heath (Ericaceae).
[No. 14
three times as long as the filaments. Flower-stems,
one to several, from the base of the new shoots, one
half to one and one quarter inches in length, with two
small bracts near the middle. Seed-case, four-celled ;
many-seeded, adherent to the calyx. June.
Leaves, evergreen, one third to one half inch in length,
simple, alternate; edges entire, smooth, whitened
beneath, oval to oblong with rounded base, and
rounded or slightly pointed apex.
Fruit, one half to one inch in length, rounded or slightly
lengthened, edible when cooked, red of varying
shades, very acid, many-seeded. A berry.
Found, in peaty and swampy ground from North Carolina
northward to the Arctic Ocean, often in great
abundance.
A very pretty trailing and woody evergreen, one to
four feet in length.
O
The Cranberry has come to be of very great value as a
market fruit. Swampy land, that once was deemed worth-
less, is now made to yield large and valuable crops. In
some regions, along the New Jersey coast for example,
the time for the harvesting of the cranberry crop is as
busy and important a time as that of the wheat harvest
elsewhere. The country around is scoured for pickers.
Then early and late the flat, drained, or sun-dried grounds
are picturesque with the busy workers.
“ The name, ‘ Cranberry,’ may be due to the reputed
liking of the Crane for the berry, or to the crane-like neck
beneath the nodding berry.”No. i4]	Heath (Ericacece).	109
The little plant is very tough, notwithstanding its deli-
cate proportions, often flourishing where few other things
could live.
“ ’T is such a wee, fair, dainty thing,
You 'd think a greenhouse warm
Would be its proper dwelling-place,
Kept close from wind and storm.
“ But on the moor it dwelleth free,
Like a fearless mountain child,
With a rosy cheek, a lightsome look,
And a spirit strong and wild.”
Louise Twamly.
Resembling Fig. 54-—Small Cranberry. I'. Oxycoccus, L.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, with the anthers not more than one half as long
as the filaments.
Leaves, one sixth to one quarter inch in length, egg-
shape. Edge, strongly rolled under. Apex, pointed.
Fruit, one quarter to one third inch in length, often white-
speckled when young, seldom marketed.
Found, from Pennsylvania and New England far north-
ward.
“ V. oxycoccus, L., is found wild in England, Ireland,
Central and Northern Europe, on the wilds of Siberia1 IO
[No. 14
Heath (Ericaceae).
(2) Genus Chiogenes, Salisb.
From two Greek words meaning “ snow ” and “ offspring,” with reference to its snow-
white berries.
Fig- 55-—Creeping Snowberry. C. serpylUfblia, Salisb. C.
hispidula, T. and G.
Flowers, white, bell-shape, very small, solitary, on short
nodding stems from the axils of the leaves, and with
two bractlets under the calyx. Corolla, deeply four-
cleft. Calyx, four-parted, persistent. Stamens, eight,
not exserted. Filaments, short and broad. Seed-case,
four-celled, many-seeded, adherent to the calyx.
May.
Leaves, evergreen, one quarter to one third inch in length,
alternate, egg-shape or oval, pointed ; margins rolled
under ; upper surface smooth, under surface set
sparingly with stiff, rusty hairs. Branches, slender
and like the leaves beset with rusty hairs.
Fruit, one quarter inch in diameter, rounded, bright white,
four-celled, many-seeded, edible. A berry.
Found, in swamps and mossy woods from North Carolina
through the Alleghany Mountains, and far northward
and westward.
A slender woody creeper, evergreen, from one to two
feet in length ; its berries and foliage pleasantly flavored,
with the aroma of wintergreen.
I pulled my row-boat, one August day, to the shore of
an island in Lake Placid, and left it there safe among the
rocks. Walking a few yards inland, I found myself
suddenly in a new world. Instead of water and openFig. 56.—Bearberry. (A. Uva-ursi, Spreng.)I I 2
Heath (Ericaceae).
[No. 14
skies, I was shut in overhead by the tops of ancient trees,
and on the level by a curtaining screen of thick shrubbery,
and beneath by a carpet that was woven and figured with
fallen branches and rocks and leaves and deep, velvet-soft
moss. As I looked more closely I saw that this moss was
threaded everywhere with the delicate, creeping snow-
berry, in fruit.
(3) Genus Arctostaphylos, Adans.
From two Greek words meaning “ bear” and “ grapes."
V
Fig. 56.—Bearberry. Dogberry. A. Uva-iirsi, Spreng.
Flowers, somewhat resembling- those of the related Trail-
ing Arbutus, whitish, in short, terminal, drooping
clusters. Corolla, egg- or urn-shape, five-toothed, the
teeth turned back, hairy within. Calyx, reddish,
five-parted, persistent. Stamens, ten, not exserted.
Anthers, each with two hairs on the back near the
apex. Filaments, hairy. Seed-case, free. May.
Leaves, evergreen, about one inch in length (sometimes
shorter), simple, alternate, smooth, entire, reverse
egg-shape or spatulate, thick and rigid, with short
stems.
Fruit, round, about the size of a currant, red, rather in-
sipid. Nutlets, five, firmly united. A berry-like
drupe.
Found, in the most barren places—on gravelly hills and in
dry woods—from New Jersey (where it is very com-
mon in the sandy pine-barrens), and Pennsylvania to
Missouri, and far northward, often covering the
ground in broad patches.No. 14]	Heath (Ericacece).	113
A trailing evergreen shrub, two to three feet long, with
the younger branchlets erect and from three to eight
inches in height. It is useful for tanning the finer kinds of
leather. The leaves are astringent, and used medicinally.
At one time they were recommended as a remedy in con-
sumption. It is the kinnikinnic of the Indians, who smoke
it, and believe it to be a safeguard from malarial fever.
The little vine is found in far northern regions wellnigh
the world around—in Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Siberia.
It is nearly related to the trailing Arbutus, with which it
was once grouped generically. To the older botanists it
was known as Arbutus Uva-ursi.
It is unusual for the generic Greek name and the Latin
specific name, and the common English name, all, as in
this case, to mean the same.
The fondness of birds and other animals for its berries
doubtless accounts in part for its wide distribution. To
human taste the flavor is not agreeable.
O
(4) Genus EpigTa, L.
From two Greek words meaning “ upon ” and “ ground,” with reference to the
trailing growth.
Fig- 57-—Trailing Arbutus. Ground Laurel. Mayflower.
E. ripens, L.
Floivers, in compact clusters from scaly bracts in the axils
of the leaves, with very pleasant spicy odor. Corolla,
oftenest delicately pink-tinged, varying from white to
deep rose ; five-lobed, the lobes rounded and spread-
ing, the tube hairy within. Calyx, of five-pointed,
scale-like, nearly distinct sepals ; about the length of
the corolla-tube, and with three bracts at its base.
Stamens, ten, with slender filaments. Style, one.
Stigma, slightly five-lobed. Seed-case, five-celled,
many-seeded, free. April and May.[No. 14
114	Heath (Ericacece.)
Leaves, evergreen, two to two and one half inches in
length, simple, alternate, entire, from rounded to egg-
shaped. Apex, rounded or with a slight point. Base,
heart-shaped ; the older leaves coarse and rough, in
strong contrast to the delicate blossoms. Leaf-stem,
hairy.
Fruit, rounded, five-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.
Found, oftenest in sandy woods, from Newfoundland west-
ward, and southward to Pennsylvania and Kentucky,
or, less frequently, to Florida.
A trailing woody evergreen, ten to fifteen inches in
length, rough, with bristly, reddish hairs. It is coarse in
aspect, the old worn and broken leaves clinging long after
the appearing of the blossoms and the new leaves. Often-
est the whole is hidden away, and sometime wholly cov-
ered from sight by the winter’s drift of dead leaves.
In New England the Mayflower, as it is there called,
is among the earliest of the spring flowers, and is the best
loved of them all. In some localities it figures promi-
nently in the May-day festival. The children search, and
bring it in quantities from the woods. Then at dusk they
take little baskets, sometimes made of paper for the
occasion, neatly trimmed with moss and heaped with the
fragrant blossoms, and carrying them to the homes of
their special friends, hang them on the door knobs, knock
and run. At least, years ago the New England children
did so. I hope they do so yet.Heath (Ericaceae.)
[No. 14
A Legend of the Trailing Arbutus.
A sweet old legend drifts and ever drifts,
In lines and rhymes, amid these breaths of spring.
I hear it in the voice of tinkling brooks
Set free but now from winter’s gorgon spell ;
I hear it in a herald bluebird’s notes,
And where a bee goes humming by in search
Of early flowers (steer well, small ship ;
Sail not too near the reefs of lingering snow) ;
I see it in the yellow aments soft
And pendulous from unleaved alder boughs ;
In softest shadows, too, of deepening green
On southward slopes with sheltered nooks between.
Far off in Eden’s pleasant bowers,
By grace of God a flower was born,
Whose pride of leaf and pride of bloom
Could even Eden’s bowers adorn.
Its lightly clustered petals seemed
A tinted fragrance when they bloomed ;
Its wealth of leaves in texture firm
A look of queenly robes assumed.
The (lower was deemed the queen of all
The flowers that Eve and Adam kept.
With all the flowers it drooped and mourned
When Eve and Adam sinned and wept.
They wept at thought of sin and loss,
They wept at thought of banishment,
They turned them to their lovely flowers
Ere forth to toil they weeping went.
Then none of all that blooming band
Of lovely Eden flowers did aught
But droop and mourn—till they bethought ;
And straightway Him, the Master, sought.
Of Him they humbly prayed that they
With Eve and Adam forth might go,No. 14]
Heath (Ericacece.)
To soothe perchance the exiles’ lot.
The Lord approved, and bade them so.
But oh ! the Lord, He named them first
A hard condition : If they went,
They all must yield their wealth of leaves.
At that was sore bewilderment.
Then Eve and Adam turned away,
And wept again for loss begun ;
And none of all the lovely flowers
Did aught but mourn anew—save one ;
And that the one deemed there the best,
The queen, the fair Arbutus flower,
Whose springing boughs and wealth of leaves
Were still the pride of Eden’s bower.
“ Yea, Master, I will go,
I love them so.
For coarser robe and trailing bough
I yield my wealth of leaves.
My spirit grieves,
But now, thou Lord of love,
I pray thee teach me from above
To ever brighten with my bloom
The shadows and the gloom
Of sin-cursed lands,
Where exiles toil with weary hands,
And roam with fading memory of home
Then Eve and Adam checked their sighs,
And blessed that loving Eden flower ;
While all the flowers, for love and loss,
Drooped low and long in Eden’s bower.
Full oft, in far and sin-cursed lands,
Where soon those exiles learned to roam,
A coarse-robed, trailing flower was all
That gave them memory of home.118
Heath (Ericacece.)
[No. 14
’T is so the quaint old legend seems to-day
To drift and ever drift, with murmurs low
Of bees, and love-songs of the mating birds,
And odors rare, and tinklings bright of rills
That ring their silver bells adown the hills.
But, nay ! It is not legend all and all ;
For, as I stoop beside this sheltered nook,
Behold, half-hidden ’neath a drift of leaves,
The Eden flower ! Coarse-robed it lies, yet fair
As when it smiled on Eve in paradise.
