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NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
ITHACA, N. Y.

 

 

 
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THE CANADIAN HORSE

AND HIS DISEASES.

BY

D. MEACHRAN, MRC.VS.,

GRADUATE OF TAE EDINBURGH VETERINARY COLLEGE,
LATE LECTURER ON MATERIA MEDICA IN UPPER CANADA VETERINARY SCHOOL,
LECTURER AND CONSULTING VETERINARY SURGEON TO THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,
MONTREAL, C.E. —

' AND

ANDREW SMITH, V.S., Epinpuren,

GRADUATE OF EDINBURGH VETERINARY COLLEGE,
PRINCIPAL OF THE UPPER CANADA VETERINARY SCHOOL,
CONSULTING VETERINARY SURGEON TO THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO, (¢.W.

 

r TORONTOQQ SOU aya!
etic da 7 ex

JAMES CAMPBELL! ® SON,

MDCCCLXVII.
_ Entered according to Act of the Provincial Legislature, in the
year One Thousand Hight Hundred and Sixty-seven, by
D. McEacuran, M.RB.C.V.S., and ANDREW SmiTu, V.S.,
in the Office of the Registrar of the Province of Canada.

 
-

GEORGE BUCKLAND, Esquire, .

Professor of Agriculture, Toronto University.
STR,

As an expression of our appreciation
of the great interest you have taken in advancing the
veterinary science in Canada, and our high estimation
of your private as well as® professional worth, this work

is most respectfully dedicated to you by =  — +,

-

Your obedient Servants,’ :

THE AUTHORS.

    

 

  

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-

Canapa, 1867.
PREFACE

THE want.of a popular hand-book on the diseases of the
horse has been so much felt and complained of that we
have been induced to prepare this little work to supply
the desideratum, until some more extensive treatise takes
its place: ao

In placing this work in the hands of the public, it may
_ be urged that we are injuring the business of the qualified
practitioner, by teaching the owners of horses to treat their
own stock ; to this we have only to say, that there are so
few qualified practitioners in the province, and the necessity
for sound advice on the subject is so urgent, that withhold-
ing it on these grounds would be doing injustice to farmers
beyond the reach of professional advice. We feel confident
that this little volume will be the means of opening up the
way for educated veterinary surgeons, by exposing the
impositions and denouncing the cruelties of quackery.

In the following pages the farmer will find explained, in
simple language, the common diseases which occur in the
horse in Canada, with the most successful plans of treatment,
by a careful study of which he will not only be able to
INTRODUCTION.

In introducing this volume to our readers, it is well to state
at the outset that in the preparation of it we have paid more
attention to its practical usefulness than to flowery language
and literary flourishes. We have endeavoured to produce a
condensed manual of veterinary science in such a form as
would place it within the reach of every man who keeps a
horse: hence we have been obliged to condense our matter,
and deal with the principles of the science rather than with
the details of individual cases. We present it to the public,
not with the idea that we have added much that is new, or
added much to what is already known of the nature and
treatment of disease generally ; but being thoroughly Cana-
dian, and in a great measure the result of our experience in
the country, we trust it may prove more useful than any
similar work in circulation; for it is well known that the
difference of climate, the consequent change in constitution
and temperament, and the irregular management of our
horses, produce corresponding changes in the nature and
treatment of the diseases to which they are liable—hence
British and French WOrkS are inapplicable to horses in
Canada.

In collecting our shaders we have endeavoured to follow
viii INTRODUCTION.

the advice of Lord Bacon, who says of the lecturer :—“ He
must be, not like the ant, collecting all things indiscrimin-
ately from all quarters as provender for his discourses ; nor
the spider, seeking no material abroad, but spinning his web
of speculative doctrine from within himself; but rather the
-bee, extracting crude honey from various flowers—storing it
up in the recesses of his brain, and submitting it to the ope-
ration of his intellectual faculties until it be matured and
ready for use.”

We have obtained our material from various sources—
particularly the book of daily observation and practical ex-
perience, The sound practical lectures of our late distin-
guished teacher, Professor Dick, of Edinburgh, and the deep
studied lectures of the late Professor John Barbow, also of
the Edinburgh Veterinary College, indelibly impressed on
our memory, have been freely used. The works of Percival,
Blain, Youat, Clarke, Coleman, and others, have also been
referred to; and although, as will be seen, in some very im-
portant points we have been obliged to differ in opinion from
these learned authors, it must not be supposed that we under-
value their teachings ; but as the wheels of time roll on, and
every day brings some new light on science, the veterinary
no less than the medical profession makes rapid strides in the
onward march of improvement. Many of the theories which
they in their day advocated and held to be correct are now
more clearly comprehended ; and we only do what they them-
selves would have done hen we correct their erroneous views.

It is a familiar saying that “prevention is better than
cure ;” hence to know the means.of preventing disciag must
be more valuable even than curing it,
INTRODUCTION. ix

Most diseases arise from causes which are evident, and
within our power to prevent. In the wild state the horse
enjoys almost perfect immunity from disease: it is only
when subjected to the abuses consequent on domestication
that we find disease in all its varied forms attacking his noble
frame and breaking down his iron constitution.

The most common forms of disease met with in Canadian
horses are connected with the progressive organs—the limbs
and feet. Lameness constitutes the principal part of veter-
inary practice in this province, and is therefore deserving our
particular attention, and as the foot is very frequently the
seat of injury, we have devoted a chapter to that subject.

Most of the acute diseases of the digestive organs arise
of the food. Diseases of the respiratory organs are produced
by undue exposure, improper ventilation, sudden transition
from cold to heat and from heat to cold. Many diseases are
hereditary, and traceable from parent to progeny, thus ring-
bone, spavin, navicular disease, specific opthalmia, &c., are
well known to be hereditary, consequently no horse or mare
suffering from these diseases should be used for breeding
purposes. In the text we have been careful to enumerate
the causes of the diseases as we take them up, so as to enable
the owners of horses to avoid them, and thus save themselves
from loss, and their horses from suffering. Much could be
said on the important subjects of ventilation, feeding, exer-
cise, &c.; but our limited space prevents us entering on
them,

To many our systematic arrangement of diseases into
nature, causes,'symptoms, and treatment, may appear too
x INTRODUCTION.

formal, for disease presents many variations in character
under different circumstances. Thus the breed, age, size,
and sex of the animal, the circumstances under which it
occurs, and the stage in which it is seen, all produce varia-
tions in the appearances of the same disease. As before
remarked, we merely give the most common characters of the
disease, leaving the common sense of our reader to make
allowances for circumstances. We would advise a careful
study of the first chapter, as it explains the general principles
of treatment contained in the text, for every disease partakes
more or less of an inflammatory character.

To enable our readers to apply our directions to advantage,
we would recommend that loose-boxes, roomy and well venti-
lated, be attached to every stable in every section; a syringe
should be kept, drenching horns, &c.;—and with these
appliances, and access to an intelligent druggist, we feel con-
fident that our little volume will prove very valuable where
the services of a veterinary surgeon cannot be obtained ; and
we trust it may be the means of saving many a noble animal
from the tortures of the rude farriers.

To the matter of the text we have added an alphabetical
list of prescriptions, which cannot but prove to be valuable it
judiciously used. On the whole, we hope that we have suc-
ceeded in supplying what we had undertaken: and should
we meet with a favourable reception, we may at some future
date be induced to attempt a more extensive work.

UprER CANADA VETERINARY SCHOOL,
Toronto, OC. W., 1£67.
THE CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS
DISEASES,

“CHAPTER I,
INFLAMMATION.

INFLAMMATION, in one form or other, constitutes the greater
part of medical practice: it is therefore necessary, in the out-
set, that we obtain as correct a notion of the inflammatory
process as possible.

Within the last few years, the microscope has done much
to elucidate the real nature of this process, and even now
the subject is far from exhausted. Inflammation “ may be .
defined to be an alteration in the healthy structure and func-
tion of a part, accompanied by a perverted condition of the
blood and capillary blood-vessels; ordinarily attended with
redness, pain, heat, and swelling; and inducing more or less
febrile disturbance of the general system.”——MILLER.

' Let us suppose that we have a living tissue under the
focus of the microscope. We observe the circulation in

the arteries, where it is so rapid as to prevent our seeing the
OA
2 THE CANADIAN HORSE

constituents of the blood ;* but, if we follow it on till it ter-
minates in the capillaries, the current becomes much slower,
and we can distinctly observe the corpuscles, (or blood glo-
bules,) red and white, moving regularly and smoothly through
them, without any tendency to adhere to one another or to
the coats of the vessels. If an irritant be applied, or the part
pricked with the point of a needle, the vessels at once con-
tract or lessen their calibre, but almost immediately dilate to
more than their natural size ; the blood now rushes through
them with increased rapidity, and the minute vessels which
before were invisible are now distended with red blood. If
at this stage the stimulus be withdrawn, the vessels resume
their usual appearance, and the circulation goes on as before.
If, on the other hand, it be continued or increased, the dila-
tation increases, the flow of blood becomes slower, the cor-
puscles adhere to one another and to the coats of the vessels,
the capillaries are distended, exudation through their coats
takes place, and the circulation becomes sluggish, and at last
stops altogether. The blood still continuing to arrive in
increased force and quantity, the surrounding vessels are
engorged, and extravasation of liquor-sanguinis, and in
some instances blood itself, takes place, and the part becomes
red, hot, swollen, and tender, and is now in a state of inflam-
mation. The prominent local phenomena observable in a

** DraGRAM OF THE Buoop.

Chemical Components.

Water, °
Various salts,
Liquor Fatty matters, Serum, Q
3 cantata ‘Extractive do., 8
8 6 ? Albumen, 2
a &
bo Fibrin, ) Ee
‘é | Red corpuscles, Crassa- z
4] Colourless corpaielea, mentum, | $
Granules, >) Be
AND HIS DISEASES, ~ 3

part in which these changes are going on, must be carefully
noted as diagnostic of the different stages in the progress of
the inflammation.

1st. The Heat.—This is an invariable symptom, being
always present to a greater or less degree. It is produced
by the more rapid oxidation going on, consequent on the
increased quantity of blood circulating in the parts imme-
diately surrounding,

2d. Redness is due to the increased determination of
blood to the part, the distension of the hitherto invisible
capillaries with red blood, and sometimes, when extensive,
to the extravasation of blood from the bursting of the thin
walls of the vessels.

3d. Pain.—The pain in an. inflamed part is almost the
first and most characteristic symptom. It is due to the

. * o! . *
tension of the tissues, and implication of the nerves and nerve «':«

centres. The degree of pain varies according to the seat of
the inflammation and the degree of its intensity: the more
sensitive the part, the more painful will it be under inflam-
mation. Thus, it is sharp and cutting in inflammation of
serous membranes, dull and gnawing in diseases of bones,
and burning in inflammation of the skin. When matter is
forming, the pain becomes throbbing and intense.

4th. The swelling is due to the vascular engorgement and
the exudation of serum in the first place, and afterwards the
formation of fibrin, and in the latter stages to the development
of matter. The other concomitant symptoms of inflammation
will be noticed when we come to treat of local inflammations, —
or inflammation of particular organs.

Inflammation, though regarded as a disease, is the prin-
cipal agent which nature employs in repairing or rebuilding
parts which have been injured by accident or disease. Thus,
when a fracture has taken place, the ends of the bones have
A THE CANADIAN HORSE

to be united—inflammation is set up, lymph is thrown out
around the fractured ends, small capillary vessels soon shoot
into the coagula, from which bony particles are deposited ;
and thus by a process of inflammation the continuity of the
parts is-restored. Inflammation is often made use of to cure
diseases and remove callous enlargements. Thus, when a
thin opaque film is left on the eye, from a blow or other-
wise, a stimulating wash is injected to set up inflammation, to
cause blood-vessels to shoot into it, and remove it by absorp-
tion. We blister callous enlargements for the same pur-
pose. It will thus be seen that, in many cases, inflammation
becomes a remedy instead of a disease, and is in all cases a
necessary and natural process for the repair of an injury.

When a part presents the appearance of inflammation,
becoming red, hot, tender, and swollen; and after a time
’ these appearances subside, without producing any alteration
in the structure or functions of a part, it is said to have ter-
minated in Resolution. When two cut surfaces are brought
together, and exudation takes place, and the surfaces are
united, as in the healing of a wound by the first intention,
it is called Adhesion. When an inflammatory tumour, as
that of Strangles, or “‘ Horse Distemper,”—at first hard, hot,
and painful, goes on, softens in the middle, points, and
bursts, discharging a yellowish, creamy fluid, called pus,—it
is said to terminate in Suppuration. —

When a part is tardy in healing, and presents an open
spreading sore, with red, irregular edges, presenting a mouse-
eaten appearance, discharging a thin irritating pus, mixed
up with the débris of the tissues in which it is formed,
floating in serum and pus cells, it is said to be i in a state of
Ulceration.

Gangrene, or Mortification, that j is, the entire death of the
whole or part of a tissue,—is apt to occur when the inflam-
AND HIS DISEASES. 5

mation has been sudden and violent. When this has
occurred, no recovery can take place, as the blood-vessels
and tissues are destroyed: the part gradually becomes cold,
the colour becomes blue or purple, a foetid moisture covers
the surface, and noxious gases are evolved. There is always
a red line of demarkation between the dead and living
tissues ; and if the constitutional depression, which gener-
ally accompanies it,. does not produce death, this red line
becomes converted into pus, and the dead part is removed
by a process called Sloughing. ‘

Treatment of Inflammation—We will merely notice the
general principles to be observed in the treatment of inflam-
mation, leaving the treatment of different parts till we take
them up in their proper place. Our first thought must be,
to inquire into the cause of the inflammation; that being
found and removed, the effects will soon cease ; without that,
a cure cannot be established. Matter may be forming in
the foot, indicated by intense pain, heat, and great lameness.
We may foment or poultice or do what we may: the re-
moval of the faulty nail must be the first step in the cure ;
and that done, we will be able to attain our object by com-
paratively slight means.

The remedial treatment may be divided into local and
constitutional.

