LIBRARY
NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
ITHACA, N. Y.

 

 

 

 

 
Cornell University Library

SF 375.R95

WWW
3 1924 001 176 035 vel
“UPRURD ‘OLIvIUO ‘UOUMaA “IE
‘suog 27 J2UIURY *D “qd dq paumo pur pag ‘yove spunod £61 ‘ber ‘gZ1 BuyqySjaam ‘po syzucus uraaya ‘squivy wey auyysdouyg

 
THE SHEEP

BY

DR. WILLIAM A. RUSHWORTH,

Late SHEEP INSPECTOR, LARIMER Co., COLORADO,
INSPECTOR BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICLUTURE, Etc., Etc.
°

A historical and statistical description of Sheep and their pro-
ducts. The fattening of Sheep. Thetr diseases, with
prescriptions for scientific treatment. The respective
breeds of Sheep and thetr fine points. Govern-
ment inspection, etc., with other valuable
wnformatton.

INCLUDING NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS;

ALSO

AN APPENDIX CONTAINING

SHEEP BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

THE BUFFALO REVIEW CO.,
PUBLISHERS,
1899,
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1899, by
WM. A. RUSHWORTH,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington,
Preface.

The present work was undertaken by the author from the
, belief that at this time a short and concise treatise on the sheep
in general, and more particularly the diseases of the sheep, would
prove acceptable to the veterinary student, and perhaps assist the
sheep-owner in combatting some of the conditions affecting his
stock, especially if the same was written in plain language with
the least possible use of technical terms. In the parts of the
work dealing with the anatomical structure and digestive arrange-
ment endeavor has been made to merely make mention of and
explain those parts, and their uses, which are most often involved
in the diseases of the system.

The author desires to express his sincere thanks to many of
the secretaries of the different sheep societies of America, who
furnished him data concerning their respective breeds, and to
whom he is indebted for many valuable electrotypes of prize-
winning animals.

In the part of the work relating to disease, the classification
follows the parts involved. All specific diseases have been rele-
gated to one chapter, and those due to parasitic invasion are also
treated separately.

The laws and regulations governing the importation, ex-
portation and inter-state shipments of live stock, sheep more
especially, are given in full in a chapter devoted to that purpose;
as with the exception of the Inspectors of the Department of
Agriculture and those specially engaged in enforcing the laws,
IV. PREFACE.

few persons are familiar with the process, or really appreciate
the use and benefits which they derive from such legislation.

The author, in compiling this short treatise, has obtained
’ much information from many noted authorities, credit to whom
is given in the pages of this work; especially is he under great
obligations to Dr. A. 8. Alexander, Professor of Hygiene and
Breeding at the Chicago Veterinary College, for much valuable
information, and whose able assistance and ability used in editing
this work has made it possible for it now to be presented to the
general reader.

THE AUTHOR.
Chapters.

CHAPTER I—Sheep. ' Their Origin and Early History.
CHAPTER Ii—The Prominent Breeds of Sheep.
A ~Long-Qlooled Breeds.
1. The Leicester and Border Leicester.
2. The Cotswold.
3. The Lincoln.
4, The Rommey Marsh, or Kentish Long-wooled.
B—The Middle-Qlooled Breeds,
1. The Southdown.
. The Shropshires.
. The Hampshire Down.
. The Oxfordshire Down.
. The Dorset Horned.
6. The Suffolk Down.
C—Short-Hooled Breeds.
1. The Spanish Merino.
2. Rambouillet.
3. Delaine Merino.
D—Mountain Breeds.
1. The Cheviot.
2. The Herdwick.
CHAPTER I]I—The Wool Industry.
CHAPTER IV—Feeding and Fattening.
CHAPTER V—tThe Anatomical Structure.

oo HR Co
Vi CHAPTERS.

CHAPTER VI—tThe Digestive System.
CHAPTER VII—(a) Rumination, how performed.
(b) The Intestinal Organs.
(ec) The Genito-Urinary System.
CHAPTER VIII—Mating and Selection.
CHAPTER IX—A Study of Disease in general.
CHAPTER X—Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System.
CHAPTER XI—Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.
CHAPTER XJI—Diseases of the Digestive Organs.
CHAPTER X11I—Diseases of the Urinary System.
CHAPTER XIV—Parasitic Diseases; due to Internal Parasites.
CHAPTER XV—Parasitic Diseases of the Skin.
CHAPTER XVI—Specific Diseases.
CHAPTER XVII—Operative Surgery and Diseases of the Eye.
CHAPTER XVIII—Local Non-Contagious Diseases.
CHAPTER XIX—Parturition and Diseases incidental thereto.
CHAPTER XX—Medical Treatment in General, agents used,
their therapeutic actions and doses.

CHAPTER XXI—Inspection of Sheep—Federal and State.
Synopsis of Chapters.

CHAPTER I—SHEEP. Their origin and early history.
The White Sheep of Asia. Rocky Mountain Sheep. The Mus-
mon of Africa. First domestication very remote and uncertain.
Sheep of the Bible. Sheep the forerunners of and aid to the
civilization of man. Adaption to climatic conditions. Sheep
husbandry a most honorable calling among the ancients. The
Sheep of Greece, Italy and Spain. Spanish Wool. First weav-
ers of wool. Origin of English breeds of Sheep, very early.
Their advent in America. The Llama. Importations to United
States. Growing demand. Now is the time to embark in Sheep
raising.

CHAPTER II—THE PROMINENT BREEDS OF
SHEEP. Long-wooled breeds. The Leicester and Border Lei-
cestet. The Cotswold. The Lincoln. The Rommey Marsh, or
Kentish Long-wooled. The middle-wooled breeds. The South-
down. The Shropshires. The Hampshire Down. The Oxford-
shire Down. The Dorset Horned. The Suffolk Down. Short-
wooled breeds. The Spanish Merino. Rambouillet. Delaine
Merino. Mountain breeds. The Cheviot. The Herdwick.

CHAPTER IJI—THE WOOL INDUSTRY. Cloth
manufacture dates back to earliest Bible history. Romans first
established factories in England. pinning universal under the
Saxon Monarchy. History of ancient woolen factories. The
Spinster. Wars of the Crusades. Wool and national wealth
takes the place of money. The fine goods of Holland. Spain
VIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

taxes the woolen industry out of the country, and it goes to Eng-
land, and among her greatest industries. Nature of wool fila-
ments. Secreting glands, the yolk, felting of wool. Discovery
of the character of wool filaments. Processes of manufacture.
Cloth. Worsteds. Carpet wools. Points to consider in selec-
tion of wool. Strength, fineness, curl, thickness, closure, bad
qualities of. Constitutional and hereditary defects in sheep.
Stripy wool, toppiness, felty wool, cloudy wool, broad-topped,
break in wool. Exportation statistics and tables.

CHAPTER IV—FOOD OF THE SHEEP. Feeding
large proportions of the business. Export trade. Crossing of
mutton breeds. Methods of feeding. Desirability of large and
small sheep for mutton. Western customs. Colorado and New
Mexico. Alfalfa. Corn. Oats. Changing feed. Rock salt.
Hot and cold weather. Regularity in feeding. Cost of. Ship-
ments east. Feeding in general—amount. How to keep sheep
healthy. How to produce fat. Waste of tissues. Other ani-
mals. Canivora versus herbivora, carbon, ete. Proportions of
flesh and blood. Analysis of mutton fat. Failure of some foods
in producing. Importance of protein, casein, albumen. Tables
showing quantities for proper feeding. The Wolff standard.
Correct rations. Clean troughs. Proportions of food to fat pro-
duced, Oil meal, corn, turnips, ete. Oxen and sheep as sheep
mature. Offal diminished. Intestines of sheep. Feeding for
home and foreign markets. The best feeders to buy.

CHAPTER V—ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. Tech-
nical terms and their avoidance. Resemblance between the
sheep and oX Cells. Tissues. Solids. Fluids. Epithelial
cells. Muscular tissue. Nerve tissue. Bone tissues. Bones,
how jointed. T§endons. The brain and spinal cord. Glandular
structure. Stomatch. Heart. Veins. Circulation of the blood,
Lacteals. Chyle # Intestines. Description of the bony structure,

    
 
 
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. Ix,

Physiological conditions. Inorganic salts. Long, hollow and flat
bones. Spine. Ossification. The skull. The cranial cavity.
Horned sheep. The parietal bones. Frontal, cerebrum, occipital
and temporal bones.

CHAPTER VI—THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. How
sheep feed. Conformation of the mouth, lips,*teeth, jaws,
fibrous pad, tooth growth and development, incisors, molar teeth,
gums, cheeks, salivary glands and ducts. Great quantity of
saliva produced. Swallowing food. Rumination. Complica-
tion of the digestive organs. Their nervous energy. The eoso-
phagus. Procession of the food. The first, second, third and
fourth stomachs. How the weight of food is supported in the
abdominal cavity. Compartments. Honeycomb formation.
Mucus secretion and liquids of the stomach. The object of
papillae, in third stomach. Why some sheep scour habitually.
Only one opening to the omasum. The true stomach, where the
gastric juice is secreted. Nature of gastric juice; its specific
gravity. . Shape of the fourth stomach; the difference between
the mucous lining of it and other stomachs. The pylorus, how
constructed,

CHAPTER VIJ—(a) RUMINATION, how performed.
Food deposited in rumen.

When rumination commences, sheep generally lies down.
Change of position of food in rumen. Liquid portion of food
passes to reticulum. How food is returned from the stomach to
the mouth. The oesophagus has a double duty to perform.
Dry condition of third stomach. The stomach proper. Stom-
ach employed by lambs when existing solely off the ewe’s milk.
Development of first, second and third stomachs. Food con-
~ verted into chyme.

(b) THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. The pyloric open-

ing permits passage of chyme from abomasum to intestines.
Xx. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

How return of chyme from intestines to abomasum is prevented.
Classification of intestines, the large and small; difference in ap-
pearance. Small intestines arbitrarily divided into three sub-
divisions. Glands in the duodenum. Entry of ducts from
pancreas and liver. Formation of small intestines. Divisions of
large intestines. Shape of caecum, valve at juncture of ileum
and caecum. Use of caecum; how important. Various dimcn-
sions of the colon. The faeces changed into pellets. Manifold
functions of the liver; importance of bile secretion. Sugar
manufactured in liver gains access to the circulation. External
appearance of the liver; its intimate structure. Examination of
alobule. The blood from which the bile is elaborated. Rumin-
ants have a reservoir for the reception of the bile; anatomical
difference as compared with the horse. Functions of the bile.
Definition of secretion and excretion. Pancreatic juice; its ac-
tivity. Specific action of pancreatic juice on fatty matter.

(c) THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM. Trine sep-
arated from blood. Appearance of kidney. Direction of ureter;
mode of effecting entrance to bladder. Important part in the
animal economy played by the kidneys. Extent of mreous
membrane lining renal basin. Minute tubes in structure of kid-
neys; their uses. Properties of the urine. Separation of urea.
What produces uraemic poisoning. Extent of urethra in the
ram.

THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Those of the male.
The semen, its uses, and where elaborated. Disposition of peri-
toneum in scrotal sac. What constitutes congenital hernia.
How the semen is expelled from the vesiculae seminales; where
deposited. Wonderful procreative power of rams. How vermi-
form appendage is frequently injured.

THE GENERATIVE ORGAXS OF THE FEMALE:
where situated. Their uses. Where the germ ovum is located.
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XI.

Situation of womb. Termination of uterus; its projection into
vaginal cavity. Vaginal cavity lined with mucous membrane.
The ovum is vivified. Period of time required before birth of
lamb takes place.

CHAPTER VITI—MATING AND SELECTION.
Qualities to be considered. The influence of the male. Na-
ture’s laws tend to fix external conformation by the sire. Points
sought for by breeders. Signs of good qualities. What consti-
tutes a good quality. Points sought after in breeding. Distri-
bution of flesh. Judicious cross-breeding. Long-wooled breeds
improved by Leicester cross. Cross-breeding experimental. In-
and-in breeding. Objectionable in application to the human
family. Advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals.
Breeding with a view to improvement. Best qualities become
concentrated in one family. Inheritance of the good qualities of
in-bred ancestors. Stock to be preserved pure. Selection.
Weeding undesirable ewes from the flock. Drafted ewes unfit
to perpetuate their kind. Selection of rams. Breeding for
wool. Breeding for mutton. Breeding for both wool and mut-
ton. Faulty conformation of ram, evidence of weakness in
chain of ancestry. Particular class desired by the breeder.
Making drafts from the flock. Drafts tend to strengthen ap-
pearance and value of flock. Undesirable ewes. How bad
points may be overcome in breeding. Condition of ewes before
being served by the ram. The best shape to conceive. Lamb-
ing season materially shortened.

CHAPTER IX—A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GEN-
ERAL. Definition of health. What is disease? Symptoms
of disease. Dry condition of the fleece. Unnatural posi-
tions. Diseases of sheep numerous and frequently fatal.
Excessive development of digestive organs of the sheep.
Sheep unfitted -for laborious exercise. Its energy and vital-
XII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

ity tend to weaken as sheep become better bred. Small
proportion of blood in the sheep as compared to other ani-
mals. Combustion depends on exertion. Tissue waste. Large
amount of vascularity unneeded in the sheep. Specific diseases
few as compared to some other classes of animals. Sheep
slaughtered before reaching maturity. Examination of sheep.
Proper methods of control. Not to be held by the wool. How
to catch ewes. Use of the crook. How to lift the sheep. Vari-
ous operations. Trifling derangements lable to become serious.
Diseases affecting digestive organs more numerous than any
others. Herding in flocks facilitates spread of infectious diseases.
Enzootic diseases. Bleeding; how performed. Effects of purga-
tive drenches; how assisted. Bleeding from the jugular vein.
Amount of blood to be drawn. How to bleed from the cheek
vein. The saphena vein, its location and how operated on.
Ligature. Difficulty in bleeding fat sheep. Definition of the
pulse. Number of pulse beats per minute. Where to take the
pulse in the sheep. Temperature not a reliable sign to go by in
the sheep. Effects of shearing on the temperature. The gait of
the animal to be taken into consideration in diagnosing diseases.
Other signs. Incorrect diet and lack of hygienic surroundings
fertile causes of disease. Prevention of disease more profitable
than medication.

CHAPTER X—DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND
NERVOUS SYSTEM. Nervous system of lower animals not
so sensitive as that of the human. Divisions of the nervous sys-
tem, phenomena peculiar to themselves. When the brain is in-
volved in the disease. In cases of transverse paralysis. Dis
ease of the spinal cord. Localized parts only paralized. Injury
to corticle portion of the brain. Injuries to deeper portions;
what they effect. May be great derangement of function with-
out perceptible alteration of structure. Frenzy, encephalitis, or
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS, XITI.

cerebritis its causes. Predisposing influences. Affects lambs
more frequently than grown sheep. The symptoms of cerebritis,
violent actions on part of affected subjects. More marked in
lambs than old sheep. Treatment for Cerebritis. The post-
mortem appearances. Apoplexv, frequently caused froin ple-
thora; more cases among sheep than cattle; why? Symp-
toms. Affected animals generally die before aid can be ex-
tended them. This condition is easier to prevent than to treat.
Epilepsy, its causes, reflex irritation due to parasites; its
symptoms and treatment. Hydrocephalus, the nature of. Rare
disease among adult sheep. Treatment always unsatisfactory.
Louping-ill, Tremblings, Mad-staggers, ete. A remarkable dis-
ease, its pathology and supposed causes. Great loss caused from
louping-ill. Svmptoms and treatment. Simple Paralysis, Palsy,
occurs in ewes after difficult parturition. Occurs in other sheep
also. Itscauses. Svmptoms and treatment. Paralysis in newly-
born lambs. Simple treatment therefor.

CHAPTER XI—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRA-
TORY ORGANS. Less frequent and numerous than those of
digestive system. Pleurisy a common affection of sheep. Sheep
early shorn liable to pleurisy. Nasal catarrh frequently
affects sheep. Exists in three forms. Symptoms of nasal
eatarrh. Its treatment. Weakness subsequent to attacks of
eatarrh hard to overcome. Its prevention. Sore-throat, also
called laryngitis. Symptom3. Treatment. Operation of
tracheotomy. Bronchitis; adult sheep suffer severely from this
affection. The atmosphere as a cause of bronchitis. Svmptoms
of bronchitis. Methods of detection. Treatment, hygienic
surroundings a necessity. Inflammation of the lungs; of com-
mon occurrence. Symptoms and treatment. Pleurisv due
often to sudden changes in temperature. It frequently follows
dipping. Symptoms and treatment of pleurisy.
AIV. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

CHAPTER XIIJ—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM. Generally arise from errors of diet. Concentrated
foods dangerous. Diseases of the digestive system of sheep very
numerous. Aphtha, sore-mouth, frequently fatal. Affects suck-
ing lambs. Ewes become inoculated from their young. Cause of
disease unknown. Symptoms and treatment. Obstruction of the
gullet may occur in the pharvnx. Symptoms dependant also on
derangement of pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves. Treat-
ment, entirely operative. Methods. The trocar, and its uses.
Bloat, also called Hoven or Blasting, not a disease; due to fer-
mentation of contents of rumen. Symptoms and treatment. Loss
of Cud, not a disease, but a condition. Impaction of the Om-
asum, often due to pasture containing astringent herbs. Impac-
tion of the Rumen, a mechanical distention of the organ. Wheat
produces this condition. Fatal terminations frequent. Symp-
toms, dintingulshed from bloat by examining left flank. Treat-
ment, both medicinal and operative. Intestinal obstructions,
Wool-balls, Stony Coneretions, Calculi, Rupture, Hernia,
Strangulation, Stricture, Volvulus, Intus-susception. Impaction
of the fourth stomach of lambs, due to milk curdling. Colic, a
rare affection among sheep. Inflammation of the Bowels. Not
common in sheep. Diarrhoea results usually from mismanage-
ment. May be asymptom of some other condition. May be due
to any of many different causes. Diarrhoea of Lambs, White
Skit, virtually due to constipation. The Green Skit, due to ex-
posure and dietetic errors. Treatment for diarrhoea in adult
sheep, also for white and green skit. Dvysentery, frequently
fatal; of a typhoid character. Pinding. Flies and maggots at-
tack the hind quarters. Remove wool and keep parts clean.
Make affected animals comfortable, give good hygienic surround-
ings. Constipation, rectal injections beneficial. Imperforate
Anus, a surgical operation necessary. Hemorrhoids, Piles, pile
ointments. Peritonitis, a rare disease in sheep, may result in old
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XV.

sheep from debility. Diseases of the Liver, size of liver as com-
pared with that of other animals. Only two, non-parasitic in
origin, considered in this chapter. Hepatitis, Jaundice Icterus.

CHAPTER XIJI—DISEASES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM. Surplus of nitrogen in the system. Urea. Kidneys.
Ureters. Bladder. Urethra. Acid urine. Alkaline urine.
Litmus paper. Urine tests. Sabulous deposits. Nephritis, never
reported as an original lesion. Jenal Caleuli, generally the
causes of urinary diseases in sheep. Urethral Calculus, liable to
cause rupture of the bladder. Treatment operative; liable in
cases of rams to injure their procreative qualities.

CHAPTER XIV—PARASITIC DISEASES DUE TO
INTERNAL PARASITES. Parasites, living animal organ-
isms. Entozoa. Ectozoa. Parasitic disease of the brain.
Sturdy. Gid. Coenurus cerebralis. Hydatid cysts. Disease
resembling gid. Operation for gid not always successful. Dogs
and their relation to gid. Parasitic diarrhoea, a serious com-
plaint. Taenia expansa. Observers quoted. Description of
parasite causing the disease. Parasitic gastric catarrh. Occurs
as an epizootic. Nodular disease; first recognized in Washing-
ton, D. C., by Dr. D. E. Salmon. Parasitic nasal catarrh, due
to oestrus ovis. Surgical treatment for removal of larvae.
Parasitic bronchitis. Hoose. Husk. Snots. A destructive
affection. Strongylus filaria, strongylus refescens. Nature of
the disease. Methods of introduction. How they arrive in the
bronchial tubes. Treatment, both preventive and curative.
The Rot has caused more loss to flock-owners than all other dis-
eases. Virulent in Egypt. Distoma hepaticum. Wonderful
life cycle of parasite. Duration of the disease. Post-mortem
appearances. Description of fluke. Preventive treatment.

CHAPTER XV—PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE

SKIN. Scabies causes great losses to the wool-growers. Life
XVI. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

history of seab parasites. Gerlach’s table of scab mite multi-
plication. The Common Seab. The Head Scab. Examina-
tion of sheep for scab. Methods of infection. New Mexican
lambs, their liability to scabies. Dipping. and-dressing for
scab. Dipping plant. Lime and sulphur dip. Sheep Tick.
Melophagus Ovinus. Lice. Peculiar appearance of the weol
of sheep affected with lice. The Fly. Lucellia Marcellaria.
Cause of maggot.

CHAPTER XVI—SPECIFIC DISEASES. Germs.
Classification of germs. Methods of introduction into animal
economy. Germs the cause of all specific diseases. Period of
incubation. Braxy. Anthrax Fever. Treatment preventive.
Wool-sorters’ disease. Black-leg. Quarter-ill. Quarantine of
infected pastures. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Infectious
Aphtha. Eezema Epizootica. Tetanus—lock-jaw. As seen fol-
lowing parturition. Use of tetanus antitoxin. Erysipelas.
Actinomycosis—due to a fungus—occurs in the human, cattle,
swine, and rarely in the dog. Sheep Pox. WVariola Ovina.
Tuberculosis very rare in sheep. Rabies. Hydrophobia. Post-
mortem appearances. Symptoms of rabies in the dog. Blood
Diseases. Red Water. Sanguineous Ascites. Anaemia.
Rheumatism. Pining. Vinquish.

CHAPTER XVII—OPERATIVE SURGERY AND
DISEASES OF THE EYE. Castration. Methods of
operation. Covered operation for scrotal hernia. Trapping.
Tying or lashing. Bistournage. Docking. Spaying. Frac-
tures. Simple. Compound. Comminuted. Wounds, incised,
punctured, lacerated, or torn, contused or bruised. Bruises.
Strains. Sprains. Abscess. What constitutes a tumor. Over-
growths of tissue. Homologous and heterologous tumors. Meth-
ods of growth. Vascularity. Malignant and benign tumors.
Causes of tumor formation. Cohnheim’s theory. Parasitic
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XVII.

origin, Cystie tumors. Treatment of tumors. Goitre. Struma.
Real, fibrous, varicose, cystic bronchocele. Treatment of goitre.
Diseases of the Eve. Simple Ophthalmia. Simple. Specific
Amaurosis. Gutta-serena. Glass-Eye. Fungus hematodes.
Opacity of the Cornea. Wounds of the Eye.

CHAPTER XVIII—LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS
DISEASES. Eczema, different forms of. Erythema. Cellu-
litis Prurigo. Impetigo larvalis. Foot-Rot. Paronychia In-
terdigitalis. Wet pastures conducive to this condition. Differ-
ences between foot-rot and foot-and-mouth disease. Foot baths.
Fungoid growths. Inflammation of Inter-Digital Canal.

CHAPTER XIX—PARTURITION AND DISEASES
INCIDENTAL THERETO. Normal Parturition. Period of
Gestation. Womb contractions. Prolonged:-parturition, causes.
Rigidity of os uteri. Obliteration of the os. Torsion of the
uterus. Mal-presentations. Monstrosities. Conditions liable to
oecur incidental to Parturition. Retention of Foetal Mem-
branes. Inversion of the Womb. Prolapsus Uteri. Inversion
of the Vagina. Inflammation of the Vagina. Vaginitis In-
flammation of the Womb. Metritis. Malignant Parturient
Fever. Garget. Mammitis or Mastitis. Cracked Teats.
Founder. Parturient Laminitis. Asphixia. Bleeding from the
Umbilicus. Umbilical Hemorrhage. Inflammation of the Um-
bilical Cord. Navel-Ill. Retention of the Meconium. Imper-
forate Anus. Cyanosis. Abortion.

CHAPTER XX—MEDICAL TREATMENT IN GEN-
ERAL, AGENTS USED, THEIR THERAPEUTIC AC-
TIONS AND DOSES. Medicinal treatment of sheep. Singly
and in flocks. Drugs having a nauseous taste. Violent poisons.
Vis medicatrix naturae. Medicinal agents. Definition. Thera-
peutic action. Astringents. Alteratives. Anti-spasmodics.
XVIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

Anaesthetics. Anthelminties. Ant-Acids. Anodynes. Anti-
septics. Cathartics. Carminatives. Cholagogues Diuretics.
Diaphoretics. Hypnotics. Vermifuges. Vermicides. Tonics.
Doses for sheep and lamb. Fluid measure. Weight measure.
Symbols. Drug tables.

CHAPTER XXI—INSPECTION OF SHEEP, FED-
ERAL AND STATE. Commencement of live-stock inspection
in the United States dates back about twenty years. Method of
inspection. Condemnation of careasses unfit for human con-
sumption. Sheep imported from other countries. Canada and
South American republics excepted. Quarantine regulations.
Special regulations concerning Canadian imports of live stock.
Official Canadian veterinarian’s certificate required. Sheep for
immediate slaughter do not require certificate. Duration of
quarantine exacted on importations of live-stock from Europe.
Sheep scab guarded against. Regulations concerning the ex-
portation of sheep abroad, notably to England.  Inter-state
shipments; regulations concerning the same. Movement of
Western range sheep to Eastern feeding grounds; their liability
to carry the infection of scab. State Inspection. Western and
Middle West States adopt legislation for their own protec-
tion. Chas. Gresswell, M. R. C. V. S., opinions on inspection
of live-stock in general. Regulations of the State of Colorado
concerning the transportation of sheep into or across that State.
Other States adopting similar legislation.
CHAPTER I.

 

Sheep.

Their Origin and History. It is beyond question impossi-
ble to know, or even surmise, the actual origin of the domestic
sheep. It appears very doubtful whether there exists any con-
nection between them and the Argali, or white sheep of Asia,
and the Musmon of South Europe and Africa or the Rocky
Mountain sheep of North America; even should this connection
be believed in, they must have been domesticated in the very
remote past, their habits materially changing before any records
appear in the most ancient histories we can command. We
find on consulting the Bible that sheep are spoken of in its
earlier passages, and that Abel chose sheep-herding as his
vocation, while Cain tilled the soil, and that the jealousy
resulting from Abel's offering of a firstling of his flock for
sacrifice, resulted in the first murder of which there is any
record. Before agriculture was practiced to any great extent,
when the population of the earth was comparatively small, sheep
husbandry was universally followed, their natural disposition
and constitution rendering them capable of adaptation to differ-
ent climates and conditions, furnishing food and clothing to
their possessors, affording a profitable investment to the shep-
herd, the most ancient and honorable calling of man. We find
sheep preceeding civilization of the different parts of the world.
Ancient Greece for many years was the sole possessor of this
valuable animal in Europe; its introduction to Italy following
the foundation of the Roman Empire; the Roman Conquests
extended their use to the conquered territories, Spain especially
affording them an abundance of pasture, and to Spain the honor
20 SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY.

belongs of developing and improving their condition, so that even.
in the time of the Romans, Spanish wool was celebrated for its
quality, which pre-eminence it retained up to the commence-
ment of the present century. In ancient times sheep skins
were used for clothing, but as civilization progressed, we find
manufactured cloths taking the place of skins. This necessitated
the improvement of the fleece by careful breeding and selection.
Tn Ancient Rome fine wools were made a study, the fineness of
the fleece was cultivated to an extraordinary extent; the sheep
were clothed to insure a delicacy of the wool filaments; the
fleece being combed to prevent matting of the wool, the skin
being oiled and moistened with wine. Pliny, a Roman writer,
states that the best wool was that of Apulia on the Adriatic
Sea; the excessive care bestowed on these sheep predisposed to
constitutionally weaken them, rendering them liable to disease;
and with the fall of the Roman Empire these choice breeds
were broken up and lost, and while a few fine-wooled sheep can
still be found in Italy, they are badly formed and very inferior
to their ancient progenitors.

The history of the sheep in England dates back to the ear-
liest records. We find that the Romans considered the British
wool as an object of luxury in the Capitol of the Empire. Dur-
ing the Roman occupation of Britain, a wool factory was estab-
lished at Winchester, the fabrics of which became a subject of
favorable comment to the historians of Rome, and while the
origin of the different English breeds of sheep is altogether
shrouded in mystery, we know that certain breeds have occu-
pied stated localities as far back as the earliest records, and
from these localities we are enabled to trace the different classes
of English sheep, ascertaining their sources of improvement, and
the evolution of the recognized mutton breeds of the present
day.

The origin of sheep in North America dates back to the
SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY. at

conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards in the fourteenth century.
Previous to their advent in the New World, the nearest ap-
proach to the species was the llama, found in South America,
when Pizarro conquered Peru, and so far as is known even this
animal was not found north of Central America. After Mexico:
was parcelled out among the conquerors and colonization was
started, the necessity of stocking the grants caused the exporta-.
tion of large numbers of live stock from Spain to North America,
and as the western broncho can be traced as a lineal descendant
of the fiery barb, ridden by the Spanish cavaliers, so can the
Mexican sheep be traced back to the silky-fleeced Merino of
Castille. The care of the converts under the supervision of the
priests, and the pastoral duties of the different missions which
included raising of live stock and agricultural pursuits in
general, as much as the welfare of the souls of the converted
Indians, was responsible for the rapid increase of the flocks and
herds and their extension to other parts of the continent, notably
New Mexico and California. While Spain is to be credited
with being the source from which the Southern and Western
sheep in this country originated, we find also that in the vear
1600 sheep were imported by the early settlers of the New
England States from England and Holland, and that prior to
the War of Independence many importations were made, the
housewives in those days being expert with the spinning wheel.
Imported cloth fetching a high price, sheep were bred for the
wool they produced, the clip being spun and converted into cloth
at home for the use of the members of the family. From the
commencement of this century up to the present time the im-
portations have been many and good, the best breeds of all
foreign countries having been freely drawn from, the imports
embracing all the recognized breeds from the Spanish Merino
even to the Persian sheep, and increasing in number until at
the present time the annual importations amount to many thou-~
22 SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY.

sands for breeding purposes alone. While the importations for
breeding purposes have been large, the number of sheep in the
United States has decreased rather than increased in the last
twenty years, which at first glance appears remarkable when
the increasing consumption of mutton as a food is taken into
consideration, and it can only be accounted for by the decrease
in the price of wool, which made the handling of large herds
of wool sheep unprofitable to the flock owner.

We find that in 1879 there were all told in the United
States 38,123,000 sheep, and that in 1884 the top of the ladder
was reached, there being at that time 50,626,626 in the country.
From then the decline in numbers gradually progressed till in
1895 there were all told only 42,294,064 head, and at the
present time, 1899, the estimates only call for 39,114,453, a
most remarkable decrease since 1884; and when the increase in
population and increasing popularity of mutton as an article of
diet for the home market, as well as the growing demand from
abroad is taken into account, that there should be a decrease in
numbers since 1879 of nearly half a million head, and from
1884 to 1898 of a decrease of 11,512,173 head, makes the fact
become all the more surprising. It would certainly appear
reasonable that now is the time to embark in sheep husbandry,
the demand for feeders increasing every year. Every year new
feeding grounds are springing up in the West till at the present
time the breeding and feeding of sheep has risen to be the most
profitable branch of stock-raisng in which the farmer can
engage,
CHAPTER II.

Che Prominent Breeds of Sheep.

In describing the different breeds of sheep we shall classify
them according to their fleece, as long, middle or short-wooled.
The long-wooled breeds are white-faced, somewhat coarse in flesh
and not so active as the shorter-wooled species. The long-
wooled breeds of sheep are English by origin. We find belong-
ing to this class the Lincoln, Kent, Cotswold, Leicester; also the
Devon long-wooled breeds. The first place on the list undoubt-
edly belongs to the Leicester, it being the first breed improved by
skilful selection and crossing.

Leicesters and Border Leicesters.

THE LEICESTER SHEEP appears to have been a native
of Leicestershire ‘and adjoining counties. For a considerable
period before it came under the genius of Bakewell, to whom be-
longs the honor of being the pioneer in the field of improvement
of all kinds of live stock. This man, who was an English farmer
living at Dishley, Loughborough, Leicestershire. He recognized
the fact that the properties of parents may be transmitted to their
offspring until the type will finally become fixed. He was also
endowed with the gift of discernment, in being able to tell by an
animal’s exterior and quality whether or not it possessed the
properties he desired to perpetuate. About 1755 Bakewell com-
menced on the improvement of the Leicester sheep, the result
being the formation of an animal somewhat smaller than the
original type, but thicker and deeper, more symetrical and better
adapted for fattening, combined with an earlier maturity. The
old Leicester breed was a coarse, large sheep, with an abundant
 

Leicester Ewe.
LEICESTERS AND BORDER LEICESTERS. S25.

fleece, but in the selection of smaller and more compact animals,
necessary for the improvement in carcass, unfortunately the
fleece diminished in weight proportionately to the decrease in
size of carcass. The Leicester sheep as improved by Bakewell
may be described as a white-faced, hornless sheep, covered with a
fleece about seven inches in length, having a lashy wool, ter-
minated with a short twisted curl. The points of the Leicester
are: Head, hornless, long, small, tapering towards the muzzle;
lips and nostrils black; nose slightly narrow and Roman, giving
the face a wedge-shaped appearance; face is covered with thin,
white hairs; forehead covered with wool; ears thin, rather long
and mobile and directed backward; a black speck on face, and
ears not being uncommon; eye large and prominent; neck short,
level with the back and broad at its base where it leaves the chest,
gradually tapering towards the head, being particularly fine at
the articulation of the head and neck, the neck appearing to pro-
ject straight from the chest, so that there is almost one continued
horizontal line from the rump to the poll. The breast is deep,
broad and full; shoulders upright and wide across the tops, giv-
ing a great thickness through the heart; well filled up behind the
shoulders, making the girth large; ribs are well sprung; loins
wide; hips level; quarters long and straight; barrel round; ribbed
well home; no irregularity on the line of the back or the belly.
The bone is fine, the legs being small, standing wide apart; no
looseness of the skin about them, and are comparatively free of
wool; the fleece is fine and curly and free from black hairs; firm
flesh; springy pelt and pink skin. In general form, the carcass
is rectangular, with legs set well on, hocks straight, pasterns good
and neat feet. All these various points were only obtained by
paying long, continued attention to the individual pecularities,
selecting the best to breed from, always bearing in mind that it
is far easier to perpetuate a defect than to fix an improvement.
The LEICESTER fattens best when about a year or a year
26 LEICESTERS AND BORDER LEICESTERS.

and a half old; the carcass then weighing about 80 to 85 pounds.
They are an excellent sheep for crossing purposes, reproducing
their wonderful careasses even when crossed on very inferior
stock,

The pure-bred Leicester is liable to lay on fat very thickly,
which is to their disadvantage, the demand for fat mutton hay-
ing ceased. There are few breeds, however, which have not
been improved by an admixture of the Leicester blood. Notably
have the Southdowns, Cotswolds, Lincolns and Hampshire
Downs. It may be as well to mention here the breed known as
Border Leicester. This is now recognized as an independent
breed, rivalling in its value and distribution the original Bake-
well Leicester, from which it is descended. The breed originated
about 1863, when a Mr. George Cully visited Dishley, forming
an intimate friendship with Mr. Bakewell, he obtained Leicester
rams, and by crossing them on a long-wooled breed, called the
‘Teeswaters, in time established a flock of Leicesters. The Cully
stock is looked upon as the origin of the Border Leicester.
Rams from their flock were hired by breeders both English and
Scotch, who often paid as high as $500 for the use of a ram for
one season.

The difference between the Leicester and Border Leicester
is chiefly observed in the head, that of the Border Leicester being
white, nose slightly Roman, full muzzle, wide nostrils, and erect
ears. The head is clean and free from wool, while the English
Leicester has a tuft of wool on its head, also having wool in the
shanks. The head of the English Leicester instead of being
clear white, has a bluish white tinge; the carcass also is not so
long or large as the Border Leicester.

Fault has been found with the Leicester ewe on account of
its predisposition to get too fat, especially when on good soil.
This has been partially overcome by crossing with the Cheviot,
which produces a hardier sheep, and not so liable to over-fatten,
THE COTSWOLD. 27

Che Cotswold Breed.

This is a very ancient breed. We find favorable mention is
made of the Cotswolds by the very early writers. Speed, writ-
ing nearly 250 years ago, says that the wool from this breed
rivalled that of Spain. It has been claimed that they even were
the origin of the Spanish Merino, it being a historical fact that
Edward LV. permitted the exportation of a number of this breed
to Spain, where they increased and spread rapidly, but, as befure
stated in the chapter on the “origin of sheep,” Spanish wool was
noted long before this for its fineness of fibre. We also find writ-
ers in the time of Queen Elizabeth speaking about the long-
wooled Cotswold, which would go far to prove that the breed has
always been so, and that they were never originally short-wooled.
The COTSWOLD is a large, hornless sheep, with a long and
abundant fleece. The ewes are good nurses and very prolific. The:
Cotswold of to-day contains a considerable strain of the Leicester,
which has tended to rather diminish the size and shorten the
fleece, but they have retained the hardihood of the Cotswold, and
are good rustlers and should cross well on the native stock of
this country.

Description of the Cotswold.

Legs and face white, with occasional dashes of brown or
gray, showing traces of the original stock. The head is strong
and massive, without horns, and having a heavy forelock of
wool; the neck and fore-quarters are strong and square; the
brisket fairly prominent; the hind quarters are square, full and
broad; the ribs well sprung, making a round barrel; the flanks
are deep; the legs close but not long; the bone fairly heavy.
Their general appearance is attractive, indicating a hardy, vigor-
ous animal. They are shaped to fatten easily, making them a
prime mutton breed. The fleece is close upon the back, and
8

4
Uy

Wy, Uy
Yj
YY
iy
YE Mi
Gh, i
Yiy YY :

2
Uy

WG
if

Yi
iy Li MU
L

WY Yip
YY by
Yi
iy

Yi) “if ij

d
ti
iy

 

Cotswold Ram.
THE LINCOLN, 29

long, sometiznes being nine inches in length; is well waved and
soft. The Cotswold has assisted materially in establishing sey-
eral of the present crossbreeds, notably the Oxtord Downs and
Shropshires in England, and the Cotswold Merino in Germany.
Its availability of adaptation to various climates and conditions
and the general useful character of its fleece in woolen manu-
facture makes it one of the most valuable breeds we possess at
the present time.

Che Lincoln Sheep.

This is another famous breed of English sheep, and may
almost be said to be a manufactured breed, owing as it does its
present perfection and size to systematic and judicious crossing
of the old Lincoln sheep with other breeds, notably the improved
Leicester. THE OLD LINCOLN was a large coarse sheep,
with flat sides and hollow flanks, large legs and feet. Their
fleece averaged between ten and twelve pounds, almost touching
the ground, and was very oily. They fattened slowly, and made
much fat internally.

THE NEW LINCOLN is, as before stated, the product of
Leicester crosses upon the original breed, the result being a large
sheep; in fact, the largest of any in the British Isles. The flesh
is firm; wool extraordinarily long; fleece very heavy, a ram’s clip
often weighing between twenty-five and thirty pounds; the wool
is bright, and lustrous when shorn. While some breeders con-
sider that the Lincolns as a mutton breed are inferior to the
Downs, every one admits that for crossing on the common or
native stock of the American Continent they are “second to
none.” H. A. Danniels, Secretary of the National Lincoln Sheep
Breeders’ Association, writes concerning their early importatiuns
to this country as follows: “Among the first importers of this
’ breed to Canada were John Geary of London, William Walker of
~ as
U.D0OW’SS=s
SN Ww Sas —— —
WE

LAN YS SSS
WSS S=

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Prize-Glinning Lincoln Ram, Lord Stanley 565. Imported and owned by B. A, Daniells, Elva, Mich., Secretary
National Lincoln Sheep Breeders’ Association,
 

 

Group of Prize-Winning Lincolns from the Noted flock of Mr. @. B. Scorer, Louth. Lincolnshire, England,
Imported and owned by Robert S. West, of Cleveland, Ohio,
32 THE LINCOLN.

Iiderton, and J. T. Gibson of Denfield, also last, but not least,
William Oliver of Avonbank. The first Lincolns brought to the
United States were from the above importations, and the first
breeders were G. S. Allen of Portland, Mich., and Robert
Knight of Marlette, Mich. J. J. England of Cairo was one of
the early breeders, buying largely in Canada, and in ’°94 made a

 

Champion. Lincolnshire Ewe, shown at New South Wales, Australia, 1898.

direct importation from England. The writer started a flock
about this time, viz., 1880, buying the first lot of Robert Knight,
later making purchases in Canada, having brought over of Cana-
dian and English bred five bunches.

“The National Association was organized in 1891 with nine
members, and now is composed of 112 of the best Lincoln
breeders in North Ameriea. We have 5,000 Lincolns regis-
THE LINCOLN. 33

tered, the association having now attained its ninth year, and is
still growing.”

Standard and Scale of Points of Lincoln Sheep.

Constitution—Body deep, back wide and straight;

wide and full in the thigh; bright, large eyes; skin

soft and of a pink eolorsiscseeesdsaeeeeeenas 25 points
Size—Matured rams not less than 250 pounds, when

in good condition. Matured ewes not less than

200-POUNdS cng» carer ea wees le ple sien Seas 10 points
Appearance—Good carriage and symmetry of form. .10 points
Body—Well proportioned, good bone and length;

broad hind quarters; legs standing well apart;

breast wide and deep.................00000- 15 points
Head—Should be covered with wool to the ears; tuft

,on forehead; eyes expressive; ears fair length;

dotted. or mottled im eolot.< «vss ssaiavess ie ss 10 points
Neck—Medium length; good muscle; well set on body 5 points
Legs—Broad and set well apart; good shape; color

white, but some black spots do not dis

qualify; wooled to the knees..............06. 10 points
Fleece—Of even length and quality over body; not

less than eight inches long for one year’s growth. .10 points
Quality of Wool—Rather fine, long wool; strong,

lustrous fiber; no tendency to cot............. 5 points

Total saves iaee See ae 100 points.

Che Romney Marsh, or Kentish Long-Qooled.

This sheep belongs to one of the old breeds which grazed on
the marsh lands of the coast of Kent, England, taking their name
from the locality called Romney Marsh, a low-lying strip of land
sdaayg pajoopp Bucy qsiquay ao ‘qsavyAl K2UULO"Y

 
THE ROMNEY MARSH. 35

not exceeding fourteen miles in length by ten miles in breadth.
The soil being a heavy rich clay, was adapted to the growth of
a large breed of sheep, and we find the Romney Marsh compet-
ing with the Lincoln for weight of careass.

The unimproved breed is described as having had flat sides,
big bellies, narrow chests and large heads, and were evidently
more useful than good-looking; but by the judicious infusion of
improved Leicester blood, and years of careful selection, they
have attained a place of favor in the estimation of sheep breeders
which they certainly merit. They are especially adapted to low-
lying soils.

In general appearance they resemble the Lincoln, being
white-faced, hornless; the wool is of long staple and heavy. The
first importations of the breed to America are supposed to have
been in the.early settlement of Massachusetts, evidently being
the unimproved breed. Latterly the Romney Marsh are spring-
ing into favor, and doubtless in a short time an association will be
formed in the United States to record correct pedigrees, etc.,
and establish the breed in its proper place among the others of
this country.

Middle-Qlooled Breeds.

The Southdown.

Also called the Sussex. This breed of sheep trace back
with a long line of pure descent to a period prior to the reign
of William the Conqueror. It is beyond a doubt one of the
purest and most unmixed breeds in England, holding a position
in the esteem of breeders second to none. This noted breed has
reached its present state of perfection by unceasing attention on
the part of breeders, perpetuating the purity and perfection of
rena esaNr A:

 

Southdown Ram.
THE SOUTHDOWN. 37

the original ancestors. As far back as 1776, a Mr. Alford
Young comments on their fine coat, but criticizes the thin chine,
low fore-end and rising back bones. The aim in improving this
breed has been to amend these defects, and in accomplishing
this the improvement has produced a readier disposition to fatten,
with a heavier carcass, while they still retain their character for
hardiness and good rustling qualities. One of the great points
of excellence in these sheep, as compared with many others,
is that they can stand bad weather, with a correspondingly
less loss of flesh, and being good travelers, are adapted
for use on the Western plains. There is no reliable data
concerning the first importations of this breed to America. We
have, however, every reason to believe that some were brought
here by the first settlers in the New England States, and as early
as 1648 some ewes were bought by Gov. Winthrop; also that
they were known in Virginia as remote as 1688 there is no
doubt, as we find Mr. John Clayton of that period mentioning
them, and praising their mutton qualities. These of course were
from the old and unimproved breed, which have from time im-
mermorial been renowned for their mutton qualities, the present
improvement being due to the efforts of such men as Ellman,
Drake, and Jonas Webb of England, who, like Bakewell, in
breeding Leicesters, made certain points of excellence their aim
in breeding. We find that in 1803 A. D. Rose imported a small
flock of Southdowns to his estate at Fayette, N. Y.

Later, in 1824-1828, John H. Powell of Philadelphia, Pa.,
and Francis Roteh of New York made importations, supposed to
have been obtained from the Ellman flock of England. Still
later we find Samuel Thorne and L. G. Morris, both of New
York, made importations from the best flocks of England, and
by 1863 Mr. Thorne’s flock counted descendants from fourteen
different importations, principally from the flock of Mr. Jonas
Webb of Babraham, Cambridgeshire, Eng. In 1844 Mr. Jesse
‘ACN ‘snes yr1scog ‘uduiep Juegoy uyoL, dq paudo pur pag “PIO SsyjUucp 2ajauD ‘SULLY Udopy Nog

 

 

 
THE SOUTHDOWN. 39

A. Pickrell of Sangamon Co., Illinois, imported a ram and two
ewes; and in the same year Mr. J. T. King of Warren, Ohio,
began to breed Southdowns with stock imported by Mr. J. M.
Hesless of Trumbull Co., Ohio. In the year 1848 Mr. J. C.
Taylor of New Jersey commenced breeding Southdowns, aud
established a flock which was entirely descended from the cele-
brated Webb stock. Mr. R. Scott of Kentucky was also noted
for his efforts in forwarding the claims of the Southdowns.
Gen. C. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky., commenced breeding South-
downs in 1855, and by constantly introducing blood by the best
rams obtainable, and only breeding to his own ewes, he obtained
sheep of great excellence, increasing the amount of wool, and
almost doubling the size of the carcass. In 1857 the Illinois Im-
porting Co. made an importation of thirteen head from the flock
of Jonas Webb. Again in 1861 Hon. John Wentworth of Chi-
cago, Ill., made importations of Southdowns, and by intelligent
selection and a long term of years so successfully improved his
flock that it is hard to obtain a better foundation for a flock to-
day than from those descended from the Summits farm. In
1875 the North Elkhorn Importing Co. of Kentucky made im-
portations, and in 1876 sixteen rams and twenty-three ewes were
imported from the Walsingham flocks of England.

On May 1st, 1882, at Springfield, Ill, the American South-
down Breeders’ Association sprung into being, its aim being the
collection, revision, preservation and publication of the history
and ‘pedigrees of pure-bred Southdown sheep. The aim of the
Association has been to encourage and aid breeders of South-
down sheep, taking care that none but worthy claims should be
advanced to their credit, and also that none but worthy sheep
should be recorded. The following is the standard of excellence
adopted by the American Southdown Breeders’ Association, and
which is accepted both in this country and in England as a cor-
rect guidance for determining the true type of the Southdown:
40 THE SOUTHDOWN.

Standard of Excellence for Southdown Sheep,

Adopted by the American Southdown Association.

Head medium in size and hornless, fine, carried well up, the
forehead or face well covered with wool, especially be-
tween the ears and on the cheeks, and in the ewe
slightly dished vs.cssscaseewadi ee nea as eeewew es

Lips and under jaw fine and thin......... ccc eee e eens

Ears rather small, tolerably wide apart, covered with fine
hair, and carried with a lively back and forth move-

MIIOMID sce eyas 8 Riese BAC RR Be Sas ea ee se neevees see
Byes full:and brights ss sisakcuws i ewanww anes ee ee re
Face a uniform tint of brown, or gray, or mouse color......

Neck short, fine at the head, but nicely tapering, and broad
and straight on top at the shoulders................
Shoulders broad and full, smoothly joining the neck with the
DACK. ops eed nis nee warshan iced aca an amh eohacesalae vy
Breast wide, deep, and projecting well eens the forelegs
SLANG Wide Apathy vad hives Kade ee ked beuw danny
Back and loin broad and straight from shoulders to rump. .

Ribs well arched, extending far backward, the last projecting
Tore then the Wee oa bwin SEK de deenew wee ae

Rump broad, square and full, with tail well set up........:
Hips wide, with little space between them and last ribs.....
Thighs full and well let down in twist, the legs oe well

apart

OF RR SST Se ah oe RAR MOAR RL SES RS Bede ta ee ae ow cee: ce ce nee aD ee ea Me le ae

Limbs short and fine in bone, and in color to agree with face.
Forelegs. well wooled and carrying mutton to the knees, but
eee Brom, Meat NEW sans a eek weweeeaeeeorcune

Hind legs well filled with mutton and wooled to the hocks,
neat and clean below

‘ee Ce a ee ee
THE SHROPSHIRE. 41

Belly straight and well covered with wool, the flank extend-
ing so as to form a line parallel with the back or top
DUG 62902 Meee ere Ree eee OL See di eee ewe < 5
Fleece compact, the whole body well covered with moderately
long and close wool, white in color, carrying some yolk. 12
Form throughout smooth and symmetrical, with no coarse-
NESS IN ANY PAlbigawevas seesaw east as weed ka EO 9
General appearance spirited and attractive, with a determined
look, proud and firm step, indicating constitutional vigor
atid thorouch breeding... ..s0escdeaceeceeveees 8

Che Shropshire Breed.

The Shropshire is undoubtedly a cross-bred animal, and evi-
dences a striking example of the perfection that may be obtained
by judicious crossing of various breeds. The original breed was
horned, and it is believed that the first attempt at improvement
was to abolish these useless appendages. There is good reason
to believe that this was effected. by a Southdown cross. The
original stock were called Morfe Common sheep, deriving their
name from the locality to which they were indigenous, if such a
term could be used. They were a black-faced, brown or spotted-
faced sheep; horned; not subject to scab, or rot, producing only
about forty-four to fifty pounds of mutton to a carcass, clipping
nearly two pounds of fine wool to the fleece. These sheep were
crossed with the Southdown and afterwards with the Cotswold
and Leicesters, the crossing and re-crossing, combined with care-
ful selection, yielding the uniformity sought for and obtained,
thus establishing the present superior breed. Since 1874 further
crossing has been considered unnecessary, the results obtained
prior to that time having produced a distinct and separate breed.
The Shropshire sheep are hardy, thrive well on moderate keep
"UOLPPIIOSSHY BWYSdouyG UII 342 Jo Kavza1.9g “pul ‘ayedeyey ‘Buywzaey aaunztoml! “tpl fq paumg ‘sanysdouyg jo dnog H

 

 
THE SHROPSHIRE, : 43

and fatten quickly, these qualities rendering them invaluable for
crossing on the common native sheep.

We find that a few Shropshire sheep were imported to this
country in 1833, becoming popular wherever known. In 1875
a Mr. H. C. Chaffee of Tippecanoe City, Ohio, imported quite a
number, other importations following fast. In 1883 about
4,000 were imported, and in 1884 5,000 more.

In the year 1884 the Shropshire Registry Association was
established, and at the present time (1899) there are recorded in
the registery of the Association over 100,000 individual pure-
bred registered Shropshires. Shropshire sheep have gained in
popularity every year, their fecundity, hardiness and ability to
adapt themselves to different climates and conditions being un-
excelled by any other breed.

Points of Excellence

for Pure-Bred Shropshire Sheep, Recorded, or Eligible to Registry in
the American Shropshire Registry Hssociation Record.

General Appearance—Attractive, indicating breeding

and quality, with stylish carriage and a symmetri-

cal form covered with a dense fleece........... 25 points
‘Constitution—Robust as indicated by width and depth

of chest; strength and formation of neck, and by

bold active movement............. 0. ee eee 10 points
Size—In breeding condition when fully matured.

Rams should weigh not less than 180 to 225

pounds, and ewes not less than 125 to 170 pounds.10 points
Fleece and Skin—Fleece of good length, dense, elastic

to touch, medium fine, free from black fibre,

slightly crimped, with evenness of texture

throughout; scrotum of rams well covered with

wool. Skin light cherry color, clear and free

fn GATE SPOlSs ska hane woe heeds Oo ee Bee's 15 points

 
 

‘Sbropshbire Ram.
THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 45

Body—Well proportioned, with shoulders well placed,

fitting smoothly upon the chest, which should be

deep and wide, broad and straight back, thick loins

well covered with firm flesh; hind-quarters well

finished; twist deep and full......a0csssse06: 20 points
Ilead and Neck—Head, short, broad between the ears

and eyes, bold and masculine in rams, without

horns, well covered with wool, ears short and

erect, eyes bright, color of face and ears dark-

brown. Neck of medium length, strong and mus-

cular (especially in rams), symmertically joined

to head and shoulders... sey. siindeed seen any 15 points
Legs—Well set apart, broad, short, straight, color dark-

brown and well wooled; pastern strong and up-

NAG cic hey wea ahaa aban 22. ahaa vena iedn pa des 5 points

“100
Che Dampshire Down.

The Hampshire Down of to-day in no manner resembles the
old Hampshire from which it is supposed to be descended.

The old Hampshire had probably existed on the Downs of
Hampshire in the time of the Roman occupation of Britain, and
doubtless its fleece helped furnish the supply for the wool factory
established by the Romans at Winchester.

They were a large, long-horned sheep, with fine, short wool.
The rams were noted for their large, bony, unsightly heads.

The present improved Hampshires are supposed to have
originated from a cross between the old Wiltshire horned-sheep
as well as the Berkshire Knot and the Southdown. About 1829
a Mr. John Twynam used improved Cotswold rams on Hamp-
shire ewes, obtaining an animal which combined the qualities of
the old Wiltshire, Southdown, and Cotswold. As we find the
*BA24 32M IVY UKoG aiysduieYy

 

SS

 
THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 47

name of one man generaliy figuring in the building up of a par-
ticular breed, so we find that the Hampshire Downs owe their
present excellence in a great manner toa Mr. Humphrey of Oak
“Ash, Wantage, Eng., who by careful crossing with the largest
and best fleshed of the improved Southdowns, succeeded in pro-
ducing a sheep of perfect form, with a strong constitution, and
earrying a useful and valuable fleece. All the praise, however,
does not belong to Mr. Humphrey, as among the careful breed-
ers of this particular breed the names of Mr. Rawlence of Bul-
bridge, Mr. Stephen King, Mr. William King, Mr. Moore, Mr.
Edward Waters, Mr. Frank Budd, and some others, are divided
the honors of bringing this breed to its present state of perfec-
tion and excellence. .

The Hampshire sheep were first imported into the United
States a short time before the War of the Rebellion, the first im-
portation being made to Virginia. In 1855 Thomas Messenger
of Great Neck, Long Island, imported a small flock of these sheep~
from England. In 1881 Henry Metcalf of Canandaigua, N. Y.,
imported the ram “Shepherds’ Pride.” Since this time the im-
portations have increased in frequency, the Hampshires obtain-
ing their just deserts in becoming more popular year by year.

The imported Hampshire Down vies with the Oxfordshire
Down for being the heaviest of the Down breeds. They mature
early. The fact that the Hampshire ram lambs are sold for ser-
vice at seven and eight months would go to prove this assertion.

The ram lamb should have a black face, surmounted by
white fleece; a dark tinge round the poll not being desirable, and
will materially reduce the value of the animal possessing it.
The ears must not be mottled, but should be semi-transparent,
resembling a bat’s wing. The shanks should be a rich brown,
almost black color, free from mottled appearance; the nose of the
ram should be thick, the head being large, with a slightly Roman
profile; the neck is long and well set on; shoulders sloping; deep
*uIry UMog anysdureg

 

 
THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 49

in the brisket; ribs well sprung; back straight; broad across the
loin; the quarters are long and broad; the hams round and heavy.
The ears are characteristic of the breed. They are thin and mo-
bile, falling outwards slightly, giving the appearance of great
width of poll. The head is well covered with wool between the
ears and on the cheeks. The wool is medium length, and of
strong fibre. Mature rams weigh up to 300 pounds and ewes a
trifle over 200.

As a race of sheep they possess constitutional vigor; mature
early; the lambs possess excellent fattening qualities. The ram
is endowed with remarkable prepotency, indelibly leaving his
mark on his offspring, making him a valuable animal to cross on
common ewes.

We print here the standard of excellence for Hampshire
Downs as recognized by the Hampshire Down Breeders’ Associa-
tion of America:

Standard of Excellence.

Head—Moderately large, but not coarse; well covered with
wool on forehead and cheeks.

Nostrils— Wide.

Color (head and legs)—Dark-brown or black.

Eyes—Prominent and lustrous.

Ears—Moderately long and thin, and dark-brown or black

color.
Legs—Well under outside of body, straight, with good size

of bone, black.

Neck—A regular taper from shoulders to head, without
any hollow in front of shoulders, set high up on body.

Shoulders—Sloping, full, and not higher than the line of
back and neck.

Chest—Deep and full in the heart place, with breast prom-
inent and full.

Back—Straight, with full spring of rib.
50 OXFORDSHIRE DOWN.

Loin—Wide and straight, without depression in front of
hips.

Quarters—Long from hips to rump, without sloping, and
deep in thigh. Broad in hips and rump, with full hams. Inside

of thighs full.
Scale of Points.

Head—Size and shape, 5; ears and eyes, 3; color, 5; legs

andl: tee Baek a cen ew PAN MR Y BET e SEA d eels se ee 15

Neck, shoulders and breast—Neck, 5; shoulders, 10; chest
ANC OVCASTS Oe 3 a usiadeccte roe en rare eS erm eas eee 30
Body—Back and loin, 15; rib, 5........-. ee eee eee eees 20
Quarters—Length, 10; width, 10; twist, 5........0...... 25

Wool—Forehead and cheeks, 2; belly, well covered, 3; qual-
POSE, mashes ange etude aaa 10
Dobal ss specs aise ere tia 100

Oxfordshire Down,

This popular breed of sheep originated shortly prior to 1833
as the result of crossing Cotswold rams on Hampshire Down
ewes. A Mr. Samuel Druce of Eynsham, Oxon, England, was
the first to establish the new breed, his aim being to produce a
sheep with the frame of the long wool and the quality of the
Down. The Hampshire at this time was not that of the present
improved type, but the old stock, said to be a loosely made, big-
headed sheep, which a few years afterwards underwent improve-
ment at the hands of Mr. Humphrey. About this time a num-
ber of breeders became interested in the cross instigated by Mr.
Druce, and we find that Mr. Gillet of Southleigh, Mr. Twyn-
ham, and a Mr. Blake practising this method. As the number
of breeders of this particular class increased, the opportunities
 

Imported Prize-Winning Oxford Down Ram. Owned by Dr, B. fF, Miller, Flint, Michigan.
52 OXFORDSHIRE DOWN.

of better selection advanced. It became possible by this means
to produce a distinct breed of a uniform shape and character.

Prior to 1859 they were known as Down-Cotswolds—Mr.
Druce calling them his half-breeds. When the breed was still
in its embryonic stage, the records show that a considerable
amount of promiscuous crossing took place before a type was
finally fixed.

Mr. C. T. Read states: “The owner formerly divided his
flock into three parts, putting a half-breed ram to the ewes
which were about right—a Cotswold to the smaller ones, and a
Down to the coarser sheep,’—and we also find that several breed-'
ers used Cotswold rams on Southdown ewes, thus infusing the
blood of the improved Southdown in the new breed. As already
stated, they were named Oxford Downs in 1859, and have un-
doubtedly been bred pure ever since that date. They obtained
recognition as a distinct breed in 1862, the Royal Agricultural |
Society, at the Battersea meeting, offering prizes for Oxfordshire
Downs, recognizing the fact that short-wooled sheep, not South-
downs, was not a proper classification of the middle-wooled
breeds of sheep of the British Isles.

The first importation of Down-Cotswolds to America was
made in 1846 by Mr. Clayton Reybold of Delaware City, Del.,
and in 1853 William C. Rives sent to Virginia one ram and five
ewes, a Mr. Fav introducing them into Massachusetts about the
same time, obtaining them from the same flock in England as:
those obtained by Mr. Rives. Careful breeding and selection
has given them that uniformity of character, the lack of which
was freely criticised in the early lifetime of the breed, till since
1870 the type has become firmly fixed, specimens of the breed
being found in almost every part of Europe, South Africa, Aus-
tralia, North and South America.
 

Dorset Ram.
54 THE DORSET.

The Dorset.

This is the oldest known breed of English sheep, having
been preserved unmixed from a very remote period, and are cer-
tainly the best of all the horned breeds. The Dorset has some
very valuable traits, the chief of which is fecundity and the”
ability to breed at an early season. Dorset ewes take the ram in
April, and yean in September. The lambs are then fit for the
Christmas market. The ewes make excellent nurses, frequently
bearing twins, and will rear a greater number of lambs than any
other breed of sheep. The Dorset horned-sheep is somewhat
larger than the Southdown; longer in the legs; face and legs
white, and the horns of both sexes of moderate size; their frame
is more compact, the barrel rounder, and they are by no means
bad feeders. Mr. M. A. Cooper, Secretary of the Dorset Horn
Breeders’ Association of America, writes about the breed as fol-
lows: “Dorsets were first introduced into America in 1885, but
little interest being taken in the breed until about 1890 to 1891,
when a few breeders in America united and formed an associa-
tion. Since 1891 importations have been made every year, till
at present they have been introduced into twenty-eight of the
different States. Two very large importations were made in
1897. The Dorsets are popular with breeders generally, the de-
mand exceeding the supply. The Dorset ewes are more correct
in their shape than many of the improved breeds, being straight
in the carcass, deep in the body, the rump large and round, the
leg full and well let down toward the shank. Losses in lambing
and barreness in ewes are rare; 150 to 160 lambs may usually be
calculated for every 100 ewes. The rams are being extensively
used in the Western States for crossing purposes. The demand
for Dorsets inerease every year, as their merits become known
to the flock master.” The Dorsets are hardy, very quiet and

docile, readily adapting themselves to changes in surroundings
and conditions,
*syasiog Suuuryy-2z71ug,

 

 

 
56 THE SUFFOLK.

Che Suffotk.

This is one of the few remaining breeds of Down sheep
which grazed on the chalk hills of England, from Norfolk and
Suffolk to Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Bucks, Berks, Wilts
and Devonshires, all of which counties possess an underlying
chalk formation. The origin of this breed were the old Nor-
folks, of which mention is made by Arthur Young in 1797, who
states that “ their mutton for the table was superior in grain,
flavor, quality and color of gravy.” The first improvement was
made by crossing improved Southdown rams. This, however,
was supposedly prior to 1850, since which time it is claimed they
have been bred pure, without any. outside admixture of blood.

The Suffolk Sheep Society of England lay down the follow-
ing points as necessary attributes of this breed:

Head hornless; face black and long; muzzle reasonably fine,
especially in ewes (a small quantity of clear white wool on the
forehead not objected to); ears medium length, black and of fine
texture; eyes bright and full; neck moderately long and well set;
shoulder broad and oblique; chest deep and wide; back and loin
long, level and well covered; tail broad and well set up; ribs
long and well sprung, with a full flank; legs and feet straight and
black, with fine and flat bone; wooled to knees and hocks, clean
below; fore legs set well apart; hind legs well filled with mutton;
belly well covered with wool; fleece moderately short, close, fine
fibre, without tendency to mat or felt together, and not shading
off into dark wool or hair; the skin fine, soft and pink. The
first importation of Suffolk sheep to the United States was in
1888, made by Mr. M. B. Streeter of Brooklyn, N. Y., the first
President of the American Suffolk Flock Registry Association.
In 1890 the Iowa Suffolk Sheep Company of Atlantic, Iowa, im-
ported quite a number, subsequent importations both in this
country and Canada following fast, till at the present writing
 

Suffolk Ram.
58 THE SUFFOLK.

they are becoming well known, and have established themselves
as an important addition to the recognized breeds of sheep on the
American Continent. They are a hardy, healthy sheep, suitable
for ranging on the Western prairies, and their comparative free-
dom from foot-rot favors their trial on some of the marshy soils

of the Eastern and Middle States.

The following is the scale of points adopted by the Ameri-

can Suffolk Flock Registry Association:
Scale of Points for Suffolk Sheep.

General Appearance—Pleasing outline; good carriage, and
symmetry of development. Points.............06.
‘General Form—Large in size; inclined to long in body; me-
dium strength of bone; somewhat cylindrical in shape,
and straight above, below and in the rear............
Head—Medium in size, inclining to be long and covered
with fine, short, glossy, black hair to the junction with
the neck; a small quantity of clean, white wool on the
forehead is not objected to, muzzle moderately fine,
especially in the ewes; eyes bright and full; ears of

rhedinni length amd Gnenesss soi. .ipa aes one ss eae
Neck—Moderately long and well set, and blending well with
the body with some crest in the lambs..............

Fore-Quarters—Well developed; breast wide, deep and full;
brisket, broad; chest, capacious with good heart girth;
shoulders, broad, oblique and well filled in the neck vein
and crops; withers, broad; arm, well developed.......

Barrel—Roomy; back, straight, broad and well fleshed’

throughout its entire length; ribs, well sprung and mod-
erately deep; fore and hind flanks, full and deep......
Hind Quarters—Long, deep and full; tail, broad and well set
up; buttock, broad; twist, full; thigh, broad and full...

15

10

5

15

15

15

J
THE MERINO. 5&

Feet and Legs—Straight, of medium length with flat bone;
bare of wool below the knee and hock, glossy black in
eolor and set well aparhs .g2+cnadexsseskeneeene eee 8

Fleece—Moderately short with close fine. lustrous fibre, and
without tendency to mat or felt together, or to shade off
into dark or gray wool or hair, especially about the neck
and tail. The fleece should cover the whole body ex-
cept the head and the legs below the knee and hock;
and the skin underneath it should be fair, soft and of a
Pile Ol ceceouudoseeuseern Cie aade ree neR we 10

Che Short-ooled Breeds.

 

Che Merino.

The home of this ancient and famous breed appears to have
been in Spain, from whence they were imported into France,
England, Germany, the United States of America and Australia.
They are the only truly, short or fine-wooled breed, and as raised
-In Spain, were distinctly a wool sheep. We cannot do better
here than print verbatim an article written by Mr. E. N. Ball,
Secretary of the Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association,
which fully covers the history of the breed and its first importa-
tions to this country:

“The ancestors of the American Merino, called by some
at this late date Spanish Merino, Vermont Merino, etc., were
imported to the United States from Spain. The true origin of
the sheep and the country from which they eminated is some-
what uncertain, but at an early day fine-wool sheep of excellent
quality were transported from Syria to Greece, from Greece to
Italy, and from Italy to Spain.
 

 

The Prize-winning Merino Ram, @. Ball 391, Bred by & N. Ball, Bamburg, Michigan,
THE MERINO. 61

At a very early period Miletus, a Grecian colony in Syria,
was celebrated for its woolen fabrics, and historians lead us to
believe that not only the woolen goods but also the sheep that
produced the wool were carried into Greece itself.

708 B. C., Tarentum, in Italy, was settled by the Greeks,
and of this prosperous settlement mention is made of the produc-
tion and manufacture of its excellent wool. The Tarentine
sheep were unexcelled for their fine wool. Dr. Perry notes that
the Spanish Merino and the ancient Italian race seem to have
certain qualities common to both. It was a marked character-
istic of these sheep that the rams had horns and the ewes had
none, and this is believed to be the only breed of short-wooled
sheep in Europe presenting this distinguishing characteristic.

Morrell states that about the beginning of the Christian
era, the sheep of Italy surpassed all others in the fineness of their
fleeces, and according to Pliny ‘the best wools are those of Apulia,
which are of a very short staple.’

Youatt says of the sheep of Spain that they were probably
imported from Italy. They were the Tarentine breed and had
gradually spread to the western extremity of Europe.

These sheep once introduced and established never after-
ward were aliens to the country of Spain. In the eighth cen-
tury the Saracens and Moors conquered a portion of Spain, which
abounded in flocks and herds. These people were enterprising,
and under their management the sheep increased in number and
popularity, and to such an extent had grown the wool industry
of Spain and so renowned her woolen fabrics that in the
thirteenth century 16,000 looms were in operation in Seville
alone, but later, when the Moors were expelled from Spain, the
looms of Seville dwindled to sixty, and Spain was importing
wool. In 1576 she exported to Bruges 40,000 sacks, each sell-
ing for no less than $45. Others of finer quality were shipped
to Italy at the price of $112.50 per sack. For centuries the
 

Champion Merino Ram, President LL, shown at New South Wales, Australia, 1898,

Hi Type of Australian Merino,
THE MERINO. 63

Merino sheep of Spain contributed largely to the support of the
Government.

The Spanish Merino was of two divisions, transhumantes,
or migratory flocks, and Estantes, or stationary flocks. The
Transhumantes were divided into two classes, Leonese and
Sorian. Of all the sheep of Spain those of Leon were superior
in form, quantity and quality of fleece.

At the beginning of this century Dr. R. R. Livingston,
many years a resident of Spain, says of this class of sheep there
were about four or five million distributed as follows:

The Duke of Infantadoes’ flock.................. 40,000
The Countes del Compo de Alonse Negretti........ 30,000
‘Te Paular. GC cnveniies stg eunyesaaeaww es a acmuwe 30,000
The Eseurial Convent........ 0.05.0 cece eee eees 30,000
che Convent of Gaudaloupwcse sxe dean cciwaees 80,000
The Marques Perales............. 000 e cee eeuee 30,000
The Duke of Bejariaciseeieancs aves Seed seve 80,000
Ten flocks belonging to sundry persons............ 200,000
All other flocks in the Kingdom................. 3,800,000

As to the very first importation from Spain to the United
States there seems to be a difference of opinion. One says in
1793 Mr. William Foster of Boston, Mass., imported two ewes
and a ram smuggled through the port of Cadiz. These Mr.
Foster gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of Cambridge, who, not
knowing their value, killed and ate them. Another says the first
importations was by William Porter of Boston in 1798 of two
ewes and a ram. These he gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of
Cambridge, who, not knowing their value, killed and ate them.
One thing seems pretty certain, the first importations of Spanish
Merino sheep into the United States disappeared as mutton, and
were of no account from a breeding standpoint, but beyond a
doubt the mutton was good. In 1801 Seth Adams imported a
64 THE MERINO.

pair of Merino sheep that were taken to his farm in Zanesville,
O. In 1801 a Merino ram, “Don Pedro,” was imported, being
one of four selected, the others having died, at the request of
Mr. Dupont de Nemoues by M. Delessert of Paris, who was at
the head of a commission to select in Spain on behalf of the
French Government a flock of 4,000 Merino sheep.

 

Champion Merino Ewe, Daisy. Shown at New South Wales, Australia, 1898.

The first importation of value was on the 10th of April,
1802. Colonel David Humphreys shipped at Lisbon seventy-
five ewes and twenty-five rams—pure Spanish Merinos one and
two years old, and after a voyage of fifty days landed seventy
ewes and twenty-one rams in the United States, which were taken
to his farm at Derby, Conn. The larger portion of the ewes
THE MERINO. 65

were retained in one flock, but a portion of the rams were sold to
neighboring farmers for improvement of their flocks. In 1803
Dr. James Meares of Philadelphia imported two ewes and two
rams.

1809 William Jarvis procured 200 Merios of the Royal
Escurial flock by special favor, and these, no doubt, were the
only Escurials ever imported. In 1810 Mr. Jarvis procured
1,400 Spanish Merinos of the Paular flock. These sheep were
from true Transhumantes, from the best flocks, and were un-
doubtedly among the best sheep imported into the United States.

My. Jarvis imported approximately 1,400 Paulars, 1,700
Aguirres, 200 Escurials, 130 Negrettis, and about 200 Mont-
arcas—3,630 in all.

In 1810 Gen. E. H. Derby made a shipment which re-
sulted in landing 300 to 400 Merinos. In the same year, 1810,
Peck and Atwater of New Haven, Conn., imported a flock, and
in January, 1811, Heaton & Co. of New Haven, Conn., ages
a cargo which were taken to Connecticut.

From these early importations the Spanish Merino fast
became scattered throughout the Eastern portion of the United
States. The improvement has been steady until the original
Spanish Merino is lost sight of in the more perfected animal,
known as the American Merino, reared in a large number of
States from the far East to the extreme West, and there is not a
State in the Union where sheep are bred that the stamp of the
American Merino is not seen, and exports have reached to Aus-
tralia, Africa, and South America.”

In the management of Merino flocks in Spain great care is
exercised to promote the growth and prevent injury to the fleece
from any cause whatever. They are constantly under the care
of shepherds, who house them whenever it rains, and are always
stabled at night. The average amount of fibres to the square
inch of skin surface is from 40,000 to 48,000, far in excess of the
66 THE RAMBOUILLET’

number of any other breed. The length of the wool varies from
one to four inches. Asa general description we find the Merino
is of fair size; head handsome; decorated with horns, the head
short around ears and well covered with wool. The horns
are open and wide, well turned and marked with fine transverse
wrinkles. The nose is short and may be pink in color, but a
darker shade is preferable. The neck is short but full and gains
character from the heavy folds of skin which adorn both males
and females. The shoulders should be very wide over the tops,
the body long, ribs deep and well sprung. The legs are short,
the hocks incline to be cat-hammed. Folds of skin are gathered
round the base of the tail which, from their disposition, are
called the rose. The wool must grow over the whole body down
to the claws, and wool fibres are often seen growing out of the
clefts of the hoof.

The Rambouillet,

The origin of the French Merino dates back to 1721, when
some ewes were imported from Spain into France. This impor-
tation was followed by another about 1750, and in 1776 M. Tru-
daine, the French Minister, imported another flock. In 1785
Louis XVI, King of France, who owned an estate called Ram-
bouillet, established there an experimental farm and obtained
permission to purchase and export from Spain a flock of pure-
bred Merinos, which he placed on this estate. This importation
was made from the finest flocks of Spain, being selected from the
flocks known as the Serales, Paular, Negretti, Eseurial, Alcola,
San Juan, Portaga Iranda and Salezar. Of this importation 366
head, composed of forty-one rams, 318 ewes and seven wethers,
arrived safely at Rambouillet, although thirty-five of the ewes
and sixty lambs succumbed to foot-rot soon after their arrival.
 

 

 

Two year old Rambouillet Ewe Invincible. Bred and owned by O. &. Lincotn & Son, Milford Center, Ohio. Weight, 226 pounds;
weight of flecee, 18% pounds. Winner of first prize at Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin and
Illinois State fairs; also the Omaha Exposition, 1898,
68 THE RAMBOUILLET’

The Rambouillet flock, after surviving many vicissitudes
during the French Revolution and subsequent reconstruction
period, was the subject of close attention and care on the part of
the French authorities, an exact record being kept and every
means taken to insure its well-being. About 1834 several of the
English mutton breeds were imported into France. The cross
of those on Merinos being favorably thought of by the French
agriculturists induced the management of the Rambouillet flock
to increase the size of their sheep, the increase being obtained
solely by selection and feeding, thus maintaining the purity of —
the breed. In 1850, continuing these methods, the Ram-
bouillets had become large in careass, but less robust in constitu-
tion, accompanied also with a diminution of the fleece. To over-
come the last two defects a return to original conditions became
necessary, the Negretti type becoming the favorite, till in 1867,
the flock improved in regard to the production of wool, and be-
eame able to support itself exclusively on’ pasture, and endure
the hardships incidental to weather changes and dry seasons, for
which the high feeding and long continued pampering had
almost ruined it.

The first importation of Rambouillets to the United States
was made by D. C. Collins of Hartford, Conn., in 1840, who
succeeded in obtaining two rams and twenty ewes. Later, in
1846, a Mr. John A. Taintor secured two rams and seven ewes
from the Gilbert flock; these were also brought to Connecticut,
subsequently being purchased by A. L. Bingham of Cornwall,
Vt. These first importations did not prove popular, however,
and it was not till some years later that this particular class of
Merino found favor among the flock-owners of this country.

The Rambouillet Association was organized in March, 1890,

the list of members and number of animals recorded increasing
year by year.
THE DELAINE MERINO. 69
Delaine Merino.

Is supposed to have sprung from an importation of In-
fantados, imported about 1810 by R. W. Meade, part of which
in 1820 or 1821 passed into the hands of a Mr. Alexander Reed.
Later several parties purchased sheep from Mr. Reed, and these
then became the base for that particular type called the Delaine.

These were a small sheep originally, but by good feeding
and careful selection they soon developed into large-framed,
black-topped sheep, with an abundant fleece.

The mating of the Dickinson Merino with the Meade sheep
appears to have been the origin of the new Delaine, and while
no one or two individuals can claim to have been the ancestor of
this particular class, as the breeders made selection from all the
best Merino flocks which had been imported from Spain, there
appears to be no doubt that to the Meade or Dickinson stock the
chief credit is due.

In 1882 an association was formed to record all such ani-
mals as were eligible to registry in the Register of the Associa-
tion, only sheep designated as belonging to the Victor-Beale De-
laine Merino were to be admitted to registration.

Mature rams should weigh not less than 150 pounds and the
ewes not less than 100 pounds.

Seale of points as given by the Delaine Merino Sheep
Breeders Association is as follows:

COnsGIHGN seas sekekeoue eHeesereatewe bias 10 points
Heavy round thé hearts cc scce weds tia wate cea 6 points
Shore heavy neck... 6.65425. keoenace yeeseene es 6 points
Good: dewlatisccu2eyss os 0ssw uw unas sowuseree es 5 points
Bioid Waeink ao wea Sein wee ee yee ss ae we os 8 points
Well orane TiSveneeueereeeeeeveceeieeraesee 5 points

Short 16s «cgistue gop iia weeaonts tae eaoeeee 6 points
70 THE CHEVIOT.

Heavy bon@, cis¢e%tasssso vue sds vee wares exes 8 points
Small, sharp fot....cia uw exae exe eee new teas 10 points
Length of staple, one year’s growth three inches.... 8 points
Density of fleece... 0.0.06. e eee e eee 8 points
Darkish coat on top...... cece eee eee eee eee 5 points
Opening wp Whites «..s2.cserers awe ioe ER RO 5 points
Good flow of white oil... 0.0... cece cece eee eee 5 points
Good crimp in, staples... saseaesas vee w es eee eee 5 points

Perfection. .......e.eeeeeeeees 100 points

Mountain Breeds.

Of these breeds we shall only take special notice of two,
viz., the Cheviot and the Herdwick,—the first named breed
claiming more particular notice, importations of them having
been freely made to the United States. The Herdwick can be
taken as a type of other mountain breeds, of which there -are
quite a number, differing only one from the other in name,
possessing, all more or less, the same general characteristics.

The Cheviot.

Takes its name from the hills which it has grazed over for a
period of centuries. They are a hardy sheep, fitted to thrive on
scanty pastures, and contend with the climatic changes so
prevalent in their native hills. Beyond a doubt their present
existence has largely been due to the law of “survival of the
fittest,” they being the one breed out of many others which fre-
quented the same district which withstood the test of time, not
only having held their own, but spreading out, obtaining foot-
hold in many localities other than their native hills.
 

Champion Cheviot Ram, “Wild Rose Prince.” first prize winner at Wlorid’s Columbian Exposition 1893.
Bred and owned by Doward B. Keim, Ladoga, Indiana,
72 THE HERDWICK.

They are a white-faced, hornless sheep, carrying a fine, short
fleece. Like the majority of mountain sheep, they are liable to
be light in the fore-quarter.

Their designation as Cheviots appears to have been given
them in 1792 by Sir John Sinclair. They were termed long
sheep (meaning length of body) in contradistinction to the black-
faced or short sheep—a breed more especially to be met with in
the North of Scotland, the stronghold of the Cheviot being in
the South. The first improvement of the original stock appears
to have been about 1755 or 1756, by the judicious admixture of
Lineoln blood; they have also been greatly benefited, as have
many other of the prominent breeds of to-day, by crossing
with the improved Leicester However, experience has proven
that to maintain the characteristic hardiness of the race, it is.
necessary to breed them pure. As a mountain sheep they are
unexcelled, and should prove valuable to withstand the hard-
ships of the Western mountain ranges.

The Rerdwick,

Is a native of the North of England Lake Region, grazing over
the beautiful mountain districts of Westmoreland and Cumber-
land. It has become famous throughout the North of England
more on account of the delicate flavor of its mutton than for its
wool-growing qualities.

Tradition places the origin of this breed at the time of the
defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, stating that a Spanish
vessel, in trying to escape, ran aground on the coast of Cumber-
land, and that “forty small sheep managed to save themselves
from the wreck, swimming ashore at Drigg, and were claimed as
jetsam and flotsam by the lord of the manor.”’ For the last 300
years they have held their own in the district, being peculiarly
adapted to their mountain ranges.
THE HERDWICK. 73

In general appearance the Herdwick is a small sheep, carry-
ing a heavy fleece, which is disposed to be heavy on the top of
the shoulder; the wool grows well down to the knees and hocks,
the poll and belly being well covered. The head is broad, nose
Roman, the nostrils are wide, jaws deep; the eyes are prominent
and lively; the ears are fine and white. The faces and legs of
lambs when first dropped are black, a few white hairs, however,
being visible at the tips of the ears, and also in some cases round
the feet. The white hairs gradually increase till at three years
of age the white predominate, some being perfectly white, others
a steelish grey.

The rams generally are horned, the horns starting well at
the back of the head, and curled. The hoofs should be white.

There are no records to show that any of this breed have
been imported to America, and it is doubtful whether they
would prove a useful addition to the stock of the country, being
small in size, and carrying a poor quality of wool. Their only
recommendation is their inherent hardy constitution to overeome
the above mentioned disadvantages.
 

famous Lmported Collie, Cleveland Perfection, sired by South-
port Perfection, Imported and owned by Robert
S. West, Cleveland, Ohio.
CHAPTER III.

The Moot Industry,

The manufacture of woolen goods dates back to Bible his-
tory. As stated in the introductory chapter of this work, the
Romans introduced the arts of weaving and spinning wool and
established a factory for the same at Winchester, England, soon
after their conquest of that country. Under the Saxon mon-
archy following the Roman exodus from Britain, we find that
wool spinning became universally followed in all households,
and so high was the art esteemed that princesses and noble ladies
learned to spin, and from the habit being universally followed
by the female members of the families the word spinster for un-
married ladies has been handed down to the present time. In
the time of the Wars of the Crusades, and even later, we find
that wool reprsented the national wealth, frequently being used
to supplement the limited coinage of those times. It was ac-
cepted in payment of ransoms and as collateral security for the
sinews of war. Later Holland excelled all other countries in the
manufacture of woolen goods up to the time of its conquest by
Spain. Then the industry suffered from the tyrannical imposts
of the governing power, which finally drove the artizans to seek
other lands. England afforded many of these exiles protection,
and to this source is directly traceable her superiority in the art
of woolen manufactures, which to a certain extent she retains
up to the present dav.

Wool, unlike hair, grows in a spiral form, is softer and more
pliable, due to a fatty secretion issuing from the glands situated
in the cutis vera or true skin, which supplies the yolk of the
76 THE WOOL INDUSTRY.

fleece, preventing injury to the wool fibres from cotting or felt-
ing from the constant friction while upon the sheep’s back.

Wool resembles hair, in that each filament is a minute tube
filled with pulp, covered externally by a scaly covering formed
by flat cells, the edges of which over-lapping each other, give the
filament a serrated appearance when examined under a
high magnifying power, to which also the wool owes its felting
properties and its adaptation for clothing purposes. The felting
property and other qualities of different wools have long been
known by practical experience, but that felting was due to the
serrated edges of the individual wool filaments is a comparatively
recent discovery which was made in 1795 by a Mr. Monge in
France, and later, but independently, by a Mr. Youatt in Eng-
land. Different wools were found to possess a greater or a less
number of serrations to the inch in length, the felting property
depending on the increase or decrease of the serrations. It was
found that in Merino wool (Saxony) the serrations ran as high as
2,700 to the inch, in the English Southdown 2,050, and in the
Leicester 1,850.

Fine wool, possessing a greater number of serrations and
growing in a spiral form, being superior in its felting properties
to the coarser goods.

Wool when it is to be manufactured first undergoes the pro-
cess termed carding. The card is an instrument which breaks
the wool, dividing it into a multitude of fragments, which from
its spiral form are left in a curved state. When pressure and
moisture are applied the serrated and curved filaments intertwine
and lock together. This is termed felting. After wool is
carded it is spun and woven into cloth, being oiled during this
process. Following this it is treated with Fuller’s earth to ex-
tract the oil, the moisture and pressure which are now applied
calling out its felting properties and giving the cloth a close and
dense appearance.
THE WOOL INDUSTRY. v?

Wool for worsteds is treated very differently. Instead of
being carded, it is combed. Thié consists in combing it out
smooth and then spinning it, giving it a looser appearance, thus
accounting for the more open texture which carpets possess as
compared to cloth or carded goods. Raw wool passes through
eleven different stages before the manufacture is completed, viz:
Sorting, washing, drying, plucking, combing, breaking, drawing,
roving, spinning, reeling and weaving.

Wool is generally classed as long or short, being graded as
superfine, fine, medium and coarse. The same fleece will be
made up of wool of the various degrees of fineness, it being the
business of the wool stapler or sorter to separate these various
qualities and prepare them for manufacture. The fleece is un-
rolled; the wool sorter then selects the fine locks from the coarse;
the finest wool is selected from the neck, shoulders and sides;
the next best from the upper part of the legs and thighs, extend-
ing to the haunch and tail; the inferior wool being distributed on
the upper part of the neck, throat, belly, breast and part of the
legs. The stapler then divides the finest wool into ten lots,
classed according to the degree of fineness, commencing with the
pick lock, then the prime, the choice, the super, the head, the
downrights, the seconds, the abb, the liver, and lastly the breech
wool. These are the divisions which are found to exist in a.
single fleece. On the sheep’s back the following points are
taken into consideration:

Strength of fibre.
Fineness.

Curl.

Thickness.

ete Neer bee

Closure of the fleece.
78 THE WOOL INDUSTRY.

1. THE STRENGTH OF FIBRE. This is indicated by
the amount of volk in the fleece. When this is small in quan-
tity the fibre becomes drv and brittle in character.

2. FINENESS. The wool should be fine in quality all
over the carcass, the diameter of thefilaments soho tO ixbo Of an
inch in thickness.

38. CURL. This is the waved appearance of the wool
fibres. These waves should be uniform and numerous through-
out the length of the fibre.

4. THICKNESS. This means the closeness of the fibres
upon the skin, which varies according to the breed, those of the
pure-bred Merino being as many as 48,000 to the square inch of
skin surface.

5. CLOSURE OF FLEECE. This is important. <A
well-closed fleece renders the wool impervious to dust and dirt,
which would be injurious to the quality of the staple. The clos-
ure is formed by the matting together of the free ends of the
wool fibres through the viscid properties of the volk. This
gummy substance gathers the dust, which forms a black coating
to the fleece, making a crusty covering, which when lightly
pressed upon feels elastic to the touch. The bad qualities of a
fleece may be enumerated as follows:

Stripy or watery wool.

bo eH

Toppiness.

Felty wool.

Hemp.

Cloudy wool.
Broad-topped wool.
Break.

TTS oR ge

1. STRIPY OR WATERY WOOL is generally fuund in

or near the shoulder, where the best wool should be. This wool
THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 79

is called stripy on account of the straightness of the fibres, the
natural waves or curves being absent, when pressed between the
fingers it appears lifeless; devoid of elasticity; more like cotton
than wool. This staple is only fit for very inferior goods, and
sheep with this defect should not be bred from.

2. TOPPINESS. This is where the tops of the woc!
fibres do not join together evenly to effect a perfect closure of the
fleece. This defect frequently causes a matting together of the
ends of the points of the wool, making when the wool is worked,
a quantity of noils, causing waste. This may be due to uneven
growth in the early life of the lamb, in which case, after the first
shearing, it will not be liable to recur. When present in old
sheep it indicates a defect in the animal’s breeding.

3. FELTY WOOL. This is caused by an absence of
yolk in the wool, which allows the wool fibres to felt on the
sheep’s back. It may be due to exposure to wet weather long
continued or more frequently to a low condition from poor feed,
or chronic ill health. Sheep possessing felty wool as a constitu-
tional defect should not be bred from.

4. HEMP consists of hairs interspersed among the wool
fibres. It may be detected on the face and forearm, and in rams
on the scrotum. Whenever it is found in these localities it will
be present throughout the whole fleece. These hairs being
white and not taking the dye, injure the fleece for the manu-
facture of dress goods and fine cloth to such an extent that a
fleece so affected is reduced by value one-half. Sheep with this
defect should be sold to the butcher, as they are worthless for
breeding for wool, the defect being hereditary.

5. CLOUDY WOOL is a condition where the fibres ad-
here together from the skin to the points of the wool, but not to
such an extent as to be termed felty. A flossiness is apparent at
the bottom of the staple which, in combing, is removed, while in
80 THE WOOL INDUSTRY.

carding wools this is not so objectionable; in combing wools the
floss is thrown out, and becomes waste. This defect is also
hereditary. Sheep so affected should not be bred from.

6. BROAD-TOPPED WOOL is a very serious defect.
It consists of an interlacing of the fibres, which are split, the
top appearing even; but the surface is divided into broad masses,
or, as they are commonly termed, “tops,” and on endeavoring to
part the wool, it will be found felted together, tearing apart with
difficulty. Broad-topped wool is dead, deficient in yolk, break-
ing off in the process of manufacture, causing a very great loss of
material. This affection is also hereditary, and should preclude
the animal from breeding.

4, BREAK IN WOOL renders the fleece worthless
as far as combing is concerned, and no matter how fine the staple
may be as regards quality it can only be used to manufacture
the class of goods which are made from inferior wool. A
breachy staple when stretched out for examination will be found
to part with great ease down the middle or in some other part,
showing a weak place in the wool. On examining the fibres
microscopically at this spot they will be found of a dead, stripy
appearance. This defect being present in the staple, makes it
impossible to sort, and causes the entire fleece to be classed as in-
ferior in quality. This is a common defect, and is generally due
to mismanagement in feeding or exposure or any other cause
affecting the condition or health of the sheep. The weak spot
in the fibre is carried forward as the wool grows. If the cause
is removed, however, the wool may regain its normal condition.
To avoid this trouble the flock should be fed and watered regu-
larly, and shielded from undue exposure, as a check .for a short
time is a frequent cause of this serious trouble.

Another cause, and the most general one for break in the
wool, is the use of caustic solutions in sheep dips, especially the
THE WOOL INDUSTRY, 81

lime and sulphur preparation. It is a fact that the majority of
the wool clip from the Western States, namely, Colorado, New
Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming and Utah, is seriously depreciated
in value from the fleece containing this defect, and it has been
argued more particularly at Farmers’ Society meetings in the
East by certain local authorities that it was due to the alkali dust
robbing the fleece of its natural yolk. This idea is erroneous,
however, a properly topped fleece containing the normal amount
-of yolk will not permit the entry of foreign substances, whether
it be dirt, sand or alkali dust; but the mere fact of dipping sheep
in the solution above mentioned, which robs it of its power of
.self-protection, is almost wholly responsible for this defect in
Western fleeces. This is easily shown. Sheepmen who use
standard preparations which contain mineral or vegetable oils
and which do not exert caustic properties on the wool fibres, do
not experience this difficulty in the fleece.

Mr. H. W. Smart of Ogden, Utah, who runs between
50,000 and 55,000 sheep on the range annually, in talking to the
writer on the subject of dips made this statement: “We have
had to fight the scab year after year, and have used lime and sul-
phur because it was cheap. There is no doubt that it is in-
jurious to the sheep, causing break in the wool, besides exerting
a cauterising effect of the skin, and we are continually experi-
menting with and are on the lookout for something to take its
place which will not be too expensive.” If Mr. Smart was to
take into consideration the amount of money which he loses an-
nually from this defect in his wool clip from the use of the above
named solution, he could well afford to use some preparations
which are known to be effective, and which do not cause this de-
fect in the fleece, even though it cost him five cents per head to
-dip his sheep.

While the production of wool in the United States has stead-
ily increased from vear to year, the supply has never been suffi-
$2 THE WOOL INDUSTRY.

cient for the home demand. We find in 1850 there were, all
told, 21,723,220 head of sheep in the United States, according
to statistics of the Agricultural Department. In January, 1897,
the total number amounted to 36,818,643—an increase since
1850 of 15,095,423. But when the corresponding increase in
the population of the country is taken into account, we find that
the sheep supply falls far short of keeping pace with the growth
of the population.

On next page we print a table showing the amount of wool
imports into the United States from 1893 to 1898, inclusive, as
compared with 1838.

The exportation of wool from this country being of such
small amount it is only necessary to state that the total exporta-
tion for the year ending June 30, 1896, amounts to only 855,950:
pounds. The above figures being correct, it becomes apparent
that so far as wool is concerned, there is no probability for some
years to come to fear an over-production. The sheep industry
is steadily on the rise, with prospects of higher prices for wool,
and an increasing yearly demand for feeders.
TABLE SHOWING WOOL IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM 1893 TO 1898, INCLUSIVE

 

 

 

 

 

1893. 1894. 189 5. 1896. | 1897. I 1898
Quautity. | Value. Quantity. | Value. Quantity.| Value. Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. Value. || ¢ Quantity. Value.
“172.443. sasl $21, 064,180) 55,152.585) $6.107,48 206,033,906! $25.55C,421)|_ 230,911, 473] & $32,451,242 1-350. $52,026, $53,243,191 132,795,202 Ste

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE SHOWING QUANTITIES OF MANUFACTURED WOOL IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM DIF-
FERENT COUNTRIES DURING FIVE YEARS PRIOR TO JUNE 30, 1896.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

comer cece Pounps, 1892. Pounps, 1893. Pounp3, 1894. Pounps, 1895. : Pounns, 1896.
Bou saga 130,28 123,869 48 3,463,983 9,210,716
France. ...0e.c.c0e0ee cece 4,882,555 8,128,213 962,734 10,245,426 13,279,720
Germany .......0..00e cee 415,815 1,481,560 246,389 1,235,315 2,021,443
Riss lag swaiee oy uayomemerest 32,460,709 30,835,233 9,055,307 12,388,082 9,945,248 >
Turkey in Europe.. 2,458,912 3,238,602 1,153,128 2,819,710 5,803,833
United Kingdom.......... 43,473,17 61,107,704 11,546,327 78,391,661 90,907,989
Canada....c..esceceeeeeeeee 1,137,216 1,402,858 602,628 7,031,178 4,96 1,758
Argentine................-. 14,127,791 13,842,868 8,983,667 25,745,854 22,736,851
Chile ae caleran dace soe ees, 2,374,910 1,644,889 2,149,749 | 3,438,140
Uruguay... 0 0ccceceeceeee 4,832,563 652,030 ; 10,347,878 8,114,961
Chittia encesoncenx ene wo 286 13,889,957 20,753,898 10,186,264 26,089,418 24,547,088
British, East Indies....... 568,605 408,937 26707 884,272 128,237
Turkey in Asia............ 9,194,835 13,316,552 3,904,201 7,829,877 5,453,664
British Australasia ....... 15,359,722 9,176,282 4,917,396 12,383,814 20,386,269
British Africa ............. 1,148,112 2,134,255 122,742 | 3,871,253 | 8.252.441
Other Countries ........... 2,220,511 4,191,098 439,961 165641 1,725,120

(Potala vieeuaeee ke 172,433,838 206,033,916 230,911,473

 

148,670,652

 

 
CHAPTER IV.

feeding and fattening.

It is only of recent years that the industry of feeding sheep
in this country for the home and export trade has assumed large
proportions. Formerly the sheep were valued more for the wool
they produced than their mutton qualities, but as wool depreci-
ated in value and the people at large became educated to the
value of mutton as an article of diet, chiefly through the crossing
of valuable foreign mutton breeds on the native stock, the matter:
of feeding sheep to meet the demand claimed the attention of
the flock-owners, until at the present time sheep feeding has be-
come of almost as much importance as wool growing. It is our
aim here to show the various methods in feeding adopted in
different parts of the country, which, necessarily, have to vary
to suit different localities and conditions. Naturally the atten-
tion of feeders is called to consider what particular breed has
the most aptitude to make flesh and fat, also what particular
class will fetch the highest price on the market he is feeding for.
For instance, a feeder expecting to supply the export trade will
feed only such animals that have a large carcass, the demand
abroad being for large mutton, while that which brings the top:
price at home is the medium size to small of frame when prime.

Again the majority of feeders in this country are not breed-
ers, but rely chiefly on the supply from the Western States and
territories for their stock to feed. That being the case, it re-
mains to be seen what is considered the best class of sheep to
feed,

Of late years the common lambs from New Mexico and
Southern Colorado have sprung rauch into favor, their points of
FEEDING AND FATTENING. 85:

advantage being their ability to fatten quickly, adapt themselves
to different climates, and being small in carcass, rarely weighing
over ninety-five pounds when prime, they fetch the top market
price, being eagerly bought by the butcher on account of the
small amount of waste in killing, white fat and finely flavored
mutton,

These sheep are generally bought by a commission buyer,
who distributes them around to his customers. As soon as they
arrive at the feeding pens they are given all the hay (alfalfa if
obtainable) they will eat. Then after the first week they are
put on ration of oats, commencing with a small quantity, which
is gradually increased until at the end of the fourth week they
are eating about a pound per day to the head. Corn then is
gradually introduced with the oats, the feed of oats being cut
down as the corn is substituted until the sheep are on corn only,
eating about one-half pound a head per day at the end of the
sixth week. From now on the corn is slowly increased till full
feed is reached, which means just what they will clean up with-
out leaving any in the feeding troughs. It is a good plan once
a week, every Saturday for instance, to substitute oats for the
corn. The sheep will be found to relish the change and come
back to their corn next day with a renewed desire for it.

Rock salt should be kept in the pens at all times. They
should be watered twice a day, excepting in very cold weather,
when once will be sufficient. This should always be prior to
feeding. The feeding should be done at regular hours. For
instance, if a pen is fed at 4 o’clock P. M. one day, it should be
fed at the same time or as near that time as possible every day.
Regularity in feeding will be found very essential to success.
This is the general method of feeding Mexican lambs in the
Western States, where no sheds are required, where the air is.
dry and climate uniform. During the last year a number of
Mexican lambs have been imported into the Eastern States to
386 FEEDING AND FATTENING.

feed, especially in Ohio and Michigan and even as far East as
New York, and it is a question whether the same success will
crown the efforts of the Eastern feeders, the climate being
diametrically opposite to that of the Western States, sheds being
a necessity and higher priced feed having to be taken into con-
sideration.

On the feeding of Sheep in General.

A certain amount of food is required to enable an animal to
live and remain in health. This is termed the necessary ration
of food. Should this be diminished the animal will fail in
flesh, and in time die; vice versa, if more than the necessary
ration be fed than is requisite to repair the natural waste of the
animal body it will gain flesh, or give an increase, if a female, in
the milk supply or wool.

A full-grown sheep takes 2 1-3 per cent. of its weight in
hhay per day to keep in ordinary condition. Growing animals
should be given all they will eat readily. Quietude and warmth
greatly facilitate the process of fattening; that this is a fact is
easily shown. Motion increases waste of tissue, causing an in-
creased respiration to supply the extra amount of oxygen needed;
the excess of oxygen requires an increased amount of carbon,
which is virtually wasted, whereas it should be expended in pro-
ducing fat. Cold operates in a like manner, an extra supply of
oxygen and carbon being required to produce extra combustion
to restore the loss in temperature. Among herbivorous animals,
to which class of course the sheep belong, the carbon required
for the warmth of the system and respiratory process is in
greater part supplied by the food the animal consumes, while in
carnivorous or meat-eating animals it is chiefly supplied from
the waste of the tissues of the animal economy. With carniy-
ora, the whole of the food consumed can be converted into flesh,
while with herbivora, only a portion is capable of being assim-
FEEDING AND FATTENING. 87

ilated. A simple analysis of the blood and flesh can be esti-
mated as follows: For simplicity, we will take 10,000 parts
instead of 100, which will avoid the use of decimals, making it
more intelligible to the general reader.

In 10.000 parts of flesh and blood we find:

arbi sy sods eda 5.182 5.195
Hydrogen, <vsesexswas 757 TAY
Nitrogen ........... 1.501 1.507
OXYPON cas enica wwe 2.137 2.139
PASI a secegars ari aia eevee a 428 442

 

 

10.000 10.000

It will be apparent by comparing these figures that but a
slight difference between the two exists, and that the proportion
of carbon and nitrogen in both is practically the same. These
are the proportions in which these two elements unite in the
tissues of the body.

Nitrogen always will be found in the elements composing
muscle structure, commonly called flesh. Any food devoid of
nitrogen being valuless in nutritious properties. The difference
between flesh and.fat can be said to consist in the absence of
nitrogen in the latter. .

An analysis of mutton fat, taking 10.000 parts again, can
be estimated as follows:

 

Cathet: 45 vsdaee peas eave reres 7.900
Liydrogen. on vscwuwsaeeeaewn ss 1.170
Oxveen Gaited ea geeiiin ewer 930

10.000

So it will be apparent that articles of food, such as oil, but-
ter, starch, ‘sugar, ete., which are devoid of nitrogen, while they
inerease the development of fat, fail entirely to nourish the
tissues, and so would in time fail to support life.
88 FEEDING AND FATTENING.

Before giving a table of feeding stuffs, it will be as well to
briefly explain the terms used. For instance, our analysis of the
blood and tissues was found to contain carbon, hydrogen, nitro-
gen, oxygen and ash, and the value of a foodstuff will depend on
the proportion of the above elements which it may contain.
The oxygen and hydrogen will be taken into the animal body in
the form of water. Water (all feeding-stuffs contain water),
the amount varying from eight to fifteen pounds per 100 pounds
of dry materials such as hay, straw, or grain to sixty to eighty
pounds in ensilage, and ninety pounds in such roots as turnips,
etc.

Materials containing nitrogen are classed as

Protein. These furnish materials for the creation of
muscle-fibre, blood, skin, tendons, nerves, hair, horn, wool and
the constituents of milk, known as casein and albumen, thus
conclusively showing that protein is one of the most important
constituents of feeding-stuffs.

Ash is the residue from the combustible part of any feed-
ing-stuff, and is found chiefly to consist of potash, soda, iron,
lime, magnesia, chlorine and carbonic, sulphuric and phosphorie
acids. It is largely responsible for the formation and building
up of the bones of the body, the excess of ash being voided in the
manure. _

Carbo-hydrates are free from nitrogen and are classed un-
der the head of nitrogen-free, extract. They include fat pro-
ducers, such as starch, sugar, gums, oils, ete., and form an im-
portant part of all feeding stuffs. Carbo-hydrates form the
larger part of all vegetable foods. They are either stored up as
fat or consumed in the body to produce heat and energy.

A certain quantity of food being required to repair the
waste of the animal economy, as has been stated heretofore, is
termed the necessary ration. An excess of this ration means a
FEEDING AND FATTENING, 89

corresponding gain in flesh, or fat, milk or wool, ete., while a
diminution would mean a wasting or starving of the constituent
parts of the body and finally death. In trying to ascertain the
food-requirements of the sheep we cannot do better than print
Wolff’s tables for the same:

Per Day and per Read.

 

 

 

é Agoaee Digestible Food Materials. fr a

rowing ive otal Or-

Sheep. | Weight : ee Fat, (ganic Matter a
Age. {per Head,} Protein. |"Y drates! pounds,| Pounds. [

Pounds. Pounds. :

5to6mo.| 56 18 87 .045 1.6 2143

6“8 « 67 17 85 .040 1.7 2066

8 “11 “ 75 16 85 .0387 1.7 2035

1115“ 82 14 .89 .032 1.8 2067

15 ‘ 20 * 85 12 88 .025 1.9 1966

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

By calculating the daily ration of the sheep, assuming that the
food consists of clover, hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn,
barley or oats.

We find that the Wolff standard for growing sheep between
the ages of six to eight months ealls for protein .17, carbo-
hydrates .85 of lb. and .040 of a pound or 40-1000 of a pound
of fat, which would produce 2,066 calories of heat.

In 100 lbs. of clover hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole
corn, barley and oats, etc., the following proportion of dry mat-
ter and digestible food ingredients will be found:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dry . Carbo Fuel

Food Stuff Matter Protein Hydrates Fat Value.
Red clover .......ccccccseeeeeeeees 84.7 6.58 35.35 1.66 84,995
Corn-silage............ ag| 20.9 0.56 11.79 0.65 25,714
Alfalfa vc. ss 91.6 10.58 387.33 1.38 94,936
Corn grains........ 89.1 7.92 66.69 4.28 | 156,836
Barley .......::00000 89.1 8.69 64.83 1.60 | 143,490
Oats: cscciiasiassesies 89.0 9.25 48.34 4.18 | 124,757
Wheat bran........ 88.5 12.01 41.23 2.87 | 111,138
Turnips............ 9.5 81 6.46 AL 13,986
Ruta-bagas........ wel 1L4 .88 7.74 AL 16,497
Linseed meal...............0006 90.8 28.76 32.81 7.08 | 144,813

 
“90 FEEDING AND FATTENING.

The foregoing table gives an analysis of the food values per
100 lbs. of the common stuffs used for fattening sheep in this
country. The method to obtain the necessary ration of corn and
hay or alfalfa, oats, corn and linseed meal or any other mixture
to compare with Wolff’s table is as follows:

for Eight to Eleven Months old Lamb, Three Months feeding.

 

 

 

 

 

Total Digestible : .

Ration. Dee Digestible Caine: Digestible| Fuel

Matter. | Portein. | Hydrates. Fat. Value.
3 lbs. alfalfa hay... 2.7480| 317 | 1.110 | .041 | 2848.08
1-2 Ib. corn........... 4405 .0389 3833 O21 784.18
1-4 Ib. oats........... .2225 .020 .120 .0104 311.11
1-4 1b. linseed meal. .2270 O71 | .032 017 3860.77
Total w.cuu| 3.680 | 447 | 1.595 0894 | 4304.14

Wolff standard,| 1.7 16 .85 .037 2035.

 

 

 

 

 

The above ration is not given as a correct ration, but as a
comparison in food values, as taken with Wolff’s feeding stand-
ard. It will be readily seen that there is an excess in total of
dry matter of almost two-thirds, an excess of proteids of nearly
the same amount, an excess of carbo-hydrates by one-half, a_
practical similarity in digestible fats, and twice the amount of
fuel value. Taking Wolff’s standard as correct, the ration
should be changed by reducing the amount of alfalfa hay, and
corn till the amount of digestible proteids and carbo-hydrates
compare as near as possible with the standard. It is, however,
impossible to give any exact ration which would be suitable to
any and all feeding sheep or lambs. The amount consumed
is governed by the individual idiosynerasy of the animal, the
main point in feeding all animals being regularity as regards
time for feeding grain, giving just what the sheep can clean up
readily, dry quarters, and quietude.

The value of a feeding table is that it shows intelligent
feeders the relative difference between certain foodstuffs as fat
FEEDING AND FATTENING. 91

and flesh producers, enabling them to intelligently increase the
feed as needed, so as to ensure desired results.

food and Increase.

Sheep fattening on corn with good hay, or alfalfa, com-
bined with some roots or other succulent food, will consume on
an average of fifteen pounds of the dry substance of the mixed
food per 100 pounds of the live weight per week, and should
yield over a considerable period of time one part of increase in
live weight for about nine parts of the dry substance of their
food. The food being of extra good quality, sheep may give a
maximum amount of increase for a given amount of total dry
substance of food, provided the latter contain as much as five
parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of the nitrogenous com-
pounds. Cereals contain on an average rather more than six
parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds
—the leguminous seeds, such as peas and beans, often not more
than two parts to one.

Oil meal and corn contain rather more than six-sevenths of
their weight of dry substance. Turnips and ruta-bagas contain
from one-twelfth to one-ninth, and potatoes about one-fourth of
their weight of dry substance. With as much as five or six parts
of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds in the
dry substance of the fattening food for sheep the increase will
probably be very fat. In the earlier stages of feeding it is de-
sirable to have a lower proportion of total non-nitrogenous to
nitrogenous compounds.

The Proportion of Parts.

In proportion to their weight, sheep yield rather more in-
ternal joose fat than oxen. In relation to their weight oxen.
contain considerably more of stomachs and contents than sheep.
Oxen and sheep are proportionately equal in the other internal
92 FEEDING AND FATTENING.

organs, such as the heart, aorta, lungs, windpipe, liver, gall-
bladder and contents; they also are proportionately equal so far
as blood is concerned.

As sheep mature and fatten, the internal offal parts increase
in actual weight, but decrease in proportion to the weight of the
animal. The loose fat alone of the internal offal parts in-
creases in actual weight in proportion to the weight of the body.
As sheep mature and fatten the total “offal” increases in actual
weight but diminishes in proportion to the weight of the body.

Fattened sheep (shorn) should yield about 58 per cent.
carcass in fatted live weight; excessively fat sheep may yield
64 per cent. or more. When the fattening food of sheep
contains less than about five parts of non-nitrogenous to one of
nitrogenous compounds, the proportion of gross increase for a
given amount of dry substance of the food, will not increase with
the increased proportion of nitrogenous compounds, whilst the
proportion of the carcass to the live weight will be somewhat
less, the carcass being more fleshy and containing less fat.
Sheep should etore up about ten parts of fat for every 100 parts
of non-nitrogenous substance consrmed. Sheep on a mixed.
fattening diet should give about nine parts dry increase, made
up of about eight parts fat, eight-tenths to nine-tenths of a part
nitrogenous substance, and about one-fifth of a part mineral
matter for 100 parts dry substance consumed, demonstrating
that nearly ninety parts of the consumed dry substance are ex-
pired, perspired, or voided from the system. The stomachs and
their contents constitute about seven and one-half per cent. of
the entire weight of the body; the intestines and other contents
amounting to about three and one-half per cent.

Taking collectively the stomachs, small and large intestines
and their respective contents, we find that the entire bodies of
sheep yield an average of rather more than eleven per cent.
FEEDING AND FATTENING. 93

The rate of increase in actual weight as the sheep fattens is
rather greater for the heart, aorta, lungs and widpipe, liver and
gall-bladder, pancreas, spleen and blood than it is for the col-
lective stomachs, intestines and their contents. A fat sheep or
lamb fit to kill should contain about thirty per cent. of fat—a
very fat sheep might contain considerably more. It must be
thoroughly understood that in fattening sheep, the same as in
fattening other animals, that heat is a food saver. Little exer-
cise and warm quarters will effect a saving of a third in the cost

-of feeding.
CHAPTER V.

Anatomical Structure of the Sheep.

We shall not enter deeply into a consideration of the
anatomy of the sheep, believing that the technical terms, while
very necessary for the use of scientific men, would only tend to
confuse the general reader. We wil] endeavor to simply ex-
plain the genera] structure and internal ergans and their uses,
so that when describing symptoms of diseases, and after-death
appearences, the parts mentioned can be readily understood.

We find that the sheep, so far as its general make-up is
concerned, resembles the ox very closely. The animal body is
an ageregation of separate cells, each endowed with life and
having a certain function to perform. The general make up of
an animal is called tissue. Tissue of an animal body is a collec-
tion of cells, together with their formed material, which is char-
acterized by a special function. The formed material is that
which surrounds the cells and is not vital in its properties.

The animal body is composed of solids and fluids. The
solids are the muscular, nervous, ‘epithelial and connective
tissues. They may be said to énter into the conformation of
the solids. There are, however, a few special tissues which it will
not be worth our while to consider in this work.

Epithelial cells are those having the special function of
protecting the organs underlying them, they also have the func-
tion of secretion and enter into nerve constructioa. They are
always found covering the surface of the body, and the interior
of all cavities having communication with the exterior of the
system. Connective tissue is a collection of cells with their
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 95

formed material controlling the shape and framework of the
body. Connective tissue is divided into three classes, 1 fibrous,
2 cartilaginous, 3 bone.

Muscular tissue is composed of a collection of cells with
their formed material, having the function of contraction. Of
muscular tissue we have two varieties, namely, the voluntary
and the involuntary. The voluntary muscular tissue is that
which is under the control of the will, such as the muscle tissue
of the legs, neck, tail, ete. Involuntary muscle tissue is that
which is not under the control of the will of the animal, for
instance, the musele structure of the heart, stomach, ete. Fat
is formed in the animal body by the degeneration of the cells
themselves. Adipose, or fatty tissue, is formed by the agegrega-
tion of masses of degenerated cells held together by the formed
material of those cells,

Nervous tissue is composed of a collection of cells, endowed
with the function of irritability. To support the various tissues
and afford shape and support for them, we find the class of con-
nective tissue called bone, being arranged to form a framework,
or skeleton, to which all the various tissues are attached. In
the sheep we find that the skeleton is composed of nearly two
hundred separate bones of various sizes and shapes. The bones
in order to permit movement, one over the other, are joined
together by strong bands called ligaments, the motion of the
limbs, head, and neck and other parts of the body being effected
by the contraction of the various muscle structures, which are
connected to the bones. The insertion of the muscle to the
bone being by means of a tough fibrous structure, intimately con-
nected with the muscle substance, and called the tendon.

Muscles as a rule have two separate points of attachment,
which are generally bones, the contraction of the muscles brings
these points nearer together, so effecting motion.
96 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.

Muscles are supplied with vessels of various kinds, such as.
arteries, to bring them blood for their nourishment; veins to
carry away the worn out material, nerves to furnish sensation to:
the parts and communicate the mandates of the will.

The nerves pass from the brain or spinal cord, and resem-
ble a system of telegraph wires; one set of which receives sensa-
tion and transmits it to the brain, the other which transmits the
will from the brain to the muscles. The brain is a whitish,
pulpy substance situated in a large cavity in the skeleton of the
head, which extends from the forehead, above the eyes, to the
base and back of the skull. The spinal cord is situated in the
hollow found in the center of the bones of the back, generally
called the vertebrae, and extends from the base of the skull,
where it connects with the brain, to the center of the first bone
of the tail. The body, viewed as a whole, can be divided into
two cavities, that of the chest, in which the heart and lungs and

‘various gland structures are situated, and that of the abdomen,
where the .tomachs, intestines and other organs neecssary for the
digestion of foods are located.

The heart is the pump of the system, the lungs may be said
to be the filter and sterilizer. The blood as it leaves the heart
is forced by the heart’s contraction to all the various parts of the
body, carrying to those parts nourishment and material to repair
their continual waste. Having performed these functions it
passes into minute vessels called capillaries, from thence into
large ones called veins, and from there it is returned to the
heart, only entering into a different cavity in that organ than
that from which it started. From this cavity the blood is again
expelled by the heart’s contraction, passing to the lungs, there it
is exposed to the air and takes up oxygen, throwing off the
carbonic acid gas and effete matter which it had collected in
its journey through the animal body; from the lungs it passes
back to the heart, finally entering into the same cavity from
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 97

which it was first expelled, only to be again pumped out and
sent on its mission through the system. The abdomen contains,
as has been mentioned, the stomachs, liver, intestines, kidneys,
bladder, and other organs, where the functions of digestion are
carried on, and where various fluids are manufactured for or
excreted from the system. We find that the internal organs are
not firmly fixed in the different cavities, but are suspended as
it were from the roof of these chambers by a membrane, en-
dowed with nerves and blood vessels, called respectively: the
pericardium, as it envelopes the heart; the pleura, as it invests
the lungs, and the peritoneum as it suspends and covers the stom-
achs, liver, intestines, and other parts in the abdomen. The
part of the peritoneum suspending the large and small intestines
is called the mesentery, and contains within its folds nerves,
blood vessels, and glands, connecting with the circulation of the
blood supply of the absorbent glands of the bowels, called villi.
These glands in the mesentery are called lacteals, they absorb
the products of digestion, called the chyle, and convey it away
to a duct or canal called the thoracic duct, which enters the cir-
culation near the point of entrance of the venous blood to the
heart. It is the chyle in the blood which furnishes nutriment
to the various tissues, and is of vital importance in repairing the
incessant waste of the tissues. We shall consider the functions
of the liver and other organs of the body when describing the
respiratory and digestive organs of the body.

The Skeleton of the Sheep is an aggregation of bones possess-
ing stability and firmness for the attachment of muscles, and the
protection of the vital organs situated in the chest and ab-
dominal cavities.

Bones are composed of inorganic salts deposited in a basis
of animal matter; to the former it owes its hardness and density,
to the latter its elasticity and tenacity, the combination of the
two rendering the tissue solid and elastic enough to prevent
98 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP,

breaking from any ordinary cause. The external surface of
every bone is covered by a dense, tough, inelastic membrane
called the periosteum, except where a tendon plays over the
bone, or where one bone articulates with another, in which places
will be found a layer of cartilage.

The periosteum is firmly adherent to the bone, and is the
bed in which the blood vessels and nerves supplying the bone

  

ty}
Skeleton of the Sheep.

are distributed. It becomes very painful when inflamed, on
account of the pressure on the nerves, due to its inelasticity.
It is the protecting life membrane of the bone it covers; any
bone denuded of this covering will in all probability die, ex-
foliate and decay.

The long bones of the limbs contain a hollow cavity
extending from one end of the bone to the other. This
cavity contains a substance called the marrow, which is a soft
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 99

yellow fat, deposited in fibres of connective tissue. It nourishes
the bone, preventing brittleness and dryness. Bones are classed
as long, flat or irregular. Under the head of long bones are
classed the bones of the limbs, which support and act as levers
for the bony framework. Flat bones are found where the
least possible motion is desired. They help to enclose cavities
containing important organs, such as the brain; or the bones en-
closing the cavity of the chest, where the heart and lungs are
situated. Irregular bones include all not classed with the long
and flat varieties. They are found in the spinal column, skull,
and also in the limbs. They possess as a rule many angles, with
surfaces for attachment of tendons and articulating surface. In
proportion to their size they present a much greater mechanical
strength than those of the other classes.

The Bones of the Bead.

The skull of the sheep articulates with the first cervical verte-
brae from which it is suspended by its base. It is composed of
a number of distinct and separate bones, which, as the animal be-
comes advanced in age, ossify into one solid mass. The first ob-
ject of the bones of the skull is to protect the brain from injury.
For this purpose the skull surrounding the brain consists of two
plates or tables, the outer tough and thick, the inner hard and
brittle. The outer, being tough, vields slightly to resistance,
diminishing concussion, while the latter, by its hardness, prevents
the entrance of sharp bodies into the brain. The cranial cavity
containing the brain is about one-third the size of the other parts
of the skull, the other cavities being the mouth, for the entrance
and mastication of food, and the nasal, for breathing and smell-
ing’ purposes.

The cranial cavity is formed by the union of nine distinct
bones, called respectively 2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal,
100 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.

sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital. The frontal bones form the an-
terior part between the eyes, called the forehead. The inner
plate of these bones is separated from the outer, forming a
cavity between them called the frontal sinus, which sinus is
divided by a septum or ridge to afford support and strength to
the part.

The internal plate covers the anterior portion of the part
of the brain called the cerebrum. In horned sheep this froutal
sinus or cavity is considerably deeper than in others, affording
greater protection for the brain, the horned sheep being naturally
more pugnacious than its hornless brother, and with greater ad-
vantages to do harm. In horned sheep the horns proceed on
each side from the frontal bone, appearing to be prolongations
of that bone. The two parietal bones are placed at the upper
and middle part of the cranium, covering the middle parts, or
lobes of the cerebellum, their internal surfaces closely corres-
ponding to the external conformation of the cerebellum.

The occipital bone is situated at the back or base of the
skull. It is a single bone possessed of great strength. Its in-
ternal surface covers the base of the brain called the cerebrum,
the medulla oblongata, which may be classed as the connection
between the brain and spinal cord, resting on its floor; the pos-
terior part of the bone is smooth and round, to articulate with
the first bone of the cervical vertebrae or neck, called the atlas.
It has many external projections for the attachment of muscle
tendons, giving motion of the head on the neck.

The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are
composed of two parts, one the squamous temporal and the
other the petrous temporal, which in the sheep are distinct and
separate from each other.

The squamous temporal is externally a convex plate, with a
hooked projection arising from it. This projection assists in
forming what is called the zygomatic arch. The squamous
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 101

portion in its posterior part has a shallow cavity for the articula-
tion of the lower jaw-bone. This cavity is shallow in herbivorous
animals, such as sheep, when compared with that in meat eating,
or carnivorous animals. This is due to the different modes
of mastication of the two classes, that of herbivora being a
grinding lateral motion, only a shallow articulation is required,
while in carnivora, which require to tear and rend their food
necessitating opening the jaws very wide, the articulation is
necessarily deep.

The petrous portion of the bone is hard, flinty, apparently
a solid convex figure. It is the receptacle, however, for the
organ of hearing, and contains on its internal face orifices for the
passage of the auditory nerve, with a corresponding larger one
on its external face for the passage of sound.

The inferior and middle parts of the cranium are formed
principally by the sphenoid bone. This supports the middle
lobes of the cerebrum, and has many holes in it for the passage
of nerves and blood vessels.

Anterior to and inferior to the cranial cavity we find an-
other called the nasal, which is separated from the cranial by a
bone called the ethmoid. This bone supports the anterior lobes
of the cerebrum, and has passages through it for the exit of the
olfactory nerves, which are those conveying the sense of smell
to the brain. This is the bone which is punctured when oper-
ating on “sturdy” or “giddy sheep,” by passing a wire up the
nasal cavity through the ethmoid and puncturing the sack con-
taining the parasite in the cerebral part of the brain substance.

The other bones of the head are those composing the part
called the face, viz., the frontal, nasal, superior maxillary,
lachrymal, anterior maxillary, palate bones, malar, and inferior
maxillary, These bones are of various sizes and shapes, in-
timately joined together, becoming blended almost into one
solid inass as the animal progresses in age.
102 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.
The Bones of the Body.

The backbone, or vertebrae, extends from the articulation of
the first bone of the neck, called the atlas, to the last bone of the
tail, termed the coccyx.

The bones of the neck, or cervical vertebrae as they are
termed, are very irregular in shape, with a large channel in the
center passing through all of them, and protected on all sides by
the bodies of the separate vertebrae. It is in this channel that
the spinal cord is situated, and through holes in the bodies of
the vertebrae, called foramen, the spinal nerves pass to the
different parts of the body. These bones all have large projec-
tions from their superior surfaces and sides, which are respec-
tively termed the superior and transverse processes. The super-
ior increase in size become very large in the region of the
shoulder, and then decrease as they approach the tail, while the
transverse processes are small in the region of the neck and
shoulder, increasing in length as they approach the loin, finally
disappearing at the coccyx.

These processes or spines are for the attachment of the
various muscles, and from those of the neck we also find a yellow
elastic ligament passing forward from the withers to the poll,
which is mainly instrumental in supporting the head and neck.
Attached to the side of the bodies of the vertebrae of the
shoulders and loin are long, flat bones, termed the ribs, 13 on
each side, eight of which being attached directly to the chest-
bone, called the sternum, are termed the true ribs, the other five
are attached by a cartilage to the former, and are termed the
false. The ribs should spring horizontally from the backbone
describing an arch as they descend downward and slightly for-
ward, increasing the rotundity of the frame, which gives the
animal a greater surface for the deposition of flesh. The loins
are formed by the strongest of the vertebrae, the transverse pro-
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 103

cesses at this point being long and broad, they afford protection
to the roof of the abdominal cavity. On their length depends
the breadth of loin and ability for the animal to put on flesh at
that part.

Behind the loin we find that five of the vertebrae become
ossified into one single bone of great strength, and perforated by
numerous holes for the passage of spinal nerves. The spinal
cord diminishes in size on entering this bone, terminating at its
hind extremity in several nerves, which pass to the museles of
the tail. The bones of the tail, called the coceyx, are not per-
forated in their middle, are irregular in shape, and numerous.
They simply give attachment to the tail muscles.

The Bones of the fore Extremities.

The shoulder-blade, called the scapula, is a triangular-
shaped bone, the base being situated uppermost. It has a spine
or ridge running down its middle for muscle attachment. It is
not very long in proportion to its width, being flat and slightly
hollowed out on its inner face, where it is attached to the ribs
by means of muscles. The forepart of the body being slung,
as it were, between the fore extremities, concussion and injury is
materially diminished and an additional flexibility is given to
the body, wheh could not be obtained by a bony articulation.

Articulating with the lower end of the shoulder blade we
find a thick, irregularly-shaped long bone, termed the humerus,
or upper arm bone. It projects downward and backwards, and
articulates with the lower arm bone or radius. This bone in the
sheep is short and strong. Back of the radius and running par-
allel to it .and articulating with the knee-joint below and
humerus above is situated the elbow-bone or ulna; below these
the bones of the knee-joint are situated, and below these again is
the shank or metacarpus, composed of two bones, one of which
104 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.

is rudimentary. The principal metacarpal bone is furrowed
throughout its entire length by a deep fissure, a trace of primi-
tive separation of the bone in two pieces, the posterior face
being also similarly marked. Below the metacarpus we find
four bones or digits, two of which are perfect. Behind the
articulation of the metacarpus and digits are two small bones
called sesamoids, which serve as levers, over which tendons pass.
The bone of the foot or os pedis is also double, and articulating,
superiorly with pasterns, gives the conformity of cloven foot.
The foot is formed by the coffin bones and navicular, two of
each, surrounded by a horny box, as an outside protection to the
sensitive parts overlying these bones.

The lower and back part of the coffin bone is attached to an
elastic pad of a fibrous nature, which by its elasticity minimizes
the concussion consequent to the weight of the animal being
suddenly thrown on the foot. This pad, resting on the horny
heels, supports the principal part of the animal’s weight, very
little being communicated to the toe of the foot. In sheep the
crust of the foot is secreted by a vascular structure, the coronary
substance which in the horse secretes the greater part of the
crust, being absent in the sheep. The sole of the foot is
secreted from the vascular membrane situated immediately
above it, called the sensitive sole, there being a considerable
thickness of this dense substance between the coffin bone and
horny sole. This explains why, in sheep with foot rot, the foot
ean be so quickly restered, as when the horn is lost it is imme-
diately replaced from the structure under it, and there is not the
delay as in the horse, where the secretion is mainly formed from
the coronary substance.

The inside of the crust, between the toes or cleft of the fuot,
is much thinner than that portion on the outer side, and it is here
that foot rot most frequently commences. The horny part of
the foot consists of the crust, or outer shell, and sole. The crust
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 105

surrounds the sides and front of the foot, turning inwards at the
toe, passing straight back to the heels. It is thin on its inner
sides, getting thick at toe and outside of foot. The sole covers
the bottom of the foot, the heels being jointly formed by the
crust and sole.

The heels are springy and soft. They support the principal
part of the animal’s weight, and are the part which suffer most
when the sheep are compelled to travel far over hard ground.
At the pastern joint where the foot becomes cleft a small open-
ing can be detected, which is the entrance to what is termed the

 

Interungulate Sinus of Sheep.

a—Inner aspect of first phalanx. 64—Hooforclaw. c—Interungulate gland.
d—Orifice of its duct.

interdigital canal. This enlarges, passing downwards and wind-
ing around in a circular direction, terminating in a closed pouch,
called a cul-de-sac. The internal surface of this canal is lined
with hair covered with a sebaceous secretion from glands open-
ing into the canal. The use of this hair-lined canal is to pre-
vent friction in the movements of the pastern joint, which is so
great in sheep that without some such provision of nature the
skin would be continually chafed, and it happens that when this
part becomes dry from a lessening of normal secretion, or
106 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.

through accumulations of dry sand, that an ulceration is set up,
which often proves very difficult to cure.

The Hind Extremeties.

The pelvis is composed of six separate bones in the young
animal, which become ossified into a single one as the sheep ad-
vances in age. The pelvis has two sides and a floor, and affords
protection to the bladder and organs of generation; it lies in an
inclined plane, projecting downwards and backwards, the
inner surface of its superior projections articulating with the
first transverse processes of the sacrum, passing backwards and
downwards they converge inwards, forming an imperfect circle,
their union forming a flat surface, called the floor of the pelvis.
The posterior projections of the bones are called the ischiatic
spines; the superior and interior projections forming the hips of
the animal, these in well formed sheep being short and covered
with flesh and fat. Just anterior to the ischatic spines will be
noticed a deep cavity in which the head of the thigh bone, or
femur, articulates. This bone has a round head, the form of
articulation and depth of cavity in which its rests permitting a
backward and forward motion, and to a certain extent rotary.
We find that the femur extends downwards and forwards, that
it is proportionately heavier in the sheep than in the horse, and
it is thickly surrounded with flesh, which, when eut off the car-
cass for sale, is termed the leg of mutton.

Its lower end forms with the bone below and one placed in
front of their union, the stifle joint, the bone in front of the joint
being called the patella, so situated as to act as a lever for the
muscles of the anterior part of the hind limb. The bone below
the femur is termed the lower thigh bone, or tibia, extending
downwards and backwards from its articulation with the patella
and femur. We find that in proportion to the horse it is not
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 107

so long; it corresponds to the lower arm bone or radius-of the
fore extremities, and its inferior part forms with the bones im-
mediately underneath the hock joint.

The hock joint is composed of six bones arranged in layers,
forming three distinct joints, the motion being confined to the
upper layer the bones below, serving as buffers to minimize con-
cussion, with the exception of the bone projecting upwards from
the back of the joint, which is called the calcis, and acts as a
lever for the powerful extensor muscles of the hind leg.

The bones below the hock correspond with those below the
knee joint in the fore extremity, and the description of them
also applies to these.

The Nervous and Muscular System.

The brain is a softish grey body, situated in the cranial
cavity. It is the seat of the mind and sensation. Its size in the
sheep as compared with man is small. The outer surface is
covered ‘with ridges, called convolutions, with a dividing furrow
‘from before backwards, separating it into two halves called the
right and left hemispheres. The anterior larger part of the
brain is called the cerebrum, the middle and smaH part the cere-
bellum, while the underlying posterior portion is called the
medulla oblongata. Between the brain substance proper and
the bones forming the cranial cavity we find a strong dense
membrane closely attached to the bony structure, called the
dura mater, immediately underlying which and attached to the
brain substance, is another called the pia-mater, the space be-
tween these two membranes being called the arachnoid space.
The spinal cord is virtually a continuation of the brain extend-
ing from the medulla oblongata through the vertebrae and
terminating in the sacrum at the root of the tail. It is envel-
oped by the same membranes disposed in the same manner as
108 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.

those of the brain. In form the spinal cord is cylindrical, com-
posed of bundles of nerve fibres, with a fissure or canal passing
through its center.

We find that in sheep forty pair of nerves originate from
the brain and spinal cord, ten arising from the brain, the balance
being from the cord, are hence called spinal nerves.

Nerves are an aggregation of nerve tubes, the tubes being
composed of sections of nerve cells enveloped by a membrane
called the sheath of Schwann.

Of the cranial nerves the first pair are the olfactory, which
conduct the sense of smell to the cerebrum, arising in the cere-
brum they pass out of the cranial cavity through the ethmoid
bone, to be distributed throughout the mucous membrane lining
the nostrils.

The second pair are termed the optic. They also originate
in the cerebrum from opposite hemispheres, joining before leay-
ing the skull, when the right nerve passes to the left eye, and
the left to the right eve by a process termed decussation, taking
an oblique course, they pierce the outer coats of the eye and
spread out over the retina, from whence impressions of objects
are conveyed to the brain. The sense of taste is supplied by the
fifth pair of nerves, that of hearing by the auditory, a portion of
the seventh pair; the other cranial nerves conveying motion and
sensation to the various parts of the head.

Another nerve of the cranium which deserves special men-
tion, being the most important of them all, is the tenth pair, or
pneumogastric, remarkable for its extent and for the multiplicity
of the physiological uses ascribed to it, being distributed to the
gullet, throat, lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe, and stomach.
It controls the motions and secretions of the organs to which it
is distributed, having special power over the heart’s action.
Special nerves are termed compound nerves with a double fune-
tion and twofold origin, conveying both sensation and motion.
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 109

They arise by numerous filaments from both the superior
and inferior surfaces of the spinal cord, the filaments intertwine,
and before they emerge through the dura mater, they join to-
gether just anterior to their union, a sort of knot being formed
on the upper nerve, which is termed a ganglion. This upper
nerve is the one conveying sensation, while the lower is the nerve
of motion, so these nerves, originating as they do, form different
portions of the spinal cord, even after they join together. The
intimate fibres convey, or rather own, different attributes, al-
though all are bound together in one sheath. Lastly we shall
mention the sympathetic nerve, it rivalling in importance the
pneumogastric, which has already been described.

The great sympathetic nerve’ is the nervous apparatus
of the organs of vegetative life. It extends in the form of two
long cords from the head to the tail, the two cords being situated
immediately under the vertebral column to the tail, appearing
to arise from a ganglion at the base of the brain, anterior to the
commencement of the spinal cord. By its numerous branclies
it is connected with all the other nerves, and distributes branches
to all the glands, blood vessels and lymphatics of the system,
also. the heart, lungs and digestive organs. It is the virtual life
of the organic system, influencing all functions of nutrition and
secretion.

The brain of the sheep is small when compared with that
of other animals, the whole make-up of its nervous system being
comparatively feebly developed. This fact has a considerable
influence over the diseases which affect the animal, accounting
for the fact that in so many debility quickly follows sickness;
the sheep speedily succumbing to what at first appear to be
slight ailments.
110 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.

The Muscular System.

Muscles are fibrous organs, possessing the property of con-
traction under the influence of a stimulus. While the shape of
the body depends to a great extent on the bony framework, there
is a vast difference between the appearance of the skeleton and
the body itself.

The muscles are the flesh of the animal, attached to and
covering every part of the skeleton.

The motion of any and all parts of the body is dependant on
the contraction of the muscles attached to those parts. Muscles
are attached to different bones. Their contraction drawing the
parts together causes motion, thus limbs are bent, the head raised
and lowered, and the slightest movement even of an eyelash
controlled.

Those which bend or flex the limbs are called flexor muscles,
those extending the same being called extensor muscles

Muscles vary in size from the large muscles of the loin and
shoulder to those almost microscopical in size of the internal ear.
Some are thick and bulky, others extremely short, others cylin-
drical and of great length. Muscles are supplied with nerves,
blood vessels and absorbents. The nerves in muscle tissue are
those of motion and sensation; those of motion convey the man-
dates of the will, thus causing motion; those of sensation com-
municate the sense of feeling, being the medium both of pain
and pleasure. Muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibres,
bound together by a cellular membrane. In sheep we find they
are for the most part clothed in fat, and also that fat is deposited
among the fibres. It is the ability of the animal to contain this
fat and the abundancy of the adipose membrane surrounding it,
which distinguishes a good sheep from one of an inferior breed,
giving to the former the soft and elastic feel to the hand, even
when the animal is in poor flesh.
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 111

A sheep of good breeding has large muscles, especially in
the region of the loins, buttock and shoulders, while the head
should be lean and small. The flexor and extensor muscles are
interlaced with tendonous fibres, and are not so palatable as those
from the loins and buttocks. It will be unnecessary to make in-
dividual mention of any particular muscle or group of muscles,
the subject would be too vast for a work of this kind, and unin-
telligible to the general reader.
CHAPTER VI.

