sana aannaaenstmeseomeefrnpeenangro nonin oan Sa tr ay ee ese na oe ra.5° Qs i oy CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE Flower Veterinary Library FOUNDED BY ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 This Volume is the Gift of ‘Alice L, Dustan Dr. Henry W, Dustan '98 3577 ynopsis i SF 91 S il Synopsis of Veterinary Materia Medica. Therapeutics and Toxicology SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA THERAPEUTICS AND TOXICOLOGY BY EpwIin L. Quirman, M. D. C. Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Toxicology in the Chicago Veterinary College: Member of The American Veterinary Medical Association; Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association and The Chicago Veterinary Society. Third Lodition Revised and Enlarge” t Chicago: ALEXANDER EGER, Publisher. 1917 fel40Z, Gi5 Qs v 1907 PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. This revision was made necessary on account of the advent of the eighth decennial revision of the United States Pharmacopceia, which became official from Sep- tember 1, 1905, and which contains more radical and sweeping changes than any other previous edition. In fact, there was dismissed 151 articles which had previously been official, 117 new articles were added and 139 official names changed. The strengths of 106 preparations were changed, and vo which the writer suggests special attention, as serious errors are like:y to occur asa result of igno- rance of the changes of strength of old favorite drugs and preparations. For example, Tincture of Aconite was formerly 35 per cent strength, now it is only 10 per cent. Thus the dose of the new tincture is 3% times larger than that of the old tincture, making it necessary to ascertain whether you are being furnished with the old or the new strength tincture on your pre- scriptions or drug orders. This danger may, however, be avoided in regards to Aconite by using the Fluid- extract of that drug. Tincture of Strophanthus has been raised from 5 per cent to 10 per cent strength. Thus it is plain that a prescriber administering Tincture of Strophanthus should know whether he is giving, say one drachm of the old tincture or one drachm of the new strength, which would be equivalent to administering two drachms of the old, and which, if maximum doses are being used, wouid no doubt result rataiiy. ‘There are sixty-three tinctures official, and with the exception of twelve they have been divided into two classes of two uniform strengths; namely, the tinctures of poisonous drugs are of 10 per cent strength, and of the non-poisonous drugs 20 per cent. Many radical changes in nomenclature have been made. For instance, Actdum Arsenosum is now Ar- sent Trioxidum; Acidum Carbolicum is now Phenol, Spiritus Glonoint is now Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis; Acidum Chromicum is Chromtt Trioxidum, Colchicit Radix is Colchict Cormus, etc., etc. All salts formerly qualified as hydrochlorates are now hydrochlorides; hydrobromates are now hydrobromides; valerianates are now valerates. Another radical yet simplifying change in nomen- clature is in the word ‘‘Fluidextractum.” Thus, for- merly it was Extractum Gentiane Fluidum; now it is Fluidextractum Gentiane, Fluidextractum Aconiti, etc. While the above mentioned changes are only a few of the many, it is believed that the natural pride in his profession, as well as the desire to avoid dangerous pit- falls, will prompt the veterinarian to look up the more important pharmacopceial changes, and thus bring him- self up to date. In this revision of this little work there will also be found a number of new prescriptions and therapeutic suggestions. : The author also takes this opportunity for thanking the profession for the high appreciation and warm re- ception of the previous editions. E. L. Quirman, AZ D. C, 1907 . Chicago, III. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. This book, as its title indicates, is to give to the veterinary profession a general view of Veterinary Ma- teria Medica and Therapeutics in a condensed and yet complete form. It has been the aim of the author to make this work serviceable to both the student and the practitioner of veterinary medicine by omitting all unnecessary em- bellishments or padding, that the reader may quickly glean the essence of the knowledge of the subject or drug for which he may be seeking. The book will be found strictly up to date as regards new drugs of use to the Veterinarian, and modern ap- plication of the old drugs. The matter herein contained is the result of knowl- edge gained from the leading human and veterinary publications, conjoined with many years of practical — experience, close observation and experiments. I wish to sincerely thank Mr. Alex. Eger for kind- ness in preparing the index, which is extraordinarily complete. | If this humble little book proves itself of value te the Veterinary profession to which it is most fraternally dedicated, the author will feel himself amply repaid. E, L, Quirman, 47. 27.-C., Chicago, III tiuks Synopsis of Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics. ATERIA MEDICA.—Treats of substances used as medicine, their origin, composition, physical characteristics and chemical properties, their methods of preparation and administration, their dose, physiological and toxicological action. RE oy the effects of drugs when adminis- tered in poisonous doses, also their antagonists and chemical antidotes. A toxic dose is a dose sufficient to produce poison- ing. give a dose every other morning for about three doses.) MEDICINES ACTING ON THE SKIN. Are diaphoretics, sudorifics, and anhydrotics. Diaphoretics and Sudorifics—Increase the secretion of sweat, from the skin. The term sudorifics is applied to the more powerful diapho- retics; they are divided into: 1. Simple Diaphoretics—Those which enter the circula- tion and stimulate the sudoriferous glands during their elimina- tion, as jaborandi, liquor ammonia acetatis, spirits nitrous ether, alcohol, salicylates, etc. 2. Nauseating Diaphoretics—Act by producing relaxation and dilatation of the capillaries, as tartar emetic, ipecac, lobelia, Dover’s Powder, and hot water. 3. Refrigerant Diaphoretics—Act by reducing the force of the circulation as , potassium and ammonium salts, aconite, ve- ratrum, etc., or by acting directly on the nerve center in the medulla, which excites sweating, as pilocarpine and nicotine. Function of Skin.—Besides being protective, is to excrete effete material from the system and secrete sweat and sebaceous matter. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 31 Sweat, as a whole contains 1.3 per cent solids, one-fourth of which is chloride of sodium, inorganic matter, and three-fourths organic matter, consisting chiefly of fats, fatty acids, and about one-tenth of urea; these are held in solution in the liquid. The functions of the skin besides protecting, then, is first to eliminate from the system effete material; second, and most im- portant, to regulate the temperature of the body by the secre- tion of sweat, and in some pathological cases it is used to relieve diseased kidneys. Use of Diaphoretics.—First to restore checked cutaneous se- cretion; second, to increase it and hence equalize irregularities of the circulation; third, to counteract congestions of internal or- gans by attracting blood to the surface; fourth, to lower exalted temperature by evaporation of sweat and elimination of effete material ; fifth, to remove injurious waste products which accumu- late excessively in febrile, inflammatory and rheumatic disorders ; this means being especially valuable when the eliminating func- tions of the kidneys, bowels or pulmonary membranes are im- paired. In such cases, the skin performs a vicarious duty in ex- creting waste matter, usually eliminated by the other channels. Diaphoretics are very useful in cutting short chills, colds and simple febrile attacks, or aborting diseases that might follow chills. When skin excretion is increased, that of the kidneys is lessened, and vice versa. Anhydrotics—Agents which check or lessen the secretion of the skin, first, by acting on the sweat glands themselves, by lessening excitability of the secreting cells or of the secreting nerves ; second, on sweat centers by lessening their excitability or removing the excitation; third, on the circulation by stimulating the respiration center and relieving venous congestion which ex- cites sweating in weakness and disease; belladonna and atropine act in this way; they also paralyze the ends of the secretory or- gans, and act most effectively ; agaracin is gcod, salt of zinc also. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE URINARY ORGANS AND THE KIDNEYS. Diuretics —Are agents which increase the function of the kidneys. The functions of the kidneys are, first, to remove ex- cess of water; second, to excrete waste products; third, they re- 32 SYNQPSIS OF VETERINARY tain and re-absorb water. One function may be stimulated with- out the other; certain diuretics stimulate the excretion of water, while others stimulate the excretion of the solid constituents. Diuretics—Are divided into direct and indirect. A direct diuretic stimulates the renal cells, and an indirect diuretic acts by augmenting blood pressure. 1. Refrigerant Diwretics——Those which act ety reducing the force of the circulation; as, water in large quantities, potas. salts, especially acetate, bitartrate, chlorate, citrate and nitrate. These also operate on the cells and increase the amount of solids ex- creted. 2. Hydragogue Diuretics—Largely increase the watery constituents of the urine, and in general act by raising arterial pressure, either general throughout the body or locally in the kidneys. This is accomplished in two ways, directly and indirectly ; indirectly, by increasing heart’s action; directly, by contracting efferent vessels so as to raise the pressure in the glomeruli and dilate the afferent vessels. This is done by colchicum, digitalis, nitrous ether, strophanthus and alcohol. 3. Stimulant Diuretics—Are largely eliminated by the kid- neys and act upon the entire genito-urinary mucous membrane by local irritation, and in excessive doses may excite inflammation and symptoms of a violent character, as strangury, bloody urine, etc. (all this group should be used with caution) cantharides, turpentine, juniper, uva ursi, buchu, savin, copaiba and hydran- gea; these act on the secreting cells of the tubules. Diuretics are Used—First, to increase the proportion of water in the urine, thus preventing deposits of solids in the kid- neys or bladder and mechanically washing them out when formed or in other words to dilute the urine; second, to expel waste pro- ducts and poisonous material from the system, as in febrile or rheumatic disorders, or where kidneys are acting tardily ; third, to remove excess of fluid from the tissues or serious cavities, as in dropsy of the chest and abdomen, cedema of legs, etc., this ex- cess of fluid (serum) may be due to disease of the Heute, kidneys, liver, and as a result of inflammation of a part; fourth to over- come an acid condition of urine, in which give saline diuretics. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 33 In herbivorous animals the urine is alkaline, in carnivorous it is acid in reaction. i Renal Depressants.—Lessen secretion of urine; the best used to overcome diabetes, is a combination of iodine and sulphate of iron; ergot, morphine and general tonics are also useful. Diuretics and diaphoretics should be used in all fever mix- tures. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE BLADDER. Lithontriptics, antilithics, urinary sedatives, tonics and as- tringents. The nerve center controlling the bladder is situated in the lumbar region of the spinal cord, with a presiding center in the brain, which may be set in action either voluntarily or re- flexly. Lithontriptics—Dissolve when formed; and antilithics pre- vent the deposit of solids in the urinary organs. Lithia and potas- sium salts dissolve uric acid and oxalate of lime calculi, found in acid urine; and phosphatic calculi are best dissolved with benzoic acid and the benzoates in alkaline urine. Vesical and Urinary Sedatives—Lessen irritability of the bladder and urinary passages and thus remove pain and straining. Diluents, such as linseed tea or other mucilaginous drinks are often serviceable; also hot water, hot cloths and cannabis indica. Irritability of nerve centers may be controlled by opium, belladonna and hyoscyamus. Chronic inflammation is relieved by such astringents as uva ursi, buchu, etc. Vesical and Urinary Tonics.—Increase the contractility of the involuntary muscular walls of the bladder and ducts. 1. Those like potassium bromide, strengthen the detrusor (ejecting) muscles and prevent retention. 2. Those like strychnine and cantharides, strengthen the sphincter vesice and thus prevent involuntary escape of the urine. 3. Belladonna acts upon the regulating nerve centersand lessens their sensibility. : 34 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINAKY MEDICINES ACTING ON ORGANS OF GENERATION AND THE MAMMARY GLANDS. On Generative Organs.—Aphrodisiacs, anaphrodisiacs, ec- bolics and emmenagogues, uterine depressants, uterine tonics and alteratives. Aphrodisiacs.—Stimulate the sexual appetite and function, by direct or reflex action on the genital centers in the brain and cord, as nux vomica, strychnine, cannabis indica, cantharides, phosphorus, alcohol, ergot, and general tonics. Anaphrodisiacs.—Diminish sexual desire and lower the func- tional power of the sexual organs either by depressing the spe- cial nervous apparatus, or by decreasing the local circulation ; ex- amples, tobacco, cocaine, belladonna, gelsem. camphor, mono- bromate of camphor, bromides, iodides, local cold, cocaine locally (drop 4 per cent solution on the glans penis). Emmenagogues.—Restore the menstrual functions and are jlivided into: 1. Direct, which stimulate the uterine muscular fibres and are ecbolic in large doses, as ergot, rue, savine, potassium-per- manganate, etc. 2. Indirect or tonic, which improve and tone up the blood and nervous system. This is done by iron, manganese, strych- nine, cinnamon and other tonics. Ecbolics or Oxytocics—Agents which produce abortion by stimulating the pregnant uterus to contract upon its contents; supposed to be by direct irritation upon the center in the cord; this is produced by ergot, ustilago, savine, oil of rue, pilocarpine, violent or irritant purgatives, tansy, pennyroyal, etc. Uterine Depressants.—Lower the activity of the nervo-mus- cular apparatus controlling uterine contraction, the chief of which are, opium, morphine, cannabis indica, bromides and chloroform (but not ether). Viburnum prunifolium is a good tonic in regular aborting animals and in full doses tends to prevent abortion even when the act is fully established, provided the membranes are not detached nor the waters have escaped. Uterine Tcixics and Alteratives——Improve the vigor and re- move morbid conditions of the uterus, viburnum prunifolium, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 35 helonias diocia, savine, in small doses, local astringents, cimici- fuga, electricity, etc. On Mammary Glands.—Galactagogues increase lacteal se- cretion. Jaborandi is the best, castor-oil locally, potassium chlor- ate, milk, beer, tonics, massage, etc., act beneficially. Galactophyga, arrest secretion of milk. The best is bella- donna or atropine internally and externally, spirits of camphor locally, potassium iodide, tannin, etc., but do not use belladonna both internally and externally at the same time on a dog, as a dog’s skin absorbs too readily. REMEDIES ACTING ON TISSUE CHANGES Include restoratives, tonics, hzematinics, alteratives, antipy- retics, antiphlogistics, deobstruents and resolvents. Restoratives.—Promote constructive metamorphosis and. in- clude food, water, stimulants and the different classes of tonics ; they also prevent rapid waste. ’ Hematinics or Blood Tonics——Increase the quantity of hematin or coloring matter in the blood, enrich its red cor- puscles and thus restore the quality of the blood; the iron and manganese compounds are chiefly used for this purpose. Alteratives.—Are medicines which alter the process of nu- trition and excretion, restoring the normal functions of an organ, or of the system; mercury, iodine and arsenic are the principal alteratives. Deobstruents—Drugs which remove functional obstruction from the body, as the purgatives. Resolvents or Discutients.—Are agents which cause the solu- tion, absorption and elimination of morbid products by stimulat- ing the lymphatic system; these are properly a subdivision of alteratives. Antipyretics—Are agents which reduce high temperature of the blood, either by controlling oxidation or increasing the loss of heat. SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY 36 *[eltoyeu “UOT}DISIUI A, gtuasoskd Suraowier pue UOle[NIATS “soATpesIng JO 9010} Suruasso| fq Ajqeqoid sunoy ‘ulejJaoun uoTjoe JO spo] ‘939 ‘SeUIaUD POD | 1 Be nae: | -$poq ou wogy “20BJINS 0} 2d a on yeay = BuIpesqe Aq (9) “sursuods plod “tid ‘(sogt : SSO] aSvaID lo 081 | gone) eons sou f upiowas ‘JayJe SNOINN -etodead 0} anp ‘eoay : jo sso] 94} Surseasour Ag (q) ‘yo ‘Fayyo sno “ds Z “uoT}eIp ‘ROU 7 -B1 Sulseaioul pue urys ‘Joyoory } Jo — suyeip Aq (pv) J *s194S11q 7} “saorqy[nog } * *[e00'T ‘2010J S}I VINpet 0} UOTy Pa Pon Ie | -RNIID9 ayy uo Sunsy (4) | apiia umeIAA |. -erua5 “aPIUOIV ‘sploe o1joqres pue slozueg veo ‘saqepAorres ay} pue jo uojonpoid 9y} Surtuassa’] proe stfAoTes ‘snydAjeony TOYOTV “spropeyye ePuOYoUTD) ‘asned S}I JAOUIOI pue asueyo onsst} uassa’T (2) j > - 4ST Pe pe Ad LOV SOLLAYAdILINV MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 37 Antiphlogistics—Include all measures and medicines which reduce inflammation either local or general. POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. Antidotes—Are agents which counteract the effects of a poison and render it inert——They are divided into: 1. Chemical, which change the composition of the drug. 2. Mechanical, which surround the drug, preventing its ab- sorption, or protecting the tissues from its action. 3. Physiological, drugs administered with a directly opposite action to that of the poison, to antagonize its action, viz. : 1. For iodine we would give starch, which would form the iodide of starch, this is insoluble and inert. Give acids for alkalies and vice versa; examples of chemical antidote. 2. For corrosive drugs such as corrosive sublimate and other metallic and corrosive drugs, give white of eggs or any demulcent, wash out stomach, etc.; examples of mechanical antidote, 3. Examples of physiological antidotes, for strychnine, give chloral hydrate, for aconite give digitalis and other heart stimu- lants, for digitalis give aconite, tannin, ete. Tannin is the great antidote for vegetable poisons, it precipi- tates their active principles and forms the tannate of the respective alkaloids, rendering it insoluble and thus more or less innocuous, this should be followed by linseed oil to remove it, for the animal that can vomit, give an emetic and follow with the physiological antidote to combat the poison which may have been absorbed. For Poisonous Gas.—Fresh air, inhalations of steam, artificial respiration, together with stimulants and intravenous injections of ammonia. For Carbolic Acid.—Alcohol, vinegar, internally and locally. ANTAGONISTS AND INCOMPATIBLES. Antagonists—Are agents which counteract each other either wholly or partially. Incompatibles—That relation between medicines which ren- ders their admixture unsuitable, this may be either chemical, physiological or pharmaceutical. 38 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Chemical.—Reaction between drugs, resulting in new com- pounds. Physiological —When a drug opposes the action of another. Pharmaceutical—When an unsightly mixture results. I. Stimulants are antagonized by sedatives, alkalies by acids, and vice versa. 2. Never combine free acids with carbonates or hydrates. 3. Strong acids displace weaker ones, and should always be used alone. Two or more soluble salts should in general not be combined, they may form new compounds with different prop- erties. 4. Alkalies neutralize free acids, they displace weak or vola- tile bases of salts in solution. 5. Oxides of alkalies decompose the metallic salts, also alka- line salts. 6. Alkaloids in solution are precipitated by alkalies, by alka- line salts, by salts that produce insoluble compounds, by tannic acid, by gallic acid and vegetable substances containing them. Remember that because a mixture is clear, it does not follow that no incompatibility or reaction has taken place; as substances in solution may be displaced without precipitation, the new pro- duct may be soluble in the solution. 7. Corrosive Sublimate and Potassium Iodide should be pre- scribed alone ; Acetate of Lead, Subacetate of Lead and Nitrate of Silver also, except the latter may be combined with Opium. It is best to prescribe the following alone except when the result of the combination is definitely known: Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Hydrocyanic Acid, Tannic Acid, lime-water, Tr. ferri. chloride, Syr. Iod. of Iron, Citrate of Iron and Quinine, Tr. Guaiac, Salts of Morphine, except with the alkaloids, Fowler’s solution, and Acetate of Zinc. 8. Never order a drug in combination with any of its tests or antidotes. 9. Never mix mineral acids with alcohol, they form ethers similar to chloroform. 10. Alcohol or water added to a tincture or fluid extract will throw it out of solution, but not necessarily prevent the physiological action. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 39 11. Never mix Glucosides as Santonin, Colocythin, etc., with free acids, or with a substance containing emulsin, as these agents will decompose it. 12. Corrosive sublimate is incompatible with almost every- thing, even compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla is said to decom- pose it. 13. Iodide of potash decomposes most of the metallic salts; it is best administered alone. 14. Nitrate of silver, Acetate and the Subacetate of Lead are incompatible with almost everything, but may be combined with opium, which though chemically incompatible, is therapeu- tically active as an astringent and anodyne. 15. Tannic Acid and Gallic Acid and substances containing them, as the astringent bitters, precipitate albumen, alkaloids and most soluble metallic salts. 16. Iodine and the soluble iodides are incompatible with the alkaloids and substances containing them, also with most metallic salts. 17. Poisonous compounds may be formed by mixing iodide of petash or syrup of iodide of iron with chlorate of potash. Potassium cyanide or Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid, with Calo- mel, Bismuth salts, Metallic Hydrates, Carbonates, subnitrates or subchlorides, form the poisonous cyanides. Never combine Hy- drochloric Acid and Calomel as Corrosive Sublimate will be formed. 18. Explosive compounds result from mixing powerful oxi- dizing agents with others which are readily oxidized. Chief are as follows: O-xidigers—Nitric and Chromic Acids, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, Potassium Chlorate, Potassium Per- manganate, iodates, nitrates, bichromates, and chlorates. Ovidizable or Combustible—Glycerin, Sugar, Alcohols, Oils, Charcoal, Ethers, Sulphur and Sulphites, dry organic substances, Phosphorus, Iodine and Turpentine. Nitrate of Silver and Creo- sote when mixed explode, also potassium chlorate and tannic or gallic acids, bromine and alcohol, alcohol and muriate of ammonia. 19. Resinous Tinctures or Fluid Extracts are phar- maceutically incompatible with aqueous solutions, they are thrown out of solution. 40 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY 20. Alcoholic Tinctures are incompatible with diluted al- cohol or watery solutions. Unsightly mixtures result. 21. Infusions are generally incompatible with metallic salts, 22. Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solutions, because chloroform is generated. 23. Calomel and prussic acid form the poisonous mer- curic cyanide. : 24. Iodide and chlorate of potash form a poisonous com- pound. Other drug incompatibilities will be given under each drug. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. A Simple Prescription.—Is one that contains one drug only. A Complex Prescription.—Consists of several drugs: 1. The basis or principal active ingredient (curer). 2. The adjuvant or that which assists its action (helper). 3. Corrective or that which corrects its operation (cor- recter ). 4. Constituents, vehicle or excipient, to give it an agreeable form (former ). Thus the object of every prescription is to cure quickly, safely and pleasantly. Superscription—Name.of patient, date and the sign BR. Inscription.—Consists of the above subdivisions. (The drugs.) Subscription.—Directions to the compounder. Signature, directions for administration of the medicine, followed by the name of the prescriber. BS ei ee | aunereaiolon Baste { Alces Baths sacs aeaoueunesas 3) ; Hydrarg Chlor. Mitis .............. Adjuvant { Nucis Vomice Pulv, aa ........ 3 j i ae Corrective} Zingib. Pulv. .......000 sees sq, Excipient { Glycerin. GS: acto Ghcaw estan | M. et Ft. Bol. No. 1 ; Subscription Sig.—For Doctor’s use. ‘ John Jones, V. S. } Signature. MATERLA ALEDICA AST THERAPEUTICS, 41 Write ingredients in Latin, and usually in the genitive case. When an extraordinary dose is prescribed, underline or put (!) after quantity. Don’t write a prescription from memory; know the individual dose and action of every drug. Abbreviations, words and phrases used in prescription writ- ing: kk—means take thou. V. O. S.—Vitello ovi solutus, dis- Fiat—make. solved in the yolk of an egg. M.—Misce, mix. Diy.—divide. Et.—means and. Ft.—fiat, make. Sig.—Signa, label, or write thus Gtt—Gutte, drops. Numerus—number. Inj.—injectio, an injection. O.—Octarius, a pint. M. ft.—mistura fiat; let a mixture C. or Cong.—Congius, gallon. be made. Ter.—thrice. Pil.—Pilula; pill. Dies.—diem, day. Destil.—Destilla; distill, Q. S—Quantum sufficiat. Suffi- Elect—FElectuarum; an electuary. cient quantity. F. pil—Fiat pilule, make pills. Ad.—add, to make. In. d—lIn die.; daily. Bene—well. Lig.—liquor, a solution. q. s. ad.—quantity sufficient to make Pulv.—Pulvis; powder. certain amount. Fl.—fluidus, fluid. Q. h.—quaqua-hora, every hour. M.—Misce—mix. aa—ana. Of each. S.—Semis, means half. ad lib—ad libitum. To take at §. S—Semi or Semissis means one- liberty and as much as desirec. half. B. I. D—Bis in die. Twice daily. Cum.—with. T. I. D. or T.D—3 times drily, Stat.—statim, immediately. Ter in die. Cola—strain. Q. D.—quatre in die; 4 times daily. Filtra—filter. P. 2—Partes zquales, equal parts. '—Scruple. Grs.—Grains. Dentur.—Give or let be given. 3—Drachma, dram. D. t. d. No. IV.—Dentur tales doses 3—Uncia, ounce. No. IV. means: Let four such M.—Minims. doses be given. Bol.—Bolus, large pill. Remember. Be conservative in the dose. 1. Prescribe as few remedies as possible. 2. Prescribe no drug without knowing fully its action and how it acts. 3. Be careful that your prescription is correct and written plainly. 4. Be careful of abbreviations. 5. A maximum dose is the largest dose that it is safe te give. A minimum dose is the smallest dose which will produce the physiological action. If you are not sure of the dose, put down a small quantity instead of a large one; and always think of antagonists and incompatibles. 42 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY ABREVIATIONS THAT MAY BE MISTAKEN, Ammon. may mean ammonia or ammoniacum. Ac. Hydroc. may mean Ac. Hydrochloricum, or Hydrocyani- cum. Chlor. may mean Chloral, Chlorum, Chloride, Chlorate, or Chloroformum. Hyd.-chlor, may mean Hydrate of Chloral, or Hydrargyum Chloridum. Sulph. may mean Sulphur, Sulphas, Sulphidum, or Sul- phitum. Zinc.-phos. may mean Zinci Phosphas, or Zinc Phosphidum. These words should always be spelled out in full to avoid mistakes. In prescribing always take into consideration the size, age, species, race, habit, temperament, idiosyncrasy, disease and cli- mate in apportioning the dose of agents. The dose of most fldexts. for a horse is about 1 dr. That excepts the powerful poisons, such as aconite. The dose of most powdered drugs is about 1 drachm, except the alkaloids. The dose of trs., except the poisons, about 1 oz. The hypodermic dose is about one-half the amount that is given by the mouth. The dose per rectum is about twice as much as by the mouth. DOSES (alkaloids excepted).—One-half as much again for cattle as for horses; one-half as much again for sheep and goats as pigs; one-half as much for cats as dogs. Horses, 1; cattle, 112; sheep and goats, 1/5; pigs, 1/8; dogs, 1/16; cats, I /32. Dogs take about the same dose as man, but consider the size of the dog. Pigs twice as much as the human being. Sheep and goats three times as much. Herses 16 times as much. f, teaspoonful represents about 3 i. A desert spoon, 3 ii. tablespoon, about 3 ss. A wine glass full, 5 ii. Coffee cup, A 5. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. az TABLES USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING. APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT. 20 Grains (Granum) ..... (Gr. or Grs.)—=1 Scruple. 3 Scruples (Scrupulum)..(9)==1 Drachm (60 Grs.) 8 Drachms (Drachma) ...(3)—=1 Ounce. 12 Ounces (Uncia) se eects (5)==1 Pound (Ib.) In prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always express large quantities by ounces. APOTHECARIES LIQUID MEASURE. 60 Minims (Minimum) ............ (M)=—1 Fluid Drachm. 8 Fluid Drachms (Fluid Drachma). (fl. 3)—r1 Fluid Ounce. 16 Fluid Ounces (Fluida Uncia)... (fl. 3)—1 Pint. 2 Pints (Octarius) .............05 (O.)—1 Quart. 4 Quarts or 8 Pints—1 Gallon..... (congius—C. ) In prescribing liquids the abbreviation for Quarts (Qts.) is never used. Ti a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (Oij). METRIC SYSTEM. { centen = OOI Centigram —= oI Decigram I Wnt. cca teste nts deere Gram I { Decagram -—= I0 {Hl I Hectogram == 100 Kilogram tooo The line represents the decimal point. For liquid measure, substitute the unit and suffix Liter for Grams. : EQUIVALENTS. 1 Gram = 15.432 grains. 1 Cubic centimeter = 16.231 minims. For nearly all purposes, figuring 15 minims as equal to cne cubic centimeter and 15 grains as equal to one gram is suffi- ciently correct to avoid danger. By memorizing the prefixes and suffixes one has the entire metric system at his command. The suffix Meter is the unit of measure of ‘length. “Gram eee weight. Liter “ eee Tiquids. The cubic centimeter is the cube upon one one-hundredth part of a meter and is equal to one milliliter or 1/1000 of a liter, or about 16 minims (16.231). ce ce 44 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY The prefix: ( Myria means 10,000 Kilo means 1,000 4 Hekto means 100 (Deka means 10 and Deci means I-10 { Sen means I-I00 Milli means 1-1000 COMPARATIVE APOTHECARY AND METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. WEIGHTS. TO OUNCES: 6c acouavina dea dents 311.035 GRAINS. GRamMr: 9 £ Ibs ce deansegietvase 3 497.656 aotsge maaeiuacaxes acess .000065 1% Ibs. ....... eee eee eee 746.484 20001290. 2. IDS: secasee averse aieees 995.312 . 0003 24 .0004 3 MEASURES. -0005)4 .00005 MINIMS. CUBIC CENTIMETERS. . 00080 Lid sreasisienierctan es 0.061 -00108 Debewie tui vaxkes 0.123 . 00129 Bi wesw wi ae He 0.185 .00324 Gimme sages sees 0.308 .00540 Glace pases REA 0.370 .00048 Sh canis cin cage Osd03 0081 TO uranisrne vdane aces 0.616 -0108 WG eadiotacce vith tsoe 0.924 -O129 EO wiinss, ss. clsee ease 1.00 .0162 D7 isetveg aieigas Bes, EGON .0216 TOn oe oa cse ee BES 1.122 .0324 20s.c.cereinacse 1e23 .0648 GOsitiead wom aiser. 3:00 .1209 1 fd dm...... 3.69 «3240 2 ° wniae 7530 - 5832 3 he! aotes 11.09 .6480 5 ee ciese TS.50 .9720 z 2 ...+. 26.00 1.2960 1.6200 FLUID OZS. CUBIC CENTIMETERS. 2.5920 Diese ais srtccsaapealins 29. 29. 3.8232 aratd ageeecuies 3.888 Dis ects Patella: wach 59.14 7.776 Recncsadhis debiintnricsce” OOCED OMe 1 * Gn ahecn aang 9.720 Gla cint ac qaetnie ors ag 147.85 4 oe 15.552 Si kgcnagaveny 23 236.50 I OUNCE 21... ee ee eee 31.103 TOsag mhiahia: oh 295.73 14% ounces ........... 46.656 TO. ciate eetd 473-17 3 sie Nha ae ae ahtng 03.310 =| S38 Bh. eee 1000.00 (a Liter.) METRIC FLUID MEASURES. When using the metric system, fluids are preferably pre- scribed by weight, employing the gramme, its multiples and subdivisions, just the same as with solids, thus avoiding the MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 45 errors due to refraction, adhesion and inaccurate measuring vessels. For practical purposes, four grammes of water may be regarded as equivalent to a fluid drachm of that liquid, and the same may be considered true of tinctures and infu- sions; syrups, on the average, are about one-third heavier than water, so that a fluid ounce of a syrup will be approximately represented by 43 grammes. If preferred, however, fluids may be prescribed by volume in the metric, just as in the present system, using for that purpose the Cubic Centimeter, that is, a volume represented by a cube all of whose sides measure one centimeter. An ordinary back-gammon die is usually about this size. One cubic centimeter (written 1 C. C.) = 16.231 minims. It is approximately regarded as one-fourth of a fluid drachm. Tables for regulating the dose for young animals: HORSES. SHEEP. 3 years old and upward, 1 part. From 1% yrs. old to 3 yrs., % part. From g to 18 months old, % part. From 4% to 9 months old, ‘% part. From 1 to 4% months old, | part. CATTLE. 2 years oll and upward, 1 part. From 1 to 2 years old, % part. 2 years old and upward, 1 part. From 1 to 2 years old, % part. From ¥% to 1 year, % part. From 3 to 6 months, % part. From 1 to 3 months, 7 part. PIGS. 1% years and upward, I part. From g to 18 months old, % part. From % to I year, % part. From 3 to 6 months, % part. From 1 to 3 months, jgpart. From 4% to 9 months, % part. From 214 to 4% months, I-9 part. From 1 to 2 months, ,g part. DOGS. From 20 to 45 days, ‘% part. From Io to 20 days, jg part. From % to 1 year old, 1 part. From 3 to 6 months, % part. From 1% to 3 months, % part. ACTIONS AND USES OF REMEDIAL AGENTS— RESTORATIVES. Regarding Food for Sick Animals—When a sick horse re- fuses food, he will often drink milk and eggs. Use about one gallon of milk and one dozen of eggs beaten together, but with- hold water from him so he will drink it, as the milk will act as water and food both. If he will not drink it, drench it down him. Oat meal gruel and whisky, scalded oats salted; green food when in season may be given. For sick dogs give bismuth to settle the stomach; milk, eggs and beef tea peptonized for nourishment. 46 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Food for Very Young Puppies.—Give equal parts of cow’s milk and aqua calcis, sweetened a little. Never give clear milk alone to very young puppies, as their digestive organs get dis- ordered, possibly causing their death; let them nurse from a bottle. As they get older lessen the quantity of lime-water. Always water a horse from 15 to 30 minutes before feeding; likewise feed hay before grain, for if fed grain first the water may sweep the grain from the stomach before it is digested and cause acute indigestion. Grain is digested in the stomach and hay in the intestines. AQUA—WATER. AQUA DESTILLATA (U. S. P.)—Distilled Water— Water freed from its organic and inorganic impurities. This alone is official. Aq. Fluvialis, river water. Aq. Fontana, well or spring water. Aq. Bueliens, boiling water. Aq. Communis, common water. Aq. Fervens, hot water. Aq. Marina, sea water. Aq. Pluvialis, rain water. Diseases are frequently conveyed by water. Typhoid fever. epizootic disease, larval stages of worms, diphtheria, etc. , Water will be considered only when used as a remedial agent. Internally—1. Water is a necessary constituent of all tissues. 2. A certain amount is necessary to the digestive process. 