Local Treatment.—Our object is to produce resolution,
if possible. This will be best done by placing the patient in
a cool, comfortable box. He must be secured, so as to give
the inflamed part complete rest; and then the constant and
copious application of cold’ water, cooling lotions, and freez-
ing mixtures, will retard, and often arrest the inflammatory
process. Cold, to be of any service, must be kept up for
several hours, otherwise the reaction it produces will do
more harm than good. Should this not arrest its progress,
6 THE CANADIAN HORSE

and the inflammation becomes accompanied by pain and
throbbing, heat must be substituted. Hot fomentation and
poultices soften and relax the tissues, thus opening the pores,
and encouraging the formation of matter, which, when
matured, must be opened and allowed to escape. When, as

in sprain of the tendons, instead of going on to suppuration,

the swelling becomes callous, the inflammatory action sub-
sides, leaving the effusion unabsorbed. In this stage, and
only when heat and tenderness are gone, should blisters be
applied. The severity of the counter-irritant must be regu-
lated by the site, condition, and nature of the inflammation.

The remedies which are used to arrest the inflammatory
process are called Antiphlogistics, the most important of
which are blood-letting, purgatives, sedatives, and diuretics.
Blood-letting, which has now come almost into disuse, was
at one time looked upon as the sheet-anchor in the treat-
ment of inflammation. Without entering into any discus-
sion of the subject, we will simply remark that, though from
the abuse which was made of this operation, by being
employed unnecessarily, when milder and more simple
measures might do, frequently producing injurious results, it
has justly been dispensed with ; yet we are convinced, that
selves of a valuable remedy in checking inflammation.

We will meet with cases In which bleeding will be found
very useful, not_only in checking the inflammatory process,
but in promoting the absorption of medicinal agents, At
the same time, we are convinced that, in the majority of
cases in which it_is practised, it is useless, and often in-
jurious, prostrating the patient already reduced by disease.
When bleeding is resorted to, it must be speedily extracted
_from _ a large orifice, to make any impression on the system ;
“and the quantity must be regulated by the effect on the

—_—__eoo

 

 

 

 

 
AND HIS DISEASES, 7

pulse, rather than by the quantity withdrawn. It is only in
the earlier stages that this operation is warranted; it should
never be resorted to in any case showing a tendency to weak-
een,
ness.
urgatives are very beneficial, and must be given early.
They prevent constipation, a ‘symptom very frequently

attendant on inflammation, besides emptying the system of
noxious matters, stimulating the sluggish secretions, and

draining off impurities from the blood.

Sedatives are invaluable In extensive inflammations, by
subduing the action of the heart. They lessen the fever,
and keep down constitutional excitement. They have the
advantage over blood-letting as antiphlogistics, inasmuch as
they can be kept up much longer, and do not reduce the
strength unduly, to harbour which we cannot be too careful.

Fleming’s tincture of aconite, opium, calomel, digitalis, and -
belladonna, are the principal sedatives used.

X Diuretics reduce fever by evacuating the system of fluids
and by stimulating the secretions in the kidneys and skin.
Small and repeated doses of nitrate of potash, (saltpetre,)
bitartrate of potash, sweet spirits of nitre, dilute acids, &.,
by their cooling action, and by favouring. absorption, tend
greatly to reduce fever and relieve inflamed parts.

“Nothing tends more to success in the treatment of in-
flammation than attention to diet and regimen. The
comfort of the patient must be attended to ; he should have
a cool roomy loose-box ; and laxative, easily-digested food,
such as green food, bran mashes, &c., should be given, SO as
to keep the bowels open.

 

 
CHAPTER IL
DISEASES OF BONE.

TuE skeleton of the horse is made up of 242 bones ; and as

these bones are the hard framework of the animal body,
serving for the support and attachment of the softer textures

and the protection of delicate organs, they are consequently

liable to the same accidents and diseases as other parts of
the body. They are composed of animal and earthy mat-

ters, in the proportion of one-third of the former to two-

thirds of the latter. They are covered externally by a sen-

sitive and vascular membrane called the periosteum, and

lined internally by a similar membrane called the endosteum.

They enter into the formation of joints, their ends being

held together by the ligaments, and their adjoining surfaces

being covered by cartilage or gristle, with a lubricating fluid.
‘between, called synovia or joint-oil, to prevent friction, and

facilitate the motion of the joint.

Diseases of bones are not very numerous in the lower
animals: the most common are:—Fxostosis, in which we have
an enlargement or bony tumour thrown out on the surface
of the bone; when between two bones, and uniting them
together, it is called Anchylosis Caries, generally defined
to be an ulceration or disintegration of the bony texture;
Necrosis, which is the entire death of the whole or part of a
bone ; Osteo-sarcoma, (which is a disease more particularly
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, 9

of the ox tribe,) in which we have a tumour on the bone,
partly bony and partly fleshy, occurring commonly on the
jaws or ribs ; Enchondroma, consisting of a cartilaginous or
gristly tumour on a bone; it is more common in man, but
is also seen in cattle, and occasionally in the horse.

EXOSTOSIS,

Exostosis is, in general, the consequence of periostitis, or -
inflammation of the vascular membrane covering the bone,
though it doubtless also arises from other causes. It some-
times comes on without having attracted the least attention,
or produced the least apparent disturbance to the animal, and
may appear pn any bone in the body, or on any part of a
bone, sometimes so small as to escape observation altogether,
and sometimes, as observed by Professor Dick, as large as a
child’s head. It may be caused by external injury, or it may —
be the result of constitutional disturbance, more commonly :
the former. Its nature, causes, symptoms, and, treatment
will be better understood by taking the most common ex-
ample—viz., Splint.

SPLINT OR SPLENT.

Splint is a hard bony tumour occurring on the inside of
the shank or cannon-bone of the fore-leg, between the knee
and fetlock. It is situated partly on the splint-bone, (from
which it takes its name,) and partly on the cannon. It
occurs most commonly, nay, almost invariably, in young
animals, the reason of which is obvious. The periosteum in
them being more vascular than in old animals, it is more
liable to inflammation ; which is very readily induced in the
unsolidified bones of the young animal, when exposed to con-
cussion or external violence.:: It occurs in the inside, be-
cause the centre of gravity falls through that part; when it

dos
10 THE CANADIAN HORSE

does occur on the outside, it is caused by a kick from the
toe of a groom, or from the centre of gravity being altered
by the toes being turned in.

Splints do not always cause lameness ; it is only in excep-
tional cases that they do, and only while the process of
inflammation is going on. The pain which gives rise to the
lameness is caused by the deposition of bone being faster
than the parts can accommodate themselves to, whereby the
periosteum is distended, and, being a fibro-vascular and
highly sensitive membrane, pain, intense pain, is produced,
and of course lameness. It is a common belief with most
people that splints cause lameness by interfering with the
action of the tendons. This idea we hold to be quite fanci-
ful, not from any theoretical view of the case, but from the
examination of numerous specimens. We quite agree with
Professor Dick in saying, “ It is a general rule in the animal
economy that the hard parts give way to the soft, and
arteries, veins, nerves, tendons, &c., will be accommodated
by the absorption of the bone.”

It is more apt to cause lameness when placed near the
head of the bone ; it sometimes involves the knee-joint. In
walking, the lameness may not be observable, but in the trot
he is “dead lame;” he drops very much. The part is’
swollen and tender, pain being evinced by pressure on the
enlargement.

Lreatment.—When splint does not produce lameness, it
is best not to interfere with it ; but if the process of inflam-
mation is going on, accompanied with swelling, pain, heat,
and lameness, rest must at once be given, a thick woollen
bandage applied, and cold water constantly poured on. This
simple plan of treatment is no doubt the best and most effi-
cacious of all remedies, if fairly tried; but this is seldom
done, from the trouble of keeping a man constantly apply-
AND HIS DISEASES. - 1]

ing the water. It gives great relief, by constringing the
vessels, and subduing the inflammation.

The common practice is, after having reduced the ‘nln
mation by cooling applications, to apply a blister, as canthari-
dine ointment, or iodine, or bin-iodide of mercury ointments.
Others have more faith in setons, and we have seen most
beneficial effects from them.

Professor Sewell was the first to introduce the operation
of cutting the periosteum, or periosteotomy, This has found
many advocates among veterinarians of the present day. It
consists in making an incision in the skin, and passing in a
probe-pointed bistoury, and‘dividing the distended mem-
brane. It sometimes gives immediate relief, the periosteum
in these cases acting the same as a tight shoe on a person’s
foot. It is-always advisable to follow this up by the inser-
tion of a seton, which should be kept in for several weeks.
In the majority of cases, it is best not to meddle too much
with them, particularly if near the knee, as we cannot re-
move them. We can only arrest the inflammation, or hasten
its consolidation. In most old animals, nature absorbs the
superfluous deposits, and leaves the bone nearly as fine as
before.

xX Splint, really speaking, is an unsoundness; but in our
opinion it should seldom be called so, unless it is situated
near the knee, or is very large, and on a badly-formed leg.

ea

BONE-SPAVIN.

Another very common form of exostosis is bone-spavin,
which consists in a bony enlargement on the antero-internal
part of the hock.

There are two distinct kinds of bone-spavin. The first is
in all respects similar to splint, and arises from inflamma-
tion of the periosteum. It frequently comes on insidiously,
12 THE CANADIAN HORSE

without causing much annoyance. The other form, arising
from inflammation of the internal structures of the hock-
joint, is frequently attended by caries or ulceration, and from
the first produces intense pain and lameness, when the bones
rub on one another. ,

The hock-joint corresponds to the heel in man, and has
no fewer than ten bones entering into its formation, an ac-
quaintance with the arrangement of which is necessary be-
fore the complexities of hock diseases can be understood.

As in the fore-leg, we have the cannon-bone, with the
two small splint-bones, one on each side. Upon the heads
of these rest or articulate the bones proper of the hock, in
the following order.A The middle cuneiform or wedge-bone
lies immediately on the head of the cannon ; closely fitting
the upper surface of this bone, we have the large wedge- -
bone, and articulating with the upper surface of which we
have the knuckle-bone or astragalus, which presents on its
upper surface a pulley-like articulation, fitting a correspond-
ing surface on the lower end of the tibia, or thigh-bone, of
the horse. JThis joint is the true hock-joint.} On the out-
side of the joint we have the cube-bone or cuboid. It ar-
ticulates with the greater and middle cuneiform-bones by its
inner surface, by its upper surface with the astragalus and
os calcis or heel-bone, and by its under surface with the
cannon and outer splint-bone. We have next the small
cuneiform, placed at the back part of the inner side of the
hock, resting partly on the large and partly on the middle
wedge-bone, but principally by-its under surface with the
head of the inner splint-bone, and slightly with the cannon.
Lastly, we have the os calcis or heel-bone. It forms the pro-
jection called the cap or point-of the hock; it articulates
principally with the astragalus, and slightly with the cube-
bone. It will be well to bear in mind the four principal ar-
AND HIS DISEASES, 13

ticulations—viz., one between the cannon and middle wedge-
bone ; one between the middle and great wedge-bone; one
between the great wedge-bone and the astragalus; and the
true hock-joint, between the astragalus and the tibia. The
former do not possess any very extensive motion, serving
more to break concussion. It must be remembered that all
these joints have their own capsular and binding ligaments.
The surface of the bones are covered by artitular cartilage,
and lubricated by synovia, or joint-oil. Need we wonder,
then, that a structure so complex should present a corre-
sponding complexity in its diseases ?

{ The seat of spavin, arising from inflammation of the peri-
osteum, is generally between the head of the cannon and the
inner splint-bone. The author of the “Horse” thus very
plainly accounts for this:—“The middle wedge-bone rests
upon the cannon-bone, and the smaller wedge-bone rests in
a very slight degree on the shank-bone, but principally, or
almost entirely, on the inner splint-bone. Then, the splint-
bone sustains a very unequal degree of concussion and
weight. Not only is the inner one placed more under the
body, and nearer the centre of gravity, but it has almost the
whole weight and concussion communicated to the little
wedge-bone carried on to it. / It is not, therefore, to be won-
dered at, that in the violent action of this joint in galloping,
leaping, heavy draught, and especially in young horses, and
before the limbs have become properly knit, the inner splint-
bone or its ligaments, or the substance which connects them
to the shank-bone, should suffer material injury.”

The plausibility of the above reasoning is evident, and
many cases of spavin arise in _ this way ; and the process.of
inflammation goes the aon,
extending upward, involving th

producing anchylosis, or complete union between these
14 THE CANADIAN HORSE

bones, extending sometimes even to the true hock-joint
itself. Other causes give risé to spavin as often, if not more
often, than this, as sprain of the ligaments of the joint from
slipping or twisting the joint in leaping, or by a false step on

“the road. It may result from a partial fracture of the head
of the cannon, or from severe stress before the bones are
perfectly ossified, whereby they become crushed, and in-
flammation is set up. Certain conformations, particularly that
known as “curby hock,” are more liable tu:spavin. Heredi-
tary constitution most certainly predisposes to it, as to all
other bone diseases, and spavined animals are therefore not
advisable to breed from. .

This bone-spavin, with simply exostosis, is not always a
very serious detriment to the animal; particularly, if on a
well-formed hock, and placed well back, it seldom does much
harm; but when occurring on a narrow, ill-shaped joint, and
toward the front, it will greatly interfere with the integrity
of the joint. However, spavin, no matter where it occurs,
is always to be viewed with suspicion, and the animal must
be kept off the hard road; but on the farm he may be
nearly as useful as ever, if not very lame.