0	fallen queen ! I will not touch thy bloom ;
1	leave thee here amid these breaths of spring ;
For, exiled queen of Eden’s pleasant bowers,
I deem thee still the queen of spring-time flowers.
(5) Genus Gaultheria, Kalm.
From the name of a French physician of Quebec.
Fig. 58.—Wintergreen.	Checkerberry. Boxberry. Tea-
Berry. Partridge-Berry. G. procumbens, L.
Flower, nodding on slender stems, oftenest solitary.
Corolla, cylindrical or urn-shape, five-toothed, the
teeth turned back. Calyx, five-cleft, with two bracts
at the base, becoming fleshy and berry-like in fruit.
Stamens, ten, included, hairy. Anther-cells, each with
two slender hairs at the summit. Filaments, white
and hairy. Seed-case, five-celled, many-seeded, free
from the calyx but finally enclosed by it. Flower-
stem, downy, with two small bracts. June to Sep-
tember.
Leaves, evergreen, thick, and shining ; when young of a
delicate reddish-brown, simple, alternate, often clus-
tered at the top of the upright branchlets; edges
very slightly toothed ; oval or reverse egg-shape,
usually pointed at each end ; very spicy and pleasant
to the taste.I 20
Heath (Ericacece).
[No. 14.
Fruit, red, globular, many-seeded, edible ; formed by the
thickening of the calyx around the enclosed seed-case.
A berry.
Found, oftenest in cool, evergreen woods, from Georgia
far northward and sometimes southward to Florida.
A woody evergreen, the stem creeping extensively oft-
enest a little below the surface of the ground. From the
stem spring erect, flowering branches, three to five inches
in height. The edible fruit and the young leaves are very
spicy, aromatic, and slightly astringent. They are some-
times used to flavor tea, or even as a substitute for tea.
The names that are most common in New England are
Wintergreen and Checkerberry; sometimes also it is called
Partridge-Berry. Locally, the children give the tender
brownish leaves other names — “ Jinks,” “ Pippins,”
“ Drunkards.” In New Brunswick and in parts of Maine
the name is “ Ivory.” Among the hills of Southern Ohio,
it is “Mountain-Tea.” Tea-Berry is a common name
westward.
By what alchemy can the little Checkerberry-vine and
a tree—the unrelated Black Birch—both elaborate from
the elements around them the same most pleasant scent
and flavor. One other vine, still more modest, and of less
wide distribution, and with fruit as white as the Checker-
berry is red—the pretty creeping Snowberry of the North *
—shares with them the wonderful secret.
The Wintergreen seems rather to ignore the seasons in
its blossoming and its ripening of fruit. Its small red
* Described on page no.No. 15]
121
Pyxie (Dyapensiacem.)
balls may be found nearly the year around, and its blos-
soms from spring to fall. Moreover, it has but slight care
concerning location. It rather prefers damp, rich ground,
but it thrives also in the sandiest and driest. It can ac-
complish something more perhaps where sun and sand are
not against it ; but the pretty little thing seems equally
happy everywhere.
No. 15.—Family DIAPENSIACEFE. (Pyxie Fam.)
Genus Pyxidanthera, Mx.
From two Greek words meaning “box” and “ anther,” with reference to the
construction of the anthers.
Fig. 59.—Pyxie. Flowering Moss. P. barbulata, Mx.
Flowers, one quarter of an inch across, white or sometimes
rosy, solitary, stemless, bell-shaped, very abundant,
at the ends of short leafy branchlets. Petals, five,
rounded, united. Calyx, persistent. Sepals, thin,
very finely toothed, with small, prominent bracts be-
neath. Stamens, five, inserted on the corolla, with
the filaments adherent to it. Anther-cells opening
across, each with a slender bristle at its base. Style,
one. Stigma, three-lobed. Seed-case, three-celled,
many-seeded, free from the calyx. April, May.
Leaves, evergreen, one quarter inch in length, or less,
simple, crowded, the upper ones alternate, entire,
narrow, mostly reverse, lance-shape, pointed, some-
what hairy near the base. No stipules.
Fruit, three-celled, many-seeded, enveloped in the persist-
ent calyx. A capsule.
Found, from the sandy pine-barrens of New Jersey to
North Carolina.122
Primrose (Primulacece.)
[No. 16
An interesting little woody, evergreen, prostrate vine,
three to six inches in length ; not widely distributed, but
abundant in localities, often covering the ground in
flower-dotted mats of interlacing branches.
I do not know why it is, but I have a feeling toward
this pretty little plant, much like one’s feeling for the
Brownies as though they were themselves a sort of
Brownie tribe. I suspect the long name has something
to do with it—Pyxidanthera barbulata—and the blossom,
snuggling down as only a Brownie can, among the tiny
leaves. Then the abbreviation Pyxie is suggestive of
Puck, a first-class Brownie. And the small witches
choose most unique places for their homes. I have in
mind one such home where I used to visit them—a slope
of white sand on the edge of a cranberry bog, with miles
and miles of tall pines shutting it away from the outside
world—excepting on the lower side where there was a
break, with a far glimpse toward the ocean. If only it
had been a trifle later and the sun gone down, one might
have found himself listening for the Pyxies—or the
Brownies—whispering.
No. 16.—Family PRIMULACEAE. (Primrose Fam.)
Genus Lysimachia, Tourn.
Fig. 60.—Moneywort. Creeping-Charlie. [Z. nummularia, Z.]
Flowers, large (about one inch across), yellow, wheel-shape,
solitary, opposite, from the axils of the leaves.
Corolla, deeply five-lobed, the lobes rather blunt and
broadly reverse egg-shape. Calyx-lobes, narrower and
shorter. Stamens, five, inserted on the base of the
corolla, and opposite its lobes. Filaments, slightly123
(P, barbulata, Mx.)124
Milkweed ( Asclepiadacece).	[No. 17
united toward the base. Style, one. Stigma, one.
Seed-case, free, one-celled, few-seeded. July, Sep-
tember.
Leaves, simple, opposite, entire, rounded, dotted, smooth,
very short-stemed. Base, somewhat heart-shape.
Apex, rounded.
Fruit, rounded, one-celled, few-seeded. A capsule.
Found, in damp ground escaped from gardens.
A trailing herbaceous vine very common in cultivation,
especially in old gardens. Introduced from Europe.
“ It is reported that if serpents be hurted or wounded,
they do heal themselves with this herbe, whereupon came
the name serpentaria. .	.	. It is called nummularia,
of the form of money, whereunto the leaves are like.”
—Gerard’s Herball.
No. 17.—Family ASCLEPIADACE^. (Milkweed
Fam.)
Flowers, in axillary clusters. Petals, five, united. Sepals,
five, united. Stamens, five, united throughout (ex-
cept in Periploca Gneca, where the filaments are dis-
tinct). Anthers, adhering to and covering the stigma.
Styles, two. Seed-cases, two, free from the calyx,
covered by the united stamens ; many-seeded.
Leaves, simple, opposite, entire, without stipules.
Fruit, one-celled, inany-seeded, opening on one edge. A
follicle.
Plants with milky juice.Fig. 60.—Moneywort. [L. nummularia, L.]
Fig. 61. — Black Milkweed. [V. nigrum, Moench ]126
Milkweed (A sclepiadacece.)	[No. 17
(1) Genus Peri'ploca, L.
From two Greek words meaning “ twining."
Resembling Fig. 61.—Twining Milkweed. [T2 3. Grceca, L.]
Flowers, dark purple, in long axillary clusters. Corolla,
flat wheel-shape. Petals, united, very narrow, pointed,
very hairy within. Calyx, minute. Sepals, united,
narrow, pointed. Stamens, with filaments distinct.
Anthers, cohering, and bearded along the back.
Throat of the corolla surrounded by a five-parted
crown, each lobe tipped with a slender bristle.
Leaves, three to four inches in length, egg-shape, pointed.
Leaf-stem, one third inch in length.
Fruit, about two inches in length, smooth, many-seeded.
Seeds, hairy. A follicle.
Found, in cultivation, from which it has escaped sparingly
in Western New York.
A woody climber ten to fifteen feet in length.
(2) Genus Vincetoxicum, Moench.
From two Greek words meaning “ binding ” and “ poison."
Fig. 61.—Black Milkweed. [ V. nigrum, Moenchl\
Flowers, small, dark purple, in axillary clusters, each cluster
on a stem shorter than the leaves. Corolla, flat
wheel-shape, five-parted, the crown above its throat a
fleshy five- to ten-lobed, flat-disk.
Leaves, egg-shape to lance-shape, nearly smooth.
Fruit and seeds, smooth.
Found, as a weed escaped from cultivation from New
England to Pennsylvania.
A more or less twining herb.No. 18] Convolvulus (Convolvulacece.) 127
(3) Genus Gon6lobus, Moench.
Prom two Greek words meaning “angled” and “ pod,” with reference to the angular
fruit of some of the species.
Fig. 62.—Rough-Fruited Milkweed. G. oHlquus, R. Br.
Flowers, dull or greenish outside, purplish within, in
many-blossomed clusters. Corolla, five-parted, wheel-
shape ; in bud, long cone-shape; its lobes five sixths
to one half inch in length and one twelfth of an inch
in width ; minutely downy within ; the crown in its
throat a fleshy ring. June, July.
Leaves, three to eight inches in length, round to egg-
shape. Base, heart-shape. Apex, abruptly pointed.
Fruit, rough with hard short points.
Found, along the banks of streams from the mountains of
Pennsylvania and Virginia to Ohio and Missouri.
A climbing or trailing herbaceous vine three to five feet
in length.
No. 18.—Family CONVOLVULACEAi. (Convolvulus
Fam.)
Flowers, mostly showy, on axillary flower-stems. Corolla,
five-lobed, but with the edge so nearly even that the
lobes are scarcely more than indicated,—excepting in
Dodder (No. 4), which is more deeply lobed, and
sometimes is in fours instead of fives throughout.
Calyx, five-lobed or parted,-—excepting sometimes in
Dodder (No. 4). Stamens, of the same number as the
lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them. Styles,
one or two. Seed-case, free, two-celled, with two
young seeds in each cell; or four-celled by false par-
titions.128 Convolvulus (Convolvulacece), [No. 18
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire or lobed ; or, in Hedge
Bindweed (No. 2), sometimes slightly toothed at the
base; and, in Dodder (No. 4), lacking, or replaced by
scales.
Fruit, rounded, two- to four-celled ; or, in Convolvulus
(No. 2), sometimes one-celled by absorption. Seeds,
two to six. A capsule.
Twining or prostrate herbaceous vines, Many species
of the family have been introduced and cultivated for or-
nament (e. g., the Moon-floor), some for use (e. g., the
Sweet Potato).
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
(a) Leafy.
(b) Style, undivided. Stigmas, 1 to 3, blunt to
globular. Leaves, heart-shape or lobed. (1)
Ipomcba (Morning-Glory, etc.)
(b) Style, undivided, or two-cleft at the summit.
Stigmas, two, line-like to egg-shape. Leaves,
arrow-shape. (2) Convolvulus (Bindweeds).
(b) Style, two-cleft. Stigmas, two, blunt. Leaves,
narrow, tapering to the base. (3) Breweria
(Breweria).