3. Excessive quantity impairs digestion by weakening the gastric juices, therefore water one-half hour before feeding. 4. Water too cold impairs digestion and brings on conges- tion. 5. Water is a natural diuretic, flushing the kidneys as it were, and should be allowed freely to a feverish patient. . 6. It also dilutes the feces and other fluids of the body, increases perspiration, and acts as a stimulant. Physiological Effects of Water—External.—In applying water externally the temperature must be considered, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 47 Effects of Coid Water—Cold water abstracts heat from the surface of the body and affects the condition of the internal or- gans through the nervous system. Cold water first contracts then dilates the blood vessels. Effects of Warm Water, Externally—Dilates blood vessels” and diminishes the tension, soothes irritable nerves by a direct action, also by removing the blood pressure. SUMMARY.—Water internally, is: 1. Stimulant; 2, restorative; 3, diuretic; 4, diaphoretic; 5, diluent ; 6, antipyretic; 7, laxative; 8, In vomiting animals, warm water is an emetic. Externally.—Cold water is 1. Astringent ; 2. Stimulant; 3. Antiphlogistic. Externally—Hot water is anodyne, very hot is a styptic, re- moves congestion and pain by increased flow of blood, which it does by dilating capillaries and other blood vessels. Methods of Applying Water——Sponging, fomentations, wet pack, soaking tub, sweat bandage, etc. Therapy.—t, For acute sprains use cold water ; 2, bruises, hot; 3, cleansing wounds, hot; 4, azoturia, hot; 5, congestion of kid- neys, hot; 6, brain trouble, hot and cold alternately; 7, metritis, hot ; 8, hemorrhage or strangulated hernia, ice water ; 9, for rectal enemas or injections, always use warm water; 10, laminitis, use hot and cold water alternately to stimulate the circulation, as the cold water contracts and the hot water dilates, consequently will relieve the foot of the congested blood, and follow with hot poul- tices of flax seed meal; 11, nail wounds in the foot should always be soaked in hot antiseptic water, as hot as the animal can bear, and then follow with an antiseptic poultice; 12, hot wet blankets for bowel and chest troubles; 13, for uterine hemorrhage, ice water in the uterus and over the loins; 14, for thermic fever, cold water over head and neck and occasionally over entire body. DIGESTIVE FERMENTS. PEPSINUM—Pepsin (U. S. P.)—A digestive ferment ob- tained from the pig’s stomach. Properties—A fine white or yellowish white amorphous (formless) powder, or pale yellowish or yellowish transparent 48 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY scales or grains free from offensive odor, having a mildly acidu- ious or slightly saline taste, followed by a slight bitter taste. Soluble in about 100 parts water, but more soluble in wate acidulated with hydrochloric acid, which adds to its digestive power. If heated in solution to 212 degrees F. it loses its diges- tive power. Preparations—There is one official preparation Pepsin itself, and a number of Pharmaceutical preparations of which the fol- lowing are convenient liquid forms, serviceable in Canine Prac- tice. , Liquor Pepsini ..............eee eee Dogs, 3 j-ij. Essence of Pepsin (Fairchild) ......... Dogs, 3 ss-ij. Antagonists and Incompatibles——Alkalies and the mineral salts precipitate pepsin from solution; tannic and gallic acids, creosote, etc., are incompatibles. Alcohol and all alcoholic liquors destroy the activity of pepsin. Synergists, lactic, hydrochloric, acetic, citric and malic acids promote the digestive activity of pepsin. Physiological Effects—Pepsin dissolves proteids and con- verts them into peptones, but does not affect fats or starch. One grain of pepsin should dissolve about 3000 grains of albumen. Its value then is limited to young herbivorous animals while living on milk, and for dogs. It should be given along with or after meals. Hydrochloric acid does more good than pepsin in our adult patients. Therapy.—For young herbivorous animals or dogs suffering from indigestion in any of its forms (pot-bellied, long, shaggy coat, diarrhoea, or constipation, etc.), pepsin is indicated. Dose.—For foals and calves, Io grains to one dram. For dogs, I to 10 grains of the golden scale pepsin. Liquor pepsin: for dogs, I to 2 drachms. For indigestion in suckling calves or colts: R Pepsini puri. 3 ss Acidi hydrochlorici diluti. 3 jss Aq. qs. ad. 5 xij m Sig—One oz. in % pint water after meals. ALLIED DRUGS—Pancreatinum (U. S. P.)—From the pancreas of animals; digests albuminoids, converts starch and glucose into sugar, hence is better for our animals; acts only in MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS 49 presence of alkalies, it converts albumen into peptones, emulsifies and saponifies fats. Best administered about three hours after reeding, as the acid of the stomach destroys its action. Dogs take from 4 to 10 grains. Foals and calves from 15 to 60 grains (with Bicarbonate of soda). INGLUVIN (not off.)—Is prepared from the gizzard of the domestic fowl, and owes its digestive action to its bitter prin- ciple; it is used in vomiting of pregnancy. For women Io to 30 grains, and in proportionate doses for dogs. PAPAIN, PAPAYOTIN (not off.) —This is obtained from the Papaw or Carica Papaya tree of the tropics. As it is taken from the tree it is too powerful a digestive to be given internally, but a preparation of it is called Papoid or Papain. It is soluble in water, and is given in I to 5 gr. doses for the human. Foals and calves would take 5 to 30 grs., and dogs 1 to 5 grains. It can also be given to horses. It acts equally well whether in presence of an acid or alkali, and its action is continued into the intestines. It digests all kinds of food, and is undoubtedly the best of the arti- ficial digestive ferments for our animals. A 5 to Io per cent solution, or about 14 to 1 dr. to the 1 oz. of water is used to dissolve diphtheritic false membranes. It is also introduced into tumors and cancers for the purpose of di- gesting them. Sometimes it is used in fistulous withers in the above strength. It is known as vegetable pepsin. It converts albuminoids into peptones, starch into maltose; and emulsifies fats. ACIDUM LACTICUM, Lactic Acid — Properties. —A syrupy liquid containing 75 per cent of absolute lactic acid, pale wine color, and mixes in all proportions in water, alcohol and ether. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Alkalies and mineral salts. Synergist—Pepsin, vegetable acids, hydrochloric acid, etc. The dose for colts is 3j—3ij.; calves 3j—iij.; for dogs to—- 60 Ms., Horses 3ss-3j (well diluted). Physiological Action.—Aids digestion, promotes appetite. Large doses cause pain and flatulence; when lactic acid is in ex- cess in the blood it is supposed to cause rheumatism; if admin- istered during diabetes will cause rheumatism. 50 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Therapy.—Used in all forms of dyspepsia, is a solvent of false membranes, is frequently prescribed with pepsin and used in most forms of indigestion. Also used in diabetes. MINERAL ACIDS. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM (U. S. P.)—Sulphuric Acid. —(Oil of vitriol) —Contains 92.5 per cent of absolute sulphuric acid. Colorless, oily liquid, odorless, has a great affinity for water and albumen. Mixing with water it evolves great heat. It is one of the strongest mineral acids, decomposes and chars all organic substances, stains the tissues black (carbonizes) ; therefore you can always tell when a horse has been poisoned with sulphuric acid. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM—Dilute Sulphur- tc Acid.—Contains Io per cent of official acid. (Always order the chemically pure acids.) Doses.—Horses, 2 drs, to 1 oz., according to purpose. Av- erage dose 5 ss. Cattle—1 to 4 ozs. Pigs—™% to 2 drs. Sheep —i dr. to % oz. Dogs—3 to 30 M. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM.—Aromatic sulphuric acid or elixir of vitriol, composed of sulphuric acid 111 parts, tincture of ginger 50 parts, oil of cinnamon 1 part, alcohol to make 1000 parts. Doses.—Horses, % to 2 ozs.; foals, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, 1 dr. to % oz.; calves, 2 drs. to I oz.; cattle, I to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 drs. to ¥Y% oz.; dogs, 5 m. to 14 dr. Always give these acids diluted with 40 to 50 times their bulk of water. This is the best form in which to use sulphuric acid. Physiological Action.—It 1s a powerful caustic and eschar- otic, carbonizes, turns tissues black. It is also when diluted an astringent, antiseptic and tonic, and in small doses an antidote for alkaline poisons. It is eliminated by the kidneys, and lessens the alkalinity of the urine. In the blood it is turned into sul- phates and as such is eliminated; when diluted is astringent, both locally and internally, and checks secretions. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Alkalies and their carbo- nates, salts of lime and lead, antagonize all mineral acids. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 51 Toxicology.—All mineral acids when swallowed in concen- trated form, immediately produce retching with vomiting, in those that can vomit, the material vomited is acid, often dark, viscid and bloody and contains shreds of mucous membrane, the lips, mouth, and fauces are red, inflamed and swollen, stained black if from sulphuric acid, yellow or tan if from nitric, and whitish or pale yellow if from hydrochloric acid. From irritation and swelling of the throat, breathing is difficult and death may ensue from suffocation, great abdominal pain, rapidly increasing prostration, and death in from 1 to 24 hours. Post-mortem ex- amination will show the characteristic stains of the different acids, erosions of mucous membrane which will also be soft, swolien and inflamed, and possibly perforations of the stomach. Death may be due to overcoming the alkalinity of the blood. Antidotes.—Alkaline bicarbonates, chalk or carbonate of magnesia, given in milk, in small quantities, at short intervals. Demulcents are subsequently administered, such as oil, slippery- elm tea, cream, etc. Tracheotomy may have to be performed where there is danger of death due to swelling of air passages. For sulphuric acid poisoning, no water should be given, but white of eggs or oil with above alkalies in them. Medicinal Uses.—Sulphuric acid is prescribed internally as a tonic and astringent, in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, it is usually given with tincture of opium, in flour or starch gruel, and is given in purpura hemorrhagica with other tonics, such as cinchona, nux vomica, etc. In ulcerated sore throat use about 5 ss to 5i of the dilute acid to a pint of water; it arrests excessive perspiration, corrects gas- tric derangement and diarrhoea in milk fed animals and whey fed pigs. Also used for hemorrhoids, and antidote for poison- ing by lead, carbolic acid, and alkalies. For diarrhoea and dysentery: R Ac. Sulphuric Arom. Tr. Opit. : Spts. Camph. aa. 3 vj. . M. Sig.—114 ounces every 2 hours in % pint flour gruel. Local Uses.—To touch up ulcers, gangrene, remove warts, hemorrhoids, fungous growths, mild wash in itching skin disease, ¥%4 ounce of the dilute acid to water I pint. Sulphuric acid pene- trates deeper into the tissues than nitric acid; when used exter- 52 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY nally, always grease the surrounding space to prevent scalding the healthy parts and removing the hair where it runs down. ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM—Hydrochloric Acid. — Muriatic Acid is the common name, also known as spirit of salt. —Properties: a liquid composed of 31.9 per cent absolute hydro- chloric acid, 68.1 per cent water. It is a fuming colorless liquid of a pungent suffocating odor, an intensely acid taste and reaction. Official Preparations.— ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM to per cent strength. ACIDUM NITRO-HYDROCHLORICUM OR AQUA RE- GIA, full strength is composed of nitric acid 180 parts, and hydro- chloric acid 820 parts. ACIDUM NITRO-HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM or Dilute Nitro-Muriatic Acid has 40 parts of nitric acid, 180 parts hydrochloric acid and 780 parts of distilled water. NITRO-MURIATIC ACID DILUTE, is a colorless or faintly yellow liquid, cdorless or having a faint odor of chlorine, very acid taste and reaction. Dose of the full strength is %4 to 2 drs. The dilute preparations are safer to handle. Dose of aciduin hydrochloricum dilutwin.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z., average 4 oz.; cattle, 3 drs. to 114 ozs.; pigs, 10 to 30 Ms.; dogs, 3 to 20 Ms. Dose of dilute nitro-hydrochloric acid—Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; pigs, 10 to 20 Ms.; dogs, 3 to 10 Ms. These acids should be diluted with 40 to 50 times their bulk with water. Physiological Actions.—Corrosive and irritant in concen- trated doses, in medicinal doses, astringent, antiseptic, tonic, and antidote for poisoning by alkalies. They stimulate the appetite and digestion, They are excreted with the urine, diminishing its alkalinity. Topically, these acids are caustic. The effect of hydrochloric acid on the secretions differs from that of sulphuric and nitric acids. Sulphuric acid checks the secretions, while nitric acid increases it, but hydrochloric acid acts between the two. Their tonic effects and antidotes are the same. Therapy—HYDROCHLORIC ACID is used in sore throat, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 53 It quenches thirst by reflexly evoking secretion of saliva, thus moistening the mouth. Like other acids it stimulates the mu- cous, intestinal and other alkaline secretions. It is the special acid of the gastric juice. It aids digestion and is principally used for this purpose. It overcomes acidity of stomach when administered before meals, as evinced by animals licking walls, especially white- washed walls, eating dirt, etc. It is useful to give young calves or foals which are digesting their food in an indifferent manner and scouring. Where there is an over secretion of acid it should be given before meals. For other forms of indigestion it is best given after feeding. It sometimes acts as a vermifuge, especially with iron. It acts on the liver and is used in low fevers. Externally —It is used on warts, as an antiseptic for wounds, foot-rot in sheep, and occasionally as a styptic. The dilute hy- drochloric acid is very useful for dissolving diseased bones as in cracked jaws; keep applying the acid until the loose fragment of bones become loose enough to be removed either by the hand or forceps. For Quittor: R Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros. 5 i Acid. Hydrochlor. 3 ij M. Sig.—tInject once daily for 3 to 6 days. NITRO-MURIATIC ACID is especially useful for torpidity of the liver and intestines. It being tonic and stimulant to the skin, liver and intestinal glands. It is used in chronic hepatitis and cer- tain cases of pneumonia ; where the conjunctiva is yellowish, show- ing that the liver is torpid, also used in chronic diarrhoea and scour- ing, when due to dyspepsia (intestinal), and is often administered in any of the forms of indigestion. It is the acid most used for inter- nal administration, besides the aromatic sulphuric acid. It should always be made up fresh, and the dilute nitro-muriatic acid used. For hepatic or enteric influenza: ER Quin. Sulph. Fidext. Nucis Vom. aa.5 j Tr. Capsici. Ac. Hydrochlorici Dil. aa.3 ij Aq. qs. ad. 3 xij M. Sig.—One ounce in 6 to 8 ounces of water every three hours. ACIDUM NITRICUM —Nitric Acid— Common name, AQUA FORTIS. Properties, a colorless fuming very caustic and corrosive liquid of a peculiar somewhat suffocating odor, and a strong acid taste and reaction, contains 68 per cent absolute acid. The full strength acid is seldom used internally. 54 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Acidum Nitricum Dilutum—Dilute Nitric Acid—lIt ts 10 per cent strength. Doses.—Horses, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; cattle, 4 drs. to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 m.; dogs, 3 to 20 m. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Toxicology and antidotes, the same as all other mneral acids (given under sulphuric acid). Physiological Action.—Irritant and corrosive, especially de- structive when used in concentrated solution. It leaves a tan yellow or brown stain on the skin. It is an oxidizing agent, and is especially used as a hepatic stimulant and tonic. Therapy.—Useful in horses convalescing from influenza and other debilitating disease; also in torpor of liver. Externally it is used on warts, chancres, ulcers, fungous and malignant growths, to remove hardened and thickened skin as in mallenders and sallenders, as a caustic in poisoned wounds, foot- rot, caries, etc. When used for this purpose, protect the sur- rounding tissues by greasing. Freely diluted with water, it abates itching of nettle-rash (1 in 200). ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM—Phosphoric Acid.—Full strength is 85 per cent acid, colorless, sour, syrupy liquid. ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM, dilute phos- phoric acid is 10 per cent. It is not so corrosive as other mineral acids and is thought not to be so apt to derange digestion as the others when long continued. It is a nerve tonic, anti-phosphatic, aphrodisiac and anti-febrile. Very useful to stop thirst of dia- betics. It is given in febrile disease as a tonic and refrigerant, in nervous diseases, jaundice, dyspepsia, etc. Dose.—For horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; dogs, 2 to 30 m. It is often prescribed as a tonic combined with nux vomica, Tr. chloride of iron, gentian, or any of the stomachics. R Acidi phosphorici dil. 3 iv. ss. Strych. sulph. grs. xv. Tr. Ferri chloridi 5 vj. Fidext. Gentian, q. s. ad. 5 xxiv. M. Sig.—2 ozs. 3 times daily in %4 to 1 pint water. RECAPITULATION OF MINERAL ACIDS'—They are: 1, sulphuric; 2, hydrochloric; 3, nitric, and 4, phosphoric, with their combinations of aromatic sulphuric acid and nitro-muriatic acid, and the Dilute preparations all of which are of 10 per cent strength. They are all escharotics, abstracting the water from the MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 55 tissues, combining with the bases, destroying the protoplasm, and are very diffusible. Sulphuric, carbonizes, stains tissues black. Nitric, stains tan or yellow. Hydrochloric, leaves a whitish film. Nitric, promotes secretion. Sulphuric, lessens secretion. Hydrochloric, acts between the two. Nitro-hydrochloric acid acts especially well in treating dys- pepsia, as it combines the action of both acids, stimulates the liver and aids stomach digestion by virtue of its hydrochloric acid. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid.—Is especially good in indigestion, accompanied by diarrhcea on account of its astringent action and the aromatics which it contains. To the mouth of ducts having an acid secretion, they check the flow, to those of alkaline secretion they promote it. Fermentation is stopped by the mineral acids. Bowels are constipated by sulphuric, and relaxed by nitric acid. As they are synergistic to pepsin they at first aid digestion, but if continued long they lessen the production of gastric juice and so impair digestion. Given before meals in small doses they relieve exces- sive acidity of the stomach, by checking production of the acid ~ gastric juice. Poisoning by them is treated by alkalies as carbonate or bi- carbonate of soda, magnesia, chalk, and soap, to neutralize the acid. Empty the stomach first (when possible) then give demul- cents as oil, albumen, milk, etc., to protect the mucous surfaces. If prostrated give stimulants, aq. ammon. intravenously, etc. Do not use water in antidotal agents for sulphuric acid. Therapy in General.—They are used in: 1. Atonic dyspepsia, best treated with hydrochloric acid after meals; also combined with pepsin. 2. Acidity of the stomach, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids before meals. 3. Low fevers, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids. 4. Oxaluria, nitric, or nitro-muriatic acids. 5. Chronic liver disorder, nitro-hydrochloric acid. 6. Diarrhcea and dysentery, when with profuse secretions, use the sulphuric or aromatic sulphuric acid with opium. 56 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY 7. Lead poisoning, give sulphuric acid to form sulphate of lead which is insoluble. 8. Hemorrhoids or piles, use sulphuric acid. (Diluted. ) 9g. Hemorrhage of uterus, sulphuric acid dilute. 10. Hemorrhage of purpura hemorrhagica. sulphuric acid dilute. 11. Thirst of diabetes, phosphoric acid. Local Use—Ulcers and growths, nitric acid full strength; applied with glass rod. Diseased bone, dilute hydrochloric acid. The average dose of all the mineral acids.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs 10 to 30 M.; dogs, 3 to 10 M. These are for the dilute acids which are BEADS for in- ternal use. OILS AND FATS. ADEPS—Lard.—Used as base for ointments. A lubricant, emollient and demulcent, and an antidote for poison, of any caustic substance; also for horses and dogs, in chest and throat diseases; applied hot. When you want a substance to penetrate, use lard, as it is easily absorbed by the tissues; it ranks next to Lanolin in this regard. OLEUM ADIPIS—Lard Oil—A fixed oil expressed from lard at a low temperature. The following prescription will be found valuable as a dressing for rope burns, scratches, cracked heels and grease heel : & Lig. Plumbi Subacet. 3 i Glycerin 5 i Ol. Adipis qs. ad. Oj M. et Sig—Apply 3 times daily. ADEPS BENZOINATUS—Benzoinated Lard.—Used as a base for ointments. (Lard 1000 parts, benzoin 20 parts.) ADEPS LANZ HYDROSIS—Hydrous Wool Fat, Lano- lin.—Purified fat of the wool of sheep, mixed with not more than 30 per cent of water. It will absorb its own weight of water, 1s very readily absorbed and does not get rancid. ADEPS LAN#.—The purified fat of the wool of sheep freed from water, miscible with large quantities of water without losing its ointment-like character. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 57 Good lanolin should be white or nearly so, most of the lano- lin in this country is a dirty yellow, owing to its impurity. It is used as a base for ointments when the medicine is to be absorbed. It also allays the itching of skin diseases, especially when combined with sub-nitrate of bismuth. SEVUM PREPARATUM—Suet—Abdominal fat of sheep. It is used as a base for ointments when they are wanted to be stiff. OLEUM AMYGDALA EXPRESSUM—Expressed Oil of Almond—Almond Oil——A fixed oil obtained from the bitter or sweet almond. It is combined with other drugs in itching skin disease. OLEUM THEOBROMATIS.—Oil of Theobroma.—Com- mon name, Cacao Butter. It is the oil from the kernels of the fruit of the theobroma cacao, used as a base for suppositories. OLEUM OLIV Z—Olive or Sweet Oil—Used as a demul- cent, emollient and laxative. It is a solvent for iodoform. OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS—Cotton Seed Oil—A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of cotton and subsequently purified. It is used as a laxative, tonic, demulcent and emollient, also used instead of olive oil. The seeds in the south are used to fatten cattle. PETROLATUM (VASELINE OR COSMOLINE).—A semi-solid substance, yellowish, fat-like mass, obtained from petroleum, rock-oil or coal-oil. It is used as an emollient, and as a base for ointments. It has some antiseptic properties, and is used as a protective as well as a a healing agent. It should not be used as a base for blisters or other ointments where absorption is desired. It is not absorbed itself and consequently prevents absorp- tion of contained medicaments. OLEUM MORRHUA—Cod Liver Oil—A fixed oil ob- tained from the fresh livers of codfish; has a pale yellow color, is official and said to be the best for nutritive purposes. Cod- liver oil is often adulterated with the oil of other fish. Action and Uses—Nutrient, tonic and alterative ; on account of its biliary constituents is easily emulsified and digested. It is indicated in all cases of malnutrition and where the digestive organs are weak; also in animals recovering from debilitating di- 58 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY eases, Stich as strangles and influenza. It is good in catarrh and bronchitis, as it appears to furnish suitable material for repair of the inflamed mucous membranes. Like other oils it relieves broken wind, and is given to man in consumption. It is particularly used for the smaller animals. It is given to dogs and cats during distemper, also in eczema, epilepsy, chorea, rickets and chronic rheumatism. Average dose for animals: Horses, 2 ozs.; sheep, I oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 ozs.; pigs, %4 to I oz.; cats, 1 dr. Give two to three times daily. LINUM—Flax or Linseed—t1. Lini Farina, flax-seed or linseed meal. 2. Oleum Lint, expressed oil of linseed. 3. Linseed Cake, oil cake, used as food. From the stem of the plant we get lint and tow. The seeds crushed, ground and under hydraulic pressure yields linseed oil. The residue is called linseed or oil cake and is a valuable article of food for horses and cattle. Linseed oil for medicine should always be used raw. Action and Uses.—lIt is nutrient, tonic, laxative, emollient and demulcent. Linseed meal and the cake are valuable food stuffs, in small quantities. It is 214 times as fattening as starch or sugar. It causes the coat to become slick and glossy and induces shedding in the spring, but is very heating in summer. Linseed gruel is a good food, being palatable and easily di- gested, for horses, cattle and sheep, not only good in health, but in debilitating diseases, also in chronic skin troubles. It acts in such cases both as food and medicine. In febrile diseases horses will often sip or drink cold linseed tea (2 ounces to I pint of water) when they will not touch any- thing else. When a patient is exhausted, the linseed tea is given with milk, eggs and whisky. Horses that are bad feeders, having harsh, scurvy skins, or being affected with roaring, thick wind or heaves, are usually much benefited with linseed in some form. Give about one pound of the cake daily. For young herbivorous animals living on skim milk, it is a valuable adjunct, furnishing the requisite fatty matter. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 59 A mucilaginous demulcent, or.a decoction in the proportion of about I to 2 ozs. to a pint or 1% pints of warm water, is useful in irritable conditions of the throat, alimentary canal, kidneys and bladder ; also in poisoning by irritants and corrosives and as a vehicle for nauseous and acrid medicines. The oil may be used for the last two. For linseed poultices, take the best grade of linseed meal, pour hot water over it until it becomes pasty. Charcoal and antiseptics are often mixed with it. When used as a poultice on the foot in nail pricks, always put on a poultice that will cover the whole foot. LINSEED-OIL.—Cannot be used as a diet on account of its being too laxative; it is laxative in small doses, but in large doses produces copious discharges of feces, having a distinct linseed-oil smell. The oil is also emollient, soothing, and soften- ing to inflamed and indurated surfaces. For burns and scalds the well known Carron Oil, composed of equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water, cannot be surpassed. This oil is also used as a vehicle for acrid medicines and to act as a protective to the alimentary tract in poisoning of corrosive drugs, also to sweep them out. As a laxative it usually produces tolerably full and softened evacuations, without nausea, griping or superpurgation and with a decided odor of the oil. It is the best physic to administer to pregnant animals and in irritable conditions of the bowels; also in cases of influenza, purpura and other debilitating diseases, where the usual purgatives would be too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also used as an enema; 2 to 4 ozs. of the oil or meal given daily in mash often suffices to maintain the bowels in a relaxed condition throughout febrile at- tacks, where there is a tendency to constipation. An ounce or two of oii given daily often relieves broken wind in horses. It is the best purgative for all young or weakly animals. Equal parts ol. lini and castor-oil is very effectual for dogs. Asa lubricant and emollient the oil relieves choking. Dose as a full cathartic—Horse, takes I to 2 pints; as a lax- ative, 14 to 1 pint; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; sheep and pigs, 5 to Io ozs.; dogs, % to 3 ozs.; cats, I dr. Carron Oil in 2 to 4 ounce doses 2 to 3 times daily will often relieve “heaves” in horses. 60 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY It may be fed to horses mixed with bran mash, also to foals and calves in proportion to their age. PHOSPHORUS. © A translucent nearly colorless solid, resembling wax, with- out taste but having a peculiar smell. It should be kept under water in a cool place and protected from the light, for when brought into the air it bursts into a flame. It is insoluble in water, but very soluble in olive-oil and ether, also soluble in most all the oils. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 2 or even 4 grs.; cattle, 1 to 5 grs.; sheep and pigs, about 1-100 gr. to I-50 gr.; dogs, 1-200 of a gr. to 1-100 gr. The preparations of Phosphorus are more conven- ient for internal use. (q. v.) Always start with the smallest dose and gradually and cau- tiously increase the size. Give it in some protective vehicle, as an electuary or dissolved in oil, vaseline or glycerin. Synergist—Oils and fats favor its absorption and should never, therefore be employed in case of poisoning with phos- phorus. Arsenic is a synergist and sulphur also. Antagonists and Antidotes—In case of poisoning, empty the stomach with emetic or pump, and administer mucilaginous fluids but mo o1/s, use milk, eggs, slippery elm tea, and old oil of turpentine, but the best is sulphate of copper, which acts as an emetic, and forms insoluble phosphide of copper. Give lime- water and charcoal to protect the tissues. Physiological Action.—It is an alterative in bone diseases as it promotes the growth of bone. Antirachitic, aphrodisiac, a brain and nerve tonic, irritant, promotes tissue growth, replaces spongy texture of bone with denser or more compact tissue, and stimulates the central nervous system. Uses.—It is indicated in osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, chronic nervous exhaustion, chorea, pernicious anzmia, sexual weakness, and locomotor ataxia. It is a most potent drug in threatened softening of the brain. It is sometimes used instead . of arsenic in chronic skin disease, but arsenic is the best. It is sometimes used in paralysis as a local irritant; but I do not rec- ommend it for this, Phosphorus 1 part, olive oil 100 parts, as an irritant. It is recommended in osteoporosis. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 61 Toxicology—Externally.—It inflames the skin and may even cause gangrene. Internally will cause gastro-enteritis, diarrhoea and emesis (in those that can vomit), 15 grs. in horses and cattle cause gastro-enteritis. Large doses, such as 30 grs. in horses and cattle, and %4 to 1 gr. in dogs and men, produce paresis, con- vulsions, coma and death, usually within 2 or 3 days. Paralysis of the heart may cause sudden death. Moderate to full doses repeated several times daily may within a few days produce fatty degeneration of the albuminoid tissues or hypertrophy of connective tissues and acute cirrhosis. Persons working in match factories or with phosphorus con- stantly are liable to suffer from necrosis of the lower or upper jaw. Slow phosphorus poisoning will cause cirrhosis of the liver. In poisonous doses it destroys the red blood corpuscles, causing acute hemorrhages from fatty degeneration of the arterial walls, fatty degeneration of the stomach, liver and heart, with deep jaundiced condition, sometimes within 36 hours. This is followed with delirium, convulsions, coma, and death generally from gradual failure of both respiration and circulation. It is excreted by the kidneys and lungs, chiefly as phosphorus and phosphoric acid. PREPARATIONS OF PHOSPHORUS. ZINCI PHOSPHIDUM (not official)—Phosphide of Zine. —Dose for horses, I to 3 grs.; dogs, 1-50 to 1-30 of a gr., or I-10 gr. for very large dogs. This preparation is irritating and must be administered with a demulcent the same as phosphorus. It is used by some instead of phosphorus. It occurs as a gray, friable mass, with metallic luster, and contains 24 per cent phosphorus. OLEUM PHOSPHORATUM (not off. 1900)—Phospho- rated Oil.—Prepared by dissolving phosphorus in ether and al- mond oil, 1 part of phosphorus to 100 parts of the menstruum. Each roo drops of phosphorated oil contains 1 gr. of phosphorus. Dose for horses, 1 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 30 m.; cattle, 2 to 5 drs.; dogs, 1 to 5 m. This is a good form for administering phosphorus for rickets in dogs: Ol. Phosphoratis, mxvj.—3 ss. Ol. Morrhue, qs. ad 3 iv. . M. Sig.—Teaspoonful 3 or 4 times daily. 62 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY PILULA: PHOSPHORI—Pills of Phosphorus.—Each pili contains about 1-100 of a grain. A good form for administra- tion to sheep, pigs and dogs. One to three pills for dogs. PHOSPHATES. CALCII] PHOSPHAS PRA:CIPITATUS—Precipitated Phosphate of Lime.—Known as bone phosphate, a light, white, amorphous powder, permanent in the air, odorless, tasteless and insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in lactic or hydrochloric acid in small quantities. It is given in fracture of bones to hasten process of repair; also in osteoporosis or any disease where the growth of bone is desired. It must be given in small doses or it may cause a calculus. Doses.—Horses, 4 drs., or even I oz.; cattle, 4% to 2 uz.; colts, 1 to 4 drs.; lambs, 10 to 30 grs.; sheep and pigs, % to 2 drs.; calves, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, § grs. to % dr.; given along with other tonics. If an ounce is given at a dose, don’t give it over twice a day, as a large dose is apt to derange the bowels and produce concretions. SODIT PHOSPHAS—Sodium Phosphate—Phosphate of Soda.—Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, speedily efflorescing on exposure to air. That is, it loses its water of crystallization and becomes somewhat changed. It is odorless and has a cooling, saline and feebly alkaline taste and a slight alkaline reaction. It occurs also and is best used in the form of a granular salt. Soluble in six parts water at 60 F., and in two parts of boiling water. Dose.—Horse, 12 to 24 ozs., except when you intend to re- peat it as a laxative. Two ounces every 2 hours to relieve hepatic colic, for which it is a most excellent drug. Give foals and calves, 1 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 3 drs. to 1 oz.; dogs, 1 dr, to I oz, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 63 Used more especially in young animals suffering from de- ranged liver ; also the effect of being weaned, improper food and whey fed animals. SYRUPUS CALCII LACTOPHOSPHATIS—Syrup of Lacto Phosphate of Lime.—Useful in weakly young puppies as ~ it is already dissolved and easily absorbed. Dose, 15 Ms. to 1 dr., adult dogs, 35 j-iv 3 times daily. Lactic acid makes the phos- phate of lime much more soluble. Physiological Actions——In general they are used as altera- tives and nutrients in disease of malnutrition. Phosphate of lime is an essential ingredient of all the tissues, forming more than 50 per cent of bone, giving it solidity. It increases the alkalinity of the blood, and slightly diminishes the excretion of urine. Theraphy.