It is of great importance to be able to detect spavin ; and it
can only be done (except in very prominent cases) by know-
ing the natural appearance of the joint. In a sound hock, if
you stand about three feet from the shoulder and look back,
you will observe a uniformity of the line from the upper
prominence to the head of the cannon: any unnatural pro-
minence can at once be seen, which should be felt with

_ the hand; and if a hard tumour_is felt, it is bone-spavin.
Care must be taken, however, not to mistake a natural ful-
ness, known as “rough hocks;” and it is always advisable
to compare the one hock with the other. We must not be
understood to mean that the enlargement is observable in
AND HIS DISEASES, 15

all cases ; on the contrary, we frequently have spavin uniting
the cuneiforms, without the least outward enlargement,

Symptoms.—The bony enlargement is conclusive evi-
dence ; but in most cases other symptoms are required.
When spavin is coming on, he may only show occasional
lameness ; but as it becomes more confirmed, the lameness in-
creases, being always worse in the morning, or when starting,
getting better as he becomes heated. The hock is observed
to be less freely used than the other. He is worse on the
hard road. He limps considerably when he strikes his toe
to a stone or the ground, If the leg be taken up, and the
joint. forcibly. extended or flexed, he will limp considerably.
Spavined horses generally lose condition, and from the
pain caused by rising, they frequently stand for a long
time. _

Treatment.—The treatment of spavin does not differ i in
any material degree from that of splints... Cold applications
freely applied will be found very advantageous in the outset
of the disease. In simple cases, if taken in the early stage,
and sufficient rest allowed, the inflammatory process may be
stayed by blistering. Firing is frequently resorted to, and
is much practised at the Edinburgh College, with consider-
able success. Setons, however, are now more in use by~

 

private practitioners ; and we must admit we have seen more
benefit from them than firing, In cases where it is very
large, punching is found more advantageous, It consists in -
reflecting part of the skin over the spavin, and driving a
three-pronged punch into the bony tumour, which sets up
a discharge from the bone itself.’ Those of the older school
use powerful caustics, corrosive sublimate, or arsenic, which
they insert under the skin. The extensive sloughing which
ensues from these barbarous practices are sufficient to
’ condemn them. ‘The days of the chisel and mallet, the

 
16 THE CANADIAN HORSE

gimblet, or the pointed red-hot iron, in these cases, are gone,
we hope, for ever.

RING-BONE.

Ring-bone is another very common form of exostosis
occurring to a ruinous extent in the lower breeds of horses
in Canada.

It. consists of a ring of bone, deposited around the head of
the small pastern-bone, or the lower end of the large one.
This, properly speaking, is ring-bone; but the term is ap-
plied to all osseous deposits around this joint, no matter
whether in the form of a ring or not. It is seen on both the
hind and the fore limbs.

Causes—lIt is notoriously hereditary ; and so long as ring-
boned mares are bred from, ring-bone must continue to be
the source of much trouble and loss to the farmer. Another
very common cause, which may be either a primary or
merely an exciting one, as the case may be, is‘the absurd
custom of allowing foals a few weeks old to follow the mare,
often for ten or twelve miles, at a brisk trot over a hard road.
With such treatment, need we wonder, then, that the unsolidi-
fied bones of the colt should suffer from the concussion, and
oe out” ring-bones, spavins, &e.

' In older animals, the cause is concussion of the bones, by
which inflammation is set up, followed by bony deposition.
In some cases, it arises from violent inflammation of the
ligaments of the joint, which, extending to the surrounding
tissues, produces the osseous enlargement.

In some cases, we have merely two enlargements at the
sides of the joint; in others, it surrounds the whole articu-
lation, extends to the coffin-joint, involving the whole of this
part of the foot in one mass of spongy bone.

Symptoms.—An enlargement, which, on examination, is
AND HIS DISEASES, 17

found to be bone, is observed round the pastern-joint ; it
may be confined to the sides, or it may encase the whole of
the joint. It is attended at first with but a slight stiff-
ness, which gradually increases to a considerable amount of
lameness, and, like all other joint lamenesses, is worst at
starting. .

Treatment.—In the early stages, when the heat, pain, and
swelling are noticed, cold applications, with rest, laxative diet,
&c., may check its progress; but, when it is of any standing,
blisters, repeated active blistering, or, better still, the judicious
application of the firing-iron, are the most effectual means of
arresting it. The idea of “cutting out the feeders” by re-
moving the horny excrescence at the fetlock tuft, is too absurd
to. require remark. No man of any sense, or with any feel-
ings of humanity, will ever submit his horse to the brutal
operation of “cutting the ring-bone,” as most quacks prac-
tise in this country ; which consistsin taking a pointed jack-
knife, and hammering the sharp point downward, in three
or four places, not unfrequently severing the ligaments and
laying the joint open, and in many cases setting up so much
irritative fever as to carry off the poor. victim. We cannot
-teprobate such brutalities too much. Neurotomy is recom-
mended, but we have not found it answer fr SITCRSES, Though _thoug
we think in bad cases it is well worth a trial, The high
operation is preferable, and nearly an inch of the nerve must
be cut out. ee

Ring-bone is one of the worst lamenesses a horse can have.
So much stress is thrown on that part, that whatever inter-
feres with its integrity produces a serious detriment to the
animal: it entirely unfits him for road-work, and even on

the farm it keeps him in low condition. bos,
_ Ring-bone i in the slightest degree is unsoundness,
18 THE CANADIAN HORSE

SIDE-BONE OR FALSE RING-BONE.

Side-bone, properly speaking, is not exostosis, but ossifi-
cation of an already-existing structure, it being ossification
of the lateral cartilages of the os pedes, or bone of the foot.
It is most common in the fore-feet, especially where the
pasterns are short and straight. :

Symptoms.—The lateral cartilages, which in health are
soft and flexible, become enlarged, project above the hoof,
and are hard and bony. While the inflammatory process is
going on, there is heat and pain in the part, and consequently

lameness, which in most cases ceases when the ossification
' is completed; but there is always_a degree of stiffness ob-
servable, and the lameness is apt to peer oat the animal is
much used on the road.

Causes.—Short upright pasterns predispose to them ; they
are most common in heavy draught-horses, used for teaming
on the road. Sometimes it arises from a tread from an-
other horse, which causes inflammation of these structures,
which is followed by ossification of the cartilage.

Treatment.—The same principles must be observed in all
these cases. Rest is most essential; continued cold applica-
tions, by making him stand up to the fetlocks in soft clay,
with cold water frequently applied, are indicated in the
outset. The subsequent treatment may be blisters, firing,
or, these failing, neurotomy may be tried.

Side-bones are also unsoundness, and ee be carefully -
avoided for road-work,

ANCHYLOSIS.

Anchylosis is simply extensive exostosis, in which we have
the ends of two or more bones united by bony matter, as
we find in some cases of ring-bone, spavin, sometimes in the
AND HIS DISEASES. 19

knee-joint ; in fact, every joint in the body is liable to be
rendered stiff by anchylosis.
Symptoms are enlargement round the joint, which is stiff
and inflexible, and in most cases the animal is lame.
Treatment.—Nothing can restore the motion of the joint.
Punching is sometimes tried,

CARIES OF BONE.

Caries is generally defined to be ulceration or disintegra-
tion of the bony texture, and is supposed to be ulceration
of the soft tissues; but this is not, histologically speaking,
correct. We find in caries the bone undergoes several very
marked changes—it decreases in density, (owing to a de-
crease in the proportion of organic matters entéring into
its composition,) and presents a peculiar worm-eaten appear-
ance, which enables us always to recognise a carious bone in
the dried state.

Causes.—It may arise from whatever will produce in-
flammation of the bone, or arrests or suspends its nourish-
ment. It is a frequent sequel of fracture of the ribs,
sometimes from neglect or mismanagement of pole-evil, or
fistula of the withers ; in cattle, sometimes from “foul of
the foot.” Whatever destroys the periosteum may produce
caries,

Symptoms.—The surrounding tissues are swollen ; there is
an opening into the diseased bone, from which acrid, bad-
smelling matter discharges, in which float speculz of disin-
tegrated bone. On examining the bone, it presents a fungus
which readily bleeds when touched ; on pressing the finger
into it, sharp processes of bone are felt, which are the bone
breaking up. The bone is easily punctured with a probe or
knife.

Treatment.—This, in most cases,'is a very tedious affair.
20 THE CANADIAN HORSE

In the first place, the wound must be freely opened, and the
parts touched with dilute hydrochloric acid several times
a day. Mineral and vegetable tonics must be given. Where
practicable, as on the withers, the diseased portion should
be cut off with a fine saw. Occurring in a joint, we must
endeavour to produce anchylosis of the joint.

NECROSIS OF BONE.

Necrosis is generally defined to be the entire death or morti-
fication of a bone. It differs from caries, in which the bone
is discharged in particles; whereas in necrosis not unfre-
quently the whole bone dies and becomes encased in a new
bone of exactly the same shape, which is perforated by
numerous holes, through which the old bone exfoliates.

Causes.—In man it not unfrequently arises from consti-
tutional causes—scrofula, &c.; but in the lower animals it
generally arises from local causes, mechanical injuries, exten-
sive destruction of the surrounding soft parts, especially if it
involves the artery supplying nourishment to the bone. In
young, thorough-bred horses, we are familiar with it from
sore shins, which arises from the animal being put in train-
ing too young. The concussion sets up inflammation of the
periosteum, which may be followed by caries, but more com-
monly necrosis of the cannon bone.

Symptoms.—tThe external appearances do not differ very
materially from caries. We have sinuses penetrating the
bone, from which there is a copious discharge of most offen-
sive smelling matter, in which is occasionally discharged
pieces of dead bone, which have escaped through the holes
in the new bone: this is called the process of exfoliation.
It is easily distinguished from caries by the surface of the
bone not being worm-eaten, but smooth, and studded with

eh
AND HIS DISEASES, ‘ 21

numerous holes. Again, itis not soft, as in caries : it cannot:
be punctured with the probe, and it is as heavy, if not
heavier, than in health.

Treatment.—It must be treated on the same principle as
caries ; the sinuses must be kept open, frequently washed
out, and some stimulant injected, as hydrochloric acid,

(diluted,) and tonics, and ae food must from the first be
given,

EBURNATION OR PORCELANEOUS DEPOSIT.

This is, properly speaking, a disease of joints, and should
come under.that head. However, as the bone undergoes
several very important pathological changes, it may be well
to notice it here. It consists of.a polished appearance, pre-
sented by the lower end of the thigh-bone and the astragalus
or-pulley-shaped bone of the hock, the effects of continued
friction.

Causes.—It generally arises from some injury of the
lateral ligaments of the joint, causing an alteration in the

“motion of the joint.. The consequence is, that the friction
between the ends of the bones is increased, which produces
absorption of the cartilages, and the bones are allowed to
rub on one another. The continued friction of the bones,
lubricated with synovia, produces the polished appearance.
Whatever causes abrasion of the cartilages may give rise
to this condition, as concussion, over-stress, &c. In all these
cases, nature throws out an increased secretion of synovia
to prevent friction, which causes bulging of the capsular
ligament, which is known as bog-spavin.

Symptoms.—Bog-spavin is always present in these cases,
and not unfrequently accompanied by bony deposits around
the joint. There is always a certain degree of stiffness or

‘lameness at starting, which goes off as he proceeds.
22 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Treatment is very unsatisfactory and uncertain. It should
be treated the same as bog-spavin, which see, page 30.

INTERSTITIAL ABSORPTION. F

The, process of absorption is constantly going on in the
tissue of bone, as in all other tissues of the body. Some-
times this goes on to such an extent as to almost destroy the
texture of the part. This absorption of the inner textures «
of the bone is sometimes met with in the stifle-joint, where
we find the condyles of the femur sometimes waste away,
- become light and porous, and less in size, which allows the
patella or “ knee-pan” to lide off and on as the joint is
extended or flexed.

Symptoms.—In almost all cases of chronic lameness in
the stifle or shoulder which do not yield to treatment, we
find that interstitial absorption is going on. If in the
condyles of the femur, of course, we have luxation of the
patella at every step, which may be heard knacking into its
place when the animal is walking.

Treatment.—Continued rest in a level straw-yard or large
loose-box must be given. He must be liberally supplied
with good nourishing diet ; the tipped shoe should be put on,
and repeated blisters may help to hasten the process of
. reproduction of the condyle. »

ENCHONDROMA.

Enchondroma is a cartilaginous growth on a bone. It is
not very common in the lower animals; but we occasion-
ally meet with it in cattle. Sometimes it grows to a con-
siderable size on the ribs, seldom causing any constitutional
disturbance whatever, unless it becomes so large as to inter- = °
fere with some vital organ, as it sometimes does, when it
occurs on the cartilages of the ribs,
AND HIS DISEASES. 23

Causes.—It is generally considered to be constitutional,
_. Symptoms.—It is easily recognised ; it is generally at-
tached to some cartilaginous substance. It is a hard tumour,
without heat or pain on pressure, quite immovable, and on
passing a scalpel into it, it feels cartilaginous.

Treatment.—lIf situated superficially, they can be easily
dissected out, being non-vascular, and seldom occurring in
the neighbourhood of any important blood-vessels. When
once properly removed, they seldom return.

' OSTEO-SARCOMA

Is a disease which we find is not uncommon in this pro-
vince, especially in working oxen. It consists of a tumour,
partly fleshy, and partly bony, occurring on the jaws or
ribs; but all bones are liable to it, In man it is not con-
sidered to be a malignant disease; that is, it does not poison
the system, and when removed, it is not apt to return ; but
in the ox it certainly partakes of the malignant type.

Causes,—We are inclined to consider this as a constitu-
tional disease of the bone; but it is often brought on by
external injury, or in the jaws, by a diseased tooth. The tooth
being fractured or decayed, food getting into the cavity, sets
up irritation, and the process of disease is set agoing in the
bony texture.

Symptoms.—It is. Sily recognised. ‘If occurring in the
jaws, there is considerable enlargement both externally and
internally, the teeth become almost covered up in the mass
of fibrous fleshy-like fungus, soon loosen, and can be removed
without trouble by the hand. This spongy tumour is easily
broken up with the finger, and bleeds freely. On pressing
the fungus with the finger, the bony speculze can be easily
felt. It frequently spreads until all the bones of the face
become involved in disease. Of course, he cannot eat any-
24 THE CANADIAN HORSE

thing requiring mastication. His appetite is generally good,
and excretions normal.

Treatment.—It is generally considered to be incurable;
all that can be done is to cut off as much of the tumour
as possible, and dress with dilute muriatic or nitric acid,
wash the mouth out often, and feed off for the butcher as
soon as possible, which can be easily done, as the health is
seldom impaired. es

FRACTURES.