Che Digestive System.

We find that the sheep can, owing to the conformation of
its mouth and appendages, the lips, thrive on scanty pasture,
where an ox or other animal would have to struggle for exist-
ence. The lips being covered by hair, are protected from in-
jury against the ground, in which they come in close contact
when the animal is feeding. We find on examination that the
upper lip is cleft, and that the two when together tend to form a
point, enabling the animal to virtually crop the grass on a level
with the surface of the ground.

The Teeth.

These are the agents by which mastication of the food is
earried on. They are hard organs, bony in appearance, firmly
implanted in the jaws, and projecting into the interior of the
mouth.

The incisor teeth, or nippers, are in the sheep as well as in
other ruminating animals situated upon the lower jaw, the
upper jaw with which they come in contact during mastica-
tion being covered by a dense fibrous pad. We find that the in-
cisors, unlike the back or molar teeth, are not firmly embedded
in the lower jaw, but possess a certain degree of mobility (some-
times being mistaken for a diseased condition); this, however, is
necessary in order to prevent their injuring the fibrous pad of
the upper jaw, against which they press.

The Incisor Teeth are eight in number when the mouth
is perfect, or full, as it is termed. We find that the lamb when
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 113

first dropped has two incisor teeth, and that two more are shortly
in evidence. In fourteen days time after birth two more are
erupted, making six then in all, and by three weeks after birth
two more become visible, giving the lamb eight incisor teeth.
This is not by any means without exception, as frequently lambs
are dropped with all eight incisors in evidence. These are the
temporary or milk teeth, and as the animal progresses in age
they drop out, and are replaced by the permanent teeth. For
instance, when the lamb gets to be between one year and one
year and a half old the two central incisors are replaced by two
larger and stronger teeth, the lamb then being called a yearling.

By two years the tooth on either side of the centrals under-
goes the same transformation, and are succeeded the following
year or year and a half by those adjoining, so that in three and
a half years the sheep has six permanent teeth, and between
four and four and one-half years the last two temporary incisors
disappear to be replaced by permanent ones, the sheep then
being said to be full mouthed. While the above is substantially
correct and can be counted on as a general rule, yet sometimes
permanent teeth appear much earlier, and at others their appear-
ance may be protracted to a later period. After the sheep
possesses a full mouth the teeth rarely remain perfect for any
length of time, some of them becoming broken or lost. They are
then said to be broken mouthed. In appearance the incisor
teeth are chisel shaped, rather resembling the human incisors,
they are curved, being convex in front and concave behind, the
whole of the crown being covered with enamel.

The Molar Teeth are twenty-four in number, twelve on
each jaw. They are firmly implanted in the jaw bones, being also
covered with enamel on their face. These faces are very irregular,
to enable them to grind tough and unyielding substances, such
as corn and drv grass. On the sides of the base of the visible
114 TH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

portion of the molars the gums are situated, which, in common
with the other parts of the mouth, are covered by mucous mem-
brane, in some parts a firm dense material being interposed
between this membrane and the bone.

The sides of the mouth cavity are formed by the cheeks,
made up of powerful muscles, covered internally by mucous
membrane and externally by the skin, they form the greater part
of the bulk of the face and are the agents which control the
grinding motion of the lower jaw. The lips serve for the pre-
hension or gathering of both the solid and liquid food, retaining
it in the mouth after its introduction therein, and preventing the
escape of the saliva; they are furnished with nerves of feeling,.
and are composed of muscles externally covered by the skin,
the inside surface being covered by mucous membrane, they
possess the powers of motion and sensation to a considerable
degree. The mouth is plentifully supplied with a watery,
slightly alkaline fluid termed the saliva. This is secreted by
three pairs of glands, collectively termed the salivary glands.
There is a slight flow of saliva from these glands into the mouth
at all times, which is considerably increased during mastication.

The largest pair of these glands is known as the parotid,
situated at the base of each ear, extending downward in a line
with the jugular vein, they connect with the mouth cavity by
means of a duct, which opens into the mouth about the level of
the fourth molar. This is known as Steno’s duct, and some-
times becomes enlarged, forming a fluctuating tumor at the side
of the face, due to obstruction from inflammation and obliter-
ation of it, from injury, where it lies close to the surface in the
meshes of the masseter muscle, passing upwards over the lower
jaw. The next largest pair is known as the submaxillary. They
are situated under the jaws, their ducts opening into the mouth
by projecting elevated points or barbs placed near the fraenum
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 115

of the tongue. The other pair of glands is called the sub-
lingual, placed under the tongue, they communicate with thie
mouth close to the opening duct from the submaxillary. In addi-
tion to these we find other small glands connected with the
cheek and floor of the mouth, all of which assist in secreting
fluid to lubricate the bolus of food and perform the first stage of
digestion. erbivorous animals secrete considerably more
‘saliva than the carnivora, which is rendered necessary by the
hard and woody nature of the food the animal is called upon to
consume. Situated on the floor of the mouth, and principally
filling that cavity, a pointed, rough, elongated body is found,
termed the tongue. This is principally muscular in structure
and very flexible. It is the special organ of taste, and also
materially assists in mastication and swallowing. In the sheep
it is a prehensile organ, assisting the lips in gathering the food
into the mouth. A decided difference in the back part of a
horse’s and sheep’s mouth is noticeable. While in the horse
the soft palate, situated in the entrance of the gullet, is suffi-
ciently long to fall down and completely close the back part of
the mouth, excepting when food is being swallowed, prohibiting
a horse from breathing otherwise than through the nose, and
also preventing vomition, whereas in the sheep, being a ruminat-
ing animal, such a structure would be inapplicable, as it would
prevent the return of the contents of the first stomach to the
mouth, consequently the soft palate is considerably shorter and
narrower, not reaching the tongue. At the base of the tongue
we find the larynx and pharynx connected to the tongue and to
the upper jaw bone, or rather the bones of the head, by means of a
bone called the os hyoides. Adjoining the pharynx are two
spaces called the eustachian tubes, situated one on each side,
and communicating by means of a tube with the internal ear.
At the superior extremity of the trachea, between the first and
fourth rings of that tube, are found two round, ovid bodies, one
116 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

on each side of the tube, joined together by a narrow band, or
isthmus. These glands are termed the thymus or thyroid bodies.
They are large in foetal life, but tend to diminish in size as the
animal matures in age; they are well supplied with blood vessels,
nerves and lymphatics, and although their use is not fully de-
termined upon by anotomists, they doubtless exert an important
influence, especially in young animals. It is these glands which
become enlarged in goitre, a condition which we shall consider
later on in this work.

The Digestive Organs in General.

These are more extensive and complicated than the corres-
ponding parts of the canivorous animals, as they have a more
onerous task to perform, the food being crude and wholly un-
prepared as compared to the flesh consumed by the carnivora,
which virtually is composed of the constituents of the blood it-
self, and has not to be transformed into the material like the
grains and grasses forming the natural diet of the sheep.

So to comply with these extra requirements the digestive
organs of the sheep have to be more spacious to afford means to
retain the food until the nourishment can be extracted there-
from. To perfom these extra functions the digestive track of
herbivora is endowed with greater nervous energy, causing a
larger amount of vital and chemical force to be manufactured,
thus enabling a greater digestive force to be exerted.

We find that herbivorous animals in a state of nature are
almost continually feeding, a greater amount of the crude ma-
terial having to be taken into the svstem to support life, so to
enable the animal to retain this food, the alimentary canal has
to be of enormous bulk, digestion being almost continually car-
ried on. Sheep when grazing tear the grass off by a jerking
action of the muscles of the head and neck, the grass being held
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Wt

between the incisor teeth and the cartilaginous pad in the
mouth, is moderately chewed by the molar teeth, being replaced
between them by the action of the tongue and cheeks, it is then
formed into a bolus, thoroughly saturated with the saliva, and
conveyed by the tongue back into a pouch situated at the super-
ior extremity of the gullet, called the pharynx.

The pharynx is lined with mucous membrane the same as
the mouth. It is virtually a mucous lined muscular box, tle
contraction of the sides being the means by which the food is
forced into the gullet, which scientifically is termed the oeso-
phagus, and is the tube connecting the mouth with the stomach.
Immediately under the pharynx we find a cartilaginous box,
termed the larynx, forming the entrance to the windpipe, or
trachea. The food passes into the gullet, over the larynx, from
which, however, it is prevented from entering by a triangular
lid composed of cartilage and termed the epiglottis, which is
forced down, effectually closing the entrance to the larynx.
Directly the food has passed over the larynx, the epiglottis as-
sumes an upright position, freeing the entrance to the larynx
and permitting the entrance of air for the purpose of respiration.
The food after leaving the pharynx passes into the gullet. This
is composed of involuntary muscular fibres, and the bolus, acting
as an irritant, causes these muscles to contract, the fibres run-
ning lengthwise with the tube, draw it up, shortening the distance
between the stomach and the mouth, while the contraction of
the circular fibres forces the food down the tube, finally lodging
it in the first stomach. Tracing the course of the gullet we find
that on leaving the pharynx it passes down the neck, at first be-
hind the windpipe, then inclines to the left of it, entering the
chest cavity in company with it; it then passes to the upper side
of the trachea over the base of the heart, through the muscle
dividing the chest from the abdominal cavity, and which is
called the diaphragm, and entering the stomach by a funnel-
118 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

shaped opening. The oesophagus, on leaving the pharynx and
entering the chest cavity, diminishes in calibre, expanding again
as soon as it has passed through the diaphragm or midriff. It does
not actually terminate in either of the stomachs, but ends in a
pouch called the oesophageal canal. This is about 4 to 43
inches in length, formed superiorly by the oesophagus and in-
feriorly by muscular pillars or duplicatures of the upper por-
tions of the first and second stomachs. So it will be apparent
that the oesophageal canal or furrow is a sort of passage, having
vonnections with the different stomachs, and which, with the
exception of the second and fourth, are the only openings these
stomachs are endowed with. The food passing from the oeso-
phagus enters the first stomach, called the rumen, the entrance
to which is close to the termination of the oesophagus and the
entrance of the canal. The rumen is of enormous extent, oc-
cupying when full of food nearly three-quarters of the whole of
the abdominal cavity.

By reference to the illustration on opposite page it will be
seen that the oesophageal furrow or food duct commences at the
entrance to the rumen, its floor being composed of muscular
pillars formed by the upper part of the second stomach, the en-
trance to which is between these grooves. The pillars are con-
tinued within the cavity of the second stomach for nearly a
inch and a half to the entrance to the cavity of the third, which,
being situated above, forms the roof of the oesophageal furrow.
The entrance to the fourth stomach is 24 inches in length,
formed by the turning back of the mucous and muscular coats
of the viseus, which at times are in close apposition one with the
other, as the necessity of nature may require. The food on
passing through the oesophagus usually falls into the rumen or
first stomach. This stomach, the largest of the four, occupies
the left flank; by a constriction across its middle it is almost
divided into two compartments. Externally lining it is the

2
——
a
 

(FRomM CHAUVEAU’S ANATOMY.)

Stomach of the Sheep. Seen from Interior of the Omasum.

O—Csophagus. P—Rumen. R—Reticulum. C—Abomasum. F—Omasum, opened
at its large curvature, the two portious being reversed forward and backward. 1—Open-
ing between the rumen and reticulum, surrounded by the extremity of the lips of the
cesophageal furrow. 2—Opening between the omasumandabomasum. I—Commience-
nmeut of the small intestine.
120 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

membrane termed the peritoneum, which covers all organs in
and virtually suspends all intestinal organs from the roof of the
abdominal cavity. The internal surface of the rumen is cov-
ered by a multitude of papillary prolongations, which are de-
pendencies from the mucous membrane. These papillae are
very large (foliated or leaf like in shape), and numerous on the
right side of the stomach, being more rare on the left and absent
on the muscular bands or columns running on the inside and, as
before stated, partially dividing the organ. While we have said
that the stomach is partially divided into two compartments, it
will be more correct to say that there are four or five of these
divisions, the utility of which is to prevent any one portion of
the stomach being compelled to bear all the weight of the food
at any one time. By their arrangement they afford depositories
for food which has partially undergone maceration, the upper
compartment being the one into which the food is raised previous
to the process of rumination. While the rumen is partially at-
tached to the second stomach, it only communicates with it
through the common opening of the two stomachs with the
oesophageal canal. The second stomach is called the reticulum.
The reticulum or honeycomb is the smallest of the four. It is
elongated from side to side, slightly curved on itself, placed be-
tween the midriff and the forward extremity of the left sac of
the rumen.

It is globular in shape and is the part of the animal which
is eaten as tripe. The internal structure consists of a vast num-
ber of shallow cells, resembling honevecomb; the cells near the
entrance to the stomach are small, increasing in size as they leave
this point. The sides of the cells are formed by ridges from the
mucous and euticular coats, and across within these cells smaller
ridges will be observed, They are in shape five or six sided, and on
their surfaces are an immense number of papillae, more pointed
but much smaller in size than the corresponding papillae in the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 121

rumen. These papillae secrete a mucous fluid which assists in
the process of digestion. Externally covering the second stom-
ach we find the peritoneum, under which is situated the muscu-
lar coat, composed of two separate layers of strong muscle fibres
eriss-crossing each other. The opening into this stomach is of
some extent, the grooves forming it are the floor of the greater
portion of the oesophageal canal. The contents of this stomach
are more liquid than those in the others. Just before the end
of the entrance to the second stomach the oesophageal furrow
virtually ends in the third stomach, called the Omasum or Many
Plies, so called from its peculiar internal make up, which is
formed by a number of unequally developed leaves of mucous
membrane filling and running the length of the cavity. These
leaves increase the internal surface of the organ ten fold; they
are studded with numbers of small papillae, which are harder
than those in the reticulum. Some of the papillae on the edges
of the leaves are in the shape of a bent cone pointing towards
the entrance of the stomach, the object of these being to retain
food for a certain period of time, and it has been found that in
certain sheep, which were subject to scours and unable to
retain their food, that these cones were abnormally short. The
omasum has but one opening, which is in direct communication
both with the oesophageal furrow and the fourth stomach. In
appearance the third stomach is globular in form, possessing
muscular and mucous coats the same as the first two. Its con-
tents will generally be found to be hard, and much more so than
the contents of the other stomachs. The fourth stomach, or
Abomasum, is in fact the true stomach, corresponding to the
stomach of man, being that which secretes the gastric juice,
which, by its action on the food, converts it into chyme. This
juice is by nature acid. It is a clear watery yellowish liquid
having a specific gravity of 1005, as compared to water at 1000.
It contains solids to more or less extent, the main part of which
122 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

is pepsin, hydrochloric acid being present in the watery part in
the strength of about 2 parts to the 1000 of water. Externally
this stomach is somewhat conical in shape, the apex being the
part joining the intestines. It possesses three coats. The in-
ternal surface, however, differs in appearance from that of the
other stomachs, being red and shining, the mucous membrane
being very vascular, the glands secreting the gastric juice, being
embedded in its folds. By its internal surface being in the form
of plaits arranged lengthwise, the digestive capacity of the organ
is considerably increased. The entrance to this stomach is close
to the entrance of the omasum, the exit being situated at the
apex, which is closed by the valve called the pylorus, which is a
duplicature of the mucous lining of the viseus.
CHAPTER VII.

Rumination.

The rumen is the first receptacle in which the food is
deposited after it has been sufficiently masticated and covered
with saliva to permit the act of deglutition; being received in
the stomach mouthful by mouthful, until the viscus is compara-
tively full, the animal feels repletion, at which time rumination
generally commences, the sheep usually assuming a recumbent
position.

The food to be re-chewed is not that which was last swal-
lowed, but that which has been in the rumen for twelve to six-
teen hours previously.

The food in the rumen is constantly being changed to a
different location by the action of the muscular walls of that
organ, being mixed with the juices secreted by the mucous
glands of the internal surface. Entering the superior portion it
passes to the inferior, again passing to the superior before rumin-
ation commences. For the act of rumination to be performed it is
necessary that the rumen be at least three-quarters full to enable
the food to occupy the upper part of the organ to enter the ocso-
phageal groove. The liquid portion then passes on to the reti-
culum, which is only a kind of offshoot or diverticulum, acting
as a reservoir to dilute the solid substances which may pass
into it.

All the food which is taken into the rumen does not go
through the process of rumination, but only the hard, indigest-
ible substances. These are supposed to be separated at the junc-
ture of the oesophagus with the rumen and reticulum, the hard
124 RUMINATION.

substances being returned through the oesophagus to the mouth
by the contraction of the muscle fibres of the tube, assisted by
the action of the midriff or diaphragm, which presses on the
rumen, contracting its size and forcing the contents into the
oesophageal groove to the gullet. The other portion passes on
to the reticulum, some even entering the third stomach or
omasum, without passing through the second stomach. In the
reticulum the contents are subjected to pressure, extracting the
liquid portion, which passes on to the third and fourth stomaclis,

 

(From CHAUVEAU’S ANATOMY.)

‘Bection of the Wall of the Omasum of the Sheep. From the Great Curvature, Shovring
the Origin of the Leaves,

P—Peritoneum. M—The two muscular layers. E—Epithelium. 1, 1—Principal
‘leaves at their origin. 2—Secondary leaf. 3,3—Leaves of the third order. 4—Den-
ticulated lamina. 5,5—Two piaues cf muscular fibres ascending into the principal
leaves, some issuing from the muscular layer of the organ.

the solid, dry residue being taken up by the oesophagus and re-
turned to the mouth to be re-masticated, proving that it is not
only the contents of the rumen which enter into rumination,
but those of the reticulum as well. The oesophagus in ruminat-
ing animals having a double duty to perform, is proportionately
supplied with muscles. Especially is this the case around its
lower portion, where the bolus is first seized to be returned to the
RUMINATION. 125

mouth. Beyond a doubt some portions of the tood undergo re-
mastication several times. The liquid portion of the food after
passing through the reticulum most likely goes direct to the
fourth stomach. This is inferred from the dry condition of the
contents of the third stomach, even when the animal is in the
best of health, that viscus being the organ which triturates and
breaks up into small fragments, the matter which passes into it
thus rendering them more susceptible to the action of the gastric
juices of the abomasum or stomach proper. Where the leaves
in the omasum are imperfectly formed it has been observed that
the animal so affected will not thrive, although it may consume
a large amount of food. The fourth stomach, called the
abomasum, is the stomach proper, where the virtual act of diges-
tion is carried on, the contents being subjected to the action of
the gastric juice. Young animals existing on their mother’s milk
employ only the fourth stomach for the digestion of the same.
The other stomachs, not being in use, are practically undevel-
oped, but as it commences to feed on other substances requiring
a more extensive and intricate process to extract their nutritive
properties the other stomachs develop in size to accommodate
the new conditions. By the time the food arrives in the fourth
stomach it has been well macerated and mixed with fluid, forming
a pulpy mass, ready to be submitted to the action of the pepsin
and acid secreted from the mucous glands of the organ. The
food in this viseus is converted into a mixture called chyme,
rendering it fit for further processes of digestion in the intestinal
canal. On leaving the fourth stomach the food passes through
a valvular orifice called the pyloric opening, the passage through
which is guarded by valves opening towards the intestines,
affording entrance to them, at the same time rendering a return
of the contents of the intestines to the stomach impossible.
126 THE INTESTINAL ORGANS.
The Intestinal Organs.

The intestines are sub-divided into two classes, the
small and the large; the small being narrow and uniform in
diameter and of considerable length, the large being irregularly
dilated and sacculated. The small intestines are arbitrarily

 

(FROM CHAUVEAU’'S ANATOMY )

a, a—Lacteal vessels in the villi. 4, —Superficial layer of the lacteal vessels (rete
angustum), c,c—Deep layer of the lacteals (rete amplum.) d,d—Efferent vessels pro-
vided with valves. e—Lieberkuhn’s glands. /—Peyer’s glands. g—Circular muscular
layer of the wall of the intestine. 4A—Longitudinal layer. z¢—Peritoneal layer.

divided into three sub-divisions, that joining the abomasum
being called the duodenum, which is a short curved portion con-

taining glands called Peyers patches, and receiving ducts from
the pancreas and liver. This is succeeded by a short portion
THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 127

descending downward and backward to the left flank, where it
becomes the jejunum, the ileum being the portion suspended in
the left flank which terminates at its junction with the large gut
called the caecum.

The Large Intestines

Are divided into three divisions. 1. The Caecum. 2.
The Colon. 3. The Rectum.

The caecum is a vast reservoir in the form of a cul-de-sac.
It is nearly cylindrical in form without bulgings or longitudinal
bands; its extremity is rounded and globular, floating freely in
the cavity of the abdomen and directed backwards. The ileum
joins the caecum by piercing the latter at right angles at its
superior extremity, the internal mucous membrane of the ileum
forming a valve permitting the passage of material to the
caecum, but effectually preventing its return. The caecum
serves as a reservoir for the enormous quantity of fluid ingested
by herbivorous animals, which in its rapid course through the
stomachs and small intestines is not absorbed by the villi or
mucous projections in the bowels. The fluids accumulate in
this gut, and by their solvent properties on the matter contained
in it favor their entrance into the circulation through the large
expanse of absorbing surface which the mucous membrane of
the gut presents. It is in this viscus that digestion is virtually
completed in herbivorous animals. The colon commences
from an opening situated above the entrance of the ileum to the
-eaecum. In calibre it at first equals the caecum, but soon be-
comes constricted, maintaining a uniform diameter, which, for
about eight feet in length, is nearly treble the diameter of the
small intestines; then the gut decreases in size to the same
calibre as that of the small intestines, continuing so for about
nine feet in length, when it again increases in size about one foot
prior to its termination, this latter part being termed the rectum.
‘spurs o11ejMeSaWI—z “WOTOS oT qnop ay} Jo Binz ySe-J—9 ‘L1JO}MASaTU OY} JO AVhEL
SI gy} YSnoIgQ) uses ‘0109, ay} JO SuUOIjN[OAUOD plosdiT[Y—FG ‘*WNndevd oy} JO DeS-ep-[Nd 9} JO AYMIIAXY—p ‘9n1}se1 Ul [Teus
ay} JO NONIOd [eUIMIaT—¢E ‘auTisajUI [[eMIsoq} Jo noNIOd Sul,eo] qJ—zZ ‘winvaponq— 1 ‘1ieueseW—W ‘“sea1oued aq} Jo AyIMOI}
-x9 1VSsIYy—_q ‘Moupiy wy sy—yY ‘lealry—og ‘wnjuewmo yealyHn—q “Wnsemoqy—D ‘wnsemOQ—q “Wn[noVey—ey “vouUNnYy—ny

*daaqg 34} JO GIUIFGIJUT PUL YIVULOIG 24} JO MIA ][V4IUID
(‘ANOLVYNY S,AVAAQVHD NOU)

Ss
2

 
THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 129

At the point of diminution of calibre of the large intestines the
faeces gradually become hard, acquiring the form of small black
pellets, being voided in this condition when the animal is in
good health.

We shall now consider the organs secreting fluids which
have entrance to the intestinal canal, for the purpose of
aiding digestion. Of these we find two, the liver and pancreas.
The liver is the largest and most useful solid organ of the
body. Having manifold functions, it secretes the bile which.is of
vast importance for the digestion of food; and furthermore, it
manufactures sugar, the bile is thrown into the ducts, while the
sugar finds immediate access to the blood vessels, to be conveyed
on through the system. In the sheep the weight of the liver
averages about 1-50th part of that of the carcass, with a slightly
greater specific gravity than water. The structure of this organ
is peculiar, owing to the diversity of the functions it is called
upon to perform. Externally it is found to present a mottled
appearance due to small polygonal spaces of a rounded appear-
ance, in the center of which redish spots will be observed.

These circular bodies are the lobules about 1-20th of an inch
in diameter, separated one from the other by the polygonal
spaces, which are really a network of blood vessels. To explain
the structure of this important organ it will be only necessary to
examine one of the lobules. The lobule itself is separated from
the others and held in place by a network of blood vessels, which
permeate its substance, joining together in the center of the
lobule. An artery called the hepatic artery and a vein called the
portal vein convey blood to the liver, both entering the organ
side by side through a fissure called the transverse.

The Bile.

The bile is elaborated from the blood brought to the liver
by the portal vein, which comes direct from the intestinal mu-
cous surfaces, charged with assimilable substances absorbed by
the veins of the intestinal papillae called the villi.
130 THE INTESTINAL ORGANS.

The bile being separated from the blood is conveyed into
a receptacle called the gall bladder, from which a duct issues,
opening into the small intestines about eighteen inches from the
junction of the stomach and intestines. Ruminants are all
furnished with this reservoir or gall bladder, so also is man, and
the majority of carnivorous animals, the exception being the
horse, in which case the bile is thrown out into the bowel as soon
as it is manufactured, causing at all times a constant flow into the
intestines of this liquid.

The functions of the Bile.

Bile is both a secretion and an exeretion. To better under-
stand the meaning of these terms it mav be well to define them
as follows:

A secretion is a fluid manufactured in the animal bodv for
further use.

An excretion is a waste material to be eliminated from the
system.

Bile contains both secretory and excretory ingredients. It
is a natural puregative, stimulating the action of the intestinal
juices and the peristaltic motion of the bowels. Besides being an
antiseptic, it assists in the digestion of fats. Entering the in-
testines close to where the chyme flows from the stomach it pre-
cipitates certain ingredients in that fluid, rendering them suscept-
ible to the action of the juice from the pancreas.

The quantity of bile secreted from a sheep’s liver in 24
hours by weight amounts to between three and five pounds.

The liver then may be considered as the regulator of the
amount of sugar and fatty matter in the blood, any excessive
amount which is not required to support combustion accumulat-
ing in the various tissues of the body.

The Panereas.

The Pancreas is an organ composed of glandular tissue
entirely, making a fleshy mass, hence the name pancreas,
THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM. 132

which means “all flesh.” The fluid secreted from this organ
empties into the intestines through the same duct conveying the
bile. It is exceedingiy active, possessing in its varied functions
more powers than anv other juice. In herbivorous animals the
flow of pancreatic juice is continuous, never ceasing entirely. It
contains five different ingredients, which exert changes on vari-
ous kinds of foodstuffs, having a specific action in emulsifying
fatty matters, rendering them capable of absorption.

Che Genito-Arinary System.

Urine is an excretion, separated from the blood by the kid-
neys, which are two solid organs situated in the abdominal cavity,
firmly attached to its roof in the part called the sub-lumbar
region, or loin.

The kidney in appearance is bean-shaped, with a tube leav-
ing its concave portion called the ureter. This tube proceeds
backwards and downwards, reaching the pelvic cavity, where
immediately below the terminal end of the intestine we find a
large fluctuating sac, the size of which depends on the amount
of its contents—this is called the bladder. The ureter passes
back to the neck of the bladder, to which it gains access by pene-
trating first its muscular coat, between which-and the mucous
membrane it passes for a short distance, then piercing the
mucous membrane it gains access to the interior of the bladder,
this peculiar manner of penetrating the coats of the bladder
being an arrangement of nature by which the flow of the urine
from the bladder back into the ureter is prevented. The kidneys
play a most important part in the animal economy, as they
eliminate from the blood not only the superfluous water and
other accessory substances, but the excremential nitrogenous
products resulting from tissue waste. Comprising the urinary
apparatus we find the
132 THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM.

(1) Kidneys. (2) The ureters. -(3) The bladder. (4)
the urethral canal leading from the bladder and communicat-
ing with the outside of the animal body either by passing through
the penis, or, as in the female, by an opening on the floor of the
vaginal cavity.

If a horizontal section is made of a kidney it will be found
to possess a cavity called the renal basin, which receives the urine
as it is secreted by the gland. It is here that the ureter com-
mences. The internal surface of the renal basin is covered with
a mucous membrane, which extends continuously through the
ureters to the bladder, which organ it entirely lines, extending
from it down the urethral canal to the end of the penis, or, in the
female, the vulva.

The intimate structure of the kidney is composed of minute
tubes which arise from tufts of blood vessels. The excremen-
titious matters are separated from the blood in these tufts and
conveyed down the tubes to the renal basin, from which they
are conveyed by the ureters to the bladder, being voided from
that organ in accordance with the will of the animal.

The urine is a peculiar fluid. Its solids represent the waste
from tissue change. It is the sewage of the system, and con-
tains among its solid ingredients a substance termed urea, which
if separated and purified appears in the shape of needle-like
crystals, which are soluble in hot or cold water. Urea is sup-
posed to arise from excess of nitrogenous food, and from nitro-
genous changes constantly taking place in the body. Its elimina-
tion from the system is very important. Should urea remain in
the blood, or be re-absorbed, uraemie poisoning is produced, a
condition frequently seen in cases where the functional proper-
ties of the kidneys are impaired by disease. In the ram the
urethra is of considerable length, extending as it does the whole
length of the penis; just below the anal opening it forms an
acute angle to conform with the downward and forward direction
of the penis.
THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM. 133
The Generative Organs.

Individuals in the organic kingdom possess the faculty of
reproduction in order to perpetuate the species to which they be-
long. Milk-giving animals, to reproduce their kind, need the
concurrence of two individuals, a male and a female, who
under certain circumstances have intercourse, the male furnish-
ing the fertilizing fluid for the germ, which is supplied by the
female. The fluid from the male is called the semen. This
vivifies the ovum, rendering it capable of development.

The Genital Organs of the Male.

The semen, or vitalizing fluid, is elaborated in two glands
called the testes or testicles.. These are oval in shape and situated
in a cutaneous sack placed between the hind legs, which is called

_the serotum. In this sack they are separated one from the other by
means of a dividing septa, a prolongation from the peritoneum
lining the abdominal cavity. The testicles in the foetus are
formed in the abdominal cavity, descending into the scrotum a
few days prior to or after birth. In descending they carry their
peritoneal covering down with them into the scrotum, giving
them three coats as it were, one of skin and two of folds of
peritoneum. Frequently the testicles in leaving the abdominal
cavity are accompanied by a portion of the intestines, which also
occupy the scrotal sac, forming what is termed a congential
hernia. Arising from the testicle is a thin whitish cord, which
connects it with the glands or reservoirs placed on the superior
surface of the neck of the bladder. This is called the spermatic
cord. It is composed of nerves and blood vessels and a portion
of peritoneal covering, enclosing also the duct called the vas
deferens, which conveys the semen from the testicle to the glands
on the bladder, termed the vesiculae seminales. Connecting
the vesiculae seminales to the urethra are two short tubes termed
134 THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM.

the ejaculatory ducts. The semen being thrown through the
ejaculatory ducts into the urethra, by the contraction of the
walls of the vesiculae seminales at the time of copulation, passes
down the urethra and is deposited in the vagina of the female.
The testicles in sheep are very large in proportion to the animal’s
size, which accounts for the wonderful procreative powers
possessed by rams, that are able, when full grown, to serve from
75 to 100 ewes in the course of amonth. The penis of the ram
has at its extremity a vermiform appendage, which is a prolonga-
tion of the urethra. This is very sensitive, and is the part fre-
quently injured in the removal of calculi from the penis. When
injured this appendage is very apt to slough off, seriously affeet-
ing the usefulness of the ram for breeding purposes.

The Generative Organs of the female.

Situated in the abdomen, close to the borders of the pelvie
cavity, are found two ovoid shaped glands, one on each side, rest-
ing in the folds of a ligamentous structure called the broad liga-
ment. These are the ovaries, and are to the female what the
testicles are to the male. In these bodies the germ ovum is gen-
erated. Passing downwards and backwards from the ovary we
find a very short convoluted tube, which connects the ovary with
the womb. ‘This tube is called the fallopian tube. It is at-
tached to the ovary at the time of germination of the ovum by
means of a fimbriated umbrella-like opening called the pavilion
of the tube. The womb is a membranous sae to which the
ovum is carried, and in which it develops. It is situated at the
entrance of the pelvic cavity, immediately under the rectum,
being held in position by the broad ligament. It possesses a
body and two arms, or horns as they are termed, the extremities
of which are twisted upwards and outwards, and are also held in
place by folds of the broad ligament. The posterior end of the
uterus terminates in a muscular-neck, called the cervix uteri,
THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM. 135

which projects into the vaginal cavity. The cervix uteri is
always tightly closed, excepting in the period of oestrum and dur-
ing parturition. The vagina is a muscular cavity, lined with
mucous membrane, situated immediately under the reetum and
communicating with the outside by means of a slit-like opening
ealled the vulva. The ovum being generated in the ovary, is

 

Aterus, Oviducts and Ovaries of Sheep.
e—Round ligament. g—Cornua. A—Fallopian tube.
m—Broad ligament (Owen),

vivified by the semen from the male, either in the fallopian tube
on its passage to the womb or in the womb itself. As soon as
fertilized, the egg locates in one of the horns of the womb and
there develops into the foetus, the process of development lasting
over a period of about five months before birth of the mature

7J—Confiuence of cornua.

lamb takes place.
CHAPTER VIII.

Mating and Selection.

In mating sheep the qualities of both parents must be con-
sidered, aiming to correct the bad ones and at the same time per-
petuate those which are desirable. In the greater number of
cases the influence of the male on the offspring is found to ex-
ceed that of the female. This is seen in other animals as well as
sheep. A mule, for instance, simulates its sire, the ass, in gen-
eral conformation and habits; a small mare bred to a large stal-
lion produces an offspring half as large again as itself; a Lincoln
ram on a Down ewe will produce offspring resembling the
former more than the latter. Nature’s laws seeming to be that
the sire shall to the greater extent fix the conformation of the
offspring, the disposition being frequently governed by that of
the dam, the exceptions to this being few, and only tend to prove
the rule. In mating and selecting sheep, breeders seek for
various points, not so much on account of their particular value
when taken singly, but because they are evidence of other valu-
able qualities, such as an ability to quickly take on flesh or
mature early. Thus we find that in the Southdown breed small
heads and legs and small bones are sought after, as these quali-
ties are found to be accompanied with exceptional fattening
properties. Again black legs and muzzles are desirable, gener-
ally insuring a hardy constitution. These then are onlv the
signs of good qualities, the qualities themselves consisting in the
different points tending to make up the general conformation of
the animal; for instance, a straight back is a quality in itself, as
also is breadth of loin and rotundity of frame. A straight back
MATING AND SELECTION. 137

gives a large surface for putting on flesh, and also affords more
space for the abdominal organs beneath it. For mutton breeds
small bone is desirable; large bone takes a correspondingly
greater supply of nutriment in the form of blood, ete., which
would otherwise be employed in building up the fleshy tissues,
hence it is a superfluous quantity, and for a like reason horny ap-
pendages can be dispensed with. Rotundity of frame is an ex-
cellent attribute, supplying as it does an extended surface for the
attachment of the muscles of the back and loins. A soft mellow
feeling to the skin is another good quality to be sought after,
showing as it does that the cellular tissue underlying it is in a
healthy condition, and that fatty cells are being formed in its
meshes. The point sought after in breeding is a well formed
animal, its frame plentifully supplied with flesh, with as litle
bone and gristle as possible. The flesh sliould be distributed
largely on the loins and quarters, correspondingly less on the
head and neck. Where a large development of flesh exists a
disposition to fatten will also be found, and for this to be profit-
able the animal must be capable of quick maturity. A number
of the prominent breeds, especially those of mutton qualities,
have been improved and owe their present state of excellence to
judicious cross-breeding, and while this is a fact, it has been
demonstrated that no more difficult task in breeding animals
than successful crossing can be attempted, calling for not only
the application of correct principles, but a degree of practical
judgment and shrewdness, which in some persons seems to be in-
herent with their nature, while others may strive a lifetime and
never acquire the science. Time and time again useful breeds
have deteriorated by the injudicious application of cross-breed-
ing, some fatal defect having been overlooked only to appear ex-
ageerated in the progeny.

Again there is hardly a breed of long-wooled sheep which
has not been improved by the admixture of Leicester blood,
138 MATING AND SELECTION,

but where this has been tried on the middle-wooled breeds re-
sults were moderate, not effecting any permanent improvement,
and often, as in the case of the Southdown breed, were far from
successful or virtually failures. So it must be borne in mind
that crossing in the main is experimental, at times succeeding
beyond the breeder’s most sanguine expectations, at others fail-
ing entirely for no visible reason. Where judgment
assists in the process is in selecting the successful results, per-
petuating them and rejecting the failures. In this manner after
a few generations a breed of sheep is sometimes produced which,
as in the case of the improved Oxford Downs, Shropshires, and
some others we could mention, are desirable to perpetuate with-
out the further admixture of foreign blood.

Another subject of great importance to breeders is “in-and-
in breeding”. This process as applied to the human family
would be found highly objectionable, for the reason that among
people marriages are contracted with little if any regard to the
health of the individuals concerned, and certainly without an
extensive knowledge of each other’s family history. Yor in-
stance, we find a healthy man marrying a consumptive female
to perpetuate the faults of her constitution to his offspring, or a
healthy voung woman marrying a syphilitic man to hand down
a curse to four generations of their descendants. Now should
the offspring of these ill-sorted couples inter-marry the predis-
position to the disease already inherited would be increased two-
fold. A scerofulous brother and sister, from sexual intercourse,
could only beget diseased progeny; but supposing that a family
had been bred by careful selection, if for generations the ancest-
ors on the male side had been always healthy and well formed,
and the same could be said of the ancestors on the female side,
what danger could be apprehended from a cross in, as breeders
term it, viz: the intercourse of brother and sister, or son with
parent, where there were no defects to be transmitted, none
MATING AND SELECTION, 139

would be possible, and the unnatural mating would only tend to
increase the strength of the already present good qualities.
While this would be an impossibility as applied to the human
family on account of the promiscuous intermingling and indelible
stamping of inherent defects for generations and generations,
when applied to animals its rationality becomes apparent.
Where due attention has been paid to the breeding only from
healthy, well formed subjects, in time the disposition for health
and form become inherent, and as a sound constitution and per-
fect conformation are essential to successful breeding, it is the
development of these points which we most desire. For this
reason the objection to breeding from close relationship, which is
insurmountable in the human family, is untenable when applied
to animals. The advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals
are as follows: Supposing that the qualities of both parents are
good, the more likelihood of the progeny inheriting them by
breeding with a view to improvement, the best qualities become
concentrated in one family. Should the members of this family
not breed one with the other, they would most likely have to
be crossed with inferior animals of either sex. This process in-
stead of furthering would retard improvement. It is for this
reason, therefore, that the most eminent and successful breeders
have built up and perpetuated individual families of sheep by
the process of in-breeding, and the stock from these pure-bred
sheep have proved the strength of heredity by the inheritance of
the good qualities of their in-bred ancestors.

Where in-breeding fails is in neglect of proper selection,
not culling the weak and badly formed from the flock, the
breeding of these only tending to perpetuate defects, or where
two animals possessing the same bad quality are allowed to
breed. Notwithstanding their own good qualities, the tendency
to perpetuate the bad becomes increased twofold and is hard to
get rid of, a defect seemingly being handed down with greater
140 MATING AND SELECTION.

ease than a good point can be introduced. Should, however,
proper care be employed, and only those animals possessing good
forms and sound conditions be allowed to breed, then beyond
question the stock will be preserved pure, the proper form and
qualifications will be handed down to the offspring.

Selection.

This consists in the proper weeding out of the undesirable
ewes from the flock and the selection of rams specially fitted to
propagate the type of breed and form sought after by the breed-
er. The drafted ewes, consisting not only of those with broken
mouths, but such of the younger stock whose faulty conforma-
tion renders them unfit to perpetuate their kind. The breeder
selects every year one or more rams to place with the ewe flock,
and naturally selects those whose points and breeding are in line
with his desires. Should he be breeding for wool more
than mutton the selection will be of a ram of the Merino type,
taking care that in all respects it is a typical representative of the
breed. If breeding for mutton, or for both wool and mutton,
those selected will be from such breeds as are noted for these par-
ticular points and qualities, but in no case does the breeder
select a ram of faulty conformation, even though he be descended
from a long line of noted ancestors, the mere fact of his imper-
fections being evidence of a weakness in his chain of ancestry.

The same applies to the selection of ewes. The breeder hav-
ing decided on the particular class which he desires, always bears
the same in mind when buying ewes to add to his flock. He will
also make annual drafts from the flock, all undesirable animals
being sold as feeders, or if fat disposed of to the butcher.
Every draft made on a flock tends to strengthen the general
appearance and enhances the value of the remainder. Ewes
with weak necks, imperfect form or fleece, flat ribs or slanting
quarters, are undesirable, their progeny being certain to inherit
MATING AND SELECTION. 141

some of their faulty features. If the breeder will cull out all
such animals it will only be a short time before the results will
more than pay for the sacrifice. At the same time it must be
admitted that a weak fore-end can be cvercome by crossing with
a ram with an exceptionally strony one; that a weakness on the
part of one parent may be surmounted by the selection of one of
the opposite sex which evidences a proportionate amount of
strength where the other shows weakness.

Ewes before being put to the ram should be in good condi-
tion. They will then be in the best shape to conceive, and the
lambing season will be materially shortened thereby.
CHAPTER IX.

H Study of Disease in General.

Before defining the word disease it would be as well to un-
derstand what constitutes health. Prof. A. H. Baker of the
Chicago Veterinary College defines health as follows: “When
the lungs, heart and abdominal vestments, with their functions,
attendants, and adjuncts, causing respiration, circulation and
digestion, all presided over by the brain and nervous system,
working harmoniously together are each performing their func-
tion rythmically, one with the other, the condition is known as
health.”

Disease is the opposite to health, or a deviation from the
healthy condition, some organ or organs failing to perform its
proper functions.

The general symptoms of disease in a sheep are thé want of
sprightliness, acting in a dull manner, an inability or indifference
to remain with the flock, a rough, dirty, dry condition of the
fleece, assuming unnatural recumbent positions, a desire for its
own company, leaving the herd, and moping by itself. The dis-
eases of sheep are numerous, and frequently fatal, being influ-
enced by the nature and habits of the animal as well as bv its
constitution. As stated previously, when considering the digestive
system, the organs of digestion are excessively developed in the
sheep to permit it to extract nutrition from coarse and seemingly
innutritious foods; to supply this complicated digestive machin-
ery an excessive nervous development is required, and hence it
will be found that the brain is small and the intellect poorly de-
veloped, the nervous energy being expended on the stomachs
and intestines.
A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 143

The muscular system is also weak, the sheep being unfitted
for laborious excercise, even in its free state, and still more so
among the better bred and pampered varieties, where the nature
of the food and enforced inactivity tend still further to weaken
its energy and vitality.

In comparison with the weak muscular development we find
that the vascular system is also feeble, the amount of blood cir-
culating in the system being considerably less in proportion to
the body weight than in the horse.

Exertion requires extra combustion, greater waste of tissues,
and a correspondingly greater circulation of blood to supply the
tissue and repair its waste. The horse being required to exert
muscular force frequently needs a large blood supply, whereas
in the sheep these exertions are not necessary, hence the waste
of tissue is also less, and a large amount of vascularity is un-
needed; and while the sheep consumes a greater amount of food,
as compared in size with the horse, we find that it is quickly con-
verted into flesh, only a small portion remaining as blood in the
system. It will be noticed that the number of specific diseases
of sheep as compared to the horse and ox are few, seemingly due
to the animal’s inherent constitution, which resists certain dis-
eases affecting other herbivora, as pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa,
glanders, ete., but it is found that the diffusion of races of sheep
to other localities has tended to increase the number of con-
tagious sheep diseases. Again a large proportion of sheep are
sold to be slaughtered before reaching maturity, and the ma-
jority before reaching old age, virtually reducing the number
of diseases to which they would be liable had they been allowed
to reach adult state. For this reason we have few chronic diseases
to deal with, such as produce serious changes in the skeletal, cir-
culatory, and digestive system—of the horse for an example—
resulting from overwork and old age.
144 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL,

The small size of the sheep, combined with its docile nature,
render its handling for examination and treatment in disease an
easy matter, but it may be as well to state here the proper man-
ner to catch them to avoid injuring the animal or the staple.
Sheep should not be held or lifted by the wool, as it not only
produces unnecessary pain, but the struggles on the part of the
animal cause the skin to be bruised. Ewes heavy in lamb should
never be caught by the hind leg for self-evident reasons. To
catch sheep, especially large heavy ones, seize the animal by the
neck with both hands, pass one hand around the body, grasp the
brisket, and lift the sheep clear from the ground, setting it on its
rump. When using a crook apply it quickly to the hind leg
above the hock, drawing the animal back sharply to prevent it
from springing sidewise and wrenching the leg; when the sheep
is within reach seize the leg, releasing the crook. The simplest
manner to lift a sheep without inflicting injury is to grasp it
around the body with the arms immediately behind the forelegs,
raising it and laying it on its side or setting it on its rump. The
domestication of the sheep calls for various operations, such as
shearing, washing, castration, ete., any of which when not
properly carried out being liable to cause disease; exposure to
cold storms, errors in hygienic surroundings, even if apparently
trifling, grazing on unsuitable pastures are all fertile causes of
disease. Even domestication predisposes to disease, especially
among the highly improved breeds, from the artificial nature of
the animal’s existence, which renders the system more compli-
cated and susceptible to trifling derangements, which very
quickly become serious. Owing to the complex arrangement of
the digestive system it is frequently the seat of disease, which is
as often caused by an excess of aliment as a deficiency, or a super-
abundance of dry matter, or from the germs of parasites, which
mature and exist in the internal economy at the expense of the
health of the animal, and it will be observed that the diseases
A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 145

°

which affect the digestive organs are more numerous and fre-
quent than all others to which sheep are liable. By their ex-
posure to the vicissitudes of the weather, although greatly pro-
tected by their woolly covering, also from being grazed on cold
and wet soil, unsuitable to their natural habits, diseases are fre-
quently induced, especially those of the feet, such as foot-rot.
The herding together in flocks facilitates the spread of infectious
diseases through the herd, and the attacks of flies and other
vermin during the summer months are a source of annoyance
and care to the sheep owner. Parasites are the most serious and
fatal causes of sheep diseases, producing a large proportion of
the losses. They affect the animal internally and externally,
causing debility and wasting, but at the same time they are
easily recognized, and yield readily to properly applied agents.
Diseases which affect limited areas or districts, due to some local
cause, are called enzootic. Sheep from their conditions of life
and management are frequently subject to enzootic diseases, a
number of a flock being affected simultaneously, causing the
necessary treatment to be applied in a wholesale or general man-
ner. In the treatment of large numbers of a flock it would be
impraticable to catch each individual member and dose it separ-
ately. To overcome this difficulty it is necessary to supply such
agents in the food, which, being consumed by the flock, will do
the most good, and for this reason such medicines as sulphate of
iron and salt are given in the feeding troughs; for foot-rot foot
baths (consisting of shallow troughs containing the desired
medicinal agents) through which the sheep are driven; dipping
or washing with agents to destroy parasites and salves of different
kinds have been found useful, the healthy as well as the diseased
being submitted to the treatment. In the treatment of plethoric
diseases, such as apoplexy, phrenitis, and some congestive disor-
ders and blood derangements, bleeding is useful and frequently
resorted to. Purgatives are specially valuable on account of
146 : A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL.

e

their quick action on the digestive system; of these we find oily
doses more useful than the Glauber and Epsom salts. Pills or
boli so frequently used in the treatment of the horse are unsuit-
able for the sheep or ox, and should not be used. The effects of
purgative drenches are greatly assisted by the addition of
stomachies and stimulating agents, which by their action on the
nervous system give tone to the mucous lining of the stomachs,
expecially the maniplies. When bleeding is resorted to the
veins under the ear and eye are usually selected for the operation,
but should a considerable blood letting be desirable opening the
jugular will be found the quickest and best. The amount of
blood to be drawn should not exceed eight ounces. It is useless to
take less than one ounce, as the effect of the loss of such a small
quantity on the system would be nil. A rough method of
bleeding frequently applied is the amputation of the ear or tail.
This is, however, a crude method of obtaining the result desired,
and inflicts disigurment on the animal.

To bleed from the cheek vein stand astride the sheep,
pressing its body between the knees, pass the left hand un-
der the jaw, drawing the head upwards and backwards slight-
ly. When in this position the animal can neither struggle nor
escape, then press the fingers of the left hand beneath the angle
of the right jaw, just in front of the swallow or gullet. This will
stop the circulation of the vein, causing it to enlarge; with the
right hand trace the swelled vein in its course over the check,
and at a point about equidistant from the eye and angle of the
mouth insert the lancet, making the incision from below, up-
wards, being careful not to cut through the inner side of the vein,
but only its outer border. After sufficient blood has been ex-
tracted discontinue the pressure caused by the left hand and the
bleeding generally will cease. Should it not, however, insert a
pin through the lips of the incision and wind some thread round
it. It is sometimes advisable to bleed from the saphena vein.
A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 147

This is located on the inside of the hind leg, and is operated on
about two inches above the hock joint. To operate lay the
sheep broadside on the ground, tie three legs together, leaving
the one to be operated on free, have an assistant draw it out
straight and hold firmly. Shave off any hair or fleece over the
part to be operated on, and by compression or ligature above
the part distend the vein, then make incision through its
external coats with the lancet, remove desired amount of
blood, release the pressure, and secure lips of incision with a pin,
as above described. In bleeding from the jugular the animal is
controlled in the same manner as when operating on the cheek
vein; the neck is then compressed by passing a string around it
tightly; this is termed ligating, the string being called the liga-
ture; the wool is then cut away from the course of the vein and
the lancet inserted. After sufficient blood is drawn the wound
is closed by pin suture. Bleeding from the jugular, in fat sheep,
is a difficult matter on account of the adipose tissue placed im-
mediately under the skin, making it hard to satisfactorily locate
the vein. In such cases bleeding from the saphena or cheek
veins is advisable.

The pulse is defined as the impulse given to the blood
through the action of the heart, representing, as it does the ac-
tual heart beats, which in healthy subjects average a certain nuin-
ber per minute. It acts as a register of the condition and num-
ber of heart beats, which when they exceed the normal or fall
below the same to any amount would show a derangement of the
animal economy, viz: disease.

The normal pulse of a sheep ranges from 90 per minute in
the lamb to 60 in the adult, averaging 75. It can readily be
taken at the femoral artery on the inside of the thigh by press-
ing it firmly with the fingers against the thighbone. The pulse
in sheep, however, cannot altogether be relied on as an indicator
of disease, as in all animals when subjected to excitement it is
148 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL.

liable to run up considerably above the normal, and the sheep
being very timid and excitable when caught is liable to be found
with an abnormally high pulse, although in a state of perfect
health. So also the temperature, which while in most animals is
a sure index to the condition, in the sheep varies consider-
ably even in health, different observers having arrived at various
results in forming estimates of the average, running all the way
from 101 degrees to 104 degrees Fahr.

Shearing has also been found to cause a slight fall, the tem-
perature of unshorn sheep exceeding those shorn.

An experienced flock-master is generally able to determine
with comparative ease the nature of any particular affection
which may be of frequent occurrence in a flock, the finer methods
of diagnosis only being necessary as a rule in obscure sporadic
cases. The gait of the animal and its behavior are special guides
to many affections, such as lock-jaw, sturdy, rabies, ete., the color
of the mucous membranes of the eye, state of the tongue, condi-
tion of the urine or faeces, all are guides governing the animal’s
condition. The condition of the tongue is an extremely valu-
able sign. Youatt states that in inflammations affecting serous
membranes, such as peritonitis, pericarditis, ete., the tongue will
be found red, and that previous to an attack of dysentery the
edges become red, showing a marked contrast to the body of the
organ. It becomes yellow-brown in disease of the liver, purple
or black in blood and respiratory diseases, pale and soft in atonic
maladies and anaemia.

The condition of the faeces, their character, color and com-
position, and amount of urine voided, its color, ete., are all valu-
able guides to the animal's health. The shedding of wool, or
slipping the fleece, wool-slip as it is termed, is frequently ob-
served after severe diseases, where the internal body temperature
has been high, or may be caused’by drinking an excessive amount
of cold water when fatigued, or through sudden changes of dict.
A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 149

Frequent causes of disease) among sheep are unsuitable
pastures, containing an excess of laxatyve or perhaps astringent
herbs; the excessive feeding of roots, such as turnips, grazing on
rye or old dead grass, even salt in some cases causes plethora,
and many such simple causes are all fertile disease-breeders to
sheep, showing that what at one time may constitute a healthful
article of diet, at others becomes a menace to the animal’s exist-
“once. When studying the cause of obscure maladies all the
above causes must be taken into consideration, as also the nature
of the soil and composition of drinking water, and everything
with which the animals have come in contact. Overcrowding in
feeding lots, or overstocking of pastures, want of exercise, all
are prejudicial to a normal, healthy condition.

Disease in many instances can be prevented by a proper re-
gard to sanitation, only exhibiting healthy diet, taking into con-
sideration all the common causes of disease, and removing the
same where possible, in fact the judicious use of common sense
as applied to sheep raising will be found generally more profit-
able than medication.
CHAPTER X.

Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System.

While the nervous system of the lower order of animals”
possibly is not quite so sensitive as that of the human, it is found
that the finer bred the animal is the more sensitive the nervous
arrangment becomes. Each of the divisions of the nervous sys-
tem have phenomena peculiar to themselves, enabling the ob-
server to ascertain which becomes involved in disease. The dif-
ferent classes of disease being divided according to the parts in-
volved, those of the brain being called cerebral, of the spinal cord
the spinal, and of the nerves the peripheral. When the brain is
involved in disease there is a loss of perception, volition and
special sensation. In paralysis of one side of the body, either
motor or sensory, the brain is affected, but in cases of transverse
paralvsis, where the hind limbs are affected or a posterior portion
of the careass, then it is due to disease of the spinal cord, also in
cases of incontinence of urine or retention, we conclude the cord
to be affected. Where certain localized parts only are paralized,
such as a muscle or set of muscles of one portion of the leg, it is
due to an affection of the nerves supplying the part, and is
termed peripheral.

Injury to the outer or corticle portion of the brain will
affect the voluntary motions of the animal, while injuries to
the deeper portions affect the involuntary or automatic motion,
and severe injury to the vital parts produces instant death by
causing paralvsis or suspension of the vital functions. All in-
juries embracing the whole svstem produce either excitation and
increased nervous excitability or paralysis. One of the greatest
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 151

peculiarities of this system is that there may be a great derange-
ment of function without perceptible alteration of structure.

frenzy, Encephalitis, or Cerebritis.

This is inflammation of the brain substance. It is fre-
quently seen occurring as a sequela to the operation for gid, or
following an attack of apoplexy or fractures of the cranium. It
is also caused by exhaustion and exposure or as the result of some
specific fever from the blood becoming poisoned. Food of too.
stimulating a nature, or an excess of coarse, innutritious food-
stuffs. Rye-grass tops are apt to cause the disease, especially
when overripe. Plethora and exposure to the hot rays of the
sun in the summer season are predisposing influences. Lambs
are more often afflicted with this disease than grown sheep.

Symptoms.

The primary symptoms are stupor, the animal being dull
and unwilling to move. This stage is rapidly succeeded by more
active symptoms. The animal becomes frantic, throwing itself
-about with great violence, the mucous linings of the eyelids be-
come red and congested, the eves appear to bulge from their
sockets, the pupils of the cves contract, respirations become
irregular and bowels constipated. In lambs the violent symp-
toms are most marked. They jump about continually, their
motions appearing ridiculous. A few generations ago when thus
affected they were said to be bewitched, and burned alive by good
churchmen to exorcise the fiends. Grown sheep when attacked
may suddenly spring from the ground and fall dead, or should
the attack be prolonged the periods of excitability are alternated
with intervals of exhaustion and quiet. During the acute
periods the sheep breathes hard and runs about in all directions
with its tail carried upwards. It will butt in its delirium at men
or other sheep or anything which comes in its way.
152 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Treatment.

This in such a severe affection must be prompt. It is advis-
able to bleed from the jugular vein, as directed in a preceeding
chapter, taking about eight ounces of blood from a full-grown
sheep. This should be followed by a cathartic. In this case
Epsom salts are useful; give four ounces in half pint of warm
water, to which one drachm of Jamaica ginger should be added.
When the animal affected is of sufficient value to warrant par-
ticular care, it should be confined so as not to injure itself during
delirium and given one drachm doses of bromide of potassium
every two or three hours.

Post-Mortem Appearances.

The lungs will be found congested, the blood vessels in the
brain much distended, in some cases being ruptured, the blood
oozing into the brain substance.

Apoplexy.

This is an intense congestion of the blood vessels of the
brain, with rupture and more or less hemorrhage. This disease
is most frequently caused from the plethoric condition. It gen-
erally occurs in hot weather and where sheep are grazed on rich
pastures. It is more frequently met with in the sheep than the
ox, Youatt explaining this as being due to the less perfect heat
regulating power of the former animal and its being more forced

in feeding.
Symptoms.

The attack is always sudden. The sheep falls to the ground
in an unconscious condition, sometimes froths at the mouth, the
eyes are dilated and prominent, the animal often seeming to be
blind. In the commencement of the attack, instead of falling
down, the sheep may stand still in one spot, apparently oblivious
to its surroundings, and on being compelled to move falls over

‘
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 153

and dies suddenly. Owing to the causes producing this trouble,
the first precaution should be to move the balance of the flock to
poorer pasture, supplement this with a wholesale purge of Epsom
salts and gradually reduce all artificial food, such as linseed meal,
oil cake, ete.

The affected animals as a rule die before aid can be extended
them, and should they recover from the apoplexy they are very
liable to be attacked with inflammation of the brain. This is a
disease which can better be prevented than treated, and if the
sheep has been carefully watched some premonitory signs may
be detected, such as a refusal to feed, the animal does not chew
the cud, appears listless and dull, the linings of the eyelids are
congested, and the respirations rapid. As soon as these signs are
noticed the sheep should be bled at once, taking at least eight
ounces of blood, making the incision in the jugular. The animal
should be removed to different quarters, the feed reduced, and
four ounces of Epsom salts, combined with } ounce of liquor
ammon. acetatis and $ pint of warm water administered as a
drench. In the majority of cases this will ward off the threat-
ened attack, and is always worthy of a trial.

Epilepsy, fits and Convulsions.

Epilepsy, fits, convulsions with delirium, the sheep becom-
ing insensible, and at times comatose, is a disease caused by any-
thing which tends to irritate the nervous system, such as tumors
in the cavity of the cranium, fractures and depression of the
cranial bones, or reflected irritation to the brain from other parts
of the body, caused by the presence of worms in the intestines;
indigestion, especially such as occurs in lambs due to sudden
changes of pasture, neglect or mismanagement. Grazing the
flock early in the morning while hoar-frost is still on the ground
is also a cause, and accounts for epilepsy frequently breaking out
154 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

among sheep in the early spring and late fall, when they are
thriving well and in good condition.

Symptoms.

The sheep being apparently in good health suddenly throws
up its head, staggers, looks wild, champs its jaws, and froths at
the mouth, runs round a few times, then falls, convulsions en-
sue, the movements of the limbs become rigid, the sheep becom-
ing totally insensible. The fit may last a minute or two, then
consciousness returns. The animal rises with a dazed look,
eradually getting all right and commencing again to feed, as if
nothing had occurred.

Treatment,

If due to hoar-frost on the grass, keep animals confined till
it has disappeared before allowing them to graze. If due to
worms, treat for the same as prescribed in the chapter on worm
diseases.

General treatment consists in affording hygenic surround-
ings, paying particular attention to the feeding, seeing that
stimulating and fattening foods are fed sparingly. Mark the
animals in the flock subject to epilepsy and sell them for
slaughter. Do not breed from animals subject to the disease.
Never in anv case set a dog on a sheep suffering from an epileptic
fit to drive the fit away, as is sometimes brutally done.

Pydrocephalus, or @ater on the Brain.

Hydrocephalus, water on the brain, dropsy of the brain,
usually due, always in the adult, to a serous collection in the
ventricles of the brain. The lamb is particularly subject to this
complaint, and as it sometimes exists prior to birth, the size of
the head prevents delivery. When found oceurring in the
foetus (unborn lamb) it is due to some congenital taint, which
interferes with the proper development of the foetus.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 155

This disease in the adult sheep is rare. When occurring,
the symptoms are similar to those of inflammation of the brain,
commencing with drowsiness without delirium. As the serum
collects, consciousness diminishes, the pressure on the brain
finally causing paralysis, death usually taking place during con-
vulsions.

Treatment.

Treatment is always unsatisfactory. When the first symp-
toms become noticeable the sheep should be slaughtered, and if
in fair condition, and in the commencement of the disease, could
with safety be used for human consumption.

As seen in the foetus, to save the life of the ewe, it becomes
necessary to destroy the lamb by puncturing its skull to permit
escape of the fluid and allow the bones to collapse. Prudence
teaches us not to use the ewe again for breeding, and if many
cases occur in a flock, the ram must be looked upon with sus-
picion, and had better be changed.

Louping-IIll.

Louping-ill, also called Tremblings, Thorter-ill, Mad Stag-
gers, ete. This is a remarkable disease, seemingly caused by a
deranged sensibility of the nerves of the hind parts, probably
due to a sub-acute inflammation of the spinal cord, more particu-
larly in the region of the loins.

The inflammation of the spinal cord is followed by a serous
effusion, which in mild cases coagulates, becoming transformed
into a sort of fibrous tissue. This produces permanent pressure
on the cord; not sufficient to produce paralysis, but enough to
cause derangement of sensibility. Great losses have resulted
from this disease, and notwithstanding the large amount of prac-
tical and theoretical investigation instituted as to its nature and
cause, much remains shrouded in darkness. Gamgee, Rich-
156 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

thofer, Roll, Hamilton, Profs. Williams, Dick and Young
have conducted careful studies and experiments as to the origin
of this disease without any definite results. The history of loup-
ing-ill shows that it has existed in epidemic form many times in
Seotland—notably on the Silurean strata, extending from the
Hebrides to the Southern extremity of Dumfriesshire. Waldie
of Jedburg long ago suggested that louping-ill was due to liming
the soil, and that it disappeared when the lime became ex-
hausted.—Steele. Dr. Hamilton suggested that the disease was
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Profs. Dick and
Robertson both considered that smut on grasses caused the dis-
ease; coarse withered grasses for food are also generally asso-
ciated with this disorder. Ticks have also been considered to
be the cause, supposedly carrying some specific poison and in-
fecting the sheep, but this theory seems untenable, as the dis-
ease has been known to appear in pigs, where the idea of tick
infection would have to be discarded, it being more probable
that it originated in them from eating sheep offal from animals
which had suffered from the malady. Overstocking, poverty,
dry easterly frosty winds in April and May are also said to be
productive of louping-ill to a great extent—in fact, almost every-
thing has been claimed to be a cause, showing certainly a great
diversity of opinion as to the origin of this obscure complaint.

Symptoms.

Trembling of the hind parts, twitching of the muscles. In
acute cases, the pulse is accelerated, skin dry and hard, catarrh
is often present, emaciation sets in, the sheep grinds its teeth,
commences to pine, and finally death supervenes. Richthofer
claims that the disease has only developed and become hereditary
since the introduction of Merinos, and Roll also classes it as a
disease of high-bred, fine-wooled sheep. In the early stages of
the disease the sheep are in poor condition and going back, the
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 157

fleece is dry and dead to the touch, the nervous symptoms soon
setting in, generally evidenced by a loss of power in one or more
limbs, sometimes the whole side being involved, or even the
whole body of the sheep may be affected, appearing to be palsied
or attacked with tetanus, both of which diseases it simulates to a
considerable extent. The head and neck are attacked with
periodic spasms, which contract or draw them backwards with a
violent jerk, tending to constrict the oesophagus and threaten
strangulation on attempting to swallow liquids. A frothy
saliva is emitted from the mouth, especially during the convul-
sive fits, which may occur every five minutes, and are ac-
companied by a very laborious and quick respiration, which sub-
sides on the termination of the spasm. A sheep may exist for
days in this condition, and should it not rally, death sooner or’
later ensues; even of those which eventually recover, many will
lose the use of a hind leg for a considerable time, drawing it
behind when moving, the leg feeling dead and cold to the touch.
Not infrequently tumors appear around a joint or on the fore-
legs and brisket, which on being opened are found full of pus.

Treatment.

Treatment is entirely preventive, and consists in remov-
ing the flock to new and fresher pastures, feeding commer-
cial foods, as oil cake, ete. Give the lambs a sufficient dose of
Epsom salts to act as a purge, about four ounces for adult sheep.
In fact, stimulating, nourishing diet and good hygienic surround-
ings are all we can prescribe for this condition, owing to the lack
of knowledge as yet existing in reference to the cause of this
most destructive complaint.

Simple Daralysis—DPalsy.

Simple Paralysis— Palsy, is a loss of power either sensory
or motor, or both. It is a frequent disease in lambs, caused by
158 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

exposing the ewe at weaning time to inclement-weather, com-
bined with want of proper nutriment. This affection is also seen
occurring in ewes as a sequela to abortion or prolonged difficult
labor. It frequently attacks newly-dropped lambs, often prov-
‘ing fatal ina night. Indigestion caused from gorging on roots,
poisons ingested with grasses from the pastures, or obstinate con-
stipation are frequent causes of paralysis.
Symptoms.

When not very severe the lamb will be found standing still,
with the hind parts powerless. In bad cases the subject will be
found down, unable to rise, all power over the hind limbs being
lost. Where the motor functions are generally affected, a severe
and persistent diarrhoea frequently results, the animal seldom
thoroughly recovering.

Treatment.

For adult sheep, purgatives, tonics, and stimulating lini-
ments are best calculated to remove the cause and restore tone to
the system. Take

Gentian fluid extract........... 1 drachm
Ginger tinctUresc os cep eea sees 1 drachm
Sweet spirits of nitre........... 2 drachms

Mix and give as one dose in two ounces of water twice daily.

For lambs give one-quarter to one-half of the above
amount, according to age. In persistent cases nux vomica
may be tried, administered in gruel; of this give five to ten drops
in the gruel, commencing at five drops and gradually increasing
the dose till ten is reached, then scale down to five again. Where
the loins are badly affected and the animal is valuable, the owner
wishing to save it, should clip the fleece off over the loins for a
space of three inches each way and paint the back with a solution
of lunar caustic one drachm to one ounce of distilled water.

Apply some of the above with a brush to part; use it once
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 159

daily for a period of two or three days. Repeat in a week if
necessary. Where the animals are in good condition and fit for
slaughter, they should be sold to the butcher, unless, as above
stated, the owner is particularly desirous of keeping them.

As seen occurring in newly-born lambs, the young animal
should be rubbed and warmed gradually; a teaspoonful of sweet
spirits of nitre should be administered in a little warm water, and
the lamb returned to the ewe, both being made as comfortable
as possible and protected from cold winds.
CHAPTER XI.

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.

These include all diseases of the lungs, bronchial tubes,
larynx, nostrils, ete., and while they occur less frequently and are
not so numerous as those of the digestive system, yet they will
be found occurring both in the milder forms of influenza and
eatarrh and the severer forms of inflammation of the lungs, or
their serous coverings in the form of pleurisy, or attacking the
bronchial tubes, as in bronchitis. In fact it is asserted that
pleurisy is a common affliction of sheep, numerous cases of the
same having been recorded following shearing and dipping, ete.
Sheep shorn early in the season are very liable to pleurisy, and
fatal terminations are not uncommon.

Nasal Catarvh.

Nasal Catarrh, commonly termed “snuftles,” very frequent-
ly affects sheep which have been exposed to stormy weather,
especially in the winter season. Sheep which have been shipped
along way to market frequently arrive at their destination with
asevere attack of snuffles. Nasal catarrh is an inflammation of
the lining membrane of the nose, and may exist in either of the
three forms of inflammation, viz: acute, sub-acute or chronic.

Symptoms.

In the acute form considerable fever will be present, de-
noted by rapid breathing, a high color of the visible mucous mem-
branes. The head is held out straight, the appetite is attected
to a certain extent and there seems to be a tendency for the in-
flammation to pass downwards to the lungs. A cough is gener-
Se

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 161

ally present, caused by the accumulation of mucus from the
inflamed surfaces. In the first stage the sheep sneezes fre-
quently, shaking its head, evincing pain, and in the course of
a few hours a mucus discharge from the nostrils commences.
The mucus discharge soon becomes thick, but is odorless. After
a few days pus is formed and emitted with the discharge, which
in consequence becomes thicker and yellow, with a heavy specific
gravity,—sinking in water. This disease will often, if not
treated, continue in this state for several weeks, till nature effects
a cure, or it may be followed by an extension of the inflammation
to the lung tissue, causing pneumonia or bronchitis, which are
very lable to prove fatal.

Treatment.

The removal of affected sheep from exposed places and ad-
ministration of tonics and stimulants will in the majority of cases
effect a speedy cure. Give one teaspoonful of sweet spirits of
nitre three times daily in a little water, or Dunn’s tonic drench,
made as follows:

Giliel:s 3. i20sseahy net aoe eee ee 1 pint
Tincture of iron............4- 2 drachms
Tincture of ginger............... 4 ounce
Fluid extract gentian..... Fi Mee es + ounce

Mix and divide into three doses; give one dose daily.

Another excellent tonic is Elixir calisaya bark, iron and
strychnine, dose one teaspoonful four times daily in a little water.

On account of this disease affecting a number of a flock
simultaneously, it has been held to be contagious. This, how-
ever, is erroneous, the multiplicity of cases being due to all of
the sheep having been exposed to the same errors of hygiene
contemporaneously.

Catarrh causes a weakening and prostration of the affected
sheep, which is very hard to overcome, making them unprofitable
162 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

feeders; so it should be guarded against by not unduly exposing
the flock in the fall and winter to severe storms or grazing them
on damp unsuitable pastures. Randall says: “I early found
that depletion in catarrh in our severe winter months rapidly pro-
duced that fatal prostration from which it is next to impossible
to recover the sheep—entirely impossible without bestowing an
amount of time and care on it costing far more than the price of
an ordinary sheep. The next course is to prevent the disease
by judicious precautions.”

Sore Throat, Laryngitis.

This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
larynx—the cartilaginous box situated at the superior extremity
of the windpipe or trachea. We find in acute cases the swelling
is oedematous (spongy), the blood-vessels of the throat becoming
engorged with blood, while gangrenous patches may form on the
mucous membrane which may extend over the whole of the
throat, causing diphtheritic sore throat.

Symptoms.

Some fever, indicated by rapid respirations, the head
projected in as straight a line as possible, the mouth is held open,
a frequent painful dry cough is present, the sheep evidences diffi-
culty in swallowing, especially liquids, which return through the
nostrils, the eyes protrude more or less, and saliva forms in the
mouth, which dribbles from it in the animal’s repeated efforts at
swallowing.

Treatment.

Apply the following stimulating liniment to the throat once

or twice daily for two or three days, rubbing it well in:

Halee.: Oil ar tutpemtine 2224 os pe ww acess 1 ounce
Strong aqua ammonia........... 1 ounce
Dinseed: Oilec sce yuan bade aes aes 6 ounces

Mix, shake well before using.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 163

Internally give:

Chlorate of potash..... woes... 4 drachms
Tincture of iron.............. 6 drachms
"Water o:7) ia vale ce aioe wena: 8 ounce

Give one tablespoonful three times daily. Thus is a dose
for an adult sheep. For lambs give one-quarter of above.
Yearling sheep one teaspoonful. Give affected animals warm
quarters and good nursing. This disease in the sheep as a rule
yields to treatment, whereas in the horse it is a serious affection,
frequently proving fatal. Youatt, in his work, mentions two
eases of oedematous sore throat in sheep in which he per-
formed tracheotomy (an operation in which the windpipe is
opened and a tube inserted) with satisfactory results. This is
evidence that severe cases may occur which require heroic treat-
ment. It is a good policy where a valuable animal becomes at-
tacked with laryngitis to commence treatment early to avoid any
such difficulty.

Bronchitis.

Is inflammation of the mucous lining of the bronchial
tubes. In its nature it is catarrhal, and is frequently found
occurring as a sequela to nasal catarrh and laryngitis. Adult
sheep, according to Gamgee, suffer severely from this affection,
and lambs are very liable to it, due to too early exposure to the
elements or continued wet, stormy weather and overcrowding in
sheds. Having to breathe a vitiated atmosphere also is a fertile
cause of this disease.

Symptoms.

Are the same as those of nasal catarrh, but the cough is
moist in character, a wheezing sound being audible, consider
able fever is present, the throat and belly are tender to the touch,
the respirations are quick, increasing in rapidity as the disease
progresses, the appetite is lost from the start, the thirst, which at
164 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

the commencement of the attack is not excessive, soon becomes
so. By placing the ear to the sides of the chest peculiar mur-
murs called “rales,” will be heard; these are caused by the expired
air passing through secretions of liquid mucus in the bronchial
tubes. As the disease progresses the sheep rapidly becomes
weak, the urine is scanty and high-colored, and the droppings
are coated with slime, but dry and hard on the inside.

Treatment.

Hygienic treatment for this affection is most desirable.
ftemove the sheep to a roomy shed where it can obtain plenty of
fresh air and at the same time be protected from draught.

Stimulants especially are needed in the treatment of this
complaint.

Take. Fluid extract of belladonna leaves..1 drachm

Fluid extract liquorice root....... 2 ounces
Muriate of ammonia............. 4 ounce
Aleohol ........ eee eh ota! 2 ounces
Wialtelt ons ceie sorta ty oe we G ees 4 ounces

Mix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily. This is a dose
for an adult sheep. Combined with this treatment give two
drachms of sweet spirits of nitre twice daily in half pint of
oatmeal gruel. Purgatives are not safe to use in this affection
and all drugs which tend to debilitate or deplete the animal’s
system should on no account be used.

Infiammation of the Lungs—Pneumonia.

This disease is of common oceurrence where sheep have
been subjected to exposure, particularly if the climate is damp
and subject to sudden changes of temperature. It is also found
following the inhalation of noxious gases or the extension of the
inflammation of nasal catarrh or laryngitis.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 165

Symptoms,

It is usually ushered in by a shivering fit, which, however,
is seldom noticed on account of its short duration. About the
first warning symptom will be a persistent and troublesome
cough, the breathing becomes labored, the elbows are generally
turned outwards, there is increased motion of the ribs, and the
flanks heave rapidly, the pulse becomes quick and strong. ‘This
however is only during the primary stages of the disease, as
later on it becomes soft and very weak. The appetite is partial-
ly and oftentimes wholly lost, the sheep ceases to chew the cud,
thirst is considerable, there is a foetid discharge from the nose,
the animal grinds its teeth as though in pain. Weakness now
becomes very evident, the eye has a peculiar glazed appearance;
on passing the hands over the loins a crepitating noise is notice-
able, the sheep has fits of delirium, and shortly succumbs from
exhaustion.

Treatment.

As pneumonia in sheep has a tendency to assume a gangren-
ous character the need of administering only remedies which
have a tonic and stimulating effect is indicated. Counter-
irritation, such as the application of a stimulating ammoniacal
liniment, applied behind the elbows, will prove of some benefit.
As a prescription the following will be found useful:

Take. Sulphate of quinine............ 40 grains
Tincture of iron.............0.. + ounce
WHIiSkey aivigsia ee eeehdes ee es 74 ounces

Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls every four hours in half
pint of oatmeal gruel. This is the dose for an adult shcep, others
in proportion.

When sheep suffer from chronic pneumonia the animal is
not worth the treatment, never being likely to breed, and useless
for fattening.
166 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Dleurisy.

This is inflammation of the serous coverings of the lungs
and chest cavity. It is produced by the same causes which result
in inflammation of the lungs, more particularly in sudden
changes in temperature, which tend to thoroughly chill the
whole system. It is frequently seen following dipping in the
late fall or sheep-washing in the spring, or may arise from the
extension of inflammation from parts contiguous to the pleural
surface or from direct injury, or adventitious growths involving
the pleura, such as cancer, ete.

Symptoms.

Spasmodic pains will be observed, causing the sheep to grunt,
grind its teeth and appear anxious and uneasy. The other symp-
toms resemble closely those of inflammation of the lungs, except
that the pulse is hard and strong, the ears and legs become cold,
the flanks heave, while the ribs appear fixed. This stage of the
disease may last two or three days, recovery taking place by a
cessation of the inflammation and a return of the parts to their
normal condition. Should this not occur, however, it is very
liable to terminate fatally, but death may be deferred for a
week or even ten days. Prior to this second stage the appetite
is lost, but as the effusion from the inflamed pleural surfaces
takes place, resulting from the inflammation, the sheep com-
mences to feed, the extremities get warm and an apparent change
for the better takes place. This, however, is only the fore-
runner of the third stage of the disease. The effusion increases
till the chest cavity becomes filled with a watery serous liquid,
the respirations once more become labored, the eyes become
glassy, and the sheep soon dies, virtually from suffocation. The
effusion in the chest cavity is termed in scientific works hydro-
thorax, which may at the commencement terminate favorably
through a cessation of the cffusion and its absorption by the
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 167

system. This, however, seldom happens in the sheep. Follow-
ing attacks of pleurisy the lungs frequently adhere to the chest
walls from the adhesive action of the inflammation. Sheep in
this condition are very unsatisfactory feeders, generally losing
flesh instead of fattening, and are not liable to breed.

Treatment.

For pleurisy, when noticed in the first stages, bleeding is
useful—the extraction of not less than eight ounces of blood
from an adult sheep is advisable. It should not be repeated.
Give the animal good hygienic treatment, and in the commence-
ment of the attack, if noticed when shivering, a dose of whiskey,
about one ounce in four ounces of gruel, will effect much good.
In the second or painful stage of the disease give as follows:

Fluid extract belladonna........ 2 drachms
Sweet spirits of nitre............ 2 ounces
Muriate of ammonia............. 4 ounce
Waleb nets al. ude nos we alelar ses 6 ounces

Mix. Give one tablespoonful every two hours in one-third
pint of gruel. Apply the ammonia liniment, previously pre-
seribed in this chapter, behind the elbowsand lower part of chest.
CHAPTER XII.

Diseases of the Digestive System.

These generally arise from errors in diet, the food being
either too bulky or too concentrated, too rich or too poor, not
sufficient food or over-feeding an excess of indigestible foodstuff,
or a deficiency of the same, to which may also be added irregular
feeding. A concentrated food, if fed in large quantities, pro-
duces indigestion, the effect being felt in the stomach. Food
should not enter the stomach in a wholly digestible state, as that
organ needs a stimulus to make it work, the stimulus resulting
from the irritation caused by the indigestible matter in the
food. It will be found that of all the classes of diseases affecting
sheep those of the digestive system are the most numerous, more
losses probably occurring from them than from all the other
classes combined.

Apbtha; Sore Mouth.

This is a very troublesome and at times even fatal affee-
tion. It is generally seen occurring among lambs in the early
spring, those still sucking the ewes being most frequently
affected. Older sheep sometimes are severely affected by it.
Stock over two years old, however, is rarely attacked by this
disease. There seems to be some ground for the belief that feed-
ing sheep turnips has a tendency to cause this condition; errors in
diet are also supposed causes, improper sanitary conditions, the
spores of certain fungi, low vitality, and in aged sheep carious
teeth, ete., have all been set down as causes of aphtha. The
fact, however, that even in simple aphtha the teats of the ewe be-
a DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 169

come affected from the lips of the lambs would tend to prove its
cortagious nature. Nocard claims that it is due to a micro-
organism which he has found not only in the milk but also in
the watery effusions present in the abdominal eavity after death.
Apparently the lambs first become attacked, the ewes being in-
oculated by their young, but as to the actual cause or source
from which the lambs receive infection but very little is known.

Symptoms.

The first apparent symptoms »re on the part of the lambs a
disposition to drag behind, not keeping up with the ewes, reluct-
ance or inability to grasp or suck the teat, taking it into the
mouth and letting it go quickly, the mouth when the lamb is
endeavoring to suck becomes filled with foam, which coats the
udder of the ewe, a desire to lay down and not frisk about is
observed, the lambs get weak, evidences of cachexia or wasting
away becoming apparent, they appear listless, the ears hanging
pendulous and the head drooping forwards. Small pimples will
now be observed round the mouth. These enlarge and ulcerate,
become confluent, forming sores which become covered with
scabs. Inside the mouth these pimples and sores will also be
found attacking the tongue, gums and lips; in severe cases the
gums ulcerate, the teeth even become loose, and may fall out, the
lower jaw bone in such cases generally being diseased. When
existing in this form death frequently occurs from an inability
on the part of the affected animal to obtain food. In these
severe cases there seems to arise a systemic blood-poisoning,
which induces inflammation of the lungs, abscesses on the course
of lymphatic vessels, causing prostration, rapid breathing, cough-
ing and inability to move.

When the udder of the ewe is attacked the eruption is
similar to that found in and around the mouth of the lamb. The
teats are covered with sores, which become crusted over with
170 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

thick black scabs, and as the lamb is unable to extract the milk
from the udder, both on account of its condition and the soreness
of it, the gland becomes inflamed from retention of milk and ex-
tension of the disease on the course of the milk ducts, resulting
frequently in a gangrenous condition, the whole or a large por-
tion of the udder sloughing off.

Treatment,

Immediately separate the healthy stock from the sick; take
the healthy to an entirely new locality. The others, being
affected, may as well remain where they are till cured, so as not
to spread the disease. Change the feed of the ewes, and so long
as the udders are not affected the lambs may be allowed to re-
main with them. Should the udder be attacked, wean the lamb,
and raise it by hand. To the sore udder apply the following
lotion:

Tannic acid............00000. 1 drachm
ACEI ACId. we gas ebeS Hare eee oe 1 ounce
"Watel= a Saae ees dee Agee ease oe 1 pint

Handle the gland carefully. It should be milked out twice
daily, using great care not to bruise the part. This is a trouble-
some procedure, but very necessary, as it will prevent the loss
of the ewe. Internally, at the commencement of the attack, a
dose of Epsom salts is indicated. Give four ounces in half
pint of warm gruel. In the feed-trough mix with the food and
give as follows:

Powdered liquorice root.......... 4 ounces
Sulphate of Yron.acssxo seve ses 5 drachms
Powdered sentian.«<iniween dass 4 ounces
Wood chareoal.............2.4- 2 ounces
Linseed, ground................ 5 ounces

Mix. A tablespoonful should be given in the food twice
daily. To the above a small quantity of common salt might be
added with benefit. The mouth of the lamb should be washed
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 171

several times daily with a solution of chlorate of potash, applying
both inside and externally over the sores.

ake: Borax. sacs a cetakicagekeae eee 4 ounce
QUA VU deat heidi le Sus eate sates 1 pint

Or Chlorate of potash. ..4..00.e24<000 ounce
MWVAIGE seca eet ds Baas ke weep ws 1 pint

Swab out the mouth with one of these mixtures, being care-
ful that very little if any is swallowed; also apply the lotion ex-
ternally to the affected parts. If the mouth is foetid, the ulcers
appearing gangrenous, use as follows:

Potassium permanganate........ grains X.
Welter ei eee coroner ..1 pint

Mix, and apply as directed with the other. Should proud
flesh appear on the lips or gums, touch it with caustic potash, or
better still, nitrate of silver; if the teeth become loose and cari-
ous, they should be removed.

Obstruction of the Gullet—Choking.

This may occur in the pharynx, but generally in the oeso-
phagus or gullet. It is usualy caused by the lodgment of food.
It is rarely seen in sheep as compared with the ox, but may occur
where roots are being fed.

Symptoms.

The sheep stops feeding, the breathing appears difficult, the
animal commences to bloat, the swelling appearing greater in the
region of the left flank than in the right. Death frequently
occurs, due to suffocation from pressure of the distended stom-
achs on the diaphragm or midriff, which diminishes the capacity
of the chest cavity, preventing free expansion of the lungs, the
derangement of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves from
the irritation also helping to cause a cessation of the vital func-
tions.
172 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Treatment.

This is entirely operative, and for the speedy relief of the
animal a probang is needed. This is a thin flexible tube, with a
small knob or protuberance on the end which is inserted in the
mouth,

To operate, set the sheep on its rump, the shoulders rest-
ing between the knees of an assistant, who also takes hold of
the fore-feet to keep the animal steady; then by the use of a gag
or the hand of the operator the sheep’s mouth is kept open, and
the probang, smeared with lard or vaseline, is gently passed
over the back of the tongue and down the gullet. When
the obstruction is reached only gentle pressure must be exerted,
as violent efforts are liable to rupture or lacerate the coats of the
oesophagus, in which case the animal would most likely have to
be destroyed. When the obstruction is moved by the probang
and passes into the rumen, relief is instantaneous.

Where bloating is considerable, the rumen should be punc-
tured prior to passing probang, with an instrument termed a tro-
car—this is a very necessary article for all stock-owners to
possess; its use permits the escape of gases arising from fermenta-
tion in the stomach or bowels, and secures time for the adminis-
tration and action of medicinal agents.

The trocar is a pointed stillet, about 1-16 of an inch in
diameter and five inches in length, which fits in a closely fitting
tube. The part to be operated on is selected and the instrument
inserted. The stillet is withdrawn, leaving the tube in position,
through which the escape of gases is perfected. In bloat from
choke in both oxen and sheep the place to be operated on is the
left flank, the operator selecting the location by careful examina-
tion, taking the soft and most bulging point for a guide, so as
not to strike the last ribs, or transverse processes of the lumbar
vertebrae with the instrument. Should the probang not be suc-
cessful in removing the obstruction, the animal, unless very valu-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 173

able, had better be slaughtered. If, however, extreme meas-
ures are to be tried, select the bulging portion of the gullet
caused by the choke for the point to be operated on, clip the wool
off from the part, wash the skin with soap and water, and
apply a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid; then make a bold
incision with a sharp knife (which must be clean, and should have
been dipped previous to use in the ecarbolic solution) through
the skin and underlying tissues to the gullet, lay the gullet open
by another stroke of the knife, remove the obstruction, take a
surgeon's needle, threaded with sterilized silk or catgut, and
bring the edges of the gullet together, being certain that the in-
side mucous linings are in apposition, wash the wound out with
carboliec solution and sew up the skin, using three or four stitches.
After the operation the animal should be kept perfectly quiet
and fed on a liquid diet till the wound in the gullet has perfectly
healed, the best food being linseed jelly or oatmeal gruel, to
which a little whiskey has been added, or anything which can be
swallowed without exerting the muscular coats of the gullet. If
in two or three days after the operation the swallowed liquids
continue to exude from the wound the animal had better be
slaughtered, as the chances are that the operation has been a
failure.

Bloat, Boven, also Called Blasting.

This is not in itself a disease, but rather a condition arising
from the mal-assimilation of food, it being due to the collection
and formation of gases in the rumen or first stomach, due to the
fermentation of its contents. It arises from various causes, such
as the eating of grasses still wet with dew—especially should they

 

belong to the clover family—frosted roots, or root tops, and a
diet containing a surplus of moisture, especially if suddenly
forced on the sheep, or it may arise as a sequel to choke, as

stated in descriptions of preceding disease.
174 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Symptoms.

The sheep is dull, breathes hard, exhibits abdominal pain,
the body back of the ribs commences to enlarge, especially in
the region of the left flank where the rumen is situated, the
swelling on this side being more bulging and projecting higher

than it does on the other.
Treatment.

This may be both medicinal and operative. In many cases
agents which, when swallowed, arrest the process of fer-
mentation, will be all that is necessary to effect a speedy cure.
The writer has found the following one of the most effective
agents to remedy this condition, and it is always worthy of trial
before using the trocar. Take tincture of colchicum seeds and
place 20 to 30 drops on the sheep’s tongue, repeating in 20 min-
utes if necessary. This is in the line of homeopathic treatment,
but experience has proved its success, and being simple to ad-
minister, is a desirable remedy to use. Bi-carbonate of soda is
also administered for this trouble, and if the colchicum is not
obtainable is a good article to use, as all households have a supply
of cooking soda on hand. The dose should be one tablespoonful
dissolved in half pint of warm water and given as a drench. If
the bloating is very severe, the trocar should be used without de-
lay. Plunge it into the highest bulging portion of the left flank.
This will permit the escape of the gases. Then administer the
colchicum or soda treatment to arrest the fermentative changes
taking place in the viscus.

If this trouble arises from eating wet grasses in the early
morning or from the ingestion of too suceulent a diet, correct
the same, seeing that dry hay is fed or the animals kept in the

pens in the early morning till the dew has disappeared from the
grass,

Loss of the Cud.

This is not a disease, but an effect of derangement of some
part of the system. An animal suffering from any serious sick-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 175

ness naturally does not desire food. When the trouble is re-
moved, the animal will soon commence to chew the cud again.
When this happens without any appreciable cause, the adminis-
tration of a cathartic such as Epsom salts 4 ounces, hyposulphite
of soda 1 ounce, dissolved in one pint of warm water, will gen-
erally give satisfactory results. If it is due to indigestion, evi-
denced by the sheep pulling and eating its wool, prepared chalk
mixed with common salt sprinkled over the fodder will effect a
cure.
Impaction of the Rumen.

This is a mechanical distension of the rumen with food. It
is practically a filling up of the rumen with solid food, more
particularly grain; it may also be seen where sheep are grazed
on new grass in stubble fields, the sudden changing from poor
to rich pastures; new wheat also has been known to produce very
fatal effects. The walls of the rumen become paralyzed, their
natural motions cease, and the food remains in the viscus as an
inert indigestible mass.

Symptoms.

It will be distinguished from bloat in that pressure on the
left flank reveals a doughy, pitting feeling, the rumen, as felt
under the skin, not being a yielding buoyant tumor as in bloat.
The sheep appears dull and stupid, naturally does not chew the
cud, grunts occasionally from pain, has an anxious look, and, as
before stated, a diagnostic symptom is the inelastic, doughy,
feeling of the left flank.

Treatment,

A eathartic should be administered, combined with which

stimulants are indicated, both nervous and systemic.

Take. Fluid extract nux vomica........ 5 minims
Barbadoes aloes..........00 00 et ounce
Aromatic spirits ammonia...... 2 drachms

Warm water. ... 0... cece eee ee eee 1 pint
176 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Mix. Give as one dose. Should this not prove effective,
and the owner wishing to save the sheep for breeding purposes,
clip the fleece off the region of the flank, then take a clean
sharp knife, make an incision downwards and inwards through
the skin from a point about two inches from the protuberance
of the hip bone, making it about three inches in length to permit
entrance of the hand of the operator; break through the tissues
underlying the skin with the fingers, exposing the external coats
of the first stomach, make a bold incision through this, insert
the hand (first taking a napkin or clean cloth and placing it so
that it covers the dependent part of the wound in the skin and
also stomach—this to prevent the contents from falling down be-
tween the walls of the stomach and abdominal cavity, in which
case peritonitis would most likely result), remove at least one-
third of its contents, and then pour into the stomach a purgative
such as:

Take. Common salt....... 02.0.0 ee eee 2 ounces
Solution of ammonium acetate..... 4 ounce
Wate? 260.04 seeie eet sea eaees o 1 pint

Then sew up the walls of the rumen (stomach), being careful to
bring the inside surfaces together, making the stitches with a fine
surgeon’s needle about half an inch apart, using sterilized cat gut

or silk for the sutures. Then take silk and sew up the skin.
Do not take the stitches through the tissues underlying it be-

tween it and the walls of the rumen. Dress the external surface
of the wound with pine tar. This is a very effectual operation,
and if properly performed is not liable to produce any serious

results,
Impaction of the Third Stomach.

Impaction the Third Stomach, or Omasum, also termed
“orass staggers,” “drying up” or “fardel bound,” occurs in the

same way as impaction of the first stomach or rumen. Prof.
Williams says that it is always accompanied with inflammation
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 177

of the fourth stomach, which, he claims, is the original lesion.
Sudden changes of food, changing the sheep from a grass to a
dryer and less nutritious ration, astringent herbs in the pasture,
especially when the season is dry, also cause this condition.

The omasum becoming filled with dry food, the leaves of
mucous membrane, of which its interior is composed, become
partially paralyzed, their movements and mucous secretions
cease, this being immediately followed by inflammation of the
organ, due to the irritation caused by the retention of its con-
tents. As a result of the inflammation, the contents become
drver and the mucous membrane exfoliated from the folds,
causing a highly dangerous condition.

Symptoms.

The bowels may be natural or even loose in the first stages
of the disease. This is soon followed, however, by obstinate
constipation and fever. The sheep stands with a straightened
neck, the nose is hot and dry, the eyeballs stand out prominently,
the mouth is covered with a frothy, slimy discharge, the animal
will grunt frequently, cough is rarely present, which will assist
in not confounding this complaint with lung trouble, the respir-
ations become quickened, evidences of cerebral derangement ap-
pear, such as delirium and erratic violent motions, followed by
stupor. Exhaustion takes place rapidly and unless relieved the
sheep quickly succumbs.

Treatment.

Endeavor to soften the contents of the omasum. For this

purpose an oleaginous purge as indicated.

Take. Barbadoes aloes............0005. $ ounce
Fluid extract belladonna leaves. ..4 drachm
Linseed. Olle cseec sawn e 2 ee ee ve 1 pint

Mix and give as a drench. When drenching ruminants,
and it is desired to have the medicines reach the third and fourth
178 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

stomachs without passing into the rumen, pour the drench into
the animal’s mouth slowly. In this case the drench being in-
tended for the omasum, it should be administered as directed
above. Give frequent drenches of oatmeal gruel or linseed jelly
in warm water, to which should be added some such stimulant:
as aromatic spirits of ammonia, whiskey, ete. The following
prescription will be found useful:

Take. Aromatic spirits of ammonia.. ..14 ounces
Fluid extract, nux vomica....... 4 drachm
Alcohol ¢:c433.2 3440 8844 ase do 24 ounces

Mix and administer two tablespoonfuls twice daily in half
pint of oatmeal gruel. It will be found advisable in obstinate
cases to give rectal injections (enemas), composed of warm water
and soap, to which a small quantity of common salt, about half
teaspoonful, has been added. These should be used twice daily.
Powerful purgatives, such as croton oil and mercury, or calabar
bean, are absolutely useless and exceedingly dangerous.

This disease is always serious and demands the best of care
and attention, in spite of which fatalities frequently occur.

Intestinal Obstructions.

First under this head we recognize accumulations of wool,
or wool ball, stony concretions, etc., all called calculi.

Secondly, rupture, or hernia, with strangulation.

Thirdly, stricture.

Fourthly, volvulus and intus-susception.

ool Balls.

Wool balls, the results of felting wool and food ma-
terials, are frequently found in post mortem examinations of
the first stomach of the sheep. These appear to cause the animal
but little inconvenience and deserve but passing notice, excepting
when occurring in lambs, just after the ewes have been shorn,
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 179

and the ticks migrate to the lambs, causing them to bite, and
tear out the wool, which they swallow in large quantities, it is
liable then to produce conditions which are apt to terminate
fatally. Calculi, composed of stony or mineral material, formed
round some object, which acts as a nucleus, such as a nail-head or
piece of gravel, are frequently found in the bowels, where they
also effect little harm, forming pouches or depressions in the buw-
els, where they rest, and it is only when through some cause or
other they become ejected from these pouches that they are liable
to cause colicky symptoms, which may terminate fatally through
inflammation of the bowel.
Rernia, Rupture.

Of this we have several different kinds, depending on their
location. Jlernia in general is a protrusion of a part of an in-
testine, through an opening in the peritoneal covering of the
abdominal cavity. Hernia is recognized as a fluctuating tumor;
when occurring in the middle of the belly near or at the navel
it is termed umbilical hernia. When in the scrotum, as is some-
times seen in rams, it is called scrotal hernia. When above the
scrotum, high up on the inside of the flank it is termed inguinal.
Should an intestine protrude through the midriff or diaphragm,
or should that muscle become ruptured from any cause it is
termed diaphragmatic hernia. Should the aperture through
which the bowel exudes be small so that the bowel becomes con-
stricted and the free passage of the faeces becomes interferred
with, strangulation takes place, in which event the bowel outside
the opening becomes congested and swollen, gangrene sets in,
the bowel sloughs and the animal quickly dies from the effects.

Diapbragmatic Rernia.

Always results from flatulence, due to accumulation of
gases in the stomachs, which, through pressure on the midriff,
cause it to rupture; this condition is always fatal.
180 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Umbilical Hernia.

Umbilical Hernia is very common in the sheep, and rarely
if ever causes any inconvenience.

Treatment.

Where rupture threatens the life of the animal through
strangulation it had better be sold to the butcher. Umbilical
hernia as seen in sheep, while unsightly, is seldom serious and in
no case would an operation for this trouble in sheep be justified.

Stricture.

In the bowel occurs as a result of changes in the tissues of
the bowel, resulting from acute inflammation, chronic thickening
and degeneration of its walls, which by constricting the tube,
acts as a mechanical obstruction to the passage of faecal ma-
terial. This complaint is rare, and when occurring in sheep
has no differential symptoms to distinguish it from inflammation
of the bowels, which it virtually causes.

It is always fatal. No treatment.

Volvulus,

Ts a twist or alteration from natural position of part of the
bowel, generally the ileum twisting round the colon. No treat-
ment or diagnostic symptoms. Always fatal.

Intus-Susception,

Is when one part of the bowel slips into the part posterior
to it. It may be likened to the finger of a glove, half turned
inside out. This is supposed to oceur from violently increased
bowel motion, (peristalsis). This also is a fatal affection, with no
particular diagnostic symptoms. In all the above enumerated
troubles the symptoms simulate those of inflammation of the
bowels, there being intense nervous prostration and nausea, with
an absence of bowel sounds or murmurs, scientifically called bor-
borygmus. No treatment.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 181

Impaction of the fourth Stomach of Lambs.

Due ‘o milk curdling. This is a very fatal and frequent dis-
ease, being due to forcing lambs for the early spring market,
where cow’s milk is given in addition to what the lamb obtains
from its mother.

Symptoms.

The lamb is dull, stupid, unwilling to move, breathes hur-
riedly, is constipated, the belly is swollen and tender.

Treatment.

Freely administer thin gruel to which has been added bi-
carbonate of soda. Give about 10 grains by weight of the soda
in every dose of gruel, administering two or three ounces of
eruel every two hours. Follow this treatment with linseed oil
as follows:

Aromatie spirits of ammonia. .4 teaspoonful
Linseed oil. cia vase ccde evan ees 4 ounces

Shake well and give as one dose.

Collie.

This is rather a rare affection so far as sheep are concerned,
due no doubt to the fact that the food having been so thoroughly
worked over in the stomachs, indigestible materials rarely enter
the bowel.

Symptoms.

Colicky pains, grinding the teeth, frequently getting up and
lying down, striking the belly with the hind feet, the pain not
constant, there being intervals of ease between the spasms of
pain. This condition is more frequently seen occurring in lambs
than sheep, resulting from errors in diet, such as over-feeding
from the bottle, when cows milk is used, or from obtaining a
surfeit of milk even from its own dam.
182 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Treatment.

Antispasmodics and carminative agents are indicated, such
as peppermint, ginger, and sulphuric ether. Counter-irritation,
such as the application of a stimulating liniment to the belly,
the ammonia liniment prescribed in this work being useful.
Cathartics should also be given.

Jake. iments of IMGet os uwkke ceed 1 drachm
Sulphuric ether............... 1 drachm
Warm Watelscsscsca cia eesti 4 ounces

Mix. Give as one dose. This is the dose for a lamb about
‘three months of age; others in proportion to age. This will be
found in the majority of cases to speedily give relief. A rectal
injection of soap and warm water may also be administered with
beneficial results.

Inflammation of the Bowels, Enteritis.

This is a rare condition in the sheep, and whether it really
exists as a disease or is the effect of other diseased conditions yet
remains to be proven, it being considered doubtful by a number
of authorities whether true enteritis ever occurs in the sheep.
“Youatt mentions strangulation, intussusception, volvulus, her-
nia, rupture and ascites, as found in post mortem cases where
from the caecum to the abomasum, after including it and other
stomachs, there was distinct inflammation and sometimes gan-
grene.”—Steele,

Symptoms.

In addition to those found in cases of colic, the sheep
lies down most of the time, the pain is continuous instead of in-
termittent, the temperature is elevated and continues so, till
towards the termination of the attack. A frothy saliva will be
observed round the mouth, the belly is tender to the touch.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 183

Treatment.

A stimulating application to the belly is indicated. For
this use the ammoniacal liniment, or the fleece may be clipped
close and a mustard plaster applied. Purgatives in this discase
should never be used. Opium, combined with quinine, and per-
haps belladonna and camphor, will often afford relief. Give
mucilaginous fluids instead of clear water to drink; during con-
valescence administer mild diffusible stimulants, such as solution
of ammonia acetate in drachm doses, and should constipation be
present use rectal injections to counteract it. On no account
use purgatives. A prescription for enteritis may be written as
follows:

Take. Laudanum...... haoietnt aaa 14 ounces
Spirits of camphor............ 6 drachms
Fluid extract belladonna leaves. ..2 drachms
Alcohol svsceuwynrd ved woes a6 64 ounces

Mix. Give one tablespoonful every three hours in quarter
pint of warm gruel. The counter-irritation in the form of ex-
ternal applications to the belly should not be neglected in these
cases, and, as stated above, the application of mustard will afford
much relief

Diarrhoea, or Super-Purgation.

This is an unnaturally fluid condition of the faeces, result-
ing from mismanagement and neglect. It exists either as a
functional disturbance or a symptom of some other condition.
It is caused by some irritant in the stomach or bowels, which
produces an increase in their peristaltic motions, an excessive
amount of water being extracted from the capillary blood ves-
sels in the mesentery, and thrown out into the bowel. This
gives rise to an increased thirst, which unless controlled will only
inerease the trouble. Abundant and watery diet, unripe grasses,
sudden changes in the food, exposure to inclement climatic con-
184 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

ditions, or after such operations as dipping, shearing or washing,
are all common causes in adult sheep. Mechanical and chemical
irritants, local tissue changes, functional changes of the abdom-
inal glands as seen in tuberculosis, diseases of the liver, where an
over-secretion of bile is present, are also fertile causes of
diarrhoea. This disease is frequently complicated with dysen-
tery, often terminating in an attack of that affection.

Symptoms.

A thin, watery condition of the faeces, frequent, painless,
odorless, and free from slime or blood. At the commencement
of the trouble there will not be any constitutional disturbance,
but should the trouble persist, the lining of the bowels becomes
injected, causing colicky pains, increased pulse beats, which get
weaker and weaker. <A rapid lowering of the temperature takes
place, in all cases an excessive thirst will be exhibited, the animal
loses flesh rapidly, the face has an anxious, haggard look, .the
tongue becomes furred, the extremities, as death approaches, get
cold, the visible mucous membranes turn a pale color instead of
the normal pink, these latter symptoms being those of extreme
and protracted cases of diarrhoea, which if existing would clearly
go to prove neglect on the part of the sheep-owner.

Diarrhoea of Lambs.

Diarrhoea of Lambs, also called the White Skit, from
the profuse white-colored evacuations. This is caused by the
ingested milk curdling in the lamb’s stomach. It is a dangerous
disease, and is virtually due to constipation and not diarrhoea,
the watery discharge being the whey from the mass of curdled
milk in the fourth stomach. The fourth stomach of rumin-
ants, as has been stated in a prior chapter in this work, is the
digestive stomach, and normally possesses the property of curdling
milk to better facilitate its digestion. This disease being due to
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 185

an excess of the natural functions of the stomach, the milk either
being too rich in quality, or partaken of in excess, coagulates too
quickly from the increased powers of the gastric juice, which
increase takes place when the lamb commences to pick other

nourishment.
Symptoms.

In addition to the characteristic white color of the dis-
charges will be found dullness, heaving of the flanks, a tense, en-
larged condition of the abdomen and at times costiveness.

The Green Skit,

Also a disease of lambs, in which the watery evacuations are
of a greenish color. This is due to exposure and errors of diet
at the time of.weaning. It is often quickly fatal, sometimes
terminating unfavorably in twenty-four hours.

e

Treatment for Diarrhoea in Hdult Sheep.

Make the patient as warm and comfortable as possible. As-
certain the cause of the trouble and if possible remove it. In all
eases withhold the water, only allowing the sheep to drink bland
fluids, such as linseed or rice tea, flour gruel, etc.

Take. Cogkine sods ocgc si keeewaw ns 1 ounce
WERE St noisier tae a ehnantt prasad a e 1 gallon

Allow the sheep to quench its thirst with the above. It
will be found useful to correct any excess of acidity in the stom-
ach and bowels, and may go far towards relieving the trouble.

Take

Prepared chalk............0006, 1 ounce
Landantitt oi enw oe ilevaiee canis 4 ounces
Tincture of ginger..........004- 1 ounce
Peppermint water......isasvnss 8 ounces

Mix. Shake before using, giving the affected sheep two to
three tablespoonfuls night and morning. For lambs just weaned
186 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

give half the above dose. In all cases of diarrhoea the diet de-
mands particular attention, and if the purging persists over
twenty-four hours, the sheep should be moved to dryer pastures
or fed dry food, such as hay and bran. In cases of diarrhoea it
is not considered good practice to try and stop the evacuations
suddenly with astringent mixtures, but rather to aid nature in
getting rid of the irritant. For this purpose it is as well to com-
mence treatment with linseed oil, and if pain is a marked symp-
tom, opium in any of its forms, preferably laudanum, can be
added, as for instance

Take. Linseed oil......... ce cceevcees 4 ounces
Laudanund ocssssessscaw eines 2 drachms

Give as one dose for an adult sheep; younger animals in pro-
portion toage. Then a few hours after, if the sheep does not ap-
pear better, commence the use of the prior prescription.

Treatment for the KIhite Secours or Skit.

In this instance we must endeavor to dissolve the hardened
mass in the fourth stomach, the proper method being the admin-
istration of alkalies.

Take. Sulphate of magnesia............ 1 ounce
Cooking sodas sviescsaseaseeea ns $ ounce
Tincture of ginger............. 1 drachm
Warm thim- gre). ..casees 4 2ee0e 4 ounces

Mix and give as one dose. Following this a cordial mixture
may be used, such as

Tincture rhubarb............... 1 ounce
MAGNET ogee week eemwe ...1 ounce
Bi-earbonate of soda............ 2 ounces
Tincture of catechu............. 2 ouwnees
Gl peur .caicaa woos s 68eu eee 2 drachms

Waiter coy Sens sates le ea ahaa ay cos 12 ounces
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 187

Mix. Give from one-half to two tablespoonfuls three times
daily according to the lamb’s age. In all cases where the young
animais are still dependent on their mother’s milk for their nour-
ishment it is advisable to treat the dam, especially is this the case
in diarrhoea attacking lambs. To do this the preceding mix-
tures can be administered to the ewe twice daily in doses of three
~ to four tablespoonfuls, the direct treatment of the lamb being re-
duced to a minimum.

For green skit as seen in lambs just weaned, the animals
should be made as warm as possible, and the above cordial mix-
ture prescribed for the white skit should be given in tablespoon-
ful doses every three hours. Combined with which it will be
well to use small doses of whiskey, as a quick stimulant is
urgently needed in this complaint.

Dysentery, Bloody flux, also called Cling.

Is an inflammatory disease, affecting the mucous membrane
of the large intestines, and is frequently fatal. It appears to be
attended by a form of fever typhoid in character, accompanied by
fluid discharges from the bowels, large quantities of mucus and
some blood. It is often caused by the continual feeding of
coarse and unwholesome food, or from grazing on low lands.
which have been submerged by water, the sand and grit de-
posited on the grasses setting up an irritation, followed by inflam-
mation of the bowels. Hay cut from such pastures will also.
produce this disease.

Symptoms.

The sheep has an exhaustive diarrhoea, fever quickly de-
velops, the animal showing evidences of extreme weakness. The
fever in these cases marks the difference between them and
diarrhoea, as in that disease the temperature is lowered instead of
elevated. The evacuations are thin, but adhesive, painful, laden
with mucus and often accompanied with blood, the belly is
188 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

tender to the touch and swollen, the watery faeces adhere to the
wool of the tail and thighs, causing soreness and sometimes ulcer-
ation of the parts. Flies invade the sore surfaces, maggots de-
veloping as a result of their attacks. The sheep has an excessive
thirst, the appetite is unnaturally good, the animal still eating,
notwithstanding its weakened and diseased condition. Death
may result in a few days, or the attack may be prolonged up to
five or eight weeks, the animal finally succumbing from exhaus-
tion. The wool may become so matted over the rump as to pre-
vent the expulsion of the faeces. This condition is called “pind-
ing,” and should it not be removed it will eventually cause death
from retention of the faecal matter. Mistakes are also liable to
occur. A cursory examination might result in this condition
being taken for constipation, and purgatives administered, which
would produce fatal effects. Youatt makes special mention of
this condition, and states that it is frequently found affecting
ewes when suckling lambs. To avoid this condition in cases of
dysentery the wool on the rump and thighs should be removed
and the parts kept clean. The following powder dusted on the
part will be soothing and prevent the attacks of flies.

Take. Iodoform ........ ee ee 4 drachn
Calomel: avakeneds oie Shaheen 1 drachm
Sub-nitrate of bismuth........... 2 ounces

Mix. Ora solution of oil of tar and turpentine can be em-
ployed, which is less expensive and equally effective, as

Ol tite ata eae neaeaeey 1 ounce
Spirits of turpentine....... rer 1 ounce
DPS G2 Cam plhor.aseev<2ecen 2 2 ounees
Neatsinel Oil ¢25¢34nen9002ueee 4 ounces

The affected animals should be comfortably housed. The
diet must be of the best. Dry feed, such as a ration of oats and
bran, with good hay, with small allowance of linseed meal. In
the commencement of the disease give the sheep four ounces of
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 189

linseed oil. This will tend by its laxative action to remuve any
irritant from the bowels, and at the same time has a soothing
effect on the mucous surfaces. Small doses of linseed oil should
be persisted in all through the treatment. This is best given
combined with rhubarb, ipecacuanha and laudanum.

Take. Laudanum ...............00005 2 ounces
Wine of ipecac....... eee ee eae 1 ounce
Tinctuyve of rhubarb............. 1 ounce
Linseed oil............ Soi tree bas 9 ounces

Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily. Combined
with this, administer Dover’s powder, 30 grains, once daily for
three days. Where the discharges are offensive Dr. Alexander
recommends administering as an adjunct to other remedies, pure
beech-wood creasote in drop doses. Convalescents from this dis-
ease need careful feeding and should receive tonic treatment for
some time, as recovery is slow in all these cases.

Take. Powdered nux vomica.......... 3 drachms
Powdered sulphate of iron...... _.8 ounces
Powdered gentian root.......... 4 ounces
Powdered saltpcter.............. 1 ounce
Linseed meal..........00 ee eee 8 ounces

Mix. The above prescription, on account of containing
nux vomica, must be thoroughly mixed to insure the even dis-
tribution of that ingredient through the balance of the preserip-
tion. Give the sheep recovering from dysentery one tablespoon-
ful in the feed twice daily. All sheep in the spring of the year
should be “tagged,” which consists in the removal of the tags of
wool around the breech, so that should they scour the evil
effects from flies will not take place.

Constipation

in adult sheep. This is a condition arising from a surfeit of dry
feed. When occurring in lambs it may be due to gastric trouble.
190 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

In adults it may be due to defective peristaltic motion, caused
by impaired nerve force, the result being a deficiency of mucus
in the bowels, so retarding the onward passage of the faeces.
Treatment.
For adult sheep administer at once a rectal injection of soap
and water or warm linseed oil, or better still glycerine, and in-
ternally give:

Barbadoes aloes.........0.000005 4 ounce
Tincture of ginger............. 1 drachm
Linseed: Ot oaicn eee kya ewes 6 ounces :

Mix. Give as one dose. For lambs the best agent to admin-
ister is an animal fat, such as lard, three or four tablespoonfuls of
warm hog’s lard is to be highly recommended, and should this be
slow in acting, give a rectal injection of warm milk, to which
sufficient molasses has been added to make it a chocolate color.
The best way to give this is to suspend the lamb by the hind
legs, the syringe is then inserted, the animal held up for a brief
period, and then set free—the results should be prompt. The
newly born lamb is best treated through the medium of its dam.
To effect this give the ewe the cathartic drench above prescribed.
In cases where the rectum of the young animal is obstructed
with hardened faecal matter, it should be removed with the
fingers and a small injection of oil given. This will soften the
mucous surface which might be injured during the extraction
of the mass.

Imperforate Hnus.

Is a condition sometimes seen affecting the newly born, the
rectum having no communication with the outside. Sometimes
the rectum can be felt underneath the skin, in which event a
surgical operation may be successful. In any event, should this
condition not be righted, death would soon take place from the
absorption of effete material.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 191

Demorrboids, Diles.

These may project externally or be situated within the
rectum. Internal piles cause a bloody appearance of the faeces,
and the animal appears stiff behind. The external project from
the anus sometimes to the extraordinary length of six to eight
inches, being an eversion of the rectum. The writer has seen
quite a number of these cases, the mucous membrane surface
being congested and ulcerated, the best treatment for which is
slaughter, for if the animal has not been suffering from
irritative fever due to the trouble, the flesh may with safety
be consumed by the public. This trouble generally occurs from
constipation, or may follow an attack of diarrhoea, and is due
then to an atonic condition of the bowel. We have classed it
here under the head of hemorrhoids. It is scientifically termed
prolapsus of the rectum, and only differs from protruding piles
in the large amount of surface exposed.

Treatment.

Laxative diet, the application of an ointment composed of
equal parts of sulphur and lard will be found of service, or

Take, Acetate of lead ..cusewnnee evens 20 grains
Watmie: acide. 2 cvacca eed eee 2 drachms
Calon, 63% cra or cao ine caleadealan sae 2 drachms
Sulphate of morphia............ 4 grains
Glycerine ...... 2.6 e eee ee eee 4 ounces

Mix. Apply to the hemorrhoids. Where the piles pro-
trude, smear them with the oimtment, and pass them back
through the anus,

Deritonitis.

Is inflammation of the peritoneum or covering of the bow-
els, which also invests the walls of the abdominal cavity. This is a
very rare disease in sheep. The omentum or that part of the
peritoneum investing the bowels i is remarkable for its large size.
192 DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

It is frequently the seat of parasitic diseases, notably the nodular
disease caused by the oesophagostoma columbianum, which we
shall treat of in the chapter on parasitic diseases. Steele says
“that simple peritonitis is common in old sheep, resulting from
debility, the evidences of which are dropsical swellings, ete.”
In these cases the destruction of the animals is the best method
of procedure, very old sheep not being worth the time and
trouble necessary to effect a cure.

Diseases of the Liver.

The liver of the sheep is one-twenty-fifth part of the weight
of the animal, exceeding in weight the liver of the human being,
being proportionately twice as large. Of the diseases affecting
the liver of sheep non-parasitic in origin, we shall only describe
two as being of sufficient importance, viz., inflammation of the
liver, called “Hepatitis”, and jaundice or “Icterus’”’. Diseases
affecting the liver, which necessarily interfere with its func-
tions, are recognized by the yellow appearance they produce on
the visible mucous membranes, especially the lining of the eye-
lids (conjunctiva).

Acute Inflammation of the Liver, Depatitis.

This is supposed to arise in the investing membrane of the
organ, called the capsule, being virtually its peritoneal covering,
originating generally as a result of inflammation in some con-
tiguous organ.

It is most frequently caused by grazing sheep on low-lying
pastures, where the growth of grass is high and rank, and is sup-
posed to be due to over-nutrition.

Symptoms.

The sheep is feverish, the respirations hurried, the visible

mucous membranes are of yellowish appearance, due to the pres-
DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 193

ence of bile in the fine capillary blood-vessels. That pain is
evidenced when pressure is exerted behind the right shoulder
we believe to be doubtful, unless abscesses already exist, in the
liver, although this has been claimed by authorities, notably
Williams, to be a diagnostic symptom; lameness of the right fore-
leg has also been stated as a prominent symptom.
Treatment.

The sheep should be bled. This is best accomplished by

opening the jugular, as has already been described in this work.

The diet should be reduced and the following cathartic admin-
istered.

Take. Glauber salts..............000- 4 ounces
Bi-carbonate of soda............ 1 drachm
Common salt............0000005 1 ounce

Dissolve in a sufficiency of warm gruel and give as a
drench, administering it slowly. After the purgative has oper-
ated, the following prescription will be found useful.

Take... Fluid éxteaet pention. 26 cass eenn ud ounce
Alcohol ..... er ee ee ee re 2 ounces
Sulphuric. 461d sian sv ensn eed es 4 drachm
NV ALOT oi sg casts Mien vad tenis Aeech ae tu 8 ounces

Mix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily half an hour be-
fore feeding grain.

Sheep suffering from hepatitis should be fed grain spar-
ingly, the best ration being a small feed twice daily of bran and
oats mixed, half Ib. of each.

Jaundice, Icterus.

Is a yellow condition of the system, and may be due to
either a non-secretion of the bile from the blood, or a re-absorp-
tion of the bile into the blood, through some obstruction in the
bile ducts of the liver. Prof. Dick claimed that jaundice was
194 DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

more frequently observed in the sheep and dog than in the other
domesticated animals, but this assertion no doubt included cases
of liver-fluke, of which we shall treat separately. Where sheep
are highly bred, and especially where they are pampered for ex-
hibition purposes, the liver is very liable to acute or chronic de-
generation of a tatty character, and according to Steele, “this
seems to be the nature of the fatality which often occurs among
highly-bred sheep, more especially ewes in lamb.”” Sheep, how-
ever, die in great numbers from liver diseases about the period
of parturition; sometimes without presenting any symptoms of
disease of that particular organ, or of any disease whatever;
sometimes anaemic, and oceasionally with well marked symptoms
of jaundice.””—Williams, Vet. Med.

Symptoms.

Will be recognized by a general yellowish appearance of the
eyes and mucous membranes, the faeces are offensive, the mouth
has a sour smell, the skin is itchy, dry and yellow in color
instead of normal pink. In acute attacks the condition may re-
semble anthrax, death occurring in from sixteen to twenty-four
hours. Should the trouble persist, blood-poisoning is likely to
set in, in which case the evacuations become black, then green,
and-finally bloody in character, the temperature being elevated
and the respirations hurried.

Treatment.

This is in the main preventative; the disease being caused
by errors in diet, the first procedure is to correct the same, cer-
tainly so far as the balance of the flock not yet diseased are con-
cerned. In the sheep this affection arises from feeding mater-
ials rich in saccharine products and lacking in nitrogenous ele-
ments, and is frequently seen arising where turnips have been fed
in large quantities to the exclusion of other foodstuffs. So in

‘
DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 195

order to change the diet to rectify this error, nitrogenous foods
should be supplied mixed with the roots, such as hay, or straw,
bran, oats, ete. ,

The affected sheep should be given a liver stimulant, es-
pecially if the disease is due to non-secretion of the liver.

Pak Ge AdG6S 0s Siena y eae kGiee dood 2 drachms
Fluid extract of rhubarb root..... 1 drachm
Wearin Water scarce! nc seseiesaiel gees 4 pint

Give as one dose. Follow this daily with one ounce of
Glauber salts.

Dissolve one ounce of cooking soda in one gallon of water
for the animal to drink.

All medicinal treatment in this trouble, however, is very
liable to be unsatisfactory when applied to sheep.
CHAPTER XIII.

Diseases of the Crinary System.

The surplus of nitrogen in the system is formed into
urea and voided through the organs composing the urinary
system, viz., the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Should,
however, this through some cause be retained, its effects would
produce blood-poisoning from the altered condition of the blood
supply, being evidenced by delirium, terminating in coma and
death. In herbivorous animals the urine has what is termed an
alkaline reaction and is tested by dipping in it a piece of red
litmus paper; this (when the fluid is normal in character) will im-
mediately turn blue in color and vice versa; should the urine
be acid, blue litmus paper will be turned red. It is not necessary”
in this work to enter into any extended description of urine tests
to diagnose the diseases which affect the urinary system of the
sheep, as these animals rarely suffer from such complaints, those
occurring generally being due to sabulous deposits in the bladder,
or caleuli in the kidneys and ureters, due to an excess of phos-
phates, caused by high-feeding, unnatural conditions, ete.

Nepbritis, Inflammation of the Kidneys.

This disease has never been reported as an original lesion in
adult sheep. Steele gives an account of it occurring in lambs
newly born, recapitulating an address delivered on the subject
by Mr. Roger Williams at a meeting of the Pathological Society
of London, April 6th, 1886, who states as follows: “The dis-
ease began soon after being ‘wet born,’ with difficulty in walking,
the new-born falling down and lying down on one side, some-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 197

times with choreoid movements, without loss of consciousness,
without difficulty in breathing or cough. They may linger on
for two or three weeks, but in the end always die. Sucking was
not impaired nor the appetite. The disease may terminate in
joint evil, with pus in the joints and all along the spine. The
disease occurred on heavy clay soil, and in the lambing season the
east wind was cold and nipping. At all events, it was found that
if a ram served only ten ewes, the progeny was vigorous and did
not become affected with the disease.

“The urine was albuminous and acid; there were no renal
casts, crystals, pus or blood. The capsules of the kidneys stripped
off easily, exposing a surface studded with congested stellate
veins. The cortex was swollen and soft, pale and yellowish in
color, whilst the pyramids were firm and deep red in color. The
disease was acute tubal nephritis. The interstitial tissue was
normal—nothing abnormal was detected in any of the organs,
and the spinal cord was healthy. Some of the lambs were born
with the disease and soon succumbed.”

Renal Calculi.

- Stony deposits in the pelvis of the kidneys and in the
ureters. These deposits are generally the cause of urinary dis-
eases in sheep. They are mostly composed of phosphate of
lime, and seem to be due to an excess of dry food, as sheep at
pasture are seldom affected with this complaint. When these
ealeuli occur in the kidneys they seldom cause any appreciable
disturbance, but their lodgment in the ureters, which would tend
to cause a retention of urine, would be followed by grave results.
These cases are very rare, however. As seen in the bladder,
they appear harmless, their effects being marked when they cause
a stoppage of the urethra, in which case an excessive inflamma-
tion of tissue and extravasation of urine results, which speedily
proves fatal.
198 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

Urethral Calculi.

Are deposits of stony materials which by their presence ob-
struct the passage of the urine through the urethra, causing its
accumulation in the bladder, with distension and perhaps rup-
ture of that organ or a filtering through its walls into the adjoin-
ing tissues, causing pyaemia, eventually septicaemia and death.

Symptoms.

The sheep is unable to void its urine, prefers the recumbent
position, on being forced to rise the back is suddenly curved,
after which a few drops of urine are passed. The respirations
are hurried, the sheep grunts frequently, is restless and uneasy,
refuses to feed. As the urine accumulates the animal becomes
stupid, symptoms of abdominal pain are evidenced, the temper-
ature is elevated, the mucous membranes becoming red and con-
gested, uraemic poisoning results, quickly followed by death un-
less previous to the uraemia the calculus is forced through the
penis above the vermiform appendage, leaving a free passage for
_ the accumulated urine.

Treatment.

This is necessarily operative. If the sheep is turned up on
its rump and an examination made of the skin covering the end of
the penis, called the prepuce, it will be found enlarged and in-
flamed;adropsical condition of the tissues of the belly will also be
frequently noticed, especially in cases where the trouble has existed
for some time. Push back the prepuce and draw out the penis;
an examination of the worm-like extremity will generally reveal
the presence of sediment, obstructing the end of the urethra.
This deposit may be in the form of gravel or fine sand, and un-
less it is removed little can be done to afford relief. Where the
deposit is of a gravelly nature, the best method is to remove the
appendix entirely. When the deposit is very fine in character
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 199

a careful manipulation of the part will almost always effect its
removal. This should always be preceded by the application of
warm water to relax the tissues, so facilitating the removal of the
deposit and reducing the liability of lacerating or bruising the
sensitive vermiform appendage. If the obstruction is caused by
sabulous material deposited on the lining membrane of the
urethra, extending some distance from the appendage, it may be
necessary to cut down and remove the deposit, making a longi-
tudinal incision in the penis, through the urethra, laying it open
from above downwards to the vermiform process. This oper-
ation on wethers is simple and efficacious, but when performed
on rams is liable to seriously impair their breeding qualities,
although there is considerable difference of opinion on this point,
many breeders claiming to have lambs got by rams which have
been so mutilated as to have lost the vermiform process entirely.
Should the operation on the penis prove of little benefit it must
be taken as evidence that the accumulations are so abundant that
they occupy not only the urethra but the bladder, ureters and
kidneys, in which event no treatment could prove of any service
and the animal should be destroyed. In these cases the meat is
unfit for human consumption, the tissues of the belly being im-
pregnated with urine, the presence of which taints the whole
system.

Where several animals in a flock show symptoms of strang-
ury, it is well to inspect their diet, which should be changed and
carbonate of potash administered. A frequent cause for urethral
calculi in sheep is feeding excessive quantities of mangolds or
beets. Where this is the case, change to other rations.

The following will be found useful in these conditions.
Take

Fluid extract of belladonna....... 1 ounce

Potassium carbonate............ 3 ounces
NWVigteDc aan nan awe mal eue ae eons we 1 pint
200 DISEASES OF THE.URINARY SYSTEM.

Mix. Give one tablespoonful three times daily—dose for
adult sheep. Sanmetto in teaspoonful doses three times daily is.
also a most effective remedy in all diseases of the urinary organs
of sheep. As a dressing to the penis, where gravel has been re-:
moved by operation, the following will be found useful:

Fluid hydrastis (Merrill’s)...... 2 drachms
Distilled extract witch hazel....... 1 ounce
WiatOT ash eee hee sons s 3 ounces

This can also be injected into the urethra, and will prove
beneficial.
CHAPTER XIV.

Parasitic Diseases, Due to Internal Parasites,

Parasites are living animal-organisms, which extract nour-
ishment for their existence from the tissues of their host. Of
these we shall recognize two general classes.

_ Entozoa, those which live on the natural cavities or solid
tissues of the animal.

And Ectozoa, those infesting the outer surface, or skin,
existing on the effusion created by the irritation caused by their
presence.

In this chapter we shall consider only the diseases due to the
presence of the entozoa, or internal parasites. In sheep we find
that parasites are the cause of many of the most serious diseases
—they invade all the organs of the body, from the brain to the
rectum, their multiplication and resultant damage being in
direct proportion to the neglect and bad management on the
part of the flock owner.

Parasitic Disease of the Brain.

Sturdy, Gid, Turnsick.

This is a condition due to the presence of a larval tapeworm
or hydatid in the brain substance, the parasite as seen in its cystic
state imbedded in the brain being termed the coenurus cerebralis.
Tt is caused from the ingestion by the sheep of the eggs of the
taenia coenurus—a species of tapeworm, which have been dis-
202 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

tributed on the ground or in the drinking water by other animals,
such as wolves, foxes, coyotes, etc., but more especially is the dog
responsible for sowing the germs of this disease. The prevalence
of this disorder depends to a great extent on the use of sheep
dogs, it being noticeable that where the sheep run in enclosed
pastures where dogs are not required to assist the herders, the
liability to infection is reduced to a minimum.

The eggs of the tapeworm on being swallowed by the sheep
hatch within its stomach, immediately pierce the walls of that
organ and gain entrance to the circulation. They are then car-

 

Taenia Coenurus. Adult, Natural Size.
(RAILLET. )

ried to the different parts of the body, those which reach the
brain and spinal cord remaining in those organs, developing into
cystic bodies, which continue to thrive and grow at the expense
of the tissues. The others which fail to reach the brain and
spinal cord may locate temporarily in the heart, lungs,
diaphragm, ete., where they seem to grow for a time and then
disappear. On reaching the brain substance the young para-
sites pierce the tissue, lodging in it and commence to develop.
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 203

In the course of two or three months time they may have at-
tained the size of a hazel nut, their presence at that stage seri-
ously interferring with the general health of the sheep. Should
the head of a sheep infested with these hydatids be fed to dogs
these organisms in the brain tissue develop into adult tapeworms,
the eggs of which being passed by the dogs on the grasses, ete.,
and being eaten by the sheep, develop again into hydatids, so
completing the life cycle.

 

Brain of Sheep with Coenurus in poste- Brain of Sheep with four Coenurt
rior part of Right Hemisphere. simultancously.
(COBBOLD.)

Symptoms.

The sheep appears dull, out of sorts, grazes in a listless
manner, rumination is imperfectly performed, the animal seeks
seclusion, its movements are erratic, staggers as it walks, becomes
giddy and falls down frequently. Again it may be grazing
quietly, suddenly jumps as if frightened, and runs away at full
speed. The primary symptoms of dullness and stupor seemingly
are due to congestion and inflammation of the brain caused by
the invasion of the young parasites, and should the sheep re-
204 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

cover from this stage there will be an apparent improvement in
its health for a few weeks time, till the gradual enlargement of
the cyst or cysts so press upon the brain substance as to interfere
with its blood supply, causing absorption of brain tissue, at the
same time numerous heads are protruded from the cyst, which
also tend to produce irritation of the brain. At the commence-
ment of the second stage the animal is weak and fallen away in
flesh, due to the first attack. This condition speedily becomes
aggravated, the sheep stops feeding, the appetite is lost and
rumination suspended. The animal has a haggard appearance,
due to blindness, which may affect one or both eyes, caused from
pressure on the optic nerve. The sheep continually moves in a
circle, assuming peculiar gaits and positions, depending on the part
of brain in which the hydatid is located. Spooner states that if
the head is held constantly on one side, and the animal always
moves in a circle, corresponding to the way the head is held, that
the coenurus is located in the depressed side, probably in the
lateral ventricle of the brain. Should the sheep move in a circle
sometimes in one direction, and again in another, it may be con-
cluded that a parasite is present in both hemispheres, and if the
animal depresses its head, moving forward in a straight line,
stumbling over and running into everything in its path, the
hydatid is probably located in the division of the brain between
the hemispheres. Again should the sheep throw up its head,
moving forward with a reeling motion, the conclusion is drawn
that the cyst is in the cerebellum or fourth ventricle of the brain.
When more than one cyst is present, the symptoms are a com-
bination of the above, and cannot be relied on as a guide for
operation, of which we shall treat later. When the coenurus in-
vades the spinal cord or medulla oblongata it causes paralysis,
and should this symptom be combined with blindness, the prob-
ability is that the cyst is located at the base of the brain. When
the spinal cord is invaded the sheep stagger and walk without
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 205

control of the posterior limbs, or an intense itchiness may be
present along the backbone, and complete paralysis of the pos-
terior portion of the body involving the bladder and rectum fre-
quently takes place.

A disease which resembles gid to a certain extent is caused
by grubs in the nasal and frontal cavities, produced from the
larvae of the gad-fly. It will be récognized, however, by the
symptoms of catarrh and sneezing, and lack of the violent move-
ments seen in gid.

Treatment.

This is preventive to a great extent and consists in adminis-
tering vermicides to the dogs which inhabit the farm where
the sheep are kept, especially the sheep-dogs, and keeping the
sheep where they are not so liable to pick up the eggs voided by
dogs belonging to other parties. The heads of affected sheep
should-on no account be fed to dogs, but should be burnt or
otherwise effectually destroyed. These precautions, while they
would not entirely stamp out the gid on account of other ani-
mals, such as foxes, wolves and coyotes being bearers, they will
lessen the trouble to a great extent. Experience shows that with
a better general care of sheep, gid is less frequently observed at-
tacking them. Gid attacks appear to be more frequent in ani-
mals which have been exposed to inclement weather, which has
a tendency to weaken the nervous system, the resulting debility
making them more prone to attack. When one or more cases
occur in a flock, it is permissible to suppose that a number have
been invaded at the same time, in which event any animal
which is fat, and shows the slightest indication of gid, should be

sold to the butcher. Where treatment is to be tried, the oper-
ation of trephining the skull and puncturing the sack is per-
formed. This allows the escape of the contents of the cyst, and
in some cases where only one cyst is present it has been known

to be successful.
206 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

To Operate.

It is necessary to make a careful examination of the skull,
and where the cyst is located close to the surface a softening of
the bone will be noticeable. By trephining the skull at this
point the parasite can be discovered and removed, also an oper-
ation termed wiring has been performed. This was the method
first employed by a Scottish shepherd by the name of Hogg,
and in his hands was oftentimes successful. It consists in feeling
for the soft spot in the skull and placing the thumb of one hand
firmly on it, while with the other hand a thin wire or knitting
needle is pushed up the nostril nearest the affected part till the
point of the wire is felt under the thumb, so perforating the
cyst and permitting the escape of its contents. Should this not
cause inflammation of the brain, and no more cysts be present,
the sheep will have a good chance to entirely recover.

To treat the sheep-dogs and. to ensure their freedom from
the cause of all this trouble it is necessary to administer vermi-
cides to them about every four months.

The dog to be treated should not be fed for at least twelve
hours before receiving the medicine, but it can be allowed all the
water it desires. The evening before administering the worm
medicine a dose of castor oil is advisable—for large dogs the dose
is three tablespoonfuls. Medium sizes one to two tablespoon-
fuls. Then in the morning

Take. Kamala oo... cece ee cee een 3 drachms
(Gre) We chamecnrelet ements Beso eee) 1 ounce

Mix. Give as one dose. Where the dog is medium sized,
two drachms of kamala will be sufficient. This is a very effectual
taeniacide. It is not necessary to follow up its administration
with a cathartic on account of its laxative properties.
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 207

Finlay Dun prescribes for tapeworm as follows.

Take. Oil of male shield fern........... 20 drops
Oil of turpentine, ..i..s..,..-,.80 drops
BUlphUrie Gtherss.veeansae esas 60 drops

Beat all together with one egg and administer to the dog in
a small quantity of soup. This should be followed in twelve
‘hours’ time by a dose of castor oil. This disease oceurs more
‘frequently in lambs than in old sheep, presumably due to the
tissues of the young animal being softer and more easily pene-
trated by the parasites. As dogs are the most fruitful source of
distribution of this pest, and the sheep being the source from
which they obtain the same, it is advisable that all viscera and
heads from slaughtered sheep should be withheld from them,
unless thoroughly cooked. If this was universally carried out
the losses from gid would materially decrease.

Parasitic Nasal Catarrh.