—Used especially where the development of the bone is imperfect, also in osteoporosis, osteomalacia rickets, caries, necrosis of bone and in delayed union of fractures. It hastens repair of fractures and diminishes the size of the bone callus, also used in prolonged suppuration, anemia, and chronic diarrhoea The Phosphate of Soda.—Acts similarly on the blood and urine, increasing secretion, especially that of bile, being an ex- cellent hepatic stimulant, it is used in hepatic colic in horses, due to congestion of the liver, jaundice, sclerosis of the liver and in constipation due to lack of biliary secretion. In Hepatic Colic and Impaction of the Bowels, the following usually gives prompt and permanent relief, more so than the more active and powerful narcotics—especially useful when fnteritis is threatened R Acetanilidi, 3 ss—3 vj. Sodii Phosphatis, 3 viij. M. et Ft. Chart No. iv. Sig.—One powder in 5 or 6 ounces warm water every 2 hours. Difference Between a Phosphide, a Phosphate, and a Phos- phite : A phosphide is formed by direct union of phosphorus with a base. A phosphate is formed by the union of phosphoric acid with a hase. 64 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY A phosphite is formed by the union of phosphorus acid with a base. A base may be soda, zinc, copper or any other substance. Whenever a salt ends in “rpm” it is formed by the union of an element with a base (thus iron oxide, iron and oxygen, iron phosphide, iron and phosphorus, etc.) Whenever a salt ends in “ate” it shows the union of an acid ending in “ic” with a base. (Thus, iron phosphate, iron and phosphoric acid, iron sulphate, iron and sulphuric acid, etc.) When the salt ends in “rrE” it is composed of an acid ending in “ous,” and a base (thus, sodium sulphite, sodium and sulphurous acid.) IRON AND ITS PREPARATIONS. There are 36 official preparations of iron, and a number of unofficial preparations, quite a few of which are impracticable for use in veterinary practice, consequently we will consider only those which are practicable for our use. They nearly all have the same action only to a dfferent degree. Some are more irritat- ing than others and some have special actions due to other drugs combined with the iron. FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS.—A greenish gray powder, odorless, having at first a sweetish, slightly ferruginous taste. It is only partly soluble in water. Doses.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 grs.; dogs, 3 to 10 grs. It is used when the stomach is irritable. FERRUM REDUCTUM—Reduced Iron—-Powdered Iron. —Doses, human, 3 to 6 grs.; horse, 1 to 3 drs.; dog, I to 5 grs. It is used on account of its being non-astringent and non-irritat- ing to the stomach. FERRI SULPHAS—Sulphate of Iron.—Known as copperas and green vitriol, bluish gray crystals, which on exposure to the air, effloresces and changes its color, is wholly soluble in 1 and % times its quantity of water. Dose, a little more than the exsiccated sulphate. It is an astringent, hematinic (blood tonic) and disinfectant. On account of its efflorescing tendency, it should be kept in bottles with glass stoppers. FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS—Dried Sulphate of Tron.—A greenish white powder soluble in water with the excep- MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 65 tion of a small residue. It is the best form of powdered iron, used in veterinary practice for large animals, except when the stomach is irritable, then the milder preparations, such as the carbonate are preferable. Dose.—Horses, 14 to 1 dr; pigs, § to 15 grs.; lambs, 1 to 4 grs.; colts, 1o to 15 grs.; cattle, 1 to 114 drs. ; calves, 10 to 20 ers. ; sheep, 8 to 20 grs.; dogs, % to 2 gts. . SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI.—A yellowish or greenish yel- low liquid with a sweet, inky taste. (5 per cent strength.) Dose.—Horse, 2 ozs.; dogs, 10 m. tor dr.; average, m.xv. Given where you — the combined action of iron and iodine. Action: Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue. FERRI HYDROXIDUM—Ferric Hydroxide—Hydrated Oxide of Iron.—Used internally and only as an antidote for arsen- ical poisoning. It has a reddish brown color, should be adminis- tered in the form of a soft mass, and must be made up fresh. Human dose, a tablespoonful every 5 or 10 minutes until the symptoms of poisoning have subsided. It is harmless and may be administered ad libitum. FERRI HYDROXIDUM CUM MAGNESII OXIDO— Ferric Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide (Used only as an anti- dote for Arsenic poisoning). To make this preparation, keep on hand in separate bottles. _ Two ounces of ferric sulphate solution, diluted with six ounces of water and 225 grains of magnesium oxide, made into a smooth mixture with 30 ounces of water—when needed, mix the two and shake until a homogenous mass results. Dose.—Administer in large quantities at short intervals and follow with an emetic or stomach pump. Average human dose, 3iv. TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI.—This is a solution of chloride of iron in alcohol, with some free hydrochloric acid. Dose.—Horses, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 30 ms.; lambs, 3 to 10 ms.; cattle, %4 to 114 ozs.; calves, % to 2 drs.; dogs, 2 to 20 ms. All the liquid preparations of iron should be diluted with water or oil; this is the best liquid preparation of iron for our use. Powdered form of iron should be diluted with some non-irritating powder. FERRI PHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS—Soluble Ferric Phos- phate-—Occurs in bright green shining scales, freely soluble in water. 66 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Dose.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; pigs, 5 to 20 grs.; puppies, %4 to 3 grs.; colts, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; lambs, 2 to 10 grs.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. Most often prescribed in anzemic, rickety young animals. FERRI PYROPHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS—Soluble Ferric Pyrophosphate.—Occurs in transparent apple green scales, freely soluble in water. The richness in iron of this salt makes it one of the best fer- ruginous preparations. Dose.—% to 3% that of the Phosphate. SYRUPUS FERRI, QUININZ ET STRICHNINA PHOSPHATUM—Syrup of the Phosphates of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine—Contains 1-87 gr. of strychnine to 1 fluid drachm of syrup, 114 grs. quinine and 1 1/7 of iron phosphate. It is a very good general tonic for dogs and other animals. The dose for dogs varies from 44 to 2 drs. ELIXIR FERRI, QUININ ET STRICHNINA PHOSPHATUM.—Each dram contains 1 gr. Iron Phosph., % grain Quinine and 1/64 gr. Strych. Dose, dogs, y dr. to 2 drs. LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS—Monsel’s Solution. —A solution of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric acids. It is an inodorous, syrupy liquid of a ruby red color, having an ex- tremely astringent taste, somewhat caustic and mixes with water and alcohol in all proportions without decomposition. This is used almost entirely for external use as an astringent or styptic. FERRI SUBSULPHATIS (not official)—Monsel's Pow- der. It is used as a styptic. LIQUOR FERRI ET AMMONII ACETATIS (Basham’s Mixture).—Dose, horse, 2-8 oz. Useful in Heematuria. Antagonists and Incompatibles——Iron is incompatible with acids and acidulous salts and vegetable astringents. The tincture of the chloride of iron can be combined with acids, but is incom- patible with alkalies as lime-water and magnesia. Synergist—All agents promoting constructive metamorpho- sis are synergistic to iron; as food, the simple, aromatic, and as- tringent bitters, cinchona, manganese, bismuth, etc. Physiological Actions.—Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism, it is constantly present in the blood, gastric juice. lymph, bile, pigment of the eye, and traces of it in the milk and urine. In man there is 1 part of iron to 230 red blood cor- MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 67 puscles, and in cattle 1 to 194 red globules. That it performs a very important part is shown in the rapid construction of red globules when iron is administered in anemia, without it hematin is not formed and red globules diminish in number. By its me- dicinal use we furnish to the blood a material which it needs. The physiological action of iron is not limited merely to the con- struction of red blood. It also promotes the appetite and in- vigorates the digestion, when there is no intolerance to its pres- ence in the stomach. By increasing the disposition for food and the abilty to dispose of it, iron acts as a stomacilic, consequently when given in the healthy state or when administered for too long a period during disease, the gastric glands become ex- hausted by over stimulation, then it is said that the iron disa- grees. Being a restorative its use is contra-indicated in a con- dition of plethora (fulness of the blood vessels). In large doses the soluble preparations of iron give rise to nausea and vomiting, some of them possess more or less toxic activity. The iodide and chloride, nitrate and sulphate are the most active. Alarm- ing symptoms, or even death may result from overdoses. Ex- treme doses will produce gangrene of the stomach and intestines. Certain of the salts of iron, as the sulphates, nitrates and chlo- rides, possess a high degree of astringency, hence they produce constipation, when taken internally. When brought into contact with the blood, they coagulate it, forming a tough brownish magma, and as the albuminous elements of the tissues are also solidified, they are powerful hemostatics. Iron is eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the liver into the bile, thence into the intestines, some by the kidneys also. The tinc- ture of the chloride, being especially diuretic. Summary.—Iron in general is a hematinic, stomachic, styp- tic, astringent or hemostatic. The tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. The sulphate is in addition vermicide. The iodide is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. A drug used in combination with iron may modify or enhance its action. Therapeutical Application.—In chronic skin diseases for emaciated patients prescribe iron and arsenic combined as Tinc- ture chloride of iron and Fowler’s solution in proper dosage. 68 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Citrate of iron and quinine conjoin the tonic properties of its components, and is used for dogs and small animals. It is best to prescribe proper doses of each. Dose of Ferri et quin- ine citratis for dogs, 3 to 6 grains. The phosphate of iron is serviceable in disease of bone, dia- betes and nervous exhaustion. Especially good for delicate dogs and thriftless foals, when they are said to be weak in the bones, osteoporosis and other bone diseases. For colts 2 or 3 years old: R Ferri Phosphatis, 3 iss. Calcii Phosphatis precip. 5 iii. Pulv. Nuc. Vom., 5 vi. Puly. Gentian. Rad., 5 iss. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig—1 powder 3 times daily. Rickets in puppies. & Ferri Phosphatis 3 j. Calcii Phos. precip. 3 ij. Pulv Nucis Vom. grs. vj. Pulv. Gentian. Rad 3 j. M. ft. Caps. No. XLVIII. Sig.—Two capsules 3 times daily. The Saccharated Carbonate is staple, non-irritating to the stomach, and especially suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the sulphate. It is also used for the other animals when the stomach is weak. The Sulphate of Iron.—Used locally as an astringent, and internally as a hematinic and tonic in anemia. It improves the appetite and abates exhausting discharges as in nasal gleet, and leucorrhcea. In atonic torpidity of bowels it is prescribed with aloes; also in the same way for intestinal worms. Combined with iodine it is the best prescription for diabetes insipidus: R Ferri Sulph. Exsic. Iod. Resub. Pulv. aa 5 vj. Gentiane Rad. Pulv. 3 jss. M. Ft. Chart No. vi. Sig.—One powder twice daily. It is also used in early signs of liver rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with anemia, are benefited by iron. Com- bine iron and arsenic for chorea. Septicaemia, pyzemia and all forms of blood poisoning, as purpura hemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., with quinine. The tincture chloride is prescribed in blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels are freely opened. In con- valescence from debilitating diseases it is a valuable tonic, con- MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 69 joined with other remedies as nux, quinine, etc. Such diseases as influenza, chest diseases and chronic catarrh should be followed with iron and other tonics. Representative prescriptions for general tonic. R Ferri. Sulph. Ex., 3 i. to iss. Quinine Sulph., 3 ss. Pulv. Nucis Vom., 3 iss. Gentiane Rad. pulv. § iii. Pot. Nit. Pulv. 3 iss. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig —One powder 3 times daily. R Ac. Arsen. 3 ss. Ferri Sulph. Ex. Pulv. Nucis Vom. aa 3 jss. Pulv. Gentiane Rad. Foenugreek. ‘aa 3 iij. . M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig—One powder 3 times daily. Iron Iodide.—Is used when an alterative as well as a tonic action is desired, it is given to promote the absorption of glan- dular enlargements in young and weakly animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful in polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet. The Tincture Chloride of Iron acts as a hematinic, tonic, antiseptic, astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant or caustic. It is serviceable in most cases in which the sulphate is recommended. It is used in atonic dyspepsia and for the removal of intestinal worms, in relaxed and sore throat, in proportion of 4 to 6 drs. to the pint of water R Tr. Ferri Chlor. 3 ss. Pot. Chloratis Pulv. 3 i. Glycerini, 3 ii. Aque. qs. ad. Oj. M. Sig.—3 i. every two or three hours as a gargle for sore throat. The addition of 5 i. Tr. Capsicum is valuable in some cases, espe— cially in the first stage. Also used in anemia combined with arsenic or quinine, and in blood poisoning combined with quinine. It also promotes ab- sorption of inflammatory material when associated with debility and anemia.. It is the most serviceable preparation of iron for in- fluenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it has a tonic effect on both the blood and arterioles. In these cases it is prescribed with turpen- tine, quinine and oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also used as an astringent and stimulant for the genito-urinary mucous membrane. The tincture being excreted by the kidneys, is pre- 7O SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY ferred to watery solutions. It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic lameness in weakly dogs. Iron alternated with arsenic is useful in chorea, also in chronic diarrhoea, epilepsy, erysipelas, albuminuria and diphtheria. For Purpura Hemor- rhagica alternate with Dichromate of Potash. Externally.—It is an antiseptic, astringent and styptic. It coagulates albumen. Diluted with 6, 8, or Io times its quantity of water, it is used for uterine hemorrhage, and is occasionally injected into fistulous openings. Iron is regarded as a specific for erysipelas. It is given both internally and used externally. I oz. to I pint of oil or water injected into the rectum will destroy and bring away rectal worms. Monsel’s Solution and Powder are used almost entirely to check hemorrhage. Pour it on the wound or apply with a sponge or cotton. Ferri Hydroxidum is used internally as an antidote for arsenical poisoning, it must be made up fresh and given in a soft condition. The dose for man is about % oz. every 5 or 10 minutes. To make it, add aq. ammonia 8 parts to a solution of sulphate of iron 10 parts, which will precipitate the iron from the solution, then strain through a cloth, you then have hydrated oxide of iron. Administration of Iron.—The fluid preparations should be freely diluted; the solid preparations should be combined with protectives or inert remedies, either in powder or pill form, or with stomachics as gentian root. Iron causes less gastric irrita- tion, and enters the blood more readily if given with or immedi- ately after meals. In anemia it should be given in increased doses. Overcome constipation by giving, when necessary or com- bining iron with laxatives as linseed oil. MANGANUM—MANGANESE. This drug and its salts are inferior to iron. The only prepa- ration of importance is. POTASSII PERMANGANAS—Permanganate of Potash. —Needle shaped crystals of a deep purple color; soluble in 20 parts cold water and three parts Loiling watcr, the solution having a deep purple or zose color, according to the amount of salt in so: lution Distilled er boiled water should be used. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 71 Dose.—Horse, 4 to 1 dr.; pigs, 3 to 6 grs.: cattle, 1 to 14 drs.; dogs, % to 3 grs, It is seldom used internally, but has been administered as an alterative and febrifuge, externally it is used as a deodorant, astringent and antiseptic; it is very powerful in its action. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Salts of lead, silver, mer- cury and the caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. They decompose the alkaloids. Action and Uses of Potassti Permanganas.—lIt is a power- ful oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxygen in the form of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astringent. It is used to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, the nostrils in ozena, nasal gleet, the mouth in aphthe, throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, and retention of pla- centa, also to cleanse hands or instruments. It is sometimes used internally in flatulence, erysipelas, puerperal fever and septicemia. It has been used successfully as a remedy for bites of poisonous snakes and other animal poisons, used locally and internally. For the human female it is used to promote the menstrual flow. Used in cancers, caries, ulcers, abscesses, etc., and in foul smelling sheaths of horses, contagious stomatitis, and in leucorrhcea. Strength for veterinary purpose, 1 drachm to % oz. to I pint of water. It is administered by the mouth or hypodermically for morphine poisoning and antidote for poisonous weeds. When given for this purpose the amount of the antidote should equal - that of the poison taken. As an eye-wash use about I to 2000 or I to 1000 solution. As a uterine injection, I to 4000 to I to 2000. THE REMEDIES PROMOTING CONSTRUCTIVE METAMORPHOSIS previously considered, are constituents of the body. Those now to be discussed act indirectly, by stimulat- ing the organs concerned in blood making. BISMUTHUM BISMUTHUM SUBNiTRAS—Subnitrate of Bismuth.—A heavy white powder with a faintly acid odor and taste, insoluble in water. Is the only one used in veterinary practice to any extent. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs., or even 1 0z.; dogs, 3 to 20 grs. 72 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS—Subcarbonate of Bismuth. —Insoluble. Same character, dose and uses as the subnitrate. BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS—Subgallate of Bismuth.—Syn- onym—Dermatol, a fine yellow powder, permanent in the air and odorless. Used externally as an antiseptic and drying powder. Used internally in diarrhoea and dysentery in same doses as the subnitrate. BISMUTHI SUBSALICYLAS, used mostly as dressing for wounds. BISMUTHI SUBIODIDUM (not off.), used only as a dust- ing powder for wounds, ulcers, etc. Where an antiseptic and stimulant are required, it is said to be very good. BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS.—Soluble in water. BISMUTHI CITRAS.—Insoluble. Physiological Action —The insoluble preparations, as the sub- nitrate and subcarbonate, gromote the appetite, increase the diges- tive power, and cause a gain in body weight. They are some- what astringent and retard intestinal movements and produce constipation. As they are insoluble, or nearly so, they pass down the intestinal tract and are converted into sulphides, causing the faeces to become a dark slate color. Toxic symptoms may arise from the adulteration of bismuth with arsenic. They are astringent, antiseptic and sedative to mucous membrane and abraded skin. The subnitrate is the salt chiefly used. It allays irritation in dyspepsia, vomiting, and gastro-intestinal catarrh, or irritation from any cause, by virtue of its medicinal and mechani- cal action. It is used to relieve itching and burning of abraded skin and in skin diseases. For diarrhoea use bismuth and opii combined. Being insoluble bismuth forms a coating over the bowel. For itching skin diseases in dogs, the following prescription is recommended: R Bismuthi subnit. 3 ii. Lanolin, 5 i, M. Sig.—Apply when necessary. MATERLA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 73 for Vomiting in dogs: R Phenolis, m ili. Tr. opii camph., 3 j Bismuthi subnit., 5 j. Glycerini, 3 ss. Aq. Cinnamomi qs. ad., 3 jss. M. Sig.—Teaspoonful every 2 or 3 hours. ; peas medicine is vomited, repeat every 15 minutes until a dose is re- tained. For Diarrhcea in Dogs: & Bismuthi Subnit. Crete Prep. aa 3 j, Tr. Gambir Comp. Tr. Opii Camph. aa 3 vj. Aq. Cinnamomi, 3 ss. Mucil. Acacie qs. ad. 3 iij. M. Sig—Two to four teaspoonfuls every two hours. Bismuth is best administered in mucilage of acacie or cap- sules. ARSENUM—ARSENIC. Not used in the metallic state in medicine. ARSENI TRIOXIDUM (Acidum Arsenosum)—Trioxide Arsenic.—Arsenous Acid, also called Arsenicum Alba or White Arsenic. This is dispensed as a heavy white powder. It is soluble in x in 100 parts cold water, and I in 20 parts boiling water; always stir while boiling. Shot is a mixture of metals containing 2 per » cent of arsenic, and it is from the arsenic that benefit is derived in giving shot to a horse for heaves. (A horse shark’s trick.) Dose.—Horse, 1 to 6 grs.; cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; sheep and pigs, I to 2 grs.; dogs, 1-60 to I-Io grs. Give well diluted. ARSENI IODIDUM—Iodide of Arsenic—An orange red, crystalline solid, soluble in 7 parts water, used as an alternative in skin diseases. It enters into Donovan’s solution. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 grs.; pigs, 1-7 to 34 grs.; dogs, 1-60 to I-10 grs. Give well diluted with some inert substance. LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI—Solution of Arsenous Acid. —The strength of all are the same (1%). This contains 4.56 grs. of arsenic to the oz. It is about the same as Fowler’s solution, put more irritating and less reliable. Se 74 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 drs., % oz. three times a day is the average dose. LIQUOR ARSENI ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI, known as Donovan's Solution.—1 oz. contains about 4% grs. (4.50) each of iodide of arsenic, and red mercuric iodide. It is an alterative in skin diseases, and should be kept in a dark place, and not used if decomposed ; that is if color is changed to a yellowish red and the odor of iodine is apparent. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; pigs, 15 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 1o Ms.—'4 oz., is the average dose for a horse given 3 times daily. LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS—Fowler’s Solution.— This is the preparation most commonly used. A solution of potassium arsenite, contains arsenous acid I part, potassium bi- carbonate 2 parts, compound spirits of lavender 3 parts and dis- tilled water 94 parts. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; cattle, 14 to 1% ozs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms. Average dose for horse %4 oz. usually given 3 times daily in drinking water or bran mash. LIQUOR SODII ARSENATIS.—A solution ot arsenate of soda, known as Pearson’s Solution, the same strength as Fowler’s Solution, 4.56 grs. to the oz., but it is less active. Dose about double that of Fowler’s Solution. It is better to ad- minister arsenic in solution than to give the solid arsenous acid, and Fowler’s Solution is the best; Donovan’s Solution may prove efficacious in chronic skin troubles, where other prepara- tions will not benefit, also in nasal catarrh. Give small doses at first and then increase, unless very small doses are taken for its action on the stomach, to increase appetite and digestion by virtue of its irritant properties. Arsenic should be admin- istered with or after meals and well diluted in water or bran mash. Antagonists and Incompatibles—The salts of iron, magnesia, lime, and astringents, are chemically incompatible. The hy- droxide of iron, or as it is also known, hydrated sesquioxide of iron, freshly made and in soft magma is the antidote to ar- senic. (See Iron.) Give dogs from ™% to 1 tablespoonful MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 75 every 5 or I0 minutes. From 8 to 20 grs. of the antidote are required to each grain of arsenic swallowed, (when it can be determined). The stomach should first be evacuated, and then give the antidote, and follow with demulcents as oil, milk and mucilaginous drinks. Also give diluents, as weak alkaline water. Iodide of Potash should be administered to promote elimina- tion of the arsenic. In absence of the antidote, chalk, magnesia, and lime-water may be freely given. These agents act mechani- cally by developing the poison and preventing absorption. Dia- lysed iron is said to be quite efficacious as an antidote in doses of 5 to 15 Ms. for dogs. Synergists are all those agents which promote contructive metamorphosis. Physiological Actions.—Gastro-intestinal and pulmonary tonic, a stimulant and alterative, acting especially on the digestive and respiratory mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic ‘and tonic; also antispasmodic in nervous diseases, and is a nerv- ine tonic. In large doses it is a corrosive irritant poison, killing either by gastro-enteritis, or nervous paresis. Continued doses cause fatty degeneration. On account of its being a stomachic small doses promote the appetite and digestion. Large doses in- flame the stomach and derange digestion. It increases the cardiac action, respiratory power, and secretion of the intestines. In man it stimulates the mind and sexual appetite, and causes rotundity of form and fair skin. It also increases peristalsis. When tolerance is established large doses are taken with im- punity. Externally —Arsenic is a very painful excharotic, exciting violent inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, and parasiticide, and is frequently used as a sheep dip. It is eliminated chiefly by the kidney, skin and saliva and in the milk of nursing animals. animals. MEDICINAL USES. It should not be given in acute diseases. It is given as a general tonic after debilitating diseases, particularly when the lungs are involved, as in pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic combined with the feed is beneficial in stocking of the legs. As for its use in dyspepsia, other remedies had better be 76 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY resorted to. It assists in the removal of worms. Useful in chronic diseases of the air passages. Relieves irritable chronic coughs, and roaring in early stages, as well as thick and broken wind, and heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change, it is prescribed in the early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheu- matism, chorea and epilepsy. It prevents periodically return- ing fevers. In anemia it increases both red and white blood corpuscles. For chorea in dogs commence with a small dose, three times daily and increase a minim per dose every third or fourth day until the physiological limit is reached (i. e., cedema and itching of the eyelids, etc.). Action on the Skin.—Administered internally it stimulates the dermis and hastens the removal of epidermal cells; hence it is useful in all chronic skin diseases, as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. To remove warts that occur in the mouth and on the muzzle of horses and other animals, give internally and apply locally Fowler’s pelgvon (full strength locally). In malarial disorders use: Fowler’s solution, 3 ss. Compound Tr. Cinchona, 3 i. Repeat 3 or 4 times daily. In chronic skin diseases use Donovan’s or Fowler’s Solution or acidum arsenosum and sulphur mixed in the feed. Useful internally in successive crops of boils and in chronic urticaria. Externally—The white arsenic or arsenous acid is used to slough out tumors, fistule, etc., but it is too painful. Prof. Williams recommends it in foot-rot. The affected sheep should be slowly driven through a trough containing a tolerable strong solution of arsenic. It is used for sheep to destroy ticks. In this way animals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the grass and other animals eat it. It is used to harden and dry specimens. Toxicology of Arsenic—Full medicinal doses if long con- tinued, cause cedema and itching of the eyelids, increased flow of saliva, nausea, vomiting of mucus, diarrhoea or dysentery, weak heart, soreness to the touch over region of the stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes oxidation, decomposes album- inoid tissues and produces fatty degeneration; also impairs the MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 77 glycogenic functions of the liver. In toxic doses it causes two different sets of symptoms. Ist. Gastro-enteritis with shivering, retching, vomiting, thirst, straining, purging, with blood stools, violent colicky pains, quick weakened cardiac action, suppressed or bloody urine, strong and hard pulse at first, but gradually gets small and weak, reduced temperature, general cedema, delirium, collapse, coma and death. and. In the nervous form the first thing noticed is pro- found coma, like that of opium narcosis. Coma comes on sud- denly without any gastro-intestinal symptoms. Chronic Arsenical Poisoning —Is common around tin and copper smelting work. The symptoms are indigestion, thirst, wasting, chronic disease of joints and bones, the knee joints swell, the animal gets lame, and hide-bound, hair falls off, skin gets scurfy, teeth get black and fall out and necrosis of the bones occurs. POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. Stomach inflamed, mucous membrane reddened, softened, thickened and ulcerated in patches, ecchymosis. Same is formed in the intestines, according to the size of the dose. Lungs congested, mucous membrane reddened. Genito-urinary organs congested and inflamed. Fatty degeneration of intestinal organs, especially liver and kidneys, same as in phosphorus poisoning. In chronic poisoning the body becomes dry and mummified (embalmed), general fatty degeneration. BITTERS. Bitters are divided into simple and aromatic. The aromatic bitters contain tannic and gallic acids, besides aromatic constituents, and are therefore more cr less astringent. Simple bitters contain no tannic and gallic acids, and can be combined with iron. ‘Che special bitters eucalyptus, hydrastis, cinchona, etc., will be treated of separately. 78 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY SIMPLE BITTERS. QUASSIA.—Contains a crystallizable bitter principle Quas- sin, neutral in reaction. It is made from chips or shavings from a tall tree 70 to 100 feet high that grows in Jamaica. Preparations : EXTRACTUM QUASSIAE—E.rtract of Quassia. Dose—Horse, 30 ers. tor dr.; dogs, 4 to 2 or 3, and even 5 ers. TINCTURA QUASSIAE—Tincture of Quassia (20%). Dose— Dogs, 5 ms. to 1 dr. FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSIAE—Fluidexiract of Quassia. Dose —Horse, % to 1 oz.; dogs, 5 ms. to % dr. Besides its internal use, it is used as an infusion for rectal worms; 2 dr. to I oz. to the pint of cold water. (Let the chips macerate for one hour.) GENTIAN 4 — Gentian.—Is used the most in veterinary practice; it contains no tannin, or so little that it can be com- bined with iron, and is an excellent stomachic tonic. EXTRACTUM GENTIANAE—Evwtract of Gentian. Dose—Same as extract of Quassia. TINCTURA GENTIANAE CompositaA—Compound Tincture of Gentian (10%). Dose—Horse, 1 to 4 ozs.; dogs, % to 1 dr. POWDERED GENTIAN. Dose—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, % to 3 drs.; dogs, 5 to 20 ers. FLUIDEXTRACTUM GENTIANAE— Fluidextract of Gentian. Dose—Horse, % to 2 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; pigs, 1 to 3 drs.; dogs, 15 ms, to 1 dr. CALUMBA—Synonym—Coluimbo.—tThis is also a good stomachic. We have the tincture of caluimba (20%), (dose for dog, 1 to 4 drams) ; and fluidextract of Calumba—Fluidextractum Calumbe. Dose of the fluidextract: Horse, %4 to 2 ozs.; sheep, 1% to 6 drs.; pigs, I to 4 drs.; dogs, 5 ms. to 1 dr. Dose of powdered Calumba the same. AROMATIC BITTERS. SERPENTARIA—Virginia Snake Root. TLUIDEXTRACTUM SERPENTARIAE—Fluidextract of Serpen- taria. Dose—Horse, 4 drs. to 1 0z.; dogs, 10 to 30 ms. TINCTURE SERPENTARIA (20%). Dogs, m. xv.—3 ij. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS 79 Actions—tonic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, emmena- gogue and aphrodisiac. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA—Wild Cherry Bark.—Used a great deal in human medicine as an expectorant. Contains tannic and gallic acids, also amygdalin and emulsin which by reaction with water forms Hydrocyanic acid. FLUIDEXTRACTUM PRUNI VIRGINIANAE—Fluidextract of Wild Cherry. Dose—Horse, % to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to I dr. SYRUPUS PRUNI VIRGINIANAE.—Dose—Dogs, % to 2 drs. Actions—tonic, stomachic, astringent, sedative, and reduces expectoration. Uses, catarrhal conditions and nervous coughs. CASCARILLA (not off.)—Contains cascarillin, tannic acid, volatile oil, etc. Used as a tonic, stimulant and carminative. ‘Dose of powdered bark.—Horse, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; dog, Io to 20 grs.; calves, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, I to 3 drs.; lambs, 5 gers. to r dr. Good for calves and pigs that are fed on whey and suffer from dyspepsia. ZINGIBER—Ginger.—Used as a stimulant and carmina- tive in colic; also to promote appetite and aid in indigestion and as a local stimulant and rubefacient. Dose—Horse, 2 drs. to y4 0z.; pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. Small doses as a stomachic. TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS—Essence of Ginger.—20 per cent strength. Dose—Horse, 4 to 2 ozs.; I oz. average dose; cattle, double; sheep, 1% drs. to I 0z.; pigs, I to 2 drs.; dogs, 15 to 30 ms. FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS—Fluidextract of Ginger.—Dose —Horses, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS—Oleoresin of Ginger— Dose— Horses, mx to 3 ss.; dogs, m. % to 2. CAPSICUM—Red Pepper.—Cayenne Pepper. FLUIDEXTRACTUM CaPsici—Fluidextract of Capsicum.—Dose —Horse, I dr. to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms. TINCTURA CAPsIcI.—Dose—Horse, 2 drs. to 2 ozs.; cattle, 3 drs. to 3 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. Dose of powdered Capsicum same as of the fluidextract. (Minimum dose as a stomachic.) OLEORESINAE CAPsicI.—Dose—Horse, Io to 30 minims; cat: tle, 5 ss.-j; dogs, % to I minim. 80 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Physiological Action.—Capsicum is a local irritant or vesicant and has a hot pungent acrid taste, produces a warm sensation in the stomach and throughout the body, stimulates the heart and is good in flatulent colic. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF BITTERS.—The sim- ple bitters increase appetite and aid digestion, thus promoting constructive metamorphosis. They increase mucous secretion, flow of saliva and gastric juice. They also increase the gastric mucus; their continued use will cause gastric catarrh and inter- fere with digestion. The aromatic bitters have similar properties and in addition are carminative. They have a local stimulant action on the ali- mentary canal, due to the volatile oil, which they all contain; as well as decided astringent qualities, from their tannic and gallic acids. THERAPY—Dyspepsia—Convalescence.