There is scarcely a bone in the horse’s body but is liable
to fracture, the bones of the legs and quarters more espe-
cially. When the bone is simply broken, it is called a simple
fracture ; when the bone is broken, and the integuments
lacerated with the ends of the bone (in most cases) protrud-
ing through the soft parts, it is compound; when the
bone is splintered, it is called comminuted, and transverse,
oblique, &c., according to the direction of the fracture.

Causes——It is invariably caused by external violence,
kicks, blows, falls, &c.—sometimes as a consequence of pre-
viously-existing disease of the bone.

Symptoms.—When occurring in a deep-seated ont it is
sometimes difficult of detection, but when in any of the.
larger bones of the limbs, it is easily recognised by the laime-
ness, displacement, swelling, and crepitus. In most cases,
the suddenness of the lameness, taken along with the circum-
stances under which it occurred, will lead any observing per-
son to detect it at once.

Treatment.—It is a common opinion that horses’ bones
will not reunite. This, however, is a mistake. They unite
as readily as man’s bones; but, owing to the difficulty ex-
perienced in keeping. Shent m situ, the expense, and the
chances of reduction in value, and uncertainty of success,
AND HIS DISEASES. : 25

they are seldom attempted. Indeed, if any important bone
is broken, it seldom repays the trouble, unless it bea very
valuable mare,

Before determining the course to pursue, the full extent of
the injury must be 4scertained as near as possible. Having
determined to treat the case, the animal must be slung, the
ends of the bones replaced, and kept in place by the judi-
cious application of bandages and splints. The limb must
be fixed to prevent motion, cold water constantly applied to
subdue the inflammation, perfect stillness enjoined, and the
animal fed on laxative, easily-digested food.

Compound fractures are not worth troubling with ; it is
much better to destroy the animal at once.

In cases where portions of bone are detached, as is com-:
mon in the haunch, cut into it and remove it, when it will
soon heal up. If broken pieces of bone are allowed to re-
main, they act as foreign bodies, and set up irritation ; matter
forms, which is discharged, and it heals up, to break out at
some future time. In all these cases, the part must be laid
open, the irritant extracted, when it soon heals up. '

‘There is no common rule for the treatmént of fractures ;
they must be treated according to circumstances. Observe
that the bones are kept in their proper places, retain them
there, keep down the inflammation by cold applications, feed
the patient on easily-digested food, and attend to his general
comfort. %
 

CHAPTER III.

DISEASES OF JOINTS.

In this chapter we will consider the diseased conditions to
which joints, and the different structures entering into their
formation, are liable.

It may be necessary, first, to remark, that joints are formed
by the ends of two or more bones, coated by an elastic sub-
stance called gristle or cartilage, their approximated ends
being enclosed by a thin membrane or capsular ligament,
the inner surface of which secretes the synovia or joint-oil
which lubricates the ends of the bones, and prevents fric-
tion, and they are held together by means of short, white,
glistening bands, called ligaments.

Before entering into the more complicated diseases of the
joints, we will notice first the more simple.

KNUCKLING OVER.

Knuckling, or standing over, is very common in cab and
stage horses. It gives the animal an ungainly, worn-out ap-
pearance. It may occur on one or both knees, which are
bent forward and are very shaky, or the fetlocks may be
knuckled forward. Veterinarians differ as to the real na-
ture of this condition, or as to the part really at fault. Some
suppose that it is from “a relaxed and lengthened state of
the extensor muscles;” others “of the ligamentous tissue
at the anterior part of the joint;” others “an inordinate
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, 27

contraction of the flexors, to such a degree that the equili-
brium of the flexors and extensors is destroyed.” Dissection,
however, fails to confirm these views. It appears to us to
depend on contraction of the ligaments at the back of the
joint.

Causes.—It is generally caused by too hard work when
young, particularly continued road-work, which causes the
joints to start forward.; and, if it is continued, it becomes
habitual.

Symptoms.—It requires but to be seen to be recognised.
Instead of the beautiful, symmetrical form of the limb, the
joint is thrown forward, throwing the shank-bone more ob-
lique and the pastern-bones more straight, giving the animal
a jaded, tottering appearance.

Treatment.—Some blister, or fire and blister ; but we
think these do no good whatever. ‘All we can do is to give
_Test ; leave the rest to nature. Turn him into a large loose-
“box or small paddock, and feed him well, and it is astonish-
ing how the patient will sometimes improve.

Unless accompanied by some morbid growth, or other
diseased state of the joint, we are not justified in calling it
‘unsoundness.

WIND-GALLS.

Wind-gall is the name given to those soft, puffy swellings
found at the back-part of the fetlock-joint, from a supposi-
tion that they contained air or wind. They consist of en-
largement of the little sacs or bags, which are always found
to contain a mucous fluid wherever tendons pass over joints,
as at the back of the fetlock. This form may be called simple,
wind-gall. In other cases, again, the distension is caused by
an increased secretion and bulging of the capsular ligament
of the joint itself This form may be Ainge? as com-
plicated wind-gall.
28 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Few horses that have done any work are free from them;
and, unless dependent on some more serious lesion than
simple distension of these burse mucosw, they, are of no
consequence.

Causes—Hard work is ; ie well-known cause of wind-
gall. In rapid motion, or heavy draught, the friction of
the tendons is greatly increased ; consequently, an increased
secretion of synovia is required, and takes place in all syno-
vial sacs during exercise; but, if the action be not so vio-—
lent as to strain the parts, it is speedily re-absorbed. On
the other hand, if the exertion be inordinate, these little
bursce mucose become injured, inflammation is set up, and
they become permanently enlarged.

Again, the exertion may be so violent as to cause sprain
of the tendon, which extends to the capsule, or the joint
itself may suffer, and cause distension of the capsular liga-
ment constituting complicated wind-gall, which is more ~
serious.

Symptoms.—Simple wind-galls are little, puffy swellings
seen at the sides of the tendons as they pass over the fetlock-
joint, most common on the hind-leg. They are soft even
when the weight is thrown on them. It is very important to
be able to distinguish between simple and complicated, or be-
tween the harmless and what is not harmless. If situated
between the tendon and the suspensory ligament, it depends
on distension of the burse through which the tendon passes ;
if it feels hard when the other leg is held up, and is accompa-
nied with slight lameness, the tendon is implicated. When
placed in front of the suspensory ligament, between it and the
bone, it is accompanied with i increase of synovia in the joint
itself. ~

, Wind-galls generally appear suddenly.

Treatment.—Simple wind-galls, if taken at the outset,
AND HIS DISEASES. 29

are easily removed. Rest must be given, and firm but even
pressure applied by pads and bandages, with cold water
frequently applied. ,
When it has been too long neglected, or the case is com-
plicated, blistering may be necessary. The biniodide of mer-
-cury ointment may be rubbed well in‘ several times, or a
cantharidine blister may do as well; but bandaging should
be fairly tried before giving it up. Some writers of high
standing recommend (in cases where these fail to remove it)
. to “puncture the cyst, and heal it with a compress bandage.”
This, however, to a non-professional is very dangerous prac-
tice, as in most cases where it is advised, the joint itself is
implicated, and violent inflammation often ensues, which is
accompanied by so much irritative fever as to speedily de-
—stroy the animal. Some fire these obstinate cases; but, un-
less accompanied by lameness, such severe measures are
altogether unnecessary. i
Simple wind-gall is not unsoundness, but that form of
complicated wind-gall in which we have the tendon or the
joint diseased is undoubtedly unsoundness ; but we must be
very careful in giving an opinion in these cases.

BOG-SPAVIN AND THOROUGH-PIN,

All joints having capsular ligaments and synovial mem-
branes,. particularly if from their situation they are much
exposed to severe exertion, are liable to the same conditions
as observed in wind-galls; and the hock being the joint on
which most stress is thrown, is more liable than any other.
Accordingly, we find synovial enlargements are very,common
here, Bog-spavin is therefore distension of the capsu-
lar ligaments of the hock, from increased secretion of
synovia. When it bulges out behind on each side of the
os calcis, it is called thorough-pin. This term is also given
30 THE CANADIAN HORSE

to enlargement of the bursa of the perforans tendon.
The term blood-spavin is given to it when the vein is made
to stand prominently out from the bulging of the capsule.
This term is unnecessary and unscientific, unless we have a
varicosity of the vein, which is very rare, indeed, at this
joint.

Causes.—Like the preceding disease, and, indeed, all
diseases of joints, over-exertion is the great cause. In
young, growing animals, it frequently appears without any
assignable cause, more especially in rough, coarse-boned
animals; but in them it generally disappears as they grow
up. In older animals, however, the case is more serious.
From the increased friction during hard work, we have an
increased secretion of synovia, which distends the capsule ; in
some cases the cartilages covering the bones are abraded,
and in some bad cases the friction goes on till the cancel-
lated structures of the bone are exposed. It is in this case
that the condition called porcelaneous deposit is seen. Such
severe cases are generally accompanied by osseous deposits
around. the joint.

Symptoms.—It is easily recognised. Instead of the hock
presenting its natural smooth outline, you find a bulging in,
front, which, on examination, is found to be soft, puffy, and
apparently filled with fluid. In thorough-pin you have a
similar enlargement on each side, filling up the hollow be-
tween the point of the hock and the joint, which can be -
pushed from side to side, and which, when pressed equally
- on both sides, enlarges in front, and vice versa. Lameness
is not often a symptom, unless abrasion is going on, or
ossific deposits accompany it.

Treatment.—In many cases in young, growing animals
treatment is not required. As the animal grows, nature re-
moves the superfluous fluid, and leaves the hock as fine as
_AND HIS DISEASES, 31

ever. In older animals rest must be given at once, a dose
of laxative medicine should be administered, and rub the
spavin twice a day with the liniment for sprains, page 43,
A strong woollen bandage must be carefully applied in the
following way. Take two bandages about a yard and a half
long, by four inches in width. Roll one up at both ends,
making two pads about the same size. Place this on so that
the middle of the bandage will press on the front, and the
pads one on each side, of the thorough-pin, then wind the
other evenly and firmly round, leaving the point of the
hock free. Keep the bandage wet with cold water. By con-
tinuing this even pressure in this way for some time, the
fluid becomes absorbed, the ligaments contract, and the joint
resumes its natural size and appearance. When the ban-
dages are removed, the joint should be blistered with the
compound biniodide of mercury ointment, page 43. When
there are osseous deposits around the joint with bog-
spavin, firing is the best remedy: have it lightly fired' and
blistered, and give continued rest. Puncturing has been
recommended, but it is too dangerous a practice.

OPEN JOINT, BROKEN KNEES.

The subject of open joint is one of great importance to
the veterinarian, and there is no case in which the educated
veterinarian can better prove his superiority over the self-
taught empiric, than in the treatment of an open joint.

It is a very common occurrence in the horse, generally
arising from accidents, kicks, blows, stabs, &c. Tt is most
common in the Knee and hock; but all the joints of the
limbs are liable to be punctured or laid open by some acci-
dent or injury.

Open joints are generally divided into lacerated and
punctured, In the former we have the skin, ligaments, &c.,
32 THE CANADIAN HORSE

cut through, and the joint laid open, as is often seen in the
knee. In the latter, we have merely a small opening (it
may be only sufficient to admit the probe) into the joint,
from which trickles the-synovia or joint-oil.

All cases are alike dangerous, and are characterised by
the same general symptoms, and are liable to be attended by
the same consequences. They differ only in degree, accord-
ing to the importance and extent of the cavity exposed.

We shall therefore, to economise space, take a general
view of the subject, leaving to the practitioner to apply the
principles laid down to the individual cases as they may
occur; and remarking that none but a qualified practitioner
should undertake the management of so important a case.

Causes——The causes of open joint are most invariably
external injury in the knee, from falling. A horse
stumbles, “ blunders forward,” and falls upon his knees, and
rises with “ bréken knees.” The hair may simply be rubbed
off, or the skin may be cut through ; but in many cases the
skin, ligaments, and tendons are lacérated, and the joint laid
bare. In the hock, it generally arises from kicks from other
_ horses, and are more frequently punctured wounds. We
have not unfrequently been called to cases where the farrier
or blacksmith had punctured a bog-spavin with his jack-
knife. These cases are generally very troublesome.

Symptoms.—In giving an opinion in these cases, we
must. bear in mind that the joint is not always open,
although we have a discharge of synovia from the wound ;
we may have it from the theca or sheath of some tendon,
and it requires close examination in some cases to say which
it comes from. What we imply by the term open joint, is
where the skin, ligaments, tendons, &c., have been cut
through, and the articulation laid open.

In the first place, the animal is very lame. On examin-
t

AND HIS DISEASES. 33

ing the wound with the probe or finger, it is found to pene-
trate the joint; we have a discharge of clear oily fluid, which
is very smooth and slippery to the feel; the discharge may
be very trifling, still it is not the less daenperobs In most
cases we have symptomatic fever, which often runs so high
as to cut the animal off. It is recognised by the quick
pulse, hot mouth, irregular heat of the surface, costive
bowels, and the excruciating pain the animal evinces.

Treatment.—This is the most important part of the sub-
ject. In the first place, the animal must be removed to a
comfortable. stall or loose-box, with a high roof, and well
ventilated: he must be at once placed in slings, which
should be gradually tightened until his toes ee touch the
ground.

