@. 5594 V8VveL Cornell University Library 534.V8V81 Three years of extension work in agricu S534 VEVE THREE YEARS OF EXTENSION WORK IN Agriculture and Home Economies in Virginia , == COUNTIES HAVING SOME FORM OF REGULAR DEMONSTRATION WORK, 1918-19 A Report oF THE ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE EXTENSION DIVISION OF THE VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL AND MEcHANICAL COLLEGE AND Potytecunic InstiTUTE FROM JuLy 1, 1916, Tro May 15, 1919 JESSE M. JONES, Director 4 w/ BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA, May 15th, 1919. Dr. J. D. Eccieston, President, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia. Dear President Eggleston: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of Extension Work in Virginia from July 1st, 1916, to May 15th, 1919. Very truly yours, JESSE M. JONES, Director. (3) RESULT OF DEMONSTRATION METHODS INTRODUCTION. This publication covers the period July 1st, 1916, to May 15th, 1919, and outlines briefly what was accomplished in 1916, 1917 and 1918, and the first six months of 1919. The main endeavors of the Extension Division have been along the following lines: 1. Centralizing and co-ordinating the work in the main office and in the field for economy and efficiency. 2. Organizing the work and workers for free and impartial service to the State. 3. Adding to and increasing the efficiency of the force. 4. Increasing the total amount of money available for the work. 5. Increasing the service of the college to the State and a better acquaintance of the people of the State with the college. 6. Enlisting the support and co-operation of all college, State and war agencies, and private organizations. 7. Effectively supporting authorized public organizations . whose activities in any way paralleled those of the Extension Division. 8. Carrying forward all the government’s war programs and campaigns. Much has been accomplished that has been large and helpful, although the years, because of war-time problems, have been the most difficult known for the development of Extension work. A study of this report will in a measure show to what extent results have been obtained along these and many other lines. The Nation’s programs for food production and conservation, and war work have been given careful attention, and definite (5) demands freely met. Every agency authorized to carry on war work has been assisted ungrudgingly. Great credit is due the entire agricultural staff and many others of the V. P. I., the State Council of Defense, Agricultural Council of Safety, State Food Administration, farmers’ and women’s clubs, bankers, commercial organizations, schools, public and private, and other organizations and individuals for their valuable and unstinted support. The newspapers of the State have willingly and generously rendered large and helpful assistance by giving space for publicity to campaigns and news items. The success of Extension work has been immeasurably helped by the educational work of the press. (6) EXTENSION DIVISION REPORT. HISTORY. The present form of Agricultural Extension Work is the out- growth of Farmers’ Co-operative Demonstration Work conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture, which was started in Virginia in 1907 in twoeor three counties, with T. O. Sandy, Burkeville, Virginia, as County Farm Demonstration Agent. A year or two later Mr. Sandy was appointed State Farm Demonstration Agent. His first work was with men only. In 1908 work with boys, known as Boys’ Corn Clubs, was started. Similar work for girls was started in Halifax and Nottoway Counties, June, 1910. This was first known as Tomato Club Work, but was changed to Girls’ Canning Club in 1911. Miss Ella G. Agnew, now Assistant Director in Home Demonstration Work, was the first woman agent. In 1914 work for women as well as for girls was definitely taken up, and the women agents’ title was changed from Canning Club Agents to County Home Demonstra- tion Agents. In the fall of 1917 work for boys and girls in Virginia was com- bined under what is known as Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural and Home Economics Clubs. GENERAL EDUCATIONAL BOARD. All forms of this work were at first financed by the General Educational Board of New York City, through the United States Department of Agriculture. This continued until the Smith-Lever Act went into effect, July Ist, 1914. UNITED BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. March 17th, 1910, the General Assembly established and gave money to support “The United Board of Agriculture to co- ordinate the Virginia College of Agriculture and Polytechnic Institute and the Virginia Experiment Station, the Commissioner and State Board of Agriculture and the State Board of Education in co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture (7) for the betterment of agricultural experimental and demonstration work and generally to advance the agricultural interests of this State.’ It also authorized Boards of Supervisors to appropriate county funds for this work “not to exceed $20.00 for each one thousand inhabitants.” This Board was composed of the Gover- nor and representatives of all the organizations just mentioned. All demonstration work for men, women, boys and girls was con- ducted by this Board until June 30th, 1914. EXTENSION DIVISION ESTABLISHED. The United Board of Agriculture and the Board of Visitors of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute united in a petition to the General Assembly of 1914 requesting that the United Board of Agriculture be dissolved and that all demonstration work be conducted by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. This was granted without a dissenting vote. The same General Assembly accepted the terms of the Federal Smith-Lever Act and designated the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Poly- technic Institute as the institution of the State through which this character of work should be done. The Extension Division of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute was accordingly established, July Ist, 1914, with President J. D. Eggleston acting as Director. PURPOSE. The purpose of the Extension Division is to disseminate in- formation gained first through research and investigations by Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations and the United States Department of Agriculture throughout the world, and second by results obtained by the best farmers and home-keepers to individual farmers and home-keepers of the State, that their farms and homes might be efficiently organized to best suit their sections and surroundings and that their problems might be successfully met in soils and crops, horticulture, dairying, live stock, poultry, agricultural engineering, home economics, mar- keting and community development. SCOPE OF WORK. This information is imparted by personal visits, meetings, and newspaper articles, and correspondence of county farm and (8) home demonstration agents and specialists, through. boys’ and girls’ and women’s club work, cow testing, pure bred live stock, and other associations and organizations, and the distribution of bulletins and circulars, and many other ways. The scope of the work is so broad that there are few farm or home problems the Division cannot help solve and the service is free, honest and impartial to all people within the State. By this means agricul- -ture and rural life generally are being readjusted on a higher plane of profit, dignity and power. THE SMITH-LEVER ACT. The Smith-Lever Act as passed by Congress in May, 1914, provided: “That in order to aid in diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical knowledge on subjects relating to agricul- ture and home economics and to encourage the application of the same, there may be inaugurated in connection with the college * * * agricultural extension work which shall be carried on in co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture.’ * * * “That co-operative agricultural extension work shall consist of the giving of instruction and practical demonstrations in agriculture and home economics to persons not attending or resident in said colleges in the several communities, and imparting to such persons information on said subjects through field demonstrations, publications, and other- wise; and this work shall be carried on in such manner as may be mutually agreed upon by the Secretary of Agriculture and the State agricultural college, or colleges receiving the benefits of this Act.” The relation of the United States Department of Agriculture to the Extension Division and that Division to the College is set forth in the ‘‘Memorandum of Understanding between the Vir- ginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute and the United States Department of Agriculture re- garding extension work in agriculture and home economics in the State of Virginia’’ and the General Organized Project. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING. All work is conducted under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute and the United States Department of Agri- culture. In this memorandum the college agrees: (9) First: ‘To organize’ and maintain a definite and distinct administration division for the management and conduct of ex- tension work in agriculture and home economics, with a respon- sible leader selected by the College, satisfactory to the Depar't- ment of Agriculture.” Second: “To administer through such Extension Division thus organized any and all funds it has or hereafter may receive for such work from any other source.” The United States Department of Agriculture agrees: (1) ‘To organize and maintain in the Department of Agriculture a States Relations Committee, pending the authorization by Congress of a States Relations Service, which shall represent the Department in the general supervision of all co-operative extension work in agri- culture and home economics which the Department shall participate in in the State of Virginia, and shall have charge of the Department’s business connected with the administration of Federal funds granted to the States under the Smith-Lever Act.” (2) ‘To carry on in co-operation with the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute all demonstration and other forms of extension work in agriculture and home economics which the Department is authorized by Congress to conduct in the State of Virginia.” This co-operative extension work in agriculture and home economics is to be planned under the joint supervision of the Director of Extension Work of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, subject to the approval of the President, and the Chief, office of Extension Work, South Service, the United States Department of Agriculture. All agents appointed to conduct this extension work in Virginia, involving the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, are joint representatives of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the Department of Agriculture. This memorandum was signed by the President of the College with the approval of the Board of Visitors, and the Secretary of Agriculture on June 30, 1914, and went into effect July 1st, 1914. In accordance with the agreement of the memorandum of understanding, the Extension Division was established as a defi- nite department of the College and on a par with the Experiment Station and Department of Agricultural Instruction. (10 ) GENERAL ORGANIZATION PROJECT FOR CO-OPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS IN VIRGINIA. Object. On June 30th, 1914, another agreement or plan of work was entered into “to co-ordinate and administer all extension work in agriculture and home economics provided for under the general memorandum of understanding dated June 30th, 1914, between the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute, and the United States Department of Agriculture, and to co-operate with such other State and local institutions as may arrange for work under this project.” Method of Procedure. 1. “This project contemplates the placing of county agri- cultural and home demonstration agents in each county as rapidly as the conditions will warrarit and funds permit. They are to work directly with the farmers and their families and to co-operate with all agricultural interests that have for their purpose the building up of agricultural and rural life. Their work shall generally consist of the following: (a) Personal visits, instruction and advice, and field and farmers’ club meetings. (b) By conducting carefully planned demonstrations to illustrate the best methods of farm practices and management in all lines of agriculture. (c) By organizing and conducting boys’ and girls’ clubs and organizing farmers and farm women in the clubs and co-operative societies. They shall be representatives of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute, and the United States Department of Agriculture, and shall co-operate with other agricultural activities under such approved plans as may be furnished by the Director of the Extension Division. 2. This general outline also contemplates other forms of ex- tension work such as specialists and assistant specialists who are trained in the various branches of agriculture and home economics. These are to be located at the Virginia Agricultural and Mechani- cal College and Polytechnic Institute, and in connection with the (11) lines of work already in existence at the State College or directly and administratively under the Director of the Extension Divi- sion. They shall assist in the technical instruction of County Agents and help them to carry information to the farmers and their families, shall assist in movable schools when required, and perform such other duties as may be outlined for them. In any county where there is no agent of the Extension Division, they shall work directly with the farmers under such plans as may be approved by the Director.” Organization. The plan of organization of the Extension Division will be found elsewhere in this report. Co-operation. “The co-operative extension work provided for herein shall be ‘carried on by co-operation between the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polyteclinic Institute and the United States Department of Agriculture in the manner provided for under the general memorandum of understanding regarding extension work in agriculture and home economics in the State of Virginia, dated June 30th, 1914. The acts of the Director of the Extension Division are subject to the approval of the President of the College; also he shall be responsible to both institutions above referred to. Co-operation shall also be maintained with various counties under the law authorizing counties to contribute funds towards the salary of County Agents, and with various institutions which may desire to co-operate in this work. Finances. The Extension Division is financed by appropriations made (1) directly to the United States Department of Agriculture for farmers’ co-operative demonstration work; (2) appropriation for co-operative extension work in accordance with the terms of the Federal Smith-Lever Act; (3) direct appropriation from the General Assembly of the State; (4) by appropriations and con- tributions from the counties and cities; (5) associations of farmers and individual farmers, colleges, boards of trade, chambers of commerce, through local associations of business men and in- dividuals within the State. (12 ) Federal Emergency Act. From April, 1917, all of 1918, and the first half of 1919, it was also supported by a direct appropriation to the Department of Agriculture ‘“‘to provide further for the National Security and Defense by stimulating agriculture and facilitating the distribu- tion of agricultural products and for other purposes.” The Act of the General Assembly passed at the same time the United States Board of Agriculture was created limited the appropriations that might be spent by Boards of Supervisors for this work. A later General Assembly removed the limit and the law now authorizes and empowers Boards of Supervisors to appropriate such sums of money for the furtherance of this work as they in their wisdom may find proper. Below is an itemized statement of the funds appropriated for extension work in agri- culture and home economics for the three fiscal years ending June 30th, 1917, 1918 and 1919. FARMERS’ CO-OPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION WORK, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 United States Department of Agriculture: Farmers’ Co-operative Dem- onstration Work......... 37,000.00 37,000.00 35,000.00 Hmergency Acts... iid sclteuio paaedegee 82,000.00 162,000.00 Bureau of Animal Industry... ..........0 cee. ee eee 6,500.00 Othce:of Marketsiea vy usweus aabaearivs “xeeseesnaa. ees ees 6 Bureau of Plant Industry... ..........0 cee ee ee eee 1,800.00 Federal Smith-Lever Exten- SON ACE sides sans Bee Da 45,331.93 61,391.90 77,451.87 General Assembly of Virginia. 35,331.93 51,391.90 67,451.87 2,168.07 8,027.50 8,740.00 County Boards of Supervisors and Education........... 33,601.74 53,419.64 65,505.00 Chambers of Commerce, In- dividuals and other sources. 9,122.00 9,831.15 8,473.00 Pinberes tii uia ine ecawenee esateaat 679.55 792.10 672.45* AQ PAIL a2 nowieigen te eaceaale carne 126,235.22 266,854.19 398,594.19 *NoTteE—Up to December, 1918. All funds from the United States Department of Agriculture are appropriated and paid directly from that Department. Feder- al Smith-Lever funds and funds appropriated by the General Assembly are kept by the Treasurer, Mr. C. I. Wade, in the Bank of Christiansburg, Christiansburg, Virginia, and are deposited as separate accounts with separate check books and register where (13 ) they draw interest at three per cent. All bills received in the central office of the Extension Division are classified, approved by the Director, then forwarded by the accountant to the Treasurer for payment. No travel is made without authorization of the Director, and no travel accounts are paid until a field report of work accomplished is on file. WORK CENTRALIZED AT HEADQUARTERS. Until July 1st, 1916, the work was located at the College only nominally. The greater part of the work of administration was centered at Burkeville in the office of the State Agent for Farm Demonstration Work and the State Agent for Home Demonstra- tion Work, respectively. On July ist, 1916, the personnel of the central offices at Blacksburg consisted of the Director, two full- time and two part-time specialists, and two part-time stenog- raphers. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer were and are now located at Christiansburg, Virginia. The State Agent in Farm Demonstration Work, with his stenographer, was located at Burke- ville. The State Agent in Home Demonstration Work was also located there, as were two specialists. The entire Extension force on July 1st, 1916, included 142. This has grown until on May Ist, 1919, the force numbered 254. A clear idea of this growth is shown in the following table: July July July May 1, 1, 1, ; 1916 1917 1918 1919 DifectOf spi kanes canes de tena aa oes ds 1 1 1 Asst: DITeCtOE oo sis sestadinn de watm Rams 84 Mieiits abd 1 1 Asst. Director Home Demonstration Work. .... .... 1 1 State Agent in Farm Demonstration Work. 1° 1 State Agent in Home Demonstration Work. 1 Asst. State Agent in Home Demonstration WOE: a rgatete a spies are cia Smo eae Sag era awe i 1 State Agent in Boys’ Club Work......... 1 1 Asst. State Agent in Boys’ Club Work.... 1 Asst. State Agent in Girls’ Club Work... . > Midetta seed, TAL Asst. £0, Direttorseiccsi3.08 yi ete Saas: Se? puncres exeaaes Ol SPECLALStS oss roa sis ees aptia Fee Saeeme ee .... 