—To promote ap- petite, aid digestion and relieve acute and chronic flatulence. In bronchial catarrh and coughs give prunus virginiana and give quassia internally and by enema for ascarides vermiculares (or pin worms). EUCALYPTUS. Leaves of eucalyptus globulus; Australian or blue gum tree. Composition.—Contains a peculiar resin, of 3 different res- inous bodies; a volatile oil consisting of eucalyptol, terpene, and cymol, tannic acid, and a crystallizable fatty acid. FLUIDEXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI—Fluidextract of Eucalyptus.— Dose—Horse, 1% to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to I dr.; 1/3 of this dose is sufficient as an expectorant. OLEUM EUCALYPTI—Oil of Eucalyptus—Dose. Horse, 1 to 4 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms.; In diluted alcohol, milk or oil. EUCALYPTOL is the most important of all the constituents, and is now official; is a neutral body obtained from the volatile oil of eucalyptus. Dose.—Horse, 1 dr. to %4 oz.; dog, 5 to 30 Ms. Antagonists and Incompatibles——Alkalies, mineral acids; salts of iron, mercury, lead, zinc, etc. are chemically incompat- ible. All waste producing agents are therapeutically incompat- ible. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS.: 81 Synergist.—The simple and aromatic bitters including ; chona, hydrastis, etc. Camphor, turpentine, cubebs, copaiba}; es- sential oils and substances containing them are synergistic and promote the action of eucalyptus and can be prescribed with it. Physiological Action.—Eucalyptus kas a warm, aromatic, bitter and camphoraceous taste. It is sialagogue, stomachic, carminative, slightly laxative, cardiac stimulant, antiperiodic; (as it passes out of the body it increases the activity of the excret- ing channels, chiefly the respiratory mucous membrane, and the kidneys) ; is diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant; disinfectant, antiseptic and antispasmodic. Miasmatic districts are rendered healthy by the growth of the tree. Therapy.—As a gargle, inhalation in catarrh of the nose, throat or bronchi; used in strangles, influenza, purpura in horses, blood poison, in distemper of dogs, combined with quinine; used externally wherever an antiseptic is indicated. Inject diluted in nasal gleet. Useful internally in chronic stomach troubles, but not in inflamed conditions, chronic catarrh of air passages, especially with excessive secretion, and in Foetid Bronchitis and Pul- monary Gangrene. In chronic catarrh of the bladder it is highly recommended in human practice. HYDRASTIS. The parts used in medicine are the rhizome and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis. (Yellow root or golden seal.) Composition.—The active principle is hydrastine (2 to 3%), which is different from the hydrastin of the eclectics; it also con- tains berberin (3 to 4%). FLUIDEXTRACTUM nypRastis—Fluidestract of ae astis.—- Dose—Horse, 2 drs. to I 0z.; average dose, 14 oz.; dogs, 2 ms. to % dr. Dose of powered Hydrastis the same ‘as the fluid- extract. FLUID HYDRASTIS (not off.) is an aqueous preparation used generally in man—in gonorrhcea—1 to 4. Also useful in conjunc- tivitis, keratitis, etc., in the same strength. There is also a tincture (20%), dose double that of the fluid- extract, and a glycerite—strength and dose same as the fluidext., much used for injections. HYDRASTININAE HYDROCHLORIDUM—Is the hydrochloride of The, 82 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY an artificial alkaloid derived from hydrastine, the alkaloid of hy- drastis. Recommended for controling uterine hemosrhage. Dose.—Dogs, #5 to 4 gr.; Horses, grs. 2 to 6. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Alkalies, tannic and mutri- atic acids are chemically incompatible. They precipitate ber- berine from it. Synergist.—Vegetable tonics in general. Physiological Action of Hydrastis.—It acts like the simple bitters. promotes appetite and aids digestion, increases nutrition, and stimulates secretion, especially of the intestines and liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly diuretic and hepatic stimulant, Locally it is an antiseptic and astringent. In poisonous doses it acts like strychnine, but less powerful, and requires the same antidote. It is a convulsant and paralyzer. It is also said ta promote uterine contractions, and has some power as an antiperi- odic. (The alkaloid is a motor stimulant.) Therapy.—Usetul in conjunctivitis, nasal gleet and leucor- rhoea; 5 i to 5 ij of the fluidextract or glycerite to the ounce of distilled water. One to two drachms of the fluidextract of hydras- tis to one ounce of water is useful as a gargle for sore throat. Equal parts of fluidextract of ergot and fluidextract of hydrastis is useful in ulceration of the uterus, vagina, and in eversion of the rectum. Useful internally during convalescence after debilitating diseases, as influenza and distemper, or wherever a bitter tonic is indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal jaun- dice, constipation from deficient secretions, chronic nephritis and chronic cystitis. The glycerite applied locally for fissure of teats, and cracked heels, in full strength; also said to be useful in ex- cessive sweating. Where there is a tendency to constipation it should be used as a bitter in preference to gentian, etc. The gly- cerite mixes with water without precipitation. . For Conjunctivitis or Keratitis. k Ac. Borici grs. x. Fid. Hydrastis 3 ij. Aq. Dest. qs. ad. 3 j. M. Sig-—A few drops in the eye 3 or 4 times daily. As a gargle: R Tr. Capsici. 35 ss—3 vj. Fidext. Hydrastis § iij. Aq. qs. ad. 5 xij. M. Sig.—One ounce every two or three hours, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 83 CINCHONA AND ITS PREPARATIONS. Cinchona is the bark of a tree, the Cinchona Calisaya, and contains at least 5 per cent of its peculiar alkaloids, of which not less than one-half should be quinine. Doses of powdered cinchona bark.—Horses, 2 drs. to I 0z.; tattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 grs. to 1 dr. PREPARATIONS OF CINCHONA. OF CINCHONA FLAVA—Yellow Cinchona.—This contains the most quinine. FLUIDEXTRACTUM CINCHONAE. —Dose—Horse, 2 drs. to I 0z.; dogs, 10 ms. to r dr. There is also a tincture (20%).—Dogs, % to 1 dr. CINCHONA RUBRA—Ked Cinchona—Preparation, Tinctura Cinchone Composita (10%).—Dose—Dogs, 1 to 4 drs.; dose too large for horses and cattle. Composition.—Cinchona contains 4 principal alkaloids, and some 20 odd isomeric or synthetic alkaloids, even 4o are men- tioned, besides it contains 2 simple acids, and 2 tannic acids; the most important alkaloid is quinine, which is most abundant in the yellow bark. Red cinchona contains the most tannin. The 4 chief alkaloids are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine. ALKALOIDAL SALTS OF CINCHONA. QUININAE SULPHAS—Sulphate of Quinine-—Occurs in white, silky, light and fine needle shaped crystals, soluble in 740 parts cold water and 30 of boiling water, and 65 parts of alcohol. Very soluble in acidulated water, especially sulphuric acid greatly in- creases its solvency; 1 minim of the dilute sulphuric acid for each grain of quinine. Dose. Hews 15 gers. to 2 drs.; colts, 5 ers. to % dr.; cattle, \% dr. to %4 oz.; calves, 20 grs. to 2 drs.; sheep, 20 ers. to 1 dr.; lambs, 1 to 20 ers. ; ; dogs, % to 5 gers. Don’t repeat oftener than every 3 hours. | QUININAE HYDROCHLORIDUM.—Soluble in 18 parts of water. Use hypodermically. Dose, same. QUININAE SALICYLAS.—Preferred in rheumatism. Dose, same. Soluble in 11 parts alcohol, 77% of water. 84 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY QUININAE BISULPHAS is soluble in 10 parts of water. Dose, same as the sulphate. QUININAE HyYDROBROMIDUM—Hydrobromide of Quinine.— It does not produce the head symptoms or ringing in the ears that sulphate of quinine does. Dose, the same as sulphate of quinine. Useful in dog practice. CINCHONINAE sULPHAS. — Hard, white, lustrous, pris- matic crystals, odorless, very bitter taste, soluble at 59 F. in 66 parts water and Io parts alcohol. Dose about 3 times that of quinine. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Tannic acid, iodine and preparations of iodine, form insoluble compounds with cinchona alkaloids. The alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and alkaline earths precipitate them from solutions. This holds good for all alka- loids. The waste producing agents are also antagonists. Synergist—All those agents which promote constructive metamorphosis, as the bitters, iron, arsenic, and mineral acids. Physiological Actions——Cinchona is an astringent, bitter tonic. In its astringency only, does it differ from the action of its alkaloids, which are tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, antimiasmatic, stomachic, and antiferment, also diminishes reflex action. I gr. to I oz. prevents development of micro-organisms; 2 grs. to I oz. prevents putrefaction and de- composition. The alkaloids are rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, being found in the urine 15 minutes after administration, and for 3 days afterwards. At first they promote appetite, digestion, flow of saliva and gastric juice, but long continued they derange the stomach and bowels. Action on the Heart—Small doses stimulate the heart; large doses (2 drs. to 1 oz.) depress it. On the brain.—The brain is exhilarated by small doses and depressed by large ones. On Spinal Cord.—Reflex function of spinal cord is lowered by large doses. Spleen.—Large doses reduce the size of the spleen. The temperature in fever is lowered, although it does not affect the temperature of a healthy animal. It checks oxidation and les- sens protoplasmic and amoeboid movement. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 85 It is also a uterine stimulant when administered in very large doses. On the Body in General—Small doses stimulate; large doses depress. Tissue change is diminished by it. How it Reduces Fever—Probably by virtue of its antisep- tic properties; also by increasing the size of red blood corpus- cles. It prevents them from giving up their oxygen to a certain extent, and diminishes the neenber and movement of the white blood corpuscles. Medicinal Uses.—The bark and its alkaloids are used as bit- ter stomachics and tonics to improve the appetite and stimulate digestion. Checks abnormal gastro-intestinal fermentation, and is used in atonic indigestion. Quinine sulphate with nitro-muria- tic acid dilute. Weakly foals and calves with relaxed bowels are bene- fited by quinine sulphate and arom. sulphuric acid. During convalescence and for debilitating diseases, as a gen- eral tonic, the following prescription is useful: R Quinine sulph., 3 iiimiv. Ferri sulphas ex., i, Gentian. rad., 3 iii. Pulv. nucis vom., 3 iss. Pot. nit. pulv. 3 ii. M. Ft. chart No. 12. Sig—One powder three times daily. In Anemia.—Give quinine sulphate with tincture see chler. or other iron preparations. It is serviceable in septicemia and pyemia, influenza, stran- gles, purpura and other febrile diseases, especially of germ origin. In puerperal metritis of cows and ewes; also in distem- per of dogs it is of great benefit, and probably the best medicine known for malarial diseases. Give 1-2 drachms every four hours of Quinine sulph. for horses. Rheumatism.—Quinine Sulph. with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda, (is sometimes injected hypodermically for sci- atic rheumatism). For rheumatism the following is highly satisfactory: R Quin. sulph. 3 i—3 jss. Pulv. bellad. fol., 3 ij. Sodii. salicylatis, 5 itj.—ivss. Pulv. cimicifuge, 3 iij.—ivss, M. Ft, chart No. 12. Sig—One powder every four hours, 86 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Chorea.—With other tonics, as cod-liver oil, iron, brtters, nux vomica, strychnine, arsenic, etc. Quinine is useful in solutions as an antiseptic for wounds, used as a spray or gargle in relaxed or diphtheric throats. Qui- nine is indicated in tetanus. In colds and catarrhal affections the following prescripten usually aborts them or shortens the attack: R Quinine Sulph., 3 i—jss. Pulv. Opii, 5 iij.—iv. Pulv. ammon. carb., 2 ij. Pulv. Camphore, 3 i. Pot. Nit. pulv., 3 iij. Pulv. Gentian Rad., 3 ij. M. Ft. chart No. 12. Sig—One powder mixed with syrup every 3 hours. The above is also very good in oe or Bronchitis, but in these cases the opium should be left out. Quinine, is used to prevent and allay surgical fever. In ery- sipelas quinine combined with tincture of iron is the best treat- ment. It is also used in periodic ophthalmia, pneumonia, bron- chitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis; also used to dress setons, for atrophy of muscles, etc. In cystitis a 2 per cent solution for irri- ‘gation of the bladder. Prescriptions containing quinine for catarrhal fever where fever is high with great prostration: R Quin. sulph., 5 j. For blood poison: Acetanilidi, 5 ij.—3iij. BR Quin. sulph., Bj. Spts. aeth. nit., 3 vj. pe bh grs. x. ss : a r. Ferri Chlor. ij. Spits, a rectif., 3 xij. ‘Alcoholis, Ge ade a M. Sig.—3 iss every three hours M. Sig—One ounce in 4 to 6 in half-pint water. ozs. of water every 3 or 4 hours. For fever and debility : R Quin. sulph., 3} fy Spts. vini rectif., xij. M. Sig.—3 i every 3 or 4 hours in 3 iv of water. For catarrhal fever: R Strych. sulph., grs. ix. Quin, Sulph. 3 j—3 jss. Acidi sulphurici dil, 3 j—3 jss. Aq. qs. ad. 3 xij. M. Sig.—3 i every 3 or 4 hours in 3 or 4 ounces of water. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 87 AGENTS PROMOTING DESTRUCTIVE METAMORPHOSIS, Or increasing waste, most commorily called waste producers. Alkalies—Comprise salts of potash, soda, lithium and am- monia. Alkalies are directly opposed to acids. They increase acid and diminish alkaline secretions when given %4 hour before meals. In dyspepsia, due to excessive acidity. the result of undue fermentation, administer 14 hour to an hour after eatiny. The alkalies and salts alter osmosis in animal membranes and promote both the action of the bowels and kidneys; they increase the alkalinity of the blood, encourage oxidation, produce waste, and promote other alterative effects. POTASSIUM. SYNONYM—KALIUM. Potash and its salts are protoplasmic poisons when used long enough and in sufficient concentration; are more soluble, more readily absorbed and diffused, but are also more quickly excreted than sodium salts, are also more powerful irritants. In ‘large doses they act as irritants to the gastro-intestinal tract. The circulation is generally depressec by potassium salts; but after small doses, the primary depression of the pulse rate and arterial pressure is followed by a rise of both. Large doses cause a rapid fall of blood pressure and pulse rate, consequently they are cardiac depressants. If injected into a vein they will paralyze the heart. Antagonists and Incompatibles of all Alkalies.—The alkalies and their carbonates are incompatible with acids and metallic salts. They decompose the alkaloids of vegetable drugs. Never prescribe with the alkalies any of the alkaloids. Potassium chlorate rubbed with sugar forms an explosive. In case of poi- soning by the alkalies give dilute vegetable acids as vinegar, lemon juice, etc. Also administer oils which form soap; demul- cents in general are indicated; empty stomach, when you can. Synergist—Other alkalies and waste producers as mercury, iodides, etc. 8&8 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY POTASSII HYDROXIDUM — Potassium Hydroxide.— Synonyms—Potassa, Caustic Potash, Potassee Hydras. Characters.—Hard deliquescent corrosive pencils or rods, very soluble in water and alcohol. LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI—Solution of Potassium Hy- droxide.—Contains about 5% of the Pot. Hydroxide. Character.—Colorless alkaline fluid with soapy feel and taste. Physiological actions of Potassa and liquor potassz. Externally.—Irritant and caustic, (abstracts water from the parts) dissolves fatty matters, antacids, and if well diluted acts as a sedative. Internally.—Not used to any extent, as milder salts are pre- ferred, is antacid, alterative, febrifuge and diuretic. Dose of Liquor Potasse.—Horse, 5 ij-3 i; cattle, 5 ss-3 ij; dogs, m. 5 to 20, well diluted. Toxicology.—They corrode and inflame the alimentary tract, cause colicky pains, great depression and sometimes perforations. Post-Mortem.—Will find red and black spots from extrav- asation of blood; the blood will be dark colored and fluid. Smaller or more dilute doses impair digestion and assimilation, and destroy life by inanition. 2 drs. of Potassa in 6 oz. of water killed a horse in 32 hours. Therapy.—Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy warts and fungous growths. A diluted solution is used to cauterize poi- soned wounds, but is dangerous, as it may penetrate too deeply and spread. This can be overcome by washing with vinegar. A 40 per cent sol. of caustic potash is used in human prac- tice for ingrowing toe nails; is painted on, leave on a few min- utes until the nail softens, then scrape with glass. It can then be removed with scissors. R Liq. potas. hydrox. 5 ss. Ac. hydrocyanic. dil. 5 5 i. Aquz qs. ad. Qj. M. Sig.—Use as a wash (for itching skin disease to allay ir- ritation.) Two to five drops of Lig. Potash to the ounce is some- times used in diphtheria to dissolve the false membrane. POTASSII CARBONAS.—Carbonate of Potash. Synonym.—Salts of Tartar. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS 8&9 Actions and Uses—Same as caustic potash, but less caustic. The potash bicarbonate is preferred for medicinal uses. Dose, one-half that of the Pot. Bicar. POTASSIT BICARBONAS—Bicarbonate of Potash.—Acid Carbonate, Character.—Non-corrosive, non-deliquescent, colorless, mon- oclinic prisms; mildly alkaline taste, solubility, 1 in 4 of water. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs, 20 grs. to 1 dr.; cattle, 14 to 1 0z.; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. Physiological Actions and Uses-—Those of potash, only milder, stimulate production of gastric juice administer before meals with bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome excessive acidity of stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Useful as an antacid in nettle-rash and other itching skin diseases. Internally and externally as a mild wash, 3 ij-!4 oz, to the pint. The potash bicarbonate is used to remove uric acid deposits, which may occur in overfed dogs. Calculus made up of am- monium, magnesium and phosphates, occur in the bladder and urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use potash bicarbonate 4 to 1 dr., well diluted, conjoined with laxative diet and belladonna to dilate urethra; it is less certain as a diuretic than the acetate or nitrate of potash. In leucorrhcea use 2 to 4 drs. to 1 pint for injection to over- come acidity. POTASSII ACETAS—Acetate of Potash. Character.—White, deliquescent, satiny, neutral masses of a peculiar odor; also in a granular form. Soluble in 214 of water. Alcohol, 1 in 2. Dose.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; for single dose, 1 or 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; cattle, 4 drs. to I oz.; dogs, 2 to 20 grs, These doses may be doubled for marked diuretic effects. POTASSII CITRAS—Citrate of Potash. Character.—White, granular, deliquescent powder, saline taste, neutral reaction. Soluble, 10 to 6 in water. Dose about the same as the acetate. Physiological Actions—These two salts are the least irritant to the stomach of all the potash salts. They are neutral and have no action on the gastric juice; are not antacid. They are mele) SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY changed into the carbonate of potash and as such circulate in the blood. Are powerful direct diuretics, stimulate the renal cells direct and increase both the water and the solids of the urine, also diaphoretic; the citrate more than the acetate. They have slight depressing action on the heart; and are slightly expectorant. Therapy—Used in gouty conditions, Bright’s disease, fevers of all kinds, azoturia (when put in water is not so irritating as the nitrate), dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites, oedema of the legs, etc. Combined with tonics, iron, etc. For cedema of the legs and other dropsical conditions: R Potas. acet., 3 vj. Tr. digitalis, 3 vj. Aq. qs. ad., 5 Xxiv. M. Sig—Two oz. every 4 hours or 3 times daily. POTASSH BITARTRAS—Potassium Bitartrate.. Syno- nyms.—Acid Tartrate of Potassium—Cream of Tartar.—Soluble 1 in 15 of boiling water. Dose—dogs, Io grs. to 2 drs. as a laxa- tive, refrigerant and diuretic; for purgative from I dr. to I oz. For simple itching skin disease, for dogs equal parts of cream of tartar and sulphur. Physiological Action—Hydragogue, saline purgative, ab- stracts fluid from the blood and pours it into the intestines. Small doses are diuretic and laxative. Therapy.—Is used for liver disease, chronic constipation, skin disease, and as a refrigerant in fetrile conditions. POTASSII NITRAS—Nitrate of Potash. Synonyms—N itre—Saltpeter—The purified saltpeter is used in veterinary practice. Characters—White, six-sided rhombic prisms, cool saline taste. Soluble 1 in 4 of water, neutral reaction. Very sparingly in alcohol. Physiological Actions——Large doses irritate the stomach, bowels and kidneys; medicinal doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these organs; is a car- diac depressant, and mild refrigerant and diaphoretic. Uses.—In certain febrile conditions ; in cedema of legs should be combined with digitalis and general tonics. For dropsical con- ditions the acetate and citrate are better. et MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, gI Externally.—It is a refrigerant and stimulaut. Doses.—As a febrifuge and mild diuretic, horses, 2 to 4 dis.; dogs, 1 to 10 grs. As a strong diuretic, give a horse 1 oz. but do not repeat oftener than twice in 24 hours. 5 grs. tor dr. isa powerful diuretic for a dog. For acute laminitis 2 to 4 ozs. once or twice daily is given by some veterinarians, this is used principally in the east. POTASSII CHLORAS.—Chlorate of Potash, Potassium Chlorate. Character.—Colorless, monoclinic prisms, easily explodes on trituration with sugar, sulphur, tannin, charcoal and glycerin, It is soluble in 1 to 16 parts of cold water and 1 to 2 of boiling water. Dose.—Hiorse, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle, twice as much; dogs, I to Io grs. Larger doses are occasionally given but this salt is very irritating to the stomach and kidneys. Physiological Actions.—Antiseptic, antacid, alterative, sial- agogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract and kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild stimulant and refrigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; disintegrates the red blood corpuscles. Medicinal Uses.—Laryngitis, pharyngitis, sore mouth from any cause. Asa gargle use 4% to 1 ounce to the pint of water. Also used in febrile conditions, especially of a catarrhal nature. Prescription for gargle: R Tr. ferri chlor. 3 ss.—3 vj? Pot. chloratis pulv., 3 i. Glycerini. 2 ii. Aque qs. ad., Oj. M. Sig.—1 oz. every hour or two. 3j Tr. Capsicum added to the above frequently augments its value, especially in the early or congestive stage and when there is a tendency to become chronic. POTASSII DICHROMAS—Potassium Dichromate—Di- chromate of Potash (formerly Pot. Bichromate). Properties——Occurs in large yellowish red transparent four sided prisms or plates; odorless, permanent in the air; bitter, metallic, disagreeable taste; and acid reaction. g2 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Insoluble in alcohol. Soluble, 1 in to parts of water at 59 degrees F. and I in 1.5 parts of boiling water. Antidotes——Magnesia, soap and alkaline carbonates. Dose.—Horse, 3 to 10 grs. in 2 to 5 ounces of water, 3 to 6 times in 24 hours. Physiological Actions.—Irritant, caustic and alterative. In Purpura Hemorrhagica it seems to have an action not usually attributed to it, i. e., of destroying the germs causing that disease. Therapy.—In Purpura Hemorrhagica and scarlatina it has given the writer the utmost satisfaction used as follows: k Potassii Dichromatis 3 ijss Tr. Ferri Chlor. 3 iv Aq. qs. ad. Oj M. Sig.—Give one ounce in six ounces of water every four hours (less often as improvement is shown). The patients recover in less than one-half the usual time. While they recover under its use alone, it must be remem- bered that it only checks the cause and progress of the disease and that iron is required to build up the blood cells ; therefore its value is augmented by using it with Tr. Chloride of Iron in 3 ij to iv doses according to the frequency of administration and the sever- ity of the case. It is well to administer the Potassium Dichromate every four hours until improvement is shown, then every six hours, and finally every eight hours. For coughs, give 2% to § grs. in 1-2 ounces of water every 3 hours. SODIUM—Synonym, Natrium. SODIT HYDROXIDUM—Sodium Hydroxide. Synonyms—S oda, Caustic Soda. Character.—Grayish white solid masses, or cylindrical pen- cils, soluble in 1.7 parts of water. Liquor Sodit Hydrovidi—Solution of Soda.—An aqueous solution of sodium hydrox. containing about 5%. Action.—Same as caustic potash and solution of potash, ex- cept less poisonous, less irritant and depressing. SODIT CARBONAS MONOHYDRATUS — Monohy- drated Carbonate of Soda.—A dry, white powder; a purified washing soda. Dose—Horse, % to 2 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; pigs, 4 to 10 grs.; dogs, 2 to 5 grs. well diluted, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 93 SODIT BICARBONAS—Bicarbonate of Soda. Synonym.—Baking soda. Character.—White opaque powder, milder than the carbonate. Soluble 1 in 12 of cold water. Actions.—Of carbonate and bicarbonate, antacid, alterative and mildly anodyne, (local). They also increase the fluidity of the bile. Dose of Bicarbonate-—Horse, 2 drs. to 2 0z.; dogs, Io grs. to % dr. Uses.—In indigestion, 4 hour before meals, to increase gas- tric juice, or as an antacid after meals. Young calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from dyspepsia, are benefited by 3 or 2 drs. of bicarbonate of soda dissolved in each meal of ink. It is an antidote to poisoning by acids, less irritating than the potassium salts, hence better for dyspepsia. A soluticn of ‘the carbonate or bicarbonate lessens irritation of itching skin diseases, as urticaria or nettle-rash, % oz. to 1 pint of water. Also as injection for leucorrhcea. Never use it in flutulence,.as the extra gas due to effervescence is apt to cause ruptnre of stomach or bowels. The carbonate is used as a remedy as;ainst gall-stones, given two hours after meals. It increases the Auidity of the bile. Useful in catarrh of the gastro-intestinal tracl. The Bicarbonate is used as a synergist to calomel, and has come into more or less repute in Azoturia in about 3 iv doses every four hours. SODIT BORAS—Sodinun: Borate—Borax.-—Colorless crys- tals or white powder, wholly soluble in boiling water and in 16 parts of cold water. Actions.—Antiseptic, parasiticide, nsiid astringent and slight- ly alkaline. Can be used the same as the bicarbonate, internally and ex- ternally. Externally boracic acid is better as an antiseptic; also useful as an eye-wash, % oz. to I pint of water. SODIT NITRAS—Nitrate of Sod@.—Same as potassium ni- trate, but not as strong and not used much in medicine. SODII NITRIS—Sodium Nitrite,-—Accelerates heart’s ac- tion. Dose—Horse, Io to 30 gers. SODII CHLORIDUM—Sodium Chloride—Chloride of Soda.—Common Salt. Soluble 1 in 234 water. Action and Uses.—Salt is an essential article of food; small doses are restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiseptic, antiferment, 94 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY emetic for dogs, anthelmintic, laxative and alterative; used as injection for pin worms. Its constant use will prevent worms. Animals suffer from inanition without it. Animals deprived of salt do not thrive. As an emetic for dogs 1 to 4 drs. of salt and ¥4 teaspoonful of mustard in one-half cup of tepid water. Salt as an eye-wash is tonic to the eyes; 1 dr. to 1 pint of water. Con- demn rock salt for horses as it contains irritating properties due to its great impurity. Feed animals cooking salt. A refrigerant and stimulating lotion for sprains and bruises may be made by dissolving two ounces each of salt, nitrate of potash and chloride of ammonia in a quart of water. It is used in making Normal Salt Solution which contains .6 of I per cent (about 50 gers. to the pint), or may be made extemporaneously by adding a heaping teaspoonful of pure salt to a quart of sterilized water at a temperature of 100° to 110° F. Dose.—Horse, % to 1 oz.; sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. These doses are stomachic and alterative, often used for cattle as a purgative and vermifuge; from 10 to 20 ozs. in water, usually in combination with sodium or magne- sium sulphate. In cases of azoturia order plenty of salt, it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and causes him to drink water freely and flushes the kidneys. SODIT SULPHAS — Sulphate of Soda—GLAUBER’S SALT. Character.—Colorless, transparent prisms, efflorescing on ex- posure to air. Soluble in 1 to 3 of water; occurs also in granu- lar form, which is the best. Dose as a purgative, well diluted, horse, 16 to 24 ozs., but generally give the largest dose, 24 ozs.; cattle, 1 to 2 Ibs.; sheep, 2 to 4 ozs., % to 14 this dose when repeated 3 times daily as a laxative. It is best to give a carminative with it, as ginger or capsicum to prevent griping and assist its action. Action.—Purgative, cholagogue, slightly diuretic, febrifuge and hepatic stimulant, (the latter when the drug is given in small repeated doses.) Uses.—Wherever a purgative is indicated, as in congestion of the liver; small, repeated doses act better than large ones as a hepatic stimulant ; dropsical conditions, influenza, especially where MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS 95 liver is involved, tetanus, febrile diseases, where the bowels are apt to be constipated, give 2 to 4 ozs. in a bucket of water. Also used in itching skin disease in full doses, combined with 4 to 6 ozs. Bicarbonate of Soda for the horse. SODIT THIOSULPHAS — Sodium Thiosulphate-— Syno- ayn, Hyposulphite of Soda. Occurs in large, colorless, trans- parent crystals, also in granular form, soluble in 1 to 1% of water, reaction neutral. Dose—Horse in gastric flatulence, 4 to 12 ozs.; Y% to I oz. for repeated doses; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. Physiological Actions.—Antiseptic, antiferment, deodorizer and insecticide. Uses.—Mainly used in gastric flatulence. In intestinal flat- ulence give salicylic acid, or naphthalin. In either case always combine with carminatives. Also prescribed in distemper of dogs, as a wash for wounds, in influenza of horses, strangles, foot and mouth disease, given internally to control suppuration. In man, to gr. doses are used internally for gonorrhcea. CALCIUM, CALX, LIME. CALCII CARBONAS PRA:CIPITATUS — Precipitated Calcium Carbonate.—Fine white powder, insoluble in water and alcohol, odorless, tasteless and permanent in the air. CRETA PRA:PARATA — Prepared Chalk—Native Calc. Carbonate—These two drugs while originating from different sources are identical. (Formula of both, Ca Co 3.) Dose.—Horse, 4 drs. to 2 ozs.; lambs, 3 to 10 grs.; colts and calves, Io grs. to 2 drs.; dogs, 2 to 30 grs.; pigs, %4 to 2 drs. LIQUOR CALCIS—Lime-water.. Dose—Horses, 2 to 16 ezs.; dogs, I to 8 drs.; colts, % oz. to 1 oz.; calves, I to 2 ozs. Antagonists, Incompatibles and Synergists—Same as for potassium and sodium salts.. Actions—Antacids, gastric sedative, intestinal astringents, desiccants. Uses.—Their principal use is in diarrhoea, combined with opit and tannic acid, also antiseptic; makes a nice dusting powder over abraded surfaces. Antidote to poisoning by carbolic acid, mineral acids, oxalic acid and zinc chloride. Lime-water con- taining 2% Phenol, good to allay itching. Milk and Aq. Calcis, equal parts and sweetened is good for 96 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY puppies raised on a bottle, as it is easily digested. The lime water should be reduced with each week of their age. LINIMENTUM CALCIS.—Composed of Aq. Calcis and Oleum Lini equal parts, is good for burns. LITHIUM. LITHIT CITRAS—Citrate of Lithiwm.—White crystalline powder; soluble in 2% parts boiling water and 55 parts cold water. Reaction neutral. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. There is also a bromide, carbonate, salicylate and a benzoate ; doses and action about the same, citrate usually being preferred. on account of its solubility. Physiological Actions.—Closely resecables that of potash salts, powerful solvent of uric acid and uric acid calculi, is diuretic and renders the urine alkaline; depressant in large doses, but not as powerful as potassium salts. Uses.—Rheumatism and gouty ccnditions in general, used in azoturia, but do not recommend its use in this disease, as it seems to render the poison more soluble, so that it is readily taken up by the system, often causing sudden death of a patient that might have otherwise recovered. Is more useful in dog practice then for the other animals. AMMONIUM. AQUA AMMONIA FORTIOR—Stronger water of ammo- nie; 28 per cent by weight of the gas dissolved in water. Character.—Colorless pungent liquid, very alkaline. Dose.—Horse, I to 2 drs.; sheep and pigs, % to 1 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to Io ms. Should be well diluted, 1 drachm to I pint of water. SPIRITUS AMMONI4:.—Contains 10 per cent of the gas by weight, dissolved in alcohol. Dose.—Horse, I to 4 drs.; 1 oz, as a stimulant; dogs, 5 te 20 ms.; sheep and pigs, 14 to 114 drs. AQUA AMMONIE—10 per cent, of the gas dissolved in water. Dose twice that of the Fortior. SPIRITUS AMMONIE AROMATICUS—Aromatic spir- its of Ammoniz. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS 97 Synonym—Sal Volatile, composed of ammon. carb. 3.4%, aq. ammon. 9%, oil of nutmeg 0.1%, oil of lemon 1%, and oil of lav- ender 0.1%, alcohol 70%, and water to make 100 parts. Dose.—Horses, % to 1% 02z.; cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; calves, %4 to 2 drs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to z drs.; lambs, 5 to 30 ms.; dogs, 5 to 6o ms. Physiological Actions.—These four preparations of ammonia are gastric and general stimulants ; stimulates the cardiac, respira- tory and spinal systems. The aromatic spirit is also carminative. They irritate the nose. when inhaled, but reflexly, they stimulate the pulse and respiration, are good stimulants as they do not affect the brain. Externally they are rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants. Uses.—Externally as counter-irritants; they are frequently used in liniments, I oz. of aqua ammon. to I pint of water, etc., makes a good stimulating liniment. As a counter-irritant in chest diseases, etc. : R Ol. sinapis, 3 i. R Ac. Oleici 3 ij. Aq. ammon. fort. 3 i. Aq. ammon. Ol. gossyp. sem., 5 iv. Ol. Terebinth. aa. 3 i. M. Sig.—Apply. Aq. qs. ad. Oj. M. Sig.—Liniment. Apply T. i. a Aq. Ammon. Fort. used as an inhalation for syncope or anesthesia. Internally.—May be used as diffusible stimulants in collapse from any cause. In indigestion, especially flatulence and spas- modic colic use the aromatic spirits: It is an antidote to poison- ing by narcotic and sedative drugs, such as opium, digitalis, aconite, etc. The aqua ammoni fort. is injected into the jugular vein for collapse and parturient paresis in cattle 1 dr. to % oz. of distilled water. The same is used for snake bites, given internally and injected into the wound and surrounding subcutaneous tis- sues, also for poisoning by gases. Representative prescription for intestinal flatulence or spas- modic colic: Rk Flidext. cannabis Ind., 5 ss. Fidext. hyoscyami, 3 ss. Tr zingib, 3 iss. Spts. ammon. arom., § j. Ac. Salicylici, 3 ij. M. Sig—At one dose in one pint of water; repeat in three-quarters of an hour, if necessary. 