(a) Leafless, parasitic, never green. (4) Cuscuta
(Dodder)
(1) Genus Ipomcea, L.
Floivers, from salver-form or funnel-form to nearly bell-
form ; one to five blossoms for each cluster-stem.
Corolla, with its edges lightly lobed or entire. Calyx,
with the outer sepals usually the largest. Bract,
absent; neither on the flower-stem nor covering the
calyx. Style, one, undivided. Stigmas, one to three,
short and blunt to globular.129
Fig. 62.—Rough-Fruited Milkweed. (G. obliquus, R. Br.)130 Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). [No. 18
Leaves, simple, alternate, heart-shaped or lobed.
Fruit, globular, separating into two to four pieces ; cells,
two to four. Seeds, four to six, or, by absorption of
the ovules, fewer.
Twining or prostrate herbaceous vines.
Fig. 63.—Morning-Glory. [/. purpiirea, Lam.\
Flowers, two inches in length, funnel form, of various
colors from purple to white. Corolla, twisted in the
bud. Calyx, hairy below. Sepals, long, narrow,
tapering. Stamens and style, not exserted. Stigma,
three-lobed. Seed-case, three-celled. Cluster-stems,
long, with two to five blossoms.
Leaves, broad, egg-shape to rounded, with the base heart-
shape and the apex pointed. Leaf-stem, hairy.
Fruit, three-celled.
Found, escaped from gardens, and very common in culti-
vation.
A rapid-growing, herbaceous vine, rough with down-
ward-pointing hairs, climbing by twisting. It is one
of the oldest and commonest and best liked of the
familiar garden flowers. It is a native of tropical
America.
Fig. 64.—Small Morning-Glory. [/. hederacea, Jacqi\
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :132 Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). [No. is
Flowers, one to one and one half inches in length. Calyx,
densely hairy below. Cluster-stem, with one to three
blossoms.
Leaves, sometimes heart-shaped, but usually variously
three-lobed, the lobes pointed.
Found, escaped from cultivation, from Pennsylvania
southward.
Stems, usually prostrate and one to one and a half feet
long.
Fig. 65.—Wild Cypress-Vine. [/. cocctnea, L.]
Flowers, one inch in length, light scarlet or sometimes
yellowish. Corolla, tubular, with a spreading salver-
shaped and slightly lobed border. Calyx, smooth,
or nearly so. Sepals, bristle-pointed. Stamens and
style, exserted. Style, one. Stigma, two-lobed. Seed-
case, four-celled, four-seeded. Cluster-stem, with about
five blossoms.
Leaves, variable, heart-shaped. Apex, pointed. Edge,
entire, or sometimes lobed and angled toward the
base. Base, lobes sometimes rounded and sometimes
pointed.
Fruit, four-celled, four-seeded.
Found, escaped from cultivation, from Ohio and Illinois
southward. Probably native in New Mexico and
Arizona.
A pretty twining vine with delicate flowers. It is not
as common in cultivation as the associated species [/.
Qudmoclit, L.J, which has a similar blossom, but a very
different leaf—deeply parted and feather-like.Fig. 65.—Wild Cypress-Vine. [I. coccinea, L.]
133134
Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). [No. 18.
Resembling Fig. 63.—Wild Potato-Vine. Man-of-the-Earth.
I. pandi/rata, Meyer.
Flowers, about three inches in length ; white, with the
tube purple within ; broad funnel-shape. Corolla,
three or four times longer than the calyx. Sepals,
smooth, egg-shape to oblong, very blunt, the two
outer ones shortest. Stamens and style, not exserted.
Stigma, two-lobed or entire, somewhat globose.
Cluster-stem, with one to five blossoms. June to
August.
Leaves, two to three inches in length, heart-shape, usually
pointed at the apex, entire, or sometimes contracted
at the sides to lobed and fiddle-shape.
Fruit, two-celled. Seeds, four, woolly on the angles.
Found, oftenest in dry ground, from Connecticut to
Michigan and southward to Florida and Texas.
A twining- or sometimes trailing herbaceous vine, with
stems four to eight feet in length ; several stems usually
springing from one huge tuberous and woody root that
often weighs from ten to twenty pounds.
“ This root has long been employed in domestic
medicine, and is a favorite remedy of some botanic doctors.
It is bitterish and somewhat astringent.”—Torrey.
Resembling Fig. 65.—White Star-Ipomcea. I. lacunbsa, L.
Flowers, about one inch in length, or less, bell-shape.
Corolla, white, sometimes with a purplish edge,
sharply five-lobed, about twice the length of the
calyx. Sepals, lance-shape to oblong, pointed, hairy.
Stamens and style, not exserted. Stigma, two-lobed
or entire. Cluster-stem, much shorter than the leaf-
stem, usually about one half as long, with one to three
blossoms. August, September.135136 Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). [No. 18
Leaves, about two inches in length, heart-shaped to three-
lobed, pointed at the apex.
Fruit, two-celled, four-seeded.
Found, oftenest in low ground from Pennsylvania to Illi-
nois and southward to South Carolina and Texas.
A twining or prostrate vine, herbaceous, slender,
smoothish, two to six feet in length.
(2) Genus Convolvulus, Tourn. (Bindweeds.)
From a Latin word meaning “ to entwine.”
Flowers, funnel-shape to bell-shape. Petals, united.
Bracts, present, covering the calyx, or minute on the
flower stem. Stamens, not exserted. Style, one, un-
divided or two-cleft at the apex. Stigmas, two, line-
like to egg-shape.
Leaves, simple, alternate more or less arrow-shape.
Fruit, round, two-celled, or one-celled by absorption of
the partition. Seeds, four.
Twining or prostrate herbaceous vines.
Fig. 66.—Hedge Bindweed. Rutland Beauty. C. s'epium, L.
Flowers, white or rose-tinted. Corolla, one and a half to
two inches in length. Calyx, five-parted, with two
large leaf-like bracts entirely covering it, the bracts
heart-shaped at their base, and at their apex usually
pointed, sometimes varying to very blunt. Stamens,
widened and feathered toward the base, not exserted.
Flower-stem, four-angled, one-flowered, as long as the
leaf-stein, or longer. June, July.137i38 Convolvulus ((Convolviilacece). [No. is
Leaves, two to four inches in length, more or less arrow-
shaped. Apex, pointed. Base, lobed, the lobes
often cut obliquely, and sometimes slightly toothed
or wavy.
Fruit, one-celled or imperfectly two-celled, four-seeded.
Found, in rich moist ground from North Carolina north-
ward and westward.
An extensively twining or sometimes prostrate vine, five
to eight feet in length, smooth, or sometimes varying to
downy.
In parts of England the blossom of the Bindweed is
named Old Man’s Night-Cap, as that of the White Cam-
pion is named Grandmother’s ,Night-Cap.
Fig. 67.—Field Convolvulus. [C arvtnsis, Z ]
This species differs chiefly in the following items :
Flowers, three quarters inch in length. Bracts, minute,
pointed near the middle of the flower-stem.
Leaves, variable, the lobes at the base pointed. Stem,
slightly hairy, several feet in length.
Fruit, two-celled.
Found, not common, escaped, in old fields from North
Carolina to Maine.
The Field Convolvulus “has taken possession of many
of our old fields, where it proves troublesome to farmers.”
—T ORREY.No. 18] Convolvulus (Convolvulacece).
!39
(3) Genus Breweria, R. Br.
From the name of an English botanist of the eighteenth century.
Fig. 68.—Breweria. B. Pickertngii, G.
Flowers, white, small, bell-shape. Corolla, five-angled1
more or less silky on the outside. Sepals, very hairy.
Stamens and style, exserted. Styles, two, united to
above the middle. Stigmas, blunt. Flower-stems,
with one to three blossoms and narrow leaf-like bracts
which are as long as the flowers or longer.
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire, very narrow, line-like, or
the lower ones widened toward the apex and tapering
to the base, nearly stemless.
Found, from the dry pine-barrens of New Jersey to North
Carolina, and, more sparingly, westward.
A prostrate herbaceous vine, smoothish or soft-downy.
(4) Genus Cuscuta, Tourn. (Dodder, Love Vine.)
Flowers, about one twelfth to two twelfths of an inch in
length, whitish, in clusters. Corolla, from globular
to tubular, with a five-cleft or four-cleft spreading
border. Calyx, five-cleft or four-cleft, or of five
distinct sepals. Stamens, alternate with the lobes of
the corolla, and with scale-like, often fringed, attach-
ments at their base. Styles, two, distinct or united.
Seed-case, two-celled. Blossoming usually in the sum-
mer and fall.
Leaves, lacking ; in place of them usually a few scattered,
minute scales. Stems, thread-like.
Fruit, two-celled, mostly four-seeded.140	Convolvulus (ConvolvulacecB). [No. 18
A delicate parasite, whitish to yellowish or to light red-
dish in every part, appearing more like a tangle of thread
than a living plant. The seeds germinate in the ground ;
then throw up slender stems which soon wither at the
root; but the vine continues its growth over neighboring
plants, clinging to them and feeding upon them by help of
minute suckers. It is a true parasite, living thus upon
other forms of vegetation, sometimes very greatly to their
injury.
The name “ Dodder ” is said to be the ancient Frissian
name, and to signify a tangled hank of silk, such as the
stalks often suggest.
In England other names are given to the Dodder : one,
and not a pleasant one, is “ Devil’s gut,” because of the
slender stems twining around other plants as though to
strangle them. Another name is “ Strangle-tare ”;
another, “ Lady’s-lace.”
In a curious poem written nearly a hundred years ago,
Dr. Erasmus Darwin comments :
“ The fair Cuscutae please
With labored elegance aud studied ease.
With sly approach they spread their dangerous charms,
And round their victims wind their wiry arms.
So by Seamander when Laocoon stood,
Where Troy’s proud turrets glittered in the flood,
Two serpent forms .	.	.
Ring above ring in many a tangled fold
Close and more close the writhing limbs surround
And fix with foamy teeth the envenomed wound.”141
Fig. 68.—Breweria. (B. Pickeringii, G.)
Fig. 69.—Dodder. (C. Grondvii, Willd.)H2 Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). [No. 18
GUIDE TO THE SPECIES.
(a)	Stigmas, rounded or blunted. Seed-case, not splitting
when ripe.
(b)	Calyx with united sepals. Seed-case, flattened at the
apex.
(c)	Flowers in dense rounded clusters. Corolla with
a short and wide tube, (i) C. chlorocarpa (Green-
Fruited Dodder). (2) C. arvensis (Field Dodder).
(c) Flowers in lengthened or angled clusters. Corolla
with a long slender tube. (3) C. tenuiflora (Nar-
row-Flowered Dodder).
(6) Calyx with united sepals. Seed-case pointed at the
apex.
(c) Corolla-lobes pointed and turned in. (4) C. de-
cora and var. (Comely Dodder). (5) C. inflexa
(Bending Dodder).
(e) Corolla-lobes blunt and spreading. (6) C. Gro-
novii and var. (Gronovius’ Dodder).
)b) Calyx with five distinct sepals. (7) C. compacta
(Compact Dodder). (8) C. glomerata (Coiled
Dodder).
{a) Stigmas lengthened. Seed-case splitting when ripe.