10 11 18 County Farm Demonstration Agents..... ee) 69 67 County Home Demonstration Agents.... . ee) 48 37 Urbativscccec cei geek cde mat ur mead ae aes foe: aaa, 5 Negro Farm Demonstration Agents...... sates AQ) 21 24 Negro Home Demonstration Agents...... susan OL 50 54 District Agents, men, white............. fag. 5 6 District Agents, women, white........... wx os A, 5 5 District Agents, men, negro............. se 2 2 District Agents, women, negro........... Page ~ SL 2 3 Cletical f0re6. osuecived ai dnesoine ce ean lees Hega, 27 24 30 ADMINISTRATION. The Director is a representative of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture and the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute. He reports directly to and is responsible to the President of the institution for the proper con- duct of his work. On January 8th, 1918, the Board of Visitors of the College by a resolution made the Director a member of the faculty, ex-officio. That a clear understanding may be obtained of the plan of organization of the Extension Division, the following diagram is produced. This sets forth clearly the plan of organization as provided for in the memorandum of understanding and general organization project between the College and the United States Department of Agriculture. BOARD OF VISITORS PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE | i Department of 2 steal Expenment Station Agricultural Instruction Extension Division Director Dean Director EXTENSION DIVISION County, Farm Demonstration Subject Matter Departments: ‘County Home Demonstratién ge Renter 2 Agricultural Engineerin, Agents—: Including Boys’ Agricultural Aaaaaay and ee E. Including Girls! Home Eco- Chul Management nomics Club Work Animal Husbandry Entomology Dairying, Home Dairying and Cheese Making Forestry Home Economics Horticulture Plant Pathology The General Organization Project outlines the organization of the Extension Division and states the responsibility of each person employed. (15 ) SUBJECT MATTER. All subject matter advanced by specialists is expected to be in accord with that taught by the subject matter department of the College and based on careful research and findings of the Experiment Station as far as possible. Through conferences with heads of subject matter departments they not only inform them- selves as to the subject matter being taught in the College, or in- formation that has been obtained through research, but inform College departments as to whether such teachings are directly applicable to the varied conditions of the State. It is through these specialists that the teachers of the College can become and keep familiar with changing conditions in the State and know whether the ideas taught by them are practical. RELATIONS WITH OTHER PARTS OF THE INSTITUTION. All relationships with other departments of the Virginia Poly- technic Institute, with the various State Departments, and other agencies and organizations, are perfected through the office of the Director and under plans approved by him. The relations of the Extension Division with the Experiment Station, the Department of Agricultural Instruction and the Department of Engineering have been most satisfactory. Mem- bers of these departments of the College make frequent trips for the Extension Division to assist County Agents in their work, attend various farmers’ meetings, advise regarding practical farm problems, and help solve difficulties which may arise on farms in various sections of the State. During 1916-17, $5,710.06 was budgeted for this travel, in 1917-18, $9,677.11 and 1918-19, $2,580.00. Dr. A. W. Drinkard, Director of the Experiment Station, has the following to say regarding work done by his men for the Extension Division: “T regard this form of co-operation mutually helpful to both branches of the institution. On the one hand it gives the Extension Division the benefit of the experience of the members of the Station Staff who are well acquainted with farm conditions within the State, and on the other, it provides a means which otherwise would be quite limited for the Station men to learn more about farming problems in the State, thereby keeping the Station in touch with the needs of its constituency. The Station will be glad to continue this * * *” ( 16 ) Professor H. L. Price, Dean of the Department of Agriculture (instruction), is equally strong in his statements regarding the work done by the members of his force. He says: “To a very large extent, except where classes are not met, the ad- vantages of information gained and opportunity to become acquainted with conditions over the State, entirely offsets the time lost from the College. The individual is benefited in every way.” All specialists of the Extension Division, except the Poultry Husbandman, have offices in connection with the College de- partments of the College most nearly related to the project carried on. Members of the Extension staff frequently give lectures to College classes. FARMERS’ SHORT COURSE. In February, 1917 and 1918, the Extension Division assisted in advertising the Farmers’ Short Course given by the College and the first year was able to more than double the regular attendance. Plans were ready for continuing this in 1919 when the epidemic of influenza made it advisable to postpone the course for the year. Members of the Extension Staff take an active part in these schools by giving certain short courses, and a series of lectures or demon- strations. The Extension Division has co-operated with the engineering departments in the purchase of a blue-printing machine. These departments have assisted with technical advice and in the con- duct of the Farm Tractor school in February, 1919. STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. There is no written basis for co-operative relations between the State Department of Agriculture and the Extension Divi- sion. However, a very friendly feeling and close co-operation whenever possible exists, especially with the office of the Dairy and Food Commissioner and the Bureau of Markets. The former has furnished the Extension Division with speakers to fill engagements and give information and assistance. The Ex- tension Division has reciprocated. Most of the co-operation has been with the Division of Markets and along the following lines: Investigation of conditions surrounding the marketing of wheat, the marketing of beef cattle in Southwest Virginia, city marketing, (17 ) and in promoting direct marketing among farmers and developing farmers’ co-operative organizations; furnishing the price of lambs and apples, lists of community fairs, poultry breeders and cattle buyers; also assistance in filling the market demands for alfalfa, corn, oats and soy beans. STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. There is a verbal co-operative agreement with the State Department of Education in carrying out several lines of work, particularly negro home makers’ club work under the guidance of negro women supervisors. They are employed for nine months in school work, and for the other three are on the pay rolls of the Extension Division, doing special demonstration work with women and girls. The Department has made provisions whereby rural High Schools located in counties with demonstration agents may in- troduce a course of study for agriculture, dividing the year’s work into three parts, first term, second term and vacation period. The fall or first term is devoted to a general course in agriculture, which was outlined with the assistance of representatives of the Extension Division. For the second term, the principal of the school, in consultation with the teacher and the County Agent, selects for the class four boys’ and girls’ projects to be studied. Each pupil selects one project to work out during school and sum- mer. A minimum of twenty lessons has been prepared by the Extension Division in each club project. These pupils are considered as members of the boys’ and girls’ agricultural and home economics club. One unit of credit is allowed for satis- factory work in the school room, and an additional unit of credit is given for satisfactory work on the club project during the sum- mer. During the spring of 1918, J. R. Hutcheson, Assistant Director, assisted in outlining a course of study for the ten agricultural high schools of the State and recommended methods of conducting them, and the policies to be pursued. OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The Farmville, Fredericksburg, Harrisonburg and Radford Normal Schools, and the University of Virginia, Hampden-Sidney College, Richmond College, and William and Mary College, have (18 ) co-operated by opening their dormitories and laboratories with equipment to agents and prize winners at short courses for club girls. Instructors have assisted in giving instruction. Other institutions that should be mentioned are Hollins College, Sweet Briar College, Blackstone Female College and Randolph-Macon School for Boys. Hampton Institute, the Petersburg Industrial and Normal School, Christiansburg College and St. Paul Academy have co- operated in negro work by furnishing office for District and County Agents, and by giving some assistance in supervision. Conferences with negro men and women agents have been held at Hampton Institute where lecture rooms, laboratories and dormitories have been used. CO-OPERATIVE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF VIRGINIA. Co-operative relations were entered into with this Association whereby programs were furnished to each of the community leagues during the fiscal year 1917-18. County Agents and community leagues in their respective counties are in very close co-operation and are mutually helpful to each other. For amore complete report see the report on community programs. CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. Assistance has been given directly in making corn exhibits at the annual meetings of this Association, and in the conduct of the program of the Association at these meetings. County Agents encouraged corn growers to send exhibits to the corn shows. DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Each year members of the force have been on the program of the Dairymen’s Association and have assisted in making educa- tional exhibits in the halls of the Association. STATE FARMERS’ INSTITUTE. Much assistance has been given in outlining programs and in securing noted speakers for the Farmers’ Institute. This meets semi-annually at various places in the State. Two meetings of the Institute have been held at the Agricultural College with an increase of two or three times the usual attendance at summer (19 ) meetings. In August, 1917, the attendance was 1,200 and 1,800 in 1918. FARMERS’ UNION. Many agents have found the Union a helpful means for advanc- ing, strengthening and guiding their work. Delegates to the Annual Meeting of the Farmers’ Union have for three years passed resolutions endorsing the work of the Extension Division, and have asked the legislature to appropriate funds for the con- tinued support of this work. Members of the force assist in out- lining plans and policies. VIRGINIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Packing schools, horticultural trips, exhibits, plans and policies for the conduct of the work of the Horticultural Society have been aided by members of the Extension Staff. More details of this work will be given under the report of horticultural work. VIRGINIA STATE BANKERS’ ASSOCIATION. That this organization is in thorough accord with the work being done by the Extension Division is shown by its appropriating $500 annually toward the expenses of boys and girls attending prize winners’ short courses. Through the efforts of the Associa- tion a greater co-operation of individual bankers over the State has been secured. The Extension Division is continually asked for printed material to circulate among their patrons. Each year banks make loans to boys and girls for seed, poultry, live stock, cans, sugar, etc., and offer prizes for work of merit. During 1918, 166 banks contributed by prizes or donations to club work to the extent of $4,599. VIRGINIA STATE FAIR ASSOCIATION. Each year an educational exhibit is made at the Virginia State Fair, Richmond, Virginia, by all the Departments of the Extension Division. Wide attention is attracted to these ex- hibits, and the various lessons taught are illustrated by charts, specimens of grain, fruit, live stock, canned goods, etc. The expense of preparing and erecting this exhibit is borne jointly by the Fair Association and the Extension Division. ( 20 ) Besides making exhibits, assistance has been given in con- ducting the Fair, securing exhibitions and judges in arranging the catalog of prizes. COUNTY AND COMMUNITY FAIRS. In practically every county where an agent is employed a fair has been made possible through the agent’s interest therein. These fairs are becoming more and more truly agricultural, with side shows and other objectionable features removed. In 1918 the Division furnished the Virginia Association of Fairs a specimen prize list for each department of county fairs, which was very widely adopted. More are adopting this prize list for 1919. One or more judges have been furnished for practi- cally every county fair in the State. Instruction in exhibiting was given at the time judging was done. At most of the county fairs in 1917 and 1918 exhibits put on to show the necessity of conserving food and using food substitutes made a deep im- pression on those attending. , (21 ) PROJECTS CONDUCTED. The Smith-Lever Act provides that all work shall be carried on in such manner as may be mutually agreed upon by the Secre- tary of Agriculture and the State Agricultural Colleges. The plans for conducting each kind of work, carefully written out and signed, are called a Project. Various Bureaus of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, particularly the States Relations Service, received large appropriations for different kinds of Extension work. Co- operative relations have been established with these for carrying into effect the purposes provided for in the appropriations. In this way all forces are unified, duplications of effort eliminated, and more valuable service made possible for the people of the State. Immediately following is a statement which shows the titles of the projects that have been taken up, the objects of the projects and the total budget for conducting them. ADMINISTRATION OF EXTENSION WORK. “To direct and co-ordinate the several lines of work provided for in all the projects for co-operative Extension work in agricul- ture and home economics between the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute and the United States Department of Agriculture.” For ease and convenience in budgeting funds many other ex- penses than those incidental to directing and co-ordinating the various lines of Extension work are included in this project, such as salary and travel of the Director, salary of the assistant to the Director, editor, treasurer, assistant treasurer, accountants, purchasing agent, stenographers of several projects, special clerks, janitors, and travel of college men and others while on Extension work. To this project are also charged such expenses as purchase of books, subscriptions to magazines, stationery, supplies, repairs, remodeling, building, heat, light, drayage, telephone and telegraph, etc., printing of notices, posters and forms. Surplus funds to be later distributed to other or new projects were carried in this project during 1918-19. ( 22 ) The States Relations Service co-operates in the organization and supervision by direct apportioning of money and furnishing of certain report forms, envelopes, cards, letterheads and posters. Date effective July 1st, 1914. ‘ 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $11,333.54 $17,869.45 $42,272.00 PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS. “To disseminate information and instruction by wruting, printing and distributing bulletins, circulars, and other publica- tions on agriculture and home economics.” The printing of bulletins, Extension Division News, and Boys’ and Girls’ Agri- cultural Club Letter are the only charges made to this project. This work is supported entirely from Smith-Lever funds. Date effective July Ist, 1914. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $1,540.00 $2,870.00 $5,095.14 COUNTY FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK. ‘To give instruction to farmers on better methods of agricul- ture, including farm practices and management, the raising of crops, production of live stock, etc., and to carry out practical demonstrations illustrating the same; to encourage effective organization for rural improvement.’ The States Relations Service co-operates in the organization and supervision; county boards of supervisors, organizations and individuals also co- operate by appropriating funds. Date effective July Ist, 1914. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $74,666.49 $93,984.28 $184,919.00 COUNTY HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK, INCLUDING GIRLS’ CLUB WORK AND HOME ECONOMICS. “To organize and carry on an effective work of instruction in home economics and domestic arts by organizing and con- ducting women’s home demonstration clubs, girls’ clubs and other clubs.” The States Relations Service co-operated in the organiza- tion and supervision. County Boards of Supervisors and Educa- tion, local organizations and individuals also contributed funds. ( 23 ) The College Dairy Department furnishes space for a Home Economics laboratory. Date effective July Ist, 1914. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 mount budgeted for....... $27,083.57 $39,095.38 $94,012.00 CHEESE MAKING. “To encourage the establishment and correct management of cheese factories, especially in the mountain sections of Virginia.”’ The Bureau of Animal Industry co-operated in the organization and supervision. The College Dairy Department furnishes an office. Date effective September, 1916. 1916-17 . 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $2,590.00 $3,400.00 $5,600.00 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. “To stimulate the production of more and better live stock in Virginia, to give technical advice and assistance in farm manage- ment and to correlate local experience in live stock production and management as a basis for future improvement.” This is organized and supervised entirely by the Extension Division. The College Dairy and Animal Husbandry Department furnishes an office. Date effective July Ist, 1914. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $4,810.00 $3,710.00 $8,700.00 ORCHARD AND GARDEN MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT GROWING. “To give technical advice, instruction and assistance to farmers, fruit growers and others in fruit growing and orchard management including pruning, spraying, cultivation and fertiliza- tion of the orchard, and in gathering, packing and in marketing fruit, also to give advice in vegetable gardening, floriculture and landscape gardening.”’ This is also considered as an administra- tion project for all specialists working along the lines mentioned. This is organized and supervised by the Extension Division. The College Horticultural Department furnishes an office. Date effective July, 1914. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $5,565.00 $6,815.00 $12,040.00 ( 24) HOME GARDENING. “To encourage and teach better methods of the year-round home garden and better methods in handling-the same.”’ The States Relations Service co-operated in organization and super- vision and by furnishing a leader. There is no written project for the conduct of this work. The College Horticultural De- partment furnishes an office. Date effective February 21st, 1917. 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for................... $2,800.00 $2,800.00 DAIRY HUSBANDRY. “To give instruction and conduct demonstrations in dairy feeding, breeding and management, and creamery operations, also to organize dairy pure bred sire, cow testing and similar associations among dairy farmers.” This is organized and supervised by the Extension Division. The College Dairy Department furnishes an office. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $600.00 $2,700.00 $4,700.00 BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ POULTRY CLUB WORK. “To organize and instruct boys and girls in clubs by furnishing information and other assistance on improved methods of raising and fattening poultry, growing feedstuffs for poultry, and other matters concerning poultry management.’”’ The Bureau of Animal Industry co-operated in the organization and super- vision by furnishing a part of the salary and supplies. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $2,950.00 $3,480.00 $3,640.00 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. “To give instruction and to conduct demonstrations in drain- age, silo, barn and house construction, farm machinery and equip- ment, and farm and home sanitation.”? This is organized and supervised by the Extension Division. The College Agronomy Department furnishes an office. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $2,240.00 $620.00 $3,800.00 ( 25 ) NEGRO HOME DEMONSTRATION AND NEGRO GIRLS’ HOME MAKERS’ CLUB WORK. “To organize and instruct negro women and girls on the farm in the principles of successful home gardening, canning, poultry raising and other work connected with home making, and to organize and conduct negro girls’ Home Makers’ Clubs and Clubs for women, to give advice and instruction for the upbuilding of the home in its relation to the life of its members and its relations to the community.”’ This is supported by funds from the States Relations Service, Extension Division, County Boards of Super- visors, Local Organizations and individuals. Hampton Institute and Petersburg Normal and Industrial Institute furnish offices. Date effective July 1st, 1914. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $6,274.00 $7,404.00 $8,750.00 NEGRO FARM DEMONSTRATION AND NEGRO BOYS’ “ FARM MAKERS’ CLUB WORK. “To give instruction to negro farmers on better methods of farm practices and management, the raising of crops, production of live stock, etc., and to carry out practical demonstrations illustrating the same, and to encourage effective organizations for rural improvement. To teach better methods of agriculture to negro boys, to in- spire them with a love of the land and stimulate friendly rivalry among them; to vitalize the work of the negro country schools by correlating the teaching of agriculture with actual practices on the farm, by organizing the boys into negro boys’ farm makers’ clubs for the production of corn and other crops and the raising of live stock.” The States Relations Service co-operates in or- ganizing and supervising and by appropriating funds. County Boards of Supervisors, local organizations and individuals also co-operate by appropriating funds for its support. Hampton In- stitute furnishes an office. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $12,718.00 $13,296.00 $29,491.00 MOVABLE SCHOOLS. “To conduct in various localities movable schools of agricul- ture and home economics, lasting from one to five days, for the ( 26 ) instruction of farmers and their families by means of demonstra- tions, lectures, etc.”’ This is organized and supervised by the Extension Division. Date effective July ist, 1916. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $975.00 $300.00 $1,100.00 BOYS’ AGRICULTURAL CLUB WORK. “To teach better methods of agriculture to farm boys, to in- spire them with a love of the land and stimulate friendly rivalry among them, to vitalize the work of the country school by corre- lating the teaching of agriculture with actual practices on the farm, by organizing the boys into clubs for the production of corn and other crops and the raising of live stock, and to give club members instruction in methods of organizing and co-operation and their relation to civic betterment.’’ The States Relations Service co-operates in organizing and supervising. Date effective January 1, 1917. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $6,530.00 $3,540.00 $7,875.00 COMMUNITY PROGRAMS. “To provide plans and programs for community meetings and to promote community discussion of rural organization for general social and economic improvement.’ The Bureau of Markets and Rural Organization and the Co-operative Education Association of Virginia co-operated in the organization, super- vision and support during the fiscal year 1916-17. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $300.00 $300.00 AGRONOMY AND FARM MANAGEMENT. “To give advice, instruction and assistance relative to the pro- duction of farm crops, soil fertility and farm management prob- lems and to demonstrate economic and efficient methods of farm production and crop management; also to demonstrate the importance of certain efficient factors relating to the net in- come of the farm.” This is organized and supervised by the Extension Division. The College Agronomy Department fur- nishes an office. Date effective July ist, 1917. 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for....... $3,100.00 $3,700.00 ( 27 ) CONTROL OF DISEASES OF POTATOES, SWEET POTATOES, TRUCK AND FORAGE CROPS AND RELATED PLANTS. “To disseminate information on plant disease control, establish community co-operative demonstrations in certain areas to con- trol diseases in special areas and to give attention to emergency outbreaks that may develop.” The Bureau of Plant Industry co-operates by paying the salary of a specialist and together with the Plant Pathology Department of the College co-operates in organization and supervision. The College Plant Pathology Department furnishes an office. 1918-19 Amount budgeted for.) 4 cc5:2¢24e a0 263 pe5 S543 Sa we $3,200.00 ENTOMOLOGY. “To aid in crop production, in giving instruction in methods of control in insects injurious to crops, stored products and domestic animals, by cultural methods, dates of planting, tillage, rotations and fertilization, methods of harvesting, storing, spraying and fumigating, etc.”” The Bureau of Entomology and the Entomology Department of the College co-operate in organizing and supervising. The former furnishes a leader and the latter office space and equipment. Date effective November 1st, 1917. 1917-18 1918-19 Amount budgeted for.............. 0... $2,800.00 CONTROL OF RODENT PESTS. “To conduct demonstrations and promote campaigns for the destruction of rats, pine mice, rabbits, woodchucks, and other rodent pests.’’ The Bureau of Biological Survey co-operates in organization and supervision, and by furnishing a leader. Date effective September Ist, 1917. 1918-19 Amount budgeted fory..cccuse<. « weavdeuseuuvcagaeeas $450.00 NATIONAL FORESTRY AGRICULTURE. ‘To assist forest officers of the Forest Service to assist people living on or near National forests in improving their agricultural practices and live stock, increasing their production, getting better ( 28 ) markets and returns from their products, developing plans for community organizations and attaining better living conditions.” The Forest Service co-operates in organization and supervision and by furnishing leaders. SWINE HUSBANDRY WORK. “To give instruction and demonstrations in the raising of pigs and to teach the most profitable methods known in swine husbandry, including management of swine and preparation of swine and pork products for market.” The Bureau of Animal Industry co-operated in organization and supervision, and in furnishing a leader. The College Department of Dairy Husbandry furnishes an office. Date effective May 27th, 1918. 1918-19 Amount. apportioned, 4 osc%ce essai gegen se saadud ene $2,800.00 EMERGENCY HOME ECONOMICS EXTENSION WORK IN CITIES. “To increase food production, elimination of waste and promote correct utilization, consumption and conservation of food in cities and larger towns by- disseminating information through demonstra- tions, publications, organizations of women to carry out the pur- poses of this work and otherwise.” This project became effective August 10, 1917. The States Relations Service co-operated in organization and supervision and by furnishing funds. Date effective December, 1917. Budget included in project for county home demonstration work. 1 (29 ) SLINHOV ALNNOO AM GCALVOOACY AXIS JO ANIA a Te - FARM DEMONSTRATION. (Joun R. Hurcueson, Assistant Director.) The County Farm Demonstration Agent is the key man in carrying out all lines of work undertaken by the Extension Divi- sion. He is on the ground, does the “follow up” work; brings the farmer the latest and best information from the Experiment Stations and practical farmers of the State; sees that work started == COUNTIES HAVING WHITE FARM DEMONSTRATION AGENTS, 1918-19 by Specialists with farmers is successfully carried out; helps farmers locate their troubles and organize to overcome them. As a proof of having succeeded in this work the United States Government greatly increased appropriations for this support at the outbreak of the war. With the increased need for Farm Demonstration Work, it has been greatly enlarged. July 1st, 1916, the force consisted of (31 ) one State Agent, three District Agents, and forty-five County Agents; July 1st, 1917, one State Agent, three District Agents, and forty-nine County Agents; July 1st, 1918, one State Agent, five District Agents, and sixty-nine County Agents. In two years’ time there was an increase in the total number of workers from forty-nine to seventy-five, or a little over fifty per cent. Negro Agents: The number of negro agents working entirely with negroes has also increased rapidly in the last three years. == COUNTIES HAVING NEGRO FARM DEMONSTRATION AGENTS, 1918-19 July 1st, 1916, there were fifteen Local Agents and one District Agent; July 1st, 1917, seventeen Local Agents and one District Agent; and July ist, 1918, twenty-three Local Agents and two District Agents. COUNTY AGENTS’ PART IN THE WAR. During the war considerable difficulty was experienced in getting properly trained men for County Agent positions and in keeping agents from resigning. During the year 1917-18, twenty ( 32) men were lost from the County Agent force, the majority enter- ing the Army. While speaking of those who volunteered in the fighting service, those who remained on the job should also be commended. Practically every one of them would have volunteered had it not been for family responsibilities and a consciousness that their place of highest service was in the great food production army of the nation. No greater service was rendered during the war by any body of Virginians than that rendered by these County __ Agents. In the beginning the farmers knew little as to why the nation entered the war, what kind of enemy we were fighting or what had to be done in order to win. Much pro-German propa- ganda was being carried on throughout the country districts. The County Agents combatted this by early informing themselves of the real conditions and at every meeting and every conversa- tion did their utmost to pass facts on to the farmers. The Statistical Report given herewith shows a steady increase in amount of work done along most lines. In a few instances not as many definite demonstrations were conducted in 1918 as before. However, it must be remembered that the scope of work of the County Agents during the past year was greatly widened on account of entrance into the World War. County Agents are largely agricultural agents, and do most of their work by con- ducting definite demonstrations, yet they were called upon to assist in every line of war work being conducted in their counties. They responded as far as possible to all these calls and accom- plished a wonderful work. During the years 1917 and 1918, they were the connecting link between the United States Govern- ment and the farmer in all lines of work. Our agents helped tremendously to “‘put over’? Red Cross, Thrift Stamp, Liberty Loan, Y. M. C. A., and other campaigns. Salaries of the agents have been greatly increased and are about fifty per cent. higher than they were two years ago, yet agents are very poorly paid. Those in charge of the work pur- pose to allow a general increase all along the line as the agents prove their efficiency and increased funds can be secured from the counties. It is worthy of note that the counties in Mississippi pay about $1,800 per county locally, while the counties in Virginia pay only about $800 per county for the support of Farm Demon- stration Work. If good agents are to be kept county authorities must pay more money. ( 33 ) State Agent T. O. Sandy resigned October 1, 1917, and his duties were taken up by J. R. Hutcheson, who was appointed Assistant Director. Everything connected with the State Office was moved from Burkeville to Blacksburg. Mr. Sandy did splendid work during his career as State Agent, being the pioneer of Farm Demonstration Work in Virginia. His resignation was presented at the emphatic demand of his physician. ORGANIZATIONS. In the early stages of demonstration work, County Agents were instructed to work largely with individuals, the idea being that if one farmer in the community would grow a crop success- fully the other farmers in the neighborhood would see it and follow his example. However, the work has grown and expanded so rapidly within the last few years and the County Agent has been called upon to do so many things that he is finding it neces- sary to have some thorough organization in the county to back his work and help him through to a successful completion of the many activities which he undertakes. The number of local organizations and associations has rapid- ly increased during the last few years, until at the present time every agent has some organization to help him in his work. At the present time an effort is being made to pick out from these organizations a number of strong men who, with the Board of Supervisors, will make an effective Advisory Board. Advisory Board: The members of the Advisory Board are elected by their fellow citizens from the several farmers’ organiza- tions or appointed by the Board of Supervisors. They assist the County Agents in making an analysis of the agricultural needs of the county and aid in providing ways and means by which he may be enabled to apply direct remedies for existing ills. In several instances a careful survey of the conditions in the county has been made and these have been submitted to the Advisory Boards, who, with the County Agent, and generally the District Agent, have made out a plan of work for the year. In this way definite activities have been decided upon which enable the agent to get more concrete results than when his activities are spread over a great many lines. At the present time about thirty white County Agents and twenty negro Agents have Advisory Boards. This phase of the ( 34 ) work has become more important each year and is receiving more attention. CAMPAIGNS. In addition to the regular Farm Demonstration Work during 1917-18 the County Agents assisted in putting on several inten- sive campaigns for increased food production and conservation. Beginning in the fall of 1917, the United States Department of Agriculture asked Virginia to increase the wheat acreage fifteen per cent. Every agent put forth his best efforts to bring about this increase and in spite of a very poor season for getting wheat started, and less labor than ever before, the acreage planted was increased more than ten per cent. During the fall of 1918 an- other campaign was put on for increased wheat production, but efforts were devoted toward increasing bushels per acre through clean seed, preparation of soil, time of seeding and fertilizers, tather than acres of wheat. In addition to the campaign for increased production, our agents made a strenuous effort to pre- vent waste in harvesting and threshing. They co-operated with the Food Administration in getting information to threshers and reports from the same. Seed Corn: One of the most helpful campaigns put on through the County Agents was a campaign in the spring of 1918 for the testing of seed corn. In most sections Virginia farmers do not have much trouble with bad seed corn, but in the fall of 1917 an early frost and severe winter following caused a serious seed corn situation. The most serious part of the situation was that the farmers did not believe their seed corn was injured. Results of hundreds of tests by the County Agents in the western and northern parts of the State showed that a large part of the seed corn tested around fifty per cent. germination, and in some sections as low as five per cent., while in others as high as eighty per cent. In no county in the State was there good seed corn throughout the entire county. Daily and weekly papers were kept filled with information in regard to the same, and bulletins were distributed on seed corn testing. In the worst counties agents used newspapers, visited schools, and used every means to get farmers to test their seed corn. As a direct result 4,242 farmers tested part of their seed corn, and 2,678 tested all of it. In some sections it was impractical to se- ( 35 ) cure seed for planting from corn in the hands of farmers. Here agents located good seed corn and brought it in from other counties. Records show 20,000 bushels were located. This planted at least 100,000 acres. The amount of money saved to Virginia by this one thing would pay the entire cost of Farm Demonstration Work for the last three years. Some members of the Boards of Super- visors said that the work done by the County Agent in this line was worth more than his entire salary for ten years. The President of the Council of Defense in one of the counties said the agent’s work with seed corn saved the county at least $100,000. The Chairman of one of the Boards of Supervisors stated that he had two sons in France, but that the agent’s work in the above men- tioned lines had been of more value to the county than the com- bined efforts of his two sons serving in the trenches. Live Stock: Several campaigns were put on during the war period to bring about increased production of live stock and live stock products. Special emphasis was laid on the increased production of pork. Due to the agents’ influence 393 pure bred boars and 789 pure bred sows were brought into the counties; in addition to this several thousand head of pure bred and grade sows were saved from slaughter and bred. During 1918 agents in sheep raising sections put on cam- paigns for saving ewe lambs from slaughter. This helped to increase the wool and mutton production. MEETINGS. A brief statement of the general work done by County Agents from 1916 to 1918, inclusive, will give an idea of how the work has grown and what a wonderful influence this force exerted in war work. The white and colored men agents in 1916 made 55,621 visits to demonstrators, co-operators and others. In 1917, 49,047 visits were made, and in 1918 71,824 visits were made. In 1916 they addressed 2,525 meetings with an attendance of 129,713 people; in 1917 they addressed 3,267 with an attendance of 216,551; in 1918 they addressed 4,269 with an attendance of 291,168. In 1916 they wrote 34,349 official letters and sent out 35,488 copies of circular letters; in 1917 they wrote 39,621 official letters and sent cut 34,980 copies of circular letters; in 1918 they wrote 55,731 official letters and sent out 47,570 copies of circular letters. ( 36 ) WORK WITH DEMONSTRATORS AND CO-OPERATORS. The County Agents conduct definite demonstrations which they supervise closely and make reports on. Farmers who carry out this kind of work are known as Demonstrators. The agents also advise with certain farmers as to how crops and live stock will be handled, but do not attempt to get these farmers to keep accurate reports. Such farmers are called co-operators. Work is done by demonstrators and co-operators with practically every crop and form of live stock produced in Virginia. But on account of the limited space, only the work done with the main crops and live stock will be given in this report. CORN. The improvement of corn by seed selection and cultural methods was the first farm problem taken up in the State when Demonstration work started. Each year has forced the con- viction that there is no crop of greater importance to which attention should be directed than corn. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. of Dem. and Co-op............. 1,707 3,374 7,960 22 NOs @eresi@rOWtie: sie heus axecsg eset 21,413 35,848 74,615 3. Avg. yield per acre reported......... 45.3 45.5 45.4 4. No. of farmers selecting seed corn..... 1,878 2,082 7,729 5. No. bus. selected.............0.0005- 10,196 14,412 34,355 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 1,496 7,654 9,076 2. No. acres grown............ 00. eens 4,102 28,411 37,158 3. Avg. yield per acre reported......... 28.5 27.8 30.2 4. No. of farmers selecting seed corn..... 1,241 1,648 2,968 5. No. bus. selected...............-00. 1,630 2,467 4,008 These figures show the wonderful growth in work done by the white and negro agents in assisting farmers to grow more and better corn. Because of these efforts whole counties have changéd methods of handling the corn crop and yields have been greatly increased. The acreage planted in 1918 under the direction of the County Agents was over three times as great as that planted in ( 87 ) 1916. This general increase was due to the imperative need for food presented by the war. Even with the increased acreage, the yield per acre was unexpectedly maintained which shows the correctness of the methods advocated. A detailed account of the seed corn campaign of 1918 is given elsewhere in this report. WHEAT. Over a large section of Virginia wheat is not a very profitable crop, and for that reason County Agents did not devote much time to it. But with the outbreak of the war, wheat became of para- mount importance and the agents did everything in their power to increase its production. In the fall of 1916 Virginia farmers planted an extra heavy acreage of wheat, but, on account of the severe winter, only 2,000,000 bushels above normal were produced. The high price of wheat and the world need stimulated interest to such an extent that there was over 300 per cent. increase in the number of demonstrators and co-operators by both white and negro agents. In the fall of 1918, there was also an unheard of increase in the number of those treating wheat for smut. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 797 2,156 4,370 2) INGwACTESIOTOWN escent oan peed sex 11,770 19,488 39,245 3. Avg. yield per acre..... Sey RRR SS 18 19.9 17.2 4. No. influenced to plant for the first TMG eos est Pe See Peete eke eae 206 253 613 5. No. acres treated for disease......... 2,444 19,157 16,267 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 -1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 710 2,330 3,774 2. No. acres grown........... estates he a a 2,013 9,258 10,582 3. Avg. yield per acre................. 13.3 13.5 12 4. No. influenced to plant for the first HIMES siete se ae eo aainate tae 34 141 318 5. No. acres treated for disease......... 