98 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS.—Solution of acetate of ammonia. Contains 7% of ammonium acetate. Synonym—Mindererus Spirits. The carbonate of ammonia is gradually added to dilute acetic acid until neutralized; each ounce will contain about 23 grains of carbonate of ammonia ; should always be made up fresh. (Amm. Carb. 5 grammes; Dil.. Acetic Acid 100 cc.) Dose.—Horse, 2 to 6 ozs.; dogs, I to 4 drs.; cattle, 3 to 8 ozs. Dilute in from 2 to 4 parts water. Physiological Actions.—Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimu- lant, mild diuretic, mild expectorant and stomachic. Uses.—Much used in febrile and inflammatory attacks, es- pecially of the respiratory organs, catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, strangles, etc., combined with other remedies, improves the appetite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over swollen and inflamed tendons; used as a general stimulant. See Bi p. 214. AMMONII CARBONAS—Ammonium Carbonate.—White, translucent masses, pungent ammoniacal odor, alkaline, soluble I in 4 of water. Synonym.—V olatile salt. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs. when repeated every 3 hours, I to 2dr. is enough. Cattle, 114 to 5 drs.; dogs, 1 to 8 grs.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 40 grs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs. well diluted. The larger doses are used as stimulants. Physiological Actions——Gastric stimulant, general stimulant ; cardiac stimulant, stimulant expectorant, antacid, carminative, respiratory stimulant and emetic in dogs. Uses—Can be used in indigestion as indicated, but the milder alkalies are preferred, also in exhaustion, and debilitating diseases. In diseases of the air passages it is used as an expecto- rant; is contra-indicated in purpura hzmorrhagica, as it lowers the oxygen-carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and dissolves fibrin. As a stimulant it can be combined with alcohol and sul- phuric ether. Ammonia is indicated where a clot, thrombi or embolism, is supposed to exist, on account of its defibrinating power. AMMONII CHLORIDI.—Chloride or muriate of ammonia. Ss ‘ynonym.—Sal ammoniac. Character.—Translucent, fibrous masses or colorless crystals or asa granular salt, soluble 1 in 4 of water. Neutral reaction. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 99 Dose.—Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; sheep, 1 to 2 drs. ; colts, 20 to 60 grs.; calves, ¥% to 2 drs.; dogs, I to 10 grs. Physiological Actions—Expectorant, hepatic stimulant, mild diaphoretic, diuretic, and mild general stimulant. The chief dif- ference between the carbonate and the chloride of ammonia is that the chloride is more of an expectorant, and the dose larger than that of the carbonate but the carbonate is more stimulating. Uses of the Muriate or Chloride —Used in all diseases where an expectorant is indicated, catarrhal conditions, pneumonia, coughs, influenza, chronic congestion of the liver, etc. Use 2 ozs. each of the chloride of ammonia and pot. nit, in 2 pints of water as a refrigerant for inflamed swellings, sprained tendons, joints, etc. For Catarrhal disorders give: R Quinine sulph. 5 i. Ammon. chloridi pulv, 3 iti. Camph. pulv. 3 i. Pot. nit. pulv. 3 iil, M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig—z powder every 3 hours. In Pneumonia or Bronchitis the carbonate may be substituted for the chloride. AMMONII BENZOAS—Benzoate of Ammonia, Dose for horse, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. Use in gouty conditions, and to dissolve gravel, same as benzoic acid in alkaline urine; also as an expectorant, and in cystitis has a soothing effect on the mucous membrane. AMMONII PHOSPHAS (not official) —Phosphate of Am- monia, is used for gout and to dissolve uric acid calculi. Dose for dogs, 2 to 20 grs. There is also an Ammonit Valeras, Ammonium Valerate, Valerate of Ammonia. Dogs, 5 to 15 grs. All the preparations of ammonia are more or less stimulating to the entire motor appa- ratus, but in excessive doses cause death by paralysis; if too long continued or given in too large doses may cause irritation and in- flammation of the gastro-intestinal tract. Dilute well. VEGETABLE ACIDS. ACIDUM. TARTARICUM.—Occurs in colorless crystals. Obtained from cream of tartar. Refrigerant and purgative. Dose for dogs, 5 to 40 grs. 100 SYNOPSIS OF VETERIMARY ACIDUM CITRICUM—Citric Acid—Obtained from lime fruit and lemon. Colorless crystals. Dose for dog, 2 to 20 grs. ACIDUM ACETICUM—Acetic Acid.—A colorless liquid of pungent, sharp odor, is the sour principle of vinegar. 36% by weight of absolute acetic acid. ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUtuM—Dilute Acetic Acid.—Contains 17 per cent strength of (36%) acetic acid or 6% of the Glacial acid. Dose of dilute acetic acid, horse, I to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to 2 drs. Vinegar is an impure dilute acetic acid. ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE—Glacial Acetic Acid. Contains 99% of absolute acid. Actions.—Concentrated these acids are escharotic; dilute, they diminish thirst and allay restlessness, are refrigerants, in- crease acidity of urine, promote secretion and increase the water of the urine. Long continued doses cause general wasting away. They are antilithic. Uses.—The glacial or full strength acid is used to remove warts or other growths. The dilute acetic acid as a wash in itching skin disease 5 j to water Oj and externally as a refriger- ant. The citric and tartaric are not much used in veterinary practice. A little lump of citric acid about the size of a pea left to dissolve in the mouth will cure hoarseness in the human being. Tartaric acid is said to eliminate phosphates from the urine. SULPHUR, SULPHITES AND SULPHIDES. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM—Sublimed Sulphur, com- — monly known as Flowers of sulphur, is the chief form used in veterinary practice. Properties.—A fine yellow powder, having a slightly charac- teristic odor and a faintly acid taste. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in hot absolute alcohol. Also somewhat soluble in benz- ine, benzol, oil of turpentine and other oi!-. Doses, as laxative ; horses, 1 to 4 ozs.; sheep and pigs, % to I oz.; cattle, 3 to 6 ozs.; dogs, % dr. to % oz. There is also a Sulphur Preecipitatum, known-as the milk of sulphur; also Sulphur Lotum, known as washed sulpur. Doses the same. As an alterative about one-half the above doses are MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. Io! enough. There is also the official ointment of sulphur. L/uguen- tum Sulphuris (30%). In human practice sulphur is used in rheumatism applied to parts on flannel. They are all insoluble in water or alcohol. ‘Sulphur Precipitatum is best for internal use in canine prac- tice. Physiological Actions —Internally, laxative and alterative. Externally.—Chiefly used as a parasitide and desiccant, also to disinfect premises. Uses—Burned, and used as a deodorizer and disinfectant; as a mild laxative where powerful ones would irritate and be dan- gerous, as in pregnancy, convalescence from accute diseases and piles. Good for young animals as a laxative. In urticaria (nettlerash). The following prescription may be used: ; R Sodii Bicarb. 3 vj. Sulphur sub., 3 vi. Carbo ligni, 3 iii. M. Sig—Two tablespoonfuls 3 times daily in feed. Chiefly used internally and locally in parasitic and other skin diseases, mange, etc. For mange clip off the hair, scrub well with green soap, give sulphur if acute, or Fowler’s solution if chronic and use sulphur and lard externally. In more obstinate cases of mange use the following : P R Sulphur. sub. 3 i Ol. cadini. 3 iit Adeps., 5 Vv M. Sig.—Apply. Thoroughly rub in and leave on for 48 hours. Wash off with green soap and repeat, or BR Sulphur. sub. 3 ik Pot. carbonatis 3 i. Adipis, 5 ix. . Dissolve with aid of gentle heat, then add 2 ozs. of benzine when cold. Use the same way as above. However an ointment combining the merits of either may be had in the National Formulary ointment (Hebra’s Itch ointment), - which is in every way highly satisfactory for Mange and other parasitic diseases. 102 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY It is prescribed as, Unguentum Sulphuris Compositum (N. F.)—and is com- posed of Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, 10 parts; Sublimed Sulphur, 15 parts; Oil of Cade, 15 parts; Green Soap, 30 parts; Lard, 30 parts. Mix the last three ingredients first, then thoroughly rub in the first two. CALX SULPHURATA—Sulphurated Lime—Crude Cal- cium Sulphide—Contains 60% of Calc. Sulphide. Soluble 1 in 500 of water. Dose.—Horse, 30 to 60 ers. every 3 or 4 hours to stop sup- puration. A sulphite of calcium may be administered for the same purpose. In Pyemia and Septicemia the following will be found highly satisfactory : k Calx Sulphurata 5 jss. Puly. Gentian Rad, 5 iij. M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig.—One powder every 3 or 4 hours (finally 3 or 4 times daily as the patient improves). Alternate in serious cases with the following: k Strych:; sulph., grs, ix. to xij. Quin. sulph., 5 j. Tr. Ferri chlor., 5 ij. Spts. Vini rectif., gq. s. ad. 3 xij. M. Sig.—5 i. in aq. 5 vj. every 3 or 4 hours, CALCII CHLORIDUM. Dose—Horse, 3 to 4 drs.; dog, 10 to 15 grs. Sol. in 1.3 parts water; dilute well. CALCII IODIDUM. Dose—Horse, % tor dr.; dog, 2 to 4 grs. Very soluble in water and alcohol. Administer well diluted. Used internally to promote healing of ulcers. ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM—Sulphurous Acid.—Color- less liquid, odor of burning sulphur; and a sulphurous, sour, and somewhat astringent taste. Contains 6% of sulphur dioxide gas. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to I oz.; dogs, 5 to 60 ms.; éattle, 4% oz. to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs. Not much used inter- nally; used more externally. It combines with oxygen and forms sulphuric acid. For local use, dilute with 3 or 4 times its quantity of water. Actions.—Disinfectant, deodorant, antiseptic and parasiti- cide; is irritating, should be well diluted. Uses.—Sulphurous gas from burning sulphur is used far husk or hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus micrurus in calves, and strongylus filaria in sheep. The subjects are placed in a loose box and sulphur burned about 6 feet away from them, so that air may dilute the fumes before being inhaled -by the ani- mals; let them inhale the fumes for Io, 15 or 20 minutes or longer, unless irritation is too great. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS LOS The sulphurous acid is used in foot and mouth diseases, as a spray or on lint; in diphtheria and in epizootic aphthe, etc., as a spray; used internally in septicemia and flatulence. Antagonists and Incompatibles of Sulphur, Sulphides and Sulphites—The mineral acids, including sulphuric, decompose the sulphites and hyposulphites. All oxidizing agents are in- compatible, as these preparations have a great affinity for oxygen and the sulphites readily become sulphates. Solutions -of the metals are incompatible with sulphides of potash and calcium. Antidotes——Are chlorine water, common salt, sulphate of iron, etc. Synergist—All agents which arrest fermentative processes or promote waste. The alkalies favor their action, both chemi- cally and physiologically. : IODINE AND ITS PREPARATIONS. LODUM—lIodine.—Occurs in bluish black crystalline scales of a metalic lustre, slightly soluble in water, 1 in 5000, alcnhol, 1 ~ in 10, ether, 1 in 4, and in a solution of iodide of potash and a solution of chloride of sodium, is very soluble. It is mon-me- tallic. It is obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds and should be kept in glass stoppered bottles in a cool place. We use the Re. sublimed Iodine. Dose of the resublimed for horse, 15 grs. te 1 dr.; cattle the same; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; pigs, 5 to 20 grs.; dogs, 1/10 to I gr. LIQUOR IODI COMPOSITUS—Compound solution of todinc, Synonyin.—Lugols Solution, Iodine 5 parts, potassium iodide 10 parts, distilled water qs. to make roo parts. It is always well to make your own solutions of any strength you desire. Horses and cattle 1% to I oz. AMMONII IODIDUM—AMMONIUM JIODIDE—lIodide of Ammonia.—White granular, very deliquescent salt, becoming yellowish brown by exposure, very soluble in water and alcohol. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 4 drs. average dose 2 drs.; dogs, I to Io grs. Very good in pneumonia where resolution is tardy. SODIT IODIDUM—SODIUM IODIDE—Iodide of Soda. —Minute crystals or crystalline powder, deliquescent, having a 104 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY saline and bitter taste, and alkaline reaction. Soluble in water and in alcohol; actions and dose about the same as Iod. of Pot. POTASSII IODIDUM—POTASSIUM IODIDE—Iodide of Potash.—Occurs in white or transparent crystals or granular powder, wholly soluble in water; alcohol 1 in 18, glycerin 1 in 3. Dose.—Human, 5 grs. to 1 dr.; horse, 2 to 4 drs.; to 75 gr.; cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; pigs, 4% to % gr. Not very often given internally, except in man for syphilis, combined with pot. iod, Action.—Corrosive, irritant poison, occasionally used as an alterative, antiseptic and hepatic stimulant. Repeated doses or long continued cause mercurialism. Externally.—A most powerful antiseptic, astringent, caustic and parasiticide. Its antiseptic action is said to be increased by the addition of 5 parts of tartaric acid to I part of corrosive sub- limate which prevents the formation of the insoluble albuminates of mercury in the tissues which checks any further action of the drug. The acid also renders corrosive sublimate soluble. Hy- drochloric Acid equal parts serves the same purpose. Uses.—Internally, milder preparations of mercury are pre. ferred; has been used in tetanus, but its chief use is that of an antiseptic externally; used usually in the strength of 1 to 500, 1 to 1000 or 1 to 2000; for uterus I to 5000 or I to 10000. 7% T14 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY grs. to a pint makes a 1 to 1000 solution. 7/4 grs. to a quart make a I to 2000 solution. 15 grs. to a pint make a I to 500 solution. Best antiseptic for nail wounds, thrush, quittor, fistu- lous withers, etc., especially foul wounds, 1 to tooo solution kills ring worms, lice, etc., if used over a large surface must be used milder. For pruritus, prurigo and urticaria, Prof. Robertson recommends : R Hydrarg. chlor. corros., grs. xii. Ac. hydrocyan. dil., 5 ss. Glycerini, 3 it, Aqua, 5x. Bathe the parts several times a day. In diphtheria a spray of % gr. to 1 oz. of water is sometimes used; used for disinfecting purposes, mixed in white wash for stables, after glanders ; used as a sloughing agent in quittor, fistu- ious withers, poll-evil, fibrous tumors, etc. It is one of the best agents for quittors as follows: R Hydrarg. bichlor. 53.1 or Hydr. chlor. corros. 5 i Spts. vini rectificati 5 ili Ac. hydrochlor. 5 ij M. Ft. Sol. M. Sig.—Inject once daily for 5 cr Sig—Inject once or twice daily. 6 days. For Purulent Conjunctivitis frequent application of a I to 3000 solution is of great benefit. For wounds of the eye and lids the same strength or if not infected a I to 5000 solution (when cornea is injured) will be found highly serviceable. In inflammatory conditions of the eye in general much benefit is derived from the application of a cor- rosive sublimate solution 1 to 3000 on absorbant cotton fastened to a clean cloth and maintained over the eye and kept constantly wet with the solution. For fibrous tumors 1 oz. of corrosive sub. rolled in tissue paper and inserted into the tumor will slough it out without danger. The mercurials promote waste by stimulating the lymphatics. Mercurialism, Salivation or Ptyalism.—Symptoms, sore teeth, spongy gums, profuse saliva and tears, fetid breath, bluish line ulong margins of the teeth, then swelling of the glands, aching jaws and muscles, fever with rapid emaciation, anzemia, hair falls out, ulcers form on skin, fetid diarrhoea, trembling, nervous, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 15 abortion in pregnant animals. Large doses of the irritating prep- arations cause gastro-enteritis. Antidotes——Best is albumen, the white of one egg to 4 grs of corrosive sublimate, emesis for dogs, stomach pump for horse; cathartic; wheat flour, milk, atropine, etc. Incompatibles—Incompatible with nearly everything; calo- mel with hydrochloric acid or chloride of soda or other chlorides form corrosive sublimate; corrosive sublimate and pot. iod. form red iod. of mercury, etc. Best to prescribe them alone. ARGENTUM—SILVER. There is an oxide, cyanide and iodide, but the nitrate is most important. ARGENTI NITRAS—Nitrate of Silver—A heavy color- less salt wholly soluble in water; always use distilled water in making a solution, and protect the bottle from light and heat. Dose.—Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep, 1 to 2 grs.; pigs. li to 1 gr.; dogs, sy to 1 gr. average dose for dog 4 or 4 .of a gr, ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS—Fused Nitrate of Silver— Lunar Caustic.—Used only for topical applications, occurs in little sticks about 4 the size of a lead-pencil. Antagonists and Incompatibles—All chlorides form insoluble chlorides of silver, mineral acids, alkalies and their carbonates, other astringents and lime-water; in case of poisoning by any of the silver preparations use common salt to form the insoluble chloride of silver. Synergist—All waste producers, as mercury, iodides, etc. favor its actions. Physiological Actions—Silver nitrate combines with the albumen of the tissues, and is a limited caustic; causes superficial inflammation and stains the parts black; small doses increase se- cretion and stimulate the heart. It promotes nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Toxicology.—Its continued administration causes general waste, gastro-intestinal catarrh, fluidity of blood, slate colored lines about the gums, and similar discoloration of skin and mu- cous membrane, followed by nervous disorder, paralysis, con- vulsions and death. 116 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Uses.—A solution of 40 grains to I ounce of spts. nitrous ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, if early applied; used for erysipelas, 20 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water, ap- plied around margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the throat; used with a spray or swab, in strength of from 10 grs. to % dr. to 1 oz. of water. For dysentery, internally and as an enema it is very good; used in conjunctivitis 1 to 5 grs. to I 0z., 2 grs. to I oz., is the average strength, and should only be applied to the con- junctive or lids, and should not be used on the cornea, as it may form an insoluble chloride of silver and cause permanent opaci- ties. Nitrate of silver is used in the form of lunar caustic ta stimulate indolent ulcers, and to burn off warts. To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around the edge; also used in chorea, epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, foot-rot in sheep; a piece of the caustic is placed in sinuses of fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It causes a slough, followed by healthy granulation ; used for sore teats in cows. CUPRUM—COPPER. CUPRI ARSENIS—Arsenite of Copper. (Not official.) Dose.—Horse, 1-3 to 15 grs., according to the purpose for which it is used; dogs, 1-100 to I-40 of a grain. Used almost entirely for diarrhcea and dysentery, where there is a relaxed condition of the muscular walls of the intestines. Quite service- able in horses that scour. Used in chorea of dogs. CUPRI SULPHAS—Sulphate of Copper—Blue Vitriol— Blue Stone.—Occurs in blue crystals; soluble 1 in 3 of water. Dose.—Horses, % to 1 dr.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; dogs, %4 to 2 grs.; cattle, 1 to 2 drs.; pigs, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep 20 to 30 grs. As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times daily; given either in bolus or in some mucilaginous solution, or in powdered form, with some inert substance; when given as a tonic should be given at time of feeding, or right after eating; as an emetic for dogs, 5 to 15 grs. Double this amount for pigs of 100 ‘bs. weight; dissolve in water. Sulphate of iron is better as a tonic. Antagonists and Incompatibles——Alkalies and carbonates, mineral salts, except the sulphates, iodides and most astringent MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 117 vegetables, are chemically incompatible; in case of poisoning give white of eggs and milk freely, evacuate stomach and give demulcents ; it is the best antidote to phosphorous poisoning. Actions.—Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, tonic, emetic in large doses; acts directly on the stomach; antiseptic and ver- mifuge. External—In solid form, caustic, diluted is astringent and antiseptic. Uses.—Internally used as emetic, antidote for phosphorus, atony of bowels, diarrhcea especially combined with dilute sul- phuric acid or opium; is supposed to prevent development of farcy and glanders in exposed animals. For tetanus try the following: R Cupri sulph For Nasal Gleet: Ferri. sulph. éxsic., aa. 3 jss BR Arsen. Triox 3 ss Pulv. bellad. fol. Cupri sulph. pulv. 3 jss Pulv. gentian rad. aa. 3 iij Foenugreek pulv. 3 ij M. Ft. Chart No. 12 M. Ft. Chart No. 12 Sig.—One powder 3 or 4 times Sig—One powder in the feed daily in syrup. three times daily. Quinine may be added. This prescription does not consti- pate. Externally —Used as a stimulant and caustic, styptic, also used for foot-rot; for granular eye-lids, touch lightly over the granular surface with the sulphate. PLUMBUM—LEAD. Physiological Actions——The lead compounds are powerful astringents, hemostatics, styptics, anodynes, local sedatives and desiccants; they coagulate albumen and form a protective coat, also contract small vessels. In large or continued doses they ir- ritate, then paralyze voluntary and involuntary muscles, and also the central nervous system. Toxicology.—Acute lead poisoning is rare; intense gastro- intestinal irritation, vomiting, retching, paralysis, coma and col- lapse are its principal phenomena. Chronic Lead Poisoning—Blue line along the margin of gums, paralysis of extensor muscles of fore-arm, impaired sensi- bility, rheumatism without fever or tendencies in joints, which However, are red and swollen, emaciation, albuminuria, colic, 118 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY constipation, abortion of pregnant animals, inflammation of kid- neys; death may occur from paralysis of muscles of respiration or from convulsions and coma; symptoms resemble stomach stag- gers in the horse and impaction of third stomach of cattle. Treatment.—Emetics, wash out stomach, give sulphate of soda or magnesia to form insoluble sulphate of lead and to open the bowels; give stimulants, warmth, pot. iodide, oil, etc. PLUMBI OXIDUM.—Litharge, red lead, reddish yellow powder or heavy scales, insoluble in water; soluble in nitric and acetic acid; used in making lead plaster or oleate of lead and in Goulara’s extract. PLUMBI CARBONAS (not off.)—Carbonate of lead, white lead; used to make Unguentum Plumbi Carbonatis. (10%.) Which is official. , Uses of Oxide and Carbonate.—Used as desiccants and as- tringents, mixed with linseed-oii, glycerin or vaseline 1—8 they form antiseptic, astringent and protective coverings for burns, skin diseases, scratches, collar galls, etc There is also an iodide of lead, ointment of iodide of lead and a nitrate of lead. PLUMBI ACETAS— to § gr. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Belladonna or atropine is directly opposite in action to pilocarpus or pilocarpine. The caustic alkalies, persalts of iron and the salts of the metals generally are chemically incompatible. 204 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Synergists—Aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemiuri and vaso- motor paralyzers promote the activity of jaborandi. Physiological Actions.—Pilocarpus is a paralyzer of the vaso- motor system, lowers arterial pressure and is a stimulant of the peripheral terminations of nerves supplying glands and invol- untary muscular fibres, subsequently paralyzing the latter; it is therefore a powerful diaphoretic and sialagogue, a cardiac de- pressant by stimulation of the vagus ends, also myotic, emetic and sometimes abortifacient; its taste is hot and pungent. In horses it produces a prompt and very profuse salivation; while it has diaphoretic action in horses, it is not so marked as in man, although it is a valuable synergist to other diaphoretic drugs, particularly arnica. The nasal, bronchial and lachrymal secretions are also much increased, as well as the intestinal secretions, which make pilo- carpine a valuable synergist to eserine. Pilocarpus or Pilocarpine in sufficient doses may cause watery diarrhoea. The action of the heart at first increased is afterwards lowered, arterial tension reduced and temperature falls from 1 to 4 degrees; it also greatly increases the quantity of urea excreted, but not the quantity of urine. In Toxic Doses—Respiratory power is lowered and apncea may occur from excessive bronchial secretion, or cedema of the lungs; pilocarpus is rapidly diffused and is eliminated by the skin and salivary glands; its effect lasting 3 to 6 hours; it increases contraction of the bladder, uterus and spleen. Therapeutical Uses——The hydrochloride of pilocarpine may be used to assist eserine in its action as a quick cathartic, as follows: ‘ R Philocarpine hydrochloridum gr. i to grs. ij. Eserine sulphatis grs. iss Aq. destil. Sr i M. Sig.—For doctor’s use. (Use about 40 minims, hypodermic- ally, then inject balance in 20 or 30 minutes if necessary.) Pilocarpus is also used in pleuritic and other effusions, to promote the absorption and elimination; used as an expectorant in catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia; combined with Tr. arnica Rad. to stop chills and abort inflammatory diseases such as lymphan- gitis, laminitis, etc. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 205 For Azoturia: : R Tr. arnice rad. 35 vj Fidext. colchici sem. 5 jss—3 iij Fldext. pilocarpi 3 vj Spts. aeth, nit. vj Aque qs. ad. 3 Xxiv M. Sig.—2 ozs. every 3 or 4 hours in % pint of water. Pilocarpine hydrochlorate 1 to 2 grs. to the ounce of dis stilled water may be used as a myotic in place of eserine. It is also used in small repeated doses to stimulate the secre- tion of milk when it is failing. In very small doses (% usual dose) it has the property of lessening the excessive secretion of saliva and sweat. The pilocarpine hydrochlorate may be used as antidote to belladonna or atropine poisoning. In impaction may add Flex. Pilocarp. to Belladonna, Physostigm. Colchici and Nux Vom. PHYSOSTIGMA—CALABAR BEAN. EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS. Dose.—Horse, 3 to 8 grs.; dogs, 1/10 to % gr. TINCTURA PHYSOSTIGMATIS. (10%.) Dose.—Horse, 3 to 8 drs.; dogs, 5 to 25 ms. FLUIDEXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS—Fldext. of Physostig- ma (not official). Dose.—Horses, % to 2 drs.; cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; of the pow- dered bean or seed, I to 2 drs., but 1 dr. of the powder or Fldext. is the average dose. Composition.—Contains three alkaloids, Physostignine or Eserine, Calabarine and Eseridine. Physostigmine is the only one used. Should contain not less than 0.15% of ether. sol. alk. PHYSOSTIGMINAE SULPHAS.—Occurs as a white or yellowish white powder very soluble in water and alcohol. Preferred to the salicylate on account of its greater solu- bility. PHYSOSTIGMINAE SALICYLAS.—Occurs in colorless, shining crystals, both salts turning reddish on long exposure to air and light, odorless, bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 130 parts of water and in 12 parts of alcohol at 59° F. Both are extremely hygroscopic, the sulphate spoils very quickly.. Dose of both salts is the same. 206 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Dose of eserine for horses, (hypodermically or intratrache- ally) 1 to 1%, up to 2 grs. in great emergencies; cattle, 1 to 3 grs.; dogs, I-100 to 1-50 gr., up to 1-25 gr. for very large dogs; the salicylate is said to keep better than the sulphate. Eserine sulphate can be obtained in sealed glass tubes con- taining 1, 1% and 2 grs.; this is the best form in which to carry it as it cannot spoil and it can be depended on, it is thus put up by Merck & Co. Tablets are more or less unreliable and when a bottle or tube containing the drug is once opened, it rapidly spoils. The tubes containing 114 grains are the best for general purposes, and are thoroughly reliable. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Vegetable astringents, tan- nic acid, and caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. Physiologically—Atropine antagonizes in part its action; chloral more so. Therapeutically.—The tetanizing agents are opposed to phy- sostigma. Synergists—The paralyzers or depressors of the motor ner- vous system; conium, gelsemium, amyl nitrite, etc., increase its effects. Physiological Actions.—Physostigma is a muscular stimu- lant and a direct spinal paralyzer, producing complete generai paralysis and abolishment of the reflexes, but does not affect mus- cular irritability, or the brain. It stimulates secretion in general, excites nausea and vomit- ing, and is laxative or purgative by stimulating the muscular coat of the intestines, as well as by increasing the intestinal secre- tions. It first lowers then raises arterial tension, increases heart beat in frequency, but depresses the power of the cardiac muscles, though not destroying it. Small doses stimulate the heart. It produces in toxic doses, dyspnoea by a tetanic action on the respiratory muscles, causing carbonic acid gas poisoning and death by paralysis of respiration; it contracts the pupil, is then myotic and lessens intraocular tension. It is eliminated bv the kidneys, the urine of affected animals poisoning another. In pregnant animals it may cause abortion. As a cathartic eserine usually acts in about one hour, if anodynes have not preceded its use, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 207 Toxicology.—The poisonous effects of Physostigma or its alkaloid give rise to the following symptoms: Muscular tremors which continue throughout the toxic period and may be so violent as to simulate convulsions. This is followed by loss of muscular power and the animal falls or lies down. The respiration becomes rapid, labored and stertorous; the pulse is increased in frequency by large toxic doses and the tem- perature is slightly elevated. There is salivation and sweating. The pupil may be contracted and when enormous lethal doses have been given it is dilated. Vomiting occurs in animals capable of the act and loud peristaltic noises are heard, followed by the expulsion of fzeces and flatus. Reflex action is diminished or abolished, but sensation per- sists until late in the toxic period. The muscles remain completely relaxed and powerless, not- withstanding the tremors which afflict them. The breathing becomes weak and irregular and death occurs from respiratory failure. The tremors and muscular weakness are occasionally exhibited as a result of 1% gers. of eserine sulphate, bui the writer has never seen death occur from this dose. Atropine hypodermatically or intratracheally in small doses is probably the best antidote ;—spts. Glonoin and alcoholic and am- moniacal stimulants may also be administered. Uses.—Very useful in constipation due to torpor of the bowels, Flext. Calabar Bean combined with Flextracts of bella- donna, nux vomica and colchicum %4 drachm doses of each every 2 hours. In tetanus is used with varying results; it is antagonis- ti: to strychnine and atropine poisoning. : For the Eye—Eserine 4 to 5 gers. to the 1 oz. of distilled water is used to relieve congestion, inflammation and tension. _ To break up and prevent adhesions of the iris and lens, alter- ‘ nate with atropine. Used to contract the punil and vesseis’ of the eye and thereby relieving pain and photophobia. in cases of obstinate constipation eserine is contraindicated 208 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY when the intestinal murmur cannot be heard, showing paralysis of the bowels. . Eserine is very beneficial in flatulent colic; give 1 gr. dose hypodermically or intratracheally, then repeat with 14 gr. dose in 20 or 30 minutes if necessary or give 114 gr. at once if the horse is strong, (best to combine it with Pilocarpine). In “choke” give the usual cathartic dose (1% gr. for horse, 2 to 3 ers. for cattle) after administering a few ounces of oil. In Parturient Paresis, Eserine often proves of great value; it should be followed by strychnine. It should be tried in invagination of the bowels. LOBELIA—INDIAN TOBACCO. Dried leaves and tops are used. TINCTURA LOBELIAE (10%). Dose.—Dogs, 5 ms. to 30 ms., % to 2 drs. as an emetic. FLUIDEXTRACTUM LOBELIAE—Fidext. of Lobelia. Dose.—Horse, 1 dr. to 1 0z.; dog, 4 to Io ms., as emetic 20 to 30 ms. Composition.—Activity of lobelia is due to its alkaloid, Lo- beline; also contains lobelic acid, etc. Antagonists and Incompatibles——Caustic alkalies; its de- pressing effects, by digitalis, belladonna, ergot, and other vaso- motor excitants, by alcohol, ether, ammonia, etc.; on the nervous system of animal life, strychnine, picrotoxin, thebaine, etc. Synergists—The motor depressants. Physiological Actions.—\t has an acrid nauseous taste and very unpleasant odor; it is expectorant, diaphoretic, purgative, emetic, antispasmodic, and narcotic; it excites an abundant flow of saliva, much gastric mucus, profuse urination and sweating, with great nausea, vomiting and great depression, the action of the heart is enfeebled, the blood pressure at first increased, soon falls, muscular debility, reduced temperature, then coma and death by paralysis of the respiratory centers, the motor nervous system is chiefly affected, especially the medulla oblongata and the nucleus of the pneumogastric contained therein. Uses.—Lobelia is very useful in asthma in dogs or man, combined with bellaaonna and gelsemium; in heaves in horses, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. d 209 the same combination is very useful, followed with full doses of arsenic or Fowler’s Solution. Lobelia is also excellent in dry coughs; for asthma in dogs give 10 to 30 minims of the Tr. of Lobelia every 15 minutes till nausea sets in. It prevents the dry- ing effect of belladonna on the throat. ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM—DILUTED HYDROCYANIC OR PRUSSIC ACID. Character.—A colorless, volatile, faintly acid liquid, having an almond-like odor, very unstable; to preserve it best, keep it in an inverted blue bottle, well corked, and away from heat and light. If long kept it may become inert; strength 2 per cent. Dose.—Horses and cattle, 20 ms. to 2 drs.; one-half ounce is often given to horses in tetanus; sheep, 10 to 15 ms.; pigs, 2 to “7 ms.; dogs, % to 3 ms.; give well diluted; sometimes used to kill dogs easily. POTASSII CYANIDUM—Cyanide of Potash—Occurs in white, opaque, amorphous pieces or a white granular powder, having a sharp, somewhat alkaline and bitter almond taste and alkaline reaction ; is deliquescent in moist air; when powdered is readily soluble in two parts of water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose.—Horse, I to 2 up to 5 grs.; dogs, 7s to 3 gr. Antagonists and Incompatibles—The metallic salts are gen- erally incompatible, also red oxide of iron, sesquioxide; these are too slow as antidotes. In Case of Poisoning. —Remedies of greatest utility are, cold effusion to spine, inhalation of ammonia, ammonia by the stomach and intravenous injection of it, subcutaneous injection of Tr. strophanthus, nitro-glycerine, ether or atropine may be used, but are usually too slow, artificial respiration ; emetics; must act very quickly, as it kills quickly. ; Physiological Actions and Uses.