The wound must be washed out with tepid water, all
gravel or dirt removed, and the real extent of the injury
ascertained. The limb must then be placed in splints, well
padded, and held together by leather straps. A very con-
venient plan for the knee is, to take three slips of wood,
about three inches wide, and half an inch thick, reaching
from the elbow to the foot, with the edges bevelled and well
padded, and nailed together with three straps, which buckle
in front. This placed on, one at each side, and one behind,
prevents flexion or extension of the joint entirely, and leaves
it open to be dressed at pleasure, without undoing the splints.
A large poultice of linseed or oatmeal should be applied
cold, and continued until the granulations spring up from
the bottom to close the wound. This simple plan of treat-
ment is infinitely more soothing, and at the same time more
successful, than the former methods, of plastering it up with
lime, flour, powdered bluestone, oxide of zinc, white vitriol.
Even corrosive sublimate, and in many cases the hot-iron, have

all had their advocates as means of plugging up the orifice.
Cc
34 THE CANADIAN HORSE i

To some these may seem very convenient and effectual
methods of stopping the discharge, and doubtless in some
_ cases they may, succeed, if circumstances are favourable ; but
in many cases, when an artificial plug is thus formed, it
merely plugs it up for a little,—by and by, ulceration of the
skin occurs, the plug falls out before the internal parts have
healed, and the consequence is, that’ we have a far larger and
more dangerous wound than before. In changing the poul-
tice, be sure not to remove any of the coagula of synovia
that may have formed round the opening. The poultice
must be simply removed and changed, without washing the
wound. When the granulations become exuberant, they can
be regulated by squeezing a sponge of cold water over it,
or dust on a little oxide of zinc. Nothing, however, must
be injected into the wound, as is sometimes done. Punc-
tured wounds of joints must be treated on the same prin-
ciples ; the joint must be kept perfectly still, and the granu-
lations encouraged by poultices, &c. Some, however, find
that blisters applied around the wound close it up speedily
and successfully, by the tumefaction they occasion. Some
also approve of the actual cautery, used in the same way, to
produce swelling of the surrounding parts. Of course,
success in the treatment of open joint must depend greatly
on the temperament of the animal. If it occurs in a nervous,
restless animal, the symptomatic fever runs high, and success
is doubtful; but if in a quiet, phlegmatic animal, we seldom
have much fever, and he is likely to do well, if treated properly.

Tt is necessary in all cases of injury, particularly in this
case, to give some opening medicine ; from four to six drachms
of aloes should be given, in a ball. Green feed, when pro-
curable, is best; but otherwise, give bran-mash, carrots,
boiled feed, &c., and an occasional dose of nitre, or some
diuretic, to prevent swelling of the legs.
a De
a AND HIS DISEASES. 35

(os & 5 ple ak y
\s Pict DISLOCATIONS.

<b,
Distadalibsy or luxation of the bones in the lower animals,
are very rare, owing to the strength of the joints and their

binding ligaments ; however, we occasionally find the patella
or knee-cap dislocated, when it glides off the outer con-
dyle of the femur, and the horse is said to be “ stifled.”

S
DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA—“ STIFLED.”

This is most common in colts, from the outer condyle not |
being fully developed, allowing the patella to glide off and
on at every step.

Causes.—It occurs generally in young animals, and. is
most common on hilly pasture when the soil is gravelly ; the
feet becoming worn and tender, causes him to relax the
stifle in walking, when the patella is apt to slide off. It

» sometimes occurs from external violence, or from interstitial
absorption of the condyle. :

Symptoms.—The limb is extended backward, tie foot is
bent up, and the animal drags the limb as if it was cramped
and unable to draw it forward. Professor Dick was of

_ opinion that cramp of the muscles of the leg is not unfre-
quently mistaken for dislocation of the patella. But cramp
is easily known from the suddenness of the attack, from there
being no enlargement at the stifle, and from the bending up
of the foot. :

Treatment.—lt must be returned to its place as soon as
possible, which can be easily done in the following way:
make one or two assistants pull the foot forward, while you
push the stifle back, and at the same time push the patella

forward, when it will slip into its place, and the animal will
walk off almost as sound as if nothing had happened. If it
is followed by lameness or swelling about the joint, rest
36 CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES,

must be given, and to prevent its recurrence, the stifle may
be blistered.

A very good plan with colts, in which it frequently comes
out, is to remove the patient to a loose-box, with a level,
even floor; and to put a shoe on, with a tip projecting in
front about two or three inches, slightly turned up, which

‘will keep the muscles attached to it on the stretch, and so
prevent it slipping out again. This may be worn for one
or two months, as required.
CHAPTER IV.

SPRAINS, BRUISES, ETC.

From the amount of stress to which the several muscles,
ligaments, and tendons of the horse are subjected, in the
field and on the road, we need not wonder that sprain is one
of the most common cases we have to treat; and from the
mischief they not unfrequently occasion, this subject is
worthy of our special attention. It has been said that “a
bad sprain is as bad as a broken bone;” this remark, how-
ever, does not hold good in the equine species.

Sprain may be said to consist in an overstretching of the

part (be it muscle, tendon, or ligament) to such a degree as
to cause rupture of some of the fibres of which it is com-
posed, in consequence of which inflammation is set up,
and effusion takes place, producing enlargement around the
part.
. The reason why sprains take so long to recover is, the
lacerated fibres have to be absorbed, and new ones formed in
their place, or, as is often the case in repeated sprain of the
same part, their place is filled up by organised lymph, leaving
a permanent thickening.

Causes.—Natural weakness of the part sometimes predis-
poses to it. It may arise from whatever exposes the part to
inordinate exertion, as, for instance, slipping on ice or on
a rolling stone, awkward stepping, galloping on rough or
38 THE CANADIAN HORSE

uneven ground, and a common cause is, allowing the feet to
grow too long.

Symptoms.—In severe cases the part is swollen, hot, and
tender, the limb is thrown into a position that relaxes the
sprained part. If extensive, we have symptomatic fever, and
he refuses his food, has the mouth hot, pulse accelerated, &c.,
which passes off when the more acute symptoms subside.
Lameness, of course, is continuous, thus differing from
disease of a joint, in which he is always lamest at starting,
getting less lame as he gets warmed up.

Treatment. We have three indications ,presented—frst,
to allay the inflammatory process; secondly, to promote ab-°
sorption of the decayed fibres ; and thirdly, to hasten the
reproduction of new ones. Most authors recommend either
local or general depletion, by bleeding from one of the large
veins near the seat of the injury, or from the jugular vein
of the neck. This, however, we think is now-a-days very
wisely dispensed with, as in our opinion it is altogether un-
necessary.

The bowels must be freely opened, and kept open by
laxative and easily-digested food, such as bran-mash, linseed-'
tea, roots, &c. The continued application of heat or cold
to the part aids greatly in checking the inflammatory action.
Gentle. and equable pressure, by means of a judiciously-
applied bandage, is very beneficial in sprains of the leg.

Rest must be given from the first, and the patient must be
turned into a loose-box. Having by these means succeeded -
in subduing the inflammation, one or two applications of
some absorbing blister will generally remove any enlarge-
ment that may remain. Should the thickening and lame-
ness prove obstinate, the firing-iron may be resorted to,
' which, as remarked by Blaine, will “both form a permanent
bandage and promote absorption.”
AND HIS DISEASES, 39

A few months’ run in a paddock will tend greaily to con-
solidate the parts. —

SPRAINS, SHOULDER-SLIP, SWEANEY, ETC.

We will now proceed to notice the parts that are most
liable to sprains, and the treatment of these special cases.

Beginning with the fore extremity, the first parts we find
affected are the muscles which cover, and are attached to
the scapula or‘ blade-bone, laceration of the fibres of
which, «followed by their absorption, constitutes what is
called shoulder-slip; or in this country, sweaney. It is most
common in young horses, but all ages are liable to it.

It consists in a sprain or laceration of the muscles, cover-
ing the outer surface of the blade-bone, (antea and postea
spinatus,) and sometimes other scapular muscles, (as the
teres, subscapularis, &c.,) in consequence of which they
become wasted, leaving their places hollow, and sometimes
the spine of the blade-bone stands prominently out.

Causes—In young animals it is usually seen when first
put to work, as ploughing, &c., on rough or soft ground, or
from heavy draught. <A badly-fitting collar often gives rise to
it. It maygenerally be attributed to the usual causes of sprain.

- Symptoms.—At first, though it is seldom noticed, the
muscles swell up, are hot and tender ; in the course of a few
days, the swelling has disappeared, ao the muscles are be-
_ coming fast absorbed. In many cases this goes on till the
bene can be felt. . There is little or no pain on pressure in
this stage, and no positive lameness ; but there is a peculiar
rotatory motion of the limb, from the other muscles having
no counterbalancing power. This is sometimes mistaken by
non-professional men for dislocation of the shoulder-joint.
, This, however, cannot occur, unless it is accompanied by
severe laceration, or even fracture.
40 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Treatment.—tIn the first instance, rest and hot fomenta-
tions are indicated, which, as the process of reproduction
begins, should be followed by stimulant embrocations or
mild blisters, frequently repeated, with moderate walking
exercise. In this case, we must trust more to nature than
medicine; and in time the muscles will be reproduced, and’
by gentle work and well-fitting harness he will become as
sound as ever. Many do nothing for them but turn them
to pasture, and in most cases they come up all right.

SHOULDER-LAMENESS, SPRAIN OF THE SHOULDER,

The muscles which connect the shoulder to the trunk
are frequently the seat of sprain; but those muscles, more
particularly, which operate in the motions of the joint, are
liable to suffer from slipping or side-fall. Thus we find the
large flexor muscle (flexor brachii) which is attached to the
blade-bone above (coracoid process) passing over the point
of the shoulder in the grooves of the humerus, and becoming
inserted below to the head and neck of the radius, or bone
of the fore-arm, just below the elbow-joint, is very liable to
sprain. The joint itself is sometimes the seat of injury or
disease ; but many lamenesses are referred to the shoulder

_ which have their seat elsewhere ; for, as remarked by Blaine,
“farriers and persons about horses are apt to attribute every
lameness they do not exactly understand, and whose seat is
not self-evident, to an affection of the shoulder.”

Causes.—It is not so often caused by fair, though violent
exercise, as by side-falls, slips, or wrenches, as, for instance,
by slipping on the ice, or being laired in a marsh or bog;

and sometimes it is caused by slipping when rising in the

stable.
Symptoms.—To guard against error in diagnosing affec-
tions of the shoulder, it must be borne in mind that all
AND HIS DISEASES. 41

muscular tissue is apt to waste if it is deprived of its usual
amount of exercise, as we frequently see in the shoulder;
the shoulder shrinking on one or both «sides, while the real
seat of the disease is in the feet; therefore it is very neces-
sary to be able to distinguish shoulder-lameness from many
other affections with which it is apt to be confounded.
We have seldom any recognisable tumefaction, nor much
heat, unless it be recent and violent. These muscles being
- the chief agents in extending and flexing the limb, it gives
great pain to execute these movements. For this reason,
he “drags the toe along the ground,” the leg being moved of
a piece, as it were, and swung round so as to prevent raising
the shoulder. Most pain is evinced in going down hill, when
the weight is thrown forward on the shoulder. At rest, the
limb is thrown forward, and he rests on the toe. By taking
the leg up, and extending it forward with some degree of
force, he will evince pain; extreme flexion, by drawing it
backward, does the same; by pressing on the point of the
shoulder, pain is evinced ; or the muscle may be pinched by
the fingers, and if that be the seat of the: lameness, he will
yield to the pressure.

Treatment.—Rest must be given, the part should’ be well
fomerited with hot water, which should be kept up for nearly
an hour at a time; this should be continued till the inflam-
mation is subdued, when blisters, setons, or firing may restore
him to soundness. In many cases, however, this proves a
very obstinate lameness. In simple sprain of the flexor
brachii we have found setons very beneficial. They may be
kept running for about a month or six weeks.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS.

The principal seat of sprain in the fore-limb is in the
tendons at the back part of the leg, usually called sprain of
42 THE CANADIAN HORSE

the back tendons, As these tendons (flexor perforans and ..
f. perforatus) are the chief agents in producing the motions
of the limbs, acting like levers over the pulley-like surfaces
on the ends of the bones in their passage down to the foot,
they are consequently very liable to be overstretched and |
strained, sometimes in a very slight degree, and sometimes
to a considerable extent. It may be necessary here to notice
the arrangement of these two tendons. The muscles (per-
forans and perforatus) arise from below the elbow-joint, pass
down through a theca at the back of the knee; below the
knee they become tendinous ; the first is round, and is
covered by the other, which is flatter; half-way down the
cannon, the perforans is joined by a strong ligament, (the
metacarpal) ; the two tendons pass down together through a
sheath formed for them at the back of the fetlock ; the latter
splits into two divisions, having the perforans passing be-
tween them ; they are inserted one into each side of the lower
pastern-bone, (os corone,) the perforans, passing down, is
inserted into the sole of the coffin-bone, just in front of the
navicular joint, over which it passes. In most of the: so-
called cases of clap or sprain of the back-tendons, the liga-
ment, and not the tendon, is the seat of the injury.
Causes.—Whatever tends to throw unusual stress upon.
these parts may produce it, such as galloping on uneven
ground, allowing the hoofs to grow too long, thereby in-
creasing the leverage on the tendon ; sometimes it occurs in
leaping, often while jumping around in play.
Symptoms.—The animal is very lame, the part is hot,
swollen, and tender ; the limb is held forward, so as to relax
the part; in some cases, he can hardly touch the ground.
* On taking up the foot and pinching with the fingers, he
evinces the pain he feels. If the outer tendon (perforatus)
is injured, we have a bulging out behind, interrupting the

fie
AND HIS DISEASES, 43

evenness of the line which characterises the fendons. If the
perforans, it is felt between the ligament and the perforatus ;
and if the metacarpal ligament, as is most generally the case,
it can be felt between the bone and the tendon.
Treatment,—The animal must be turned into a loose-box,
the swollen limb must be well fomented with hot water, if the
injury is severe ; cold may be preferable, if slight. This must
be kept up for more than,an hour, when the following cooling
lotion may be well rubbed in, and a thick woollen bandage ap-
plied, well saturated with it, and kept wet with cold water :—

'

   

COOLING LOTION.

Nitre (saltpetre), “8 - 2 ounces.
Sal-ammoniac, . : 3 - : 2 ounces.
Common salt, | . ‘1 : . 4 ounces.
Spring water, =. . |. - 1 pint.

In all cases of severe sprain, a purgative should be given it,
reduces the fever, and acts as a counter-irritant.