709 2,782 2,957 Very few of the one thousand or more farmers directly in- fluenced to plant wheat for the first time would have done so if the great necessity for food had not been impressed upon them by the agents. Great increases were also made by the farmers in the pro- duction of oats and rye. ( 38 ) ALFALFA. The United States Bureau of Estimates reported 3,126 acres of alfalfa in Virginia in 1909. In the five years from 1914 to 1918, 41,550 acres were grown directly under demonstration methods. In 1914, 5,526 acres were reported by white and negro agents. In 1915, 6,052 acres were reported by white and negro agents. In 1916, 10,382 acres were reported by white and negro agents. In 1917, 9,673 acres were reported by white and negro agents. In 1918, 9,117 acres were reported, by white and negro agents. The slight falling off was due to farmers sowing clovers and hays that were a little more certain during the period of the war. The shortage of labor, high prices of seed, fertilizers and lime also contributed largely to this. To-day there are few counties where alfalfa is not grown in at least a small degree. In some sections it is a most profitable crop. It has already been grown long enough in Virginia to prove its value, and the acreage will steadily increase year by year as farmers become experienced in growing and handling it. Its value in the dairy ration in replacing some of the high* priced concentrates, is adding greatly to its popularity. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 1,396 1,512 1,332 2. No. acres grown..... Araneae cone nenth efor 10,331 9,556 8,999 3. Avg. yield per acre, tons............ 3 3 3.2 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 45 79 91 . No. acres grown............. Men Gaee 51 117 118 3. Avg. yield per acre, tons............. 2.2 2.1 2.9 MIXED GRASSES AND CLOVER. Those in charge of demonstration work in Virginia early realized the need of more live stock, but also realized that before more live stock could be grown, more feed must be produced. For this reason great attention has been given to the production of grasses and clovers since the intréduction of demonstration work. These and other influences have enormously increased the acreage sown to these crops. The urgent patriotic appeal to ( 39 ) farmers to grow feedstuffs in order that transportation might be saved for the shipment of soldiers and war necessities met with a hearty response. The Bureau of Crop Estimates shows that the production of hay has been about doubled since 1914, being 650,000 acres that year and 1,142,000 acres in 1918. The practice of sowing grasses and clover'on wheat and oats is rapidly giving way to that of sowing grass and clover alone in the early fall on a well prepared seed bed. Better results are uniformly obtained by fall sowing. The County Agents have also been of great help in showing farmers the necessity of lime in hay production. In some counties the practice of shipping in hay- has practically ceased since the starting of propaganda and demonstrations to show that hay can be economically pro- duced. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. of Dem. and Co-op............. 1,134 2,203 2,028 2. NGOs acres grOWis < o.4 oe se nen dene ees 23,421 25,699 15,604 3. Avg. yield per acre, tons............. 1.8 2A 1.6 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. of Dem. and Co-op............. 129 168 648 2: ING. ACKES STOWM.... 2242 eases eens 670 711 1,622 3. Avg. yield per acre, tons............. 1.2 1.4 13 Special attention is called to the great increase in this crop grown by negro demonstrators. This is an encouraging sign as it shows they are getting ready for more live stock. SOY BEANS AND COWPEAS. The value of cowpeas has long been realized, but only during the last few years has the great value of soy beans been known. In most sections the soy bean is found to be profitable both as a hay and seed crop, and asa soilimprover. This crop is also used more and more extensively each year as a grazing crop for hogs. In some sections it is planted near peanut fields so that the hogs may graze the beans off after they have eaten the scattered pea- nuts. The soy bean has the advantage of staying in the field longer without spoiling than peanuts. Often 125 pounds or more ( 40 ) of pork per acre are made in this manner. In 1918, 2,071 acres were grazed, which returned a value of $32 per acre. Both peas and beans are often sowed after wheat and in corn at the last working to improve the land for the following crop of wheat. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 2,122 2,352 2,736 No. acres grown.............0000005 23,824 10,616 14,043 i 1916 1917 1918 1. No. Dem. and Co-op................ 827 1,653 1,718 No. acres grown......../ Belin arr eguecg ag 2,051 4.411 5,116 ORCHARD. More interest is being taken in the management of the com- mercial and home orchards each year, although reports from demonstration agents do not indicate as much work being done in this line. This is because their time has been largely given to war work of various kinds, and in pushing production of quick- maturing foodstuffs. A further report of this work will be found in the report of work being done by the specialists in horti- culture. ‘ The Bureau of Crop Estimates in 1918 showed the commercial apple crop in Virginia to be the third greatest in the United States. In February, 1918, four or five trees were pruned in the five- acre orchard belonging to James W. Gouchenour. No others were pruned in the orchard. In the fall, Mr. Gouchenour states, he picked more marketable fruit from the pruned trees than from all the rest of the orchard. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. Orchards inspected...... (gotta iietenei 1,283 1,033 1,129 Orchards pruned through Agents’ infliienc@i: sie-teacdaaaeadiwas eis 1,453 1,139 708 3. Orchards sprayed through Agents’ INAUCNIEE 4s a4 Wee Esha ales Sap BR e's 532 630 391 4. Orchards planted through Agents’ infllUeNnGE!s, cu ass 8s ae ees See LASS 188 273 98 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. Orchards inspected................- 422 489 519 2. Orchards pruned through Agents’ INMUENCE conan So oeeee ees 247 386 341 3. Orchards sprayed through Agents’ INMUENCE!. 5 os vue Hee este Mek 7 20 58 4. Orchards planted through Agents’ influence. ...... Senta ea ete sa.GRRe yas 40 27 44 HORSES AND MULES. Records show there has been a steady increase in the number of pure bred stallions, jacksand mares in the State since demonstra- tion work started. A great deal of work in figuring out rations for horses and mules on the farm has been done. In 1917-18 agents were instrumental in getting a surplus of horses and mules in a number of counties sold to the Government and to other sections of the United States where there was a de- ficiency. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. pure bred stallions brought in ue tO-ASENE, a iciteawa wet es own an 16 21 21 2. No. pure bred jacks bought due to Agents = During the last few years a special effort has been made to organize Breeders’ Associations. In 1917-18 forty-two local Dairy Breeders’ Associations were established, and in a number of counties one dairy breed has been selected for the entire county, thus encouraging community breeding and co-operative sales. Nine creamery routes were established in each of the years 1916 and 1917, and these were maintained during the year 1918. In the last three years twelve cheese factories have been organized in Virginia. A detailed account of this work is given elsewhere. The agents in dairy sections are trying to provide a system of farm management whereby a much larger amount of food needed for dairy cows will be raised, thus saving the purchase of so much concentrated feed. Leguminous hay, better pastures and more silos are also encouraged. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. of pure bred bulls bought due to Agentincscacuaiwsmeatiqneeadtenqee 109 165 56 2. No, pure bred cows bought due to Agente cared desta ere Phe 14% 231 475 301 3. No. grade cows bought due to Agent. . 439 897 336 4. No. of dairy Breeders’ Associations SSPADIISHE asc aalchune muvee ciansee s 11 18 13 5. No. cattle fed by Agents’ directions... 3,256 6,994 5,661 BEEF CATTLE. The need of more beef cattle in almost every county in the State, and a better quality in those counties which are known as beef cattle counties, is very marked. The three years covered by this report show a phenomenal development of the beef cattle industry. Seven hundred and two pure bred beef bulls were brought in through the influence of the County Agents. To these can be added cows and heifers numbering 840. In this same period sixty-four local Beef Cattle Associations were formed. The results obtained by one of these illustrates what is going on to a greater or less degree throughout many counties. The Tazewell Pure Bred Shorthorn Association was organized in the fall of 1916 with 225 members and a capital stock of $8,000. In the spring of 1917, thirty-eight pure bred Shorthorn bulls were purchased and placed in districts throughout the county. That summer they served 1,400 cows. Calves dropped from this mating in the spring of 1918, sold for $10 more per head than those from common bulls. This made the first year’s calf crop worth ( 44) $14,000 to the county. Experienced cattle men say this will be trebled by the time the cattle are matured, which will make an ultimate increased value from the use of the bulls $42,000. In the summer and fall of 1918 practically the same number of cows were served, so that in three years after the first lot of bulls were brought into the county, the $8,000 purchase price will be returning about $40,000 annually to the farmers of the county. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. of pure bred bulls bought due COMA ONC eects sic cates oe cus tetera ae 189 285 228 2. No. pure bred cows bought due to SN DC Liana Sateen hace cht nt Corres 212 249 379 3. No. grade cows bought due to Agent. . 247 388 379 4. No. bull clubs and Associations Param cdl ear nee eee eee ya ee scien: 20 27 17 § No. cattle better cared for. ... 0.04.55 6,557 16,285 17,549 ee ae seep see GE ah aan Cantatas. SELF-FEEDERS GROWING IN POPULARITY HOGS. For a number of years the agents have been waging a cam- paign for increased pork production as one of the best means of furnishing more money to the farmers and to save them from shipping in a great deal of pork from western states. During 1916, 1917 and 1918 this campaign was intensified in order to meet the demand for increased pork production occasioned by the war. The census of 1910 showed that Virginia had only 2.8 (45 ) mature hogs per farm, and only 1.26 per family of five. There is a need to-day for nearly one-half million more mature hogs to supply our normal needs. Agents have been advocating that each farm needed at least two brood sows, and to many farmers that a much larger number could be kept with profit. During the two years of the war some of the agents preached ‘‘one more brood sow per farm” with excellent results. Throughout 1918 special emphasis was given to self-feeders for hogs with the result that they are now used to some extent in practically every county in the State. Demonstrations conducted with self-feeders by J. Alex Carter of Fauquier County, show the value thereof. Seven gilts farrowed forty-five pigs December 1st, 1917. They were fed corn, wheat middlings and tankage until February 19th, 1918, at which time the pigs were weaned and put on the self-feeder. In addition the sows were on clover pasture sixty days. Total cost of feed for sows and pigs, $741.35, cost of shipping, $101.43, total cost, $842.78. On June 8th, 1918, the forty-five hogs sold weighed 7,245 pounds at $18.40 per hundred, or $1,333.08. The net profit on forty-five hogs was $409.30, making a net profit per hog of $9.09. The annual report for 1914-15 emphasizes the fact that grazing crops for hogs are advisable when cheap production of pork is desired. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. pure bred boars brought in due tOACENE sc. vdes eeubs exeete ete ces 248 437 417 2. No. pure bred sows brought in.due to Agent. ......... Idee nie Gane aasuk aie 329 446 814 3. No. grade sows brought in due to Aer be gece renee oe etter reseaatete ks das 1,497 2,142 3,093 4. No. of herds started due to Agent... . 246 323 464 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. pure bred boars brought in due tO ASCHE asco nudsema ais cura dye 26 23 21 2. No. pure bred sows brought in due tO-APENT Jains ded aeeuNdsseen ees 15 18 28 3. No. grade sows brought in due to ABOI ss oo thy eelis neces asdhGen honda een 82 118 284 4. No. of herds started due to PABOMG 3325 La tactiaterrate eat piace 42 28 46 SHEEP. There is an increased interest in the sheep industry in Virginia due to the increased value of mutton and wool; also to the fact that the General Assembly of 1918 passed a dog law to prevent damage and injury to sheep, and to provide compensation to the owners whose sheep are so injured. It also provides licensing of dogs at one to three dollars per year, depending upon sex. A penalty was provided for the violation of this Act. If this Act can be enforced and more of our waste land fenced there should be a great increase in the number of sheep kept in this State during the next few years. The statistics show that there had been quite a considerable decrease in the number of sheep in Virginia in the last ten years. The agents are urging farmers to produce more and better sheep by the use of pure bred ewes and rams. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. pure bred rams brought in due PO UA BOM Bienes sd saetee araigi ued eae 34 75 144 2. No. pure bred ewes brought in due to A genitair sn giius saa omsasieaey 89 108 227 3. No. of ewes brought in for breeding PUTPOSES)s 3s vss has os hae ee HEY oe 1,387 1,464 4,161 POULTRY. Few people realize tlte immensity of the poultry industry in Virginia. In many counties poultry and poultry products shipped out amount to more than all other live stock shipments combined. Still, throughout the State, there is a great shortage of poultry. For efficient farming practically every farm should have at least fifty hens thereon, and to meet the demands of war at least 100 hens per farm was urged. The census of 1910 shows only 30.8 chickens per farm, and the small number of 13.6 per family of five, when the entire population of the State is considered. Many farms in the State are entirely without poultry. The agents have been giving special attention to the development of the poultry industry during the last few years. : White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. poultry dem................00. 418 458 151 2. No. of farms where Agents helped improve poultry................. 604 658 =1,126 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. poultry dem................... 47 51 15 2. No. of farms where Agents helped improve poultry................. 247 1,202 909 LIVE STOCK DISEASES. The recent increased demand for food has aroused the people of the State to the necessity of taking better care of their live stock. This is shown by the increased number of cattle and hogs which are treated for common ailments by County Agents. The object of the County Agents in treating animals for ailments of various kinds is not to take the place of the veterinarian, but to teach the farmers how to take care of their own stock when they have ordinary ailments. The operations of treating hogs for cholera with serum alone and of treating calves for blackleg are so simple that any farmer, after being shown the operation, can perform it himself. If the agent does this simple work for the farmer time and again he will become no more than a laborer and lose his function as demonstrator of “‘how”’ to do things. There is a great demand by a number of farmers for the agent to administer the simultaneous treatment for hog cholera. This treatment cannot be given by any one except a graduate vet- erinarian without the approval of the State Veterinarian and the consent of the Director of Extension Work. Only two agents, so far, have been licensed, and it is not the policy of the State Veterinarian and the Director of Extension to increase the number beyond this. Farmers, as a rule, cannot apply this method, therefore it is not a real demonstration when performed by a County Agent. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. cattle treated for blackleg and PATASITES .. cisigc ani we sam ned eae el 18,667 24,007 35,118 2. No. hogs treated for cholera worms , ANCMICES craic ei Weh oe eh ae wee yee 7,828 22,897 47,808 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. cattle treated for blackleg and PATASILES a. ctisis ay Meth panes aeraines 481 1,249 87 2. No. hogs treated for cholera worms ANCE 3.2 crcutscncatntin Vee en ne 487 1,128 677 FERTILIZER. A careful study of the tabulation which follows will show several things; among them that because of the increasing prices of fertilizer from 1916 to 1918 farmers of the State were advised more and more as to the use of fertilizers and how to mix them at home. There were fewer communities which purchased co-opera- tively, but the amount saved by these co-operative purchases in 1918 was twice as much as in 1916 and 1917. In a number of in- stances the counties combined their orders which resulted in larger shipments at one time, rather than small shipments to the com- munities. The County Agents have done a great work in acquainting the farmers with the true value of fertilizers. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. farmers advised regarding use.... 15,835 16,035 17,337 No. farmers helped with home mixing. 699 103 1,072 3. No. communities influenced to buy co-operatively................0008 218 = 1,149 170 4. Amounts saved by co-operative purchasing..........0.0.0220-005 $19,578 $21,834 $46,248 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. farmers advised regarding use... . 2,089 2,381 5.431 2. No. farmers helped with home mixing. 167 163 183 3. No. communities influenced to buy co-operatively...............00-- 4° 10 17 4. Amounts saved by co-operative purchasing...5.ce2scicaveemeniee ae $1,000 $1,500 $2,272 MANURE. One of the greatest wastes of Virginia farmers is that of manure. A careful study of the situation in Rockingham County led to the conclusion that theré is an annual loss of manure in that county of $550,000, or $155.89 per farm. The loss is even greater in proportion to the amounts produced in some other counties. The agents have always used their best efforts to bring this waste to the farmers’ attention, and help them devise means for preventing it. Demonstrations have been conducted which show that ( 49 ) manure sheds will pay for themselves the first year in the amount of manure saved and the improvement of its quality. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. induced to take better care of IMATE Sis wie-gesassas sats Qlenincteeen tee Sede Go Sv 5,195 3,797 4,932 2. No. providing manure sheds......... 269 277 366 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. induced to take better care of MANUGEs c.o4 esate ees Fee L GS Ka ts 1,272 3,618 4,050 2. No. providing manure sheds......... 87 192 217 LIME. The shortage of labor in 1918 prevented manufacturers from providing the usual amount of lime for agricultural purposes, and shortage of cars prevented the shipment of lime even after it was ordered. The price of the product also was greatly increased. All these things resulted in a reduction in the amount of lime used for that year. Attention is called to the fact that’ in the last three years the agents induced farmers to purchase seventy- three lime crushers, and build 586 lime kilns. It has been found that practically all soils in Virginia will respond to adequate application of lime, and to most of our soils lime is essential if maximum crops are to be grown. Especially is this true of grasses and grain crops. Many of our agents are perfecting plans for getting farmers to build warehouses along the railroad lines for the storage of lime. Where such storage houses are built a much larger amount is used, as it simplifies the handling of the product. White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. influenced to use lime........... 3,648 5,358 3,499 2. No. tons burned lime used........... 22,608 25,960 7,630 3. No. tons limestone or equivalent...... 2,015 45,635 18,151 4. No. local sources developed.......... 28 42 47 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 = 1918 1. No. influenced to use lime........... 255 1,187 660 2. No. tons burned lime used........... 1,182 1,290 500 3. No. tons limestone or equivalent...... 327 983 892 4. No. local sources developed.......... 