—Hydrocyanic acid and nico- tine are the most powerful poisons known. Externally—Hydrocyanic acid paralyzes terminations of the sensory nerves, thus it is a local anesthetic and sedative; it is readily absorbed from raw surfaces, and may cause poisoning ; 210 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY externally, it is used to allay irritation of itching skin diseases in the larger animals. k Ac. Hydrocyanici dil. 3 i. . Lig. potasse, 35 ss. to 1. Aq., qs. ad., Qj. M. Sig.—Apply to itching surface. Internally, on the alimentary tract, it is quickly absorbed by the mucous membrane, and has the same effect on the mouth, stomach and intestines as on the skin, consequently it is useful to allay vomiting of dogs, as: RB Ac. Hydrocyan, dil, m. ii, to iii. Bismuthi subnit., 5 ss. to 1. Aq. cinnamomi, 5 vi. M. Sig—One drachm every two hours as long as necessary. Also very useful in cough mixtures. A useful cough mixture for horses is as follows: & Ac. Hydrocyan. dil. 5 vj.—3 j. Fidext. Bellad. 3 yj. Fidext. Lobeliz 5 ii. Linim. Camph. 3 ij. Ol. Picis liq. 3 jss. Syr. Simplicis qs. ad. 5 xxiv. M. Sig—Two ounces every 3 or 4 hours. For destroying the strongylus micrurus of calves, Prof. Williams gives Io to 20 ms. of the acid conjoined with sodium carbonate and gentian. Action on the Heart—Large doses instantly arrest its di- astolic action; it acts direct on the heart and on the center in the medulla; respiration and the spinal cord are also paralyzed by it, and it dilates the pupil Post-Alortem.—Leaves no characteristic lesions, but you may detect the odor of prussic acid. It is also useful in tetanus, and is occasionally used to kill the round worms of horses. In obstinate diarrhoea it often proves of great service, see prescription under opium. Potassium Cyanide has the same actions as prussic acid, but locally calises inflammation of the skin, and applied to broken surfaces may cause death by hsorpsion. Summary.—Prussic acid paralyzes all nerve structure in which it comes in contact; it is then an anodyne, antispasmodic, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 2Ir sedative and local anesthetic; full doses paralyze the cerebro- spinal axis, killing by arresting the heart and respiration. ACONITUM—ACONITE. Synonyms.—W olfsbane or Monkshood. The part used in medicine is the tuber of aconitum napellus. EXTRACTUM ACONITI—E-iract of Aconite. (Non-official.) Prepared from the root; not much used in veterinary prac- tice. Preparations of the leaves are not official in the last U. S. P. The root is five times stronger than the leaves. Dose.—Horse, grs. I to 3; dogs, 1/10 to 1/5 gf. FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI—Fluidextract of Aconite. 100 cc.=0.4 gm. of aconitine. Dose.—Horse, 5 to 15 ms.; cattle, 20 to 4o ms.; dogs, 1/10 to I m. TINCTURA ACONITI—TY. of Aconite. Strength, 10% of aconite root—too cc. should contain 0.045 gm. of aconitine (N. B.—This was formerly of 35% strength.) Dose.—Horse, 35 ms. to 134 drs.; cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 40 ms.; dogs, 34 to 10 ms. Horses cannot stand as large doses of aconite in comparison as man. ACONITINA—A conitine. Dose for horse, 1/30 to 1/5 gr. Not used to any extent in veterinary practice; is very unreliable and varying in strength. Best not to exceed 1/20 of grain. Always dilute each dose of aeonite with from 3 to 6 ozs. of water or other diluents, as it has a peculiar local effect. Composition.—Contains an active principle called aconitine in proportion of not less than 0.5%, together with aconitic acid; also contains another principle called napelline, etc. Antagonists and Incompatibles—A\cohol, ether, ammonia, turpentine, digitalis, heat, etc. antagonize the action of aconite. In Case of Poisoning.—The stomach should be evacuated and stimulants administered by the stomach or rectum and :ntra- venous injections of ammonia, sulphuric ether, or hypodermic injections of digitalis and other heart stimulants; inhalation of amyl nitrite; artificial respiration, to overcome the depression of the heart, which is the chief danger ; the hypodermic injections of 212 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY atropine is indicated, or nitro-glycerin would be best and one of the quickest; maintain the recumbent position when possible. Apply warmth externally. Synergists.—All the agents of this group (motor depress- ants) increase the effects of aconite, cold, fatigue, and all depress- ing influences are synergistic. Physiclogical Actions.—The taste is bitter, acrid and pun- gent, a small quantity causes a sensation of numbness and per- sistent tingling of the tongue and lips; Full medicinal doses cause a sense of constriction of the fauces, irritation of the gastro- intestinal mucous membrane with increased secretion, sometimes nausea and vomiting (in those that can vomit) and a peculiar checking sound due probably to spasm of the epiglottis, severe pains in joints and muscles, always more or less salivation, dia- phoresis and diuresis, reduced respiratory power, decreased car- diac rate and force, lowered arterial tension and temperature. A Toxic Dose-——One and one-hali drachni of the tincture {equal to about 3 i. aconite root) is given as the minimum fatal dose for the horse, 4% drachm will occasionally cause very serious symptoms and where an idiocyncrasy exists as little as fifteen minims will cause toxic symptoms. Produces great muscular weakness, dimness of sight; pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as the end approaches remains dilated; shallow irregular and labored respiration, a slow small and weak pulse, becoming rapid and imperceptible near the end. Gulping, frothy saliva, flatulence, belching, retching, nau- sea, etc. There is often a peculiar clicking sound made from the constant attempts at swallowing. Coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weakness of extremities, (animal goes down) lowering of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, reflexes and motility and finally death from paralysis of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness being preserved until near the end, when carbon dioxide narcosis sets in. Post-mortem shows shrunken lungs containing but little blood; trachea and bronchi contain much frothy mucus; right side of heart greatly distended with blood while left side is almost empty; ecchymotic spots are found in the lungs. pleura and endocardium. Digestive organs do not appear seriously affected. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 213 Summary.—Aconite is a powerful sensory, cardiac (small doses lessen’ the force and frequency of the heart beats; large doses lessen the force and increase the frequency ;) respiratory and spinal depressant, also diaphoretic, diuretic and powerful an- tipyretic. It chiefly affects the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves ; they being affected first and from the periphery inwards, while the motor nerves are affected from the centers outwards. It relaxes the inhibitory apparatus of the heart and paralyzes the cardiac muscle and its contained ganglia, the respiratory centers and the spinal cord in all of its functions (sensory, reflex and motor), but does not affect the brain. It lowers pyrexia, by causing vascular dilatation, thus result- ing in heat loss by radiation; and by retarded circulation, thus lessening heat production. Aconite is rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, the effects of a full medicinal dose continuing for 3 or 4 hours. Applied Externally.—It paralyzes the sensory nerves of the part, is therefore an anodyne and local anesthetic. MEDICINAL USES OF ACONITE. Indications for its Use—It antagonizes the fever process, when properly used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, hot skin, and elevated body temperature; is useful in Acute Throat Affec- tions as laryngitis, pharyngitis and parotiditis, in small doses often repeated. Indicated in Acute Inflammation of the Res- piratory Organs. For pleurisy and peritonitis, at the outset give aconite with opium (q.v.). Indicated in simple fevers or in puerperal fever, Jnflamma- tion of the Brain; in Acute or Inflammatory Rheumatism, in Acute Local Inflammation, as arthritis or inflammation resulting from bruises, sprains, etc. In Lymphangitis, in Laminitis, in Enteritis; if called early in case of enteritis, give 20 ms. of aconite and repeat with Io or 15 minims every hour and between times give fluid extract bella- donna 15 or 20 minims every hour, and externally woolen blank- ets wrung out of hot water and wrapped around the body. In Mammitis.—Is also useful in large doses, combined with phytolacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold 214 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY water, give 30 to 6o drops of the tincture of aconite in the regular colic mixture; in congestion of the bowels or liver, or in conges- tion of any part, small, repeated doses are better than large ones. In the early stages of pneumonia, the following may be used: R Fidext. Aconiti, 3 3j to 3 iij Spts. Camphore, 5 iv ss to 3 vj Spts. Aeth. Nitrosi, 5 vj Liq. Ammon. Acet., qs. ad. 5 xxxvj M. Sig.—Three ounces with double quantity of water every 3 hours. For Laminitis and Lymphangitis: R Fldext. Aconiti, 3 ij to 3 iij Flidext. Bellad. 35 ss to 3 vj Fidext. Colchici Setn. 5 jss Potas. Nitratis pulv. 3 iv ss Aq. qs. ad. 5 xxiv M. Sig.—Two ounces in 6 ozs. of water every 3 hours. (After the fever subsides in Laminitis put the horse on Potassium Iodide and blister the coronets. ) Externally.—It is probably the best anodyne we have; very useful in liniments for all painful local affections. For anodyne liniment: RE Tr. aconiti Fidext. bellad. Linim. saponis Spt. vini rectif. aa. 3 iv M. Sig—Apply 3 or 4 times daily. VERATRUM. Dried Rhizome and Roots of Veratrum Viride. Synonyms.—American or Green Hellebore, Indian Poke. FLUIDEXTRACTUM VERATRI—Fluidextract of Veratrum. Dose.—Horses, 15 ms. to 1 dr.; cattle, % to 1% or 2 drs.; sheep and swine, 20 to 30 ms.; dogs, 1% to 3 ms. TINCTURA VERATRI. Contains Io per cent of the root. Dose—Horses, 2 drs. to 1 0z.; dogs, 1 to 20 ms. Composition.—The chief alkaloid is termed Veratrine, which is rather a combination of active principles, rather than an isolated alkaloid. The other constituents are Jervine, Pseudojervine, rubijer- vine, resin, starch, etc. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 215 OLEATUM VERATRINAE—Oleate of Veratrine (2%). UNGUENTUM VERATRINAE—Oiniment of Veratrine (4%). Both of these preparations are used in painful local affec- tions. Antagonists and Incompatibles—Same as aconite, Synergists.—Same as aconite. Physiological Actions.—Veratrum Viride is closely allied to that of aconite, being a powerful cardiac depressant, and spinal paralyzant, but it affects respiration much less, is a systemic emetic and cathartic, paralyzes the motor system centrally, im- pairing the reflexes, but leaves sensation unimpaired and has little or no diaphoretic or diuretic action, causes great depression. but is seldom fatal; when death does result it is from paralysis of the heart; small doses reduce the force of the pulse, but do not at first affect the rate, but if long continued the pulse be- comes very slow, soft and compressible, rising on the least exer- tion, to be very rapid and feeble. It, like aconite, also causes great muscular weakness, and frequently nausea and vomiting: large doses increase the symptoms very much, the pulse becomes smaller and imperceptible, with as a result of toxic doses the same chain of symptoms as in aconite poisoning. Treatment of the poisoning is the same as for that of aconite. Uses.—Is inferior to aconite in fevers and inflammations, by reason of its lack of power over excretions, is used in about the same diseases as aconite. PHYTOLACCA—POKE. FLUIDEXTRACTUM PHYTOLACCAE (U. S. P.)—Fluwidextract of Phytolacca Root. Dose.—Horse, 2 drs. to I 0z.; cow, % to 2 ozs.; sheep, 1G ms. to 1% or 2 drs.; pigs, 5 ms. to 1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 30 ms. In dogs more than Io ms. are emetic. EXTRACTUM PHYTOLACCAE (not official) dose, %4 that of the Fluid Extract. Composition.—Contains a neutral principle, phytolaccin, ar acid, tannin, etc. Antayonists and Incompatibles.—Alcohol, ether, opium, digi- talis, etc., oppose the action of phytolacca. 216 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Synergists—All depressing agents; the paralyzers and emetics aid its effects. Actions.—Phytolacca is a cardiac and respiratory depressant, paralyzer of motion and of central action on the spinal cord; it is a slow and depressing emeto-cathartic, also somewhat narcotic and alterative; it irritates the throat, produces convulsions and death by paralysis of respiration; it promotes the absorption of adipose tissue. Uses.-—The chief use of this drug is in mammitis or mastitis to arrest the inflammation and prevent suppuration; the Fld. Ext. is used internally, and the extract applied locally ; is probably the best known drug for mammitis. Give quite large doses, I oz. 3 or 4 times daily. In Varicose Ulcers it promotes healing; in Obstinate Eczema the Extract is applied locally as an ointment in the proportion of I to 8. It is said to be useful in chronic rheumatism. The drug is useful in other glandular inflamma- tions besides mammitis. EVACUANTS. EMETICS, TIPECACUANHA—IPECAC. Alkaloid, Emetine, exists to the extent of % per cent; 2 per cent of Ipecac alkaloids. Dose of the Powdered Root.—Dog (as expectorant), 14 to 2 grs.; (as emetic) 5 to 30 grs. according to the size of the dog. Horse, % to 2 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep, % to r dr. FLUIDEXTRACTUM IPECACUANHAE.—I00 cc.=1.75 gms. of al- kaloids. Dose.—Same as the powdered ipecac. PULVIS IPECACUANHAE ET OPI.—(See Opium.) TINCTURA IPECACUANHAE ET opli—Liquid Dover’s Powder. (See Opium.) SYRUPUS IPECACUANHAE—Syrup of Ipecac. Fluid extract of ipecac, 70; acetic acid, 10; glycerin, 100; sugar, 700; water to make 1000. Dose.—Dogs, as expectorant 5 to 30 minims; as emetic, 2 to 6 drachms. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 217 VINUM IPECACUANHAE—Wine of Ipecac.—Contains 10% of the fluidextract. , Dose.—About the same as the syrup. Antagonists and Incompatibles.—Salts of lead and mercury, vegetable acids and astringents are incompatible; bismuth, car- bolic acid, hydrocyanic acid and narcotics generally, hinder its emetic action. Synergists—The emetics; its actions on the skin are in- creased by opium, warmth, etc. Actions.—Nauseant, systemic and local emetic, expectorant, cholagogue, diaphoretic, hemostatic, sternutatory and counter- irritant, may cause pustules; small doses are stomachic. Uses.—Is a.safe non-depressant and sure, but slow emetic; is also a good expectorant in bronchitis when secretion is scant, also used against dysentery, jaundice, etc. In dysentery and chronic diarrhoea it is highly efficacious, in these conditions it should be combined with opium. ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS—ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE. Synonym.—Tartar emetic. Actions.—It is a systemic and local emetic, a diaphoretic, cardiac and arterial sedative and a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is a powerful waste producer and stimulates the secre- tions of the stomach, intestines, salivary glands, liver and pan- creas. It is also a vermifuge. In large doses it causes vomiting and purging with much prostration. Uses.—It is too slow as an emetic in poison cases. In asthma of dogs it may be used in from 1-16 to % grain doses to relax spasm and promote secretion. For horses its most valuable use is to expel the common round worms from the intestines, for which it is very efficacious ; given in two drachm doses once or twice daily in the feed for 4 to 6 days, or %. oz. dissolved in water is given on an empty stomach, followed by a full dose of oil. 213 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY CATHARTICS. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA, Commonly known as Cascara Sagrada. Synonyms.—Chittem Bark, Sacred Bark, California Buck- thorn. FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE— Fluidextract of Rhamnus Purshiana. Dose.—Dogs, % to 2 drs. as a cathartic, 5 to 20 minims 3 times daily as a stomachic and tonic laxative. Dose of powdered cascara the same. FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE AROMATICUM—Aro- matic Fldext. of Cascara Sagrada—l\s a pleasanter form than the fluidextract. Dose, same. EXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE. Dose.—Dogs, I to 15 grs. Action and Uses.—Used as a non-irritant tonic laxative or cathartic; small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic con- stipation, give small repeated doses; very useful in dog practice. OLEUM RICINI—CASTOR-OIL. A fixed oil expressed from seeds of the common castor, the purer the oil, the less purgative; the dark colored oil is the most active. Actions and Uses.—A mild, certain and efficient laxative ; in dogs, operates in from 1 to 4 hours, causing but little pain and producing free evacuations; the intestinal secretions are but slightly increased, hence, the stools are not very liquid; its pur- gative principle enters the blood and the milk of the mother may acquire purgative properties; it is used wherever a gentle laxa- tive is indicated. Is occasionally given to the mother for its effects on the suckling. For puppies it should be given with olive oil. Dose.—Dogs, 1 dr. to 2 ozs.; cats ¥4 dr. to % oz.; pigs, 1 to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 te 4 ozs.; horses, I to 2 pints; is often used in equal parts with linseed-oil for horses, say 8 to 16 ozs., of each. bo ca wo MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. TONIC ASTRINGENT AND RESIN-BEARING PURGATIVES. SENNA. FLUIDEXTRACTUM SENNAE—Fluidextract of Senna. Dose.—Dog, % to 4 drs. Powdered senna, same dose. SYRUPUS SENNAE—Syrup of Senna. (Contains 25% of Flex. of senna.) Dose.—Dog, 1 dr. to 1 oz. More agreeable than the Fldext. Actions and Uses.—Has a very bitter and nauseous taste, but is a serviceable and quick-acting purgative; does not cause inflammation-or superpurgation and is not followed by constipa- tion. The fluid extract or powdered senna is so disagreeable that dogs frequently vomit it up. It will, like most purgatives, cause nites in sucklings when administered to their mothers. . RHEUM—RHUBARB. The root is used. Dose.—Dogs, io grs. to 2 drs. of the powdered root. Small doses stomachic, large ones purgative. FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI—Fluidextract of Rhubarb. Dose.—Dogs, 10 ms. to 2 drs. EXTRACTUM RHEI—Evxitract of Rhubarb. Dose.—Dogs, 3 to 15 grs. TINCTURA RHEI AROMATICA—Arom. Tr. of Rhubarb. (20 per cent.) Contains rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg. Dose.—Lamb, % to 2 drs.; calves, 2 to 8 drs.; dogs, %4 to 3 drs.; colts, 2 to 6 drs.; sheep, 4 to 8 drs. TINCTURA RHEI (20 per cent). Same dose as above. SYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS. (Contains 15% of the aromatic tincture. ) Dose.—Dogs, 2 to 6 drs. PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS—Compound Powder of Rhubar& Synonyin.—Gregory'’s powder. Rhubarb, 25 ; magnesia, 65 ; ginger, Io. Dose.—Foals and calves, % to 1 ounce. Dogs, % to 3 drs There are a number of other official preparations, but nove possessing advantages over those here mentioned. Rhubarb is useful where there is a lack of tone to the 220 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY bowels ; used in diarrhoea in small doses, for its stimulating tonic action ; is laxative in large doses or may be combined with other laxatives, to prevent griping in milk fed animals, or may be combined with bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhcea. Actions.—Rhubarb is a stomachic, tonic, astringent, mildly cathartic and cholagogue. Uses.—As a laxative or purgative. For dogs, 1 to 3 drs. of the Fluid Extract or powdered root combined with I to 2 grs. of calomel or the aromatic syrup with 3 to 5 grs. of resin of jalap and calomel is a nice combination. It is used in small doses as a stomachic tonic, and tonic astringent in diarrhceas, due to lack of tone in the bowels. As a cathartic it may be followed by secondary constipation. ALOE—ALOES. All Varieties. “Inspissated juice of the leaves of various species of aloes. Official varieties :-- ALOE BARBADENSIS—Barbadoes Aloes. Synonyms.—Hepatic Aloes, Curacoa Aloes. Deep brown -olor or orange brown; most used in veterinary practice. Many substitutes for Barbadoes Aloes are on the market. The genuine is shipped in “gourds” averaging 2 to 4 Ibs. in weight. ALOE CAPENSIS—Cape Aloes——Dark brown or olive green masses. ALOE SOCOTRINA—Socotrine Aloes.—Yellowish brown color. The active principle is aloin which differs slightly in the different species. TINCTURE OF ALOES ET MYRRHAE, each 10%. Dose—Dog, 4 to 1 dram. EXTRACTUM ALOES. Dose—Dogs, I to 5 grs. Dose of Aloes.—As a stomachic, horse, 1 dr., as a purgative, V2 to 1/2 ozs. The average dose when given with some synergist, as calomel is 6 to 9 drs., usually given in form of a bolus, rubbing it up carefully with water or other excipient, or given in linseed oil; should be combined with some correctives as ginger and nux vomica which aids its action and prevents griping ; for young foals several months old § grs. of aloes for each week of their age. Cattle, I to 2 ozs.; sheep, % to 1 oz., but for cattle and MATERIA MEDICA AND, THERAPEUTICS. 221 sheep the salines are preferred; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. up to 1 dr.; swine, 2 to 4 drs., as a bitter tonic 75 to 1% these doses. The dose of aloin for horses is 3 to 4 drs. Aloin, theoretically is many times stronger than aloes, but practically it is only twice as strong. So that the dose may be figured as 4 that of aloes. It should be combined with the usual synergist and given in capsule or bolus. Merck & Co’s Aloin is recommended by the writer. Physiological Actions.—Aloes is purgative, acting chiefly on the large intestines; small doses are bitter tonics; applied exter- nally it is stimulant and desiccant; it stimulates both peristalsis and secretion, increases secretion of bile; is also diuretic; the barbadoes is the most active and uniform in its effects. It should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other good con- tainers, only being powdered for immediate use; in melting aloes don’t let the temperature rise above 120 degrees, as it impairs the activity by converting the active aloin into inert resin. Aloes operates in from 12 to 24. hours after administration ; don’t repeat an aloetic purge until 48 hours have elapsed. If aloes does not cause catharsis in about 15 hours, the horse should be exercised, but returned to his stall as soon as the desired effect is evident. If it fails to act in 24 hours, linseed oil may be given. Preparation, by feeding several bran mashes is advisable when possible, previous to the administration of an aloetic purge Uses.—In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, irregularity of the bowels, hide-bound horses; worms; is used in colics, both spasmodic and flatulent, for overloaded condition of the bowels; to promote excretion of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and consequently relieve febrile symptoms; rheumatic attacks, skin irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; in lymphangitis to prevent and aid in curing. By attracting the blood to the bowels, it is useful in congestion or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord; full doses being necessary ; in paralysis, paraplegia or hemiplegia or reflexed paralysis due to indigestion give a fuil purgative. Aloes should not be used 1n irritation or inflammation of the alimentary canal or piles. It is not advisable to give an aloetic 222 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY purge when the temperature is above 102°. Nor in hemorrhage from the rectum; in high fevers is apt to cause superpurgation, also shouid not be used where there is great debility or weak- ness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be irritable and oil is preferable to aloes. Don’t use during pregnancy, may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, thé gentler pur- gative, such as linseed-oil or castor-oil should be used. In chronic constipation 2 drs. of aloes with gentian, ginger and nux may be given once daily. To make watery infussions rub up the aloes in hot water. There is a tincture of aloes, Dose for man, 4 dr. to 1 oz. besides numerous other prep- arations; for dog, 4 to 1 dram. The following is a type of the usual ‘Physic Ball” for horses: R Aloes Barb, 3 vij—3 j. Hydrarg. chlor. Mitis, 3 j. Fidext. Nucis Vom., 53 jss.—ij. Pulv. Zingib., 31h, M. et ft. Bol. No. 1 Sig—For doctor’s use. When the bolus is made for immediate use, no excipient (water, glycerin, syrup, etc.} is necessary, as the alcohol in the fluid extract of nux vomica is sufficient to mass the ingredients ; resulting in a small compact bolus. A convenient “ball mass’ may be made as follows: Melt and mix Barbadoes aioes 16 ounces, with glycerin and molasses, each 2 ounces, and powdered ginger 2 ounces, on a water bath. After the mass is thoroughly mixed, remove it from the fire and add %4 ounce of alcohol. Then pour the mass on a layer of flaxseed meal to cool and weigh into portions of 11 drachms each. (This gives 1 oz. of aloes). Form into balls, cover with waxed tissue paper and place them in an air tight container. DRASTIC PURGATIVES. JALAPA—JALAP. The tuberous root is used; contains 8 per cent of the official resin, 1.5 of ether sol. resin, Preparations : RESINA JALAPAE—Kesin of Jalap. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 223 EXTRACTUM JALAPAE—Evtract of Jalap. (Not official.) Dose of either—Dog, 1 to 10 grs. medium sized dog, 5 grs PULVIS JALAPAE COMPOSITUS—Compound Powder of Jalap Composed of jalap 35 parts, bitartrate of potash 65 parts. Dose.—Dog, 5 grs. to 1 dr. PULVIS JALAPA—Powdered Jalap. Dose.—Dog, Io gers. to 1 dr.; pigs, I to 4 drs.; cats, 5 to 30 grs. By adding calomel to jalap its power is increased; jalap is more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge, podophyllum, elaterium or colocynth, it also stimulates secretion of bile. Prescription for habitual constipation in dogs. R Resine jalape, gers. vi. Ext. bellad., grs. iii. Ext. physostigma, grs. iii. M. Ft. Pil. No. 24. Sig—Give one or two at night (according to size of dog). PODOPHYLLUM—MAY APPLE. EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI—Ev-tract of Podophyllum. (Not official.) Dose.—Dogs, 2 to 10 grs. RESINA PODOPHYLLI.—Commonly known as Podophyllin. Dose.—Dogs, % to 2 grs. FLUIDEXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI—Fluidextract of Podophyl- lum. Dose—Dogs, 3 to 30 ms. Podophyllin is preferable to the other preparations, it is a cholagogue cathartic, slow and uncertain, usually combined with other drugs as belladonna, physostigma and nux vomica. Two very active and convenient cathartic pills for dogs may be had in, PILULAE CATHARTICAE COMPOSITAE — Compound Cathartic Pills. PILULAE CATHARTICAE VEGETABILES — Vegetable Cathartic Pills. Both pills are official—Dose of either 1 to 4 pills. 224 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Composition :— Each Compound cathartic pill contains ;— Compound extract colocynth ............ grs. 134 Calomiell .cic:e1ocd aates ance aes or gers. I Extract. Jalapics.cosda g4ntaketndns tees gers. Gamboge ........ Pewee vee mere ae gers. 4 Each Vegetable cathartic pill contains ;— Compound extract colocynth ............ gers. I Extract of Hyoscyamus..............+.005 gers. Extract of Jalap .......-....0.0 eee eeee ers. Extract of Leptandta i025 c.0se¢00e bees gers. 4 Extract of Podophyllum ............... gers. Oil of Peppermint ................00065 gers. HYDRAGOGUE CATHARTICS. CAMBOGIA—GAMBOGE. Is dangerous, should be used only for cattle if used at all. It is a gum resin. Dose for cattle, 14 to I 0z., % oz. should rarely be exceeded, is very irritating and apt to cause superpurgation. Best rubbed up with water and given in combination with sulphate of soda or magnesia and carnimatives., OLEUM TIGLII—CROTON-OIL. A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of croton tiglium. Dose.—Horse, 10 to 25 ms.; cattle, %4 to 1 dr.; sheep and swine, 5 to 10 ms. dog, %4 to 3 ms., administered in a liberal quantity of oil; croton-oil is a viscid, amber colored liquid, nause- ous odor and acrid taste. Physiological Actions.—Is a powerful irritant, vesicant and pustulant, is a drastic hyragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro-enteritis and much prostration; undiluted it seriously and deeply inflames the skin, causing severe blemishes and by absorp- tion may cause fever and superpurgation. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 225 Medicinal uses of Croton-Oil—Cattle are the only animals for which it can be used with any degree of safety; it can be used for dogs and pigs if used with great caution. For horses and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; is used in cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer from fardel bound, and other forms of constipation and from torpidity of the bowels. Should not be used in debilitated, delicate or young animals. If an over-dose has been administered combat with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should not be used as a counter-irritant or applied to the skin in any form or for any purpose. For cattle a purgative composed of 10 to 40 ms. of croton- one with 1 dr. of calomel, % Ib. salt and 1 lb. of glauber salts is a very active mixture, dissolved in water ; or linseed-oil 2 pints, may be given instead of the salts; may be used for obstinate consti- pation or torpidity of the bowels. MAGNESII SULPHAS—MAGNESIUM SULPHATE. Synonyin.—Epsom Salt. Properties —Small, colorless, rhombic prisms or acicular cry- stals ; having a cooling saline and bitter taste. Slowly efflorescent in dry air, soluble in 1.5 pate of water; insoluble in alcohol ; reaction neutral. Incompatibles.—Lime waters, alkaline carbonates, phosphoric acid, phosphates, silver nitrate and lead acetate. Dose.—Horse, when repeated several times daily as a laxa- tive 2 to 4 ozs.; as a purgative 16 to 24 ozs.; cattle, laxative 3 to 6 ozs.; purgative 114 to 2 lbs.; calves, 1 to 4 ozs.; sheep 4 to 6 s.; dogs, I to 4 drs. For dogs sulphate of magnesia or sulphate of soda will cause vomiting, unless nicely flavored. Physiological Actions.—Magnesium sulphate acts like sodium sulphate, i. e., by increasing intestinal secretion, retarding absorp- tion of the fluid and thus mechanically provoking increased peris- talsis. It acts in from 12 to 16 hours; in small doses it stimulates the secretions of the kidneys and skin. 226 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Summary.—Hydragogue and cholagogue cathartic; feebly diuretic and diaphoretic. Therapy.—In febrile diseases it is used in small repeated doses. It is antidotal to lead and barium salts, forming insoluble sulphates; also for carbolic acid, forming the harmless sulpho- carbolate in the blood; but is too slow of action in acute poison- ing. It is quite commonly used as a purgative for horses, but most often for cattle. For cattle the following is a general type, of an active cathartic :-— R Sodii chloridi, 3 viij. Magnesii sulph., 3 xxiv. Tr. Zingib., 5 iij. Aq O iv. M. Sig. Give at one dose. 40 to 60 minims of Croton oil may be added if desired. For animals suffering from reflex skin irritation, sulphate of magnesia or soda combined with liberal doses of bicarbonate of soda generally give relief. This especially applies to urticaria of the horse. BARIT CHLORIDUM—BARIUM CHLORIDE. (Not off.) Barium chloride, occurs in colorless, flat, four-sided crystals, of bitter, salty taste. Soluble in 214 parts of water, almost in- soluble in alcohol; neutral reaction. In small doses it is occasionally but not often used as a cardiac tonic. Externally it is used as collyrium and lotion for wounds in the strength of % to 2 parts to 100 of water. Its only use in veterinary practice is as powerful and rapid purgative, its effects being produced usually in from 15 to 45 minutes. The dose for a horse per os is from 30 grains to 2 drachms, in 4 to I pint of water; some veterinarians give as much as 3 or 4 drachms, but I would warn the prescriber from administering more than two drachms at the outside, as at best it is a very dangerous drug. Intravenously, it is administered in doses averaging i$ grains; for this method, the drug should be dissolved in distilled water, I or 2 drachms and twice filtered through the same paper, MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 227 the needle should be sterilized and the air expelled from the syringe by pressing the piston until the liquid starts to flow from the needle. It should not be injected under the skin as it will raise a large, and very painful swelling, which may slough and the drug is inactive as a cathartic when used in this manner. On the whole I advise against the use of the drug; while it is highly satisfactory in some cases, in others it produces some very unlooked for and unpleasant results, i. e., extreme colicky pains, muscular twitchings and spasms, great weakness, pulse be- coming almost imperceptible; sometimes the horse will recover from this condition, occasionally he dies rather suddenly and again he may become prostrated and lie almost lifeless, though per- fectly conscious, for several days and then die. Post-mortem shows extreme engorgement of the blood vessels of the intestines, with more or less inflammation. The toxic symptoms described are not those of excessively large doses, but have occurred as a result of medicinal doses (14 to 2 drachms). To combat the toxic symptoms, one must commence early and administer stimulants, such as alcohol, sulphuric ether and aromatic spirits of ammonia, these may be combined and given in one ounce doses of each; in addition special heart stimulants may be required, preferably a 1 per cent solution of nitroglycerin in 1 to 2 drachm doses per os or hypodermatically, or Tincture Strophanthus or Digitalis. On the whole as a quick cathartic, Eserine is a much safer and more reliable drug. ENEMAS—INJECTIONS. For impaction of the bowels and flatulence ; Most common, hot water and soapsuds; some use an infu- sion of tobacco; turpentine and hot water, (horses, 2 to 4 ozs.; dogs, 1 to 4 drs. of turpentine added to hot water) but 1 or 2 ozs. of glycerin is superior to either, (dogs, 1 or 2 drs.) pure or diluted one-half; it attracts moisture to the parts and stimulates peristal- sis ; in small animals hot oil is sometimes used. For rectal worms see quassia, tr. iron and soda chlor. 228 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY In man Jntestinal Invagination has been quickly relieved by sudden inflation of the large intestines with carbonic acid gas; the process consists in the injection of a solution of sodium bicar- bonate, followed by a solution of tartaric acid about 2 drs. of each, to each pint of water ; the escape of gas through the sphincter ani must be prevented by forcible pressure upon the anus, ANTHELMINTICS. This includes Vermifuges and Vermicides. These should be administered on an empty stomach, REMEDIES FOR EXPULSION OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES OR ASCA- RIS MEGALOCEPHALA—Commion Round Worms. SANTONICA. Its active principle (Santoninum) is used. SANTONINUM — Santoni.