This disease is directly attributable to the invasion of the
nasal cavities by a fly called the gad-fly (oestrus ovis), which de-
posits its larvae on the inside of the nostrils. The embryos
proceed to crawl up the nostrils, producing intense irritation of
the mucous membranes, investing the frontal and maxillary
sinuses. In appearance the gad-fly resembles an overgrown
house fly. When flying it is so quick as to be almost invisible.
It is a dull-colored insect, the head and thorax being about as
long as its abdomen, the back is brown, with small points and
patches of darker color, its under surface is dark brown, with
yellow spots at the center of each abdominal segment. The
wings are transparent, mottled with spots and stripes, they are
almost as long as the body, which they completely envelop. The
head is large, containing two large greenish eyes, the under sur-
face of the head has white markings. The antennae are short
208 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

and bulbous at their bases. There are a few hairs on the head
and quite a number on the body, sides and limbs. It has no
mouth, or appreciable proboscis, its object in life seeming to be
the propagation of its species, which when the male has im-
pregnated two or three females, marks the end of his existence.
The male gad-fly in size is as large as the female, but its head is
narrow. They do not attack the sheep, and, as above stated,
only exist to impregnate the female. The female gad-fly is sup-
posed to deposit not the eggs, but live larvae within the nostrils
of the sheep, few only being placed on any one animal owing to
the agitation and violent movements exhibited by the sheep on
the approach of the fly. These larvae are exceedingly small in
size when first deposited. Their bodies are elongated and white.
On examination with a lens they show that the body consists of
eleven segments, with two hooks at its anterior end to be used to
attach itself to the tissues and also to draw its body upwards and
forwards; the posterior end is furnished with two stigmata, or
breathing pores. The under surface is covered with minute
spines. The bodies are transparent, close examination revealing
the respiratory and digestive apparatus. The larvae as it ma-
tures changes in appearance, attaining a considerable size (about
three-quarters of an inch), the body becomes dark and striped
with black bands, the spines also turn black. When this condi-
tion is reached the grub escapes from the nostrils of the sheep,
and falling on the ground immediately bores into it. It remains
in the ground for a period of from one to two months (the length
of time depending on the weather conditions). When the fly
is matured within the chrysalis, it pushes up the upper end of the
case and reaches the surface of the ground by the same hole the
larvae made in the first instance. -On arriving at the surface
the fly appears at first sluggish and dull, the body and wings
needing exposure to the air to cause them to harden. When
this has taken place and the right time comes—that is when the
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 209

fly is fully matured—it darts off with remarkable swiftness to
find a flock of sheep and single out its victim.

Symptoms.

On the fly touching the nostrils of the sheep the latter im-
mediately shakes its head, at the same time striking the ground
with its fore-feet. The sheep commences to run, holding its nose
close to the ground, endeavoring to escape its pursuer. The ani-
mal runs into the middle of the flock. The whole flock becomes
alarmed even if only one fly is in evidence. They place their
noses close to the ground and huddle together as closely as possi-
ble to make it difficult for the fly to attain its object. The
young larvae deposited on the mucous membranes create an in-
tense irritation from the insertion of their hooks and spines,
drawing themselves up the nasal chamber by means of these pro-
jections, leaving dark points of hemorrhage on the mucous sur-
face wherever the points have been inserted. On proceeding up-
ward they reach the turbinated bones, entering the frontal
and even superior maxillary sinuses. Those that reach the
superior maxillary sinuses grow in size, but never escape
from their location, finally dying and undergoing degeneration.
Those which reach the frontal sinuses, however, on reaching ma-
turity find their way backward to the nasal chambers, and are
voided to the ground. As the larvae grow in size in the sheep’s
head the animal becomes affected with a catarrhal discharge.
This is at first clear, but later becomes thick with mucus. The
sheep frequently sneezes, these efforts resulting in the expulsion
of mucus and oftentimes matured larvae. The animal will lie
-down and hold the nose pointed in the air, gradually turning its
head round and backwards. The eyes become red and watery,
the sheep moves with the nose close to the ground, stepping high
with the hind legs, frequently raising the head to the wind and
bending it sharply backwards. They may be seized with giddi-
210 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

ness, and stagger, but they do not turn in a circle or show evi-
dences of any acute brain disturbance, all signs tending to show
an obstruction and irritation of the nasal chambers.

The duration of the attack may be from sixty days to ten
months, all depending on the time the larvae remain in the nasal
chambers. A sheep may be re-infected at different times, and
so contain larvae of different sizes and various stages of develop-
ment. The fly is liable to attack the sheep whenever the tem-
perature is not too low for its existence, the months of June and
July being those in which its depredations are most to be feared.

Treatment.

This is of two kinds, preventive and surgical. A practical
method of prevention consists in smearing the noses with a mix-
ture composed of tar and grease in equal parts, rubbing it on with
a brush, Where the owner has only a few sheep to take care of
this individual dressing of the animals may be feasible, and to
be effective should be applied at least once a week throughout
the fly season. Where large flocks are kept it becomes an ex-
ceedingly difficult matter to secure them from the attacks of this
pest. It is a good plan to herd them during the hot part of the
day (when the fly is most active) on dusty ground, the dust
raised by the sheep tending to prevent the onslaught of the flies.

Surgical Treatment.

This is only resorted to where the removal of the larvae is
absolutely necessary, the owner desiring to keep the animal for
breeding purposes, and its life being threatened by the attack.
It consists in trephining the skull at the frontal sinus, the open-
ing being made, according to Turn, as follows: “Cut off the
wool which covers the forehead. Trace with colored chalk a
transverse line uniting the middle of the two eyebrows and
divide it by another line passing at the middle of the forehead.
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 211

The point of choice for trephining will be in each of the two
upper angles thus obtained, without engaging the lines which
limit them. The operation is performed according to the ordin-
ary rules of surgery. From the opening made one often sees the
larvae, which are extracted by forceps. To kill others, benzine
moderately diluted with water is injected. The flap of skin
is then cleaned, applied to the opening and sewed to the adjoin-
ing skin. The whole is then covered with a turpentine-coated
leather plaster. The patient is separated for a few days from
other sheep. Sheep bear the operation with the same impunity
as they do marking the ears or other minor operations.” This
operation would not be advisable in the hands of every flock
owner, and when all is said and done, it onlv relieves the trouble
for the time being, as the next fly which comes along and de-
posits its larvae will create the same trouble. Perhaps the ad-
vice given by Neumann, in his work on parasites, is the best and
easiest carried out (except where the sheep are valuable and de-
sired for breeding purposes). He says: “At all times, if the
number of animals affected is considerable, the malady should
be left to follow its course, and those which present the gravest
symptoms should be sent to the shambles.”

As a preventive in large herds the following might be tried:
Take a squared log and bore holes in it with a large augur; in
these place salt, and dress the edges of the holes with tar. Sheep
then will apply tar to their noses every time they eat the salt.

Parasitic Bronchitis; Boose, Dusk.

Also vulgarly called “Snots.” This destructive affection is
due to the invasion of the bronchial tubes and lung tissue by
worms scientifically called the strongylus filaria and strongylus
rufescens, the former, however, is the one most frequently pres-
ent, and is found attacking other ruminants, notably the camel
and goat.
212 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

The strongylus filaria in length is from one to two and a
half inches long, in color the male is a brownish yellow, and the
female white, their bodies are uniform throughout their entire
length, except at the ends, which are tapering. “The head is
short, stumpy, rather angular, but not tuberculated as in other
strongyles. Extending from the mouth is a short oesophagus,
entering the stomach, from which a straight intestine is con-
tinued nearly to the extreme end of the tail. The tail of the
female is pointed; the oviducts filled with eggs and live young
extend into the vulva, which is situated close to the anus.”—
Williams.

In aged sheep these parasites do not always cause incon-
venience, as an examination of the lungs of fat sheep has shown
them to be loaded with these worms; but-in lambs the parasites
pierce the softer lung-tissue, gaining entrance to the bronchial
tubes, where they set up an intense irritation, frequently caus-
ing death. While aged sheep are not so liable to show the effects
of attacks from these parasites, sometimes they become anaemic
and debilitated, especially is this noticeable in lambing ewes,
many of which succumb to the trouble. These parasites in
sheep are the cause of bronchitis and sometimes pneumonia, and
very often a combination of the two called broncho-pneumonia.

The method of their introduction appears to be through the
medium of the water supply, or from grasses, especially those of
low-lying lands having an insufficient drainage. On gaining:
access to the alimentary canal (stomachs and intestines) they
pierce the walls of these viscera and obtain entrance to the circu:
lation, by which they are carried to the lung tissue, where they
remain till mature, when they pierce the tissues and pass into
the bronchial tubes. Their presence then sets up the irritation
characteristic of the disease, the parasites remaining in the lung
tissue outside of the tubes, appearing to cause little if any incon-
venience. Williams states that he has observed these parasites
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 213

in the cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, and this goes
to prove the correctness of the above theory of migration. A
very large number of worms may be present in the lungs of a
single sheep and are also found infesting the intestines. This
would account for the amount of infection and source of danger
a single diseased sheep may be to a pasture.

Symptoms.

These depend to a great extent as to whether the lungs
only are attacked, or whether the parasites are also present in the
intestinal canal. In the majority of cases the parasites are
present only in the lungs; in some cases both the lungs and
alimentary canal contain the worms, and in a few exceptional
cases they are only present in the stomachs and intestinal canal.
As seen attacking the lung-tissue of lambs, they cause distressing
fits of coughing, difficulty in breathing, the affected animal fre-
quently rubbing its head against the ground. Symptoms of
anaemia (bloodlessness) soon become apparent. This is evi-
denced by a paleness of the mucous linings of the eye-lids, the
skin becomes dry and papery, the wool has a tendency to fall out,
the breathing becomes hurried, the animal loses strength and
sinks rapidly. When the parasites are present in the intestinal
canal as well as the lungs, purging is associated with the other
symptoms above mentioned. The animal has colicky pains, in-
tense thirst, and a tendency to dropsy.

An examination of the mucus discharges of the nose and of
the faecal matter will frequently reveal the live parasites.

The disease runs a course extending all the way from one
to four months, depending on the strength of the sheep and the
number of parasites gaining access to the system. If the symp-
toms are well marked at the outset, the disease is almost sure to
prove fatal unless the worms are few in number and the animal
214 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

has sufficient strength to cough them up. This disease appears
to be more prevalent some seasons than others, its ravages being
more serious after prolonged damp spells, when it is liable to be
epizootic, and cause very large losses to the flock-owner.

Creatment.

This must be both preventive and curative. As a preventive
the sheep, lambs especially, should be moved to fresh pastures.
If the season is wet they should be herded on the hill sides,
avoiding all low-lying lands as much as possible. Salt seems to
exert destructive influence on the parasite; rock salt should be
plentifully supplied for the sheep to lick, and dry fodder should
be fed if obtainable in which salt has been plentifully sprinkled.
The curative treatment, which will be found most practicable,
is to confine the sheep in sheds, which are as air-tight as possible,
then by burning sulphur in an iron kettle suspended from the
roof of the shed just above the heads of the sheep sulphurous
acid gas is formed. The inhalation of the fumes will cause
violent expectoration on the part of the sheep, the parasites being
expelled in the mucus discharges. These fumigations should
be repeated three or four times. The safest plan is for an
attendant to stand in the shed, and when he finds that the fumes
are as strong as he can possibly bear them, to come outside,
bringing out the burning sulphur with him. The sheep should
then remain in the shed for a period of ten minutes. This pro-
cedure should be repeated the next day, the sheep being com-
pelled to inhale the fumes for a longer period, say twenty min-
utes. On the third day the fumigations should again be carried
out, which should prove sufficient to greatly relieve if not en-
tirely cure the sheep. When the flock is few in number, so that
individual treatment can be instituted, injections of medicinal
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 215

agents into the trachea (windpipe) will often prove of great
benefit.

Take: JOdine sis:ciage teenager stan 4 drachm
Jodide of potassium.......... 24 drachms
Distilled water ws warss aacew ers « 3 ounces

This solution is mixed with two ounces of oil of turpentine
to which must be added six ounces of olive oil. Of this mixture.
after it has been thoroughly shaken, one to two drachms should
be injected into the trachea by means of a _ hypoderinic
syringe. The injection may be repeated in two or three
days time, the number of injections depending on the seriousness
of the attack. Where the parasites are suspected in the aliment-
ary canal, it becomes necessary to administer such agents as have
a tendency to destroy the pests.

Hake, Oil of loves nccsevcdgiasvese vein 5 drops
Timeture of gingers. 215.400 42. 4 drachm
Oil of turpentine........0.05. 2 drachms
Tinseed Oi) .s2¢5 eaves care ene ees 1 ounce

Mix. Give as one dose in oatmeal or linseed gruel, which
may be repeated after an interval of two to four days.

The viscera, lungs, ete., of sheep and lambs which have been
destroyed by this disease should be burnt or otherwise disposed of
so as not to spread the infection. Pastures which have become
infected should receive a thorough dressing of salt. Care should
be taken in introducing strange sheep into the flock to provide
against their carrying the contagium of the disease.

Darasitic Diarrhoea.

This disease is now recognized as one of the serious com-
plaints affecting sheep. It is extensively distributed, occurring
wherever sheep are to be found, and is the source of great con-
cern to the sheep owner on account of its frequent fatalities. It
216 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

is caused by irritation of the mucous membranes of the aliment-
ary canal, owing to the presence of the tapeworm, scientifically
termed the taenia expansa. Many writers report having ob-
served cases of diarrhoea in sheep and lambs where segments of
tapeworm were found in the faecal discharges. In 1877 an out-
break occurred in Central Park, New York, in which the in-
testines of lambs were filled with taeniae ranging from one to
fifteen feet in length. The animals were unwell for two or
three days, then, becoming affected with convulsions, would
turn round in a circle and drop dead. Cross of Shrewsbury,
Eng., the same year reports a case of scouring in lambs, in which
innumerable segments, with double sexual organs and unarmed
heads, were found in the alvine discharges. Cobbold also re-
ports large losses in Australia, due to the same pests, and Gamgee
also states that in Australia an enzooty, due ‘to taeniae in lambs,
is of frequent occurrence, especially on land which is over-
stocked. Where tapeworm is suspected in a flock of sheep, an
examination of the soil (after a heavy rain) on which they have
been folded will often reveal the segments, washed free from
the faecal matter. Cooper Curtice in the Government report of
1890 states that “no section of the United States seems to be
entirely free from it,” and further says: “It was introduced into
this country from Europe along with the imported flocks, which
harbored it.”

° Description of the Parasite.

Length variable, the largest measure from five to six yards
in length and from one-twenty-fifth of an inch in breadth at the
head to one-half an inch at the tail. The head is generally small
and pointed, the neck very short, if discernible at all, the first
segments are very short, the others as they proceed backwards
to the tail becoming longer and broader. The head is small at
the end, and is furnished with four suckers. The body of the
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 217

worm is made up of segments, very wide and flat, which vary in
length in the different portions of its extent. In appearance the
worm is a dull white, but becomes transparent on being sub-
merged for a few hours in water. Each segment is endowed
with an independent set of genital organs, and contains eggs or
young embryos, so it will be observed that each segment is cap-
able of reproducing its kind without the assistance of outside
agencies. The segments become mature as the embryos develop
within them, and are separated from the others to be ejected with
the excreta on the ground, there to fulfill their life cycle. The
segments nearest the tail maturing first, are the first to be shed,
the remainder following in their turn till the head only remains.
It is owing to this process that lambs are able to recover after
being attacked by this species of taenia.

Symptoms.

A paleness of the skin will be noticeable, the visible mucous
membranes, such as the lining of the eyelids, will also have a
bloodless appearance, the fleece is dry and brittle, the animal be-
comes poor in flesh, and, should it be a lamb, it ceases to develop.
The appetite will still remain good, being increased if anything,
the desire for liquids is also increased, the animal at times drink-
ing greedily. The digestive functions soon become deranged,
rumination is imperfectly performed, the breath becomes foetid,
signs of colic will be observed at irregular intervals, the evacu-
ations are varied in character, at times the animal is constipated,
again it suffers from exhaustive diarrhoea, the belly becomes
distended owing to accumulations of faecal matter or gas. The
evacuations have a mucus character and are yellowish in color,
an examination frequently revealing segments of the taenia ex-
pansa. In severe cases the sheep becomes so weak that it with
difficulty keeps with the flock when grazing. They are attacked
with convulsions, finally a malignant diarrhoea which refuses to
218 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

yield to treatment sets in, the effect of which is to su increase the
debility and wasting that the animal falls down unable to rise,
quickly suecumbing from exhaustion.

Treatment.

This is also both curative and preventive. Where taenia
expansa is suspected in a flock all the animals should be dosed,
as the well ones if allowed to graze in the same pasture as those-
already affected are sure to pick up the eggs of the parasite, and
in turn become mediums for its distribution. Before adminis-
tering vermifuges to the sheep they should be prepared for the
same by being kept without food and water for at least twelve
hours. They should be all dosed at one time and kept confined
for at least twenty-four hours after receiving the medicine, so
that the segments and eggs, which will be voided, are not dis-
tributed over the pastures. When the owner or foreman is satis-
fied that the medicine has had the desired result, the sheep should
be allowed access to the pasture, and the yard in which they were
confined should be thoroughly covered with quick lime to de-
stroy all evidences of the disease. One of the best and simplest
taeniacides to use is kamala. This is obtained in the form of a
coarse red powder, its effects on the sheep for the expulsion of
tapeworm being very satisfactory. Take

Kamala 4.dechasiace operas 3 drachms

Mix thoroughly in three ounces of linseed gruel; this is the
dose for adult sheep, lambs take from one to two drachms, ac-
cording to their age. This should be administered very slowly
to the animal to insure its passing into the fourth stomach and
so on into the intestines, as, if it should be hastily given, it is
liable to enter the rumen, where its effects would in all probabil-
ity be nil. Should the kamala not prove efficacious the follow-
ing can be tried.

Take. Ethereal extract, male shield fern.1 drachm
Calon tiliess ceca pnsaeeeses 4 ounces
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 219

Mix and give as one dose to adult sheep; lambs can be given
from one to three-fourths of the above with safety, Following
this treatment a tonic should be used to stimulate the appetite
and assist nature in restoring health.

Dale ay oid Soguip ng See aR SROs 2 Ibs.
Hpsomi salt§ 06.4 ta 4e8 oe eeda ea wea ae 1 lb.
Sulphate of iron................0-5 4 lb.
Powdered gentian...............4. 4 Ib.
Nitrate of potash............... 4 ounces

Mix thoroughly. This can be given by mixing it in the
feed, and will make a sufficient quantity for 100 sheep. It
should be repeated two or three times a week till the animals
show signs of marked improvement.

Preventive Treatment.

Consists in not over-stocking the pastures. The lambs
should be kept in fields which have not been used for some
months previously. Attention must be paid to the water supply,
as this appears frequently to be a source of infection. It must
be borne in mind that this disease is more prevalent during the

summer months and that the majority of fatalities take place
in lambs under six months of age. Lambs recovering from the

attacks of taeniae or those which have been treated and rid of
the same, should receive the best of care and attention, as the
system is run down, the animals are weakened and emaciated,
making them more liable to attacks from other ailments.

Parasitic Gastric Catarrh.

This disease is generally found occurring as an epizootic.
It is due to the presence of round worms, scientifically termed
twisted strongyles (strongylus contortus) in the abomasum
(fourth stomach). As seen attacking lambs it is particularly
fatal. It is found occurring in all countries where sheep are
 

Strongylus Contortus, Rud.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4,
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.

DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 221

Description of Lllustrations on Opposite Page.

Adult female, X 6, a, head; 4, ovaries wound around the intes-
tines; c,c, uteri; d, a large papille, just in front of and cover-
ing the vulva; e¢, anus.

Adult male, X 6.

Head—a, two barb-like papille; 6, mouth; c, esophagus; 4, in-
testine.

Eggs, highly magnified—a, eggs before they have left the ovaries ;
6, eggs showing nuclei; c, eggs after they have passed through
the oviduct; d,egg with one cell; ¢, with two; /, with four;
g, with eight; 2, with many; 7, egg as it is laid.

. Skin, showing nine of the eighteen longitudinal lines.
. Portion of female—a, the intestine; 5, 6, the ends of the ovaries.
. Caudal end of female—a, the anus; 3, the vulva; c, vagina; d, d,

uteri filled with eggs; e, oviduct; 4,7, ovary; g, intestine.

Spicula, enlarged.

Bursa, expanded to show coste: a, ventral; 5, ventro-lateral ;
¢, lateral; d, dorso-lateral; ¢, dorsal; /, spicula.

Group of adult males anti females, natural size.

Caudal end of male—a, bursa; 4, spicula; c, seminal reservoir; d,
intestine.
222 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

kept. It is frequently complicated with verminous bronchitis,
and is generally prevalent during the spring and summer
months.. No portions of the United States appear to be free
from its ravages. Throughout Arizona, New Mexico and
Mexico proper, it is known under the name of lombriz, a deriva-
tion from the Spanish “lombrici,” meaning worms; its attacks
being of frequent occurrence in those districts.

Appearance of Worms.

Body red or white according as its intestine is full of blood
sucked from the mucous membrane of the stomach, the extremi-
ties are pointed, just behind its anterior extremity two small
lateral projections (papillae) are noticeable. These are shaped
in the form of teeth, projecting backward. Fine lines or striae
mark its integument (skin) transversely, in addition to which
are longitudinal ridges forty or fifty in number. The male
worm is from one-half to one inch in length, the female from
one to one and one-half inches, its body terminating in a pointed
tail. Its vulva is situated a short distance from the tail in a de-
pression covered by a powerful tongue-like appendage, which
points backward; its eggs are ovoid and infinitesimally small in
size. 2

The probable source of infection of sheep by these pests is
through the medium of the water supply. Leukart reports that
he has seen them grow rapidly in muddy water, reaching such
a state of growth as to be able to mature after gaining access to
ruminants. Such,being the case, it is necessary to guard against
the water supply being contaminated with the excrements of
animals which are themselves suffering from these worms.

Symptoms.

These so far as being characteristic of this particular order
of worms are not well marked. The affected animal is dull,
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 223

suffers from a depraved appetite, intense thirst, becomes poor in
flesh and dropsical, the belly becoming enlarged and tense. It
will suffer frequently from attacks of colic, and is affected with
a black diarrhoea, which generally terminates in death.

Post-Mortem.

Examination of the fourth stomach of sheep which have
been attacked by these worms will find it containing hundreds
and perhaps thousands of twisted round worms closely packed to-
gether, their heads buried in the mucous membrane, which is
thickened and has a blocdless or pale appearance.

Treatment.

Where the sheep are suspected to be suffering from worms
they should be dosed individually, unless the flock is so large as
to make it impracticable.

Take. Kamala io. .cecce ceive wen es 3 drachms
Linseed gruel...............4. 6 ounces

Mix this is a sufficient dose for one large sheep. Lambs
can be given from one-half to two drachms of kamala according
to their age and size. Finlay Dunn in his work on veterinary
medicine, prescribes as follows.

Take. Common salt.................05. 3 bs.
Powdered ginger.................. 4 Ib.
Powdered salt petre................ 4 Ib.

Dissolve in three gallons of warm water, to which when
nearly cold add twenty-four ounces of turpentine. The dose for
lambs of from four to six months old is two ounces, the full
prescription being a sufficient quantity for 160 head of lambs.
Zurn recommends picrate of potash, claiming that it will be
found less irritating, and at the same time as efficient a vermicide
as kamala. The dose for a lamb is from three to five grains, and
for grown sheep twenty grains. It should be administered dis-
224 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. .

solved in water. Where large numbers of sheep have to be
treated pumpkin seeds have been used, and in many cases with
satisfactory results. These can be given in unlimited quantities,
mixed with dry feed, such as shorts, the great drawback in using’
this simple remedy being the difficulty to get the sheep to eat a
sufficient quantity. After treatment the flock should be moved
to fresh and uninfected pastures. The ground from which they
have been moved should not be used to graze sheep on for at
least two seasons, and where practicable the pasture should be
given a dressing of lime or salt.

A new method, and apparently, from all data which can be
gathered on the subject a most successful one, is the use of
benzine, or to make it more plain to the reader, gasoline, in a
treatment of this affection. This is used as follows: For lambs
weighing about 75 pounds administer one tablespoonful of gaso-
line in half a pint of linseed tea or oat-meal gruel; repeat daily
for three or four days. Adult sheep take from two to three
tablespoonfuls. This treatment is simple, and from all accounts.
would certainly warrant a trial. It was first used in France, and
the reports from that country were most gratifying, leading to
the adoption of this agent by many prominent sheep men in this
country, notably Jos. E. Wing of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, who re-
ports favorably.

Nodular Disease of the Intestines.

This is a diseased condition of the intestines, due to a para-
site called the oesophagostoma columbianum, the last word
signifying that it was first found in the District of Columbia.
The investigations leading to and determining this particular
species of worm were successfully carried out by Dr. D. E.
Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, assisted by
Dr. Cooper Curtice, also a member of the Department of Agri-
culture. Its presence can only be detected by post mortem ex-
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 225

amination, when it will be found that the intestines of the sheep,
more particularly the large guts (colon and caecum), are studded
with whitish tumors, ranging in size from that of a millet sced
to as large as a hickory nut, giving the external coat of the bow-
els a knotty appearance, so injuring the gut as to make it worth-
less for sausage casings, inflicting serious monetary loss to the
butcher. “The adult worm is found in the large intestines of
sheep in considerable numbers, and in the same animal may also
be found the tumors. The parasite is usually found below the
narrowing of the large intestines, where the latter changes from
a sac-like receptacle to a large tube, and below the mass of tum-
ors. The tumors may, however, extend the entire length of the
intestines. It is evident that the distribution of the eggs of this
adult would be favorable for sheep becoming again infected by
them.”—Department of Agriculture Report 1890, Cooper Cur-
tice.

There are no special symptoms characteristic of this par-
ticular species of worm. The writer has seen hundreds of sheep
killed at the abattoirs, the intestines of which were studded with
tumors, the animals in life showing no particular signs of verm-
inous trouble. In fact, it was frequently noticeable affecting
the intestines in fat, prime sheep, but there is no doubt that
serious trouble results to sheep harboring this parasite for any
extended length of time, its effects appearing to be more disas-
trous in the Southern and South Eastern States of America than
in the more northern latitudes.

The white tumors or cysts being situated under the peri-
toneal covering and external to the mucous lining of the intes-
tine, are not susceptible to the action of medicinal agents. The
mature worms which are found in the intestines will vield to the
same treatment as that prescribed for tapeworms causing para-
sitic diarrhoea.
226 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

The fact of this particular oesophagostome being so
universally distributed over large portions of the United States
renders the problem of possible infection a hard one to solve.
As a matter of economics this disease is worthy of grave consid-
eration; large importations of sausage casings being necessary to
supply the home demand.

The Rot.

This disease has been the cause of greater loss to the flock
owners than almost all the others combined, with the exception,
perhaps, of sheep seab. Records dating back hundreds of years
show that in Egypt the disease was most virulent, appearing
there annually following the inundation of the banks of the Nile.
Beyond a doubt, all cases of rot have arisen from keeping sheep
on a wet, swampy soil, they being naturally an inhabitant of dry
and lofty situations, and while they have been made to thrive on
unsuitable grounds, the perversion of their natural habits ex-
poses them to attacks by this most disastrous disease.

The parasite causing this disease is known as the distoma
hepaticum or liver-fluke; and while it is very common and has
caused immense losses on the European continent and Great
Britain, it has rarely been found affecting American sheep, al-
though a few cases have been recorded in the East, on Long
Island, also in Louisiana, Texas and California. As a matter of
history, it may be stated here that the liver-fluke in Great Britain
alone was, until recently, responsible for the loss of 1,000,000
sheep and lambs annually, and that in 1880 to 1831 this number
was more than doubled, many farmers losing all their flocks, one
farmer in the County of Kent losing $15,000 worth of sheep in
the course of three months.

On the continent of Europe its ravages have been fully as
great. Its presence has also been felt in Australia, and to a
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 227

certain extent throughout the different parts of the world where
the land is swampy and subject to floods.

M. M. Hamont, in an essay on this subject, states that “it
assumes its most serious character after heavy rains and extensive
floods, and in wet countries covered with aquatic plants. It
affects animals of different ages and in all seasons. It appears
every year in Egypt after the fall of the Nile, and it follows and
keeps pace with the subsidence of the waters. In the superior
parts of Upper Egypt it commences about the end of July, near
Cairo in August, in the environs of the capital in October and
November, and during the months of December, January and
February in the Delta. It is most obstinate and continues long-
est in the neighborhood of the confluence of the waters. In
Lower Egypt it lasts about 120 to 130 days, and it disappears
soonest and is least fatal when the rise of the Nile has not been
considerable. Desolation and death accompany it wherever it
passes. The Arabs say that this pest annually destroys 16,000
sheep in Egypt. Its victims usually perish on the twenty-fifth,
thirtieth, thirty-fifth or fortieth day after the apparent attack.”
From this extract we can readily understand that it is a particu-
larly fatal disease, and that it being of so rare an occurrence
in the United States of America is a cause for self-congratulation
among the flock owners of this country.

Symptoms.

The primary symptoms are slight. Instead of the animal
losing flesh it appears to increase in weight, the appetite remains
good, the tendency to fatten being due to the better assimilation
of the food products, owing to the increased secretion of bile
-eaused from the irritation due to the young liver-flukes in the
bile-ducts and liver, and this very tendency to fatten in the first
stages of the disease has led feeders, notably the celebrated
Bakewell, to purposely expose the sheep intended for early
228 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

market to the infection, so that the period of feeding would be
shortened, and the profits correspondingly increased. Among
the first noticeable symptoms will be a dullness and a pale ap-
pearance of the mucous membranes of the eyelids, nasal cavity
and mouth; the membrana nictitans, or winking eyelid, situated
at the corner of the eyes nearest the nose, becomes yellow.

As the disease progresses the affected sheep become flaccid
about the loins, and commence to shrink; by passing the hand
over the hips a crackling sound is produced, caused by the pres-
ence of gases in the sub-cutaneous connective tissue; the counten-
ance becomes pale, the skin changes color from the normal
healthy pink hue to a pale red, the wool parts easily from the
skin, which as the disease progresses becomes covered with
yellow and black spots; in a short time the dullness increases, the
animal continues to lose flesh, the paleness of the mucous mem-
branes increases until they become almost white, at which stage
they commence to become yellow, showing the presence of bile
in the blood; the yellow appearance extends to the skin, which
now becomes loose and flabby, a watery fluid collecting under it,
dropsical swellings being noticeable under the belly between the
fore-legs and under the jaw. This last appears in the form of a
large watery swelling, giving the sheep the appearance termed
“chockered.” When this stage is reached the sheep quickly

succumbs,
Duration of the Disease.

Some authorities state that the flukes remain nine months,
others claim fifteen months in the affected sheep, and that after
this time they gain access to the intestinal canal and are voided
with the droppings.

Thomas says he has seen the sickness last six years, Neu-
mann claiming, as does Perroncito, that the flukes rarely quit
their hosts, and the question of re-infection of the same animal
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 229

creates a doubt whether such a long period of infection was all
due to the same parasites or to renewed generations of them.

The disease ordinarily lasts from three to six inonths, but
this is very uncertain, affected animals having been known to
succumb in a few days after infection, the death in such cases
being caused by acute inflammation of the liver, due to the irri-
tation caused by the presence of the parasites. Sheep suffering
from the rot, owing to their weakened condition, become suscept-
ible to other maladies which are liable to cause death, even before
the liver disease has had time to run its course.

Post-Mortem.

Post mortem appearances depend entirely on the stage in
which the sheep is destroyed. Shortly after infection the thin
edge of the small lobe of the liver, termed the quadrate lobe, be-
comes a whitish-blue color, which spreads along the upper and
lower sides. ;

When the disease has run a more protracted course, the
flesh is found pale, and in the dependant parts of the body in-
filtrated with a yellowish serous fluid. In far advanced cases
few parts of the body are found which do not present evidences of
disease, the heart is soft and pale, the lungs often being studded
with tubercles; in all cases the liver is found extensively affected,
generally pale in color and friable or mottled, with hard scirrhous
spots with a fluid jelly-like deposit on different parts of its sur-
face, particularly so around the bile-ducts. It will also appear
puckered in places with cicatricial markings, caused by the re-
parative process and contraction of the newly formed tissue.
Channels are formed in the substance of the organ under the
serous membranes covering it. These are visible to the naked
eye. The biliary ducts are irregularly enlarged and thickened,
the sacculations frequently being as large as a hickory nut, and
on making a transverse section of these they will be found to
230 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

contain flukes of various sizes in a greenish black, sticky mass,
the inside surfaces of pouches being lined with a gritty calcare-
ous deposit. When the flukes leave the liver for the intestinal
canal the structure of the organ will partially heal, but the liver
never returns to the normal healthy condition.

Neumann describes the appearance of the liver-fluke as
follows: “Description.—Body flattened, leaf-like, pale brown,
irregular, the adult from eighteen to thirty-one mm. long and

 

Distoma PRepaticum, Linn. ‘

Fig. 1. Adult fluke, natural size—le, young fluke, natural size. (Raillet).

Fig. 2. Eggs—a, egg with developing embryo; 4,egg with embryo; c, egg-shell.
(Raillet.)

Fig. 3. Ciliated and free embryo—a, perforating apparatus; 4, ocular spot. (Leuckart).

Fig. 4. Encysted embryo found in snails. (A, P. Thomas).

from four to thirteen mm. wide, oblong, oval or lanceolate,
larger and rounder in front, where it is abruptly contracted in
such a way as to present a conical neck, attenuate and obtuse be-
hind, skin bristling with numerous little points directed back-
ward. Oval sucker terminal, rounded. Ventral sucker, large,
projecting with a triangular opening, situated about three mm.
behind the first. Intestine with two ramified branches visible
through the skin, and of a deep shade. Penis projecting in front
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 231

of the abdominal sucker, always recurved. Vulva small, situ-
ated at the side of the male orifice or a little behind. Eggs
brown or greenish, ovoid, length from 0.180 to 0.145 mm., width
0.070 to 0.090 mm.”

The parasite has been found in the livers of the sheep,
goats, cattle, camels, and a number of wild ruminants, also in the
horse, ass, pig, elephant, rabbit, and man. Its habitat is in the
biliary ducts of the liver where, according to Kuchenmeister, it
feeds on the blood from the mucous membranes of those vass-
ages.

Its life history was first determined by Leuckart, and later,
but independently, by Thomas, an English scientist.

It was called the fasciola hepaticeum by Linnaeus, the
naturalist, the name of distoma hepaticum being bestowed on it
by Retzius, the word hepaticum being used in conjunction with
either of the others to designate that the fluke is found in the
liver.

The flukes deposit their eggs in the biliary ducts, from
which they pass into the intestines, and are voided from the svs-
tem, dropping on the ground, where those falling in suitable
places, under favorable conditions, hatch and escape by the rais-
ing of a lid-like contrivance on the small end of the egg. These
newly-hatched parasites are not young flukes; on the contrarv,
they are small ciliated embryos, which are enabled by the fine
cilia (hair) covering them to swim about in water. These em-
bryos immediately seek out the small water snail, it being neces-
sary for the completion of the life cycle of this remarkable para-
site that this snail act as an intermediary host for it during the
completion of this stage. Should the embryo fail to become
attached to the water snail in two days time it will die without
completing its lifecycle. On the other hand, should it become
attached to the snail, it immediately bores through the shell.
232 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.

. lodging in the respiratory cavity of that mollusk. Here it be-
comes encysted, contracting into an oval mass, which grows
rapidly. At this stage it is called a sporocyst. This sporocyst
splits up into from five to eight bodies, called rediae, which are
about 2 mm. in length, these leaving the cyst one by one.
These rediae each one of them develop within themselves fifteen
to twenty cercariae, which are thrust out in turn through an
orifice under the neck of the rediae.

These cercariae are what escape from the snail, being scat-
tered broadcast in its wanderings. After a short time they lose
their tails, and again become encysted, the contents of these
cysts being attached to blades of grass, etc., are swallowed by
the sheep or other animal, the gastric juices acting on it break
the covering, setting free the young flukes in the stomach and
duodeneum, from which they gain the biliary ducts, and pass up
them to the liver, where they grow into adult hermaphroditic
parasites able to give origin to other generations of young.

The life eyele of this parasite is as wonderful as any occur-
ring in nature, at least seventy-five young flukes under suitable
circumstances being able to develop from a single egg.

Preventive Treatment.

We cannot do better than print verbatim Thomas’ formu-
lated rules of prevention against this parasite, founded on its life-
history, as follows:

“1, All eggs of the liver-fluke must be vigorously de-
stroyed. Manure from rotten sheep or other infected animals
must not be put on wet ground. As the liver and intestines con-
tain the eggs, those too must be destroyed or put in the compost
heap. The manure of affected animals should not be stored
where there is a drainage from it to the neighboring grass. It
should be mixed with lime and salt before being spread on
meadows or cultivated fields.

“2, If sheep are infected, let them be sent to the butcher
DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 233

at once, unless they are specially valuable and are not badly
affected. If kept they must not be put on wet ground. .

“3. Care must be taken to avoid introducing eggs of the
fluke, either with manure or fluked sheep or in any other way.
Rabbits and hares must not be allowed to introduce the eges.

“4. All heavy and wet ground must be thoroughly drained.

“5. Dressing of lime and salt (or both) should be spread
over the ground at the proper season to destroy the embryos, the
eysts of the fluke and also the snail, which acts as host.

“6, Sheep must not be allowed to graze closely, for the
more closely they graze the more fluke germs they will pick up.

“7. When sheep are allowed to graze on dangerous ground
they should have a daily allowance of salt and a little dry food.”

Medicinal Treatment.

A perfect cure is almost hopeless. After the period of
migration of the flukes to the intestines, a spontaneous cure
sometimes results, which, however, is very rare. So far as me-
dicinal treatment is concerned, Mojkowski reports, according to
Neumann, satisfactory results by giving the sheep napthol twice
daily for a week, in ten to fifteen grain doses, alone or mixed
with gentian. Another old English recipe calls for

Sulphate of iron............... 1 drachm
Dali vee eae ee RAE Awole aK Re 4 drachm
ANISC: S6C0. se eww ia cee koww eas 4 drachm

Mixed with half a pound each of linseed meal, peas and
locust beans, and given daily to each sheep. The fact that salt
is fatal to the fluke and that sheep may be grazed with impunity
on salt marshes, is evidence that salt should be freely offered to
sheep. This is best accomplished by keeping quantities of rock
salt within easy access. Combined with medicinal treatment a
proper stimulating and nourishing diet is of great importance.
Corn, barley, peas, oats, oil-meal, cake, any dry grains, should
be fed in judicious proportions. Watery foods such as turnips,
Swedes, ete., are to be avoided.
CHAPTER XV.

Parasitic Diseases of the Skin.

While the diseases of this particular class are not so
dangerous to the animal’s existence as those occurring from in-
ternal parasites, vet we must place great importance on diseases
of this nature, as to one of them at least, viz., scabies, the greatest
loss of the wool-grower is directly attributable. The yearly
shrinkage of the wool crop due to its attacks amounting through-
out the world to millions of dollars. All diseases of the skin
tend to produce bodily discomfort, the sheep after feeding in-
stead of being able to rest quietly, is called upon to resist the at-
tacks of pests, the excessive itching always present in these com-
plaints causing the animal to rub itself violently and pull the
fleece from the diseased surfaces with its mouth. Animals suffer-
ing from these attacks do not fatten readily. Should they be
neglected, no treatment being used, the diseases become virulent,
the animal perceptibly loses flesh, and is virtually eaten alive by
ever-increasing multitudes of parasites.

Scabies, Scab. 7

Is a disease due to the presence of an animal parasite, which
exists on the effusion arising from the irritation to the tissucs
caused by its presence. Of the scab insect infesting sheep we
find three kinds, namely, the sareoptes ovis, which burrow in
the skin; the dermatodectes, also called the psoroptes communis,
the cause of common seab, which simply bite and hold on to the
skin, and which is the parasite we shall mostly have to deal with
in this chapter, and thirdly the symbiotes, or chorioptes ovis, the
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 235

cause of foot scab. In studying the life-history of these para-
sites we find they are virtually alike, in that they attack the
skin of the sheep, and live on the fluid arising from the irritation
from their bites. The scabs form over the irritated surfaces;
and beneath these crusts the insects deposit their eggs. In the

course of from two to three days the eggs hatch, the newly born
parasite becoming adult in fifteen days. Each female parasite,

 

 

Group of Emaciated and Scabby Sheep.

according to Gerlach, will lay fifteen eggs, ten of which will
bring forth females, the balance males. The young parasites
as soon as they hatch spread and invade new territory, which
gives the affected part the appearance of spreading by a constant
advance of its cireumference. The eggs being embedded in
these crusts or scabs, are deposited on posts, feeding troughs, or
bedding, ete., and become fresh centers of infection, it onlv
236 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

being necessary that they become deposited on the skin of the
sheep for them to develop into live and aggressive parasites.

Gerlach, the German authority mentioned previously, com-
puted that in three months time a single female would be re-
sponsible for the existence of 1,500,000 progeny, as is shown in
the following table:

Females. Males.
First generation after 15 days produces... 10 5
Second generation after 30 days produces. 100 50
Third generation after 45 days produces. . 1,000 500

Fourth generation after 60 days produces. 10,000 5,000
Fifth generation after 75 days produces.. 100,000 50,000
Sixth generation after 90 days produces... 1,000,000 500,000

Unless the affected sheep is submitted to proper treatment
to destroy these pests they will increase indefinitely in numbers
until death to the patient ensues. The form of scabies com-
monly affecting the sheep in the United States from the Atlantic
seaboard to the Pacific Ocean is that caused by the psoroptes
communis, which attacks the parts of the sheep covered by the
heavy fleece, causing the animal to rub and pull the fleece, so
effecting a shrinkage in the wool clip, which, when the large num-
ber of affected animals are taken into account, will be found to
annually mount up to millions of dollars, all of which could be
prevented by intelligently carrying out the Federal and State
regulations governing the same, subjecting all affected animals to
a rigid quarantine and effective treatment, and heavily punish-
ing the owner of a lot of infected sheep if he should wittingly
allow them to run at large.

The common scab attacks the backs, flanks, sides, shoulders,
necks, bellies, and rumps of the sheep, the spot infected appear-
ing ragged, the sheep frequently biting the part as if it was try-
ing to tear the wool, or striking the spot with a hind foot; in
 

its first Stages.

ies in

Showing Scab
238 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

aggravated cases tearing the skin with the hoof, causing ulcer-
ation and thickening of the cuticle.

The Read Scab.

This disease, as has already been stated, is caused by para-
sites called the saércoptes seabiei. Theyare the smallest of the scab-
forming parasites, being almost invisible to the naked eye. In
appearance they are rounded, ovoid bodies, with small pointed
proboscis, the full grown parasite having eight legs, four to a
side, supplied with suckers or feelers, while the newly-hatched
insect possesses only three pair of legs, the other pair appearing
about thirty-six hours after birth.

Jocation and Symptoms.

This disease first makes its appearance around the nostrils,
rarely on the eyelids, and around the ears. From these locations
the seab extends over the whole face, cheeks and eyelids, even
to the lower portion of the limbs, under the belly, and especially
in the flexures of the knee, hock and pastern joints, wherever
the wool is searce, as this species does not attack the parts covered
bv the heavy fleece. The first symptom noticeable will be that
the sheep rubs and scratches its head violently. On examination
at this period, a very small whitish yellow pimple will be found,
which, on being rubbed, ruptures, allowing the escape of a yel-
lowish serosity. This in drying forms minute crusts, the aggre-
gation of which tend to form a thick and hard scab. The
vesicles themselves are formed by the parasites burrowing into
the skin, where they find the necessary nourishment for their
growth and the propagation of the species. The young as soon
as they hatch out migrate to a fresh location, where they imme-
diately bury themselves in the skin in the same manner as their
progenitors. In this manner the disease spreads, slowly at first,
but after the first thirty davs by leaps and bounds. As the dis-
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 239

ease progresses the scabby patches become confluent, thicker and
harder and white in appearance, extending over the lips, cheeks,
nostrils, face, forehead, eyes and ears in one hard, thick scabby
mass, causing an incessant, unbearable itching, in trying to allay
which, by rubbing and striking the part with its feet, the animal
tears through scab and skin, causing bleeding, soreness and ulcer-
ation of the part. As these patches increase round the edges,
the centers tend to heal, leaving scars and cicatrices to show the
ravages of the disease. When the scabs cover the evelids, the
animal is in danger of starving to death, being unable to sce
where or how to obtain food. To find this insect it is necessary
to raise the scab and examine the moist underlying exudate by
the aid of a microscope. They are not to be found on the hard
and dry portions of the scab.

Head scab is not a common form of the disease in North
America, although cases of it are occasionally found. It is the
most susceptible to treatment of the three kinds of scab, and
while, unlike the common scab, it does not work direct injury to
the fleece If neglected, the patient becomes poor in flesh, and
indirectly by its effect on the general health, the normal growth
of the fleece is prevented, so curtailing the clip.

Treatment.

The application of a good sheep dip or wash will effectually
eure this trouble.

Common Scab, Dsoroptes Communis.

The parasite causing this disease is much larger than the
sarcoptes, being easily discernible with the naked eve, especiallv
if placed on a black surface. It has caused more monetary loss
to sheep breeders of all countries than any other condition or
disease, not excepting the ravages caused by the liver-fluke; so
rapidly does it run through a flock, and so destructive are its
240 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

effects on the wool industry, that nearly all governments have
enacted legislation aiming to control and eradicate the disease.

Symptoms.

When scab first breaks out in a flock of sheep the affected
ones will be noticed scratching, biting, rubbing themselves, tak-
ing hold of the wool and pulling it from the skin, causing the
fleece to have a rough uneven look, the wool fibres being stuck
together and wet where the animal has been biting the part.

 

Al Young six-legged Acarus x 100. (Brown.)

Sheep badly affected will be uneasy at all times, constantly
pulling and scratching, especially is this the case if they are
driven around and over-heated, the itching then becoming very

severe.
To Examine a Sheep for Scab.

Part the wool over the spot where the animal has been bit-
ing, and by closely examining the skin small whitish-yellow
elevations will be observed which present a marked contrast to
the normal pink skin. These elevations are caused from the
bites of the scab mites, which will be found on the wool fibres
in close proximity. As the mites increase in numbers,
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

 

~~

Psoroptes Communis Vel Dermatodectes Ovis.

(Gerlach.)

241
242 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

the elevations do likewise, becoming closer together, finally
uniting. The vesicles, on being rubbed, exude a watery seros-
itv, which accumulates and in drying forms a thin crust, called a

a.

or a
Wy re

 

é
Group of Scab Parasites x 40. (Brown.)

a, mature female acarus in a mass of scab. 4, young acarus after change of skin.
«, cast-off skin of an acarus. @, drum with yolk contracted. e,drum containing a
young acarus. /, orum with young acarus in interior about to be hatched.

scab. The scab appears as a yellowish, thin, greasy layer. This
as the disease progresses becomes thick and hard, spreading
wider as the parasites invade fresh tissue around the edges of the
scabs. These crusts in being rubbed off or torn out by the
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 243

frenzied motions of the sheep carry with them tags of wool,
leaving the affected surfaces denuded and sore. These become
again covered by seabs, which are thicker than the former, these
being still further increased in circumference by the outward
migration of the parasites. As the affected surfaces enlarge
their centers tend to heal, but the skin remains thick and
wrinkled for a long time, the growth of the fleece being re-
tarded and sometimes destroyed from the injury to the hair
follicles.
Modes of Infection.

Since seab is caused by insects which are being continually
‘distributed by the sheep rubbing on posts or dropping tags of
wool containing pieces of scab, which on coming in contact with
other sheep soon cause an outbreak on them also, it can read-
ily be seen that the sources of infection are many, among which
can be enumerated the shipping of infected sheep in railroad
cars as one of the commonest methods of distribution, or per-
mitting healthy sheep to graze on a range on which scabby sheep
have been kept, or the exposure in any way of healthy sheep to
the eggs of the parasite, which are more to be dreaded than the
mite itself. The parasite itself cannot live for any length of
time away from the body of its host, and experiments have
shown that it will succumb after a period of from ten to fifteen
days, but its eggs, being almost indestructible owing to their
‘dense fibrous covering, will last indefinitely, and should the
sheep pick up any particle of wool or pieces of scab containing
these eggs it is only necessary for them to remain in contact with
the skin for a short period for them to hatch and become the foci
for new and disastrous outbreaks. Ranges when once infected
are not considered safe grazing grounds for the space of one year.
Pens when infected need to be thoroughly gone over with slaked
lime wash, with some parasiticide added to it, before they are
244 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

safe to hold sheep again. All railroad cars should be thor-
oughly cleaned and disinfected after having been used for the
transportation of sheep, especially is this necessary in the West,
where cars frequently are kept in use till the manure has ac-
cumulated to such an extent that it becomes almost impossible
to load sheep in them. These manure beds teem with the eggs
of the parasites, which are picked up by the sheep’s fleece, caus-
ing a wholesale infection of all exposed, thus carrying the dis-
ease from one district to another or from State to State, and m
many instances from the far West to the Atlantic seaboard.
There are few if any counties in the Western States and terri-
tories in which scabies is not constantly present, and it is
from these districts that the lambs are sold to be fitted by the
Eastern feeder for the spring market, which accounts for the
general distribution of this disease every fall and spring. While
at the time of sale and up to their arrival at the feeding grounds
they may appear perfectly clean and healthy, experience has
taught those who make a business of handling feeders that it is
a waste of time and feed to neglect dipping the lambs at once on
their arrival, and if possible before they go into the feeding pens,
as when this is delayed, as soon as the animal begins to get on
feed the scab is sure to break out, the disease then being almost
impossible to cure on account of the infection of the pens. The
writer, when sheep inspector at Fort Collins, Col., can remember
one season in particular when the lambs from New Mexico ap-
peared healthy on their arrival from that territory, but in a short
time scab developed in every flock of feeders in Larimer County,
and as there were 150,000 head on feed in fifty-five separate
flocks the reader can well understand the loss sustained by the
owners, some of whom were compelled to dip their flocks five
times in as many months, and then were only able to keep the
disease under control, but not eradicated. Had these sheep
 

 

Al Bad Case of Scabies, the affected area extending from the Crook around the Animal’s
Neck to the thumb of the Examiner. The Cuticle is much thickened and raw
with Pus in the Sub-cutancous Tissues,
246 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

been thoroughly dipped before shipping and then loaded on clean
and disinfected railroad cars, this trouble would have been
averted to a great extent, and one more dipping on their arrival
at the feed yards would have been all that was necessary to carry
them through till spring.

The mite causing common scab can easily be found at the
edges of the scabs, and can be studied by means of a low power
microscope, and so numerous are these parasites that one slide
will often reveal the adult mites, the six-legged young and many
eggs. Fall and winter are the seasons most favorable for the
spread of this disease, owing to the animals being congregated
together under sheds or in feeding lots, and the fleece at those
seasons being long, facilitates the propagation and vitality of the
parasites. In summer the change from dry food to green grass
appears to effect a certain influence antagnostic to the spread of
the scab, especially is this so after spring shearing. Seab if not
treated will eventually cause extreme debility and perhaps death,
owing to impoverishment of the blood and fatigue from loss
of rest and sleep, caused by the intense itching due to the pres-
ence of these pests. Where breeding ewes become affected with
scabies, there is great danger of abortion, and should this not
occur, the newly born lamb will be weak and feeble, predisposed
to sickness, and very hard to rear. Ewes not in lamb will sel-
dom conceive when affected with this disease, and when this
fact is taken into consideration, together with the depreciation
of the value of the wool clip, from double ended wool, and a
light fleece, it will readily be understood that the damages to
flock owners from this disease which is spread so universally
over the country, especially in the Western States, is enormous,
and that without exaggeration it must amount to several millions
of dollars yearly.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 247

Treatment.
Treatment for common scab is of two kinds:
(1). Dipping; where the animal is immersed in a watery
solution containing parasiticides, which while they destroy the
pests, are supposedly harmless to the sheep.

 

_An Aggravated Case of Scabies, showing the Subject Kicking with its foot and Work-
ing its Mouth in Response to a Little Additional Lrritation
from the Examiner,
(2). Hand dressing; which consists in the application of
some such substance as the mercury stone or turpentine and lard,
ete., which is rubbed on the affected parts. This method is only

practicable where few animals are to be treated.

‘

In all eases
248 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

where large flocks are infected, thorough dippings of all the sheep
is the only practicable method of combatting the disease.
Dipping.

Under this head we cannot do better than quote verbatim
some of the instructions given out by the Department of Agri-
culture in a bulletin lately issued dealing with the subject.

“(1). Select a dip containing sulphur. If a prepared ‘dip’
is used, which does not contain sulphur, it is always safer to add
about sixteen and one-half pounds of the sifted flour of sulphur
to every 100 gallons of water, especially if after dipping the
sheep have to be returned to their old pastures.

“(2). Shear all the sheep at one time, and immediately
after shearing confine them to one-half the farm for two to four
weeks. Many persons prefer to dip immediately after shearing.

“(3). At the end of this time dip every sheep (and every
goat also, if there is any on the farm).

“(4). Ten days later dip the entire flock the second time.

“(5). After the second dipping place the flock on the por-
tion of the farm from which they have been excluded during the
previous four or five weeks.

“(6). Keep each sheep in the dip for two minutes by the
watch, do not guess at the time, and duck its head at least once.

“(7). Be careful in dipping rams, as they are more likely
to be overcome in the dip than are the ewes.”

Be careful in making your choice of a dip. In these days,
when manufactured non-poisonous preparations are obtainable
there is no excuse for endangering the lives of the sheep, and not
them only, but those of the other live stock of the farm by using
poisonous compounds, especially those heavily charged with
arsenic. In regard to arsenical dips, the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, in the bulletin already quoted from, says:

There are both home-made arsenic dips and secret propric-
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 249

tary arsenical dips. It is well to use special precautions with
both, because of the danger connected with them. One of the
prominent manufacturers of dips, a firm which places on the
market both a powder arsenical dip and a liquid non-poisonous
dip, recently summarized the evils of arsenical dips in the fol-
lowing remarkable manner:

“The drawbacks to the use of arsenic may be summed up
somewhat as follows:

“(a) Its danger as a deadly poison.

“(b) Its drying effect on the wool.

“(e) Its weakening of the fibre of the wool in one particu-
lar part near the skin where it comes in contact with the tender
wool roots at the time of dipping.

“(d) Its not feeding the wool or stimulating the growth
or increasing the weight of the fleece as good oleaginous dips do.

“(e) The danger arising from the sheep pasturing, after
coming out of the bath where the wash may possibly have
dropped from the fleece, or where showers of rain, after the dip-
ping, have washed the dip out of the fleece on to the pasture.

“(f) Its occasionally throwing sheep off their feed for a
few days after dipping, and so prejudicing the condition of the
sheep.

“(g) Its frequent effect upon the skin of the sheep causing
excoriation, blistering and hardness, which stiffen and injure the
animal, sometimes resulting in death.”

“Although this manufacturer has gone farther in his attack
upon arsenic than this Bureau would have been inclined to do, it
must be remarked that when a manufacturer of such a dip can
not speak more highly of the chief ingredient of this compound
than this one has done in the above quotation, his remarks tend
to discredit dips based upon that ingredient.”
250 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

The extracts from the Bureau of Animal Industry concern-
ing the use of arsenic are fully endorsed by the majority of flock
owners.

Among the most popular agents used for dipping purposes
we find tobacco and carbolie acid; these two enter largely into
the composition of the most extensively used prepared dips.

Tobacco.

Is a very efficient agent for the destruction of the acari.
Its effects appear to last longer than those of the carbolic acid or
coal tar preparations. We find it as the base of some of the
most popular sheep dips. Home-made tobacco infusions, pre-
pared by boiling a certain quantity of the natural leaf in a given
amount of water, were formerly very popular with sheep owners,
but since manufactured extracts have been placed on the market
their extended use has largely been superceded by the prepared
article, which possesses the advantage of always being uniform
in strength and requiring only the admixture of warm water to
be ready for use.

Carbolic Acid.

Carbolic acid is also a reliable parasiticide. Many of the
cold water preparations are largely composed of this article mixed
with other ingredients, and presented to the public in such a
form as to make a perfect emulsion when mixed with water.

The Dipping Plant.

This consists of a trough or vat and catching and draining
pens. The vat is made either circular or straight. It should
be at least five and one-half feet deep, and not to exceed six
inches in width inside measure at the bottom, and twenty inches
in the clear at the top. Its length will depend on the number
of sheep intended to be dipped in it at any one time. For a dip-
ping plant with a capacity for 5,000 sheep per day the following
dimensions will be found satisfactory:
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 251

The Catching Pen.

This should connect with a large pen, made to hold 1,000
head of sheep, from which they are driven into the catching pen,
which is built as follows:

Its floor is raised eighteen inches above the ground, to be
on a level with the sides of the dipping vat, which project about
that distance above the ground; its size, to be convenient for
catching sheep, should not exceed twelve feet by twelve feet. A
gate is placed at the end communicating with the large pen, the
sides are boarded up for about three feet in height, an opening
two and one-half feet wide being left where the vat and pen join.

The Vat.

The vat should be at least fifty feet long, the other
dimensions the same as those previously given. It should be
built of two-inch grooved pine lumber, well leaded in the seams
when put together, to make it absolutely water-tight. It is sunk
in the ground to a depth of four feet, so that it projects not to
exceed eighteen inches above the ground; the sides should be tied
to beams sunk in the earth, level with the bottom of the vat, to
prevent the outside pressure causing the sides to bulge in and
make it too narrow. The end of the vat next to the catching
pen is made perpendicular, while the end leading to the drain-
ing pens is made to slant at an angle of forty-five degrees, with
strips nailed across to form a ladder for the sheep to climb out on.
Length of vat on surface fifty feet. Length at bottom forty
feet.

The draining pens are of great importance, as they effect a
large saving in dip. They should be built as per the illustra
tion, the plan being to build one large pen twenty feet by twenty
feet square, having a slope of one foot from back of floor to end
of vat, the sides sloping towards the center, with about six
inch pitch from side of pen to center. In the center is a gutter
 

Mammoth Sheep-Dipping Vat at the New York Central Stock Yards, Buffalo, N.Y. Length
of Swim in the clear 136 feet. Capacity 100 Sheep ata time. Beated by steam and with
all the latest improvements, making it by far the largest and best appointed
Dipping Plant in the Tnited States.
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 253

eight inches wide running the whole length from back of pen to
vat. The floor is made of matched flooring laid on rough two-
inch lumber. In center of pen, in a line with gutter, a division
‘fence is run, which forms two pens ten feet by twenty feet, a
swing gate being placed at end next vat, which when closing one

® 6
if

   

1. Draining pens, 2. Steps leading from vat to draining pen. 3. Showing di-
vision of draining pen. 4. Swing gate atentrance to pens. 5. Slats of bottom of pens,
leading from sides of pens to gutter in center. 6, Gates at exit of draining pens.

7. Runway back to ground.

pen leaves the other open, so that when one pen becomes filled
with sheep the gate is brought over, leaving the other opening
free. When this pen is filled, the sheep in first pen will have
been drained sufficiently, and the gate at rear of pen can be
opened to give them exit. By this means a continual stream of
sheep is kept passing through the pens.
254 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

The entire cost of a dipping plant of this size should not ex-
ceed $150, and is a very necessary investment for the successful
raising of sheep. In the Western States, where thousands of
sheep are fed for the Eastern markets, every feeder has a dipping
plant close to or adjoining his feeding pens, so that on the first
sign of scab the affected sheep can be immediately treated before
the disease obtains much headway; and even where a few sheep
only are kept, and those mostly for breeding purposes, a dipping
vat is an indispensable necessity. The flock should be dipped at
least once a vear and better twice to rid them of vermin, which
are the natural enemies of the sheep in its domesticated state.
Ticks, lice, ete., of which we shall treat later, are common pests
of sheep, and are best reached by thoroughly dipping the ani-
mals harboring them.

Rand Dressing for Scab.

This can only be satisfactorily carried out when the flock is
composed of a few animals. It consists in catching the affected
ones and pouring a strong solution of a prepared dip along the
middle of the back, first parting the fleece into a furrow, and
also in the arm pits and flanks, any affected part is also thorough-
ly saturated with the mixture. A mixture of lard and turpen-
tine, or coal oil and lard is frequently used for an application to
the affected patches. This, however, while effectual in killing
the parasites, leaves a dirty black mark in the fleece, which re-
mains for months, besides frequently so cauterizing the skin as to
cause it to slough, and in no way are the effects superior or
cheaper to an application of some standard preparation which by
reason of its mixing properties with water is easily applied and
does not leave any mark to show that it has been necessary to use
such an agent. It should be borne in mind that the pens in
which affected sheep have been kept are sources of contagion for
future outbreaks. When dipping sheep in feeding lots, the pens
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 255

should be thoroughly cleaned out, and the woodwork gone over
with a solution of lime, or the ooze from the vat may be used in-
stead, so that the pens are thoroughly disinfected before return-
ing the sheep to them. Should this not be done, the dipping of
the’ sheep is only palliative at the best, for as soon as the effects
of the dip leave the fleece the sheep will become re-infected
from their own surroundings.

Lime and sulphur has not been recommended here as a dip
for general use, az, in order for it to be serviceable it has to be
properly made, requiring much experience to be able to mix it
so that the effects will not be deleterious to the fleece. The
presence of lime in the mixture tends to harden the wool fibres,
making them brittle and dry, appearing to rob the fleece of its
natural yelk. While experimenters on a few head of sheep at
agricultural colleges claim that its use does not set the sheep
back or interfere greatly with their well being, it has been the
experience of large feeders that hot lime and sulphur dips cause
great damage, in some cases blinding the animals, and in all
eases putting them off their feed for fourteen days or longer,
which does not seem to be the case where some of the standard
preparations have been used.

Sheep Tick.” (Melopbagus Ovinus.) Linn.

A very common parasite of the sheep found generally
throughout the whole extent of the United States and Canada.
This parasite, while not nearly so destructive as that causing the
scab, produces sufficient damage to merit a study of its habits and
life-history. In appearance the sheep tick may be said to repre-
sent a greatly enlarged scab mite, with the exception of its being
minus suckers and feelers, and also only possesses six legs,
whereas the adult scab mite has eight. In length they are about
one-quarter of an inch, the body is short, broad, and tough. In
color it is ferruginous, its abdonien being a grevish brown,
256 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

irregularly mottled. The head is small and resembles that of
the common house fly in being disengaged from the thorax.
The legs and body are covered with minute fine hair. Its legs
are strong, each one being furnished with two strong, sharp
claws. The abdomen of the tick when filled with blood
from its host is immensely distended and transparent, the blood
being plainly visible through its texture. The male and female
differ from each other, the former being a little smaller than the

 

Adult Sheep Tick, 2. and Puparium, 2. (Melophagus.) Enlarged, after Osborn, 1896.

latter. The eggs laid by the female are flat, ovoid in appearance
and of a brownish color. They are nearly one-third the size of
the abdomen of the parent. The eggs arc laid one at a time,
and are covered with a sticky dark material, securely fastening
them to the wool fibres. When mature the embryo emerges
through an opening in one end of the shell made by the splitting
outwards of a portion of it, resembling a lid to a box, the young
insect being an exact counterpart of its progenitors, and not
having to pass through any intermediate stage of development,
so generally the case in the reproduction of parasitic life. The
life of the parasite is wholly spent on the body of its host. A
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 257

sheep infested with ticks, is a source of infection for the whole
flock. A sheep freed from ticks can only again become infected
with them by contact with other sheep harboring the parasite.

Symptoms.

The severity of the symptoms depends to a great extent on
the number of parasites infesting the sheep. While a few will
cause the animal but a trifling annoyance, in a short time they
increase to such numbers that they cause an intense irritation
and restlessness, interferring greatly with the well-being of the
sheep. Lambs particularly (owing to their tender skin) suffer
from these pests, being especially noticeable after shearing.
Animals harboring a large number of ticks will scratch and pull
the wool, the condition being easily differentiated from scab,
however, as a casual examination will reveal the ticks.

Treatment.

The best method is to dip the whole flock, and the best time
is directly after shearing. One thorough dipping in any prepar-
ation used for scabies will be sufficient to destroy all the live
ticks, but as some of the nits are sure to be left in the fleece, it is
good policy to repeat the dipping in two or three weeks time.

Sheep should not be turned into the old pastures until two
or three weeks after dipping. This allows a sufficient time for
the death of whatever ticks may have been dropped on the
ground. In fact it is a good plan to disinfect and clean out the
sheep-pens on the farm at least once g year. Many ticks will be
destroyed if this is carried out. Before introducing fresh mem-
bers to the flock they should always be dipped. This is a useful
precaution, and if taken will often prevent the spread of this class
of parasitic diseases. These parasites being easily destroyed, the
flock-owner should experience but slight difficulty in keeping his
sheep free of the same.
258 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Lice.

These parasites are frequently found attacking sheep. In
appearance the sheep-louse resembles closely the common dog-
louse. In length it is about one twenty-fifth of an inch, the
female being slightly larger than the male; its general color is
white, with the exception of the head, which is a reddish-brown.

 

Sheep Louse—female. (Trichocepbalus Sphoerocephalus.)

é,autenna. c,d, dorsal and side view of leg, enlarged.
(After Osborn, 1896.)

Their life-history resembles that of the sheep-tick; the adults
lay their eggs at the base of the wool fibres, to which they are
adherent by a sticky glutinous material. The eggs hatch out in
the wool, the young louse emerging by pushing up a lid-like
contrivance of the shell. They are often found in large numbers
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 259

associated with scab. Their favored locations appear to be the
inner part of the thigh and sides of the neck.

Their presence on the sheep produces considerable discom-
fort, a thickening of the skin, which becomes rough and covered
with dry blackened scales, the wool becoming dry, brittle, and
lifeless, giving the sheep an appearance of being out of condition
generally. Sheep harboring lice will rub against posts and nib-
ble at their flanks, frequently scratching the elbows with the
hind feet. When affected sheep le in the sun, the parasites
strike for the outside of the fleece, a careful examination reveal-
ing multitudes of small brown parasites.

Treatment.

A thorough dipping or a. dressing with a preparation of
sulphur will quickly rid the sheep of this form of parasite.

The fly. (Lucellia Marcellaria.)

This insect is the chief cause of maggot in sheep in the
United States. It, according to Neumann, “measures from one-
third of an inch to half an inch in length, and is recognized by
its blue thorax, streaked with the darker blue bands of a purple
tint; the pads are black, and the wings brown at the base. The
larva measure from one-half to five-eighths of an inch in length.
This fly is met with over a great portion of America, from the
North of the United States to the Argentine Republic.” The
fly deposits its eggs on the wool, the larvae living on the yolk,
the most favored location being the base of the tail, especially
should the animal be suffering from diarrhoea or dysentery,
then all parts contaminated with the discharge are attacked by
the fly. Any sores, such as those caused from fighting in rams
or wounds and abrasions of any kind, are liable to attack during
the fly season. As soon as the eggs hatch the larvae or maggots,
as they are termed, begin to burrow into the tissues, causing
260 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

great pain and distress. The sheep shakes its tail, will bite itself,
is very restless; or the reverse may be the case; it may stand with
its head down, leave the rest of the flock, and have a listless, de-
jected appearance; the wool at the parts attacked by maggots is
raised and rough. An examination of the affected sheep will re-
veal numbers of whitish maggots attacking the sore spots.
Should the animal not receive any treatment, diarrhoea sets in as
a complication, due to the enfeebled state of the animal’s system,
followed by marasmus and death.

Treatment,

Take flowers of sulphur and benzoated lard, equal parts,
and apply to the sore surfaces. Oil of tar applied to the diseased
parts will quickly destroy the maggots and prevent fresh attacks
from the fly. The fleece should be cut away exposing the whole
surface of the sore before applying the tar. A few drops of fish
oil sprinkled on the fleece will protect the sheep against the fly
for a whole season, but owing to its very unpleasant smell and its
injury to the fleece, due to its lasting properties, it is not advis-
able to use this agent.
CHAPTER XVI.

Specific Diseases,

Are those which arise from a certain germ or poison, which
being introduced into the system produces the same disease as
that affecting the subject from which the germ or poison origin-
ated. For instance, tuberculosis (consumption) was proven by
Koch to be due to the presence in the tissues of the body of a
rod-shaped micro-organism, termed by him the bacillus tuber-
culosis. He also proved that tuberculosis did not exist without
the presence of this special bacillus, and that the introduction of
these baccilli into healthy subjects produced tuberculosis and no
other disease. This also holds good for all specific diseases.
Every specific disease has its specific germ, which if introduced
into the animal economy through some channel (by the mouth,
inoculation, respired air, ete.,) and finding suitable surroundings
to develop in, quickly reproduces itself and poisons the blood
either by direct destruction of the red blood corpuscles or by pro-
ducing an alteration of the normal blood ecnstituents, which soon
causes the death of the affected subject; and vice versa, should
the system be strong enough to overcome the freshly introduced
germs, the surroundings not being suitable for their reproduction
and development, they soon perish, in many cases without affect-
ing any constitutional disturbance.

Germs, then, are the cause of all specific diseases, and the
question arises, what are germs? They are vegetable micro-
organisms, rounded, ovoid, or spiral in shape, which possess the
property of reproducing themselves in the animal economy.
Their waste products termed the ptomaines being chiefly re-
sponsible for the damage and destruction they cause. They are
262 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

divided into many classes and sub-classes, which it would be im-
possible to enumerate in this work, it being sufficient to say that
the rod-shaped germs are called bacilli (rods), the ovoid ones are
called cocci, generally termed micro-cocci, on account of their
being microscopical in size, and the corkscrew-shaped ones are
termed spirilla. Rod-shaped germs (bacilli) possess the prop-
erty of reproducing themselves by fission, which is a breaking in
two of the rod, each rod forming then two germs, and also by the
formation of spores. These are roundish, clear bodies, which
appear in the centers of the bacilli, and which also possess the
property of forming bacilli, should they find suitable media and
conditions for growth. It can be readily understood that these
minute organisms are capable of indefinite and rapid multiplica-
tion, which accounts for the short and virulent course of many
diseases of this particular class.

Anthrax fever. Braxy.

This is one of the most widespread diseases, its presence
being recorded in all parts of the world occupied by animal life,
and at the same time it is a very dangerous affection and highly
contagious. With few exceptions all warm-blooded animals are
subject to its attacks and the poison from dead carcasses, con-
taminating rivers and streams has been asserted to be a prolific
cause for the mysterious deaths of numbers of fish.

We find that it is strictly a specific disease due to a specific
germ, and that although in different countries and kinds of ani-
mals it is known under different names, still it is one and the
same affection, due to one and the same cause. For instance, in
the human family we find it occurring as wool-sorters’ disease, or
malignant pustule. In cattle it is termed anthrax fever, splenic
apoplexy, also milzbrand in Germany and charbon in France.
In the horse it has various'names, depending on the locality in
which it occurs. In East India it is known as loodiana disease,
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 263

and in Africa as horse sickness. While in the sheep it is gener-
ally called braxy, but is also known as Cumberland disease (Aus-
tralia), or great head (North England), or typhus, ete., ete.

But as occurring in all animals it is strictly correct to term
it anthrax, as in all cases it is due to the presence in the system
of a rod-shaped, spore-bearing bacillus, termed the Bacillus An-
thracis. The history of anthrax is very interesting, dating back
as it does to the remote past. A reference is supposed to be
made to this disease in the Bible, Exodus, Chap. ix: “Boils
which came forth as blains, upon man and upon beast through-
out Egypt,” one of the plagues of Egypt. Ancient Latin and
Greek records describe its appearance about the time of the
seige of Troy, and in 1617 at Naples, in Italy, 60,000 persons
are supposed to have perished from eating the flesh of anthra-
coid animals.

In France its ravages have been severely felt. In the latter
part of the century, it assumed a most virulent form, all
kinds of domesticated animals succumbing to its attacks, and to
the investigation of a Frenchman, the celebrated Pasteur, is due
the recognized preventive treatment, namely, the inoculation
of healthy animals with an attenuated virus of the disease,
which renders them forever after immune to its attacks.

In the sheep as well as in cattle a condition is met with
which simulates anthrax. This is called black-leg, quarter-ill,
etc., and while this is a very serious affection, its virulence is not
to be compared with anthrax proper; in fact it is not due to the
“bacillus anthracis,” but to another form of micro-organism.

Diseases which are specific in character and similar to
anthrax, are classed generally as anthracoid. They are not due
to the anthrax bacillus and must not be confounded with that

disease.
264 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

Cause of Anthrax.

Certain influences seem to favor the development of the
disease. It is found to be more prevalent in the early fall when
the days are hot and the nights cold. Sudden changes in the
weather are frequently attended by an outbreak of anthrax;
humid weather, if associated with fogs, being especially liable to
cause its development. Pastures bordering on rivers and streams,
which are submerged at certain seasons of the year, frequently
abound with anthrax infection, presumed to be carried there by
the floods, which bring the germ from other localities where
animals have succumbed to the disease. Hay from infected
fields is liable to produce the disease, the spores having become
attached to the blades of grass, only wait a suitable time and
media for their development. Flies also spread the contagium
by carrying the bacteria in their systems, and while resisting the
influence of the virus themselves, they inoculate other animals
with the germs, with disastrous effects. Dietetic errors seem to
predispose the system to attacks from this disease, particularly
is this noticeable in changing from poor to highly nutritious
foodstuffs, especially if the same contain a high percentage of
nitrogen. A plethoric condition is extremely favorable to the
development of the anthrax bacillus, which would account for
the fattest sheep in the flock generally being the first to suffer,
especially those which have been thriving rapidly. It is also no-
ticeable that the disease is very liable to break out after moving
the flock from a poor to a rich pasture. Sheep on high feed pre-
paratory to slaughter also frequently succumb to this complaint.
Grazing animals on pastures or ranges, where deaths have previ-
ously occurred from anthrax, is also a prolific cause of the
trouble.

Symptoms.

Anthrax fever is more particularly marked by its lack of
diagnostic ante-mortem symptoms, deductions being drawn from
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 265

the circumstances surrounding the affected sheep. Sudden and
inexplicable deaths of several sheep of a flock, which have sud-
denly been attacked by convulsions, rapidly terminating in
death, the animals, prior to the seizure having been in a healthy
condition, should cause the sheep-owner to at once suspect
anthrax as the cause. Then if a careful watch is kept on the
flock, some premonitory symptoms may be observed. A sheep
here and there will be noticed to be off its feed. On examining
the same, the mucous membranes will be found congested; the
animal appears stiff, especially about the head and neck; it
moves with a sort of stiff gait, or it may be dull, and refuses to
keep up with the flock, and if made to move will stagger and
appear dizzy. Where the disease runs a comparatively slow
course the patient will be feverish, appetite lost, appears dull,
leaves the flock, the head hangs down, and the ears cold to touch
and pendulous; the sheep is stupid and at times delirious, fre-
quently tries to urinate, the material passed being scanty and
brown-colored, the animal les down almost all the time, is con-
stipated, apoplectic symptoms supervene, speedily followed by
death. Associated with the above symptoms will frequently be
noticed a discharge of mucus streaked with blood from one or
both nostrils, the faecal matter also containing quantities of a
blood-colored fluid; the carcass may swell, more especially the
head and legs; the swellings emit a crackling sound when
pressed by the hand, due to the presence of gases under the skin
(a sign of mortification of the tissues). On the inside of the
mouth patches on the mucous membrane are often present.
These exhibit a light violet color. Twitching of the muscles and
effusions of a bloody serum between the skin and carcass, more
particularly in the region of the shoulders and neck, generally
take place just prior to death. When anthrax attacks a flock of
sheep it will be noticeable that a very few, possibly 1 per cent.
of those contracting the disease, make a recovery. This fact
266 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

alone should cause an observer to suspect anthrax in an outbreak
of the above character. It will also be noticed that the fat sheep
are the first ones to succumb and are also the first to be attacked
by the disease. The sheep-owner must be a careful observer of
conditions leading to sickness in his flock to be able to satisfac-
torily diagnose and differentiate disease, and in cases where his
intelligence appears to him to be at fault before the majority of
the animals are destroyed, a professional man of known ability
«should be called in who can readily tell by microscopical exam-
ination of the blood from the dead animals whether or not
anthrax is the disease affecting the flock. As in almost all cases
an outbreak of anthrax ean be checked by moving the whole flock
to an entirely new locality and vaccinating the healthy members
with Pasteur’s Anthrax Vaccine.

Treatment.

In all cases of anthrax is only preventive, the disease run-
ning such a rapid course, the subject frequently dying before
even showing signs of sickness, medicinal agents cannot be used
with any hope of success. The matter of first importance is to
find out whether the complaint causing destruction to the flock
is anthrax or not. Should it be this disease, the sheep should
immediately be moved to different pastures or ranges, and Pas-
teur’s method of inoculation used on all the healthy members of
the flock. This consists in the injection under the skin of the
hind leg of an attenuated virus of the disease, which has to be
specially prepared, and is obtained from the Pasteur laboratory
in Paris, France, agencies for which exist all over the civilized
world. Sheep when once treated with the anthrax virus are
immune to the disease for the balance of their lives. This pro-
cess is extensively carried on in European countries, and has been
introduced in America with good results.

In Europe thousands of cattle as well as sheep are sub-
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 267

jected to vaccination, with the result that the losses in those
countries practicing this method have been steadily reduced
year by year. The sheep-owner must exhibit great caution in
the handling of animals which have died or are suffering from
this disease, as malignant pustule in man results from the inocu-
lation of anthrax blood into his system by the slightest wound or
abrasion of the skin, a pin scratch having been known to produce
the disease. Steele says: “A case is recorded of a shepherd, in
bleeding a braxy sheep, getting a drop of blood in his eye, not
washing it out, and dying from anthrax in three days.”

Then again woolsorters’ disease is caused by the inhalation
of powdered anthrax material from the wool of diseased sheep.
The flesh of animals which have succumbed to this disease is ex-
tremely dangerous, and has proven fatal to pigs and dogs. So
in all cases the carcasses should be burned without skinning, or
buried to a depth of at least six feet, the carcass being thickly
covered with quick lime.

The after-death appearances of an anthrax carcass will re-
veal the following: Liquid bloody effusions directly under the
skin, the blood in the arteries and veins is black and does not
coagulate, red spots will be noticeable on the peritoneum cover-
ing the bowels, and on the kidney capsules, effusions of blood will
be found in the stomachs and bowels, the spleen is greatly en-
larged, and the trabeculae (partitions) on its inside are broken
down, so that by holding it wp by one end its contents will gravi-
tate to the other. This condition is not present in any other
disease, and is of itself diagnostic of the complaint. The liver is
also enlarged, and the urine in the bladder appears to be mixed
with blood.

Black-Leg; Quarter-Ill.

Scientifically termed emphysema infectuosum and haema-
tosepsis. This is an anthracoid disease, due to a germ which,
268 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

while being distinctly different to the anthrax bacillus, causes
symptoms which simulate those of that disease. It is a very
fatal affection, but does not spread so rapidly throughout a flock
as anthrax fever. Like anthrax, it generally selects the fattest
and best feeders in the flock for its victims. The disease runs a
rapid course, and a very small percentage of the affected animals
make a recovery. It is due to the introduction in the system of
a vegetable micro-organism, which in size is slightly larger than
the bacillus anthracis. It appears to localize itself in certain
parts of the system, being present in the effusion of the affected
quarter, but is absent in the spleen. Its methods of infection are
very similar to those of anthrax. Low-lying pastures and
grounds bordering on streams seem to be fertile localities for
harboring the germs. The soil on which black-leg patients have
died abounds with the bacilli, the grass on these spots generally
growing very rank from the fertilizing effect of the carcass, and
is eaten by the best feeders of the flock, which are not so par-
ticular about their diet as those which do not feed so heartily,
the consequence being that they become inoculated with the
germs of the disease, which develop with fatal effect. This in
part accounts for the fact that the fattest animals generally are
the first to be attacked, their plethoric condition also favoring
the rapid multiplication of the germs. It is a common dis-
ease of both cattle and sheep, generaly seeming to prefer the
young, immature members of the herd or flock, but older animals
are not immune.
Symptoms.

The sheep is noticed to be dull, off its feed, found lying
down. If the disease has not progressd so far as to prevent the
animal from getting up, it will be slow in its movements and
very lame, either in front or behind, depending as to whether
the fore or hind quarters are attacked. If the animal is down
and unable to rise, an examination will reveal swelling of a fore
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 269,

or hind quarter, generally the latter. The swelling is emphy-
sematous (air in tissues under the skin), and on passing the hand
over it emits a crackling sound; it feels bloated to the touch,
which is due to the rapid mortification and death of the part,
taking place even before the death of the animal. The skin
is bluish in color. The symptoms resemble so closely those of
anthrax that it is only of late years the difference has been
recognized, it being satisfactorily proven by comparing the
bacilli of the two diseases and noting their different character-
istics.
Treatment.

Like anthrax, the medicinal treatment of black-leg animals
does not recommend itself to our notice, the germs having gained
access to the system, produce such grave and rapid tissue changes
that no amount of dosing could be expected to restore normal
conditions. Such being the case preventive treatment is relied
on, and can be as satisfactorily administered as that used for
anthrax fever. The Pasteur method of vaccination is used to
this end, and ‘has proved itself remarkably successful. It has
been in vogue many years on the continent of Europe, and has
been extensively used in large cattle herds throughout the West-
ern States. It offers the same advantages for use in sheep, and
is a subject well worthy of the attention of the flock-owner.
Carcasses of black-leg subjects should be burned or buried with
quick lime. Infected pastures should be quarantined and thor-
oughly dressed with lime. When the members of a flock com-
mence to die from black-leg, the rest should immediately be
moved to fresh grazing grounds. Should this be done and the
healthy members of the flock vaccinated in the majority of cases
the death-rate will cease as suddenly as it commenced.
270 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

foot and Mouth Disease; also called Infectious Hphtha, or
Eezema Epizootica.

This is a specific eruptive fever, which not only affects
sheep but cattle, pigs, dogs, poultry and occasionally the
human family. There have been repeated outbreaks of this
disease in Europe, its history being almost as ancient as that of
anthrax. England first experienced its attack in 1839, the first
appearance on the American Continent being about ten years
later. It is a highly contagious affection, evidenced by pustules
in the mouth, mostly on the dental pad, and around the coronets
just above the hoofs, and in the clefts of the digits, these pus-
tules rapidly forming angry sores which extend their circumfer-
ences and tend to coalesce.

It is supposedly caused by a micro-coccus, although the
germ of this particular malady has never been isolated, but that
such a germ exists is beyond a matter of doubt, all the character-
istics tending to prove that the disease is specific in origin. The
infection is contained in the saliva and excretions. It can be
carried from animal to animal by the attendant. The excretions
from the sores, also containing the contagium, accounts for the
wholesale infection of pastures and the wide distribution of
this disease. Dogs may carry the virus on their feet from one
district to another, as also beyond a doubt do rabbits and other
animals. An instance is recorded by Williams where the virus
was evidently distributed by a shepherd, whose clothes had be-
come infected a year prior to the outbreak of the disease. This
appears doubtful, however. The period of inoculation is short
—from twenty-four hours to six days. The disease usually runs
a benign course, the mortality being light. One attack does not
confer immunity against subsequent ones.

Symptoms.

The course of this disease is divided into four stages.
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 271

(1) In which fever, alternated with shivering fits, will be
noticed; the pulse is rapid and the temperature high. The sheep
appears dull; its nose is dry; the head feels hot; and in ewes
suckling lambs, the milk secretion ceases. The urine is scanty,
and sometimes slavering from the mouth is noticeable. This
stage may last two or three days, then the second commences.

(2) Vesicular eruptions appear on different parts of the
body; the feet become swollen, the sheep being very lame.
(This is often mistaken for foot-rot.) The vesicles are noticeable
around the coronets, between the digits (toes), on the vulva if a
female, and also on the teats, and in some instances, rarely how-
ever in sheep, in the mouth on the dental pad. When the
mouth is affected, the saliva flows from it freely, the appetite is
good, the inability to eat being due to the sore mouth and not to
constitutional disturbance.

(3) The vesicles break and discharge; ulceration com-
mences, the ulcerous patches having a tendency to extend and
coalesce. Extensive sloughing of the skin above the hoofs fre-
quently takes place, the sheep kneeling to eat, and also moving
on its knees. In severe cases the sloughing extends into the
joints, causing open-joint—a very serious and dangerous condi-
tion. The duration of this stage is from a few days to perhaps
two weeks, then being followed by the fourth.

(4) The ulcers dry up, desication taking place; the sore-
ness leaves the mouth, the animal eats well, exhibiting a good
appetite, recovery being rapid and satisfactory.

Treatment.

Medicinal treatment is of little avail, the disease running a
regular course. Foot baths are, however, especially beneficial
to sheep, as they suffer more in this complaint from foot soreness
than other animals.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.

wo
=
w

To administer this shallow troughs are made with fences at
the side, and the sheep compelled to walk through them, the
medicinal agents being mixed with water in the troughs. For
this the following will be useful:

Take. Sulphate of zinc..... 0.0.0.0 .0 000 2 Ibs.
Acetate of lead..............006. 24 Ibs.
Carbolie acid erystals........... 8 ounces
Water evs sam ca one ny eeaeaeres 10 gallons

Mix thoroughly, pour into trough and compel the affected
animals to walk through it once or twice daily, and care should
be taken that lame sheep immerse each foot, as they are apt to
hop through on three legs. This mixture must be stirred thor-
oughly before passing sheep through it.

Tuberculosis—Consumption.

This is a rare affection of sheep, and while tabies
mesenterica has frequently been reported as present in post-
mortem, we must believe that it has been confounded with
nodular disease of the intestines, due to the oesophagostoma
Columbianum, a very prevalent condition, which is described in
the chapter on internal parasites.

Walley, in his work, “The Four Bovine Scourges,” writing
concerning tubercle, says as follows:

“Species of animal: The bovine tribe is pre-eminently
disposed, equally so indeed with man. Next in order comes the
common rabbit, which animals in some districts are almost anni-
hilated by the disease; the pig is very prone to tubercle, as are
also poultry, our feathered household pets, and under certain cir-
cumstances, game birds. I have even seen it in the rook, though
it is curious that the palmapedes are exempt from it. Tubercle
is rarely seen in the sheep, cat or dog.”
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 273

Many conditions have been asserted to be due to tubercular
infection, and are sadly lacking in procf.

Where the disease is suspected, a subcutaneous injection of
tuberculin would readily facilitate a correct diagnosis.

Sheep Pox. Variola Ovina.

This is a very destructive and dangerous disease which fre-
quently breaks out among sheep on the European Continent,
but which has up to the present time been unknown in the
hemispheres of the New World. The reason for this is due to
its short period of incubation. Even should infected sheep be
shipped across the Atlantic, the disease would break out while they
were on shipboard, which would, owing to the excellent meth-
ods of inspection and quarantine of imported animals, debar them
from becoming a source of danger to the flocks of this country.
Should, however, the time ever arise when cattle-boats would
make the trip at the same rate of speed made by the present
liners the dangers of introduction of this disease would be in-
creased considerably and would call for extraordinary efforts on
the part of the authorities to overcome the same.

Causes.

Beyond a doubt this is a specific disease, although the
special contagium or germ responsible for its appearance has not
yet. been satisfactorily demonstrated. It is a highly contagious
affection, and all conditions, such as overcrowding, cold, damp
spells of weather, or any such causes which facilitate the spread
of other contagious affections, hold good for this disease also.
The stage of incubation when arising from natural infection and
not expertmental inoculation is computed by Prof. Simonds to be
from nine to twelve days. The disease may be carried from one
locality to another on the clothes of persons who have been in
contact with diseased sheep. The contagium contained in the
274 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

discharge of the sores on becoming dried and powdered up is
carried by the wind and distributed over large areas, the virus of
this disease appearing many times more volatile than that of the
majority of the contagious affections to which the sheep are
liable.

Symptoms.

The first apparent symptom is the presence of nodules which
seem to be deeply imbedded in the skin. ‘These are reddish in
color and are more particularly noticeable on those parts not
thickly covered with fleece, as the inside of the thighs and arm-
pits, the prepuce of the ram, lips of the vagina in the ewe, and
the under surface of the tail. The papillae enlarge and coalesce,
and the animal is feverish from the first commencement of the
attack. The red elevations enlarge in size, rising considerably
higher than the surrounding skin; liquid forms under them;
their centers become transparent and finally turbid; the liquid
in the vesicles dries up, forming scabs which are desquamated,
the under-lying part ‘healing and gradually assuming its normal
condition.

In the malignant form it frequently does not produce typi-
cal vesicles, but destroys the sheep from blood-poisoning. In
this case the skin cracks in fissures, the nostrils become filled with
foetid pus, and the animal soon succumbs to the disease.

Treatment.

Consists in separating the healthy sheep from the sick and
establishing a rigid quarantine. Keep sick animals in as cleanlv
condition as possible; the nostrils should be frequently syringed
out to prevent the accumulation of pus, which would be liable to
cause suffocation. Give the sheep good shelter and keep them
warm, and should they desire to eat, feed nourishing, easily-
digestible foods. Medicines do not effect much benefit, the
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 275

disease running a regular course, and should only be used to com-
bat special conditions, such as diarrhoea or excessive rises in
temperature.

Rabies, Madness, Hydrophobia.

The earliest writers described this most fatal affection.
Regarding it Mr. George Fleming, in his work dealing on the
subject, states as follows:

“Tts great antiquity is undoubted. Plutarch asserts that ac-
cording to Athenodorus, it was first observed in mankind in the
days of the Asclepiadae, the descendants of the god of medicine,
Aesculapius, by his sons Podalirius and Mechaon who spread
through Greece and Asia Minor, as an order of priests, prophets
and physicians, preserving the results of the medicine experi-
ence acquired in the temples as a hereditarv sect. They were
the earliest physicians known to us, and it is not unlikely that
they may have been the first to observe the madness of dogs
transmitted to man.” The contagion seems to chiefly reside in
the saliva, the infection being transmitted from animal to animal
and also to man by a bite from an affected subject. It is un-
doubtedly a specifie disease due to a specific germ, although up
to the present time, notwithstanding careful investigation, the
germ has not yet been isolated. It is important, so far as sheep
are concerned, on account of their association with dogs, these
animals seeming to be more susceptible to this particular trouble
than any other species.

Rabies is only transmissible by direct inoculation with the
saliva from an affected patient. The deposition of the virulent
saliva on an abraded surface will as readily produce the disease
as a bite from an affected animal. This should be borne in mind
when handling sheep which may have been bitten by a sup-
posedly rabid animal.
276 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

The period of incubation varies considerably in the differ-
ent species of animal, the shortest recorded in the dog being
seven days, the longest 155 days, while in sheep the disease
is liable to develop any time between fourteen days to eight

months.
Symptoms.

i

The sheep will appear restless, evidenccs a desire for sexual
intercourse, is off its feed and rapidly runs down in flesh, soon be-
coming dull, a state of stupor developing. This is followed by a
state of great excitement. The sheep shows a desire to attack
whatever comes in its way, butting with its head to such an ex-
tent and with such violence as to produce severe injury, being
oblivious, however, to any pain. <A frothy saliva dribbles from
the mouth, the appetite is depraved, and rumination is suspended
from the commencement of the disease.

The sheep now manifests a desire to nibble and bite both
animate and inanimate objects; does not appear to dread water,
but is unable to swallow liquids. Muscular tremblings will be
observed, accompanied by rapid and shallow breathing; the seat
of inoculation appears to cause pain, evidenced by the sheep biting
and pulling the wool from the part. The violent symptoms are
quickly followed by paralysis of the hind extremities; coma sets
in, death usually taking place between the sixth and eighth day
after the first apparent symptoms of disease were noticeable.

Treatment.

After the disease has once manifested itself medicinal treat-
ment will be devoid of beneficial results. Where several sheep
in a flock have been known to be bitten by a dog, supposed to be
rabid, they should be separated from the flock and kept apart
from all the other animals for at least three months. If rabies
does not develop in that time it would be safe to infer that they
had not been inoculated.
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 277

As a preventive, bitten animals should have the wourds
eauterized, actual cautery being preferable to the application of
nitrate of silver or caustic potash. Where a rabid dog has run
amuck in a flock of sheep the only safe procedure is to shear the
whole flock, carefully examining each animal and cauterizing all
the wounds which may have been inflicted.

Post-Mortem Appearance.

The fourth stomach contains a dark brown colored slime;
portions of the brain and spinal cord are congested; there ap-
pears to be a breaking down or softening of the brain substance
and meninges, particularly at the base of the brain. The blad-
der is usually empty, its mucous lining being covered with
petechiae (spots). The lungs are congested, the capillary blood
vessels being distended with a tarry, imperfectly coagulated
blood. The spleen, liver, and kidneys coated with red spots, due
to the capillary extravasation.

Symptoms of Rabies in the Dog.

As the dog is generally the agent in disseminating the virus
of the disease, it willbe appropriate here to describe the symptoms
as they appear in that animal; which will act as a guide for the
flock-owner in determining as to whether his flock has been ex-
posed to the infection of rabies, or subjected to the bites of a
naturally vicious animal.

The first noticeable symptoms of rabies in the dog is a
seared appearance; the animal is inclined to hide and will howl
frequently; it appears to be very thirsty and endeavors to lap
water, but is unable to swallow it, probably due to muscular
paralysis of the throat; it will exhibit a depraved appetite, de-
vouring excreta, sticks, earth and small stones; delirium sets in;
a desire to gnaw is noticeable; the dog will bite frequently, often
sitting up and snapping at the air. A ropy saliva flows from
the mouth; the animal attacks everything in its path. Where a
278 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

dog attacks a flock of sheep, inflicting bites on a number without
trying to kill outright any of them, it at once becomes an object
of suspicion, such an animal should not be destroyed, (that is to
say, if it can be caught and confined without anyone being ex-
posed to its attack), as, if rabid, the disease will run its course in
a short time, four to eight days, after which there is still time to
apply preventative treatment to the sheep, rabies not being liable
to make its appearance among them for twenty days after
inoculation. Where a dog has been found annoying sheep and
is killed, a post mortem examination of its stomach will material-
ly facilitate a diagnosis. If rabid, the stomach will contain rub-
bish, such as sticks, stones, etc. This can be relied on as diag-
nostic.

Dogs which foam at the mouth and have fits are not rabid,
and no danger is to be apprehended from them, even though
they should inflict bites during the period of the fit.

Tetanus—Lock Jaw.

Is a condition caused by the direct inoculation with a germ
ealled the bacillus tetani. It is decidedly a specific disease, and
in no manner can it be said ever to arise spontaneously. Wounds
and abrasions of the skin are very liable to be the channel
through which the contagion gains access to the system. The
germ of tetanus is of the character called anaerobic, meaning
that it develops only in media free from oxygen; hence we find
that slight wounds, especially punctures which tend to heal and
close up imindiately after infliction, so excluding the oxygen of
the air, are the most prone to be followed by tetanus. The germ
appears to be present very generaily in the soil, and only awaits
the opportunity to gain entrance into the animal economy to de-
velop and multiply with the most disastrous results to its host.
Where cases are noticed arising without any apparent cause, it
would be possible for the subject to have become inoculated
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 279

through an abrasion in the mucous membrane of the alimentary
canal, the germ having been taken into the system with the food.
That form of nervous affection, arising after exposure to cold
storms or the hot sun, in which many sheep become affected
simultaneously, cannot be said to be tetanus proper, but rather
a condition of innervation, accompanied with tetanic spasms, as
a result of the perverted nervous functions. This condition is
not nearly so fatal as tetanus proper, and will frequently yield
to treatment.

Rams, when castrated, are liable to develop tetanus; sheep,
after shearing, have also been known to suffer from this disease.
It is also met: with as a sequel to parturition, in which event
metritis, (inflammation of the womb), is always present.

Symptoms.

First signs of this disorder are a stiffness of the head and
neck, involuntary twitchings of the superficial muscles of the
face; the animal grinds its teeth; the jaws in a short time become
rigid; the whole carcass becomes affected, the muscles of the
neck especially become hard and knotty; the neck is curved,
drawing the nose out straight, pointing, if anything, slightly up-
wards; the limbs become stiff. The condition of rigidity is sub-
ject to periods of excitability, during which the patient is thrown
into convulsions, the rigidity being more marked and severe
following each period of convulsion. The disease in sheep tends
to run a rapid course, generally terminating fatally in from ten
to twenty-four hours after the seizure.

Creatment.

If due to wound infection or following castration, wash out
the wound with a strong antiseptic wash—five per cent. watery
solution of carbolic acid, or a one to 1000 solution of corrosive
sublimate. In all these cases give the wound plenty of air en-
larging the cut if necessary.
280 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

The sick animal should be kept in warm quarters, and if
the disease has been detected in the early stages, a full dose of
Epsom salts is to be recommended, followed by such drugs as
have a sedative action on the nervous system, such as potassium
bromide, chloral hydrate, ete.

As seen in ewes following parturition it is almost always
fatal—in fact this disease is a most intractable and unsatisfactory
one to treat—a small percentage of cases making a perfect recoy-
ery. Where sheep have suffered from tetanus and have been
destroyed, they should not be used for human consumption. In-
jections of tetanus anti-toxin are reported as being very success-
ful in treating this disease in the human subject, and in case of a
valuable animal becoming stricken, its use on sheep would be
justifiable.

Erysipelas.

This is a contagious and malignant affection of the skin, due
to the introduction of a germ known as the streptococcus erysipe-
latis, which on gaining access to wounds and abrasions of the
cuticle is responsible for a deep-seated inflammation, which not
only attacks the epidermis, but is prone to penetrate and involve
the sub-cutaneous structures.

Sheep frequently suffer from this disease, it being often ob-
serve after shearing, where the cuticle has been injured, or fol-
lowing any and all classes of wounds. Malignant metritis of
ewes, following lambing, is frequently due to inoculation with
erysipelas streptococci. The period of incubation is from fifteen
to sixty hours.

Symptoms.

First recognize a tense, hard swelling of the skin, which is
very painful to the touch; the sheep exhibits symptoms of fever.
In parting the fleece, and carefully examining the skin, numer-
ous small blisters will be found, which contain a reddish, watery
SPECIFIC DISEASES. 281

serosity The affected part may at first be small in diameter,
but exhibits a tendency to enlarge by constantly increasing its
circumference. The line of demarkation between the healthy
and affected part is well defined, the affected portion being of
such a deep red, inflamed appearance, and spreading so quickly
as to have merited the popular name of “wild-fire,” especially
appropriate when occurring in the epizootic form, when it at-
tacks numbers of sheep in a flock or district almost simultaneous-
ly, these cases appearing to arise spontaneously in the form of a
violent skin inflammation.

Treatment.

The affected animal, if in good condition, should receive a
full dose of Epsom salts; mineral tonics, especially iron, are in-
dicated in this disease. These are the best administered in the
feed.

Take. Sulphate of irottes ¢av1.s¢ uve 2 ounces
Gentian sa suciucdesauaiwasser 4 ounces
Quinine sulphate.............. 4 drachms
Licorice root powd............0. 6 ounces
Linseed meal................04. 4 ounces

Mix thoroughly. Administer one tablespoonful in dry
chopped feed twice daily, or where the patient refuses to eat its
feed give it as a drench, mixed with half pint of water.

To the inflamed surface apply an antiseptic wash, such as
the White lotion, the formula for which will be found in the
chapter on “Medicinal Agents,” or eamphorated oil, or any other
soothing antiseptic application will be all that is required.

Actinomycosis.

Is a condition caused by the presence in the tissues of the
animal economy (most generally those of the mouth or lungs)
of a vegetable fungus termed the actinomyces or ray fungus.

Every stock-owner is familiar with this disease, as it occurs
282 SPECIFIC DISEASES.

in cattle under the name of “lump-jaw,” but in sheep its pres-
ence is very rare, and when occurring in them is generally found
located in the soft tissues of the mouth; the writer remembers
one case, however, where the lungs were affected.

The presence of the fungus in the tissues of the body acts as
an irritant, causing excessive cell proliferation in the immediate
surroundings, resulting in a tumor formation, the swelling being
composed of fibrous tissue, which exhibits a tendency to granu-
late, and finally break down, forming a large firm mass with one
or more centers of suppuration. The liquid pus from the tumor
contains small, yellowish, cheesey granules, which, if properly
treated under the microscope, will prove to be colonies of ac-
tinomyces.

While actinomycosis generally locates itself in the tissues
of the upper or lower jaw, still the tumors may be found in any
part of the animal economy. The fungus being a common para-
site of certain grasses and grains, on being taken into the animal’s
mouth along with the fodder, causes actinomycosis principally by
direct inoculation; should the sheep have a hollow tooth or
abrasionof the mucous membrane of the mouth, its localization in
that part of the system can readily be understood, and this ac-
counts for those parts being more frequently the seat of the tumor
than the internal organs. The internal organs, such as the liver,
spleen, etc., must evidently, when affected, become so through
the media of the blood supply, and the fact that these organs at
times are the seat of this disease would go to prove the danger
attendant to actinomycotic infection.

Actinomycosis occurs in the human family, cattle, sheep,
swine, etc. This being the case, the flesh of animals suffering
from the disease should be viewed with suspicion. When once
the disease has obtained a firm foothold, medicinal treatment is
of no avail, and the subject had better be destroyed.
BLOOD DISEASES. 283

Blood Diseases.

Red Qater. Sanguineous Ascites.

This disease is frequently seen occurring in lambs, in those
still sucking, as well as those already weaned. It also occurs in
adult sheep. It is a very fatal affection, running a rapid course,
death frequently taking place in six hours or less, after the first
symptoms have been manifested.

The cause of this condition appears to be in the nature of
the food,—turnips and other foods containing an excess of water,
and a lack of flesh and fat-forming materials, are especially re-
sponsible for this disease. Spooner states: “It usually attacks
both sheep and lambs when feeding on turnips, and particularly
when there is a hoar-frost, and the sheep are folded on them
during the night.” It isa condition which all herbivora appear to
be liable to, even the deer and other of the wild ruminants when
kept in captivity, are liable to contract the disease. The writer
was so fortunate as to be present at a post mortem on a young
moose at the Park Zoo, Buffalo, N. Y., which evidenced every
symptom of this interesting and obscure complaint. This animal
had been running in a paddock containing succulent grasses,
notably clover, which in the mornings would be heavily coated
with dew; that, and the fact, perhaps, that the food supplied
lacked some essential characteristic contained in the material
eaten by the moose when roving wild, was evidently, partly, if
not wholly, responsible for its death.

Symptoms.

The first noticeable symptoms will be a refusal to feed on
the part of the sheep; rumination is suspended; the animal ap-
pears dull; the eyes have a staring look; the breathing is labored;
belly enlarged; the bowels may be very loose, with foetid dis-
charges, or the subject may be constipated. Swellings will fre-
284 BLOOD DISEASES,

quently be noticeable under the jaws and lower part of the neck.
In some eases the animal falls dead suddenly, without having
evidenced any marked symptoms of sickness, or they may be
suddenly seized with giddiness, fall down on one side, becoine
delirious, and succumb very quickly.

Lambs, when attacked, appear to lag behind the flock; are
dull and listless; suecumbing suddenly without previously shuw-
ing signs of acute pain.

Treatment.

Consists in a change of diet; internally iron and mineral
tonics are indicated. If the stock have been grazed on rape or
turnips, they should be given plenty of dry food to compensate
for the watery qualities of the other.

Where the symptoms have once manifested themselves, the
sheep is almost sure to perish, medical treatment being of no
avail. The other members of the flock, however, should at once
be moved to dryer pastures, and receive the tonic treatment
already mentioned before greater losses ensue.

Post-Mortem Appearances.

The abdomen will be found to contain a red, watery fluid;
the tissues of the body are anaemic, and present a glistening
appearance, being pale in color; the blood vessels, and cavities of
the heart, are comparatively empty; the kidneys are pale, the
tubules containing a viscid fluid; the liver is enlarged and soft-
cned, appearing as if it had been boiled; the peritoneum shows
evidences of inflammation, frequently being covered with
petechiae (spots).

All conditions on post-mortem point toward anaemia with
great debility, and extravasation of blood from the capillaries,
the blood itself being altered in character.
BLOOD DISEASES, 285

Anaemia—Bloodlessness.

This is a term used to designate a condition of the system,
where a poverty, or deficiency of the normal constituents of the
blood exists, arising from various causes, mismanagement being
directly responsible.

It is a condition frequently seen accompanying debilitating
diseases, or where the system has been subjected to hardships
which have overtaxed its strength. Ewes suckling lambs, when
not supplied with sufficient nourishing diet, frequently become
anaemic. The ravages of both internal and external parasites
tend to produce this condition, owing to their ability to extract
nourishment from the blood supply at the expense of the subject
harboring them. Loss of blood, diarrhoea, insufficient food, ex-
posure to sudden changes of temperature, foods containing an
excess of water in proportion to the flesh-forming materials, wet
grasses, and all such causes are prolific of this trouble in sheep
as well as other animals.

Williams states that “During the winter of 1872-3 this con-
dition was exceedingly prevalent, owing to the inferiority of the
grasses, the moist condition of the turnips, and the humidity of
the atmosphere, for in many instances no organic disease or
parasitic invasion were present.”

Symptoms,

When not caused by some parasitic invasion, or, as resulting
from some other diseased condition, can be summed up as fol-
lows:

The visible mucous membranes are very pale in color, al-
most white; the pulse is feeble; the subject is easily tired; the
bowels are very irregular, frequently being constipated, owing
to lack of tone in their muscular coats; dropsical swellings fre-
quently appear round the joints, or dependant parts, especially
beneath and between the rami of the lower jaw, giving the sheep
286 BLOOD -DISEASES.

a puffy appearance of the head, termed by some “chockered” or
“poked.” The tongue is cool, moist, and very pale in color.
Steele, writing on this condition, gives the following as having
appeared in a report on diseases among the sheep of Oregon:
“The lambs were weaned in 1872, on the 20th of July, on tim-
othy aftermath; four weeks afterwards they looked miserable and
died fast. Last year the lambs died rapidly shortly after.wean-
ing. This season they gave way while sucking. The symptoms
both in young and old were ‘tucked-up’ appearance; cough, wool
rough and dry, with fleeces partially cast, and wool on faces car-
ried longer than usual; the lambs do not gambol. Some of the
animals droop their heads; run at the nose; have gatherings under
the chin, which occasionally dispel and at other times break out
into running sores; a marked bloodless appearance of the mucous
membranes and skin. The above animals were long-wooled
sheep which for six months in the year were continually wet;
the Merinos, being comparatively healthy, their thick, close,
greasy wool seeming to prevent the moisture from penetrating to
the skin.”

Ewes in lamb are very subject to a fatal form of anaemia;
the wool is dry and hard; they become feeble, and fall away in
flesh, becoming very weak just prior to parturition.

Treatment.

In all cases of anaemia it is necessary to seek for the cause
and, if possible, remove it. When due to parasitic invasion, this
must first be attended to before a change for the better can be
expected. If due to faulty management, not sufficient nourish-
ing diet, or a superabundance of moisture, these conditions must
first be changed and then the proper medicinal agents applied in
order to effect a cure. In all cases of anaemia iron and vegetable
tonics are indicated, such as the following:

t
BLOOD DISEASES. 287

Take, Sulphate of trom. wo.ssssisauaes 2 ounces
Common salt..........ee ee eee 4 ounces
Gentian powd................. 4 ounces
Licorice root powd.............. 8 ounces

Mix thoroughly, and administer one tablespoonful twice
daily in ground dry feed.

Where ewes heavy in lamb show signs of anaemia, great
care must be observed in their treatment. They should imme-
diately be moved to high, dry ground, and supplied with a differ-
ent diet to that which they had been having. Ground grain fed
dry, with the addition of warm quarters for the very weak ones
to sleep in will be found necessary to effect improvement. Par-
ticular attention should be given to the pastures, to be certain
that no causes exist there which are responsible for the trouble.

Rheumatism

appears to be particularly a blood disease dependent upon some
unascertained alteration of the blood. It may exist in one of
three forms—acute, sub-acute, and chronic. The mature sheep
are easily affected with this condition; it seems, however, to fre-
quently attack lambs, generally in the acute form. The predis-
position for this disease has always been looked upon as heredi-
tary, and in every case where mal-nutrition of the body is present
rheumatism is frequently observed. As it occurs in mature ani-
mals it is supposed to follow some debilitating disease. The ex-
citing cause in sheep and lambs, in most cases, seems to be expos-
ure to cold and damp.
Symptoms.

First notice lameness. The animal is feverish; the affected
joint or part feels hot to the touch and frequently commences to
swell; the pulse is hard and rapid; the swelling feels firm and
tense; if the joints become involved, inflammation of the perios-
teum’and synovial membranes frequently follows, accompanied
288 BLOOD DISEASES,

by the deposition of poreelaineous deposits between the heads of
the bones constituting the joint, in which event the lameness be-
comes permanent.

In sheep the neck and loins are frequently attacked, making
the animal stiff and weak in its back; if the trouble locates in
the neck, it will be carried bent to one side, or the disease may
suddenly leave the neck or other parts and locate in a limb, the
ability to leave one part of the body only to at once re-appear in
another being termed metastasis.

Affected sheep generally assume the recumbent position.
The acute form of rheumatism may terminate fatally. In
such an event, a metastasis to the heart is generally the cause.
This is not frequent, however, as the disease has a tendency to
become chronic, the animal remaining stiff, with a lability to
relapse to the acute condition during cold weather.

Treatment.

Acute cases of rheumatism require good hygienic surround-
ings if a cure is to be expected. The affected sheep should have
warm, dry quarters and nourishing food. Internally salicylate
of soda in fifteen grain doses should be administered twice daily,
or potassium iodide can also be given with good results. Ex-
ternally to the inflamed parts a stimulating liniment should be
applied, such as

Strong water of ammonia........ 2 ounces
Spirits of turpentine............ 2 ounces
Linseed! Oilscachcc cue ade eaaes 8 ounces

Chronic rheumatism incapacitates a sheep for further use-
fulness in the flock. Animals so affected should be destroyed,
or, if in good condition, should be sold to the butcher.
BLOOD DISEASES. 289

Dining—Vinquish.

Is a disease due to grazing sheep on pastures containing a
large amount of astringent plants, which by their action on the
system, cause a fatal constipation of the bowels. This condition
is not reported as having caused any serious losses in this country,
but it has occurred frequently, accompanied with great fatality,
in the North of England, being said to be mostly met with in the
region of the Cheviot Hills.

Symptoms.

The affected sheep are dull, languid, lying down most of the
time, the ears droop, eyes run, the hair on the face becomes dry,
the wool having a bluish cast. Death usually takes place in a
month’s time after the first symptoms of ailing were noticeable.
A whole flock may be affected simultaneously, or only a few
sheep at a time. Change of pasture to good succulent herbage
generally affects a cure.
CHAPTER XVII.

Operative Surgery and Diseases of the Eye.

Operative Surgery.

In the management of sheep, surgery as a part of the medi-
cal treatment is, with the exception of such operations as cas-
tration, docking and possibly at times spaying, very seldom
called for. Sheep, with the exception possibly of valuable pure-
bred animals, should they meet with such accidents as fractured
limbs or other severe injuries are, as a rule, at once turned over
to the butcher, the carcass being valuable as mutton, whereas
surgical skill in such cases besides being costly might not at all
times prove successful, and if unsuccessful, would result in a
total loss to the owner. We shall treat more particularly in
this chapter of the surgical operations necessary to the proper
management of the flock, describing also methods of setting
fractures and treatment of wounds, ete.

Castration.

Is an operation for the removal of the testicles of
lambs, by which they become deprived of sexual desire, and
their ability to fatten becomes materially increased, the subject
maturing earlier, the quality of the mutton being improved, as
also is that of the fleece. Opinions differ considerably as to the
best age at which this operation should be performed, many
experienced flock-masters preferring to operate as soon as possi-
ble after the lamb is dropped, from twelve to twenty days of age,
provided the weather is favorable, and claim that when thus early
operated upon there is less danger of loss, the young animals
OPERATIVE SURGERY. , 291

hardly appearing to notice the absence of their male appendages,
while others prefer to let the lambs run until three or four
months of age, or even longer, claiming that the carcass is in-
creased in size, and the animals grow stronger and thrive better
by the delay. However it isa mere matter of choice on the
part of the owner as to what age to operate. All that is neces-
sary is to perform the operation properly and in seasonable
weather. :
To Operate.

Set the lamb on its rump, and make a careful digital exain-
ination of the scrotal sac to be sure that hernia is not present.
If the parts are in the normal condition, with the fingers and
thumb of the left hand draw up the lower end of the scrotum
(bag) and make a clean cut right across the end, severing it en-
tirely. This is far preferable to slitting the sac, as such a wound
is liable to heal prematurely and be the cause of serious trouble;
whereas ifthe end of the sac is entirely removed the aperture
will be forced to close gradually, thereby insuring good drain-
age, which is very essential for the ultimate success of this oper-
ation. After removing the end of the sac, grasp the upper end
of the scrotum, forcing the testicles covered by their investing
tunics to project from the opening, with the scalpel or knife
now cut a longitudinal incision across each testicle, severing the
tunics but not necessarily cutting the testicles; then take the
testicles one at a time and draw downwards gradually, twisting
the cord and scraping it with the knife, until it finally becomes
severed. If this is properly performed and the cord slowly
drawn out until it resembles a fine string, there will be little if
any bleeding; whereas if the cord is directly cut across there
is danger of excessive bleeding from the severed  sper-
matic artery. The after-treatment, should the operation have
been performed in fly-season, consists in dressing the parts with
a carbolic salve to prevent the wound becoming maggoty. If
292 OPERATIVE SURGERY.

the operator will be careful in performing this operation in a
cleanly manner, taking care that not only his hands and knife
are clean, but that the dirt from the soil does not gain entrance
into the wound, unfavorable results are not to be feared. In
cases where tetanus follows castration, it is always due to a want
of the above mentioned precautionary measures, the wound
being infected by the germs of that disease. (See tetanus.)

Many operators, especially in Europe, use elaborate meth-
ods in performing this very simple operation, all of which, how-
ever, with the exception of clams for scrotal hernia, of which
we shall treat later, are quite uncalled for and liable to produce
the very results which they are supposed to guard against. For
instance, the method of searing the cord with a red hot iron,
while the operation is necessarily antiseptically performed, the
wound sloughs from the cauterization, requiring a longer time to
heal without acquiring any material benefit to the subject.

Trapping.

Which consists in tightly binding the scrotum between twu
pieces of wood, until it sloughs off, is a slow, tedious process and
decidedly antiquated and cruel.

Tying and Lashing.

Is virtually the same as trapping with the exception that a
cord takes the place of the wooden clams. It has nothing but
its antiquity to recommend it. The French method, termed
Bistournage, is exceedingly severe and cruel to the subject. It
consists in so manipulating and dislocating the testicles that
their blood supply is shut off, the organs gradually withering
away; a ligature is necessary, tightly tied around the scrotum
below the testicles, which are forced upward into the inguinal
canal. This process is mentioned here simply as an illustration
of a simple operation made complex and painful by ignorance,
or an inborn desire to produce unnecessary suffering on dumb
brutes.
OPERATIVE SURGERY. 293

The Covered Operation for Scrotal Hernia.

Where the small intestines descend the inguinal canal and
occupy the scrotal sac in company with the testicles, the condi-
tion is termed scrotal hernia. It is necessary when per-
forming castration on subjects with this condition to use a
special method to prevent prolapse of the’ intestines, which
would inevitably take place if the scrotum was opened in the
manner used where the parts present normally. Where scrotal
hernia exists the subject must be laid on its back and the intes-
tines returned to the abdominal cavity. An incision is then
carefully made in the sac exposing the testicle covered by the
tunica vaginalis (investing membrane), wooden clams are then
applied to the cord. These are two short, flat-sided pieces of
wood which are placed one on each side of the cord above the
testicle and firmly tied together by pieces of string at each end of
the clams. These are then left on until the compression by ar-
resting the circulation of the parts causes them to slough and
finally drop off, the parts above the clams becoming adherent,
preventing egress of the intestines. In fact the inflammation
which this process as a rule sets up is generally so extensive as
to obliterate the inguinal canal, effectually preventing a future
descent of the intestines.

Docking.

This very simple operation is generally performed on lambs
at an early age as a rule, and properly so at the time of castra-
tion. A sheep’s tail is, to say the best of it, a useless appendage.
It cannot be used to brush off flies or anything else, and while
most likely it had its use in prehistoric sheep, domestication by
relieving it of whatever use it may have been put to, failed to
prevent its appearance, atavism being stronger than years of
domestication. Should the tail be left intact it collects mud
and dung, giving the animal an uncleanly appearance. The
294 OPERATIVE SURGERY.

accumulation of filth is also liable to cause fissures in the skin,
which become attacked by the fly. The tail may be severed by
the knife without any after treatment, or should it be preferable,
after cutting, the parts are seared with a red hot iron, which in-
stantly checks the hemorrhage.

Ewes for self-evident reasons should always be docked even
if the wether lambs are allowed to go without.

Spaying.

This is the removal of the ovaries of the female, a counter-
part of the operation of castration of the male, and while it is
rarely performed on ewes, owing to the fact that their breeding
qualities are more to be valued than the slight improvement in
the mutton and facility to fatten which this operation is sup-
posed to confer, still as it is a common operation on other classes
of she stock, notably swine and cattle, and as beyond a doubt a
spayed female will take on flesh quicker and do better as a feeder
than one which is entire, which would be an advantage in fitting
ewes for exhibition in the fat stock class, we shall briefly de-
scribe here the modus operandi of the operation.

Place the ewe on its back on an inclined plank, having as-
sistants to hold the subject securely in position; make an incis-
ion directly back of the umbilicus (navel) extending backwards
towards the mammae about two inches in length, cutting directly
through the skin and sub-cutaneous structures, exposing the lin-
ing of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum); pierce this by insert-
ing the knife at right angles to the body of the subject, and
widen the opening sufficiently to permit the insertion of the two
first fingers of the hand, by reaching backwards and slightly to
one side the horn of the uterus will be felt. This can be traced
forward until the ovary manifests itself, situated at the extrem-
ity of the cornua; bring the ovary to the surface and hold it
with one hand, employing the fingers of the other to trace and
OPERATIVE SURGERY. 295

secure the other ovary, the possession of the first materially as-
sisting in finding its fellow. The ovaries are twisted off to pre-
vent hemorrhage, which would be liable to oceur if the parts
were directly cut with the knife. The horns of the uterus are
then returned to the abdominal cavity and the lips of the incision
brought together by sutures. It is well to take one deep suture
through the skin, abdominal walls and peritoneum, and two
superficial ones through the skin, just bringing the edges of the
cuticle in apposition. The sutures should not bring the edges
of the wound tightly together, as the inflammation which al-
ways results would tend to tear out the stitches, which would be
followed by serious if not fatal results.

The after-treatment consists in dressing the seat of the oper-
ation with pine tar or some such agent to keep the wound in an
aseptic condition and prevent attacks of the fly.

Fractures.

A fracture of a bone is the solution of its continuity. A
simple fracture is where the bone is broken without injury to the
soft tissues covering it.

A compound fracture is where an open wound exists which
connects with the broken bone.

Where the bone is shattered into fine fragments, the frac-
ture is said to be comminuted, and complicated, when together
with the broken bone, severe injury to the adjacent tissues, or
deep-seated bruising of the parts also exists.

Symptoms.

Great lameness, inability to bear weight on the limb, which
hangs limp, the animal being unable to exert any control over
the affected member. Manipulation of the part reveals crepitus,
the sound made by the broken ends of the bones coming in con-
tact with each other. The animal exhibits great pain when the
parts are being handled.
296 OPERATIVE SURGERY.

Treatment,

Consists in bringing the ends of the fractured bones to-
gether and holding them in place by putting the parts in splints
or a plaster of Paris cast.

A sheep will, as a rule, nurse a broken leg and make a good
recovery if the parts have been properly dressed, but unless the
animal be a valuable ram or ewe, especially desired for breeding
purposes, it is best not to try treatment, but to turn the animal at
once over to the butcher.

Mounds.

These may be divided into four classes:

1. Incised or clean-cut wounds.
2. Puncetured.

3. Lacerated or torn.

4, Contused or bruised.

Incised or Clean-cut Wounds.

A clean-cut wound will as a rule unite by what is termed
first intention, that is the parts when brought in apposition, ad-
here and heal without any visible process of granulation. The
proper treatment for incised wounds is to wash them with a
four per cent. solution of carbolie acid to remove any foreign
matter which may have gained access, and at the same time de-
stroy bacteria, rendering the parts aseptic; bring the lips of the
wound together by sutures and apply to the surface some dry-
ing antiseptic powder, such as:

Calomel ses cssteveewwaei one 1 drachm
Sub-nitrate of bismuth........... 1 ounce

Mix. Dust over affected parts once or twice daily. This

as a rule will be all that is necessary.
Punctured Sounds.

Punctured wounds require frequently to be enlarged to per-
mit drainage. As this class of wound heals by granulation and
suppuration, the healing process to be satisfactory should com-
OPERATIVE SURGERY. 297

mence at the bottom, extending outwards; the parts must be
kept clean, and daily injections with some mild antiseptic solu-
tion will be found to promote the process of healing and prevent
danger of septic infection, to which this class of wound is
especially liable.
. Lacerated or Torn Wounds.
Remove all the torn, hanging shreds of tissue and wash out
the parts with some antiseptic solution, then dress daily with
some powder such as calomel and bismuth, or

Take. Boracic acid............-. .,..1 ounce
Todoform .........000e ee eee 1 drachm
Powdered chalk.............05 2 ounces

Mix and dust over the parts once or twice daily.

A lacerated wound heals by granulation. At times these
become excessive, projecting above the surface and bleeding
very readily. These should be reduced by touching lightly
with lunar caustic or sprinkled over with burnt alum.

Contused or Bruised @ounds.
A bruised or contused wound is rarely met with in sheep,
. excepting those which have been shipped to the market in over-
loaded cars and getting down are trampled upon. The treat-
ment when applied consists in removing the inflammation by
means of hot fomentations and dressing the parts with some
cooling agent, such as the White lotion.

Bruises.

The sheep in the pasture or feeding lot rarely becomes
bruised owing to the protection afforded by its fleece. Sheep
which are shipped on railroad cars, from overcrowding, are often
trampled on and bruised, the treatment for which is the same as
that prescribed for contused wounds.
298 OPERATIVE SURGERY.

Strains or Sprains.

A sudden stretching of a soft structure, accompanied by
rupture of the muscle fibres or extension of the tendons, is often
followed by acute inflammation, swelling and fever. The
affected parts are then said to be strained or sprained.

The sheep, owing to its naturally slow and careful move-
ments, rarely becomes affected with this condition. The sudden
frightening of sheep by dogs or other causes might, however,
result in the sprain of a limb from a sudden mis-step.

Treatment.

Consists in bathing the affected part with either hot or cold
water to reduce the inflammation, and then applying some cool-
ing lotion such as:

Distilled extract of witch hazel....4 ounces

Tincture of arnica.............. 1 ounce

Soap liniment..................1 ounce

ALCOHOL ta o3 tas mehortcomansarrsel 2 ounces

Water ea hoe picid oe ke thai 8 ounces
Abscess.

Is the collection of pus under the skin or in the deeper seat-
ed tissues. It may follow the infliction of a bruise or result from
some constitutional ailment.

When an abscess is in process of formation the affected part
feels hot to the touch; is painful and as a rule the animal shows
signs of constitutional derangement, such as high fever. .

When the abscess is formed, by pressing the part, the fluid
contained in it is felt to fluctuate, but the part does not pit on
pressure like dropsical swellings. When the part feels soft to
the touch the abscess is said to point. It is then ready to open
and if left to itself would burst. This, however, leaves a gaping
wound which takes time to heal. The knife should always .be
OPERATIVE SURGERY. 299

used before this stage is reached. Insert the knife in the most
dependent part of the abscess, making a wide opening to permit
free drainage, after the contents have been evacuated the injec-
tion of an antiseptic solution will be all that is necessary.

Tumors.

Any unnatural swelling or protuberance of the tissues of
the animal body is termed a tumor. Tumors are virtually hyper-
trophies or overgrowths of tissue. A tumor may be composed
of tissue similar to that surrounding it, in which event it is
termed a homologous tumor; or it may be entirely different
from the contiguous tissue, and is then termed -heterologous.
Tumors grow in size, either by central or peripheral
growth; both, however, depend on cell proliferation, the
growth being formed in the same manner as normal tissue.
The blood-vessels leading to the tumor usually become enlarged;
to supply nutrition to the growth, new blood vessels form among
the meshes of the tumor cells. Consequently, as a rule, we find
overgrowths of tissue to be very vascular, and bleed extensively
when excised. Tumors are said to be malignant when they tend
to destrov the tissues in which they are situated, and have a
tendency to recur after removal. A benign tumor is that which
does not differ materially in structure from the tissue surround-
ing it, and does not show a tendency to degeneration and ulcer-
ation, as do the malignant variety, neither does it as a rule recur
after removal.

Tumors are classified generally according to the structure
composing them. We shall not here, however, enter into this
subject, as the sheep rarely, with the exception perhaps of goitre,
is affected with overgrowths of tissue, and malignant cancerous
swellings in this species of animal are exceedingly rare.

The etiology or cause of tumor formation has never been
very satisfactorily demonstrated. Beyond a doubt a blow or
300 OPERATIVE SURGERY.

injury to a part may be followed by tumor formation, not merely
a simple swelling of the tissue resulting from inflammation con-
sequent to the injury, but by the formation of new adventition=
tissue growth; but in the human family, and also in some of the
herbivora we find heredity undoubtedly is a vital point in the
situation. Then again, Cohnheim’s theory of the misplacement
of embryonal cells undoubtedly is frequently correct. And of
late years parasitic origin appears to be receiving much <onsid-
eration at the hands of investigators.

Cystie tumors are enlargements containing a .fluid-like
serum, and, according to Paget, originate by three different
methods: Either by enlargement and fusion of the spaces of the
connective or other tissues, the fluids accumulating in these
spaces, causing the tissues to become rarefied, the dividing septa
of the spaces becoming broken down till a sac or eyst is formed,
the outside boundaries of which continue to secrete fluid which
accumulates in and press out the walls of the sac, so enlarging it;
or by dilatation and growth of natural ducts; or by rapid growth
of new elementary structures, which is the form oceurring as
goitre, in the thyroid bodies of young animals, lambs frequently
being so affected.

Treatment.

Treatment of tumors consists in their early extirpation by
means of the knife or destruction of the cell elements with strong
caustics, ete. The ram is at times affected with a tumor of the
penis, which appears to belong to the carcinomata, and which
necessitates early removal by knife or ligature.

For the removal of a malignant growth to be successful
every particle of the foreign tissue must be removed, it being a
sate plan to dissect out some of the normal tissue contiguous to
the growth, and so guard against the possibility of leaving be-
hind any of the adventitious tissue. Yet even in many instances
where the growth is malignant, it tends after removal, to recur
OPERATIVE SURGERY. 301

in other parts of the system by a process termed metastasis,
making such growths one of the most dangerous and unsatis-
factory conditions to deal with which affect animal life. Further
mention will not be made of any special class of tumor liable to
affect the sheep, with the exception of goitre, which will now be
considered,

Goitre. Struma.

This is avi affection of the thyroid glands, in which they be-
come enlarged, sometimes to such an extent that the functions
of the trachea and oesophagus become interfered with, so as to
threaten the subject’s existence. It may exist in any one of
four forms, viz:

(1) Real Goitre, when the swelling is due to enlargement
of the gland follicles, the whole gland or only part of it being
involved.

(2) Fibrous Goitre, where the connective tissue of the

gland is increased, the follicles remaining normal or nearly so,
portions of the gland as a rule only being affected.

(3) Dilatation of the veins, or varicose goitre.

(4) Cystie Goitre—or bronchocele. This last form is
that generally found affecting sheep, lambs more especially, and
is supposed to be due to the presence of magnesia in the drinking
water.

Goitre is a common affection of the human family as well as
animals, and up to the present time the causes do not appear to
be very well understood. The locality appears to have a predis-
posing effect. Williams states that animals grazing on soil rich in
magnesian lime are prone to this affection. As it attacks ani-
mals, sheep especially, lambs appear to be more subject to the
condition than mature sheep. Heredity appears to have a strong:
relation to the transmissibility of the disease, instances having
302 + DISEASES OF THE EYE.

been recorded where a number of affected lambs in a flock were
all got by one ram which had the disease. Lambs from flocks in
certain localities have been attacked enzootically at various sea-
sons. Low sitrations or a damp atmosphere upon elevated situ-
ations, according to Williams, will act as a cause of bronchocele.

Symptoms.

Swelling immediately under the larynx, at one or both sides
of the trachea. This may not increase in size very rapidly, and
in some instances tends to diminish and disappear of its awn ac-
cord. Where the gland increases in size so as to compress the
trachea and interfere with deglutition as well, an operation for
removal of the gland might be permissible.

Treatment.

Consists in the administration internally of iodide of potas-
sium in full doses, also giving once a week a cathartic dose of
Epsom or Glauber salts. The wool should be clipped from
affected surface, and the parts painted with iodine, or the com-
pound ointment of iodine applied. Goitre, due to cancerous
invasion, such as carcinomatous goitre, should be sufficient cause
for slaughter of the animal. The meat on no account should
in this instance be offered for human consumption. Removal of
the affected gland or glands is not liable to result satisfactorily,
in that the subject will become checked in its growth, and is
lable to anaemia with marked debility. There would be noth-
ing to recommend this operation so far as sheep are concerned.

Diseases of the Eye.

The sheep frequently suffers from eye affections, as do other
of the lower order of animals. Many of these disorders are
liable to produce permanent blindness, which is less noticeable
in sheep than in other animals from the fact that their hearing
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 303

being unimpaired they are enabled to keep with the flock and ex-
perience but slight difficulty in grazing.

Simple Opbthalmia.

Inflammation of the conjunctivae or mucous membranes lin-
ing the eyelids. It may be caused from foreign matter such as
hayseed or dirt gaining access to the eyes, or bites from insects.
It arises also as the result of exposure or as a complication of

nasal catarrh.
Symptoms.

The eye is partly closed, the eyelids are swelled, the eye is
retracted into the orbit, there is a copious secretion of tears which
flow down over the cheeks. On turning back the eyelid the con-
junctiva is found to be congested, with red streaks running
across it.

When occurring as a complication in nasal catarrh it in-
vades the eye through the lachrymal duct. Should it attack the
cornea, exudation often takes place infiltrating the tissues of that
organ. The organization of this exudate produces a condition
known as opacity of the cornea.

Treatment.

Tf due to the presence of foreign material this must be re-
moved, this in some cases is a matter of great difficulty, es-
pecially when the object becomes embedded in the tissues of the
eyeball, and in many cases it may be necessary to transfix the
membrana nictitans (winking eyelid) by means of a suture before
the particle can be abstracted. After-treatment consists in bath-
ing the eye with cold water and using some simple lotion, such as:

Sulphate GL Atlee wince sae er iax 2 grains
Sulphate of morphia............ 2 grains
Distilled water... ssss80nse.s%s 1 ounce
304 DISEASES OF THE EYE.

Drop a few drops into the eve two or three times daily.
Where the mucous membrane of the eyelids has been cauterized
by some such agent as lime, (this is frequently seen following the
use of lime and sulphur as a dip for scab), introduce something
into the eye which will lubricate and have a soothing effect, such
as a drop or two of linseed tea, or a kernel of flaxseed may be in-
serted under the lids. .

Opbthalmia Proper, also called the Blinds.

This is a condition of inflammation of the conjunctiva simu-
lating in symptoms simple opthalmia, with the difference while
that is due to foreign matter, or the extension of inflammation
from other diseases, such as nasal catarrh, this appears often
as an epizootic; is recurrent in character, each successive attack
being more severe, the result being total blindness in the major-
ity of cases. This disease appears to be closely allied to the dis-
ease known as specific ophthalmia to which the equine is liable,
which is also a recurrent disease apt to terminate in cataract and
blindness. The cause of this affection so far has not been de-
termined, but that it is infectious in character is extremely doubt-
ful. The symptoms are the same as those noticed in simple oph-
thalmia, but that there appears to be a certain amount of consti-
tutional derangement and a tendency for the complaint to run a
malignant course. The treatment would be the same as for
simple ophthalmia. It isa good plan, however, to commence with
a mild physic, such as four ounces of Epsom salts; use cold appli-
cations to the eye and the zine sulphate lotion. In extreme
cases bleeding from the angular vein appears to afford relief.

Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, Glass Eye,

Is a condition in which there is paralysis of the optic nerve,
rendering the eve useless. It mav be caused from injuries, such
as a blow over the head with a crook, or may be due to tumors in
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 305

the cranium which interfere with the functions of the optic
nerve. This condition is incurable.
fungus Raematodes.

This is a malignant, cancerous disease attacking the cavity
of the orbit. It is most commonly seen attacking cattle, but
sheep are by no means exempt. It makes its first appearance as
a small red spot at the side of the orbit, which enlarges rapidly,
involving not only the eve itself but the bones and tissues sur-
rounding it.

Treatment,

Consists on its early removal, to accomplish which the
eye must also be extirpated. If the bones are already attacked
‘they must be scraped and the parts cauterized. The actual
cautery being preferred, the removal to be successful must be
complete, otherwise the growth will quickly recur. Unless the
sheep be a very valuable animal and it is desired to keep it for
breeding purposes no treatment should be attempted, but as soon
as the condition manifests itself the patient should be turned
over to the butcher.

Opacity of the Cornea.

Is a sequel to inflammatory conditions of the eye, such as
ophthalmia. It is due to the organization of the exudates which
follow inflammation. This is of very common occurrence in
sheep, due to the fact that unless the animal is valuable or is a
member of a very small flock, ophthalmia would pass unnoticed
by the flock-owner, and if observed would not as a rule be
thought worthy of treatment, in which event the disease running
its course uninterrupted would ir the majority of cases terminate
with this condition.

@ounds in the Gye.

These, when occurring in the conjunctiva, would be accom-
panied by all the symptoms of simple ophthalmia. When the cor-
306 DISEASES OF THE EYE.

nea is injured, as may occur from a sharp instrument penetrat-
ing the eye, and the aqueous humor is evacuated, the lens is
liable to fall out, in which event of course the usefulness of the
eye is lost. In the treatment of all wounds of the eye try to
keep down the inflammation and endeavor to maintain an
aseptic condition. Always use weak solutions to drop into the
eye, and in many cases the addition of one drachm of a four per
cent. solution of cocaine added to one ounce of the lotion will
give excellent results by relieving the pain. In all cases of in-
flammation in and around the eye, it is a good plan to use atro-
pine directly to the organ. This by dilating the pupil prevents
the organization of the inflammatory exudates, or, better still,
use the atropine solution in the following ‘manner:

pulphate Of Atrepia. sce ciawnwavs 2 grains
Cocaine hydrochlorate sol. 4 per

CON does setae ees Fe bis 1 drachm
Distilled water..........0.0000. 1 ounce

Use for two or three days, applying afew drops to the eye several
times a day. And then

Wake. “Bseriness, ocean cewek woes ee 2 grains
Distilled water..:s<casvsaewrs es 1 ounce

and use this for two or three days.

The atropia solution dilates the pupil while the eserine solu-
tion has the opposite effect. In this manner the pupil is kept
moving, lessening the possibility of organization of the products
of inflammation. An opaque cornea, when of recent occurrence,
can often be corrected by stimulation. To effect this apply with
a feather or camel’s hair brush a solution of the nitrate of silver,
such as

Niate et SNe, cones y ee awwss X grains
Distilled water i5scovurcasase es 1 ounce
Apply this directly to the opacity once or twice a day. It isa
good plan to administer internally saline diuretics, such as nitrate
of potash inedrachm doses, and a full dose of Epsom salts.
CHAPTER XVIII.

Local Non-Contagious Diseases.

In the arrangement of this work a few diseases which did
not especially belong with those already classified have been in-
serted under the above heading. Among such are several of
those affecting the integument and glands of the skin and also
certain conditions affecting the feet. We shall now consider
such diseases of the skin as are dependent on constitutional
derangement either from errors in diet or from faulty excretion
of effete materials, due to an abnormal condition of the glands.