5 6 8 Silos. When demonstration work started in Virginia comparatively few farmers realized the value of the silo, but in recent years good farmers have found that cattle cannot be produced most profitably without silos. In the dairy section of the State the sale of cows reduced the number of silos which were put up, but this reduction was in a measure offset by the increased number put up in the beef cattle sections. The agents have probably done more to acquaint Virginia farmers with the true value of the silo than any other agency. As soon as there is a reduction in the price of silos it is believed that there will be an increase in the number put up. 1916 1917 1918 1 ING. SilOs Dutt i. wees sees Aaland 40 464 853 579 2. No. built as a result of the Agents’ AAVICE Vena ch eainh band are nar ee oe 198 490 261 FARM AND FARMSTEAD IMPROVEMENT. In addition to the definite work conducted with farmers in crop and live stock production, the agents are called on to give advice and assistance in erecting farm buildings, and making farm improvements, and improving general living conditions on the farm. Often a hint or suggestion thrown out by the County Agent will cause the farmer, or some member of his family, to become interested in improvement of those conditions. A dollar- and-cents valuation cannot always be placed on work of this kind, but it is of untold value as it results in making the country a better place for people tolive. The figures in the following table will give © some idea of what a wonderful work is being done by the agents along these lines. Especial attention is called to the amount of work done by the negro agents in improving home conditions on the farm. Any one who has traveled over the State in the last few years has seen the results of this work. ( 51 ) White Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. buildings erected due to Agent.... 157 207 174 2. No. farm buildings improved......... 186 287 240 3. No. building plans furnished......... 125 157 166 4. No. buildings painted and white- Washed sa sud ecu piace deheaw mikes 288 423 230 5. Home water systems installed........ 130 122 115 6. No. homes screened................. S41 1,491 841 7. No sanitary privies erected.......... 719 = 1,601 88 8. No. drainage systems installed....... 121 109 31 Negro Farmers. 1916 1917 1918 1. No. buildings erected............... 112 162 175 2. No. farm buildings improved......... 331 341 493 3. No. building plans furnished. ........ + 1 16 4. No. buildings painted and white- Washed y ac 6.24 acct Wee Re alle ney anes 322 $59 824 5. Home water systems installed........ 55 7 63 6. No. homes screened................. 837 1,331. 2,076 7. No. sanitary privies erected.......... 78 206 110 8. No. drainage systems installed....... 39 26 39 The above figures show that both white and negro agents appreciate and have rendered material assistance in health cam- paigns being carried on in this State. A HOME DEMONSTRATION GARDEN HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK. Eta G. Acnew, Assistant Director in Charge Home Demonstration Work. Personnel: Miss Ella G. Agnew was appointed State Home Demonstration Agent July 1st, 1910, and January 1st, 1918, her title was changed to Assistant Director in Charge Home Demonstration Work. Miss Edith A. Roberts was appointed | Grae | = = CK Ce < Ce; VS Sea = | __SSS Specanl_ Worst 4 —$—$ $F} \ oa — | | SS Sill k == COUNTIES HAVING HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK, 1918-19 Home Economist July 1st; 1916, and served until her resignation in March, 1918. Miss Grace Townley was appointed Home Economics Specialist July 1st, 1918. Mrs. M. M. Davis was appointed Assistant Emergency State Home Demonstration Agent. October 1st, 1918. Miss Jessie Logan was appointed Cot- tage Cheese Specialist in March, 1918, and January ist, 1919, her title was changed to Specialist in Utilization of Dairy Products. ( 54 ) Miss Hallie Hughes was made Assistant Emergency State Agent in Charge Girls’ Club Work January 1st, 1919. Organization: July 1st, 1916, there was a small field force in a limited number of counties, but with the work ona solid basis ready for the increase that was put upon it in the spring of 1917. With the outbreak of war the County Agents were suddenly plunged into many kinds of war work with new groups of people. Many new opportunities for service opened up, and the agents were quick to take advantage of them. The force increased rapidly, a number of “‘Summer Counties” were worked, city == COUNTIES HAVING NEGRO HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS, 1918-19 work was organized and special district agents and assistants ap- pointed to meet the ever increasing demand for war educational work in counties with no agent, as well as demonstrations at the Summer Normal Schools, both white and negro. All work was undertaken with the idea of making it permanent; therefore, in spite of many requests, County Agents were placed only where local funds were provided. In other counties, special workers conducted regular educational campaigns. ( 55 ) Advisory Boards Organized: It was impossible to organize Advisory Boards to County Agents during 1917 and the summer of 1918. Because of the Armistice, there was less demand upon women for war work, so this organization could proceed. To May 15th, 1919, Advisory Boards had been formed in Albemarle, Orange, Fauquier, Fairfax, Hanover, Henrico, Frederick, Clarke, Pitt- sylvania and Mecklenburg Counties, and cities of Richmond, Petersburg, Danville and Lynchburg. Plan of Organization: The County or Urban Agent selects at least one representative woman from each Magisterial District or Ward. These appoint a chairman and secretary and adopt a simple constitution. Each member associates with her as many women as needed to assist in carrying out various campaigns. The duties of the Advisory Board are as follows: 1. Meet at the first of the year with the Home Demonstration Agent and plan the work with her. 2. Assist in carrying out the plan in their several communities. Enlarge the field of work. Secure local financial assistance. Assist in securing market for the goods of girls and women. Help in the supervision of the girls’ clubs. Join with the men in a general county organization. 8. Meet at the end of the year to review and check results obtained according to the plans made. SS Oe Junior Work: When the Agricultural and Home Economics Clubs have a county organization, the chairman of the girls’ proj- ects meets with the Advisory Board to give reports or to plan for special campaigns. The Market Committee is composed of representatives from girls’ and women’s clubs. AGENTS EMPLOYED. White. 1916 1917 1918 SLAG taney corte ac aser dvd Gland gaa Melaeie ied 1 1 1 ASSIStAMUS ine aude Ane Wiie 4 4xtoernene eS ERIE BHR mee wile wees 2 MPEClalistss cia cnaeduauinse ede aces adesoe piss 1 2 2 TDIStIVCE aes cues cee courte Maven Rea eg wees 2 4 5 COUN EY ascension ataiie ea Re aautiand satel 35 34 55 Unb atin: vison atta’ suse 2 eat a Saad neneyatnee aad 6 10 Total White...........0000....., 39 47 75 Districts: Aenesadothoh ig eoeks pean de 1 2 3 SGU bys 4 adhd ape earnDyensenain want uate ean 49 50 50 Total Negro................00008 50 52 53 Total White and Negro........... 89 99 128 GIRLS’ WORK. Plan of Organization: During 1916 and 1917 the girls and boys were organized into separate clubs, as described elsewhere, each holding its. own meeting. The Farm and Home Demon- stration Agents visited them when they could, each meeting his or her own club. During 1918 a joint organization of all clubs was formed to save the time of the agents, teachers and pupils. Agricultural and Home Economics Clubs were organized in every school to meet once a month. The Program Committee arranges and carries out plans for each meeting. No set programs are sent from the State Office. The Demonstration Agents are present if they can get there; if not, the meeting goes on and the Secretary sends a copy of the minutes to the agents that they may know what is being done. Several counties are organized. The sim- plest type of constitution is used. The only officers are the President, Secretary and an Executive Committee composed of one representative from each club. This committee meets once a month if necessary, otherwise at the call of the President. Girls’ Short Courses: The short courses are of untold value in training leaders. In going around any county, one can easily tell by observation which clubs and communities have been repre- sented at some short course. In addition to canning, preserving, drying, etc., the girls are kept busy being trained in cooking and serving meals, sewing, poultry, nature study, personal hygiene, cultivation of soil, manual training, also organized play and story telling. Every girl, upon returning home, gives a report of her trip to her club and helps the County Agent in giving demonstra- tions. ( 57 ) PLANTING DAY The courses are financed in various ways. Usually for the County Short Courses each girl brings her allotment of food from home and a certain amount of cash. The District and State Short Courses are prize trips and the girl’s expenses are paid by her own club or by some bank or organization or private individ- ual interested in the work. For 1919 a short course is planned for every county instead of combining counties as in 1918. The smaller number of girls attending in 1918 is because many were helping on farms and could not leave home. Every club girl who desires may attend the County Short Course. Two District Short Courses are to be held at the Farmville and Harrisonburg Normals. Delegates may be sent from each club to these courses. The delegates are elected by the club. State Course for prize winners only, and for boys as well as girls, will be held at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacks- burg, Virginia. 1916 1917 1918 No. County Short Courses—Attendance... 22,133 34,580 *18,434 No. State Short Courses—Attendance. .*. 154 186 2,131 *Representing thirty-six counties. CANNING. White. 1916 1917 1918 Meémbershipi.....o23.ca0s ces eeesea eee tane 1,113 4,326 2,214 No. containers put up.................. 120,515 401,153 258,673 POUHAS Grid .63.. egan gens a Geue wae oddos aaas sea 13,292 Fresh vegetables..............00...0005 .... 1,129,914 1,591,367 Total value all products........... ...... $19,817 $80,230 $392,947 Negro. 1916 1917 1918 Memberships jacscecers goede tw sured acca’ 2,163 3,697 7,821 No. containers put up...............--. 42,684 93,355 204,745 Pounds ded. v2. a6 gaa eee saws eames ae an thea 53,584 494,940 Total value all products................. $7,018 $18,671 $212,073 POULTRY. White. 1916 1917 1918 Membership...............0...00.00055 949 1,688 =: 1,953 Valu@peoutais Gan ahanedinance omaracees $11,546.55 $19,766 $62,485* *Amount includes women and girls. Negro. Membership issn's 5:5 cass toa alae a hae oe aces 212 Sen 611 SEWING. White. 1916 1917 1918 Mem beérshipicnis oa. neruns ces ncamee seen 507 ete 2,157 ATHClES MAIEs 2x cena iow mer AER CRS sie 3 3,458 4,881 Negro. Membership (included in Canning Club). ‘ eg ast 5 als Articles made is eycris “sce ekely oo acess ae sone 8,344 18,891 COOKING. White. 1916 1917 1918 Membership’. 3 act poaaenl al eentes scan . 307 bd 2.757 Demonstrations given.................. otaes 763 ae Negro. Membership (included in Canning Club). GARDENS. White. 1916 1917 1918 Numberi ay sctasetwerg eek (GS rigs 311 485 847 Negro. NAG Fe oot arts dcteecnin SMCs eee re 639 274 1917 1918 Total number girls engaged in regular work, club and other war works iy soc0 cu enaewuntiaenes whoee 23,095 26,139 WOMEN’S WORK. During the past three years the women’s work has grown beyond expectations. The necessity of saving certain food- stuffs roused the women most effectively to the fact that while many of them had practical experience more than this was needed if they were to keep up the health of the family and still save the food needed for the war needs. Home Demonstration Clubs were organized in every county having a Home Demonstration Agent. The purpose of these clubs is twofold: 1. Home improvement. 2. Community improvement. PROGRAMS. With these points in mind, progressive programs are made to cover a period of four years. Each month suggestions are made for both home and community improvement. The following are the topics for the first year: January—Poultry. February—Household Sanitation. . March—Gardens. April—Household Management. May—Milk and Milk Products. June—Preservation of Foods. July—Winter Gardens. August—Preservation of Foods. September—Food. October—Food for Children. November—Christmas Gifts—Magazines in the Home. December—Prevention of Disease. (61 ) HOME IMPROVEMENT. Below are some of the things accomplished: 1916 1917 1918 Home Improvements White Negro White Negro White Negro Houses screened........... * ‘ 758 2,101 355 4,233 Houses lighted............. * * oeias ae 2 6 Water works installed...... * - 130 ana 69 suse Sanitary outhouses built.... * = 88 1,182 22 596 Wells bored............... = * 5 2 eran Wells improved and cleaned. * - 617 geen 2,743 Houses painted or white- washed................ = x oii 803 ciataiey 6,483 Winter gardens............ * * 485 639 847 274 Canners bought............ = * 566 Canners made............. * * 3.065 Driers bought............. = = 22 Driers made............... = * 388 *Home improvements reported together in Annual Report for 1916. COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENT. Health: In every county having an Agent, a better health, better baby, clean up, swat the fly, eradication of pests or cam- paign for sanitary outhouses on farms, is put on each year. These campaigns have been planned and carried out by the Home Demonstration Agent, her Advisory Board and the Home Demon- stration Clubs in co-operation with the County and State Board of Health and local doctors and nurses. Schools: In every county the schoolhouses are the special care of these women’s clubs. Cooking equipment has been purchased, sanitary pumps, water fountains, sanitary outhouses have been installed, grounds cleaned up, trees and shrubs planted, shades furnished, libraries increased, in many instances libraries begun, medical inspection of pupils introduced, hot lunches pro- vided, in fact they are ready to help secure anything the school or pupils lack. Rest Rooms have been established and carried on in many small towns (figures given below) for the use of all women and girls who need them. Public toilets and railway stations have been cleaned up in several small towns and the town councils prevailed upon to em- ploy help to keep them in good condition. ( 62 ) Community Canning and Drying Centers were opened and used in most counties (figures given below). These centers were sometimes on public property in towns or country, sometimes in the yards of members of the club. Community Houses: In two counties real Community Houses have been put up near the schools. These have a room in which the women can hold club meetings, also equipment for cooking and serving dinners when they have all-day meetings. Below is a list of a few community projects carried through: COMMUNITY PROJECTS. 1916 1917 1918 Rest-7OOMS ye 4 qa nea seed Ge eke foe eat wa gi waka 7 : Demonstration kitchens................. ae 3 14 Canning centers... 2.0.0... .. 000 e cece eee bisa 200 21 Markets opened..................00000. need 2 7 *Movable schools... .......... 0000 c eee ee 22 6 Comininity days: « asncuswacconad ea acne nes 47 Volunteer courses... 0.0.0.0... 000 e eee ee 23 nbeie 9 *In 1917 the movable schools were given up because the women were engaged with war work. : In 1918 the epidemic of influenza stopped these schools as well as county and district fairs. In 1918 two hundred homes were used by the negroes as canning centers. HOME DEMONSTRATION CLUBS. White. 1916 1917 1918 Membership...............-- 1,176 3,457 3,470 Containers: jigs dot van ua betas 154,455 1,431,931 2,457,741 Dried fruits and vegetables.... ...... 128,524 129,811 Brined vegetables............0 0 ceeeee 0 tae 40,165 Total value ..............4.. $49,029.40 $341,440* $560,350.86 Poultry value. ....:......... 11,546.55* 19,766.49* 62,485.39* *This includes valuation of products put up by white and negro women. Negro. 1916 1917 1918 Meémbershipwes cay see de siennen 1,650 2,831 6,479 Containers: os sssseecsa actus 84,942 275,271 298,521 Dried fruits and vegetables.... ...... 126,720 516,480 Brined vegetables............ 0 ...0.. ; 8,528 4,857 Total value. ............00-. $26,962.32 ...... $266,509.20 Grand total value............ $87,538.27 $351,206.49 $889,345.45 ( 63 ) NAHOLIA ONINNVO ALINOWWOD CS ee SPECIAL DAIRY WORK. 1916 1917 1918 No. Ibs. cottage cheese made...... 9 ...... 14,902 80,284 Improved equipment..............0 0 ceeeee cee 2,037 Total number women engaged in systematic work 1917 1918 (This includes clubs as well as war work). .... 41,383 37,240 URBAN WORK. The work in cities was opened as a special war measure in 1917, and has been eminently worth while. The figures given below will give an idea of what..was accomplished. Demonstration Kitchens were opened, one in Danville, two in Richmond, one in Petersburg, four in Hopewell, one in Newport News, Portsmouth, Lynchburg and Roanoke. At these kitchens many women came to learn how to can, dry, preserve and pickle, some of them doing most of their work in the kitchen. In addition to this preservation of fruits and vegetables for future use, demon- strations in wheat, meat, sugar and fat-saving and special courses for volunteer workers were given. Bulletins were kept on hand for distribution. In fact these kitchens were clearing houses for all matters pertaining to managing a home. Other centers than the central kitchen were opened in school and settlement houses, mission stations and private homes. Back Yard Gardens and Poultry Plants were enthusiastically undertaken by many city people and fostered by the Home Demonstration Agent. Revising menus for the city almshouse was asked of one Agent, while another was asked to dry products from the city farm to be used at the city hospital and almshouse. A special clean-up campaign was held in Petersburg in 1919 with great success. Everybody in the town, white and colored, was interested and on April 5th Petersburg was the cleanest city in the State. ORGANIZATION. Units. Mall villages ius a pitaGg cin BGO Mee Ras MLAS ade Ra Tae 5 GUAT CHES escapes coe cldats mings Syl Arges BPs. Reawy's wee te ake ye REM et daled 2 GChOOIS esi Scc bist ec scapeniends beeen eRe MAbeeeaine en Awe ees 29 Demonstration kitchens.........0. 0060s cece eet c eee nee 9 Membership. No. regular demonstrations (930, attendance)...........--- No. public demonstrations (319, attendance)...........--- No. people working in various centers... ..........----5 No. regular members. ..... 0.6.00 e eee eee ete eee eee No. backyard gardens... 1... 6. eee eee eee eee eee No. backyard poultry... 0.1.6. eee eee No. persons in families using food substitutes.............. No. junior mémbers. ....0.c cg ese sa vedere ee ee reese 2,509 No. volunteer workers... 0.0.0.0... eee eee tte 191 TGtallencs Gargot tects e sees SE ond oadwad onenw ea Ree ead 116,098 Type of Work. Curb markets established. ...........-. 0.00.0 e eee ee eee 3 “Nos Ibs: butter Sol@idwe veda derge Peek eae aay sad eeeGeasd 1,087 Nov Ibs. cheese sold ..c5.o a dekes Gey ee teks eset gees 225 No. dbs; poultry sold. ccc cce kev Gott ce Pees ctaandeswee oes 5,000 No. Ibs. vegetables sold. ....... fcc eee eee eee 2,500 No. IDS. friit SAVERS cece sie a ecko e dase sie eree Beles 3 carloads Food Preservation. Number Value No. containers fruits and vegetables. 823,581 $205,295.25 No. lbs. dried fruits and vegetables.. 7,495 2,235.84 No. gal. brined vegetakles......... 2,130 770.00 No. doz. eggs in water-glass....... 