(9) [C. epilinum] Flax Dodder. (10) [C. epi-
thymum] Thyme Dodder.
(1) Green-Fruited Dodder. C. chlorocarpa. Eng.
Flowers, one twelfth inch, or a little more in length, in
dense, rounded clusters. Corolla, with a short and
wide tube. Corolla-lobes and calyx-lobes, usually four-
pointed, often longer than the tube. Scales, at the
base of the stamens, small and two-cleft, or oftener
reduced to minute teeth.
Slew, coarse, orange color.
Fruit, globular, with depressed apex; pale, greenish-
yellow.
Found, in damp ground from Wisconsin to Arkansas, also
in Pennsylvania and Delaware.
A favorite support is the common Knotweed.>43
No. 18] Convolvulus ( Convolvulacece).
(2) Field Dodder. C. arve'nsis, Bey.
Flowers, scarcely one twelfth inch in length, five-parted,
in dense, rounded clusters. Corolla, with a short
and wide tube. Corolla-lobes, longer than the tube,
pointed, with the ends turned in. Calyx-lobes, blunt
and usually very broad. Scales, at the base of the
stamens, large and deeply fringed.
Stem, pale and slender, scarcely one foot in length.
Frtiit, globular, with depressed apex, yellowish.
Found, on rather dry soil, from New York to Florida, and
westward to the Pacific. Very variable.
(3) Slender-Flowered Dodder. C. tenuiflbra, Eng.
Flowers, one twelfth inch in length, or less, usually four-
parted, in lengthened or angled clusters. Corolla,
with a slender tube deeply bell-shaped, the tube usually
longer than the lobes. Corolla-lobes, and calyx-lobes,
oblong and blunt. Scales, at the base of the stamens,
shorter than the tube and fringed.
Stems, coarse, yellow.
Fruit, one twelfth inch ora little more in diameter, globose
with depressed apex.
Foicnd, in wet ground, from Pennsylvania westward and
southward. Favorite supports are button-bushes, tall
asters, etc.
(4) Comely Dodder. C. decora, Eng.
Flowers, one eighth inch in length or a little more, fleshy
and sometimes slightly rough, broad bell-shape, in
loose clusters. Corolla-lobes, five, spreading or erect,
with the pointed tips turned in ; egg-shape to lance,
shape. Edges, minutely round-toothed. Calyx-lobes,
triangular, pointed. Scales, large, deeply fringed.144 Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). [No. 18
Stem, coarse.
Fruit, pointed, enveloped by the persistent corolla.
Found, in open wet ground from Illinois to Florida and
Texas and westward. Favorite supports are low
plants, oftenest of the Leguminosae and the Com-
posite Families.
Var. pulckirrima, Eng., has larger flowers, one eighth
to one quarter inch in length and width, with yellow or
purple anthers and stigmas.
(5) Bending Dodder. C. inflexa, Eng.
Flowers, one twelfth inch in length, fleshy, bell-shape, in
loose clusters. Corolla-lobes, usually four, erect with
the pointed tips turned in. Edges, minutely round-
toothed. Sepals, united. Scales, at the base of the
stamens, minute, reduced to a few teeth.
Fruit, brownish, pointed, often with the withered corolla
at its summit.
Foimd, in dry ground from southern New England to
Nebraska.
Fig. 69.—(6) Gronovius’ Dodder. C. Gronovii, IVilld.
Flowers, very variable in size, usually from a little over
one twelfth to one eighth inch in length, in loose
clusters. Corolla, bell-shape, the tube longer than
the lobes and longer than the calyx. Corolla-lobes,
mostly five, spreading, blunt. Sepals, united. Scales,
at the base of the stamens large, oval, and abundantly
fringed. August, September.
Stems, light orange, coarse, often high climbing.No. 18] Convolvulus (Convolvulacece). 145
Fruit, globose or oval, brown, with a stout boss-like pro-
jection at the apex. Corolla persistent at the base.
Found, in wet and shaded grounds from Canada westward,
and southward to Florida and Texas. Our most
common species; the only one found throughout
New England.
Var. latifiora, Eng., has more delicate flowers with the
tube of the corolla shortened, and its lobes lengthened to
about the same dimensions ; with narrow scales. Common
northward.
(7) Compact Dodder. C. compacta, pi/ss.
Flowers, stemless, in close, compact clusters. Corolla,
with a cylindrical tube. Corolla-lobes, five, spreading,
oblong, blunt. Sepals, five, separate, rounded, hol-
lowed, and slightly round-toothed, surrounded by
three to five similar bracts. Scales, at the base of
the stamens, large and deeply fringed. July to Sep-
tember.
Fruit, somewhat pointed, often with the withered corolla
at its summit.
Found, from Ontario, along the west side of the Alle-
ghany Mountains to Alabama and Texas, nearly
always on shrubs—Hazel, Alder, etc.
(8) Coiled Dodder. C, glomerata, Choisy.
Flowers, stemless, in very dense continuous clusters. Co-
rolla, tubular. Corolla-lobes, five, oblong to lance-
shape, usually blunt, spreading or reflexed. Sepals,
five, one twelfth inch in length, separate, oblong,
their tips recurved, shorter than the tube of the
corolla, surrounded by numerous similar bracts.
Style, several times longer than the seed-case. Scales,
large and deeply fringed.m6 Nightshade (Solanacece).	[No. 19
Found, from Ohio to Minnesota and Texas, most frequently
on plants of the Compositae Family.
The mass of knotted flowers, bracts, and stems often
forms ropes one half to three quarters of an inch in thick-
ness.
(9) Flax-Dodder. [C. cpilinum, U'ei/ie.]
This species, with the next, differs from all the others
especially in these two items :
Stigmas, elongated.
o	O
Frjiit, splitting when ripe.
The stamens are not exserted.
The species has been introduced from Europe where it
is exceedingly hurtful in the flax-fields. It is occasionally
found in the flax-fields of the northern States. June.
(10) Thyme-Dodder. [C. epithymum, Murr.J
This species, with the preceding, differs from all others
especially in these two items :
Stigmas, elongated.
Fruit, splitting when ripe.
The stamens are exserted.
The species has been introduced from Europe, and is
occasionally found in beds of clover.
No. 19.—Family SO LAN ACE/E. (Nightshade Fam.)
(1) Genus Solanum, Tourn.
The Irish Potato, Egg-Plant, Tomato, etc., belong to this very large genus.
Fig. 70.—Woody Nightshade. Bitter-Sweet. [5. dulcamara, L.]
Floxocrs, purple or blue in small drooping clusters along
the sides of the stems. Corolla, five-parted, wheel-
shaped, with two greenish-white spots at the base ofM7
Fig. 70.—Woody Nightshade. [S. dulcamara, L.]148
Nightshade ( Solanacece).	[No. 19
each lobe. Calyx, five-parted, persistent. Stamens,
exserted, equal, with very short filaments, inserted on
the corolla alternate with its lobes. Anthers, blunt,
opening at the apex, united around the single style.
Stigma, one. Seed-case, free, two-celled, many-seeded.
June to September.
Leaves, mostly simple and egg-shape, alternate, with rank
odor when crushed ; the upper ones usually with two
ear-like lobes or two leaflets at the base. Edges, entire.
Base, usually heart-shape. Apex, pointed.
Fruit, bright red, oval, two-celled, many-seeded ; in
bunches that remain long after the leaves have fallen.
It is said to be poisonous when eaten. A berry.
Found, in moist ground, oftenest around dwellings, from
New England to Arkansas. Naturalized from
Europe.
A woody climber, or trailer, sometimes five or six feet
in length ; not to be confused with our very different
native Bitter-Sweet, C. sccindens. It is one of the numer-
ous plants which have lost their former reputation for high
medicinal qualities. Concerning the effects of the berries
when eaten there is the most conflicting testimony. Some
claim that the fruit is extremely poisonous, others that it
is harmless. The rind of the stalk is said to have a taste
at first bitter, then sweet, whence one of its popular
names.
(2) Genus Lycium, L.
Named from the country of Lycia, where the species was native.
Fig. 71.—Matrimony-Vine. [Z. vu/gare, Dunal. L. barbarian, L.]
Flowers, greenish-purple, solitary or in pairs from the
axils of the leaves, Corolla, five-lobed, the lobes,
spreading. Calyx, mostly three-cleft, persistent.Fig. 71.—Matrimony-Vine. [L. vulgare, Dunal.]
149	Fig. 72.—Trumpet-Creeper. (T. radicans, Juss.)15° Nightshade (Solanacece). [No. 19
Stamens, five, inserted on the corolla and alternate
with its lobes, exserted. Filaments, bearded and
closing the throat. Anthers, opening lengthwise.
Style, one. Stigma, one. Seed-ease, free, two-celled,
several seeded.
Leaves, two and a half to four inches, about three times as
long as wide, simple, alternate (or often in clusters).
Edge, entire, lance shape to oval, or sometimes
widened toward the apex, smooth. Base, tapering.
Apex, pointed or blunt. Stems, angled, the branches
sometimes spiny, and ending in a spiny point.
Fruit, small, oval, orange-red, two-celled. Seeds, several,
kidney-shaped. A berry.
Found, common in cultivation, and sparingly naturalized
in Pennsylvania, etc.
A woody shrub, with long trailing or drooping branches.
These branches in cultivation are often trained as screens,
and when wild, cover walls and fences in thick tangled
masses.
“ But daintiest of all the multitude of dainties of pas-
ture, wood, and meadow, is the nectar of flowers. .	.	.
I remember how when a child, if I wished an Olympian
feast, I sought the flowers of the queer, ungraceful old
Matrimony Vine, which, for some unknown reason, gained
so much favor with housewives, who carefully trained it
over porch or trellis or against the side of the house, yet
were always complaining at the litter of the constantly
falling leaves. .	.	. By squeezing the short tube of a
freshly opened flower—the faded buff ones were passed
by — a generous sweet drop was secured.” — Atlantic
Monthly, September, 1893.No. 20] Bignonia (Bignoniacece).	t 51
No. 20.—Family BIGNONlACEAi. (Bignonia Fam.)
Genus Tecoma, Juss.
Fig. 72.—Trumpet-Creeper. Trumpet-Flower. T. rddicans,
Juss.
Flowers, two and a half to three inches in length, scarlet
without, orange within, in terminal clusters. Corolla,
funnel-form, with short tube, five-lobed, slightly
irregular. Calyx, bell-shape, five-toothed, about half
the length of the corolla. Stamens, four (with rudi-
ments of a fifth), inserted on the corolla, not protrud-
ing. Anther-cells, diverging. Style, one, slender.
Stigma, two-lipped. Seed-case, free, two-celled, many-
seeded. June, August.
Leaves, compound, opposite. Leaflets, nine or eleven, two
to three inches in length, egg-shape to oval. Edges,
coarse-toothed. Apex and base, pointed.
Fruit, five to six inches in length, curved, two-celled, with
the partition at right angles to the flattened sides, a
section showing the figure of a cross. Seeds, many,
flat, winged across. A capsule.
Found, in moist soil, from Pennsylvania and Virginia,
southward to Florida and Texas. Common at the
north in cultivation.