Having in this way reduced the inflammation, if the
swelling still remains, it should be blistered, The biniodide
of mercury ointment is best in these cases, and should be
repeated :—

BINIODIDE OF MERCURY OINTMENT. :

Biniodide of mercury, : .  1$drachms,
Lard, .  . ‘ : 7 1 ounce,

A run at pasture will generally complete the cure. Some-
times, by repeated sprains, the tendons become considerably
thickened, in which case firing is preferable. ’

Sometimes, from repeated sprains, the tendons become
contracted, causing the animal to go on his toe; in these
cases the operation of tenotomy, or cutting the tendons, is
advisable,
44 THE CANADIAN HORSE

ABSCESS OF THE PERFORANS TENDON.

While treating of tendons, we may mention that matter
sometimes forms in the tendon, from puncture by a thorn
or some sharp instrument, as in a case shown us by Mr
Anderson, V.S., Glasgow. It occurred in a draught-horse,
which was very lame, and all remedies failed to effect a cure.
He was destroyed by the advice of Mr Anderson, and the
tendon was sent to his surgery, where we examined it while
still fresh. It was considerably thickened, and, when cut open,
about an ounce of matter escaped from a complete abscess in
the centre of the tendon. This is a very rare occurrence,
but is well worthy of notice, and when met with, may be
recognised by the pain, thickening, and incurable nature of
the lameness. The appropriate treatment would consist in
making a longitudinal incision, to allow the matter to escape ;
and continued poultices might restore the limb.

BREAKING DOWN.

The suspensory ligament is one of the strongest in the
‘body; it is placed immediately behind the cannon-bone,
from the head of which it rises, passing down it divides, one
division going to each of the small bones at the back of the
fetlock (ossa sessamoidea.) This ligament is the great main-
stay of the fetlock-joint, and sustains the most of the weight
at this part, consequently we frequently find it snap asunder
under the great weight thrown upon it in leaping, galloping,
&e. It is sometimes broken above the division; but more
commonly, one or both bifurcations are torn.
Causes.—Violent exertion, or sudden jerks, as is the case
in leaping, galloping, or jumping from a height.

Symptoms.—lIt is sometimes mistaken for rupture of the
flexor tendons ; but this is so improbable an occurrence, that
we are almost sceptical of its occurrence at all. If it does
AND HIS DISEASES. 45

occur, it is extremely rare. In rupture of the ligaments, the
fetlock descends to the ground ; but when raised, the animal
can flex the foot, which he could not do were the tendons
ruptured. It usually occurs near the sessamoides when we
have swelling, heat, and pain.

Treatment.—Slinging is almost ‘etiupeneable to keep
the limb steady, the judicious application of splints and
bandages, and a high-heeled shoe should be put on so as to
keep the parts in situ; and the inflammation must be regu-
lated by the constant application of cold, laxative medicine,
and cooling, easily-digested food, sparingly supplied, when
reunion will take place, but a permanent thickening is
generally left. When the animal is able to use the limb,
the slings and splints may be dispensed with, and it may
be fired or blistered to consolidate the new fibres, and form
a permanent bandage to the part. The horse can never
afterwards be passed as sound, nor will he stand much hard
work.

SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK.

The ligaments of the fetlock-joint are sometimes sprained,
giving rise to swelling of the joint, pain, and lameness. Its
nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment differ so little from
those of other parts that we will forbear further comment.

‘NAVICULAR DISEASE.

It is now generally agreed by veterinarians, that navicular
disease consists essentially of a sprain of the,perforans ten-
don, as it passes over the navicular bone ; but as we will
return to this subject when treating of diseases of the foot,
we will reserve our remarks for another chapter.

HIP-J OINT LAMENESS.

Sprain of the whirl, or round bone, as it is commonly
46 THE CANADIAN HORSE

called, consists of a sprain of the round ligament of the
femur, which holds the ball into the socket. Sometimes it
is almost torn asunder; but so strong is this articulation,
that dislocation cannot occur, except as an accompaniment

of fracture.
~ Causes——Severe wrenching, by slipping or falling on ice

or wet planks, is more likely to cause it than fair though

severe exertion.

Symptoms.—We seldom find any external swelling, unless-

it is very severe, and the muscles surrounding the joint are
involved ; when by making him stand square on his hind-
legs, and standing directly behind him, and coniparing one
hip with the other, any enlargement can be easily detected.
Sometimes we have heat and tenderness, but in most cases
these are absent. One characteristic symptom is stepping
short, the lame leg is not brought as far forward as the other
one, and he drops on that quarter. The tendon of the
gluteus maximus, as it passes over the trochanter, is fre-
quently the seat of lameness ; in this case we have swelling,
heat, and pain on pressur®, with short stepping.

Treatment.—Rest, fomentations, cooling lotions, &c., until

the inflammation is subdued, followed by repeated blisters,
which must be freely used, as the disease is deep-seated.

Many cases are incurable, as the ligament sometimes be-
comes ossified ; or we may have osseous deposits in and
around the joint. ,

STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS.

Besides dislocation of the patella or knee-cap, from lacer-
ation or extension of the lateral ligaments, we frequently
find the stifle-joint itself diseased. The condyles may be
diseased, or the semilunar cartilages may be displaced.
Sometimes the tendinous origin of the flexor metatarsi-
AND HIS DISEASES. 47

magnus (the principal muscle in bending the hock-joint) is
torn or strained ; this is always a serious lameness, owing to
the complexity of the part involved. | ie

Causes—The causes are the same as in other joints—_
slips, blows, and wrenches. e * :

Symptoms.—In moving, the limb is held as straight as
possible ; it is moved of a piece, as it were, the stifle is
turned outward at every step, and the leg is swung round,
and placed further forward than in hip-lameness. In most
cases we have heat and swelling. If made to stand on the
limb, the capsular ‘swelling can be felt, and pain is evinced
on pressure,

Treatment.—Rest must be given. If the cartilages are
displaced, they must be replaced by careful manipulation ;
hot fomentations, or continued cold applications, must. be
applied ; and in the latter stages, repeated blisters or setons
should be resorted to. .

CURB.

Curb consists in sprain of the superior straight ligament
(calcaneo-cuboid) at the back of the hock-joint. This liga-
ment is attached above to the back part of the point of the.
hock, (os calcis,) and is inserted below in the head of the
outer splint-bone, and by a few fibres to the cuboid+bone.
It is, therefore, from its position, very liable to sprain. Mr
Percivall and others supposed that it was inflammation of
the cellular tissue covering the tendon behind, or injury of
the sheath of the tendon itself, at the back of the hock.
However, careful dissection generally reveals enlargement,
and sometimes even rupture, of some of the fibres of this
ligament.

Causes.—Any sudden action of the limb more than usual
_ may produce it, and therefore horses are found to “throw
AS CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, ~

out curbs” after a hardly-contested race, an extraordinary |
leap, or a severe gallop, and sometimes from an awkward
step on the road. Many horses are predisposed to curb,
from the shape of the hock, having “ curby hocks ”—that is,
the hock narrow from back to front, with the os calcis stand-
ing prominently forward.

Symptoms.—A_ swelling suddenly appears behind the
hock after a hard run, which is hot and tender. The lame-
ness is sometimes considerable, but often very slight. It is
best seen by looking at it sideways; the least curve here is
suspicious.

Treatment.—The treatment does not differ from any
other ligamentous sprain; as remarked by Youatt, “ There
are few complaints in which absolute and long-continued
rest are more requisite than in curb.” The part must be
well fomented with hot water, and well rubbed several times
aday. Bandages, soaked in some cooling lotion, and kept
cool with cold water, or salt and water, until the. inflam-
mation is subdued, when the biniodide of mercury oint-
ment, or equal parts of biniodide and cantharidine ointments,
may be freely rubbed in, and repeated until the lameness is
removed, and the enlargement reduced. The animal must
not be put to work too soon, as repeated sprains make it
more serious.

Many horses have curbs through life, and never go lame
from them. However, curbs in all cases are unsoundness.

 

 

 

 

 
CHAPTER V.
THE FOOI—PRICKING.

Our limited space prevents us entering at any length into
the beautiful structure and arrangement of the horse’s foot.
Suffice it to remark, that the foot is made up of the coffin-
bone, (os pedis,) the lower end of the small pastern-bone, (os
corone,) and the shuttle-bone, (os naviculare,) with the
tendon of the flexor pedis, which passes over the navicular-
bone, and is inserted in the sole of the coffin-bone, The
surface of the coffin-bone is covered by lamine or thin
plates, running from above downwards, fitting into corre-
sponding plates on the inner surface of the hoof. The sole
is also covered by a sensitive structure which is villous, that
is, presenting elevations and depressions, which fit into re-
ciprocal horny ville on the sole of the hoof. At the back
part of the sole we have the sensitive or fatty frog, covered
in a similar manner by the horny frog: These, with the
coronary ligament, (which occupies the groove in the upper
margin of the wall of the hoof, and from which the hoof
grows,) and the coronary frog-band, blood-vessels, nerves,
and lymphatics, constitute the foot of the horse.

Accidents and injuries of the foot constitute the principal
causes of lameness. Itis liable to injury from various causes,
as bruises from steppittg on stones, sharp bodies, treads, &.,

besides occasionally participating in constitutional derange-
D
50 THE CANADIAN HORSE

ment; but by far the greatest amount of injury arises,
directly or indirectly, from shoeing,

PRICKING IN SHOEING,

Sometimes, from carelessness, a nail penetrates the sensi-
tive part of the foot, (usually called the quick ;) sometimes
the nail itself does not penetrate, but is driven so close as
to cause the wall, in its course, to press on and bruise the
quick, giving rise to inflammation, and usually terminating
in suppuration.

Symptoms.—Lameness may appear in a day or two, some-
times not for a week. The foot is found to be hot and tender,
and the least tap with a hammer causes pain; in moving,
the animal sets the foot down so as to throw the pressure off
the tender part, and when standing, he will rest the foot.
Sometimes the leg swells considerably ; the swelling is some-
times painful, and is very apt to mislead the inexperienced.

Treatment.—Remove the shoe, and having with the
hammer or pincers discovered the faulty nail, thin the sole
around it, and with a fine drawing-knife follow the course
of the nail till the matter is evacuated, make a free vent for
it, and immerse the foot in a warm poultice for a day or two.
When the symptoms subside, the shoe may be applied, and
the sole filled with tow and tar, retained by cross slips or a
leather sole, care being taken not to bruise the sole. The
crust at the injured part should not rest on the shoe.

CORNS.

A corn results from continued pressure and bruising of the
sensitive parts at the angle of the heels, generally the inner
heel. ;

Causes— Weak, flat feet, with thin crusts, are very liable
to corns; but they more commonly arise from the shoes
AND HIS DISEASES. | 51

pressing too much on the heel, either by being improperly
applied, or by being allowed to remain too long on, wearing
down, and turning the crust over, enclosing sand or gravel ;
and from this continued pressure we have effusion of serum
and discoloration: of the horn. In bad cases, the horn be-
comes laminated, and produces constant uneasiness, and, of
course, lameness.

Symptoms.—The animal in standing raises the heel, and
in walking throws the weight on the toe and outer quarter,
bringing the limb as much under him as possible. On tap-
ping the foot with a hammer, pain is evinced at the inner heel.
On removing the shoe, and pairing the arigle of the heel, the
discoloured horn is seen, and sometimes matter will be found.

Treatment.—In slight cases, all that may be required is, to
pare the seat of the corn well down and lower the heel, so as
to remove the pressure; and by carefully shoeing for a
few times, it will disappear.

In bad and long-standing cases, however, it is more
difficult of removal. After thoroughly cutting out the corn,
it may be necessary to poultice for a time; and if matter
forms, to give free vent to it, a bar-shoe* is advisable, or a

"three-quarter bar, by which the pressure can be kept off the
heel. It must be frequently pared out, and filled with hot
tar and tow. Sometimes a run at pasture is beneficial.

* Horse-shoers in the country, as a general thing, have very erroneous
views about the application of the bar-shoe. From some mistaken idea,
that the frog cannot bear pressure without injury, they, instead of allow-
ing the bar to rest on the frog, (as is the intention of it,) carefully arch the
bar so as to clear the frog, thereby, instead of relieving and distributing
the bearing, they increase the pressure on the heels. In a bar-shoe,
properly applied, the weight removed from the injured heel is sustained
by the frog, thus equalising the pressure, and relieving the heels. In
“springing the heels” with the plain shoe, the shoe must be level through-
out, and the heel sprung by lowering the crust at the heel. 2
52 THE CANADIAN HORSE

SEEDY TOE,

_ This is the name given to a dry, mealy secretion of horn,
which is sometimes seen to take place between the horny
and sensitive sole at the toe. It is seldom seen in this
country, owing to clips not being much used.

Causes.—It is generally caused by large clips being ham-
mered firmly on the toe, bending in the hoof, and bruising
the part.

Symptoms. —Pain and lameness, with heat and tenderness,
on pressure at the toe. The horn is dry and mealy, and
matter is generally found at the bottom of it.

In bad cases, horny processes are found pressing inward,
producing absorption of the coffin-bone, with a tendency for
fungus-growths to shoot up, producing a very troublesome
disease.

Treatment.—In a simple case, open it up, cut down to the
bottom, and poultice for a few days, when the shoe may
be applied, removing the pressure by cutting down the
crust, and fill it up with tow and hot tar, when it will soon
get well.

In bad cases, with fungus and bony absorption going on,
free incisions must be made; sometimes it will be necessary
to cut through the wall. Ganahics must be freely used, such
as muriate of antimony, dilute hydrochloric acid, &c., with
pressure judiciously applied ; the process may be arrested,
and the part healed.

BRUISE OF THE SOLE.

The sole is liable to bruise from the shoe being improperly
seated, sometimes from sand or gravel being, impacted in
the web of the shoe, or by “picking up” a stone, which,
getting wedged in the foot, bruises the sole.

Symptoms.—Lameness first attracts attention to it; in
AND HIS DISEASES. ‘ 53

removing the shoe, the sole is found tender and the foot hot;
on paring the sole, it is found discoloured at the bruised
part. :

Treatment.—A few days’ rest may be necessary, with the
foot immersed in a poultice, or stopped with some emollient
dressing ; and by using a leather sole or felt pads for a short
time, it disappears.