38,438 11,659.58 Beat NUE kx ina ah petinken Spates Shaan Bhai Tete oo es $219,960.67 City Health Board. No. gallons soup and broth distributed to sick (during influenza CPIAEMIC) 66 ve des we Fore ee ee eA v5 Gai He ee ewe 1,290 WAR EMERGENCY WORK. Food Administration: Household enrollment was the first war work the Agents were asked to assist in. It is impossible to report just what part they had in this campaign, but they worked . hard and handled the organization in their respective counties. Food Conservation: Below are given figures covering the number of demonstrations given and other food conservation work done by the Home Demonstration Agents. A few out- standing facts are: ( 66 ) Ten Lessons in Food Conservation were presented at forty-one County Teachers’ Associations, and suggestions given the teachers regarding methods of interesting pupils and patrons. Summer Normals: Special demonstrations in wheat, meat and sugar saving and preservation of fruits and vegetables were given at every summer normal school in the State, both white and colored. Campaigns of Education along the above lines were put on in every county that had a Home Demonstration Agent, and special Agents were sent into other counties to co-operate with the Home Economics Director in the same work. In this way, effective work was done in ninety-five of the 100 counties of the State. Additional courses in Food Conservation were given at Randolph-Macon, Sweet Briar and Hollins Colleges and at the Fredericksburg and Farmville State Normal Schools. Senior and Junior Red Cross: The Home Demonstration Agents helped in every campaign, in some instances serving as chairmen. Many girls’ sewing clubs spent most of their time making sewed and knitted garments needed by the Red Cross, and many Home Demonstration Clubs turned into Red Cross Clubs for the period of war necessity. The Agents gladly served as “itinerant” members of the County Home Service Committee looking up and reporting needy families in more remote corners of the county where other people could not find them. The Red Cross was able to secure interested groups of women to take their intensive nursing course through the efforts of the Agents. Liberty Loan: Every Agent did her part in serving on County Liberty Loan Committees and taking part in educational cam- paigns, arranging meetings, taking speakers in her car or buggy and in other ways as needed. One Agent put the matter up to groups she met in remote districts where outside speakers would not get, with the result that she turned in $20,000.00 worth of subscriptions to Bonds. Thrift Campaign: The Agents put forth special efforts in or- ganizing Thrift Clubs among school and club children and older people. The white Agents report no exact figures, but the negro Agents report $135,519.35. Council of Agriculture and Defense: The Home Demon- stration Agent was a member of the County Agricultural Council ( 67 ) of Safety and Council of Defense and co-operated in any plans for county betterment. Through this Council, Agricultural Leagues of Safety were organized in schools, enrolling during the year over 10,000 boys and girls. To all of them who sent in a report of the work done a patriotic button was given. State Department of Health: In addition to campaigns re- ported above as a definite part of the year’s program, and the special Health Work at various meetings of women and girls, the whole force of Home Demonstration Agents was turned over to the State Board of Health during the terrible epidemic of influenza during October. Types of work done are as follows: Nursing in destitute private families, helping in both city and town hospitals, organizing and managing hospitals where nurses could not be secured, opening diet kitchens, and acting as dis- tributors of food, medicine and clothing from one end of the county to the other and taking the place of doctors who could not be gotten but who had given her special instructions. Number People Instructed. Special victory bread and sugar substitutes................ 63,579 General meetings, cottage cheese (Attendance)............. 5,870 Regular producers cottage cheese............ 00000. a ee 1,895 Special work with summer normals (Approx. attendance).... 4,000 No. reached by public talks, demonstrations, etc........... 150,000 No. families using substitutes as per instructions. .......... 10,076 No. lbs. sugar issued on certificates............2..000 20005 242,375 No. gallons soup and broth distributed to sick............. 1,200 1917 1918 No. women and girls enrolled as special war workers.. 124,473 341,546 No. reached through public meetings............. 239.662 404,925 No. demonstrations given in wheat and sugar substi. 1,352 4,745 Nos war gardens s.'vn0. 4.5 cece Nee avk wavs on aco eae 10,047 18,493 NEGRO WORK. The negro statistics show that they have made wonderful strides in home, community and national interest. Outstanding points are in schools built, school terms lengthened; homes and health improved, food produced and saved and the tremendous work done along patriotic lines in subscribing to loans, buying thrift stamps and gifts to Red Cross and other war measures. ( 68 ) In order to accomplish the great work they were called upon to do, both the white and negro Agents were obliged to travel many miles and write many letters. 1916 Homes visited Visits made Letters written................ 20,127 Bulletins sent* *Sent by County Agents. 1917 1918 White Negro 8,341 9,556 3,648 11,651 11,888 aan 34,069 50.274 1,181 113,292 119,459 5,373 BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ AGRICULTURAL AND HOME ECONOMICS CLUB. Experience has taught that greater results are obtained in club work when all boys and girls in an individual school or com- munity are combined in one club. For this reason the Boys’ Agricultural Club and the Girls’ Canning Club were united as the Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural and Home Economics Club. The various activities conducted with boys and girls are known as’ Club Projects, and the following are in operation in Virginia: For Boys. Alfalfa Bees Corn Calf Farm Engineering Garden Peanut Pig Potato Poultry Sheeo Small Grains Soy Beans For Girls. Bees Butter Calf Canning Cheese (Cottage) Cooking Garden Peanut - Pig Poultry Sewing Sheep Concrete examples have demonstrated again and again that Club Work for boys and girls— Develops leadership. Broadens and betters social life. Stimulates local pride. Makes better communities. Provides organized association. ( 69 ) Enlarges the vision. Elevates the morals. Awakens a spirit of co-operation. Broadens the education. Increases the supply of food. Influences better farming among neighbors. Establishes self-confidence. Gives training in business and up-to-date farm practices. Keeps boys on farms. Develops loyalty to and interest in entire family. Makes better home makers of girls and farmers of boys. Establishes the habit of enthusiasm. Develops a spirit of determination and desire to fit selves for life's vocation. Helps financially. Increases attendance, purpose and scholarship at school. Hon. Harris Hart, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, heartily endorses the work as follows: “The Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural and Home Economics Clubs have already rendered a very material service in coupling ‘up the public schools with community interests. This is a field of endeavor which must be developed in the future far beyond anything we have yet undertaken. The Club Work gives practi- cal tinge to much that is learned in schools and offers an immediate introduction to the needs of future life. County Agents and Club Leaders are making a fine contribution to the proper development of rural education.”’ BABY BEEVES RAISED BY CLUB MEMBERS ( 70 ) BOYS’ CLUB WORK. (Cuas. G. Burr, State Boys’ Club Agent.) (B. O. BrapsHaw, Asst. State Boys’ Club Agent.) T. O. Sandy, State Agent, handled all matters pertaining to Boys’ Club Work until January 1st, 1917, when the Boys’ Club Department was organized and Charles G. Burr was appointed State Boys’ Club Agent. September Ist, 1917, E. B. Keeley was appointed assistant and September 10th, 1917, W. H. Burruss was added to the staff. Mr. Burruss resigned January 1st, 1918, and Mr. Keeley resigned March 23d, 1918. B. O. Bradshaw was appointed Assistant State Boys’ Club Agent, May Ist, 1918. The department is administratively under the Leader for County Farm Demonstration Work. The Club Department has supplied the County Agents witha full line of Organization Material, such as Project Requirement Outlines, Enrollment Cards, various Forms of Club Contracts, Enrollment Buttons, Story of the Club Emblem and Secretary’s Minute Book; Report Material, including Enrollment Record Sheets; Crop and Live Stock Record Books and Report Cards for Club Meetings; Instructional Material, Monthly Paper and set of Lessons in Bulletin form on each of the leading club projects; Promotion Material, Lecture Charts, Sets of Lantern Slides; Exhibits, Posters and Circular Letters. ORGANIZATION. While the value of organization has been recognized from the very beginning of club work and some effort has been directed to club organization from time to time by our County Agents, this work was not undertaken in a systematic way until 1918 when Secretary’s Minute Books, Report Cards and Club Guides were furnished by the Club Department. Considerable progress was made in organization that year, thirteen counties reporting fifty-four local organizations with a total membership of 449. Regular meetings, with interesting programs, were held by these clubs and reports show that they did a great deal toward stimu- (71) lating community activities and that the meetings were frequently visited by the parents of club members. SHORT COURSES. Short Courses for county prize winners were held at the State College for two weeks in January, 1916, and January, 1917. Forty boys attended the first and sixty the second. One hundred and ten boys attended course given in August, 1918. FINANCIAL SUPPORT. Financial support for club work has been secured with little effort. Bankers, fair associations, business men and boards of supervisors have been very liberal in offering prizes of cash, farm implements, live stock and so forth. The State Bankers’ Association has for a number of years donated $600 annually to help defray the expenses of the State Prize Winners’ Short Course and wherever club members need financial aid in developing their club project, the local bankers are ready to lend them money on easy terms. An interesting statement of this financial support for 1918 as reported to the Club Department is given below: Loan Prizes Total $9,415.00 $10,758.00 $20,173.00 NEGRO BOYS’ FARM MAKERS’ CLUBS. The first work with the negro boys was started in Virginia and the original plans for the work ds well as the name were decided upon at a meeting of negro Agents held at Hampton Institute in 1915, and presided over by Jesse M. Jones, who was then Field Agent. Since then the plans for this work have been gradually changed until at the present time they are practically the same as those for the Agricultural and Home Economics Clubs. The record of this work shows that it is progressing very satisfactorily. A brief summary of boys’ (white and negro) club work, in the leading club projects for the past three years, is given below. CORN CLUB PROJECT. This was started in 1908 and is the oldest club project in Vir- ginia. The demonstrations conducted have had a big influence ( 72) upon corn growing in the State, resulting in better cultural methods and increased yields and profit. The enrollment has practically doubled during the past three years. Some of the results are given below. CORN CLUB PROJECT SUMMARY. White. 1916 1917 1918 Enitolleds 2.04 s5 cscs ey ass Se ba as 1,976 2,006 3,358 Number reporting................ 681 678 836 Average yield per acre............ 53.75 58.5 43.6 Average cost per bushel........... 339 35 54 Average profit per acre........... 34.48 75.94 54.75 PE ZES sso errs rama soreton SiR Re 3,012.25 2,401 2,193.62 Negro. EntOWle dy sii checcoao hee eke saw eect Gas EE Bae 216 568 Number reporting .cccieceueia is ee wuien 196 259 Average yield per acre............0 0 ..e0. 29.25 34.20 Average cost per bushel...........0 0 2.200.000 wae 32 Average profit per acre... 2.2.0... fee e cee eee 51.6 PriZeS ics cu owe ena pas eae MEA we 94.00 23.00 LEADING RECORDS MADE BY MEMBERS OF THE CORN CLUB PROJECT. Year Name County Yield one ae 1916 Marius Malgram....Norfolk........ LTA. 2ceanitetaunaes Gordon Grizzard....Southampton... 154 .............. Hubert Smith....... Craigs seskegecee SAO LAS couera tabacnlane wecductn ek 1917 James Lanham...... Loudoun....... 154 17) 143.44 Elmo Tipton....... Oran Gass eagaige 125 -16 196.05 Herman Piggette....Loudoun....... 12334 23 124.76 1918 J. B. Dudley........Princess Anne... 135 48 204.60 Ralph Drewry......Princess Anne... 120 .35 200.00 Richard Worthing- COM werwuigh nee < Brunswick...... LP 70 = 143.25 PEANUT CLUB PROJECT. Work on this project was started in 1914 and is restricted to the Southeastern counties of the State, where soil and climatic conditions favor the commercial production of peanuts. This section produces nuts of such fine quality that the Beechnut ( 73 ) Packing Company has been fostering the work for a number of years by offering liberal prizes and giving an annual banquet to Prize Winners. A brief summary of this project for the past three years is given below. PEANUT CLUB PROJECT SUMMARY. White. 1916 1917 1918 Enrollnentucas os cies s aed ea nees 115 104 178 Number reporting................ 39 59 44 Average yield per acre............ 58 52 55 Average profit per acre........... 47.50 81.00 78.40 Average cost per bushel........... 41 58 62 EZ ESivnp deat iewacloeee fans a-tean teem enchant as 270.00 455.00 655.00 Negro. HoroOimenti qvanstaudeei aes vows. dedead 43, 87 Number reporting............-065 0 seeeee Al 5 Average yield per acre............ 0 ss.0-e 30.86 lbs. 175 Average cost per pound........-..0 cee e-e seas 58 Average profit Per acre... 2... eee cee ee sis 106.18 PrizeSg cy he xe AA MONEER BESTE SREY. SEs 24.75 8.00 LEADING RECORDS MADE BY MEMBERS OF THE PEANUT CLUB PROJECT FOR 1917. Year Name County Yield ee oo 1917 Russell Bailey....... Greenesville.... 104 "132° 174.17 R. C. Parsons....... Sussex......... 100 -60 90.00 Clarence Thorp..... Greenesville.... 97 36 156.77 1918 Eugene West....... SUITYs teecadecs 105% 28 164.34 J. Ashton Pitman... .Surry.......... 100 331% 91.80 William DaShield....Isle of Wight.... 100 .71- 91.00 In addition to the corn and peanut club projects work has been done in a number of other club projects on a limited scale. Among those are the cotton club project, started in 1914, the potato club project, started in 1915, the soy bean and garden club projects, started in 1917. ( 74) A brief joint summary of this work is given below: Enrolled Reported Net Profit Prizes 1916 White 194......... 0 ...... ee $88.75 INGBIO gaceacecme Si ESP caveiwe! lanaie 1917 White 585......... OF ete. ite duels Negro 56......... AO" a has 5.50 1918 White 613......... 0 ...... $689.32 =... Negro 464......... 334 Sseeke acbebe'g LIVE STOCK CLUB PROJECTS. The Pig Club Project is the oldest live stock club project, but not until recently has its popularity been extended over the entire State and in the spring of 1918 definite outlines governing the various phases of this work were established. The following summary indicates the progress made in this project for the past three years: PIG CLUB PROJECT SUMMARY. White. 1916 1917 1918 Enrolled........... ibid ate aoe y dns 282 516 1,063 Number reporting................ 44 142 314 Cost per pound.................. 05 .09 14 Average profit per member........ 11.32 18.48 23.07 Amount of prizes. ................ 368.50 901.50 1,436.16 LEADING RECORDS MADE BY MEMBERS OF THE PIG CLUB PROJECT. Breeding Phase of the Pig Project. Year Name County yore on Profit 1917 Robert Payne.....Culpeper....... 2.4 14 30.42 Scott W. Kelly....Loudoun....... 1 04 38.33 1918 Richard Lumpkin..Hanover....... 1.01 Al 67.85 Tom Lumpkin....Hanover....... 99 .06 64.85 C. C. Milam...... Henrico........ 1.07 .04 63.15 Fattening Phase of the Pig Project. 1917 John Galliher..... Loudoun....... 2.3 .06 38.45 Wm. N. Kline..... Prince William. . 1.5 06 43.25 1918 Alice Neinke...... Roanoke....... 1.4 08 29.75 Theo. Grisso...... Roanoke....... 1.25 .09 25.31 James Hubbard...Mecklenburg.... 1.06 .07 24.05 (75 ) SOId YIAHL ONIMOHS STHIO AGNV SAOd Sow and Litter Phase of Pig Project.. No. No. Pigs Pigs Value Profit Farrowed Raised 1918 Maynard Wallace..Russell.. 8 7 134.12 86.99 Howard Wallace...Russell.. 8 L 134,12 86.99 Robert Brame... ..Mecklen- burg.. 5 5 160.00 74.30 In 1917 sixty-four complete reports in the breeding project show that the average daily gain was 1.1 pounds. Average cost * per pound .09. Average profit per pig, with crops, $22.99, average profit per pig, without crops, $10.61. BABY BEEF CLUB PROJECT. Baby Beef Club Work in Virginia was started first in Lee County with twenty-seven calves and in Tazewell County with seven in the spring of 1915. In 1917 thirty-one calves were exhibited at the Roanoke Fair and the Virginia State Fair at Richmond and most of these were handled by the boys and girls who owned them. In 1918, seventy-eight calves were sent to the State Fairland forty-six to the International Live Stock Show at Chicago. BABY BEEF CLUB SUMMARY. 1916 1917 1918 Prirolledini-6 b4-da-eanniee eed booby bard 79 42 146 Number reporting..............-. 50 31 77 Cost per pound..............00055 .064 .09 14. Average profit... .........---0e eee 20.24 42.57 49.96 Average gain... 6... cece cece 445 469 455 Amount of prizes....-.......0-.. 6.75 1,500 1,625.66 BABY BEEF CLUB PRIZE WINNERS AT THE ROANOKE FAIR, 1917. Ada Litton, Pennington Gap, Lee County, Virginia. Kenneth Litton, Pennington Gap, Va.” Claude Kitts, Burkes Garden, Tazewell County, Virginia. (77) LEADING RECORDS MADE BY MEMBERS IN THE BABY BEEF CLUB PROJECT. Total Cost Year Name County A per Value Profit z Gain 1b. 1918 Glen MecNiel...... IGG thee has 614 10 205.00 89.71 May Litton... ..... LGehce sunt t ee 531 11. 196.00 80.53 Cam Winns Jno. sees. ca ewes: 677 .OS 188.00 78.22 CLEAN CULTIVATION IN DEMONSTRATION ORCHARD — =I wn VY HORTICULTURE. (Roy E. Marswatt, Horticulturist.) (C. Wootsey, Assistant Horticulturist.) (F. A. Morz, Assistant Horticulturist.) (E. C. Macit1, Garden Specialist.) Virginia has great horticultural possibilities. The Tidewater Section is noted for sweet and Irish potatoes and other vegetables, and strawberries, while the Piedmont, Shenandoah Valley, South- west and mountainous parts are well recognized apple and peach producing districts. The annual production of horticultural crops amounts to $55,000,000. Virginia ranks third in commer- cial apples produced, fourth in vegetables, sixth in potatoes, and eighth in sweet potatoes. SCOPE OF WORK. This project embraces all phases of Virginia’s horticulture: fruits, vegetables, landscape gardening and floriculture. The major line of endeavor has been apple and peach production, with home vegetable gardening second and small fruits, home or- charding, landscape gardening and market gardening third. Most of the work with truck crops has been handled by the Vir- ginia Truck Experiment Station. PERSONNEL. Horticultural extension work was directed by G. S. Ralston until June 30th, 1917. G.C. Starcher was Associate Horticul- turist (one-third time) until December 31st, 1916. Roy E. Mar- shall was appointed Assistant Horticulturist, September Ist, 1916, and promoted to Horticulturist.and Leader of the Depart- ment July 1st, 1917. C. Woolsey became Assistant Horticul- turist September 1st, 1917. F. A. Motz was made Assistant Horticulturist December ist, 1917. W. J. Price was appointed Emergency Entomologist in Deciduous Fruits December Ist, 1917. E.C. Magill was appointed Emergency Garden Specialist February 21st, 1918. D. M. Scott was appointed Sweet Potato Storage Demonstrator (half-time) September 1st, 1918, and served until January 15th, 1919. (79 ) FRUIT LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS. Pruning Demonstrations are Successful: The value of prun- ing demonstrations cannot be estimated. Many fruit growers and farmers who have attended these demonstrations and others who have heard of them through other fruit growers, County Agents, and magazine and newspaper arti- cles, are eager to adopt the practices advocated with regard to training young trees, thinning bearing trees, and re-establishing fruiting wood throughout the centers of such trees. The severe weather early in 1918 made it impossible to conduct more than fifty per cent. of the demonstrations scheduled. 1916 1917 1918 Number of demonstrations.............. 41 73 71 Attendance. .ccacoos Had ees sa Peataw ace ae 636 1,118 953 Spraying: Most County Agents are qualified to conduct such work and a report of this work done by them is given else- where. Co-operative Spraying Established: The Entomologist per- fected arrangements for co-operative spraying in three localities and this made it possible to spray several smaller orchards. In one of these localities, ninety per cent. of the fruit was free from worms, while unsprayed orchards in the same community con- tained over sixty per cent. worm infested fruit. 1916 1917 1918 Number of demonstrations.............. 2 14 39 Attendance ss-oie cx sccm ire ed ne nace a dea 8 106 220 718 Proper Packing Pays: Virginia has no recognized standard for grading and packing and until such is established it is be- lieved that little work of this nature should be undertaken by the specialists. However, demonstrations have been given where- ever requested. After one of these demonstrations in peach packing (1918) a grower who had never before packed his own crop was able to increase the price he would have received locally from $1.50 per carrier to $3.00. : 1916 1917 1918 Number of demonstrations.............. 12 8 6 Attendantee<. tn04 Bs E- E- E- E- 66 67 69 70 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 E-100 E-101 E-102 E-103 E-104 Methods of Treating Wheat Smut......... Aug. Card—How to Cull the Slacker Hen....... Sept. Boys’ and Girls’ Pure Bred Pig Contest (Postertcard).. os sss eens ceeds eeag ae Hs Sept Farm Management Cards for Use at State AIP pen Wali ede wiavertahehiaet Gudea Wiaacemar ees Sept Publications—Stock Card...........