A vigorous woody climber, sometimes mounting to the
height of twenty to eighty feet. In cultivation it perhaps
shows to best advantage when trained upon stout posts,
so forming thick columns of rich foliage and bloom. It is
without tendrils, climbing by help of numerous short root-
lets at the joints.J52
[No. 21
Mint (Labiatce).
No. 21.—Family LABIATtE. (Mint Fam.)
Genus Nepeta, L.
Pis'- 73-—Gill-over-the-Ground. Ground-Ivy. [TV. Glechbma,
Bcnth.]
Flowers, light blue, in loose clusters of about three blos-
soms, from the axils of the leaves. Corolla, tubular
below, two-lipped, the upper lip erect, two-notched
and somewhat hollowed; the lower lip spreading,
three-cleft, with the middle division largest and entire
or two-lobed. Calyx, obliquely five-toothed, about
one third the length of the corolla, tubular. Stamens,
four, in pairs, attached to the corolla, and ascending
under its upper lip. Anthers, usually so placed as to
form two small crosses. Style, one. Stigma, one,
two-lobed. Seed-case, free, deeply four-lobed around
the stigma, each lobe containing one young seed.
May.
Leaves, simple, opposite, rounded, one inch or less across,
round-toothed. Apex, rounded. Base, heart-shaped.
Fruit, composed of four clustered and separable nutlets or
achenes.
Found, common in damp and shaded ground. Introduced
from Europe.
A creeping herbaceous vine from a few inches to two
feet in length ; with square stems, as in all the Labihtce,
and foliage that is aromatic when crushed.
“ Boiled in mutton-broth it helpeth weake & akeing
backs.”—Gerard.CLASS FIRST—Continued
(EXOGENS)
DIVISION III
THE COROLLA LACKING
(APETALOUS)
155No. 22.—Family POLYGONACE/E. (Buckwheat
Fam.)
(i) Genus Polygonum. (Knotweeds.)
From two Greek words meaning “ many ” and “ knees,” because of the jointed sterns^
Flowers, in clusters. Corolla, lacking. Calyx, five- (rarely
four-) parted, mostly greenish-white with colored
margins, more or less corolla-like in appearance, per-
sistent. Stamens, usually eight, rarely five, and in
No. i (P. arifolium) six. Styles or stigmas, three,
(two in No. i). Seed-cases, free, one-celled, one-
seeded.
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire. Stipules, (ocrese) in the
form of sheaths around the stem at the swollen joints.
Fruit, enclosed, or nearly enclosed, by the calyx, one-
celled. Seed, one, flattened or triangular. An
achene.
All herbaceous.
GUIDE TO THE SPECIES.
(a) Stems prickly.
([b) Leaves halberd-shaped. Stamens six, styles two.
(i) Halberd-leaved Tear-Thumb (P. arifolium, L.).
(b) Leaves arrow-shaped. Stamens mostly eight,
styles three.
LS7Buckwheat (Polygonacece).	[No. 22
158
(2)	Arrow-leaved Tear-Thumb (P. sagittatum, L.).
(a) Stems not prickly.
(b) Sheaths naked. Fruit not winged.
(3)	Black Bindweed (P. convolvulus, L.).
if) Sheaths fringed at base. Fruit not winged.
(4)	Bristly-jointed Bindweed (P. cilinode, Mx.).
(b) Sheaths not fringed. Fruit winged.
(5)	Hedge Bindweed (S. scandens, L.).
Fig 74.—(1) Halberd-Leaved Tear-Thumb. P. arifolium, L.
Flowers, small, white or pale rose, in few-blossomed spikes.
Calyx, often four-parted. Stamens, six. Styles, two,
very short. June to October.
Leaves, two to four inches in length, halberd-shaped, the
base a pair of spreading pointed lobes, the apex taper-
ing and pointed. Leaf-stem, one half to one inch in
length, roughened with downward-pointing prickles.
Fruit, large, flattened, the shape of a double convex
lens.
Found, in low and wet ground from Canada to Georgia
and westward.
A weak vine, two to three feet long, climbing by help of
fine downward-pointing prickles on the edges of its
grooved and often red stem.
Fig- 75-—(2) Arrow-Leaved Tear-Thumb. Scratch-Grass.
P. sagittatum, L.
Flowers, whitish or pale rose, in small heads. Stamens,
usually eight. Styles, three, slender. Cluster-stems,
smooth and usually reddish or nearly white. June to
October.
Leaves, one to three inches in length, arrow-shape. Leaf-
stem, short, sheathing stipules at the joints, smooth,
membranaceous.159i6o
Buckwheat (Polygonacece). [No. 22
Fruit, sharply three-angled. Achenc, nearly black, smooth,,
nearly as broad as long.
Found, common everywhere in low ground.
A slender, usually prostrate vine, not twining, two to
five feet in length ; mostly smooth, excepting on the edges
of the four-angled stem, and on the mid-vein of the leaf
and leaf-stem. These parts are set with fine and very
sharp downward-pointing prickles.
Fig. 76.—(3) Black Bindweed. Knot Bindweed. [P. con-
volvulus, L.]
Flowers, whitish, either sessile or in small loose clusters
from the axils of the leaves. Calyx, five-lobed, twice
as long as the flower-stem, the three outer lobes
keeled. Stamens, eight. Styles, three, very short.
July and August.
Leaves, one to two inches or more in length, halberd-heart-
shape, tapering to the apex, with usually pointed and
somewhat spreading lobes at the base. Sheathing-
stipules, not fringed at their base as in No. 4 (Bristly-
Jointed Bindweed).
Fruit, three-angled, not winged around as in No. 5
(Hedge Bindweed). Achenc, dull black, under the
lens roughish (striate), the sides ovate-triangular to
oval.
Found, common in cultivation and in waste ground
from Canada to North Carolina. Naturalized from
Europe.
A prostrate or climbing and twining vine, with a ridged,
roughish, but not prickly stem, two to three feet in
length.Fig'. 76.—Black Bindweed. [P. convdlvulus, L.]
Fig. 77.—Bristly-Jointed Bindweed. (P. cilindde, Mx.)
Fig. 78.—Hedge Bindweed. (P. scandens, L.)162
Buckwheat (Polygonacece).	[No. 22
Fig. 77.—(4) Bristly-Jointed Bindweed. Bristly-Jointed
Knotweed. P. cilinbde, Mx.
Flowers, in loose, nearly leafless clusters, five inches in
length or so, at the sides and the ends of the branches.
Calyx, five-lobed, the outer lobes only obscurely
keeled. Stamens, eight. Styles, three, very short.
July to September.
Leaves, one to one and a half inches or more in length,
egg-shape, minutely downy. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base, deeply heart-shaped, with the lobes sometimes
slightly spreading. Sheathing-stipules, at the joints,
minutely fringed at the base with reversed bristles.
Fruit, three-angled, not winged around as in No. 5
(Hedge Bindweed). Achenc, very smooth and shin-
ing, the sides elliptical.
Found, in thickets and on rough hills, from Canada to the
mountains of North Carolina.
A slender climbing and twining vine, minutely downy,
three to nine feet in length.
Fig. 78.—(5) Hedge Bindweed. Climbing False Buckwheat.
P. sedndens, L.
Flowers, in interrupted, usually leafy clusters in the axils
of the leaves. Calyx, five-lobed, the three outer
sepals strongly keeled and becoming winged in fruit.
Stamens, eight. Styles, three, very short. July to
September.
Leaves, two to three inches in length, egg-shape. Apex,
pointed. Base, lobed, the lobes slightly pointed, or
rounded, sometimes spreading. Sheathing-stipules,
not fringed at the base as in No. 4 (Bristly-Jointed
Bindweed).N°. 23] Birthwort (Aristolochi'accce).	163
Fruit, winged around like elm-seeds. Achene, smooth,
black, with sides hollowed and ovate-elliptical.
Found, common in thickets from Canada to Florida and
westward.
A slender vine eight to twelve feet in length, smooth,
twining over high bushes ; its winged fruit more showy
than its blossoms.
No. 23.—Family ARISTOLOCHlACE^E. (Birthwort
Fam.)
Genus Aristolochia, Tourn.
From two Greek words meaning “excellent” and “childbirth/’ with reference to
supposed medicinal qualities.
Fig. 79.—Pipe-Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe. Wild Ginger. Big
Sarsaparilla. A. Sipho, L'Her.
Flowers, dull brown, solitary, along the sides of the
branches. Corolla, lacking. Calyx, one and a half
inches in length, the tube inflated, and strongly curved
like a large pipe ; contracted at the mouth, obscurely
three-lobed, with a brown-purplish flat border.
Flower-stem, long, with a clasping egg-shaped bract
near the base. Stamens, six. Anthers, in pairs,
united to the three short thick lobes of the stigma.
Seed-case, adherent to the calyx or partly so, six-celled,
many-seeded. May, June.
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire, six to twelve inches across,
broad heart-shape ; sprinkled with soft hairs, other-
wise nearly smooth. Stipules, none.
Fruit, usually three to four inches in length, six-angled,
six-celled. Seeds, many, very flat. A capsule.164	Nettle (Urticacece).	[No. 24
Found, in rich woods from Pennsylvania to Georgia, and
west to Minnesota and Kansas.
A woody vine with twining stems, sometimes two inches
thick, that climb to a height of thirty or forty feet ; very
ornamental and useful in cultivation for arbors and screens.
The root is aromatic and stimulant like ginger.
No. 24.—Family URTICACETt. (Nettle Fam.)
Genus HCjmulus, L.
Fig. 80.—Hop. H. Litpulus, L.
Flowers, small, greenish, in clusters. The staminate and
the pistillate forms are in different plants ; the stamin-
ate, with five sepals and five erect stamens opposite
them, in loose very many-blossomed clusters from the
axils of the leaves ; the pistillate, with one sepal, which
is wrapped around the seed-case, in short spikes with
large scales. June, July.
Leaves, variable, usually two to four inches in length, sim-
ple, opposite, toothed, and mostly three- or five-lobed,
very rough backward on the upper surface. Stipzcles,
persistent.
Fruit, one-celled, one-seeded. An achene wrapped in the
enlarged scale-like calyx.
Fotmd, only in rich soil, from New England westward,
and southward in the mountains to Georgia. Also,
extensively in cultivation for the markets.[No. 24.
166	Nettle ( Urticacece).
A vigorous, herbaceous climber, with stems six to ten
feet long, or more, very rough downward—almost prickly.
It is both ornamental and of great value commercially.
The bitter and aromatic principle for which it is noted is
due to small, reddish grains with which the calyx, fruit,
and other parts are more or less dotted.
Darwin describes the motion of the Hop Vine in
twining :
“ When the shoot of a Hop rises from the ground, the
two or three first-formed joints are straight and remain
stationary, but the next-formed, whilst very young . . .
bend to one side and travel slowly round all points of the
compass, moving, like the hands of a watch, with the sun.
The average time for one revolution is two hours and
eight minutes.”
He suggests an explanation of this motion :
“ Let us suppose that the cells along the northern sur-
face [of the revolving part] from the base to the tip were
to grow much more rapidly than on the other sides, the
whole shoot would then be bowed to the south. Let the
longitudinal growing surface creep round the shoot,
deserting by slow degrees the northern side, and en-
croaching on the western side, and so round by the south,
by the east, again to the north. In this case the shoot
would remain always bowed and with the point successively
directed to each point of the compass.”