Eezema.

This is a common affection among sheep, especially with
young immature animals which are highly fed to prepare them
for exhibition purposes.

While eczema is recognized in several different forms, we
find that the vesicular is that to which sheep are more generally
liable.

The attack comes on suddenly, the parts attacked generally
being the face and lips, but it also may attack any of the parts of
the skin, especially those where the fleece is lightest, such as the
belly, inside of thighs and armpits.

The visible symptoms are intense itching, the animal rubs
itself violently, small vesicles appear on the affected parts.
These rupture, discharge a watery fluid, and, on drying up,a small
nodule remains in the place of each vesicle, which might be mis-
taken for scab, from which, however, it is easily differentiated,
as an examination of the parts will reveal the absence of para-

sites.
308 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES,

Treatment.

This condition is invariably due to dietetic errors, from
over-feeding, or feeding certain grains and grasses in excess,
such as clover or buckwheat. An entire change of diet will as a
rule effect a speedy cure, especially if it is possible to put the
sheep on fresh grass. When show sheep are attacked with this
condition it is well to decrease their rations and give a saline
cathartic such as Epsom salts. Combined with the food such
medicines also may be given as exert a special action on the skin,
as Fowler’s solution of arsenic, which can be administered in
from one-half to one drachm doses twice daily. As a local ap-
plication to relieve the itching and prevent the animal tearing its
fleece and thereby becoming ragged, a cooling lotion will be
found beneficial.

Take. Acetate of lead............... + drachms
Water cciebasay¢e ohne seaman e te 1 pint

Apply to affected parts once or twice daily, or, if preferred,
finely powdered boracie acid may be dusted over the parts.

Erythema.

This is simply inflammation of the skin and may arise from
one of several causes, such as stings of insects, frost bites, etc.;
chapped teats in ewes, due to lying on wet ground, is also
erythematous in character.

It is characterized by a redness of the affected portion. Ac-
companying the abnormal redness, the parts feel hot to the
touch; appear swelled and are sore

Anything interfering with the normal functions of the skin
is Hable to produce erythema, cold and wet being very common
causes. It is also seen following debilitating diseases, where the
system is weakened and the functions of the skin interfered with.

The udder of the ewe just previous to or following par-
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 309

turition is very liable to this condition. Sore teats in ewes when
not due to infection of aphtha maligna must be classed as
erythema.

Treatment.

It is always good practice to administer a saline cathartic in
these cases. The parts can be dressed with a cooling dressing,
such as the White lotion, the prescription for which is to be
found in the last chapter but one of this work. Nitrate of pot-
ash in one-half drachm doses can be given with advantage twice
daily in the feed. For chapped teats in ewes dressing with some
astringent mixture, such as

Tannic acid................4. 40 grains
GIvetitie cs euaGee eee ees 2 ounces

will quickly effect a cure.
Cellulitis.

This is inflammation of the cellular tissue underlying the
skin, which it also involves. It appears to be due to a derange-
ment of the circulation or may occur from blood-poisoning; italso
occurs as an extension of erysipelas; in which case, however, its

_origin would be specific. Abscesses form in the cellular tissue,
producing mortification and gangrene of the skin above them,
which sloughs off. This condition is very rare in sheep.

Treatment.

Consists in administering tonics, such as iron and arsenic, or
vegetable tonics, such as gentian and quinine, feeding stimulat-
ing, easily digestible food, and adopting good hygienic measures
generally.

Drurigo.
This is a condition of the skin characterized by intense

itching, but not accompanied by any eruption. It appears to be
due to an altered sensory condition of the periphery of the
310 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

nerves and seems to arise as a sequela to indigestion, probably

‘from some peculiar effect which indigestion produces on the sys-
tem generally. Overfeeding is also liable to produce this condi-
tion, especially where the diet has lacked a change. Associated
with prurigo is generally a plethoric condition.

Treatment.

When due to indigestion, such agents must be administered
as will tend to correct that condition, as charcoal and vegetable
and mineral tonics.

Take. Sulphate of iron.............0055 1 ounce
GenHan, seca cia eeee see .....4 ounces
Powdered willow charcoal....... 4 ounces
Hen gregh vay ciod cata eae oe oe 1 ounce
Nitrate of potash powdered....... 4 ounce
Linseed meal...........22 ce ee 4 ounces

Mix. Give one tablespoonful in feed once or twice daily.

When accompanied by a plethoric condition, commence
treatment with saline cathartics, Glauber or Epsom salts, and feed
green food, such as fresh grass, ete., when possible. When
sheep on high feed are attacked with this condition it becomes
necessary to reduce the ration if a cure is to be expected.

Impetigo Labialis.
Is a pustular condition found affecting the faces and lips of
lambs. Some fever and other constitutional symptoms accom-
pany the breaking out of the eruptions, but these, however, soon

disappear, a change of diet being as a rule all that will be neces-
sary to effect a cure.

foot-rot, Paronychia Interdigitalis.

We shall consider this disease under the head of non-
contagious affections because its contagious character has not, up
to the present time, been properly established. Not that it is de-
sired to take issue with any of the noted authorities, who have
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 31h

expressed themselves as satisfied with its contagiousness, but that

it is necessary when claiming a specific character for a disease to

be able to show incontrovertible proof that such is the case, and
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

 

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

Fig.1.—1. Shrivelled or decayed horn. 2 Dark spot indicating a cavity.
3. Minute fissure. :

Fig. 2.—Early stage of foot-rot induced by rubbing matter on interdigital cuticle
ata,

Fig. 3.—Advanced foot-rot. Hoof-horn overgrown toa degree highly abnormal;
und2-s-surface broken and rotten at 6. From one digit the hoof-horn igs nearly
detached, exposing inflamed foot at 2. covered with fibres of soft horn.

These three illustrations are from originals of Prof. Brown.)

Fig. 4.—Section of foot through horn-fissure (2), showing extension of the crack

to the interior; (4) edge of hoof bent under, permitting collection of dirt. (Brown.)
312 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

while certain experiments have been carried out by different
noted veterinarians to that end, they have only been attended
with success in very few instances, and then under such circum-
stances that it is reasonable to believe that the methods employed
would have caused the condition without the introduction of the
discharge from affected feet.

Foot-rot is the cause of very severe monetary losses to
flock-owners, not that it is liable to terminate fatally, but that the
irritation and fever it produces so interfere with the animal’s
well-being as to make it unthrifty, causing it to lose flesh, and
thereby inflicting serious injury on its owner. The fact that
a large number of animals in a flock often become affected
simultaneously, has led many sheep-owners and also veterinarians
to believe it to be a contagious affection. The question of its
eontagiousness has been affirmatively answered by many noted
European authorities, among whom may be mentioned Gohier,
Gasparin, Girard, Reynal, Mr. George Fleming and many others,
and as directly denied by such eminent authorities as the late
Prof. Dick of Edinburgh, and Profs. Brown and Williams. The
late Mr. Read of Crediton, Eng., after making exhaustive in-
vestigations on the subject, concluded against its contagious char-
acter, and stated that it was caused from the soil not being
adapted to graze sheep over, and that the mere moving of infected
sheep to healthy land was sufficient in itself to perfect a cure.

Before considering the causes of this disease it may be as
well to consider briefly the anatomy of the foot, a knowledge of
which will materially assist in determining the cause of the
trouble. The hoof of the sheep is composed of two separate
digits, each enclosed in a horny box or framework, the passage
between the digits being termed the cleft. We find under the
horn or wall of the foot a membrane termed the subeorncus
membrane, which is composed of a number of leaf-like bands
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 313

running parallel one with the other. This laminal tissue covers
the digits in the same fashion as a sock does the foot, the horny
covering outside of everything being similar to the boot. The
outer surfaces of the claws are convex, while the inner surfaces
are slightly concave, which permits them to come in contact one
with the other only at their extremities. Situated between the
pasterns we find a gland known as the interungulate gland, its
opening being protected by a few long projecting hairs. This
gland secretes a yellow viscid fluid, intended to lubricate and pre-
vent friction in the cleft of the foot, and were it not present the
continual movements of the claws and their constant contact with
grit and other foreign matter would set up a chronic state of in-

 

Interungulate Sinus of Sheep.

a—Inner aspect of first phalanx, ¢—Hoof or claw, c—Interungulate gland.
ad—Orifice of its duct.

flammation. This canal at times becomes diseased. Inflamma-
tion and disorganization of the structures of the hoof then de-
velops, which if permitted to exist will eventually terminate in a
condition simulating foot-rot. The hoof-horn is secreted from
the coronary band, situated at the juncture of the skin and hoof.
This structure is very vascular, and anything which would inter-
fere with its normal functions would necessarily affect the secre-
tion of the hoof-horn, either to decrease such secretion or through
314 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

some false stimulation abnormally increase its formation, al-
though its character would be changed and degenerated.

Now it would appear plausible that if sheep are grazed on
wet pastures, the continual maceration the horny covering re-
ceives would eventually affect its structure, and that the coronary
cushion would also from the same cause secrete a softened ab-
normal horn, the oily covering of which being washed off, es-
pecially in the cleft, would render the parts liable to not only
soreness and inflammation from friction and contact with dirt
and foreign matter, but would render them liable to absorb ma-
terial, the presence of which would tend to set up inflammation
and disintegration of the horn substance, and if that state is per-
mitted to endure for any length of time the bones or soft struc-
tures of the foot would perforce of circumstances also become in-
volved in the process of degeneration.

In considering the causes liable to induce foot-rot we must
then lay great stress on the grazing of sheep in wet, low-lying
pastures, and every authority, even those who advocate the
theory of its contagiousness, admit that for the disease to exist it
is necessary that the sheep should have been grazed on wet land.
Mr. Read in an essay upon the subject, which has been frequently
mentioned by different authorities, says:

“Low situations conjoined with moisture are the fruitful
and primary causes of foot-rot. Sheep in these situations have
their hoofs and the integument above, to which they are united,
and the highly elastic tissue situated between the claws constantly
in a wet and humid state. Go into any of these pastures after
the sheep have heen placed there for only a short period and
look at their feet. Will there not be an increased growth of the
hoof? ‘Will not the skin around the coronet and highly sensi-
tive membrane be blanched? ‘Will not the vascularity of the
parts be weakened from its circulation being enfeebled? Now
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 315

this is all produced by wet. In a few days, perhaps, we have a
change of temperature; evaporation is produced from the surface
of the land and from animal bodies as well, and the ground be-
comes drier. A reaction takes place; the circulation is quick-
ened; the hoof swells or rather is pushed from the parts beneath;
the skin between the claws inflames; the heels bulge; the coronet
enlarges; abscesses form; matter penetrates between the horn and
the substance beneath, and disunites the sensitive from the horny
laminae, and, in the worst forms of the disease, the hoof falls

off. 29

This description by Mr. Read very properly and accurately
covers the subject, given the cause, namely, prolonged unnatural
surroundings, and it is not necessary to have any specific germ to
assist in producing the changes in the hoof-horn. The fact that
so many members of a flock appear to become affected simulta-
neously, is easily explained, they all having been subjected to the
same cause. The hoof to maintain its normal healthy condition
must be submitted to a certain amount of wear and tear, other-
wise the horn being continually under the process of formation,
unless worn off and kept to its proper proportions, would grow
abnormally long and favor changes in the horn substance. For
this reason foot-rot is at times met with on dry, sandy soils, the
softness of the soil not furnishing sufficient wearing properties to
the feet. The mere fact of healthy sheep contracting foot-rot
from being placed with those already diseased, in no manner
proves that the disease is contagious, as the sheep are submitted
to the same causes which produced the condition in the former.
The form of the disease met with on high, gravelly soil is pro-
duced from an excessive wearing away of the claws from contact
with sharp, gritty particles, and while they go lame and at times
abscesses form with fungoid growths of horn, it cannot be said to
be malignant foot-rot, meaning the kind which arises from moist-
316 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

ure, as by moving the sheep to less gravelly surroundings and
employing simple treatment, such as an application of pine tar,
a cure is speedily effected, the horny secretion in this instance not
being perverted and changed, as is the case where the parts have
been kept in a super-moist condition.

Symptoms.

The sheep is noticed to walk with difficulty, appearing to
rest frequently after progressing for a short distance. Distinct
lameness will be observed in a day or two, the animal then lags
behind the flock and soon assumes a lank appearance.

On examination a moist foetid discharge will be noticeable
between the claws of the affected feet. The feet are hot, the
animal exhibiting signs of pain when they are pressed, and the
coronet is swollen. In the commencement of the attack only one
foot may be affected, or both fore-feet, or both hind, rarely all
four feet are affected. At first the disease appears located in the
foot, but it is liable to extend, involving the soft tissues of the
coronet, forming abscesses above the hoof, and at times invading
the bones and tendons of the knee. This, however, is very rare.
The hoof-horn, as the disease progresses, takes on a species of
dry-rot; falls away piece by piece, exposing the delicate sensitive
laminae situated underneath. These sprout outwards, forming
fungous growths resembling excessive granulating tissue, in that
they bleed easily when touched. The discharge from the affected
surface is extremely offensive, and so strong in character that if
only a few sheep in a flock are affected the disease can be recog-
nized at some little distance from where the diseased flock is
grazing.

The horny sole becomes attacked and peels off, exposing the
sensitive parts covering the pedal bone. The subject is then
quite lame and should the fore-legs be the ones affected, it will
move around on its knees, crawling on its belly if its hind feet
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 317

are diseased. The affected sheep lie down frequently; fall away
in flesh, becoming eyesores to their owners. In extreme cases
the claws are shed and the animal is liable to succumb to the dis-
ease from the pain and inability to procure food. In the summer
season the odor from the affected feet appears to act as an attrac-
tion to the fly; the sores become infected with maggots, produc-
ing a most deplorable condition. In a prize essay by Hogg, the
Ettrick shepherd, we find the following:

“On examining the foot in the first stage of the disease, the
eoronary edge, while no external injury can be traced, is some-
times found a little swollen and inflamed; at other times the
hoof is eroded, but whether it be shattered or entire, an intense
heat is always perceptible in the feet, with a strong pulsation in
the arteries where they are inserted in the coronary edges of the
hoof, and, however sound the hoof may appear externally, the
connection between it and the interior of the foot is always dis-
solved, though the separation is not evident until the hoof is
pared away. A peculiar smell is perceptible, especially in the
advanced stages or when the ulcerous part is newly opened, yet
even in the worst cases a large quantity of ichor is never dis-
charged, there being little more than will wet the finger and that
only when pressed out.”

This extract from Mr. Hogg’s essay places the first symp-
toms of this disease very plainly before the reader, and it only
remains to describe the differences between foot-rot and a disease
which it, to a certain extent, simulates and for which it has been
mistaken namely, aphthous fever. (Foot and mouth disease.)

foot-rot in its Primary Stages.

Ts not associated with constitutional fever. The appetite
remains good and the milk-supply of ewes suckling lambs is not
materially diminished, hardly at all in the first stage of the
disease.
318 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

In foot-rot, as a general rule, one or two feet only are
attacked at first, generally the two fore-feet. In foot and mouth
disease all four feet generally are affected, vesicles extending
over the front of the digits, and almost always around the heels.
In foot-rot vesicles do not appear in other parts of the body,
as on the udder, skin, or in the mouth, which is the case in foot
and mouth disease.

In foot-rot the separation of the wall of the hoof from
the digit proceeds from below upwards, the reverse being the case
in foot and mouth disease.

Lastly, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious. By an-
nointing a wisp of hay with the discharge and drawing it through
the mouth of a healthy sheep, a definite diagnosis can be arrived
at, as this is always in-case of foot and mouth disease sufficient
to inoculate and produce the condition in the healthy subject;
whereas in foot-rot the effects would be nil, it being impossible to
propagate it in such a manner.

Treatment,

This must be prompt and in many cases heroic if a speedy
cure is to be expected. When a large number of a flock become
affected, the daily turning of each diseased sheep would be a
mattter requiring a large expenditure of time and trouble. To
overcome this, various foot baths have been adopted through
which the flock is driven once a weck or oftener, if desired, and
it is highly proper here to describe this method before taking up
the individual treatment of the members of the flock.

A shallow trough about two feet in width and eighteen
inches deep, the length being a matter of convenience, depending
upon the number of sheep to be treated, is set in the ground. A
low fence is made to run the entire length and on each side of
the vat, so that the sheep will be compelled to stand in it. A
solution of arsenic made as follows:
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 319

Take. Arsenious acid ................ 3 Ibs.
Carbonate of potash............ 2 Ibs.
NOI Sx cadena SERRE et aes 14 gals.

The arsenic and potash must be boiled for at least half an hour in
the fourteen gallons of water in order that the arsenic may be
well dissolved. A sufficient quantity of this solution is then
poured into the trough so that the liquid will be about three
inches deep, to permit it to thoroughly cover the feet and pas-
terns of the sheep.

Affected sheep before being stood in the bath, should have
their feet pared; all fungoid growths should be removed. It is
not necessary to stand the sheep in the bath for any length of
time if the trough is over ten feet in length, the mere passing of
the sheep through it will be sufficient. After leaving the bath
care must be taken that the sheep are not allowed to graze until
the liquid has drained from their feet, otherwise the drippings on
the grass being eaten by themselves or other animals would
cause arsenical poisoning.

It is a good plan to place the trough on some bare place as
far away from the farm buildings as possible, having a pen at
each extremity of the trough, so that the sheep can be driven
through without difficulty. The pen at the outlet to be used as
a draining pen, the sheep to be held there until the feet have
drained dry. The trough also should be provided with a water
tight lid and kept locked, otherwise it would be dangerous to the
live-stock of the farm. In mild cases of foot-rot, sulphate of
copper (blue stone) may be used in the place of the arsenic, this
should be used in the strength of one pound to the gallon of
water.

After the sheep have passed through the bath, it is found
very beneficial to apply quick lime to their feet. The easiest
method being to sprinkle the floor of a barn with the quicklime
and compel the sheep to walk on it. It must be borne in mind,
220 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

however, that treating the disease without bettering the sur-
roundings which led to, and are responsible for the condition,
will be a very unsatisfactory undertaking. If the disease has
arisen from the excessive moisture, this must be changed before
a cure can be expected; the same holds good when the soil is
gravelly and liable to make the animals foot-sore. If possible run
the sheep on ground which is suitable and accords with their
habits. Where it is impossible to do so, it becomes necessary to-
house the sheep at night on dry ground or in sawdust-floored
pens, and to adopt all such measures as will tend to counteract
the drawbacks of the locality.

Where a few sheep only in a flock are affected, those which
show signs of lameness should be caught and turned. The affect-
ed feet should be pared down, all shreds of horn or fungus being
removed, The ulcerated surfaces should be cauterized to stimu-
late the secretion of healthy horn. Many different agents have
been used for this purpose with more or less success, such as
butyr of antimony, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, creosote, chromic
acid, terebene, and many others. Perhaps that which gives as
good if not better results without danger of excessive cauteriza-
tion is butyr of antimony. After applying this or any of the
other agents to the sore surfaces, the parts should be dressed with
Stockholm tar or carbolized tar, which makes an antiseptic and
healing dressing having the tendency to stimulate the growth of
healthy horn.

When the granulations are very profuse, it will be found
good practice to apply the actual cautery, the red-hot iron in
these cases appearing to exert a special action not to be obtained
by the use of any chemical astringent and caustic agents. Ewes
in lamb require careful handling, and unless the disease is far
advanced they should not be turned for dressing; it will be found
safer to stand them in the arsenical or copper solution. Quick-
LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 321

lime is highly recommended by many experienced flock-owners
for this condition. It can be applied as already stated, and, as
its cost is comparatively small, it certainly justifies a trial.

Bear in mind that foot-rot generally prevails on moist land
in wet weather, and on dry land in very dry weather (the ground
then being hard on the feet). During such seasons special vigil-
ance must be used by the flock-owner and measures adopted to pre-
vent the occurrence of this troublesome affection.

Inflammation of the Interdigital Canal.

On the anterior of the pasterns superior to the claws, mid-
way between the coronet and the upper pastern joint, is situated
a small aperture from which project three or four hairs abvut
one fourth of an inch in length. This aperture is the opening of
the canal leading to the gland known as the interungulate gland,
the uses of which have already been described.

At times this canal becomes inflamed from irritation caused
by the entrance into it of foreign bodies, such as pieces of grit
or dirt, ete. Should these not be removed ulceration of the parts
is liable to occur and abscesses form. The pus burrows through
the walls of the canal between the digits, setting up intense in-
flammation of the foot, which may, if not specdily relieved, prove
fatal. This condition is readily separated from foot-rot in that
the disease only attacks one foot and commences at the inter-
digital canal, the orifice of which is swollen; in the same manner
it will not be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, as only one
member is affected, whereas in that complaint the likelihood
would be that all four feet would be involved in the inflamma-
tory process.

Symptoms.

Great lameness, an examination reveals the orifice of the
interusgital canal swollen, the surrounding parts being swolleu
322 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

and the skin very red. The sheep is feverish and off its feed; ex-
hibits symptoms of intense pain. It carries the affected leg off
the ground, limping around on three legs while grazing.

Treatment.

Consists in removing whatever may have entered into or
blocked the outlet of the gland. The foot should be washed in
warm water, the canal syringed out with a carbolized solution
and the foot then placed in a poultice. After-treatment consists
in applying some astringent application, such as a tincture of
myrrh,

Where the inflammation has been excessive, sinuses and ab-
scesses already having formed, the canal must be laid open and the
parts dressed with a strong antiseptic solution.

‘When it is necessary to operate in this manner the applica-
tion of a four per cent. solution of cocaine hydrochlorate will
make the operation painless to the subject.
CHAPTER XIX.

Parturition and the Diseases Incidental Thereto.

Normal parturition is the act of expulsion of the foetus
from the womb of its mother after the completion of its full
period of development within that organ.

The period elapsing from the time of its first conception and
its final expulsion from the uterus is called the term or period of
gestation. This, as it occurs in sheep, extends over a period of
nearly five months, or, to be more exact, from 142 to 150 days.

The act of parturition, while a natural physiological process,
is attended in all mammalia with more or less pain and risk to
the existence of the subject. The foetus, being fully developed,
acts as an irritant to the organ in which it has been elaborated,
inducing a marked disturbance of the nervous system, accom-
panied with violent contractions of the womb, aiming to expel
that which has now become a foreign body.

Expulsion is not effected by one effort, but by successive,
slow and progressive contractions, becoming more severe and ex-
hausting as the labor becomes prolonged. At first the pains are
of short duration, increasing gradually in force. Normal con-
tractions take place at the fundus, (center of the body of the
womb); the cornua (horns) shorten towards the fundus; the
womb towards the neck, and the neck towards the opening into
the vaginal cavity called the os. The water-bag enveloping the
foetus acts as a mechanical dilator to the neck of the womb,
which, as the pressure increases, becomes thinner and shorter,
permitting the water-bag to dilate its opening or os. The limbs
and head of the foetus acting as a wedge maintain the dilatation
of the parts, which, as the pains increase in severity, finally ea-
324 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

large, obliterating the os entirely, making the vagina and uterus
one large distended cavity. When this stage is reached delivery
takes place very rapidly.

Sheep frequently bring forth twins, and these may be born
one directly after the other, or, after the birth of one lamb, a
period sometimes of two or three days may elapse before the de-
livery of the other takes place.

Ewes, during the period of gestation, should be kept quiet
and free from such disturbances as would be liable to result in
premature delivery. Chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs, sudden
changes in diet, improper hygienic surroundings, are all liable to
result in abortion, and endanger the lives of the ewes themselves.

The act of parturition is liable to be prolonged, owing to a
number of causes which may arise, many of which are of such a
serious nature as to result in the death of the ewe. As causes re-
sulting in protracted labor we find: (1) Exhaustion from gen-
eral debility. (2) Cold weather at time delivery is due. (3)
Premature rupture of the envelopes (water-bag), permitting the
escape of the liquor amnii (water); the uterus then becomes ex-
hausted from contracting on the foetus, the neck of the womb
not being dilated. (4) Obstructions in the genital passages,
such as tumors in the neck of the womb or vagina. (5) Rigidity
of the neck of the womb, frequently due to some injury inflicted
in a previous delivery. (6) A complete obliteration of the os,
which condition, however, is rare. (7) Torsion of the uterus,
in which event the womb has become twisted on its neck—a con-
dition caused by violent motions on the part of a pregnant sub-
ject, and which has to be rectified before delivery can take place.

The first set of causes, such as exhaustion from general
debility, exposure, etc., are ain wholly to mismanagement on the
part of the diiek-ioned: and are not to, be overcome at the last
moment, but should be guarded against and prevented by proper
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 325

care of the ewes from the time of intercourse with the ram till
delivery is due to take place. Where labor is prolonged from
premature rupture of the water-bag, injections of warm water,
or warm infusions of slippery-elm bark will facilitate the de-
livery.

Where obstructions, such as tumors in the genital organs,
exist, their removal must take place before parturition can pro-
ceed.

In eases of rigidity of the os, whether due to previous injury
or perverted nervous function, applications of warm water
douches, or smearing the os with the extract of belladonna will
often overcome the difficulty; should this not prove successful,
however, it becomes necessary to operate, the proper procedure
being as follows:

Pass the hand in the vagina. This is a matter of some diffi-
culty, as the passage is very small as compared with that of the
cow or mare, but by diligent manipulation, using vaseline to pro-
tect the mucous membranes, it can be accomplished; pass a probe-

pointed bistoury into the os, and make three slight incisions, as

—

Theoretical Drawing, showing Method of Incision of Os Ttert.

A~—Outer circumference of os uteri. B—Supposed centre of same. CC C—Incisions
starting from & to circumference «4

shown in illustration. This will permit the os to dilate and de-
livery to take place. Where ewes have been delivered in this
manner they should not be bred from again on account of cica-
tricial tissue forming in the os. After the lamb is weaned, the
ewe should be fattened for the butcher.

Where obliteration of the os uteri exists, the above operation
326 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

can be performed, but it is then a matter of great difficulty to lo-
cate the proper point for making the incision. A great deal will
depend on the experience and skill of the operator.

Torsion of the uterus is a very difficult matter to overcoine,
especially in the ewe, where the passage is of such limited size.
The proper method is to introduce the hand into the vagina and
up into the uterus, where the spiral turn can be felt. After
deciding as to whether the twist is to the right or left side, have
an assistant turn the body of the ewe in the opposite direction,
the operator leaving his hand in the cavity, endeavoring to exert
his force in the direction opposite to that in which the assistant
is turning. When the womb regains its natural position, deliv-
ery will be able to take place in its normal manner.

Parturition is frequently interfered with by malposition on
the part of the foetus, its presentation not being suitable for its
expulsion through the genital passages, or deformities of the
foetus, termed monstrosities, may interfere with its delivery.
These are to a certain extent common in sheep, and when present
the skill of the operator will be required if the life of the ewe is
to be saved.

The various mal-presentations may be summed up as fol-
lows:

(1) Where head and one fore-leg is presented, the other
being retained. To overcome this condition, gently repel the
foetus back into the womb, and endeavor to obtain possession of
the retained leg; bring it up into position, and allow parturition
to proceed naturally.

(2) Where the head alone is presented—both fore-legs
being retained—push the head back, bring up the fore-legs, so
pesmatting delivery to take place.

(3) Where the two fore-legs are presenting, but the head is
turned back—in this instance the head may be directly turned
backwards, or may be daopped either between the legs or to one
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. ee,

side of them. It will be necessary here to obtain possession of
the head: Introduce a finger into the mouth of the foetus, or
get the hand round the mouth, using force sufficient to bring the
head up into the passage, and deliver the lamb.

(4) Where the side of the foetus only can be felt, it must
be turned to its natural position. This requires judgment,
patience, and skill on the part of the operator. No iron-clad
rule of procedure can be laid down. The operator must manipu-
late the parts until he can obtain possession of a limb, which
should be brought up into position and another one sought for,
which, when obtained, the foetus can be extracted. Either hind-
legs or fore-legs are sufficient,—of course, if the fore-legs are
brought into position the head must present properly, as in
paragraph three.

(5) Where the back of the foetus presents itself the same
procedure recommended in paragraph four must be employed.

(6) Where the breech presents, the hind-legs being re-
tained, repel the foetus, standing it on its head in the uterus;
reach for a hind-leg, bring it up into the canal, then bring up the
other, and extract the lamb by pulling it out backwards.

(7) Where the foetus is too large for delivery. These
eases call for embryotomy, the foetus having to be extracted
piece at a time. Frequently, in these cases, if the operator can
disembowel the foetus the carcass will collapse sufficiently to per-
mit its being extracted. Where the head is enlarged (hydro-
cephalic), it must be punctured to allow the fluid to escape; the
head can then be crushed and delivery take place. Monstrosities
also come under this class. They frequently necessitate the use
of the knife on the foetus if the ewe is to be saved.

In all cases where it is necessary to offer assistance to the
ewe in lambing, care must be exercised to see that no dirt or
foreign substances are introduced into the womb, which would be
liable to result later in septic poisoning and death to the subject.
328 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL,

Force, when used, should be exerted gradually, in order that the
soft parts are not injured or torn.

It is always proper to thoroughly wash the hand and arm
before inserting it in the vagina, also using vaseline or carbolized
sweet oil to lubricate the passage and prevent abrasion of its
mucous lining. Assistance should only be offered when it be-
comes apparent that the ewe is unable to lamb without it; even
where labor has been protracted, if the presentation is right, and
the ewe still possesses good strength, it is better to let nature
take its course than to try to hurry matters along.

Conditions liable to oceur incidental to parturition are as
follows: Retention of the foetal membranes. These should be
expelled from the uterus shortly after the lamb has been born,
Where they are retained for over twenty-four hours their pres-
ence is very liable to cause septic poisoning. Take the project-
ing portions, twist them round a stick, and pull gently and stead-
ily. This is generally all that will be required. After removal,
give the ewe four ounces of Epsom salts, or better still,

Take, Epsoii aligccs¢s2areaecunaeaee 2 ounces
Carbonate of ammonia.......... 20 grains
Nitrate of potash.............. 1 drachm
Ginger, powdered............. 1 drachm

Dissolve in eight ounces of water, and give as a drench.

This is a very useful prescription to give ewes a week before
lambing is due. It assists in preparing the subject for the su-
preme act in nature and prevents, to a great extent, such condi-
tions as are apt to follow parturition in well-bred pampered ani-
mals.

Bleeding, Flooding, Dost-partem Remorrhage. '
May occur as a result of the retention of the foetal membranes, or
from their being too suddenly severed from their attachments, or
. from exhaustion following protracted labor, which interferes with
the natural contractions of the womb.
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 329

Treatment.

Administer a quick stimulant, such as the following:

Take. Sulphuric ether. ....3 drachms
Aromatic spirits of a ammonia....2 drachms
PUGONG ed sokaecs whe ewes SEs es 2 drachms

Add one half pint of water and give as a drench.

Then make an examination, and if the womb is distended,
filled with clots of blood, syringe it out with warm water. When
cleaned out, inject a solution of iron:

dake. “Timeturé of ivois si42uscnaas es 4 drachms
Wie Water tac sured iecsuews 1 pint

Inject it into the uterus, apply cold water to the vulva, and

internally administer the following:

Elnid extrach ercotv<ssss2 eines 2 drachms
Inversion of the Homb.—Drolapsus Uteri.

This may be partial or complete. In partial inversion the
fundus of the womb only is inverted into the vagina, or the
whole may be inverted, projecting outside of the vaginal cavity,
resembling a glove turned inside out. Where the condition has
not existed for any length of time, it can readily be remedied.
Wash the inverted portion with carbolized warm water, and be-
ginning at the most dependent part, commence to turn it in by
pressing the part forward and inward, turning it back into itself,
as it were.

Where the condition has existed for some time, the parts
may need scarification—this is done by lightly criss-crossing the
organ with a knife, not cutting deeply, then apply common salt
or a mixture of equal parts of powdered allspice, salt, and ginger;
then turn the part back as before.

Where gangrene has set in, amputation of the uterus will be
necessary if the life of the ewe is to be saved. This can be done
by taking a needle with a double thread and passing it directly
330 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

through the neck of the organ as far up as possible. Cut the
ends of thread next the needle, leaving four separate ends; then
take the ends of one thread and tie a simple knot, bringing it
tight. This will enclose and effectually stop the circulation of
half the stem. Do the same with the other thread, and then
sever the parts outside of the suture with a sharp knife. After
the uterus has been amputated, place the ewe in such a position
as to raise the hind parts. Administer also an opiate, such as four
drachms of laudanum or one grain of sulphate of morphia.

In cases of inversion of the uterus, if the womb tends to pro-
lapse after it has been returned to position, it may be necessary
to take a deep suture with sterilized silk through the lips of the
vagina, or a pessary can be inserted in the vagina, a simple and
efficient method being the introduction of a pig’s bladder, pre-
viously softened by soaking in warm water; its external surface
is well oiled, and after it has been placed in position, is blown
up through a tube inserted in the neck; the neck of the bladder
is then secured to prevent the escape of the air and is left inside
till all danger of prolapse is over.

Inversion of the Vagina.

This is a condition very similar to prolapse of the uterus,
and may be accompanied by that condition. When occurring, it
is generally as a sequela to premature rupture-of the foetal mem-
branes and escape of the “waters.”

The young animal, on being extracted in a rough manner,
so lacerating and bruising the delicate mucous lining of the vagi-
na, and also the underlying connective tissues, causes a flacciditv
or lack of firmness in the tissues, leading to inversion, which
may take place immediately following the delivery, or at a
later period, caused by straining due to after-pains, or it may take
place any time during several days subsequent to parturition. It
is also met with following abortion or retention of the foctal
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 331

membranes. It is an accident which may occur in other than

pregnant females, due then to lack of tone in the parts, or sone

injury, and also can occur during pregnancy in the latter period

of gestation, caused then by pressure from the gravid uterus.
Symptoms.

Notice a circular reddisii mass projecting from and between
the lips of the vulva. Its surface is smooth unless lacerated and
covered with particles of foreign matter from contact with the
soil. The tumor appears larger when the ewe is lying down.
An examination of the mass will be necessary to differentiate
between this condition and inversion of the uterus. In that con-
dition the cotyledons or placental papillae are easily discernible.
In inversion of the vagina, the mass is perfectly smooth and
marked on its under surface with a furrow, leading to the ure-
thra, and in some cases the cervix uteri can be seen situated in the

middle of the mass.
Creatment.

Wash off with a warm antiseptic solution, and commencing
from each side, at the lips of the vulva, turn the edges inwards.
gradually manipulating the mass till it has regained its normal
position. Where the parts have become lacerated it is necessary
to apply topically some astringent anodyne agent.

Take. Lead acetate.......... eee eee eee 1 ounce
Dissolve in one pint of water, to which may be added two
ounces of laudanum. This can be injected into the vagina, and
if necessary a deep suture can be taken through the vulva, the
same as advised in inversion of the womb.
Inflammation of the Vagina.—Vaginitis.
This follows generally as the result of injury inflicted to the

vagina during parturition. It is as a rule accompanied with in-
flammation of the womb (metritis), in which case it is a very

grave affection.
332 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

Symptoms.

In appearance the lips of the vagina are very much swollen,
the mucous lining of the cavity being of a deep red or livid color,
frequently covered with patches of congestion; the parts feel hot
and dry; the natural secretion having ceased. Pain is evidenced
by the ewe when urinating; the vulva itches intensely; the ewe
will rub against posts, ete., and in so doing is liable to lacevate the °
parts. As the inflammation progresses, the mucus secretion
which was at first suppressed becomes abnormally increased, flow-
ing as a serous liquid, streaked with blood, changing into a puru-
lent discharge, which in passing over the thighs exerts a caustic
and excoriating effect on the skin. Where the inflammation is
excessive it has a tendency to terminate in gangrene, in which
event the ewe is liable to suecumb from septic poisoning; this
termination, however, is rare.

Treatment.

Wash the parts in warm water, and use astringent injec-
tions; that suggested in “Inversion of the Vagina” can also be
used in these cases with good effect. Should there be danger of
gangrene, iron and quinine can be administered internally and the
parts dressed with carbolized oil.

Inflammation of the Womb—Metritis.

Parturient fever is a serious condition, due to one
of several causes, such as injuries to the genital canal during
parturition, retention of the foetal membranes (after birth), or
the introduction of septic material, and exposure to cold during
lambing has also been claimed as a cause of this condition.

Symptoms.
The ewe evidences symptoms of distress; the pulse is full

and bounding: the respirations are hurried; the visible mucous
membranes are congested; the lining of the vagina is inflamed,
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 333

and the vulva swollen; the bowels are constipated, and the natur-
al secretion of milk is suppressed. The ewe lies down, and if
forced to rise does so reluctantly. A discharge from the vagina
is noticeable—at first transparent, soon becoming reddish in color
and thick. The rumen is liable to become distended with gas,
and in cases which terminate fatally the temperature will remain
persistently high. Where the inflammation extends to the peri-
toneum dropsy of the abdomen frequently follows as a sequela—
in these cases the abdomen becomes enlarged, giving the subject

a full appearance.
Treatment.

In these cases it is always advisable to commence treatment
with a full dose of Epsom salts. The following is a useful pre
scription:

Take: E:psomsalts ic. snakaeuess fsa .2 ounces
Common salt... 0.0... 0200 cee eee 2 ounces
(Get 6.2 .c0u ede een uaere 1 drachm
Molasses ...... Gnome akade 8 ounces

Mix and give as one dose.

Place the ewe in warm comfortable quarters, and where the
temperature appears high, give full doses of quinine and aconite
combined. If the udder is swollen, bathe frequently with hot
water, and after each fomentation apply some soothing ointment,
such as

Poke root powdered.............. 4 oz.
- Benzoated lard .........000 eee eee 2 o2.
Malignant Parturient fever.

This is a very grave condition indeed, due in all cases to
septic infection, complicated frequently with erysipelas. It is
virtually a blood-poisoning, and must not be confounded with
simple parturient fever. It can be carried from ewe to ewe by
the lamber making examinations of ewes which are in the act of
parturition, after having handled an affected subject.
334 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

Symptoms.

All the symptoms of parturient fever are present in an ag-
gravated form; the bowels at first are generally constipated, but
as the disease progresses they become relaxed, diarrhoea setting
in, the discharges being foetid, and in many cases accompanied
by or streaked with blood. The ndder is very much swollen, and
shows symptoms of erysipelas infection. When this occurs the
patient rarely, if ever, recovers. The ewe shows signs of abdom-
inal pain, and strains frequently, a sanious foetid discharge being
ejected from the vagina during these efforts. The disease runs
a rapid course, the animal becoming delirious, coma setting in just
prior to fatal terminations.

Post-Mortem Appearances.

The womb is enlarged and thickened; the mucous mem-
brane lining it is of a darkish brown color, darker patches being
noticeable in places. In the cavity of the womb, a chocolate-
colored fluid is present, in which remnants of the foetal mem-
branes are often found; the whole organ presents the appearance
of rapid decomposition, and has a very foetid odor. The vagina
frequently has ulcerous patches on its mucous surfaces, particu-
larly round the vulva and meatus urinarius (opening of the ure-
thra into the vagina). The abdominal cavity contains a reddish
liquid, the whole peritoneal surface showing signs of intense in-
flammation; this is particularly noticeable in that part covering
and supporting the womb. The muscular tissues are dark, at
times almost black. The udder is sometimes spotted with gang-
renous patches, resulting from a previous erysipelatous condition
of that organ. Plain signs of general septic infection are also
noticeable. .

Treatment.

Should be on the same lines as that prescribed in “Metritis.”
A laxative drench is always to be recommended in these cases,
especially at the commencement of the trouble.
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 335

The womb should be thoroughly syringed out with warm
antiseptic douches. Permanganate of potash, one half drachm, in
one pint of water, or injections of carbolic solutions in strength
of one to forty will be found bencficial. Internally, quinine and
iron are indicated, or salycilic acid combined with carbolic, and °
administered frequently but in very small doses. The streneth
of the ewe must be maintained by such stimulants as aromatic
spirits of ammonia, alcohol, ete.

dake, Salieylie eeidesscca « esa sedan ers. X
Carbolie acid 90 per cent sol irae m. iil

Dissolve in one ounce of gruel and give as one dose, repeating
every two hours, or

Lake. Sulphate of quinine, . .2s.s4i 56s 1 drachm
Tincture chloride of iron....... 4 ounce
Wate es ducu madi a eee wanlace bas 12 ounces

Mix and give one ounce as a dose, repeating every two hours. As
a stimulant, the following is useful:

Take. Gulphiiie elie, osec va tekevussesee Oe
Aromatie spirits of ammonia........ 3 oz.
ACOWOL) 2.0 kes seek epee 4 3 OZ.

Dose one ounce in four ounces of water, repeated every three
hours. To the inflamed udder apply warm fomentations fre-
quently. Between these the gland should be dressed with the
ointment of poke-root and lard previously mentioned, or covered
all over with a thick coating of vaseline. In all these cases the
lamb should be taken away at the commencement of the attack.
This disease is very liable to terminate fatally, to prevent which
careful nursing is very necessary.

Garget— Mammitis, or Mastitis.

Is a congested condition of the udder, which may be due to
several causes, among which may he mentioned exposure to cold
or wet, or the udder becoming bruised from contact with hard
336 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

ground when the ewe lies down, or when the ewe has only one
lamb to suckle, which is unable to take the full supply of milk;
or it may arise as a sequela to diseases of parturition, such as par-
turient fever, or puerperal septicaemia. This is a very frequent
condition with ewes, attacking them more often than it does other
species of mammalia. It is a troublesome and dangerous affection,
sometimes proving fatal from mortification of the parts taking
place, and very often leaving the udder in an enlarged, indur-
ated condition, ruining the ewe for breeding purposes, necessi-
tating her being fattened and sold for slaughter.
Symptoms.

As seen occurring following injuries or exposure, swelling
of the gland or part of it, appears suddenly. This swelling is
hard and tense; the secretion of milk is impaired, that which is
secreted being frequently streaked with blood; in mild cases, the
ewe suffers very little pain, and there is no perceptible fever.
These conditions tend to make a favorable recovery, but in cases
of septic infection, the symptoms are aggravated, the disease
being prone to run a malignant course. The swelling generally
commences at one of the teats, rapidly spreading to other portions
of the gland. The swelled portion pits on pressure, having a
doughy feeling; symptoms of fever are well marked; the ewe
appears dull and off its feed; rumination is suspended; the pulse
is quick and hard, all signs of svstemic derangement being pres-
ent. The skin of the udder is very red and, in severe cases, turng
black, mortification setting in. The gangrenous portion of the
gland commences to slough; the disease has a tendency to extend
to the skin of the abdomen, simulating erysipelas; the affected
ewe loses flesh rapidly; death may ensue from blood-poisoning.
This malignant form of inflammation of the udder is generally
considered to be contagious. Severe cases run a very rapid
course, sometimes fatal terminations taking place in twenty-four
hours after manifestation of the first signs of the trouble.
PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDPNTAL. 337

Where recovery takes place, the part of the udder which
was affected is liable to remain in an indurated, scirrhus condi-
tion, and even should this not be the case, the condition is liable
to recur, making the ewe of little value to breed from.

Creatment,

In all cases of garget, the lamb must be taken away and put
to another ewe or raised on the bottle. The udder must be fre-
quently bathed in warm water, using about two ounces of cook-
ing soda in every quart of water. Between the fomentations
dress the part with camphorated oil. Internally, in all cases ac-
companied with high fever, aconite can be given with good re-
sults. A full dose of Epsom salts should be given at commience-
ment of treatment.

Where blood-poisoning is to be anticipated, quinine and iron
will be found useful, and also fluid extract of poke-root, internally,
given in half-teaspoonful doses every three hours, which often
contributes materially in controlling the inflammation of tne
gland.

If abscesses form, they must be opened and the contents
evacuated, the after-treatment consisting in washing out the
pockets with some antiseptic fluid and seeing that the parts are
kept clean. Where gangrene sets in, the affected portion must be
amputated. This can be done withont danger of excessive hem-
orrhage if the parts are incised inside of the line of demarkation.
The edges of the wound should be dressed daily with oil of tur-
pentine. ;

Recovery from malignant attacks is a slow process. The
ewe will generally “slip its fleece.” This is of frequent occur-
rence, however, following febrile conditions in sheep.

Cracked Teats.

This is quite a common condition, which may be caused by
the lamb pulling on an empty teat, or may be the result of infee-
338 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.

tion, as in aphtha, where the disease is transmitted from the mouth
of the lamb to the ewe’s udder, or may arise from a number of
simple causes which it is unnecessary to enumerate here.

Cracked teats, when not due to contagious affections and
where the fissures are superficial, will, as a rule, readily yield to
treatment. But where the fissures are deep and bleed readily
they are extremely sensitive, and the ewe will not permit the
lamb to suckle. This condition then is liable to result in oblitera-
tion of the duct, and may finally terminate in inflammation of
the udder from the retention of its contents.

Treatment.

Consists in drawing off the milk with milk tubes, and dress-
ing the fissures with flexible collodion or glycerine and tannie
acid.

dake, “Tanne gids season cise eawaven grs. XX
Cea... sgeraes ve tiae eiieees 1 oz.

Mix ard apply to sores with a brush or feather.
founder, following Lambing—Darturient Laminitis.

The causes leading up to this condition are not very well un-
derstood. The symptoms are lameness due to inflammation be-
tween the claws, extending up to the coronets and heels. Cold
applications appear te give more satisfactory results than hot.
Internally aconite in small frequent doses combined with quin-
ine, to which, if the pain seems excessive, opium mav be added.
A moderate Nese of Epsom salts should be administered; the ewe
should be kept in comfortable quarters, and given Tote laxative
food. The secretion of milk js suppressed from the commence-
ment of the attack, and the return of milk can be regarded as a
sign for quick recovery.
DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 339

Diseases of the Newly-Born.

Asphixia.

This is generally due to interrupted circulation in the um-
bilical cord, from pressure on it in the passing of the foetus
through the pelvis.

Clean any -ecretion from round the nostrils; close the mouth
and blow into the nostrils; shoul: respiration be established, give
a stimulant, or pour a few drops of brandy into the nostrils, place
the lamb where it will be kept warm.

Bleeding from the Umbilicus—Ambilical Dacmorrhage.

This comes, as a rule, from the cord being severed too close
to the body. The application of styptics or astringents, such as
nitrate of silver, or tannic acid, will as a rule, correct this condi-
tion.

Inflammation of the Umbilical Cord—Navel Ill.

This is a very serious and fatal affection, appearing to be of
specific origin. It first appears as inflammation of the umbilical
vein, but rapidly spreads to the adjoining tissues, terminating in
systemic blood-poisoning.

This disease gencrally runs a malignant course, the inflam-
mation rarely being confined to the umbilical vein. A clot forrns
at the umbilicus, which causes suppuration and the forming of a
pervious opening or fistula. The inflammation ascends the wn-
bilieal vein, as the clot enlarges and ascends, until the whole
course of the vein as high up as the liver becomes affected, the
trouble extending frequently to the portal and hepatic veins.

Symptoms,

The umbilical cord, instead of drying and withering up
after birth of the lamb, remains moist and commences to swell,
projecting from the navel slightly. feeling hard and unyielding,
340 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.

and in size about the thickness of a common lead pencil. From
the center of the projection flows a thin, viscid fluid, which does
not possess any particular odor. The mere fact of the umbilicus
presenting this appearance is evidence of the disease.

The general symptonis are as follows: First notice the lamb
to appear dull, assuming a recumbent position, rising with reluc-
tance, and when made to rise, stands with the back arched, all
four feet drawn together. The lamb will not care for the teat;
appears to be suffering from a dull pain; the respirations are hur-
ried, particularly so when septicaemia ensues.

As the trouble progresses all the symptoms become aggravat-
ed; the region around the navel commences to swell, and is pain-
ful to the touch; the bowels which at first may have been consti-
pated, become very loose, the discharges being offensive, which
is nearly always the case in systemic blood-poisoning; the urine is
seanty and at times verv red in color; the visible mucous mem-
branes become yellowish—an evidence of liver complication;
swellings take place in various portions of the body, particularly
around the hock joints. When these appear the subject shortly

succumbs.
Treatment.

This is mainly preventive, and as the cause is fairly well de-
termined, and the preventive treatment being simple to use as
well as effective, there is hardly any excuse for the occurrence
of this fatal complaint.

Cleanliness is the main preventive agent, adopting measures
to prevent the freshly-severed umbilical cord of the newly-born
lamb from coming in contact with filth or other material liable to
harbor the germs of this disease.

Directly, or as soon as possible after birth, anoint the fresh-
ly-severed cord with a solution of carbolic acid, or some other
powerful antiseptic agent. If this is carefully followed out dur-
ing the lambing season, there will be very few deaths from
“navel-ill.”
DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 341

But when the disease has once obtained a foothold, its
treatment will be found very difficult and unsatisfactory. Even
when successful, recovery is tardy, the lamb taking a long time
to mature and proving an unprofitable feeder.

Syringe out the opening of the umbilical vein with an anti-
septic solution:

dake. Aid ealiepiey. ¢isnckcakakeaans 20 grains
Acid carbolic 90 per cent. (sol.)... 4 drachm
Water viseschane estou te eae 2 ounces

Mix. Use as an injection several times daily.

Internally, those agents should be given which have a ten-
dency to counteract blood-potsoning and support the system.
Give the salicylate of soda in ten-grain doses every hour, alter-
nated with fifteen minims of the tincture of iron (med). Feed
skimmed milk warm, or fresh cow’s milk diluted one-third with
warm water. If the lamb will suck, give the teat. See that the
ewe gets plenty of nourishing diet to eat.

Where navel-ill breaks out as an epidemic, the flock should
be moved to fresh pastures or lots, and care taken to treat each
lamb as fast as it is dropped.

Retention of the Meconium.

The contents of the intestines of the foetus are called the
meconium. They are as a rule voided immediately after the
lamb is born. Should this not take place, however, means must
be taken to insure the removal before ill-results appear. This is
effected by oiling the anus with sweet oil, injecting a small quan-
tity, or inserting therein a small piece of soap. If removal does
not take place the lamb will show signs of pain, refuse to suck,
and after a few days of suffering will succumb from inflamina-
tion of the bowels.

Imperforate Anus.

Is a malformation, the rectum not being communicable with the
342 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.

outside of the body. Sometimes the termination of the gut can
be felt under the skin where the anus should be. In these cases
an incision ean be made and the end of the gut fished up and
sewed to the edges of the incision. Success is doubtful, however.
The cheapest and best method is the destruction of the
lamb, as it otherwise would have to linger and suffer, only ulti-
mately to suecumb. The same condition may exist in connection
with the vagina, or the prepuce of the male. They are simply
mentioned here as ma]formations, and not to advise any special
treatment.
Cyanosie.

Is also another mal-formation of voung animals. It is caused by
the non-closure of the foramen ovale at the time of birth, which
produces a mixed venous and arterial cireulation—hence the
name of “Cyanosis’”—(blue disease), from the blue color of the
mucous membranes.

No care. Death usually takes place in a short while after
birth.

Skin Dryness.

This is a condition when the lamb after being dropped,
through neglect or inability of the ewe to reach it, becomes dry,
the result being that the ewe does not recognize it as her off-
spring, from its lacking some peculiarity which it seems to possess
when wet with the amniotic fluid.

This is frequently met with in young ewes with their first
lambs, and it is a fact that smearing the lamb with the foetal
membranes will cause the ewe to recognize and care for it.

To make a ewe care for a strange lamb, something which is
very frequently necessary in the lambing season, select a ewe
which has just been delivered of a single lamb, rub the strange
lamb against the fleece of the other while it is still wet and smear
it freely with the amniotic fluid which flows from the uterus of
DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 343

the ewe. Then present the lamb to the ewe, she will at once
take care of it, bestowing the same amount of affection on the
stranger as it accords to its own offspring.

Abortion.

Is the expulsion of the foetus before it is sufficiently devel-
oped to exist external to its parent.

Where the lamb is not carried the full term, but is suffi-
ciently developed to exist for any length of time in the external
world, it is said to be born prematurely.

When the foetus is dropped twenty days previous to its
proper time or anywhere between the period of its first concep-
tion and that time, the ewe is said to have aborted.

Abortion may occur from several causes, such as climatic
influences, cold rains, sudden changes in temperature, or from
injurious ingredients in the food-supply, over-feeding on stimu-
lating and easily digestible food, excessive drinking of cold
water, partaking of certain herbs or eating corn-fodder which is
mouldy or covered with smut.

Doses of purgative medicines often are responsible for abor-
tion, as are injuries, sudden back slips, ete. Excitement or fear,
such as the chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs; the forcible tup-
ping of a pregnant ewe by a ram, neglect, starvation, and many
similar causes, but last and the most serious of all, bacteria,
which, on gaining access to the vagina of a pregnant animal.
quickly cause this condition, and which we shall consider here
under the head of

Infectious Abortion.

This is now recognized as a separate and distinct affection,
being due to the introduction of certain germs into the genital
passages of the pregnant female, and while experiments and in-
vestigations have all been conducted with a view to fix the
specificity of this disease as occurring in cattle, without a doubt

\
344 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.

the causes producing the condition in dairy cows are identical
with those inducing the same affection in sheep.

It has been conclusively proven that the introduction of a
cow toa herd will often be followed by abortion of a number of’
the members composing the herd, that is to say, if the new-comer
is from a herd where abortion has frequently taken place.

It was also found that a bull which served cows that had
aborted was liable to carry the infection to other previously
healthy cows, with the consequence that while they would con-
ceive and carry the foetus for a certain length of time, the ma-
jority would abort, or be prematurely delivered about the seventh
month of gestation.

A Scotch commission, selected to enquire into the causes
and devise methods for the prevention of abortion among dairy
cows in Scotland, made a voluminous report in which the con-
clusion was drawn that it was virtually a contagious affection, al-
though they were unable to isolate the particular germ respon-
sible for the trouble, but it was shown that the introduction of
small quantities of the vaginal discharge from an aborting sub-
ject into the vagina of a healthy pregnant cow would be invari-
ably followed by abortion on the part of that animal. In fact it
was only necessary to soil the posterior parts and tail of a healthy
pregnant subject with the foetal membranes from an affected
animal to shortly produce the same condition in the former. It
was also apparent that the cortagium was very active in the
foetal membranes and tissues of the prematurely delivered calf,
and that these being allowed to remain in the field or on compost
heaps were a constant source of danger to pregnant animals. As
has previously been stated, so far all experiments have been con-
ducted to determine the nature of this affection among cattle—
dairy cows in particular. The loss to the dairyman having as-
sumed large proportions, the production of milk was seriously
curtailed by its ravages. While this condition among ewes has

\
DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 345

not called for or been made the subject of special investigation,
it must not be construed that the trouble does not affect them,
but rather that the damage to the ewe flock from this disease has
not yet been properly recognized, or assumed such proportions as
it has among dairy cows. Abortion resulting from whatever
causes manifests certain premonitory symptoms which will at
once be noticed by the careful shepherd and place him on his
guard to prevent the trouble if possible.

Symptoms.

The first noticeable symptom will be dullness and refusal to
feed; the ewe bleats frequently and appears very uneasy.
Should these first premonitory symptoms pass unnoticed, no
effort being made to alleviate them by proper treatment, all the
signs become aggravated, labor pains set in; and in the course of
from six to twelve hours abortion takes place. Cases of abortion
arising from accident, fear or improper food, etc., are usually
manifested by the premonitory signs already described; while in
cases due to infection there is apparently little if anv warning.
The ewe is suddenly seized with labor pains, delivery shortly fol-
lowing.

Abortion in ewes is very liable to be followed by inversion
of the uterus or vagina, or both. Where the foetus is dead be-
fore delivery, the placenta is very liable to precede its expulsion,
and in these cases inversion of the uterus is frequently met with.
In cases of abortion due to infection from septic material, the
foetus is generally born dead, the foetal membranes showing
mrrked evidence of being diseased.

Treatment.

This is both preventive and curative. When abortion oe-
curs in a flock of ewes and several are affected, it is always proper
to move the flock to fresh pastures, being carcful to separate the
ewes which have already aborted from the balance of the fluck.
346 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.

The cause must diligently be sought for and remuved if possible.
For instance, if the season has been wet and cold it is well to sub-
stitute at once dry food and to move the flock to high ground
where the herbage is shorter and less succulent. Ewes which
have been subjected to excitement and fear, and show signs of
abortion, should be placed in quiet quarters and given some nerve
sedative, such as chloroform, opium, or viburnum prunifolium
(the black cohosh which is given with very satisfactory results
in these conditions), and can be given in teaspoonful doses in
the form of the fluid extract, or an infusion of the erude drug
can be made and two ounces given to such of the ewes as mani-
fest symptoms of abortion, ,

In all cases of abortion, whether due to infection or other
causes, the dead foetus and its membranes should at once be de-
stroyed, and not left in the pasture where other pregnant females
may come in contact with them. The flock-owner must exhibit
great caution and should on no account handle any other healthy
members of the flock after attending to an ewe during abortion,
as he ean readily carry the infection, which is liable to spread
like wild-fire through the whole ewe flock.

Following abortion in ewes where the foetal membranes are
retained the following will, as a rule, cause their expulsion.

Take. Laurel berries, powdered......... 2 ounces
Nennel, powdered, . ous ccn sess >+1 ounce
Bi-carbonate of soda........ ....2 ounces

Infuse in two quarts of water, giving eight ounces as one
dose, repeating in six hours time if necessary. This mixture is
highly recommended by Zundel, who claims that it proves
cficacious in nearly every instance.

In small flocks of ewes where infectious abortion is to le
feared wash the vulva and base of the tail with an antiseptic
solution such as a five per cent. watery solution of carbolie acid,
This is an effectual preventive. In these cases it is well to in-
DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 347

ject a small portion of the solution into the vagina. . This treat-
ment, however, would only be practicable in small flocks, where
the value of the animals would warrant individual treatment.
In all cases of threatened abortion the ewe should,at once be re-
moved from the flock and should be isolated therefrom for a
period of at least ten days. Abortion frequently takes place
where the ram has been overworked, having too many ewes
to serve, in which event there seems to be a disposition to
weakness on the part of the foetus, which prohibits its being car-
ried the full term. This can be rectified by limiting the number
of ewes to the ram—a matter which every careful shepherd
gives attention to. Ewes in lamb should not be fed on excessive
quantities of watery foodstuffs Roots, such as turnips, especial-
ly should be fed sparingly. The management of pregnant ewes
ealls for close attention and care on the part of the flock-owner,
which will be more than compensated for in percentage of lambs,
besides materially reducing the amount of losses to the ewes
themselves during the lambing season.
CHAPTER XX.

Medicinal Creatment in General.

Agents Used, Their Therapeutic Actions and Doses.

The medicinal treatment of sheep, when applied to a whole
flock, differs to a certain extent from that used in the treatment
of the individual members of a flock, in that when a disease
breaks out in a herd, requiring that all the members or a large
number of them be subjected to the actions of remedial agents,
we find it impracticable to use drug-, which, however much they
may be indicated, possess a nauseous taste, or properties prevent-
ing them from being exhibited in the food. To overcome this
ditheulty the practitioner or flock-owner has to chiefly rely on
hygiene, combined with the presence of simple tonic agents ad-
ministered in the food or drinking water, several such prescrip-
tions being inserted for their guidance in the part of this work
describing disease. However, in the treatment of small num-
bers, where each animal can be caught separately and the agents
administered, by far the most satisfactory results will be obtain-
ed, as the animal then will receive just the required amount of
the drug or drugs to obtain the desired systemic effect. Medi-
eines which when taken in quantity (as would have to be the case
in wholesale prescribing) are violent poisons, become invaluable
aids to restore normal healthy conditions when given in
correct doses. So in prescribing for large numbers of animals,
where we have to rely on what each individual member will con-
sume along with its food and water, we are at once placed at a
disadvantage, as the only medicines suitable for such prescrip-
MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 349

tions are necessarily not of the kind suitable for grave systemic
derangements. To combat this disadvantage, as above stated,
hygiene must be relied on. This cannot be too strongly enforced
on the minds of the flock-owner. Yor instance, in cases of foot-
rot, remove the flock to high, well-drained ground, where the sur-
roundings are dry. This, in connection with the treatment pre-
scribed in this work, will effect a speedy cure, but to give foot-
baths, ete., and leave the animals in the same locality will not be
attended with the degree of success sought after. In medicinal
treatment it is well to remember that in the animal economy
there resides to a great extent what is termed “vis medicatrix
naturae,” (power of nature to cure itself), and that medicinal
agents are only useful in so far as they assist that power, and
that animals are frequently injured or recovery retarded or per-
haps the sheep are killed outright by the promiscuous adminis-
tration of drugs. No agent should be given without the party
administering the same knowing just what he is giving, what re-
sults he expects to obtain from the drug and in what manner it is
supposed to act, and finally, the correct dose for the subject to
which it is to be given. This is a fundamental rule in prescrib-
ing medicine. If you would be successful in treating vour flock
in disease, study their wants and desires when in health. Re-
member for sick animals no dosing is far and away preferable to
the ignorant use of powerful drugs or nauseous concoctions com-
pounded by ignorant .and bigoted quacks, who consider that the
filthier the agent is which they prescribe the more salutary will
be its effects. When in doubt what to use, call in someone who
is qualified by his education and experience to prescribe. Use
what he tells you, and don’t follow the advice of every loud-
mouthed empiric, who is generally talking for effect, but when
put to trial lacks knowledge of even the simple necessaries per-
taining to the treatment of disease.
350 MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL.

Medicinal Hgents.

Are substances liquid, solid or gaseous, which are adminis:
tered with a view to their exerting some particular effect on the
animal economy by which changes incidental to a perversion of
normal conditions arising from any cause whatsoever may be
overcome and the subject restored to health.

By the therapeutic action of a medicine, we mean
the result obtained on the system from the amount of a certain
drug necessary to alleviate or cure disease. By the physiological
action of a drug, we mean that action obtained on the system by
a drug which is the same both in health and disease.

The following columns describing the therapeutics of the
common drugs used, doses and also a certain number of prescrip-
tions, are not written so much for the use of the veterinarian,
who by his education is specially fitted to know what agents are
indicated and how to combine them to meet certain conditions
but for the sheep-owner, who can refer to them for guidance, the
matter being written in plain language without Latin terms, or
abbreviations, so that it can readily be understood, a slight
definition of certain terms describing the medicinal actions of the
drugs being all that will be necessary.

Astringents.
Agents which cause a contraction of the tissues.
Alteratives.

Drugs which by their modification of the nutrition over-
come certain pathological conditions, permitting the parts to re-
turn to a healthy condition.

Anti-Spasmodics,

Are feeble cerebral stimulants, which by their action on the
nerve-centers increase their tone, thus overcoming minor spasms
and nervous conditions.
MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 351

\

Anaesthetics.

Agents which cause a temporary loss of sensation. There
are two classes of anaesthetics: (1) Local; (2) General.

(1) Loeal, where the agent being applied to the body pro-
duces anaesthesia only at the seat of application.

(2) General. These produce a general condition of
anaesthesia to the whole system. They are administered by in-
halation.

Anthelmintics.
Drugs which either destroy or expel intestinal worms.
Ant-Acids.

Alkalies which, by their chemical action in the system,

counteract excessive gastro-intestinal acidity.
Anodynes.

Drugs which by their power to diminish excitability of

nerves or nerve centers, overcome the sensation called pain.
Antiseptics.

Agents which prevent the develonment of bacilli or spores,

causing a condition of septic decomposition.
Cathartics.

Are agents which stimulate the action of the bowels, caus-
ing an increased flow of fluids to the parts. Of these there are
three classes.

(1) Laxatives.

(2) Purgatives.

(3)  Drastics.

A laxative, causes a mild action. Purgative, a slightly
stronger. While a drastic causes a severe purgation.

(Sulphur.
Laxatives......... ',.. (Epsom salts.
(Cascara segrada.
352 MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL.

(Senna.
(Castor oil.

Purgatives........... (Epsom salts.
(Jalap.
(Aloes.

(Croton oil.
DIVAS esis a x 28 eee (Gamboge.

(Colocynth.
Carminatives.

Are agents which facilitate the expulsion of gases from the
stomach or bowels.

Cholagogues.

Agents which cause a removal of bile from the intestinal
canal, by exciting the bowel movements.

Diuretics.
Medicines which increase the secretion of urine.
Diapboretics.

Are drugs which by their action on the glands of the skin,
inerease its secretory functions, producing perspiration.

Pypnotics.

Agents which, by their action on the system, induce sleep

without causing previous cerebral excitement.
Vermifuges.

Are agents which remove parasites from the bowels by me-
chanical action, the parasites not necessarily being killed in the
process of removal.

Vermicides.

Agents which destroy intestinal parasites.
MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 353

Tonics.

Are medicines which produce a permanent though scareely
perceptible excitement of all the vital functions.

Dose for the Sheep and Lamb.

Has been arbitrarily set down in the following pages.
That of the sheep being close to the maximum amount to be ad-
ministered in any one dose.

That for the lamb being the amount safe tc administer to
the young animal of three to four months of age. However the
flock-owner must use judgment and grade his dose in accordance
with the age and size of the individual animal to which the medi-
cine is to be given, as no hard and fast rule can be laid down in
this regard. All the doses given, except when otherwise stated,
are for the amount called for of the crude drug. The more con-
venient form in which to administer medicine is that of the fluid
extract, the doses for which being exactly the same as those of
the crude drug, prevents mistakes being made as regards the-
_ required amounts.

Fluid measure:

C0 Minin: 55 iasascyedewtoaes 1 drachm.
8 drachms ..usaccdeasecvenes 1 ounce.
16 OUNCES ca¢ ss eee ees awe s ieee ws 1 pint.
D Pits c6s a seew eevee aeeee us 1 quart.
A Quarts) ova cscae eda sae eres am 1 gallon.
Weight measure:
20. wraliey ev i4e gases ees estes 1 scruple.
3 scruples, 60 grains.......... 1 drachm.
8 drachms .......-0-ee eee e eee 1 ounce.
12 OUNCES... ese ea eee ee eee 1 pound.
Symbols:
Tid ag oS dng ae a sehen aR stands for minim
IE eg arckgn giesande,e Sete REM OR OIE VRS 8 drachm

Ot ee cone rere cena Ok eT eae eA ounce
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

ssapdtourid oAtoe wey.
1Oj BPlyaA B SB pasn Sueq ‘ssuap

 

 

‘S[[LyP AG poaojpos LE Surges ul
[VEYouog Sl Ps[[Mo UL TOLB[NIA
TB[NSaLit saztyenbs ‘sured [vuimMop

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J9Y}O YLM pourquios LJUoMMOD St 4 weap 7 ‘10 T -qB puB dod UL [NJesy) “JULpNUIYS *LOYOo|y
al = ‘SUOL}Ipuod £107 BUI
AUBYUL a3Nde JaYyIO IO siIyIUO}Jed
url [Oyesn si4y “ured saddled ‘87 veq “OINOUL,
ACW XW as[nd saaAo[ ‘aimjzeradttay soonpeyy ‘OIUOOY
“papuaqe JOU st
ULYS 94} [NJarvd Surg ‘ajddy -“xyY
“quid To ‘enby
“WBIP Ho plow otssnIg
‘weip To assejod aonbry :ayuy,
“Suryoy sLeype yt ‘ysejod ‘juRsseidep IBIP
pue JoyVM TILA poxrar ‘A[peusey xy UB) BSL QE A[RUA}UL “A ]PeUIe} xo :
‘s}[NSel [RIOyeueq YI ‘(avel yoy) poydde voy UO ULL SAVTV pue — (-pRULarpeyy)
snuvyo} UL pesn udaq sey qt A][eUure}UT “ACT “AX CY ‘SOATIT ALOSU8S JOSPUs BY} SosATBIB YT | Iss. PLOY
rn *JUR POUT
-sIp pue oplorisered B sv posn St 4t
‘Ja ‘xBayjue sad apart ur [ny A|[BUIEIXY ‘poolq aq} ul susues
“ASN SEAL AYPVGIeIUL ward sy csdip -10 JO TOleoldiyyntm oq} Queseid
doays JuazEd AULUL Jo SIsLq aq} SULLO,T “TY XY 0} pesn ‘ordesijue st qt Alpeuse}UT! “orpoqun) Py
“xX NL | xxx "Sany ‘onze1ddWa} SIOMOT “aONJLIGa,T ‘opTpauLyzawVp
‘OSM [LUJO]UL IO} 4¥aq SL PLL dyjooe = ‘
ANP SL YOU ‘aes, ATP VUte} | *S]UITIJULO Qvos 10 asueUl
“UL UALS UIQAr PopN[[p Apoorpaq Jsnyy AY | TAX CTY UL OS[Y  *O}o ‘SPAWAM BDULAOAL LOT “Phy oy
AUNT, | “Tay

“SMUVICL

“SOLD Id Valo

 

 

DU
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22 1
aa
on
MAIMOT {Ula} Ppargs
; ALU OF OLIadNs JOU SEAL TULIO.W
-9d22} JO SasVd UL Papua IAL AT
‘913 EXK ‘strip G | -[Ubadssy “aentinti1oa puv sprridar y, NN Waly
ae | eS
| ; |
‘ogo “SuIpae[q qUueAIId 0}
Apeussy xa pat[ddv 10 ‘vaoysrerp jo
ui ‘S18 XX ‘Sap @ Sasevd UL ‘JUGSULIISBY UB Se AALS ST TUN
a
a
Sd
< “TO 107019 10 aSoquIes ‘geuI[LS
P| TILA = peulquIod §=usALd ysaq SI
< PUB ‘STONPUOD ATOPVVULUTR ABUL OS[V
4 “UOTYSOSIPUL UL ‘IaAdMOoN ‘TNJesn
Oo SEQ] ‘deeys uo qQoeya $71 UL UIey
a ‘20% ‘ZO T. -199 JOU ‘earzesind pue ojarqyey “‘s90[¥
a = =| b cere eee ee
a
*‘sasOp g IO} JUAIYNS XY
é iaeeseENT ON { uvizuor
zo % qova 1 oun
‘SUUBIp Bu uOdL JO ayeydypngy
“quid psa re Puenenpitesrennens Srpy
{8M O[[O] SB ‘O10 ‘URT] NAS SB SeIpeTaI Yous
st ‘ape Suruiqurod ‘youeIp o1u04 S.uN(T ‘920 & ‘SZ0 9 (HIM pourquod o1u07 pu yURNMIYE ‘aTV
; : “aAWWT "daaHg : Tass 7
SMUVAAY SOLLNAdD VUA HL DIY

“ASOd

 

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

356

“pos ULLOF
aq} Suraq ploleype oq} ‘Aradans ada ut
THjysn Os[e st yy “qooge Surqy0os 971
JO JUNOd08 UO “JUaTIJUIO pure syueUlT

 

 

|
—W xx | ‘MBP T

 

“Pop IUId}UNOI IQ OF WOl}d.L008
SNOONUL PAISSIDXO UV SI do} 19Ad

“9G IO ‘SIqoUOIg ‘eraotuneud — |(}98419x9 py)

 

 

“Ul O} Poppe Ay} ueNnba.cy st vuUO pag *}LO1YT alos “Yee ULE [Ojesn sy} “euUOpElleg

| | i
. “‘quede |
“FP Ses0dWOoep TaN SyLLLUT JO | | 2a GUM Yom B soln} JO suo |

ainjoul} punodmos jo 44130enb yeuba | ‘AT[ea1ayUL | possaip puv Yo pared aq 07 avvjins — |( yo a4 ny)

UB YHA XM ‘patisap st UOLNIOs eB JL i | P9sn JON —- PdSVos(T *1O4-JOOP UE [UpOsN HoysnRy ‘AUOTIUEYI
| ee es . a ws i Eee Ss
|

| S}]US.10 S90[B YI paurquioa ‘aon
-vdtjsuod JO saseo UL [NJesn og]e
“SI XX “WBIP T | St Yl SQURlNIAYS py ‘aayeaioiie,) “BpIqaoyesy

 

*JO4-JOOF JO JWI} BAI} a} 1OJ JUaTE
poos v saaoid 41‘ysejod jo 9}BUuUOqIRd
QILM pouiquios ‘sqsno1, MoTeYys ut
‘T9AIMOT ‘UOTNIOS A19}zBAL V UL pes)
‘214B] Joidun puv snosesuep av ‘pey
aq 0} ol? suoljVIedaid Quatloyje sv AT
-jenba snouosiod-uou way ‘aun qua
-soid ay} 48 ‘yor ‘sdip daays snouo
-stod AUB JO sIseq at} SULIO] dGasLy

 

 

“‘UOL ROI) SNOIUBINI oy} a7 LN
“tuys 0} posoddus si4y *ermoarmneud
JO BISLYY JsIg aq} UL papusmnodo.a sg]

 

“SMUV NG

 

‘uRIp ¥&
‘uorqnos

ad Y |

“‘SUBIP Z
‘uolnjog

"813%
‘19PMOg

Ip MOg

 

‘SUIBIP G
| “aINWT | “daa

 

_ YILM psuiqMos ‘o1u0} B BV TaALs sy |

918 “FOI JOO] AO} Posn
SE 4 Al[BUIaIXy] “BoOyLeIP YA
UOlseSIP Josjiodwur Jo sasvo Ul
[QJesn stay ‘splae-jue puv mnido

(Jo uoTN[ON
8 Jo, MO)
OTUs Y

‘aye
‘suleids UL UOLRMWe BU dsalad OL
A|[VUII}NO Pos[) 19} BULIN OF oLIsep
So} LMS ‘WONR[NdIL ay} sue

(jo adn ours)
ny | VOM

 

 

SOTLOGd VUE ‘QU

eS a |
357

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

JOd-JOOs Lop UOT Ba Bow
[Josh BSESUL ‘Sepisyns WOQI8 [Lt
“Wd TUN poey1OouN 9]}}0q IAva'T
“SUIBIp QU ple oling
-d[ng A[ Mos ppy
‘szo ZU autjuadan} “sqydy

 

“OJO SSUES
‘SANELIQ AOf SA[TUO oStL [BUTIINST

"SQ MOV

 

“YpLOE QIAN. yyeYyO porvd
-at PUB WINTR PN! LM patapSstulc4Ipy’

 

*paljeoxe

-UN PUNOJ aq [EM YE IOSSvu ay} 40J

Jo ‘saios OF uO RoYdde uB Sy XY
°$Z0 GU pave poyvozuag

   

201 ‘ple dbelog
“trap 4 WLLO[OPO]
‘20 Y dap mod aoydae,)
‘wuBIp [ ple oluuRp 19 1RpL

“71 PUSUITIOD OF Ton sy
‘piel peyeozuaq ‘syuese J9q}IO YYM
uorountuos ur ‘spdde 0% vporyea v sy

MUL EUy Pee eeeerrtatee 19 paasury sayey

JO BOYLIVIP ILGSLVS UL A|[BUIJUL

“SCLULRT,

(a BaIVLU-quy)
“yynm

 

 

O49 “Had [N
‘sotOS OF UOT Vode ULE 8B Posn vy |

"puery
poyeozug]

 

“UoOndLIosep AUB
JO SA1OT PUL sAod[N ‘SPpUNO AM JO} ULLy
-vodde prpusds v st ‘moezuaq Jo ain

-gouly punodwod aq) ‘uresyeq s.qeLty

‘salpallod Lo JO WPL Poulq
“Noy SLIoUOIg pue eluolwneud
UL [Nyasn Sf PUB “YULLNWIS pia Be ST

“ULOZU9gT

 

SMUVINRL

 

 

 

 

“POLL VUTAL | i “OLREC
 

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

358

"S)[Usal
TPR pauaq goose [[LA ‘poonpad Uoeq svty
TLoOIsn}OId 94} 1a]Je ‘ROIPUL SIYRULLD
pure 194j3nq Oovod Jo Aroysoddns B
‘JaMOq JIAO] 9} JO UO IPUGd d1U0]L
Uv Wo. Sutdagus dool[s UL paadasqo
Ajjuanbod] ‘wnjda1 9Y} JO UOlsJadW UP | NLA

“APO? Josyorjz Vv Juosard [puma qe ‘pay
pe} BOzZ0eq UL UO] yUsWyULO UT do quid
10 ‘JO UL PaATOSSIGT “UOIPRILTIL [RID
“UDI dAal[al O} OS]e ‘s}uesR Jay}.O
YIM pauiqmMod ‘VHqIIeIp UL pasn st I] “SUG NX

 

 

‘ShU}9} UL OSTR RMYAIVIP UL [Ny
‘atpotuseds-ue puv guxpouy SIqRUUY, )

 

‘dass ayouotd OF pur |

 

 

 

“O[YLlfad AWA JON “SIS
-[eystiad [RUIysa}UL wupord OF Pas] | ‘UBaG, LEQR]|L;)

 

(‘dmayzy uvipuy)
“BoIpu_

i
AATTRUIWMUIBD PUL PUR[NTIYS IL4SUr) sroqdur,)

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘Asdapida Jo s7y Yo prwa OF SATYIGR es | ; . TUNISSe JO]
-JOXA SNOS.A1IU JO SasVo UL poqtioserd sp | STH OG | PATLBPIS VATON, | JO apluoag
fae “QUO SULA GT
“aL[Oo Si a
JO SOSBd PUB SII 9AljSaHMO) UT [NJes_} “WRIp T “Apueig
“‘palisap st sisdasique ata ‘mOLIny |
-led yjnogip pue pasuojoad raf po
~polul oq OJ oPoNOpa[qeadlAdoes B OS[L
St pUB ‘SUOLDANe ULYS UL Surpoy ALLL
0} UoRoydde [njesn vB seyVyy “XY ALLSS JO SASL) UL A[[RUTAJUL UAL
‘sZ0 Og a Tae Ah “YSU BSR pes ‘s8TPNOLW
20% see XRIOG laYRL "SS A a103 UE Jujosn Oudastyue squared “XRLOT
‘spunom Joy uOevoydde aides |
-UB AQCUN[VA BV Sayeal IL ‘sTUAIpPaLsut
Jo }O YZLM PaTIquULoOd ‘WIOJ WUATIT MLO UT ‘sad A | Joy A[peMsaqUL UaALs ‘ondasiay ‘pHs ddBIOGT
Se | “taddo-7) yo aye qd y aan | tauozsanyq
“IN?
“SMYUVINGU ——— Ls ‘SOLD AI d Vad AL DAU
ane — ne

 

 

 
359

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

= “daoys
UMOIB-[[NJ 10 .T "sesop F OVAL “XUL
"320 QE seer TOT AL
SOE sees sabaaadeze aug)
“8Z0 & paredaid ‘yyeq,)
‘820 % | pesep.nod ‘navy ‘peur ATepaut
“sULLIp g "padapaod ‘uanidG sOYRY, -1[8 aq} Worl Sie SEE SNOUT
_ SVMYLIVIP LOT | 8 XXX SSUIRIP G | Jo Sosvd UL post WUesULTISV UB ST NYI9IPR, )
“‘Vaadv quale Saga eB asodand ae oS -
eq} 1Ofuaso YOU SL puB ‘d}a ‘sud .
YOY PeOALLVI IO] JUBJIJUISIP B SV ‘SurRoyq |
Posn ST IC YSVarapT A UPLM potiqiro,) JO SasVd UL SoUIIZAIMOS UBAID ATLL  -oTUITT
“pepustMooet JOU SE osM [VUTOPUESIT fo IP | “UTOUL “QURBWSPNEID PUL 10ZL10 POA] \ JO apLtory, )
“VDYILBIP Eee
pUe TONSaSIPUL [01}U0d 0} ‘dj0 ‘10d | “(qpeqg)
-m3 ‘wnido ¢pepHoyaRrd aout ‘satp ‘sfaMoq  "aulvy
-HUAT L9]}JO YILM peulqiMod sl Apey,) Wweip T “ZO % aq} ul APIPIO’ Sulzipeaqynea ‘ppequy jo ayeuoqir,)
| “9d 01 AoUepUo} Ao} SoqSIULULp YL
: SaAlvesaind yjILM paulquioy  “asuayn
-JBY puw UOLZSeSIPUL UL pesn ‘9A. (“paag astuy )
| ‘WeRIp T 20% | -BUIWIB) PUP JUL[NWUQS dIGoVMO}g | — ‘sUOUTepiL,)
= ‘eALTBULULTBD PUL dIYILMO}S -
| "SD 7X “ULBIP % @ SL ‘SUOl}e1009 ILIJIVS $9]OULOIY “urnoisd ny
*QOBJANS poIIBV J9sAoO SMP “XL ‘posdepavavy sARp ANOJ a1OJoq sop
20 [YB NUISIG JO a} BA}IU-qny ay? yeodar you Op ‘deays 0} Snap
“uleip Lees ae ‘jauo|B) siqy Sul18}S ULI pe ul paddasqo
SSALO[[OF SB SL [BULO[VD SUIeI aq ISNU 91v,) “ASNJLIQoy puv say
-u0d saiog JO] Japaod Sulsup pnyjosn iA "SL TN ‘SUS NX | -Blaqe ‘aalpesind qguean{pe ue sl 4] *JaUIO[R, )
“Paya ol] asBalOUL [LM SapLIeyyUed jo “quepnaiys
UOL}IPPe [[VUIS B pasn aq 01 ST Jaysuyl snoaueynd & se BUIZB Sosup [BUS
plezSNU B aay {|[VU1aXy “ayesun ‘QVUBYLLU-1dJUNOD B SB A] VUIIY XT
pues urlez120UN ST Juss SIq7 AT[eUIe1UT “B18 “LL ‘O1ISAP [BAX 9X9 O} ‘AT[VUA]UT “‘SaPLIBYLUR,)
i CHINWET “dagng — ;
SMUVNAU [ “"Sarcoq SOLLOG dA VUAHL D1.

 

 

 

Asod

 

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

360

*£aaqua

‘dnats aduus pue
‘nioe dOTqooipay ‘yutwaeddad jo
yo ‘snmvosoay ‘ajuoov ‘prov diy
-snid ‘wnoisdead jo armour ‘aur
-lom ‘dey uvipay ‘W10JO.10[q) SUL

 

 

 

-sf{p pue LHPURIp JO Sasvo UL [NJas;) IV XX ‘BAP T | -Ule]UOD SHIP JO WONLUIGMOd B ST aILNpa.opyy
“ATTRAC ULE SNOODUL [RIO
Ol} UO QdaYo SUIZLII}NVI SZ JO JUNO. “STOTVAYR [VITPUOTG UL [NYJesn “BITOTIIUY
“0B UO “19]BM Y]LM pe yN[[p [faa aq OT, “SG X ‘saS -XNN | [plov-]UB PUB JURTNMIYS apyisnyiy jo aj ruoqing
“BIsaTT]SseV
-ue aj9]du10) aonpoad 02 °zO T qnoqe
Sullinbal ‘payvyut sf ol oljoypsaue
UB 8B PatoISIMIWIPe Vey A, “Gq Now
aq} SuUlpyeosys ploae o% ‘jenasd sno soud pour pur aipomseds-1ue “ur
-ULsepionid 10 dnads Ul paseysmUpy "WW xXx WLS “huis B@ sev ‘yjnow AQ A[PLuaopUy “WLLOJO.IO [ND
‘a}o
“YM UL poleysuIlUp Vy ‘$20 & “S20 F ‘BMYLIVIP JO Sasvo ULSQMel OP UdATL)

 

“u0ld
-LINQILd JO sasvo a9A08 UL [NJosn ST IT
‘vuTOpR]jeq pue surqdsoum 10 winido
TEM pourqwmoos st gt ured dAvl[el OJ,

 

 

 

“ua ay.
JO WOLPVWUMIR YUL UL pasn st jt Wnty
-seqod jo apluolg FILA peuiquin)

"IQ 10sKD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘uRap Y ‘suIvIp GZ | ‘daejs sesnuo ‘APPIQRILIIL sporty *perolyg
“Bip % “sueIp & ‘yuRTNWMYS pur duo J, “yaeg Bl[LiBoserg
MINT | ‘dagHy
5 “SOTLIA d VU AL “POU
sod
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

ma
% ‘d}9 ‘ayLo [LO 10 [Rat 5 ‘suOlIpuoo
pessur, Aq papadiodns st JI _po}vatz dUINUe dTOAIYO UL IO ‘VHYIILIp
aq OF DAVT wAOQIUNM aleq Ay “S[BUL JO soyeo Joye sqmry pur daoys UL
“178 gIqunypea porg-aind Jo sasvo UL £19A.0991 U9}SBY OF} [Nfosn ATPVLAdso
qdarxe ‘a[QuooVAUIUL St asn [V19Ued S}] 10 & 20 T BAITULAYTW PUB dO} JuelNa BS] | “LC Jeary pog
‘mUnIdG aay | “aTIApO:)
‘URB10 JET} Jo
TOLRUIMRXS ssojured @ Ylutded TL
aso ay} ur peddoip worn[os eaoqe
gs —- 80}. JO sdoup map y “BIsaq}seav [BIO]
a e saonpoid uo pezriedo aq 02 aed
aw af}? 02 A[[euIazx9 poydde ‘aqRao [Yo ‘af9 at} UO sTOIzRIedo
e -O1ps<Y aulyood oq} JO UOIWN[OS ¥F ¥ UL [NJasN ATTBods ‘atjaqyseBUR [Roo “IUIRIOY
= : a x
3 "BIUURUB JO SISVd UL INO} [BLDG
a -aueq © Sl JLS}[ES UOAL YILM pourqaio,) | ‘weap % “SUIBIP T “ITPBIMO}S 19191 PUB DINO L “RUOTpUL)
R ‘SUS aq} JO MOI{N[OAD OY} TI
SH Burn[nser woloe [Bolueya ay} ‘41 Jaao
a - pained st ‘da}eVaa Jo qunowe fenba *paptatawWojal JOU
Ss UB FILA palnip ‘ploe oiuyd[ns pue SL pue ‘plov snoinydng uLey) sno
‘esS9A IIBMUITLvs WB UL pade)d ore -lasuep PUB BUYVILLIL alow st IT
‘poxtud AJoLVULIZUT ‘eplXO You]q aseued “UIGAL SUNT BT] JO UOTJONAYSap 99
* -ueUul pus J[es UOWWOD Jo sz1ed Tenby IO} pasn are sed aq} JOsuorEVYUy | csey aurso0pyg
‘asOp 90 SB OATH “XII
"820 9° “TO peesal'T =
URI TL" “-9urquedin y,
‘SULBIP FU PRONTBY,) <oYRL “‘qROT pUB ajo TE peRd
-"eO|q 4105p | tURAp T ‘SUIVIP F | -IPULSTOSNS}]T “WO RPUSULLes SD *jRoorRyY
“anV'T] ‘dHaHg #
= “SOLD el DY USL “pOUC

SMUVINE

 

 

 

“S00 |
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

"JO1-JOU] LOJ ONTR ‘soqojzed aq
“(vos 10 8LOSIRUT A payov7zR sa.o0s
SSo1p 0} Pash ‘9U0]s AINDIVU JO auTBU
oq} Iapun UMOUY St 4f wAIoOF floued
a1 dn yng ‘qras deaqs ut suogeo
-ydde [eso] se (adoring, pue paepsary
ut A]peWedse) pasn azo are a}eut

 

“Apld
-isered pue oisneo ‘ondestjue
UB 8B pesn I A[[BUIAIXY ‘“A9Al] aq}
0} URNS B SB pesn SamjaWOS
St 4f sasop [RULIpeut ul ‘uosiod

 

 

   

 

‘ay RUTqny

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HQNS PAlSO.1109 SUT HOD S}UaTITyTI() WR as JUP{LLII PUB BAISOL10) B st A[[BUIIUT BAISOLIO, )
qos | = -
-Algd19) JO Sasvd UI sv ‘ulajsAS snOA |
~lou aq} JO JUIMASUBIAp & 0} UIMO ; ‘Sulppuey [Njores Aaa soainb
DALLIVUL UWLBWII SfPAOq VY} Baar | -at oan quase ]Qy1a.0 od AIDA
arjoRid deays Wt [njesn sf 10 u0y0.,) ATK xO" @ Sf foley onsoseipéy oaty “W1Q) UO4O4, )
“Alvssaoau Laut} simoq oS 2? oa i eyes
OMY UL payeadat aq 07 fa] MO]S 1 BUT
19SIUIWIPL ‘BSOp UO SB oA “XI |
SS ZOi So 09. See oes Jae My |
‘MEAP T viuomMMyY'sids sneUOly
rswmeap gv TTT “UeYD peredaig | ‘S]UDB 9 }O
‘SIMBAD & Ee ormegnets | YL peuiqmos ‘C1aquas<p pure
(stim) sdorp oT “"""a]OS31IDQ :eHBY, puke BOGIIB(p JOSosPRO ULB }I0D UL po
‘daays 1[Npe Ul VHMyLIVIp 10,7 “ACN “AX YY -JRIIPUL SLAY “WOR UUIef Sys91IV ‘aj0SvaI,)
-_ “aaddog jo ayeqdmg aag ~raddo,y
“ATESSIIIU JL SAINUIM OF ul ywoder |
‘onsuo} UO pade|d "XX *]y :daays 10,7 |
“ATess900 JI ‘SayNuIUL OZ Ul payead
“ad ‘Inyuoodsva} T :91}989 10,J—asoq
“Spa9dg WNdIYITOD Jo aanjpoULY, :ayVy
‘ured Arad SUIaq YOU aR aq}. 8PI9AV *‘JRO[q 10 UAAOY UL UOTE Ss} UL DY
JU WOUAL UL AaUUVI 9} “Jalal p.oge -ads JSCMeR OS[R St4, “suotpayVv (toayes
seseo Jo AUAIOfeU oq} UL ‘|[LM SUMO] | ajemneyl UL pasn Ayaaisme} XT MOpLaly )
-[O} aq} daays puv a]}79 Ul UsAOT 10,T ‘xy | Ny cy ‘yuRnmis ojedeq pue aarpesing | TUNDITPTO, )
| caiwey | ‘aggug
SMYUVINGY = I ' SIT LOAd VU YQ
“ASOd |

 

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

363

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“oLjarOIp
"SU A “SL AX PUB JURNAITAS DIvaY [NLA og “SITRILS(|
‘[Bas Uapjos 10 ueIyUes
(pros) sv pooS og you {1007 pur Jagiind = |} ( unovxerey)
*JOVALXO BY} JO IVY} SE UAALS Vso] “URAp T ‘stmeip F | poojq ‘Queyynuys oedeq py “UOlfapuR(,
“WINISSYIO.J
"PLY olURLDOIPAT] vay jo apie, )
*A[WO VSN [VUAI}NO '*)J0 ‘sPUSTUL
-UI[ UL [LO paasul] LO] a]NZYSGAS B SY [1 peas-W0770; )
“ules
pe Sureq Jaqye ‘Aprep 9019 41078
jo ‘'8zO F ul ‘[nJuoodsalqe} [—eso(,
“ye UL
‘SZO F IYBUL OF Y.SNOUd 19}e AL ,
"20 T HH TOTOOLY
“SUIBIP G*BOIUIOA XNU “9X9 "LT
"20 [rar JO apt
-1O]]O oY} JO ainqouLy, ‘aye,
9 “9107 VUAT[e0 *‘yuase o1ydestjzue
-X9 UB 9Q 0} PUNOJ oq ][LA\ BULA OT[OS poos v pue a14d 448 ‘uesaLiyse ue |
aq? ‘advo avpnogaed quBIIeEM an[ea SEL Alpeusegxey “UOMIpUoD oIMOyR |
aSOYA S[VULINB [VNPLAIpUL JO asva ]B1auas B OF ONP VM.ALRIp JO saseo
ayy UL AQ ‘WOIT Jo oyvYd[Ns sularer UL JoofJa POOS V S}JoX9 puBazijed |
-U0d ‘pasd} 94) UL Siapaod uOlIpuos -dev ot} seaoida 4f “suonipuos ("doay Jo
lusq} paey 07 afqestape st 91 daayqs dURIe Ul [Njasn ‘Wuaculsyse puv oy eEYydag)
UL SULIOM [PU1}8eUL JO UOIS[Ndxa LI Vy gad x ‘SIS XXX | ONO] olAQeMARY Ve se Jt AT[RUIAUy ‘seaaddo, )
‘aIWT] “dagHg '

“SMUVNAY

 

‘aASOd

“SU LOGd VU

pOoUd
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

364

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“quyyn
UIQS a[qiIsuyip Su01js VB OS[R SI 4]
*19]OM PUB BIUOTTLTB JO BU ‘UdAOG 10 SUNSLIG UL po} woIpUL
-11d9 O1VRU1O.8 YILA paulquuiod S1aqje Apepnoygied Suleq yt ‘aouenyep
annyd[as Jo asop qny BV Aq ‘paysaqo $[01] 00) PUB ‘MOIR UIU9f OLISV.S (19qay
ALuon bar are ‘asvestp JO SUSIS A104L SYVITPI FL ‘BATPVULNATLD [LNJdoIJa UB SLI dLAg )
-towald of} ‘s}Y SULIaAIYS puv ‘'s|[iq.) | “saeip ‘SUIBIP F | SE 4 ‘AVM YILM popN[ip ‘A[PVUle} Oy III]
*palBdIPUL SI osn szI ‘sensusa SUL
“poop 10 ‘QoB1}U0d OF SRF Suseyn
ay} Jt ‘uongnnqied sarnolypog
‘sured 10qRy[ Uaq) Suaaj]s pure aenpuUr
‘maeIp T 0} LOQ¥R[ payoRjoad JO sasvod UL pes) ° VO Ba5,
“usTUL
10 PIRVUIOJS JSAY AY} OFULIIUBITUD SIT :
alqissod ge 1B] sv quoAoid 0} ‘AP MO]S 3 fy be a
41 Suiazstumpe ‘asop auo se at) “Ip jo asnvo oy} Sureq Auenba.y
JUBILLIL UY SL YA Jo aouasa.id aq
yd T eee ae eg oe PAN, ‘VLLazVUL POO} Surpusutsay ‘poised
WRAp [oe LaBULS Jo anqouLy, -IPUN JO Wo} SIV] PIP Ar ‘sjaa.oq
“SL XXX'9}VUOGIRI BIMUOTIMY ayy JO B[PM 94} UOTE Snhonur
‘S}45 XXX BOIMLOA XNU “9X9 “LT A[LYVAL JO WOTPAIIAS ‘OAISSAdXO UL
20 Foe eesires WoOsds, 18x L SasNed JL {syovuMoj}y ply puw IST
‘paqiiosaid AyjyUuanb aq} Jo uoMoedalt ‘UoljSeSIpUr Jo
-H1f ST ‘S]UIGV IYO FILM paurquios S98Vd UL pa] BdIPUL ST SN S}T‘VAIVa
szjes wosda ‘punoqg-feprey Jo sasvo UT ‘820 & ‘SZO F -ind pasn 4]}Uanbey puv squnpea yo) s}pey Tosdsy
‘wlmotmneud jo ass:
4sdY 94} PUB SIFIQIUOAG UL [NJasn st
‘RAYALIBIP pasuol ql ‘queroyedxe puv ‘oretoydeip
-o1d JO $98B0 UL Jalfar ploye OF punoj BSt 4 ‘olvydyns urnissejzod pue LOD MOT
aq APuanboap TEM dop.wod s1eAo(T ¥ "S15 XX ‘mvip T | wnido ‘vuvynovoedt Jo pasodio,) 8 IdAO(T
“AIN'T, ‘da aHy
SMU VYING : SIT COAd VU BL OU
‘ASO |

 

 
365

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

‘A[LwVp anuo paay

 

  

 

UL spnyNoodsalqey} OA BALD “XY
moa puncsass [aur passurT
‘20 “]VOo1eY, )
‘ZO 5 a wees Tau)
‘20 FO “ares MOTUHO,)
‘20 G “dod Jo ayByding
‘20 Qo UBIVUIS ‘palapMOg ‘AYU L

“[nyesn
Ayjeveds st reused ‘RMyueip YAY

TaqIO TPA paurqurood “emuavur
PUB TONSesIpUl dU0YR UL payearrp
-ut A[PVads st Wa}sds ay] JO a0
[B4aued ay} saaordwiyy “1u01}9

-ovad aq} JO puBUIUOD aq} 7B 4H0q |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

peluedutodov ‘UONSESIPUL JO sasvd UL | “SWIRIP Z ‘stvap F | aq. JO suo ‘91U0Z DULY oITPPRWOLY | “uURTUer)
(uunsemo) |
Youwmojs pug} oy} JO worjovdwuy jo "WOLP RUT Lo
Beseo UE [Hjasn Ss] ‘esop eUO_ 8B TALS pidva szt suisneo Aq ‘faaoq et}
pue ‘19}e Jo quid [ UL paaTossic] ULSTIq JO UOTZdIOSqL-aI JY} SJUIA
TUBS: Nay eter asoquier) “Ig ‘NOIR OYTBYsSLIed SuISRelOUT
‘ZO ° 4yRs WOUUOD pue ‘sediegasip f10}UM BSuisnvo |
moO R- To  syes uOSds, ‘oY L “SL OX "SIG XXX ‘or.TeyyBd snsosvipAq —- 01 sR] “ISOGUIRE)
*jeuula,T $B 8G ‘SMIBIp | ‘JeUTey SB SoTpNed RAV, UINY “‘yoorsnuo,]
“$0 ] 29O.APB s} Jo qed aq uo Tt ==
yt Jo uoluldo paqyexe oq} 40 ‘asn S}T
puswmmosd 07 Tebeds Suayjou ‘spoo}
Summoyipuos yuayed ut Ajsaay peasy) “uURAp T "SUILIp OIIBUIOJG PUB DAIPVUIUAR,) “OUTIL
‘papuau modal
jou st asn sql ‘SapTT[O} «leq oq} jo
uolpnIj}se9p pue Suiqsnols snpoud
0} ATU[IGVI[ SJL 07 SULAVO yNqQ ‘s.197SI1q
AUBUL Ju ULOTPISOdULOD 9} OFULSI9}UI 4] *£[[Buse} UL pasn YON ‘tuaniqaroqdnsy
; ‘aWV'T ‘dAaHS
“SMUVWAY SS JILAAdC Vol HL “POU

 

“ASOU

 

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

366

 

‘asop
aUO 8B AALS ‘s}fou ysnl pIVy [9 Yee
“SULUNOT g* 10 100)

"920 po prey S30 vABL

‘aAIZVSiNnd VAIPY

‘S20 F

‘ply dissnag aag

‘aAl}BSINd B IOF SaMLepeuT
19410 YILA PoUIQUIOdD JO ‘BATPUXBI
USB WIM UALS SaUIZoWOS SI
qt ‘A[[BUulazUy “WLIO; YUuaTIQUIO UL
Way} ISN OJ V[QBaAlsap SI JL dat
‘8700.38 [VULIpet IO] asvq B SV pas—)

—ppy
ITB AIOIP A ET

*‘parerl 8, 30}]

 

978J908 PRI] 9AOQB II Pusu
-woo AyT[Bpeds 07 Surqjyou seq ynq
A|[BU19}UL pesn oq 1¥d 71 ‘'9J9 ‘spunOM
0} SUISssaIp qUasUIIjse UB SB pas{)

 

2 *poos aprur
J9}BM. JO JUNOWIe [eUISIO ay}
pue ‘pesaz|g ueq} ‘am jo. porad
UlV199 BV AO} paflog ‘aprxo aq puv
‘peg] Joo} e909" 04} Jo uOIVBAvdeid Y

*POBAYXT]
8 prepnory

 

“WNIpPOY Jo a7RYdINg vay

 

‘SUIRIp Z

“049 ‘plo’ o1]OqaBd 104
9JOIYIA [Njosn B SI puev ‘979 ‘suOTIOT
Auew je siseq ay} sasodwod 41 A][eu
-19}X9 Pass) “JUade VeYyI Jo APLAIIV
aq} SaseodUL IL ‘]10-109SBd TTA
UGATS ‘BAIVUXB] B Sl AL ‘AT[eUezUT

‘yey Joqne|y

*QULIOO A] YD)

 

 

“UIBIp T

“SUIBIP Z

‘adias 01 AQUapUa} It8q}
suassa, JI seaesind qjIM uolp
-ounfuod UL UAALS ‘OIIBTIOYS PUB
DAIPVUITLILVI = ‘“QuelNMyS djeUMOIy

“1aSUID)

 

 

“SMUVNGAL

 

“ANWT

 

 

"dang

 

SOLD d VU AL

YIU
367

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

 

“spuno.
AQIyeayUN Joy QuelnMyS a[qvad1A
108 BST 41 ‘ATTOUIIZUT “SMOLIPUoOD

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

!Teloyeteq pele in are JUsUI ee ee ees ea =
-JULO aUIPOT punodu10d9q} Jo suOI} BO AL 3
-jdde Jsppn payeanpul jo sesvo AO J Aj[eusa}UL peqiioseid st quese siqy “aUIpOT
=e Se Sy "S91VAVYP Bd JO Suid 113 aq}. 9} VALOTaUIV
0} pesn st puv ‘audpoue ue os[e (‘auequeyzy )
“yq xXX ‘uBIp T | stqt‘dsdoyda ut payeoiput st esnsqy | “snueddsos TT
- ‘ga109 PUB SPUNOAL [[V
0 eee oy} ‘apavaid 03 ae : ar - é. a0 ae
-dv p0os SIS ‘apixo1ed ado sursoijsap pw I alUIquod
-AY cae rove eed Panes qT a | 10} ae ee eet een
Way} Surpsea Aq oydeose pue weed -de qt ‘aqdeose spunom sispuel /aprxosaeg
patepUet o18 SPpUNOM BuUl[euls [NOT ‘v11aq0eq SAO.I] Sap “JUITLAI]-17UB UL ST uasoipAy
“ATIVP BdT.AY LO aoTIO “Qoaful pue XY | i
OES “LOPE M PoT[Si
“20 [eititeieieiees T9Zey !
YoULa Jovy x9 pelasid
“aeap po “SSBIpAY PINT -oHBL | | ‘saoejIns snood
‘SMOT[O] | “nul UO Pos s[qVyIewsal BV oAvy (‘jRag weploy)
SV 9peUl SI ‘INoTeo [eIyZeIN SuLaocut syseipAq jo suoneredaid ‘payd ‘gisuepuste,)
-al Jaye pesn aq of uoroalur [njesn y ‘g13 "XX ‘uvip [ | -de Aypeooy £20991q a]daus pus ado, siyseaps
“aque :
jO SINODS 1O “QIYS 9}IGA UL pazVoIp
“UL ST Osn SIT “BOYLIRIP OF Ayiqel ; :
U9q} senpel OS Salop q pues : yin ondesyae pue juaesulijse “Quen
uo eur asoy} A[re[noysed ‘speur | ee oe ia Fonte aes
-1ue Sunod Ul pooy JO UOIQRVQUAUIAy “a “Sl Af STLUOSI j
s}UsAeId 41 ‘sprourming(e jo A|[e~wed ajJOpyue ue st pue ‘o4dasyue pue “ploy
“80 ‘UOIWSaSIp Spre phe s110[qIoIpsY | WX WoCxXxX aoe ‘\ueSulijse St- yt ‘A]jeusaquy | = oo[Tqoo.pAy
: : | AW "da | :
SNYUVAAY aa — SOILAAd VU AL

‘

“asod

|

snud
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

368

 

‘seraddoy aay

 

‘gjueryed AqqayoLt

 

IO} LO ‘gaSBaS|P SNOALOU UL Pa} eadIpUT

‘ayeapAq
-£XO dIL1a} OFUL JL SUISUvYO Ae OF
ammsodxa ‘ud! JO ULIOJ a[qeVqs BON

» caqyeqdyng wou

 

‘az eqdsoyg
woly

“OPETOG.ALB) GOTT

 

 

‘Teop A]SOM [[LM Aeqiioseud

997. 98q} VOI jo spunodwos 1083/88
04} GPA Sig gnq ‘durmosiod sd
-dood 10 AIMd1eU 0} aJOpIVUe UB sv
pasn AT[euoIseov0 si ‘1apaod uodl
IO SSUL[Y JO WALO} 9g} UL ‘WOT oIT[e
“PH “pulyaear jo [esodsip aq} 72
sjuese a[qen[ea 4sou aq} Suoue
paZUBl al¥ $7/ VSS} PUL [VA1OUITO SIU,

 

‘S1OP MOT
$.1eA0q jo ouleu oq} Japun ssnap
13q}O YIM paurquiod ‘AraquesAp
jO SasBd UI [Njosn si puv ‘snonw
[eIyauOI JO UOTJaI9a8 OG} SoJOMOAg

 

*s]aSUL.19yJO pUue Sal JO syovq7e
ay} JUeAeId puv sUI[vey 1184) 930U1
-o1d [[[M 41 ‘sados 19A0 Jsnq, ‘XI
‘szO G ‘QyNUsIq Joa}ye1yIU-qng
: ** JauO[eg
““ULIOJOPO]T :oyB,

  
 

 

‘040 ‘Saf
jO syovq7e JUsAaId [[L JI Sspanom
0} Uolyvodde ue sv ‘resltopoap

pue ondesue ue se ATpeutey x

 

“SMUVWNAY

 

"SIS 7A “SUG XX

"SIS °X ‘sd "XXX

‘aWWT “aaaHy
“asod

 

‘SOLLAGd VUAHL

 

 

sequen Roady

“UTO FO Plo

 

“Oud.
369

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

‘JOOM ${Lu0 dosys aq} Wo, poyoRa Xe
7eq} UBqZ 19qQ30 Vey 10 “prey, ,sBoq
880 0} g[qQeaajaid patapisuod st 41
‘9SUq 94} SUMOJ 4Vy [eUMIUe YoryAr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ur ‘deaqs toy sjuamjuro Sutredaad uy | 1 ‘OJ9 “VUEM}UIO AOI SIseq VSB pasn ST UIPOUNT
io “Udo P[alys aTVM Sv Usa se A[pNy
Suleq ‘a0M-adv} Jadxe 07 [NYesn
‘UrRIp T ‘smreip Z | ATfelweds ‘aayeeund puev asnyiui4d, “RyRUIRY
- - app tess gee =i "101 JO Sasvd UI [eloyaueq
aq 0} poulnsalg ‘oljeinip sasop
‘SUIRIP Z ‘SUIRIP F | ILIV] UL PUB VATZVUIMABd ‘O1IQOVUIOIY | soLtiog tadiune
‘oaqovad deaqs —., x ‘ansose[oyo puv sanju
UL JUaSe SIT? puawiModed 07 SuryION ‘20 T 9A OIIBYIB onSOSBIpAY ‘o1ISvIG ‘deypee
Se ee ar eo ‘suoisnya | a
snoias Jo Uodaosqe ay} ajomoid
“SL XX ‘wep, | 0} pus wisyeUNey. Ul peyeorpuy ‘IpuRsoqee
_— : — Ts *sqoatqns
Ayyeam Sunod Ul sSuryaas JO UOT}
-diosqe oq} 97e[Nm1}8s OF [Nyasn st
“S13 °X ‘SIS "XXX | ‘OATZEIEIV PUB oIN01 ‘OUNeMRPY | ‘woay yo aprpoy
‘y[dwme Suleq UOT Jo amnqoury ay} Jo
qUNOMIB 944 % JNO GOIN] Lp oy.ANy
artnbat [IA 3Nng ‘1N4d01 ay} UISTIOM
Aoijsop 0} [NJosn punoy aq osye
TEA 9A0q8 eq, ‘uOToeful Ue se asp
“quid [- “197M WIG AL *pareorput Ayer CIpLto[yq)
820 G""WOIL JO aINQoUL], ‘av, -deds SI UO JO WAO} sIqy vIMIaBUR LLlaep “QOULD)
‘uOMan} Ayyiqap jo saseo uy ‘ond4éys pus ‘UOT
-Ied SUIMOT[O] aSvTIIOWIIY JO sasva UT Wx ‘Woxxs | ommvuey ‘Jussuyse pur o100], JO ainqoury,
f ‘aT ‘agaHy |

“‘SMUVWAY

 

“AsO

“SOLLOUd VU HLL

 

“DOU

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

 

‘snseydosao puv qynour aq} jo
aURIQMIGUT SNOINU 91]} eZLIayNV)
PINOM ASTATAYIO YMUPA s]uacr
JO UOLBVIYSINIWIpe oy} 10F ‘UINNAYs
“Ua poos ®B SI FI forjzeyyVd sauO |
ISAV] UL BAIYVXUT sosop ALCUIPLO UY]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| °8Z0 F | "SZ ZL “LO poasury
. I- a a es ee Nee
| “stLIMq 04 uoTZBar[d
| | -de [Nyasn B SayVU JI [IO VALO FILA
{ | Wy T t] oq
i \ PeXYY “‘squizy jo suuoM punod
‘[RIQouoIq SAO1}Sep 91 ouT}QUadANy
TAM pauiqmog “Baqirerp puv
“SUBIP F | °SZO Z 0} T | UOSaSIpUL UT plov-juR UR SB pes] “TOPE AL OTUUYT
“UOIZOT QUaSULIASe d1YdastyuR [NJasn Y - Ee
ALU SPs eases TOTP AL -o70 ‘surBiys ‘sastniq 07 uoIVRadde
‘sULBIp gure Ogu Ns aul7, Sul[ood & sv ‘UO1}OT B Jo WALO] ay}
, SUERAP Foe PRaL JO VBP" LV, ut pafojdwme st yt Aypeusayxg “102 (spray, yo avSng)
UOIIOT OUI A Sd *A ‘sud xx | -ussdp pue VHYIILIP UL peyBoIpuL sy | *9}eJe08 PLT
I “‘WIBSIABIG 99g sandsyaey
‘suRsd
-10 A10}B11dSa1 9t]} JO SasveSIp UI
*pasn pur siqiuoqued ‘o1joo ‘Aaa}UaSAp UL
aq guNnOddv OU UO pNoys yt ‘uleaq po} BdIpUL ST IY “JaAVOSTVGM asnVd
jO sesvesip AIOJVMIWVYUL pu Vary AUV WOL] SUISLIV ‘VDYLIeIp UL afqu
SaSUOIUT “AeAajeyNoe JNoY PA Jug N[VAUL SI YT ‘at}Uad 10, 0W-OSvA
-aid st ured e190 Sesvd ][B 410} puy ay} jo APAWOR 94} Surysturip (Ctanidg
“Surquiey Joie AqyIqeyIIt pue Bur Aq UOVUIMIBAUL pue UOT}Sses8u0d jo aanjoulyp)
-UIVI]S JO SISB [[B UL [NJasns]Jussesiyy, | ‘sueIp Z ‘suvIp G | SaaaTfat {AVY IGeyta pus ured sLvypy UUNTRpNe’T
: IINWT | ‘daaug i]
“SMUVINGY eee acme “SOILOUd VU pod

 
371

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

 

“pur
aq} OJUL esessed pue uordaosqe
jo AUTIqGBI eq} 07 Suro Quase siqy
YA Posselp aq Jeaou pnoys squvy
SULlYONS SIauq “snip sy} yo uo
-diosqe ysnosyy “yuaryed oq} 107 103
-ULP IMOS YUM poluedurosse st esn
syUsapisered aq} Sarko.1jsap 10y Tend

 

‘JooF ‘uomIUyY ‘bry vag

 

| “aMIOTRD aay

*OSN [BUIIJXI LOF

“yids
SNIBIPUY

“oplHolqy
snolimMo1ay]y

(-qUewWIUIO,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

doo IBA OTITM PUB ‘pasn U9zJO SI 4I epbhuisevied v se AJAISN[IXa pasn [BLIMI19]{)
daaYs UL Salqvos IO] BUISSaIp [RIO] 10,7 «JUeU7}OIO anqq,, pelfeo A,UoMMO) “AINIIATY
cll be cee sie ee a 3
‘SA “XX “WRAP “Ws puB d1U0} SOIPeMIOYS J9}41G “BYAIAY
‘pnb em joqemy st | | i “THIOM =
da UALS BOP ay} ‘Joo patep.aod | -adv4 Jo [PAOTAL oq} TOF paqioserd = |-waa,y
a} 07 a[qudayoid st yovazxe prnby eq, COXXX | curerp | A(juenbeay saryexey pue aplrmie, PLATTS BVI
2 - | aqyeyding
“sqeg tiosdy veg WINSITdeR PT
“g98¥9 JOI : | : |
-}OO} SUISYAIP LO} Asn 0} UIT Poos ¥ | “‘JUISULIJSB puB dIYSsNR,) ousneg TeUL’T
r —_ 2, 2, I :
| | -auBaAqtuam snoonu
[vrqouoig eq} JO woe AM LVTTS
0} [WJesn st gy ‘alqeyeyed o10w
way} seyem srapaod Ssuaimoyip
“SUIBIP & | ‘20 1 -U0) 0} pappe 1001 parepaod eqy, ‘oolonbvy
: “aNW'] ‘agany | ;
“SMUVINAY “SOILOAd VURAL | DAV
\ “sod i |

 

 

 

 

 
4y 0G} JO UOLBANp aq} Salda}1048

| pav yo Surpaem ut qjog ‘Asdaida

UL[NJes *S.1a}U8D 10JOW-OSBA AY

uo uolqoe szt Aq ‘amnsseid yeLieyre — LAay

Wea ‘Jy (AX | suaarop 7nq syvaq egind aq4 sesve..oUT JO OULITIN
‘sauApoue 1aq}O

pue wnido ‘snmevdososq YIM

 

 

 

peaiqmioa usaya ‘apousedsijue (jo syuaidg
pue sAlRulmMied TSB pasNn SI 4 4ooa.Mg)
‘SUIBIp Z ‘sueip F | ‘oleInip paw syeroydelp ‘quepnMyzs “OTTIN

 

‘goujd oye] JOU
SdOP TOIPBZLI9}NVd aalssaoxe UB YB
dH} SUlaq 18d ‘POO Jo Jayarjds 10
‘por sse]d B YIM SadBjins poseasIp
0} paydde pre oq} pue “0 WIA
passaip oq pjnogs syed sulpuno.ins .

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

ay} “Jou JOO, ut To1yvatjdde peodoy
vse qt Surdidde vay “ping puelq
awos JO Jaye YUM paznip Asa}
aq 4SNUt ‘Blo WAMOP Jas BsOp 94} OF

Supaooov UdAIS UaTAr Plov syN[Ip oy],

 

*JOI-POOH AO}
dIJSNB) B SE PUL SYYMOIS QULUSI
-]@W asotwad OF pasn HI Of ‘AT[BU197
-Xq ‘d1M0} pue JUBTNMI}s 17edaq B

 

 

 

SE qf ‘WALOF VIN[IP 94} UL AT[VUAEIT] |

‘PIV OLIN

 

 

 

 

 

‘aljadyeg 90g ‘OLTIN

‘daays ot} 0} ssa y 7 |

are pue ‘ep, ogiseaved surfosjsap i

Loy yenqooye Aras a18 Sdip Jong ‘syue ‘aplorpisvied B@ se posn |

-[paISul 1ay}O TIM IO ‘euO]e OoDeq St 4t ‘Ajpeuseyxg *A][BUFEZUL pasn

-0} wor pesoduos ‘sdip deeys you vie aurjooiu 9pdiound aaiqoe

aq} uLefdioutid aAlqoe et} Sf oUIZOOIN, S}L1O OIDEQOT, “OdDRQO} JO PLO[R ATV *QUIJOIIN

— : ‘gasn puv lig

: suorjoe omieg ‘umido jo prloyexl|y ‘amy daoyy

=

SSUVINGL TLitld Vu PL mesetscel

 

 
o9

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

    

‘pepastt ueqa Alddy “xq

CSE Oh ner non g TO 94TlO
SULBIP ZT plow WpOqIR) :ayR
“AY aq} Jo

SYIVIIB YO SUIPIVA IOJ PUL Sa108 1Of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sussaip poods B gayeRur [IO pasijoqur,) “SZO Q) ‘$20 GT “‘qnol]JOWs Pus ‘AIVEXY] “UID 10 PANO
' ee ! “19VB AY OUT dan Od 1.) ) jo vO
i ; QATPBUITALD pur
| yy x ‘JU XXX" | olpommseds-1yuv “quepnijs sTqusn yi ‘asIV J 110
= ‘ojo “ByBUIey ‘au
-uad.1n} 8B Tons ‘s]Uese [BULDIpoul
AUBOI JO TOLEAQSIUIMIPe 9G} 105
APIA [NJasn VsayRUL JaNAS |LITIZEC “;RatUyRO
*pady UL ATIVp adm [NY |
-aoodsva} au0 aAIQ ‘A[YBNoOIOY} XY |
‘820 pn ‘[eoul possur'y .
“820 F jeoo1ey)
‘suBIp FU Yysezod Jo a7BIIN
*820 F°"JOOI aotIONDI ‘pag *
‘820 FUBITUGS palapMOg
‘20 T UOIL JO ayeqding
“SUIBIP OQ BOTUIOA XNU "PM :ayV, ‘uolL
“g7[Nset -IpU0d o100} 8 UR OF ONp “eDYAIvIp
poos YIM pasn aq ued SuLMol[oy aluoiya 10 ‘TOIVedIysUOD sINOIg9
aq} papssd st o1007 B atayM ‘A197 ‘gishpered JO sasvo SI payBoIpUl St
-uasAp 10 BHYIIVIP JO $asvd SUIMOTIO,T ‘SID °X ‘S13 °]X | 98M 99L*JUBINMIYS 9AJOU ‘9100} 199716] “RAITIO A XNN
“GON RASIGIMpB a0}
-9q peyntip Tea aq pjnoys plow oq,
‘paivdaid A[Yysary St 4L 9eyqy 98x84 ‘eisdadsAp jeuljsajur oj}anp = ~“pLhy
aq plnoys ered ‘paqiiosard Jl O8 ‘plow ‘BDyIIBIp d1UOAYI JO asd TI payed =| DO |WoApAH
SI} JO UOIBIOLIaJap VB sasnvd 4qSrT ywca ‘IW OCXx -Ipul Sf asn $7t ‘4Queinoys oedazy -O1VIN,
~ - “aWW'T ‘dgdGHS
‘SOILDNAd VUAHL ‘poud

“‘SNUVINAY

 

“Asod

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

374

 

“JO1-JOOJ
JO so8¥a TI SuIssaip Sulje[nMiys poos
VB SIYBW “SAlJI[VIO] paloav] sy} OF
yoom vB 900 aijq BV SuldA[dde &q uos
-B9S 94} JO} poquaaaid syoeq}e ainqny
pue paind aq [JIM “Juase SIq} YAS
pessarp jt ‘Ajyoxssem Apeaiye deeqy
“AH aq} Jo yorg}e 04} Quaaerd [[LAs
‘padsOulad u9aq ABT [OOM JO 89B} 0G} |
oq $x90I4Ng aq} OF partdde 47 Jo [0 |

‘papaetl Sf JUBIISIA
Juplamod v araya ‘uorpyeotdde [Busey
-xo IO} pasn A[UO SI pAeysNM Jo [IK

‘WIOY JOOY JO WOIJa1909 $9}¥|
“nus {aiydesizue pus aploigiseivg

‘satpeuNted ‘Ondasiyuy

((CTIO FHL LON) ‘aloq pa} 29s Sl
YOU Of a8Op aq} ‘pasn si prvysnul
punosd 947 v8N [VULI}UL JOT “aatye
“ULMLIBI PUB IIYIRUIO}S AT[VULIPUT
-A][EU19}X9 JUBILLI-1zUNOD 4A WOd, |

“BL JO 10

-qurmdeddag

10 TO

“pavysnyy Jo 10

 

a

‘uOLpayUt JtVdas Jo sasBd 1dY}0 JO ‘][L
-[aAUU JO Sasva UL [eLIZ Jo AYWOM st 4

‘Joyoo|e puv ‘1aqye ‘UOIL
‘sutuinb «GIA paulqmod ‘vita
-7das Jo sasvo [[@ Ul pozVoIpUl SI
asn s}y  “quR[NUs puv oydasiyue

Y.oq St At Aj[euse}xe pue AT[eUIAINT |

 

“jyORAG Vag

 

 

‘os[@ asop sures
‘as1UY Jo [IO SB Aypeorqned Blot} guurLg |

 

“SMU VIG

 

 

‘SOLLATAVYA TL

 

-snqdApeoug

jo TO

"JORI[ JO LO

 

“wouTeuul,)

JO 110
375.

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

“AO}e AY
quuudaddeg

‘qurmseddag Jo [IG ag _

 

“y] [D801
[eloyeueq saad 41 ‘][IYo JO sasvo
ur ‘AaysIga. YIM poslosIMUpy
“UOLSISIPUL UL pa}BIIpUlS asn $j]
*SUO1J9.1998 DLIJSBS puv AIBAITLS aq}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| ‘S18 x ‘sug "Xxx | SuMOWOId ‘oIgoRMIOJS SuNLyAMHS (yoy) ‘daddag
: — ; “whuepne’y vag an qouLy, uanid()
> = a we “MOTpRIIUOD OIpOTUseds
“SUIUIBIAS PUY APTIQVPLLAL 0} onp sfaaMoq aq} JO worjoOnAQs
tuayted-jsod jo saseo ur osye ‘ured -qO 10 ‘ewyalivip ‘£19]UasAp *S1} L193}
eq} O1}U0D 0} ASLIMe[d UL [LIDYouEq “Ud ‘SIJIUOJLIed UI OSTR ‘D390 ‘OT[OD SB
SI asn S8}] ‘sesned Jeq}ZO JO snonw Yons ‘ainzeisd tie} Jo asi1.Aq poravd
jO UOl}aINaS BAISSaDX9 Ue OF BNP, : -mosovun ‘suseds [njured ut pszeo
a[qno1g Ja.soq JO sesBo 10} ‘SuOIydLIOs | -IPUL Sf asn s]] ‘sdaparod s J9AO(T
-aid [[@ Ajiveu Jo woisodmod aq} | SB UMOUY WA 9Y} UL VIALS UaqA\
OJUL S1eque JY ‘“AaUAO Yo aq2 Jo | ayeroqdeip poos we si pur u0y
puevuwod 94} 4B a[qevnyea ysour oq} | | “2109S BAISSAXO SYIITO ‘UOTEILIL
jo 9u0 PUNO] oq [[LM JuUeIpersul siqy, ‘sus x | “B13 *XT sfe][e ‘deeis svonpo.d ‘aed saaoiay ‘tunid(¢)
Le | “PPV ormnyding veg “JOMBA JO TO
‘820 Qu TQ peasuly |
*8Z0 g Be oUTRUadIN,
‘“-q10] ‘etuomuev enby :ayBy, |
*‘[elyeueq punos
aq ][LA SULMOT[OJ ay} suOTIaye | ‘ASNIIULIIA B[QeNTBA Vv SI pus
IVIVUINIYA Ul JUBILII-13}UNOD SUIYvT | ‘BOY 1IVIp 9100}e puke uoledysuos = autquediny,
NUS @ SB A[[BUJAIXY "fens [eur ‘ddA OY UL P97 BIIPUI SI ‘SOIJAVT}BO JO yo sqaids
-120 10 ‘S[lO paasSUl] 10 dAl]O [ITAL UOl}oB ay} SoJOWOId YY “qUasULIY pe][eo os[e
uorountuos ut aq prnoys 41 AT[euUIe7 “$B pue 4UR[NMIYS [BUI}seqUI-013 = ‘auIquedaNy,
“Ul peta4ysIuIMpe st suluedin} waTAt ‘MBIp T ‘SUIRIP F | -SBS ‘aATVRUTULIBD ‘OTWdast}UB BATPY | JO [10
:  ‘aWWT ‘daagHg
SMUVNAY " ‘SOILNAd VUGHL : “ONY

! ‘ASOM
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

—*Ayrep sory pedaaas Ayddy
“quid Te sresereeeeseees TO AL
“SUBID Fi WOM JO aINJOULT, ‘sUOIjIPuoD Sutuostod
"20 oYeIOLYO WUNISSe}Og :aye, -poolq pur alfaqay ur pnyjesn yt Sur
“SNAP sty} -yeul ‘selztodoid Sulzipixo sl 0}
JO UOIZNIOS & YUMA soulysea poyeed SULALO ‘sae 219d astjUL S}.1dxXe pur
-al £q poyeary ysaq aiv ‘somo oY3 JO peqiosqe AyTyotnb st 4 “4yROIq9
SdJappN aq} AT[VIoadsa aout ‘daays plo -a10s ‘eyzyde jo sesvo ul pesn  -v}eIOTy)-
SJooHe JISV puv ‘squire, jo yyNoW a10g ‘sid XX ‘si3 xp | conemnip pue Saneasaype ondesnuy | wmuisseq0g
‘S10qJIM PUB SUVA JO
BAYIIIN PUB JOppe[q 9} UL punoy
AQuenbay are se yous ‘nope
JO WOMINOSstp aq} Buisned a0oj pave
“‘STOLIAY aIFVUINAYA UL Paqhosarg — |; 9FVUOGABI-Tey
‘S13 ‘XXX ‘URIP T | ‘oeinip pure ‘vaneiee ‘por-quy UILISSL]OT
*ATMO]S |
SULIOISITIMIpe ‘as0p sO BB sATD |
‘820 F 7 TON.LS [BaUIYRO |
“WY OSE" CLLOJO.LOTT,)
‘suUBIp Z ““pazap.aod ‘yaeq
JOOL a}vURISIWIOg ‘ayVy
‘[L0 10}8¥9d Jo asop vB Aq ‘Lessa
aT JI SPAMOT[OJ 9q 07 ‘Jans Teau}eO
Ul WaALS ‘qowuoeys 4ydwWs uv UO pate} *ATTeIsdsa a10ut “YLeT YOOYY
“SIUIMIPB oq PINOYS FI osnjitus9A V SY “UIBIP T ‘sutip g | UIOA-3de} Judxe OF posn ‘asnyiataA | apRUVATIWOT
“919 ‘104-1 00} UI Yaa} pasves |
-Ip SUTYSBAL IO} IO ‘saros Sul[jews
-[NOf OF UOTZBadde ynjosn Y “XI
yuid T° Treen Tg ‘D}9 ‘sdao[n Suypeus |
‘S08 5 -aspjod : -[NO} JO} Suissoip VB se AT[VUIa2 | “YSV}O YT Jo
jO ajvavsuvMiag ‘yey, | -Xopas:) ‘oudaesiyuu pur daziiopoacy | oyumusue
SMUVINAY (IRNT 1 ss ‘SORLATA US bp.
n> “ASO SOLLANd VU .
377

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

“SI “XXX

‘WeRIp T

< "s} Ue
OHATBIIP I1IISVS YYSYS yoo1109
pue oyyedde ay} vAcudut sesop
pezvedar [jRmg ‘sfeulue Sunod
jo 4geqz Alpewedsea ‘enyireip Ut
PdTBOIPUI ST OS 10191999 SoYstulUnid
‘quasIse pue oo} ‘SoIpoRMoyY

“qreqnyy

 

*‘pepeeau SB Sa0] sv asn enulyU0)
‘X]IRp a9uo ‘asop 9UO SB IATID XYY
seen aeaecsi [16 paasurry
ROMO XD “pA
SREEAES woudl Jo o1eqding
‘SLO XX‘ouTUIND Jo oyeyGd[ng sayey,
*quatdojaaep
JOYPAIN] IY} OF J[GVIOAV] Suluremas
SUOI}IPUOd 9} aM10d1GAO OF Po} VIIpUL
st eyuqdyns euruinb ‘y9R17 [eur}se7 UL
al} WOdf SULIOM JO [VAOUIAL oY} JOY

 

"S18 °X

"S13 ‘EX

‘ema@dd puv vimad
-I7dag Jo sosvd UL palvVoipUt st pue
8[AAV.Oq 94} SaT0} ‘WO1V BY UaUTIa] [eu
-1]89]UL-0.1988.3 4U9}Xa UIL4100 B OF
sypaya 1U07 PUB OIYIeUIO}S 199}1¢

raaeyding
autumn?)

 

WA

WAX

‘t9}8A8 SNOAJAT 97 JO
AYTIGISMas 977 8.19. M. O[ puvasfnd 9y
saoN pad ‘MOl7 eYLLALS ABV ‘sasop [VU
-PIPeul UL plow paznyrp oq} Suostod
SNoOlesUep B PUBAALJLPAS JoaIIp B ST

‘ploy o1ssnig

 

*‘[BAOWIL ITI}. 999J9 0} SYIMOIS P1OT
-un} puw sqvVa 07 poldde st gt ‘Alpe

*‘TOyoo[e sv sures ay} ATpeorned
“RIO, ‘“dayRM vouBleq ‘ToyooTe
aynfosqe yysiemM LQ LGP Sureyuoy)

“‘yuardg yoorg

 

 

-W1dIXY “SNO1IdULp Sse] PUL Pood 8B ‘olgsnea @ se ATTRUIAIXY ‘asnjlaqay feyeapAy{
Sipenbe st oy euogse9-1q 9tf} ‘A[[BUseqUL pue dijeinip ‘aatyese}[e ATTeUe} UT wnissejog
MINWT /

‘SMUVWAY “SOILNA A VU AL “SOU

 

 

 

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

378

 

 

 

 

“‘qUR[NWIYS B SL pasn A[[VUIIYXG
‘quase a[qvadlAdes @ SI dBog ‘s10}
-sA[D O1 UOTJIPpe Ue Sy ‘s}uase
OATQOW BLOW JaY[}O OF VINNI}SUIUT
qqeyINs suo  ‘plor-jue pue

(-de¥og ayou)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

,  CUBAp | ‘SULvIp F | oQemmip Aryexey ATP ATPeU18 UT “STO Odey
See afi: ome : bs eh
: *(SULIOM
puno.) sepo yeuaU Jo [BAOTIAL 3}
doy ATpetwedsa a1our pagn ‘asnyrursa 4 “uImOJULY
(‘qouarpaayesing) ‘asopeuosvaats - = aa i -
PUe JazVM WIBA UL 9A[OSsIqy “XT :
SOLU Boreas ese es eesiesiewseacaies 1asury *S7[B9 TLOSdyY WII poso}SIarU ‘uInIpog
SLO POT ae ete sqpes wosdsy “pe qseq ST jl aAeSInd Bw sy ‘daar JO apulo[y)
ZO |" UINIPOS JO apLtoyy,) ~JeIoq[ PUB dIIRUIOIS Si JT SISOP = -yFRG UOMO)
“S13 XX""'o]VUOGTeI BIUOWIUY :ay uy, “OL | ZO Trews ur fordas-1yue puv sanesingy “yey
2 | oo ig
Z |
‘SUBIp G6 20 | ‘OIOINIP puv QuasaLyse “uepNU!T “USOT,
*pepect sv suo se Surms0w | -
pue 34st 4yveday = ‘pappe usaq savy !
atjIu Jo syuids qaaas yo [nyuoods
-9[ 8} @ YONA OF ‘janis oP yeaqar .
poylog Ur gs0p suo sB JoJSITIMIpy .
"g13 xx “--ctrntdg
“SULBIP G BB BISATOR IT
‘qieqnyy axe, | jo aepaog
STAM O 9} JO UOMPRXRI[Aal panuryzUuod) jo . , punoduro,)
SesBd UL “SQUe] JO VHYLIVIP UL[Nfos.) | “wWeIp T “‘STIBIP 7 “AINIRTY 8, S10891H payfea ospy | “qaequyyy
‘ANWT | ‘aaaHg ;
“SMUVNGY “2 SOLLITd VY AL YL
| “ASOd

 
379

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

 

 

 

       

 

 

 

“SMOTPIGFV ULYS JO Surqo} osuaz
-UI 94} GATT[ALI ‘epos Jo suoMnyjos
‘A[[BUIO}XG «= “9OUTNYV_ pue uory
“SOSIPUL UT} Faueq WIL pasn si4y— |-ayeuoqaeg
“Sd "XX ‘MRIp T | ‘oMe1oqavip pue onerinip ‘piov-quy tminipog
‘oIydasizae [RUAI}UI 9[qenyeaur
UB 4L SULyeUL ‘ulerey} paurezu0s
phe o1inyd [ns 944 eadj Jas Snap 344
“UOL}SASIPUl WOT SUISLTV uo Suljoe ATPRIIMAY seoInl o1sVs
aus[NyeB JO sasevo [[e Ur pesn ATLeIO oq} A[feuse1UL pasn UayA, ‘epr1o ‘aq dnsod «yy
-gauaq 94 UBD pUe adUE[NIVY sasarjay | ‘sud xxx ‘uBIp T | -(9asul pue aaslioposp ‘ondasyuy wnipog
‘JOI WOOF OF
uoneoydde jenjoaya A1aa & SE 47
‘ArojuasAp pus voYLIBIp 10] tanido
i (ILA ~peurquios ose ‘Asdayide ur
‘ajiseaed qeos pe}BIPUL SI osN sz] “queduLAse
eqy AoIsep ATIpeat [IM YySuaa4s pue oo ‘Ayjeute}uy = “ATfeute} = [(orsne9.azeunT)
$G ‘AATIS Ju 9yeIJIa Jo suornjog ad ‘T ‘S18 IT -X9 pasn SB 1ySNed pUe JUSSULAISY | ‘87BATIN JeATIG
‘Oyo ‘Sesinaq JO] JUSTAIUIT = “XI
“920 yo" sdeshabeaseaten svete Tae AA
“$20 G" “TO OOTF
"SZO. Gorse ees BIIUIB aINJOULT, |
‘SZO F""[ezeY YOILA “4X9 pal[ysiq “‘SJUSTAIUI] pus
ZOE eo Serre quoutury deog aye | suoTzBooiqma OF AqolUqn] 9AIB OF, |yueulury deog
“UN “duane

‘SMYUVNAY

“ASOT

 

“SOILOGd VUAHL

DOU

 

 
MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

*K1OJPIVISIVVS a1B $}[NSed aq} [[19 SAeP
INO} JO daiqy A1aAd pa}eeder ‘awty
@ 4B So}NUIUT OZ 0} OT WO] Jo soudy

@ 10} panuljaod aq prnoys styy ‘anyd
-ng Sarum WOaf SaTUNy oq} apeTUL

 

 

 

 

*(SULIOM [VINO ) SANA snp«
-SUOA]S WO, SULMYNS saa(vo PUL
dvsys JO JuaTI}ved} ay} UL UO poll
-al oq 0} APalya st yi uoreyequi Aq

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0} Wey} Suisnvs Aq pozvaty ysaq aie A[pBUIe1GY ‘epbryisvaed puv que ‘PLY
BULIOM [BIUOAG YM poqoaye deans ‘WoOCXXX ‘weRAp -Joafaisip ‘orpdasiquy se ye ATTRUAaTN4] | snoanqd[ng
“ToVBAL +. :
QUA poynirp Ajas1vy[ aq pynoys 41 feat (‘poe (poe ‘qUaSULIZSe pue URNS
-SO1109 AIA ST YL 784} pala UL eT10q [eULIpeyy ) | TeUloIpeyy) | OUsNed S141 A|[euseyxXry ‘orjdestzae 2
eq YSN YL PLHe siq} SULA ASI pe ut WW Xxx wwRIp | | pure PESO Ae, STV ApeuTe}Uy | “PPV otinydyny
== a _ “aq ios - -
. -a1d 9} JO puvuUIWOd 949 4V Spd
-I}1svavd Queloyje IsOur 847 Jo 90
‘g9/Qno.1} o1jIsBied JoT[}O pue qBos Ssuleq 91 ‘sdip dears Juozed Aueut
Jof aAljuaaord B SB oR [[LM ‘daays 04 jo siseq oY} SuIIO} JI AT[eUIIIX TY
pe} pue yyes TILA paurqwos ‘anqding | ‘smeap F ZO 1 ‘QAIVVIAI[E PUB JATZVXL] ATPRUIIIUT sanydpoy
: *338190V peery 2ay Fa “puaryT jo re3ng
‘ssopuraduem pue‘deaaqgs Ty ——
UL qeos IO} poulez}qo aq uvo Apatat
poos v ‘poe snoinygdyjns pue syoqaeo | ‘gozIseied JaqY}O puv ddI] AOA}Sop OJ | “SPI9g
SB YoNS ‘s}uase 194ZO YILM pauiqMo:) pasn a1 spoeay a4} WOU; SUOTPOIAT |. AIRSIARIN
‘daays }[2p¥ 20f esop ‘Aplep ——
aoIMy a[njuoodsa|qey OMT “XT
“SZO “UNC et erreerteteee nents soxee vases Ta AY
‘S.Lp FF UOL JO BPLO[YD a1nqouLy,
"Sp F° “To 'BOIMIOA XNU "9X9 PINT “moInyog
‘SZO F'OTUISAB JO TOLYN[OS 8 Lap MOT | , g.1a[.MO I
‘SMOT[OJ SV ape oq TBD ‘qsRpOg
uvd AFIGeap PUB BIMIBUL JO SasVBd 10} JO op ldasI Vy
DITO} [RAIDULML PUB afqujasaa [NJesn y “wRIp [ “‘SIULBIP G “OLUASTY Sv ouRY jo wonnjoy
; ‘anv | agany = : ; Se
SNUVNGY SON _ SJILOUd VU HL DOU

 

OU —

 
381

MEDICINAL AGENTS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

suondnis uns
oj UoTVvolddy ue sv 10 ‘ysVAs aso
UL SB dO ‘S199[N [NOJ J¥II} 07 pasn
SL puv JUesULIySe pue JuL[NWMys
BV st Qt ‘AT[VUIEIXTT = *sUOTpIAAV
asoqy ut daddoo 10 WO Jo azuyd
[US OF IOLIIJUL SI gnq ‘sasrRY sip
SNONUL VAISSVVXO YIoTI OF Posn
"813 *X ‘sd XK ‘quesuldijse pue duo}, ‘Ay;euleqzuy | ‘eyeudyng ouz
‘S[IVP VDI ‘poss UL[[NyuoodsaTqey “XIN
BSZ0. 2 Sots eS kere ae pee OM Psesul
tSy0 poate rr ee ee ess phaasene ‘satid 1of uoeoydde poos e
120 [EOS Ses uoat TPeeC ES SoTRUL JI esVq BAO} PAB] poyeozueq
ISZO Zor Sees score ore neinuead palapaog a
“S70 Br ereseaes yIVG YVO 9}1YM posropaog 10 9UTfEsVA ee $}UIde 13440
“norseSiput : YHA paurquros TAeIp soso
JO PHYIVIp IWUOCIyS Ios ‘rapaod uoljpuodg wBip T SUBIP G JO S08SV0 UL Pod}RoIPUL “JUBOULIISV |YILeyY YEO It A
‘OJe ‘SJ UATUIUIT
‘s}UeUIZUIO IOJ aseq B SB pasn sf “OUIOST A
‘19UMO YoY i
ay} 0} HW puamimos 0} qonw seq pue ‘sdip
daoys UMOUX 1Seq JO [BIVAVS UT USIpI1sur
Jaq oy SP} "VIS ay} JO soyisesed 1910 C
Jo aor, ‘quos daays Jo JuatW}eaI} 91 IOF . F :
s]UaS8e PUBIOYJS JSOW 9} JO BuO ST ODDeqOT ‘ATWO Ajpeuseyxe pes ‘IplDI}ISB1e ‘OIIBqO,
‘1aA90S1e4M asnes Cue woIy Surstie daays
jo sessjeied ul [ngesn Alaa oie semen
Ivy "squel Joy sedsuno Z ‘deeys yupe
JOF ow B 38 saduno pf Sajjoefus ‘asusss
patzzon-suo, ee jo suvew sq ‘tun}D01
ou gt es Se osQ ‘Jo}eM Ie} ‘aprons
aq1 JO Inod vayi ‘Joos 0} MOTTE puv Ins S Glen 7
$12} Ppoom FO punod T aso 19}eM Bulpiog vied pue quBsozoad x9 ‘onerogd (qeT, POO)
jO suolles € Inog :e}Ewmany 1eyp aye oy “BIP “OLPIINIP “FUBlNUII}S ondesyuy IVE
“ANVT ‘daaHsg
‘SMUVNA ‘SUILNAd VUAHL “DOU

 

“asod

 

 
CHAPTER XXI.