— Occurs in colorless, flattened prisms, bitter taste, insoluble in water, sol. in 40 parts alcohol ; in 4 parts of chloroform. Dose according to experiments by Frohner; average safe dose for cattle, 1 to 3 ozs.; horses, 6 drs. to 1% ozs.; sheep and goats, 75 grs. to 2% drs. ;dogs, 5 to 30 grs. for very large dogs; these doses are for matured animals only; young animals should receive very much less at a dose; young dogs should not exceed 1 to 3 grs. Calomel increases its power. The usual dose is, horse, 1 to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; adult dogs, 1 to 3 grs.; pup- pies, % to % er. Toxic doses of santonin cause; pain in the head, dizziness, weakness, somnolence, convulsions, fall of temperature, delirium, vomiting and diarrhcea. For horses santonin 1 to 2 drachms is usually added to the regular physic ball, which should contain calomel; this is very efficacious. For dogs :— hk Santonini, Hydrarg. chlor. mitis, aa. grs. vj. Pulv. arece sem., 3 Js M. Ft. caps. No. xxiv. Sig-—Two capsules three times daily. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 229 SPIGELIA—PINK ROOT. FLUIDEXTRACTUM SPIGELIAE, Dose.—Matured dogs, 15 ms. to 2 drs.; puppies up to 8 weeks old, 1 m. for each week of age. Should always be com- bined with a brisk cathartic. The Fluid Extracts of spigelia and senna combined make a most satisfactory anthelmintic for dogs. For round worms of dogs, the following is most effective — Rk Fidext. Spigeliz. Fidext. Senne. Syr. Aurantii Cort. Syr. Glycyrrhize,aa. 3 ij—3 ss. M. Sig.—One to four teaspoonfuls (according to size of the dog) every other morning for three days. ARECA—ARECA NUT. SEFDS OF ARECA CATECHU—BETEL NUT—(Non-official). Constituents Contains a liquid alkaloid, AREcoLINE, the commercial salt of which is ARECOLINE HYDROBROMIDE, occurring in white crystals, soluble in alcohol and water. Dose.—Horse, hypodermatically, grs. 4% to 1%; cattle, % to 2 ers. Uses.—As a quick acting cathartic and once daily in 1 or 1% gr. doses for horses suffering from Laminitis. Always admin- istered subcutaneously. © Actions and Uses of Areca Nut.—Is astringent and an effec- tive vermicide, especially for dogs; destructive to both tape and round worms; in horses and cattle it is not certain in its results. PULVIS ARECAE SEMINA—Powdered Arece Nut.. Dose.—Dog, 5 to 10 grs. for small dogs, and 15 grs. to 2 dr. for large dogs; horses, 1 to 134 ozs. For dogs the dose is about 2 grs. for each pound of the dog’s weight, best administered in milk, FLUIDEXTRACTUM ARECAE SEMINA. Dose.—Same. For tape worms in dog.—(50 pound dog) : R Chloroformi, m. Xv. Pulvis arece sem. 53 jss. Oleoresinz aspidii, m. Xxx. Mucil. acaciz, 3 j. M. Sig—Give at one dose. (Repeat in 48 hours.) Administer a lib- eral dose of Castor oil before and after the above. 230 "SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Or the powdered male fern 1 to 2 ozs. for dogs may be used, but is too bulky. REMEDIES AGAINST THNIZ OR TAPE WORMS. Preparation.—First, fast your patient, only allowing a little milk, then give a purge, then administer the teniafuge, then a purge; always look for the head of the tape worm, for if not removed it will reproduce itself. ASPIDIUM. Synonyms.—Male Fern, Male Shicld Fern—Filix Mas. OLEORESINA ASPIDII—Oleoresin of Male Fern. Dose.—Horses, 4 drs. to 2 ozs. average dose 1 0z.; dogs, 10 to 15 ms. up to I or 2 drs. according to size; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drs. Oleoresin of Male Fern combined with areca nut or oil of turpentine makes the best teniafuge. Chloroform is also used with it. It should not be combined with oils. For Thread Worms occupying rectum, use the following remedies: Infusions of quassia or aloes; or carbolic acid 20 to 30 ms. to water I pint or Tr. chloride of iron 1 to 1% ozs. to the pint; Sodium chloride 1% to I oz. to water 1 pint. URINO-GENITALS. These remedies are used for their actions on the genito-uri- “nary organs; they increase the activity of the kidneys and ex- cite the function of the genital organs; in excessive quantity or long continued they may set up inflammation of the kidneys, pro- duce strangury and bloody urine, excite uterine contraction, and stimulate to an unnatural degree, the sexual appetite; they con- tain an essential oil or principle, which is eliminated by the uri- nary passages and excites local irritation by direct contact. TURPENTINE is an oleoresinous exudation, liquid or con- crete, consisting of a Resin combined with a particular oil, named Oil of Turpentine, and generally procured from various ay MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 231 species of cone bearers (pines). Two turpentines are official. viz.: : TEREBINTHINA—T urpentinc, obtained from the yellow and other species of pine, a concrete oleoresin in tough vellow masses, TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS—Canada Turpentine or Balsam of Fir, a liquid oleoresin, obtained from the silver fir or balm of Gilead ; a viscid yellowish liquid, drying on exposure into a trans- parent mass. Soluble in ether, chloroform or benzol. The chief preparation used in veterinary practice is OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE—OI/L OF TURPENTINE. Often but erroneously called Spirits of Turpentine; it is a volatile oil, distilled from turpentine. This is the agent com- monly meant by the unqualified word “turpentine.” Characters.—.A limpid, colorless liquid, of a peculiar, strong odor and bitter pungent taste; mixes with other volatile and fixed oils, soluble 1 in 3 of alcohol, very soluble in chloroform and insoluble in water. Dose.—Hiorse, as a diuretic 2 to 4 drs. repeated every 3 or 4 hours; as a carminative 1 to 2 ozs., as an anthelinintic 2 to 4 ozs.; cattle, diuretic 3 to 6 drs.; carminative 1 to 3 ozs.; anthel- mintic 2 to 6 ozs.; sheep, 1 to 4 drs.; dogs, 5 ms. to 3 drs.; pigs, 1 to 3. drs. Best administered in 8 or Io times its bulk of cotton seed oil, linseed-oil, gruel or milk. Small doses as diuretics and large doses as anthelmintics. Preparations :-— LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHINAE—T urpentine Liniment.—Com- posed of Resin cerate, 650; oil of turpentine, 350. OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE RECTIFICATUM—Rectified Oil of Tur- pentine —This is a purified oil of turpentine; it is a thin colorless liquid, has the same properties as oil of turpentine and should be the one used for internal use. Derivatives of Turpentine :— TEREBENUM—Terebene.—Made by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine and by distillation. Properties—A colorless or slightly yellowish, thin liquid, having an agreeable, thyme like odor and an aromatic, somewhat terebinthinate taste, 232 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Only slightly soluble in water, but soluble in an equal vol- ume of alcohol or glacial acetic acid. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 4 drs.; cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; dogs, 3 to 10 ms. Diluted as the oil of turpentine. Uses.—Used as a substitute for oil of turpentine; used as a stimulating expectorant in acute and chronic bronchial affections, laryngitis, coughs, etc.; as an antiferment and carminative in flatulence; as a genito-urinary stimulant and as a pulmonary an- tiseptic by inhalation. TERPINI HyDRAS—Terpin Hydrate. Properties—Colorless crystals, odorless, having a somewhat bitter taste ; made by acting on oil of turpentine with alcohol and nitric acid. Soluble in 250 parts water, 10 parts of alcohol and in glycerin. Dose.—Horse, % to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to Io gers. Uses—As a stimulant antiseptic expectorant in acute and chronic bronchial affections, coughs, etc., and as a urinary an- tiseptic. For stubborn coughs it may be conjoined with Heroin. Physiological Actions.—Externally—Oil of Turpentine is rubefacient, irritant and counter-irritant ; vesicant if rubbed in or confined, also powerful antiseptic and disinfectant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin. Internally —tIs diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispas- modic, hemostatic, and anthelmintic ; it is irritant, and large un- diluted doses may cause gastro-enteritis. Toxic doses paralyze nerve centers, small doses stimulate the vaso-motor centers; hence it raises blood pressure, but large doses paralyze them and lower blood pressure. Elimination—Is excreted chiefly by the kidneys and lungs, which are stimulated to increased action by small doses, but their action is lowered by large doses, after brief stimulation. Uses.—In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for worms, give fuil doses; septic fevers; gangrene of the lungs; catharrhal conditions, pneumonia and bronchitis; as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are better. In liniments 2 to 8 drs, to the pint for stimulating effects. For local gangrene remove the dead tissue and then apply the turpentine direct to the affected parts, by means of absorbent MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 233 ratton or cloth saturated with i; the fetor is removed and slough- ing arrested. It is equally useful for furuncles, phagedenic ulcers, etc. In 2 drachm. doses every 3 hours it frequently ab- orts suppuration in Parotiditis of horses. For tape worm it is given with oleoresin of aspidium in oil. - As an inhalation in pulmonary diseases 14 ounce is added to 4 quart of boiling water. In pupura hemorrhagica, turpentine is a valuable drug as a vaso-motor stimulant and diuretic; given in two drachm doses every 4 hours with tincture chloride of iron and linseed oil, as ;— R Quin. sulph., 3 ij. Ol. Terebinth, 3 ij. Tr. Ferri chloridi, 3 iij. to vj. Ol. Lini, qs. ad., 3 XXXvj. M. Sig.—Three ounces every 4 hours. The writer prefers potassium bichromate. (q.v.). In ab- dominal pain, “turpentine stupes” are useful to aid in relieving the pain; a woolen blanket is wrung out of boiling water and oil of turpentine is sprinkled over it, it is then applied around the patients body, covered with dry blankets and left on about thirty minutes. As a stimulating healing application for mud fever, grease heels, etc., the following is a useful application. R Ol. Terebinth. Ol. Picis Liq. Glycerini, aa. 3 iij. to 3 iv. Ol. Adipis, qs. ad, O j. M. Sig—Apply 2 or 3 times daily. One ounce oil of tar to the pint of oil of turpentine, effectually dis- guises it. ; COPAIBA—BALSAM OF COPAIBA. An oleoresin. OLEUM COPAIBAE. Dose.—Same as turpentine. Actions.—Similar to oil of turpentine, is stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic and expectorant ; it acts as an antiseptic to the genito- utinary apparatus, and is used chiefly in gonorrhcee in man, 224. SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY ¥ JUNIPERUS—JUNIPER. OLEUM JUNIPERI—OiI of Juniper. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 5 to 10 15 ms., repeated every three or four hours. There is also a spirit (5% of oil) and compound spirit (gin) ot Juniper. Dose, dogs, % to 2 drs. OLEUM CADINUM—Oil of Cade. Synonyin.—Oleum Junipert Empyreumaticum. A product of the dry distillation of wood of a certain specie of juniper. Used as an application in chronic skin disease, especially parasitic ; used full strength or diluted one-half, or combined with other agents in salves, lotions, etc. (See sulphur.) It resem- bles tar in color and odor. Oil of Juniper is used only as a diuretic, and is very good; is stomachic in small doses, and is aphrodisiac. It is soluble in about four parts of alcohol. BUCHU. FLUIDEXTRACTUM BUCHU—Fluidexrtract of Buchu. Dose.—Horses, 1 to 2 ozs.; dogs, Io ms. to I ds. Dose of powdered buchu, the same. UVA URSI—BEARBERRY. FLUIDEXTRACTUM UVAE URSI. Fluidextract of Uva Ursi. Dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr.; horses, I to 2 ozs, These two drugs are tonic astringent diuretics; useful in chronic cystitis; also used in dysuria and calculous affections. Fluid extract uva ursi and ergot are of considerable vaule in diabetes insipidus. One ounce doses of each, 3 or 4 times daily. SCILLA—SQUILL. SYRUPUS SCILLAE—Syrup of Squill. (4.5 per cent). Dose.—Dogs, 15 ms. to 1 dr. Incompatible with alkalies—it contains acetic acid. FLUIDEXTRACTUM SCILLAE—Fluidextract of Squill. Dose.—Dog, % to 5 ms. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 233 Actions —On the heart and circulation it acts like digitalis; large doses cause vomiting and purging, is used chiefly for its expectorant and diuretic effects; should not be used in nephritis as it is too irritating. There is also a tincture (10%), a vinegar (10%) and a com- pound syrup of squills (8%). Doses for dogs, 5 to 30 ms. OLEUM RUT#—9IL OF RUE. (Not Official.) OLEUM SABINAX—OIL OF SAVINE. These are used chiefly in human practice as Emmenogogues, and abortifacients. Dose.—Bitches, 1 to 5 ms.; mares, 1 to 3 drs.; their combina- tion with aloes and myrrh make a powerful abortifacient. They are irritating and should be well diluted in oil. They may be used in moderated repeated doses to bring on delayed cestrum. Savine is the safest. COUNTER-IRRITANTS, CANTHARIS—CANTHARIDES. Synonyms.—Spanish Fly, Blister Beetles. PULVIS CANTHARIS—Powdered Cantharides. Dose.—Horses and cattle, 5 to 30 grs.; sheep and swine, 4 to 8 grs.; dogs, 44 to 2 grs. TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS—Tincture of Cantharides. (10%.) Horses and cattle, % to 2 drs.; dogs, I to 5 ms. Actions.—Externally, is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant, ac- cording to the strength used, it produces water blisters; counter- irritant, etc. Internally is irritant, large or undiluted doses cause gastro- enteritis; small doses stimulate the genito-urinary tract, hence, is diuretic and aphrodisiac. Full doses cause inflammation, strangury and hematuria. Uses.—Internally is seldom used except in incontinence of urine from debility or partial paralysis of the bladder, more rarely i encourage “heat.” 236 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Externally is used as a rubefacient, blister, or as a counter- irritant; blister is formed in from 2 to 10 hours, if repeatedly used may cause sloughing of tissue; cantharides can be used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, except in in- flammation of the urinary organs, as it is absorbed and will in- crease the inflammiation. _ Don’t use cantharides too strong on thin skinned horses, not at all on very weakly patients, and with caution on dogs, and not at all on very young animals, or over very large areas. For blistering ointment. R Pulyv. canth., 3 it. to iiss. Hydrarg. iod. rubr., 5 ii. to iiss. Adipis., 3 iii. M. Sig—Blister, to be well rubbed in for 10 to 15 minutes. The application of a mild ointment of cantharides (1 to 12) daily or every other day to the coronets, greatly stimulate growth of horn. Cantharides alone is usually used 1 to 8 to 1 to 4; for dogs, 1 to 12. Lard or lanolin make the best bases for blisters as they are readily absorbed; vaseline, wax, etc., allow only of a very superficial action. The tincture,may be applied once or twice daily, full strength, when the exudation of much serum is desired. Always clip off the hair close, before applying a blister, rub in for 10 to 20 minutes, tie the horse so he cannot bite it; leave blis- ter on 48 hours, then wash and grease the parts daily. RUBEFACIENTS. SINAPIS—MUSTARD. SINAPIS ALBA—White Mustard. SINAPIS NIGRA—Black Mustard. OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE—V olatile Oil of Mustard. A volatile oil, obtained from black mustard. The Mustard flour is the form most used. Coleman’s Eng- lish Mustard being the best. Actions.—Is irritant or counter-irritant, rubefacient, vesicant cv suppurant, according to the manner in which it is used; it acts much quicker than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged ; MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 237 the paste made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its effects within 20 minutes; in 2 to 6 hours vesication occurs, pustules may occur where the paste is used very strong, or closely repeated, or too much friction has been used. The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very quickly. Uses.—One or two teaspoonfuls in 1 or 2 ozs. of warm wa- ter makes a very good emetic for dogs. It is used as a counter-irritant in sore throats, laryngitis or pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is indicated ; applied in “he early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves difficult breathing, besides reflexly limiting the amount of blood in the parts; it thus limits or de- creases the inflammatory action; also useful in the exudative stages of these diseases ; to promote the absorption of the exudate and thus hasten resolution, or where these diseases remain dorm- ant; alsc arouses a depressed nervous system and reflexly stimu- lates the heart ; can be used in spinal diseases or in congestion of the kidneys. It acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, then wash off and repeat in an hour or two; also used in acute indiges- tion, applied to the abdomen; also in colic, enteritis and peritoni- tis; in phlebitis mustard can be used but a cantharides blister is better. In making a mustard plaster, take the pure mustard and gradually pour in warm water (but not hot); can also be made with cold water or vinegar; rub in with moderate friction. Prescription for counter-irritant. me. R Ol. Sinapis, 3 j. Aq. Ammon, Fort., 3 ss. to 3 j. Ol. Olive, 3, iv. M. Sig.—Apply once only. (If to be repeated, weaken it.) PIX LIQUIDA—TAR. An empyreumatic (obtained by the aid of great heat) oleo- resin obtained by the destructive distillation of the wood of vari- ous species of pines, especially that of Pinus palustris. Tar consists of a mixture of resinous and volatile principles. When it is subjected to redistillation, it can be separated into a fixed portion,—pitch,—consisting mainly of resin (rosin) ; and 238 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY a volatile portion which separates into Oil of Tar and pyroligne- ous (crude acetic) acid. The Oil of Tar consists of various coal tar derivatives, mainly Cresols, Guaiacol, Phenol, Toluol, Creosote, Acetone and Pyro- catechin. It also contains methyl alcohol, etc. ~Properties.—Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish-brown ; hea- vier than water; characteristic (tarry) odor and taste. Tar is only slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, fixed or volatile oils and solutions of potassium or sodium hydrate. Preparations :-— OLEUM PICIS LIQUIDAE—Oil of Tar. A volatile oil distilled from tar; soluble in alcchel. Dose.—Horse, 1 to 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 3 drs.; sheep, % to 2 drs.; swine, %4 to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. Tar itself is occasionally used internally; dose twice that of oil of tar. ; Oil of tar should be diluted with alcohol, glycerin, syrup or mucilage. UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDAE—Tar Ointment. (50%). Used alone as a healing ointment or as a base. SYRUPUS PICIS LIQUIDAE—Syrup of Tar. Dose.—Dogs, I to 4 drs.; used in cough mixtures. Phyciological Actions.—Internally, is an antiseptic stimulant expectorant. Externally, is a rubefacient and if continually rubbed in, may cause papules and pustules. It is also antiseptic and parasiticide. Uses. Internally, tar or the oil is commonly used in cough mixtures and in subacute and chronic bronchitis. By inhalation, (which is done by pouring tar on a heated shovel or a shovel containing live coals) it is excellent for its local antiseptic and stimulating effects in the various catarhal diseases ; bronchitis, distemper, strangles, etc. Care should be used, so that the vapor be not inhaled too hot. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 239 Externally, it is a very useful agent in various skin diseases, both parasitic and non-parasitic ; for this the official ointment may be used or if used on a large surface on dogs it should be diluted with an equal amount of zinc ointment. Equal parts of tar ointment and sulphur ointment make an efficient application in various skin ailments. If a lotion is desired; tar, glycerin, green soap, each two ounces, alcohol eight ounces. Tar is used to stimulate the growth of horn, but a mild (1 to 12) ointment oi cantharides applied to the coronet every day is superior. In skin diseases, especially of dogs, the writer prefers oil of cade. ESCHAROTICS. This includes the mineral acids, caustic potash, chloride and sulphate of zinc, arsenous acid, corrosive sublimate, etc., which have been studied under their proper heads; also CHROMII TRIOXIDI. Synonyms.—Acidum Chromicum—Chromic Acid. Occurs in deep red, needle-formed crystals, very soluble in water, forming an orange red solution. Explosive when mixed with glycerin, spirit of nitrous ether, alcohol, etc. Use water only. Actions.—Is an oxidizing caustic, slow in action and not very painful, but penetrates deeply and is very destructive; on account of it penetrating so deeply it should be used with great care. Mice or birds soaked in it will entirely disappear; it also destroys bone; always protect the surrounding tissues with oil or vaseline. Uses.—Used entirely to destroy growths, as warts, tumors, etc. Sometimes used in weak solution to touch up indolent ulcers; can be made into a paste with water. Sloughing occure in 24 to 48 hours. Is caustic in from 5 to 20 per cent solution. A I per cent solution is used as a remedy in viper-bites. 240 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY EMOLLIENTS, DEMULCENTS AND PROTECTIVE AGENTS, GLYCERINUM—GLYCERIN—GLYCEROL. A liquid sweet principle obtained from fat and fixed oils and containing not less than 95 per cent of absolute glycerin. Soluble in water and alcohol. Dose.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 ozs.; dogs, 14 to 2 drs. Preparations :— SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI—Suppositories of Glycerin.—Useful in constipation. A number of glycerites are official and the more important ones, Glyceritum Acidi Tannici, etc., have been mentioned under the various drugs. Actions.—Internally, is somewhat antiseptic to the gastro- intestinal tract, small repeated doses are laxative, large doses are slightly purgative; demulcent. Externally, glycerin is hygroscopic, emollient and antiseptic. Uses Internal_—Glycerin is used as a vehicle for acrid drugs and as an excipient for balls and pills. It is useful in cough mix- tures to moisten the throat by virtue of its power to attract water to it. (Hygroscopic.) Small repeated doses tend to cure chronic constipation and piles. Injected into the rectum it quickly causes the evacuation of feeces, by attracting moisture to the part and by virtue of slight irritating properties it stimulates peristalsis. For this purpose it far excells injections of soap and water, etc. It should be used in flatulence. The amount sufficient to produce the evacuation of faeces is quite small, two ounces for horses and 1 or 2 drachms for dogs, per rectum. For dogs it is well to dilute it with an equal amount of water, or the official suppositories may be used. One ounce glycerine suppositories are on the market and are convenient for the larger animals. | For horses glycerin can be injected per rectum pure, though when ccld a little hot water may be added to thin it. Uses External—These are many and varied. It may be used wherever an emollient is indicated. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 241 Is used in applications for scaly, dry skin eruptions to soften and remove scales and scabs. In fissured or sore teats of cows and in scratches of horses, the following is a useful application. RB Tr. Benzoini Comp., Glycerini, aa 3 iv. M Sig—Apply 3 or 4 times daily. COLLODIUM—COLLODION. Solution of Gun Cotton in Ether and Alcohol. Preparations : COLLODIUM FLEXILE—Flexible Collodion. The best for general purpose. COLLODIUM STYPTICUM—Styptic Collodion. (20% of tannic acid.) Collodion painted over wounds forms an air tight coating and in small wounds keeps edges in a fixed position and promotes healing ; styptic collodion can be used over raw bleeding surfaces. Also used to keep absorbent cotton dressing in place. Keep in well stoppered bottles. ss ACACIA—GUM ARABIC. MUCILAGO ACACIAE—Mucilage of Gum Arabic. (34%). Used as an emollient or demulcent and as a vehicle for nauseous or irritating drugs; also to make an emulsion or mixture of insoluble drugs. Dose—Ad. lib. Three or four drachms are required to suspend one ounce of oil or resinous tincture. The mucilage is incompatible with alcohol, iron salts, lead subacetate, borax and sulphuric acid. TRAGACANTHA—TRAGACANTH. Mucilago Tragacanthe. (6%.) Used the same as acacia. It is cheapest and will mix with alcohol. 242 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY GLYCYRRHIZA—LICORICE ROOT. The powdered licorice root is used or the FLUIDEXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZAE—Fluidevtract of Glycyr- rhiza. Dose of Either—-Dogs, 1 to 2 drs.; horse, I to 2 ozs. MISTURA GLYCYRRHIZAR composita—Compound Licorice Mixture—Commonly known as Brown Mixture, a nice expect- orant, containing paregoric, wine of antimony, gum arabic and spts. of nitrous ether. This mixture is very useful in dog prac- tice. Quinine, ammonium carb. or chloride, etc., may be added. as indicated for coughs, pneumonia and bronchitis. Dose.—Dogs, 1 dr. to % oz. Actions and Uses.—The remedies of this group contain mucilaginous constiuents on which their properties depend; they are used as protectives in gastro-intestinal disorders or for ex- coriated surfaces, and as expectorants in bronchial affections, (Licorice.) and as vehicles for acrid, irritating or insoluble drugs. POULTICES OR CATAPLASMS. Materials most frequently used for poultices are first and best, flaxseed meal; then powdered slippery elm bark, bran and dried hops. For poultices of linseed meal pour on hot water sufficient to make a paste, repeat poultice every 2 or 3 hours; use antiseptics in poultices as a sol. of bichloride of mercury when applied over a wound, for mud fever or grease heel, powder top of poultice with charcoal. Actions and Uses.—Used to apply continuous heat and moist- ure, and to soften, soothe and relax the tissues; they dilate the blood vessels and thus allow the blood to flow on, relieving pres- sure and pain. If used early in the inflammatory action they di- minish it, later they increase and promote suppuration by pro- moting the diffusion of fluids and escape of white corpuscles and purulent elements. They should not be continued too long as they will make the tissues soft and flabby. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 243 OXYGEN. This element has of late come into deservediy great repute as a “cure” for Parturient Parcsis. Statistics up to this time show at least 95 per cent of re- coveries. The other 5 per cent, in most instances dying as a result of ignorant treatment; causing mechanical pneumonia from drench- ing when the patient was unconscious. Oxygen is used in the treatment of this disease in two ways, first and most scientific and devoid of danger is by the use of Compressed Oxygen in tanks. The most convenient of which is the “Lennox” made by The Lennox Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Its height is 12 inches, diameter 344 inches, weight 514 lbs. and holds 4o gallons of oxygen.—This gas is guaranteed pure and has no irritating effects. , To use oxygen in this form, the rubber tube leading from the tank is attached to a milking tube and the gas allowed to flow slowly into the udder, changing as the quarter becomes filled, then gently massage the udder and repeat if necessary. The flow of gas is regulated by a valve. The treatment is absolutely harmless. The other method is to inject pure air by means of a tube and a bicycle pump or similar contrivance. The dangers of this method lay in the possible introduction of septic germs which may be floating in the air. TALLIANINE. Tallianine is an Ozonized Terpene, said to give four vol- umes of Ozone for each volume of liquid. It is a thin, pale amber colored, volatile liquid of an ethereal odor. It is dispensed in hermetically sealed glass tubes containing 10 cc, (about 150 minims) of the liquid. (Equivalent to 40 c.c. of Ozone.) Dose.—Horses, 10 to 20 cubic centimetres; cattle, 20 to 40 c.c.; degs, 1 to 5 c.c., administered, usually once in 24 hours 244 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY and always intravenously; or for the horse, in bad cases, 20 c.c. may be used for the first dose and Io c.c. thereafter, or Io c.c. may be given 12 hours apart in very serious cases. Other animals likewise in proportionate doses. Actions —The effects of the drug depends upon its ability to impart oxygen to the blood. It causes a great increase in the number of white corpuscles in the proportion of one to ten, the effects of which according to the case and dose are maintained for six to twenty-four hours. This naturally increases the ability of the blood to destroy germs. Aleng with this there is an increase of the hematies of one- fifth to one-fourth. Briefly stated, Tallianine works in the blood by revivification of the red corpuscles, giving to the venous blood the properties of arterial blood. It markedly increases the flow of urine, and promotes the appetite. Uses.—Tallianine has proved of undoubted value in Pneu- monia, Bronchitis, and Influenza. It is also recommended in Pulmonary Congestion; Pulmo- nary Emphysema; Sunstroke; Asphyxia; Purpura Hemorrhagica and all disease due to blood changes; horses strained in running; Tetanus, etc. In Canine Distemper and Broncho-pneumonia of dogs. During its use, no other drugs are required. It is packed in boxes containing six tubes and at present re- tails at eighty cents per tube. Tallianine is a French production and Sykes & Street, New York, or R. R. Street & Co., Chicago, are agents for it. UROTROPIN. Occurs in colorless transparent crystals, soluble in 14 parts of water and in 14 parts of alcohol; odorless, of a sweet, after- ward bitter taste, and slight alkaline reaction. It is a compound formed by the action of ammonia on formaldehyde. Aciions—Urotropin is decomposed in the kidneys with the liberation of formaldehyde and thus disinfects the urinary tract. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 245 The excretion begins in a short time but may last several days. It is considered the foremost urinary antiseptic. It is slightly diuretic and a solvent for uric acid calculi. Uses.—lIt is used in septic diseases of the urinary passages; acute and chronic pyelitis and cystitis; nephritis. It removes pus from the urine. Dose.—Dogs, 3 to 15 grs. 3 times daily, dissolved in water and given after meals; horses, 2 to 8 drachms, (rather expensive for horses, costs sixty cents per ounce.) URITONE. (Parke, Davis & Co.). Same as above. BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. GLANDULZ SUPRARENALES SICCE. Desiccated suprarenal glands of sheep or ox freed from fat, and cleaned, dried and powdered. SUPRARENAL EXTRACT (adrenal extract). The selected, dried and powdered suprarenal glands of oxen and sheep. One part equals approximately five parts fresh gland. Dose.—Dogs, 1 to 5 grs. 3 times daily after meals; horse, 5 j. Preparations : A number of commercial preparations are on the market, among the best of which are: SOLUTION ADRENALIN CHLORIDE, I to 1000. (Parke, Davis & Co.) ADNEPHRIN SOLUTION (1 to 1000), (F. Stearns & Co.) Dose (intravenously )—Horse, 5i to iv; dogs, ms. 10 to 60, For local applications. This may be used in strengths varying from I to 1000; for the largest animals, the author suggests using it I to 1000 or 1 to 2000.—Dogs and cats will stand a 1 to 2000 solution as a local astringent and styptic if only a few drops are used. Solutions milder than I to 2000 are not very stable in their effects. The above solution contains adrenalin chloride (adrenalin supposed to be the active or blood pressure raising principle of the suprarenal gland.) 1 part, dissolved in Normal Salt Solution Tooo parts; to which is added % per cent of Chloretone as a pre- servative. SUPRARENALIN. (Merck & Co.) 246 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY SUPRARENALIN SOLUTION, (I to 1000) dogs, 5 to 30 ms; also for local use. SUPRARENAL GLAND DRIED. I part equals 5 of fresh gland. Dose.—Dogs, 2 to 8 grs. EXTRACT SUPRARENAL CAPSULE (Merck & Co.) used locally in 6 to 30 per cent solutions, or intravenously in 1 per cent solu- tion in doses of % to 2 drs. for dogs, horses, 1¥2 to 3 ozs. Solutions should be prepared fresh each time with newly sterilized distilled water. SUPRARENAL GLAND, DESICCATED (Parke, Davis & Co.) Dose.—Dogs, 2 to 8 grs.; horses, %4 to 2 drs.; also used locally in about 6 per cent solution. Supplied in tablets and capsules, 2 grs. each and in bulk. Physiological Actions —The suprarenals ; represented by the above preparations, cause the following effects. 1. Rise of blood pressure through the peripheral stimula- tion of the vaso-constrictor mechanism, secondary to this rise of ‘pressure there is a stimulation of the vagus (inhibitory apparatus) and, consequently, a slowing of the heart. 2. A digitalis action on the heart (strengthening and slow- ing.) 3. A depression of the respiratory center. 4. Dilation of the pupil, through direct stimulation of the iris muscular fibres. 5. Locally, extreme contraction of capillaries and the small veins and arteries. Therapy.—tIn veterinary practice the greatest use for the drug is in operations concerning the mucous membranes of the eyes and nostrils and to render the field for the various neurec- tomies, bloodless. In the former a solution of Adrenalin chloride 1 to 1000 or 1 to 2000 is applied direct to the membrane, resulting in blanching of it and thus rendering the part bloodless. For neurectomy, the drug is best used I to 1009 a little (4 dr.) injected into the substance of the skin and some (1% to 1 dr.) under it, allowing about five minutes to elapse before using the knife. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 247 Hypodermatic injections produce no systemic effects unless enormous quantities are used, which are very dangerous. It kills by paralyzing the heart. The drug may be also used to check hemorrhages, but for large blood vessels, it should not be depended on, as secondary hemorrhages may occur after the effects have worn off. It does not act when general anesthetics have been used. As a heart stimulant this agent must be administered in- travenously. In human practice Adrenal Extract in conjunction with Normal Salt Solution (0.6%) is being used to revive people who have succumbed to anesthetics, drowning, electricity, shock from various causes, etc., etc. It is used locally to check bleeding from the nose; in hay- fever ; acute coryza; conjunctivitis, etc. Internally in addison’s disease, diabetes insipidus and for conditions marked by loss of vaso-motor tone.—Its effects when administered by the stomach however are very slight. GLANDULZ THYROIDEZ SICCAE. Desiccated thyroid glands of sheep, freed from fat, cleaned, dried and powdered. 1 part equals 5 parts of fresh glands. Commercial Preparations :— THYROIDS, DESICCATED. (Armourt’s.) Dose.—Dogs, 2 to 5 grs. cautiously increased to Io grs.; horses, % to 2 drs. THYROIDS, DESICCATED. (Parke, Davis & Co.) Dose.—Same. Also in tablets and capsules containing 2 grains of dried thyroid gland equal to 10 grains of fresh thyroid gland of sheep. GLYCERIN EXTRACT OF THYROID GLAND. Douse.—Dogs, 15 to 60 minims. THYRADEN. (Merck & Co.) Standardized dried extract of Thyroid Gland. 1 part equals 2 of fresh gland.—A brownish sweet powder. Dose.—Dogs, 2 to 5 grs.; puppies, 4% to 14 as much; horses, ¥Y% to 2 drs., may be procured in 2 gr. tablets. THYROIDIN. (Merck & Co.) Dried extract of sheep thyroid. 1 part equals 6 of fresh gland. Dose—Dogs, % to 2 grs.; horses, 10 to 30 grs. 248 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY Also in tablets. The above are usually administered three times daily, may be mixed with the food. Physiological Actions—In medicinal doses, thyroid gland is alterative, resolvent and anti-fat. It greatly increases metabolism and the quantity of urine. Causes a rise in the temperature, due to increased tissue change. Overdoses cause,—insomnia, headache, palpitation, nausea, vertigo, either excessive hunger or loss of appetite, diarrhcea, general malaise, tremors of the extremities. The hearts action is irregular and exaggerated, and there are also various vaso-motor disturbances. These gradually stop without treatment, upon withholding the drug. Therapy.