-+4-- Nov. Boys’ and Girls’ Club Enrollment Card... .Dec. Boys’ and Girls’ Mem. Record Sheet....... Dec. High Grade Table Eggs................-- Nov. Essentials of Poultry House Construction... Dec. Essentials for Feeding for Eggs............ Dec. Sélection and Methods of Cooking Poultry..Dec. Cooking Club Project—First Year Require- ATC TNES aes. se an ceten a cava. diene tua ein ats Be eaters cnet Nov. Canning Club Project—First Year Require- IMENTS po. creul tins CaghS ee tus wea eens Nov. Canning Club Project—Second Year Re- Guirements, .iccss dew vs das cog Gok es Hee $ Nov. Canning Club Project—Third Year Re- quirements....0. 0c esse eae’ getpeete Nov. Canning Club Project—Fourth Year Re- GWITEMENtS casos mae cchawewe dae eet. Nov. Sewing Club Project—First Year Require- MENS As 5 cigs Tauides Seog eee Nov. Buttér-Club Project.....cccask soe sas en ciees Nov. Sheep Club Project—Outline............. Dec. Corn Club Project—Outline.............. Dec. Pig Club Project—Sow and Litter.......... Dec. Pig Club Project Outline—Fattening....... Dec. Pig Club Project Outline—Breeding....... Dec. Soy Bean Club Project Outline............ Dec. Peanut Club Project Outline.............. Dec. Alfalfa Club Project Outline.............. Dec. Poultry Club Project Outline............. Dec. Small Grain Project Outline.............. Dec. Tractor School Posters...............---- Jan. Tractor School Program...............44 Jan. “Story of the Emblem’’—Club Card....... Feb. What a Boy or Girl Must do in Carrying Out the Baby Beef Club Project......... Feb. Horticultural Record Book............... Feb. What a Boy or Girl Must do in Carrying Out the Home Garden Project.......... Feb. What a Boy or Girl Must do in Carrying Out the Market Garden Club........... Feb. ( 128 ) 30, 1918.. 12, 1918.. . 20, 1918.. . 24, 1918.. 13, 1918.. 6, 1918.. 6, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 10, 1918.. 10, 1918.. 10, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 21, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 23, 1918.. 31, 1918.. 31, 1918.. 31, 1918.. 18, 1919.. 28, 1919... 13, 1919... 10, 1919.. 17, 1919.. 21, 1919.. 11, 1919... First Edition 10,000 10,000 500 1,000 1,000 30,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 500 5,000 500 1,000 8,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 1,000 600 4,500 25,000 1,000 500 1,000 1,000 First Edition E-105 What a Boy Must do in Carrying Out the Irish Potato Club Project... ........004 Feb. 11, 1919.. 1,000 E-106 Farm Management Record Book.......... Feb. 17, 1919.. 3,000 E-107 Safe Farming and Program of Ext. Work, 191 Oe iia istics ahi Piovediialecon Aine teagan ee aepe Dec. 17,1919.. 10,000 E-108 Repair Farm Machinery—Poster.......... Feb. 27, 1919.. 1,000 E-109 Garden Record Book................0..4. Mar. 18, 1919.. 2,000 E-110 Soldier’s Application Card................ Mar. 18, 1919.. 3,500 E-114 Boys’ Agr. Club Record Book............. Mar. 24, 1919.. 5,000 E-115 Daily Club Record Book................. April 8, 1919.. 2,500 E-116 Beef Club Project—First Year............April29, 1919. . 2,000 E-117 Beef Club Project—Second Year.......... April 29, 1919.. 2,000 E-118 Beef Club Project—Third Year...........April 29, 1919.. 2,000 E-119 Dairy Club Project—First Year........... April 29, 1919.. 2,000 E-120 Dairy Club Project—Second Year......... April 29, 1919.. 2,000 E-121 Dairy Club Project—Third Year..........April 29, 1919... 2,000 E-122 Field Crop Record Book................. May 12, 1919.. 5,000 BULLETINS. No. Title No. Date Issued 12. The Home Garden in Virginia, by G. S. Ralston ancl R:i; Marshalls «2. cae ocsacad car aalos a 12. The Home Garden in Virginia (Revised), by G. S. Ralston and R. E. Marshall................ 13. Diseases of Tomatoes in Virginia, by F. D. Fromme: cs Saasha ee ass sk eoe Sade eueatieen Y 14. Insects and Diseases of Oichard and Garden and their Control, Ralston and Marshall.......... 15. Farm Drainage in Virginia, Chas. E. Seitz....... 16. Drying of Fruits and Vegetables, Chas. K. Gra- 17. Preservation of Virginia Fruits and Vegetables, Pdith A. Robertsie si anwar adgs cee eek see ah Ns 18. Storage of Fruits and Vegetables for Home Con- sumption, Roy E. Marshall's 36:4 stato agar gaveiene 19. Running Water in the Farm Home, Chas. E. SBE ys ste nus eS be Sate ee A eR ORS 20. Saving Garden Seeds, Roy E. Marshall......... 21. Program for November Meeting, First Year, Home Demonstration Clubs, Edith A. Roberts. ( 129 ) Pages 28 April, 1917 31 March, 1918 April, 1917 55 May, 1917 35 July, 1917 7 July, 1917 47 July, 1917 11 July, 1917 11 August, 1917 8 August, 1917 8 October, 1917 No. 23. 24. 25. 26. 2a: 28. 29. 30. 31. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 46. 47. 48. Title No. Date Issued Pages Hotbeds and Cold Frames, R. E. Marshall and IC. W086 yin eek ce Boe RS Se STA RE 14 November, 1917 Program for December Meeting, First Year, Home Demonstration Clubs, Edith A. Roberts... 12 November, 1917 Program for January Mecting, First Year. Home Demonstration Clubs, Edith A. Roberts.... 10 November, 1917 Program for March Meeting, First Year Home Demonstration Clubs. ....................- 15 January, 1918 How to Prevent Smut in Oats, F.D.Fromme..... + February, 1918 Methods of Testing Seed Corn, E.R. Hodgson.... 4 March, 1918 Program for April Meeting, First Year, Home Demonstration Clubs, Edith A. Roberts.... 16 March, 1918 Planting the Garden, R. E. Marshall and C. Woolséyicjcacs nk oe Oe Se dames cette 4 April, 1918 Wheat, E. R. Hodgson. ..................554; 4 July, 1918 Score Card for Use of Home Demonstration Agents, ‘Ella G. Agnew. .................. 15 July, 1918 Virginia Breeders of Pure Bred Live Stock, M. O. Cooper and. R. E. Hunt... ck ees 64 August, 1918 How to Save Sugar, Grace Townley............ 7 September, 1918 Grape Culture, Roy E. Marshall.............. 23 January, 1919 Control of Rodents in the Orchard, C. Woolsey... 4 October, 1918 Strawberry Culture, C. Woolsey............... 16 January, 1919 Farm Poultry House, N. E. B. Talcott and Chas. ; Fe; SeitZn a eatin eae et AOS Suan eee 14. October, 1918 Pruning Fruit Trees, Roy E. Marshall............... In Press Bush Fruit Culture, C. Woolsey..................... In Press Status of Commercial Apple Growing in Virginia, Roy B:. Marshall... os s2.2s ues spaces eae oho 15. February, 1919 Establishing the Orchard, Roy E. Marshall and Fy Ay Mote. vsccevcusseaete eran eo yabeudee 19 January, 1919 Program for Home Demonstration Clubs, First Year, Graceslownle yi. cg sev eer endew enon 16 January, 1919 Program for Home Demonstration Clubs, Second Year, Grace Townley...................20.. 16 January, 1919 Program for Home Demonstration Clubs, Third SYCA LS coetdc. 5 Sicagss ds elaedysnsuse cegthexs Syste ae e OED 15 January, 1919 Twenty Lessons on Pork Production for Use of Members of Pig Club Projects, M. O. Cooper and D. McKinsey. ..............2......-.. 40 January, 1919 Twenty Lessons on Vegetable Production for Members of Garden Club Projects, Roy E. Marshall andjE. C. Magill......... 00 0.0..0.. 71 January, 1919 The Home Vegetable Garden, Roy E. Marshall... 8 February, 1919 The Home Orchard, Roy E. Marshall.......... 4+ February, 1919 ( 130 ) No. Title No. Date Issued Pages 49. Kitchens, Edith A. Roberts................... 8 .February, 1919 50. Hand Book of Information on Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs for Use of County Agents, C. G. Burr, B. O. Bradshaw, Hallie L. Hughes........... 84 March, 1919 51. Twenty Lessons on Poultry Production for Use of Members of Poultry Club Project, A. F. Trea-' WEG ec seea etatin sae Bea's ad anaes oe krone ate a 8 68 February, 1919 52. The Development of Agriculture in Virginia, Jesse: Me: JOneSis eos iced vacyiaie gdb areaden anti iias 15 March, 1919, 53. Twenty Lessons on Corn Production, First Year, for Use of Members of Corn Club Project, Be Re: HOG gS Otis acc ce sec cnc s ag dain ems itm sx 45 March, 1919 54. Ten Lessons on Peanut Production, E.R.Hodgson 21 April, 1919 55. Ten Lessons on Soy Beans and Cowpeas, E. R. THOGSSG: va-wviinncn sails Gus aera eee Saeed yaks 26 May, 1919 CONFERENCES OF EXTENSION WORKERS. Annual joint conferences of Extension workers were held at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute for the White Agents and at Hamp- ton Institute for Negro Agents-except in the winter of 1918-19, when, because of the influenza, it was deemed unwise to call so many persons together at one time. However, separate meetings were held for men and women. At these meetings there was a general discussion as to better methods of work, and what emer- gency measures should be taken up the next year. Working plans for the year’s activities were also outlined. In 1917, 1918 and 1919 paramount consideration was given to the mobilization of farms and homes to meet the pressing war needs of the Nation and State. Definite plans were worked out for the Extension force and judicious recommendations made for the guidance of the people of the State in food production and conservation, and matters pertaining or relating thereto. Promi- nent speakers and representatives of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, the various State Departments and Civic Organizations, were invited to attend and participate in con- ferences. ( 131 ) DISTRICT CONFERENCES. In addition to the annual conference meetings, the County Farm and Home Demonstration Agents, also Negro Farm and Home Demonstration Agents, have held meetings each year in their respective districts to study and organize the work of that section to meet local conditions, and to co-ordinate it with the plan of work for the State. MONTHLY CONFERENCES. The District Agents have been called together almost every month to discuss matters of importance and plan for the future. The conferences helped to keep the agents in touch with new conditions, develop proper methods of procedure, and harmonize the work of all departments of the Extension Division. Every few months all District Agents and specialists met to review work done and outline detailed plans for making extension work more effective. SPECIAL CONFERENCE OF AGENTS. Frequently war time conditions or those arising from some economic live stock or crop production need, necessity for com- batting crop or live stock diseases or pests, or conducting local campaigns, made special conferences necessary. These meetings necessarily differed greatly in character and the attendance varied. SPECIAL MEETINGS. In 1917 and 1918 conditions arising out of war work made an unusual demand for speakers, demonstrations and judges of various kinds for farmers’ and women’s clubs, picnics, county and com- munity fairs, public dinners, Chautauquas, schools and community leagues, food production and conservation meetings, church meetings, chambers of commerce, bankers and farmers’ unions. It would be impossible to state the exact number of these meetings which were attended by some member of the Extension force, but the educational effect was very great. ( 182 ) VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL COUNCIL OF SAFETY. On April 17, 1917, the Farm and Home Demonstration Agents met representatives of the Virginia Department of Agriculture, Department of Public Instruction, and certain civic organizations in a conference at Richmond. At this time Governor H. C. Stuart formed the Virginia Agricultural Council of Safety which was composed of representatives of the following organizations, with the director of the Extension Division as chairman: The Extension Division of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Virginia Department of Agriculture, Virginia Department of Education, Co-operative Education Association of Virginia, Virginia Farmers’ Education and Co-operative Union, Virginia State Farmers’ Institute, State Bankers’ Association, Hampton Institute. PURPOSE. The purpose of this Council was to co-ordinate the efforts of all the State Agricultural and Educational agencies on a definite program for the production, conservation, economic use and distribution of food supplies in Virginia. COUNTY COUNCILS FORMED. To assist in carrying out the purpose for which the council was formed Cotinty Agricultural Councils of Safety were created in about ninety of the 100 counties of Virginia. In a number of these counties the magisterial districts were also organized. These County Councils were composed of the Farm and Home Demon- stration Agents, division superintendents of schools and representa- tive of the community league, of the Co-operative Education Association of Virginia, a county official, a farmer and a farm and city woman, an editor, and a banker or business man, also such individuals and representatices of local organizations as were desirable. (Copy from Virginia Agricultural Council of Safety) COUNTY COUNCILS WERE EFFICIENT. These county councils held a great many meetings and were a splendid medium for putting the necessity of increasing food ( 133 ) production and conservation before the people. Those on the council uniformly took great interest in the work, and gave their time ungrudgingly. At the outbreak of the war many localities did not realize the purpose for which we went to war and were indifferent or antagonistic to the same, while in some there was definite German propaganda to be overcome. Through these councils of safety it was possible to combat these conditions and to report more serious situations to the civil authorities. Ma- terial assistance was given in carrying out the plan of action decided upon. When the State Council of Defense was formed these county councils were considered the official representatives of the State Council in their respective counties. COUNCILS OF DEFENSE. Governor Stuart formed State Councils of Defense. shortly after the creation of the Agricultural Council of Safety and made the Agricultural Council an ancillary organization to the State Council of Defense. NEW COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. The first Council of Defense went out of existence with the incoming of Governor Davis on Febraury Ist, 1918, and a new Council of Defense was finally formed, made up of heads of State departments. Inmany counties the County Agricultural Councils of Safety were taken over as County Councils of Defense by the new State Council of Defense. In other instances they were not continued for one reason or another. In the new organization the County Farm and Home Demonstration Agents took a most active part in carrying out any plans or policies that were desired of them. NEGRO ORGANIZATION SOCIETY. The Negro Organization Society was the active medium through which the Agricultural Council of Safety conducted its work in connection with the negroes of Virginia. The service rendered by this organization is worthy of highest praise. It was very efficient in placing right conditions before the negro citizens of the State and in securing their unstinted support of the government for the conduct of the war and their help in food production and conservation. ( 134 ) AGRICULTURAL LEAGUES OF SAFETY. 1917 and 1918. When the war began many men, women, boys and girls, volun- teered for special service to their country, particularly to help increase the production and conservation of food. Very few of the men and women were in a position to become demonstrators or co-operators, and boys and girls could not, because of many reasons, belong to the various club projects under way. To encourage such efforts and to give an opportunity for patriotic service that would have official recognition, all those interested were organized into a food production association called the Agricultural League of Safety. Each person that enrolled was known as a “Private,” was given a ‘‘Certificate of Membership” and asked to make a short report of work accom- plished; after which a button badge of service was issued. In applying for membership the following application was signed: APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP. “I wish to become a member of { 7 ee” } County Agricultural League of Safety, cgacexcciienwersand County in order that I may do my part for my Country. The object of the County Agricultural Leaguc of Safety is to increase and conserve the food supply, and to assist the County Councils of the Virginia Agricultural Councils of Safety in such ways as they may suggest, therefore, I will enlist in.............--0 00 Division.” NATURE OF WORK FOR WHICH MEMBERS ENROLLED. Food Production. Farm crops; garden; poultry; live stock. Food Preservation. Canning; drying; preserving; use and save wild fruit. Volunteer Service. Increase Labor Supply: locate unproductive sources; in- crease efficiency; use college and high school students. ( 135 ) Organize Public Opinion: For each doing his bit against loafing and idleness; support all great war issues. Make Local Surveys. Helpful information was furnished on each line of work and specific instruction was given to these leaders for women and boys and girls engaged in canning, gardening, poultry, etc. The methods of follow-up work added greatly to the efficiency of the work and to its educational value. Over 10,000 persons were enrolled in 1917 and 1918. | This work resulted in a wonderful amount.of good. Gardens were better cared for, poultry and eggs were better kept, more food of all kinds was saved, idleness was checked, interest in govern- ment campaigns was stimulated and assistance more readily given; and discontent and German propaganda were suppressed. All this did much to aid our soldiers at home and abroad and helped Virginia to do her share towards winning the war. ( 136 ) WORK IN THE CAMPS WITH THE RETURNED SOLDIERS. In the spring of 1919 when a large number of soldiers were being returned from France and demobilized from the camps in the State, the Extension Division was requested to make an effort to get as many of the returned soldiers as possible to go back to the farm. In March an agricultural forum of one week was held at Camp Lee. The subjects discussed at this forum were live stock pro- duction, dairying, orcharding, etc. The soldiers showed great interest in the lectures given by the specialists along these lines, and many of them signified their intention to return to the farm and to enter agricultural schools. The specialists giving these lectures remained in camp throughout the following day and talked to the soldiers individually who were specially interested in farm problems. Any soldier desiring to secure work on a farm was directed to a representative of the employment service. After the United States Employment Service was discontinued, the Extension Division employed three men to give all of their time to this work. William H. Roberts, was placed at Camp Lee, C. W. Mason at Camp Humphreys and J. M. Firth at Newport News. These men interviewed the soldiers as they were being discharged from service and every soldier who wished to return to the farm was put in touch with a farmer who needed help. The County Agents furnished the names of the farmers needing help. In this way a number of soldiers were returned to the farm. The representatives of the Extension Division also gave lectures to groups of soldiers interested in agricultural work at the Y. M. C.AZ’sinthe camp. By means of these lectures the soldiers were given a better idea of the opportunities on the farm. On account of the great number of soldiers being discharged from the camps around New York City the Department of Agri- culture did special work in these camps. Assistant Director, John R. Hutcheson, spent one week and Assistant Animal Hus- bandman, W. H. Burrus, spent two weeks talking to the soldiers in these camps. The soldiers seemed to appreciate the informa- tion given them along agricultural lines and most of those who had previously worked on farms signified their intention of re- turning to same. ( 187 ) DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL EDUCATION. (KATHLEEN Denny, Artist Draftsman.) The Extension Division of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute offers more than 200 different charts and eighteen sets of illustrated lectures on agriculture and home economics suitable for the pro- grams of farmers’ meetings, agricultural organizations, etc. This visual method of instruction is a big idea in education. It is the most effective method, simple, direct, impressive and practical. It is a great aid to any one who is not accustomed to speaking in public; the speaker only needs to fill in the details. Our object is to help you and make your work more effective. Experienced public speakers realize the value of visible objects in their lecture work. These charts and slides are prepared by specialists, under the personal supervision of the Director. The illustrated lectures, containing from thirty-five to ninety- five slides in a set, are on the following subjects: No. No. Slides Sets in Set Ds «iilfal ian: ices lancacivcn avets acid Gaal dare Gegue ae ect Sua uate oe ate 49 6 Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural and Home Economics Club.. 44 O° “Dairy: Ry pes. scm: wa Wes * ee See eS Ae eee a ee get ease 38 2. Farm: MAChin ery x rd.yicse-eoigai s Sa hog bcs crates Seale Gea ak ad Si Je SR TAG ChOWIDE 2 cca deaue spanicatsiesiin wens eae wie 2k DBO NE Oe 94 2. “Girls ‘CanninprGMib cons ck bes Raw Raw a Nata aee ned Be Res 5 1 Poultry Management. Now Los c2 cai cd wie wed Seas wikis os 55 1. Poultry Management. N 6: 2s. sco ead ane pain eee ve 56 2) Silo'Constructiony . cuted actos ae eiieadeek a tev oesee sks 34 Each set is accompanied by a + syllabes, LECTURE CHARTS. AGRONOMY. No. Title Sets 5 Liming is Profitable. Manure makes Humus—Humus makes Crops. Green Manures. Improve your Corn Crop. Farm Management. Alfalfa—'The Queen of Forage Crops.” Bre Du ( 138 ) No. Sets ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. Title 21 Charts. POULTRY. Poultry Management. 