Inspection, Government and State.

The inspection of live stock and meat products, starting
with a stall beginning some twenty years ago, has gradually
risen to vast proportions, embracing not only the inspection of
live stock entering the United States, but exercising a rigid in-
spection of export animals and their products, a careful examin-
ation of inter-state shipments, and at the large market centers
of the country, an unexcelled stock-yard inspection, where the
diseased and crippled stock after being examined on arrival at
the yards, are tagged by inspectors and killed under their per-
sonal supervision. When if unfit for human consumption the
careasses are immediately tanked. The results from the tank-
age being converted into fertilizers, axle grease, etc., permitting
only the healthy to enter the channels of consumption. The
Government inspection of sheep may be briefly stated as follows:

First. As regards their importations into the United States.
On arriving at the port of entry, after complying with the cus-
toms regulations, they, if they should be importations from other
countries than Canada, are placed in a suitable quarantine sta-
tion, where they remain for a stated period of time (fifteen days)
subject to daily inspections by the veterinary inspector in charge.
Should they at the termination of that period prove to be in a
healthy condition they are permitted shipment to their destina-
tion in the interior, and vice versa, should any evidences of dis-
ease appear among such animals while in quarantine they are
immediately slaughtered and the carcasses destroyed or rendered
in compliance with the regulations. Sheep imported from Can-
ada, however, are admitted under special regulations common
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE, 383

to both countries. They have to be accompanied with a certifi-
cate given by the official Canadian veterinarian of the district
where they were bred in Canada, stating that they have been
personally inspected by lim and are free from any contagious
and infectious affections, and that no contagious disease (except-
ing tuberculosis or actinomycosis) has existed in said district for
the period of six months prior to said shipment. The clause relat-
ing to tuberculosis and actinomycosis, referring more particularly
to eattle than sheep. The importer also in making his entry
makes affidavit that said stock is imported for breeding or
slaughtering purposes. Should they be for breeding and a cer-
tificate of registry accompany them showing that they are pure-
bred and that their ancestors for two generations back are also
registered, they then enter duty free, and are allowed to pass
immediately to their destination. Sheep entering for immediate
slaughter do not require a veterinary certificate, but only the
affidavit of the importer. They are, however, submitted to a
rigid examination by a veterinary inspector before being allowed
access to the markets. The regulations given below being faith-
fully carried out by those having charge of the same, virtually
preclude the possibility of the introduction of diseased sheep into
the United States.

Regulations for the Inspection and Quarantine of Animals [mported
from Canada into the United States.

. ee ee

U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of the Secretary.
Washington, D. C., January 23, 1897.

In pursuance of sections 7, 8, and 10 of the act of Congress en-
titled “An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation,
and prohibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or
drink, and authorizing the President to make proclamation in cer-
tain cases, and for other purposes,” approved August 30, 1890, and
384 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE,

of an act of Congress entitled “An act making appropriations for
the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1897,” the following regulations, to take effect from and after Feb-
ruary 1, 1897, are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quaran-
tine of animals imported from Canada into the United States, and
all orders and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with these
regulations are hereby revoked in so far as applies to inspection and
quarantine of animals imported from Canada:

1. With the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, the follow-
ing-named ports along the border or boundary line between the
United States and’Canada have been designated as quarantine ‘sta-
tions, and all animals imported from Canada into the United States
for which inspection is required by these regulations must be entered
through these ports, viz: Vanceboro and Houlton, Maine; Beechers
Falls, Island Pond, Newport, Richford, and St. Albans, Vermont;
Rouses Point, Ogdensburg, Charlotte, Suspension Bridge, and Buf-
falo, New York; Port Huron and Detroit, Michigan; Duluth and St.
Vincent, Minnesota; and Port Townsend, Washington.

2. The word “animals” when used in these regulations refers to
and includes all or any of the following kinds: Horses, neat cattle,
sheep, and other ruminants, and swine. The term “contagious dis-
eases” when used in these regulations includes and applies to all or
any of the following diseases: Glanders and farcy, maladie du coit,
anthrax, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Texas or splenetic fever, tu-
berculosis, actinomycosis, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, sheep
pox, foot-rot, sheep scab, hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas.
Animals found affected with any one of these contagious diseases must
be returned to Canada or killed «without compensation.

3. All animals imported into the United States from Canada must
be accompanied by an affidavit made by the owner or importer, declar-
ing clearly the purpose for which said animals are imported, viz:
whether for breeding purposes, for milk production, for work animals,
for grazing, feeding, or slaughter, or whether they form part of
settlers’ effects, or whether they are horses entered for temporary stay,
as provided in section 7 of these regulations. Said affidavit must be
presented to the collector of customs at the port of entry, who will
decide whether the animals are entitled to enter under these regula-
tions, and who will notify the inspector of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry in all cases where these regulations require an inspection to
be made.

4, All animals imported into the United States for breeding pur-
poses, for milk production, for grazing or feeding, horses for work,

’
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 385

and swine for slaughter must be inspected by an inspector of the
Bureau of Animal Industry at the port of entry. All animals cov-
ered by this section except horses, and swine for slaughter, must be
accompanied with a certificate signed by a Canadian official veter-
inarian, stating that no contagious disease, except tuberculosis and
actinomycosis in cattle, affecting the species of animals imported,
has existed in the district in which the animals have been kept for
six months preceding the date of importation, excepting animals
which are part of settlers’ effects, or belonging to Indian tribes,
which may be entered without certification or inspection. The owner
or importer must present an affidavit that said certificate refers to
the animal or animals imported. The certificate for cattle for breed-
ing and for such milch cows must also show that they have been sub-
mitted to the tuberculin test and found free from tuberculosis, giving
the date of testing, with the chart of reaction, and a description of
the cattle, with age and markings, All animals imported for breed-
ing purposes, milk production, grazing or feeding, when not accom-
panied by the required affidavits and certificates, must be detained in
quarantine for one week, at the expense of the owner or importer,
under the supervision of the inspector in charge. During this deten-
tion a rigid inspection will be made, and cattle for breeding or milk
production will be tested with tuberculin. Animals found free from
disease at the end of this period will be released. Cattle and sheep
for grazing or feeding, if accompanied by the required affidavits and
certificates, need not be unloaded for inspection, but all other animals
covered by this section must be unloaded and carefully inspected.

5. All Canadian animals will be admitted at any port of the Unit-
ed States for transit in bond to any Canadian port without inspection.

6. Cattle and sheep in bond for export will be admitted without
inspection at any of the ports named in section 1, in transit to and
for export from Portland, Me., Boston, Mass., and New York, N. Xs
Horses will be admitted in bond at any port of the United States with-
out inspection for export from any port of the United States. All ani-
mals admitted for export will be subject to inspection at port of ex-
port.

7. Horses for temporary stay, whether for pleasure driving, team-
ing, exhibition, racing, or used in connection with stock raising or
mining, cattle and sheep for slaughter, and animals belonging to In-
dian tribes or forming part of settlers’ effects will be admitted
through any port without inspection or certification.

8. The railroad cars used in the transportation of animals speci-
fied by these regulations must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected
386 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

before said animals are placed therein. All litter from previous ship-
ments must be removed, and the car whitewashed with lime and car-
bolic acid, one pound of commercial carbolic acid to five gallons of lime
wash. Unless this regulation is complied with Canadian animals will
not be allowed entry into the United States, and animals from the
United States will not be admitted into Canada. Shippers should see
that cars are properly cleaned and disinfected before animals are

loaded.
J. STERLING MORTON,

Secretary.

Regulations for the Inspection and Quarantine of Neat Cattle, Sheep,
and Other Ruminants, and Swine Imported into the
Anited States.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of the Secretary.
Washington, D. C., February 11, 1895.

In pursuance of sections 7, 8 and 10 of the act of Congress entitled
“An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation, and pro-
hibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or drink, and
authorizing the President to make proclamation in certain cases, and
for other purposes,” approved August 30, 1890, the following regula-
tions are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quarantine of neat
eattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the United
States, and all previous regulations prescribed for such inspection and
quarantine are hereby rescinded:

1. With the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, the fol-
lowing-named ports are hereby designated as quarantine stations, and
all cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the
United States, must be entered through said ports, viz:
On the Atlantic Seaboard, the ports of Boston, New York, and Balti-
more; on the Pacific Seaboard, San Diego, Cal.; along the boundary
between the United States and Mexico, Nogales, Ariz.; El Paso, Eagle
Pass, and Laredo, Tex.; along the border or boundary line between
the United States and British Columbia and Canada, through the cus-
tom ports of Vanceboro and Houlton, Me.; Richford, Newport, St. Al-
bans, Island Pond, and Beecher Falls, Vt.; Ogdensburg, Rouses Point,
Buffalo, Charlotte, and Suspension Bridge, N. Y.; Detroit and Port
Huron, Mich.; Minnesota, Minn., and Puget Sound, Wash

2. ‘Lhe word “animals,” when used in these regulations, refers to
and includes all or any of the following kinds: Neat cattle, sheep, and
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 387

other ruminants, and swine. The words “contagious diseases,” when
used in these regulations, includes and applies to all or any of the fol-
lowing diseases: Anthrax in cattle, sheep, goats, or swine; contagious
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle; Texas or splenetie fever in cattle; tuber-
culosis in cattle; foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, sheep, goats, and
swine; rinderpest in cattle and sheep; sheep pox, foot-rot, and scab in
sheep; hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas in swine.

3. <All cattle, sheep, and other ruminants imported into the United
States from any part of the world shall be accompanied with a certifi-
cate from the local authority of the district in which said animals have
been for one year next preceding the date of shipment, stating that no
contagious pleuro- pneumonia,foot-and-mouth disease, or rinderpest has
existed in said district for the past year. And all swine imported into
the United States from any part of the world shall be accompanied
with a similar certificate relating to the existence of foot-and-mouth
disease, hog cholera, and erysipelas. All such animals shall also be
accompanied with an affidavit by the owner from whom the importer
has purchased them, stating that said animals have been in the district
where purchased one year next preceding the date of sale, and that
none of the above-mentioned diseases have existed among them, nor
among any animals of the kind with which they come in contact, for
one year last past, and that no inoculation has been practiced among
said animals for the past two years. Also by an affidavit from the im-
porter or his agent supervising the shipment, stating that they have
not passed through any district infected with contagious diseases af-
fecting said kind of animals; that they have not been exposed in any
possible manner to the contagion of any of said contagious diseases,
and that the animals, when not driven, have been shipped in clean
and disinfected cars and vessels direct from the farm where purchased.

4 The foregoing certificate and affidavits must accompany said
animals and be presented to the collector of customs at the port of
entry, and by him delivered to the inspector of the Bureau of Animal
Industry stationed at said port, to allow them to be imported into the

United States.
5. All neat cattle imported into the United States from any part of

the world except Mexico, Central and South America, shall be subject
to a quarantine of ninety days, counting from date of arrival at the
quarantine station. All sheep and other ruminants, and swine, from
any part of the world except North, Central, and South America, shall
be subject to a quarantine of fifteen days, counting from date of ar-
rival at the quarantine station.

6. Any person contemplating the importation of animals from any
part of the world except North, Central, and South America, or of
388 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

eattle from the Dominion of Canada, must first obtain from the Secre-
tary of Agriculture two permits, one stating the number and kind of
animals to be imported, the port and probable date of shipment, which
will entitle them to clearance papers on presentation to the American
consul at said port of shipment; the other, stating the port at which
said animals are to be landed and quarantined, and the approximate
date of their arrival, and this will assure the reception ofthe number
and kind specified therein at the port and quarantine station named, at
the date prescribed for their arrival, or at any time during three weeks
immediately following, after which the permit will be void. These per-
mits shall in no case be available at any port other than the one men-
tioned therein. Permits must be in the name of the owner of, or agent
for, any one lot of animals. When more persons than one own a lot of
animals for which permits have been issued,a release from quarantine
will be given each owner for the number and kind he may own, and
this release will be a certificate of fulfillment of quarantine regula-
tions. Permits will be issued to quarantine at such ports as the im-
porter may elect, so far as facilities exist at such port, but in no case
wil) permits for importation at any port be granted in excess of the
accommodations of the Government quarantine station at such port.
United States consuls should give clearance papers or certificates for
animals from their districts intended for exportation to the United
States only upon presentation of permits as above provided, with dates
of probable arrival and destination corresponding with said permits.
and in no case for a number in excess of that mentioned therein. When
such shipments originate in the interior of a foreign country, these
permits should be submitted to the consul of that district and through
the forwarding agent to the consul at the port of embarkation.

7. Cattle and sheep from the Dominion of Canada for export from
the United States may be entered at the ports of Island Pond and
Beecher Falls, Vt., in bond for Portland, Me., for export from the lat-
ter port only, provided said animals are accompanied by the health
certificate and affidavits required by section 3, and provided, further,
that suitable pens are furnished by the railroad companies at the ports
of entry for their unloading and proper inspection.

8. All animals. imported into the United States shall be carefully
inspected by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and all
animals found to be free from disease and not to have been exposed to
any contagious disease, shall be admitted into the United States, sub-
ject to the provisions for quarantine as established in paragraph 5.
Whenever any animal is’found to be affected with a contagious dis-
ease, or to have been exposed to said disease, said animal, and all ani-
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 389

mals that have been in contact with or exposed to said animal, will be
placed in quarantine, and the inspector quarantining the same shall
report at once to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who will
direct whether or not said animals quarantined shall be appraised and
slaughtered, as provided by section & of the act under which these
regulations are made. All animals quarantined by reason of disease
or exposure to disease shall not be admitted to the established quaran-
tine grounds, but shall be quarantined elsewhere at the expense of the
importer, or dealt with in such manner as the Chief of the Bureau
of Animal Industry shall determine.

9. In case of imported animals proving to be infected, or to have
been exposed to infection, such portions of the cargo or the vessel on
which they have arrived as have been exposed to these animals or their
emanations shall be subjected, under the direction of the inspector of
the Bureau of .\nimal Industry, to disinfection in such manner as may
be considered by said inspector necessary before it can be landed

10. No litter, fodder, or other aliment, nor any ropes, straps,
chains, girths, blankets, poles, buckets, or other things used for or
about the animals, and no manure shall be landed, excepting under
such regulations as the inspector shall provide.

11. On moving animals from the ocean steamer to the quarantine
grounds they shall not be unnecessarily passed over any highways, but
must be placed on the cars at the wharves or removed to the cars ona
boat which is not used for conveying other animals. If such boat has
carried animals within three months, it must be first. cleaned and then
disinfected under the supervision of the inspector, and after the con-
veyance of the imported animals the boat must be disinfected in the
‘same manner before it may again be used for the conveyance of ani-
mals. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid-
able in the transportation of animals from the place of landing to the
quarantine grounds, it must be under such careful supervision and
restrictions as the inspector may in special cases direct.

12. The banks and chutes used for loading and unloading im-
ported animals shall be reserved for such cattle, or shall be cleansed
and disinfected as above before being used for such imported cattle.

13. The railway cars used in the transportation of animals to the
quarantine grounds shall be either cars reserved for this exclusive use
or box ears not otherwise employed in the transportation of animals
or their fresh products, and after each journey with animals to the
quarantine grounds they shall be disinfected by thorough cleansing
and disinfection under the direction of the inspector.

14. While animals are arriving at the quarantine stations. or leav-
390 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

ing them, all quarantined stock in the yards adjoining the alleyways
through which they must pass shall be rigidly confined to their sheds.
Animals arriving by the same ship may be quarantined together in one
yard and shed, but those coming on different ships shall in all cases be
placed in separate yards.

15. The gates of all yards of quarantine stations shall be kept
locked, except when cattle are entering or leaving quarantine.

16. The attendants on animals in particular yards are forbidden
to enter other yards and buildings, unless such are occupied by stock
of the same shipment with those under their special care. No dogs,
cats, or other animals, except those necessarily present, shall be al-
lowed in the quarantine grounds.

17. The allotment of yards shall be under the direction of the in-
spector of'the port, who shall keep a register of animals entered with
description, name of owner, name of vessel in which imported, date of
arrival and release, and other important particulars.

18. The inspector shall see that water is regularly furnished to
the stock and the manure removed daily, and that the prescribed rules
of the station are enforced.

19. Food and attendance must be provided by the owners of the
stock quarantined. Employees of such owners shall keep the sheds
and yards clean to the satisfaction of the inspector.

20. Smoking is strictly forbidden within any quarantine inclosure.

21. No visitor shall be admitted to the quarantine station without
special written permission from the inspector. Butchers, cattle deal-
ers and their employes are especially excluded.

22. No public sale shall be allowed within the quarantine grounds.

23. The inspector shall, in his daily rounds, as far as possible,
take the temperature of each animal, commencing with the herds that
have been longest in quarantine and ending with the most recent ar-
rivals, and shall record such temperatures on lists kept for the pur-
pose. In passing from one herd to another he shall invariably wash
his thermometer and hands in a weak solution (1 to 100) of carbolic
acid.

24. In case of the appearance of any disease that is diagnosed to
be of a contagious nature, the inspector shall notify the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, who shall visit the station personally or
send an inspector, and on the confirmation of the diagnosis the herd
shall be disposed of according to the gravity of the affection,

25. The yard and shed in which such disease shall have appeared
shall be subject to a thorough disinfection. Litter and fodder shall
be burned. Sheds, utensils and other appliances shall be disinfected
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 391

as the inspector may direct. The yard, fence, and manure box shall
be freely sprinkled with a strong solution of chloride of lime, The
flooring of the shed shall be lifted and the whole shall be left open
to the air and unoccupied for three months.

26. In case of the appearance of any contagious disease the infect-
ed herd shall be rigidly confined to its sheds, where disinfectants shall
be freely used, and the attendants shall be forbidden all intercourse
with the attendants in other yards, and with persons outside the quar-
antine grounds.

J. STERLING MORTON,
Secretary.

The quarantine exacted from all sheep arriving from for-
eign countries excepting Canada reduces the danger of adinission
of such disease as sheep-pox, rinde-pest, ete., to a minimum,
and the proof of the pudding being in the eating, it is only
sufficient to say that since such regulations have been in force no
outbreaks in the United States have occurred among sheep which
are traceable to the admission of foreign animals.

The same precautions are exercised in the shipments of
sheep to foreign countries, notably England. All such animals
have to be carefully examined by a Government official at the
market where they are purchased. They are again inspected
before being loaded on the ship for transportation abroad. Great
care is taken that no animal showing the least sign of sickness is
permitted to be shipped.

Sheep-seab is particularly guarded against. The sheep be-
fore shipment are submitted to a thorough dipping to insure their
being free from this troublesome affection These regulations
are necessary owing to the fact that complaints have been made
against American sheep, claiming that they have been responsible
for outbreaks of contagious diseases in countries importing them,
notably England, it having been asserted that scab frequently
followed their entrance to that country. These complaints have
so prejudiced the authorities there, that at the present time ship-
ments of live stock are only permitted entry under the eondition
392 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE,

that they are slaughtered at the port where the entry is made.
They are no longer allowed to be sold to the farmers for feeders
or stockers. The only way this disadvantage can ever be over-
come is by the rigid enforcement of all the regulations govern-
ing the transportation and handling of live stock at home, so that
foreign countries will finally be forced to believe in the compe-
tency of the .\merican inspection and again permit their impor-
tations on the former more favorable terms.

The following are the United States regulations governing
the importation and exportation of sheep:

Order and Regulations for the Inspection of Cattle and Sheep
for Export.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of the Secretary.

Washington, D. C., October 20, 1890. %

The following order and regulations are hereby made for the
inspection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States
to Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue
of the authority conferred upon me by Section 10 of the Act of Con-
gress approved August 30, 1890, entitled “An act providing for the in-
spection of meats for exportation, prohibiting the importation of adul-
terated articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to
make proclamation in certain cases, and for other purposes:”

1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is hereby directed
to cause careful veterinary inspection to be made of all neat cattle
and sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain
and Ireland and the Continent of Europe.,

2. This inspection shall be made at any of the following named
stock yards:—Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, Ill.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts-
burg, Pa.; and at the following ports of export, viz:—Boston and Char-
lestown, Mass.; New York, N. Y.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md.,
and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle shipped from any of
the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being shipped to the ports
of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from other parts of the
United States will be tagged at said ports.

7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 393

port of export from the cars in which they have been transported di-
rectly at the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall
not be unnecessarily passed cver any highways or removed to cars or
boats which are used for conveying other animals. Boats transporting
said animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disinfect-
ed under the supervision of the Veterinary Inspector of the port, and
the ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly
cleaned or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said In-
spector. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid-
able in the transportation ofanimals from the cars to the boat, it must
be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the Veterinary
Inspector may, in special cases, direct.

8. Any cattle or sheep that are offered for shipment to Great
Britain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not been
inspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula-
tions, will not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta-
tion, as they will be deemed, under the law, to have been exposed to
infection so as to be dangerous to other animals.

9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and
vards to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge
of the Veterinary Inspector of the port. No ocean steamer will be
allowed to receive more cattle or sheep than it can comfortably carry.
Over-crowding will not be permitted.

10. The Veterinary Inspector at the port of export will notify
the Collector of the Port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep
that are entitled to clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection
of said animals will be given to the consignors for transmission with

the bills of lading. J. M. RUSK

Secretary.

Order and Regulations for the Inspection of Cattle and Sheep
for Export.

 

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., February 7, 1895.
The following order and regulations are hereby made for the in-
spection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States to
Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue of
the authority conferred upon me by section 10 of the act of Congress
approved August 30, 1890, entitled “An act providing for an inspection
ug INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

of meats for exportation, prohibiting the importation of adulterated
articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proc-
lamation in certain cases, and for other purposes”:

1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is hereby directed
to cause careful veterinary inspection to be made of all neat cattle and
sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain and Ire-
land and the Continent of Europe.

2. This inspection will be made at any of the following named
stock yards:—Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, Ill.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts-
burg, Pa.; and at the following ports of export, viz:—Portland, Me.:

Baltimore, Md.; Boston and Charlestown, Mass.; New York, N. Y.:
Philadelphia, Pa., and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle
shipped from any of the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being
shipped to the ports of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from
other parts of the United States will be tagged at said ports.

3. After inspection at the aforesaid stock yards, all cattle found
free from disease and shown not to have been exposed to the contagion
of any disease, shall be tagged under the direction of the inspector in
charge of the yards. After tagging, the cattle will be loaded into
cleaned and disinfected cars, and shipped through from said yards, in
said cars, to the port of export.

4, All animals shall be reinspected at the port of export. All rail-
road companies will be required to furnish clean and disinfected cars
for the transportation of cattle and sheep for export, and the various
stock yards located at the ports of export shall keep separate, clean,
and disinfected yards for the reception of export animals only.

5. Shippers shall notify the inspectors in charge of the yards of in-
tended shipments of cattle, and shall give to the said inspector the
locality from which said animals have been brought, and the name of
the feeder of said animals, and such other information as may be prac-
ticable for the identification of the place from which said animals
have come. :

6. The inspector, after passing and tagging said cattle, shall
notify the inspector in charge of the port of export of the inspection
of said animals, giving him the tag numbers and the number and des-
ignation of the cars in which said animals are shipped.

7. Ixport animals, whenever possible, shal] be unloaded at the
port of export from the cars in which they have been transported di-
rectly to the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall
not be unnecessarily passed over any highway, or removed to cars or
boats which are used for conveying other animals. Boats transporting
said animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disin-
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 395

fected under the supervision of the inspector of the port, and the
ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly
cleansed or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said in-
spector. When passage upon or across the public highway is unavoid-
able in the transportation of animals from the cars to the boat, it
must be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the inspec-
tor may direct.

8. Any cattle or sheep that are offered for shipment to Great
Britain or Treland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not been
inspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula-
tions, or which having been inspected are adjudged to be infected, or
to have been exposed to infection so as to be dangerous to other ani-
mals, shall not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta-
tion.

9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and yards
to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge of the in-
spector of the port. No ocean steamer will be allowed to receive more
cattle or sheep than it can comfortably carry. Overcrowding will not
be permitted.

10. The inspector at the port of export will notify the collector of
the port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep that are entitled
to clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection of said animals
will be given to the consignors for transmission with the bills of
lading.

J. STERLING MORTON,
Secretary.

[Hmendment to the Order dated February 7, 1895.]

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of the Secretary,

Washington, D. C., Dec. 19, 1895,
It is hereby ordered that the Order and Regulations of February
7, 1895, above mentioned, be and same are hereby amended as follows:
Section 2 is hereby amended by the addition of Port Royal, South
Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, as ports of
export. :
And it is stipulated that transportation companies carrying cattle
or sheep to Port Royal, S. C., for export shall establish at that point
special stock yards for export cattle and sheep, and such stock yards
shall be used for no other purpose.
The cattle exported from Port Royal, S. C., shall originate above
the quarantine line established by the Department of Agriculture and
396 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

shall not be unloaded south of said line prior to arrival at Port Royal.

Cattle exported from New Orleans, La., and Galveston, Tex., shall
originate south of said quarantine line, and no cattle from north of
said quarantine line shall be exported from ports of New Orleans, La.,
or Galveston, Tex., except by special permit from the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry. All cattle and sheep exported from the
three ports above mentioned shall be inspected, and the provisions of
sections 4 and 5 of order of February 7, 1895, shall be applicable there-
to, together with such other provisions of said order as may be deemed
practicable by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The tagging of export animals at above ports shall be discretion-
ary with the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

J. STERLING MORTON,
Secretary.

While a strict inspection is thus maintained on all sheep
imported into or exported from this country, it must be acknowl-
edged that the regulations governing inter-state shipments yet
leave something to be desired.

For instance, the interpretation of the term “inter-state
shipments” appears to be somewhat vague. Sheep designed for
shipment for feeding or breeding purposes from any of the
large stock-yards in the country which come under
the care of Federal inspectors must be dipped before
being allowed to leave the vards. This is a most excellent pro-
vision, and if rigidly enforced would materially assist in keeping
under, if not entirely eradicating, the disease known as scab;
but here arises a loop-hole through which advantage of this regu-
lation can be taken. Sheep shipped to a stock-yards and held
there for sale and which are sold at those yards and allowed to
remain therein several days after such sale come under the State
laws and are not subject to the restrictions of the inter-state
regulations. These sheep can be shipped to any point in that
State without dipping.

Now, it would be evident that if the infection from scab
exists in the large stock-yards throughout the country as is
claimed, these sheep would carry the infection to whatever point
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE, 397

within the State they were shipped, and not only that, but they
would infect the car or cars used for their transportation, which
on being used again in the inter-state trade for other sheep ship-
ments, would be liable to cause outbreaks of the disease in differ-
ent parts of the country; furthermore, sheep affected with scab
in the State of New York, for instance, can be shipped to the
New York Central stock-yards and from there, should the ship-
per so desire and unless the State authorities should see fit to in-
tervene, can be shipped to any other point within that State, as
in no sense would they come under the regulations governing
inter-state shipments. From this it is evident that ulthough the
Federal inspectors may use due diligence and care in enforcing
their regulations, sheep scab ean still be distributed over wide
areas of country. The Western States appear to have thor-
oughly grasped this idea and are generally enforcing State legis-
lation to cover the movements of diseased animals within their
borders; and if every State in the Union would enact laws pro-
viding for the appointment of sheep inspectors who shall be
assigned to certain districts within each State, and whose duty
it should be immediately on the report of a contagious disease
existing within his district, to investigate, and if the
facts should justify him, quarantine said animals and said dis-
trict In which the disease occurs, prohibiting their being removed
from the farm or feeding lot until cured, it would be a speedy so-
lution of this difficulty. Their co-operation then with the Fed-
eral inspectors at the different stock-yards would render it vir-
tually impossible for diseased animals to be transported through-
out the country.

The inter-State Federal inspection of sheep is carried out
with the object of preventing the spreading of contagious dis-
eases, notably sheep-scab, from one State to another, but un-
happily this disease has gotten such a firm hold now generally
throughout the United States, especially where Western sheep
398 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

are being fed, that the only method for the eradication of the
pest is to place a rigid quarantine on diseased stock
wherever they may be found. An instance can be quoted here
to illustrate the desirability of some such proceeding. In 1896,
ina Western feeding district where considerably over 100,000
lambs are fed every year for the Eastern markets, principally
Chicago, the majority of the flocks were affected with scab—in
fact, all but one or two. These animals, while they were thor-
oughly dipped, were by no means in all cases cured, but were
released from the State quarantine and shipped to Chicago, be-
cause, as it appeared, scabby sheep arriving there for immediate
slaughter were passed by the authorities, and it would have been
detrimental to the interests of the sheep-feeders of that State to
have had their flocks held in quarantine while others were per-
mitted access to the market. The mere fact that the transporta-
tion of animals suffering from such a disease would infect the
railroad cars to the further danger and damage of other shippers
does not appear to have entered into their calculations. They
were not engaged then in protecting their neighbors’ territory,
and the result now is apparent. Whereas, the scab was mostly
confined some years ago to certain sections of the country, nota-
bly the Western States and Territories, now we find it has been
seattered broadcast; that clean sheep in feeding lots are the
exception and not the rule, the trouble having followed the lines
of the railroads till it is unsafe to load absolutely healthy sheep
on railroad cars and after shipment place them with a flock free
of disease, as they carry with them the infection from the cars,
which in a short time will cause outbreaks of scabies in the flock
to which they have been admitted.

The following regulations refer to the inter-State transpor-
tations of sheep:
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 399

Transportation of Sheep Affected with Scabies.

U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Office of the Secretary,

Washington, D. C., June 18, 1897.

To the Managers and Agents of Railroads and Transportation Compa-
nies of the United States, Stockmen and Others:

In accordance with Section 7 of the act of Congress approved May
29, 1884, entitled “An act for the establishment of a Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, to prevent the exportation of diseased cattle, and to
provide means for the suppression and extirpation of pleuro-pneu-
monia and other contagious diseases among domestic animals,” and
of the act of Congress approved April 23, 1897, making appropria-
tion for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1898, you are hereby notified that the contagious disease
known as sheep scab, or scabies of sheep, exists among sheep in the
United States, and that it is a violation of the law to receive for
transportation, or transport any stock affected with said disease from
one State or Territory to another, or from any State into the
District of Columbia, or from the District into any State. It is also a
violation of the law for any person, company or corporation to deliver
for such transportation to any railroad company, or master or owner
of any boat or vessel, any sheep, knowing them to be affected with
said disease; and it is also unlawful for any person, company or cor-
poration to drive on foot or transport in private conveyance from one
State or Territory to another, or from any State into the District
of Columbia, or from the District into any State, any sheep, knowing
them to be affected with said disease. All transportation companies
and individuals shipping, driving or transporting sheep are requested
to co-operate with this Department in enforcing the law for prevent-
ing the spread of the said disease. Inspectors of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry are directed to report all violations of this act which
come to their attention.

In order to more effectually accomplish the object of the above
mentioned laws, it is hereby ordered that any railroad cars, boats or
other vehicles, which have been used in the transportation of sheep
affected with said disease, shall be immediately cleaned and disin-
fected by the owners or by the transportation companies in whose
possession said cars or vehicles may be at any time the animals are
unloaded by first removing all litter and manure which they con-
400 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE,

tain, and then saturating the woodwork with a five per cent. solution
of crude carbolie acid in water. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal
Industry are directed to see that this order is carried into effect.
JAMES WILSON,
Secretary.

State Inspection.

Several of the Western States and also some of those of the
Middle West have realized the necessity of controlling the passage
ot live stock across their borders, hence we find that the State of
Colorado has built up an inspection bureau which has much to
commend it. Starting out to prevent the promiscuous driving
of Texas cattle into its territory, (they having been the cause of
disastrous outbreaks of Texas fever among the stock with which
they came in contact), laws were enacted which had
for their especial meaning the prohibiting of sheep affected with
seab from coming into the State. Unfortunately, however, the
sheep-feeders found their source of supply endangered, as the
sheep raised in the State were insufficient, or not such profitable
feeders as those obtainable from New Mexico and Arizona, and
their influence was sufficient to produce special rulings on the
part of the Veterinary Sanitary Board by which they were per-
mitted to continue the importations of lambs from infected dis-
tricts on the payment of a tax per head of from one to two cents,
which was termed an inspection fee, although it was virtually a
payment for privilege, as an inspection would have prohibited
their importation altogether. These sheep or lambs then were
shipped direct to the feeding districts and placed on the farms of
the feeders, where they were considered to be in quarantine, the
feeder being supposed to use due precaution by means of dipping,
etc., to clean them up. This could only be a perfunctory pro-
ceeding at the best; just sufficient to keep the disease under con-
trol but never entirely eradicating it; and when fit for sale the
stock was shipped direct to one or the other of the great markets.
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 401

This process was responsible for the scattering of the infection
over wide portions of territory. Far better would it have been if
some method could have been found to compel a thorough
cleaning of the flocks of New Mexico, compelling every sheep
leaving the Territory for other States to be dipped before being
loaded on the cars. Then if they had been dipped thoroughly
again on arrival at their destination, the disease would have been
under control, and the danger of transmitting infection reduced
toaminimum. We believe lately better methods are being taken
to guard against these conditions, and that a supervision of rail-
road cars and their thorough disinfection is being taken in hand,
which is sure to produce beneficial results. Dr. Charles Gress-
well, State Veterinary Surgeon and Secretary of the Colorado
State Veterinary Sanitary Board, writes concerning inspection as
follows:

“T am strongly in favor and always have been of rigorous
inspection regulations, mainly with the object of protecting own-
ers of improved stock, who, of course, suffer the most from negli-
gence of owners of less valuable animals. It is a noted fact that
scab does more injury in direct proportion to improvement of
breed and artificial handling. The owner of the wild Mexican
sheep suffers but little in comparison to the owner of well-bred
Shropshires or other pure-breeds. The same idea holds good with
cattle, so the whole question resolves itself into one of rigorous
inspection or no inspection whatever. With no inspection at all
herds of sheep and cattle will gradually become more or less im-
mune to contagious diseases which affect them, although with a
great loss in the process. Animals raised by artificial selection
and under our present domesticated conditions have little or no
power to resist disease, and the ravages of disease among them are
always very expensive. Therefore modified inspection is apt to
make people think they are secure. They go in for the improved
conditions, and then suffer from imperfectly executed inspection
402 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE,

laws. If there were no inspection laws, they might learn to
take care themselves, or not go into the business of improved
stock at all. Therefore, I repeat, inspection laws if once institu-
ted should be carried out rigorously in spite of the temporary
hardships they may and do at times cause, and the execution of
such matters should be kept absolutely free from politics of every
kind.”

We publish here the rules and regulations governing the
entry and disposition of sheep arriving in the State of Colorado
from ‘outside States and Territories:

State of Colorado Sheep Quarantine.
Denver, Col., May 4, 1897.

From and after this date and until further notice, the following
regulations will govern the admission of sheep from the States of
Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, California, Nevada,
Utah and Texas, and the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Okla-
homa, and the Republic of Mexico, into the State of Colorado.

First. All sheep intended to be driven or shipped into or through
this State from the above scheduled States and Territories must be
inspected by the State Veterinary Sanitary Board or by its duly au-
thorized deputies before being allowed to enter said State, and due
notice must be given of such intention to the Secretary at the Capitol
Building, Denver, Colorado, or to one of the authorized inspectors of
this Board, except: Sheep from the above scheduled districts may en-
ter Colorado without inspection or a bill of health, by rail, provided
they do not unload in the State except in quarantine pens for the
purpose of feeding and watering and for a period not exceeding
twenty-four hours. :

Second. No sheep, except as provided for above, will be allowed
to be driven or shipped across the State line unless accompanied by a
Bill of Health granted by the State Veterinary Sanitary Board, or by
its duly authorized deputies, certifying that such sheep are wholly
free from disease, and have not come in contact with any diseased
sheep during the preceding sixty days, or unless accompanied by a
Special Permit, which will be granted only on the following condi-
tions:

That sheep so introduced shall be dipped to the satisfaction and
under the supervision of this Board, or its duly authorized inspectors,
INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 403

at Denver, Pueblo, La Junta or at such other point as may be desig-
nated by said Board, before such sheep shall be permitted to reload,
or be driven to any point from the point of unloading, and said sheep,
if introduced under such Special Permit shall be held in quarantine’
by said Board until the above provisions of inspection and dipping are
fully complied with.

Third. To defray the expenses of inspection and the necessary
supervision, a fee of one cent per head will be charged before a Bill of
Health is issued, and a fee of one and one-half cent per head before a
Special Permit is issued. The latter fee will include the costs of re-
lease hereafter granted upon the fulfillment of the terms of the
Permit.

Fourth. The cars used to transport all sheep coming into this
State under Special Permit, as provided for above, and the pens in
which they are unloaded, must be disinfected in the following man-
ner: (a) Remove all litter and manure. This litter may be disinfected
by mixing it with lime, or saturating it with a five per cent. solution of
carbolic acid, or if not disinfected it may be stored where no sheep
can come in contact with it. (b) Saturate the walls and floors of cars,
fencing, troughs and chutes, or pens with a solution made by dissolv-
ing four ounces of chloride of lime in one gallon of water, or disinfect
the cars with a jet of steam under a pressure of not less than fifty
pounds to the square inch.

Inspectors will be stationed at the following points:

P. J. Towner, E. Las Vagas, New Mexico.
H. G. Ballard, Thompsons, Utah.
J. A. Slayton, Carr, Colorado.
J. H. Fleming, Folsom, New Mexico.
and at other points of dipping within the State of Colorado.

The penalty for infringement, or an attempt to infringe upon the
provisions of this order, is a fine of not less than $100.00 nor more than
$5,000, or imprisonment for not less than three months nor more than
two years, or both.

THE STATE VETERINARY SANITARY BOARD OF COLORADO.

FE. J. TEMPLE, President.

CHAS. GRESSWELL, Secretary.

The rules and regulations of the various Western States and
Territories governing the transportation or driving of sheep
aeross their borders are, with few modifications and changes, a
counterpart of the above, so further reference to them will be un-

\
404 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.

necessary. Suffice to say that inspection is as yet in its infancy.
The more the intelligent farmers see of its benefits, the more de-
sirous are they to claim the protection afforded them by the en-
foreement of the laws, and it is safe to predict that the next few
years will see a marked diminution in the spread of contagious
affections, and a great amount of capital thereby saved to the pro-
ducer.
Abdomen ...........
Abortion siccess coviee
Abomasum .........
ADSCESS .........08.-
ACari: gccuiais carne xs
Acetanelide .........
Acetic Acid .........
Actinomycosis ......
Aconite ...........6.
Adipose tissue ......
After-pains .........
Age, how to tell....
AVG se iiaise-aeavanaie cae ae
Aleohol .............
Alexander, Dr. AS...
Alimentary canal...
Alfalfa... i: see yeas
AlOES secs nwa e nen
Alteratives .........
ATU ease idee eeu
Amaurosis ..........
Ammonia Liniment..
Amniotic fluid.......
Anaemia ............
Anaesthetics ........
Anal opening .......
Analysis food-stuffs.
Anatomy, the .......
Anise-seed ..........
Ant-acids ...........
Anterior maxillary..
Anthrax fever ......
Anthelmintics .......
Anodynes ...........
Antimony ..........
Antiseptics .........
Antispasmodics .....
Aphtha .............
Apoplexy ...........
Apothecaries meas-

UPC si astn aes cease eee
Arachnoid space.....
Areca nut ..........

Index.

Page
Arsenical sheep dips.
96 Arteries .........6.-
343 Asafoetida ..........
ASH sua seccna ae ¢ oases
121 ae
298 Asphixia asaee suauaeneehes
Astringents .........
240-241 &'
354 Atlas, TNE cidsscaxigad
354 Auditory nerves ....
281 :
354 B
95 Bacillus anthracis ..
330 Bacillus tetani ......
113 —s Bacillus tuberculosis.
355 ' Ball, E. N., Sec. Me-
354 rino Association ..
189 Bakewell, Mr........
116 Barley, food value ..
90 Belladonna .........
355 Benzoated lard .....
350 | Benzine .............
355 Benzoin .........6..
304 BASU, a3. d59 6 feesiecsinve
162 Bile, the ............
324 Bile, functions of....
285 Bistournage ........
351 Black oils ..........
132 Black leg ivscws.s sev evs
89 Black leg, vaccina-
94 tion against ......
359 Bladder, the ........
351 Blasting .........-5.
101 Bleeding ............
262 Bleeding from cheek
351 VOID. 0 s25 ewes oes 9
351 Bleeding from jugu-
356 lar vein ..........
351 Bleeding from _ sa-
350 phena vein........
168 Bleeding from um-
152 THOUS, sisiiisstecs cee oe
Blinds, the... .....
353 BO Rib: 6 6 os scaiinatets, s.5he
107 Blood, the ..........
355 Blood analysis .....
19 Blood, circulation of.
356 Blood diseases ......
356 Bloodlessness .......

Page.

146,

248

356
88
339
350:
100
108

263
278
261

59-

23

89:
356
357
224
357
357
129°
130
292
357
267

269°
131
173
328
146

147
406

Bloody flux .........
Blue-stone ........-.
Pores, the caccsscsss
Bones of the head..
Bones of the body..
Bones of the fore

extremities
Bones of the hind

extremities
Boracie acid ........
Borborygmus
Brain, the
Broad ligament......
Bronchocele
Bruises

Cachexia
Caecum, the
Calabar bean........
Caleis, the sccecsaci«
CAVGULE silciniceieiseacesene wane
Caleuli, renal .......
‘Caleuli, urethral ....
Calomel .............
Camphor
Cannabis Indica ....
Cantharides
Capillaries
Capsicum ...........
Carbo-hydrates
Carbolic acid ........
Carbolic dips .......
Carbonate of

monia
‘Carbonate of lime...
Carbon
Carbonic acid gas....
Carcass weights......
CAP icine tec ealoname
Carding vaciecicceviscaers
Cardamons
Carminatives ........
Cartilage ............
Cartilaginous tissue..
Castor oils. cics4 caciaas
Cascarilla bark......
Castration ..........
Gatarth: acvesea ances
Cathartics ...........
Cate ccd beweess
COLIS: assis ness shaun

INDEX.

>
Page.

187
358
95, 97
99
102

103

106
358
180
96, 107
135
301
297

169
127
358
107
178
197
198
359
358
358
359

96
359

88
354
250

360
359

96
92

76
359
352

98

95
360
360
290
160
351
359

94

Page.
C@LMMITIS. a2 c03 wasees 309
Cerearia .......- scene 232
Cerebritis .......... 151
Cerebellum ......... 100, 107
Cerebrum ........+4- 100, 107
Cervical vertebrae... 102
Cervix uteri.......... 134
CHALK soeg ce ate tcias 755
Charbon ..........-. 262
Charcoal oo2. 26 <.06% 361
Cheeks, the.......... 114
Chest, the........... 96
Cheviot sheep........ 70
Chlorine gas......... 361
Chloral .........-0065 360
Chloroform ......... 360
Chlorodyne ......... 360
Chloride of lime..... 359
Chokered ........... 228, 286
Choking ...........-- 171
Chorioptes ovis...... 234
Cholagogues ........ 352
Chyme, the.......... 121
CHYIE: cok csnessesa ues 97
Cinchona ............ 361
CHIMP caccess 3. Sunes om 187
Cloudy wool......... 79
Cocaine ..........005 361
Coccyx, the.......... 102
Codeine ............6. 361
Cod-liver oil.......... 361
Coenurus cerebralis. 201
Coffin bone.......... 104
Colchicum .......... 362
CONIC: vues aus andes 181
Colon, the............ 127
Common scab........ 236, 239
Combing ............ C7
Congential hernia.... 133
Conjunctiva, the..... 303
Connective tissue.... 95
Constipation ........ 189
Consumption ........ 272
Convulsions ......... 153
Cooper, M. A., See.

Dorset Association. 54
Copperas ..........0. 303
Corn, value for food.. 89
Corn, silage.......... 89
CORTICAY iiss secrete dosicece aus 303
Cornea, capacity of.. 305
Corrosive sublimate.. 362
Cotswold sheep......
Cotswold sheep, de-

scription of........
Cotton-seed oil.......
Covered operation...

Cranial cavity.......
Cranial nerves.......
Oreosote ............
Crepitus ............
Cross-breeding ......
Croton oil...........
Cumberland disease..
Cyanide of potassium
Cyanosis ............
Cystic tumors........

Dandelion ..+........
Daniells, H. A., Sec.
National Lincoln
Association .....
Delaine Merino......
Delaine Merino, or-

Dentition ...........
Decussation .........
Dental pad..........
Dermatodectes ovis..
Diaphoretics ........
Diaphragm, the......
Diaphragmatic hernia
Diarrhoea ...........
Diarrhoea of lambs..

Dippin® sices dace seas
Dipping plant........
Diseases, definition of
Diseases, anthracoid..
Diseases of brain....
Diseases of digestive

BYSTONT secas veeeeen
Diseases of eye......
Diseases of liver.....
Diseases, parasitic...
Diseases due to ex-

ternal parasites....
Diseases of the res-

piratory organs....

INDEX.

Page.

27

27-29

Cracked teats........ 169, 308,

112,

363
293
337

99
108
362
295
257
362
263
363
342
300

69

70
113
108
117
234
352
117
179
183
184
363
248
250
142
263
151

168
302
192
201
234

160

Diseases of the urin-

ary system.........
Diseases of the new-

ly-born ............
Diseases, incidental

to parturition......
Distoma hepaticum..
Diuretics ............
Docking ............
Dorset horned sheep.
Dorset sheep, first

importations ......
Downrights, the.....
Dover’s powder......
Drastics ............
DYODSY sdsiine.cins whee’
Dropsy, abdominal...
Druce, Mr...........
Drying up...........
Drying wool.........
Duodenum, the......
Dunn’s tonic drench.
Dura mater..........
Dysentery ...........

Early lambs.........
Ectozoa .............
WezemMar 5 vee e'ese 228
Eczema epizootica...
Ejaculatory ducts...
Ellpmt, Mreasss oa de
Embryotomy ........
Emphysema infectu-

OSUM! es eewe yeep pee
Enemata ............
Encephalitis ........
Enteritis ............
Entozoa .......e2- eee
Enzootie diseases....
Epithelial cells......
Epiglottis, the.......
Epilepsy ............
Epsom salts.........
Ergot .
Erysipelas ..........
Erythema ..........
Ethmoid bone.......
Hier oe-ag aver ess
Euphorbium ........
Eustachian tubes....
Eversion of rectum..
408 INDEX.

Page.
Ewes, conceive best.. 141
Examine for scab.... 240
Examination of ex-

port sheep......... 392, 396
Examination of im-

port sheep......... 383-386
Excretion, an........ 130
Extensor muscles.... 110

f
‘Fallopian tubes...... 134
Fardel bound........ 176
Fasciola hepaticum.. 231
Feeding ...........5- 84
Feeding lambs, ra-

tion: £697) .4.5% sewex 2 90
Feeding tables....... 89, 90
Feeding tables, value

OL. Sarsawneeug netwares 90
Feeding tables,

Wolff’s .........--- 89
Felting es sciasiacseseres 76
Felty wool .......... 79
Femur, the........... 106
Fennell sisvccccswcna s 365
Fenugreek .......... 365
Fibrous tissue....... 95
TRISH. OD sers gece osecrveveress 260
TWTUS) Jaieteigesiacatn sso ip guaneneeess 153
Flooding ............ 328
Ly, (Hess. et coc htertns 259
Foetus, the.......... 135
Food and increase... 91
Foot and mouth dis-

BOSE iccca cen serene 270
Foot-rot .....-.eeeee 104, 145, 310
‘Foramen ..........6. 102
Fowler’s solution.... 380
‘Fractures .........-. 295
Frenzy, the.......... 151
Frontal bones........ 99,101
Fungus haematodes.. 305

6
Gad-fly cssvecesed ens 207
Gall-bladder ........ 130
‘'Gamboge ............ 365
Ganglion ............ 109
Gareet succes easeans 335
Gasoline ............ 224
Gastric juice......... 121

"Gentian jconuo'sewsdus 365

GOTUHIS: se sisisiidelsals's
Germ ovum..........
Gestation, period of.
GAG. is iiseneie tes ae aimeeig ss
GINGEr gaiescou kare oe
Glass eye........0e- .
Glauber salts........
Glycerine ...........
Goitre .......ccseeee
Goulard’s extract....
Granulation, healing

DY 626cheend. Arne aneaes
Grass staggers......
Great head..........
Green skit...........
Gresswell, Dr. Chas..
Gullet, the..........

‘Gutta serena.........

Haematosepsis ......
Hampshire Down....
Hampshire Down, the
Old: zee xaguee tess cae
Hampshire Down, the
MEW weanronseaineece

Hampshire Down,
first importations..
Hampshire Down,

standard of excell-

GNGCE axes sv caceus ee «
Hay, food value of...
Head scab...........
Healing by first in-

tention ...........
Healing by granula-

TONG via 5 8 ganesed eats
Health, definition of.
Heart, the...........
Heels, the...........
Hemorrhoids ........
Hemp ...........0005
Hepatic artery......
Hepatitis ......... ae
Herdwick sheep.....
POTN gia noes eeawas
Hernia, congenital...
Hernia, diaphrag-

TVA TICr Bsye5 ai cascue ose
Hernia, umbilical....
Hermaphroditic para-

SILES: cheats sinowe vs 6

Page.
261

133

135, 323
201

366

304

146, 366
366

115, 301
366

296
176
263
185
401
117
304

267
45

45
47

47

49-50
238
296

297
142

105
191

79
129
192

179
133

179
180

232
Hogg, the Ettrick

shepherd ..........
Hog’s lard...........
Hoose .....ccee scenes
Honeycomb, the.....
HOVE .ivieasvrcscees

Hock joint, the......
Humerus, the.......
TUSIe ses sister aipcuveen

Humphrey, Mr......
Hydrastis canenden-
SSS ose ws onsvadeturekavesaue as
Hydrocephalus ......
Hydrochloric acid....
Hydrocyanic acid....
Hydrogen ...........
Hydrogen peroxide..
Hydrophobia ........
Hydrothorax ........
Hypnotics ..........
Hyoscyamus ........

IcteruS ......-eeeeee
Tleum, the...........
Ilio caecal valve.....
Impaction of rumen.
Impaction of omasum
Impaction fourth

stomach of lambs..

Imperforate anus....
Impetigo Labialis....
Imports from Canada
Imports other coun-

tHIES: aes k eww eos s
In-breeding ...... vieiss
Incontinence of urine
Infectious abortion..
Infectious aphtha....
Inferior maxillary...
Influenza .......-26e5
Inflammation of blad-

GO? saidieciewied aiaces oe
Inflammation of

bowels ......e-eees
Inflammation of

BYU cs.euie sods sega
Inflammation of

bronchial tubes....
Inflammation of

HIVE? asdeaw conan §

Page.

190,

INDEX.

206
366
211
120
173
107
103
211

47

367
154
367
366

88
367
275
166
352
367

193
127
127
175
176

181
341
310
383

386
138
265
343
270
101
160
198
182
151
163

192

Inflammation of
TUBES? adeiees oarieaos
Inflammation of
inter-digital canal.
Inflammation of

kidneys ...........
Inflammation of
PICUPA: ive ssaesis
Inflammation of
Vagina ..........0.

Inflammation of
WOMD) give ess very

Inspection ..........
Inspection, Federal..
Inspection, State....
Interdigital canal....
inter-State sheep in-

spection ...........
Inter-ungulate sinus.
Intestines, length of.
Intestinal obstruc-

GODS. sicavaninasace ween
Intus-susception ....
Inversion of womb..
Inversion of vagina..
Involuntary muscle

tisSUE 20... eee eee
TOdINe 6s asx Seco ee

Ipecacuanha ........
TPO, hisses ss eases vess4
Iron carbonate.......
Tron iodide..........
Iron phosphate......
Iron sulphate........
Iron tineture........

Jaborandi ...........
Jala Dp sieve oa pergereaaes
Jaundice ............
JejUnUM ..........--
Jugular vein.........
Jugular vein, bleed-

ing from...........
Juniper berries......

409°
Page.
164
106, 321
196.
166.

331

332

339
382
382-400
400-404
105

399-
105
126

178
180
329
330

95
367
368
368
368
368
369
368
368
369-
106

369°
369
193
127
146

147
369

369:
410

Kentish long-wooled
SHEEP iscewesnccaoe
Kidneys, the.........
Kidneys, inflamma-
tion of structure..

L

Labor pains.........
Lachrymal bones.
Lachrymal duct.....
Lacteals ............
Dlama sivcccscc senna
Laminal tissue.......
Laminitis ...........
Laminitis ee
DATIOL I fo.2: 55 cscorsastreenices
Larkspur ..:-292008+
LarynX ....... ee eeee
Laryngitis ..........
Lashing .........-.-.
Laudanum ..........
Thaxatives ...........
Lead acetate.........
Leicester sheep......
Leicester sheep, the
Olds) wae nese aceies s
Leicester sheep, the
NEW discadtage sas
Leicester
Border ............
Leicester
fleéce .............
Lice: cass ciadeosand«
Ligaments ..........
Lime water..........
Lime and sulphurdip
Lincoln sheep........
Lincoln sheep, the
ON). wpa wees
Lincoln
TOW? 2s cva ed cconqese- ee
Lincoln sheep, scale
of points..........
Linseed oil...........
Linseed meal........
Lips, thesiccosssag ewes
Liquid measure......
Liquor amnii........
TIQUOTICE gc vice wa
Litmus paper........
Liver, th@isa: cssiagcn
Liver, functions of..

INDEX.

. Page.

33
131

115, 117

33

89, 90
112
353
324
371
196
129
129

Liver, inflammation

GE sida cecsaeaiheet
Liver flukes,.........
Lobules of liver.....
Lock-jaw ...........
Loodiana disease....
Lombriz ............
Long-wooled breeds.
Long bones..........
Loss of cud..........
Louping-ill ..........
Lucellia marcellaria.
Lung's, the...........

Madness ...........-
Mad staggers........
Maggots .........64-
Magnesium sulphate.
Malar bones.........
Male shield fern.....
Malignant pustule...
Malignant parturient

POV ER tine anne men aes
Mamunitis
Manyplies, the.......
Marrow, the.........
Mastitis ..cc.eeeiys
Mating -siasegresg ea
Measure, solid.......
Measure, liquid......
Medical agents.......
Medical treatment in

general ...........
Medulla oblongata...
Meconium, the.......
Melophagus ovinus..
Membrana nictitans.
Mercurious chloride.
MEPCULy aas2.%ineess
Merino
Merino, first impor-

tations ..........+
Merino, American....
Merino, Spanish.....
Merino, Delaine.....
Merino, Dickinson...
Merino wool fibres...
Mesentery, the......
Mesentery, glands of
Metacarpus .........
Metastasis ..........

148, 278

301
Metritis
Mexican lambs......
Middle-wooled sheep.
Midriff, the..........
Milz-brand ..........
Mindererus spirit....
Molar teeth.........
Monge, M...........
Monstrosities .......
Morphine ...........
Mountain breeds.....
Mouth, the..........
Mouth, broken.......
Mucus rales.........
Muscles, the.........
Muscular tissue......
Muscles, contraction

Of jocexdae neces nies
Musmon, the........
Mutton fat..........
Mutton, analysis of..
MVD cag: guns dyavwrayansee

Nasal bones.........
Nasal cavity.........
Nasal catarrh........
Naveéleill .cc0c0.s6 vane
Nephritis ...........
NGEVES o5-gieeey ca earaiias
Nervous tissue......
NICOUME. ieacceacnces
Nippers, the.........
Nitrite of amyl......
Nitric acid...........
Nitrogen
Nitre, sweet spirts of
Nitro hydrochloric

ACHE, say ,gaeies aces

Non-contagious
eases
Nux vomica..........

Oatmeal
Oats, as food........
Obliteration of os

UWEETT sas caewe cee te =
Obstruction of gullet
Occipital bone.......

INDEX.

Page.
279, 332
84-85

23

118

262

371

113

76

327

372

70

114

113, 140
164

110

95

101
101
160
339
196
96, 108
95
372
113
372
372
87
372

373
169
224

307-322
373

373
90
825

171
100

Oesophagostoma col-
umbianum .......
Oesophagus .........
Oesophageal canal...
Oestrum, period of..
Oestrus ovis.........
Oil of anise..........
Oil of carron........
Oil of cinnamon.....
Oil of ergot..........
Oil of eucalyptus....
Oil of mustard......
Oil of olive..........
Oil of peppermint...
Oil Of tates secss.a%
Oil of turpentine.....
Oil of vitriol.........
Olfactory nerves.....
Omasum, the........
Omasum, impaction

Opacity of the cornea
Operative surgery....
Opium tincture......
Ophthalmia, simple..
Ophthalmia proper..
Optic nerves.........
Os hyoides...........
OS: PEdiSsicieod. o's dee ss
Ovaries, the.........
Ovaries, castration of
Oxfordshire Down...

Oxfordshire Down,
origin of...........
Oxfordshire Down,

early importations.
ORY GET. ereaies Zon asveus

Palate bones.........
Palsy; thesis s.2 sine
Pancreas ........+-+-
Pancreas, itS uses...
Pancreatic juice.....
Paralysis
Paralysis, peripheral
Paralysis, simple....
Paralysis, transverse
Parasites ...........
Parasites, internal...
Parasites of the skin

411
Page.
192, 224
Ly
iis
135
207
373
ato
374
374
3874
374

373

101, 108
121

52
88:

101

130
131
131
150°
150
157
150
145
201
234
412

Parasitic diseases of

the brain..........
Parasitic gastric ca-

TALL gs es away eualere
Parasitic bronchitis.
Parasitic diarrhoea..
Parasitic nasal ca-

tarrh
Parietal bones, the..
Paronchyia inter-

PGigitalis: wis sersiereacs«
Parotid glands.......
Parturient laminitis.
Parturition .........
Parturition, diseases

incidental to......
Parturition,

presentations .....
Parturition, normal.
Parturition, pro-

TOM BSD oe issih pein
Pastern joint........
Pasteur, M., method

of vaccination for

ANthTAx is sca natgs
Patella, the.........
Pelvis, the...........
Penis, thejss voce vain
Pepper
Peppermint .........
PEPSIT: sasaan ends Hae
Pericardium ........
Peritoneum, the.....
Peritonitis ..........
Periosteum, the.....
Permanganate of pot-

ASD ss sniee ses esau
Persian sheep.......
Petrous temporal

DONE: He Seep danaegee sg
Peyers patches......
AE TRAIT VTE assenaee olen a det
Physiological action

Of ATUGSsccescecess
Pi@ “Materiec.c ceca:
Picklock, the........
Picrate of Potash....
Pues sc ct.cscesacnteas
Pinding
PANTS oie socsiessegie's “s
Placental papillae....
‘Plethorie diseases...

Page.

97,

INDEX.

310

338
323

323

326
323

324
104

263
106

134
375
375
122

120
191
98

101
126
117

350
107

ag
223
191
188
289
331
145

,

Pleura, the..........
Pleurisy scsa esses wees
Pneumogastric nerve
Pneumonia
Poked 43 sages esaudace
Pomgranate

Bale ice wdsws Gries
Portal vein..........
Post-partem hemorr-

BAB]: sive distal setce un, aeonace
Potassium bi-carbon-

BLG) sc sages es as Sis
Potassium chlorate..
Potassium hydrate..
Prehensile organs...
Prime, the. ies cases se
Probang, the........
Prolapsus of the rec-

DUI, oie a rete tirete a a tea
Prolapsus uteri......
Prolapsus vaginae...
Prominent breeds of

SHEED: Siac seine coe
Proportion of parts..
Protein 4 Gadauselesas
Proof spirit..........
PHUTIGO 6 ici sssgecew ces
Prussic acid.........
Psoroptes communis.
Ptomaines
Pulse, the...........
Pulse beats..........
Pumpkin seeds......
Purgatives ..........
Pylorus, the.........

Quarantine regula-
TOUS) earncvedeaerass
Quarantine,

SHEED ssacnoosiasn sue
Quarantine, sheep
affected with con-
tagious diseases...

Quarter-ill ..........
Quicklime ...........
Quinine sulphate....
R
Rabies: ss.a2 ci e.9 sae

Rabies, in the dog...
Radius, the..........

Page.

354,

145,
122

ey

97
166
108
164,
286

376
129

328

375
367
377
114

veg
172

191
329
330

3383

386

399
267
319
377

275
277

103
Rambouillet, the....
Rambouillet Associa-

AIOM. wedosxeie habeas sea ce
Rambouillet, early

importations ......
Rambouillet, origin of
Rectum, the.........
Red-clover, value of.
ROG16 wesicasaiase veces
Red water...........
Renal basin..........
Renal caleuli........
Regulations for in-

ter-state shipments
Retention of foetal

Membranes .......
Retention of mecon-

PUM sesso eosiertie sea eree
Retention of urine...
Reticulum, the......
Rheumatism ........
Rheumatism acute...
Rheumatism chronic.
Rhubarb ............
Rhubarb, compound

powder of.........
Ribs, the.............
Rigidity of os uteri..
Rock salt............
Rocky mountain

SHEEP be sivewesviss
Romney Marsh sheep
Romney, first impor-

tations of.........
ROS, acsacsswiess neds

Rot, prevention of...
Rumen, the..........
Rumen, impaction of
Rumination .........
Rumenotomy ........
Rupture oo. cncewe eens
Ruta-baga ...........

Sacrum, the.........
Saliva, the...........
Salivary glands......
Saliva, its uses......
Salmon, Dr. D. E....
ES alti cnsens sed ous esd
Sanguineous Ascites.

Page.

Or

INDEX. 413

66

68

328

341
197
120
287
288
288
377

378

325
214

19

35
378
226
232
118

123
176
179

89

107
114
114
115
224

145, 378

283

Page.
Sanmetto ........... 200
SAM bOnin: seas ceed 378
Sapo Mollis.......... 378
Sarcoptes ovis....... 234
Searing, the cord.... 292
Secretion, definition
OF Siseedaahawne sas 130
Seab, the............ 234
Scab infection....... 243
Scab mites........... 238-242
Seab, multiplication
OL Gag eat caustic boas 236
Seapula, the......... 103
Scrotum, the........ 133
Scrotal hernia....... 133, 293
Secretion, a......... 130
Selection ............ 140
Semen, the.......... 133
Sesamoids .......... 104
Shearing wo. cecesseee 148
SNEED wa tneetnced soe 19
Sheep, number in
Sects enix anal ce 22
Sheep, how to catch. 144
Sheep pox........... 273
Sheep tick........... 255
Short-wooled sheep.. 23, 59
Shropshire breed.... 41
Shropshire, origin of 41
Shropshire, points of
excellence ........ 43-45
Shropshire, early im-
portations ........ 43
Shropshire Sheep As-
sociation .......... 43
Silver nitrate........ 379
Simple ophthalmia.. 303
Skeleton, the........ 95, 97
Skin dryness........ 342
Snots, thé....ss.sas. 211
Snuffles, the......... 160
Soap liniment........ 379
Sodium carbonate... 379
Sodium hyposulphite 379
Sore mouth, con-
tagious in lambs.. 169
Sore-throat ......... 162
Soft palate.......... 115
Southdown sheep.... 35
Southdown early his-
TOL? schsde pegs seen 37-39
414

Southdown Associat-

TOM posi aatin sy gee oe
Southdown, scale of

points ............
Spanish Merino......
Spanish wool........
Spaying ......-..---
Special nerves.......
Specific diseases.....
Spermatic cord......
Sphenoid bone.......
Spinal cord..........
Spinal vertebrae....
Splenic apoplexy....
Spleen in anthrax...
Sporocyst ...........
Sprains .isevvevesass
Squamous temporal..
Staph: wastwows yyatee
State, inspection of

sheep
Statistics, wool......
Stavesacre seed......
Steno’s duct.........
Stifle joint..........
Stomach ............
Stomach round

WORMS sieterawndies
Stomatitis ..........
BUTAlUS its genera &
Streptococcus erysip-

Clatis: sages oscees
Stricture ...cccccsces
Stripy wool..........
Strongylus contortus
Strongylus filaria....
Strongylus rufescens
Struma. ccocesis ooane
Sturdy vanscselescacars
Subcorneus

PLANE aieccicen seed ne
Sublingual glands...
Submaxillary glands.
Suffolk sheep........
Suffolk standard of

excellence: 2. csc
Suffolk Association..
Sussex sheep........
Sugar of lead........
Sulphate of iron.....
Sulphur’ sos esccia2 nee
Sulphuric acid.......

INDEX.

Page.

39

40-41
21

20
294
108
261
133
101

96, 102, 107

96
262
267
232
298
100

312
115
114

Page.
Sulphurous acid..... 380.
Superior maxillary.. 101
Super-purgation .... 183
Sympathetic nerve... 109:

ct

ERA VES igieiin dic-asa vestaiete 83
Tables, wool imports 83
Tables, Wolff’s....... 88
Taenia coenurus..... 202
Taenia expansa...... 216
LAS OMB sera davon caves 189:
Par cds tea és eaten 381
Pars 01) Otis 216.295 sheaves 374
Taraxacum ......... 363
Teeth, the........... 112
Teeth, incisors....... 113
Teeth, molars........ 113
Teeswaters, the..... 26
Temperature, how to

PARC eigen cena oues 148
Temporal bones..... 100
Tendions ............ 95
Testicles, the........ 133
Testicles, castration

OL ae hae s Boo needs 290
WELANUS> thaws oceans 278
Therapeutic action

Of GrugS. issues sass 350
Thoracic duct....... 97
Thortersill wv. se cesesix 155.
Thymus, the........ » 115
Thyroid bodies...... 115:
Tibia, the........... 106
AISSUG: wisisearate a op bien 94
Tissue, kinds of..... 95, 96
Tobacco ............ 381
Tobacco sheep dip... 250
TONICS? sass cu se 5 wes 353
Tongue, index in dis-

CABO neeet inns wees 148
Tongue, the......... 115
Toppiness .......... 79
Torsion of uterus.... 326
Trachea, the......... 117
Tracheotomy ....... 163,
Transverse paralysis. 150
LTApPiN®, i sas wees. 292
Treatment of indi-

VIKUAIS v2 640s os 348
Treatment, a whole

MOG oa ac ticsmiparenghce’s 349
‘Tremblings, the.....
Trephining
‘Trocar, the..........
Tuberculosis
WUMOLS 2c. seaae cna ss
‘Tumors, 'treatment of
Tunica vaginalis.....
Turnsick
‘Turnips

Ulna, the............
Umbilical cord.......
Umbilical hernia.....
Umbilical cord, in-

flammation of.....
Umbilical hemorr-

hage
Uraemic poisoning...
Urea. ci aiice ses ee
Ureters
Urethrar cas sac egeu nes
Urine
Uterus, the..........
Uterus, amputation

OLS esses trae arcane aveaayesnie

Vaccination anthrax.
Vaccination blackleg.
Vagina, the..........
Vaginitis
Variola ovina........
Vas deferens.........
Vaseline
WiCINS see cmaiw korea wrduncy
Vermes
Vermiform append-

age
Vermifuges
Vermicides
Vesiculae seminales.
NGM Y thence... sear aaa s
Vinquish
Voluntary muscle

tissue
Volvulus
Vulva, the...........

Water on the brain..

INDEN.

Page.
155

210

172, 174.
272

299

300

293

201

292

263

103
339
180

339

339
198
132, 196
132
132
131-132
134

330

266
269
135
331 |
273
133
381

96
201

134, 199
352
352
133
97, 127
289

95

180
135

154

Watery wool........
Webb, Jonas.........
Wheat-bran, for food
White oak bark......
White skit...........
WHid=fire: cs sauede scan
Wing, Jos. E.........
Wiring

Wool closureof fleece
Wool curl............
Wool, growth of.....
Wool fibres..........
Wool fibres, serra-
TIONS OL. bie weeaa ee
Wool,
Wool,
Wool,
Wool, *
Wool,
Wool, cloudy........
Wool, long..........
Wool, broad-topped..
Wool break..........
Wool, watery........
Wool, stripy.........
Wool thickness......
Wool, felty..........
Wool,
Wool,
Wool,
fibre
Wool imports.........
Wool-sorters’ disease
Womb, the..........
Wounds .............
Wounds contused....
Wounds of the eye..
Wounds incised......
Wounds lacerated....
Wounds punctured..

fineness.......
superfine......

Y
Yolk of fleece........
Monatits \sciscns «anaes sae

ke
Zine sulphate........

Zygomatic arch......

101, 206
89

5

178

77

ae

Vo

65

76
76
77

381
100
SHEEP BREEDERS’

DIRECTORY.

CONTAINING A LIST OF THE
PROMINENT

SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS
OF THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA.

ALSO

NAMES AND POST OFFICE ADDRESSES OF BREEDERS
OF PURE-BRED SHEEP OF THE BEST KNOWN
BREEDS OF NORTH AMERICA.

1899.
Sheep Breeders’ Associations of the United States
and Canada.

The American Leicester Breeders’ Association.

President.
D. C. GRAHAM, Cameron, II.
Vice-President.
A. W. SMITH, Maple Lodge, Ont.

Secretary-Treasurer.
A. J. TEMPLE, Cameron, III.

Directors.
John Kelly, Shakespeare, Ont.
John Walton, Calkinsville, Mich.
J. W. Murphy, Cass City, Mich.
James E. Gaunt, Lucknow, Ont.
J. M. Gardhouse, Highfield, Ont,
James Snell, Clinton, Ont.
C. E. Wood, Freeman, Ont.

Honorary Vice-Presidents.
W. A. McCoy, Mercer, Pa.
A. Whitelaw, Guelph, Ont.
John Marshall, Cass City, Mich.
George Richardson, Benedict, Neb.
A. L. Wingate, Avon, Il.
8. P. Goudey, Yarmouth, N. S.
William Clark, North Wiltshire, P. E. I.
J. W. McKinney, Salem, Oregon,

American Cotswold Record.

President,
JOHN Cc. SNELL, Snelgrove, Ont.

Vice President.
J. HAL WOODFORD, Paris, Ky.

Secretary and Treasurer.
GEO. HARDING & SON, Waukesha, Wis.

Board of Directors.

R. C. WATT, Xenia, Ohio.
JOHN C. SNELL.

J. HAL WOODFORD.
GEO. HARDING.

F. W. HARDING.
OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 419

American Cotswold Record—Continued.

Vice Presidents.

Eastern Ontario—James Russell, Richmond Hill.

Western Ontario—David McCrae, Guelph.

California—Chas. McDairmaid, San Jacinto,

Colorado—T. H. Orcutt, Rocky Ford.

Illinois—Thos. Clark, Beecher.

Indiana—J. B. Herkless, Carthage.

Iowa—s. Bennington, Volga.

Kansas—S, G. MeCandless, Cottonwood Falls,

Kentucky—.Abram Renick. Sycamore.

Maine—Oscar Shirley, Houlton.

Michigan—W’. R. Montgomery, Jr., Hillsdale.

Minnesota—R. C. Judson, St. Paul.

Montana—F. Kk. Parkhurst, Ekalaka.

Missouri—Hopson Glascock, Rensselaer.

North Dakota—W. C. Heron, Harvey.

South Dakota—Fred Wilson, Conde.

New York—John Chick, Attica.

Ohio—W. J. Cherry, Xenia.

Oregon—James Withycombe, Corvallis.

Pennsylvania—S. V. McDowell, Fredonia.

Utah—Jas. B. Ririe, Weber.

West Virginia—James J. Idleman, Mt. Storm.

Wisconsin—N. M. Jewell, Mineral Point.

 

 

National Lincoln Association.
President.
BERT SMITH, Charlotte, Mich.

Secretary-Treasurer.
H. A. DANIELLS, Elva, Mich.

Vice-Presidents.

William Oliver, Ontario.
E. P. Oliver, Michigan.
J. W. Ganes, Wisconsin.
Col. C. C. Rice, Illinois.
Col. H. Z. Leonard, Indiana.
H. C. Coburn, South Dakota.
F. G. Bovyer, P. E. Island.
C. H. Marshall, Vermont.
H. H. Cleaver, Missouri.
W. W. Steed, Utan.

Directors.
S. W. Beal. Michigan.
G. E. Port, Michigan.
Graham Walker, Ontario.
M.-L. Wasson, Michigan.
James Z. Mott, Michigan.

Pedigree Committee.

Capt. T. E. Robson. Robert Knight. Wm. Shier.
420 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. my

American Southdown Breeders’ Association.

President.
J. H. PICKRELL, Springfield, Tl.
Secretary.
JNO. G. SPRINGER, Springfield, Il.
Treasurer.

D. W. SMITH, Springfield, IIL.

Board of Directors.
Geo. McKerrow, Sussex, Wis.
L. M. Crothers, Crothers, Pa.
J. H. Warren, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.
Jerome A. Leland, Springfield, Tl
S. E. Prather, Springfield, I].
C. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky.
John Jackson, Abingdon, Ont., Can.
J.D. Pancoast, Moorestown, N. J.
F. J. Tompkins, Girard, Mich,

American Shropshire Association.
President.
Hon. JOHN DRYDEN, Toronto, Canada.

First Vice-President.
Prof, W. C. LATTA, LaFayette, Indiana.

Secretary-Treasurer.
MORTIMER LEVERING, LaFayette, Indiana.

Executive Committee.

H. H. Clough, Ohio, term expires, Noy. 1899
George Allen, I1., se mt 1899
Dr. G. H. Davison, N. Y., * * “1900
T. A. Bixby, Mich., “f ¢ ** 1900
Committee on Pedigrees.
S. H. Todd, Ohio, term expires, Nov, 1899
J.C. Payne, Wis., = a “1899
H. W. Mumford, Mich., ie " “1900
J. N. Greenshields, Que., te = “© 1900

Vice-Presidents.
British Columbia—E. A. Kipp, Chilliwack.
Manitoba—J. A. 8. Macmillan, Brandon.
Northwest Territory—O. P. Skrine, Grenfell.
Nova Scotia—David Logan, Pictou.
Ontario—W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove.
P. E. I.—Donald Ferguson, Charlottetown.
Quebec—W. C. Edwards, Montreal.
Arizona—Joseph Baum, Phoenix.
Arkansas—R, C, Walton, Rogers,
OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 421

American Shropshire Association—Continued.

California—J. H. Glide, Jr., Sacremento,
Colorado—J. D. Stannard, Fort Collins.
Connecticut—D. B, Wilson, Waterbury.
Georgia—T. P. Branch, Augusta.
Illinois—George Allen, Allerton.
Indiana—F. C. Yeiser, Avilla.

Iowa—L. M. Hartley, Salem.
Kansas—Elwood Rush, Shaw.
Kentucky—J. M. Garrett, Fort Garrett.
Long Island—E. R. Ladew, Glen Cove.
Maine—Bert Hilton, Anson.
Maryland—C. H. Tilghman, Tunis Mills.
Massachusetts—Frank P. Bennett, Boston.
Michigan—L. 8S. Dunham, Concord.
Minnesota—W. J. Boynton, Rochester.
Mississippi—T. H. Harrod, Newton.
Missouri—W. R. Turner, Shelbyville.
Nebraska—C. H. Ballinger, Lexington.
N. H.—H. W. Keyer, North Haverhill.
New Jersey—R. Stuyvesant, Allamuchy.
New Mexico—C. W. Riggs, Albuquerque.
New York—James Hilton, New Scotland.
North Carolina—J. S. Carr, Durham.
North Dakota—R. T. Kingman, Hillsboro.
Ohio—S. F. Streetor, Painesville.
Oregon—L. F. Mascher, Silverton.
‘Pennsylvania—J. A. Woodworth, Sayre.
Rhode Island—F. S. Ballou, Slatersville.
S. Dakota—F. W. Goodrich, Farmingdale.
Tenn.—James Calloway, Four Mile Branch,
Vermont—Albert Bresee, Hubbardton.
Virginia—Mr. Thompson, Swoope.

West Virginia—J. L. Hayes, Mannington.
Wisconsin—Prof. J. A. Craig, Rice Lake.
Wyoming—W. R. Carlin, Medicine Bow.

 

Hampshire Down Breeders’ Association.
President.
IRA J. HILLER, West Bay City, Mich.
Vice-Presidents.
J, W. GANES, Reeseville, Wis.
J. G. MASSEY, Rawlins, Wyo.
Pp. W. ARTZ, New Carlisle, Ohio.
E. M. BENHAM, Hopewell Center, N. Y.
Secretary and Treasurer.
JOHN I. GORDON, Mercer, Pa.

Auditors.
JOSEPH JUNKIN, Mercer, Pa.
J. H. ALLISON, Mercer, Pa.
OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS.

American Oxford Down Sheep Record Hssociation.

President.
GEO. MecKERROW, Sussex, Wisconsin.
First Vice-President.
H. J. DeGARMO, Highland, Michigan.

Secretary and Treasurer.
W. A. SHAFOR, Middletown, Ohio.

Vice-Presidents.
William Duval, Alliance, O.
J. H. Avlor, Gunpowder, Ky.
Edmund Orgill, Bonds, Tenn.
A. Bordwell, Fargo, N. Y.
F. C. Biddle, Chadds Ford, Pa.
D. Williams, Pleasant Valley, W. Va.
L. N. Olmsted, Muir, Mich.
J. R. Cunningham, Antioch, Ind.
James Tolton, Walkerton, Ont., Can.
M. G. Okey, Millersville, Tl.
L..D. Hill, Hingham, Wis.
William M. Liggett, Benson, Minn.
Eli Kelly, Fairfield, Ta.
R. H. Sampson, Rocheport, Mo.
E. Cook, Wilmont, South Dakota.
F. C. Goldsborough, Easton, Md.
Charles W. Hilton, Anson, Me.
F. E. Simpson, Saxonville, Mass.
Robert Jones, Fort Steele, Wyo.
E. 8. Dunlap, Truro, N. S.

Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association of America.

President.
HON. JOHN A. MeGILLIVRAY, Toronto, Canada.

Vice-President.
HENRY PALMER, Avondale, Pa.

Secretary ard Treasurer.
M. A. COOPER.

Executive Committee.
Wm. E. Kimsey, Angola, Ind.
Wm. L. McCleary, Washington, Pa.
Samuel Briggs, Cleveland, Ohio.
E. O. Denton, Somerset, N. Y.
L. S. Gillet, Verona, Md.
OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 423

Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association of Hmerica—Continued.

Vice-Presidents.

Canada—A. T. Button..

New York—ZJ. L. Buell.
Indiana—A. H. Omstead.
Pennsylvania—D, Strickler.
Michigan—Lewis Love.
Connecticut—J. B. Palmer.
Ohio—S. C. Priest.
Nebraska—H. D. Watson.
Wisconsin—Hugh H. Price. ©
Tllinois—John J. Gates.
Kentucky—James B. Finnell.
Maryland—Gallaway Cheston.
Massachusetts—Alfred Birnie.
Missouri—A. M. Teller.
Delaware—George W. Bush.
New Jersey—R. Stuyvesant.
North Carolina—J. S. Carr.
Vermout—James C. Colgate.
Virginia—Prof. D. O. Nourse.
Ontario—M. N. Empey.
Minnesota—Giles Hayward.
Oregon—Richard Scott.
Maine—H. B. Whitman.
Tennessee—James J. McClaskey.

Continental Dorset Club.

Secretary.
J. E. WING,

The Improved Black-TCop Merino Sheep Breeders’
Association of America.

President.
L. L. MARSH.
Vice-President.

L. J. WILSON.
Corresponding Secretary.
O. M. ROBERTSON.
Secretary and Treasurer.
L. M. CROTHERS.
424 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS.

American Rambouillet Sheep Breeders’ Association.

President.
J. E. WEBB, Webb, Ind.
Vice-President.
C. L. HALLADAY, Sebewa, Mich.

Secretary and Treasurer.
E. V. BURNHAM, Woodstock, Ohio.

National Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.

President.
JAMES McCLELLAND.
Corresponding Secretary.
J. H. HAMILTON.
Treasurer.

R. W. CROTHERS.

Recording Secretary.
C. C. JOHNSON.

The Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders’ Association.

President.
A. A. WOOD, Saline.

Vice-President.
H. R. DEWEY, Grand Blane.

Secretary.
E. N. BALL, Hamburg.

Treasurer.
THOS. VAN GIESON, Clinton.

Directors.

L. W. Barnes, Byron.

P. Voorhies, Jr., Pontiac.

William Ball, Hamburg.

F. L. Corbin, Lansing.

C. E. Lockwood, Washington, Mich.

Committee of Pedigrees.
D. P. Dewey, Grand Blane.
W. E. Boyden, Delhi Mills.
E. W. Hardy, Howell.
BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 425

National Cheviot Sheep Society,

President.
PROF. C. S. PLUMB, LaFayette, Ind.

First Vice-President.
P. P. NOEL, Rockville, Ind.

Vice-Presidents for States. ‘
T. N. CURRY, Hartwick, N. Y.
U.S. MILLER, Pulaski, Iowa.
H. C. DAVIDSON, Elbridge, Tenn.
C. H. MARSHALL, Vergennes, Vt.
Secretary.
HOWARD H. KEIM, Ladoga, Ind.
Treasurer.
ISAAC LLOYD, Russellville, Ind.
Artist.
L. A. WEBSTER, Whiting, Vt.
Executive Committee.
The President and Secretary ex-officio.
P. P. Noel,
Hon. D. W. Heagy.
R. L. Ainslie.
Isaac Lloyd.
William Curry.
W. S.Crodian.
Sheep Breeders’ Directory.
Breeders of Leicester Sheep.
Archer; Az Eibss sess sesansegg seers asta y gy ee4 Meweet ses ears Warwick, Ont.
ACE THIS, V3, VIR ocdie haan bins Basan de alee gods ieee Soadimunla. bedi toad sestavegn dh aheseonae Drayton, Ont,
AlGOat: BOS: cars cacnsmni ny enecakaebaaet ao eased anesee Brucefield, Ont.
AMGerson::- Wisi sys willd aVaains saps gwen Winans ee eenaa Castle Avery, Man,
ATMISTTONG:, Jy Ssceisucnd seiatsceaneses be ewes TA oe oss Ors Marden, Ont.
AMNSOD, “GeOTSC 0.5 sospea viivesatevaleaacs d aed ncbsrauere aie ahs e astlo auenets Burnbank, Man.
Attridge, Wim, ‘Dy La: csacvoneceeaceu woe cates so eamnae Waterdown, Ont.
Adair, Wises sé aden vydedaeewdsean seisinds be ss cceaeicnsoeeeAlsfeldt, Ont,
Andrews; JOWD 2.4.0. cc¢¢sganetwewss one th tee aeeee bs St. Thomas, Ont,
ATT BrOSi occ. eacenceeda ks cteme tees thaee been Hew eas nce ao NeWweastlée, Ont,
Armstrong; GB iseeo sea yea Gi eeetesenneees nese Patenina Teeswater, Ont,
Austin; Wi Recs snevat is oeeeeraag need GGes Siete yew ou Sapperton, B. C.
Armour, ANATEW.s. siuccis.csoede seas sede Hee GEES EE Dunnville, Ont.
Allen, Robert............ceececeeeee cee eeeeeeeeereesses Melbourn, Que.
Allin, Henry susee cc a oitee ss pea tiines Sees sonatas ee aaa Oe Orono, Ont.
Bowman. Richard we. ¢ ees asicad vac ce ene Wer acca cers Charlottetown, P. E. I.

Banks, John.......... eee e eee eee sees eeeeeeee- Amaranth Station, Ont.
426 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP.

Bali, “AGO! p f,5 o.sisiensincle dv aaron ila p Ga dala hedeeaabiphbe decane Sao ecae Lore, Iowa.
Beebe, Bs Dtenics iain seared cena anata ees bay snk eta Seat Huron, S. D.
Brod bent, Brooks wi vinecisa e's coe sche din'y oye auieigiets « New Wilmington, Pa,
Baxter, Danielsnccanickcon iv acwe din eves wend ¥ ....-Allans Corners, Que.
BI SSE be Ais Gio csegiz, a sessioaleis ud aeeud ieovaneani dos asked wirguaupnne bibs aeceous Cole Harbor, N.S.
Blais) Ad ieca2e. Goes sea ees HERA nae e bMS ..Glen Sandfield, Ont.
Bennett & Pard Ose siccucd dgaimws'y eda PAE Per ee Degen Charing Cross, Ont.
Boswaill, Alberts 00407 eterna eee cso Seeee Beane Hee ee EE Se RE Pownal, P. E. 1.
BACK DUT). Wa Gis. dacwsraacodecsea cae adh anerenla Sea oe Reeuaee eee Eee Orono, Ont.
Baker, LOWenee Wacciazasei tessa neaaeereiseesawy e248 Comstocks, N. Y.
eR, DIE ie’ pay a SHENAE Ap OREM TES ys RO ROE OLR EEOS Dashwood, Ont.
Bricker, oJ. Uni cashew ve see a sees dence ed eee pes wa enes Grattan, Mich.
IBTOWDy Wiss siscsnes eee a veh SEGRE ed 34 Oa GSE DEERE RINT Fordwich, Ont.
BatGhell AC. Aisi dc astavetybinletad ed dduasapennun needa se gueaieass Lower Bedford, Ont.
Brings: Ch. Dionex steaiiressuniaisin oang ooaec sree Gass band aaes wists atee aise ore Gooding, Mich.
Bell, Donald: dachisiete pacuieeeGidd seen eee won wyglaneer Bellingham, Ont.
Baldwin & Leth bridpeé.s::oy.55 teeages 256 64eeeses sous nines Fingal, Ont.
Brown, Alfred.c cies. ooceaedsguesvta eens rac Gana dete, Mlemas areca hs Bethel, Ont.
PAPO, SOs ose a eend aa FAUSG A ED e Orcas e434 RRR Binbrook, Ont.
PVA STS) ae Me. -vectrsha atecrtwintes Se: Suse ace a0 ak accent yer icaiatte ape e tesa Hurlbut, Wis.
Bower, AUPUSTUS es os gins veenaey seeaty Page wakes sees Lower Ohio, N. 5S.
Biekell, Georgesws.. cyecssagh wakay byes esas 36 somes Appleby, Ont.
Bish Op: DW aSs. bes atics ire Gcacutes fal ek Died Setaaysawelaud Bess Seaenies bane Summerton, Mich.
Bowlby, JODN: Ass sisayevdan sa cones Be es trig eg Pea Danse agers Bath, N. Y.
Brown, Davids oniusenyers wre eas is Saaharr ses eee: Maple Creek, Neb.
Gurrélly, Ts & Sts esse pqund vend vos s Howse eee acs Meee ses Fe Fullarton, Ont.
BO A) Binds decade weK he bane 6 olouw eter aks North Wiltshire, P. E. J.
Gam Pb Ely NT 5. seccsenianarvene. aatana  absaiale & diese laste Minas Ss Northwood, Ont.
Cornwall, Uiaew: cieSauseh). - neptune bite saneaamna econ St. Johns, NB.
Conley. Gi Bicigntiesens: 5 Mlesne@aasasloyevicund ached os Marshall, Mich.
Cowan, JONR, Sisysos8s0 cq ease hted io eds eevee eee tee Gea sest Newry, Ont.
Campbell, Jasods. ccc saneasn wdaweai eens Medea aah Sade Paimerston, Ont.
Cameron, ARATEW i asscce edad Renee CRS TaN Weed nace aee Westwood, Ont
Crozier, Archie vec yas rind ayeties yea peme ds eae aes S Bleachburg, Ont.
Cunningham, "ENOSc2s sssaieasue aguas ne ecaeendee ees os Tamworth, Ont.
Calder; Js Ay Micsadaneeece sing Sea oe Rese edna es North Glanford, Ont.
Clements, INGUS ON: Lcadesss Sr. Hike Sank fis. o Roe pditiualsin ot wpadne es Vanessa, Ont.
Corming, Wiasiiis ba nuances ones wate henge Onan seat Chegoggin, Nh. 8.
Comiesons SO tic sllcayisliiccnepacgnrsasabeleieiales 4a cues Queensville, Ont.
Crerar,, Al@Sscacssanana ny era dea womee hey ied paw oats sama ae ee Lisbon, Ont.
COS) Gis s hastca aes hare Heed es UM treet ha Genelia Siauaredannare Albany, Oregon.
COW AI, MASK. cia 2 lnctuacual did hugh le quaeoun tweak hoideune Geunenea Allans Corners, Que
Campbell; (Petes cs seas gencwicieawewn ven gern sy ewsteuiowtles Amberly, Ont.
Cunninghamy JObD cc mssiacm axvoss cee pene nak Goa Senta Clare, Mich.
Craley Chases wincss 25 cw eanaiae ok bed shpdanet hears maveabes Middleton, P. E. I.
CG enrele STs Be recs ieee tana haces Micauna tout tu gibea ae rorinee ene: wplednea eens .. Sears, Mich.
Campbell, AGaii: 22.44 pascegncas -aanenn ya Geeheaaneg eames Burnby, Ont.
Calkins, Ui Jissnsainais cuties guises dudes vases wa ee eas ey St. Johns, Mich.
Cranston; ANGTeWioie.s couse jong e 66k a8 RGRAY. Ged ree bea Madrid, N. Y.
Cuming,  Nicholass¢cges sis ee takena ov cns asisae en gae tavawacne Blyth, Ont.
Citi bert Wi Sisniieased adalnamanna tne aie padre kes Gaus Hammond, N. Y.
Cordingley). David jor cy 4 meroase de acess ntatee ecg Meu aile wep ots aaa Lisgar, Ont.

Clays: Richard: c/5.0 senewiwan aio apa woes auey a va saa Katrine, Ont.
BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 427

DW OL iid AS sicie ici ote aieraie eles eidalea eG svaa Melted Le oe & MRO ee as Skerry, N. Y.
Doherty. Ay Wegae vastdamat desc sci alee atau dene nase es Clare, Mich.
DOSY; TONS « s.sisahiw ssa ce eveduavre, kere 55 he Oh Cone Aa aa Tk eben Cass City, Mich.
DESchemess. “Mi sa scacs Favsmaees: ieacaes Rona a a ecsacigntian’s % Break PRN Fraserville, Que.
Donkin, Thos: 6 SOnss0pc0iseseaeerdieneee isa assnonnd Riverview, Ont.
DiMGisOt, BLOSiked 6yied Shad Pons tee veCe eee Redes one ee we Harriston, Ont.
Dav iss Wo Gre cyivcd.ybe nase Ot 24d) Maes Aaah oleae Lewd naae Wiarton, Ont.
Dim Cains “Wan “Liss esses sgt d martes vacate ean ater oe RELA pe Washburn, Maine.
Dwyer, Cy Fess + sad sseuny Sen ances Peake esas seeer y North Bangor, N. Y.
Donovan; Ibs ids sine sees ewan bh sed sarge da then Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B.
DOnaldsOnis So Siyidedis cos wencentadeuew non tLe rembadawens Rees Ubly, Mich.
Dickson, JONDs2 «cma a cic ten yeaa Meee EA eine eee Kirkwall, Ont.
DeCourey,, Daniels 20 csade veces so sighes vine Geet eae eun ee Bornholm, Ont.
Hastons Abramiysnotecccaness ones Hee yt eee tone See Rae Appleby, Ont.
HSS OT, SUA TIVES jaciyscc: > cg cxSses be dcwreuaen Suabduoushdus bo Pawn ene Ge en Union Roads, P. E. I.
Elcoat, ApPletodic cscs icc sue sgnaw sichnaiaap aan aeasicadg sag a slabs Brucefield, Ont.
BM ples, Wiss. ¢ sees naee creo dowsenesaeeweasdearaeas base Minaville, Ny Y.
Basitiwood;, Risse eseksadenas< se oes yy scr saan ee tenes New Toronto, Ont.
POS Ort, PA i hack aia His miscanane ta ew mrweehdade eee were Sanilae Centre, Mich.
Baston; Wiss enon vecanoraxecew eat anaes vaeee ea cere een Ge Palermo, Ont.
Eawards; Geo: Biv. .¢0 sees aenia sakes oeme sy aus eases Covey Hill, Quebec.
Easton, Ad@it Sivnwsscesao eee be det sceae soya tude eases ¥ aoe velson, Ont.
Rleteher, DOWN: .aks266 cece ectsagswe wee eiadeexsse Ort Burns, Mies
rank (RW vnen dst aronuie fae fee's dh ah ody Myieetb a a arece Kingsbury, Quebec.
Box Wnas Po ogee ugar goose ying pease wds aa loseows, Idaho,
Fenderson,, Gartiettee¢ ci sissdede tensa nex eanuseseueaek So Stetson, Maine.
Farran, W. W............-.5- LAM i EU Mecca WBE BOG Kok E E OAES SE Clinton, Ont.
er LE, Sais ei site e trench chi id ecko QWA S ecelen NBO ie Gusciend A Govan Bradford, Ont.
Woster, Wins His dacs creyasies ore macwin es Moma Redeem Erieview, Ont.
Foster: Jesse Cinsors st es seieu ee ions dutee seee Reacts Erieview, Ont.
POPQ WER LHOSr ot a Pte d wae hate SNe ARS A eS Bawa Ae Caldwell, Mich.
Fisher, Thompson............ 0000005 e es sevens Newton Robinson, Ont.
Henne lly J. Waser g sewae pean aren poaags aed Ree mR A Painswick, Ont.
Fleming, Donald grec ses deck coe agay eae g cee nnaltiey atone ates Kilsyth, Ont.
Fothergill, Chas.......-..--.-... agteaeeeas sumiere seed Appleby, Ont.
Gaunt, Be & Soneincicccccs occnaa ues Br or te Ate ante aa ceyceeaacnete Lucknow, Ont.
Graham De €. peis stsapce aca rimss oh oe Lament de emote nae aie Cameron, Ill.
Goudéey,; SS. Pss2re.4 sodas sess Heder yap erey meee cians peta Yarmouth, N.S
GOOdal, Woe cicadi cong andd Keee otek sy d4seg gee SU See FE Allans Corners, Que.
Graham Brosivaicad cececccea knee Kab dormetesemted oe Ailsa Craig, Ont.
Gourleys, ThoSsiiss baieiegenisosenties PAG Velen CASE Ete eee Mitchell, Ont.
Goodwin; UU. Viseaycave sh oesis ious oe rag eey ies cee es Munro, Ont.
Garbitt, Rio Soacisscaiseen 8246 $a GOERS Vow hes doer AE Belleville, Ont.
Glenn, Witisacccscaweiyegiad cdma nmniie tee be neces 28449 t505 Cunton, Ont.
Grimes... Wirss5 vhnaad soe sista ermine ate nau eaten ee ane Speaker. Mich.
Gardhouse, J, Mecsssgcvvsedes steuiieeysresacaws eens ties ‘Highfield, Ont.
Gamley, Alex Di... . i. cece cece eee eee eee Brandon, Manitoba.
Garbutt; Co Bas ccc caewny ees Ciaad aed eo 4 ahem See se SMe Claremont, Ont.
Geise, EMIilisscapeassiee oewe ee oas Sasa des ewan stews F Merton, So. Dak.
Gamache, Peter........-cee cece cece reece eee eeeees St. Modest, Quebec.
Grills, James. ....... ssc eee ee renee Dhaainin'n eaten alg ale a rare aeayiad atone Salem, Ont.
Gerrow; Geo. Nees secisdew erative techni dere eee soeame yy Uxbridge, Ont.

Hammond, Henry.....--...- 6 cece cece een eee eees Cainesville, Ont.
428 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP.

Howard, B. Cyivss xs otenseguceneuadleuieds fea spares ve sies Apple Grove, P. Q.
Henry, Prank. ccede-cs. 5a puambakeres seeeoe ete tameeeles Calderwood, Ont.
Harrison: (GC, Biss core ncatnnweinde bee Se ueie doo See GR SESS Mangerville, N. B.
Henry, Gs Bis denne spice toad kas Wate Susie Medan oaaeaies Halifax, N. S.
Heard) is Aucee vcaas@itam scarey sOee noe wean eens Escalante, Col.
Hastings, Robert........cccccecssseeseeecseecereecennes Wingham, Ont.
Hartvrison, Pred ieee cvs ciccccedd cea e a tiawuav tia vaee ed ee eay Falkirk, Ont.
Hart, Alex Gresigceut jan cy cursed O.tiate ceoriun easy wove etnanaioe avec Hampstead, ¢€ Ont.
Harriman; Hy Ds 63 casiiccv es eiceanaeeseed wei O25 seat Saxonville, Mass.
Honey; Ev Viva e is sc crssaecs ces sheets: suldeve ves vine Warkworth, Ont.
Hyde, G.. Ris scisicamiss vs sseaeeges oe 5 si oeeeer ss sa RASS & Prairieville, Mich.
EASELS, Bs Ace esivacersesual gorse grea boa iee Wierd arbterbce SWE Ree oe Hornellsville, N. Y.
Harvey Broaieccsicasc xs ssaaaiscegs vee can amewae s vee mvne es Kincardine, Ont.
Hubbard, Fi. Ges i eciciscuaw cies patie ee eew wecege es Seyi Dundee, N. Y
Hay Dee Whe vue Mines | Fas ea cee nclea a ences scans cae es Potsdam, N. Y.
Hastings Brosiwccocssscieaa cre seared cera ewibesses cotee Crosshill, Ont.
Hood, John & Son......... cece cece eee c cena ee eect eebe Park Hill, Ont.
Hopkins, Ay (Dieipeccreas cos ners swatagee 06 oes eee . Morgantown, W. Va.
Harper; Richard) sccesad ice esn seiaws bens dears yen e Coldsprings, Ont.
Hastie. Alex Use ess snncieoaw ice sas vines datas oe ne dnealneyss Sem Comber, Ont.
Herwance;, Be Wsiecocs sete kcescews) a seket bows ts ca adie s Holton, Mich.
Hutchinson, JohD..... 6 .0ce cesses coos neneeee ne eniees Millbrook, Mich.
House, JON Ginn ccc ce caen cesns s Beemewes Ves Rew ee Calkinsville. Mich.
Males, SDS ON sy norte alate Ghent: s cncearg isha kat han ere eye ke wat Lisle, Ont.
Holmes, John Tissss: sceasiase ses snaesg 056 seanecee ees Tupperville, Ont.
Hodgkins Ac Wiss dcod ccpaeree re Macatee tsek Goa mine eae Tillburg, Ont.
Hainmer, Georges nostic oe teagan sane haa ee. ee ...Reed City. Mich.
“Maden; JORD: Cis. seca ssepasetsecs-ass Sodss ssh Sided Osea Ghee Feo Se Nelson, Ont.
Higringon, We Wes cce.ses « sees saane ss cave Soeur oe cc Hawksbury, Ont.
Alall;, Js “Wescssacesaees tasnesionw iret ceackee ies es acess ke Bailieboro, Ont.
Ingraham, Albert.......... ccc cece eee e eect eeeees Margaree, N. 6.
UPOMSIGES, He. Wie si sassihlccien Ginelaue dyad sven Aamneah Oe aenomen-s Puslinch, Ont.
Inkster; “Wye scccccc osacees ance onan s eew ease ge bees ae Underwood, Ont.
Tryiny David.c24.s sivisiewas sets Gi acaks oie eyes ede Nassagaweya, Ont.
Treland, Jobits s senincs est ccs ee eowed ess kee Ge eaaee eie Nelson, Ont.
Jackson, JOHD.2csacicek deers 4 saan oes Chain. b.8 ae ne Abingdon, Ont.
WO HNS ONS 1 ol gecsuey ss gieialonsva cep nisl acemmmmnainre ad «ben emeiern ‘orth Pelham, Ont.
VaMieson;. As 'Siscscaasasce cscs ents sie eewisie acai smahd eo da Clapham, Quebec.
Johnston, Dy Bavgivceeccia abso das sastedad vade enews ece ee Hillman, Mich.
Jenkin’, Ax -Nisewodes eee septeite ass § itroa eine Ka eiicnnelode aa Delaware, Ont.
Sacksony. F. Hsi2s 4 tems. ce ataatamnnd saeIeeoaneew wees Winchester, Ky.
JONOSODY. Ji... Wises sui siad s vananwasieadenmd Meced as wees Underwood, Ont.
SOHNStODs Wi iiccsves oesie seaside Vevey wales c44d BERSR F246 melee Galt, Ont.
Jacques, Ts Bissceesecis anes: JQ Lead QyeReai gee came ets Cornwallis, N. S.
Jamieson, VODU, Dis isreieescs24 tanaeneats as pene ates Lake View, Mich.
Johusony Ly Besicci aa as.eeeheaooie eel dase nea inles GR pce tases ast Godfrey, Mich.
KEY J ORE ie dewnicis causa vias maamines eeae sumer ates Shakespeare, Ont.
Knickerbocker; Gi, Hi sswcsecia eeidedaiesecevesenee yaks Pine Plains, N. Y.
Kinsmany Ji: Hig ikesi sslnnseeee eee g pases sos k4 ttre adews Moorefield, Ont.
Kelley,. Pranks swegias bs 545 extiee hoes dnd s84 cama s Grovesend, Ont.
ROX 5 TOG oo. 05 e005 aisaainr ord: ecebGyapavaresgigund sea ebarneee seen bare Clanbrassil, Ont.
King, MPHOMAS:., ..ssacces de ces cannes veawecaa sues decicaeabens Tyre, Mich.
Kitching, George iciscisccwsandeee see's cevinweaes se Saeeuie ed Corwhin, Ont.
BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 429

Lawrence, Chasiccsicuasgenytieds aoite xy seonmciadeeweaed Collingwood, Ont.
Laidlaw, John... sc sugdeaeseeineaseis cesouwesdead oor Wilton Grove, Ont.
Lewis; A. Mossaawss cc Senda ies aiives ol tee etarea save dane oa Cairo, Mich.
DOA 5. WUD iiss:t6 ise iru ses sboae eles dient ab ae SObae x Portland, Oregon.
DEC OTN ocr nsnincaesemeiicva ae quay aien aod sean aS aw ee Highgate, Ont.
DOPED, Dire view oi wisiala hes ay wieeie foe as Aistiaie-c oa mimidend dao Wek Picton, N. S.
ees Vs Tosca s sca wane edt cnnce ton badaund votenawaw neces Ironside, Oregon.
Lane, Henry's ces cnesacycescacsvcacuawedseese caer ¢ Mt. Mellick, P. E. I.
Logan. Joie sauces eae sees ete oud ce 4 Soawoe conics Watford, Ont.
Laycock, red igen ven esis 4 S54 WO sb on Seneca he roioaes Gladwin, Mich.
Baur, Brankes ssi sa.taices aeigecne vaveg iaineien teed devidesacaaa Millerton, Ont.
HONGHEAG, SOS dia nads malaise wen orca escent ey ss Lion’s Head, Ont.
Lawson, George................. shikekin tee aa detee a nea tans Laskay, Ont.
Lyon & Son. Os Hi ceeedal em ecae nc ausesesisacamecaess Gageville, Ohio.
Metler Peters os 2 4:decwscssdiceiie fn.cb biitwoats bdeontana North.Pelham, Ont.
Murph yee Sie Wik dc aiioweseitinnt de gueen caccinei pecieibsie's wists 2 abalone « Cass City, Mich.
Martin, R.- Geiss cesmsccecnaiie ered alina eed ky weeReees at Marysville, Ont.
Miller, “Robe rticis oo sicawe es «he Satie ee aed hae See kehescell ds Brougham, Ont.
Morley. Wins ssaae see3 4 dawctese nen bear g ead gcse vee es Palmerston, Ont.
MANET Ye) BSS yh Sia ie i Svan cueun sors desc e Mvenaaint -eear sss neni Geanieesna ys ohdeoes Glenmorris, Ont.
Moodie, ATP W soy sss cms ace g east es vepaWeln ede 4 edeee se: Perth, Ont.
Marshall, John sicatesieissk peeee.n bes cadeegecda wenn ts Cass City, Mich.
Mason, Ce Kigt oy eed ence sick, oF toon ecsdeneae e648 4b heen Horneilsville, N. Y.
Martin eV sisdiee carcccd nels ogo sinister bebe davswads oak saan SAleons Volant, Penn.
Mullin, We. oe. cs ieee coe aw cweineas av ceed oe Coldbrock, St. Johns, N. B.
Mackintosh, “Witte: ove nduaniociat sd daa ees omega ee os Whee Burgoyne, Ont.
Masons. JaSi soci eu vs eee 8 Sa ee Gtlde SS Fa Week Gee ean Aberfoyle, Ont.
Marrs (JOB: Bie e sce citceinies: & paavpouey Ph aah mutate Be doh aleve Cale ae Grovesend, Ont.
Mahon, §..0F.. Misiscuce 4 acme aes ced waaaneeded Hag ss eee este East Oro, Ont.
Moodie; (Wes Ee aise ac witsinjeiis adie 0 ihonele ee eee Sele ind Sa eRR Wyman, Mich.
Murray, Andrew si si potneda sa ueewaewagatidseae se. dn talne Clanbrassil, Ont.
MER Ptr Ico Wyss cecscasastisvees savninrense Soe, os husve va kw ke ae eee ised aia alarauenees Canton, Ont.
Martin. Wo line iwc ans a aveane tbe aa ceaion-aveiee veo aniseed Warden, Que.
Metcalf Bros. & Stome...... 2... cece cece eee eee East Elma, N. Y.
Morrill. "Bs Bivsda esse nga y coc eean esis owen eso 4 es Stanstead, P. Q.
Midi CHa Siic'e « e-cisceced via. sisvdinie df dtrusiaMeiagh ho. wdcrauesie aes acumnae ® Omah, Ont.
Milrry Pe: Mires ciautawe sve game deeane waulestees 9 Summerton, Mich.
Marl. Me lvianios.'senciaceuy vine sia ausaisice’s sete sen aaee dssteare tues Mt. Pleasant, Mich.
Mellett,, Michael aesd ss veunoee ss dd tnees dead een yes Summerton, Mich.
Moffatt, Hi Goes cc $i ihesess chee genders 24a ears North Sydney, Cape Briton.
Milne, David c4....35420edon 6 oneduie sce aheseea teatoned ses nes Ethel, Ont.
McCoy, W. A. & Sons......... eee eee eee cece ee eee eee eee Mercer, Penn.
MéE wen, Js Decccsa cueotw sss daea by ctesas ieee Ose ce eneae ate as Falkirk, Ont.
Mee Nia bb. IMT POs: sitsvasixe coos sc arsnsigser conch oS acai BS dens Sagpeince eo Ses anenes Cowal, Ont.
MOUdips Niélieos intomecsiiroeee eens oak ees weg Allans Corners, P. Q.
MeTavish, JOD sscas o¢.o4 sgceds os AGae a See eUMawES HSK Shakespeare, Ont.
MeCormick, Edward «<.:3 0000 sccetsccesveestseascteasnne Mt. Hope, Wis.
MiGlen tam, Kooi(2.20c ccnatacd-dcirG naneio eso ai oi uciee ose ale suteeaael e's Grovesend, Ont.
MecNeill,: Acc. coed scacia cee nees gues re Btencige Wane rales Charlottetown, Ont.
Melntyre; Wises ois anise dy sine seine e ops PURE yee ow Newington, Ont.
MeKinney,,..Uisscs4ecso2s 4 sane S03 sielega das os See seas Kingsmill, Ont.
McCarthy, Timothy A...... eee ec e ccc eer eee e cane Leaton, Mich.
Mclean; Avishsccniceaeen a babe tata o eeu e tas tina eee Frome, Ont.
430 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP.

 

MeParnlane,, Hetty sj:2..av rcs ak tate nmne teas ace ta eseass ee Cayuga, Ont.
MISE E Syegas WV ia iech asa atc caynnap adel oensts ce vatasiuil aera Sl aesast neal o8 Salem, Oregon.
McGillaver, JaS..... 0... ccc cece eee eee eevee eeeeeeeeees. AMulree, Ont.
MeBain, “EROS.s:: Asien a cans tales vedi eluiigh cb sane baer sees Kirkwell, Ont.
MeLean; Wai ds Ma ceasuisecssa pest ete das oueae es ea sa gues Napier, Ont.
McLarane, John...... ccc cece cece ee eee eee ceeceeces Mt. Salem, Mich.
McKenzie, Duncan............. MEDEA PARMA Te RRR OR Ta Ole, MGR,
MeHard yg. Jv uitamparat ss eae pchadach © Ress gates’ seg een .--Dunlop, Ont.
MeCallumi, Avécssseedivns ess gare heads Mee keene ca tees Danville, Quebec.
MeGonnell, THOS. Ges cige ese Odense eontk saad eee Springbrook, Ont.
Nichol, Br Sas.cccacolale t2 cdcnaanecis ooh mada ee eee awad ware Plattsville, Ont.
Neilys, Jig (By nscs pains soon 6 mG lens Cie eR es Nictaux, N. 8.
Devetia. Vm. oo SiGawa 4 ddbee ee 555 RSENS LN AGERE ERE ES Pontiac, Mich.
See. Bs Need. oad Sa hs ead Gene e RRA Ewe aed Chiles, Kansas.
ets HUBER fas ied Chee eahier eee rasedes same eeeds Singhamton, Ont.
IN Gell ys IGio Mecsasea abaccrie's pininetav acai apoio Geena kaos aaa Amana ta Selby, Ont.
Neville; G: Whesses deeeag acs sa egabreetees dabccdesncegsawe Newburgh, Ont:
INGISON, GRAS cs acai ta cane he ae en Tae She GE LO ASE SG One Martin, Mich.
INURE) WY Dilaie.s alaren Guad- euaiecke ptanrile a weanniene 4 wie auaaune nase Oba Newburgh, Ont.
Norish;, Johnie. :scica ccs vestuiesns sana s tees ew eed Nassagewaya, Ont.
Ont; Apricy Cole re isisy nse wena pSainle segue slgmnera a cone satige dards Guelph, Ont.
Orr. SON wic ssc eee soa bakes ee eee Te wed O188G Howe RAE a a NeS SE Galt, Ont.
UVR. Fae ct eicorna d 625 Ghae o pan eke ed BRR eee AROS Branchton, Ont.
OTTO BOS 65 5 co cswaine na ews Oe tags 24 0Sei eee aed bea ated Wartburg, Ont.
Oats GeO Reis xcymeaeiies ccna Choate Aseerars aaamndy Sane rale eg Nears eee eS Collins, Ohio
Penmhale, Georges svcd s soeaawaiiay ysis s woes ite sa edonenees oe Exeter, Ont.
Parkinson: (Ge Ge Wicio eon bo GaSe P44 ROSEN RR Biccneme tes Eramosa, Ont.
PRIMUS « AVG acs deentiuis Sell Ck oasesad oheerdin ere ie aun aeen Huntingdon, P. Q.
Peni Fi Viawaee bi 44 bot neeees 15a BadeeLamayeeweeene Leamington, Ont.
PEASE, CUPS Se vancaeties woesen Ose es Sener the arate Ao ites es Westfield, Penn.
Parlee, My Hass ctees ores ts Haeee ee shew keRSG LES Oe ewE Lae as Sussex, N. B.
BAC) is. Boe a sia ab ais 6825 G6 Hy Stuer Om Aye Retraasnsnay cba aanausuinscaer es Mystic, Iowa.
Preston. LOM: Wess tesvahe.qlscpcrmniels Oa Suesonenueie toy Cask MAG Glennen, N. W. T.
Peteree da Cer eb asis si aseeeee eh Kak VENER Rae SEEMS OES Ft. Wayne, Ind.
Patterson; Peter Miscnwsacuisws he yah pistes wala aseey bedtias Rockton, Ont.
Hat erie, Pons vees 244 es kee ee 602 08 breeds bed acewcean Roseville, Ont.
Richardson, Ag. Discus cess cache oe iss Shugharke 64 Guenweaie.oa wlynne< Thayer, Neb.
RAUB LEY,. Tian Wenig an cn ade ee enialatene tie bauer aerate Oswego Falls, N. Y.
Rutherford, EbeneZetiic cscs ccaeessoes cones secsaneees eAmulree, Ont.
Ranisey; Be Ssoctc Wao ys nega sar ieuses y pebee dae cee es Dunnville, Ont.
Ray. Wimts ci aainiesss ee cate savy seksi st caw sauuemee bod aa Kentville, N. S.
Rawlings, Caleb. .¢1 x03 odunnale 08 ols Sonus soa nd aiagiaeeun Ravenswood, Ont.
Rollers, “Henry? Airs saveiaeseots.c een ctean tu tetne dainnanc ee ekusl Napoleon, Ohio.
Robby: Jat 6S ic sccaveig yee aca wliadinne, & oaulal heteada esd are Kazubazua, Quebec.
Rundle; Johns cess cee, equa y ca yo HERES Fete A Hea e eka stem os Sparta, Ont.
Ridenour: De Wresiediend eee oak ob eiog wi ad wade ded ews eed St. Johns, Mich.
REGO. SAAC. 25 ic:26 eausiein Kade Holden A Meee nina ade aneiia Makeoeete A Ardtrea, Ont.
Risch, Willis woot v4.4 sa snnsinen sautanostea ae saga gaahIS 85 des Grandville, Mich.
Ropers; Wii<Gi csocnaccars os 'nna doles ae5 64 PRERE RET ES Carberry Manitoba.
Rickman, Chas: Hivos sigaede desk t Raed ds Paes dedi unm e ee Union, Ont.
Rader: Wanisccc sehen teawsy inaetala dea eanenaiehae SAGGINOS Howard City, Mich.
ReneS “Wit csnntesd $03 Sains tak Gabe unre a-e se aieAben evc Shakespeare, Ont.

ROSS 5 Dy. Ohinddaacsccyian.+ Gleaner urs ois eerie sw irealog Saleen nian Woodville, Ont.
BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 431
Rodger, ll. Wig scictc deus » aacttvewlgcanis a oeteurnaaeans sla oetes Hammond, N. Y.
Somers, Mrs EW 7a cod solasraeas cadan Smads beamed St. Marys, Ont.
Smith, A. Woisigindiecanyeeee oee ce eetaiteee sacs dae aple Lodge, Ont.
Sell Wiad Sse gd 52 yh cpdoeve gid hesyss od bauer dle: Madd BA Acacdomnann Gucwaceseuiney 2 Clinton, Ont.
aC: WAR ais << ica e4's ondee 4 nacoank Gruden Spa Dwios caleaaahelomen es Ubley, Mich
SHAW, TRODGEG s. o cs cugecanaes wa aheee bncce't ARBES OH gic OY Glanford Station, Ont.
Shelton. 2) Ho Gs Sonsies 2 cag gud Abou esas nage pw oene ee Cameron, II.
mits Wie Migsia gs sok accel dca Actlaslelie odaxt ayiencelnal antago anes Grovesend, Ont.
Stedman, Smith S...00 eccis aswid axepag wale vaaenea dunes Groton City, N. Y.
Smith; Krank: Ric ocieuuenatauae Mae aoe vied pene Rush Center, Kansas.
Serbaer, Wes Tisias ts pen Leis (oe tava eas A evena unas hae Schoharie, N. Y.
Swanburg, Cornelis. vance oes a4 naan d ae 4 weno Shelburn, N. §.
Sherman, drank Doses cdecd aaraniaveewndviusens eawumiabide aeacak Bath, N. Y.
Silcom VRrank: His. asad saeco ves ew ems wieees Hae ee ee RNS Eee ee Iona, Ont.
Smith, Barrys ss esos ne. 44 beden ved snag sudden vanes bes Grovesend, Ont.
Salisbury; Wi. Hesse i waded se Qedueled Adee nse ae O8 ccev a Caldwell, Mich.
LOM. Misael cat ayesha oMina cranes Aco alien, teresa Samoa Bridgeton, Mich.
Shaver, Simeone: seas asccuas dace oy Saauen deena pekonas Lunenburg, Ont.
muge; Andrew s.2sscsacecniayce Soacess teow rssenass Mt, Pleasant, Mich,
DREAM te. Po cidicoraiie- tea 5 Saas nyahd ve aadenin Rdad.ve aaeamn acaniumnuaaaueie Stony Point, Mich.
Somerwlle,, MAG 6 oe tc. coe axe ei.2.a. hae Son Babe ate aaree Central Lake, Mich.
IS peariiipy GEorg eh cuince agai eaculmoninss de pie daiehohle eee BOs Batteau, Ont.
Smith, Harvey's s aces is ascems eh tee ks AGE FUG Aaa Bogen es Aylmer, Ont.
StUVVeESARtS Tees sas tudnce dole’ musth Adele Paseo ora 8a duaben ee ol Allamuchy, N. J.
‘Stoughton - Petes inacocciesmeseacer cans otis St. Sylvester, Quebec.
Stewart, "DROS: vccpcewnss cualang U4 cea eRe yeaa s BOS Wye Bridge, Ont.
Sanderson, Jas oe ex earg sce egs peudy haves BUTE CE Rew ee Fordwich, Ont.
Schweiger; THOSie 3s acckeieaas wnauad sane sere eadawse- neues. ¢ Glenwood, Minn.
Shepard a). Mes 24 wantwsuy pamela sda tale aot deaeenae Pate Shepherd, Mich.
Steimacker, Joh Diy s saqak sawp ides esas dake We ewan ecmen nln « Mitchell, Ont.
Silverthorn;:. ‘Chasi cc ciases ses eien ys ba44 nu SaeY O4 . ....Somerville, Mich.
Shaw Eee) Banctat sos Gunnad ood tan earn cadre neecba eked ak @ aaiekes Schomberg, Ont.
Seas NOS ex rc ere asin iis det iatcs taal nw eatases Goamduanges RO eee ier Fergus, Ont,
Thomson, Adam........000.sc0e sewer saeve ens cas sans obakespeare, Ont,
Thompson, Hs Ais enases sso ae sel ge ca stnes oe 4.20 3 ahnoate’s os Neweastle, Pa.
True, E. V..... LE Riar eae ae awa hoses Soe bed sae bueene Newport. ¥ ty
MOG. Alexie 5 2.4uvelnn s+ Oia ducneianle ge abiuba AR eauaSoeat ead ddeavods Saabs Depew, Towa.
Thomson, Joss: Sole. iccisenirs 5 soseQrawreieiid ayaee teens Salem, Ont.
Naylor, RObEérisc i t.scuversteusstalrs var vssmsnss essence bbott, Neb
Taylor; B,. Wicddin see stings ase d Make. 2s Ss Nees PEE Bee New York, N. Y.
Toles, Peter......ccceccce eee ren eects ereeersesesesss Mt, Brydges, Ont.
Thompson, Peter, sicsciciewscsyaagiaaneiedakens wolndeneg es Salem, Ont.
Tisue, UNOS. «nteee seu rudd vsqdusenyg aga eenesy ear comes Bath, N. Y.
Laylor,.Jeh Di: cceisyseeckne 83 pes WAGE E oe04 p Roe Deas Gainesville, Mo.
MP horn sde: Mike. o'f guests t riavaeieoow icdaua Launch awiewiindeaes oa hinnt Calkinsville, Mich.
Tape, Brose. cscs ca tnan ayers csee eke mee meen Ridgetown, Ont.
Thompson, David......... 66. cece eee ete eee eee eens Arthur, Ont.
Vind, Ji Cie ikea e560 dee Sores eow ie aigadees seer aaa: Oakdale, Wis.
Vosburgy Jy Asems festa tomaiisewne suas SRGae deden Beas FES Harrison, Mich.
Wingate; Ae Tice snais oasis gaienk once RU pli aaa eK MR ouasatee Avon, Ill.
Wood, Ay Preis sceesenees 24 egg daag Beam nae seamless Mason, Mich.
Whitelaw, A. &) Wosdsexexssnaio cvetasseunenteassemnneee ae Guelph, Ont.

Wood. C. @ Bin c2sa ede aeons baci meade tees: Eka Freeman, Ont.
432 BREEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP.

Weer; Wis, Boiss siiwigiee seiaig arminingnece a soe slagarans alsbaiaeptabormra' eres Millbank, Ont,
Walton, Jobtsscsssinzesic cs pmeesees cas vnwees oes a3 ae Calkinsville, Mich.
Wright, JOB: .dasoiatiaiescdwer see aewiae res aaiaas pees Chesley, Ont.
Watt, We Bis sack pase se RSS Gracin WLR eed ees eee SRSA Salem, Ont.
Witte 2 As et ccs en teaceck aera cine ao rine Gia Seales GEA Hornellsville, N. Y.
Wells: Joh na scasiins vist a%cclaihie uns sae a stalls ghee 66s claukved seeateariees Galt, Ont.
Walton; Ds Dicsssseces cee tees ce eobnea sc5 es MOREL TER Lake City, Mich.
Wood, Robert......-.-......... Gabi Ra Buhne Wed sae eee Genoa, Quebec.
RV BICOL. (ges Saat bend Came ee eee ens 2 oe weeak cane neen Shelbyville, Mich.
Ward, Bram Wi.d6 22405 cae hie deca eels Horan eee Vermontville, Mich.
White, Hughie... .ccndieine sce pabeatnk yews J miiatilel aisubsSbea sie Oi Evart, Mich.
Woolacott; John. Jiiss tic esessvieeee ses ctaeeetesese cea Kennicott, Ont.
Work,. Sa@miWelis sca cincay isda nasaue eiavinnaa eeewn Calkinsviile, Mich.
Wie ie, AL o.2. trent nana a8, 8 hae era ine he La eye ded Cb saves Forest Hill, Mich.
Watson, Hemiy ii saac-35 cute een Gang saeeG-a saa eMege eee Kirkwell, Ont.
Walker, Geot ees puede cn ccd venees dea eg nase 6 haa wie AES ERS ... Eady, Ont.
Wright, Wm. & Sonshjcsanccsssessamied sia towne tba ste Clachan, Ont.
Wiese, BY, Bisiace: ond a:d, acatahcaec ua atedute a anevalescoce Sia cd bummauae a ae damenauens Jefferson, Oregon.
Will, POMMia veces niaaae so perieaaaa dats decease as Ft. Covington, N. Y.
Waters Wise secu s diinuins <4 ee oo else Re une sea Gee Brown City, Mich.
Willey. UeViecss vitesse che saga eed eteraa renewed ates aoe Clare, Mich,
Wailers, ALG cca vccd arse a-Suansen said suse Basal aregdah fk ehace davnsene salem Gado Sisasiacsys Hinch, Ont.
Waldron, EGQWwit. ....ceae eis ees a cee eae eed wommw eee Mt. Pleasant, Mich,
Walton, Hdward e.cccs% da yaichien seis sa ieee sae euler. Calkinsville, Mich.
Wright), Hocsswewss cocasateany ered eeeesa sees stews tes shamed Guelph, Ont.
Wood, Witiiese yy teak acwae ec ca sAGdaae Pee ek ead wbieee Palermo, Ont.
Wala S EE oar ceaentciscie dk Bee. 2yi-g subse ectohicd Quarta ila ue Soavepeeadeatacy ss Port Nelson, Ont.
Wagoner, Mi. Dis wccnase teats eamak ae tine ses eaiea dances Sand Eeach, Mich.
Walters: “Michael. i.cscacnsiaisicgdnuclass a4 samen $04 see Paimerston, Ont.
Wales Je Wisieeg edwaki neces 4 Apes en eens sieraemtl isd aviewetis ccs Meriden, Conn.
YOUNG, JON: gas as eat sin tie digg evhguiateusucnis aus Hamme Aaa ere Abingdon, Ont.
MOU: WO, beard isssd Bab. carder pha Mal embanee a ed SHS See acne: Guelph, Ont.
Zimmerman, JacoD...........cccccccccccccccvecccses -++.Fayette, Ohio.

Breeders of American Cotswold Sheep.

Adami sy Ely) ited opis ius Alan Wiha ononines Ose inemneel aw sind Newcastle, Ind.
POMS Ge Oa actan deer nde avd yoda aa e-s gl aisee one Sed. x ee eae ky ages oe Oriel, Ont.
Allen, Te RG Brosicesawsisindienged 5 dgeginne 86 tance ose emna Draper, Utah
Anderson, ©. Sica sagen czas e yea tenecpe8 aes leelaeadede Nom cue eais « Hoagland, Pa.
Arte, Wh Savane wees sates aa elas dugacas ava Selous wignmleud hres hens Osborn, Ohio.
American Live StO¢k soi si wsisinaraed strase weeded suede sek thee poe eendadsas
Bailey, A. G............. Rib a MRIS eRe AMAR REAR endsate 21s Keysville, Va
Bailey, Samuels. nevis sea ggueacee ox3 Saeed 6 sausatens - Uttoxeter, Ont.
Balis@an,. John: Vos os agwek yess eswihe ove eine NE RAG PORE Rie Balsam, Ont.
Barkers Sy ido Son as ss56s5sidavay ces camaiens aver a aan Mount. Vernon, Ont.
Bassetity. Els. iS. vais aaniviaauonmeis Gia ove train wes ae Seceenendea wae ek Preston, Minn.
BAUM Derpen, Mia.ceccandawacnedeniiadgee ties caaene eeen eek Northport, Mich.
DCU GeO. Bice take eeceeN ohne adel tia is otk ans alin otras acd oes Neely, Kansas,
Bechtold; Re Waseda esse euewer esses atmadsea ac eenacines < eos Bippus, Ind.
Benninetony Ss SONS: si csirsiaie i xecsdane tae veevedusan cere Volga, Iowa.
SUING ON,” AS hss ccousiees de Suetqecdvatevatn Seaevertog repens oes aadegide ein vale ae Forest, Ont.
BREEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP. 433

Bonnycastle, F. & Son...... cece eee eee cee ees Campbellford, Ontario.
BOSt wick, No.6 siendy 4.05.0) wtieecdssesave MEIGS Ts wind Garay aere bie oasis Vandorf, Ont.
Bostwick, Ay cece ses sa enys- oa seid eee be gd queh ex enema Oak Ridges, Ont.
Boynton, P. W. & Son..... ee. eee eee eee cnet eeees Dollar, Ont.
BRPi OM SH, ectave ie acs a sscehesa ach tise choad x Ded eemane ie eneaie Weave a Ridgetown, Ont.
Bradt; Wer Thiisienas wi eeth tid nities ® ea aes aN cate Heater Me's we oe Linesville, Pa.
Browily oy. Poses dacesus Scie pies alors pale Poe ee ere PIS a es Frankfort, Ind.
Brown, John: Uii.angces se vctauged ose 054 Vommed 824 Gee oes Uxbridge, Ont.
Brown 5 Oo Eek fence aicesg widens 2 ca setiadthans 8 eS oes sanave Save ah veins Liberty, Idaho,
BY OW. BY WoisgieiescaSiayece steals Rhee nates ace wanaebiene ears Portage La Prairie, Man.
Brown; “Vhosiac es a. shegas saa sarin es ae daeaaln bas 4 Se eR Lowmore,. Iowa,
Brown, Rewben: sy ov nsw esa senuees ss 264 wae bee oedGarelene s Ithaca, Mich,
Brunk, "THOS: Wess scs.a-aisas isjavecg ie eo 8 seeneate des ae Fedudheteteiauad Stes bas Eola, Ore.
BROOKS. sis. Wesuieaiele: a cies naiescton G6 pele e ee Ware vcnahe Mase Deccan ARR Solina, Ont,
Bryans: De. Woes csaasacoins sieansch Saga eeakiiey eutee seneasheyeda Westchester, Ind
Bueks Go Ny ies atest idee pee bso g seed sees Sete ,-Appleton, Wis.
Buckler, Ss His dscxeewe ons sated 4d 208 Heels See a raeedsins .... Raglan, Ont.
Burton, JohD......... cece cece ee eeeeee Be Dcshayaxk vant NR Brougham, Ont.
BuTrtussy Hy Disa w wien cana weeewatweads bes mish dhe Ne Salouahonpigeancioniee Daum, [ll.
Campbell, E. & Son.......... cece eee e ee rarer eet Pittsfield, Ohio.
Case, 0: TPiseci nian ceaadiwe ss icd deweeuy se ssnewess West Clarksfield, Ohio.
Caswell, Guy C..csssscatende aus Gnmenbis 348 sae edad sav Bowen, New York.
Capmany, By Mv s es. wccsareiecdins orice ins. ad aabapeceten Giake. 5 Wereaiece wes Audley, Ont.
Cherry, D. H.. &. Sons: sss ccccivcnsae cacamwsaie ee cere gd shee Xenia, Ohio.
Cheesman:,. JOHN s oi ecwery saw lehis Hesare ecules sae maee 3 Farmland, Ind.
Chick, Jobin: s.cies ess seed os eek ndeew 0s sa Ree eee e xa vORDeH Attica, N. Y.
Glan, “THOSk s sigiacese oe esiccek kaautcacvenientin oo ae coisa SS ienabuasa aes Beecher, Ill.
Clark, P. & Son....... este ede 288 an's "a OR la Re Dede aed wt daseieee 9 asl Aauangaie cow Cable, Ohio,
Coates; Wars Tis csi sissies caw tees cemig eis neers eaten Claremont, Ont.
CObk,. Svcs sniead 002 ages eee en dsale seties ahaa cnbewn came Greenbank, Ont.
Cork, FE . Gec sie siascies se ceatmar teen wtowetsacs Xe Mineral Point, Wis.
Coxwor th. Sess -avaase 52 susieauosala: @ cla pauatgeee en dioee avec Sa iece oui Whitby, Ont.
Current, Freeman. ¢ cic. ssc cccei ies oe ieee ee oe ins Lost Nation, Iowa.
Curtigs Ac Bigs ie Sue ae es cndinele ed ai sucdeee ea! Oe tegen eee ee Stanshead, Que.
Day, Cy desde scscnctomices cenaws od cee Rees berg Hemme ss Hudson, Wis.
Dale, 0s Hiicicacanpheng goed ca PEs TAeeae ese ssa RS Renville, Minn.
Dayton, Bye Coe oo ssc eas anata e Sols nwing nies geueaon sas Dickenson, N. D.
Dewitt, - Wi. Jhed.cd 6 adaraish eee tater aiie eases os tate ae Greenwood, Ont.
Dodge, H. J...... cece ccc ence reece ee teeeereenens Dodgeville, Ohio.
Dodge, W. H....-.. cece ccc c cence ec ce nance tec ceerenenes Dodgeville, Ohio.
Donaldson,, Decco. ccscus ses onda one cnesign 6 aha ees Pleasant Retreat, Mo.
Doty, John M. & Son....... cece cece e eee cnet cence eee Charleston, III,
Douglas, Jobp......... cece cece cere eee ee neon eeeees _...Aberfoyle, Ont.
Drayer, Boe... cece ccc ccc eee cece eee n ee een setae eeneences Ithaca, Mich.
Dunn, J. Wass essaouc cron sedecd nner se eerene tise s sees Kinsale, Ont.
Edgar, J. W.....ccce cece cece nce n cence tee ee ences New London, Iowa,
Esler, A,. Lies i desinds cs asee ee sa tees yee se atance se oa wane Huron, Mich.
Everett, L. Nivw ccc cece ccc e cere teens cence neces recaseeee Burton, Ohio.
Ficht, Valentine.......... sec e cece e cece etree ee eeneeeeenes Oriel, Ont.
Fisher, George B......... cece eee cece e cece eee teeeeeeeee LaFarge, Wis.
Findley, J. Woo... cece cece cece cece tenet eee n ene etneenees Olney, Til.
Forest, James...... ccc e eee c cece nen e eee nenees Ashburn, Ont.