—tThe chief use for Thyroid Gland is in Goitre, for which it is a most excellent remedy, especially for dogs and other small animals. In adiposity, the drug gives satisfactory results when its use is persisted in. The writer usually gives dogs of average size, 5 grs. three times daily mixed with the food, increased in 10 days, if the con- dition show no improvement. In either of the above conditions, after the ailment is reduced to a normal status, occasional doses, a dose, 2 or 3 times weekly is necessary to maintain the normal condition. It must be remembered that the above conditions are due to a lack of normal Thyro-iodin, the metabolism regulating sub- stance of the thyroid glands; the gland being in these cause deficient in its functionating power. Thyroid, is also used with good results in human practice in, cretinism, psoriasis, struma, chronic rheumatism, rickets, slow healing fractures, etc. ANTITOXIN AND DIAGNOSTIC SERUMS. TETANUS ANTITOXIN. This agent I have no doubt in saying is a failure as a cura- tive agent for tetanus; at least in the present dosage. As a preventive it is of value. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 249 The preventive dose is 10 to 30 C. C. (about 150 to 450 min- ims) which should be repeated 6 days later. The curative dose is 50, C. C. (about 750 minims) injected at one time, with subsequent injections of 20, C. C. (about 5 drachms) according to circumstances. In the writers opinion, if the product could be cheapened, so that one-half to a pint might be administered subcutaneously or intravenously at one time, Antitoxin would rank much higher than at present as a curative agent in tetanus. When a patient shows a start for recovery, the administration of antitoxin will then materially hasten it. The writer uses Parke, Davis & Co’s Tetanus antitoxin in one ounce doses, as a preventive, usually administering a second dose about the sixth day. After a case of tetanus starts to recover give 2 to 4 ounces at one injection and %4 the quantity in 2 or 3 days, this materially hastens complete recovery. TUBERCULIN, This is a glycerin extract of the germs of tuberculosis. It contains no living germs of tuberculosis and therefore does not communicate the disease to a healthy animal, the milk of the cow is unaffected by its use and it does not interfere with gestation, even if the cow is ready to calf. It is used in veterinary practice entirely as a diagnosti« agent, 1. e., to positively diagnose tuberculosis in cattle when it is in its incipient stages and not far enough advanced to make a diagnosis by physical examination. Tuberculin may be obtained in what is termed “Concen- trated Tuberculin” and “Tuberculin Solution.” Tuberculin will keep for several months. If it is desirous of keeping it in stock, it should be kept in the concentrated form and solutions made as required. The solution of the “concentrated Tuberculin” is made by adding 1 C.C. of it to 9 C.C. of a % of 1 per cent carbolic acid solution (5 to 1000). The solution will retain its activity for 2 or 3 weeks if the vial is unopened and kept in a cool, dark place. 250 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY DIRECTIONS FOR USING TUBERCULIN FOR ‘HE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS. The febrile reaction in tuberculous cattle following the sub- cutaneous injection of tuberculin begins from six to ten hours after the injection, reaches the maximum g to 15 hours after the injection, and returns to the normal 18 to 26 hours after the in- jection. The reaction varies from. I to 6 degrees above the average normal temperature. In healthy subjects the quantity of Tuber- culin injected is so small that the animal is not affected by it. In conducting the tests the following course is recommended to those who wish to obtain the most accurate results. 1.—Begin to take the rectal temperature at 6 A. M., an! take it every two hours thereafter until midnight, to get the normal temperature of the individual and to note that no disease exists. 2.—Make the injection at midnight. 3.—Begin to take the temperature next morning at 6 A. M., and continue as on preceding day, to note the reactions. Where large herds are to be examined or time does not per- mit of more detail: 1.—Begin to take the temperature at 8 A. M. and continue every two hours until 10 P. M. (omitting at 8 P. M. if more con- venient). Or, take the temperature three times—morning, noon and evening,—before the injection. 2.—Make the injection at 10 P. M. 3.—Take the temperature next morning at 6 or 8 A. M., and every two hours thereafter. until 6 or 8 P. M. Inject 2 cubic centimeters (about 30 minims) of the tuber- culin solution. Yearlings and two-year-olds should receive 1 to 1¥% cubic centimeters, according to size. Bulls and very large animals may receive 3 cubic centimeters. Make the injection be- neath skin of neck or shoulder. if a second injection is made, increase the dose. There is now and then uneasiness, trembling and the more frequent passage of soft dung. There may also be slight acceler- ation of the pulse and of the breathing. A rise in temperature on the day following injection of 2 or more degrees Fahrenheit above the maximum observed on the MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 25) previous day should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis, particularly if the temperature reaches or exceeds 104° F. For any rise less than this a repetition of the injection after four or five weeks is highly desirable. In very rare cases the temperature may rise in apparent absence of disease or it may fail to rise when the tuberculosis is advanced and easy of physical diagnosis. For convenience in making the test the animals should not be turned out, but fed and watered in the stable. It is desirable to note the time of feeding and watering. MALLEIN. -This agent is used as a diagnostic agent for GLANDERS and Farcy in the same way that Tuberculin is used to diagnose Tuberculosis. The dose depends upon the way in which the product is pro- cured, i. e. whether concentrated or diluted. It is printed upon the vials. Only antitoxins and diagnostic serums from manufacturers with the best reputations should be used. DIRECTIONS FOR USING MALLEINE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. Take the temperature of all animals to be tested three times a day for one day before making injections. The injection is most conveniently made at six or seven o’clock in the morning, and the maximum temperature will then be reached by or before 10 P. M. of the same day. Make the injection beneath the skin of the middle of one side of the neck, where any local swelling can readily be detected. Carefully sterilize the syringe after injecting each horse by flaming the needle over an alcohol lamp. Take the temperature every two or three hours for at least 18 hours after the injection. Sterilize the thermometer in a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, after taking the temperature of each animal. The temperature will begin to rise, as a rule, within from 4 to 8 hours after the injection, and reach its maxi- mum from 10 to 16 hours after injection. On the day succeeding the injection take the temperature at least three times, if possible. 252 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY In addition to the febrile reaction, note the size, appearance, and duration of any local swelling at the point of injection. Note the general condition and symptoms of the animal both before, during, and after the test. After four or five days the injection may be repeated, if the reaction from the first injection is not entirely satisfactory. Keep the solution in a sealed bottle in a cool place. The experiments conducted at the Veterinary Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry and elsewhere, have shown as quoted below: 1.—‘‘That the injection of the Malleine causes a rise in the temperature of 2° to 5° F. in all horses affected with glanders except sometimes in well developed or advanced cases of the disease, already having a temperature of 102° F. or above. In no case has the maximum temperature of a glandered horse, following the injection, fallen below 103° F. 2.—“On the glandered horse an abrupt, hard, painful swell- ing, 4 to Io inches in diameter, occurs at the point of injection. This generally begins to appear 2 to 4 hours after the injection, continuing on the next day and increasing in size, from 1 to 3 days, disappearing again in from 3 to 9 days afterwards. 3.—‘‘Subsequent injections in glandered horses gave a similar reaction, although frequently less marked. (For more details in the use of the various serums, the reader 1s referred to the excellent work of Prof. Veranus A. Moore, “The Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases of Animals.’’) DIRECTIONS FOR DISGUISING THE COLOR, TASTE AND ODOR OF MIXTURES. It is frequently desirous to give a pleasant taste and odor to nauseous mixtures, especially when they are to be administered to animals that vomit, particularly the dog, whose stomach is very easily irritated by nauseous mixtures. Color is frequently added for its pleasing effect to the eye. And again the disguising of our mixtures often becomes necessary from a business standpoint, as a protection against the layman who is ever ready to usurp our remedies. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 253 FOR PLEASANT TASTE, Tinctura Cardamomi Tinctura Cardamomi Composita ‘“""''*"*** Dose—Dogs, 3 i, to ij. These give a red color and pleasant aromatic taste, and are carminative in action. ELIXIR AROMATICUM.—Aromatic or simple elixir, gives pleas- ant aromatic taste and is carminative. Dogs, 1 to 3 drs. SYRUPUS AURANTII—Syrup of Orange Peel.—Gives a pleas- ant taste. SYRUPUS GLYCYRRHIZAE, (N. F.)—Syrup of Licorice Root.—- A nice agent to overcome bitter or nauseous taste, good in cough mixtures. The combination of Syrupus Glycyrrhise and Syrupus Au- rantti, usually overcomes the most disgusting taste in drugs. SYRUPUS YERBA SANTA AROMATICUM.—Used to overcome the bitter taste of quinine. SYRUPUS TOLUTANUS—Syrup of Tolu.u—Dogs, 1 to 4 drs., nice in cough mixtures. syruPuS—Simple Syrup.—A saturated solution of sugar in water, gives a sweet taste. AQUA CINNAMOMI—Cinnamon. Water. AQUA MENTHAE PIPERITAE—Peppermint Water. AQUA GAULTHERIAE (wintergreen). These three impart their characteristic odor and taste to solutions and mixtures; in addition they are carminative and stomachic. The above named agents are very mild and can be given ad. lib.—usually though in %4 to 1 drachm doses. FOR PLEASANT ODOR AND FLAVOR. OLEUM GAULTHERIAE—( Oil of wintergreen). OLEUM MENTHAE PIPERITAE—(Peppernitt). OLEUM CINNAMOMI—(Cinnamon.). OLEUM LAVANDULAE— (Lavender Flowers). OLEUM BERGAMOTTAE—(Bergamot). In liquid mixtures the aqueous solutions of these agents are preferred ; should the oils be used however, about two drops to the ounce is sufficient. In powders and ointments from 2 to 5 drops may be used. 254 SYNOPSIS OF VETERINARY FOR COLORING LIQUIDS. TINCTURA SANTALUM RUBRUM—Tincture of Red Saunders or Sandal Wood.—Imparts a ruby red color. TINCTURA CURCUMAE (N. F.)—Gives a yellow color. INDIGO BLUE.—For a blue color (not desirable). CARAMEL—Solution of burnt sugar—Gives a deep, dark red to a brown color, according to quantity used. TINCTURA Coccus—Tincture of the cochineal insect.—Imparts a rich, ruby red color; darker, richer and more brilliant than a solution of carmine (carmine is made from the cochineal in- sect). LIQUOR CARMINI (N. F.)—A solution of carmine which gives a pink to a bright red color according to the amount used, (one dr two drachms to the pint is enough). FOR COLORING OINTMENTS AND POWDERS. CARMINE—For pink or red. POWDERED CURCUMA—For yellow. BOLE ARMENIAN—For pink. POWDERED GLYCYRRHIZAE—For yellowish or brown. cHARCOAL—For black. Directions for making a staple solution of carmine: BR Carmine, 3 ij. Aq. Ammon, Fort., 3 j. Glycerin, 5 ij. Aq. Dest. Qs. Ad. Oj. Rub the carmine up in the ammonia, then add the water, shake, then add the glycerin to preserve it. If it should start to decompose (get fcetid and merky) adda little more Aq. Ammon. Fort and shake. For Making Tincture of Cochineai—Powder the insects, let them macerate (soak) for eight days, in the proportion of one part to eight parts diluted alcohol. In prescribing coloring agents for colorless liquid mixtures or solutions, should you not know the quantity necessary to im- part the characteristic color of the agent used, it will be suffi- cient to add as the last item in the prescription the name of the coloring agent followed by the abbreviation qs., for example: MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, 255 R Hydrarg. chlor. corros., grs. vijss. Ammoni, chloridi, grs. vijss. Aqua, Oj. Lig. carmini qs. M. Ft. Sol. Sig.—For external use. Although as a rule it is better that you prescribe an exact quantity. One to four drachms to the pint of any of the agents mentioned for coloring liquids is about the proper amount. Poisonous solutions that are colorless, such as solutions of the bichloride of mercury, etc., should always be colored, to at- tract the attention of the one using it that it is medicine and not water or some equally harmless substance. rHE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED DRUGS AND ARE THOSE USUALLY REQUIRED IN A MEDICINE CASE, 1. Acetanilid. 25. Gelsem. Fldext. 2. Tr. Aconite Root. 26. Morphine—Pulv. Opii or Tr. 3. Quinine Sulphate. of Opi, 4. Alcohol. 27. Digitalis Tr. or Fldext. or 5. Spts. Glonoin. Tr. Strophanthus. 6. Ammon. Carb—Agq. Ammon.— 28. Ergot, Fldext. (Squibb’s). * Arom. Spts. of Ammon, 29. Ol. Terebinth. 7. Spts. Aeth. Nit. 30. Fowler’s Sol. of Arsenic. 8. Pot. Nitrate. 31. Fl. Ex. Nux Vomica or Strych- 9. Boric Acid. nine. 10. Salicylic Acid. 32. Iron Sulphate and Tincture 11. Kreso. Chloride. 12. Tr. Arnica Root. 33. Gentian or Ginger. 13. Sodium Phosphate. 34. Glycerin. 14. Zinc Oxide. ; 35. Iodine Crys. or Tr. 15. Vaseline or Lard. 36. Red Iodide of Mercury. 16. Lead Acetate or Goulard’s Ext. 37. Cantharides. 1S aie eek SUPPLEMENTAL LIST. 18. Calomel. : : 19. Colehictm Sem, Fld Ext, Cocaine Hyd. or Eueaine 20. Soda Sulphate. Croton Oil. a1. Eserine Sulph. (in 1% gr. Chloroform. tubes). Pilocarpus, Fld. Ext. 22. Linseed Oil, Chlor. Hyd. ; oo Bate 23. Bellad. Fld. Ext. Oleic Acid (for making white lini- 24. Cannabis Ind. Fld. Ext. ment). KRESO is a powerful antiseptic, allied to Creolin and used in the proportion of 2 to 4 drachms to one pint of water. The milder ' solution is strong enough for most purposes. INDEX PAGE Abbreviations in Prescription WHET sc. 2 iio asegunanselicve ate eseios 41 Abbreviations that may be) mis- taken, 2 se nessadwswis sve Ga wes 41 Absolute Alcohol .............. 175 BCACIE oievics ste wneaeceecay megane 241 Acaciz-Mucilage ...........060. 241 NICOLA: a tev eviewacsdignantraa areata hatoun 5 Acétanild ...ccwias ve dad saan 142 Acetate of Ammonia, Solution of 98 Of Lead, «ctosieegesgeius 118 of Potash) aceaevecesese es 890 OU: CLINGS: Birsiseee dea puree fees 122 Acetic: AGIA: .s2s0eacsead canes 100 Acid-Dilute ............. 100 Acid-Glacial ............. 100 Acid-Fluidextract of Nux VOMICE: wise ne rcan dunes 15 Acetphenetidinum ............. 142 Acid-Arsenous ...........0000- 73 “BenZzoie>..s sunamavenseceae 144 Carbonate wane seccee ss 89 =PRUSSIO. saciaweeslue Ab dueeks 209) Acidi Hydrobromicum Dilutum. 199 ACS iol usecres werd yyaeen & 12 Mineral. age cians eee 12-50 -Vegetable .............. 99 Acidum Aceticum ............. 100 Aceticum Dilutum ....... 100 Aceticum Glaciale ....... 100 Arsenosum ............. 73 Benzoicum .............. 144 Bored 24% dian sciatica tne 143 Carbolicum ............. 132 Carbolicum Crudum ...... 132 Chromicum ............. 239 CitmiGtM. coccascissceaces IOI Galicuims cpaisiciesnccewe s 124 Hydrochloricum ......... 52 PAGE Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. 52 Hydrocyanicum Dilutum.. 209 Laeticum. .is.useisaunsaes 49 INITMEUMy siaa nhanuwieeae 53 Nitro-Hydrochloricum ... 52 Phenieutny 5 cocaine ase 132 Phosphoricum ........... 54 Phosphoricum Dilutum... 52 Salicylicum .............. 138 Sulphuricum ............. 50 Sulphuricum Aromaticum. 50 Sulphuricum Dilutum ... 50 Sulphurosum ............ 102 Tannicum ...........0005 124 Tartaricum .............. 99 ACONILE: gibeweuesenaaeeettess 211 Fleming’s Tincture of .... 211 Aconiti-Extractum ...........,. 211 Fluidum Extractum ...... 211 STnCturar 7c ins ehioudbetes © 211 Actual Cautery: xe. ssos civcawnis 18 Acupuncture ............. 0008 18 PODS av isaSeremueredsa ian autem 56 Benzoinatus ........... 56-144 Lane and Lane Hydrosis. 56 Adipis-Oleum . Administration of Medicines. ..11-14 Adnephrin Solution Adrenal Extract ............... 245 Adrenalin Chloride-Solution ... 245 Aether Aetheris Compositus-Spiritus ... 179 Aether Fortior ................ 178 Pritis? acg2Scexiimeasea yes 178 Aetheris Spiritus ............... 178 Agents acting on Digestive TPACES a. gts saa-nd ecpueiinle 25 acting on Intestines ...... 26 acting on Liver .......... 29 258 PAGE Agents acting on Nerves....... 22 acting on Salivary Glands. 25 acting on Spinal Cord..... 22 acting on the functions of the nervous system..... 148 exciting the functional ac- tivity of the cerebrum.. 166 promoting destructive met- amorphosis ..........45 87 Alcohol |. ccSis can akaaweiudtaaid s 174 Absolutum .............. 175 Amylicum ..........--.4 175 Daltttidin seccaaw ei exwanasees 175 Bthiyl qistoagesnatnapereceeas 175 Wilil. saeseo2an aes sewaias 174 Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna TECANE St .205, fing, bete wntta io antueanseraes 157 ALRAIICS: 5 deuce xaes a hich con mesubentns Il Ada l@1dae: vs.adannadwex dyiialelts ace 5 Alkaloids? ..oecuniaaes aaede saa ed 5 Almond: (Oil ssa ea cgisa es Qarciiniernde 57 AlGG: cesnaaug ed nxg Saekee ree ae ey 220 Barbadensis: «c.cc0eses e+ 220 Capensis: savcernewusde a os 220 SOcOtrind scuvetasee yess 220 Aloes Curacao .........2-.0005 220 Hie@pati <.:seccccas n24-4 5405 220 STINCture Of: isiwisesiacecasceys 221 ALON: puwe seuss’ Smotams sade cee 221 Alt. saseac6 dig ernoasen anes eas 122 SDTIOd» <2 cacanuacaniiele ee ce 122 PIWIEN Saitek g suiaitsieueln fede e onde 122 EXSiCCAtUM: a ccunauanaectns 122 Alumini Sulphas ............... 123 Altminutin’ 14. c2snsaune vans ha oa'e 8 122 Sulphate: ascouesaeas vs sas 123 Altetativés: «vosesssceuaew eedeaye 35 SU Lenine icauuctuntete alow oes 34 American Hellebore ............ 214 Ammonia-Benzoate of ....... 99-144 -~Muriate of ............. 98 -Phosphate of ........... 99 -Valeriate of ............ 99 Ammoniacum-Ammoniac ...... 169 Ammoniaci-Emulsum .......... 169 Ammonie-Aqua ............... 96 Aromatic Spiritus ....... 06 INDEX—C ontinued. PAGE Ammoniz Fortior-Aque ..... - 96 “Spiritus: staccivctianctenare ss 99 AMMONIUM acy ve etes 5 ecaencieaea es 96 Catbotiaté ..:ceaviancedvs 98 LOMIME Sevcisres etd five iekeo 103 Sulpho Ichtyolate ........ 146 Waletiate: os ctocsescancass 99 Amyl Nitrite ...............4.. 164 Amylic Alcohol ............... 175 Anestalgene .............000005 174 AWPESENEHIES: ecco eee of deeions 21 Aneesthesia-if pushed too far... 22 PMCS TNE SI AG el essici vaccine A atone, wa 183 -Directions for .......... 186 Anaphrodisiacs . 2.20.22 ssc000003 34 AmNydrOues aise oydgads asus s 31 Animal Charcoal .............. 136 ANOdYHES. .ac0nc2524 184 eden ees 21 Antagonists and Incompatibles. . sh triocstane anata ray saci eeeaesinplsrsliares 37-38-39 Anthelmintics -................ 29-228 Antidotes and Poisons ......... 37 Anti-Emetics .............00005 26 ATTITE DEIN dst 3 code aoeaenereicns 142 AMUSING S Soivs ct nate aden eum aata 33 Antimonii et Potassii Tartras... 217 Antimony and Potassium Tar- SIMIC op nccghu 65-4 469 NGG oe eee os 217 Antiperiodics ..............000, 17 Antiphlogistics .............00. 37 ARUPVEEHCS 0x cde ennai xs 35 SNC B yt axa kte.cinczytu's tappgenses 36 Antipyiitiay ess Zsee0cansaeh. eects 141 Antiseptics ..............-% 12-16-130 Antiseptic: Oils sca ia ormes acc 148 ATILISEDEOR a) jne sot aalnaiccesaeosen’e as 104 Antisialagogues-(Antisialics) .. 25 Antispasmodics ...........00005 21 AmMtitoXwS) ac secud vis eeacewone che 247 Antizymotics ........ 06. cc cee eee 16 INDEX—Continued. PAGE INDOTIEMIG: 1 devs Ove ploeeaca ned 27 Aplrodisiags .c...4ccctasceuss 34 Apomorphinze Hydrochloridum . 102 Apomorphine bs hemnise Cama ae 192 Apothecaries’ weight .......... 43 AQUA cc atouulataaad cance cee 46 Bileliens® vs 2enegearesa ay 46 Camiphorae s scisaad-exa.e does 167 Chloroform .............. 182 Cinnamomi .............. 253 Communis ............... 46 Destillata swes vyacse dvs 46 FOrvVens) caccauioatewemacs 46 Potitatia) cdw5eccacwaeega ies 46 FIGHtIS: x-enteus-anes ceduine sy 53 Gaultherie .............. 253 Hydrogenic Dioxidi ...... 130 MATING: scccondyacieneana 46 Menthe Piperite ........ 253 elawalis:. 2. :2eaxineKed xs 46 FROB1AY adie) sea dadasde- aigytieates 52 Punctitar os scecaasane xeon 18 Aquz Ammonia ..............- 96 Areca-Areca Nut .............. 229 Catechu-Seeds of......... 229 Arecz Semina-Fluidextractum.. 229 Semina-Pulvis ........... 229 ATECOINE seedauds awa eke s ene 229 Argentt Nittas: ooscc.s.ccgs ico 11s Nitras Fusus ............ 115 Nitras Mitigatus ........ I15 AU PENLUIN' Jade oe way eanceine Sale 115 AtiStol 5 0c cence de seeds een shee 104 ATIC o aanrsaen ues swarm wes oes 201 PUGKES: < cgau a dacs eas gaceds ZOE Florum-Tincture ........ . 202 RAGIN Si sdetiennaa alcmolaniandckeinct athe a as go -Sweet Spirits of ........ 179 Nitrite: ACI ia eceseiuerncaen ets 53 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid ...... 55 -Muriatic Acid ......... 52-53 Normal Salt Solution ......... 94 Nucis Vomice-Extractum ..... 148 -Fluidextractum ......... 148 SdAinGtuta: s nasenehave-a eres 149 Nut Gall w se ascccacnae vee aca s 124 Nux Vomica ............0000 0s 148 “Extract: Of .cscccca veces 148 -Fluidextract of ......... 148 -Tincture of ..........00. 148 oO Official Preparations ........... 3 Officinal Preparations .......... 3 INDEX—C ontinued. PAGE Oil-Bergamot ...........0. 0000s 253 ~Cajuput .............005 148 CARE! Gnageiied-cn x oho Le 58 “Carron 2iectcieicaeie os 59 God Liver a5 i caaenseas 57 -Copaibe .............08. 233 -Cotton Seed ............ 57 eCrolon. waned sdesaidens ss 224 “OUIVE! s eiresary 6.35 dé doasuaiel cs 57 -Phosphorated ........... 61 -Sweet ...........00.000 57 of Almond .............. 57 Ob Cade siviusucanaecc ses 234 of Cinnamon ........ 148-253 of Cloves ..........0.0005 148 of Juniper ............... 234 of Lavender Flowers .... 253 of Linseed .............. 58-50 of Mustard-Volatile ...... 236 of Peppermint ........... 253 Of RUG cious ews e aeta ange 235 Of Savine wise... esis seas 235 Ol Lat ucrotisae slanste mistalaies 238 of Theobroma ........... 57 Of THYME Seg. tsc sets eee 148 of Turpentine ............ 231 of Turpentine-Rectified... 231 Of Wittiol). .crccaeaiessen aks 50 of Wintergreen ....... 148-253 Oils-Antiseptic .........0.. cane 148 Bit: HAtS 4 o4:4. kate wa ceca 56 Ointment-Citrine .............. 110 SPAR. oka ake edie he cule ate a 238 of Tannic Acid .......... 124 of Veratrine «cicscdsceces 215 OMUMENtS? css c ces cereteceoae os 9 QOléatay . vases ries ae eneeseges eau 8 Oleates: ..coadutiiencs toseawanaae. 8 Oleate of Veratrine ............ 215 Oleoresins: sacaiwe seve saceuas vee s 8 Oleoresin of Ginger .......... vs FO Oleum Adipis ................. 56 Amygdale Expressum .... 57 Bergamotte ............. 253 Cadinum ............000 234 Canuptiti: catsiaceadianas 148 269 PAGE Oleum Camphoratum .......... 167 Caryophylli .......0...... 148 Cinnamomi ........... 148-253 Copaibe .............00. 233 Bucalypti sss eiicee scan 80 Gaultherie ........... 148-253 Gossypii Seminis ......... 57 JUMIPSER exe ois eacty Gdery 234 Juniperi Empyreumaticum. 234 Lavandule .............. 253 TAT His dniah ware veces ey 58 Menthe Piperite ........ 253 Morrhue .............0.. 57 OVE: a inudsnasccdcavewos 57 Phosphoratum ........... 61 Picis Liquide ........... 238 RIGHUAN: 5-4 cigetactens hee lea tees 218 RUGGE: sna a yao nald fae bare 235 Sabine: ees seein canta 235 Sinapis Volatile ......... 236 Terebinthine ............ 231 Terebinthine Rectificatum 231 Theobromatis ............ 57 TRYMI, as.cecsa vee ee cosas 148 White gan naka voaikawn ts 224 QHVE HOM sseg.d5 8400 ais obits 57 Opii Acetum .........-......005 191 Deodorati-Tinctura ...... IQI Emplastrum ............. I9I -Extractum ............. 190 Palle) case cts ccceh acnconv deco I9I PUIVIS?: cccwaeaweclna vas aw aud 190 Pulvis Ipecacuanhe et ... 190 AiNCtuka: kids s anes owas 19! Tinctura Camphorata .... 191 Tinctura Ipecacuanhe et.. I91 Vatlint ! gees decane Seawee IgI ODM dot deactonor anes vanes 190 Opodeldoe: sc. succcsiaciceeces + 167 Orange Peel-Syrup of .......... 253 Oxidizable Drugs .............. 30 ORIGIZELS: enc sists akayes ceskaie ee de as 390 OXY. ieee vax seoteee ee ecees 243 -Compressed ............ 243 ORYtOCIES: acne cane tneley wae 34 Ozonized Terpene .............. 243 270 INDEX—Continued. PAGE P Pancreatic Secretion .......... 29 Pancreatinum ..............00. 48 Papain-Papayotin .............. 49 PAPERS csc cutaidectenddaewaehe 5 Papoid:: snioniwannden ein ceaaaaes 49 Parasiticides! sited csueeeu esa sy-ay 16 ParegOrie — wancewewndetheccene tae IQI Parenchymatous Injections ..... 14 Paryulle: cciive ceccs yee eats 25 bee II PASHIES. cnc aninean to dade tien eine 9 Pearson’s Solution ............. 74 POnGils) cipagawebaeeucnuse sae ces 10 Pepper-Cayenne or Red........ 79 Peppermint-Oil of ............. 253 Pepsinuin 624 comuven webs wnas 117-119 Podophylli-Extractum ......... 223 Fluidextractum .......... 223 ReSitia; vias aiaweresands 223 Podophyllin ................008 223 Podophyllum ..............-.-. 223 Poisons and Antidotes ......... 37 Poke-Indian ...............04. 214 POKE aien ae men Sian eee 215 POLS cieangasitonian nan ceae at 88 ACAUStte acaw xy ecgea Genoese 88 -Permanganate of ........ 70 POTASSAL casiendcaewed eiaara aces 88 Potasse-Hydras .......-...000. 88 SLIQUOR ws ecccaay tenner 88 INDEX—C ontinued. 271 PAGE Potassii-Acetas ..........000e 89 Bicarbonas ............. 89 Bromidum .............4- 199 Carbonas ............-00- 88 Chloras « dsssdawvaeega ews gI CiiTaS!. cnc2. ev eeen eee exis 89 Dichromas .............. gl Hydroxidum ............ 88 Nitras eiincunnaiareeeta go Permanganas ............ 70 POtassumn. ssc ccdead macced Gees 8&7 -Acid Tartrate of ........ 90 AVM: sciwonccnavenanaces 122 Bitartrate: saws snevgosaos go Chloraté. « sasca ves sas anes gl GEyanidum) 4.2.50 38000c00% 209 Dichromate ............-- QI Hydroxide .............. 88 Todide: 4 as swisiacc sexe esimavice 104 Sulphate saceer ess s cessce 122 Potential Cautery .............. 18 POtUS. aici wthemarenantiyioed vice a aenacene II Poultice: aioe dienpeeia a ge oats aieace 242 Powltices xs csuaseewre cae s'stpneen 10 Powder of Ipecac and Opium.... 190 POWGEES: sa ccscsieivensis ve bie eens 8 Powdered Iron ..............6- 64 Jalap’ weruisbe sisi retees 223 Cimicifuga Root ........ 156 Opititne .ssaewd cess Sees 190 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. 95 Prepared Chalk .............05. 95 Preparations, Liquid ........... 3 Natural) scutes ceases 4 Official -2.2 oss casmceda sess 3-4 OPI saciiwsie se coed See 3 Semi-solid .............. 4 Solid ::.s:pheng dees ow ances 4 Unoficial wscs settee cine 10 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR Actinomycosis ..........0.5500+ 107 Acute rheumatism ............. 139 Adipositi) 2c. sac oscces ses eacene 248 Altetative: 225 2253 ccenead4es4as's 107 JAMIA geek as aes Mater s ee arene OY Oe 69 Anesthetic .......--0.005 180-181-183 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR—CONT, PAGE Anesthesia, if pushed too far.. 22 Anodyne ..........ecc cece 161-214 Appetite promoter .............. 131 Arthritis-Chronic ............4. 147 ASCIEES: cea oipaleis boas. seated a 108 Asthma in dogs .............4. 209 Azoturia ............. 93-155-201-205 Ballimass’ a4 5s sccos ws gdowwinnaey ad 222 Blister aiseaiycxd4 otuideegee noe 112 -Absorbent ...........4.. 110 Blistering Ointment ............ 236 Bloodless Operations .......... 246 Blood Poison ..........e0ceeeee 86 Bright’s Disease ............... 107 Bronchitis... o.ciiasces @eores.ne 106-145 Birnie: cca eadcPes deatvadaametad Les 96 Caleulus?: waiest ed exncnmeese yeas 89 Canker of ear in dogs........ IIQ-122 Carmine Solution ............. 254 Catarrhal Affections ...... 86-99-106 F@Vet ssi gacwesrde pea a if .86-197 Ophthalmia ............. 123 Cathartics ....... 61-204 (cattle 226) Cerebral Engorgement in dogs.. 199 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis ’..... 201 Cochineal-Tincture ............. 254 Choe: tevewe ee. xG od ae atteare ve Ses 208 Golds: siscgeiceers tea eerccke bs 86 Colic-Flatulent ..............6 208 HFLGPAHG: sseuicaasceue wean 62-63 -Spasmodic ............ 97-101 Collar: Galls. cceeccieessacess 177-178 Coloring Mixture .............. 254 Congestive Chills .............. 203 Conjunctivitis ....81-114-116-12I-122 Constipation ............ 127-207-223 Gough 293s de urngineiet Caen 136-210 Cough in horses ..............- 196 Counter irritant ......... 97-183-237 Cracked teats ..........-..005- 126 Debility cae cecewawe cease teens s 86 Decubitus ....... 0.00 ce eee eee 172 Delirium-Prevention of ........ 164 Diabetes: ai csrciciws ye eerisevecs 68-106 Diaphoretic: ox 22 ccsasaneeersg ees 202 Diarrheea .........ce ee eee 51-197-198 itt dO@S: .csancacsaeonesss.s 73 272 INDEX—C ontinued. PRESCRIPTIONS FOR—CONT. PAGE Diphtheria «i642 6 peeve vansenas 114 Distemper-Canine .......129-140-142 Disguising Color, Taste and Odor OE MIxtUréS: snaciuieniundess 252 DFeSSIAS -cwningacevaaneeemae nek 56-119 Dropsy sscaxgeotacacd tangas an 90-109 Drying Powder ...............- 124 Dyspepsia-atonic .............4: 69 Dysentéry sis. ssivcveee es 51-197-198 Bezeiia, 23.503 cesse 6 ages 119-216 Emetic for dogs ......... Q4-122-149 BMtéfitiS) canine vias eer eaaces 63-213 Erysipelas ............ eaten ne 116 Exhaustion (food for) ......... 58 (ieFVOUS) asawaerniee eee’ 68 ExOSt0SiS: .s..ccssiueasaeaccses's III Eye Affections .......... 172-173-207 disease, Chronic ......... 110 LOuOit ins ex andawandaas os 144-161 eye-washh ives acne da ta.ny olarennaie 93-114 Febrile diseases (food for) ... 58 Fevet aivicaeevage ays cahestapibeedes ahs 86-143 Fistula sspvemeasedsa vk edeec's ais 121 Flatulence: 2 :2cs6s0 sewewaes 139-227 Gat oles cccws cbdeen chetoimdesatees 82-91 GORE Gatos waanae shane 248 Habitual Constipation in dogs.. 223 Aiematuria. 2s cccsencckaaeawae oc 66 Hemorrhage-checking 70-240 Healing powder ............ 120-144 Healing Salve .........00.-.--- 120 Husk in sheep and calves....... 102 Hydrothorax ............00000- 108 Hypnotic for dogs ............. 189 TMpaCtOt- 4054 exemaucoancar eas 63-227 Indigestion in suckling calves and colts .......... cece eeeee 48 Inflammatory Diseases ......... 202 Inflammation (Superficial) .... 115 of the €YéS c.cc..ad. same 197 Influenza (Hepatic or enteric)... 53 TnAGeNZa ssc Gis. wornawaaerds 177 Thypections: s2ccice ss evetawaas aes 227 Intestinal flatulence ............ 97 THritant. vheoaee aaa ooayamie ines 60 Keratitis: cs eyerisuiwenseere ites 82 Laminitis: ss2.cs2anvevaies were. 214 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR—CONT. PAGE Laxative for dogs ............+- 219 Leucorrhea ..........0.00 eee 93-123 Tet€ 6 ecg ech ese enaee ene ee 114 Liniment-Anodyne ............. 214 -Resolvent ............ 107-112 -Stimulating ...... 161-162-167 JsOHOR. owes sesso wee aes beh sacs 239 Lumibago: se c.cevederentiencre es 139 Lymphangiitis .............. 127-214 Malarial Disorders ........... 76 Matimitis: v.68 saasca tar sees ta 36 216 MITE. pop nse iene: vane ote eiteeinuentn’ IOI-108 Metritis-Puerperal ............. 147 Muscular soreness ............. 139 MYOHC cidnisa pecs inaaacanes 205 Nasal. -Gleét. scsxee vadsees ss cate 117 Necrosed bone ...........-..4-- 131 Nettle Rash ........ a Guneartins 93-101 Oedema of legs ................ go Ointment-Hebras ........... IOI-102 Omphalo Phlebitis ............. 130 Ophthalmia ..........0.....0-- 126 Osteoporosis ............00000- 60 Paralysis: sass essgeeed wetcke ets ae 106 Patasiticidé: asisaucciedac evan aac 121 PArtunehe (2 cgesligesiawas paeuaae 153 Parturient Paresis ......: 107-131-243 Physic: Ball. sacccnsa vieacawcaenas 222 *Pitt Worms) siemiicias as oven dienes 126 Pleasant taste of medicine..... 253 Pneumonia ............. 106-136-214 PUGS: eet ecioteenoneursased 126-161-163 POSOHHE ondaeaadsness deawen ace 37 POlyitia. Askeuh shale cewascuuae 106 Powder-Healing ..........00005 120 PHUPCUS accalesaw coedioniigsnann II4 Purgative ............... .94-95-I12 Gattlel amayiencdeneds beastie “225 -General for different Ani- WAS. he nave aeons 28 LOW GOSS aru ias20 dvwialataeante 219 Purpura Hemorrhagica ... ....92-233 Pus removal from urine ....... 245 Py emilal: tesusratdia cow sas chatieceetine 102 Quick Cathartic .............04 204 Quittor: a1cesecae saa 53-109-114-146 REIISERANE: a 5 ice aac saaceoedatenenes 99 INDEX—C ontinued, 273 PRESCRIPTIONS FOR—CONT. PAGE Rheumatism ............. 85-139-140 RACK EES: acid garanede s week elie 61-68 Ringworms ................000. 114 Roup in Chickens ............. 109 Saddle Galls ..............,. 177-178 Salve-Healing ................. 120 Scarlatina’ Aeeweede oeeaceedas 92 Scratches of horses ............ 241 Septic Infection ................ 147 SEpticeemiia cwiesccics cae udgeuw ceaca 102 Skin diseases .................. 230 Itching in dogs .......... 72 Itching ......... 88-93-100-119 Sore teats of Cows........ 241-210 Sore Throat ...........00000008 69 -Ulcerated ............... 51 Stimulant ................0.0.. 177 Stimulating Healing Application 233 SUM UStrOKe: aed agine sc eeica da sesea’s 143 Superpurgation ............. 197-198 Suppository ...............0005 197 Sweating Mixture ............. 203 TRetARUS). cooscdadannoveswiecia 117-134-201 SEMIN PS: se ogo wlanetagata arcee oe amesanes 197 DOME ei Sea4e ede sede 54-69-85-149 Tumors-Fibrous ............... Il4 Wileers: us seesiene dn ceer 51-161-163 Uti Caria: ined cowicawaleas Q3-IOI-I114 Viper Bites. .2...0sccesssen vaces 2390 Vomiting in dogs ........ 73-134-210 Warts-Removing ............0. 51 Wash-Surgical ..............005 139 White Lotion ................. 119 Worms in Calves .............. 210 Th DOGS: cessicacwses ers 30-228 -Round and tape ......... 229 in Horses ...... 30-137-217-228 Worms-Intestinal .............. 69 MW PECtUIM. cess cadena 180 SROUHAY cco dick caaeneeels 228 MEADE. s.daiaste anaas aug 230 SThréad! sccdisesesinavwiede 230 Prescriptions-Abbreviations in.. 41 Prescription writing, Rules for.. 40 Prickly Ash® 9 scswssiiiesiew ieee s 129 PAGE Propenyl Trinitrate ............ 165 Protective Agents ............. 240 Prunus Virginiana ............ 79 Fluidextractum .......... 79 Prussic-Acid ............0.0000. 209 Btyalism: adage sede tke tacicincens 114 Pulmonary Sedatives .......... we 24 DuUlVenes? Sitisseseeagen ds bestows , 8 Pulverization .............. vstsctie ES) Purgatives ...........0.0.. 26-27-28 Various kinds, actions and SES: Sas tiradaea wei 27-28 Purified Chloroform ........... 181 Ptistulants: soscenaleneneeaaiedals 7 Putrefaction ..........seees eee 16 Pyoktanin 34 Vee ones can cas halos 140 Q Quaker Buttons ................ 148 OMASSIaS ae aac sdaay aoe ois oedag ana 2 . Extract Of nsecvsaceesers 78 -Fluidextract of ......... 78 -Tinctura ..........e00 ee 78 Queen’s Root ....... cc eee ee eee 128 QUELCUS. eins seek dee ahha de segs 125 Quercus Albe-Decoctum ....... 125 Quicksilver veyoecesasawem sees 109 Quinine-Bisulphate of .......-. 8&4 Hydrobromate of ........ 84 Quinine Bisulphas ............. 84 Hydrobromidum ......... 84 _ Hydrochloricum ......... 83 Salieylas)