The movement is not a twisting of the shoot, but a con-
stant bowing, front, sideways, backwards, round and round
until contact occurs or it stiffens with age.167
Fig. 80.—Hop. (H. Lupulus, L.)CLASS SECOND
ENDOGENOUS PLANTS (LEAVES MORE OR LESS NEARLY
PARALLEL-VEINED FROM BASE TO APEX)No. 25.—Family LILlACE/h. (Lily Fam.)
Genus Smilax, Tourn. (Green-Briar. Cat-Briar.)
From a Greek word meaning “ yew.”
Flowers, small (about one quarter inch or less in length),
green or yellowish (or in No. 3—S. Walteri, P.—
brownish), in small clusters from the sides of the
branches ; the perianth (calyx and corolla) of six sim-
ilar divisions; the staminate and pistillate forms
separate, on the same vine. Stamens, six, with line-
like or narrow filaments, inserted at the base of the
divisions. Stigmas, three (one in No. 9, S. laurifolia),
thick and spreading, and nearly stemless. Seed-case,
free, three-celled (one-celled in No. 9), with one or
two young seeds in each cell.
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire or three-lobed, sometimes
with the edge and mid-vein minutely bristle-toothed,
strongly veined from base to apex, the veins more or
less nearly parallel, usually smooth. Leaf-stems in
most of the species kneed, and bearing at the bend a
pair of tendrils, which in this genus probably are
modified stipules.
Fruit, rounded, black when fully ripe (except in No. 3,
S. Walteri, P.), one- to three- (mostly three-) celled,
one- to six- (mostly three-) seeded. A berry.
Found, very widely distributed.
>71172
[No. 25
Lily (Liliacecz).
Slender vines, oftenest woody, climbing extensively by
help of the tendrils of the leaf-stems. The sarsaparilla of
commerce is obtained from the roots of various species.
GUIDE TO THE SPECIES.
(a)	Herbaceous, annual, without prickles. Flowers ill-
scented. Leaf-stems one third to one and one half
inches or more in length.
(<$) Leaves usually seven- or nine-veined, smooth. (1)
S. herbacea, L.
(b)	Leaves usually seven-or nine-veined, downy beneath
(1) S. herbacea, var puberulenta, G.
(fr) Leaves usually five-veined, the middle three often
close and nearly parallel. (2) S. tamnifolia, Mx.
(a) Woody, perennial, more or less prickly. Leaf-stem
one quarter to three-quarter inch long.
(b) Leaves from rounded and egg-shape to fiddle-shape.
Base mostly rounded or heart-shape.
(r) Stem of flower-clusters usually about the length
of the leaf-stem or shorter, one twelfth to one
half inch in length.
(d) Berries bright red. (3) S. Walteri, Pursh.
(d) Berries blue-black. (4) S. rotundifolia, L.
(r) Stem of flower-clusters longer than the leaf-stem,
but seldom twice as long (except sometimes in
No. 5). Prickles, when present, stout and
broad-based (except sometimes in No. 5).
(d) Leaves not contracted at the middle. Edges
not bristle-toothed.
(e) Leaf with a distinct whitish bloom beneath.
(5) S. glauca, Walt.
(e) Leaf green beneath (without a bloom). (4)
S. rotundifolia, L.
(d) Leaves usually more or less contracted at the
middle. Edges often bristle-toothed. (6)
S. bona-nox, L.
(c)	Stem of flower-cluster two to four times the length
of the leaf-stem. Prickles when present slender
and needle-shaped (excepting sometimes in
No. 5).No. 25]
173
Lily (LiliacecB).
(d) Leaf with a distinct whitish bloom beneath.
(5) S. glauca Walt.
(d) Leaf without a distinct whitish bloom beneath.
(e) Leaves not contracted at the middle. Base
seldom or never heart-shaped. (7) S.
hispida, Muhl.
(e) Leaves often contracted at the middle. Base
more or less heart-shaped. (8) S. Pseudo-
China, L.
(b) Leaves from oblong-lanceolate to very narrow.
Base tapering. Cluster-stem not longer than the
leaf-stem. (9) S. laurifolia, L.
Fig. 81.—(1) Carrion-Flower. S. herbacea, L.
Flowers, greenish, ill-scented (like carrion), often in twenty-
to forty- (sometimes eighty-) blossomed clusters.
Cluster-stems, often four to five inches in length. Tvl ay,
June.
Leaves, usually two to five inches in length, lance-shape to
egg-shape or rounded, smooth (excepting in the
variety), distinctly seven- or nine-veined. Base,
heart-shape to squared or blunt. Apex, pointed,
often bristle-tipped. Leaf-stem, one third to one and
one half inches or more in length, bearing thread-like
tendrils.
Stem, herbaceous, unarmed, three to fifteen feet in length.
Fruit, red, ripening to bluish-black, very abundant. Seeds,
two to six.
Found, common in thickets and low grounds, from Canada
to Florida and Texas.
A very variable species. The tubers of the root-stock
are short and thick.
Var. puberuLnta, G. has the leaves somewhat downy
beneath.
According to Thoreau, the odor of S. herbdcca is equal
to that of “a dead rat in the wall.”i74
[No. 25
Lily (Liliaccce).
Fig. 82.—(2) Yellowish Carrion-Flower. S. tamnifolia, Mx.
This species differs from No. 1, Carrion-Flower, chiefly
in the following items :
Flowers, in ten- to twenty-blossomed clusters. Cluster-
stem, one to four inches long, very slender. July.
Leaves, from broad egg-shape to lance-shape, distinctly five-
to seven- (usually five-) veined, the three middle veins
often close and nearly parallel. Leaf-stem, one half
to one and one half inches in length.
Fruit, one- to three-seeded.
Found, from the pine-barrens of New Jersey to South
Carolina.
Resembling Fig. 83.—(3) Walter’s Smilax. 6". Walteri, Pursh.
Floivers, usually brownish, in six-to fifteen-blossomed clus-
ters. Cluster-stem, flattened, one sixth to one half
inch long ; not longer than the leaf-stem. Each
flower-stem, one sixth to one quarter inch long and
very slender. April, June.
Leaves, usually three to four inches in length, egg shape to
oblong lance-shape; three-veined (or five-veined, with
the two outer veins indistinct), rather thick, smooth,
green both sides, bristle-pointed. Base, slightly heart-
shape or rounded. Leaf-stem, one sixth to one half
inch long.
Fruit, red, round, or sometimes oblong or pointed, two- to
three-seeded.
Fojind, from Florida to North Carolina, and sometimes to
the pine-barrens of New Jersey, usually in swampy
grounds.Fig. 81.—Carrion-Flower. (S. herbacea, L.)
J/5[No. 25
176	Lily (Liliacece).
A low woody vine, with the stem more or less angled,
and usually beset with a few prickles toward the base ; six
feet or less in length.
o
Fig. 83.—(4). Cat-Briar. Green-Briar. Horse-Briar. .S.
rotundifblia, L.
Flowers, in six- to twelve-blossomed clusters. Cluster-
stems, no longer, or, sometimes, only slightly longer
than the leaf-stems ; flattened. March, June.
Leaves, very variable in size, usually two to three inches
in length, egg-shape to round, often broader than
long; green on both sides, smooth, entire ; five- or
seven-veined, the three middle veins the strongest,
oftenest leathery. Base, slightly heart-shape or
rounded. Apex, abruptly short-pointed. Tendrils,
strong, from the wings of the leaf-stem. Leaf-stem,
one quarter to one half inch long. Prickles, stout and
broad-based.
Fruit, round, blue-black, one- to three-seeded, often cling-
ing throughout the winter.
Found, very common, especially in low, damp ground,
from Canada southward to Georgia, and westward.
A woody vine, with the stem round or nearly so, and
the branchlets often more or less four-sided ; ten to forty
feet in length ; armed usually throughout with stout
prickles. Stem and branches, oftenest yellowish-green.
Root-stock running for long distances just under the sur-
face of the ground, sparingly furnished with tubers, like
those of S’, glaiica, but seldom in masses, as in that
species.
Var. quadrangular is, G., has the branches—especially
the smaller ones—strongly four-sided, and is more com-
mon westward.Fig. 83.—Cat-Briar. (S. rotundif&lia, L.)
Fig. 84.—False Sarsaparilla. (S. glailca, Walt.)
12
177i ;8
[No. 25
Lily (Liliacece).
Fig. 84.—(5) False Sarsaparilla. S. glaiica, Walt.
Flowers, in six- to twelve-blossomed clusters. Cluster-
stems, flattened ; two to three times as long as the
leaf-stems ; each flower-stem, one sixth to one third
inch long. March, June.
Leaves, usually two to four inches in length, egg-shape,
varying from very broad to narrow egg-shape, entire ;
smooth, with a marked whitish bloom (glaucus) be-
neath and sometimes above ; five-veined, the two side
veins indistinct. Base, usually rounded and slightly
pointed, often somewhat heart-shape. Apex, mostly
rather blunt, with a sharp point. Leaf-stem, one quar-
ter to one half inch long. Prickles, when present,
usually slender.
Fruit, black, mostly two- to three-seeded.
Found, in dry thickets, from Massachusetts to Florida,
and westward.
A woody vine with a round stem, sometimes armed with
scattered prickles (either needle-like or triangular), some-
times unarmed. Branchlets, often covered, like the leaves,
with a whitish bloom ; sometimes slightly triangular. Root-
stock running deep, with tubers one to one and a half
inches long, and one inch thick and often in masses.
Fig. 85.—(6) Stretch-Berry. .S. bbna-nSx, L.
Flowers, twelve- to forty-blossomed, in clusters. Cluster-
stem, seven twelfths to one and two twelfths inch
long (about twice as long as the leaf-stem) ; each
flower-stem, one sixth to one third inch long.
Leaves, varying from heart-shape, usually with the middle
slightly hollowed on each side, to strongly three-lobed,179
Fig. 85.—Stretch-Berry. (S. bdna-n<5x, L.)[No. 25
180	Lily (Liliacecc).
or even to fiddle-shape (/. <?., with the middle very
deeply hollowed); often minutely bristle-toothed along
the edge and on the mid-vein ; often mottled. Leap-
stem, one quarter to one half inch long.
Frziit, round, black, usually one-seeded.
Found, from New Jersey to Florida and Texas.
A woody vine, eight to twenty feet in length, with the
stem usually cylindrical and the branchlets angled ; armed
with short stout prickles. Stems and branches green.
Dr. Burrows states that the Indians make the tuberous
roots into meal, which they use for bread or soup, under
the name of coomte.
The name Stretch-Berry is due to the rubber-like elas-
ticity of the pulp of the ripe berry.
Resembling Fig. 84.—Rough Smilax. S.htspida, Muhl.
Flowers, rather larger than in the common Cat-Briar (No.
83). Cluster-stem, flattened, three quarters to two
inches in length, about twice as long as the leaf-stem,
or more. June.
Leaves, usually three to five inches in length, egg-shape,
never contracted at the middle, the larger ones more
rounded, five-veined, rather thin, green on both sides.