Freemyer, W. Hu... cece eee cece eee e eee n en enes Portland, Ind.
434 BREEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP.

TIM eB Ae sietc coals esoacenn hie he ehanaee Win ae eat 9 Dainese mein dna way Napanee, Ont.
Garbutt,' Ce Dseg hanee vigha eager deans EERO Lene Claremont, Ont.
Gifford, EF. Bisasasexisssssasde snwes cheese coy eaewe eee Fairfield, Maine.
Goocher), ‘Geo: Bescaccsccesseumie ee tc bikes Se aeyecne yee ses Cresco, Iowa.
Goodfellow & Bros., JOHN. ....... cece cee ete cece ee eeee Maceville, Ont.
Gould), - Ghasic.da soc d Sassi 0004 supaaeiod cabs tense eRe Bae Uxbridge, Ont.
Greys AMEN. cosis eee ees Heese eee ewes Shs eee Uxbridge, Ont.
Groove; Cy Bissaveen maaeko hen uu awed ee ceeaciss o heeahs Be Laingsburg, Mich,
Handyside, SOW siniecoraargasine ¢ 6554 edae mere heehee . Litchfield, Ohio.
Harding & Son, Ge0....... cc cece eee cee eee enna Waukesha, Wis.
Mart: MOnPryiiacs cas odpncinnade aes eodad mage RE ease tid Hillsdale, Mich.
Pe ili Die: Busses sie and aeaaens do wieieasen eta lowe os setae New Chambersburg, Ohio.
FS Weeds hn dw a4 eee dek 8 404 AES Cen TER OE EER ORE Fremont, Ohio
Hofiman; Di. eccccceovaeasasceees 2026 a Beas ERE REY vineleas Fayette, Mo.
Hogan & Sons, James... . cece cece cece eee eee eens Waunakee, Wis.
Hoover Brosiccstesccacadea yomess Oh ais aaa AEE ats Al id sium shee eaanrenet Pe Atha, Ont.
Howell, “HA WarG. acca as ceiediete votae eattda sie vata ainagaees ease Weiner, Wis.
Howitt, JdAmeSxs oacosrawaheed rus i iawee seen e ds alen Le paces Claremont, Ont.
Hume, JAMS. ssi iccwsc nase eeu ot eeiiea sets taee ee ead Arkell, Ont.
EV SHE, is Bi sistavais duc olds hguminnss bodies ale. aodugeavde Steyn e Reseed Nasays Elwood, Iowa.
HY SOP: JEGMOSt sacs Siecmiet- See eek Mme Lose ARNE SANE B Killarney, Man.
TEAC, Mhecutcacrogcaeliiuete asic a ehtiauniss seas Gee ey ewe wAmime Markham, Ont.
JACKSON, Wes aincdeaciesos pedeeekacxsoadedey ss kenemms oe Pond Mills, Ont.
Jewell, NOM iccukna-d 22 Gu catoead 2220s Sawa Daa as Mineral Point, Wis.
PONUSOM; Hi. “Weis ded.dueve.guorsrcgane.eDanmraaerscavme Atanas wseomenecas Freedom, Maine.
Wealyy, As. Bis ssccscteckegnncetaieweyiaaet eee es wee yes Hammond, Wis.
Wetehidiis- Ps Wives aes iGance weed aid ba aeiekeeaittnn eee West Union, Iowa.
Kirkland, M. Es :& Ms Aves ccna geneee eaux ad taenrs ex aes Ostrander, Ohio.
Bine GeOrgee: Rix 4c aiieind ass ane ape ariecens storie Saas Sed OS WEEE Cambridge, N. Y.
SIT Vy, 3) OSs ice ecesssnsciveceine dp eciaid avepaeeals, Hoces ceaneeaa'¢ Armstrong’s Mills, Ont.
MOC DEC Os FE iy sat -ayaica secant dose wrdnd te ot ahh teats Gee entns Blewae ease ces ceetoneee Hector, Minn.
Daddy Ce Watts nancina dentin os ae eatgaee year eg “Bian ar ee North Yamhill, Ore.
Laidlaw, Win, Gicsisneea ces c4axvbea eens ts pemer ee ess Wilton Grove, Ont.
Tai tly (Gio Rac is. int 25 Aaa Ree ee Geass BG Mea a at A aes Guelph, Ont.
DIE Ot PP icaey 24 Fb Re pee EE SEMA SORA TAV ROOK Bailey, Iowa.
Bapham, Gi, Bi cacciccws oiteaded ties noes toa ces ROGET S St. Johns, Mich.
Law, JaAMe@Siwacasnesioejentd deeae deen fe sees gigi newed wl Ridgetown, Ont.
Banemaid, (Gy Avyss<sd saved veseeas meen ebieseGeei spout tes Courtice, Ont.
THQ WVTS, TD 5G seca te teak onal Oe tereftraha wierd reed ia ackiiiatesd stole eau 5 Camp Point, Ml.
MTG res, MVS, Da teans ve. dep oscaneniaues Pak haa. a corctesn eae ced daaweccesieeeCecerd. tea Ack Giaense ae Dee Aurora, Ont.
MeCandlesss i Sic: Wicca derase pits tectarhaantgaareey yp MUA a eben aalilele Tama, Iowa.
MeCandless, 5; Awicsnisinaessccaas guinea yee bya Shee e hes Belle Plaine, Iowa.
MeCandiess & Son, We Goes i cicsacgancccoues con Cottonwood Falls, Kas.
MeC rae, Dia cigiwmeginnad sive ag eu bap oayeon Wc 0 ae eo ah se saat Guelph, Ont.
RIL. Pie OF wai a ea Rie el Sew Se arate tele oh ma ek Ola weld Ben ee Fredonia, Pa.
McKim, Hs Wisc teti ae sa. ciisigitteet soera ens daetiain Wao wok PR AE 28 GN hod. Lansing, Mich.
McKinley, E. Burns..........+ sees ee eee essence eens Vaughnsville, Ohio.
MeNetil, (My Héscc'e¢% aavesiae tic. 2d aieeiecd a0 bch ae aNd ara aeons Laurel, Ohio.
IMCS TD yi (PURGING a as auess aisygyen hc aunsdrsannlnie wae dd eno mreeaud Sie acasabacaletaboets Arkell, Ont.
Marquis, George...........c cece cece eects eeeas Victoria Corners, Ont.
Merrittt HG. seed. oeaiaaens oie aro puis Reg ead SURE LORE EAR EROS Onarga, Tl.
Mills dey Gia scewieslsiguieeyeie s baler ee oes Aneesh aa eames Whitby, Ont.

Middleton; GeOss seuss cneeeiadenvacs tea aledveseeaube Da aeeauanind Claremont, Ont.
BREEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP. 435

Millard, S. G......... ee ee ee oe eee Huntsburgh, Ohio.
Miller, W. Go... cece cece cece eee eens Waukesha, Wis.
Miller, ROGER cick yh HE his HE Roce tacmaea oe aware Stouffville, Ont.
IELTS, Wl civ i: accroante eciene ea Seyaava Reguaiieh dbgaueser/G o.dew-@inaak aes “orn ois Glanworth, Ont.
Montgomery, Wm. Re Jrsicic ccc cca seer ceecses nase Hillsdale, Mich.
Moehrkté,, Gustigg.80 secu waka deed maetueyees BoUN RES * a4 eae es Chilton, Wis.
Montgomery, Js Kisscci sadn dia seiiat eens Gone dane West Union, Iowa.
NOV OAD MS, | JAG, s siensusrs eee ngeaud oOEG:biadundd Mtoe Rion aye aueink Kerwood, Ont.
Morgan, H. Woscissccacscce essa vsans cceedicweerecwes os AShtabula, Ohio,
Morgan, Roberten.os caw daeens sacl salecrsvaerleamiee ess 9 ease Jkerwood, Ont.
MOOdY;, Js teasing ea este sas oc Hodes eae5 a Aten Ree Gee ltavenswood, Ont.
IMOREISOM, Gis 5, cass ideas Sou deossvevn dvacibsaeiauana saree Gata aosth dod andoaa Semmcen anaes Wesby, Ont.
Morrison, JOM bss scan cena ecw ieee a tues sae Pete eats Brooklyn, Ont.
Morrow: Ra Obs swieeiage 2 somes sm tatetd ba aaing dea acs Meee aly we Hilton, Ont.
Motitrays Ji. Toes cane ceee oe paces aquaeegen a ages et eoeee eee es Olney, Ill.
MUrdOGk,. DioSveg saico ty cinsados 6 daeaiuiels b8 ealatemaveie dd Troy Center, Wis.
Murray, SAMOS ncccs tiny Haee otic opadeweaddcad Reuse ts Wilton Grove, Ont,
INV ile Gh Wanna gacaialaieniss sare tescnanaeiyr ng dial asada racslgne eygiendned ais Newburgh, Ont,
Over, Witliss srw rs x aeiod besa sed bes Os Roeee estes Skat Greenbank, Ont.
ORME Bros. coiwene Secrest keemes ne sethantes wees Tooele, Utah.
Ontario Agricultural College............ eee eee eee eee Guelph, Ont.
Ornette: “Ro A eaicars ead eatigaieqen ate e ew PRIMED A She le Rocky Ford, Col.
Park..& Sons, Johiis ¢ ¢ 44 easke oe sasouiia esas ogee sec cns Burgessville, Ont.
Peavy, Frank.......... DL Pees 4 ORAS TREE GS DESERT bow wea Newton, Iowa.
Pelton, MOSHME Ssh cigeus! sped ecb ee ae WADARS Ae RES Falkland, Ont.
Phelps; "Pi. Ci scgsicua sevens tang Hepes OR Se aR ete aad areas Santee Greensboro, Ind.
Porter: Mo: oaee sacs ahead oo aa eae may ees Oememene Ves Corvallis, Ore.
Pontér,- Bi Woascssuneses exes oy oe ARLE tk re pee te Howe, Idaho.
Potters MILO 03.020 biases Sas AARON BS 29d CASTER Gowea palgatirs Sheridan, Ore.
Poiry, John Bei... eee ec ccc eee eee eee een eens Portland, Ind.
Prout, George... .. 6... cece eect tte eens Zephyr, Ont.
PwGKrit, ISAAC tas ee sG kau scene Pe ees SERRA aoe Audley, Ont.
Pugh, H. Boo... cece eee ee eee ene ees Venedocia, Ohio.
Puzey, Henry....... eee cece eee ee eee eee nee nes Fairmount, Ill.
Rawlings & Son, H....... 1. eee e eee eee eee eens Ravenswood, Ont.
Redmond, John........ cece cee ee cee eee eeeeeee McMinnville, Oregon.
Reed). he WSs isan wong tess ese aedae ga qe ee ete ee yee eee Sinelairville, N. Y.
Renick, Avccccideaa crs enswa dads Sette sg damnee bees Het: Sycamore, Ky.
Richards, R. Ov... . ccc cece eee eee eee eee e eee ene es Huron, 8. D.
Ririe, J. Bice c cece eee ee eee eet e ence eee eee nent Weber, Utah.
Russell, A. Si... ss cece eee cece e eee eee eee eee e es Carrville, Ont.
Russell, J. & Wa... cece eee ee eee eee eee een nes Richmond Hill, Ont.
Shaffer, N. Biwi... eee eee eee eee eens Newcastle, Ind.
Schwert, Henry........cee eee cece cee eee teen n eee es Crestline, Ohio.
Scott, Rivceecc cece cece cence eet e nee ener eens Milwaukee, Oregon.
Shaner, W. Jo... cc eee eee ete eee ete e tenner e tt es Jackson, Mo.
Shirley, Oscar......... ese c cece eee e eee terete teen teens Houlton, Me.
Shier, Thomas. ........ cece cece eee ener terete nee eens Cambray, Ont.
Shore Bros.......ce cece cree cee reer nese tens eer eneres Hanworth, Ont.
Shore, T. Hardy.......:ceceeeee eee e rere t etree eneenees Glanworth, Ont.
Slater, Johnathan.........-.s eee e eee e eee e eee ene ees Buttonville, Ont.
Smith, J. Te. cutee oes d pdactinaimeousaedtnes asessaesu Niddlesex, N.Y.

Smith, A. Bo... 0... eee eee eens Mossmin, N. W. T.
436 BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP.

SIMs PETER. saseuelerdes aes arsine awa sles Mlatdiemcteud. oapavaiale. ees v5 Hillsdale, Mich,
Snell, John: ©). aces tious sees tawnews se cee eas od Swen els Snelgrove, Ont,
Snell. Jn :G. Ge Brows adienw soiree ea eve apes seers Snelgrove, Ont.
Syell,. Js 'Gieess2o se ssetsaless ayeaws ois 44 Meeee eee ees Snelgrove, Ont.
Snell. Ri Bix sicnjacaces sca iis Ceshersiercterescavenattoss Soe a eed ee TO Snelgrove, Ont.
SOCK EE, TO lative 4 statues. aoa eyiode Gave medupleteveua io hapate: auavenves ses Rockwood, Ont.
Stevens, Wie Wisawccduwsc5 as acest eucemad oo Mad sea eee Niles, Mich.
Stillniany Wmes j.520iewaeg aes tiem e eee Gu iets sive: Campbellsford, Ont.
Stump, Ji Bis sesssvevsaaweew 495 pubes y stat wees Fee se Adee Monmouth, Ore,
SWAT, Wiese tue 0d sendeuedw paves qriceoense oe we ecbesie: eae TIE RE Lewisburg, Ohio.
wel Fie We 224020 dente cd ea Vee aees ee eee aD Ae Die Wessington, S. D.
Taity Jie Buses cess vghnes Seware’ Bi isicd er sca! aleisatayaianngsesarel's etersreeits Otter Creek, Pa.
Tait, & Sons, Bi -Siwaciess 34s 2 eeewawe $08 eoaee in ees anes Otter Creek, Pa.
Teel, Hi Guidesaved sevdrule nossa seated cas aaemey o24 sees Rushville, Ill.
FERGMPSOD, WI. acco ease sed tdeeesdie doses Gueomienaan se a een eeelaee White Rose, Ont.
THOMpPsSOD. Wes: ssicieie cca ersire ee nasvaawen cea wsamwwe be as Uxbridge, Ont.
Thompson JOHN s6<.05. cic sooo ehagae oa don saat eee ehilos Uxhridge, Ont.
Tweedie Wities.s 2s i asseeu cic sae qawesec css nace ove a eave East Brook, N. Y.
Tweedy Joseph.... cece cece cece eect cece cen e neces Gallas Point, P. E. I.
Wari, DUET g. Wes Visine is ance 2. Wieoavamsece-aca cd acquarsnevalacesoibeud:sremseesd Hillsdale, Mich.
Vetteriek, Heimthertcsssqoxccsdnscaws cua weeaakad auneone Mt. Etna, Iowa.
Weallisy Writes. ones 5 ati wip adds eee. s yee sp owen bisa Satie Uxbridge, Ont.
Ward, JO8s6s ia cesaawe asia diese cee cawiaws ieee eewe tse Marsh Hill, Ont.
Wards Ward :si05-suz/sus tanec 3.8: a celecoterers eaecane areceinaes oes eoaae Greenbank, Ont.
WAtS Oni, A. Tiss vas Le nainun iawn so blbed verted tectiee 8 Pde a scene Castlederg, Ont.
Watt, D, Bi io Sonia ies cscs i stig erate sea ovate es pales cesta Seles whats Xenia, Ohio.
Watt Dy Bi iG Re Ge koe a tists owes aia es bacotums tee sigue aati. ae wawlans Xenia, Ohio.
Waters: THOS: Dizsxccnsg sister ves oi nome sees es Macey Eee te Rockwood, Ont.
WEKES, Ge OT 6 i. suj cicciqace dere eave aontsnrece Bess. a bearaiendes B.8 Quetnbesne Glanworth, Ont.
Weelds. Wis Siw nyeracadre site tino eats sivede Ghsae Wiseews hacmins Calder, Ont.
Westfall, G. W............... Foun Ge as Re Sens Hillsdale, Mich.
White, LoOrenZ0vs. «5 asuetisneascneeudee sae nawae.ne ves ware Greenwood, Ont.
Williams; WateoDs. sisisiccsscceswec sata onesad oes te New Corydon, Ind.
Wialliamisont,. Wea cAgs secre S60 ascend €: 5, delatiedetiauag ero Sdnaneseca bees Mt. Cory, O.
Williams; “DNOS: senesaess eo naned Soe Koviened 4 oa ou 48s Dowagiac, Mich.
WV TUS. Wrists sete was saiaarare “sh aeatavenptanenena se oo ha a -wapvieds toneie wlaseceh ahs New Market, Ont.
Wilson Brosiices ccc gaqnske ines ys tdlebe weds Cine nises eens Muncie, Ind.
Willson; Mars, Ri. Missdesacoans ctu sdawseeos esaccadie een North Branch, Mich.
WAlSOinty: HOPG Gisteiesacivsve sap tieigtesa cease Grasgie sean Subshoasacerausuesees Conde, South Dakota.
WalsO ity Wiliee tt tsytass candcik bdnavdamie eo Ivana heeds cuore aed Brampton, Ont.
Wilson <6 ares, Wao Ware saaic sees PR2605 be sd oRGae eee on MEAD Muncie, Ind.
Wilson; Herman, As.csiwiscces exanag.cteacaeeen ss skate Downsville, N. Y.
Withycombe). Jisssheee recs assasawew es rae eeiais bata’ Hillsboro, Ore.
Woodford, iis SUA] sicsei sos ocsste ca siaus h -5 2 acrnaeevecolivereiank atin qunves Shakespeare, Ky.
Wood TOW, Hy Siccatais davetieewa tte enue ak carr yaad obwatoeans McLean, Ill.
Wirko hits “Wis By. ceutionnre Veen taaninhn inne aaa aanamuetass Glanworth, Ont.

Breeders of Lincoln Sheep.

dy Ns, RAYONG seis. eic sono ceemmlldves sh yg eeiaien os warns es Lake Odessa, Mich.
We Ds SREY TOUS 5.0 3.04 ssseaesne-o gravee erbiieieine $8 sea aici cls aera Riera Ao Cressy, Mich.
Johnston, JOR s <gssccee agen ce aees ween segs sae wtiaaves a Redman, Mich.

G. Hh. Brettell siaeedgeseanwssh ees sa geewe eet ee aeeweR NES Greystead, Ont.
BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 437

Thomas: Fra lei phe vise sar scccoshin's sd wae dwa'e'Sagsabbwe eek: Arva, Ont.
Leonard Parkenson............ g dterid Siena aes VNR IIE Ae eas Eramosa, Ont.
Ds Ay. Campbells s vs 40 sine na vacek sited alae yy deeacntene ace. Mayfair, Ont.
Hs HOM POT OY 'oi3. 5 aevasss Swiark disiinglar a 4 405 terecencecd, face bvaigen Thamesford, Ont.
E. Hie RODSOM a secca'e caw gions sca sides doen gerneingscasenonicects Ilderton, Ont.
BS RODS ON ig.50 4's se asea dese po amma boas Oelok oven etna Ilderton, Ont.
H. P. Gage BDL Me Shas etn sucuarns eace de ed asnate wate ohWaMeee ocole ake St. Johns, Mich.
P. B. Smith............ ote Gr ewe lgnretnn Ges & dueveuag guace Weenies St. Louis, Mich.
Wane We Uy le arans y.ccterataln gies & 20s & hdigud ig ves 4 Ohmcoeince, Beaconsfield, Man.
George Gould & Son... ... ccc ccc cece cence Rutherford, Ont.
W Ns Wakemainis’s 600 s.0cc0s-cacmiseudeen od ones Sobek caine. Dalton, N. Y.
Ce © RODSOM. jsis. tsb ctv pute aise e aod bec ccecdh ca vis niaae Iiderton, Ont.
Duncan Cameron............ 0. cece cece ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee van, Ont
George. Cox -& ‘Son ses ¢-6.64.4 oi ecaaioue.d wcities ea smaisaue s+ aasnidows Michigan.
JADIES 'CLANSCOM 0.3.5, ce00 2 -aee-cwsivlioed yok can bee aki eben. Denfield, Ont.
Bos ION) OY setae is tc cci ds beside aes 414 ean pav neal eee Dad Mawes SKS Ontario
Bie Gis WOO GUA Hes cassis lave 4.4 she ae 2 sop.n bcbg ane Savon ateibne adidie ees Athens, Mich.
Ry Be NIXOM, «6 3 Stee 82 ta caccbeuen dea on mbadewees oasis’ « Maple Grove, Ont.
Ws Giz; GIS O Mii accis ans Se de ateaweatadete le acstakandines here wolennie casa na ceatond Lowell, Wis.
We W. 'CHittend @inie...scecnaiias vicicag neeain ee ab eben co beak sbasone Howell, Mich.
Wood. :& Morena o.snses09 tact Rite sae ond onmmeddany nen Langsbank, Ont.
Isaac Kinsey sees vateasiw nts devcaea nacre oalduw warned road ine Caledonia, Mich.
Won. “HAT ATT B 4.5. cos asale acca nyatolalsinry done aabicaes aiegda tkamis ne es La Grange, Ind.
Sr eNO Gi. ic atheroma Gin leone alas ears sameness Bennettsburg, N. Y.
Ralph. Brothers, 30's fon paged ee 249 WORD Ro 6 3G asied sae es Ballymote, Ont.
George: Pricey: «ime aussmadou singe saagis eats aonuedieaned Leutz, Mich.
TR DCR COT satiate od sigan cad ai. 8.5 oh oan teak Sep onan ides Rea ees tos oone Leutz, Mich.
Wi WEBI secon escgaen oceuate Re adadarncten nadie oe Gawd Aina td 9 #8 Ilderton, Ont.
COliAGy se SRC Ce sirens tars gtatals ee nae mpbaeuine bk keedhnn cane Chicago, Ill.
Js We -BYigzelll so: ax oeea aveedaloans dee as iscded yaaimndabeuteu Brooklyn, Ia.
LOWRY AUSUUM sc seid sata is ateenere rece naid dumeneue astievak a cuemngna soar Norris City, Il.
GeOVe. He WiI8. 2. oc ciseadscanaisinm rang a ee adore ebeaerdeeies Ballymote, Ont.
SO, MAIC WE was ciseiscnsatee dat aodiabeeoadacgeeee as se seee ee Glencoe, Ont.
Dennis: Bow’. ss weed jcc ac eas dead hbo a tod be Bridgeport, Mich.
Phomais: Shami = scccse sis cd debe acdasdes uid se ase eaunrn tale wrens weve ae Ivan, Ont.
Ws. Dy BRAASHAW 5 2.2ccrswmnais Maan aawiaa ursace eas se aROEHs 5 Ovid, Mich.
TDG WAS: BiG Siaiiccinge ace oteenalsea Wa whe Aageis Sie a Rows daueeandie ey ei Perrinton, Mich.
Mi Oe Di (Gr ayisens we 2 x Vaca 92 54a eos Fk ROR RD ORAS NE Anson, Maine.
Nahi Point Karis)... 6 ose. seacsiets'o0d oes seanaieg 8 6 8,554: soquare tase toe coe Fostoria, Mich.
Fred, C.. Tompkins: sos ncaas onesie oa kieudace teen anaees Fostoria, Mich.
We Wey St@@dh sensiuepinsane see sibes Orected aati sees Farmington, Utah.
James: TH. Shavers vossasdave on sé a ehgwnd oh 4 Dos een Lead wah Mason, Mich.
Dis Bs. MAN G rics is dessa o a or Soeabge be bane: Gave nate Searles debeaedie 6 awe Hebe Logan, Mich.
A, As: BiShO pica 4 sense ieee eee Oe oa hale Daeee Nee ENA Millington, Mich.
Henry Dale sessed cgen xcegig Whore rcoesletcitag- go eganiaweey vas Owosso, Mich,
W: Charlt0tinceds css suaegeeses eee MSA ate WA Ween <4 87 KEES Ilderton, Ont.
James ANCECrsOns «.csea ek cod see edd ae Leh bea Sulataas Derwent, Ont.
Knox: Brothers). oy os agin ocd de Mita ed. hunavaleegielotacnoe Thamesford, Ont.
Re Little: :& SOs sisceees ceaseven- seeds ata aiid ena ce esac ir Ilderton, Ont.
JONN Gearey: sciessccry has posse adinse dessa reaware sue sialon s London, Ont.
Ws (Gy ROBOTS gesicsntisa ede sb asauinsia: Oesosis Gebaie bans Ge ay Sania ee os North Ridge, Ont.
EG OASIS) sscore ete he Se oats ae GP aah Oe wnenattine elicee banner siete Lucan, Ont.

Bos Ta QUINT sick isaee a sete wie as arsed es vats oeay ile tavelo en.w isl eredadess iavalesevshgheiere Birr, Ont.
438 BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP.

Bramke SHiclesteieiggiecaciviaig a cist Seraheele eed MG on wialow a are aan eee Centralia, Ont.
Carey Marshalliccg-is0sscatigy 15 dead Pees eee Seen hd es .. Vergennes, Vt.
Th RS REE sos 5 oa See ea 0 w £ 8 RSA EG BHO d DEER oo ee Peewee Ovid, Mich.
George PL. CasSleri cia cscs pte Ose s comes Stas 5 Meise eee Ovid, Mich.
WV DORIS: none 09a } rake F544 a doe be 8 Eee DPBEEE ERIS Ovid, Mich.
Ge E., Daniels. sacascsaccnn vice Paice pce ath Gy Mania ass cabesguben dt iaatece Elva, Mich.
John Warech tis cas means. yaaysiae saaiis Sate area wiedaa ee Westphalia, Mich.
J. Bo MORMANS sy stuiens vasadasicees o yh ee SaBlatie ies a4 Puma Oakley, Mich.
Se Gy. Bignell cnchsgaws Soe LO Qe Raa ee ea Fowlerville, Mich.
Lewis Epkey........-.--+06- GS Guba ensuite, Site ah Geant eta EG Fowler, Mich.
Ephraim: Knight.ccn ccc dsncntae lea eensat ite ap etieneunes Cass City, Mich.
Welchy (Ge ids &. BrOiieice's pei seas ete fos Cosa y eee eae Tekonsha, Mich.

Breeders of Southdown Sheep.

Aitken; (GeOr@@ies.s os a260 e608 a 352% toe e vas eiGiewas emacs Woodstock, Vt.
Alexander, Us ele tanet Bock aie tia open O at arate conceatean isda aOR SANA Spring Station, Ky.
NICH, GOONS asses deans taut Weta a nnandes Eat sae eee teas Allerton, Tl.
Alvord, Henry By... 2a. eens Betas betictetrd Men le act easiest 2m Lewinsville, Va.
Anderson, 8S. W..........-.-005- “ogre a seikia dig sat kedeaiara ae oe Asbury, W. Va.
ArMmstronigy Tay As. ss ciawaue's 5018 a Mechs wales de sleeel ok Seioe MG Covington, Ky.
Aylor, John Wes sssgeess oy case seeee vies cseigedecgs seers Gunpawder, Ky.
Bailey Cas Debi a er sastieas dod: Beoeancacsen eo Bie ao reacee ¥ bee AAPOR eS Winthrop, Me.
Baler, Ged. & SOUS) ca crewdessereracnvead sa eerd wowed Simcoe, Ont., Can.
Barker; (Chass. Weicsisc cewisn see ee wand saeee aaa w sewn ae & Pembroke, Ky.
Barrett. FS Wie DIPS cities sacqmaeuiniats-nalow wae gua s eee Wadsworth, N. Y.
hashitetd, ester dviacos ts iak+ Wee esses wen oneness Hollowville, N. Y.
Heer VEROMASs.6.c-cimaaahs 4 ehewddlode re iaatt onmmeeredoueewes Bucyrus, Ohio
BeMevie! Wart (OG: 6.3 arcs nieces are busted a ions a indie baad ee’ Cranberry, N. C.
Penjaming Dy ie eas genre eyats is Mae Hiaasen Haskinville, N. Y.
henmimger We Mi ccmiigedisnale Sains Mamas, i eco ata a see ee Benninger, Pa.
ektords. WEWiS Jees se sas Oheade bee eee Beda yee Dixmont Centre, Me.
Duties: WRederieks, ciscd stead eiaanedtin toi daieetes Os eae Woodstock,’ Vt.
300th, EA o> SEY saa otsan ntespudincen hOp Biacae A asbs GAR ee dice ahead pa tayttgdale a ubak IE Me anc lietae Hematite, Mo.
Booth Brothers.......ccscsccecseccseceusseeevaaeeeeves Edgerton, Kan.
Boutelle, Geo. K......... SRE aieh ce av te sein Sgate Sana oan te SiaROE TH Shao Waterville, Me.
Burgess, Mrs. R. i. & SOM... ce. gchiawnine veces euiae es Norwich, Ont., Can.
Burrourhs, J. Lisdsexs esse wanes o 0x 694 Hawes a eH Baia 8s Newburg, Ohio
SUS AVE LUE T CT secre digs Soseatiens tooo teach sadeguene esd and slaenovie ea alan Solon, Me.
CaTmMPD El Gh: Dias srncewiainda arsurnet So S804 simon Teac eRe Pittsfield, Ohio
Cart, Gy sss smc a5 cleraps ep tanecs ea aauas Gace ays Compton Sta., Queb., Can.
Cass: & Bur MS iaiisii ace. nadie ds Seiad Biaiga we 4 ars day. aaaeieln Duffalo Hart, Tl.
Chapman, Wms J oveaccinnes ns ive peaks eees ssa eeeeeaeen Union Hill, N. Y.
Clair, (SAME le geste vbw a esi a eae Re wie G Palbaaes gis PMlawinecda aay Lawrence, IIl.
OTe AG INTs Spent ated corend od auanaeersiecd Sh aleaoe Suave a ada-t aie Reale wore east White Hall, Ky.
Clay SIG eyy Bias wsstiom sess “a 54: t.sissveniniere vacate acaneale: wires aba eucle Lexington, Ky.
Compton, Wm. Boars ccscies csi ceen SG pia laldea:n Weak BALE DRS 4 Monroe, Ohio
Cope Jesse: Kaas sowniennd ose petinnned 2snas BAERS TO tum West Chester, Pa.
Crothers, Li: Mos.iccseuveey cu ss seawes x SREY MEMES Wad oe SO aee Crothers, Pa.
Cutting, Walterees oct ceogs teeier & CRU a gave teen ante Pittsfield, Mass.
Pathe 1); cE Ls sts scerece sd celeste 4 seiaindunaetact-ny eae Meare quanoaeeaiacariesae Glendale, Ont., Can.

Donan, Ji. Acc taaidion cain sais sae sits cnbinaaenh Sava ee Wadsworth, N. Y.
BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 439

DOTiOhOs. Wr Dy secs wed Sachadlewa nan alteena@ahanwnwante dec Elmerville, Tenn.
DOU VAS) 2 TE Gio ws 6 ava gan d 20 arate weve Meldds Bs hracek ogi Galt, Ont., Can.
Dunkin, Jo hitasccaiwien seaweed een aa andaregia ees ds Se ae Bridgeport, W. Va.
EIselstein, GeOscesccsnaners :254 O54NeREO Rests bong eee saa Pomeroy, O.
Estill We Wog2e sash cases paring saeien's Rana pied dengue ders Lexington, Ky.
TE aa Ss, Dye Wisicdes sty aiecacauds A cusk Gon ana toe on todas Ogaden aug eae Venedocia, Ohio
WAT ASOMOhie Wa. ssaissunst: tavane eithtanueade wera Gi aipeierd Saree wens tb a tala Memphis, Tenn.
Benmessy;, ls. divsgsas cha ooeecdie egy uewaeeee yes ee esas Seuss Avon, Ill.
Hisher:. Ry Moauccaceaweos sang Bae eres eaemae eeder dace ded Danville, Ky.
BC APer ands Se Aes ayia Arto WA yeanuens erness audayane y wevecdsderewenn ob sblens Bryan, Pa.
BETTS Wee Wee cacy auscasa 6.00 ye. stevia ag aa eco be Verbeke gamely 4 Bana Chetek, Wis.
Frease, Henry A.........eeee eee sar avote hse estar tonstr a aseus hes Stoutsville, O.
Mrencéhic Chase jcc nauicveckataiien secancabeaneeocacnaen eens axa Solon, Me.
Buller: Avined: ‘Gaon eaxswaad- o6 04 ee sedsa sens amedaonee dee Seymour, Wis.
Garland,. Avs Mics cd heat hea Medan oa0 4 Ria Meehan a Chicago, Il.
Garland 1G ti caiar seein sae ORR Cane Haw Sasha. ete Bangor, Me.
GIESSHERS Jd Viae-sia nasa vessels naiseele anewid wicdis Bay's baie le gare s Sse Chicago, Ill.
Grakamy De Ch sda vg ros un Apes eeemuesuud atone eae seas Cameron, Ill.
Haight, Mrss Di Basiess dois ct gate dees be Yebeucecen Dover Plains, N. Y.
PTA LCG GAG Diese syatietegn crt sascacs dhsusniacs Soee wseesidns teat elo beams Avance Lexington, Ky.
Hamilton, sb. At Sees ace cSt ane a Sane pabdadus at cale Gaade Gur Staunton, Va.
Wamtlton., “hiOS: Pie pesca aoa se creeaibanlneeus widnin anounced Auxvasse, Mo.
Hamairltotie We V sag hendtirewewiscedia so ena aed dene autdion Caledonia, N. Y.
avis, Ay Desa ip4 ca GRes-4 8545 PRESS PR RA 6S REWER ONGEISS Asbury, W. Va.
Hartshorn, Ml. IDs: Ge BVO diecsisisais cs Bluerses gugiesen versugene slarh Ge seen Newark, Ohio
LAT VEY? sels, PRincscig -ooncb- taney Ras A coronas e duchads@ doch awinua cde BRM wa Turlington, Nebr,
Harvey,. De Woisicsiicvaccsctees caianiaqacernsisaa ee cones ooadbarietta, Ohio
Hass; SOW Wiese sje o's wagistaoides la eoae ates’ ss oe West Stockbridge, Mass.
Hendérsdn B. Gece aissoyssdssecee yes 44 saeeentesd Central City, Iowa
TIRE, AY Wis ad pce oh on 6 SEES Oo Pad wee Kee eRS Richland Centre, Wis.
Hewitt, Mrs. Saralv Ax.cc2sssesceicadawiee diane aueeeas Ringwood, N. J.
AT) Me sl OTR GAN sda sch tpesins y Sioee ea geter aon as aOR Gi aawts nates peor Be Manor, Texas
Hilton;. Aa Bs yesvass ctiens so catseede ses eacinwer Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
Hilton, We (Ghsa cisco eet conned beat Hee eee eee a ea ee Anson, Me.
Hite. Rie TP scsass eotyeuces gate isnaveyescapes aaseapattners Saco eadeacnen ar Gallatin, Tenn.
Hortong Hdwi Wvacscsdawseieepobeeweds thesia cone sauaiek Chester, N. J.
TA USPTO M's JOT ictwin eucra sauces sets i execu’ slaveisien gis: weigher aneausecacacaters New Lisbon, Ohio
Hutchison, "L.- Ms sae toese wnat deree puede grees we New Wilmington, Pa.
TRIG. PONT: Aas mnagie sas Shiau 2 D996 LMGNE Sh ESTO RSA ETE Gallipolis, O.
Lies OU eek eee at eae Rene eSdet eieee Peete eens eEES Danville, Ky.
Jackson. Johm & SOUSsiwig sine sesmosa ngs ooy alee ote s Abingdon, Ont., Can.
Jones, TD. Cx €3 SOM: a2 vengeance d Hotes vie g Tait s eee Delaware, Ohio
Kelloge, Isaac & SOn.... ee eee eee eee eee eee eee Reading, Mich.
Kents A Ma dares a8 sa cote ies ienitas ET ERM A Se So Jamestown, N. Y.
Kissinger, J. Ho... cece eee e teen eee eet n eens Kissinger, Mo.
Kuder, Ged. & S008: . 24 senue ue ssc teews temeee eee es Tontogany, Ohio
add, Chas: Wes scoacticeatews oot eeaehsavees paket ewes Portland, Ore.
Lawell, D. Bo... cc ccc nent e ence enees Grant, Ky.
TiS TOT, Lie: Win answers pew ectansiies 2.0 ei hudlane a tiene Stns Sip as ertienau leva Chicago, 1.
Léland, ds Avcicess tows oe ose tere bese a seaa sd duenem es Springfield, Il.
Libby, A. Do... ec eee eee eect tenet eee e eee Oakland, Me.
Lorbach, Henry... cece eee cece e cece eee e eee eget eens Waverly, Ohio

Markillie, W. B......cceeeeeeeeeereeeeers Asoalaeie the ea sume Gobleville, Mich.
440 BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP.

Marsh, Robt. & Sons..........6...+++se0.24..-Richmond Hill, Ont., Can,

Martin, Wis .2s.s60s eo aeceieee sos Hi aieee een ta Binbrook, Ont., Can.
Mass: Apel COM CR. icc cio oe wegen auc e ace ise Siaanana see carota I Amherst, Mass.
Mass. School for Feeble-Minded............... 0.0 e ee eee Waverly, Mass.
Hee TAL. Pe pecan a mar eoleWe Rak eae RAN We erk ee DA RO ER Hockley, Texas
MeCoyi Way AS sciguis capes aes. yee tee sxe esl srawyn oe ode anata Mercer, Pa,
McEwen. Roberts « wcawes ics caguas is sca ceed a os seers Byron, Ont., Can.
McKerrow, Ge0...... ccc cc ccc c cece cece ceccecereceees sepbiitiie 3 Sussex, Wis.
Meredith, Mrs. Virginia C......... cece cee eee eee Cambridge City, Ind.
Metler, Petes sosccs cman ge tuis Ramen -eaieapnieain North Pelham, Ont., Can.
Miller, “Wises cicada sesss vauorns sss ceeee.s ras cones larkham, Ont, Can,
Mills; Charles; Bion... sisiieare aces tiaude@ oaa's picid Sa Patina e ess Springfield, Tl.
MOOREA. FES Ss inmccasace.a-snachesauies Sunsauenplaueca (ase ae anette sy Williamsburg, Ohio
Morten, Devi Pisa aweweacca sg daekaw snus saeaa wen se Oeas Rhinecliff, N. Y.
Nobles Wee Uist Ss aw adidaa once s ded Seine douse ren aoe Brecksville, Ohio
Nuneés, (B.Ds sss sajescaks va csieaet a eenond tes aaesa yea ae Chatham, Ill,
Ontario Ag’) Cole siciiaces og.0 eee aipgitis vg obte disinie a ancmoans Guelph, Ont., Can.
Pagham Harbor Co..............e eee e eee eee Selsey, Chichester, Eng.
PancOast; we D vsssewas eos again sd ows snkincele eGo ateiaras *..Moorestown, N. J.
Patéy Jie Ne is sew diiawlee cod Fa Ndeee he aad Wemigh esse ewe vee Rising Sun, Ind.
Peek Js Mas om sews Boas ahs Oe Roe oo acle ee Low teen dan Hornellsville, N. Y.
PHU PS5- RvCWarGs.,. ges 2.644 Zoaavaug oa eddsovdiaseee Ava SORE New Waterford, Ohio
Pickerell,. James: He ae ooo a vsiaieiacesa scare Meas eine ood setae eg Sale ROS Springfield
PiClrell, WESSEG vaya cur gaieciens saan akan. soso: Seaamdas uae Lanesville, Il.
POmeroy.,. Rs tW yas ceca es cas asodee bos t Meee ee aM oe New Castle, Pa.
POtts) Jar Hise seatsiadven £204 Sannisiee dass 5 kaka Rad © gaya eRe Jacksonville, Il.
Etat MOTs Sa «Hiss sess ski ceeiceasasacere duds @unbuensarardvases avevaicuavncardin.b-acie Springfield, Ill.
Privett, Uriah & Browse ensaas aed xrcsgwudededewaycsee Greensburg, Ind.
FROCK, | JA, «Elie goo covtenwinve-y ocdin acanttiin Boo ciatoa shade ctstele'e bean Sugar Tree Ridge, O.
Reick; Abra ites ssw dunes sce sa aien eas av eevee shbsa% -..Sycamore, Ky.
Rhodes, J., Poster.s2s sane. 4655 64 deea4 ve ee wns eae nodes -.»Woodstock, Vt.
Ridgeway Wil. By s<sqeasose-n9 ihe eis 5.06 Gevalia ed albanven New Holland, Ind,
RO DINSOW, Be Biss aac a vapsaasasacdudia 0:80 niece dew aba atari Siateeissaimiesead Hanover, Ohio
Rocketeer Win icticc-ovae gee apetadd esas peed eves Tarrytown, N. Y.
ROOK, INOSs Gis wh ctscce seed waiver. s9ee4 deleted tea ee edi ecuts Salem, Ia,
AVUpe rity: iy Sicia qaiuie week Caen Oh aG A Giene ceed nok oc ee Bloomington, Il.
Seott, Py Avvsaevess 64 desea diaatien se s.veutee aa wane wanes Huntsville, Mo.
SHAEplessy Siw Miers aactona aioe. da pn maernred swede pa aahioe Philadelphia, Pa.
Shaw, CoC. Go SOMis savers arog e  Secesccie oy s de wawien ee and Keio Newark, Ohio
Shaw, Robt. & Sons............ cece e eee eee ee Renton Sta., Ont., Can.
Oheets; (Ove GA rng dee aris ncaneueersee aeccsantnite West Milford, W. Va.
Shoemaker). Ts Wes acdesacs haa sinew ce. cen de aieieens vlieiubene Charleston, Il.
Simenton, A. & Sons............. 0. cc cece eens Blackheath, Ont., Can.
Simpson Stock Farms............... 000 cc cece eeeeues Saxonville, Mass.
ICES), CATE RU o28 8. ated haniatities alo, c at Slpeiacoee Sh8 areata SLE Reo Lennox, Ohio.
Smithy Dh Wests doen oe e¥ a WeeG fob cvnseortenen wea ae Springfield, Ill.
Smith, AR Wt SONS es 20-.e kde? oo44-o dae hico cules Glanford, Ont., Can.
Smithy We Masesasesa suck ewan vannide i coed -Fairfield Plains, Ont., Can.
MVC ET; BS - Wass chan anintetere sre waiasise ine winless dae-se hon Pullman, W. Va.
Snyder, Miss LiZZiéy soc sanccgasisaqagokeveuavincsings ss Pullman, W. Va.
Spicer, W. E................ PANG Ger SH 6 eh cedaiors. hain Mnesenaiin Nets Bushnell, Ill.
Springer, Frank: Kis. weseuies seve see ne euch dina vei sean Springfield, Ill.

Springer, JOhM Gacsscieness sige aglengedvewies cs aavasewaes Springfield, Ill.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 441

Stuckey, Chas. J....... ccc cece eee e eee Sh Sasevasld ieudebue ie Mechanicsburg, Ohio
Parbelll, CaP. weds cua Geisha oa aelnee sede yeeee ss South Royalton, Vt.
Telfer, W. Be & Ge De gece essay seas 084 ices vie 10% ..Paris, Ont., Can.
ETHEL, Aes 20) ere. ei easica'8e eiesn enon laa Pas dretiohanene! acai ea.’ Joi eoce:dobud acd wake New Canton, Va.
Townsend, “ENGS: Clin ones & notean etisaesauie-oeleled akeuees Sa ave Springfield, Vt.
CMompkins, Ps eachoaykeeles sassy wae dueae eee aawenenss ena Girard, Mich.
True, Jy Missouescs taaeee cena yee e ever Hee aE ae e wwaN Oe G28 Baraboo, Wis.
Marne rs Ui. IMs asesisse: sek as cauahae dooce. ad Vastacece vba atedesauareusl &ddeaacoton Rising Sun, Ind.
Twombly, Hy. MCKisies ccc. nna gaa yensaced cea tna oad ee ate Madison, N. J.
Warren, John Hobart............ cee cece e cee eens Hoosick Falls, N. Y.
Watt, D: B.id& Ry Coosecsvacsaaviracisceetneve ciaas deve ee Cedarville, Ohio
Wells, Frederic E....... ee ccc c cece c eee eeeeneeeee Greenfield, Mass.
WiHestGY, To. Gy aside ahead eebee Saea wane x oer Oana a Ree Marshall, Mich.
Whipps,. Wiis Go Sts iiss, sews siscesa- ee cseus sacigle's g 3 gauioee ep ors Carlisle, Ind.
Wilcox: Cs dis aiies asaeies can eeeaanava Sees Ae eeORRwN A ees Lakefield, Minn.
Walkinsony: Dis DP esc scqgeecs ¥cin8 srthareae Re 60.4 aeeuend ca sana 'e Chilliwhack, B. C., Can.
Witherspoon, Lister............. Bi gad needa anmcgute Pear ay etaee 83% Midway, Ky.
Witte, Gi tcc. qeea sieee ae todas ities Sa craseelee aa eaea West Salem, Il.
Wood, Mrs, Ws. Ave veeaw ints s cae ded pe sheuledsads cae East Smithfield, Pa.
Wood; Walter: Ax congas ess veed cee separ eer wewes Hoosick Falls, N. Y.

Breeders of Shropshire Sheep.

Abbes Cs Midas. «srosee ¢ dosage eas etwas Sas eee sa 4 Greenfield, Mass.
AOU. SON wc 2 cov pds FES a eed REO We HONE owe ba BATS Lapeer, Mich.
Abbott, iT (Gi; TES isa yaarcniics teak Gave Mee ges oat onl ede d aranelai’s Montreal, Can.
Abrams, J. Eos ssiewnecagsoein ds eae aise eos eu carne ees Prospect Lake, Mich.
Ackerman, Georges «25s ssese cose shen st eea ve iwens 234 vases Melville, N. D.
ING AMIS: JBL OS). 2:< ying iocd a3 aque Oa aoe Mansa arnesesenae eis Caledonia, Mich.
Adams: (Clare JH i062 aspcricesy v9 2 aod Wake OR dr Grdnndaeetacs Way Burlington, Wis.
AGanisy Hi. Hicorss sa wladapre sie eeersetass cade isis eseua gues Whitehall, N. Y.
Alford, ChaSwces..s6 ncevesesexewsas sees weew sce ad views Talmadge, Mich.
Ae ing ex Baca aed vaccine ad: frees a avauth ade Sb raie Syiceaod Dae sv apouenees eyare Gomanereaes Albion, N. Y.
Allen, Bemijiccccc stan awwe.ccem nics snnccosaentaapeaamaaed adie New Castle, Ind.
Allen; (George, & Sons ais sie seisia sais aesis. 58s weiss b vara eiaders Allerton, Ill.
Allen; EIW000 .i6.0sccs sane tees pate bap se 4 Ree esa de Miamisburg, O.
ANON 5: THATT isccoores noes Bask a1 Waies PNiea Dalyachin Taacereinuannn sea Allerton, Ill.
Allen. Janes: Miswis are scr was FS e SSSSR RHR Cas Bear Lake, Mich.
Allen, M; & SOneicc23% seesene ss vemos ss a5 eeee c2s4s meee Seward, N. Y.
WET OS SB ets eka Seacaeaeanaue bade youn tng sutra Gewareee: bot ieeangunaue a eee Burdett, N. Y.
Allin, Samitiel teow siaesce geld eke tew eed Seas Bowmanville, Ont., Can.
Allin, Ds Bawss canvce ves scar aves ce delnzins 2240 wwaee so slestaiereis Towa City, Ia.
ALLS, SE). Wisco doSaqvete e oaadiewiens a eta akee tae eee eas s Madison, Wis.
AS Ong: “Wes JAY selevew ase once se oceveninsics ia Tas Se OAS Sta Wena. dW Sea oe nsene Kittanning, Pa.
Allison, “Ts: DViaiciiece sas sinaieG seo waiass ise Sebee vive bees ee es Campbell, Il.
Allman, BY Wsciiiesc.caeeee ets shee eho FOWeE V5.5 4 Deedes Berlin, W. Va.
ANVERSOT Sy Jie, Bus: asians 24 .ddene gibt ad Guba pace ae eee ae eae OF Carp, Ind.
Ames, Gyr use 2 a dince care peek Monae aaa woes ates weeeles Rockland, O.
Ames: Mrs: Jus ViSisss savcend css nhee sss edaiels oe sieatine’s S15 ease Elsah, Tl.
Andalusia Dairy Co... .... cece cece ec ence eee e ener e teenies Salem, O.
Anderson) Js Avocent tan thasees esa esa areet los anaues North Cape, Wis.

Anderson; James? Riise os dvgieidie sss Vee sies Capa ee ooeatsie Forward, Wis.
442 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Anderson, Robertessicccess ccwses cesedeeecivoess Thornbury, Ont., Can.
Amdlréews). Ty Miia oiaiack eacuneet Soon ecie te oKiat x Richland Center, Wis.
Andrews, Samulel. ..ac. cece ec cenee cence weceer seer nbeee ene Ironton, Wis.
Andrews; 8) Bisciek tee cate ye peels sates wipes a aie ode siemens eee Gratis, O.
Andtuis, Ernest. 5 exivevacs cae ndbeteesng sates oe egies Mosherville, Mich.
AMOS) I dacs deserter eis os 96S ae ees Mea sees oes 3 Harlem, I].
Anthony, Joshua......cc cece seen nec eee nen te cect eeeneens Coleta, Ill.
Arbogast, Wig Pics cis5 pageg ca yeas amaw sands SHEN Sale emue es He Douglass, Il.
Archer Brosi« vawkh corse paeedlilevse a sinhueed eee tomer es Bankers, Mich.
Ardsley Park Stock Farm..........seeeeeeereeeeee Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.
Wermme'r. POG cie sca avgaiacel see does a piss a ey B.Gin saws he ES Ballston Spa, N. Y.
Armstrong, Ay Ay csiiaa os ieee aes eek ees Cee ene eee Camargo, Ill.
Armstrong, A. & SOM.......ccee eee cece ee ee ee eens Catheart, Ont., Can..
Animstrong, William. .:sscssc.c.cces caeeeeacs ee pas Ravenna, Ont., Can.
Arnold Bros..........: elites beelnunchesdo beds oonhe Sumnietes alerts Rae Allegan, Mich.
Sis MGs Bias exwig sapeue ate eco ia ghee Main Ok eb etn ae 4s o soa) ebro ge nutes, pau Kahoka, Mo.
Ashby; Ds Sis sas smssecn ne ye aveinalas ous yaaa see eanaee hea van Red Oak, Ia.
Apenstein, W. Dies cx ssanasuew tas vas eee 8s eagle ee oe Rie Waldo, O.
SASL TOE IN OTTO. e hogy beara ead Beene Bigsw toons cd, Seatienh Rauar ered AO aa See Barnes, O.
Averys GardNen sists can cnmonacct ane wewes $ tea bes Forest Grove, Mich.
AVEPY:, JOD seco cys aa andisn setae Osea es Eee eeMEA Sa Clinton, Ont., Can.
ARO, Wie: hee 5 6euw S458 504 He ROKe 2 OO BERET Rees Ree Westchester, Ind
AVN OT, hs, Elis tes Gusscesliace £0.00, 6 tvaudie wiere a deues. Sasi gaacars Ree EAN eG Gunpowder, Ky.
PROG. 25) cuvsess $36 £1 2aeeed issn desk nes jun eee else Lees Tonia, Mich.
EB a COG es Bs. ME sas sessics sascha dene avis tah 'sg sve a ephannilonle: efeva hewauionse cen Gouverneur, N. Y.
Badpley, Jed): iacsse.s% os be wesa@aieles os vineeas a2 capers « Westport, S. Dak.
Bai, Ac J ca xcekee sd sh eans stowes beeen wesen Reed ewe eee eRe Neptune, O.
Bailey Bos Accsesesets Goce scesaa euiustere 010% oueiaranetwiongs dase ...Winthrop Center, Me.
Bailey, TEV. 32 ssecsaiciusoip sce nesses acer eles avers Ws, eletiieus Owatonna, Minn.
Battll Gj Mis Missin sic steals w actin ie duaas's Vsiakeee Sun Soe aR No eioig atts Portland, Me,
Bailey; O% Sees wagedaniciaes egeeee ese Ores bee 4 cadeg dew ahs Peoria, Ill.
Bain, WilltaMiss s.ctecasteced tonne ad-ece s vemeie sees 34 Taunton, Ont., Can.
RENTON VO, TS seh koa cence ngs orgy Pag dvs ed inte oad Sai Uap ayiepngel dh pean paleo Johnstown, N. Y.
Baitd, George, SBivasnessccamasevs now tide eaaraneee Clinton, Ont., Can.
Bea ees. Ty Aca. sotaed (oranda co covanantssis 6 & dig Wasalaermite. ace ars alam ale ee ar anS Detroit, Mich.
Bakery. Li Cveeoiv it scssaieesy osces views ne cea dened peed 4 Comstock, N. Y.
Baker, QO: W...& SOG 600 sscne id sesauania ieee sun aaie Gilbert Station, Ia.
Bakery. “PROMAaS se 66.0. pinkie oer a nmwa ca waalaanala 0 ea $ Solina, Ont., Can.
Baker Wo Dieck axe ie dang hook aa ech RAG oa wiaraeere South Montrose, Pa.
Bakery We WsGe SON ate uses scuba. nae see aneusGe soa eR NEA EO Bruce, II.
Baldwin, Herberthiesiess iss 4s diwevntdssaaaewws teases Marlette, Mich.
Bat wari ais EL os) snaaxauet saves na ou ccadand (Ae Reha deananesand «Oavnstue Nanticoke, N. Y.
Ballachey, Geo. Trias. cswuseas oo. d nga owsesesne Brantford, Ont., Can.
Ballinger, C. H....... STO ee ee oR eee Lexington, Neb.
Ballinger; Hs Fs & SOW ssiwiees oes eetees oes 4 eden eases crass Upland, O.
BALLON. Bes Se acne de Seah 3 Gee eae ae Ge Enea ike open Slatersville, R. I.
BALE ZE TL e 20M: SEG S cee. evevsaracsatee yoyin. a: Bi Sotvvandhca se dea. audie viarouagie de acne @ Wvatene. banka Decatur, Ind.
Banks, Joni W sae cst. cietartdiacinaxasee decree emniia vinie 44 atereleiaars ....Warsaw, Ind.
Banks; Ws. Ais ses.5 semis ss aasig tered blees eealen hae Aaeee La Porte, Ind.
Bannister, Ac Des. voseo ees eeweews tse ied DAES Rae a dees Albion, N. Y.
Bax s (Gos is casi favensies 8: 858 08-45 Sees TS Bea REE ts See ean St. Louis, Mich.
PBarcley, Robert C...ssceecc ccs ee cece eee ececnenenescens Cazenovia, N. Y.

Barkley;.. James! B cnnnraica ooc a cngies sane wee pawenle aera sega Argyle, N. Y.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 443

Bar miores, (Care xxx i dies situa geval ccd shoaneaue Gtroteet caus Moore’s Mills, N. Y.
Barnard, Ax 86 Siie.d 3.0t4 mguens butane see a yr wg wales Smithville, Ont., Can.
Batavand Sy. sjacccaiiect is disdetinacag hc aiid tego Sn MSS 2b ee Ree Ypsilanti, Mich.
Barnie ss Mis iG isrcig tailed ais gas dinwsw ng aces wnesaue! a oiaia és nugras eval sesiuenese Mexico, Mo.
Barnes, As WD) sseatic a lActeue 85 aye:dceosucip tose cous Ouialae Saee Smithville Flats, N. Y.
Barium, Acc WK. 32.4 sccuniet 2a-marauin seth owas nea eclemebbeaien St. Paul, Minn.
Barr SOW Ms «snare disease waste mused ale cia reese SAE Lees Dunsmore, Ont., Can.
Barter; Walliams ss sues ess ccesieew 8.4 §.Apccaeie a8 a6 paveunevow eiereleeinadee Attilla, Ill.
Bartholomew, (He Si Korcsse scivousecd cde duevews ae dos oeraa ev eae eas Goshen, Ind.
BATULIEL Ds lll Gig acest ad ebees 853-4009) dosicace sh eae nisiolgtad ated qeaeatellbaba ds oune lalate Oberlin, O.
Bartlett, Ji ebss.s sashes stew aaiglas's ena eel ne (ae aOR ee Worthington, Mass.
Barton As Sissies avene.c we 4 + Howe seo lccwiais bund ibiewa debe Have Boissevain, Man.
ee UO a: tel C sais ogre Socashigg Moa ad, cleusaptot Bad's Bal osasenk raced aba Aeon Kanona, N. Y.
Bassett, Dix iGo SO tis wesc 4 ehce tasks dain daits sve wacnd Ueda ous HOS Dana, Ill.
Bates, Ais Avecad dacthae new gitenine ve MERON Oo eee Rae OR eee eee ..-lrwin, O.
Baughman ls Causa sasascsranse becomndaaenae as aaresuvene eave Redfield, S. D.
Ban UBT OS jase 555 avant a aiasd dame MA ARKO NIRS waste erendgbieg ates ea Phoenix, Ariz.
Beach, Bie Hes Some Ae agnsgns-g sistas ¥ guena dv ela wale lacdialiewawes Green Oak, Mich.
Beams“Cy Ms Se We lass nahh oes ks lence thank Sisto epee ke McGrawville, N. Y.
ROA Ry Fe, Maeve hilt ands Sete dd udsaudncter S wbia mits dypuoanuaieanel Saymauceens Sparta, O.
Beardsley, Pe Ay. SOc cvswae eeu mene ceesa Qeeswws West Andover, O.
Beattie, Willinin Fe ous csawe os oa emer cue en eueey Wilton Grove, Ont., Can.
BeOS ale (ey Mewar ba 4 Heese be owe Mawel Yona de eee yee Cannonsburgh, Pa.
Bar Bae acco rene sense hole el ee FE See ae SEG bas PEAS Gilead, Mich.
IBEGE,. Aa. Tis. a ative ond Radda tee een seas wears sana artenes Whittier, Ia.
eee, Te Biv dues co ae Sess oe eke 6k bow Sede outa Wolsey, S. D.
Behler; JOM. Vecsisvsge sci deeee seg sewed ss ogo same ees St. Louis, Mich.
Behrensy ds; GerGb. SONG cisgsa2 <2, 2.4.esspane degre, odes csomenaiel? ovpresaraieyanarecece se O’Fallon, Ill.
Belden: DEW bt: Sik ienaseagadce sca crate taper oa ncaa eas ae ewes aeeNeiae eeaewcs Benson, Vt.
Bell) OW iat ogideee aos walsciadsine ai otiird ab ea anannet Amber, Ont., Can.
Bell; Js Oilsicigeets2s vdeegeyse diame scenes ed 4 Union City, Mich.
Benedict, J... Ay Ge SONS. spcsiecdiecs: seco osee nie phe eiace poasmuniace gee East Poultney, Vt.
Bennetts Ei. Peso cosasdite acess 4 sans 6h cia sade sina s tee eae Boston, Mass.
Bennett, Henry sii aaseer cers gikeewm es anne eyewaies Glanworth, Ont., Can.
Beniiett, MOUS 22.2 eta cede esse neeealy ss aeadeees ee seccoek Weston, W. Va.
Bennett, Us Pi 6 SOUSk os cnnate sg cect mee ova weenee Independence, Mo.
Bennington, S. & Sonw....... cece eceee eee eee eee Volga City, Ia.
Bennington, T. Bavesisneacccas soeeed tae caged sis easesa anes Grafton, O.
BEPLY,. JOS. Tas << sp aend ne Eadie ongees os wa Rae Ga ose ee hE Detroit, Mich.
Berbenshiaws, Ps Heo ca ssece secs dvech aca avers eb bb Anatohwte wee Avera Drewersburg, Ind.
Bests) ChaSee as. cesvaelney 4 caldicude se roekt Sesee peewee ee Milwaukee, Wis.
Betis, “C. Rows cteseebscae ea tesai nde thee ereeee eee iaaaedits Stryker, O.
Betzmer; GeO. Diasec ey esse suse dare ae a ioe 8 tree tecueca Copetown, Ont., Can.
Beversteiny J. Eiicess pean cccd seaaeue opens saa eee Middlebury, Ind.
Bevington, George.......cccece eee c cece reece ee eeeeeeeee Springfield, O.
Billings, M. J... . cc ccc ccc e cee e ener nena ene eeeneeenasees Sawyer, N. Y.
Billings, Se N ocscssws ova ieee aresataneals heehee eee es Stonington, Conn.
Dillman, JIACOD ss .5 oes s ac gdwwes oid Gaeee Gee eae Sullivan, Ind.
Billinian,. S. Hiss scncaeds sa samen avea angers ese rsiued see seees Orville, O.
Bingham, C. S..... eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee ences Vernon, Mich.
Bingham, W........ecc cece reece eee e nee e ene cree saseneee Vernon, Mich.
Bird, George....... ee eee cece cece e eee eee nee Bedford, Mich.

Bird; ROllit.;, 3 ceive sess oeees souidees ave euene whens Roses Springfield, O.
444 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Birnie, A TANIE.: ssa nae aeraarewssete asters sins winter ain ale ate Unadilla, Mich.
Birnstill;. Cs Gis. teenvwe ea seaciew ones saidctas does awe hese Lockport, Il.
BishOps, PRAIIE. cscy 20.3.6. 6a acces Saas was Shuacdne TSA Leonard, Mich.
Bishop, George As ccieisdesavsiawee cerdanane de cases Syracuse, N. Y.
Bivens, Wh Miicgiss scan stages 3b Ste o eke deel takes eee Crookston, Minn,
Bixby; M: Hisnesegaissamnese ce aes Waeee en ess gacwas South Haven, Mich.
Basco yg is Aus 30 Ss 2 eens aco Gah ames Nha a Hapaiend wos ee a a South Haven, Mich.
Black,, J. BQ Widiis sc iaaanmeaeekie nae dee ea eaeeh eee ees Bridgeport, Ill.
Blacky Wins Ceawiiiss sieei ened nt cece omer ae ae eee OS acs owes Balm, Pa.
Blackwood, R.........seeeee eee eee eeeeeees +++ Martintown, Ont., Can.
Blaine, ‘S: BL & C. His ccesyccas sean teas skeen es aes Dutton, Mich.
Blair; ROD Eris asia ciele gre dos dl oneisal 068 Rahimi e eb -2ie Haran Almonte, Ont., Can.
Blake: Brosicccec cae vie ceaie ns see eeaniseees eee es Galesburg, Mich.
Blank; Gy Wisse gesds sees pha oy sou whee hyde se Passio Pees Uniopolis, O.
BIiSS:, HOTA socsas coset sake Read Shem eteos Qed 226 £4 586% a Ioseo, Mich.
BOG Bie tity, ED. IMG via rence a avin ai Sassy arptcvanzaavea deve saeauanp ison. eee Williamsburg, Mich,
Bloodgood Stock Farm........... cc cece cece eee New Marlboro, Mass.
Bloomer) OC. Acsiisinewse nned sed bs bowen Kasey meus ss au atRe Sparta, Mich.
Blue; Ee Disc .cssckuis ccs canndentnres Stee een Se ees Steubenville, O.
PRAT Ss Whey TDS «ore g. bug uarsetaussss Shoe coteetearaa yess eBlasa Sam cuden a onvailes deautewanSe a Ove acetone Hamler, oO.
Bose, Bu Pivaisasve sas sonia aie eg aes eiersieiead sacs sowed Sse e a etEN Rose Hill, Kan,
BOCEy: dye Tiss Asa ee sac ais el alaleeta ae eeu elated: sa bag suena eM eau set Rushville, Ill.
Bole, JAMCSs 0s isi seeencis sc yedowe- seats naa ye aex Woodville, Ont., Can.
BOGIES), Wisc Wrseicnaiad S teeaa scene. bey Ggredsnd Reed Fantave ves -....Auxvasse, Mo.
BOpes,, Cy Acme sated wandtcls ce auene od Biewinas ede waehiewes Hamlet, Ill.
BO wie ny Guay 7S eats es cee: crac dine Aa arplelapctinnd stove recakdlisaals we aes ae Clarendon, N. Y.
Bowen-Jones, J. (Hon. Mem)............ cece eee eee Shropshire, Eng.
Bower, GeOi- Wiese cose kaise oo SAS Asie Reed Seas, Haves Lansingville, N. Y.
BOWERS)? Cr Hy 36s Ele Se a eckecece. gadep hoes hv ainsael Oa lh 8 erGiand A wind nenavene Cranberry, O.
Bowman, Wye, Rinasssc aces ad wcquied tomo seein es 6 Mount Forest, Ontario, Can.
Povalier, ©). 1-0. Misses cos eakese Was eke tend peences Buckland, O.
Boynton & Gordons. sss scccescvsstvewweveaiacaacness Dell Rapids, S. D.
Boynton, Woo Wes Sosa irsvewis co 0 ioa ly smne on Oeleeyeasne-e wana Rochester, Minn.
BiSGe. B.. Wins daa paltdadd Gis keene tdew Saeed 4 eebeean kak Albion, N. Y.
Tas, Wis Dy Ais crteie-e Welevee oh pedes- a ba.8 Madea aoe Bale onesies Kirby, Mich.
Breck, ‘Geo E., Estate Of... «casas ceed undous ov o<taeeeeeess Paw Paw, Mich,
Bréck,. Sy Risk csas sana ete sscapemaees s4cmeatoe West Claremont, N. H.
BLECK ON, Were al, ceed esaveviavanare stave eanldltecal ole tose A stbeese meno OR Appleby, Ont., Can.
Breed On, My. Bs gyencsvea ap abraded  eere te willis op hale Srainiew a arene Charleston, Ill.
BROT te Wrasse ere ee dedans cis Si cvetane: glitonnate. vine a0 asian e408 aaa Tyrone, Ont., Can.
Bresee, Albért i ‘Sot sues ex sas ieee ven cemwaee vans wer Hubbardton, Vt.
Brewer Be Bassons oebss vatacwrosed » ceubien 6 o4:sadeodeels oeeartmunaees Marion, O.
Brille sda Hts cA aiicuissislaaiak donnves cand melewe Qewisaisanis abies Pittsboro, Ind.
BYiMS,, JAMES, 5.5 sesinsevs oe v-a a's syatniote-G-averewiirecsieee eee ase alice Athelstan, Que., Can.
AS EOC Ke. SA Ts ents sien achicha sch ot acres oat in es oa ba a eh Arad Na a plate Bath, O.
Brondigée Brossieeiei ses wesee see a4 MOREA Raia hones ta Se ..-Holly, Mich.
Brooks), Lis. Dagustes o 20a aa. ot 24 dating es sein naulacisne Seabee Creston, Ia.
BrOMeNtOn;. Artie < <4. -siseose oo Sai Ravsseledse eavyelerne-eo warmers Albany, Wis.
eee ae DOE IS OT sie. 3.5.5:5 ca athe laiave dears cesianeve asta ro mise a a Franklin, Mich.

BOW: AIRE dia ng techn soaniesertch Ghevars wha Suttata ore -anauat SUsietes as wale Picton, Ont., Can.
Browns, Wall: Sica ccumawicrs cipas saistobns vee pase eet aaa os Elbridge, N. Y.
BIOWN, BIOS iyo5<eaa hackle es deersiown eae ek sees Springville, Ont., Can.

Brown, Edward Sicssanss ss nensw avec sstcaun wise ascow an Scottsville, N. Y.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 445

Brown, H. F....... ees es Fikes cere 6.015, eee edee Minneapolis, Minn.
Browny Wane We Swaseas bos ssiaainve d-aaici@ated es oa ucahutny oe Portland, Me.
Brownlee, Hugh A......... ccc cece cece eee Shawville, Que., Can.
Brubaker, Geo... 0.0.0... ccc ccc cecectncucuceaccees West Millgrove, O.
Bruce & Kerr..... 1.1 ccc cece cece eee ee ence eeen eee Rosemount, Minn.
Bruce, Walliaim «sc 6< a6 tea ee cea aerate eis ag seerdeas McLennan, Ont., Can.
Buchanan; Be Bis vsiieis sccarsan nse ceediaae es cee sanoahee Brownsburg, Va,
Buchanan, I Ass. cvedann Gowunplaee ee Fac newedede Ingersoll, Ont., Can.
Buchécker, Oy. SDS esas shes ez ye gt Sena ses doc ad ce x iowa Gah we Mason City, Ia.
Buckleys is. Biss said sicessukunaess c ws Samnctoh eee pbbains Valley Falls, N. Y.
Buech eye Hs: Mais ssa wyatawco cw seheiebiecs shee a Meas en daa eke Greenville, O.
Bullard, Ay WBiiled tasimagece weag ahyead Sea ereamheeere sss Wayland, Mass.
BUlleRS; CHAS 6 sicistilae ah 4 poaere os 8k kackecusls be6.4 AcopenSeauahid dow be bee Kirkman, Pa,
Bunnell, J ocwex x vS4Rw S04 8.4 odegeesed bob aceees ean ede Lansingville, N. Y.
Bune his lbs: Bjaisecae a sispaesaa aie aGuavduee x id ab caghaeionens ba Gaenindtos Milford, Mich,
Burdick, (Gis W: accsie as cucncnancica'els oe aagudlels oa tank eee Meee Wirt Center, N. Y,
Burkhart, O. (Giese cian yea Meese O43 <4 s wea eae bas elect Chelsea, Mich,
Burniap; Mz Owe scanner ve sag vden bee 4 caine ale ics en wave siaew eee’ Sumner, O.
Burner 2 Waltons 6.66 d.6 ascssarnse a diere ded wadaegeele vivawnalos Woodstock, Va.
Burnett; A. Dis saad sc amaunie nada dh peedad a sdwains aahiateac o8 Sandy Lake, Pa,
Burnett, Leonard............. cece eee cece e eee ees Greenbank, Ont., Can.
BUEE; (GeO sen. ss veuneniag a Rant Ve Soe wdeeeee toes se eee North Hector, N. Y,
Burruss; 2A. Des es's eeu s dag cheats fea wirGsn S88 94 Gemieesaee oes Daun, II],
Bo tishiy, “We UE ss 5s tttia veaee hice Gis: sev a adomouiedd anew adviuanaans Woodburn, Ont., Can.
BuUslany, TOMI. gsi edence hive VAS4 Se OWmaee hes £4 sens Wodehouse, Ont., Can.
Butl@ry, Ey: Sis sce caine ores siornisieco neces sadinaare vies gg Gineele nse ereia Ridgeway, O.
Butler: Ws Scaiic ss capanaiens oa genase selene ene os ea tine -Eckford, Mich.
Butrick, Js (Se sssmeessssaidasexseassameeigeesstgamone ess Tipton, Mich.
Daa bt, IG WV. oe cerstceaniesee tees oranceus tie a pore lshereietanes o Boma Geadiauewace Flushing, Mich.
BUtELIGlS (Co Aig ita a tcasee Ga aes Seema e RNR Mee CA AN WH aOeG New York, N. Y.
Buzzard & Christophels:..cs cases niend os mois ve egeceiaees sees Goshen, Ind.
Cables Fi. Gis gacehieis subhapas bowie deat’ wean svgmala ole neces Sandyville, O.-
Caldér, ChiarleSsusouee ss skagers yeas cneu eens sesd nes Brooklyn, Ont., Can.
Calis: DM seis. dos ease ores SA GInss BSF a Mh ehrae te Seo sao eee ores Perry, N. Y.
Cain Pit sli. Es seyalasete o teci edeasnlacs Wea are even eave GIS aaeainiaiare DC La Porte City, Ia.
Catnip Tis Ge Asis 50 wien a sae mrtie ere wis nig Skah digr i's @ Sua Ao La Porte City, Ia.
Camp; M: Si dices tas satanic ad eroece es cat weages Greens Landing, Pa.
Campbell Hi Gk uecais bee tsaaies Mees Stee teas. s Paodiens See Se oee Keisters, Pa.
Campbell, John, Jr... cc ccc cece cence ence eee eeees Woodville, Ont., Can.
Campbell, Py As sais scaw cde eee pega sd. eee Aberfeldy, Ont., Can.
Campbell, Ris sssss0d vesos sesees te ac nese s Shed ea pease ae Hillsdale, Mich.
Campbell, Ri Hie sas osiccitoenw ase 4 Gade ioe Sane Oe BLES Mt. Carroll, Ill.
CATH EE. LBTOSsaiea a < avs sutured a diecles euaiernaen wedcoramuaene au dlsdes veaonbe) Springville, Ia.
Garman, Mess sierase's a ane sin clan's Seen Weis cigremicies 4 eae Nee Mecosta, Mich.
Carnegie, Jc Hes ss cescnee ss aseumerece sonsersl yeas Coboconk, Ont., Can.
Carpenter & Anderson......... cece eee cece rere eter cree Watseka, Ill.
Carpenter, EB 'G acces cece mwas ae oe ces Hoda aim eee GE Ss Hortonville, Wis.
Carpersy BoP cscs caer wisciede ad a o9 dine ee age sidings AS SHEET TS Rosemond, Ill.
Carrs Ay N eeesias's fap aie aoe eS SOK HORE LOS eGR Seam Lyona, Pa,
Garr, Chas, Avec cs iacnwstees seaanie biae pire eee ese vane Cass City, Mich.
Cart, Fi. Kovces sccniass 00 5 pend 3034 HOES ST Cea dUlaRe NETS 8 Jonesville, Mich.
Carn, (GUYsieacs cacawaecagineinaeae ives emee soe oes ees Compton, Que., Can.

Carr, Guy B........ee seen se ceceeeeeceeseeereereeesees Glenwood, Ind.
446 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Carry WI scp EMe oseis ths oaterals arses eianedhe Selle Re eUAG Tera e Baers se wloce Unionville, Ia.
Cari dr Sins coho os eka Sie b pee a gw eee anes Durham, N. C.
Carningtotiy Bis ss scaweeveras area be eses Mew ee reas Reade sees Bath, N. Y.
Cany,. JESSGe 4 ab /odontians i 3 saree th TS SASS LS TETHER ES Marshall, Mich.
Caserain, HU gee. «cccwens cece ene 8 edd wees heats L’Islet, Que., Can.
Cass, Harr Yicde-s veces aanes staw a nw asleie y hWcaheeeme ped -avere Buffalo Hart, Ill.
Cassi: i De eitsicn. Guianesis aloasnts HaaRe serra ha yeeros Meo be Beloit, Wis.
Ungegid. Pe Ii 4 weaes 24064 GReR exe ues Dae ede A Eke oeded oeReS Elmira, N. Y.
Cassatt; As Desc ssncanwek costae reds agewd soe asamees Senay Berwyn, Pa.
Oasis Ney OG ig, LC aia is ice ayeadipasi 8) #0 isa Shocnm ater be Soe Ney Sher seta BRIE RNS Presho, N. Y.
Caswell Gis Gi aact sik evasninitnsee 2G wd Soh vereca Ota been aas sal av ene Weeden aan ane ea Eby, Ind.
Cather: Sohn! Beiu.cncnas aackiindoonsieamn ecw abeoieeas Flemington, W. Va.
Chadldocls: Oe Parker: 5 sdsicissreaahWiaveahden sieow hmibend cee ate Pewamo, Mich.
Cheacerieie, Wo Waais deee sie cse ase heneryn se seen aren eeag nee ey Monroe, Wis.
CTE OG EM VY ore ied Siaauih ce xe eo nies Bransraces eg Je tana Gunaese sudeie ss Guten et Brecksville, O.
Chambers, Ers. & Bro......... cee eee eee ee ee eee eee ees Mansfield, O.
Chamberlain, Di. Vis saicwccia vice ett es caew ties ceeee nea s Waterloo, Ia.
Chaining, Wiis cisgsnie re eedamaads ged ee suca’ aa ea enacts: sles Forrest, Il.
Champlin, J: Po vixsecdsce-s acess sodees Vater eder ees ae ree as Ruth, N. Y.
Chapek;. Brame. s 222. tacieetscnietchaee oe he came eek ae Wauzeka, Wis.
CVA Ty CHGS A icay fs coon ach et svisiounlg cob Star Spacer reid dov ajo ulipetstieca/eeconen enaue Niles, Mich.
Chapman, Chas. Wiaisecassccveivaevastveateenaeae a’ Stonington, Conn.
Chapman, D: Dy & As Bisa von. eesesene ese aes South Rockwood, Mich.
Charlton; Josephece: ss. 2c raided veces eentwe es eee eae Ilderton, Ont., Can.
Chipman, ‘Chas. Bisdiedscs cs cssdecd 2050s sees es cenedos Moorefield, Neb.
OSs IAS aca cos ssosetcacauaseas Bee o Subhacsat duets: wn gebantadedueaessie cease Rockford, Mich.
CHGS SM. sc since sit Baca Dotrcers Sta eRe nlonsiatale enckedia GUAR ute Okasis, Minn.
Ghisholim,. HOPae Sess sce x eoscavacapatvanend dears e's eomanararer cian Bina Paris, Ont., Can.
Christle ys “Ws Giiccacacieve coasts reek daenalye ea eda eee Balm, Pa.
Christner, €@. (Nuscsasveneas ce zsdaydeba ver sbeaeecse Haysville, Ont., Can.
Church: (By Ag aa ansdng data 4A 4 BS 4.5 eb doe aca eaaeae ace acd St. Louis, Mich.
Clapham, WE. 8 CO m2 once ientarasis name aatnenaerge nation ooahen Attica, Ind.
Va ey Biosoc ea epicd Sue atts abeitocg aida 09 Shea eaaten rane Wa NER are a Fae Hibbetts, O.
Claw...  Sannie Since etecs accent Sa tguiya Sabie eget eee scans Eekford, Mich.
Clarks) Wome wavs als dead dvleve 3 eadeaaees Sa AWos ye heh k SOR RETR Kunkle, O.
Clatk, We Piess cagiatine sek caceew ¥ 505 KR Be wa tres bb Chatham, N. Y.
Clas. Way Ws cde da tetas Piven aoe caecadaee 2 0004 Groote coe Monroe City, Mo.
Vas S a 2 AG aioe crt pan blb Sos, ibaa BSc eudlai gg Sane aeegenverary. dvd eer eahte Sve NS Church, Mich.
Cléveland,; (Cha8s s20.6¢cmassa wae enema neces peaks gawd Gresham, Oregon.
Cleveland, J. Mig. ass taigwind jac eg Ankseee ivan Sewers seen aodss Union, Mich.
Clifford & Gillett, sessaus ccc samews coe ss eateewae cae tain os Wellington, O.
Clouphy: Hes Tis «1a pawadenasea ated bse ocsorscuesnn easement aoenanas Elyria, O.
Clough;. JOH Sty. cew sink od siangiiea oh bateosead 2 was eanak Carrollton, Ill.
Glo ydly, ARICHEH spiccu tescars Menard aera t Saar e so wae oi aes Conroe, Ind.
Cobledicks Die cis usis cada eis y gage wade s/agadevane’s Clandeboye, Ont., Can.
Cochrane, M. H............ aban 63 S40 eNO eee ears Hillhurst, Que., Can.
Coddington; Ay (Peadecis ss004 simeeiae ds ssw doce acuroe Tecumseh, Mich.
COE; Ds Wess d2de% vaneina 2 eadeassAlecuunee ¥.ors-da paren deen Centre Harbor, N. H.
COE, (SE SAW WCBS ipo tuavemorwisterd- cde ee wae Go dareate@andare ode ag Ypsilanti, Mich.
COG. TR: Ws svesiaa ion eaceavodaaw-se ns eatiaea Soo basis ew eg 8 Kirkville, N. Y.
(COS “Wik Pia ngintvsancatets. chiahativie a pedals adanualns eo Se Meas Gerrardstown, W. Va.
Coftlanid) Je Wes dusaiede es cas walese a a4 4 4 eee be ka Richland Centre, Wis.

Cottland, Js Sis v2s ces asrwg ae esa esi eee eee Saw pcieeie neces East Richland, O.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 447

Colles GAr A screw sto utnataw in croatian aoa suena Genles Speen Savona, N. Y.
Cole, Ogden. ss nana sieve ae asus neuen 6 bu ead anced ce Addison, Mich.
Coles: OSCAR Sanis 25:5 epecsiaig dsrce wale Ox we ancidiw yeewdaldawedioe cae Aurora, Ill.
CONE cin Ue aioe Jos, alavancesa date anodes ca elohsia auido w deans Awe Tyrone, Ont., Can.
COLE, Wee TB desea: sacsns aati anate’s isianene nga yan awk A scales Bloomingdale, O.
Colegroves J. Nisy dre aneaieea ss sa@ueeebes Mareaddnd se eeenan vos Corry, Pa.
Colegrove,. Robt « snes: a4 apace so ecndd arenas niece aarecies Prattsburg, N. Y.
CONSE, sedis CS ss carters 4 cpm svn Sicha tava ire cstdaahin seh lova Fash ds aisla sx tos Bennington, Vt.
Collacutt, R. & SONS... c0cce.s ese sesaeseceacoueae. Tyrone, Ont., Can.
Gollard;, ‘Chas: & Sons iiviscauscs 25a posed $64.3 86 danwee ane ae wins Edmund, Wis.
Collett, M. Wissseus cr adema ts reammegucinaiaieswon AcelemetcueMeted, Ind.
Collin, Mies cond omental cin ae een: Benton Centre, N. Ma
Collins, A COME i sossconautes anette aveialate 6 Raa @eauaWe Ueavod ll daipude eae Shushan, N. Y.
COLDS, GEOL RE wa s.0.0- Scio oes eegdeelara de Ra saKh b o35.8Xeeae Oswego, Ill.
Colorado Agricultural College Ua RRRGTR Sra oe ween Rae cio eed nate Ft. Collins, Col.
Coltony Js: Wevaigs t's0sidews ote’ bApdtay «abana Aeoaeearnahiw & Taopi, S. D.
Combs, I Waste ash acaudes tae aecpnsucnta sa 4 Gy oe acd aes ata South Whitley, Ind.
Comrey, ADGPEWs ic. sos pede dene neces ness sleeieies se Mahanoy City, Pa.
COmIS TOC] 5c) 5-3 ersten. ors careiatagtace there ctaauelsonebniare a avalilaanene © West Richfield, O.
Comstock, Wy Giri: svnsecise va secgeaee ee ecaoweraeecows Chuckery, N. Y.
Conley, Bi ences USS aN neds Mauka ence oe Marshall, Mich.
COMIC Yc Riceht ceed ns Miseaseve. Sievans chee Roe Bela geapere aval Gane eee “ss Marshall Mich,
COnG est): Wis dis a cdvosa cals Gand tebe dias tars saia thea a eoargigre way alge Farwell, Mich.
Constables: “Woscicecs sts annie. eos evo astve ds clnaeotaew wk Cooperstown, N. Y.
Conworthy, JON a. 22s amen xaecdsehobee bas tase eaek tes Paris, Ont., Can.
Cooks. As Ps ‘Cos; L'tdvnen.ac2c sadn ee ai esis enue wince Brooklyn, Mich.
GOON. ATMS. Tas eiadag dus case dbseoteid eeene ay naneausndeea srmane oe Corinth, Ont., Can.
COOK TOS. Six cccaacce x acspnessawn o ayare pared Gas IACON BA va a aes Ba Eardley, Mich.
WOOK es Zi 2 NE ext dtiene thee veh evens aiearae alata Pacd a ea Meee es Gaithersburg, Md.
Coolley, ‘Cs Hivwsacsse gieaaie ca Yausds toes eeeeda ar erts amar ced Attica, Ia.
COON ey. Mis Sis édiea sachaee arene Godesae ie dea ooedd dagighla 31S a db aRGaue eae ‘Attica, Ta.
COOper,: HA Wand . oisnaoe saa ineies 0d nial de sa onenae ee Adrian, Mich
Cooper, JAMES 05 saan ceoae skies Seve eGaRas Cos ee oie Kippen, Ont., Can.
Cooper;.Jos: & Sons, os..secceav ews ganeeaee sega ceed Perry Center, N. Y.
Cooper; Willlatti.cccccs.qdene seca gscwee ee coke sieeee a2 Alameda, N. W- T.
Cooper <& Watkins ee eis ca dace es Hetiw sinesiece Sos eetnd isha ee sos Kankakee, Ill.
Copeland, Wea Wie vsauis aves wwaelewe.nys eae eta a ae Teeswater, Ont., Can.
COPD) Wivenns Sand visdee see Se oeietned CRS Gs PaaS ale SIR eee -lonia, Mich.
Cornell, University. ci cocd. nace doladd pve ena Meee ee sea RMaDE: ithaca, N. Y.
Cornell,, Willis. .ccsc+2ccseeee eves meeeta seesaw eda Baldwinsville, N. Y.
Cornmani, RC Oise. aire ase eo ee8 estes pou s Gi gle nies ha Nicaeamess 4 Carlisle, Pa.
Corniie, “We Dis sand staat s ong s cbeese bee ca Sayama aes tae Alden, Ill.
Cotterell: [Ws Sica lstenstewtdsiintis’s cae tsieuen, oa teteiaral saighea’s ay cueeets Dover, Minn.
Conlson, Ji. Kiasicascess veer eed oc kweee ees enews oe New Lebanon, Ind.
Gornéil,,, Wes 6as tad eee rete see ea aoe Goes: Lindsay, Ontario, Can.
Courter: Pe Dict canons sawn naiend:sa8 cing. oa awNorenwan se bee Delaware, O.
Courter: Wi, Me seeay demas hkieweas ceased Stace Lr wlanateiaes miearets Allendale, Tl.
Covert: Hy Bi ssasasv cs inaee es cas dwenleskss oe radeh este ansess Lodi, N. Y.
Cowan, Willanius.ss....seeides sa tees esos eewe Port Union, Ont., Can.
Gor, As Biri aanik ois apices nd nie Race alae oe emt ses Cherry Valley, N. Y.
Cox: JOHN W. seus peta ees ccoans sooo ome eda ahha New Wilmington, Pa.
Crabbe, J. Wa... e ec ccce cece eee r tense eee eee e sean enneneene Clunette, Ind.

Craft, We Kessecd tess coos ss eed geese dacnkeene ess ....Grass Lake, Mich.
448 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Craigy. JAS: visa seach ssieeea eis oa beeing pease See eee Canaseraga, N. Y.
Craig, Profs). Av scceedc ee S45 bae es sha Ree CAS Salar Rice Lake, Wis.
Crary, A. T. & G. Boe. c ccc cece cece rete een en ene Lamoille, Ia.
Craven & Stamatis osc.0205 62444 ee sea e debs BROKE DERI RED Fredericktown, O.
Crawford: Jig Ita seh er aiaanaenel wosees ood anne Brantford, Ont., Can.
Crews; Ma Visndcaie ce aid sadienn 9 saa Symone inves Sama din d.saeareets Arcola, Ill.
Crisp, Walt@rs..isaseessiseavasteuenseaaaice rors ecene Dell Rapids, S. D.
Crocker: Si Dio. sone tedden 35253 Hae e se a. lade Columbia Station, O.
Cronk, Frank W........ cece cnet cee n eee e eee eee eeeene Tulare, S. Dak.
Cronin, Williatseciaccs vonctsoe ae cakuiquas 42am esa es Mt. Sterling, Il.
Crosby, J. S.cccsccccccc ces e ence rete cence et eeaseeens Greenville, Mich.
Gross: Ee ix ces weea gees eeshidenes oes SORIA Nes Ohba Hee Sharon, N. Y.
Crossman H.. Ds iasesus eee ¢5 ptew eb seis oes See eae Sennett, N. Y.
Crouch; “We. Buc iaadsdniod sea cterawe ey hs eeaseee sess eas om distess Corry, Pa.
Crowgey, Henry Jo... s ccc cece cece eee cence cette eeeee Wytheville, Va.
Groxall, Us acjattes chia acme eve eaatas 6 Beeare wag aie Brooklin, Ont., Can.
Cullinan iM. Pasco: Soe sigan Sits orton ote embed Bese sane ‘Dillon, Tl.
Cummings, Arthur. ..... ccc cece cence etre tense eens Cuylerville, N. Y.
CUP CE Minn inais hos sccnindw 36 6 eG waves Gass RUNwe ss Hee Cardington, O.
Curtis, (Os Biwcacicies nae {hp oH ETA SMOER EYE RS REE Ree Siete Marshall, Mich.
Cusicl. Bissciid aicewdaw 0 oucayacs dodanie ooauns aniares oe sie ecu wre wees Marion, O.
Cuthberta Aw Sevceawuawaaat nisin ey eowmeee be Rieroa North Argyle, N. Y.
Cuthbert, JO8e0 oe. cas ncieein eevee nate iielesoeis SeeuEN eines White Lake, Mich.
Cuthbert, W.. Sxdssks vias canteswns ess ctw oes sees Hammond, N. Y.
Wale, VWs, GE SON 6.235 sus. pacsae indies Ge ane eke E Oe Oakwood, Ont., Can.
Damen, Ho. THis dcecdeees x sysncres ae tein oo been eine 1 F wg ses Michiana are ae iavoaRaNs Lamoni, Ia.
Dai Gored yA iC ere aes ie sa intaneshioa cas ous reese ltfaph daca sa AO MA es ee ows a Lloydsville, O.
Dart BLOSi «2.5 asingatualsls sa maldlowaden ba eoaienesaee eau aise ees Concord, Mich.
Dashner,. Gy. Eosicess ve occayewes vee cc eneea ve Fisherville, Ontario, Canada.
DAES. Wir Mic sicccusate giovd wh Secon emacs wre eieee TOE Sawa tees Heddens, N. Y.
Davidson, JIN G6) SOD ssc seer esse die ees einseee aye es aes laces ee Whitesville, Ind.
Davies, ROD ov siscancd cearaee titdewetecaaenewaass Toronto, Ont., Can.
Dawis, Ay Mi wisn seek Ries Se eee ee ienis Sie Gimlesnarie ans Howell, Mich.
Davis, Brucesie2s5 oseawind sess sgaguede cs oeieee yes St. Thomas, Ont., Can.
Davis, My -Gase2s.caccemiad cag s wake ied 6s Retin ae ha Sieegenacd 8 Viroqua, Wis.
Dav Ss, Mis, sess sp acecacs 3586-9. deal dpaa secs oder Gummresaue eva te-engusnn Dodge Center, Minn.
Dawis: ke MO Onis sco-0c enaiae 224 Th Hawade Sane ace nae Sarees Medina, N. Y.
Daw; Zio dashoanialslviecs Wadees ae o dale Sareea eee 25 Meee Sees Delaware, O.
Davison, G: Howards sc. cascccadie esses cee soca cueues Millbrook, N. Y.
Davisson,. Walliams <s.0% 0 s.e ecco saiceate saucaneeaen 80 ve oe Mechanicsburg, O.
DAWE;, DEM ESti cca medi da seston eelan gaa Somes NRG Sioux City, Iowa.
Dawson, Jas. Pesci erecs inks sheets we taenigth ack hocwea's anata ee Odessa, Ont., Can.
Dawson, Nichols ccsweds sy sa ytiewes ¥00s Cccaeak wee Ballieboro, Ont., Can.
Daly Sly ei eve a aiawiaien aise ea dsauenmnauve sd 14 aires saleaye eiglees. Sa Oneida, Il.
Days, (Wis Aes doom ated ce wn basbawew dia wieiels a auulatal einen uaeeuale S Blakesburg, Ia.
Dayton; (Ws -Hisesvccwosvalskbinns saauasas Seacewen aes Sue Cleveland, O.
Dean & Pulling . 43 ssawae cee aa scineeeds ec tnsebas cea nace Parma, Mich.
Dean; War We [Gs ehsicwennae Bs eevneolndadant Hinia Wdeaae wean Hanover, Mich.
DeATMann, Sz Sas sceva tas ctanwdaieneidcaokey ooee ees vac Franklin, Pa.
DeCew,. PHOS. Hse coves is aiuiten ese egies haste ys ca weenie see oe heroes Chicago, Ill.
DeLander;. Re 'S.:& Cove s ss sxaarccwa se aad neva tetesawecas Broad Run, Md.
Den, Bly ket: Jobtis. <:osacea cence pteesawese cokes neces Kalamazoo, Mich.

Dently, ‘George: Misias.-ccs5i5 sewn ee ies aenssuint ok neem Harveysburg, O.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 449

DeRight, 8. H..... Se ice Be ia te end PA ond Be Gt aenaiiereideg BAe Sodus, N. Y.
DeWaitty Ge. & SO o.oc4 wad ware bAinacoe cee amean ders Eaton Rapids, Mich.
Dickey, Mts. As Co. veeasiage acre sos SROHES ORCL RS Marshall, Mich.
Dickin,. SOW coi Gewese eaten ceeds aeeeh a ea AeeeG Milton West, Ont., Can.
Dickson; John Ray sasone teas Sake saa aa nests Heeeme Corwhin, Ont., Can.
DieksoOn, JOH Va ieccis ces Scacea fs cae autns ooaenw 4 nweamance Goderich, Ont., Can.
Diehl). VOW Vig scecs tee aes oni ak HV Desire une senses aimee Varna, Ont., Can.
Dietrich, Chas. Pvccccdg cated BNSe pea eeehSln ee aS Millbrook, N. Y.
Dinehart.Gs Wie Aves y weed ake Ss 4 OO NRA ONS COA OCS RA ERO Slayton, Minn.
Dots, Dy Body s ciwewaveca SsG05-4 4446 eeee OG ora dende ceeag ones Ipava, Ill.
DOGS; DOW Ts cepa e518 pn penkaverelo Siva vane leek Gia puadoene. fo Seacrelaiaias Lapeer, Mich.
Dolph, Ay Weis ssicsvaeatins spose sees ew New eee Ne ReNS Teegarden, Ind.
Donald, Jame sis ceased an atciares ies eae el quea amen seaeasa Canton, Minn.
Teal U. Hiss-cd ea wows yo ead yeh ceo Pewe CO yaa e eee eee Redwood, N. Y.
Donaldson, JOSEP is ssc. says etecaes Gone. 8 Sones e Sora eey Pleasant Retreat, Mo.
DOWAldSOit;. Wit iicsid 6a aa OhA Ve dami ae Peewee se South Zorra, Ont., Can.
Dovey Wii ‘Ose oy sacs as esa eae Pa ee PRS Trout Creek, Ont., Can.
Dorsey, Ac & SOM: oes 45 wees seea eeuw nos dadneee Ceca dea ees Perry, Ill.
Douglas). Wohi. daissewsidleatie saab he Sat Specter Streetsville, Ontario, Can.
DOUGlaASS 5.) Ass! a. ciecatlsncais ee aby erenle doo 25a: Shane aval yallans. eoavauans Pontiae, Mich.
Dowmines. As Sessa secs tiga tren aed a omaha diel Sanka Ge anal Palmyra, N. Y.
Downs) Ri Sick shay see ansetne sar Hemme ssaparanes uses a ers Chillicothe, O.
Drake, Warl@ vic jos.scccregs dow sesh 45 GEE A ERE MS ORE Madelia, Minn.
Dryden, Hon. John............. ES Ge DAR AES POLAT oes Toronto, Can.
Dusty, Be Tesions cacae nase des speedy dss seone ln hens Binbrook, Ont., Can.
Duguid & Green....... cece eee eee eee eee eee Highmore, 8. D.
Duncan, Marshalls. veacsnssscseed sad salded ease Brantford, Ont., Can.
Dunham, -& BéChtOlicc..saccedencss Qoonatseseameedea ts sues Iberia, O.
Dumham, L. So. cccce ces tees hee genes eben nite eee gba Qalet Concord, Mich
Dunkin, Andrew................ Bb Lok. bias tales Sotshee Wavahohs Varna, Ont., Can.
Dunkin, Johns <ccsviec ces aaaages cee dtele vee sae eee Bridgeport, W. Va.
DUNKin, JOM yncdccacwane ash iaeereeca <aue Veheee Thorndale, Ont., Can.
Dunlap, H. Mo... ccc cece eee eee eee e een eee eens Savoy, Ill.
Duniny Gi Hess ieia's saa cancia gereruca tain sale sieeve sae ee bateuenee O8 ee Auburn, Ind.
Duryea, Avsies cece cece cence eee eee eee eee eee e nes Rochester, Minn.
Dutton, GC. Oe ieccsidaae cea wiieieag coe 50k ae eee Hes es Plainfield, Mich.
Dwells, Franklin. ...... ccc c cece eee e cree e eee eens Grass Lake, Mich.
Dyer, D. Dowie cece cece eet eee ee tenes Columbus, Ont., Can.
Dysart, S. Alice ccc cece ee ee entree eee eee enes Lancaster, Me.
Easton, Andrew, Est..... ccc eee eee e ee eee eee eens Bright, Ont., Can.
Easton, R. & Wo... ee eee eee e eee neeeeeeee enn nnnes Paris, Ont., Can.
Easton, Robt. & Son... cece eee cece eee tener eee e eee Ayr, Ont., Can.
Eaton, He... eee eee ete ener eees Rawhide Buttes, Wyo.
Baton, J. Hess. cccncte ceca eeeea sameness Shea a mee .....Plainfield, Vt.
Eaton, W. E.... cece eee eee ene een nnneees South Solon, Me.
Echols, J. Jive cece cece cence eee e nner eens Lewisburg, W. Va.
Edgerton, J. J. & Son... cece eee e eee ence een teen en ees Nassau, Ia.
EBdsallly-d.. Begercaeaund acee tanita ciak tw eene eas aee KEES Pine City, N. Y.
Edson, A. Wa... cece cece ccc cence eee e eee een neneennes Austin, Minn.
Edwards, A. Wei. cece cece cece eee eee e eens Caistorville, Ont., Can.
Edwards, W. Cr... cece cece cece cece een n eens Rockland, Ont., Can.
Egbert, Riv... cece eee eteteeeteeene tne Sandy Lake, Pa.

Egbert, T. Eo... ss cece neces reenter tenes Hammond, Wis.
450 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP

VIER: JaSs aaeunniwieces cane ee ated We te 4 Mee ees Virden, Manitoba.
MICO R KID Gis. ID s-3i4 i cseunectes oh gta soeensine Oe ase anal Soa aise Oak Park, Ill.
Isldred,, 2A Hitwise tngaainaaw ddavea tele aans inleagee Die ao aancae Albany, Wis.
Fe MGs: UG se) x. ae eespctosy orwrestany- snananre aim sivaneua We Nae tac eae oh attains Gh donk Berlin Center, O.
Hliott, Any Giese s-cacewaljandare eee aetesg ahinalaliadiaage gaan Kelso, Ont., Can.
ElhiOtt; Andrews iy .20% send ie ese 4d nese ns oas Reeves Baa He Galt, Ont., Can.
HINGtt,, Chas; SON s.ccs4ne dae Gc cadens oe at aed drat Bladensburg, O.
TENIGt, EGWillhs és.¢-csriae ine ving niniline sace naan pene go nane Morning Sun, O.
elliott; Ws Bii& Sontajcainetaaueans sees iniees arena’ Clarksville, Mo.
Blwelly Pred e stsae cs sianpeaie usecase SRUOSS soe bia DRIED A SOE Tales Zumbrota, Minn.
ly: 6, Pe: Solis: secaa sere sy animals een dats fees deat sees Niles, Mich.
“-Enierson, Co Weis 2528 theses cisions eae aaa North Clarendon, Vt.
IMMER; Fis arvensis cise ck raale Gea ean bane omg uve eoaacneue Nappanee, Ind.
EMMONS, Mednp aus kos cok Cae CRD Sku OKEdEY BRE Dow REE Dowagiac, Mich.
Hm pey;; Dy Ines sxaae ke teas lege ep eaes tend sana s ties Mt. Elgin, Ont., Can.
HEMIGICh, Ws Sues eetad mene aanat Aa iy cee Raoe hy el eae ease Casey, Ill.
England, OOo tis gout eS cosh ap Dedinin Oa Ha AE Mineeile aR AIBA horde Templeton, S. D.
TO Sioa obs Ness sepesie nang oie eon we Sees WLR Sears egies Claridon, O.
Bunis; Ay Aves va saess pega phase cAMAe eR dead MOM Le oe eam Danielson, Conn.
HETine ton, Me cccscy yearn this eaiaee neki mes sed Glanworth, Ont., Can.
Everett, George Po... ccc eee c eee eee Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Can.
JOVEN, J. OW x biaaacunnd ctadn ood a 4 Dew SOD aE OEENS EES OES Venedocia, O.
VATS) ony Ele tates stated wis ate -ovarah aygic the agua nc uae oe 1B daca aaaisraaecicke mint Rea Ripley, O.
TCHS, VARA cause « box pee hes OSES NER 8 ceeeee aay Beaks Bolivar, O.
Evyarts; OMaiis ys sncssiwd seen saowa se aent che ds bias eeewaes Manning, N. Y.
FO WAT. VWs 5 5 Seayece ea dumlenenssadosiangeuayaias gcass inv ecduann cele adie, Geibnas Paisley, Ont., Can.
Halter, Wie Bionl s toes uae pad auvere Ot aang cn Ane Ra eke ee temared Carrothers, O.
Margey, Peteticccssissais ovsgs sheets eerie Berle ae LaRiviere, Manitoba.
Farqubat'. DooWivscses. pane ns ees eakee eiew aNee ese ey wee Winchester, Ind.
Marqubars- We “Ds sa sseds-oyeee seat ee oe eee ob Rees Trenton, Ind.
Marrand,, Ps 85 SOW ssid siguaieca nb ad spannaddg) 4 Wanda aera oman te Colon, Mich.
BOE EIS 5, GAG Bi eseearach sti aumamiein- aan Ws winallads bald aneeen aes Mechanics Falls, Me.
Haulkner, Chas.. Wossswcen} gunacdsaskaie aca aetins simane§ ga eaes Pontiac, Mich.
Heltham; Au csik gine ss gvtas ona eens ha ees seek somes Thessalon, Ont., Can.
HPereusOns Dis 6 eat sdusg oases teedeavakercan sentinels os Charlottestown, P. E. IL.
Ferguson do: KWNPEies cdc es omens ied hues shee beet Paw Paw, Mich.
Hields, (G2, Avene cas scneaneseaee Bishi cbr anieaastininaa Srapeve Wine GS Cedar Falls, Ia.
PMC SChE Ms, ie, Gi. weioisiga sigue witty wevalg wrauare’s waa vsuavereln'y 6 Clarksburg, Ont., Can,
Mifield, Mupene: aie cis0s4 aaeen soe s4 dee bee a tae Raa RS Bay City, Mich.
Pilets: Ie: Groscinex 26d Giiawars new wienanute ea nd woes Ob, ae dvaeeeten Filer City, Mich.
HIRES COMES, MDG Siecc ealaiese scares auaaie a ducted eaolada b 24 4 aca Columbiana, O.
BIPKIMNS, Avy 1d sessed ite. ws neu eacn ina aench Weiey eee, da wdeme saad Ord, Neb.
BES ny MC iosoners accor gia easily ances & Sanus sa wiens EO al WAG ae Reedsburg, Wis.
Hishier, -Arthutt saa cvs seeded oe oud ane ksoen weeks bon Chatham, Ont., Can.
Mishery Kis Dis. 5 ¢-stoie.s4-0 59 ass arciel se a ivormaused a pda bol @eichiariver Sharpsburg, Md.
SIS Gp Bs ss asirantetrna ah ain era ea SRA tng noe ete eae Oavimelehet pa aat ane Coldwater, Mich.
HTS ee ie Wily fh tcniacs b Gases 4 echare aeannerele oes eee aaa aso wan BO Charleston, N. H.
Mitch; Walentin es. sccwnidasewa cate’ exe Seem ts oe hdetea dees Oriel, Ont., Can.
Flannagato, Wy Haws sax neww ia eee a sewed Scie ar euisiaus ae doacavacoun Candor, ‘N. x,
Floweree Sheep anid, HORSE COL canis 6 way goons vena aes Sun River, Mont.
BOOTED We Mxiccesanaas asa: Athuengla a araay arn eoceons coterie os Marshall, Mich.
ROME Y.5 MIAMICN hous! & shat he samp sw dts bela hance nhe div Mugelnis a cnany ade Mt. Salem, Mich.

Pott, By W a0ss0406 246 usbsch ts oa seidiearm Mabie tee Smcaruan sehiciehac a Hickory Corners, Mich.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 452

Ford: G2 Stra ttOnees. ca gucies sige eae ss dana dance 4 Hickory Corners, Mich
HOrester,. Md wand) issn os ca eigen Sed to de badieked Gormley, Ont., Can.
Forgey, Hi, Qhegaedes ponen eed be dencanardaas ReGen Aa meena ae Whitesville, Ind.
Fort, Die Visats: 5% wishave ai alcisi apdaugua Shree cosa ateiads LaRSA es Vicksburg, Mich.
Fosdick, W's 2A sche sees tics igs Gen Giguere wig buvere Meaia PA RE wR BE Pontiae, Mich.
IWOSTER: As Elie ac ahelditeae oucae Queene soa nooo sk Canaan Allegan, Mich.
Hoster: Jy Ie, Oe SOil ys e625 in ie ja cisuce eos wean eee eee Prairie: Home, Ill.
BOWS G5 Be aid ests gserqutcacostaatnnd Gene ioae tua a ceitdbascte co tcwnetbebiel Columbia, City, Ind.
BOWler;: Fh. Ae cccacacbeines btee ae dialed area ha slede wee ee te Heart Prairie, Wis.
HOWE; SONU casters bola vy eee neue sce e anee hs hae s Hedin oes Warsaw, O.
HOKS, Ace Ol, os susie a diate dees aS, Aine gutta seed tiem mensuaen aceedh Gsonann ares Oregon, Wis.
OS ih i A seh scia ds aia Feayintascand dow. AS Peake WoO Anecdote vagdand Gk womssste BoE Raymilton, Pa.
FOX, PAL P.so:00 0s as pases Wunagning ys gee relegate syau tani eMadisons Was,
Hraneis; Ws: King 4cuals con wage bo 4 4 Dae besa re kingee bees sa eNbendon? MNT.
Brank, Bde Sice e204 tia 8 oie a nau eked chine waaedndiaceeaneeurea,d Clayton, Ill.
EASE, MOTT sy 6.55. asin aracguelvts eal delta i Sal ecare p arareo Bat S86 *..., Doylestown, O.
erasers ROD. gees ec qact tanta were negates hens Rega S 8 Bradford, Ont., Can.
Hrasery “POM Sis.5 3-44 hee oa ba DOR CRASS EH ORES Brucefield, Ont., Can.
Eraser. Williatitsrs.2ava eaize vad sca bind igod dene wes Wilton Grove, Ont., Can.
IRAZES Ge RW i555 tos nteael ok ALN A Beak GONNA HRNRuere ap Green Valley, Ill.
EOGAZTOT WN Qe. uaiere -aiianiods “enicavasa sg ae aS ota d NONE Nw eae pape eae Atlantic, Ia.
Predeniek; Bis VO cide sis cng aulains nos aaly whee yaw dee meen Ras Coldwater, Mich.
French; M;.. Jwecvcdasteagavers adieaa ease Crowes oe esa hemes Wenona, Ill.
Prat mia ts, WN ON a coasircngiaianss dis dias Ghacepaa, Syece avenbigiauonue snout are soar Muscatine, Ia.
EV Die: Orci d caches tars ima asad ieeh oyna baataa bad awd 4 Meroe LaHarpe, Ill.
BUM ers: sd) 5. iiadetia ie cse audit, 50.0 Sak cp al SUaiicd wri p wi adele wieraeeete sa Buffalo, N. Y.
Fulton, ids Hows cos evens give vee ears et egawe eh eead Baoan Nashville, Tenn.
Punk de Sse Matias 35805 cada Hatch ease ene eoe eoa Se Singer’s Glen, Va.
Furry; Wim & SOM 65 cannes hie ett ae ion wap New Palestine, Ind.
Gia bet Soins Gh Lis seiiadeias sug tere reas quaeancd ane Widener eens areata teen New Hampton, Ia.
Gage, He Disacess noone beads eee koees segues Ween sake ee ears Flint, Mich.
GAGS, SW oO x ccc ss as 2) Sree eee a inne Rim a ee a I a Flint, Mich.
Gamber,, Ts, Wise x. sears sehuay ies d oto ae bond a dignewstond auareinee Meouduens-e a8 Fayette, O.
Gammon, Gy Wosscexcacwdamad ane wanmiaws eens aalaed + Forest, Ont., Can.
Ganton, Do Gis: 404 teaee rane ceded saad Sau ees s Saurin, Ontario, Can.
Gardner & Kammereri sci s2sc3 cneessecsea eowas veges Broadhead, Wis.
Garlock, Wd ex dociesteacidasirrseiiacess Sec eetn ea tees Owen, Wyo.
Garnett, J Obs esi aos tay So8 ea OU Ra Rema ene Durgan’s Creek, Mo.
Garretts, Ja Mors scien. seen iain pies i GAMES eas Ge Ey Fort Garrett, Ky.
Garrison, Ri Es cacswoasdova sites ee ecko eetew an aye laa Brockport, N. Y.
Gates We si-ccasjeaasa ing onus nnsa ty saek Seok PAAR eS ERE S Willimantic, Conn.
Gauls (Ge0s6 shoe inte «awe Aman tind nee hea ag yee y Sumner, O.
Gaylor, C. M (Est. of). 0.0... 2... cece e eee rece een eens Big Rapids, Mich.
Geary Bros... . ccc ccc cece eee eet eee ten een ne eens London, Ont., Can.
Gentles We Discsa sent pies ecko awa Ft Saas se ae GEOR Fairview, Ll.
German, Geo. H... ccc cece eee eee ences Franklin, Mich.
Germann, H., Jtes csc sesacs cosa deeds see abigties ab awue s Ooi Frances, O.
Germania Company..... (HES aAedeRT hes wo saG Rosa es Germania, Wis.
Gesler, Rudolph. ....... ccc cece cece eee eens Wapakoneta, O.
Getby; So Wis soso ssa thie eee secs ee ta ad neaes soeads Chambersville, Pa.
Gibson, Richard. .... 6. ccc cence cee teen eee eegeeees Delaware, Ont., Can.
Gibson, Robert....... cece cence eee eee ene e nena eens Momence, Ill.

Vifford;, Alberticin crs reas sshamend hariee ae Ss Valley Falls, N. Y.
452 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Gifford) GeO seks ce css eiewdeeehs daa ise ee cae CAS South Easton, N, Y.
Giles & SONsss deadsneeus tawes seise veges Case waders es Apalachian, N. Y.
Resse Mie Bice seed Sema ce aaa Mek LESS aN REESE EW A HS Folly Mills, Va.
GALE IS) Bio. 5 audseasiis ssa eae Seisiveue) tue ia ehdemnsh a 2s, Seung sd nese SUE a Carey, O.
Gilliam: Overt ciccctawsa ta ccpeseaivaeewedie Ps dha heeds Warsaw, Ind.
Gillingham, Thos, & Son...... cc eee eee e eee eee eens Gillingham, Wis.
Gillowhy: As J ccsnaiae ds ots sews eye se Sewer rey eu wees ee eel Palermo, Ill.
GAMER, LOW She 05 35 acsistie Seana Brent Aah s Riehyocaletee- Bee SGM ENCES Richmond, Va.
Gi dies, Jin Eig, Tiss setane ok onant FeSeia ds ersten cok ideas epeanr Suen as Sacremento, Cal.
Glovers Jk, Wiccaa sina oeieans tached dd We Gamhaauorave Wau oaues Hudson, Wis.
Godefroy; cA, Balocsagis sduawlcswen taut esaeaeaeree cute Godeffroy, N. Y.
Goldsberry, oi: Asiidesmntons ca gecsaee eat Gees Vee eek Bloomingdale, Ind.
Goldsmith, O. C....... Gta RAR a eee Aa Sa Madea Lafayette, Ind.
Gonyeau, SEL Bice ria na inca seas edad hoses eee eaves West Milton, Vt.
Good, Ly Rissa pense ns was ccna sain Va aa Pees ae wean ae aes Syracuse, Ind.
Goodrich, By Ww ki ise sneak eydve yaa siieuy dean ve sis Farmingdale, S. D.
GOTe BroSis. oss sa cater inte Weed HEE eH Hee dea es MRT RE Ce Clayton, Ill.
Gordon. TUTE 222.25 sides 2 5 sndaca duencas cb diioe vik aucitaas) see ir ouiee Broekport, N. Y.
GOmdey, (Si Pa stdwis wadien S32 adenine tingviesalaa es Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.
Gould; De ists pee ee Geese Ge Gale a eG es Uxbridge, Ontario, Can.
Gound Fyy JONG iiss ao oo sino h. e's es ardeelnne eaves glalalaes gens agian Naples, N. Y.
Gourley: Piestssosis Homes eases yeee eo ies seeds Maple Creek, N. W. T.
Graal BROS 2:5 acaucuue'h eat jactue aunauelh a6 eed a apdbalie ered and Ausanwr eral. Las Fenimore, Wis.
Graham OB: Anos auedwio celine sik ee Qeees enn Sepals «keeles Maumee, O.
Graham 6 Wiamsots s sccad e044 soars 6 ar reene coeur West Milgrove, O.
Grate, (ChB ax 2 Adin ya kan eA As + G8 Oa ee Se ae BOS Detroit, Mich.
UG Tay ge Ha Bley pid ncth aichteear cas SS a pees Eh ce fept@iaY BOGEN aden Bebe Republic, O.
GG TEVs,  Se 1OE SONS, § hy avs teases ces se evar uavaune Pens dueviodveye de dea leraatera daneuate pak Albia, Ia.
GES YS NVC aia 6 4 xy artcect castle cose docrrneearie rN avaice Saiaiens pepe ve abaisah aoa wien eames Albia, Ia.
Green; Ne We su saad aaa se bee aah ees a ebeeloe Orchard Lake, Mich.
Green, Wredss4 sissy boak woRes Oo ware gt 74k WAS ees FEE Ashkum, Ill.
(GPEC TIs WV Milietact s deicnggans susie wo 0. calves ah tau mleraasusians nc eieeUteanasaiays Orange C. H., Va.
Green shieldsy J... Nis aia ida Vacivawo nn soace waders wean eayerrare Montreal, Can.
METS COTE Ds Pinan enleesapene sp ase nce e Nias eebplaiglta hae Dowagiac, Mich.
Gridl Gye (Cp cin aa ganas yee «mga Kade REAEE HS ou S4 West Candor, N, Y.
GCIs DDS: Cease ate scaitnad tet hee Sane odie aye acdealovedgra suena. avid Ypsilanti, Mich.
GETTIN Ea he ig aad tug V8.4 koa wR e. Svenaval pany ated a ava euaraeauin a sel recall Oberlin, O.
GriscOns,’ Go Ave vera eccan ai Sr plea bieinans cue latoee 8 abe Haverford College, Pa.
Grosvenor, Ae Miccwaiinutie sidan my ewe Beda a ware saute: Sand Lake, Mich.
Groves & Heighway.........cccccecseccessecesssceeaue Coneord, Mich.
Gives: Wha Bsc. Se cva-sock aichaniiees gw ay miasedateaaihs Soe 8 dem cndabrdrg Garand hang eres Bolivar, O.
GUIEM EVs 1G Wigs is canindn e284 aucevo en encacetstd pete sane adder Paris, Ont., Can.
CEILS Tia. pace tits tacet rata erate eee male en's a-ak Wed cana Paris, Il.
Hager, Fede ee Plantagenet Mills, Ont. Can.
Hager, Beg WS xa eondaeentacs sae aig coir cod dvaupuavecnl Marie & Aven Vermontville, Mich.
Haight TOS ith oa:)0 4 essusianai aah Miia oid aik niwons Delon asthenia s Addison, Mich.
Haines, Dic ING BESS OMNIS. trarsrcasert se nese alesis bigide dame eee aehaeoe Avilla, Ind.
SPL: sels jELsnet we 2 in teecsorinre snvamattaaumban sad ee means Ee Maa Haverhill, Mass.

Hales, He Briere alin Htaed fo5 34k RRMA RS each Ol waste Mt. Sterling, Ta.
Hall, ena pigs setae ar clad alee sac hoc ede se Tonia, Mich.
Hall, Gig: teeta as tarsut svete tte:9 aoe G ancl aunduan cam ininteaoex East Dixfield, Me.
PW t ee Ds; Hag gine u ne. eiaed Gtauone on Aackes wateunds toa nial a tuexivn s Kilwinning, Mo.

PEAT We 0S setsice pivessiasadaral aieee ogden iva ea oat ylintb@en en eee Lewiston, N. Y.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 453

Hall, His. Hoss casccae coe SAusiaiase aieiavla ecautelar dale nmin ave Seeing gcnaaes Fredonia, N. Y.
Hall, DHOmMas: °B avsieuwes cs naa ese bo Raa pe award ean wg Sacremento, Cal.
Hallenbeck, Di. Fi sagas seared cea Ganga tos 4 WEY fb andes Seward, N.Y.
Hamiliny Chester Pe. csqissenie ss xammis er eis aide diod galas Temple, Me.
Hamilton, Ey Ax (Satie dee g see ce ves tus ewio.ea oie d SdxmeueA ea oeek Staunton, Va.
Hammond, Gs He, Presse cose ena gia 4 ear baceeg wae eae sees Detroit, Mich.
Hamrteh, Ji. Ry. Mago iccsgseorr a pak Geared eyeee x Greencastle, Ind.”
Hankins; Alberts «mange boas peewmencad up wae here He cowsue ders aoe Hurlburt, Ind.
A Cy IC oaaaicas so taistes os Sos te easponaeton act oot Bugoane 3. dd ark Gsbeeater ar Read, Ont., Can.
Hanmer, D. G. & Sons....... cece cece ce eee ee Mt. Vernon, Ont., Can.
Hannes WS gAise fe racer eateremnpepeds ae cine wligh eran wind MOMS 8 ORES Unionvale, O.
Hanson; Wi0s- Aes seess yescrtdes oeescdoades aes neva maauaune dee Luana, Iowa.
Harbin. “Wie - Asorasac voce tilrmadass Sivas ie aeamuay RAS Se iene ws Pleasantville, Ind.
Harding, Bi Re SON 6.6% seta sorew scragass exe eagaa meee s Buchanan, Mich,
Harding: Ty “Tisai vices tai puss et ieubicens chester ecto Laporte, Ind.
Harding; O32. Gewss003 aes yo hese neta ness dain eed ween Buchanan, Mich.
Harkness, Fy Di aiery oie aceaaln nadln marae cean-wemaras eee Springfield, Pa.
Harmony, Ge. Biss wcities atta Saeed gaseous vieiebh Ohaawates Brockport, N. Y.
Harrington, Clarly 'S) setscs4 esaded essa sauce aes Willow Lakes, S. Dakota.
Harrington, Fy Oise sie oi42 (adeno s be bendinnd s ae aaasaion York Center, Ia.
HVAT TIS; Bs, Hs aicsasd cee Sascaaer S88 85 Ssuechng dase uh pr edinieses he WERE West Liberty, O.
LAP TISs Shy eae Swett, 0) ish area ed adirateianass Bryer aside Sea ee lo sials Eckford, Mich.
Harris, Bis. Bicva gases ly sawwdiaoue dese tdlowa fen oH Ose Re 8 C848 Lyndonville, Vt.
Harrison, JONN«+ 3643 .00s secci eee oe essa iweb ee Owen Sound, Ont., Can.
HMarvison,, Mo. Hi necis eG sccinese sees aoaay ceasing que ween Belgrave, Ont., Can.
arvo do: 25) Fle. sects avaneca arnnse 4 caraniace capaci Glows a aay Gace Subd A Newton, Miss.
Harsh, Di Desscisaidn ns sais oainis's bees seman eaaacawe ne eek keene Minerva, O.
Farstoiain, By ss c0ae seas een coin oatewe necks aeons West Middlesex, Pa.
MI Artle ys: Bes Msg cece: odie aan. cep ayaa wah Ratan anh boteaie Guha S ABE PN BOOTS Salem, Ia.
Hartshorn Ad idasniacse a pyone eeg panne c og eames Laces Owosso, Mich.
Hartshorn; By lcs sees messi tess. 59089 Wome a ees Ree Gees Brockport, N. Y.
HAatVOY Si. Noe SONS2 ca grsaue Pook. WSicieese ae SaaS MaRS Kendallville, Ind.
HMAaSKins (Ce ere veosvaien ey aie essere preteventeahearnircans aus oaes 0S Lansingville, N. Y.
Sa tee He “Wgie's ari wibront pwd oie tamu ele alee ead: seins alter English Prairie, Il.
Hathaway :d5 Shaw. cst cA. caused ou tema heat sae eke Bloomfield, Ia.
HMatherly,, Wawa cs anessae a ainaneaes goei vga kaapendeees Lapeer, Mich.
Haverstoeks (Sy Ge ciaawienacsew saawilslesind smaiiuse sas Mewar ste « Butler, Ind.
Haviland, (Fi. Gis sissies ob 0:8 aera OAS AA BEE OS 6 oe WEBER. CHa Glen Falls, N. Y.
Hawkins, Wain hgies «a Syeleee fee ndveanetnnaerenisaus SAS Sa eA oes Rollin, Mich.
HMawkshiawy. Wes Sissudscicscessensianasn gage ara sea habee oh asidns wbeensons Glanworth, Ont., Can.
Hawley; Es Bee ccatviesde. ss jaar eenas ere oeceene sees oe Pittsford, N. Y.
Hawley, Hy, Hives ccceaiee dev ntewwas 84204 Reged ened Raia Vernon, Mich.
Hawley, De AUS toed ee WORD HA aR ESAS DRED ERED AA WOR Coldwater, Mich.
Hawthorne, Cs. Ta gieiee pests y Sone Bode aden ene 9 Meee Maynard, Ohio.
Hay & Patoties..csnieds oi sdmewherter sage snes. New Lowell, Ont., Can,
Hayden, By Gives sie scasciae 805 dareeS O24 Saale sees 5 Speers v6 Wyoming, N. ¥
Hayes, Enos... . ccc cece cece eee eee eee eee e ee nnee Cleves, O.
Haynes, C. Avss ccc e cece cece nee nee eee ete ene nnnees Trenton, Mo.
Hays, J. L. & Son... cece eee eee eee eee eens Mannington, W. Va.
Healey, W. W..s ccc cece cece cece center e eee nees South Danville, N. Y.
Heaton Bros... ... cece nace cnc e nese ab ens aawegeedenses Fort Wayne, Ind.
Heinbaugh, C. Wo... . cece cere cece eee een een ees Three Rivers, Mich.

Helser, Elin... cc ce cece cece cence tee ete eee e eee e teen ees Warsaw, Ind,
454 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Hemphill, Ri. Whasscsasanetnieveeds sesame sds saseuins/ea Ypsilanti, Mich.
Henders, Wesley & Bro. .........- Soi CHR TE SERRE ED Hamilton, Ont.
Henderson, Clasecusiaeh scored etnied ‘Marshville, Ontario, Canada.
HOnGePs Onl, J's Hl seca xeaescecestiaiich ecteoaareainceewe dela wad G5 Elder’s Ridge, Pa.
Henderson, W, AG SOM: vsak s5 edas delews seeeaeeaws oitetce Waseca, Minn.
Hénin;. Jobin Ms decniag eos enedee eee ket OSes Pe nee ey eee Redmon, Il.
Ment ye N: Cowie 1222 chester tees seater etacecaeeasogs Geauga Lake, O.
Henry, Richard & SOMssae sm eaeid cea aaa wiages og ye aabeacence 9 -North Benton, O,
Hermans Wan. sence ota es talk eet ou. tidbauseaeu taba Gane Cleveland, N. Y.
POLS WE ig hAeER RG OY SeRwe REVERE ER POOwS New Albany, Pa.
BOGS, Wan tao on eh egek ce ao a eeERe Ewes Mee eae eae Bees Wyoming, Wis.
Hicks, J. Di is duses 2c0024 saeaiaies shea ceed odemae oes owes Altoona, Pa.
ester, Hem Py i cca lewis wecutandals coves sodas 8a Sraers Ae ae Pennville, Ind.
Higgins Ja Ts wlasie tiie Mga s Pen Siew Rodi sees New Maysville, Ind.
EASE. SBE. Wie s,csesatshersbaidarayachear eters printers Sais gid Sea urs ale tees Bloomingdale, Ind.
Hill. Hs Sigiss.5 eee S diiaisn Maca enea wees MANE Ae eae T Owe es Peruville. Ind.
Hill, Sam. H. G@SOniscy cca sssheuwriseia adits pesas teed eoes ia Gregg, Texas.
FAT, WY As ee AG AS 3 eg eis Sicha are aed Game’ os Steno wen SEH Kalamazoo, Mich.
PRIM Se (Oi 6k SS Othe wicice ules Sk See Marlies Aad'e & Red aaa) abs matteo b.S0 Delaware, O.
TAPE OSS, 2) 5 UB iovediticivne eepcany Sarasin cncvglaran ails acne Avs re hE Ave eberehes Florida, Ind.
GOI, BOP Eis estaba pte a elas alicia 4cia GOA ate a Gs Sw alee dace eant saderetes Anson, Me.
Hilton, JaMeSioc sis. cgacees ses sackioer ee sae ermine oe New Scotland, N. Y.
Halton, SOSEP Me craves weep Svnanegaly eave seats ees Secsuhs .New Scotland, N. Y.
FLT Gs SIM OB 39.5: 0.5 Gracdincn ica sas bekeaeeaisnde ce 0 Pe ab Regence and Gbinioas Burdett, N. Y.
Bini, CAMs: ooo. eivarncacs eden voreeweean bana pea ee Franklin, Pa.
Hindmarsh Georges vases esord tienes bs tae wtegets es Ailsa Craig, Ont., Can.
Hinds, H. H $9 AX4 EN SEATEESEI ORE ES VAAS RGR EE EAA ROOD EW Stanton, Mich.
Hinkley, Oeics bccn een Mone kN Mae A vk Rests PANE toes te Alexandria, S. D.
TEC TAG GS aria curevcvenetee gre 4G. ooaseeqg 1e-9b BaT S Guncaudve idk Hawes avatauees se West Liberty, Ill.
Fi ECHEOCK,. (DOB) Kewyaheis os eins 04 Dace ated 04 “ectenauie sg Beenie) 6 Brimfield, Ind.
EN tehicoele, «Sob mss yess csgisraigie vary anata a Aaa se anarenapane Herelaneeweatn Pecatonica, Ill.
Hodgens, T. Dieccccauag 04s ecag ea na sees eee y eeeecans London, Ont., Can.
Hogue, JOM . csase yds. a ctenwisa dower tt dadd qaw a eees 4 Cadwalader, O.
FPO TOON, Gy bsess, sescb nue ose-acd areata ds teava loll anesd, wmavesavenanini BP ae Portland, Me.
HGleoniby: Au. Titwwa se sca aang dss powmese kas) wanes avs Charlotte, Mich.
Holmes; Hy. Avviicese.s vanes Siete ie a skeshlave dea Gino uanaelndey Sie eda Austin, Minn.
Holmes, Milton sieeion ss Gnawa esse wdew ess < shear Charleston, N. Y.
Holmes; Roberts Ji is ssoak os 04 4s cwe ba oae 4 eihesre wear wane Castile, N. Y.
Hood). ©. He Mis ocee sated gawd canna’ FPagelavaliveddnd sonar Gallatin, Mo.
Horn, By icici sans aos 824 ok aoe Reka Beeaa cae Mada E AS Tiffin, O
EROns “Os DD ic.S sass ne aie siesta es Re eS ew a NAMED be ae Garland, Pa
EO STO RO G2 cB coasrereigra lena Sister aed aladenn BAe HRORICN BESO HORA SAREH Mexico, N. Y.
Hough; Jas; Mes o.c0s odeeeh yee 5 saad vata a adee tian Clear Lake, S. D.
Howard, O.. Necsesaarsvsaogy cde kad ace slsyehseva sai BBauye: Retovta Ged aas tae Woodstock, 0.
EPR Ws eee eae eek Skea eee Rae Cements wees Milford Center, O.
PG WiOy Bie Wh cragivctosiak ascii e PENA G te kta adele age eelaeisen ee oe Howell, Mich.
Foal. "Wee ‘Sis visteie.s ia aie-o: auatetndad oe ek ow MRR BAS Thornyhurst, Ont., Can.
Howitelss Dy Sics sosee execs Rte HRGe aie Fo BS quand acd ects Celina, O.
FUG Vib Gt Dig peetah 0 ans a splauaycorovaseiet tees apeiuaaed alkene aga Ws Lafayette, N. Y.
Ebb alrd; «sels Wp stance tats ds a Dee Aa endow seawater ees Corydon, Ia.
EINES Os A te) a Saratena dt ah ned tah ean terse aes Meine waa ae we ese Kent, N. Y.
Pu fhers: (Gis Ciccacctvanisials a sing SRE ta AS ae Kae wa. RAIA EEE Broad Run, Md.

Huffer, J. M.....eeee a SaleiGaie oh ead Mo Rew seaaeys ...-Broad Run, Md.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 455

SFLU IGS: TESS e) Aeprysiins-s: sxsitsiesasoea cs soncdacaqhv ghia saab vocenti ave sa ss Suet East Claridon, O.
ee SD os Ase cncnase earns naders eochua ye eam ot iat sen stabes dectavn veya East Claridon, O.
Hulit, Did sniper rehgneas iexaneiee didlos Moved Sanire CHA ee Re aA Huron, 8. D.
Pa ay, Scils paiena aimed se aereeee hee Rete aan Sieewa Haysville, O.
Humphreys Wis Veassav cand wiaee sean Mhicdawks s beer eI Mercer, Pa.
AAMT, Meliss steseics eiccut sou en anders 2 dumbed enauanie wre,tsewaneudeniniag ne toe Ridgeville Corners, O.
Phaniter;, GeO BG iss sscciciera diel e sss, brave cutiaienn ie ty lenegenyncdiaih-etareeavanies aegis uiiitane Elgin, Jil.
TO, AAS ec s cc caw dent vew geet as cerayeen<eaenees Alma, Ont., Can.
Huntington, Hi Cy ssc visas onace s vewriaot as wasaeay kant Belvidere, Ill.
Huntley, C. S..... i Ochoa dugadia duce wrtansy an vuienit radaeg hodages sae hemeaA EARS Elroy, Wis.
Huntley; Ts Bives snviatiaddavrens aaaneinvanman showaresneas 6 wae Marlow, N. H.
SERUM STM as: Se cla aaetis. le acsrsenslasnaue,'¢ wreminn oie on wea w Raines weemene edo Cairo, Mo.
Hurst, Krank: 2: ces siacwsass vicaiavwat wees ieee saras Libertyville, Ia.
PTI TS ty, YM AB os aus ectsa Sait aust au abed devising aap aheapeneuay done pus Sunnis Wyandotte, Mich.
MAIStOn,. Js Mi ancanaehsa tad wain aden areas tase ai bhalned oastede New Lisbon, O.
Mu tehimss: “Wey, Els, a srw Fiataes a swetsie oegusls-ecv-awusteracosrerae manner ae Freemont, Ind.
Hutchinson, CharleS...........0cceeeeeeceeeeeenes White Pigeon, Mich.
Hutson, ANGROWiis...ctxes ntecade dase nes Saakamees Memes Sparta, Wis.
Ingersoll, Wy ah’ eae Radice hace a weeny Mae ah (RRR AES Lockport, Il.
Ingersoll . Bi Bis dcsncsaveniersraim.c-tevar emahon aie wtatsseedeoacin, oxen Lockport, Ill.
Ingersoll; (GeO consscuxosncouuidids aumsuelnne mes anee ds Aare Fonda, N. Y.
Innés, Alexanders: cocccosacvanevcses exeenenewy vase Clinton, Ont., Can.
TPS COM. “Wee Sb seis 5 acess suasse ce ieutwloe coker ed hang eanrietonarsincn ct csetuceaeshbdeactacei Crosstown, O.
Prva nig (Cx Tia ase conatnaw arcenande'elane de ontiasa tenance Aveaen New Market, Ont., Can.
AGS Oy. Wire ven ie sogee ain desea oo are vane Senteous Guenata canatia ia Hopkins Station, Mich.
JACODS;, JOH DY can a coma cies a mieculade dre sgl eats s Owereahigin sa sow Leon, Wis.
Jennings, (Ot -Pavwwcesimeadawie  eeeeNet aeaeNodas Cees Allegan, Mich.
Jennings, Hudson............cc cece eee cena Brantford, Ontario, Can.
OVAL Cy Sire iesed aviove nahise anne elianetitstriesris seawater erin ied s vacate al cteccens uteiconsid Sodus, Mich.
SToOhNSONy, Cy, TMesiats ye worse seared v reese MAS a etal rales oa Genser Ei S Busti, N. Y.
JOHNSON, Hs Es cescy sumscmesce cas aanee- as cee aew aire wlesenete Sais Compton, Ill.
JOHNSON, Hy Hews aioe Vacate sere aeee eS yoeaE Has Reynoldsville, N. Y.
JOT TSO Tig: Us DD ster 5 cecaisacaeetssraiaty’ dune wesiounve acend: Slevecaialenenviens North Pelham, Ont., Can.
ONTSO Ty lig Were tscnersentincwen earedtpbdee ceed ica Seaeniuacayins Flowerfield, Mich.
JOnnSO;, Ly 'Gioww o's ag auin ah aware wane ei aaah Sr edys Flowerfield, Mich.
Johnston, Wi Ba nSsn sae veeeuiaewes + wealee nana .....Ravenna, Ont., Can.
POneS;, ABPON, Wiles doce denierciacnek ackane tees 2 DAES ORUAS South Bend, Ind.
Jones Bros. & Cosas: sh dats ras) RHONA apiacere aa ghunsdEnShnee eet ena epee Radnor, O.
JONCS: (Gy Miacetnsas caencisia delaeinenciey owe nNeM Nees Carysbrook, Va.
JONES, Di. Diivgig i saeisaw sa PeeeCeoete Ie PA eaeed eee sas Alexandria, O
JONES, He Os cmcawcaus tases saemdccaniet¢ OR IA TERS PTE aes Radnor, O
JONES, BY Woasepae eae e eae es sew Rade Peer G aeeed Dowagiac, Mich
JOUCS; Wh. Uincavigwwaa sar niecsa cupedawse sn oeemiae se Cheats seas Leon, Wis
TONES, Bs Ds sccacda ire ce ccauaiein o EMEA OTE Ge warege Es rE Mt. Morris, N. Y
Jones, J. F. & Som... ccc cece cece eee e cree nee n eens West Salem, Wis
Jones, Samuel......cccccccencne sense cee cence eeenees Flushing, Mich.
Tones; We Vis cnncneiccastadoad aevuwueeds aaa te Vandalia, Mich.
Jones & Milleticsccscavmnedcauntd ant etamesaieed eaeaitenet an eey Casey, Il.
Jepson, John P..... see eee eee eee eee eee eee ees Granada, Minn.
Jordan, RULUS...... cee cece eee ee eee eee een eens Plymouth, Ind.
Jordan, W. Ho... cee c cece cence ete nent nee n en ees Des Moines, Ia.
Joy, Fred, Est. Of.....-... sees este erence een eres Birmingham, Mich.