5 Charts. DAIRY HUSBANDRY. Selecting a Dairy Cow. HORTICULTURE. Pruning. 32 Charts. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Tractor Demonstration. HOME ECONOMICS. Food and the Body. Food and the Body. (Composition of Food Material.) 22 Charts. BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ CLUB WORK. Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural and Home Economics Club. Four years’ canning exhibit. MISCELLANEOUS. 6 Charts. ( 189 ) MAILING ROOM WORK. All bulletins and circulars and the greater part of the mimeo- graphed matter and circular letters have been sent out by the mailing room force. The Extension Division News, County Agents’ Extracts and Agricultural Club Letter are mailed out from the Editor’s office. The report herewith appended shows the growth of this work since June 1st, 1917. The year previous to this no records were kept. Mail Received. ‘First Class Second Class June 1, 1917, to December 31,1917.......... 20,253 6,773 January 1, 1918, to December 31,1918....... 43,201 12,669 Mail Sent Out. First Class Second Class April 24, 1917, to December 31,1917......... 80,103 14,491 January 1, 1918, to December 31.1918....... 123,854 20,518 ( 140 ) STAFF AND J. D. EGcLesTon............ JessE M. JoNEs...... Ribas 4 FY. O. SANDY ocr aio wie padeate Miss Etta G. AGNEW........ Cuas. G. BurR.............. Mrs. Mary Moore Davis... **APPERSON, KENT............. BRADSHAW, B. O............. Burruss, W. H.............. BISHOP). J. Lage: seg sisaandt pun Cooper, Morton O.......... *GERE, (Ge Maia et gers cece PRADING De Pusassen sew sialon: Honcson, E. R............-. Hucues, Miss HALLigE....... *#KEELEY, He Bosses csiceevan se FLE CATO; J. Muy ccraciceanae x Locan, Miss JESSIE......... ‘ Morz, Ts Ayan teas ca hens eters *Resigned. ** Army. OTHER OFFICIALS. . . President. . . Director. . .State Agent to July 1, 1917. {Assistant Director. (Animal Husband- {man to April 1, 1917.) Assistant Director in Charge of Home Demonstration Work. (State Agent in Charge of Home Demonstration Work to July 1, 1917.) State Boys’ Club Agent. (County Agent Prince Edward County to December 31, 1916.) Assistant State Home Demonstration Agent. . Assistant Horticulturist. NC State Boys’ Club Agent. (County Agent in Alleghany County to May 1, 1918.) (Assistant Animal Husbandman. (County Agent in Lee County to September, 1917. Assistant Boys’ Club Agent to January 1, 1918.) . .Dairyman. . Animal Husbandman. Cheese Specialist, September, 1916, to July 4, 1917. . Assistant Cheese Specialist. . Agronomist. Assistant State Girls’ Club Agent. (County Agent in Loudoun County to July, 1917. District Agent to Jan- uary 1, 1919.) . Assistant State Boys’ Club Agent. .. Plant Pathologist. Specialist in Utilization of Dairy Prod- ucts. (County Agent in Chesterfield | County to November, 1917.) Horticulturist. (Assistant Horticulturist to June 30, 1917.) ..Garden Specialist. . .Cheese Specialist. .Swine Husbandman. . Assistant Horticulturist. *NicHous,. My Le casesaaecadaes OcusNneR, A. H............... . Agricultural Engineer. . Assistant Animal Husbandman. ( 141 ) Benen, WW Tics acassaressons eae Entomologist in Deciduous ruits. PRICE Es Rigcn ieee cea ees Editor. SRALSTONG. Gx Gok ocenle ate Ree Horticulturist. *Roperts, Miss EpITH A....... Specialist in Home Economics. *RuFFNER, R. H................ Dairy Husbandman. SEITZ, ‘CHAS. Bien sei niga waceda te Agricultural Engineer. SAUNDERS, W. D............... (Part Time) Dairy Specialist. xTatcort, N. E. B............. Poultry Club Specialist. TREAKLE, A. F.............005 Poultry Husbandman. TownLey, Miss GRack.........Specialist in Home Economics. WOOLSEY, Cosne cs cae de dee vec Assistant Horticulturist. *ALLANSON, H. E............... Assistant to Director. '*ASHBURNER, MISS VIOLET...... Chief Clerk. *CHAMBERLAIN, Miss MINNA....Chief Clerk. FUNKHOUSER, MIss OLIVE...... Chief Clerk. THACKER, Miss PEMBERTON... .Accountant. FARM DEMONSTRATION AGENTS. District Agent. (County Agent in Cul- Je Ga BRUGES oie te ek eds { peper County to January 1, 1919.) eS. DHARRA Ric on ei) ko tage ne District Agent. PKA Ca MOORE. balan zn 24 aR eseS District Agent. W. P. Moore................. District Agent. ‘ District Agent. (County Agent in Louisa *J. H. QUISENBERRY.......... { County to January 1, 1918.) District Agent. (County Agent in Lee NELSON B. RUE.............-- { County to April 1, 1919.) W. C. SHACKELFORD........... District Agent. COUNTY AGENTS. SANDERSON: Bi Gi sat eoaidetenier arses neded Appomattox. PARTHUR, Pi Koscits da cain tpt o NER ae we A eoea Bedford PATTRIDE,. Gu IRs eae ae yee Ee ae eae Bath Basey Re Ags sac needs temend ces eo aa aeiee es 8 Southampton. BALDWIN. Je. Cree causes dnd ee Senna Buchanan. *BIVENS:: (Si: DRY iced saa eb waste ok DE bie es BE Nottoway. IBEANFORD;. PS Sissecinensxede sd naive aatenecss Nansemond. BOWMAN, G.. Le scscas ies ntcee ota eed awe sacs ss Franklin. BRAME) Js Mas cinagac dine mage a sie ss apdee ahs ee eas Mecklenburg. BREEDEN, EA. Vissi ge AGS eS ae pee A Orange BROWNING). Wa Dees ong iy sewer rees ace eee Mh oes Patrick. BuREOO?, “La (Dis ns sgctwhawnacueas te taeeie san Chesterfield. SEBYRENES Wo) Hiss je sgt Seqstaus ed urete ewaweeeutie. Appomattox. *Resigned. **Army. xDeceased. ( 142 ) CAMPFIELD, W. S............00..00000 0000. Rockingham. SCAMPETD). Lo. Cheese sus Sn auiSicnme Be hho Vanek Gloucester. S*CGHILTON, (Ce Hic cota naa 68s eee hana one ,Accomac. CLOVDS Ds MWiacccug aS Seg Geiss © causa baleana ace Fauquier. COGKES). Op (Mises 3 caged dicen pawn dag Mach jena Surry. CorFFINDAFFER, E. W....................4., Bath GOERS Ss Died ticeisce 6 oko asmaly nce pases Deedee ee ben Stafford. COW, OR Ceiioigs ori pe icnen ge kro gash nldene qesta hae Carroll. **CRAWFORD, R. B........................4-. Amherst DD RVIS) Toe. Miata cades Ate ates nee igh Wieis BERS Paes Amherst. DEE Bs Pee eters G iiuanernde yee ecient ta dee Henry. DERR tlt. Bid acute aaceaenice Seemcetoks Se i oe Fairfax. BLGANIG: Acwuaccocys sue tu Woe aue-tundagt bbe Buckingham. BETIS). Kee ING 2 suse soe oie nana cad beak a als aes Sussex. FORSYTHE, (Gz Aese sg scv cag sew hbaachulsivs @aewA Nottoway. ROSTER, Gi. Hage casas oli Dl annie eeeaue cee Amelia. *POWLERs (Ce Wes eit e csc acinataeaunyacuwbien bs Fairfax. AP RERE | Ce Pos ois a8 wuts acemmnn et Ae Re adg ate Westmoreland. GISH,) ei wa ee tna onde Seanee aaa eae Roanoke. Gist, Re A cenaace biden ene dek en aatelp ena Beye Washington. "GOODRICH; P. Ossepasaeneadcy greece ans oe Surry (GOSS. Wee Oia, waaiate aNd seo hte eeeliesey oboe aan Greenesville. HGRIZZARDs: Cy Poivue aves nes ayaa nye tye bad Greenesville. FARRIS; Ds, Sivie is peed yey Hees WE SEH eeE AS York. **AEDRICK) As Wig pecs on a Sess Goede Scott. HoLBerTon, R. F................000 000000 Caroline. FOLD, SW sBicois cy: had Milas 8.6, oud te watiaied a wae Lunenburg. FAONTER, Eo Mii sn s oe kha iees Mat geaweaue Loudoun. tSHUTCHESON: Js Dine sane gadumanacde asd baaaes Dinwiddie. *JESSE, Wi Wiis caas cence sess donan okie m ales Lee JONES) By Gotciics eigen genes al aa acta lars ahr ap Dinwiddie JONES, Je Nese veners Sunes eevens ee eer gue ses Dickenson KEEN; Je Piva c estate ae ceo eee oes dee oes we tee Wythe KIRBY) Wee Dees ot org pee eevees een osake eet Henrico. KOONTZ; Gi Bist doc ccciy ghar ooh ees aie Sa eee Frederick and Clarke. IROINER, Re Giyn.siae ca ialchn Payobied enabee ames Prince William. *KVASNICKA,. JOSS. ¢4.40 een ae aGacanl Pian ees os Prince George. LEWIS MGs nctacsnnacsadeeeke sages ead Scott LEWIS): Ji. Biscoees een seas eeeeek eesaeaes Brunswick. LINTHICUM, Wi Ris dieuis on eaiinnwa taro acres Spotsylvania. Litany Py Resiess ep 3.28 sxe eeu pee ee eee Bae 8 Alleghany. *UVON, Av Ciedien saci ac dees oud ee oe ea wees Isle of Wight. MacDonaLp, W. Eu... oe eee Campbell. MANEBY, Pe@ie oad davancn s actoaag ads hak eon Augusta. MARTIN, W.. Osi c cv iccuu veh wwe pene canines Craig FENIASON) (Coo Wein ois tars SNe Bo ewe ES Prince Edward. MEEK, Ja stin-tas sige atte gag sie ye waters aa Pulaski. *Resigned. **Army. ( 143 ) MIcHAUX, FRANK ENN Acta neces Su A at Tene Goochland. MORRETT, We. Kivsas 5 da: saa esd en stay Su anew Be Halifax Richmond, Lancaster, Monrok, J. F... 2... ees Northumberland and Westmoreland. *"MONTGOMERS, "C.. Ascitesccdivad gaennsaueduna Culpeper. "MOORE, Ko Carats ccna $aGda Sek hanes eeonees Spotsylvania. RN RESONG ‘Hy (Bock, niece athe yal ag Pana 8 Lancaster. OU ZEIIN GT Wis escort ales cea rn on lay everett hake pats Princess Anne. PERRVS OWS Misars oad cet ey aia nose ee eae gone # Pittsylvania. PENTON: Hy Siioioes cceeca ve de-5 Beteee ye ues eos Bland. Pm): Ws NU 6 ly asc ee tgnsshd eval dinate eee datestaed Movie T Ad Pulaski. BORTLOCK, -Po. Dieicnsddic calioareeesedabanet Norfolk. FRAUD HAT RORD ie occ ner sae es BAS Amelia and Nottoway. TRICE, WALTER: Ligordangehan socad..dessted o0 Appomattox. SARIOELE MR» sid Hoe arekachn viaises a, ghalithaigue sks boc leastlessaoe sta Appomattox. FE SCHOO ENS: | Pin Dien aii Oks en eta iN Da wet cee Albemarle. SHELTON Bs View eick Hiss ore Wh sane ene ws bee Charlotte. F*SIBOLD;, Ay Picsiais 256 cue nes anv a eee BoE Rae Giles. SIMMONS, FRANCIS... 0.2.0.2... 00000 c eee eeee Prince Edward. FSIZER,: Ds: Deas gon sich eugt eed sne nee oe ade doe ed Wise. SLAUSON, Fa Miciss culiyad ceria eaannaawaae James City. SMITH fOW.. Dies held canes eanrese eo eet Se wae Fluvanna. SOPATNG, ices icy 2 Sede Sure vio bye dee sateen ge aoedu ae Dinwiddie. SPIRES; Ve Cre sth earn rne anan pew aee aw eee Hanover. SUITE We. Sigsittap egw eee ce @eeh eee e Lee THOMAS), Oy seo be oes oun oy nek e eae Bedford. EIBBS) «Jer Fv sie'esshfsieadancend coda #2088 Meal Gmreoag eee Botetourt. PTINSLE WG Rec casting aA acon, wi aun hanes ees Halifax. STOWLER,: I. Asncnsa cans aealadar animes ese Giles. WACKER) Lay IND ets carn Gee Soe See Ree wae Albemarle. W.AGKER, Tbs INTe [Re 3 4s Betis ioe, atts so: ee geese King George. PPE NAT Tosa Bcc. aE cisys ails (ses ANA ate: GUNA cee ses mses Tazewell. WAMPEER, GC." W), 33.283 ees oe een ae eek ous es Page. WaRRINER, B. A.......... Ye Wee bee bu Shenandoah. WiIEEY) Ry De ao gsnctes do nace dads Grayson. F WILKINS, Wie Weeden aeiigs ok van $a voag whales Halifax. PWIVSOR). Wis (Giese too ane ei gs a hee era eens Russell. *YOWELL, A. W...............0.2.2.4....... Madison. DISTRICT AGENTS. G. ELIzABETH CooK ee ee ene Lynchburg. MARTHA DINWIDDIE................-0.00005 Charlottesville. Chuckatuck. (Home Dem- Bessie’ HODSDEN wes: s os ck 865 RS oso Sed we onstration Agent, Isle of Wight County. ***VIARY PAXTON A tere nen hs en tale seated heen aah Roanoke. Mary HELEN FERRIS...............00000-- Richmond. *Resigned. ***War Work. ** Army. ; ( 144 ) URBAN AGENTS. Mrs. ILan W. POLLHILL...............4- een one) Changs at ASHBAUGH, EVANGELINE.............00.0005 City of Lynchburg. *BRADLEY, Mrs. SuE. MILLER..............-- City of Danville. *BRYANT, LAURA JUDD..............0.00 00005 City of Richmond. * BURWELL, cANNIE vss 4462.05 june eee nae Sees City of Norfolk. *FRAYSER, MARY..........00 0000: eee ee eens City of Richmond. FROMAN) MARYA ecco g acs eneacs acevale bg Radhd wie hace Ane City of Danville. *SHUGART, MARGARET..........--.-0 000 ee eee City of Hopewell. *SOUTHERN, MARY... o.5sc:caeeeees eaten eames City of Richmond. WALLACE, MAUDE Eos ass gcc ccceaaca een ea City of Richmond. HOME DEMONSTRATION AGENTS. AMBUER,.. MARV is nid eos cag en ee ook Sete Tee Fauquier. *ASHMEAD, PAULINE............0.0000 eee eeee Brunswick. BELLE, GRETCHEN PARR..............-.00005 Appomattox. BELLE, Mrs. MARION..........0.000 eee eens Charles City. BENNETT, MADGE HARRISON..............-+ Nottoway. BURKE; (ROSA, BELL... cc 2uscu cou acden pened os Norfolk. BuTTON, DOROTHY..........002 02: e eee eee Greenesville. CAMPBELL, May ELLIS............2----005- Pittsylvania. CAVE, VASHTI: = oaesou os needles tego ssae ers Roanoke. GCEEATON DUCIB so iii. c dace eas sanyo Gkans 28 Dinwiddie. DAVIS, SALLY GUY.......0. 0.000 c cee Goochland. (DELP, GEAR As 524.7 aise eee AAG mend hain a Reed Westmoreland. Epwarps, Mrs. W. W............00000eees Sussex. FARISH, MARIONse) o0 se esa 3e 00s cea Eee Albemarle. GILBERT, LILLIAN cs o4 x dane ign os Be bee eae Prince William. GILLIAM). ANNIE: ce i2.4 54 ec aes ns Ses ek oe es Nansemond. PGISHY JULIET a aeiciccae a3A pace we oma ae a HN Bedford. *GRAVATT, MARGARET.........000-0 0000 eee Roanoke. HaGY, CLAUDIA... 0.0.00 c cc cee ee Prince Edward. HAYNES; MABEL, Kooi isc icc evn ed and win vara Frederick. HECKMAN: 'GRAGCK e's cc an's se dang nckiesceetecad Isle of Wight. *HEFLIN, MARGARET.............00055 esac ate Southampton. *HERMAN, BERTHA...........0 000 e cece neneae New Kent. *HODSDEN, BRUCE... 2... 0... e cee ee eee Isle of Wight. *HOWARD, CONWAY......... 002 e cee een eens Wise *HUDSON, LESSIE.. 1.2.0.0... eee eee ee Culpeper. Kav (CORA OB: acatae ndadandaweeseveeraeaes Hanover. KELLY, O’DELLE.. 1... eee Brunswick. KELSEY, CHRISTINE. .......0 0000 ccc eee eee Chesterfield. *KinG, Mrs. MARGARET............ 0.000 e ees Alleghany. *Lewis, Mrs. GERTRUDE BUTTON............ Greenesville. McCoy, Mrs. JuLia B.................005- James City. *Resigned. *McCuLLouGH, ELIZABETH.................-- Isle of Wight. Massey, MABEL...........................Mecklenburg. tMiICOU; FRANCES iio ces os dog ge ned pe ei ee James City. MINOR ;- ISDITH Vie os 2 iies ca Sad ee PEs Sees ae New Kent. MOoFFETT, ELSIE. ... 6064 gies cue ae gee ee ae Augusta. *NEWMAN, KATHLEEN..............000000005 Orange. Noe, Mrs. Macoie [..............-00-54- Amherst. RossEN, ELIZABETH...............--0000005 Bedford. St. JOHN, CATHERINE..........20..-00020005 Campbell. SAUNDERS, ALICE 3 cigs een altars Aes mee GaN Goochland. SEWARD, DOROTHY: «05 v1 3 e258 Se See SoA eS Orange. *SHANNON;, [EMMA © oc 5.5 su uides oageckweide's o4 eis Orange. *SHEPPERSON, EDMONIA.............2.-000-05 Chesterfield. SEOCUM;; OYEWIA., occ cits o.c.2558 dee sun's So Suelo deans Henrico. Stinson, Mrs. LorRA..............-022-2055 Clarke. TERRY, DELTAS oces.c.ch, yea tecs tan wed adh cee. 408 Halifax. THOMPSON, EDITH.............000 000200200 Fairfax. Watrace, Mrs. JoNNIE F.................. Amherst. NEGRO MEN. SADEING). Jecdo': Juhenasin sa awnen saad emwioe bee Prince George. tBEVERLY;, JOHN Ry 4 aa eg senna mance etawnn Caroline. BRADLEY, LUTHER W...................005- Goochland. COX. RUFUS El vie ccs cise chen otis atun ane wenset Montgomery. DAVIS) (GEOs Jines ceiineedaeua tees peeeeneh Hampton Institute. DOEESS cA2Bixe aes on cua wan sak oa eee wea Southampton. ELvis;, STEPHEN J ie.4sc ce ange a Be oo ee SA Hee Buckingham. GEORGE, WELDON H..............-0.--00-5 Surry. GREEN, HARRY C.........0..0 00 ce cee cence Brunswick. GREER, ‘CONEY Ges oon es ceeecann sp heee ees Albemarle. JOHNSON, JOHN K.... 0... 2. eee eee Louisa. *JOHNSON, ROBERT S.......0.. 000. c eee eee Louisa. Jones, Mack DOBIE...............00000005 Sussex. JONES, ROBERT Pais nak 05. deg 5 aes 24 see's Be Greenesville. JORDAN; CHAS) Hoss sey 29 ketene aca he wean Isle of Wight. LANCASTER, JOHN W.................2-0005 Prince Edward. LEMON) Ree dD ia iaials dajanion s dusted 0.4. MOA A OS 6 OM MO DACs edent eee aad Mappux, WALTER B..............0.0000- eer and Industrial In- stitute. MORSE, NED: Din ocaug cea desley en ae aes a te Mecklenburg. OLIVER, GRIFFIN E... 1.2.2... eee ee ee eee Nottoway. PEGRAM, ARTHUR..........00 00 ccc cee eeeeeae Dinwiddie PIERCE Je Bsc oes iodiure Sia vicd ea chet oeaneohnodis Hampton Institute. REM; Joa. a cGtpaeak Gas tam aan anne aaa Nansemond. Scott, ALEXANDER............0 00000 e cece ee Prince George. SMITHS Dee Ties ekg ese ne, chit grag alana ce Lunenburg THOMPSON)» CoA vtsccctnts ee mer e345 aes Mites oe Lunenburg. *Resigned. *THomas, Epwarp HENRY............----++> Buckingham. WaLTon, WILLIAM HENRY..............---5 Powhatan. WasHINGTON, R. E. F... 2... ees Charles City. Witson, JAMES FLoyD................----- Charlotte. WYNN) Re des: oc cise aennad tee Ae dpamanies Amelia YounG, WALTER G.. 1.2... eee Caroline. ADAMS, EVELYN.........00 0000000 cece ences Surry. Brown, FAnniE E.................00-00055 King and Queen. BEVERLY; NANNIBY 4606.32, 4 ins oon enh ROW APES Meee he aa g ee ME *Banxs, Miss ALIDA P...............-005055 Surry. BASKERVILLE, PAULINE L................555 Nottoway. Berry, Mrs. Racwer L...............45- { ree es aed Booker, Mrs. Matirpa M................. Cumberland. Brown, ESTELLE S...........0000 0 eee eee Rockingham. *Brown, Mrs. LOuIsE..............-0000005 Sussex. Burorp, Mrs. MArRY.............0-00e eee Montgomery and Pulaski. BurLey, Mrs. MAGGIE...............00000- Albemarle. “CAMPBELL, Miss SARAH C..............---- Middlesex. CLemMeEnsS, Mrs. MattigE E................ King William. *COLEMAN, Mrs. ANNIE............0-0-00055 Buckingham. CoLLins, Miss CORDELIA............-2.0005 Lancaster. (CUNNINGHAM, Miss LOTTIE................- Halifax. Davis, Miss GEORGIA..........000.0000000- Isle of Wight. Dices, Mrs. SARAH..........-.00 0 eee eee ee Southampton. Evans, Mrs. ARMITTA...............200055 Dinwiddie. FitzGERALD, Mary J...........0.000 00 ee eee James City and New Kent. Gray, Mrs. Mary E............ 0.00 cece Princess Anne. Gray, Mrs. ELLEN F................000005 Elizabeth City. Gray, Miss OPHELIA I.................--5. Powhatan. HARRISON, GERTRUDE............0.0 0000065 Prince George. Harrison, Miss BLANCHE...........-.-.-.- Greenesville. Hamitton, Miss INDIA................0200- Hanover. Hopces, Mrs. REBECCA................000- Norfolk. Horrman, Miss OTHELIA.................-. Richmond. Hart, Mrs. GERTRUDE.........---0-.020000 Bedford. HAINES: We Haas dates cx Sioa aeiebegels baweeeys Brunswick. Hupoins, Mrs. LAVINIA........-.0.000 0000 Mathews. Jackson, Mrs. ANNIE............0000000008 Sussex. Jones, Miss Rosa B........... 0000 cece eae Rockingham. Jackson, MRS. DAISY.............020000005 Pittsylvania. “JEFFERSON, Miss LOTTIE A................. Chesterfield. JENKINS; MISS: LIZZIEw occ gins gaguue nad erences Laven geome cmayeda wae Jounson, Miss JULIA..............--00000, Nelson. *Jorpan, Mrs. Saraw L.................... Isle of Wight. *Resigned. Kine, Miss Bussm ‘ New Kent and Charles ae SS TP Baa oe Gees w GLa S: rl City. McCune, Mrs. MarGaret E............... Northampton. MORRISON, Mrs. GUCYs. es ¢ec22 sauces cee eus Lunenburg. Parsons, Mrs. VicTORIA...................Norfolk. PAGE, NIRSs UIGAL ss gue ie sud oe cess Sees Richmond. *PATTERSON, Mrs. Cora W............--065 Fairfax. PANTOR), RAGHEL Aix siauteccxusdhadenngaiees King George and Stafford. PENDLETON, ENFORA. 2.00.0... c eee eee Louisa. *PorTER, Miss Coma E.................-005 Goochland. PuryeEAR, Mrs. Mary E. W................ Charlotte. RANDALL, Miss Mary V............0000055 Caroline. RANDOLPH, Muss VIRGINIA...............04- Henrico. REYNoLps, Miss MAuDE..................- Roanoke. Ropinson, Miss ANNIE......0..0.000 0000000 Prince Edward. ROANE, Miss MAMIE.......0..0.0.0..0 00000005 Westmoreland. ~Satty, Mr. W. Hu... 2.2.2... Mecklenburg. SHEPPERSON, Mrs. CARRIE................4. Halifax. SHELTON, Mrs. MATILDA................ .... Buckingham. SmiTH, Mrs. ISABELLA.........0.0.....005- _.Gloucester. STEPHENS, Mrs. Lvcy...............0..005. Campbell. *STOKES, Miss EUNICE M................... Westmoreland. TayLor, Miss MABEL...................0-- Goochland. Travis, Miss NANNIE..........0.0.000 0000 Brunswick. Troy, Mrs. GRACE A... 2.2... eee Nansemond. TyYLer, Miss BESSIE..................-5- Oa TYLER; Mrs. ESTHER. + «3.20024: 4cssehs2e4 Fauquier. *WaucH, Mrs. E. Y........... 00. cece eee Essex. WASHINGTON, Mrs. Mary................. Warwick and York. WWALSONS MARY Bice: down waa an at hn eeeeed Charlotte. Winco, Mrs. EsTELLE..................... Amelia Witson, Mrs. GERTRUDE V................ James City. WILLiaAMs, Miss ESTHER ANN... 0.0.0 cece teens *W OODLYN), NiRsy IDAs wes see does ce ce es Montgomery. Wywnpber, Mrs. Cora W................4.. Middlesex. *Younc, Mrs. Mary E.................. -...Charles City. *Resigned. ( 148 )