Apex, pointed. Base, rounded, unless in the larger
ones, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. Edge, some-
times slightly roughened. Leaf-stem, one third to
three quarters inch in length. Prickles, very weak,
needle-like.No. 25]
Lily (Liliacecc).	181
Fruit, black, one- to three-seeded.
Fozmd, from Connecticut westward and southward.
A woody vine eight to twelve feet in length. The stem
is usually densely armed toward the base with long, very
weak, needle-shaped, blackish prickles.
Fig. 86.—(8) False China-Briar. S. Pseudo-China, Z.
Flowers, in clusters of many blossoms. Cluster-stems,
two to three inches in length—three times as long as
o	o
the leaf-stem ; flattened. July.
Leaves, egg-shape to heart-shape, in old plants sometimes
broader than long, often minutely bristle-toothed
along the edge, five-veined, rather thin, green on
both sides. Apex, bristle-pointed, Leaf-stem, short,
Base, heart-shape or rounded.
Fruit, black, three-seeded.
Found, in dry soil from New Jersey to Florida and west-
ward.
A woody vine. Stems cylindrical, purplish-brown, un-
armed or rarely with a few weak prickles. Root with
large tubers.
Fig. 87.—(9) Laurel-Leaved Smilax. .S'. laurifblia, L.
Flowers, in six- to thirty-blossomed clusters. Cluster-stem,
cylindrical, one sixth to five sixths inch long, short,
seldom longer than the short leaf-stem. Stigma, one.
Seed-case, one-celled, one-seeded. June to August.182
[No. 25
Lily (Liliacece).
Leaves, evergreen, thick, abundant; two to five inches in
length, one half to two inches broad, from oblong
lance-shape to very narrow, narrowing into a short
leaf-stem; smooth above, paler below. Veins, three.
Fruit, black when fully ripe, ripening the second year,
one-seeded.
Found, from the pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida,
and westward.
A woody vine with round and usually unarmed stems,
often climbing to great distances.i83CLASS THIRD
ACROGENOUS PLANTS (FERNS AND CLUB-MOSSES)
185No. 26.—Family FILICES. (Ferns.)
Genus Lygodium, Swartz.
From a Greek word meaning “ flexible.”
Fig. 88.—Climbing Fern. L. palmatum, Swartz.
Leaves (frondlets), simple, alternate in pairs, four- to seven-
lobed ; edges of the lobes entire, ends blunt, smooth.
Fruit, scale-like dots, in double rows on the back of the
narrower and smaller lobes of the variously divided
upper leaves.
Found, oftenest in low ground, from Massachusetts to
Virginia and Kentucky, and occasionally southward.
Rare.
A very pretty climbing fern, one to three feet in length,
slender and delicate. It is one of the few climbing ferns
of the world, and the only one found in the United States.
No. 27.—Family LYCOPODlACE^E. (Club-Moss Fam.)
Genus Lycopodium, L.
From two Greek words meaning “ wolf ” and “ foot.”
Leaves, evergreen, small, simple, crowded, usually entire,
lance-shape or awl-shape (excepting sometimes in the
spikes), one-veined, in four to many ranks.
186187
Fig. 88.—Climbing Fern. (L. palmatum, Swartz.)i88
Club-Moss (Lycopodiacece). [No. 27
Fruit, one-celled, kidney-shaped spore-cases, in the angles
of the upper leaves or scales (forming more or less
distinct spikes that are sometimes sessile at the ends
of the branches and sometimes stalked), filled with
yellow inflammable dust-like spores.
Low evergreen perennials. The spore-dust is very in-
flammable, and is used in the manufacture of fireworks. It
is also sold by druggists under the name of Lycopodium
powder, to prevent the chafing of tender skin.
GUIDE TO THE SPECIES.
(a) Branches not flattened. Leaves around the branches
of one kind.
(b) Spikes stemless, (i) Interrupted Club-Moss (L.
annotinum, L.).
(5) Spikes stemmed. (2) Common Club-Moss (L.
clavatum, L.).
(a) Branches much flattened. Leaves around the branches
of two kinds. (3) Festoon Ground-Pine (L.
complanatum, L.).
Fig. 89.—(1) Interrupted Club-Moss. L. annotinum, Z.
Leaves, of the stem and branches alike, spreading,
minutely toothed near the tip, stiff, lance-shape,
pointed, in about five rows : those of the spikes, scale-
like, yellowish, egg-shape or heart-shape.
Stems and branches, cylindrical, creeping, one to four feet
in length, much branched. Branches, erect, four to
eight inches in height, two- to three-forked, leafy
throughout. Spike, terminal, stemless, at the summit189190 Club-Moss (Lycopodiacece).	[No. 27
of the fertile branches, about one inch in length, thick,
solitary, cylindrical. July.
Found, in woods, in New England and Canada, rather
common.
Var. pungens, Spring, is a reduced form found on the
White Mountains.
Fig. 90.—(2) Common Club-Moss. L. clavatum, Z.
Leaves, of the stem and branches alike, in many rows ;
narrow awl-shape, many of them with a double curve ;
all tipped with a long, fine bristle. Leaves of spikes,
scale-like, minute, yellowish, egg-shape or heart-shape,
also tipped with a slender bristle.
Stems and branches, cylindrical, creeping extensively,
branches two to five inches long, erect, very leafy,
simple or often forked, the fertile ones terminated by
a slender stalk four to six inches in length, which
bears the one to four (usually two or three) slender,
cylindrical bristly spikes, one to two inches in length.
July.
Foimd, in dry woods, from the mountains of North Caro-
lina northward. Common, especially northward. It
is much used at the north for Christmas decorations.
The Lycopodium powder of druggists and of fireworks
manufacturers is obtained chiefly and in great quantities
from this species.IQ2
Club-Mioss ( Lycopodiacece).	[No. 27
Fig. 91.—(3) Northern Ground-Pine. Festoon Ground-Pine.
L. complan&tum, L.
Leaves of the stem and branches awl-shape, sharp ; those
on the flat branchlets in four distinct rows, and of
two forms, namely : the two marginal rows with
spreading tooth-like leaves; the two surface rows
with much smaller and closely pressed leaves (giving
thus a saw-like look) ; those of the spikes scale-like,
yellowish, egg-shape or heart-shape.
Stems, round, creeping extensively among the leaves and
moss, two to ten feet in length, often underground.
Branches, two to three inches long, more or less erect
once- or twice-forked, and then divided into many
very flat branchlets. Fertile branches, terminated
by a slender stalk bearing the two to six cylindrical
fruiting spikes, each spike one inch or more in length.
Branchlets, crowded, much flattened, spreading (fan-
like), somewhat resembling in form a spray of Arbor-
Vitse or White Cedar. July.
Found, common in woods and thickets, especially north-
ward.
n*3
193Farewell, ye kindly companye,
Each vine and shrub and tree,
Dear friends to me ;
Farewell again, ye God-sent companye
iQ5EXPLANATION OF TERMS
197EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
I
The term “vine” is used broadly to indicate such
growths as are too weak for self-support.
II.
THE FLOWER.
(i) The flower, when complete, is composed of petals,
Fig. a (i) ; sepals, Fig. a (2) ; stamens, Fig. b (1), with
filament, Fig. b (2), and anther, Fig. b (3) ; pistil, Fig.
b (4), with seed-case, Fig. b (5); style, Fig. b (6), and
stigma, Fig. b (7).
Fig. a.
These parts are supported by the receptacle, Fig. b (8).
The corolla (crown), is the circle of the petals ; the calyx
(cup), is the circle of the sepals.
(2) The flower is pistillate, when the pistil is present
199200
Explanation of Terms.
and the stamens are lacking ; staminate, when the stamens
are present and the pistil is lacking.
(3)	The seed-case is free, when it is not attached along
its sides to the calyx; adherent, when it is so attached.
(4)	The flower is terminal, when it is at the end of a
branch ; axillary, when it springs from the base of the
leaf-stem, i. e., from the “ axil” of the leaf.
III.
THE FRUIT.
The fruit consists of the ripened seeds and their wraps.
(For the different kinds see the Fruit Guide, page xxvii.)
IV.
THE LEAF.
(1)	A leaf is simple, when it is of one piece ; compound,
when there are two or more entirely distinct parts, called
leaflets, on the one leaf-stem.
A compound leaf is feather-shaped, when the leaflets are
placed along the sides of the leaf-stem ; hand-shaped, when
all the leaflets radiate from the end of the leaf-stem, like
fingers from the palm of the hand.*
(2)	The leaf is entire, when its edge is an even line
without indentation ; toothed, when it is set with an in-
definite number of sharp or blunt teeth ; lobed, when the
indentations are deep and of a definite number.
(3)	The leaf is needle-shaped, or line-shaped, when it is
very narrow, or sometimes scarcely more than a line ;
lance-shape, when it is much longer than wide,, and
gradually tapering to a point ; inversely lance-shape, when
* Note i.—Compound leaves may be once, twice, or three times compound.
Notf. 2.—The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple leaf by
the absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.Explanation of Terms.	201
gradually tapering down instead of up ; egg-shape, when
it is of the general shape of an egg, with the broadest part
below the middle, but without regard to the form of the
base and the apex ; inversely egg-shape, when it is the
shape of an egg, but with the broadest part above the
middle ; oval, with the broadest part at the middle.
(4)	The leaf at its apex may be pointed, taper-pointed,
bristle-pointed, blunt, or rounded.
(5)	The leaf at its base may be squared, rounded,
pointed, wedge-shape (when it tapers to a point by straight
lines), or heart-shape.
(6)	The leaves as arranged upon the branch may be
alternate, when they follow one another upon different
sides of the branch ; opposite, when they are in pairs and
on opposite sides of the branches ; indeterminate, when
they are small and closely crowded up and down the
branches, c. g, the club-mosses.
V.
(1)	Stipules are appendages of the nature of a leaf, but
of various forms, found in some plants in pairs at the base
of the leaf-stems, e. g., in the Pea.
(2)	Stipels are small stipules found in some plants at
the base of the leaflet-stems.
(3)	Bracts are small appendages of the nature of a leaf,
but of various forms, found oftenest in connection with, or
just below, the calyx.
(4)	The axil of a leaf is the angle between the leaf-
stem and the branch.GLOSSARY.
Achenium or akene(see Fruit Guide,
p. xxvii).
Adherent .
Alternate-leaved .
Angiospermse (plants whose seeds
are covered)
Anther .	....
Axil .....
Axillary
Banner	.	.	.
Berry (see Fruit Guide, p. xxvii).
Bloom (a delicate whitish coating)
Bract ....
Bristle-pointed
Calyx
Compound leaf
Corolla ....
Drupe (see Fruit Guide, p. xxvii).
Egg-shaped .	...
Entire-edged
Feather-shaped .
Filament .
Follicle (see Fruit Guide, p. xxvii).
Free.........................
Gymnospermae (plants whose seeds
are naked)
Hand-shaped
Heart-shaped
Herbaceous (not woody)
Indeterminate-leaved
Inverse egg- or lance-shaped .
Keel ......
Lance-shaped .	.	.	.
Leaflet ......
Leaflet (distinguished from leaf)
Legume (see Fruit Guide, p. xxvii).
Lobed ..................
Needle-shaped .	.	.	.
Opposite-leaved .