Junkman, H. O.... eee eee eee eee eee eee eee nee ene ees Ellsworth, Wis.
456 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Wane. MEd os enaidudata tna sae Soke CHESS Ree Goshen, Ind.
Wantner, Ben jis .sssss2e caarieess wees Headers dae Pe Wapakoneta, O.
Waites, Elme?indidicccegst cxiaser og sons aban oa 345 meee ess Goblesville, Ind.
TSE SIA Ty cha gicon pire auessonrs onaoate Ab 89a Giawilis el eaveaeh eednansd HRSA AMEN ah Le Roy, Il.
Reith. & BishO pie caravisnieied oles s ieee dear Weaaeone oxen bor Millington, Mich.
Weller TB GA sean a ex ae pieceia eh eons wauOA P ewte OOS Mee NS Seymour, Iowa.
elley;, Di Seni evag neauuies res cgeug nao sae 0s ated eee Berlin, W. Va.
IWelle ys Tis UM vcwanis ace ak peices f125 2 ames teen eevee hes ye Manning, Ia.
Kelley, M@réhant. scse cieec a saeee 82204 Saeed Sate Kae Woodstock, Mich.
Welly: Ru Dine eedh4 Neleapve dg thw’ ase siete ota OKEN Ypsilanti, Mich.
Welly; TOM Se Sotto icin sae aha d ag ean nay Hoa ea aoe eee Fairfield, Ia.
Kellys. Jy Byscasagnaay scour eudetac ieee wheweg eee wasaes aexsarle Loda, Ill.
Kelly, Shermanivosed waimiatsci ese tees eemee ses Reynoldsville, N. Y.
Tel SB BEG icc tatess Sib-bceap aeyadt lo ep Stasw eb secdaiud, test/alGde ahavane ait. eer aa Rich Hill, Mo.
ISGISO2 Wa [Oud sin dtomcee ites joni ehaaw Caen nee Sue 6 Hallock, Minn.
Kemp Bros\sncnag scan Paces Sadie SHWRS Seek Greenville, Mich.
KempleysJ« TH. -&. GC. Hiisads say ctneeo ses pestems oe oae s -Packwaukee, Wis.
eMC. al Karey ac anc Chard eOe OURO EA ARS CESS ad Meee wk Denver, Col.
INGNTEOi sit Bingvia.c cajoacoitaman Meena tinea dst he Tanuene sa Caledonia, Mich.
Werined 4; Stiles s< sainesswutnas-watesana: aoa eee ea er earn aa St. Louis, Mich.
enned yy, “Was Whew yecaldy sargienes egies ORE Ploeg CEE Martinsville, Ind.
Went; An Mis dadensdegaes Hiaeee eee ee Aead oRaeu ahem Jamestown, N. Y.
Kent, Ey Miesenesana yea nts ta ad thimaion ns oma ta gaa Chagrin Falls, O.
Peet Ws AAO catia cag apa nns 050 295 coped e Hex St. George, Ont., Can.
Retr. PON daci idan nae gees Meadow aman gees Oe Brantford, Ont., Can.
WWeslingy: (PRI Yrasisceeivaicd oapecees seage aga nh cay Sleaunl Pipe Creek, Ind.
Ketcheson, Dy Hoes aces aeaied enerees sd0GRe oa eee es Menie, Ont., Can.
Keyes. Ce Besrescaas parE os Seb e hckineE ewes Raa yen Richland Centre, Wis.
FSS V ES Ts. Woo csea versie cca veces auchonaaenarac tie Gee. suauasawalin-d, 558 Sh. North Haverhill, N. H.
Wobléer, Robianes oces ta gedit <o4 Waa tote se eae eae Rose Hill, Ill.
Wilner” i NIC YVOPS sparse nine owas oes y tees aa ae Waukarusa, Ind.
Kimballs, He J vveches sakes ovacee- lisneess.0G bo soe wh Philadelphia, Pa.
Kimmel, Orlatidtess cescs care eeea dieu 1 Oewed CREE CGdeo ees Kimmell, Ind.
FATA hea. Ws tea i acces odes Bred asareastana Sai oes cack secaten le cau doe. p anon Farmer City, Il.
TRING, Coy WC hecneeier da. accee tee eda a da abSak Sasa BAL Mya Puckersbrush, Ind.
Attra ge» Chiao. Tees anc ais fo nam aa Saban Apalinsedn tare yar Spetels a bre aa ean Graf, Neb.
ANT ING Hi Diceacs aia Sienastivrel xan aae Saha se goed dui en a eas Burlington, Kan.
Ring; Geo, Bos iapicss cs scaspudeae ayes pa Gewese Reseedaaes Parma, Mich.
unig, “TEs sadeatennae tarmeie Sea a8 OO wa meee s Trumansburgh, N. Y.
Kingsbury & NéISON. 03. cscs ee cee ares eee e pean Cassopolis, Mich.
Kingema ni Re Ws ssutcanwwe reg avgdace te ead Ohad Meniga dinsla’ Hillsboro, N. D.
Aime tty oh. Mag carmaenitie cca Micaeaaek ge y Giv ation ab yn wie kalany Bee Elberon, Ia.
Kinny, Cy Hasiesoccesnguagellesdesieenaey yas Mees tesa et Leesburg, Ind.
Tansey A SD mdecesian ie selena aacis st Nag. Sarat so ecers Gaal nae Mt. Ayr, Ia.
Tos oy Na rcusigts So sad Reassaer oe ae With uae eee dis aie gawieem dad Grange Chilliwack, B. C.
Kirk patrick;. Io: Se 86 SOM. ect sususas pases lenis bags Wellsville, Kan.
Kirkpatrick: 62 SOM: ws-caa tania anaes gnaw paving aderne a hekacs Hoge, Kan.
Keitehén:. John & CO. c nisls ues sue eens Ke ee as Mee Delhi, Ontario, Canada.
Mipekner, Fe Sess askance eaves teseed vie didi wows sb ovuaenaaes Tyrone, Wis.
Kiinglen, Henigy sgscaactieed tile es ascelne deeomanee awa Lebanon, Ind.
TWlelingy Alber ti ssnessund-t9 0g aut dome ale D009 ia aan eames SeaaeE + St. Killan, Wis.
Helo eke Ds Mi sande Ghaxtat scerse-s coisa steadier teres ds tates ote eval East Hamlin, N. Y.

IWOSE: “GEOTRe Masia i iaennedienatid unre a widdichen mane we Geo OE «Colon, Micli.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 457

Kneeland, Barney jai ace haw ness cesdie ped Pad on eed St. Johns, Mich.
TRTIONS | Wie Wooo, sistoaiane £4) eau tose G pauses dt dennis ean ee Palmer, Mass.
KOO BES Ovaiad d sas ttediat bs, Cavdocan cab sietvorrieigg-y, Seve Shaihdiwaid 6 oe ae alan Ohio City, O.
Koons; ts Py Ase ccineu vacate wiaartalecanawaucesedaaiec Mechanicsburg, Pa.
KESSS 5 tie is iar aca osu eisthog Wale eioens eda nud he oi ean ae Fremont, O.
Kregle BT OSs Pisomahghen Waa ac arse hove & werstears ak son eamumn tices Monona, Ia.
Kreis, Dams sevice o5.4 c ateeeities siento dua ote oleic ei poa es Raat Coe Cardington, O.
FUG is. Oe Ceca 5 tng ie cap Osanvava do ssare asin «cco Nines 4 8 Gack Tontogany, O.
KGa tsOiy. Hc oH eae te4.4 sauiane sieve 3 aiapalbara oa 9 Nee Fh bie St. Ansgar, Iowa.
MAD OR Gi scnag named San ikale Raeae eee Boas hacienda Mumford, N. Y.
Lackawanna Breeders’ Association.......... fi Woah onic Waverly, Pa.
TA Cl. Mie Wa age nh ah Gee eal caca e's aa snyeldinearnasusus aided ca smion voakn tees Victor, N. Y.
MAELO Ws His TR io.5 ahs ey anayiin avicard covastinreay cack sleraitscat wheldc eae ahve ox aaa Glen Cove, L. I.
Tra am OO, Co Ogee eden taraacue sia letagtetaee os pag eee eho ek cbu Slingerland, N. Y.
Data by: Ai. Res iy stata 9 ton ae dainy aa RONeae dg oe Gusdeels GALG at ba Carlos City, Ind.
Team cits Bs 86 iets eiacatants 0.8 on:b- Sy botsinvs a acme Uses aca e oto Lowell, Mich.
Wier Waa po Vea vel 3 1Ca ssi k te raves aegis rc claniatine os Ceo betonishe or oe wid ieee Hastings, Mich.
Lander, JOM cw esas 4 Gasewe dseaiakse ee 48 ncaunin Taunton, Ont., Can.
Landman, Paws o2s sarod aces tisigeiace oie dct arene 6 acne earniaa ones Seotland, S. D.
Bane hart, AVM, cis aaa ace o.a escerela wd ie adhe cial acai vevace imines Drea atals Butler, O.
DEAT, Dat Bases hc wil spaveraee Nes aha akhce. waeie atdioias waleibal Gah eenie ed Hines Altoona, Pa.
Wa TA Waly cE wastes cxacihounl ae ois Sem els SIRT etn Beek meee ee Emery, Mich.
Harrabee, Chases Its 4-ciesedo 6 54 ofl eo 84 ects Sie eo Meemaers Windham, Conn.
Washer. Ge Ve Ge SOUS easy adisadierdromsesdcewrrinatenaeie trace Miatiane ies Rutland, O.
Dates. We aii. dicated, oe batoid ans wearanowaak’ Basie Weibaba. & Bridgeport, W. Va.
Tatham, “EY. Tess soy wisas ata s Genel io SY RSRS BEI kS GEG aS EES Corwith, Ia.
Lathrop, Gi Wisse cscancesten ca cigwas ss sauews eends Oxford Junction, Ia.
LatsOng Be. Besis.s-si3 sccapneaed des 4 Bien, oo acbvais bib gpee b 4 ese Seebe Obici Howell, Mich.
Latta, Prot. Ws Ciptaiesie:d 0.05 apcheuaoereadonnetomeinaie hoe West LaFayette, Ind.
DGG, Me Nears caste tits le a de Das heeds as Sal a ceegh tec tog a caowdaiee da ge wes see Astor, W. Va.
Lawrence, (Chasis suk dvaiee.d e-cate qesiswa ees adams wes Collingwood, Ont., Can.
Lawrence, Chasews<s.s0sea 08544 yee tee ks dewe ots se anewe oes Danville, Wis.
T pSV O TICS Ts Ais a ad. 6 alias aanatese: oct 6 /apnuelionel dp pveielaaumuane hae Columbia City, Ind.
TaAWrenee, Das acacia vaca vaiaaded ered wanda e ead sear ewwsa cea Groton, Mass.
Lawrence 6 Crosby's ad scrid.< soa eareeees be aa acnalg en ee esas Barrington, N. Y.
LAYs haCODe on icer sige we ssa teeke tse sme as ins mee Se sts hes Wayne, Wis.
ayainns Di © rs sraeys go kb padded 23 temas P44 eG eae ayn be eae Norwalk, O.
DASA SONI sgh Seca nioste oediech onghale oa dp Ssasoele arn ah on Baitackteheaticnirs Burlington, Wis.
AJCAM, - 1) OWT: 5 oats gare Gree a Sid RG HO AMUN gore Pua DESEO Palmyra, Wis.
Lede, JAMGSs-cs « cunees bel 0405-244 eK bade oN ekoenRe ee? Taunton, Ont., Can.
Hedger, ALE. ce cciesc ceed ness cee esi desig gon wh aca anes Burford, Ont., Can. .
Thee, Os. Was icia ceases shoe ch Gia aud Sx apaundy Guihses Nato ane aie NNO Painesville, O.
Leland, E. E........ Milaa eee aR sda Vaue tases eee GeeS Emery, Mich.
Lemen, Clare........ iMRRGE LESS MAGES eeaudeees sce seed Hamburg, Mich.
Leonard, H. J...... apes tee Saas 5 Sotiaeneee, BEG Acataes s: LebS. Ghecnrspuelanrs ¢ Beloit, Wis.
Leonard, Mrs. 8. A.....-++- Bia fey Syalauouane) usve Gal aune aS Suis, ta AULA ec Roann, Ind.
Leonard, S. F............ LSE MEEK D Rae eA eee Washington, Minn.
Lesh, D. W....... eae a Gieler ececesbien Ga dos otaeebis be Wated auma Bac Spee Markle, Ind.
DORSET, DONT. 045680 c twat ey Pewee Raa 4 wee CES RILTERER RES CRE Cole, Mich.
Levens, C. W...... aoa yn tad NeuaREUA 69 Bsa wasn saga sR Oling Albert Lea, Minn.
Levering, Richmond M..........- sees eee eee eee eens LaFayette, Ind.
Levering, Mortimer................ wells Quem ys oa ee LaFayette, Ind.

Lewis, B. R.........-- sire ein Ganiees publ er erase a Se Anes oe Salem Center, Ind.’
458 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Méwisy Wee CHa scien caaecans tas Mawes oseaiieks os ..Burford, Ont., Can.
Lind, Niels A... ec cece cece cece een eer e tener e eee eeeee eens Rolfe, Ia.
Lirfdsey, JOS... . ccc ccc c eee c cece nee e eect eee c ee enetecenenet Otsego, Mich.
LINGSey,. Vai Sisicaccina ¢ 2s 5 Aiea COTE RERER R ESa eA TES Farmer City, Il.
Lithérland,. J, 8s SOty «wwe dire acme does Ol aden eee a ee Allendale, Ind.
Dittell, Je W.-H 45 SOAs caacd eames hws Mead Ae wee EMBED 46 Corydon, Ind.
Livingston Bros.. vyeie ces ca ecu es cece ame eet ee eee Leonardsburg, O
LObdél; Ey Iussates cess eneeas ys eeG4 taeae eae ead sede sees Mukwango, Wis.
LObdell, J i Micke cesta ava at Ae YTS eee Schuyler Falls, N. Y.
Goekharts, Whe Diansiceicn omen a cee ane deiueievn fea. SOARES OEE BOSS Belleville, —
LOCkiG; “Collin divcsgc ages cosas eenaen sero aeen oceans Elmdale, N.

LOCKWO0d ss A cae spies esos Gee R EEE ERO Ree eR AeS Marshall, ve
LOSan; DAVIGsis4.s00ss 6ss00% seees hiss cacten gees Pictou, Novia Scotia.
LOgat, We Dongen cscs ae aatuas ett idae POE TE SES DELLS THES .- Mercer, Pa.
TOMES Ns Hex sac za Waser acid oan teeee ese auee hese sauna S Warsaw, Ind.
Long muir, Gavin ics sacen eiresa emacs VA Raa Ce see Pontiac, Mich.
Loomis, George Dive ccsnswene cece ciate stale eediiere eee ee sane saueess Tiffin, O.
ord; Mrs. Bu Bitccsscmnics ses awl 2926.5 woe de gece gale Sinelairville, N. Y.
Lord; Sas> Biecsaiauianasdsetnmsaiondines aces 3 eae k meee es Stonington, Conn.
Lottridge, Di MEG! sce macnmeaaae tik mse tnd Gases wed ean Hamilton, Ont., Can.
Gybrand,, Ry Govaiey cease kanes om ugceme race ts s Richland Center, Wis.
Thy om; BF seevewes asad ae Seed he sa eee yes weiss Worthington, Minn.
EVO, Wis Eisai specu Sigiganin be OVA OD AAR OES CERES Davenport, N. Y.
TVOnS, Cores 6 SOM 6 sisccaia essed Maine. 0se seca emia on: a tia eeetteck hues Gageville, O.
Teyst Ve Nise 20 se BEE IN a I is Sots casita i egoo a ete itch ean selene ATS i Angelica, N. Y.
MacDermaid). eli. ical gai ae woes eaewled 45 Kansas City, Mo. (Hon. Mem.)
Macdonald, Samuel......... 0. scenes sete a wen cncees Port Hood, N. §
MAGKen ZG, TA ccd sigaact dex aiaa eannnta-D eee aie abvesmend avesteecy Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Macmillan J: Ao Sie. iatack paren steate ahaa apie Brandon, Manitoba.
Macomber €& (Ballard eos. s cscs y snisias vie oe one busted bile sition Keeler’s Bay, Vt.
Magee, Wits soda unas gegsieeeddesenned tebidee eae 63 HS Janetville, Ont., Can.
Maint, S2 Ces textes cddiaied sNat8 HURON ERS aa o Os Bi aaee eo es Delaware, O.
Major, Wil. & SOM. cee gece ca puceinieig se edie ceuesmeue nee Whitevale, Ont., Can.
Makyes, E. L............. sb Sritascta B50 whats Be hasbs Ri goee aR Onondaga, N. Y.
Maltby. Hs Mi. craic auithas sag. din ehnaneet eas Beene eae enalerts Brighton, Mich.
Manley, Patrickysss csisssnuwos oes aay twaree s pewe cae ae Youngstown, O.
DI. Lae ea Sao sede emies RRM eS ee RON OEE eae Concord, Mich.
Manns SiGe SO. siecle cage Aw aeiae Deve Yara W aseameere- wena Geneve Lindenville, O.
Mannan, OR: GRacsasnwnen ahanies negra wees exinatnaeta aaa Quincey, Ind.
Mansell), Aciasisiss eas srepasenns ¢uaperens Shrewsbury, Eng. (Hon. Mem.)
Markel, Asan joscspytee ut 03.004 cemeaea nbd dniaes bicces wadnes LaFayette, Ind.
AD ats; UB sw dD sccctoe aro cuauass a yscadaie a Sima ea aeauest aoe aus weveroeu See 6 eee aes Gresham, Pa.
Mars "D9. As dct o ests wrayaialagia BA 4 sk satin te uti ose Geka Shree igi ase ale Caywood, N. Y.
Marsh; Wes (Gina. sc saguiseien pera dake ween mee ee Menine Farmer, N. Y.
Marshall, ATOM 222 coded ds cued 1 eeeokeae tees auales Cass City, Mich.
Rare lady so Wiicaa tans cede sn aesdo on aceon aco tenes Cass, City, Mich.
Narshall, di. Wie Ge SOWSi.as 54 eases an eb omwncelonnwikaeed warned Zanesville, O.
Marshall, ROD Cire sevacrses-caeaieeek wg odes Soe ashe Gear RNa Elora, Ont., Can.
Marting INosiecuntiiss lye gurdtsueiniin wales maaee? $454 Gee e ate euae ke Chicago, Ill.
Martins, Witte nijeeaes igs eexwedg BEON Awa bea eaaltle e Soeesn Caledonia, Mich.
Meas chery Wis Iie cromiid ois aac /e tee ede am cpatevedelii a acard aeenielonts mwcacant Silverton, Ore.

Mason, De Bhs s4 casas vale ein anand Gag PEER Toa RE Oa ee Joliet, Ill.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 459

Mason, Mrs, W. Bisiccccceseecseececcceeeeeeeeecreess Marshall, Mich.

Mathers; 9:8 SOmSt shonin she galas wnoicne tpigideis way alteloes Belleville, N. Y.
Matta Mi Wes. sicika te tp wore aalhiva gota cpihas-eeesan Bainbridge, Mich.
Matson: (BROS« 2s ccsdcsig-< pa oa ele dy KORRES ERE ce Schodack Landing, N. Y.
Matteson, O. C........ eee eee fees suds Suey one) atac Me aoms tare anand Westport, 8. D.
Malticgs “Wi. We sasminwigsa ied suateosce dears 4s pemaneaiepiv'n ats Ridgetown, Ont., Can.
MAW. Was asad states noe saya toinwna a cbay Wished tee wa gone mine ies Brooklin, Ont., Can.
Mead, GMOS 3 Gini agrees sours win 65 6-5 SRE SP a oon os meets Tecumseh, Mich.
Meadows; As "Bicsectnes «eeean wired taiioee nesses ear Port Hope, Ont., Can.
Meaker: Mi El & (SOs a. sicd 864 seaee cacaes ava’ baeuaa waeeees Danby, N. Y.
Mederatty Tis TA sais sacs cea ce ee Reet elelek wehumnecn hee Sparta, Ont., Can.
Merkling, i: Pacis: soa acide ae CPERREELES CaS AREA EY Kendallville, Ind.
Merrill 6) Hineldicss49skgumvetiienteiaimacnaeed pena da@eae hea Bay City, Mich.
Merritt. & Roberts. ..ac084 cose escdanvsein cyanea s South Charleston, O.
MOY, SEL. 4 mates sinus wainincy tytea Rana 494 BOA Mowe dee wusk eee Somonauk, Ills.
Michigan Agricultural College..............0cccc cee eeee Lansing, Mich.
Michie, Zs &: SOMS sede. seeccocguniececeshshve MONA ose aercce eso nek aise et Garland, Pa.
Miebaeh, (HéN RY 00s nwwaacuntcina vce seeians ek wees es Powhattan, Kan.
Milham, Brose 0. % suse s sace ginnwy weno a doeee Boece ce at Kalamazoo, Mich.
Nillamd Jas sy sites ssa choke 28 wae gon mea haa GGusweve bol Bawa ce Knoxville, Ia.
Miller, As Ge SOW sc oe.0 sctatauecios acorn Renate saad aa aeeieee Smithville Flats, N. Y.
Mit Wey TEs Deel seat pvt tea che cane ae nei Waly: oresaralataalioi eh sal sig etek Bath, Ont., Can.
Miller: “GeO. ON voants tears vteasle ob val Aetaueee a xe erie b4 Sones Rhinebeck, N. Y.
Miallér,.. Ji. Hisaig-oe o2vtrcaw G2 0 baer d dpe-ciari Side bss nie ad wletewaed eae Huron, S. D.
Miller, ie, Gains Mecca) arene tenaues Ana tery aeea eM ad trdaienamer econo Caledonia, Mich.
Miller, John & SONS. 0. cccsecacesiseed eeesageunces Brougham, Ont., Can.
Ma Weis Si. Ra? aise wie see aapluusins sale ae ies oa eee Ean Windsor, Ont., Can.
Millers Willard ss x devewscts cas awa-ved cs asecia esa astarsvened OF eng anciens Anita, Ia.
MOT, Wes, Cie sti: Suave, eustavavereiincd a ayociade BS Ama eeETE 5 Pes South English, Ia.
Miller, Wis Hin see ccron saa ehuan mus tinea Awaba ee Berrien Springs, Mich.
Miller, Wis Jct lode nner weed eudeleg aes aa vibes ened ean Keene, Ont., Can.
Millett, Patricles: se04 gare ves Rtiealgeeie dS SAuiCcasia ene bo 5K Fowlerville, Mich.
Milloy, DD siedet dub veoertuauicas d Oobink shane Tins laheauneae Aen Aaa neat Paris, Ont., Can.
MASS Es Avs Bos SOM 4 scans wccecualnarawse ie eesacs Meola aa algae Shae ee Wadsworth, O.
Mills, We Sievse cs csus RVo pea educa aes SUE EN ee Creston, Ia.
Milton, JOR: sceas ceca doen bee tease Va temses cats Marshall, Mich.
MATIC VETS | (Gey WW sag daracec © 01 3 itcn tiapiin Sra ceus ensures Ossie dang etauay tains oh Suave eee Oshkosh, Wis.
Min tee Fie Bis. sistacg site ugit ese aiaca yes ae open eters weeteos Go enh racers aera Danvers, Ill.
Mitchell, (Gs J caved ede mates se uuleuas ek kote Newtonville, Ont., Can.
Moes Chas. Tas isescccg tages tea etates aieaa neh iota a6 & aeee Jackson, Mich.
MohlePs, “David saiwwary cs aad tia nang danielead dminadiiw es 5G duupaeaes Van Wert, O.
IMO, “Dye el .ne  Aejueie ta ote Dia rane. obey anaemia lee paadeleeatemveveee Glendenning, Man.
Moody; Edward s.sccsenccvsce send sya veanes eeeeaes Humber, Ont., Can.
NOnier,- Co Wisin decid cad omen pate sGunnd 3 Leona ees oo ok Sparland, Ml.
“Monkman, By, Cicssccssensaedectsisees cecennese Castle Derg, Ont. Can
MNonnirer: Kd. Wescdgslgue uae ainds side sada vee eee eee w Elizabeth, Il.
Montague, Ri Sisasssaeesc4 ntaacdes cade Mace pees cele edas +-Caro, Mich.
Montgomery, W. BR... ...ccene reece ccna eens eeenreniee Hillsdale, Mich.
Moodiys, ROW G ccsinsececie scccia sane ctecas arenas ora Aah MBua wis as eis avanceens Guelph, Ont., Can.
MGOre. His Mes wands S-acssdescaids a euaia asi wils- sae aah wens New Wilmington, Pa.
Naor 1 None desk teen canine ieean aR esiG He Ashmore, Ill.
MOOrEWOOd,. Ay. SB 54 dive nose Gouhna hacia Ga eeeeER a eR AF Gordonville, Va.

MOLCSyWlig Ticge es gieagsitvns res AREAS O45 ae ey Lansing, Mich.
460 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

MOTE Ys CHO! Pees oi ean aunn asia hora ntepucers sae dadcopanbce® areee Mountain View, Mo.
Morley, 1. Wi. & Sots icsiacccaawnweevenes sinewawe eb ered Alleman, Wis.
Morgans is “Weise 3 ian adiaiis enn areata agenda ereare shames a stews 3 Embarrass, Wis.
Morgan, Ws Hass iccssssagas i nsess nentae te come ees eneaamae Granville, Mo.
Morris, di. H.. @ SOW casa csas tances tak eedd ae areas Warrenton, II.
NOTES: eles ERar 5 o.10, 25 ive Stlonchnse ro dre bids cola tan nel deta derdavaniventecele tie Chicago Heights, Ill.
Morrison, Jie Moi ceccnasgsc cigs sects eaters cette Gr renee wane ee Berlin, W. Va.
Morrow; Ay Siew id eiasagnet.cnied odemeanscey eae co eee nares 4 Plumville, Pa.
Morse, Chas: Avsein.c same iessasaieed pteasseuwd ae tes 4a Vicksburg, Mich.
MOttiN GER: Mi Ov dsscacdaie sviomarsinsines Sea08 wdosisse nen Gear e% Plainfield, Ill.
MOUBEY,, SACO secs sissies ie dio a adnw 8 die 6a Ne Oa OEM RNs BE Wooster, O.
Moutray, ds Discis'ewawegriencs gaming oe SiGe Midge nara de Oa Ni eaewa exe Olney, Ul.
Moyer; Dy Hises\ es ssagueiGs esa roan s seg ameed.ay Campden, Ont., Can.
MIOVER, Phe, Ate 4 adc Soe avid Senaiodang f Blah GIee hen Ae eRe SSeS Syracuse, N. Y.
IMO ViETE Doe BM aceianeacn es Seino pai aaiial O58 a. da ey Sueslasa sa sd save acauaob ae austen in Sheakleyville, Pa.
Marlkaing VE IGhies Ge eanaia eet eatiee Suis wale ade s Aten Friendship, N. Y.
Munford, Ay WN sdawaadgaie neous desert tenet eee sees Moscow, Mich.
Munro; Jc Disssesccatveads doch aieed oes daeevs Seege weea es Covington, Pa
Murdock, aie Wo Bites sicintaiv osc ores Os he O54 EBS Berne, Mich.
S Murléy, JOHM.d5 GOMM sie ivrcaactesaieine ac sso quswen Ko euaveaenion ibsiaeees Kendall, Ill.
Murpny, JAMCSsas vacey scieaina eviews owe ooo e wt ate Bao a i iis Lapeer, Mich.
Marre: BrOSjaisisrcgrale aacligucs Wienke woe y erode @ Sateuats anes Gio eg yea hs Russell, Ill.
Musiek, Oi Biosce cee pon tend e250 siewdoee a eRe anes oma Hughesville, Mo.
MeBrideé; Ax Jitinssasaaceied- aces steed hess oeew anes Farmer City, Ill.
MOB PIdG.. Di Be Ole j.o5.s.acd- asiveanaia haa Paula ead tes tides cane ow Lewellville, O.
MGCAIP, JAMES «ois sos <44 wawieatme bores ec Collingwood, Ont., Can.
MiG Ca DI yes Aigo: ox oneare phattend sive a clases eather Waders eet Martinstown, Ont., Can.
MeCanny, Ji. Mics scweuince sea eniion Ox pa se eset ewe eres Bridgeport, W. Va.
AlcCannell, Wain, Asioccescoctecmet sas oi 4 ghee oe dan seals Washington, Vt.
MeéCATthEeY, JOU Ms'. 2, 6.0.54 Gacdeivan acon dS ancotaces asad Sapna Adelaide, Ont., Can.
McCartney; “PHOSi ee cce-cdaies woteutien a4 patios Ree Vi Longburn, Manitoba.
MeGleland).. Ji. (Mi carictstiuents-: Svcs Seneary aie sinsie aan eae OS Utica, O.
MeGCleblairds, Rk 25 62 aietivas) ein siad eeaenahs iointele aatienetes fer teeeeees Yorkville, Ill.
MéClintiek) "Ws. "“Miadeesortasdniny.oes causa deaaoieanks Chillicothe, O.
MMEGIUTES Se) Mian gaa sg: ido, ded vaunonincd Soa ne rausensts sang F Ramee a ecmae aeieseia: Sumner, Ill.
MeOC1une,. De Wei ca sarcwwacnd cate oaie eo ties giea Meda Edmeerey eeuso onee Carey, O.
Al'e@ ollinim,: "Way D iitazs secu hye ites eg are ws Ras BAA weaned ce we Slade Auburn, O.
McConnell, A. P..........065. NES GSMS TE Sa wa Spee RES London, Pa.
McCormick, L. H. & R. H....... 2... eee Chicago and Lake Forest, Il.
Mie COV. TO Sis, sis Geass dcot Sranivehdtete, aeaiieree & Bi enadenel Big Miovenei ....Plain Grove, Pa.
NE Crumarb ys. HA oa Mosgestica conan aco als Somat eas Aes Gea au Jamestown, Pa.
MeCullochy -Diissawurmaun.gek ae ey eu sceay wae ses amet Steubenville, O.
MeCurdy: Wea As cxseaueyeaes adiees yids tatiana bela ae de tes Warsaw, O.
ALCO UP ald, Ase PP sree asad eat wasyg aie swe geomatnnscae AG aoany Melbourne, Ont., Can.
MeDowell,. By Ki wscucaedacks an wndakes puna s oda De Gee aatoass Troy, oO.
MeDowell,. Ji: Sc:sece duu wsweaenpeauns se0s gil oy sedagdds Seer gles Troy, O.
MeDowell, Ls ‘Ciccsaxeaces neon aiihes eos reson oe eaay New California, O.
MeDowell,. Wis: Histicuose tite ae Sika See Gaaubdd 6a 4 dane Bad Axe, Mich.
MCEHAaGhTron. BROS sacs. dedveeacins samen wmacs ened Sane Argyle, Ont., Can.
MeHachaOns AR scusasictsvecas greets nate banana 5 aaraus Ae gnaeaeeee ela Williamsburg, Ia.
MieMachrong “Wis aaiaeidsatsaned apsiernce's einen segeehdy wag etn ade es Williamsburg, Ia.
MeEldowney,; Wi diisavcns ss senanaue sees aoees ves oa hs Chicago Heights, Ill.

McEwen, MalcOMDscssssrccnesecccrsecceenecceenes Clinton, Ont., Can.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 461

MeFarlane, James..........ccc cee cues Seainnaek Maes Clinton, Ont., Can.
MCHee, Jie DS cossea cc cern nade eee eee eA dae ates team ae eis Lenox, Ia.
MCG OH 5. WO bh a 4s sacs seperate Seence as Ma se Buenauata rd. wvenasd andaare lee Shawneetown, Ill.
MeGinness, W. H...........005 Be yen Sarai Baaste sal Beam NAA he ca io Winterset, Ia.
MeGire gor Bros isis. sages esiers Hane hans elabe aes a eaves Epsom, Ont., Can.
McHenry, Léwiss<s.andes occas nies Lees smears cee aan Hornellsville, N. Y.
MeL poy. El Ls GE Bis x sceisisg aie. cae ain ecaduewt eu. audios BIOL ES oom Stark, Mo.
MeIntines: 2s “Weiwass occu nae ta nae Vaan yao tea aaa es Dayton, Pa.
MeiIntosh, Js 3. & Sons cs jaws ncaa aah oueee arenes Ravenswood, W. Va.
MeKee, J. Hs & SOilse: c4c yeas 0s oa veee ver es sauces Crookston, Minn.
MeKelvey,,. id. On ie BY Gian o.6 ug sina sd tae quagngid a ease eneind leven sce 8 Vallonia, O.
McKelvey, DOwWell cscs ics esianwias os d warsrnanaca scene seated say en Bryan, Ohio.
MoKenzies Janie Sinus sss daieansimatsihiiee aaa al aeldele’s een Geen Ta Baxter, Ia.
McKerrow, Geo. Moss ecssaains iseas vies eons Seda en ea ee Sussex, Wis.
MCR Dy NV ais 25s aac 3 vo a teaeusial ood Sesvaninerdualdy Sudan cosuaess banana Jeffersonville, O.
MG KO Wise) &. NWigvs coats dats as avcare ihadritiacs cor ccara natant. » Se eavsvandwnanes Cannonsburgh, Pa.
PCL eon tis Gi hey <as anne oe ed eae eee aad wean keane eae Sioux Falls, 8. D.
McLaren; Diitteans..2 2 020% spcaue (834 saad aaa aOR Dunmore, Ont., Can.
MeLatiohlin, Dunant... . oc. cccce scree nee ae cee en Brussels, Ont., Can.
MeLaughlin, W.cJi86 J. Aisiiciinon ga tai dine Swine tees SH Hornby, N. Y.
McLowthi, Willisscs acs avseeg ws ae astasieu e's} ae neuenngiediew edasus DeWitt, Mich.
LON at 5 AG. ce cco tayo Seed soe baa ROME OR ORO ee a8 Lorneville, Ont., Can.
SiG Malan, (Ge: Me ves wacais ae ahs Disa 4.08. gio decayed de GG atamays Fi ete ontels Canton, Ill.
MeMilleni, (Bs. Wcsics seas veg begiiec cee Osta ast hOMee hoo 46 HAE Newark, O.
MeN all, SOD Daag ey esc sneak cee 4 les e-e yale ey ae eS aUS ee Ashland, O.
MGNGal ES Bios dc testi be cad eee hee 5g RAMS PMSA ooN Boe a4 Salo Aleony, O.
McPherson, A. & Alo. c ccc c cece cence ene n rene enene Forest, Ont., Can.
MeQiuittys -. Weriisccsigig Sa.a anand appa lela Ges 4eNwiala gelesen Hughesville, Mo.
MeéRoberts;: ds Hissesaes a9 geaew. : visa arabreGiaeiee Satin were Lucan, Ont., Can.
MGVattis, Avice cictaet eek se 2d eas SERENE Cae Oew eEed Detroit, Mich.
Naneé, Hatry. soot a4 cede ene cnaiea nes Tata Ree 8 HEA Civil Bend, Mo.
Napper; Si "Ei & Sonwe sis asancs Kok ormmasewennined aa 8 Seales Mound, Ill.
Neely, J. M. & W. Wa... cece cence eect nee Greenfield, Ia.
Nevins, H. Bu... ec cece eee eee eee eens (eo SEER ree RES Perry, N. Y.
Newberry, W. Jive cec eee c cece cece eee eee teen nee e eee ees Axtell, O.
Newell, John & Sons..... ccc eee e cece eee e eee eee eens West Liberty, O.
Newton, Wi Te aaue veay saint ce ek wits 0s as Meda g tema wees Hudson, O.
Nichol, A: Piecccaeaens shee Gly epee RoR eos eg GEES ties Granville, O.
Nichols, G. Mow... cc cece eee eee eee eee nens Williamson, N. Y.
Nichols, W. C. & SOM... cece see e cence teen nen e een teenies Cresco, Ia.
Nicholson, BE... ... cece cece ee ence deren eee neens Bracebridge, Ont., Can.
Nickleson, J. W. & Son..... cc ce cece cece nee e ee enee Hackleman, Ind.
Nielson, T. Bewwsccce cece eee eee cree e nett e eee enes Sinking Creek, Va.
Nolin, W. Tess c cece cence cence een tenn een n eee n ene nes Milford, Il.
Noon, J. Crccecc cece cece cence eee nee e eee nee ene Prairie Home, II].
North Dakota Agricultural College..............seeee eee Fargo, N. D.
Norton, C. Woreeecce sce e cence eee ene nee entrees nen e en eeas Wilton, Ia.
Norton, H. Cr... cece eee cee ee eee een enn tent e eens Byron, N. Y.
Norton, John... .. ccc ccc e eee eee eee eee eee en es Webster, S. Dak.
Norton, S. Mow... cece cece eee eee e tenets Friendship, N. Y.
Norton, W. Ho... secs e cece cece reece teen eens Springwater, N. Y.
Norton, W. Pdnisine ao oeiniat dé La anigebees Gap aaeons Shee tN Len own. NAY:

Noves, A. Piccscesee rere eee eee nent nen ener anne Beaver Dam, Wis.
462 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Noyes; He Tis seeerse scans dae basaa anand weer geane tes Pleasantville, Pa.
OAKES. Seo De cacyc Gcaa din ccwiee indice d DEGH AeeIe Se Ha ae eR Se Greenville, Pa.
ODPECHE, TOL Fes. .cc5 sie geae Baleares pd duaudeed ade o Bihare OEE ERE ® Mohican, O.
O'Connor, Stephen........... cece cece cece eee nen eeenes Fayetteville, O.
Ogilvie. Ry Bi isiiedcs sone ase v yeaa eaerg seo RaEawES Ai ayes Madison, Wis.
© Hanlon; Ls Go SOtis gees 2234 a whee e sues Salas ne Sere saved ee Bankers, Mich.
OUP Sra: Cy Wrorcsia ute ack teaeaiaie eB HMR NSE SS OGD ae 4 BME Galloway, O.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station............seeeeeeee Wooster, O.
Olds. We Seviskas koe yen secs Gea ee Mea ee Oe aS Mame NS York, Mich.
Olés: Hiratsecs-25c03- Wwieeies sees wand Fhe eae aiieie yesark oe Pleasantville, Pa.
Olivier: Be Pics cidoue esas Geen POR eeeR UGS Ces Fo SONS TES NS Flint, Mich.
ObNei], Bs View dios dates p08 sexes heatattvera ds 2ae Gtaudese adnaonser tere ter Hoytville, Mich.
Ontario Agricultural College...........e cece eens Guelph, Ont., Can.
Ormiston, (Gs Wes cs se44 cdewas vied shee s eee ene eee Enfield, Ont., Can.
ORMSOY, a’ Wiad saisonss.s train Seacgea heat mand SRE Peat Toronto, Ont., Can.
Orr: “Wee HH 25 Gone 8 cues od sermon eoenane qanavenenge Honea cuss Harrisville, Pa.
Osborne, (Gis “Wharssad te aceeninan Old Wiewane ta Vs Mame eA eee Concord, Mich.
Osborn Wes odve dakeds dee wer aes i oo aa Sey es Canandaigua, N. Y.
Otto, Ds Gaisigesievieksseoogesseceauitwe es den cadseds nan wate © Canton, Ill.
OUBhtON, JOR 2005: :cauw sece keke a ead Reece s Crystal City, Manitoba.
Overholt, Ri. Bic svecas oman eden anaemia « Marshville, Ontario, Can.
Overton, John 4th......... ccc cee ee eae eo age ood Spear ase Nashville, Tenn.
Owen, Ay As & Bross wscearcexus deere tye anced eeu a et Bunker Hill, Il.
Paddock, 2. Puxmesackatesahawieat sans Heb ee Rae SOS Paes Malone, N. Y.
PAO. NG Wo caue.a seins oe duipekvat nance areal aydianlah Fale Gah dines, Bev auks ange Berlin, Wis.
PRET IVE y. VWs: EDN 205 satin nts saan tsea data atte te-anarizte tiie talentite: Poets wea te-G Rye Uw Nunda, N. Y.
Paisley; Ss Wsueasvesas oracles widededledaiese dase. Lacombe, Alta, Can.
Palen, ee Crscasagurtescnasel yeas caniragsaserhess Williston, N. D.
Wea Ty AAS. © B icc rae a:h bacetiens a stand b ondersunn Bs 8.8m: TP GRIGNA Ea Jewett City, Conn.
POerelisd: Ws iacias marines awe Soasds pareks Reed Dees Mey Brookfield, Mo.
Parnes, Mise ale Sy dee 004445 ehe e ewe swese cuen Bees Three Oaks, Mich.
PPERUSIN D020: siege Bell gu cerg paste nianet dW eeacbceoasy aogewi tapsbe dar ecenone Waupaca, Wis.
PAPER I, 166 Mage vnaimengdava ete ab Owwlee sas oa rane due Stanford, Ont., Can.
Parker. Ay Tice daiteicad eu cikeagary eosag weeks vot wan eid gaseeaausis Kinsman, O.
Parker, Wardssss¢sienah 1 sas Congas be kee ee ee aoe Reed’s Ferry, N. H.
"Parks Je NWVEUGG: COiswin dais paajehatiaaarh aro Dicoaudeaaud Mibeee boca ak Bourbon, Ind.
PAPMish sy (Wis: io dcorag. saints edn Rte Mp pione eam axaalaies Canandaigua, N. Y.
PALES ON. Ws Gide ac, cavevaoarecion ts sags 4A SRNR Seerea wy BUNA ee Komoka, Ont., Can.
Pattesony: -Gy Wiesiarescy any on sey sataaes cee iieawa eck One Ashton, Ia.
Patteson, “Ps -Cscev 9 veh hawa-e Basa RSs BAG ER Sagat wierd ad anak Toronto, Can.
PPA se os ee eae Bae ae oe Shed VEER oa ea PARP eee abeee Trenton, Mo.
Patton, 20, ©. 88 SOR: :ccnevacas pi caase oie awe adr cae oe Hanna City, Ill.
Patton: BhOSia2g 5 wince pig sees eueaaE es Lua dalaoge es Goa eH Copley, O.
Paul, HMghs ssagesd perese pateke Res Ch ORE EY OG HERE ES cases Dundee, Minn.
Pay TOs sey GC ecrnry e custlatuegs cet ha sine tiaie gs pe acoaiuinn ee eet Prairie-du-Sac, Wis.
Wayne, id: To. 6s SOM 2 seicGhieycmneraiiiarduciacs ocmueaee diced # Sepeeshe Parshallville, Mich.
Peak, BiG  SOWg ak :cgcnadeceok seis at OC CEKAaY haa BORE E4d Aw KOR YS Vera, Ill.
Pearsall. Mary Avi. cneneades ay gem alaeuien esau ewies-coneate Easton, Mich.
Peavey, Frank, JPisssccos is4 05 sewaes ates s teaveavewaaead 4 Newton, Ia.
Pola BEOSi sss pccs gods aes Sine Gohan ie Noaee on d-G wapuivere oa achat Woodstock, Wis.
Péekhamy, i We cos ccs etiess eek RA Pa BN Ae OSE ee Gillingham, Wis.
POT E Zc Di Costiiees easomnzes ces tescoscare wea chanbe mie dae i emeeyaiite ae drone Susie acy gues BUNS Rabor, Ind,

Perring Wy Avjascmiadveeenny y MEU Eee ae 6A OES Rochester, N. Y.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 463

Perry, E. Reece cress ee et tee eee teers sees North Charleston, N. Il.
Persin gy Ay 5s. Ce SOlie «Lave sancaig a iWink ais bean danas oeewun meee wos Zone, 0.
Beers! Valle Hasna ce or wiuitnacte Mee aek tomer aoe satealen Elmira, N. Y.
Pettibone, Jisr cel setaitigea eid eons eetneuecbapy Bautuea eunte Manchester Centre, Vt.
Petits Ws. iGiacerts cagcaags ean kate goed teanuus unas Freeman, Ont., Can.
Phelps, OR a Naciencn Bish sb seri d eae tays tte oisry aha asia oe salens 'o alain Newcastle, Ind.
UPTV So. Bic GA22 shes 5 tegen te Se aaah alata at tesea sant hn a an A seek S ata ah Dexter, Mich.
Phelps, Rufus oy \sausyead an gn nhegkisencdes ad obip Rees ben dees Dexter, Mich.
Phillips; vee ts 2s4 wba ud Mhasamag pedaneamoannbeneas \shdown, Ont., Can.
Phillips, Joseph Soplitenerthe Bn tonnes Gchrolayants Manny Gee aan eres Maidstone, Ont., Can.
Phillips & Knickerbocker. .cecccc0ssccceee eesti vawndcenness Flint, Mich.
Phillips: & SOM... saa ceaa vanes ae aceds Weed esis ce a aha. eaysuiaabh ies Ses Snodes, O.
Pp ss, WV bien 5266 a Seceesdel acto td Guyaueacdcdies seen Frankford, Ontario, Can.
Pn, GaSe: Pls aod alga sd ahoe ee Vek acne dtnareargaseanes Hespeler, Ont., Can.
Phin, JOWM: sisnss caceaa sewis vaa wines Pee ela soda ny eee 4 Hespeler, Ont., Can.
Piekerinipy. Psa psdone Raeli'o's elle aged ¥ eed ee eee d Hae wC ae Mukwonago, Wis.
PICKCtt, J OSes xia 2 da 54 sie eee s Steel Soe aa Saverauers Rese kde Caledonia, Mich.
MRTG. Whe Tiss 2. cists aeee ie spends ahaha se ansaid pederet there's tichland Centre, Wis.
Pierce; Irving 5. Sous: sassk scandones¥ er eee 4 baeax ase s Union City, Mich.
Pier ees Willa mievie sisi wavasaieinde et.ccanrs Wace Ganache Brinsley, Ont., Can.
Pierson,® Hirani. vic cisceaa nena cee saans We Cia aneasiunnil sexe Pittsburg, "Mich.
PUtMaM , HAPTIS OMe a..c.5s.a 5 incvess ertusnias wlan as Greeti lowes Genes Hill Grove, Ind.
Prtiinge ry as Obs asngc ls ccuieitdin'e waste awaees wa annem aetna Pavonia, oO.
Pithinger: J. Ag seews veax bees xa ist4 eeeet bee ees Shee Tes eS Warsaw, Ind.
PUNE... AWA sg scsse sccresad ermasnens: sical wanepedsloerdnd Dalcayoue. ged s Royerton, Ind.
PJaD Daas. ¢ cad eid cednnga tt ont nidredtas ehuaees vel bank: S. Ds
Plessinger Bros;..& Warvel: csi osegs saved isceeia seca saears Beamsville, 0.
Plamly, Jy Ls cies. ccsonnseeses ss eeees and vesnwata bowed WhO ES Waubeek, Ia.
Pollard , Atthitt..¢ 2.052 5 haa arate so pase dace aree eed dee Burford, Ont., Can.
POM ET 5 5 Wain ncn calstnrals pestuactenynn ba: baal zal ceia de ooh obuask MA Raa Ae eae Troy, Pa.
Pond), JObR IPs wiiacg civ tasa cere tie ee ead oes North Clarendon, Vt.
Porter, TR, Gas viraitaleihe ne utanuesere a earcalats Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Canada.
Porter, di Od age angus vee dL intcind §FAG4 PERO TESS BS Warmoes Binghamton, N. Y.
Porter, Wy Ta wareg op sare wie soikie aleininn 4-4 aes danse toe hooves Debane > Atwater, O.
PoOrtuond Os. Ja oe geesianycioiloeanase pe Saas one og eR AT Philadelphia, Pa.
Postles Fy, lusts meeeee ce oshee gee ve dea ear se neue Mecagepe Camp Chase, O.
POULT, Cy Dic. cin acva th eases Os Le RORESE Cae eeReN Ss Big Mound, Ia.
Powell, Hy Wes ac casiee tine ord aie ed acne dee 84 haat Be Battie Ionia, Mich.
PO Well. Oh 2.2.4 stuasewpencemenias oo ald amine ds wie heaetetond hoe seun Wabash, O.
Powell, Ji Lacs isecachcsswaseey cee eee mew reese Benton Ridge, O.
Pratt; Bs Ccadacensnaca® eas pianos ready Holle a wigs Canandaigua, N. Y.
Pray & Beis BroS......-. cece ccc e eee eee een e eee ne eens White House, O.
Pray, Vs lcs cai wenctld ct ee ye. vakaviade ae aah cal Wawraie ghee Maks pawiroiine se Alvinston, Ont., Can.
Prestel, John W...... eee e eee eee cece eee teen eens Sheridan, Mich.
Prince, Polk... 0... cece eee teen nents Guthrie, Ky.
Pringle, R. H...... cece cee eee eee tenet ete Clay, Ia.
Privett, Ul... ccc cece eee neers Greensburg, Ind.
Pugh, Thos. & Son....... eee eee eee eee eens Whitevale, Ont., Can.
Purdue University. ......... cece eee eters West Lafayette, Ind.
Purington, E. Be cheia pleuin ni cab cee eee Bae eat, Sterling: Wis.
Purinton, L. Be... eee Middle Falls, N. Y.
Quick, 'S. Rivsaesesas pees Letaal ner ers cut nantes 2 STEN RRS Brooklyn, Ind.

Quick, W. J... eee eee teen e enon eens Ee Sauaintoniet son ead Brooklyn, Ind.
464 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Raccoon Farm Association. ....... cece eee e eet e eee eeees Bellowsville, Pa.
RAGE, JACODE cc vrai nk inawenne ob 08.4) CREE TEE NOE Williams Center, O.
VRaikés; GCOr Pes cs iscncend gies ones wa deee enna t Didase eens Barrie, Ont., Can.
Hatisbacls, Dy Be i cacces cg uay pa veae rene Oe 5 at eee nae nd OSS Hopedale, LIl.
Ramsey; We O's sedieaae veces nome syle eae eee ede Pee Allendale, [Il.
Randall, (Sy. Waiscienevessses sevens enas wokwes es epee sss Morton, N. Y.
Rankin, Ti. Bigs cca cctasens sieea tastes Des eS MEOR LE Cee wEUE SS Ks Athens, Ill.
Rankin, Walter.........ccscceeec cence eens ew eennene Musselshell, Mont.
Rausch, HeUEY passe pcamin ss aie potaas tat Swale O ates saaecen + WACISON, Ind.
Ray, BR. Docc cc cc cece cent eee eee e eee n nen e ene e en aes Springwater, N. Y.
Raydure, W. S... eee e eeepc reece reer eee eee nes Evyansburgh, Pa.
Reed, H. Boccecc cece cece cece ence eee e een e eee eee neaes Howell, Mich.
Reesor, W. Dewi... ccc ccc cece rene eee e eee e enn nees Markham, Ont., Can.
Reichenbach, C. W...... ccc cece eee c eect eee enes weapons Apple Creek, O.
Reid, Mrs. Wi Sag awacwaa oy caanuenced éotoere aitteiers oes SecielsS Souris, Manitoba.
Reid, Hector. .... 0... cece cece eee e enter eee eee Brucefield, Ont., Can.
Reid, Samivel..< sc cseose ss ies Vises ccead ease eeeee cues Varna, Ont., Can.
ReiMbolity. CHAS ei ieuccd caus wicaisnende eet Oh RS WORSE ERS EP ae Hae eae Tiffin, 0.
Remington, W. Av... cece cece cece ence eee eee tenn eee anes Geneseo, Ill.
Rendall, Jobin. ssieeigsews cee gee ees cea eos Camperdown, Ont., Can.
Replogel, O. Bence ccc ccc ccc cece cece nee e teen cece eeesetes LaPorte, Ind.
Reynolds, P. B. & Son... cee cece cece e cece ee eens Owosso, Mich.
Reynolds, Ws, Hecsinse cad eudens 84.0 da aeudan wea wanes Middle Falls, N. Y.
Rice; (Ch Cy ccvad Steg he bok we eMES teeta Cues Ded data Chicago, Ill.
Ries. dis. "Why. Q-SONG ae axes kh eGcived o0us Henew gas oie See nen Winchester, Va.
Richard, Dy Puscaebsccastmaks coset anima eeag Sa88 Chubb’s Corner, Mich.
Richardson, Ce Pe SOs. heavens ddeace kava date ee auereng SOS OES Clarksville, O.
Richey Me: Wie sraanamsawna cad sarah ati kei avers a Gaye dal Ge Sun Dale, O.
Rieker,, Clarence wise s sca ca ieads peewee case ges Black Creek, N. Y.
Bice, SL ee BOs wees o eee ka hewn ene es Cease neve a exes eee Fairfield, Ia.
Rigdon, Brandes. a54-x gkensnian teh Sa loehee kOe A hee & Ba Wapakoneta, O.
FRIDGES Ce Whicsas aie acasarebassgae 08 vovexd Savgesenan tye hes eeseubuacsace ustes Albuquerque, N. M.
Fineholt, (iy Saws i cacdacaddse ances eke C49 ae RIDE OLS ae Dee vo Overton, Pa.
Ringe walt; “Walliams wis ows coi Shain s oan sags wegig fee se New Castle, O.
Rigsby: J, Ps scadgea toss ag tyedss pore seteeees cau aneeas Blythe, Ont., Can.
Risley, (Cy Missiaines Cadewiau tos. ahaa rte saan SOeoe eae Mt. Carmel, Ill.
POOP VOI, esa kids ead eee GN IGaey PR RLoRMRR Pe EY Colburn, Ind.
AGW ODNS, Ors Bisseces iced aie sp aninae-ti-g: Sees a Banshees we Savard Ge hina wees Edwardsburg, Mich.
Robbins, S. W.... ce ccc eee eee Sneee eee eek eee Wethersfield, Conn.
Roberts; D. & SON. s<2scn0%4 ssa tows re sea seguews eevee Faulkton, S. D.
POUSRIG, RG s suede de cise eeeeee ee beaae wee ea eee New Sharon, lowa.
Roberts, T. R............. Bil cobs tama wan bershatlenateanenaasud ova aclyiipadavens Detroit, Mich,
Robertson, JOHN. 6626 ci asiasa peewee ees aaa ves genmene Wyoming, Ont., Can.
TeOWGEreat. ly Race nsehaa nae eee ld cowanelauies wars oe Rochester, Minn.
Robinson, Hy. Dec. occas oss tessa ce uaeg eee ena aes es ees Edinburgh, Pa.
RODINSOMy. Fle GN ag ated ds ned: Sadie HORE DRT EER Geel ae Ithaca, Mich.
RODUTSONy. Ve Wes.» paianieecehaig 9 Somes g svt hla doshminay eased St. Mary’s, Ont., Can.
Robinson; Vhosw.0ccaceadaiweaccadotenas Geen eae Kintore, Ont., Can.
RoGkayvellly: “We Vlasic agiel anus s ahs dgueiie dies ta eauads ewe a Sees Ulster, Pa.
Rodgets; Ag Hy ysscsviawvae Sessaseeheeseegs sameness ss 08 Hammond,.N. Y.
ROGERS. Ds ys shea teowie Scns dE SGA NES Oats Achand ohS Rose Point, Pa.
RO STs SATII H os, acarecg avaorpoen tele natalia’ soy Sel Riper a altanrayos seed sev lnnaiyd Lennon, Mich.

ARG TAH, MEA, Ge iss antpearinter nied cela eee AG oO One, S Ack Paes Waterloo, Ind.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 465

TROLASON,, Pliskale 4a: Srpnisite Seiyed Dae we Caiman ee ee eiaeeuw se eens Howell, Mich.
ROWErS Aer Dis seeeiee cae gaue dy end edad Soh LARIAT oicae ho EaEE Elgin, O.
ROOK, Wesrcus oy 4 wesigdrd Gerdes dey declan ad 40d alee waa Marshall, Mich‘
ROOKE. We Mya ie nad 5.5 Suse Season tesere wade a aropaee toate aieen Ypsilanti, Mich.
Rose, MOPS at. Hicisascacr engine. sce weg ass eaiaated Ree el a ee Mansfield, Pa,
Ross...) Ohin :G: Somes wis aes naw aud olen ha soe iba aed are Bucyrus, O.
Rouse; HUgen Gass. so decane ce esse 8 eave, adcee: bine Sha: euatowaen Cohocton, N. Y.
ROUSH Gi Wings diacinanee O68 6440b sas 2S dad ase a daeaaea WA eG Springfield, O.
RO Waits Jic Acs OF. Misaisin's caesaineing + sieautebauinine aga ene guns Hillsdale, Ont., Can.
Rowes Co Hes sages yes saeeue sea as pene ons eines Sena an Orillia, Ont., Can.
ROWe:. VONM 2d sca bFe.cag apaeig ead Dhow oan a navos ete Brent Creek, Mich.
ROWE, Sis cc5 nae aca ie rae rela ece SQ GS Euan FlEwG ehee GRRE Flushing, Mich.
Rowell G “Dhorpe va casasisae vagy sage 6 os eandeeeraes 1eye East Albany, Vt.
Rowland,, is Wesucs esa oes Aaegiss Saad Mae A Seed east aes 4 Delaware, O.
ROWAN. Lind deehiayeccind evmauale. antes anda cota aerated a wsbalene alias Warren, Pa.
ROW MET CE: Die iare Scere ep tenses a ais! aharain GA fareee i vialese: orca Sara ee Rochester, Wis.
Rudd. (Carl: Fracsverucun wiedg a adteus 24 s-waee aoa. vues o48 Sheldon, N. D.
TRUE ys, Nae ie sce etree a sea arti aaheas ones sbisiennns dudvaraeuavcwnbons ds Hespeler, Ont., Can.
DUC Wil Lee s.cucuese cts. Gedetonh ee ake anle t Qectetewsnes aa ohaeenars Conlogue, Hl.
Riland,, AGIs. sass eye aaraaiaa ogee guia 68 ae dhe e areiavis esto Lockport, Ll.
Rumbaugh; Ge Was sues kideavdapae ese s viaee oe aed OES Fredericksburg, O.
Rumbawe ls. Se Hissd-scac « eragra tea ietoye 08.8 svecsoteaonse Sood. ane Holmesyille, O.
RUMSOy 5 Mi Dissisast gowad ietok ieee Woes Cae ammabl ones VN Lewiston, N. Y.
Runde! Hs Thess eean aaa ages ques amperes aienrrene Pontiac, Mich.
Rundeéle Jip. B68 SOs. ca wheres saa doods sos eee S Birmingham, Mich.
Rupert: BROSt eters 2actmans Aci tmecciese nee on Syaueiend s Bene. easenesrnes Mercer, Pa.
Rush, A. Si. cacecesan eeen CA Sate nab bae PRE lene eg be See West Middleton, Pa.
AOE; AWG) Saco sun ia a wie Sa wke o eed ewe ha eee eee eee Shaw, Kan.
Russell, DwiGht..ac.y cs csined vax vamaos esd paewe es ea eS Napoleon, Mich.
ARUS SE] 5 TOS Cepeie cee lsc ov ces usta a) ack ue mtuanees ons totam see Cherry Valley, O.
Russell & Grant.......... cece aee Riawca 3, sy ia ¥dh ee oe Markham, Ont., Can.
Rutherford, Js & Son ssdvscas sages sea daaies aaeor sais Roseville, Ont., Can.
Rutherford, W. Gy & Woeissscrcevess oeeswny cea dawess Waddington, N. Y.
Ryder: Chas: Of SON: saxwsaleace geoes encase aad annette eens Barnerville, N. Y.
MAO: he AD sich Gaal eve ane Grails sate a. anoraneuSlinalabaved osuwlan nels @duave Hudson, Mich.
Salkeld,. Jonnie voicaniwt/con enema ake came erences Goderich, Ont., Can.
Salter, (Ry Biss esces ces pee bands sees Sete Rages wee eda ede Colby, Wis.
Danders, Dy. Ascciers acy dina daaia nee wees Vaid deed OES BES eS Goshen, Ind.
Sandy Gi ALCGINUIS cc «caravans saa aus o sisi caleba s aerrae dues Cloverdale, Ind.
Sawyer As Vescssie gan yaniew a teas choste wid taeeeas Fas Hamburg, Mich.
pehanitz: “W:. Ts wise s clacaaeao see eae a eiateheae + same Hastings, Mich.
Schmit, Jy Assi sss. aces esees Geet 9945 dees Oeeee andere < Greenviile, Wis.
SCHOGHOMETE “AUG. c.:daica d ecole gudtscoie sie toad cayerenilel A Peers Sbgerneees: Moulton, O.
Setreloer, Wools cca etews nisas ceeeese as Oba 248.055 Allendale, Ont., Can.
Schuessler, S: & C......... Micuucisss Waveee eas, neges a hier Soman Towa City, Ta.
schwark, Girass. «J taeaess4 ds eee edi sd Bese das vs Panes eae aise Erastus, 0,
ScCGtt;: By Be GF SOM casa a d5 waieaete setae smiecey grote kd RAM aS es Aa Romeo, Alich.
COE Git ee 4 mined aca pcannaane wooed wee a Ad Woon IAIN, ace RRR bah etd Mestad eevee Rass, O.
Scott; Hentyysjgad cnnaw sisi dans weeded ave pene: Melville Cross, Ont., Can.
Scott; Ji Aa isgcouesegerae scat aoa ts soGHhes orteehewa és Hagerstown, [nd.
Seramy,. “Way, THis be aia shew hae nnines Maa NM Ae Sea OR Omro, Wis.
Sot dd er) Lida sscccnS-ormcn odd WaOeeeAe Gera le aa ns leeae dune egal Ansonia, 0.

Seabury; I. Hiieysa yearn y seu seen eae sees ee ew eden sees Galway, N. Y.
466 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Seale, John. Jticiancs cesgeeeere ewes stseasmkng gooey Hackleman, Ind.
BONMONS, BL, ceacka see at ease Peco aRes Se eCM TAREE E OSS Factoryville, Pa.
Searnster,: Sis Higciiis- ag bic heathy 445 2 Kephelancehdoe eupusia lave: & Se wie ate Lancaster, Mo.
Searcy, 5S. J. & Sons...... pie Pilih oath Gethbeas Sha Dae CA ORG Patriot, Ind.
Searing: LAM CSs cvsces ce icie peews soecadeue ese SSUES OAs Pewamo, Mich.
Sears, C. As sjegecdeos dace setae SORA Lee adeeese t45 Garden Prairie, IIl.,
S@erists WiWat iss scams sacra amie bode ed mavens gee New Cumberland, Ind.
Seeley, Ry PB iaicccieniuan amen ae at week e een Waterloo, N. Y.
Sellers: die Me Vwownn inet hiw sade a iien ceeare oeee es suae ales Palestine, Ind.
Senipley Ki Boxes sock 4aee eee Set Meee new e poles OURS eyes Shawano, Wis.
SEXSMMIED,. HEY dg ak sradineus ob aad Sadia hice EF histo Soe Sale Greenfield, Iowa.
PUA TORS ie en a4 anak s ds Fe 4 WER) ESSA eed Se eR eae Princeton, Pa.
Savers, As Re siecauar eis tacegseiscoavigegeiny geese eee Wy ave aver dete ooe > eres aoe Ree sates Saxon, Ill.
PAPI il Bas vp WRN 505 1 EARN OD AA ae eee eae eee ede Houstonville, Pa.
EUR co voce ed anes ee ee bn Vases SR4OR RAIN ER ES Millbrook, Ont., Can.
Shaw. Pros. DGS a3 26 heute hte ad tesa sue Bien Ree St. Anthony Park, Minn.
SG. SOR, sractetisa Saw beg a Oa PREM EE ae MUR Ne BOER BRE Arden, Pa.
Sheets; Co Hiinwssoseeg soeke a shee wanes sas seeee gee eae Maplewood, Jnd.
Hees: Gs Ris wscaad ccan eedadd and ssead tenes Games ae dae Cromwell. la.
Shelia, AS er sesaoaeass. dco dab F avovatav aed ana d dcavauastinks vacang.e myauawodctss Paw Paw, Mich.
Sheldon; Henty (Ose. apaasccke sal eawec wees weeny Hear bor Kalamazoo, Mich.
Shelton, WV. Dawe coda walang needs Signed aeleiaue ReRS D e aa Hae Teegarden, O.
Shepherd, R. D............................. New Sheperdstown, W. Va.
Sheppards Gis Mesa .ccisiek sascsiar vin Soc a-s-4 wilseaie ee wae hieusieye isi shone Clear Lake, S. D.
SHETET): \G OO siae ed Gos, aedck Geians! aes sagan Miele eos Na tad ea abana Hede8 Magnolia, O.
Sherman, Prank: (ie. csg2aci cn saaaeds woiacins oon ekenawene Bath, N. Y.
Sherman, sie Wiwiduetussensdh baaijaie ss edule sad asters bes Norwalk, O.
Per aiatiy Ts. Vidoey eee 64s Hewe eed 44 OE a ee he a eS Roscoe, Ill.
Sherman & Roeper.........ce cece cece cece ence eee eens Wyoming, N. Y.
Shermans. Wee. Dioxpate sak Hearn asties eeibars oSaiee womens LVN Nom Shushan, N. Y.
Serr Hs Nig dtsioa: caara eee dO eared aay See wR Se Lexington, Neb.
hier i. He OS ates swears dade nc ne anentawace in semeusaee 4 te Detroit, Mich.
Shields, Albettows + ccassieses cease dwwne svaca wen Caistorville, Ont., Can.
DUE, OSCAR 6 d.o.acias dacuchendin dueceiinid dass a scara ip alee redo ane-' tecarensene a. Be A Houlton, Me.
SHITPEMS, Ih. Rimwinaud } dddavpnaa a dac a eiguaee teet warmed Clarence, Ont., Can.
SHOOK: Silas ssa ccc wenn aoe ctineee maw Sasa soma Youngstown, O.
SORE TR ahs ohenguad eGo Tk Fie RABE IO SD 8 RA OREE LES White Oak, Ont., Can.
Showman; Jc Avs gora qewken yeas stowed ee 8s 4aewnic doe 6-9-8 usu Union Station, O.
SHPO Ven, Bie Ms sco dusdueivie teidub ieseaerd cnauatoeraei ode ee akarale ee Millgrove, Ind.
SIUC ahs EN bick 6 cen <A tree eesti Paes a claad see ee chee McDonaldsville, O.
TGR Ory CE LID fc wcsinines: aovxga axe one eo wa GX Ite LEE A hits eee Seema Malta, N. Y.
ICI ey hy Ove ca nws etc ie deepen ‘adda lneesieen eda ae overtone Blachleyville, O.
DUSDY, (SSt Mt ici vie dane Bed NAA HS Hehe Oe a Aaah a Orangeport, N. Y.
SING Ms Bincigae dane y etag saude Se oan Cheer os se ReEa aes Bloomdale, O.
Simpson, JOHN o265sdcea ves cas cia eee be wnmes ve Nassagaweya, Ont., Can.
PUTS 5, EUs A sas occ 8 Avian oeavaeres ese tea vancdaiegendas cea reels Thamesford, Ont., Can,
MLOCIALT, (Ce OH sci. cany wanna Seen Gaia hase acai eet eyouies Byron, Minn.
SISSON; “Wo. Bors sateen evs 4a aaleuus Buc eso eee eagles aduacanened Easton, N.Y.
Skinner, HOPACES pica i anes, as sverndsointyeed pate Auta tali’e vee 4 Maple Rapids, Mich.
Skinner, GON Nida ct recalage CaS OR CR Meigs ca cate nla tlre Tyrone, Ont., Can.
SKEIME Os Pens cawecmaateSaasits ola kena Sune eratnne eae ees Vancouver, B. C.
Dilenine: ike: WM EVGias ncn es erase s Stew savant a adnate nee Grenfell, N. W. T.
Slater AMOS. ye qugniese isk s4 suck nnd b ona meno oan West Andover, 0.
BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 407

Slaten, Pa SE seis aisle bane wwuuucoe eae si dine arches Sabai alanaten aia ee Hinckley, Il.
Sloan, Ds Missing ¢ nagulh ssw ected ad Coie Sekapeaaisiaw dadieen wae Ashland, 0.
Smalleys. Js Asergsss nasien neh s saad oy tsi eden rer saa gaan ox Vicksburg, Mich.
Grin Gh, Gy WY a 5 age ha sie hn as NR Bena ase Re Saeed aid Reenete bramble He Legan, N. Y.
Sipélli€s Ga Lay MR viata ad Acarnieumuareis asa ae wie aie an Binsearth, Manitoba.
Smith. Albert. -ccaicc cuca Gace ek iele yoy AGIA eee Ole Eau Clair, Wis.
Smith, Ag deci eawkd ecw anaes ooad Heme ciee women eeea ee eye Decatur, Ind.
Smith, Arth Oras vcax pean Roo veo akwads kad Sanne 8 Eau Claire, Wis.
Smit by BRO Siascvaipsicehs censucisss d puasadalavs aeagdi new wuergie wreldudubch whaanh oohivhas ue Athens, Mich.
Smith. “Brostessvearcnnsscacesenws gad aH tans corsa wsene eae 3 Middlebury, Ind.
Stith; Ce Js SomSiws.e otaguwee vanced Mabengueen emer ses Stubblefield, Ill.
Smith, Sir: DD. Aciadces-c sacs dees etc ae meee e eee bs teed St. James, Manitoba.
SMa bes ID) > ty 2 ca averse g-aswtneueat sheen Marqaed gabe eeauanives aint Kendallville, Ind.
Smithy WD), Su oS: Bia anand was abies ware $8 mahailerer as aun wee Grane ae Belleville, Wis.
Smith, Fy Bi scisengnss she syn a dameee yes Boece essa Larsnall, Mich,
Smithy, Ws JA ss e0% adresse ewa.a mice said h age s-aw a s Sceieas “bee eae Groton, S. D.
GS Tae dn A Gea Svea a Guns aa ak portant aia av ea nenandd Con aaea tana tnaeSHina a moma. Rays Andover, O.
Suatthy Harve yic-accsecsccucshcccisiacouibiat ayers wie eee s-yari sr aiceas sap severe oes Sterling, N. D.
SR Ny. ee DN adore eed Seed Cees peek Ewes hae ES Compton, Quebec, Can.
Smith, Hs Ps eden s-s ck wee seas camer peek sey eae Rees oy eat is Benson, Vt.
STINE Lis, ele. | Nase: negate ace vaguousne deeland @ubeate Gia a aoeceap sober seuraanie cs Clarksburg, W. Va.
SATS, de. els, Gl: SOM Gass raccs Sctmeraey ave aoe elses Ra eave Ganesan twas West Branch, la.
Smith, JOS: Pevascnsgks unre hoes eis eesebo nso ee Here e's chide Saybrook, III.
Smith, Lyman. Fs vi cna-ccce cee dons. esate sires vee Reynoldsville, N. Y.
SST CHD: IN 3: TAS seasts sn. Austen spne.ctd ies Wi duinende fieyhie auaseenbde Ruled sveneiate dee mune Bus Baraboo, Wis.
Smith; Oliver Hiss «inci wana seacewoeea ch menos 64.40 Brussels, Ont., Can.
mM th, Rec steew p siciwus ui dig aaaiaig b esp Pander ew'ais wake nse da eeu Howell, Mich.
Smith, OM: ci sacice nes caeeg Bers does es es eee ed ee emased exas Beecher, [Il.
Sith “Wie Hane s9 2 a ees ecksens 2. gelatin arin ta erate eu eRe De Monticello, Mo.
SMIthson, Witivedsonasacaweradads veda eden South Monaghan, Ont., Can.
Smock). My Hews: aauchsladaac ae SaN Ss EAS cowie a eo ee Monroe, Wis.
Snell, J: Siacscacsaneoigeseveraysaceeeee vas goes osaee sadlarshall, Mieh.
SO. “WAM TA acy ie Sere nitsceseca AE suheasera Bea veauslae Ae area Clinton, Ont., Can.
Snoke,si ds Awsu.2 tas ouiw nada uses sta Facto od Se ange ed ch BR ait Delaware, O
Snufl, Doht Wensis Ages.cceeutanas cop vache creas eecatorssasuaNblesy MOGh:
Snyder, Awwii.s cana dest cleo r esa sied See g4 cee wads saa Centre Point, Ia.
Snyder, JOS. Biwi c. ccccecsevenctue cea nteen nes sh nes Waterloo, Ont., Can.
Snyder, Wa Gis esses saeceidas cnawvee we ead eee e ne eg emien es Sandy Lake, Pa.
South Dakota Agricultural College.................-- Brookings, S. D.
Southworth, Myron......... eee ec cee eee eee eens Charlotte, Mich.
Southworth; 'T.. Mois sees causa sacitins eeu enieidererns wsitiee » Allen, Mich.
Spaulding, A. Re... e ccc cece eee eee eee nee Lake City, Minn.
Spaulding, O; Av cece ciecadiae des geen nee oon asia dba Fs Burdett, N. Y.
Speedwell Farms.............. cece cee eee eeee Lyndonville Center, Vt.
Spencer, H. H., Est of... 0... cc cece eee eens Brooklin, Ont., Can.
Sprague, E. FE. & Sons......ccsee cece eee eee eens Vermontville, Mich.
Sprague, Sidney...... 6. cece eee eee eee eens Faleoner, N. Y.
Spratt. By Oeccacee de ot soees C40 gees et pagers oe 4 Spring Arbor, Mich.
Springside Farm..........ceeee eee eee e eee eens Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Stalkers: “WillOming once credo weinme daca ones Beat Gotieces Oskaloosa. Ta.
Stanley, Bo Wao... ccc eee eee eee ee eee nents Boston, Mass.
Stanley, J Diss ccc cece ene eee e tee eee ete e ene eens Horton, Kan.

Stannard), Jv) Dis ceees nad teas htaa sess eres eek G Fort Collins, Col.
468 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

SOS) Mis ciakenics Sou a ara g tuenucd an Rana tua name woneee ecrees Sal ee Lifford, Ont., Can.
pS UUme ss 0S AT asain cs canvas cntete oicbentalin ach cca chy mee co cnseilac dps altgrgaeealete Fultonville, N. Y.
MD LOTIONS.” TU, ted) -5 so wseseapatsodared hs erie’ etalon sine. aca gv caveotmrne a) hanes sean -O ie Avilla, Mo.
Stemogvabe Bross sasciaecssveesioses sa teels aed eubee desires’ Kile, Pa.
BLepHens;. Le. Weiss sca rrosssaaeadtanacanhce dees + eee os Robinson, Il.
Picts. Hy Dacdsstaess tonnes ddadaesee rs cae eened baer Greenwich, N. Y.
Stewarts Hy: Wuseaaxqa dacdanka aaa A canckwtnennone deca ees OAR ee Forrest, Il.
Stewart, Pitas. axis eee oy ceo dees geek ae wee hee Lennon, Mich.
Stewart, Willits. scgue<2s2a5 Syose besa taaweee se Weybridge, Ont., Can.
ISLE WATTS Wig: Sica cbclauariece: guar e avedeusiap tose dip ceyaiis bconstensnr tn bBe Acavingtuncare coteuay dae Golden, Ill.
St. George, Hy, Est. of........cc ee ee eens Quetton, Oakridge, Ont., Can.
Dt CkKes (Cx Vhs cca vngignds. fumed Samo aaa pases Rina cae a Pinckney, Mich.
Stirey Ws Wins ceracca crs Hees esceed Saeve dese aes Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.
Stoddard, OPtins sc... cee edteeas soos eet ewGw Reese aE Busti, N. Y.
Stoddard, Ue ds BGM pases hewde ee eer eee eee eee Bist, Bh. 7.
MS POMC Si: TOs. x sscensienss snag rvatchicinitacw en cna ston anbdennos wiser alte ankdicoew elavantcantadig se 8 Mitchell, Ja.
ptone, J. (Bs he SOM nei e's cecwesins ce esse sungilen's ould ame oe Richmond, III.
Secre, BM ae BB od ee ees aide eee Gs Seed Hee Marcellus, \. Y.
PSUOMTIDS 5, AU, Mary ABS NO ae ag vcs eth ioiein gi a ceed custugudses arch ous a lesapeane auaaCaLp me Lebanon, Ind.
PSU OMI S AS GNP ia.da- Boasts oo epics se bee feces ens os alk Rear wet rae eee yap Bogart, O.
Stotlemyer, Ey Deis since. eectee peamda rs sa ssaee eae ees Beaver Creek, Md,
Prwers, Clas. Buctey sudokvewes coun aeueedd dae senewe ne Wheatland, N. D.
SSO URS, lg esedes Ses asset sont, a 5 Seiler Guapaassua ee aie ie aera A loraesbangueia enue ettbace Arcana, Ind.
Stratford, DOShacsan dememesware s onuiniww ra aes owen Brantford, Oht., Can.
Piel Wy al unease bee eee ERE oe ee eee nen Burlington, Wis.
Streator. (S. Resvoes snows va vaedopaeas eres aa tawe aeera geen § Wolcott, Ind.
ptreet. Wits 6 Sones s veveniness sciveole dost ages ed eae, London, O.
PBS CHOT ii, Et cpanel avaansan pe pexaon dh Apietuicn Salltc anni cavacaud aieons are outa euD esd Painesville, O.
Oren, (aOGlly vrs pnsiakas9844 4 ewe Sea Wan serewarawed BEE Fox Station, Ind.
Stes. Wa LE ating cog adieaseiaceea aitarm arabe ats ec Yreiegayy Sune ake wae se heads Fox Station, Ind.
strong, “D.. Weanticvedss xan e soe u oaaewee x 4.4% Galea ee ued Tecumseh, Mich.
PRUE, sFARe a4 pase ee e445 «4 twee sea sae eed eeee ts Hamlin, N. Y.
Sturdy, George O........ 0... ee eee eee ee ve. dare Reena Goderich, Ont., Can.
Sita. Whe VWWieldaisidnns aes taalslend 404. atonal ee eaenaae els Goderich, Ont., Can.
BAO Ss Wis. N Mis laser chenaeafine oa erm enwe ese Ome esa eg ae eH Mansfield, O.
Stuyvesant, Riasitaesye.ee peeeeeed weveemabn nee se atnees Allamuchy, N. J.
HUNG, Ble<kewsiseohsscwerde es ese LeeeE Oe UN eee end oa ed esald Welton, Ia.
PS UMTS, ANS Mog. Sra iitieud Ges ented dapeiararca Sti dyno vousiteveus: Sas miave meageban dA whe Canaan, O.
Btn lsnt, Ts QW oseee sous 04 weanw o 290s 4 DEwRE a O4b EROS DEW Oxford, Mich.
SUG POSSE kreacn dain een witha, parse OREN eS NS Cherry Valley, N. Y.
SUTTON (GHUSydinc usecase ausieesceeedan st cexewe cee en Shortsville, N. Y.
sutton, Di Be sisneuerecinds dooud eyes ss eoeeeer ees aen Ann Arbor, Mich.
SWwWenele k&- MOPEISOM gos. 5 owe Rando dc seis Atoeduars ele Sones eee Neoga, Ill.
SULLOM, AN: Mi aan ate Sota Meese odren nade Vabes Raises gales Tecumsek, Mich.
DAVES as Wie grassnaritiac ane toera ani oases Sony mala a Wlaarg a: Hebe wy aa OLSEN Kirby, Wis.
mWvartZs (Pe Miswiegin save sella a sea melee Die gg Bee e Be wS S Waukesha, Wis.
SMNIehard, Wis Wasi seseccs wae obese ss stuwawneacecine sae New Albany, O.
SMT Si: He CA ads gedceutnniicadstecaiasecd Gov ceded canduniine aoPeoih o GrkGetae se New Market, Ind.
SOREL ORG, Heads edge canenme es aa ohms aa ie eae nies Richmond, Va.
Swine, “Uy Awscki enced odcigaunewas Gone a eee muraresunes Woodham, Ont., Can.
Cavite. samc rec: aie sis hiavaie bta Craialetatenaeer gigi aia undeate o Seine UNO eae ae Tonia, Mich.
Taaintery Aus a4 seeded yeep ERO Rew EPS OS See Oe ede wae Menomonie, Wis.

TE alah, eh, OWN ahaha petites wR aA Arcee GE GARB Onan velar sataeny a8 Montpelier, Ind.
BREEDERS Ol SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 469"
Talcott. Ge Bis saane cerca satis vas cadens SiGe Sacre eee Owego, N. Y.
PalCott,, wi. Bisse sar.) adams ea cew eco Riel il acty even uit So Lice ANS eiV eA Ry dae Rome, N. Y
DAM COS (Gee IM eri c-ovase ananassae tater teeta socio Hemeetinn aegis taeda Skaneateles, N. Y
Tamblin, SAnr sa shistat gueciats uu tennte acteatne teislion aR eanid h oNMN A ae aS Orono, Ont., Can.
Taylor” FH. (Chesweaiades ad gete Lee VMtind eA eee EAA Ames Koping, Mo.
Taylor, ISAAC: Stewen cane hese dv spe nds baiecacanenaesigis aceadepogcens Grand Ledge, Mich.
Taylor Ss. Wiscchawaaeeta’ peoie nt 44 aaees accu eviaiees i Yountsville, Ind.
Taylor, O.scvsiogiacs scan tas eee tely ale eye knoe ee vac eNOS Earlham, fa.
Teegarden, Cy Moinesssvces tie esacendeudas or eedes aes Atwood, Ind.
Teel. is \Gisucced:s wi eaenady 84d Sevens 2S Oa area emars ew RCON RO otek IO Rushville, Il.
Telfer; Av 6 SON os.acwe caa sacrdcies taeda degen eekee eed o 6s Paris, Ont., Can.
Telfer cVaAS A gas Soa. aleapla'shaceBuwiaatadsensine Rena St. Paul’s Station, Ont., Can.
Templeton, Js Vs csus waeye o0as Rhee ye eae Fae keds teas Greenville, Pa.
TERE? Go SLOCle vie csitvenass sige aa biunacd tutta eG aaa Te RES S 6 NO Byron, N. Y.
THatche®, JOS cris ceases gdsa sansa y alergss eoaianbig’s o's is arse Valparaiso, Ind.
Thayer, Bij, Ecc.d teas can vais pes ideo pacws eae Cooperstown, N. Y.
Thomas; Ay Ply sows asics seaesd aac'e Holame he die 6 deamtesty, cay % ca vases Plymouth, Ind.
PEN OMIAS, E06 is a ciaus! sacar disuse davaue acicteens ip nesauneanaa eee 9 BRA Hornby, N. Y.
Thomas, PT OD PY 166 SONG hs 5d apacacse Haare di aiaeais Sivig es aandeese alana Wabash, Ind.
‘Rho mais, ilo esse: ew wiausis Sareg ey ated salad Awe eaos Eden Mills, Ont., Can.
Thomas, Owen & Sons.......ccec cece cee ce cece cneaeees Round Hill, Va.
TH OMP SOT wis, Visser ode etigana go nveteugad eipsaaa chest @aneeet aie eearyalaeh aes Gas City, Ind.
Thom psoOn Cy Prim De snc seas cans weceie sarees areca ce i atahe ey wea ee Swoope, Va.
Phompsoni. W's iOvgews sanrdainie new ag yah oun wa Geed a. oeels ae Frankfort, Ind.
‘Thompson, JOnMs 26.4 4s0s-o sso adersas ras aed ewe abst Blake, Ont., Can.
SEIT OR PWV UG 2 catisaes sds doresvhicedlsva sud Geese: avuiedess. beara A gneinnea seed Skaneateles, N. Y.
Rhornburehy, VWs. Hiss aseaace as dee deterrence eae ea eee Gilman, Ind.
Thorne; Oaller Oh oxi siscgsiccurd arsine ya dels ied as eareilans .. Millbrook, N. Y.
Thorp; Henry... 224 sees aeeee dee g Dives 20444 MEd Hone wee Charlotte, Vt.
EIB DaVS: aie WD oe scisee Sisey secant aed cto orbuatennss dbauk wianedaes aaron age ETAT SPUR. | Oz
GR Oe 5 Waaw th Oe Awe k cet ee oeee Pats Rees eee West Lebanon, N. Y.
illo naman ss Ge. Teas: sosisvesists coniaateds esos ang Sagi es gos wR ee: aoe Ne Tunis Mills, Md.
Timmons, UT. Av id SONS: scae ss ses gees eoeda eh ee bees Saws Westfield, I].
nt Se BOR. cata v eee dkec tse tence sade Columbus, Ont., Can.
ROW TaIS< MES, SEY. sss se 'avncinc dl quenstosh Doetganie 6b coreh b. evhrasnnales a cbusce hcudeplogcs.» Lansing, Mich.
Todd; S:. Wacai can goin saan hese eas sidnebiay aye knee Rea Gr aravee Wakeman, O.
‘Tomlinson; Ay Wyo. ptaaie's sine'a eine 9S eau Wialdle nae Banden g'dass Neponset, Jl.
Townsend, Eval sss .sess.se swans, peeks ewer peee yew ee ees Waupaca, Wis.
EMAC YS Me) 55.4 Suisiar 6 Sats anscesasace a accra ietdns js det aaanaiage bods Soe Spenee there Denver, Col..
eet, Ely Se SOs dadocan taesa cewse es 4aewens eee bnew eee S Talmadge, O.
Treadway, William. ...icceccccesessnnesens Highland Creek, Ont., Can.
Trenneld; Avsicasnecdsmeas oe0g4 genes eek aded teas da mene es Darien, Wis.
PUSS Ae TD siete tignany Aientiue oncglon 9 males Paaseleripeaniand ed Rebel kaa AS Dell Roy, O.
Rucker. Wao Gis cic ginge ore eateeyeuas deed eMeed amma ited Elm Valley, N. Y.
‘Picker Fy Dla geccy sae ea wee 0h ed 4 eee eR ee hee eee eas Arkansas City, Kan.
ura od. CF BOM sac ss Paced 16s weit Tae eee Neponsett, I.
‘Turner, G. NN see se ahse ws antynnniin Stee ascocap ended Bobians lavinuaen Siete uvauiia D Serene Gndeieuaes Yale, Ia.
Turner), Hi, Sida ce denisiivn Gar eia ese tae wars oreeMias sabes Elsah, Il.
Turners, Jy (Cesarss esd sadeh on taa wee ye eeGide ri eal Rising Sun, Ind.
Turner, James MM... Est. Of 0.608605 aunew nsec eteedes eae Lansing, Mich.
Duress ais, Wis see uceetatnee ta. 4 Goud Se eranetauatestedaveng 9 aon caucum Gud aed nels Shelbyville, Mo.
PUrnery, Wee Risse sieves eososbs “sc overe Mannitiaca tie 8 spaces pana babar Shelbyville, Mo.

Sittles. Chase: Ned tients Sais 3.6 gue olka erga ee clelendae ae Hornetlsville, N. Y.
470 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

AEAV ADAG Y,,. As Ms, 68 (SOT cs. eS nce an eee oe teint LO ae eee ele Chelsea, Mich.
"Tiveed: & WHEN AMS. 0 424 woos oace Mid hee ete a eh RG SO SARE LS Georgetown, O..
Tyson & Dickinson....... raha Sins yacbcaranaante aparece Cab Redwood Falls, Minn.
Winder hill, Cs SP occu o asians-ne wea ere reudans oe aul sapetio’s yatca duces» Knoxville, Ia.
Underwood, Ws Desvissiascaceiiasteadeeer cases dieas esses Easton, Mich.
Ure, JOnR, JP saca-< oes cabemed ooee eee eee wanes Badger Mills, Wis.
Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.................. Logan, Utah.
Maleate eG6es 2 twang hak oe ORSOK A ba deer ee aw eee ews Dexter, Mich,
Mle tne: Ly Gis alee s oye ee SeRANS show k GREE + sow LES * Millington, Mich.
Wen Akeni, Ga. Winer sis sbamemgs eee ee adteee Leb Se eet es Coldwater, Mich.
Watt: Ad Gini, Was Tet ines ayauetinters: accusve ce ahs Sead ante Re.o Anca Greenville, Mich.
Mam 2Atitemy. Wis 8e sBiis acsarouia-s ds 4 sce pining i eve inv etinsaze ea kia Jerusalem, N. Y.
Van-de-Boe, GCOs wasted save Hedin oa gs eed oeale Queue Claverack, N. Y.
Vandertook, W.. Cr ccocrsssvamseni ges sa peenee bea4 due Cherry Valley, Il.
Neale DTZ O I A. aS. cheeses save svases dr vaesudtdan a bo dcdsond: descmstl s Bub arelecoewnese weeenee Menlo, lowa.
Wane Hee@S xcs Caaccctome nace wate Urbadddmadtdareumewe es Allegan, Mich.
Walt LGUs shore vtec is os AeA ee Cee ORT ey eee |G Bennington, Mich,
Man Meéter.. JODD osc wies ce piace 22 ce PREYS HESS SSR RST SA, Cranberry, O.
NATH RPA CS 5 Fees Shs taiecrargcan deco ae Gonliasid hd alddoa, a aebeparne nae dis pau neer Holland, Mich.
WATTS MOORE Wi conccsee cag aptinsiai- Sivas aoveve Sravansidegn ers ave Paatlodenere Qu’ Appelle, Assa., Can.
Van “Vleet: && (Gulick:. x cadan ysis hod Lee oes Abbas shea aH e Lodi, N. Y.
Vail Wagoner, Jas <dcsisaaotyir ds canines veal views tories Kingston, Mich.
NVenne? 162° SUR: bach. anaes 8 eae ee en ak dete we ORES Hartsville, Ind.
APLC OMS Ws (Deze causes hays taoatetny svesca cusitaeencies anciaserchelhiel Aarau’ estate he Seott, N. Y.
Vins on Jig ID syne Raters 3a woe See Rs Se tse s SaaS ee Centralia, Mo.
NMivian) BrOSia-epaiscdiscsuuns Sac e acausia bo dod aes Aenea a one wave MOLES, Onty,. Can.
NGOPHOES, Gra IM ase ease. wa ansiiar saree e4: 4 eeaniegusace ulesars Oot hee eyale rans Ypsilanti, Mich.
NCOs b un pty UIS.c WV Win giechatvleniuleeauuaciiditele veda ae eee ee ees Kalamazoo, Mich.
Vosburoh; W.. P's. .acadased < }case dee abods needa Halsey Valley, N. Y.
NVad Gs Wes Bide tee sas-b.e. euseaGeunl vd: Saks adnauina & Rav srnlaveralone pAla eet Litchfield, Mich.
Wadsworth. ie Weave needs 4 Goan opcode nestor Sehanle's ontian Gel Geneseo, N. Y.
Waoooner. DD, (Caseas sss due daaia ng a eaawid seen ha tema ehew ak Decatur, Ind.
Wagoner, Georges: ssoscs ocotemuemnde wale maces § Flemington, N. J.
Wee dity iS 5 (Ais ed oan  lanapduae cd da leh opuleies Gata a. eae eR ee ana, Gee Otego, N. Y.
NV, GEL 6 Ge: (SO ihiac. a: aceravartaioe a a eresnnarctaceidlieue ae wee a wees eA West Valley, N. Y.
Wrarttieg. (5. Hii cog altduia aly dees Semeeelsee. ce Marden enne-t anos Wellsbridge, N. Y.
Wealdos (GT. Go. Did oes ace ssusuecees a garded a antiarh acd ores Sid Grand Ledge, Mich.
Walker, James & Son....... ccc c ce ccc cece een vceeners Jackson, Mich.
Vaile HEE SUA. 3 ers sactaelt ora sncace aenenied a hadesetine aneahauekeed decane hase Weyauwega, Wis.
WANE G6, Rina acdccntarntend suid alshgaliiin a ncang meaucansniew es Hees 2 Delaware, O.
WAU AG Ge AN Inc 5 a cea aterigheen a ns a Ad ede ess ha ha tebenetscaribace hgtr waseens Chillicothe, O.
Wallace, Wie dicy canes Saas cuidaialemed cassase dion Niverville, Manitoba, Can.
Walters Cho Mise wine G8 ¥.5 se teacidensianed cde as Son bleu Gobi ntaaliere Sea Oakbourne, Pa.
WVPEET Ss gba. Gi oka eh au salsuen ain od Medved teeoea bea rasrared ranean acs Sead eioe McKune, Kan.
Walters, Iban... assay cassomieniee daca daekl aaa aan Nappanee, Ind.
Waltons: SOHN eisciiicnasen cers ogres are eaeede Aes Make Wee ee Calkinsville, Mich.
Waltons Re l@ ued. asacinau. ese oo aeelns Sax 64 talent pea eat oe Rogers, Ark.
Wannenmacher: (Diaxsx cuca eee eed s 06 54a wis bee ean North Jackson, O.
Wiad iC: Eugenie s.-5éccan swans etwas sunning ¥ 9.40 -....Fort Atkinson, Wis.
AUG, FPO: Fs ice eee vate ee bsp WAG a Raw Pda eRe ee ea w ee Batavia, N. Y.
Wrartd). Weis 166 WES Biscawindss andnay sentria. in e-evateadislaue wis Huttonsville, W. Va.
AV ATCT.” REPT sricew- atv sacene soutale arouse a acoaceiibais acy ara ee hed, Elysian, Minn.

Warner: ned nih. siaarsiss ven saan sama one has Seen os, Mabbetsville, N. Y.
¥

BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 47
Wainer: Hemi y! Slieas.cacuc sande inal a caw anne oe oe waded daw oa Clarence, la.
WETTED TDs 5. ea ileum aut use Au aed AEG wi eaauee a aoe SNS Se Bridgeport, Conn.
"WY SOI ys "WSs. WW sirtunasee- Savage ahtiniaten. ae ais shea s aiahega aeblontueaeee Union City, Mich.
Warters: BroSiicissgiaraine. 5 nerd a Bide Neawk aes feed a eo ee. Allerton, II.
Waters; Ws. Miss mans ac og. Gmeir'ss oy sca pdm sree Helene West Liberty, Ta.
Wales Wisi. ciayo atin e. ici, scaioaeis ime hand bal’ b Anarene dhacme creme Bath, N. Y.
WratS@mig. she WG ious aie ayaa s-oor bb latin aososa vesersey une cane padtipietete rene sistas male Albia, Ta,
Ver atit, GeOy Vaso evtesax soho w cee oes oan Bama head ORAS Ie eX Caro, Mich.
Watson, Jos: Wis. ccicicecae veneers ih cia) sea Avcosesire 6 Marbledale, Conn.
Wie yA, LE alo cos ecncicons here cregabaun tree 8 Mlaredines Sencar d trapcebare Sane Rlvtsnene Oa Swoope, Va.
Weaver, 0. Baise. peach cae nile Anh wehlewade saan gue Highmore, 8. D.
Weaver; Bh. “Wii sang tones aa Data ewe papa saw adda eh eian ee Sussex, Wis.
Weavers Jin vada vues aad bree g ghee Mn one HEE GREG Ox ROE Sussex, Wis.
AWCR VEIT, Stas oN Tesco tetanic toe sieaiyeitaoa Man as aeet dae earns seatwaeind tec bb ahetene. Glee ene Leipsic, O.
Weavers, Wi Whos tise cnt tdemenead ear eataned oe OChuyler Palls,. Ne 2.
Weaver, "W., Ric. sarnssscunaaads essa ches beau pom obey ay ashes Canton, Ill.
Webb, USaaGiass. sangeet ines WERT S akg SURE Tesh G Se Ease Rushville, Ind.
Web Os) O8- Tease aos seavelnavanicenn cee tntand baie w betvacdlg 9 ran alae Teegarden, Ind.
Webb, Wim. AI dh SONS seas staat meuinmand sateen Gananoque, Ont., Can.
Wiel, Wai Raita vie cutahaladstore ayaty ahidule iaenare candithe Wy gmsnsuaelars 2 accuuseoate Albany, Wis.
WEDD, "Wa Si donsehetand vasa Waaag he Aad Ane BAe oe Shelburne, Vt.
WEB DER S Jy Ave aamuda saaitiiend eam BA Alt arden Ge Aun Portland, Mich.
Wee Beit, “Wi celesceier scsonve dane seangies avers ists aegaalyisontar ta sndrioee aioe Lakelet, Ont., Can.
Weber Brostes:ccaa need secs aden setae melas ees koe Middleville, Mich.
Wiel STC.) LOUIS si s.o:056.0:0; Graver doe nsa ine ace dBase Siseates S848 Sunes Sate AE Montpelier, O.
Wrettzi Gi TA asians ad adeietanen pe eohee wat ame Oa Owes Maes Stockdale, 111.
Weelelt, (Gy Jie do Bron cca eden gen oe so aeueiae cneddgnnie oe Tekonsha, Mich.
Welch & Remington......... ccc cece cece eee eee enaee Davis, Mich.
Wreelllis: GAs Migsnania c's oats ace ear ee aa See tees dresuns, Geen Gaia OI Oak Grove, Mich.
Wells, ,JaSs god e.24 akeews vo ds Snes oo4 g Hee Hye oe eel ys ee Virden, Manitoba.
WElShé. De Die tsadeaeuid iclated Poredompndes Rae ee IOh s Bea NERS S Tonia, Mich.
Welsh. Jamies: i-aanavs.. cohen devas Hales dat dua Seotagserd. oe hes auies Bubona, Towa.
Welsh. & Palmety s< cides gees cseeis vane eg sGeae aces tacaw wee Williston, N. D.
West brook, GC. Mi oc ccnedaceatade ites soutees oes See eee Eldorado, 111.
Westedtt, (Bx canc gy eg aunaine cd coun 1 Ue Shona eagerness Towa City, Ta.
Wetherall: By Sishieccs sea ees sag gas eee nena ooau Cookshire, Que.. Can.
Wheatley, N. E. & Son... . ccc ccc cee cece eee eee eee Brookfield. Vt.
Whipps, John... . ccc ee ee eet eee ee es Carlisle, Ind.
Whitbeck, Cy ssccsasee naaiercced anaes bias Mesghcp dl SEVERE NIO ADS Craryville, N. Y.
Wihhitehien. Ey DT vcs’s ps4 dpe yee oR eases Mle eS a Farmington, Minn.
White: G.. Wiics suns aoa cae ne is asleda ste ee eae Genes eee eee Burton. 9.
White, (Gy Shs dina piew gaa eeeara seas a Re aPsearede Lenoxville, Que., Can.
White, W., Pisccsaccraiaceagronnennasde tae oeee iad Sheakleyville, Pa.
Whitesides. Ty Mes sxe sea niecuger dices canine nea emnmsay 6 Innerskip, Ont., Can.
Whitheld, Frankivecss:cyancsecia Guess cheers aomee leans Pontiac, Mich.
Whitford; Ag IN ideiae cd codes 6 ook DUNG eka Wee ae we 6 ee Kendallville, Ind.
Whitford, W. H....c cece cece cece ence entre ee eceee Kendallville, Ind.
Whitney, G. Gorecc ccc cece ce cern erence nee nane Horsehead, N. Y.
Whitteker, N. Lewes cece eee een ee een ee eens Canoe Camp. Pa.
Whittum:, Eko Accaasia iets siete bob 9 Waa d eo eb isleiim scien aware Charlotte, Mich.
Wiards Mic itiscwevce sas nea cece cared eee e Seed Ho ey abt a ose Avon, N. Y.
Wigginton, TOWN... .. eee eee eee teeter nneees Clinton, Ont., Can.

Wilbur, De Witt......... eee e ee eee eet enter eeenenn ees Tonia, Mich.
+

472 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Wileost, chy WW) 6 Re ce diekaate re seaAawig ssaa dame eae ses Bridgport, Vi.
Wileos,. (Bi Pei sisadiaieds pande cacw tease ene ees East Glenville, N. Y.
Wileos, Horacés ...005 vsees sind eee ae nes tes res ted Woodstock, Mich.
Walhoit: Ri Os ix4 venus cee eaten Seal ese sala aee aoe oe KKansas, Ill.
Wilkinson, H. Giascccies avee cocaine nace creer cin ves Birtle, Manitoba.
Will as Jie Aes cs auarts se cou cecerantendse OROR eC DEE Wa Rh ala a eins Mankato, Minn.
Wileoas, IRe Miaicacesas.c5 oldie dee 9 action Uo eee econ ood wa See we les Avery, O.
Williams & Buckingham........eeceeee sees eee eee ees Kalamazoo, Mich,
Williams & Edwards. .......c cece cece eee ee eeeenee Knightstown, Ind.
Williams, Ed... cc cece cece eee eee eee eee ete n ene Domestic, Ind.
Williams, Henry Co... ce ccc cece eee eee eee eee nnees Union Grove, Wis.
Williams, UssaGsssica sh cena cee ore reatle nes North Stonington, Conn.
“Walliams; E. Sisnace sie ao nieuw agiaieks sas ane g Sapuinlds Seieteromie, yaks Muncie, Ind.
Williams, Jas & SonSs..ac62s20.7 enw gvaes hews asda wee Ae Oakland, O.
SAL G ea 5 MM se eso sore esha nis ante a: donne ob Biav age: gonuallend sd Shae cetigia sche Muncie, Ind.
Willtaumas’° Mins: My  Wiaisiiccantatiaek Gece eeare oa cached ee Fayette, la.
Willidinis. is Py Sapa nveceutidtig a sei a sidieg aa edy aeade x aeialals Muncie, Ind.
Williams, Si As COs sxsteaeticre ieee eg chen ods Gee SS Mercer, Pa.
Walha mis; “Wiiie (Bigii as.0tutsavioune booed ndauae Side Ge Suess Lapeer, Mich.
AVilliam Soni, “EROS 's- x ars. gi gai sora 8 tine shrew aes byes anesdaronds scan wane Almira, Ont., Can.
Williamson, “Py DM yccas wees eugene nese ohiae eu asian ster Middle Falls, N. Y.
Willis; Brosisse cscs o¢ osan sud os o4 eecoare fU a MOOT Sead eR TSE Gary, Ss. D.
WINES WVec2 albiacig cevas 3 aus dc acistguun Gace. a avin eslateisianeser vases areueustars Gees Three Rivers, Mich.
Willows: “BROS. 4 neces cdew se tracea en Loa ates Os ae aoe a Nae Barney, Ia.
AN Song! ID | WB cas coesanaticv deaaeitetaclae iaie avenue gratateni pean eecsiata sy Waterbury, Conn.
Wilson. ES Bias sccesel vag seadedvle eee Shea aeee yee ER oe Fancy Hill, Va.
Wilsoi, dus Wassasusseecesg ideas eece ds eed scene eee seas Solitude, Ind.
A eee, Ph os cen g a peeden Ubesb bated hebieaeends oad 6 Menominee, Wis.
WIS Om,: “NMa> Bhd aurea ate be aun wesieche eine acne cation ora autre Dover, Minn.
Wilson: 6. utiles cais ace its SV Oeaamanaeies Oss Re Benes Belding, Mich.
Winchester: (C. Aaws vised tage venbolydete Mika areas age 280 Elkhart, Ind.
\WWinidiate, D> Jes. eet eee ee ade e awe as die Qdeede Raa Rees Pontiae, Mich.
AiG aan ds IE Zaz see sis caner ice veimavens oad Eni Reade ea AES ania eei amend Avoca, la.
Wit ate, iC. Wi o5 ie eiiduie bites eae aase pokes aainG yaaa a OD), N. My
Wisleis, SamMiel socio rs ancoay aaa bie wie eh daa same aydne Nappanee, Ind.
ANoien, (Ps Pits 5 seaaver sos uehese eyes s thew ee est sme yee Deer Creek, Ta.
WOM. he Ginna oae oki cana $5665 Raee eae pe neers eared Concord, Mich.
Wioltes Jie (Nisin iaetswa anda iead aateladss tee A vai RE Gein a ibaa. Domestic, Ind.
Woltley. 5: DO Bros sewn ieds asa aw Sadia eeled ha ioealek ta ae Delaware, O.
WOO. Ne Wisgeet sans aauhaenres ook Vee eS O tee EMR CA coe ee Carroll, Ind.
NVOOG,, TRO WAT o5 seein, Sasiseoncadecd-« chi esas dveuers AP ntedybyeeaneuel Pos ase Conshohocken, Pa.
NNO Oi, 52 IR lg dis weseaseenianen ch ceritverd-o-ayneantn ican ohiule wheayilila ble seep ees New Vienna, O.
WGO tlie! Wills savage stteetts le anus Sheen sa doen ya ak Chelsea, Mich.
Woodbury, EB. Ds sj obaossxaaeuiels $254 teense ae cus enemas Portland, Mich.
Wooden, Av Miaivicicsaamieidessaneon dinatihica pd avahcatuicaceestetar Mosherville, Mich.
Woodford. Nz. Wiiews atante wag apace ote eeaaouse shea We West Candor, N. Y.
Woodmiank W5. Wa issavene ry a tenee aves etal Heeeia Sees Ryans erin te Avon, Mich.
Wood? sf. By sacxne sos 6045 oeowe ances ee ee OH eS Hornellsville, N. Y.
AV OOS. he  ANGWMOMCS. oi piesiuduianacticdvas x Gass dite uate Grapes ova Budo Brighton, Mich.
Woe lwordhts de, Be ai nares ad act ache eiane Ssuedeni g how ae nae Sayre, Pa.
\Woodavorths Jr: Py Be Sotcsgi cuetnie waits tai o¢e eens cave nad Geneva, O.
Woodyard, Hy A. costa seeee saaae Oke 65 Salis eddoan s Parkersburg, W. Va.

AMAT als Digs sciyais es sneak Sea senoocutanen aan Parkersburg, W. Va.
BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 473:

Woodard. Wiasacs ig dash sca awadle ou daawaw nudes etn r, Wis
Work & Collins............... es
Workman, S. J sre seeisectica ta covanstrancug vats ss RAN GNaRRIO & Roe aed a ceeeeah? Knob Noster, Mo.
Wormer s 1G). Waist ya's ave sen taeda GeeAaase adn bo Guilderlaud Center, N. Y.
Worrell, Bie Tena sem giaics Goa davon a. a baune weubbie Ratner Clayton, Ind.
Wren Christopher............... ra hansiinars eaunta eibtede e's Uxbridge, Ont., Can.
Wright, Die Waites cha § Becton suis gh altar dig Sruiaae yaaa ee apes oo Sandy Lake, Pa.
ANGI GTHIE «Wis. ltisisi nam diagram mayen a Sa poaceane’s aeoakt Glanworth Ont., Can.
Wyler, Dee sid reieed. 2 Skit suaiiveh ca Bi (ausnandice Bade dante eee ae <avsmencech ea Mount Hope, O.
AN VALLE, IRs CD) sisi a cer etic ale a a Nate ed dena dea tetsmaaTaus headin Washington, Pa.
Wyman, Wie. Wisin ays wdc aden Age oe pane eee eee we bad Sebewa, Mich.
Withycombe, UA TIMUES sab! serdnarvceice us sheaves, Slannuduaed AS Sree piven Mauka Hillsboro, Ore.
Yantis, SEBS, Bp a east fade daa Cola ao ceeds to te savas esi oat teee Metea, Ind.
Yearly, GOOR Peis sic id oud ered ladaunane a Pues eanen Bracebridge, Ont., Can.
Melson, TCs ja2k agaeh ss aes song moa ae hie cations Mae ae ieee Avilla, Ind.
Young, Dosa: TELS as atin Bae Gr wadeiske weuasscn eetanaas a peeled a/gndancm eaters Mineral Ridge, O.
Young, TRG ap aaa Ge a nema he are NOt Malia it 3 Botte Orwell, Vt.
Young, Wa. Pec srpadii en csi d digialrtele wanes neseravcdax os Mount Pleasant, Ta.
TEU en WP OS stsra eel dneds nin eaataliers som a alamo sais a atuetict a Carlton Place, Ont., Can.
Zeigler & WeeldOiieins::ssesevs ees gece eghees Seow des eG ReSes Clinton, Ill.
AAMMMELMAN,, Does scicrace saccade secsasenge wie vansenap died scanners SS Fayette, O.

Breeders of Dampshire Down Sheep.

ANGerSOn ; Ay Aisa cece cua aeonihgedos womans aOR & one a Oe New Bedford. Pa.
APMStron gS Brose: é cece wcasigeice 3 Haw Fane Hawes Pda ae Whine eee eee Deal, Ind.
Allison: wie Hoity ses <aics'ee od dares sae seeds bean nancacscaedléréer, Pa,
Adams: Ai es ni55 ouiss teen ane need shee oe ke Mead Tes Montgomery, Mich.
Andrews, Edward E.... 05... 50cccecn eens ene e eee eens Nottawa, Mich.
Bowditch, E. F., Est 2.2.2... 0c cece eee e eee en ee eens Framingham, Mass.
Benham, Hy Mi. caswave cre syee es edeaeanelns sa awe Hopewell Center, N. Y.
Bradley, L. C..ccece cece cece eee e eee e cnet n ene eee eeaes Farmer, N. Y.
Bowditeh. Nv Laceesacaeeas ce cems oo aeaeand Qawali Framingham, Mass.
Béns6n, (Ci Daccscs tence oss Seed hess eee eae es aces West Groton, N. Y.
Beahan, JAMECSi wavs. occa wes 6. aaage se ceeeeee sete t Ss Watkins, N. Y.
Becker; By Dincas sea a4 eae nea ees cee thee geese Nee Fenton, Mich.
Butler, Wiis cvs cnrescip oversea rner veers insenxe coe aye eekford, Mich.
Bassette, W. A...sseecee cece eee ete e eee e eee t enn n tenes Farmer, N. Y-
Briggs, Cassius. ..... es cece e cece teen een eens Vicksburg, Mich.
Burch. COlsvsscss cases viens oer oiowagaaere sees eT Reag ge Chicago, Ill.
Bentlev, FE. A... cece cece eee eee e eee e nen eeees Wellsville, N. Y-
Burdick Pia tikiddugncs voces acaan aandinwens Memeo ee eae Franklin, N. Y.
Baker Bros ... cece ccc cece cece eee eee teen enero nnes Lakeville, Mich.
Buche, Chas & Sons....... cece cece eee e enn tees Lake Odessa, Mich.
Crawford, E. BR., Est....... cee eee eee eee eee eee eens Reading, Mich.
Cline, M. Biv. cc cece cere eee teen e nee eennnreeess Riverside, Towa.
Chamberlain, Henry.........0eeeeee cece eee eee eee es Pontiac, Mich

Childs, Fred. ... 0. ccc cece eee e eee ence ence ene e ee rnces Milford, Mich

Court, J. & Son... eee eee eee e eee eet e tees eee e tees Marshall, Mich.
Clark BroS.....ece eee e cere eee e eee eee nent eee ened usterlitz, Mich.

Gonine; B Burp sarees octan nies eamied sapossnk veesetetinke Kanona, N. Y.
AT4 BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP.

Corbett, Herman........ Uda EAERESS OOS ORES Farmington, Me.
Colé,; Sob -Gisc.cuedadewsses eeee so OX Me wEN Ss oS wll Tyrone, N. Y.
Chilton Hons Ws Pisege piace sce Hoan Paes Rw SG Pas Campbellsburg, Ky.
Cochrane, Jas: Avi. cosa naccmssgos ae wees ....Hillhurst Sta (P. Q.) Can.
Doolittle, C. R. & Son... cece cece eee eee ee ee eee eee Streetsboro, Ohio.
Dawson, George Sic. ccccce cece cence crete eee eee e eens Round Top, Pa.
Dennis; Martinnccsos cognac. 6564 ares GPG a MRE HOG 8 Sete Stillwater, N. J.
Daneaster, He Jesnesenesscces eno 100 Ue oem alelsaens dave days Kenoma, Mo.
Davis: Ci is; bcc sown edes Sale ee ae eee Gey Oca a earos Fairdale, Ml.
Egbert, S. Liv. c cee eee ee eee nce e eee e eee teens Sandy Lake, Pa.
England, Joseph........eesee eee e eee eee e teen ene nee Four Towns, Mich.
Foster, Hiram....... cc cece cere cee eee nee e eee en nneenees Deputy, Ind.
Brosts Cle Diagana viaccess cna see OMS Seed Oem eee tk ale Catharine, N. Y.
Fout, John J... cece ccc cen eens North’s Mills, Pa.
Frederick, Geo. Be... cece nee eee eens Lewisburg, Pa.
Filley, A. Bove c cece cece cece eee enn eee een eee tees Fairbury, Il.
Fisher, Robt. Bi... cc cece cece eee eee ee teen eeees Cambridge, N. Y.
ISHER.) Wis Dic ts a:0 wdeeaeey ba adie Aa EA aE SOS NOE ME Sas Viroqua, Wis.
Farnum yes ivcnccioaicees iad ag id ameeesan cae Agee REAR Hartland, Me.
HN Tits des Wied eae bew 2 o duane walmteld onire-ane a shea nn adoayecane eAae Salgaunas Scio, N. Y.
Wletehner,. W. Gu. saccades soos sgieve tee caaand sseor sai es Chelsea, Mich.
Gordon, IOs Ts science sit cace co Wasais 0.8 aston oe OS ae sa anes Soars Hay Byes Mercer, Pa.
Games. ee“ Wasecee ee anata greauacd ooo oueie ahaa oh de See we Ae naolas Reeseville, Wis.
Ghorinles;  Huoliwess ¢scars eager ete ee ete e ene telmels oe Greenfield, Ohio.
RT AUTOS Ge es vas sconce Boegvia se 2S, S aire Ses asebucas sce neha ee Tie GEO Ee Altus, Pa,
GODI1E, ROY. sccnseen se egies ee Geta oh Ae fecavr teed AIS Weds. URE Sean oa beUtEN eae Fredon, N. J.
Greers J AIM OS Mei was. geese ecpGee el SAY bb toe a ene Gee mata Four Towns, Mich.
Grim, iGO, Wee. sic pubes ke 45s s OMOOU LES A TA SORE ELAR Fremont, Ind.
Gernert, C.. Wise. o43 sca acca ties do wh abengneten ys aie 8 ees Columbia X Roads, Pa.
GTP, EES sis sssmmasace w, Sie sepa ee OA ce lecanhaenanie pach Dranece haces vena Clifton, N. Y.
FUG}. Ts. Dia a ayaintssace, 5. tacaies arene neice ale ernie goes ge! Paving West Bay City, Mich.
Han; BPugene aaicudicies etGee eee sas MeREE Nees eee eeees Verbank, N. Y.
Holmes, Thomas & Son........ cc ccc cece cece cece eet eeee Lamont, N. Y.
TEAS ES SOS IB ya ancii sed 5. Uenaymatanienavacd aon eoasavienauaek don Blaeaialsenuecguto Towa City, Iowa.
HUStOn  SPCatsiiac: cosa teu nave ankinty seas Oaeaw means Vassar, Mich.
Moae. Jide SON inca tine dehonae hese Caesad MEO Dee E Tomhannock, N. Y.
Hiltons. “1%, (Gey seoeas oe s seater bee OW Geer’ Fa as Sere eS RS ‘’...Anson, Me.
PLOWS, elie Fhe cs Sette esa: tl gnesathosa'c) sitet. sintuliresbadi ws doesteng opecuaueadl 2 poaua-avouguentek wea leua ce Tioga, Pa.
Heidelbaugh, P. F......... ee eee ee ee ee er Detphos, Ohio.
Harner, ‘Go Bis ca acaiiewsenceu a aneney ey san cada weees wenn toon emia, Ohio:
Dunkin, SOSSp i asienrie sesh catiway a dant danced Ose soared aia ence Mercer, Pa.
ISOM G S SON Tice a tase aap eSlaconaii ie srctineuas otneg iene aig oberg Gremasah rant Ga Oo Shakespeare, Ont.
Krouskop, 2X. Hea cine ot0e waited soos wd seca’ & Richland Center, Wis.
VG by. aps Sos sears cacedgue sare es snstomeiana qe Ws BBaeew sawidataldah aw aoe pans Lent, N. Y.
Lautz:- Charest ocna coeds bon be Meee beset ee ba ees Ss Buffalo, N. Y.
Lesnet;: Js Cxssacusecdiw dare voomadt dawg wenied piembeee ALONt peer, OHIO
Hasvson, Re SM atevconchdatiews Aas ae eda wavlss nde oon Burkes Garden, Va.
NGMilliamny AV ATVOSS 4.5. sack cece eel a ative vet atacar ew ore ale iagpeeaa Ge ace ee Dertoit, Mich.
Meee, Hey Vices asst e culedshan ga edingeny ose wlgdaaa yea HeReya se Pardoe, Pa.
MeGrégor: James: .5 caus veyed oka Sees s eed eaatww EEE eS Saw St. Clair, Mich,
Morianty, obits. ae anitahy once: eased wae Zbsdieameres Hudson, Mich.

Mahate Brosnan ekdrceoraor dae mane tod ad enone twas ewan Maharey, Pa,
BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEFP. 475

Mea G,,. He Dx Sscvauan ite wus aiedaoud oa4 exmnemen bees Be’ Busti, N. Y.
Michigan Agricultural College............. Agricultural College, Mich.
Matt binsOns. “PHOS:, WJiPiissasecasadae ae wwe en bee ee wee South Charleston, Ohio.
Mann ney ie. Se, S Onis at tentenkccaine 4,6 sees ochiseie wv anau's sae Booze, S. Dak.
ANIC KAM Se: Mall ert. %s:5 dnsaeasd oo sig ginlenl kt DeaG 4 Minswaee Bae eee Mercer, Pa.
Niver,. ‘Charles: Ws aasses: ssaieegn cad geod oe dona West Copake, N. Y.
National Shire and Hackney Horse Co...............05 Neillsville, Wis.
INENWC OMS Sy a) aboard 8. aesek inigauenay-w weicd da RiGoW Parents SUd aR: Soe ig aa Dean, Ohio.
Osterhout, ds Wee seed tysmnes.caletamnaasean eee oes 4c Melrose, N. Y.
Ontario Agricultural College.......... cece cee ee eee ene ee Guelph, Ont.
POPtED BOS ei fe e6aveers ate aden ate ares G0. 2.9 lenge Three Rivers, Mich.
Pierce, WO Hariies sonaa Gers taneaark aga ava deagaceeemcacdls waa a eaves Troy, Ohio.
Parke; Jy de Ge) SOtly se. seneees 2606 aimee eae tue aaan Swartwood, N. Y.
POLO SRE W,. TN. Graces sustend: senses. abaunie, 0.0 ess Seanele g Boece ae anand 4-4 Flandreau, S. Dak.
Peck,, ‘Chaxles\.cccecaccu gaan Bie gues wide sa ee waa sa bees RON Elsie, Mich.
Pratt, Gi iBs. i405 wees gees Meee Bek Sue RS ROA a OE Tek esas Chatham, N. Y.
ROLE C I. HAs EL io. catsiesine 2. vavdunsses or eskes ieveigiee ADA ieee eal aneee Mendon, Mich.
Tat mel er diy GVO 5 sss a soe eves anece ie salina se.'y ged ogee. 9 grasp oe RGAE Roseville, Ont.
Roberts, Horace. . seis iscsadesvexesa deed sccasaoos, os. Aloorestonn, Nod.
Ravan «Ni ace spac wesley ae Sle Nain one hho O84. Baaels OLE ae Lockport, Il.
Richey. No Bi iG SOUSs tano esas paulo seesaw bocce waaas Lone Tree, Iowa.
Rebar, Beka 6 hk Ke hens eae OSE eR Eee eed Commerce, Mich.
REVO, La sGhew winaiee 384 Becta ae ate whales Od coda. ecemaielank aaeiess South Brooks, Me.
Rangers: Gx Di cucigar vuegs diate heck gues queen Boe Hornellsville, N. ¥.
Roekwell, Ai Ry weaiyiacaiesy teas see sare sees aeeses Mason City, Towa.
Reid,, Hon. WRIitelaw. cscicc ceed eee d enews mele db ane New York City.
Riehardson, J. Ay & By We oss seed ees se Passa ances Flandreau, S. Dak.
POAT @& APigccs vickaeeead bel awee tees kaweeey ye saere New Carlisle, Ohio.
Sheep, FaMeS. cccc wad eaatienwh ives aviyhen aden Gaceee sees Gee ALLO, Paty
Squires! We ds cov easaa cna kcane as obese Oe Mae eee Mainesburg, Pa.
PE alo PGcsadeegee ad ever th eas eeed soe ene dees ese Towa City, Iowa.
Smith, Wants Gicdig sana aucng s grasaduns Coes MaRS Cees Aes Washington, Mich.
Standard Meat and Live Stock Co....... eee eee cee eee ee Rawlins, Wyo.
Strough, Ts. Ve dciens oveg aeeuseners duties ecnecemmacha mara aot ate Vieksburg, Mich.
Springer, Wis Kale secasonested pees ba scenes nets Jeromeville, Ohio.
Simpson Stock Farm........c cece e cece ee cee cere eeee Saxonville, Mass.
Small Woods We NV is sscsdsesn bs aye we Seg ew eee arterane Siew a apenas Hans Warsaw, N. Y.
South Dakota Agricultural College..........-+.+++-0+5 Brooking, S. D.
‘Serine Wi liccs atankeen daa tenes Meta sere seeks eres Schoharie, N. Y.
Seeley, 1. C., Agent........ cece cece cee eee eee e renee Minneapolis, Minn.
Thompson, S. Bie. c cece cee eee eee ee eee tenn nnne Mercer, Pa.
Matt, J» He; HStessaseeh eas sadees evo dablert oes eee eae s Mendon, Mich.
Tueker, Mrs. Ny. Bis ccna niadaeuth tones Seeae sd eeeseaE Leds. Alfred, N. Y.
Purner, Warren ssc sec accsatins oversea eee trae s Franklinton, N. Y.
Taylor, Geo. Wo... cece eee eee cence enenes Rock City Falls, N. Y.
Taylor, Robert. ......... ccc cece cence reece nee enees Abbott, Neb.
Thompson, L. Eu... cece eee eee Cherry Flats, Pa.
MD yer, Cy: Aude is sistas vier is eee ered Aan evens a meget) FOES ORNS Nottowa, Mich.
Terpening, Geo. W..... cece eee cece eee tenet ees Reading, Mich.
Thomas, Ds Cesccac ves seis 82sec seed ease mese ree dais Canisteo, N. Y.
Taylor, H. Bi... ccc eee eee een eee nnes Fairbury, Il.
Vaggart, J. Lice eee eee nent tenes Vesta, Ind.

Unsicker, D. K...c cece cece ccc eee e een e eee nee anes Wright, Iowa.
-476 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.

“Welch, Gs Ji @ BrOseescics si daws gv iewinese vas aes alone Tekonsha, Mich.
WO6d), Janes. cock piecewise kiemmaa st tagieaenaane dle Kisco; Ne YX:
NVVIRES, “SOMMs. 3 ce-itiie sated ahacdios a etkg panlN Ral odeuineae Gaines, Mich.
Woodward & JaqueS........ceeeeeee ence ee enee Wright's Corners, N. Y.
AV gloat” AVG accu-cia'egatins ogsere cilabieds, olelelny a clalene se sie Gwinn e oes Hamilton, Ill.
Wriliemisen Briseus4siau4 eek. £00 G KE Rwe LE SOs EwR EEE A eRe Balm, Pa.
AN LIS Oni lag? BATES: coum salad scaaese Qeanarsae ds ace euece apancioet a dna cevayaviuoe take Creston, Jowa.
ANS O5 Nie Nisan anna Sick wie O Ring Saree TRO Be atcha 2 Oval City, Ohio.
Wihtte BroSme. 4s ca ueeeues 204 Bee et vaseeeeweRcaene s Hornellsville, N. Y.
Walters, Edyward....... Sadi otaded- ete tice eeannee West Chester, Pa.
WEE, EDOM aie seu galt oe elds paealn eed guia Mevonalaaned yl bars Hornellsville, N. Y.
Whitnieys Si Rawseseiasese teat aounmarenad- eo ia namnGomes Chesterfield, Mass.
Watson; Woe :&e ‘SOmits «esate gasses ewolsse ang sue e eens oagne Youngstown, Ohio.
Wormains, J). Hise sods peagece it necus Baees 24444 Sake gees Westport, N. Y.
WEES ML oad sacana.d. arena ser ahah tw vouksonge anal ateuan ae saaontouer abs a eee Friendship, N. Y.
WialSOmy Di. Pujclacvna hor dives £6.48 Walon err sevseeeeeess Slate Lick, Pa.

Breeders of Oxford Down Sheep.

Moun; Davide: snare ce eed sae eas adene awe ae teds Doe weet Ligonier, Ind.
Wr aee, SEs ee nn awed Adarand BPH) Pe eae oem aoe Huntington, tnd.
Morcultunal Coleg @iciiaccs sanieawees gees tt hOGA ERS Ames, Iowa
Agricultural Colles esi snus suas aehipaieowent Soask Vee ne Guelph, Ont.
Nericultural Colleges sander. 526 eda. ua acer eens ewmary 8.204 warekete aie Mich.
Aleringn, CWA osc su ava ecene oes seeder eedeaeeRer eases o Manning, N. Y.
AGTH. ANE asa Gh tice nt Suawanniece OReuess hes ennlinns! Beek Seamed ES aten wise Dushville, Mich.
Alvord Ae Cee uncied wen Avbuaartvddes Wale ath ba ent andes Baie ae ae Menomonie, Wis.
INGE STs IM sa oc sey seaeneigin Gyiwin'g te a arindant lara eit w grail gene a agate esas Hague, Va.
ARCERSONS Riss secs s7salgios og Gy Suse ed eee Eee SBE Eden Mills, Ont.
Anderson, JAMES Ov ca newer s ooa0 4 seed hE 84.4 BRIE cod Rienieve 6 Decorra, Ill.
NINES OM 5. lic Rin Grs- dcp yivd 5 Gea ts Sicand vee a een Bachna vy a LW lerreas sel OR BCR Xenia, Il.
Arkell, Fl@niry 222.25 coiwaned..34 wanes donee ease eames dow pare VE KELL, “Ontt
Acree ll RG miyt ceases iguanas ace acces aitptates 5 torsaia halla ae atinets adh a ales Teeswater, Ont.
PEC. PRUs kdeae aun asa vous pues Sh CRA AS REARS RA Teeswater, Ont.
ATION ALDER ogo boa 6. g:ccegaers 8 eras ocd Wabnadele audoaveeduionnbeyl ase Watrousville, Mich.
Archleman Bros........c0.ecccceeuveseusece Ea ach ena walsnhinicnes Stryker, O.
APHETCOM Wea TPS socceaed eeaik aii cickin snopes oo wissidde caer sigreies Faas Hollowell, Me.
ANWOOG: “Wis Nees nteciev a badig. d's cat, aq ees ak ak Stead ans Bwie amie Flint, Mich.
VOT. el ODMY Eb ased 4h O84 6 arenacesd Sek SRS EE RR A APNE OES Gunpowder, Ky.
Baber: Bins 424 irae arincta-nquegte cd evar dt Amne deed Adena arenes Blue Ridge, Mo.
Bailie: JAMES sss ss, dua agwaga ea cuuvendsaetaannweawad shed one emaees Nile, Ont.
RAE WWE GHA. rt toi saareeeradich Gener mahaonaice ata sing Seales eaters we steamee Orchard, Kan.
Baler Wr WDhcateas tended aalesa ad thageie aise oe mein@ud eaeee ae ieee Flint, Mich.
Bakes wai wae Seas aa Sauureiece eo OS GRRE Rae ote Center Square, Ind,
Baless. Qe Hirai 6ia4 ¥oisaie a & a cctev bistmuacein wh dnsserd acaarntac oo Knightstown, Ind
Ballard Joseph..... ccc. cece cece eee eae a aw asa Hala aide Le Georgia, Vt.
Banks) Lath eric sins aa viawivd vcwie ouaRe aw aaesaeeu anew els Bourbon, Ind,
Barharee, Stephens x isiecai eysese deities neesas Goer vaee Nassagaweya, Ont.
Barclays Gut cosecast idan s 8b 44.4 SeES OAS ANd Mew ata eo »sebewa, Mich,
Barnes; Ds Ns anewe oy tows ation tat tunedin sce twa a acu Leavenworth, Kan.
WamTieys NL, Crave nscoik.s tneuaneuts a deeiduo acdeauves gh eb ds, apa ed atone ie Flint, Mich.

Bart We limey, PETG wes y. edse 4.4 pavecnce 6 Hb 4. btpanine rs Ralerp wa aapeneare ewe St. Lueas, Ia.
BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 47?

Bates, Sons yes see8 cosa cuad pews tacanvawhy pens eidieiee visaneae Moltke, Ont.
Bates Wh Oeaaduaganieahinh daily Chudk baal waean MRL DoS! Parsippany, N. J.
Beach, MAT Gis taa gee canst ase huldaealer eas eeeie-anede Cleveland, N. Y.
Bean, Abraham: 6064 seaeseie os ieee etaames Steed abet yas Bright, Ont.
Reards Mawar dys ssn2 aden doa ed tances tees Go dadeeud eee abecacens Montpelier, O
ASEAN, Ws Bhs pa 2e poten F dad ae eee bad PES PROE Da DORA Wilton Grove, Ont.
Beckett, Witten srenva $0 euigeirs cients aagtead wiunee sede wiki eae Hewitt, Ont.
Beebes: We Paci sua eaaah eee aes woes e BORN aba MeMe tee eae Holly, N.Y.
Beeler: Cs Cy 6s SON ex seek adas oale ed asian wactial sa eaiadve een Liberty, !nd.
BESO M GRAS @ 35.0.5 Aspen. odes Gime soe kSaAee Ladies whee ee Bees Flint, Mich.
Pettleie MWkk scapecd pana ewey avec wane a edmeeae a bea bike's Caro, Mich.
Gls Wiis Oi aces oe she tic beatae t ntcn ace Ma er bate settee Sea a ch RRR hek ar Angus, Ont.
Berkhart, Brosie.s ses over euee so sae awe tas as SamaeneeewAG Kalida, Ohio
BOWIE Ys OHAS og ices, jo ndsecateuead aleeack Sesiaun pa wane Mysalas Otians a Re Aa aCe Troy, O
Biddél Be Crsaarces a aaa wae cies § name mans ease NEE aire Chadds Ford, Pa.
Bidlakey Ds, Wrss, ssans aac she ilies ose aoa g wale alee eae aha Chardon, O.
HillinSs, sis sais yee ¥ os Mawes es eek SOEs Tees Sem E ss *....Brockville, Ont.
Pld O Manin, Lae goose wis areata ad easa aeaingeid ees eared Rene ayes BOE Edinburg, O.
Birdsall, B. ge BOs: cack cacawpsadtGuciv encase omaa eres tewad Birdsall, Ont.
Black, Capts Hughie csscs wien ae beacuse actu pola ese Netley Creek, Man.
Black, JV60 «ssa een ees 64 cued eh 099 Re de Hens DERE ad ORS X Amhurst, N. 8.
SO OER ac sk wee O44 6 ONS M Od CASES SUCe Deen e ewes Corwhin, Ont.
Bonham, Geos. De seca ea bsouen doe ane tals Lea ah Sede) 26 ad Bee Osceola, Pa.
BOTA Wellig Ais s: iciene sve can ab hsettd ca ghat s yea. Seiad as ae tune gobs Bs wecooise aise aes Fargo, N. Y.
Bovyer: Be Giisavoek byes patadsscce Gite fas ce ecw Re xs Georgetown, P. E. I.
¢ BOWED: Ci, Bis oes canes ctew idee dees soe eeea g eee ie athe, Ne YS
OI, Pi ae ban heey Rou M hae SH eGS Hades Le eR ans ee Een aeees Attica, N. Y.
Bowman; (Wx iiccinsinlanets Gewias aaaoms aeg euien oe Caeae Medina, O.
Boyack; Chas: Eixacsccasnese gray puiews san dasig scarce oo Independence, Ia.
Bradford, Mrs... BE. Guecsseis cewek gersonens eg eees eee es Wilmington, Del.
Prachi, Fo Nes o2 sie Sabena 4d Reka g SOUR etane PEE ee mene ewes Cobale Medina, O.
Brosseay His (Coa. saaadseacday amcteaes aphasia ee Brosseau Sta., Que.
Brathen: Newtons cvces es cia Veeke Roi aquikews Cote sare een es Clifford, Ont.
Bray, JAS ss siacaa tac tuiot ene sear ey sia SUM ee HS 5 Longburn, Manitoba
Brickery Avy Tics ciect nn cents incase saeasiacdan G acetuno he Se hae Be Primrose, O.
Brien; “Wiles ia ceqes cates aus Aas Geko Ane a ae yaa Ridgetown, Ont.
Briges, He Rewsianexe kes ca gene sade nade yates s cts habs Houston, Minn.
Brigham, Henry ....0.icccecc teas eens eee een enee chem Allan Park, Ont.
Brillinger, John. ....... cece ccc cee ee erence eee e ene nees Maple Hill, Ont.
Brocknay, A. Co.cc ccc ccc cece cee rece nen e een eeenneeee 15 Mile Grove, Ia.
Brooks, FLO sauk os ce Kama veneer a Sees Powe Yee mmc ees Decatur, Ill.
Brown, Glias: Bion .a cis ecss sees G weeds ares Gea Mala eee Maineville, O.
Brown, Geo. & Stanley... .. cece cece ence eee een e eens Green Center, Ind.
Brown, Homer J..... cece cece eee eee nee eens Harford, N. Y.
Brown, Sohn. NMigsce sas wanceae oa eccis oo bed Sawa s eee ee esc Beecher City, Ill.
Brown, Nemiah...... cece eee eee teen eee eens Huntington, Ind.
Bruders; De wien casceuws cecsries ibs ac aia atete ay'S a aaa ebesetda a caartgrign Svictenat dd te Hoard, Wis.
Bryant, Henry.......- eee ee cere cece ee ene eee eee eee ene Roland, Ill.
Brydon, Donald.........:eeeeeeeeresee eee eeeeeee ess: Mosborough, Ont.
Buchannon, Albert........e eee e cece e eee eee eee eee nes Corunna, Ind.
Buckenbush, W. H..... ec cece cence eee eee ene eee Russiaville, Ind.
Budge, Wm. PP... eee cece cee e ence eee e eee neces Granton, Wis.

Burk, JOWN... cece cece eee eee eee nen cence ence ected vey, O.
478 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.