TREADS OR CORKS,

Injuries to the coronet are very common in this country,
from the soft ground our horses, particularly those in the
lumbering districts, have to work in. Cork or caulk, but
more properly tread, usually happens on the hind-foot, by
the animal accidentally setting one foot on the other, or an-
other horse stepping on it. We sometimes meet with very
serious cases, especially in the winter season ; the caulks being
long and sharp, sometimes cut right through the coronet,
or split the hoof, producing a dangerous wound.

Symptoms—In general, it is easily distinguished, the
wound being visible; sometimes, however, the coronet is
simply bruised, and, matter forming, the animal becomes very
‘lame. The action and manner of setting down the foot will
lead to an examination of it. It is found hot and tender at
the part, and generally enlarged.

Treatment.—Treads or wounds here should never be
neglected, as serious implications may follow. In the first
place, wash all sand and dirt clean out; if extensive, a cold
poultice of any emollient should be applied, and all loose and
detached parts removed, and free vent given for the matter,
to prevent it forming sinuses. When thoroughly cleaned, it
may be bound up with a pledget of tow dipped in tincture
of myrrh, or compound tincture of benzoin.

Sometimes all that will be required is to clean it
54 THE CANADIAN HORSE

thoroughly, and relieve it from the pressure of detached horn ;
then smear it over with a little tar, to keep flies and dirt from
it, and it soon heals up ; but when lameness is severe, matter
is forming, and must be freely opened up, else the matter
burrowing beneath the hoof forms pipes and sinuses, con-
stituting quittor.

If the hoof has been split, it must be treated as directed —

for sand-crack. Not unfrequently, in bad cases, fungus- ;. :

growths spring up, which must be removed by caustics and
pressure, or the actual cautery. :

OVERREACH.

When a horse, in a fast pace, over-reaches the fore with
the hind-foot, the inner rim of the shoe cutting a semi-
circular flap on the heel or quarter, it is called an “ over-
reach.” It should be treated as a tread; but when prac- .
ticable, the edges should be brought together by a wire suture,
and bound up with Friar’s balsam, or tinct. benzoin co.

/ qurrtor.]

In all cases in which matter forms in the foot, whether .
from pricks, corns, bruises, or treads, unless it has free open-
ings to escape by, it acts as an irritant, extending in every
direction, forming sinuses, and at last working its way to
the coronet, where it bursts, producing a very troublesome

‘disease, and requiring both patience and perseverance to
effect a cure. “3

Symptoms.—lt is recognised by the small aperture at the
coronet, which seems almost overgrown with ‘ proud-flesh.”
The discharge is glarey and constant. On examining it with
a probe, sinuses are found running in all directions. The
quarter is enlarged’ and bulging, and the lameness severe
and protracted.
AND HIS DISEASES. 55.

Treatment.—The cause must be inquired into, and as far
as possible removed ; as remarked by Mr Dun, “ The great
principle in the treatment of quittor, and of similar wounds,
such as poll-evil and fistulous withers, is to remove as soon
as possible the internal cause of the irritation, and provide a
sufficient dependent opening for the matter.” It may be
necessary to remove a considerable portion of the hoof, so as
to get. to the bottom of the core; but we must open it up
freely, thinning the hoof, both the ier and sole,. and soften-

of corrosive | sildlinate, ‘(iveniy-bo| thirt rty grains to an ounce

of alcohol or whisky,) two or three times a da ay, care being

 

“faken that the whole of the diseased surface is exposed to-
the stimulant, and that the matter has a dependent orifice to _
escape aby. W Where it has been of long standing, or_impro-
perly treated, and the lateral cartilages, or the bone itself, is:
involved, more heroic treatment will be necessary. We must

cut freely away all dead or diseased parts; sometimes the
lateral cartilages may require to be removed ; still, however,
when necessary, we must not hesitate to cut freely, and
by following it up with mild dressing we will in most
cases effect a cure>X Such severe treatment as was for-
merly practised by French veterinarians, at_Alfort, and
largely by our own rude farriers, called “ coring out the
quittor,” should never be resorted to. Our modern practice
of bold and free openings by the knife, and removal of irri-.
tation, followed by soothing treatment, is not only more.
humane, but much more speedy and effectual, with less risk
of injuring and destroying healthy and living tissues. A
bar or three-quarter bar-shoe, should be used for some time,
and the diseased quarter cut down to keep it from pressure ;
and in the course f time the foot will become. useful, if not
sound.

 

 

 

 
56 THE CANADIAN HORSE

i

FALSE QUARTER. ‘

When the coronary ligament has become diseased or in- |
jured from any of the foregoing diseases, that quarter secretes
a soft, weak, and porous horn; sometimes the continuity

_ becomes lost, and a crack or fissure divides the sound from
the unsound crust. This is false quarter.

Symptoms.—lt is easily recognised ; the quarter is gener-
ally deformed more or less. The effects of disease in the
coronet are evident, from the rough soft crust which grows
down. It must evidently weaken the foot, and renders the
horse unfit for anything but slow work.

Treatment.—It is incurable ; but most cases will be palli-
ated by dressing the crack, if such exist, as recommended in
sand-crack, and using a bar-shoe, so as to remove the weight
entirely off the weak quarter, and keeping the foot regularly
dressed with hoof-ointment. The only benefit we can look
for in the treatment of false quarter is in the restoration of
continuity in the wall. The rest is dependent on care in
shoeing. :

SAND-CRACK.

Sand-crack consists in a crack or separation of the fibres
of the hoof, in a longitudinal direction. It is most common
in the fore-feet, though it also occurs in the hind ones.
Whatever tends to interrupt the continuity of the crust may
produce it. It often accompanies false quarter, but most
commonly occurs independently of previous injury or disease
- of the coronet, arising from brittleness of the hoof, the
liability to split being frequently increased by the too free
use of the rasp.

Symptoms.—lt occurs generally on the inside quarter of
the fore-feet, but is also seen in front and on the outer
quarter. On the hind-feet it is more often seen in front.
It may be simply a slight crack, without penetratimg the en-

\
AND HIS DISEASES, 57.

tire thickness of the crust, but it must not be overlooked on
that account ; for the insinuation of sand and dirt, the in-
creasing tendency to disunite on any sudden overstress of the
foot, may change it from a comparatively harmless crack to
a very serious fissure, Frequently, however, it extends to
the quick, when lameness is a prominent symptom. By the
opening and closing of the fissure at every step causing in-
tense pain, the sensitive lamin become inflamed, and fun-
gus growths are apt to fill up the crack, attended with a
slight discharge. ,

Treatment.—In cases where the division is complete, the
animal must be kept off work, the shoe should be removed,
and the crust cut down at the quarter, to remove all pres-
sure off the part. A bar-shoe is best adapted for these cases.
The edges of the crack must then be thinned to the quick
for half an inch on each side; if much inflamed, apply a
poultice for a day or two. The firing-iron should then be
run across the crack at the coronet, deep enough to separate
the crack from the sound coronet. It should also be applied
in the same way a little below, to prevent it extending down~
ward, and interrupting the opening tendency. The fungus
should then be dressed with butter of antimony, or, what is
better, calomel should be freely dusted over, and a pledget
of dry tow laid over the fissure, and bound on with coarse
tape, strong cord, or wire, thickly covered over with tar or
pitch. It is seldom necessary to remove this, unless it be-
comes painful, when it must be removed to let the matter
escape, and then bound up again.

Different methods are employed for bringing the edges of
the crack together. Some recommend to drive one or two
fine nails transversely across the fissure, which plan, when
the hoof is thick enough to admit of it being done, holds it
firmly in situ.
58 THE CANADIAN HORSE .

Professor Dick recommends to “leave a strong nail at each .

heel, rough, and turned down, and take some wire and twist
it round them.” This is a very simple and very convenient
plan. When the sound horn begins to come down, the
patient may be turned to pasture with the foot bandaged,
and in a few months the crack will have grown completely
out. The hoof should be kept soft by stopping, and fre-
quent applications of tar or hoof ointment.

THRUSH.

“ Thrush,” says the author of “The Horse,” “is inflam-
mation of the lower structures of the sensible frog, during
which pus is secreted with or instead of horn.” It is most
common in the hind-feet, and algo occurs in the fore. It
occurs at all ages, and is frequently seen in the colt running
in the straw-yard, arising from the acrid moisture of urine,
dung, &c., softening and corroding the frog, and extending
to the sensible structures above. It is also seen in roadsters:
whose feet are not exposed to acrid moisture. In them itis
caused by contraction, or the insinuation of sand and dirt
into the cleft of the frog, producing irritation, followed by
suppuration of the sensitive frog, causing it to secrete un-
healthy horn, and discharge offensive matter.

It may sometimes be constitutional, as we often observe it
appear just as the coat is being changed, and other constitu-
tional changes are taking place in the system.

Symptoms.—There is seldom much lameness, unless the
animal steps on a stone, or sand or gravel gets into the cleft ;
but it is always attended by a tender, gingery action. The
cleft of the frog is deeper than in health, and a thin acrid
discharge oozes from its sides and bottom, emitting a char-
acteristic and foetid-odour. If not checked, it extends, and

the frog becomes loose and ragged ; scales fall off in layers,.

Sige
AND HIS DISEASES. 59

exposing the sensitive parts, which are tender and con-
tracted. If neglected, the entire foot may be involved; and
it may degenerate into canker.

Treatment—No time should be lost, and no case, how-
ever slight, should be neglected. The foot must be thor-
oughly cleaned, and all loose, detached parts freely removed.
The secreting surface should be exposed, and calomel dusted
on, and pressed with a spatula or thin slip of wood into
every crevice. Keep the foot thoroughly dry, and seldom
will more than one or two dressings be required.. Some-
times it readily yields to cleanliness and simple dressings,
with hot tar placed in the cleft with tow, and retained with
cross slips, or applications of sugar of lead or sulphate of
zine. @

It is generally advisable to give some opening medicine,
and attend to the general health and exercise.

CANKER.

Canker of the foot is apt to supervene in cases of ne-
glected or maltreated thrush, quittor, or puncture, and often
follows bad cases of grease. It is most common in heavy
draught-horses, that are kept in damp, filthy stables, and is
seldom seen in this country, being most prevalent about large
cities in Scotland and England.

It is thought to be hereditary.

Symptoms.—In this disease we find a morbid state of .
the sensitive sole and frog, and, instead of sound, healthy
horn, fungus-excrescences are thrown out, with an offensive
acrid discharge. When aggravated, the whole sole becomes .
covered with growth of fungus, which are like shreds of
leather in appearance, with a great tendency to spread over
or underrun the sole, separating the horny from the sensitive
parts. It is very difficult to get the horn to grow again.
60 ‘ THE CANADIAN HORSE

Treatment.—In no case is so much patience required as
in canker—in fact, it is generally considered as incurable,
from the difficulty experienced in suppressing the fungus,
and getting the horn to grow again. All loose and detached
horn must be carefully removed, so as to give free vent
to the irritating matter. As much of the fungus as_may
seem practicable, without much bleeding, should be removed
by the knife or cautery, and followed up by some escharotic,
such ag acetate or sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver, butter

_of antimony, or sulphuric acid, Whatever caustic is used

aust be applied every day; for if neglected for one day, it
is apt to under-run the sole, and may lose more than it will
regain in a week. Firm pressure is very beneficial, and
should be constantly applied by means of tow, firmly im-
pacted, and retained by means of slips of wood or hoop-iron
slid under the shoe, and the foot must be kept perfectly dry.
The caustic may be occasionally changed. To destroy the
foetor, chloride of zine or chloride of lime may be dusted
on, or even occasional dressings of dry lime will be useful.
“Humanity,” says Mr Youatt, “perhaps will dictate that, .
considering the long process of cure in a cankered foot, and
the daily torture of caustic, and the suffering which would
otherwise result from so large or exposed a surface, the ©
nerves of the leg should be divided, to take away the sense
of pain ; but then special care must be taken that the horse
. is placed in such asituation, and exposed to such work, that,
being insensible to ee not ipjuriously ie

rand
bruise thé diseased parts,/Z/ bypee 4 Ol Sh Ae

We have generally looked upon caSes of extensive canker
as very hopeless indeed; but Professor Dick, than whom
severance, and time will effect a cure; but with a dressing
of tar, in which verdigris and nitric acid, two drachms of

en
AND HIS DISEASES. 61

_each to one pound of tar, are well mixed, and applied with a_ tar, are well mixed, and applied with a

degree of firm pee at least every second day, » at least every second day, the worst worst

7 *Mojlerats work, if it can be done without the foot getting
wet, will expedite the cure.

LAMINITIS, OR ACUTE FOUNDER.

This consists in intemmaiion of the little plates, or
lamine, by which the hoof is attached to the sensitive foot.
From the importance of these lamin, the least i injury or
disease of them is attended with serious results.

Laminitis is very apt to occur from overtasking the feet, .

by pounding them over a hard road, and leaving the animal
standing, heated and exhausted, in cold or snow,—frequently
also, from overloading the stomach by eating too freely of
wheat, oats, or barley, as we often see when a horse gets
loose during the night, and gets to the oat-bin, or drinking
too freely of cold water when heated and exhausted. Some-
times we have seen it occur by metastasis, or the inflam-
mation flying from one part and settling in another. Super-
purgation will also produce it,

Symptoms.—lIt sets in with shivering and uneasiness.
He refuses his food; moves about with the fore-feet, and
seems uneasy; the mouth is hot, and the pulse full and
quickened ; soon the pain in the feet becomes evident. He
sometimes inclines to lie, points with his muzzle to the
feet, which are found hot and tender.

He advances them in front, resting principally on. the
heels, while the hind-feet are well drawn under him. On
backing him, he backs with evident reluctance ; when forced
back, he drags one foot after the other, evincing consider-
able pain in doing so. When moved forward, he walks on
the heels, his movements being slow and _ difficult. The

s
62 THE CANADIAN HORSE

bowels are costive, and fever runs high. Generally the mane
and hair on the legs are easily pulled out.