Oval ......
Persistent (not disappearing with
age)
Petal ......
Pistil..................
Pistillate	,
Pollen (the contents of the anther-
cells)
Pome (see Fruit Guide, p. xxvii).
Receptacle	.....
Samara (see Fruit Guide, p. xxvii).
Seed-case	.....
Sepal ......
Simple leaf	.....
Squared
Stamen ......
Staminate	.
Standard	.
Stigma	.
Stipel .	. . .	.
Stipule ......
Style ......
Taper-pointed	.
Toothed-edge	.
Twice compound	.
Vine....................
Wedge-shaped	.
Wings ......
PACE
200
201
199
201
200
36
20 [
201
199
200
199
201
200
200
I99
200
200
20 [
201
200
36
200
200
202INDEX OF VINES.
The names of families are given in HEAVY CAPITALS, of genera in small
capitals, of species and of varieties in “ roman type,’' and synonyms in italics.				The
names of introduced species are	enclosed by brackets.			
A				PAGE
		PAGE	Bindweed, Black .	160
Adlijmia cirrhbsa		12	Bristly-jointed	162
fungdsa		12	Hedge (C. s&pium)	136
Ampelp6sis quinquefolia		30	Hedge (P. scandens)	l62
AmphicarpPea commbsa		48	Knot	l60
monbica		48	BIRTHROOT .	I63
Pitched		50	Bitter-sweet (C. scandens)	14
ANACARDIACE^E .		34	Bitter-sweet (S. dulcamara)	I46
Apios tuberbsa		54	Blackberry, Low .	70
Arbutus, Trailing .		113	Running Swamp	70
ArctostApuylos LJva-ursi		112	Boneset, Climbing	102
ARISTOLOCHIACE/E		163	Boxberry ....	IlS
Aristoi.6chia Slpho		163	BrewLria Pickeringii .	139
asclepiadAce^ .		124	Breweria ....	139
Atrdgene Americanus .		6	BUCKWHEAT .	157
			Buckwheat, Climbing False	162
B			Bui lace ......	30
Balsam-Apple, Wild		8r	Bur-Cucumber	78
[.Baltimore Belle\ .		76	Bush-Clover . ... .	40
Beach-Pea ....		64	Bush-Trefoil .	38
Bearberry ....		112	Butterfly-Pea. .	46
Bean, Few-flowered Kidney .		46		
Kidney		42	C	
Umbelled Kidney		44		
Various-leaved Kidney.		44	CAPRI FOLIACEvE	87
Wild (A. tuberosa)		54	Carrion-Flower .	173
Wild (P. polystachyus)		42	Carrion-Flower, Yellowish	174
Bedstraw, Hairy .		102	Cat-Briar . . . .	176
Rough .		IOO	CELASTRACE^E	14
Small		IOI	CelAstrus scandens	14
Sweet-scented		IOI	Checkerberry ....	118
BIGNONIA ....		151	Chicken Grape	26
bignoniAce^;		151	China-Briar, False. . . .	1S1
203204
Index of Vines.
Chi6genes hispidula
serpyllifolia
Cinquefoil
Clea vers, Goose- Grass
Rough
Clematis
Clematis, Whorled.
Clematis verticillaris
Viorna .
Virginiana
Clit6r i a Mariana .
Clover, Bush .
CLUB-MOSS
Club-Moss, Interrupted .
Club-Moss, Common
COMPOSIT/E .
COMPOSITE
CONVOLVULACEiE .
Conv6lvulus [arvensis]
sepium
CONVOLVULUS
Convolvulus, Field.
Cranberry, American
Large
Small
Creeping Charlie
Creeping Jennie
CROWFOOT
Cucumber, One-seeded Bur-
CUCURBITACEAE
CuscfrTA, arvensis .
chlorocarpa .
compacta
decora .
var. pulcherrima
[epilinum]
[epfthymum]
glomerata
Gronbvii
var. latiflora
inflexa .
tenuiflbra
Cypress Vine, Wild
D
DalibArda repens
Desm6dium humifusum
rotundifolium
PAGE
no
no
72
9S
100
4
6
6
6
4
46
40
186
188
190
102
102
127
135
136
127
138
106
106
io9
122
1S6
3
7S
78
M3
142
145
143
144
146
146
145
144
MS
144
143
132
72
38
38
Dewberry
DIAPENSIACEiE
Dodder, Bending .
Coiled
Comely
Compact
Field
Flax
Green-fruited .
Gronovius’
Slender-flowered
Thyme
Dogberry
Downy Grape
Dutchman s ripe
E
Echinocystis
Epig/ga ripens
ERICACEAE
Eu6nymous
obovatus .
Everlasting Pea
F
Fern, climbing
FERN
FILICES .
Five-finger
Flozvering Moss
Fox-Grape
Frost-Grape .
FUMAR1ACE/E
Fumitory, Climbing
FUMITORY
G
GalActia glabella .
pilbsa
regularis
Galium Aparine
asprellum
pilbsum .
trffidum .
triflorum .
Gaulti-ieria procumbens
Gill-over-the-GroundIndex of Vines.
Ginger, Wild.		PAGE 163
Gon6lobus obllquus		127
Goose-Grass Cleavers		98
GOURD		78
Grape, Chicken		26
Downy		24
Fox, Northern .		20
Southern		28
Frost .		26
Possum		26
Red .		28
River .		26
Scuppernong		30
Summer		22
Winter		26
Greenbriar		176
Ground Ivy .		152
Ground-Nut .		54
Ground-Pine, Northern .		192
Festoon		192
ii		
HEATPI		106
Plemp-Weed, Climbing .		102
Plog-Peanut (A. commoso)		48
(A. Pitcheri)		50
HONEYSUCKLE		S7
Honeysuckle, Evergreen		go
hairy		g2
Japanese .		92
Small-leaved		94
Trumpet .		go
Yellow (L. grata)		go
Yellow (L. Sullivantii)		94
Hop		164
Horse-Briar .		176
HOmulus Liipulus I Ipomcea [cocci'nea]		164
		132
[hederacea]		130
lacunosa .		134
pandurata.		134
[purpurea]		130
[qua mod it]		132
Ipomoea, White Star		134
Ivy, American		30
Ivy, Poison .		34
K
Kidney-Bean .
ICnotweed
Knotweed, Bristly-joinled
L
LABIATE .
LAthyrus raari'timus
ochroleucus .
[odoritus]
palustris
var. myrtifolius
pratensis
venosus
Laurel, Ground
Leather-Flower
LEGUMIN6S/E .
Lespedeza procumbens.
repens .
LILIACE^E .
LinnTea borealis .
LoNfCERA glauca .
grata
hirsiita .
[Japonica]
sempervirens
Sullivantii
Love Vine
Lvciu M [barbetriurn ]
[vulgare]
LYCOPODI ACE.E
Lycop6dium annotinum
clavAtum .
complanatum
Lyg6dium palmatum
Lysimachia [nummularia]
M
MADDER
Man-of-the-Earth .
Matrimony Vine
Mayflower
May-Pop
Meibbmia
MENISPERMACEyE .
Menisp£rmum Canadense
MiTCHiLLA repens
MicrAmpelis lobAta206
Index of lrmes.
MikXnia scan dens
Milk-Pea
Milk Pea, Downy .
MILKWEED
Milkweed, Black .
Rough-fruited
Twining
MINT
Moneywort
MOONSEED
Moon seed
Morning Glory
Morning-Glory, Small
Mountain Fringe .
Muscadine
N
PAGE
102
52
54
122
126
127
126
152
122
8
130
130
12
30
Phaseolus, umbellatus
Pipe-Vine
Poison-Ivy
Poison-Oak
POLYGON ACEzE
Polygonum, arifolium .
cilinode
[convolvulus]
sagittatum
scandens
Potato Vine, Wild
Potentilla Canadensis
PRIMROSE
PRIMULACE.E .
PULSE
Pyxidanthera barbulata
PYXIE
Nepeta Glechoma	■ 152
NETTLE ....	164
NIGHTSHADE .	146
Nightshade, Woody	146
0	
Oaky Poison	34
p	
Partridge-Berry (G. procumbens)	ns
Partridge-Berry (M. repens) .	. 96
PASSIFLORACE/E .	76
Passifl6ra [cceriilea] .	• 77
incarnata	77
lutea .	76
PASSION-FLOWER .	• 76
Passion-Hower, Blue	• 77
Yellowish	• 76
Pea, Beach ....	64
Butterfly	46
Downy Milk	• 54
Milk ....	• 52
Sweet	62
Peanut, Hog	43,5°
Periplcjca [Groeca]	. 126
Phaseolus, divcrsifblius	• 44
helvolus	• 44
pauciflorus	. 46
per dunis	. 42
polystachyus	• 42
R
RANUNCULACETs
Raspberry, Dwarf .
Ri-itis radicans
toxicodendron
ROSACE.E .
R6sa setigera.
ROSE .
Rose [Baltimore Belle]
Climbing
Michigan
Prairie .
RUBIACE/E
Rubus Canadensis .
hispidus
triflorus
Rutland Beauty
S
Sarsaparilla, Big .
Sarsaparilla, False .
Scratch-Grass
SIcyos angulatus .
SmIlax bona-nox .
glauca
herbacea .
var. puberulentaIndex of Vines.
SMiLAX hispida	PAGE . 1S0	Vetch, American
laurifolia .	. 1S1	Carolina
Pseudo-China .	. 181	Common
rotundifblia	. 176	Four-seeded
var. quadrangularis	. 176	Narrow-leaved
tamnifolia .	■ 174	Hairy .
Walteri	• 174	Slender
Smilax, Laurel-leaved	. 181	Tufted
Rough	. 180	Vetchling, Myrtle-leaved
Walter’s .	174	Spreading
Snow-Berry, Creeping	. IIO	Swamp
SOLANACE^E .	. 146	Veiny .
Solanum [ dulcamarra] .	. 146	Yellow-white
STAFF-TREE .	14	ViciA, Americana .
Staff- Tree ....	• 14	Caroliniana
Strawberry Bush, Trailing	16	cracca
Stretch-Berry.	. 178	[hirsuta]
Strophostyles angulbsa	. 44	[sativa]
peduncularis	• 44	[var. angustifolia’
SUMACH ....	. 34	[tetrasperma]
Sweet-Pea ....	. 62	VINCET6XICUM [nigrum]
T Tare .....	56	VINE ; Violet, False Virginia Creeper .
Tea-Berry ....	. 118	Virgin’s Bower
Tear-Thumb ....	. 158	VITACE/E .
Halberd-leaved	. 15S	VItis, aestivalis
Arrow-leaved .	. 158	bfcolor
T£coma radlcans .	• 151	cinerea
Tick- Trefoil.	■ 3S	cord i folia
Trailing Arbutus .	• 113	labrusca
Trefoil, Bush	• 38	palm&ta
Smooth Bush .	• 38	riparia
Trumpet-Creeper .	■ 151	rubra
Trumpet-Flower	• 151	rotundifolia
Twin-Flower	• 87	vulplna
u		
		W
URTICACE^E .	. 164	
V VACcfNlUM macrocarpon	. 106	Waxwork Wintergreen Woodbine
occycoccus .	. 109	Woodbine, American