Burrington, John R...... ccc cece eee eee e nee eans Grand Blane, Mich.
Bet, Di Coe ce eA WORE OIY CADRES BS Khe eee eA SS East Townsen, O.
Buskitkh Brosiccceacaconssieeman 2.58 ak meow ne 3.0G wis ocean Wayland, Mich.
Butler: ENO MAS aes oe edad wiaqgch sets es elgimgiaciavss Bones OSE hepatime Woodson, Ill.
Cady; Seward Ass.sasesrgcas teem vera ery eee Chr eep ieee « Brookfield, Pa.
Cady, 8. Accacuirce stamens nats Hee e eas ee Ghee REST HA Troopsburg, N. Y.
Gaim; Oo Brice-k 00 55 incase, ob. Sessa Gar ighaveed dis-ease « eieaneiend G Grandia d aaa Maineville, O.
GCalhioiit: Bs Wreraccnciice da 402 ew SA uaxedawmiptle shee eudanaie ga ieee Landers, B. C.
Cammidge, Robert.......... ee cece ere eee eee e eee e eens Wiarton, Ont.
Campbeil, Archibald......... ee eee eee eee eee eee eens Clachan, Ont.
Campbell, Donald.........scee eee ence ete eee e ene eenees Corwhin, Ont.
Cainpbelly "Gs Te soncededageeaaas Coreg eding See ee Rasen Sse Gitte Pittsfield, O.
Campbell, J. Sic cece eee c eee e eee e eee ee eee ete ene enees Butler, Pa.
Campbell, O. Bow... cece e cece eee cence reece eee eee eeeees Tipton, Ind.
Campbell, P..... ccc cece cece eee nett erence en nee ennes Kewaskum,- Wis.
Campbell, T. Moo... cece eee cece een eee n eee eens Franklin, Tenn.
Cargill, Te eisai sevens assests te Grysbieh cpa BAD BRE eS tous Ba Nayar assets en cas Cargill, Ont.
Cargill, H. & Sons... .. cece cece eee eect eee e eens Cargill, Out.
Carter, Alfrédsc54 2 neeseneenactands eee seeer ey eames Flat Rock, Mich
Garton, VOW. Vance ss cece tents ose os Mawes 42.4 MORS He we Rae Flint, Mich.
Cassy Wiis satan Cate tae daiey nnd Mace Oa Gah TIARA IRS SS 4 Butler, 1.
Cation, Mathew... . cece ccn ees cet n eee ee teen eee eee eenns Brampton, Ont.
CATT MAN, Jy TES aauswies cewe DAUM Ta eae Reema ES South Bend, Ind.
Cungrian, A, Miss a4aeen es 6us $5 Sees 04 Ree REO EEE Buchanan, Mich.
Chanibéran,. JaCOy oc iccscsuacsdee oeeuseees Rowe Snel dee ae eB Huntington, Ind.
Sienanibers, Vs Nisctiai seule 4054 YAO eds sé tees tae cee ee Ferris, Mich.
HOHCIee, Ws Bivoag er egeioks 4 bas Peay Line cake Fee eee we Oe Fairfield, Ia.
Chapman; We Hass gdexk ios sees saees ered (bak se eeens Bloomingdale, Ind.
Gleave Hs WWisses cugade at oie vemoancni eG skagaia seamen ateG Owaneco, Ill.
TANG a BA NAS 5 sos aszzirdice, W654 acorn absenaial-ovchuue. Seeraanal tad iceia fevadaiengiae edie dvales Florida, Mo.
GClendenén; (Ri Re eccatc Lana tacts Sis Beene eee Raymore, Mo.
Coca, Peter... dinwds s star riecar stead aeyiuseed dman cae Almonte, Ont.
Coggshall, Eugene........... ee ere Cambridge, Ia.
COLD Yi; FW: aan e sees Aeanied Sais ta hae hada nee ag Lae Laconia, N. H.
JG. IAP Bocce a dd cou pease al ea nawoeread aeee aa dee een > Creston, O.
Gol Be Wig Wit iss setae s eb tansiea edn are deacice ane eacwemleaie ars Bad Axe, Mich.
‘Coneannon, Patrick... ..... ccc ce cc eee e ence eee eees Mertensia, N. Y-
Coneery Sid ai.o% vies pawad exees a ous es ead eebes Bias Raa S Flat Rock, Ind.
Cone Gry S10 3.5 esses chee AEG ARMOR R ET Rea aa Oe med Hope, Ind.
Cook, Chas......... CREM Bee e hasee wae LE cao ERG Read Cyrus, Neb.
Cook Smite conde vreenesocawe peeases sae bauwadesn Wilmot, South Dak.
TANG. RNG oe wa i A oe Hae RNAS OL ROE RES Maple Hill, Ont.
Cooks, Je Wise vaena S sigue Wh esas Meee one SXEREA EEE PaO Ss Goshen, Ind.
Coopers Wes ngoht sient g gee vtec de crower eee ed adele ea tiene Picton, Ont.
COE WEU De: TRY ROM sie. 2.50 qusdensuss  ecene savtadsin s Sasauicayaud' dasa 8 Avanaudad-oucnieuaten Bryan, O.
Cormick AndPEW.s 5 saci las nad nawoa Saas GWA Gta eaeava res Paisly, Ont.
Corwhin, Bross nace ws: ome enews toca area w 6 deals ee nee ties Rushsylvania, O.
GOUISON,. Js seroes ce earesis Lees REMERON ESE Sawa seee HOMIe ES Hornby, Ont.
Cousins; John & SONsss4.sscsswaae ees svdgee tered sewwas Harriston, Ont.
COUSINS, WON iss o4-05 2245 Saeed eed wae aie kis aren bar mares Harriston, Ont.
Creighton, J. R............ Sela SE aca eee kek AION terns Malvern, O.
CHIDO S5, GEO ci ccdechcta ih sad of ayn erect Poelle cA pep ah RE Avie Manna ae acer cetet aan Heshbon, Pa.

Crone; Jona, Waesasacccage enters seoienaieauwe waeeas West Lebanon, Ind.
BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 479

Cunningham, Wm. & Son....ccccccccccsecnccuceccecuceaes Antioch, Ind,
AG UT ELS pr ROL sas 92 oe pcegestns ecartses anioabeas aes tienen: Suna aero as alana Ames, lowa
IDallners: Mredh: 1S iss cndiias cau a gaks-o oe ds we RSs heen does aia Salina, Ta.
Davis, Ds Re eed 2 arate tess Wave of ich did oearhi Gonigoaee’ midie mcs anelalentes Chesterville, Ind.
Daivissonis I: Maga sieieiecnya guiness: oa seaohb-sanareea vein eet: West Manchester, O.
MLW? VE A ase a cel avnjonn proengeneec tes ode gaeesbagated ace Weenie Siloam Springs, Ark.
Dean, ONAS. 1 in canis is cddaaida yeas egeud ee tah <iraee wom Marble Hill, Ind.
Deffenbaugh, Gs Graweu ses axnesnd cua Gosek dba% nomen coe Madisonburg, O.
DOG ATV GS. Tbe Mises shots Hscianes gate void Gutteua waged ioe’ bins apd Bevan tad Highland, Mich.
DSTA): WARTS Asses 5.2505, ecsyauia a ie pe taant o deee aoa ciagedors Seescn Sia R Carlinville, Ill.
DOTY IOS aioe dean cone av ais praelet Grates aide a) fied again kno ax oe Mt. Vernon, Ont.
Dexter; Poster Mu os suid eae anaweee ss ae Roseway, MeNulta Island, N. S.
Dickison, Mary........ec sec e eect eee cece eee r eee e eee eeee Mildway, Ont.
Dik iSO my Witiie ss ace a-viketunt cea aid doa sench oa eooane baehakMaMholenied Mildway, Ont.
DITSAVETS Ga. NM s ace waters, daaneernaa-bnccs ecspdeinied seesunalgaaladd ope es a Delphos, O.
DS OR, AV When x eee 5a we eS Wo BEERS HX KARO Oe BR Brandon, Wis.
Donaldson,. James's ¢cqiw vow a8 awe $65.8 eee seed cavemen sie Teeswater, Ont.
DOTA ING Eg Gs Norte cttw skis dere die La epee a uae adpleumnlane bh AAG 4 Sepia Edenburg, Ind.
DOP Oi Ais) ss sckceusi ayes. aynkine Sarai Whansars Wie lm avavined dale scare kadee al weiale alae s Celina, O.
Doty; Bs Diss teawnoea nian wees gti My igs cE Nees SERRE SS Geneseo, N. Y.
Dunlap, hs Sao akeaae-s csignek see wank see hanes 2eaK Truro, Novia Scotia
Daa TS ESS WY aes crates sens cider aid sa ead Sabai. Gautn.araleosavatevs uO eae O2 Walton, N. Y.
DUMAVETL, Gls, Aviuicsla:Faiaeienouoredihcn 8 ache arated bat HAAS Barna A NES Shelbyville, Mich.
Dupont; . Mrs. MUGEN coss10s dees os'ee dees aaa sive nae Wilmington, Del.
Duvall & Taylor......... Waslotesaee Hale Sees shee se «tea: Alliance, O.
Duvall, 63 Tay lo pas ss aay gino ac0ttitcdies sis ease ene gained ba aearas nance Marlboro, O.
Eby, Amos.............. a MNO edt ean AES Ais he eran Floradale, Ont.
Edwards, EQ wa ties sss icc aes vce Rares cae sevens North Wiltshire, P. E. I.
Hernisse, [Saa00s 1 scuey essa eeed £R5 414 ERR YOO FRew REE SS Hingham, Wis.
WATER: . AUVs iiidieeiry auadia dreece awit aie oO 3 cmaeR ac eesaeiaahes Tekonsha, Mich.
Eldridge, VHOMAS i vicar ois peas Seen ead eee when Hew EE Canadice, N. Y.
NOt, Ass esas cece sewage) Sea wetene hee wads Pond Mills, Ont.
Blliott AnNGrewW ua scc meee shoes nnns. cee a's Ghats nab eee Game ere Kelso, Ont.
MOTO Wis Rissecuziece onvaus danievge.¢ sratt:s adie See Deere 14 FS a Hespeler, Ont.
IM PIS, VMs ie as hinare eg Gate ste ae Ranh ERG: SIe eee Minaville, N.Y.
Eno,. JOD Worse diss agar Grae os Pasa oars eR SEN Ne Cass City, Mich.
Hshbacky J6S-4c4 sneak o2 ca eawweaias be SU WEEE DRE PORES axes ee Warsaw, Ind.
PVANS TGS s03 oes ceee soc GaKad hood THESIEE GT OORe DEBE RM Muskoda, Minn.
FOV ETS: Mle, Wexeiven tia, artactdamesl tv eneustanauaniasrar eve ait iushoano aunt nad Ommaney South Butler, Mich.
Byans; SMa eis eg ciseaese- ace ore tig ane evens DeaenE aw hae eae Wie cmmaeaeas Gourock, Ont.
Byverett, Wis Wena ave ces ce eee eae See ee anaes gedion BEA ao Hs
Faber, S.-Avwacecteadeios s4 cemeieee ee eesk eewes seen’ gaae esas Pulaki, O.
WARTHEY, VA Tha cosa erin 605a neeea Bass HACC ESE RRS BE ETT Franklin, Tenn.
Fatheringham, Pio ccssaccia see ese 66 ee urgiey need eosin Bos Ernington, Ill.
HBaueett, Gy Woaasuswetedcgan vase es eiwivcuds tecda deat nee ses Palo, Mich.
Fellows, Gs Ly cca views ose ss eetaewss asd i ye re det ees Winnebago, Wis.
Ferguson, H. Dow. e cece ee eee ene e eee neees Bloomfield, Iowa
Finlaysony Ke.s ada ccarwneniivres baum dete ceo esse ees Campbellton, Ont.
Fisher: John: Hoses. sosg.9 sans ana yeaa 6 et aiacadae dm aie sheave tis heats Minerva, O.
Fisher. Mirani Ke: oy <44 aacnaiye ans leg ge se BORE Ea Hem Hit Gee Orleans, Ind.
Fisher, Se W onassccse ecw edad s deen cers alWee ng eae Ayes Koro ge Sidney, Ill.
Fisher, W. R.......----- peter etter renee eee ess Medina, oO.

Fleener, John W....... cece cece eee e erect een e eee e tenes Leisure, Ind.
480 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.

Mleteher, Duma tis 5, cscs aietdiciand osigiene ghentane owas seaea  e Os Newbury, Ont.
Hletehers, WoSiosen'sves04 Seeadsadeuulnaves ioe asadar wea cones 2 endon,: Il,
Foster & Guthrie..... Jase sees sees é Misty tebe wowda eee ORE Deputy, Ind.
POSE, WOSepilla:.. 06 s4-4 accuse Nemec ee eased amen se eee ay Fair Grove, Mich.
POPC, ocd ee eedesGd eed ane ae eS bes PEReR Doe c eee eke Walkerton, Ont.
Wow lds: Ale Nise gawd a erthee netsarmarn 24 SAG OO nmaniandae Hastings, Ont.
Mrazery. Doup las sass s'.aG aignk Wisin Gaeta pase Mama ea? Glenfarrow, Ont.
Frederick, Henry sc ivacsmess oso4s 8308 cave Seen nes Meadowdale, N. Y..
PHREMhME, Wy Bink aed educiein stage apsusinrheedacnese oak Bae as Knights, Pa.
Race Wie NIE, cars crane eto Me cuca al anand ler aecdusias 6 elas anand suai Ginghamsburg, O.
Gayidparth,. Gy Mgacuspmetes ds pomemeeat ees whee OCa ah HONE Tes Granger, O.
ee. she Ny oka s pCR w ROO RA Rr MERE SY ROUR EWES OEE OE RER OE RR Wapmandee, Wis.
Garwood, Ezekiel coves s cans oeege cess saeee 29s PRED South Bend, Ind.
eS ile TI. our k ngewe Faun $4 ROR dha S41 ES TARE RS He Ot RROe HA aw HOME
Gearhart, J. Jicccsceccececcscscsctecsevevecsrseree-NOrth Robinson, O.
Georgie; Ms liao ie egies woes Saat eeses tes eee Aa eea we boes Cabery, Ill.
Der ifiy OPeiles < ion 5s ARESS 0S oad wea) Nee e eee Hee wees Napoleon, O.
Gillett: S,, Howie. 2a4 yeaeta-g eee VAaGe.S Ua ae SiS Sowa wea eaes Ravenna, O.
(reat, AG eons 66 ou eane Soe N Gee ee done oReT RAIN Bomanville, Ont.
TES, LRU es 4240S een a D1 eA SARE TERE DERE OER ED Moffatt, Ont.
Gills ony Was saci acas taniees Goan eareeks woe Anas waa e eae Ee Lis, Il.
Giles (es hie Oe? SO Ms agiaais a inn cence Ue aris aula sar MIE Hes Sharpsburg, IIL.
Goddards bis Gisseeense y neasmdead $408G Hees bee asomeins 24 wenale Ravenna, O.
Goldsboroug in, Fs Coes 5 h.o4.6- deinedeiere etdangeadl ¢Band avn! Sen ae Easton, Md.
GoEdon, SUdGE CYTUSie. 5 tin nr nedewatesdoiee nde: Wades ces Clearfield, Pa.
OL iran aia s eka eed Od Seen eH GES ORG PEERS RE Flint, Mich.
Gottsballl,. sJ.-Thusa sees ov soa neeane see pewerE Te hee eee EES Flint, Mich.
Gourleys Je. Passstatsngeaenens + Sewer a chet ekaG dace eee ee Cornell, Ml.
GPAAIN,: IR OWA Breas. scseanaseciaee, Goa ceagohi-gua diocais bomavaneavalaeana-tomunsdeeones Brandon, Wis.
Grahams, OW Mesc ce decnuisi a ttn wa anctiniewe tecees Aaicars co resoueermehaue Saad Eldora, Ta.
GSO, NPM sere a weriatins areas s siapa sé ere rw A haeMe alaeig Dales Caistorville, Ont.
Green, JOR IS ssasnvlianecse esa es WOO Mees 64 Nea Rae sae Caistorville, Ont.
Girriinns “GOOG Gace vat a whines ta ansd  yauhe arin Goats wavenne Burgessville, Ont.
Gre GS: RUCMAL. sc.0:4 5.8. cause ORR a, 0 Ae bude d Pnaiaa dan eee Orangeville, Ont.
Griinesy, “RUN ate a. -ni548 Gaia c ere elsade s oanee aad wae eenes Denver, Ind.
Groob;, MOSS. viiakicnc bead anediors 446 uneeanes us magei alee es Beamsville, Ont.
Gunn & Barclays vy sss sxidead ns $0 Gaaead hea antieas F054 SHORES Rosina, Mich.
CUTAN SV sf Sia as Sos pte eed: bX cig aulartte up board padevane Sik B/S cud a vanaaste Be See Boene Rosina, Mich.
GOULD EIS, Cs Res Guunaie trons nae ond 6 va kenaielese oa Leathe aleawee Prospect, Wis.
Hae, Wath neacavcicieweuapeed o pslee Sea edad ARAMA GO Gem Elba, N. Y.
Hacerbhy, Acc conde dguisen nage Sagas. s dase Maw 9 pede aleatnarae ae Hagerty, Ia.
Haines, Georges ys225 sens desaiaowwne oe hee ayant aerate Ma Ltd aaatats Cartaa
aT Tt TON as chagrin endvarcenis amagiereadiiwly eae davepers Center Square, Ind.
ERT REO We id) OHM anuneysddvacecaia aetevae d dud Se oeaewsa duane baraiscacdeiia St. Ann’s, Ont,
Hargrave, Wilkes! Wiss. i.ccxe casas cna eaewa eed ae nares Seney, Mich.
Hainer ison. 2s “Biss ¢ ose. peutesa talon OMe. ieaing BARAT oes Maates Viola, Idaho
Havshbaroer: Onn: 2yu4s0csqedeus gee aeeee nas aan Seer eer soe Atwood, TIl.
Harter, S. Ke wedds cas sanenteys cas cadwws see ra piews Bcaaoen anes Troy, O.
FARO WY AM actin aceite veccocanasa ance sis ean een eee aims wae Siante cord esaud raubeeand So Mexico, Ind.
TIAEVEY BEOSE aay ol ceeace ah ase beceoase. ea: o-eus, Qcansceete edie eewet ee Kineardine, Ont.
Marvey). Bi Wiacoeseniaiaacis sianse seg tiens StanetawesSracceatans Bloomingdale, fa.
Haslett: Bross cess s vance in sidiguayecugl annals peer eadinntens oe Jarvis, Ont.

Hathaway, A. Brews eeeeeee shiniaeiuddn's ulmewicy bnenesrmie Mertensia, N. Y.
BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 481

Henry, JOUM wee dsa% ioe Beas gan ded ae hiowdie atedawlounasaes Montpelier, O.
FVETISO IY, « WOM go. 205 anche acd cactats Muaote waco auntie eases aebeeeele. «esses Huntington, Ind.
LEVESS Gite IAT OS? a tciin ccc ecramaret tenes ced aise h Gulia a ewer eee Ree Ow Fulton, O.
Higley, Géverett: Gas acsasses dear wed ates eae ae eseR aes os ee Ind.
BLA Le Mites Aci insnas aces ey sabneatt a es xr eiases Otc Avera bioia de beavaachaielauele.e South Danby, N. Y.
FAV ys Biss Dace oc 8 cite oun scecinia acauaon. dais cad abuawend o2 ate ta inaiaw meieeoee weak Hingham, Wis
FETT Ce. WN eaaire: aksaca cline hia tobanata sy Soavag- wi ausaanetenesenaibewacaes is rcgu a) sisttard A nson, Me.
Himmel, LETT Virus, tae abatinnastaneie anata’ a steranee 9 OCa5 BER EASa 84 Radcliffe, Ia.
Hine & Finlayson the KROGH Se REN PAOTCER LEA MMw Es hab vanes Red Dutton, Ont.
FRITS): Fe sige acs sare 88959 4 athens’ GSscec¥ Reaiala: @esiea vimravense a odd davoigaors BAC Dutton, Ont.
ATTA NCTM aden cae vastasofenscn 9. rid soem gaene ose: Avie Ayeeineinn atece ara asniond Ne Indian Falls, N. Y.
Hateh coe ke. Mise The Wis cenchsacnies's Suéndere vac adidiie sce. eens ey es Flint, Mich.
Hitchcock, W.(Picsaveadwadd cians cgenk eesy see ss sent ase aN Owen Ne VS
Hobbs; Diy Gei& SOnmss wwsraaesacidageoevguccee sox eb cgmeaws ue Hobbs, Ind.
Hollingsworth, Hs iSi2 5 asx pesmuve etasennees Sake Snadana Bed setae Colfax, Wash.
OOS L mae, WM. Mois 7 sarin strane arenas S, acedd a ate aoe sie ee aye eee ae Auburn, Ind.
LOMA Gi Gie. Hi ois ssa teratladextatara a ceasenuve sles qrauaeien 262 Eee pies nating Utica, Ia.
Huber, Uk. ‘Bucs des gine $9484 adetea ease MRS eo tear Gerard, Ill.
FUSES, lis, Lis tieiar'en.g ageless dad goaianbente Dacia Gubvandti tals andsce-gotoe Hartford City, Ind.
HU BES,. Wes Rin aitice avs nwisia hain pian sant 2a4 ean. DEN a aOR Boltonville, Wis.
PLD G5: TELA © disiass snaesca sieeve Sed & Sealand eg tyne gegen hws G Sade es Salem, Tl.
Hume; Davidh. sonvscee Quedie sd dsniee chee eeneed eee aaudeues Arkell, Ont.
FUMpPhries, Ha sdigsdettsiuss sexta aaes Se aee ota se eads. Hastings, Ont.
FAITE Sis PAS Fasc ie iui bo dn ce Gators sho Qutbvass Guaiois Abii a. pamleyent oases aban Walkerton, Ont.
Hunter; DOM cdc ay bew er niaad Gio hbadmmn nee Avene Salem, Ont.
Label imis: IMGs, Gz. encieat ond ascic ceils Sog-dra aeenigoeray or aes tayie ata Sa Stewaeis ara Flint, Mich.
Huxtord;,,. SOW o> ¥ cee ves a ekera nese Benak obese aE Te ee RIES eS ee ORE
JONSON, ANTHONY. s4 sini caetaebaw tact there eles ees ¢ Jarvis, Ont.
TOWSON, Walters: & cciavsack saad wide a eaeaia Ba cawumedeoe! donee aug eas Jarvis, Ont.
Jackson; Ty. Hoa vaca s seiiadwed even wg aees eae eee See South Bend, Ind.
Jeffery, John G............ jg Avela dina, Sata RRS demu tea A aee Kingston, ‘Mich.
Jenks, Ji. 6 Coo cskei ner seanas- ot oa9 Shame n dewey wanes Sand Beach, Mich.
J ORVEIT,. WWE: TB pis aiiceiecac doe. s ectouducreaud doe. auch aibiely ESE SHARES ES tt Dodgeville, Wis.
Jieklingy JOS) Bia iicas nena cite pitjeen tt faancae ae dei ee Remeteed Carman, Man.
VONNSON Aves ou4 ausdis gy cg cnintaaed iene quartiene a daveved wnreeie Denton ee Rowlins, Wyo.
Johnson, Cs Dusae seri seas ceeees sea Vaiss pesca ed ee rane. Dixon, Wis.
Johnson, Hdmond H. yc... i.ccacesocesesteeesacge enews eyes Kines, Mich.
Johnson, O. As.cvccccccecnnnceeescnanes csenee ees een eens nese Leon, N. Y.
Johnson, Sy Noa i soe can aed aaiecee de qa mage en seems Reeds Corners, N. Y.
Johnson, Wm........ see ccc teeter eee ene ences Benton City, Mo.
Jones, Frank aac htains SER SUS Dew wis iataabienls Camere ae i Claverack, N. Y.
Jones, Roberts .sdcccan edie chaeeh Ss tee a wage aed de seees Fort Steele, Wyo.
Jones, SAM... ccc cece cece ccs eee nsec eee ener eeneenee Hustisford, Wis.
Jones, Thomas...... sce cce cece reece eet e een ne eect teens Delaware, oO.
TUM, Sy. Wiese cco oe 8 5 tee ee ea seme ame w hae Ne Me Tan Burford, Ont.
Tull, I) Hicsawedsniees ees eeee gee deseder gees ewes Slt. Vernon, Ont,
Kapp, Geo. ..e ccc cc cee n cece erent treet e eer e ees Monument City, Ind.
Keeler, P. J... cece cece eee e een n nnn neneee tenes Clyde, Mo.
Kelly, S. Bicceccecc cece cece cece cere tence en ee ees River Herbert, N. S.
Rally, Wllacssinsiagstrenact yaar tmesneres’ Somer pldahendans Fairfield, Ia.
Kelly, Lola Eu....eeee cece cece etree reece eee e teen eee eee Fairfield, Ia.
Kerlin, W. Five ccc ce cer cece tence nent e renee een enenns Rockfield, Ind.

KRetzler, H. Co.cc cece ccc e cree cen e erence eee e nen ne ee neaes Flint, Mich.
482 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.

IMCAIGS. Re Messin ca no gueas a sralsaphniae pelea eevee eau ceeinae head “Athens, Ill.
ATI Gls FE. Wine cesy doectos auamens-pardacnandeudiacen ome Geuee pihoelertaiene eed Covert, Pa.
ASS RUT 4 Wc ccssnciacs wees jeicngagegves etou teshtalehdeletaw pxiaedaiene Grand Valley, Ont.
ing, “Oe Ay Qe Sons eG cs sa cs acne yess Seve ee exes Shee Parma, Mich.
Kirk, JOD: s.4sa+neew eyes s eebea ee ss eevwae os enews Fair Grove, Mich.
ASIP K Pat CICK, Gis Ws 's bscoisinit een artmaimatesasne Bangi da Darkane o Kirksville, Ia.
WEG Litas, Ae AD scdatioss! dhe PG BlnyngtagrAd. gvesd prauererie diane. yauwals Gee.a avers Pomeroy, Kan.
Kmox,, As: (Ghic.s ceininin 0:4 44.9 le ieln eh bob availa tsa aun eetea aes 4 a arenes Pulaski, Pa.
Worn: Pranks nagasi< vies staan Ge Win ealesG ose awawugd ance South Bend, Ind.
Kreider & Kar putts. sii ve cavcness staat SHwe SE sa OEE E See Sterling, Ill.
TRUCON, Wie Sisse od sanese lands tne Havens Heveneue ee bared aya ievd oe Roe Greenville, Pa.
Tat hTi nig: TO WSs js'sialiis aes oak Gest gay Ws Ra Male eh dea s ayeate® Linden, Mich.
Jain: ANGtew: tac chicas!) eeu eee yee saeke eee is nee cae ee Arkell, Ont.
Tan), ARGS ake oy dds iaiheae bys asa Bawse Oe aN eRe eee a4 os Walkerton, Ont.
Langdon, H. Aw... cece eee eee eee ee eeeeeeees. Mesopotamia, O.
Largies Ge Gi: seis. Tie eaten Ava ig Re cris sacar age eet bs AV ta hte ev OOS. Taylorville, Ill.
Leahy; Dex ysuceesstseacle cues passed cose a ywlees aed sate bese ais Chilton, Wis.
JISA VATE YS, IC ia 2.c.5 snavalicioid ta hreeg anak aeche ee ba Atel cos Fair Grove, Mich.
TOS: Be ATT ees ne a ayevcre haved. dea a ieneteons ences weave ns GRE vo items bce Flint, Mich.
eran, Dts | cca ccd es cee vee hee EWES hea Maken Crooked Creek, Ind.
LOT So vs poe he 4 sh ve wa ee he a eee ee Kettleby, Ont.
Le. SDs Vy ede eee ces one Seo aS PES TR Dee BEATA ORIRERSS Warren, Ind.
LMT Oy Gi Baad ot dient elton tain Alecepee OAS 4 Amat haw pales Hamersville, O.
MOIS | DME Gs wie cw ula Sees Sew ek REARS KRY eH ERED HERS a oe Salem, Ind.
es, Ge Rivne 865 chee eta aa Peewee Point Pleasant, W. Va.
TsO WIS HS DM setecicandoss Sutcs .c Spnesaaech Soop Gsekecaieder daa 8d Alsuetick. f 28S aveneiace Madelia, Minn.
MTR, WW TAAGS gystiveres GB 9 Givshic a ie ce deca so ce favensentess <eive- yard Gedaarioeta arm iore nab shits Arkwright, Ont.
Lindsay, “Davids, coccs.4cgn sees sated bees s eeeeeccea ae Haggersville, Ont.
TAGGR Py Wbicws 404 05 6 a6e6 £84064 OLR Re UES Cw en cas eh eeEeR baer Treaty, Ind.
LCM s “WWM as! ds Soootisaotennaend Wane da ee Sons wis Men hehe Mawes Walkerton, Ont.
A SOs es a IBY cons cesses ana aps easteate Sehr Gopi sblas tare iplalelals reas oat Cascade, Wis.
TlOVEGS Listy sie veg SSG eK 2228 FAROE LOSS BOOHER SAARC EE Port Sandfield, Ont.
Lovejoy, Avs. SE SOM sy ais souk inewnve caus aunieo oe ac ean ae Berea Roscoe, Il.
AZONMET Very Woe | D)scets se aye wee secse anamvensises nr ayases eV oeneew w ate onatslotian coe wate ew alins Senecaville, O.
Dandies. S.- Roe sijsredlsteiee ne eagnes 30 va Meee Mask eee ee atu Sheridan, Pa.
TON; Lig ANS saree Salas de shes acsegiaee: G2 6. Madson aha AAG MMe SEIS Latimer, Ont.
MANOS WhocsDizcit-5 avai cad Satins rb eisers- cred rdaacin eeige weeouataad adams Yatton, Ont.
Manewald, Christian.................. eas Je nce weheanttece ee nd Plymouth, Ind.
MSI TIS Ws TH secranin- a. Sonik neta. anat Ss cenene. svacd 819 |f otarnta te Sais Suagabes oes Hicksville, O.
Nam nin Ge VON Mis Gene ectes btn cogaoha- rade e Sales desis Vssnae migusts Adell, Wis.
Mia rin Win. HAs case sata dial ajedees otek wavalethe eek d Sees ae e....Meloin, Minn.
Mar tenis J) ON Miss i's 4 ad eee 8 84 ho eeeianeia 6 dieavd avansiosac ds @acquaue Lake City, Minn.
Mason, (O. Wo iesus dns ai wuiea 6 yj ebiicemreacas new y pcesauensslasony Ind.
WMiasséey Js. (Si ins-do Goud ce ete adekinws ova Basse ee eee aees Menomonie, Wis.
Matchett; Mrsi: Ba Awadu vara ck samen d.e¥ scious ecko hos Poinceton, Ind.
IMAGHEWSs: Ws. Bias catannclgat oars lala in aceae St ateleve 4a eveD neues Blue Mounds, Ill.
INE ARSE MD goed 5 cM secacalvetas dapteiee eaten qurakgtennionhs arsieseia Bene otc wie eAtoene ey Columbia, Mo.
McAdams, Martin... 6. .scccasessseisewa cess PE GRbdie eRe Rushlyvania, O.
McBeth. ic “Ris eepcak unos a uarauepacce ty Baal tiddes BaRine moe Hamersville, O.
IMGGAREI Ys. J OM Mies s.2.ce io acsienhtesisb 42008 vehasee ana, a a mraloteecesng ak Madelia, Minn.
McClelland: Hirata ss cca 4 vice canesas gece weareieges a abe at Beachburg, Ont.
MeClelland), Perrys dois taatiancees 3 Saad y Bed 4 BOWAWS oade waar Odin, T1l.

MeCormick. E.. 6& SonSwase 0s sd exbea pase hb Stina. oatd conn Mt. Hope, Wis.
BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 483

McCracken) Bs 'Siioeswe dugies cow autos oda hawiely we se Sue Kerrmoor, Pa.
MeCracken, J. B. .... ccc cece cee cece cece cesses eeeeses Muskegon, Mich.
MeDoniald), As Wicca s sind ardisann 8d eration OS 6s Dahahiedaaets St. Mary’s, Ont.
McDonald, Johbn........ ccc ccc cece c eee e eee cecees Millbrook, N. S.
MeEwen: Brosies iiut.scasdnls daa nORea ent 6s Odeo e Nese aOwe Les Bluevale, Ont.
MeWarlane, AlOXs 25 acme dees stisieain de a9 Ayoitte a8 Soa Sabnaeede Flint, Mich.
MeGilly Wy, Disses s2 00 aaniig- a cetenmihw ata arti genie tasy sone a) Saredin pene Sussex, Wis.
McGranaham, J. Pi... sce eee eee eee eee HS eda ewan ys \tlantie, Pa.
MIGTIGO ST, «Dig ~ Bice. sch caer erpiceeioss sauces das rise eesse “Sestouenves 9 ulacvnkin Go ertcveats 8 Bo aorgutert wake Windsor, O.
MieFintiyres AveX6 co:cmiccitcu oriiaw atcha arm eid anna Wallacetown, Ont.
MeKay, Aw Mayes acae tnamien ras eases kev ea wdeds eer sad Beene & Edina, Mo.
Me WKaty? 66 MGW 66 ties < siciiie 2 cing. One E Oate tea alane 24 eandgen Gays River, N. 8.
MeKecknie;, 07 Bucsctanc den cada ciovaiaasyeaas ome North Fairfield, Me.
Melee. Ale Xiccay ba 05 Sees C8058 HERES DEY EERE KOR Dee Teeswater, Ont.
MGR Ones. BES oie ccads poe Rhbooe eee e Heede oee Oe eee Campbellville, Ont.
Melvenzie, Av Bi Diesapese canes s etis gees cada wenaaenrd eas Corwhin, Ont.
PIU OUROW Tie ikon cad adeas 0 ees SeRee ened eae he ead Pees Sussex, Wis.
MeLlaren,. P.. Bis cicae. con cidide BA saee STR Tee RDS Clearwater, Man.
Mis ati, AMEE Ws.ssiwiie ads ve veuledecheeleeaieaieacd Soin eicaae. 0 Walkerton, Ont.
MeLoid;. AleSs cies esis snare ekg domi Dae seens ee Kose seo ees Paisley, Ont.
MeNauphton, Pe@betescs.ccabecneies sees seies sea leeegs Gourock, Ont.
INGIN ELLs. Nec: Do ial Scars uitaun 0 eno cpoleuaa vt evi decaushauauat sose0xe aan Grand Blane, Mich.
Merle, Jass &: Sons siuwisys veaka ve sewn caa as ee eae eae CELE Myron, Ia.
Middleton, ©. Gesvecs seed veces saieus bees s peewa pies alam oe Clinton, Ont.
MINCE, CHAS) Wee ioitaiaus ioscan eateen ees Shesee Ries Hillsboro, [1l.
Millers Dire Bech a iecucsnaas oaenge stories cline ial ro eheas Flint, Mich.
Miller: G@Osac <x vvieae seas sees ys ba diaises eee veews He Elmira, Ont.
Malle? THe Piss a vsteais scoreeiane dar MAR EE A ORE Bee es GsmtS Sunbury, O.
Millet; dis Wigascasaxenesst MiGnaee Manama aeesaceeeew A eeeG A Palmer, Il.
Miller, (W. Dissagees casing sees aged te ois Sie tee ewes Mexico, Ind.
Minnesota University.........cce cece cee reer eee eeee Experiment Farm,
Mitchell, D. W..... ccc cece cece eee eee eee eee eeee Caistorville, Ont.
Mitchell, Robert......... 2. ccc cece cece teeter eee e nee Caistorville, Ont.
Moffat, Jonn..... ccc cece cece eee eee nett een enna .-Eden, Wis.
Montgomery, K..... cece eee eee een ete tenner aes Tiverton, Ont.
Moody, G. Bicseccese cece eee ec eee n tence een eee enn e es Richmond, Me.
Morden, David..........-- Ride srgiaeinae HORT Hordanewinamee Walkerton, Ont.
Morgan, Ben......ce cece eee cece erent eee e eee eee Franklin, oO.
Morgan, H.... eee cece cece een nn ent nent ent ene es Kipton, O.
Morgan, L. M..... eee e cece eee teen teen een ee eees Albion, N. Y.
Morne, Pat.....ce- cece eee eee n eee tenet e ert e eens Marden, Ont.
Morrill, B. B...ee eee cece tee teen nes .-Stantead, Que.
Morris, E. Gives eee eee eee een eee etn eens Mesopotamia, O.
Morris, E. Go... cece eee eee etree ene e nena eerees North Bloomfield, O.
Morrish, S.....eee cece cere cence eee een e tent een ener e ener nene Flint, Mich.
Moss, P. Biceeceecer cence cece erent ene enters sence resnees Billiags, Mont.
Moulton, H. Lew. eee e cence eee renee eee e nee een nnes Rootstown, O.
Moulton, W. Asics ec cece eee ence ene e teen tenet ener artes Cieero, N. Y.
Mowers, J. Hove ece cece cece ence creer teen nets e ence ees Briggsville, Wis.
Mowry Henry...-eee ec ceeeeee eee e renee reeset eeeeneees Owensville, Ind.
Muhlhausen, Wm.....-..-s eee e erect eee eee entree ees Walkerton, Ont.

Muir, J. Bese cece cece eee e eee eee nee e eee ener e ener enes Hatton, Mo.
484 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP,

Murphy, Chris........... iguana angus seeeeees.,- Sanilac Center, Mich.
Murphy; Je Waisscedstideda stra cada bgseke peewee t 34 yao Cass City, Mich.
Myer ss, POT a cscusis. cosiis leievare eidcdamsRaee ouside Soe ck We ale OE SALE D Larue, O.
Nast Vy Cede ctaeheee coed Hekes Seu eRe Pewke MEA MeeEG aES Cassville, O.
NaS: Ne: CP adtavaia tba rem @ancunte ara wiciatabenatbule erneceudisl wapanese ee anv erne Attica, N. Y.
Neéal, Jobin W s.cc2ssetossdcebeaacena dye cas deed < Quanicassee City, Mich.
Neelys WilsOm S'ytcmiatcde dacs bneneeneaaonatcanuaial hamciaceeins Brooklyn, Mich.
Neeson, Pete rics oc tcc screen eemane aye ve stews Raa OS Formosa, (ut.
Neépham; Wiles. 40.04 seead ee eeasWeheiyle eee snene eee saiae es Banks, Ont,“
Nessél (RODERGiias eoscasene sie ae 4 Korea eee kine Re Rush City, Minn.
Neville, Cs Was wncusctniaetshem ao th sae wane ais ao aoeaie es Newburg, Unt.
WNespe@om bis Ria areal ita ie: ienersrneSaeiaieia aarcce-a @ Peaigeianne Sand ataaiea oa Alvordton, O.
N@WITK.. G6Oiisi cade escns cated es Gag eee West Middleton, Ind.
IN ey nS Weiss tee ca Sn hyavtrcangieg iGo av naitoanl wh oa poe iaal acl Bees ese Pontiac, Mich.
Nicolas; 2ehi vest egies ree rie aaitate doable tare tam we wianecaggmeeare Mexico, Ind.
Noll, (Gy Wisasesess cox taeesessaers wk epee aiawes a tess Mira Creek, Neb.
Ohio Experiment Station........ 0.2 ccc eee eeeee eee Wooster, O.
Ohmsted, Ua yi. cess cnaces eas emamaa da wad sae ard meee ames Muir, Mich.
Olmstead, J IN wivsdviex seen eels tats tie age weld eden anges Muir, Mich.
Orehard, - Nic ive-s xg aevande8 teat aGndunaig an aes a Maal Sone Glen Orchard, Ont.
OSbORD, (CY TUSs cut sakewdee ola kaaewlg ad ona PRRINRLA Rea eaten Hie Danville, Ill.
Pealinie rs Mie Pcs gists iaeye-eipinasiniern wrateie eae arate: ya eos y ace a eam Thorndike, Me.
Palmer & Smithiassnsasecsy eeenev ees tas ROAes eee 8 DEG en Newark, N. Y.
Parle) BENIGNO 4 oy cds case a oe howe WH GeO Fae Ceara Camden, Mich.
Parkers Go Wacecsawcdamues Seta ee wds aaa ia aie cine. oso msu wow Clyde, O.
Parkinson, Woazanuis 4 cic actin deggie dug: ack geecqleeas annua ie Bavaigia-aie aed Greenock, Can.
Parnell, R. M.......... Hanahan eee GONeO Bhoega rece eee Wyevale, Ont.
Parselll, Gy Te eescst ineedss teehee eg h aaa dete e Se Saiem Center, Ind.
BATONS OT VWir Ava sais ah dotieoets ie aretandah syste sand doses ve dadsSurtinianer dohuacaee Flint, Mich.
Patterson, SAME Senecicc cesta wcersssieiedi a vee + a eotia wean e eed adele Almonte, Ont.
Reiter mans. Ld. iaic.ats sae liana vep aaabheed 2 ye Wine ee Cite «OGRE x Peru, Ind.
Pelletier, L. Conrad.....................- dhsSyihope ahha Guacteee Moutreal, Que.
Pelion, BO. Me SOUS: ii cemene ieee eeeek Laxeddieeae as Reedsburg, Wis.
Pendexter, Wi dike «ssescaaiceaedy aiguaes oo ounrs alle eens Intervale, N. H.
Pennington, JabeZiicssiseanwes naseeeaesees esse sees a Teeswater, Ont.
Perry; He Re Go SOMes tsi. aedparaate a aan dost quae Sida usp Ellington, Mich.
POterey Hes 1S ics,cc ejsvstinnasp accion Gamsd cue hewn d aetaaa ta wea Flat Rock, Mich.
Peters: Sa. WierMisictnemara guna stones ea aii parece Berxley Springs, W. Va.
Petty Rufus: scicagdsistdcesssaceea eer rsed nd lad sees tomemens be mmoser naa aax
Pickering, We Wi viea cred ged co 8a a acmeecee seinem Middletown, Ind.
BAGKIE,. WESLEY re anvoracis okt 2208 tigleeent a Bead Gthaddabeee-te a cenvtal weet Springlake, O.
PF er6 es oc ecarkins sca) PP SEKGES OA OEP ARE OKs ORREAE RSS Creston, Ill.
Phueéy Ge Dead senses spec (aus cae s neweee bee aes aoe North Pembroke, N. Y.
POLO he he aes eich cteceua car deta sec ce tigen’ 5 Goa gobs ivavosns wie daa Atkinsons Mills, Pa.
POLY 5 Wie Ass reel sate ok WROAR ADT a aamve ys Mower eee amo, Midh:
Porter. J. Agaiaes isis soueuas mess Ske oer hu PaaS TEASE Haynie, Wash.
Pounds; FOstphsiwevsysssavidww heavens shaww 65044 Vande se ew oe Crete, Pa.
ROWE OWI, fics as oa ave Sesmcanay ge Se Bsa aaa he Reve eae ha aw Wabash, O.
Braitti: Mis, oHisciceiins ia, soto bata eaten’ @acaiirsarneee aaa Ionia, Mich.
‘Preston. (CHAS iis css so oa's enh tlenie aletuned ole ucead w'encaa a Aaalas< Andover, N. Y.
“PriCey eck: ne ews Sauls bees eeRe Bune e se arnmiey aks aa Adpies Newark, N. Y.

Pritchard) Ges Ox scgsn des oe esc sens Sah 8h ear agoa! pan 24.5 Sheheuarecn Belden, O.
BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 485

Privett, Uriah & Co........... cece sean Supsidaitee dak Greensburg, Ind.
Purviance, James! Mich ccseus i cee ned acs coe acnnxes Huntingten, Ind.
Randel, Clarence: oo. x casa ve 6% sediduiely aaa nmnean’s Phas Brick--Chapel, Ind,
Reed, Chas.................. AivineG GIP aaietle dese gaan es DOUGLAS, Wyo;
Nees MPA os, Soseeses as ts it cossseun altar eed dais seat ace veaenediy dice sed Rita Belfast, Ont.
Rennie, Wass scadieaceecae aan oo x sabes wa Sassen dhe inte Eden Mills, Ont.
Richardson, Jennie.............. 0. eee seca ts Indianapolis, Ind.
TTC, MODI 5.3. ianecieen3 aig onicre season geSe Seeead hacia dakeee xa sees Clyde. O.
RAYS. GOO asia esas scoateegees aarite aia’ s wa kcaphn a <a a eas Mies a Lakefive, Wis.
Riplear Bros: ss asa asa os Hews EXE RERES ¥ic.0e 5 pines eee arora dare Brecksville, O,
RTT GUTS, GG ig eth sige Aeasadus a Soewa lacavaveicnincdsds os aveserasnaaeia diana eee a Brecksville, O.
Ritter, ACO. satec q acs -cade-aioring geyaeeeg eee wae as arenas Vandalia, Ill.
Roach, “Thomas: «cisasasee siesta dee aiadsaunenes s tau ten Byron, N. Y.
IVOA CD, LINO NAS sa ss ds ed audgucns 8h Riots A ith sere arava enewcenev avons we nalesior Elba, N. Y.
RObertson,: WDavidaasis sg iaeae evade sabekneeey Seeds odes eae Fergus, Ont.
Rogers, John Ty s2occeq y's i oa saieae chs aati oon bales Ros Yantisville, Il.
PROBES DiS ai Glatt a st isle Sos 40d ph GN tuaeteld ble avery sauntnacecenscs paneets Red Key, Ind.
RGHRERE Ss Bi bs towdeacs oa wiens-aney neurone Races dalle aes unos s Leroy, Kan.
HOSS! AN Ss ches tas ace anieatetn vis so. hare da heen Sees bras Westvilie, N.S.
ROSSi i Mise wsnaweoeieaalaik 4 aaa etiend weds BAe o oemeeled > German, O.
ROSS; SOD T i. saieaie was sestae ce soa 4 arieie ane wa Se whalsig wy 6 wee Be IEG Mt. Forest, Ont.
Roush, Jacoby. ssc eyes ese neek Saleen ee vas Meade Fe cae aie Montpelier, O.
HO UIKG ETO oi x aipidd os bcstastiad aw nsecdcauarecd, aid. one busnavdi vis Saye @beeisea eens Stryker, O.
ROWE, St. hecescaw dv iowa etices Salad wes arava d dn tesaaran wand eeveraeiNirer etre Goshen, Ind.
MO Wilamidl, SOs Asssahats gecaua wueroude'e acd w ehaasntecely Sara ahgwiae wees o mations Coral, Mich.
Roxburgh, JON yesh eco iia é 054 Skew bee he treaee He soma Norwood, Ont.
RUDY, ASA. cc) tans can neweie nach Syaais Ras Made we Rau SoS amet’ Treaty, Ind.
RUG SPL OG yd) cates cocgry eee Snes, oo denn Be ws estar weagaranlon a coved peso baer Roseville, Gnt.
Ryan, JObDs sci ecadex os cy ade 22a ev BwwG ENG ag DeOTA DETTE SHS ERT as HORS
aed A 5 Ob senesete ha nateicnadege B82 ayoorn pill aaa ayspanats Soetene aleyaninivses Huntington, Ind,
Sandick,. “Wisc cssaiia dew cenninvareed Galea ve ea eames Folden Corner, Ont.
Schat. Be Siwadescgaditadens seed ceased sewer eas eneeness St. Paul, Ind.
CHEM K “Wat hsie A costed cacatos die Od ao usce So anda Meeusness een @ Naess Frankfort, Ind.
Schnebly,, Da Reicecaci sinew ete Gita vee dtawae Pease bi eel ach te ¥ Fairview, Md.
Schrock; “Cys sar ose danacs' vas elsawin 5 nay ylasiselns se! sta Shipshewana, Ind.
Schroeder. hs Us & C,, Cisass setae y 24a cee ania aaaaws ties Bourbor, Ind.
ISCO iG POM Das Gia asabdncre hcotasdh acne Ganie Ova Atenle GGA N geaeuanela, Rare GeO SR Bryan, O.
CAVED. WaNO Ace steants dates pee ole eadtealey siewie sam Highland Station, Mich.
Selbys. Cs Ge dareuic es aeeed eae sa nese nae s separ eee s 4 EES New California, O,
PCL Sy A eis cede dg Sav Bisns cise are eascatsg 5 Buk SAE. aySbhanan ceva ya GG aici aan ere Sueuiesuaaase Mequon, Wis.
Service, CaS sis wiceesaes cei, asda tare siete Oe Siete eae e Hartland, Wis.
Seymour. Gy Gy SONS... azckexreas dares eegesaieeie ss se ca8e Rootstown, O.
SIDIEL FOnas WV og Actas teseiep esau fa tovesie cans Wigs: victuasane cab suasd-bva honesty. Gh ease eae Middletown, O.
Sihiaawiy As o.s5, deunlerted- wnaachacsmariaes Np scogca Widleala tes cvenane Soman Walkerton, Ont.
SuCeTwE hs SNOT Hy son ccewwn sos Ree ee besa eewe ees Ras< Kennedy, N. Y.
SHIGA, hot cate oF x Vaasa heat ameces Sines Sigamacneaatnermasnes Flint, Mich.
Sherwin, “Allen, Whi:4 wdeusacss aman dank omine he we RAC Fennella, Ont.
shields; Os. dedi euiaen snag weet gy coveted sag sete aes Montpelier, Ind.
SHOOK Hi Vives scticieia eee 3 acs ASR Fs hed Sa a Marshfield, Mo.
SHOES) (We ivbetss owen a ave dtatlcs toed aot PONE A Ad ole dations el Sa studeg he Waterville, Me.
Shorty Gs Piieideteee sihte ew ae wa avek Gate ware aeanne se ging So aI Ob Whe vias es Sen ghia

Sharntz; Sylvestetvco ss «aceon os sasavee vada paecd exe as Stonington, Ll.
486 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.

Simpson, Stock ParMiecss.cusseesersseeoeec cerns de Saxonville, Mass.
Singrey, din Piasddewa es saad cdr os24 4 adtwe VEG Cas tae Bebe els Avilla, Ind.
Slenmen: Bi; (Biss auaese ceased guesdeouice ce Pinte avdveneue ava aos gs Seanad ONE La Denver, Ind.
Slayton, Walter Geccuscias.cccnns cumece dyads ancidion han nameee VOC NOX,
ys Re Dios dtahlso a anin ad eaisiels en alte ais semana West Clarksfield, O.
Smith, Chasscacsscciac cave eeoss sues sisewes cae aces Plum Tree, Ind.
Sina etlae A mith Pes 1a he eane dog /d bce epee te aed cerbes tacheieuarn eeorit eae UN SASS. Fiint, Mich.
Smith, Francis Gon. wasn yeswaws Satins view cone euer eee Blanchard, Mich.
Smith. HENLEY s cso: poses ene ei enens esse haa cea heee es Azalia, Mich.
Smith, Tames: sce heaseeee sans 426s saeedes 63 esses oe 5a Clachen, Ont.
Sanath: gaa Sie sos. daecs wiaiieccrs co, ede pvaunsciigsee aioe: abe abadstausc ss aitie tea angie eiicd ac Dutton, Ont.
Smith. Le Wi Bs yaaa ge hae Seaweed teats eo ces Hees Norwich, N. \.
Snitth,, “MWOMaAss «canes vests neendlse cus wasowiive see Guides estes Newry, Ont.
Swath, Wes Wrasaucuegastavae sa sihaks PSEA SS Dt ae a at Plumtree, Ind.
Snively. Joseph, Ag. ciasgosaas vig neces sa wena gee Greencastle, Pa.
Snyder, Omer: vis snases sese44 esas: pews sues nevree nunc Pleasant Hill, O.
Soper, Alex...........06. Sha ad $4 ode Shinto oe ae Awa oa dato ‘Hayden, Ont.
Sorby. ee. Os cesaiks tied 4 aoe vinis etacaaianereinseadaraipals Gourock, Ont.
Spencer, Hei Cle asis sapdlairs escanxwmiess © Seales eae mane asada hare on Flint, Mich.
Spicer, JOHN se cccscasewtsyiswssanweseises vawee devs aeew nes Yeovil, Ont.
Stay. ASS Gis, 0 facet aopneeinnis dsm @auanind Ps Os mia wae ee Si Bowling Green, O.
Starkey; Vamesi ns sacinsavenqwae wade so dees sans sama Arkell, Ont.
Steddom. Ms. Piss ccosialedewing eaten iwled head ebaaee been aeains Oregonia, O.
Steele, Ws Ves accknacsincerd sea seegaes etna h Ate es oka ares Sandyville, O.
Stemens Jo Dh. ecucedimeaeid New setiea eral haee sac en news Groverhill, O.
Steuer: Chris bia nisi scien ws aujaties vac bakasarses sate skaieh ace eloiaanets Medina, O.
Stewart; Alexis: scgessaccewatueeds ee ok j Howe x oe ese Living Springs, Ont.
Stewart We ses vaca Gaaedeinarsinnesece Sshaueie be haemo eaducunbe eaweibre annie Flint, Mich.
BIVer BOS y.cuucd t444 opened aivesn means dao senematcecen Sonat Fincastle, O.
Stone, James A. & Son............ res anal dat tettn la Nae aurshdtadeus fara Bradfordton, Il.
Stone; James: Aw ys esas canes ener 4 Ieee edd a tees Lee Bradfordton, Il.
Stoney Jobim: Wy isirs ale sessce agchadia o 6 5% 9 Fiduesinigs oon ied dgvivens BA Hd bee Harris, Mo.
OED Gs TOS yt ud sans ala unl ove cies Rae ce sas dumatave: Drevawsceitomisiecga Beier Weis Mallet Creek, O.
Stour, Ri Vic race wsygeereg ak ie Leek laiele ee eek Bdewe Yee Stonington, Il.
Stone & Aarrisia se pvsecax ceeds eeeends MeL Ee ae BO Stonington, Il.
PUTAS, Sire iah.g caraeacanrd sue ai. a anbumicte desde alone ha-eny ers Grand Ledge, Mich.
EP ALCO Ug | Lbesy ge dis ances Aehita  aice-aetngnice BO aeveoors aoa aianene ewig alears Otsego, Mich.
DLTOCK yl, (Ose ou naak ow ou Gs dalled dos Shane xa 5 Eo ao Rew Madison, O.
Study balers Siva saad ¢ ve wo dinhhe Aecevichdeaneie a oe-ieccnens s Etna Green, Ind.
Summers, JaMeS......... ccc cece cece ccc aeseecnecaacs Cardinal, Ont.
SuNG PER Be ie 5.4 cies aywrasdas cena ascnare atiae acd aoevessse Biaueudvels aires ae Kennedy, Minn.
OWENE Ys He Meiecn ness Aeviievar Wael xqurernemapthans Guo Salem, III.
DWATZOU As Ya cioetd Gh oSee wa chan d bahe aie paata td. cae Spa cue dainae mee dyue Edinburgh, O.
RA ViODs: OU Ms caccitas x. cscads oleate 254 erate doncevers Rae oo Aneaster, Ont.
Demplin, J Ors Lotumac neta ye@uguien eects wei «eke fhe Fergus, Ont.
AL GRTIY VAset acs ecisbahs seleianscatigycedte i 4 Sy merece nek aobekceetoeeeea aGaG ovals Wooler, Ont.
Thomas, Av. Aurea} oa 0eccpaes ¢ Pew a Susman aw ace ayeloene a oo aes Flint. Mich.
MGA S yal, Aversa dois See cacecacoles hbk TA OMS Ree Saebs aradeee’s stereo ake Wisner, Mich.
PHO TIS, TOT. Gs ose core tote we sgteneie nd Bane sacar Weems Nae a oles Rockville, Ind.
Thompson, ATthors 1. .ese.sves s eaxiered £4 fae tds vid ances Termipus, (nt.
Thomipson, "CHAS. A vcs cscares-t8 34 @ wipaeeaieive weracassva ale ds hence thai Evart, Mich.

APHOMI PSO LATIMES jsseseaid edytue eueraileng ie 4 4 Avena Wow weed es dhacgiars Hartsville. Ind
BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEED. 487

PHOMpsOns ld Mig csod cedhin donne ok onde ea loses dauiemee Berlin, Ja.
SET DV EES GR Acca sac5.aidva weno ev ords Steere al alaiglaubibie bs pra meena tone tee Warsaw, Ind.
MOG. “MME OMOT Cece yin ose sieiiiaia'e ci ieee hears HucncudedcobE bub eeaieens Warsaw, Ind.
PB OMG Sei, ices ctalanettonar en Bip aire isk sche ss eunnie daleck “ontotaianav ene me Soacea hee Hillview, Man.
Yolton, s. OE Ne lew eee Otte a cece ay eat did SM ag Walkerton, Onc.
TOMO, WAS. iss sacguiry, cen ngltiaes 8s 4S SO S4 anes Walkerton, Ont.
BP OMGON 5: aS fies weld avec aye ges 1s 65 eS a Ae alien bh oa ta Walkerton, Ont.
OWES Rs. Rig ced ciasssk Bate, wonsoed aunts eduinanedeaee bch daddies ne a aurea es ao wean
Pucker,” MeUyilles ocsis oss qc gees pwsleke ses aas doawetan oe Lucern, Ind.
SPUN, Meiers save Sespegnaiacciay abot 6 -xi4 enh hieae eee awe brawn Ete Burtord, Ont.
Prexlery SACS Othesisse v6.04 susay visu coo sueumie 9, eda. anvense ated oldie ld, ave Wheeler, Il.
SES p Ps, Tiss EP dapncnasGaretan tamara aon wate nae Maaco ated apse oaks oe Millers, N. Y.
ERO ise rectecticep snes cngiour aia eva ahatly dace eM Se SR Da aE oes Cb bac meoee Red ase
Tubbs, Howard Rigee.e ssiacunies ov 6 ecesdudeca d.ayehe ain scuwiodeaeveraserenmers Osceola, Pa.
MTV RS, <I. IM 8G BRO, ossceiee esia 2-544 leanne Oalaeelaieis ows alihaons Lebanon, Ind.
SUPT, Tia pH citation yo eyes § eecigihoialets’s ak SSRER Ane 4 etd aa A Kirklin, Ind.
Turner, Wits «seed 2254 0nd $4.6 dioea d nowa bomen head we Shelbyville, Mo.
Var, Der Volgen, Avia icenwose adn s anadncnd salad epoxies ta Newton, Ind.
Vanosdoly JO Dts ccamiocd-oouulias sincainaiaed sex ee eee eee Cross Plains, Ind.
Nolner, Jacobiniecess44 suoee vec saueoenv es cence 4 fia Sch dheuaue Sesser Bremen, Ind.
WiC Gs 1s aca thie ject st vatereiaia sa Fsailetv alec ottas Sousa eB Ree enna Sra Jamestown, N. D.
Wadsworth, “Witicsawo.cncetsvard asearecaeedeaes coe adinex se. <Alanys, Tay
Wahl, Philipe.s.ansose ss saniee secre wen oasstaediiessaeacn Adamsville: O,
Waid GeO 6 224 dana secs wane aenitus duatedeas Were de eek Sand Beach, Mich.
Waldo, Alex cces ce acisadiaw ine wom vegans Beenie) atdaa cabal nina: aytaead Acton, Ont.
Wrallee mr» Ciras's0ij.0 Koais seus Ruredn s cs BORE Seen s Oona se ee nee Alderly, Wis.
Wallick. Jerry siiic osx d.xguiae Sag Runse ale oad sun puadisth ewe Glow ee Knoxville, Hl.
Wallis; Thy Tose 2c: aranis tetas snc ean creamer aeciaadaadea ore Stirling Falls, Ont.
Ward. Ta Niscsee ln ceck Salad ee sea aiebctase neeeyees eeeoe es Sad Delaware, O.
Wardens” Ol Dink aitaseae cctuis cosas wena b ower geis ge Reema Leonidas, Mich.
Warley. Wasswsoadcnie hates souk sae ae. woes Vang tone ye Claypool, Ind.
Warners Se Wise si + aiid. sack oauliok sess satelite eed aballlaa en pode Wellington, O.
Waren: BIW a iss eaicacdsaoe garnlaaa as oe apne Rens Sparing se Hartford, Mich.
Wash, Te Secis dchale sa senda atu Hache dee nee Ikea ees Sharpsburg, Ll.
Water bury, Ls. Ro + sais geld: oe ayia hnscnare an elaceanes are Highland Station, Mich.
Waterson, J. Wiaacitsssicctataraa- names eads Dakota City, South Dakota.
Watson, dias: Ri oheas cicada td nas ese ado heat aereelite Sussex, Wis.
Weaver, Asc: cite aay ins 4 mates sss etednieon s oan aiane seeders abies Logan, Mich.
Weaver, GeO scciis caas cecoeds GS nat re aa Meee has Oa Ambleside, Ont.
Weaver, “THOMA Si icivcie tatess-eack 4 waviase too i erteeen PS wh aenenanei cdr Cargill, Ont.
"Wess. ‘Chase: Cy sneak diya acau teenage wetog heures eohe ee Seybert, Ind.
Wertz, ‘AI BGE bios iia eee d doe bacewer a derebas SONGS BS _....Hartsville, Ind.
Whaley; Re Deis. socsicaeticce eons antes bd 25a aed oc Meal ii hole wens Flint, Mich.
Whieeler: So id aves & dvewe)s cua Manette tars danas kan eidadieee GAS ean Kennedy, N. Y.
WHitaker, BiB. iss siccecdie as tented dese keer Sees se HE SEES Hillsboro, Ta.
Whiteomb, B.:. Mowardssnscas cas wewce seed cemenee eee Terre Haute, Ind.
Whittomby ‘Chasis iccccseass cued ace tadetas coals Terre Haute, Ind.
White, R. E....... Nags aenAe E24 MERE Se RRS Hees East Groveland, N. Y.
WiHITeN Sa Ges IG siawic wa baler agd deta breameus: Pie et oacecd gid tp er aheunieae Walkerton, Ont.
Wholsworth, TT: Bie iscessionsnnsdGacde piateed 204 ROO Oe bene wea naa
Wickens,: Bi Doss sees es csv aee ce bay theeeresetaeen eed’ xs Macksburg, O.
Wadhcens.. James: ..cas. sycatie hens etanes ee we geeey sano Ee Grove City, Hl.

Widdefield, J. W.....csee. SAGEaceAPeaaenAsaanemacnnae: Uxbridge, Ont.
488 BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP.

Walleox sn Pe ike (W care sence 4 ok Halos ble eos drain as nea weres Bridport, Vt.
WN Lea TATS . eEAOULANM &, 2c: ge euavasiavesn-g2 < 1e5d Soaithonie b- B-o-as eeearia ayaa eee Male Douglas, Wyo.
WanTeenG Oia, uA. Mya sac saest-n jaa ated Wea dana aadle Millville, Wis.
Wai TT tarts Oa) Phy Ges aise araiavatainuchidins aoe aypinrs shine RAE oy ce Wwe aereeae wag or ed ieee Xenia, O.
Willis, Mark scmcxoe.5 8 OMe Oe eee OMe Lod 4 ee RO RES Allan Park, Qut,
NV Stina Ey. Asai dose’ 2 ca shod Danita oan ach oie D. Hse dele eceenaeeeaaay ia deeesusane Claridon, O.
Wilson, Amos...... cio Boa cog 5h drfhittetac yin Sadie Pn Nin why ree eae ce Seek AE Hewitt, Ont.
Wilsons Jerry's. aveoseks wees pace wes ee reeee aes eragebenawae'es Muncie, Ind
AVTISOH hig, TBAT Sereno asa ds anevave- cuaauno oe tee erameield He AMEE OES Creston, Ia.
Mure: x diss cgess we ieeta await eeeeed eRe ends eer aaoeone Nashville. Mich.
AVA SOiy, “Se, Giana tcetan qaleiek a eduund alias ats een apemies aarmiseige es Olney, Tl.
Witt, Bed caneke de kaw siveen dese h Keeee EER NG ERR 2 EE eS Walkerton, Ont.
TV, lo ane heen btdaas Maceels tin bawne ls adbeewose eee ..-Avoea, Ja.
Wise; Donirsck cing cose pipe See eee ds RU ed teas Viroqua, Wis.
Wise, Dis sdeusa ara sseuuareardad Boney vane es Seeew tee ey RENE eee es Belden. O.
WVGGGS AGS isc vase te tesee Giles 2st utenti 8 Aine Stennis Sosg wis ae dl sae Ne MEMO eee aM
Wont, Fy Oa wane st bean tee rhe aes s eo Mate ti eh tach ie ectaean eas Flint, Mich.
Wodds (Geos Tossa ceiiede eens u cose rele datenbraidmpeiir's panties a ckgie’ Stantontown, O.
Wood, GeOs Weastsnlsseredatmak ee obs HeeE eee anes Hees Raymond, Ill.
MO GO SO TID seeker 5 ahd de aastensst aed absaecd Vopeicueaaend ak lagen Etre Leonidas, Mich.
Witipht, Ax (ins ndatcmsy a iedoxiaes wea bean masa d Angee Bad Axe, Mich.
Wrens Ay Sivicuteddaereiedve dolene a esie taken hauler aay Winchester, Va.
Witeht:, Herberiecceriuccsmit due tikes tino pegeeamaelte aaa ae Guelph. Ont.
Wright, M. M. & Sens......... cee cece ee eee eeeeeess. Lamsons, N.Y.
Winto hts Wie ewe genes maar ne a e Edbdha a> ana ath aes cee Glanworth, Ont.
Wryamat:. Py: Wass a Gagan aceehe eae Ae ae anes daeads weed bees st edd ees ee eas
MRCS, Day Mate se S08. cies 5 saloons Sravisaser anal Mana Maundas ea See ee ea Goodhope, DL
Yeaton, F. M,....... Lthhnoe wie sean Mae taanetd Batons iceboro. Me,
WOders dey. Cha Secieeadiow hs achaviae aya lnmiage tote echarg ggwwenm weblene AD ac New Bedford, 0.
Works, Ws Hiss sccaeseeee xara tensed estgeemesteceon ates Elk Grove, Wis.
NGUIMe Oy Biseda-o nastics oe ie oedema s wea ati ncbys bec me cune Ansonia, O.
MONDE On Wiis cntanaiave wean tinarine se ccnacaa Momeace eawugd oyna ahaes Union City, Ind.
MiOUD Os, “POH er asics aeiscenge i Seat tedao a tor, Ricard hearse esau eee atone ...Gould, Que.

ACIS Oi, ADR: AES Es ceca. gia savave dca ante teal falas Dee Gee A ... Kittanning, Pa.
Alem, CUWASS Deidsca. cece ae wettansvarsnceiverevdaasdeny Garrone woes Terryville, Conn.
Ambler, Henry Si ticivne:<ssensedessevashaldtiayebe aes Chatham, N. Y.
Armstrong, Harvard .jcc toscana ween eee peedeeees oe sume Lautz Mills, Va.
Arbuckle, Howard Boyes scien dein dena sani e cons Sie .....Deeatur, Ga.
ARCOM cH AN oie: 3scasss.-Gydgihane ad ose ends wiasuls » hee dud Ava bioeabe IAw oukuennes Hinsdale, Ill.
Dali, CG. Vs ceca cena sicucaga ined aan eens sikdmeye bon aie’ Mendon, III.
Bal dawaaie We diese aso ae weahierasiely aie toys Adegeldseaia a matahiansne a ewes Thorndale, Pa.
Batley, Chas; Die cciaasanarryserrs seus enah oes J aances Aled Harrisburg, Pa.
Varies: hy WOUSOiils <aainds dis Gis dS S Sines 4% Nios Sweeties Samm ase neete Pierre, S. D.
Barnett, Oliver.......... depuis banectaiD agen RS MONE Gale em Yew Concord, O.
Wettig oss VW aos rac ctv aweats dhe aniin don cape een Sah RGR Ge Pee Fairmount, W. Va.
Baxter, 20s. Sy eusmnecnncd aqucke boas Meee ceed dea! Gules Nelson, Pa.
Benninshofiy He Wi swecwesecd so heagy oubeer oe eens ....Greenville, Pa.
Vr eS oa waxy eee ys houk 4a yee oh eire 4 eae e Bae ea Vine Res Bill Hill, Conn.

Birnie, Wim: Ps & Aliméd) seesc02¢ cass ecg nees eames < Springfield, Mass.
BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 489

Blair, Joseph Av... cc. eee eee eee e eee ee 80 Broadway, New York City.
Blessing His. ald i nies daca naaeluin oes caecieeyh a dadaoadia'e se Jeifersonville, O.
Bloweny. Je. D esc ones utara acaind ogiines's sad Mawnreek San aains Barnesville, O.
Brishem, OW “Wass eavousahs 4s oe ORORE ik cs slo ae Leh Madison, Ind.
Briggs, Samuel....... 0... cece ccc eeece eee 48 Cedar Ave., Cleveland. O.
Booth, J. Digle a Gi sree Sus Selisiiala: Godsnee A Wevivase-b-deabnueange es Lindleys Mills, Pa.
Bowditch, E. F.................002 icone peeinheeene 2 Framingham, Mass.
Buchanan, iT he Sons yutsancl seus PASEO ae ea eae A eee Hickory, Pa.
BMGT jo Shay Ut sarees Sale cevalcl tute ince Bix spies Had hd ake Waa bara aundeeal oak Holeomb, N. Y.
Burkey Nis Hs iied a vs etude saw. c Aerete Sartad 4 4s ounces atin Youngstown, O.
TBC: Ae Pines sacs ace 9 syianty ot caaceovointeoscae ones 82 Major St., Toronto, Canada.
Bush; -Geo., Wisi: sch cesad ees mises de aaalee ene ed sates Claymont, Del.
Caleate, JG? issccvgea ecw aalteke gaa yaaa te o4smeed acon Bennington, Vt.
Campbell, George J............. aia Aveaivalian @ a mbeseandaxchA toe oes Pittstield, O.
anT Togs eI Seed vite ha teca sawelt asovans jetliner di leuiuenteahiu Whos Baar aw Renee wheter Riee Durham, N. C.
Chamberlain, WC. cc csc cece vecc names vous pan University of Virginia, Va.
MHASE, AN Cisois cuenta gg nighnd de waa aden ee 4 4 SEE OTE y Syracuse, N. Y.
Cheston, Galloway is ..csinves ees ieee eee b4aiden 6 oaG45 Seles Harwood, Md.
Chicks ‘Thomasis dacc2 ceq-stewagds oasis oan Stratton,’ Dorchester, England.
CMAs Hey tes EM sie. .c shamed ¥ ssn oie aussans a9 ce, lnlete tare. eso sue ess ac aevaetel hae Clove, N. Y.
Claires WS anak tis Neamanrars aaneteate en aveately ag ialailal mauled Granby, Mass.
Clemens, Fred............. Ge bie) yee CRD Dees aa wee Mechanicsburg, O.
Clifford, Franks ssiscexencss pase ee hes Gaede de ca dacnesa oed Wellington, O.
Clyde. Jha cM mie ose crandine ak 4-2 Rldenes euene Miapalotaseoeeg Gduwhaniae die aes Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Cochrane, Modes scsinuin to acauadess sare eed ta Hillhurst Station, Canada.
Cochrane, Jas. Av... cee cece cece cnet ee eens Hillhurst Station, Canada.
Coddisis 15; "Gixccncusaalas Sted ueautiaeee we dan cakes to uaee eee Lewiston, Ia.
Cordwells S. dessa crs os ease eenas wees ¥ tse blames ews este Shelbyville, Ky.
COS SWE, LOA Saisie asaroutaain es Sov a seche edusacah tse: ehandiguel dey eumie Geusgye Bradford, Mass.
COUT Bt AASV inna. 5 chen ead. 2 RE EG FRUGAL ta GNSS Greencastle, O.
Cooper, (Py Sisasstciesp aaaia geaiese ara eae thiwietiels we witatea eee Coopersburg, Pa.
Coleman), Bi Dawsomssicn sys sce sd congade yeas wade oly es Lebanon, Pa.
Cooper, Witt. 22.¢swes aoa diseh Oise e AGREE De TERRE ET s OS Van Buren, Pa.
Cooper Mi Aasasicdeisss4 Yawes Mate ote tea eee eee dae Washington, Pa.
Cooper, James R........... eee eee Ra Maat nuuand ie soasa apie ate Houghton, Mich.
Crocker, He Deicss ccs ieee OPA Ma CO NOE EOS DLO Columbia Station, O.
Croxton PRIS oi raded dae ss aetd ies watelsiy argateetonele desires eaes om Angola, Ind.
Cundall, W. G........ paced ea 4 IES ud alonioedecle a Nemeth Taylorstown, Pa,
Curtis: Worse D2 Gis sa cre Se ctandcers Soa AAA SRA ORS TS ered Charlton, N. Y.
Daily, Williamies sncssies ce-cneee sos qucel ening: maine # fee trae Lockport, N. Y.
Davis, Fitel Me. eases essed epee se se pews Deana Livonia Station, N. Y.
Day,. Henry Seis ecsevies eens qawe sere das eee elecies ese oe Prosperity, Pa.
DO8; Chas. Cy ccccgades shit he Saeed Bad Eee Es ape South Newbury, Vt.
DeArman, Ss Sa.acad casas adaurete $8 Sree PORSE TRAE Ce OES Franklin, Pa.
Dodge, Arthur M........-..----.05- 15 Courtlandt St., New York City.
Dennington, Frank. .........ccec eee een eee eee e eee reese Meadville, Pa.
Denton, BH. Ono canes sess eeee steed geaud cae sapek es © Somerset, N. Y.
Eagleson, A. S..cce cece eee e eect eee e nen eens Washington, Pa.
Emery, Frank E..... cee cece eee eee ett Raleigh, N.C.
Empey, M. N.... sce cece eee reece seeereseceserees Napanee, Ont.
BRackenthal, Bi Puscexvasdenaaae sedge aeons omeese to kane Riegelsville, Pa.
Floyd, Porter Biwi... cece eee e ccc eee eee eee eens Wintersville, O.
Panis Wii Miion-otccaineeies Miwa stands. « sheers Ouaquaga, N. Y.

Prosts Ji One Geoecigud cata wane a eied hee ekg ees oo $9 Grae Boston, Mass.
490 BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP.

Fines), aes Tossa ananda staeas eee esveaw aend ee Gee awe Georgetown, Ky.
Seite Wisc kn oeewan yeaa ew OA: Hage ORERER OR ee ee Minneapolis, Minn.
HOT es RUC Ha EAM een lanl feadan wine eee alemre i aaied sales oa ee sis Centreville, Md.
Fleteher Bross cnes<ssc26% dewea oesees 315 Third Ave., North Minneapolis.
Hn SOPs ROCs i isis darts oar Rarcenie Aaa doPecb wana Save Dorchester, England.
Gates, SOW Wi Oe CO ios sna Saree prevmraact ways causndnanene disuaie eiadauilioneseod ve Yorkville, Ill.
Gif e ni we ise tears & ateness paaee avnealae ad ted dom aloeacsg d-aseterene Wheeling, W. Va.
Gritiny St. Bias. as aca Sutieed sseeGc wetting oisah ey pese eases Canton, Pa,
Gifford & Nash............4. ieee eh Sin RIG pe oka da as, sea aS Tiplin, Ind.
Glendening, RUMUSsi<sssercyecrey deees ores a saeda bese carnss Geneva, Ind.
Grant: dlohint ‘Bisiun ees S2 sachavers acetic s nae me redanes be Douglassville, Pa.
Gray, G. Stephens .ic wasci cag sag tee NE aoe eee oe oko oUke Elmira, N. Y.
Hain; Bupgenei ics oi cde pies ceaiinmag Scena nag. dais Verbank, N. Y.
Haim, Mia weuctaee sus pan seein yy ese hersuns-erdie Washingtown Hollow, N. Y.
Hathaway, Bu Ce..cstat watueiat ters meeosd ied eeadows Sear etiees Ayre, N. Y.
EVO WATE We Diss tials Sa Brace a tamyinadsaen a -einesres Rieger oogaa eer canines eaters Venango, Pa.
Bait, Vhoss Wei vanesicen yea SAD ROA lg Movewaktacies Greenwich, N. J.
Harding: Ry Hiadsnies vevearaawels cows eatin Thorndale, Ontario, Canada.
Harerave. JOSéphis iaccoes sas seasiagegescs s detaay ssa peeees Madrid, N. Y.
Hatywwaitd Gilles). ts: acetate ting RINE SE ee Seatac oa Pine Island, Minn.
SERICCE, cS oeicee 644534 S eden eee oeewat eae & Wyoming, Ont., Canada.
Bea thy Siva saa sustrene san annem ons wane Gables wanaln ee White Heath, Ill.
Heetor: Loss: Wri vee niigus sees Springfield-on-the-Credit, Canada.
Henderson, Js. Busoncs ys s0 dame oho 74 ¢ sieiins Hace Washington, Pa.
Henderson 5 Ji Wai x eis pa kiw ieisitae 8a gravevesidin poe Sad Hee As Washington, Pa.
ONG ERSOT Waa sacar oh? Kove eet twniee wie mo mvtbabin ge ts MRE Brae Nee Sabina, O.
Phat S tomy WW Diis cases oh nea aren gies Arai cdia las dededona 347 West First St., Dayton, O.
Hubbards Eran, sce teendan ese aawacss eoau 455 Gladstone, New Mexico.
Humbert, Jy deievisis seewiud ap sesame cree. University of Virginia, Va.
HOGS Ons WG SD eisis gincecesase og: sea caybandane dated a bh Wie Gow wig eee ata Lewensville, Va.
WiOTNESs, “Gri Hs, Rothe cae 4 Blnieinaes &A aun sm ees bard sina ie Saabs alan eta coakes Litchfield, Conn.
OTIS S AW a Gia ntalaqrc yacnce txada ava anein Gusto Sanbah ean bah oebmnarereeh es Sugar Grove, Pa.
JOhNSON, HUGH. Moaceosie va og aades Hes oh aroma ag etek auaed Van Deusen, Mass.
Kimsey;, Williama Ts sows ccdc en scones ¢0cadnmaaan ww cduungne Angola, Ind.
Kent, Samed ices sees ancisesc 6.5: angelina ods esvencee weoeawee West Grove, Pa.
Kimiey Wien Giaccone bicahad eases Qoinwiea ng dara cboed swat kee Waterloo, N. Y.
AOtg CHAPICS) Tis occas acceso aaiateusia nine yy eds almvsien casita South Bend, Ind.
WAT UGS, Ti las sainausni annie eAaaieid bode a Aa e : Ooo aed ah coe Greenville, Pa.
Lapping, R. Reece eee cece ee eee ee eeeeeeeeesss. Amsterdam, N.Y.
Law, Walter W..........c cc cece eee Whitsons P. O., Sing Sing, N. Y.
Deigty Geek £8 GO5d.siesia seni whowats ds ogra sieae'e e444 gate oak Aurora, TI].
eonands AUS tii 406.2 5 acctenit see dneiha eee GRAPHS O2k line kee Troy, Pa.
ind én kay: Gx Seecocss.siele nea aa/o siete eo 6.6/5 ccesatiend. ¢shoog 4 catancloe Keswick, Va.
Lyman, Chas. Boece eee cece eee cece secs eeeeees Middlefield, Conn.
WOVEG,. HOWIS%s 4 dine hei0G biacesgiee gio. arsa,b Avwanie-eA 4 eee y ....Anderson, Mich.
Marsh, CHase By cissuianavesa-scabuletecee ave seeeeeeeeeese...New Milford, Conn.
Mame iy, (G66. 66 SOs scuacss0.s eq siete Ga it wh'g OWES Ets ccico: Princeton, Pa.
Martzy, Jobin Ws sta seca ann Hoey eo ose HRB sone ne Sad deeecne Greenville, O.
Marshal] & McGillivray. .............0 0 cc cece eeeeeecacs Edgerton, Minn.
McCarthy, Mrs. Edith W........ ccc cece ccsccecceeees Plainfield, N. J.
McQlaskey, ames: al is 24.0.4 sccm otdic $-amase vas cures Chattanooga, Tenn.
MeGléaty, Witt Lies ease vores 14 arandun-s seca a dalanlae ee dee Washington, Pa.
McClelland & Lyle........ ia bariadhichastatendcaraantne pchsha tte lca cae Mikey Sone Richmond, O.
MeGillivray,, Jobin Avia sce ceeis seen ds aaa sae Uxbridge, Ont., Canada.
BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 491
McHarg, John W......,........ beaten sningatyi@estes. Gewk Rome Albany, N. Y.
McKay, E. VAD ck sareaaltuin atten cathe, seakg bane A x Mvasnese ie ey he o Geneva, N. Y.
MUO tee Has Ps ra naic nan daca stuf Sinaus vlakanie a dow SERRANO Oe eS heoa 8 Sunbury, O.
Meekin, red. Ws sass 25. dmenimenakahoud-¢ pocsaacen ee ece Fon du Lac, Wis.
Nourse, Prof. DO iib ban yon td oon. eos . Agi. College, Blacksburg, Va.
Orendoff, Misses L. L. & M. A.............. ‘Hopedale, Tazewell Co., Ill.
Oronhyatekha, NID sss vacaeett Sh aaays SiR cate, Sl aheea abana pcre dk NaS Deseronto, Canada.
Ohio Experiment Station........... 0.0... ccc ce ececeeeeues Wooster, O.
Omstead, Albert H..... ccc eee cc ccc eee ceeceee Alverado, Ind.
Balmer, Henrys oss nscweneia ta aenis deeadnoan pewads ceased Avondale, Pa.
Palimer;. J AMOS) Bcc ds cask scene 8.40% aereaiarn eeacishaataa ee « Jewett City, Conn.
PGCE, WONT Bis sien diese a ceacd Gaal aueateten ve eeleink a ee ces. Bloomington, O.
Peters; David: Riss saanes seca sides nea’ eras So ned oa nels ddecte Maiden Creek, Pa.
BURA Gos ess Cycov orcas tits Sa ahha v8 and alain ad conte abhor Reo A Canandaigua, N. Y.
Price, Hugh Heiss ssaece 244 gins anaes n eae acccceeae Black River Falls, Wis.
PPTIES he (Se Gian ayes xe coseunadaleaiu ates nae ooeiscadinlon ak enables Greersville, O.
POT CEs LE Acs 27ace5 bleh 9 sald om wisea a essere or BIS. plesosa heealaum nee 2 wk aes Sos Castile, N. Y.
PROMET OY: (Gy Bivis ive studs sielawaa ietad-e saat Hike nav oeses Willimantic, Conn.
Portuenda, J. F...............0000. 3223 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Quay, Ji: Ag oes each tad se catebea es Penn. Reform School, Morganza, Pa.
DEOL, RICH AEG p50 is o..d4ukare avd ceed aeanauu vere dosh beaietss Stain darbiah Milwaukee, Ore.
Shattiaele, W. Hess ssecsrcare-d goss cewek ss 26th and Parade Sts., Erie, Pa.
Sheldo pig Be Hives. etalk Gene e SBae ee ohh neue West Oeonta, N. Y.
Shyrock, (Chiasy Wes vigieda ss cscachansdaceshacawed.eanedodeet va dies Zainesville, O.
Poca alll, NM iM acajeie eiaca. le atocayeoy. 2d 4 ace Waewtanaes rata Gea aes Cooperstown, Pa.
SHEL B, Wee Die cocsce gustece ae deses wane ie Sats ag 197 and 199 Adams St., Chicago, Ill.
Spenicens Axes ncceu weds saab on dx caawesnweee oe Cambridgeboro, Pa.
Snyder, Jacobs weet exec vee yy naa mui eo oa cecgane a 8 dure arscennes Sherwood, O.
Speedwell, MarmiSi sce iese cede adieu dd eve temeeaerevaeas Over Lyndon Center, Vt.
Spencer (Co Re wae ten woees arena eames Savctad ataaag ch See we entire Chardon, O.
Spoonieng eM Digs csiaged ocves cass Gaeay'gteadnila sou Vasbeadee's Milo Centre, N. Y.
Staneltl,, Gs Sy saeco os as sows eee umes bes os Amewea ees Chasm Falls, N. Y.
Sas, el OWT Es cs ace tebanastesare, svete igteraucseg os E Siecadieien there aceaane Fultonville, N. Y.
DETUCKTER, “IDs uvacceenadd woogie 4 AGUA aoe catia nenenslniteanas eo elanaw keane York, Pa.
Strong. Ey Dives ssigieyacces phan ers Seeagiwe sev ewmeaa sete Durham, N. Y.
Simpson Stock Parmsjouscc<cinceearesceanswmme see case Saxonville, Mass.
Stuyvesant, Riise vise cau senate Saeed basa tes doe eae Allamuchy, N. J.
Meer, Als, OM a tose. xe vg-ancarenthaiats ese abe the abt SOR ea eed Morrison, Il.
Thom psony. Ti. Eigeesvisa e's Agana oes bo wks Mieco PME oe Las Animas, Col.
Threlkeld, V. H. & Ws 2 ht homie ys 24 2A OES 24 ea BERENS aw as Uniontown, Ky.
Tremain, Mrs, HeEnhy <2) ecncaiaews siewas cactkeamag een Lake George, N. Y.
SETUP Ps. EQ WiR, WW seacs secs. s weaiuna ie ht iee Seon a svace Waniean- suns edeananeread Albion, N. Y.
Prurlinie toms Fh -as-s+ acre ile aoressacguand Coarse eareaons ae Bane East Morris, Conn.
“Van Valkenburghy, Js Dss Dfises cose sowew neces aacan eee ace Greene, N. Y.
Vickery, ALVIN OW icscsees caus nena oka as eee Osea wees ES Cazenovia, N. Y.
Wreatd). "Wy Atha sacra s due te ccesrerstosa ogtinn garcia a8 P aan Baceae erento n Elmira, N. Y.
Watson, Fi, Disses sock eating eeu a ena e B84 Maaeu 8 waietins Kearney, Neb.
Watson, Walter.......... sa alias ie far af ears na less fencge te arasatoaaita ehorusenete Salem, Va.
Wayman, Warrick P...... cece eee cece ee eee ene eenes Wheeling, W.-Va. ,
Wayman, W. P. & Son...... cece cece eee eee Box 11, Wheeling, W. Va.
Wetmore, Albin. ...s.cccsccceccsendetnnebeneseeeeneees Litchfield, Conn.
Westcott, Ry Buccs veces vagate'sgek Sk 19 Park Place, New York City. N. Y.
WHITE. Wi Gs a. .4 ates res eeae ee ss anGees LeKuabao eres Cross Creek, Pa.

Whitman, H. H. & H.B......... beey ss aGaeee BEG Se Re South Turner. Me.
492 BREEDERS OF BLACK TOP MERINO SHEEP.

WilsOng 2D. Bisa. Sores wanker eed Sowa wate aw ee Waterbury, Conn.
Willingmyre & Jackson. ..ccecsecses coeeea ens sarees Middieport, N. Y.
Wine; A. We «estes san dasnneeee ta cn acts Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Wing, J0Sseph) Bic. st ccnadoce ad eateea wees s eaeee te eon Mechaniesburg, O.
Wioddman, ‘GEOG co sicaasd paw nagnea Oe ia de Mave geet 2 o8 SES Manistee, Mich.
Woodward & Jaques....... cee eee eee eee eens Weight’s Corners, N. Y,
Wylie, JAMES UB sieges Wega tienes Muay oa ees CERES e Washington, Pa.
Young,<de Ws ssdougeeisusnsieses ores dowels ee eee eae Oxfoid Depot, N. Y

Breeders of Improved Black Top Merino Sheep.

LT. War shin ins caneswesess dulerde 2aies Yehoees cae Union City, Michigan.
Ms Ds WANA a.5 scene cea haye4 eeceeie Bh Oa EN DOW SUE EONS Union City, Michigan.
GEO UL OIN ccc A Seas ee ui Gide dss a aneteennsas BASE Gaeta usps Pee Genesee, Michigan.
Alva “TOWSON Geax csc does cieaes ea Se eae Meaee wae Eee Metamora, Michigan.
Be Hs WANT Or vies is. cedakbh re vee wistlauecdsAac ne pauee < Onondaga, Michigan.
James Turner & SONY: 4.24 ssceess ees agoas Wes as a8isiew Sturges, Michigan.
His Be SES SIO MS seicve see shes Siensusteah sree earns we ouie a recess Perrinton, Michigan.
Gharles: Shelbart...400 cei tu ap oa tava aetna sues ane Sherwood, Michigan.
218 SW OT res Palle e vesw aieccaps ayant gue aingitv esas aial i ghasaenstennee Danville, Michigan.
Ey Ag SA@WY6Ps sc sstadsnes ses teue i eesew Blew oe eae din Danville, Michigan.
H.. Sawyers cctssoiese sesso seein seas aawes 22086 Danville, Michigan.
BE. C. Russell... . ci cece cece cece cece cee ceceersceces Mason, Michigan.
Di J. WiUs0ts is cians cc sece as weaeseseceeeeseedes eon Nashville, Michigan,
I. €. Hogovoomins s sinacecie ge tiaawe cores veway ss Eaton Rapids, Michigan.
QO; M. RobertsOliy.c<: 20s neeuse vee vesaasieesed as Eaton Rapids, Michigan.
R.-JOHNSOR Gh SOs shoncosessatacey eres ction cubes .....Canonsburg, Pa.
GEO. Blaehesg seis ewe sceaa.e mnie case ag wrddnei Rawls Sie se P aera aE Washington, Pa.
Mac Bise IRCISOr adiie dye corevegatimutis Betrayers eevee ea ars atalelleda wales Canonsburg, Pa.
R. W,, Crothers & Sons: eis. sslenas sees doves ae os kes Taylorstown, Pa.
Crothers, Lis Miss4 gees wns i ¥eeS a 4K RNS wreedade abmeeae ded Crothers, Pa.
REE POW: WK aa sisciscae 5 iecdnasaslecds ease, boo 9th ayivelh eat hes Wav cusses aes hd Barnsville, O.
ERMA Ke iy ils Ee dena a. 8 ust Gen oaNt Gupta bed yaaa Game wig aA ds aang ah Belleville, O.
Wai WE Gino eka sbi ee RERES Be ea Owe RN be wad See ORE ee Salesville, O.
Prillimatiy We Dirac cas ehsiue sia a wemndew we 6G 4 Bae eae Union City, Mich.
Gould, As Gon ees eslesad S005 knee Sk sab Gamo Seo eens Union City, Mich.
POPe, a iS e hesiiseearsale BE Hvtiteenaties Lbeis W yearens oe eek a East Springport, Mich.
POSdick: Matic. sawairedcccad ¥Gumew cnt camara ances dojly's Williams, Mich.
Ba@kKuUss. Vi Aisiaa achinwacn svleceacindars see eee WSN eat BYSIOSS Potterville, Mich.
Cowan J: Waters noxee ious x5 aitaals oo4 SOUSA Eee eadieae Grattan, Mich.
Dewey, A. Mocs ce cece cece cece cece teen teen een n eee Olivet, Mich.
Harmon, Henrys since sceics eens es cosas wteaa eeees same ee Charlotte, Mich.
Fréenel Brosico6.. sane: ppee eeu naloengdadan ee e445 Gees Burlington, Mich.
Noble; His. Wassuewsadenscagaudad po iee4 Sees A Oe wee ads od Quincy, Mich.
Hacelshawy. We shece4 vaisws setae nice ce eand eee sews Union City, Mich,
INEGI RAS Olle stig cies sasssteorucsegh hse eae erer alates 2 aulraxey neato G-Beaebemeieaintiae Me awesses Utica, Mich.
WamiOndss O.. Wiesics cee ertnes authak Sauer eee aaias Highbank, Mich.
Breeders of Rambouillet Sheep.
Bard: CoscThe Jay Was cancers Sots eras oh eicsaeinantelges Slippery Rock, Pa.
Dates, Bin. Wisco oy Seen s bi 5 ea a he Soe bee OP CAES 8448 CUKEN SOA TUR Trwin, O.
Bineham; Chas. .casosevesse oeeke peeesadues eos see dees Franklin, Mich,
Bothwell, aS: By sesantkces Gets Vetoes ageee sees es Breckenridge, Mo.

BaP BrOSieeicecscs-vcc cee coca teeee dee teed BEGG: Sar Rnmuasa de dee ele acduene: 6 Woodstock, oO.
BREEDERS OF RAMBOUILLET SHEEP. 493

Burnhams We P's sain es ouqnewe oy dock Sawai aeadanws cake Woodstock, O.
Bush, MOND ssw tc dicey a iors case tennis Cbd. s tivedang ne naemienwesta ee Eyota, Minn.
Cha pmia Ws MAG es24 adahernn ged oownay cow edavaeid vaca ale New California. 0.
Chubb Bros et pipeline orviots snoialetnla eb gay iiss FO4 44 SOOM KETENE SS Howell, Mich.
Clark, Seoccedes yiaesaeay ees ed Mowat cee 14Abee cas vs ORth Lewisburg, Gs
Cole Bross tua sctt SY 284 siadanaee oe gasnig sos CARING EE REA Spring Grove. Ill.
Cook, GHAISI.e sihiagien cath ae eel teh fa voduietcs, venetian abana Rea Rioteeakd Pine Bluffs, Wyo.
Davis BOS. souinessaconkaseens sidwned peinels aneeg ones 4 oe Davisburg, Mich.
Magerg Mra nGismil st <2.aietadedas seg Do 4ads dom tsocnes ees Howell, Mich.
Evans, Thos eli fais nahn eheaptariegd S Gk aR tandig arch dupe ls audienand Seve daub dndea Taylor, N. D.
ETLOTS Ue Sire artis sauteed asad Guemtallh ecco aaa Xa AaB oad Arlington. 0.
Wiléteher, WMermatia 0. xeds ga ccasy sienna Me werelginiw seers a ete Chelsea, Mich.
Eletcher, Ehos: 4 Sortie ss ovewawdsds cos pekaws se anwowslves Chelsea, Mich.
Peet. fy: Miwa vec arenes rekd Beee hee Gk bees BRR SO4nOhS Orehard Lake, Mich.
Grime occas assis acne syanoin: bute Isl edieee &. eonre 16 Syaebedd Witvandavaudnad Franklin, Mich.
Harding: Fran |e Wiis nse ican wywewe een anime arne o6 naiwles Waukesha, Wis.
EVARTIS, TB eo CBs eateries Qalava sro nes seal eden Wee e momipedote eevee Six West Liberty, O.
Higby;. Hen ty scaw veces senna eee see ea meeeinne ne ao Franklin, Mich.
Halladay. Cs Lsscossiewes42 ousting §eded tees eecaasacaaas Sebewa, Mich.
OB UE: BROS ¢ genceus are ase aniua Gee: ai arel w acenatade a tye a: Racenateuand’ owing. huatiens Wilkesville, O.
Howard): 245, Pian a scak aeaei acd a-3-4 mapaelaly Bod marinas vated acotrelnde Woodstock, O.
Holt, Lafayette oicioseanewawinciews ved da Geen d aaah Bee Burlington, N. C.
Hunter). Js Guwas tess weeds ova sca east dite eee as tees Grand Rapids. O.
HMudson,. Hy (Gy. is anaes 83 eee acu Ais geituate bts Gre alayentauded eens Fountain Park, O.
J. Q. A. Cook & D. D. Morrice.......... 20. eee eee eee Morrice, Mich.
Retr a (Ge Pacers i aaialagaes es ec avshe oliasen asl abealsisaaavaray scarey Woodstock, O.
Kennedy, Wi. Was csses. aa teekhe send guises acu wsleebdeceeys pees Horrs, 0.
Kidder, évis& Co.ie.csunacitesaneeks pees. soeeenes +3 pare Woodstock, O.
Kingsley, Lewis...........cee cere reece ect eee eees Mechanicsburg, O.
Lasher, G. V. & Som... ccc ccc cece cece eee e eect enter eee e ees Rutland, O.
Lincoln, O. E. & Son... . ccc eee eee eee reece nee eees Milford Center, O.
Markham & Ray...... cece cece e eee eee eee e ee ee nee eeees Avon, N. Y.
Marsh, MOrrisS........cccc eet e eect eee eee ee eee Bennington, Mich.
MeMullan, J. Ho... sce ccc cee cere n eee en ee nnnaes Woodstock, O.
Mead, Wm..... sec e reece eee eee cence nett e nett n teen eens Ionia, Mich.
Moore, W. Jiccccs cece cence erence eee ence nent ee tent enee Ionia, Mich.
Moran. BrOSiaics ctasceaad nusoie a os 14S s DESERewRe eae ee Woodstock, O
Morse, Chas. F.....- eee cece e cent eee ee e ences Breckenridge, Mo.
Moulton, R. C. & Co... cece eee eee e ences Woodstock, O.
Hansen, W. S.... cece cece cere e tent ee tenet e een eres Collinston, Utah.
Noe, J. Ace cece cece eee e nen n eee nee tence erste eeees Marengo, O.
Palmer BroS..... cece eee c ee eee teen eee ree eens Columbus Grove, O.
Peabody, C. Bu... ccc cece e eee ee teen nen een e teen eees Shiloh, Mich.
Pierce, James G..se ssc e cece eee eee eee eee eee e eee eees Norvell, Mich.
Powell, Theodore. ...... ec cece eee eee eee eee tenn e ences Arlington, 0.
Pratt, Miss Willura.... 2... ccc eee eee eee eee eees Woodstock, O.
Ranney, A. S..ceeece cece eee n cece e eee nnn n erence es Bellecenter, 9.
Riegle, P. Asse cece cece ccc eee tenn ene n nnn een ee nnn enes Arlington, O.
Shaw & Bader........- a see be rd es tears. MR lege orate et eapsansd eG eae Marits, Oo.
Sibley, W. Do... cece cece cece cece terete teen eee es North Lewisburg, 0.
Strode & Dorsey......-eceeeee cece eee e ene e eee n een tees Whitlash, Mont.
Btrong & Lake.......e cece eee eee nee e ence eee eens Nashville, Mich.
Townsend, L. B.w.e eee c cece e eee e cee nee n nee en nee nees Tonia, Mich,
Townsend, L. G..eee cece eee e eee n ence etn e een enn eres eenees Tonia, Mich.
‘

494 BREEDERS OF DELAINE MERINO SHEEP.

The National Sheep & Land Co............ cece cece eee eee Lusk, Wyo.
Va Meter. Ji DR egictisidiediac'se aig ttet easels Aeuaave's aa aerate Oe ars Horrs, O.
Walltrous; J: Piieu.ne oe 4 cennernd nasa bees See OSs TOMAS Chelsea, Mich.
Watsons Franke : J o.z-siscagnisseierccs aso 'e tuusew oi drevaid Supsio tase 0d 4 ese areiace Bronson, Mich.
WV eG Rego, a ipso rate doetnaancsan deh ant gut Obie vo de Seer eae sade Southport, Ind.
Wickes, ay Lk 6 COsns cancackeedes cad peak es ena otiewe sea ee Colby, Mich.
Tr Gane PSs vn hae eba Se wae Pees ea 38 OO e ee Fe ee Newman, Cal.
Wilson, Cole & Rikerd............. cece cece eee eee eee Williamston, Mich.
WACK EM «Pe BB aussie eicere tecovacgvennca da hise seaueieiers 8 rebeansnalate tired Glen Ullin, N. D.
WOO G4) aos, itclicvcitleal nS duncan olantialcn ye takoantalend eaten vnleuiel Sek Sen 8 band Hepburn, O.
Wyckoff, "DROS ss ivicsie «esos issrwscnie a ae-aisia arestia ears aia sails Orchard Lake, Mich.
Breeders of Delaine Merino Sheep
Beall, James & Bro.......... ..Independence, Washington County, Pa.
Boyer) GOP Peis sida courage Sana sae ss seks Sas Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Brandt, Hy Gus siceos ceescackea ve ates eaves es Kilgore, Carroll County, O.
Carpenter, John, Weck seeesceuncgcce ss se Batesville, Noble County, O.
CAarsONy. JaIMESs soci Seeing ved Srgant ee Smithfield, Jefferson County, O.
Crothers, WR. OWreaeacce aeesee ees Taylorstown, Washington County, Pa.
Drake, Henry L...... Ean Scare fehecilao noe anova ese ecae aa ee ohcre hee Nit Dowagiac, Mich.
Edgerton, JOsepheis.o 20 ccdsinade presnaiones Nassau, Keokuk County, Ia.
Git, Ms Newdeks ctcaveeoce xe poems esee ess eyed Cadiz, Harrison County, O.
LT, AV 5 49x ¥585cAMeer de och ieneeas ee eemand Cadiz, Harrison County, O.
Hamilton, John H............... Houstonville, Washington County, Pa.
Hamilton, R. D........ eee Houstonville, Washington County, Pa.
Howarth: Sls GER asasasaje aves ae aeatai atene y wate Sens Palo, Ionia County, Mich.
Isbell Ss Mive ccs endaewes vonsy cae dines eee ds aves Beas e Jackson, Mich.
Johnson, J. B. & Soms............ Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
Karmblle, iP. Pie catnageatt deed uae denie Raymilton, Venango County, Pa.
THON By Wi Gian an oipaisinn gaa Wh ween OA Urbana, Champaign County, O.
MeClelland, (Ey Bo ccsss ones ec caiere oe Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
McDowell, John................. Washington, Washington County, Pa.
McNary, James S................ Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
McClelland, James............... Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
McFadden, BIZ ys siscuninaescneca aati eects cues Cadiz, Harrison County, O.
MeMaster, Eh. Sei: ses9neese eee enguean es Dowagiac, Cass County, Mich.
MeNary; John Cross. 4iccasnesdes Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
Mulking. Ms Ganswsa neces cae ane ces Friendship, Allegany County, N. Y.
Pollock Bros..........2 0 ec eee eee Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
RGCSE, (Cy, Bcncias tcwa te tintine scenes Sains srs Bucyrus, Crawford County, O.
Russell), De Aso. gaan vas aca McConnells Mills, Washington County, Pa.
Shepherd Bros..:s¢sseaoeesveeas New Concord, Muskingum County, O.
Shaw, Richmond...............ccccecceeeeeee Novi, Oak County, Mich.
SUELO TG IIS, Mi e.a sarerance deo ede yerduen ered ten edad oid Glencoe, Belmont County, O.
SUttOM, GRe Dee wancarearanrewa bene aad verncie 8 Glencoe, Belmont County, O.
Stewart, JOHN: . ccc daneiegecsdcwgpe s Stewartsville, Belmont County, O.
Tannehill, Ns Ri wsces eee ea nennes Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.
Trimble, Samuel F....................... Vallonia, Belmont County, O.
Waddell, George.................000. Rix Mills, Muskingum County, O.
Weleh, Gs:da GF BROicsa igs ta camew aw eaten oes vecwa aides Tekonsha, Mich.
Williams; @. Fl. w, cxawsag exis Church Corners, Hillsdale County, Mich.

Wylie, Robert & Son............. Washington, Washington County, Pa.
Southworth, T. Mo... . 6.6... cece eee ence eee teen eee Allen,

BREEDERS OF MERINO SHEEP. 495

Breeders of Merino Sheep.
ASHLEY 5. (GOO wisiag eso wercaedecare o guaiee eve ce vadceats leigiaanaiee . Belding, Mich.
Andersons. Ds Bicnsacnsse sig iden ok nak oted ee send Mntieudee soaks Romeo, Mich.
ATS, HS, Deicroeuhasiin soo kavgamence Ree tA oSec oneloneanes ..South Lyon, Mich.
rMMlens, Jia Os iGo Be ces is v's 5 evs ntee edd dered eave ete Geass pba Almont, Mich.
Barnes)» Taz. WW siaioiedd dak 5 Sy tonavtes sever hia haces davis AES REBEL Byron, Mich.
Beahan, Chas....... 45a KEORERA AE BUSES ESSE ued be da bea ae Palo, Mich.
Boyden, “W- His sysacs0ecn-s can efcmbawcae teeepewiive nd. Delhi Mills, Mich.
Ball Wms Qe Na ieicsiante avancnevrosns emgeyete ota wdinnts Hamburg, Mich.
Brouseids SGttus 4.5 ccgsac eva) sen nes cde eae wees Kendallville, Ind.
Gilley. Ei GRY as. aaey oe aa ena eh: gt stdeidlns cea wale sieeres 4.4 40 Chandler, Mich.
Chap pelle, Ce Arcs san. neiawk ota 4 aitanhae Male oases oeee valves Moline, Mich.
COT bitty FES Wiss. siaps traces agi hveaaies eure cua es ¢4 4 gine Ree Ae Lansing, Mich.
Cannon; 'S; Biséac<s nied oss seed $8 e 54 ee deeds oxaeaa Washington, Mich.
Caruss; Ri, Biss atic divaacuniainnie anaustiad ansremws ea aa teem St. Johns, Mich,
COLE: Se Wri its i cre Gia se donarie on he HR eS adage s Bad Axe, Mich.
PE lal CAG ai sg is cereus teeeatche a ecie pains x oa @ eNOS COE eX eae Milford, Mich.
Donelson, P. Deccsssed seca salte diets oa steed dae denon Swartz Creek, Mich.
DOIG ING is sels gi0a:e asevare toe aes, dooce ela exe arama tease South Lyon, Mich.
DE Wey: (Dis Pia ccca/ eee carat: < Solnalndio gs oe e dabie seu 4 Grand Blanc, Mich.
Dewey; Hi. Riiesus savd.evaed Hoon set a Surches oon be sine -Grand Blane, Mich.
HST WV eliet asesore gee eatene 2, Seu snay ananbot oe esvah enmnel oh eva fapshanince © ces revo Gaskell, Mich.
Hreemany, Si Avice scackcnatis acaie sabi a evn auedss wean Eaton Rapids, Mich.
Hi¢ld,: Di Sic. susew vias shaded} Sneek eased needy es csatas Kalamazoo, Mich.
HeHows) Oz iia sii sie} cacnicoaielad neue GyeGnaien Pane Magee ecko cae Saline, Mich.
Gain ble, SON Diges 232 se deled 4 eaverngaad seas ahaa ciaroangaeus ~.Milford, Mich.
SAT Esa Gy ec aen tans ate boas oc shelahearn len mat ogee Gra bee eyneeases ake Lapeer, Mich.
Had y Biss Ge Be: Wrasse 2 sain 0555.4 sais o: oP bese heedbea bie ea 8 4 seme Howell, Mich.
TOW t Gey Litas. trates’ das avexergls eb hae ide cd esheets, BS craeh Manmade oe Saline, Mich.
Harrington, Wis Sie.csssesqur det agneinsd seed ade baeeeea we Paw Paw, Mich.
AMan, Jassie ide hesedasemen Mess veeea stews tas North Branch, Mich.
DOTKINS,: HORST 0 3acd siete ws diesgresvimiile Bona Slenaiha eve aveud: deere aa Tipton, Mich.
Kelloggs, Ty sisien sean ois sine seni oie w ePRAS Lee tebe ns Howell, Mich.
Lockwood, ‘Cy. Exescccess 618 daueneedaeesiaws aeeusaxeas Washington, Mich.
iO VEU ee Wi PEs sine sccsinlig 8 004 SBe pasted 0 arb vauaudicoad’ Dos caie oun suanasal b-2 Ssecnauniane Climax, Mich.
Moons: Mie Cissus won Sie oes stands oe ees sees 6s Sig RiEae Waterford, Mich.
Maring, Ay Wiisssisacasts ss Sewerage Heldesa tag saneerr eee Mendon, Mich.
MOGTE,. HH TBS sacs oie sacsan 825d Grama ddlogan oe North Farmington, Mich.
McCouseyy. J Bs sites oe spas eis ehaee- ee eos Heim ae rere Union City, Mich.
Mann, C. Mivedscccsiaes 02 is oie os ee eew ie 3s os daidon es Rockford, Mich.
Pa TSONS) Ob: Rasch dongealenwdeded eyale Susepisa & Seve aurauadee Qe aie BA wane a Vee Saline, Mich.
Putney; Gs A vastasen ise eerie or tas ae tens aean a teseam Oshtemo, Mich
Peirce, Perryiisscssews ccaearee esses deeee eseennnnwes Battle Creek, Mich.
Parmans VOD 4. siccvacd-cvaredniwse a Meter bhanewe es sw esGte eee tie Fitchburg, Mich.
Pacey a Smiths oc swis oeeageeore cee si naite en poe yes Dexter, Mich.
Quackenbush, Te; Vsseors seks neces csecaseinie ceeaeasion Plymouth, Mich.
PLC Eg a). Ss cyatace) Oca nteenensie-ard be dthnand Cheeni Mearnuans fae Teen Ah es Elba, Mich.
RO Wes Wie Sis sce sssaateciacquiaaisersra aiarsiane bas aielwacdee etia b NRE Re Camden, Mich.
Stephens, R. D....... cece cece cece cere reer tenon cece eee aees Flint, Mich.
Southwell, C. Ei... siceattees cue ce ar scetnae estes peemes Marshall, Mich.
Stickney, W. W. & Soms........-. ces e cece e eee eee ences Lapeer, Mich.
Stowe; Av Aitieess.ssiede se soseae scot ada eae pa deeeies Pinckney, Mich.
Mich.
496 BREEDERS OF CHEVIOT SHEEP.

Spalding: Ti Bye. es. os kgwieaddcta a gees esyeoe tees Dawe eevee Clinton, Mich.
S TOMS OMT en c.h weveosor fae co enanniaye de Reaubscleupiaselsid Sue ereueRe 2 Bed Hillsdale, Mich.
Stowe dt ic edie cin aaeae ad kwte oP aoe bed PA amie Grand Blane, Mich.
Smith: Js Wisse nha sGen Secus aigdiid aa decke seen ee ean aot Ypsilante, Mich.
Siiithi, Jin d..cuaseare cone amides skews Penile, Ane hea aia Ypsilanti, Mich.
MORMEES;. 2s x acciiils Gaciug seaguinis acrqarn ieateat eee Grace eae eee Pontiac, Mich.
Van Gieson Bros) casmeacieentoanais amen yQueiedtadmiumaads Clinton, Mich.
Van Gieson, Thos. & Som ...... cece cee cee eee een tees Clinton, Mich.
Walbur dhe Cie dicduccdi ied chaieee eset s+ eee Ops eee eee ces Adrian, Mich,
Winship, (Nuasicoss pamaeed tas pases ADaiauaencnneoss ediing weet Elba, Mich.
Wood, Ax Ac witaak eek avdasiis re piei tiem licensees tas sees Saline, Mich.
Weléh,. By Be caaacnatedetor anes aa tebe sven waees eyeuwviae Paw Paw, Mich.
Welch, Gs Js S Bros vemsoe ce nnarcinee e 8e Sas ain Gu aa aereeS Tekonsha, Mich.
Witherell, W. C.....ccsssueeeecesves ee Tecumseh, Mich.
Breeders of Cheviot Sheep.

INDIAN
W: Ss €rodiaitts 46 seg okecs weaee es PRA LS Rn Aga voeaagetes Fincastle.
J, W, Brothers: Estate... occeneees cee Khbke ee eke DRAW EDS aL BERR F Morton.
With... THA TET IAAI specrcahe et de vesapeninrs “Gree sock atime yore We poesia vesna endeaeantn dGgconaree sie Fincastle.
Ja As (Gulla sas autisceciaana caus Sada Gaeatemeaa yaa lineata Fincastle.
Pe Ph NOG) iss cs epewed eens s pends pesaguenes sei tuess oes eae ...- Rockville.
Isaae Lloyd & SOttacisccssscesacoec casas eee vi sues ve e448 Russellville.
Jessie D. Ronk........ Hs ars By Sp cease uaes ap sycsus Shay ana taastaey tea fence ociesde Gases Ladoga.
Howard. “Hy Reims s.2 42 sca eiae vninws (ae Sonene ass see e.s Ladoga.
T. Ry Dockrid ee eons seaaed sees ieee tag whee Vere ane els ce elaiee Mace.
Prof. (C.. Ss: PUM esas ees as whos escaspone etn es Maeew ss yew RAS LaFayette.
Hon. D)"W.; UCAS yis-c as tccctn, Bade seen Ao ec shee GO ear eratenese Columbus.
Tine Clayton Mahone ys esas sicisces ge aeraauteuenare ad sce Mens oS 6 DMO eS Ladoga.
Se My Dunbar viccssccws oo oma seta et a eke ergs © eleven Bowers.
TANer GardWliiasceyerdaseaey oda snes 2064 bAOWaw NEG 4S BREE YS Fincastle.
Grant: Walliams...cscs-oo0.0soeed yess eeewi vtee ghee 8 68m ealaoeee Fincastle.

NEW YORK.
Wim; Curty & Sots ss soaseeds cea uiee sss « < matewa x vereoew vy gen wes Hartwick.
SIE UN OG UIIRIG V, Selce ante Se Sussiee coe suspen ia coe Svea ee ana tate aie ces ease eat sunolee renee Hartwick.
Ry Dh AATWSHG ay eae aatseaia tee ok aeleGie nas GAA a oul TAA eee a Ae Hartwick.
John. Bowmake rs cciecias cccie css awe ea s vine daereie Gia lwishapesers seed BSE Hartwick.
John OR. Part ssa ccineeaes ae ouRewh ge x 6 Sheen sss BHSSs EE aba MEOE Hartwick.
AS. Hy HN Otte ssnsca cates 8 cowie n how sinus fone teed a8 Garrattsville.
DOD” TMM: ¢ 5c. siandvevars edad Gavia aaces DGMews Sanaa aeederoas Edmeston.
Thee Be Wie Dia cinstiee oeian asian 8). nea sr dreaa ye oaiie pa = Giallo es Sugar Hill.
Ci 2B Ward ie sucess a nnieuesd ou ns aaeatar asa cane ed ek Ae eos Starkville.
Thos. Ainslie & Son....... i ingatere BP ayis Missi e, Sass "a ctl esd ia een Tot croc o Hartwick.

IOWA.

Ug (Ss Millets arg aeud eau aaaain bis’ am csunsind seeewane Sexes aaeae's Pulaski
Jeremiah, Miller: « vseciax oe sas Samed bs oa whiner Ges SoU E EES Tana be Stiles
Vhs: Ae MELT PY asda erauaaass, & vie cueno/ercncusitentene secs Sithaus Gest Sre Sve enicaubay! 21.8.8." aueeana'avend Stiles.

VERMONT
Di Ae Webster coc hwtnnts eos cud Daan y oe yaa TE GU ORG A oes Whiting.
Gs. Hs Marshall vagus + coealaneuat, sean Wabagie gone aera + sew aes Vergennes.

TENNESSEE

TEL, (Ok SDAVACISO I, saspcisia save veu,dsa ieee sens COS se Sreceuanted ESOS A Baie Recta a Ap Elbridge.
Established 1863.

 

NEW YORK CENTRAL
STOCK YARDS.

Located at East Buffalo, N: Y.

THE
CENTER AND DISTRIBUTING POINT
OF THE GREAT RAILROADS OF THE
COUNTRY.

Cattle Yards, Capacity 10,000 Head.
Sheep Barns, Largest in the World, Capacity 35.000 Head.
Hog Yards, Capacity 35,000 Head.

....Fairbank’s Suspension Stock Scales are used Exclusively.

YEARLY RECEIPTS:

Cattle . ‘ ‘i : 42,991 Cars, 859820 Head.
Hogs ‘ : . 26,123 Cars, 3,657,220 Head.
Sheep . : : . 13,352 Cars, 2,670,400 Head.

Stock handled by responsible and experienced Commission firms. Buyers
from New York, Boston, Jersey City, Pennsylvania and all New England
points are located here.

THE LARGEST AND BEST APPOINTED SHEEP-DIPPING
PLANT IN THE UNITED STATES HAS JUST BEEN COM-
PLETED AND IS NOW IN USE AT THESE YARDS.

For Information Address, === LEONARD B. CROCKER, Supt.,

DRAWER 197.
Standard Oil of Tar.

 

(DISINFECTANT. )
A et er
& Yy
ZI /S

Lil ~*S-M\_
ics Sy)

 

SLL
xy, é
S/\s ©
TAKES LEAD
THE FOR

 

Be sure this trade mark is on every package. None genuine without it.

Farmers, Stock Dealers,
ALL HOUSEHOLD USES, vairymen,’” — Pouttrymen,
Kennels.
“Preventatives” are now preferred to Drugs in the treatment of the Diseases of
Animals, as in those of human beings. The best ‘‘Preventatives” are Disinfectants

and Antiseptics. A Disinfectant and Verniicide that is exteusively used in Europe and
in this country, is STANDARD OIL, OF TAR.

Factories:—CAMBRIDGE, ENG. CLEVELAND, 0.,U.S.A. TORONTO, CAN,
MANUFACTURED BY
icy 8-50 Long Street. Cleveland, O.
Standard Disinfectant Co., 365 Michigan Avenue., Chicago, Ill.
The Pioneer manufacturers of Disinfectantsin the United States and Canada.
Send forfree Sample Secure Agency for Your District.
ESTABLISHED 1876.

DUNNING & STEVENS,

COMMISSION
SALESMIEN

or CATTLE,
SHEE” AND HOGS.

ROOM I,
Live STOCK EXCHANGE, EAST BUFFGLO, N. Y.

O© OOO

M. DUNNING, Sheep Salesman.
J. STEVENS, Cattle Salesman.
DOC. CHRISTIE, Cattle Salesman,
GEO. DONALDSON, Cattle Salesman,
GEO. TOMPKINS, Hog Salesman,
FRED. STEVENS, Calf Salesman,

JOHN SMITH, Cow Salesman.
(he Lineoln,
-weeaieep Ip.

 

 

Contains:

Nicotine, Sulphur, Cresylic Acid, Creasote.

Its Qualities:

Efficiency, Strength, Simplicity, Perfection.
COMPLIES WITH

THE GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS.

SS

».+. MANUFACTURED BY...

TheLineoln Sheep Dip Go.

General Office, 855 Ellicott Square Building,
BUFFALO, N. Y.
CATTLE DEPARTMENT, HOG DEPARTMENT, SHEEP DEPARTMENT:
D. McDona Lp, D. Lovejoy, R.S. Stacy. H. G. WHALEY.

RICE & WHALEY,

COMMISSION SALESMEN OF

CATTLE, HOGS 4%» SHEEP

Office, Room 10, Live Stock Exchange Building,
EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.

Communications by mail or telegraph promptly attended to. Ship Stock in your own
name toourcare, REFERENCES: Buffalo Commercial Bank, Citizen’s Bank, Buffalo

Rill the Cicks, Lice, Scab, Foot-Rot, Paper Skin

and all forms of Toot and Skin Diseases
by Dipping your Sheep.

HALL’S NEW DIPPING TANK

Is the best and most convenient means of dip-
ping sheep. Made of best galvanized steel.
Can’t leak, rust or rot. Holds 200 gallons of dip.
Special inducements to prompt buyers, Circu-
-lars and prices free on application.

HALL STEEL TANK CO, 72N. Ashland Ave., Chicago, III.

CHEAP GRAZING LANDS!

You can get rolling lands, with rich sandy loam soil and a clay sub-
soil well drained, pure living water, within two to four miles from the

“S00” RAILWAY IN CHIPPAWA COUNTY, WISCONSIN,
For Only $8.00 to $5.00 per Acre.

This is a natural grass region. Clover, timothy and blue grass grow naturally, and
cannot be excelled in quality or quantity by any region. These lands will produce as
large crops of grain and vegetables as any lands in Iowa or Illinois, and are bound to
enhance it value rapidly. All the natural advautages for successful sheep-raising
and dairying obtain here. A healthful climate, pure water, good drainage, rich soil,
a natural grass and clover region, and nearness to markets. Send for a descriptive
map to

D. W. CASSEDAY, Lanp AGeEnt, ‘‘Soo” Ry., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.

 

 

“AN IDEAL, DIP.’

CANOLINE SHEEP DIP.

It is absolutely Non-PoIsoNous and IS PERFECTLY SAFE to use upou
all animals. It will not stain or injure the wool or hair in ANY Way. ”

For Scab, Ticks, Lice, Fleas, Foot-rot, Flies, Tape-worm, and Grub in the Head it has

noequal. It ever fazls in any case where used as directed, and may be used in water

or summer, hard or soft, hot or cold water, Theimportant fatty matter it contains Seeds
the wool, and is so blended in the Dip that it is readily absorbed.

SAMPLE gallon sent, express paid, on receipt of $1.50. Only one gallon to each per-
son. Ageuts wanted.

Manufactured only by THE CANNON MFG. CO.., St. Louis, Mo., U.S. A.
Rushworth §
Fattening
— bompounts

That the liberal use of RusHwortn’s FATTENING
Compounns for Cattle, Sheep and Hogs will
ae your stock with half the food and in less

me than any otherfood in the world. It makes
rich red blood, and puts all’ organs in perfect working order. It assists in
removing all poisonous elements from the system. Aids digestion, and
hastens the expulsion of worms so commonly found infesting Jive stock.

From the First Months Use_u»

A great improvement will be apparent to the stock feeder. To
prevent sickness they excell all other so-called foods. Not
containing poisonous ingredients, their benefits are not trans=
itory but lasting. GUARD AGAINST SUBSTITUTES.

© Gattle will Thrive on Less Food, Make more Flesh,

2 Cows Prodvce more Milk on a Diet in which these
Foods are Used.

Unlike the majority of these preparations, no expense is spared in their

manufacture. Demand from your dealer Rusuwortu’s Farrenine Com-
Pounbs. So guard against loss and dissatisfaction.

 

Address for Full Particulars,

The Union Stock Food Gonaaany:

857 Ellicott Square, BUFFALO, N. Y.
ESTABLISHED 1865.

SWOPE, HUGHES, WALTZ & BENSTEAD,

Commission Salesmen,
Cattle, Hogs and Sheep.

ROOM 4, LIVE STOCK EXCHANGE, EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.
Also FARMERS’ AND DROVERS’ STOCK YARDS, CLEVELAND, 0.

 

       
 

M. I. CRANDALL. Oo. J. PURDY.

CRANDALL
HOUSE ; EAST BUFFALO,

é This widely-known and popular hotel is ceu-
-| trally and most conveniently located for reach-
| ing all parts of the city. Is adjacent to the Live
Stock and Horse Stock Yards.

Has been recently refitted and refurnished
throughout, and is second to no hotel in the city
for thoroughly heated and comfortable rooms, the
courteous attention paid to guests, and

SUPERIOR TABLE SERVICE.
RATES, $1.50 PER DAY.

Ladies

Cured of diseases and
defects peculiar to
their sex.

Men

Guaranted cure for
CHRONIC and BLOOD
diseases in 30 to 90 days.
CALL OR WRITE FOR SYMPTOM BLANK,

DR. A. L. BLUNT,

356 STATE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.

 

 
B. McMULLEN,

L. L, SADLER. F. L. HUODLESTON. JUD. C. MILLER,

f ABsociATeD

SADLER, HUDDLESTON & CoO.,

Successors to J, F. SADLER & CO.

Commission Merchants

FOR THE
SALE OF
Cattle, roas and Sheep.
, NEW YORK CENTRAL STOCK YARDS. Room 2, EXCHANGE BUILDING.

East BUFFALO, N. Y.

Each Department in Charge of First-class Salesmen.

All correspondence promptly answered, and market reports furnished on appli-
cation. Our motto, ‘‘Strong Market Price and Prompt Returns.”” References—
Peoples Bank of Buffalo, Bradstreet’s or Ounn’s Commercial Agencies. .

 

 

 

A Physician has accommodations for a few
Patients ina

PRIVATE SANATARIUM. Hs

Rates reasonable. For terms apply or address,

 

Room 410, Baltimore Building,

21 Quincy Street, CHICAGO, ILL.
(Opposite Great Northern Hotel.)

C. S. R. SOMMERVILLE, M. D.

   

 

 

 

    
“Black Leaf” Sheep Dip.

CURES SCAB, KILLS TICKS, IMPROVES WOOL.

P | CE 5 Gallon Cans, $0.85 per Gallon.
R * 1 Gallon Cans, $1.00 per Gallon.
(F. O. B. Louisville, or any R. R. point in the U.S. Kast of Missouri

River.)
J Kf there is no Agent in your town, order direct from the factory. “aX

LOUISVILLE SPIRIT-CURED TOBACCO CO,,_LOussvitLe, Kv.

Soot

 

S. Nute, Hog Dept.
i E. PELLIEN, Asst.
J. L. BEMENT, Sheep Dept.
C. E. FISHER, “Asst.
L. E. Lincoin, Cattle Dept.
A.S. BLUE, Cow Dept.

Nute, Bement & Lincoln

Commission [Merchants
For the Sale of

Cattle, Hogs and Sheep

New York Central Stock Yards,
East Buffalo, N. Y

OFFICE, Room 3,

Live Stock ExcHANGE BLpG.
Ship Stock in your own name to
onrcare. Reference, Citizens’
Bank of Buffalo.

 

A. H. FOSTER,

ALLEGAN, MICH.,
BREEDER OF

Shropshire Sheep
and Poland China Swine.

Grower of Pedigree Farm Seeds of all Kinds.
Correspondence Solicited and Enquiries Promptly Answered.

LANGDON & GEFFS,
ommsse”, in Sheep, Hogs and Cattle.

Room 17 EXCHANGE BLDG., EAST BUFFALO, N. Y.

Sheep Department—FOSTER GEFFS, Salesman; W. C. HEINOLD, Assistant.

Hog Department—GEORGE W LANGDON, Salesman; FRANK SEIBERT, Assistant.
Cattle Pepartuvent ALBERT SEAMAN and J. B. GIBSON, Salesmen.

Office—O. D. WALKER.

Liberal advances made on shipment of live stock. Market quotations freely fur
nished, and correspondence solicited. Prompt and personal attention given to allcon-
signments.

Refereuces—Citizens Bank of Buffalo; National City Bank, New York; Brad-
steet’s or Dunn’s Commercial Agencies.

 
Leanna ahababbnbbhabbbbbniid

 

9OO0OOO

Sheep and Cattle

RANCHES
FOR SALE

I HAVE SOME VERY DESIRABLE COL- ;
ORADO RANCH PROPERTIES LISTED
WITH ME FOR SALE, SITUATED IN THE
BEST PORTIONS OF SOUTHERN COLO-
RADO. THESE RANCHES ARE FIRST-
CLASS IN EVERY PARTICULAR, HAVE
ABUNDANT FREE RANGE ADJOINING,
POSSESS OLD ESTABLISHED WATER

RIGHTS, MAKING THEM :

$

7

o¢

Ideal Sheep or Cattle Farms

FOR DESCRIPTION OF ONE OF THESE PROPER-
TIES SEE OPPOSITE PAGE. FOR FULL _IN-
FORMATION AND PARTICULARS ADDRESS,

MH. EES,

505 ELLICOTT SQUARE BUILDING,
BUFFALO, N. Y.

DOOO0OO0 090099509 90000900969900090000060600000
KUSHWORTH’S

FATTENING
COMPOUNDS

FOR.-. :

LIVE STOCK.

LL intelligent stock men realize that to obtain success in feeding live
stock for the market everything depends on the rapidity with which
the animals are fattened. The sooner they are ready for the mar-
ket, the greater the profit for the feeder. This being a fact requiring

no demonstration, it behooves the stock feeder to use every means in his
power to accomplish the desired result. Conjoined with regularity in feed-
ing, supplying the best of grains and purest water, other requisites are nec-
essary, such as a concentrated stimulating tonic food, and

THE QUESTION IS “°""" Se OBTaineD ?

THE ANSWER Anp' Mone THAN SUFFICIENT,
use RUSHWORTH'S

FATTENING COMPOUNDS.

FOR CATTLE. FOR SHEEP. FOR HOGS.

These valuable preparations, used in accordance with the printed _direc-
ovis will fatten your stock in half the time necessary to fatten by ordinary
methods of feeding.

One Thorough Trial of these Goods will Convince You of the
Truth of the Above Statement.
Write for particulars and pamphlets to 857 Ellicott Square,

The Union Stock Food Co., BuFFALo, XN. Y.

AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY TOWNSHIP.

 
BUSINESS ESTABLISHED 1878.

DOTY & WATKINS,

C. F. WATKIN,
DODE MEEKS,

Live Stock
Commission Salesmen,

16 Live Stock Exchange,
East Buffalo, N. Y.

We doa strictly commission business for the handling of Cattle, Hogs and Sheep
and have practical, Sober, experienced salesmen in each department, and guarantee
all sales at full market price.

We respectfully solicit your consignments, and are fully prepared in every way to

handle your business satisfactorily.
DOTY & WATKINS.

MARKET QUOTATIONS furnished promptly on application by Mail or Wire.
BILL ALL STOCK in your own name to care of DOTY & WATKINS.

eee ee eee

Subscribe for

Che Buffalo Review

A BRIGHT, NEWSY PAPER,

DEVOTED TO
The Live Stock, Horse, Grain and Commercial
Interests. -® Agricultural, farm and Rome.

A daily paper giving the most extensive and accurate
reports of the live stock, the fruit and produce markets.
$2.00 will deliver this paper to you for six months.

Proprietors,

 

 

 

 

 

For $3.75 we will deliver to you this paper for one year and the latest and most com-
prehensive work on ‘'THE SHEEP,” written by DR. WM. A. RUSHWORTH, just
fresh from the press. An up-to-date work in every particular, endorsed by the highest
authorities of this country and Canada. Address,

THE BUFFALO REVIEW,
45 North Division Street, BUFFALO, N. Y.

EEPEPEEEEEEEP EEE EER ERERERE

ebb bbb hl boob h bb bhebbf
t BEEP ECECEC PEEP EEE ED
Tile LINCOLN
SMECP DIP...

A PREPARATION
36  NON-POISONOUS.
ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE.

EASY TO HANDLE, PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF THE
FLEECE, GIVING IT A SILKY, GLOSSY APPEARANGE..

NOORNG

WHat IT Kills ticks, maggots, lice. Destroys the scab
mite, curing the disease without in any man-

WILL IDO, _ ner affecting the health of the sheep. Far-

mers cannot afford to be without a supply, as

it cleanses the skin of all animals to which it is applied, destroying

‘cattle lice, hog lice, chicken lice, and all similar parasites of the skin.

a

THIS PREPARATION HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY
TRIED AND FOUND EFFICIENT IN ALL SECTIONS
OF THE COUNTRY.

Send for testimonials and literature. Agents wanted in every
township. Liberal inducements given. Write for terms and
particulars. Sold in 1, 2,5 and 10 gallon cans; also in barrels
and half barrels. Cost per single gallon, $1.50.

THe LINCOLN SHeer Dip Ce.

855 ELLICOTT SQUARE BLDG., BUFF4LO, N. Y.
Michigan Agent, A. W. MASON, CONCORD, MICH.
Testimonials for Lincoln Sheep Dip.

DR. W. B. WASHBURN, Veterinary Surgeon and Dentist,
TIFFIN, O., Marsh 23d, 1899.
Lincoln Sheep Dip Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Dear Sir:—Sometime ago I received a sample of your Disinfectant
Fluid and Lincoln Sheep Dip, the results of the use of which I have
been observing very carefully.

The bunch of scabby lambs I wrote you sometime ago about came
out O. K. The farmer said he never saw Dip do the work so nicely,
and he had used most all kinds. He said all the other Dips he had
used usually put a few sheep off their feed for a day or two, but in the
ease of this bunch a few were affected so bad that they were off their
feed before dipping, but that right after dipping they all ate their
supper and continued to feed well from then on.

He thinks there is nothing like it. I have been using the Dip and
Disinfectant on various cases of skin disorder and find that it is all
that is claimed for it.

Yours truly, W. B. WASHBURN.

MONROE, UTAH, May 7th, 1899.
Lincoln Sheep Dip Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Received the ten-gallon can of Dip, gave it to the sheep men in

gallon and one-half gallon lots with good results.
Yours truly, AMMON HUNT.

MECHANICSBURG, O., Dec. 12th, 1898.
Lincoln Sheep Dip Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Please find enclosed check for $4.75. I have given your Dip a test
trial side of the Black Leaf Dip which I have used and sold for about
ten years. I am so far well satisfied with the results.

Yours respectfully, E. R. BOULTON.

GRASS LAKE, MICH., Jan. 3d, 1899.
Lincoln Sheep Dip Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Enclosed find Postoffice Order for $4.50; have been waiting for re-

sults; it does the business and is O. K. Respectfully yours,
G. C. McGEE.

BUFFALO, N. Y., July 30th, 1899.
To Whom It May Concern:

I have used the Lincoln Sheep Dip, and take pleasure in testifying
as to its merits; -it has given me every satisfaction, and is as efficient
a preparation for curing the scab as I have ever come across.

Signed, JOHN BENSTEAD.

BUFFALO, N. Y., July 25th, 1898.
Lincoln Sheep Dip Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Gentlemen:—I bought of J. W. Baley of your Company one gallon
of the Lincoln Dip to use on a bunch of calves which were covered
with lice to such an extent that they were poor in flesh. I used it at
the strength of 1 to 100; it did excellent work, killing all the lice. The
calves are now healthy and in good condition. J. SEEGER.
Live Stock Exchange Bldg., E. BUFFALO, N. Y., J uly 6th, 1898.
To Whom It May Concern:

Ican recommend the Lincoln Sheep Dip as the best preparation for
the purpose of curing the scab that I have ever come across. I saw it
tried on a bunch of scabby sheep, and watched the effect. After hav-
ing been dipped twice they were entirely cured, and the fleece was
left in a perfect. condition; it seems to do better work than the Black
Diamond Dip that I used last year.

CHAS. C. EIRICK,
Sheep Salesman for Eirick Bros.

Live Stock Exchange Bldg., E. BUFFALO, N. Y., July 9th, 1898.
‘To Whom It May Concern:

In the latter part of May, this year, there was consigned to the
firm of Doty & Watkins, 150 head of sheep coming from Ohio, part of
which were very badly affected with scab. Thirty head were con-
demned by the Government Inspectors, twenty of which were bought
by Mr. Baley of the Lincoln Sheep Dip Company, and placed in quar-
antine for treatment with that Company’s preparation known as the
Lincoln Sheep Dip.

These sheep were very badly affected with the disease; they were
dipped twice, an interval of ten days between the dipping, and were
entirely cured, so that they were permitted to go on the market for
sale.

I understand from the parties in charge of the sheep, that they fed
them all the corn they could eat, and kept them close penned to make
‘the disease all the harder to cure, to give the dip a thorough test.

The twenty head when sold to Mr. Baley weighed 1,500 pounds,
and when sold by him four weeks later, they weighed 1,551 pounds, a
gain of two and one-half pounds apiece, which, when it is taken into
consideration that they were twice dipped, is a remarkable gain. It
gives me pleasure to endorse this preparation.

DOTY & WATKINS,
Per W. F. Howard.

Live Stock Exchange Bldg., E. BUFFALO, N. Y., July 2d, 1898.
Lincoln Sheep Dip Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Gentlemen:—I saw the sheep which were bought by Mr. Baley of
your Company some weeks ago, and your preparation did excellent
work; all the sheep were entirely cured, and the fleece was left in per-
fect condition.

Having seen the sheep prior to their being dipped, and observing
their very scabby condition, I will say that your preparation did better
work than any sheep dip I have seen used. I can cheerfully recom-
‘mend it to anyone who wants a sheep dip.

Yours very truly, BERNARD McMULLEN,
Sheep Salesman for Sadler & Co.

To whom it may concern:—

I have used the Lincoln Sheep Dip and it ‘has afforded me perfect
satisfaction. It does the work and leaves the fleece in a nice white,
silky condition. I take pleasure in recommending it to all sheep
feeders and breeders.

(Signed) A. J. ABBOTT,
Perry, N. Y.
:
;

99900 00400000O000664466566050000600000000000004O 00000000006000000000000006

9909000000 0000

RIVER RANCH

wu SAN LUIS

BEAUTIFUL VALLEY
SOUTHERN COLORADO.

Containing 560 acres of deeded land all under irriga-

tion, protected by one of the oldest water-rights in the

valley. This desirable property extends for one mile

along the banks of the Rio Grande River. Is within

four miles of the thriving and prosperous town of
Monte Vista.

IS WELL IMPROVED. HAS EXTENSIVE
, BUILDINGS,

consisting of large ten-room house, barns with stable capacity
for twelve head of horses, extensive cattle and sheep corrals.
Outside stone cellars and root house, ice house, etc. Large
sheds for machinery and everything necessary for the equip-
ment of an extensive ranch. The water for the house and live-
stock is of the best, being supplied from a large artesian well
situated on the property. This property is offered for sale, the
owner now being domiciled in England.

Parties desiring a sheep or cattle ranch which
possesses unlimited free range adjoining cannot
do better than investigate this. Terms and full par-
ticulars furnished by addressing the undersigned,

Several other very desirable Colorado and |New Mexico
properties.

WI. H. EISS,

855 Ellicott Square Building, BUFFALO, N. Y,

 

HOO OOOOOO44OO00990OO009O0H 000009090009000900090090000600000600000000000O04
 

_

~~
UX ~
OO
NS “S
SASS

Aggy