_ Treatment.—Copious bleeding is indispensable in this
case, and should be immediately resorted to,—six or eight
quarts should be withdrawn from the neck; half a dose of
aloes must be given, (the bowels being very easily moved,)
and injections of soap and water, to open the bowels. The
shoes must be removed, and the crust well cut down, to
remove the pressure off the inflamed laminzw. If the
animal can be induced to lie down, it will be all the better—
if'not, he must be placed in a clay stall or box, and made to
stand in clay over the fetlocks, and the clay kept soft with

- cold water.

The diet should consist of bran-mashes or green food,
when procurable. Small doses of nitre may be given re-
peatedly. He should have a mouthful or two of cold spring
water every hour ; nothing acts better as a febrifuge. It is
infinitely better than compelling the poor, fevered patient to
drink lukewarm and nauseating drinks.

Frequently, by the early and vigorous employment of
these measures, the disease is conquered, and it terminates
in resolution.*

Should the symptoms continue, and the heat and tender-
ness remain, effusion is taking place, and the whole hoof
may be separated from its attachments.

Separation, more or less, takes place, and the wall losing
its attachments, allows the coftin-bone to descend ; the toe ~
turns up in front, the sole becomes convex, and the condi-
tion known as pumiced foot is produced.

After the third day, warm poultices should take the place
of cold. :The feet must be kept thinned, if much fever con-
tinues. The toe should be opened, and the feet placed in a

* See page 4,
AND HIS DISEASES. 63

bucket of warm water, to encourage bleeding, and the
escape of pus or serum, the result of the inflammation. The
recumbent position should be encouraged, and he must be
well bedded up, and turned two or three times a day, to
prevent scalding.

When recovery takes place, ‘whigh is sometimes tedious,
he will become more lively ; his appetite returns, and he feels
inclined to stand up. The poultices may be removed, and
he may be turned into a clay stall or loose-box, and the
crust kept cut down, to remove the weight off the semi-
detached laminze.

He should not be put to work for a month, at least, else
descent of the sole and pumiced feet will be the conse-

quence,
PUMICED FOOT.

Some horses naturally have weak, flat feet, with thin, con-
vex soles ; but more commonly, pumiced foot arises in con-
sequence of inflammation of the feet. In cases of acute
laminitis, the laminz being wholly or partially separated by
the effusion, afford but very indifferent support to the foot.
‘The horny matter secreted is thin and soft, and the coffin-
bone, having lost its attachments, naturally recedes from the
wall, which becomes thick and projecting upward at the toe,

. the sole at the same time becoming convex, and the whole
foot misshapen, giving the animal avery peculiar and un-
gainly gait.

Symptoms.—tThe foot is flat, the sole convex and thin, the
horn soft and porous; he walks on the heels. From the
increased absorption going on, from the pressure on the sole,
and the increased tear and wear to which it is exposed, the
sole is thin and easily bruised, and the animal, in conse-
quence, unfit for road-work. The wallis marked by depressed
rings, which are very characteristic of recent acute founder.
64 Bo THE CANADIAN HORSE

Treatment.—lIt is incurable ; but by care in shoeing, he
may be useful on the farm. The hoof must be carefully
preserved, the soles well “picked” every night, to prevent
sand or dirt accumulating under the shoe. The feet should
be regularly dressed with tar or hoof-ointment.

A bar-shoe is indispensable; the seating must be broad,
‘and the web wide and well hollowed out, so as to cover the
sole, without the risk of bruising it. The nail-holes must
be placed all round, so as to enable the farrier to get sound
“holds” for the nails, which is sometimes difficult to do,
owing to the thinness and softness of the hoof. ‘The shoes
must not remain too long on, as the soles or heels are apt to
get bruised.

NAVICULAR DISEASE, OR “ GROGGY LAMENESS.”

Navicular disease is very common in this province. By
farmers and farriers it is usually known as “ Coffin-joint
Lameness,” which, of course, is a misnomer.

It consists (as remarked at page 45) in sprain of the
flexor tendon, or its sheath, as it passes over the navicular
or shuttle-bone, inflammation being thereby set up, which
extends to the capsule, spreading to the joint, and not unfre-
quently involving the bone in ulceration, thus producing a
serious and often incurable lameness.

It is notoriously hereditary, but also occurs from external |
causes. The most common cause is, allowing the feet to
grow too long, thereby increasing the leverage on the tendon,
and of course the liability to sprain. .

. Symptoms.—It sometimes occurs in an instant, at others
its progress is slow; some peculiar formations of the foot are
more subject to it than others. When it comes on gradually,
a slight tenderness is observed, particularly at starting,
which goes off with exercise. This gradually increases, the
AND HIS DISEASES, . 65

foot is found hot, and as a result of the increased heat, con-
traction sets in, the foot becoming dry and brittle. - He
steps on his toe, and when standing, points his foot, that
is, places the foot in front, resting on the toe; and if both
are involved, alternating the feet. Contraction is not an in-
variable symptom, as we have seen the disease in wide-spread
feet, perfectly free from contraction.

\ The best time to examine a horse suspected of being
“groggy” is in the morning ; observe iy the stable whether
he “ points,” see if the foot is, contracted, or if the toe of the
shoe is worn. On ‘taking hint out, he stumbles, stubs his
toe into the ground. On examining the foot with the shoe
off, he winces by pressure in the hollow of the pastern with
the thumb. The bars in some cases will béMdiscoloured and
tender, if tapped with a hammer. The leg should be stretched
forward, and the foot bent upward, to put the tendon on the

stretch, when pain will be evinced.

Tn all cases of long standing, the muscles of the shoulder
shrink, and Se eee
it_is_different, being_merely wasting of the mugcles from
want of exercise, similar to what occurs in the arm of a man,
such as a blacksmith or chopper, when obliged to sling his
arm for a month or two.

“Treatment:—Rest must be given, the shoes removed,
the toes cut down, and the sole thinned, the feet being
immersed in poultices, or made to stand in clay, till the heat

and tenderness subside, when the hollow of the pastern and
coronet should be blistered or frog-setons inserted, and kept

Many cases will recover under this treatment, if fairly
tried and persevered in.
Some cases in which we find the bone ulcerated, its sur-

face being rough and jagged, irritating the tendon at every
; E
66 CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES.

step, are totally incurable, although even in some of these
frog-setons have done wonders.

In these aggravated cases, a palliative treatment must be
adopted. The shoes must be regularly removed once a
month, the toe well shortened, and the sole thinned. The
shoe should be light, turned up at the toe, and “ kept easy
at the heels; ” the heel caulkins should be long, and the shoe
must not be driven very tightly on. The feet must be well
stuffed, and kept cool. In aggravated cases of long stand-
ing, which defy all treatment, the operation of neurotomy
should be performed. For the sake of humanity, we recom-
mend it to be performed, to relieve the poor sufferer from
pain, which is constant and intense, and at the same time
restore the animal to his former usefulness.* Did our limits
permit, we might cite numerous cases which have been for
years pitiable cripples, which, since we operated on them,
are free from pain, and step as free and safe as ever they
did.

* See Neurotomy, page 200.

V
CHAPTER VI.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

THESE organs are all very liable to injury from the mouth
to the anus; accordingly, we find that under this heading
are included a long category of formidable and often fatal
affections,

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.

The mouth is liable to injuries from foreign bodies being
impacted in the back part of the tongue and cheeks, such
as thorns or thistles, which, being taken up in the hey, be-
come lodged here.

Apmpiome, —The animal i is unable to eat, he works the
tongue and jaw from side to side, saliva dribbles from the
mouth, and he appears very uneasy.

Lreatment.—Introduce the hand with a balling-iron, and
examine minutely the sides, roof, and back part of the
tongue and cheeks, and carefully remove the offending body,
and the uneasiness soon subsides. Soft food may be given
for a day or two.

‘IRREGULARITY OF THE TEETH.

In old and long-stabled horses the grinders sometime
become long, and the edges sharp and ragged; not unfre-
quently one or more become elongated, and the opposing
tooth being worn down, the gums or jaw get injured, or the
68 THE CANADIAN HORSE

cheeks get nipped, preventing the animal from feeding, and .
keeping him poor and unthrifty.

Treatment.—The tooth-rasp, the chisel, or the tooth- key,
should be used as the case requires. The surfaces must be
levelled and made smooth, and boiled oats or barley, or bran-
mashes, with chopped hay, are the best sorts of feed for
_ horses thus troubled with their teeth.

CARIES TEETH.

Toothache is not very common in horses, but we have a
number of specimens beside us of genuine caries of the
tooth, which we have extracted since coming to this country.
It sometimes originates in the jaw, but more commonly in
the pulp cavity of the tooth itself, and renders the tooth
perfectly hollow, proving a source of constant annoyance to
the animal.

Symptoms.—The animal is observed to have pain in
masticating, by turning his head on one side, and quidding
his food. The jaw is generally enlarged, and food is apt to:
collect in the cavity. Sometimes, when in the upper jaw,
the maxillary bones are involved, giving rise to a discharge
from the nostril of a very offensive smelling matter, (such
cases have often been mistaken for glanders.) When in
the under jaw, we frequently have a fistulous opening in
the'cheek, with the characteristic smell of diseased bone;
from the matter which, says Professor Dick, “once smelled
is never forgotten.”

Treatment.—The animal must be cast, the diseased tooth
discovered by the hand or a probe, and with a strong tooth-
key or forceps carefully extracted. It sometimes requires
considerable force to draw a horse’s tooth, and the key must
be strong. The mouth should be washed out two or three
times a day to prevent food collecting in it. Thin gruel

y
- AND HIS DISEASES. 69

and: linseed-tea only should be given for a few days, and
then with a little attention it will soon heal up.

LAMPAS,

Lampas is the name given to a slight enlargement of the
bars or ridges on the palate behind the incisor teeth: It is
mostly confined to young horses, and is a natural congestion

_ of these parts, consequent on the shedding of the teeth. It
is, says the eminent author above quoted, “not so much a
disease as a natural and salutary process, which in general _
is best let alone, and in which cruel remedies, such as firing,
should never for a moment be thought of.” If much in-
flamed, a slight scarification, with sloppy feed for a few
weeks, will suffice to remove it. In older animals, similar
swellings are sometimes seen arising from indigestion ; a
slight physicking will generally remove it, without resorting
to such ouéré practices as “ cutting out the lampas.”

INJURIES OF THE TONGUE.

The tongue is often injured by violence, pulling it out in
giving medicines, either by the restlessness of the animal or
clumsiness of the operator, often by being tied up with a
“hitch” of the halter in his mouth; by running back, he
sometimes cuts it nearly through.

Treatment.—lIf not too much lacerated, the divided edges
should be brought together by the metallic suture, and
dressed frequently with the following lotion :— ~

Alum, ‘ ee 1 ounce.
Borax, 5 ‘ . 14,
Honey, . ; ‘ 1»
Water, ' d , 1 quart.

If it is nearly cut across, it may be necessary to remove
it, and tie the blood-vessels, and dress frequently with the
70 -  '1PHE CANADIAN HORSE

above lotion. A horse having lost part of the tongue cannot
drink, without plunging the head deep in the water.

INJURIES OF THE GULLET—CHOKING.

The osophagus or gullet is the soft muscular tube through
which the food is conveyed from the back part of the mouth
(pharynx) to the stomach. It first passes above and behind
the top of the windpipe, (Jaryna,) then inclines to the left
side of the neck, down which it passes, entering the chest
with the windpipe (trachea) between the two first ribs ; pass-
ing through that cavity, it penetrates the midriff, (diaphragm,)
and enters the upper (cardiac) portion of the stomach.

The gullet of the borse is not very liable to injury.

OBSTRUCTION OF THE GULLET—CHOKING,

This, when it does occur, arises generally from eating
ravenously of dry food, as branchaff, chopped hay, &c., or
from a hard ball getting across the passage, or an egg, which
grooms are sometimes in the habit of*giving, to improve
the coat. ;

Symptoms.—He manifests considerable uneasiness, twist-
ing his head, and stretching his neck, making frequent
attempts to vomit. If he swallows any fluid, it distends the
gullet, and it runs out at the nostrils.

Treatment.—Until the symptoms are alarming, nothing
should be done but turn him into a loose-box, and give him
some well-boiled gruel, which, says Professor Dick, “is grate-
ful to the animal, which freely tries to gulp it, and often
succeeds. The bland fluid lubricates the part, softens down
the. foreign body, and in this way it will often slip down.
Should this not succeed, the probang must be resorted
to. The mouth being held open with a gag or balling-iron,
the head stretched out, and tongue taken out to one side,
AND HIS DISEASES. 71

the tube being well oiled, is cautiously passed down ; too
much force must not be used, however, else it may be pushed

through the gullet. If it moves with steady pressure, push
it right down into the stomach. In case of a ball, it may
often be got rid of by external manipulation, and an egg
may be crushed, if not too far down.

When all means fail in removing it, as a last resource, it
may be cut down on, and removed, and the wound sewn up,
and a pad and bandage applied. This ®peration, however,
rarely succeeds.

SEQUELS OF CHOKING.

Dilatation.—Dilatation of the cesophagus in n pouches, in
which the food accumulates, sometimes follows choking,

Treatment.—If occurring in the neck, a pad should be
applied, supported by a bandage round the neck ; the pouch
being occasionally cleared with a probang ; and nothing
but sloppy food should be given, and a little at a time.

Stricture-—Contraction of the tube sometimes results
from repeated attacks of choking, giving rise to frequent
and troublesome collections of food at the part. These
animals are poor feeders, and consequently are always thin.

Treatment.—tThe greatest care is necessary in feeding

these horses, and nothing but slops and easily-swallowed
food should be given.
- Rupture of the Gullet—This accident can only arise from
the incautious use of the probang forcing the obstructing
body, or the instrument itself, through the walls of the tube
giving rise to the swelling of the neck, with high fever, great
anxiety and suffering expressed on the countenance. If the
probang is passed down, it is withdrawn bloody.

Treatment.—These cases generally prove fatal. Remove
the foreign body by cutting it out, then clean the wound out
thoroughly ; make a fresh wound, and bring the edges nicely
72 THE CANADIAN HORSE

together by wire sutures, and apply a pad and bandage,
allowing nothing but bland nourishing fluids.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.

The stomach is that pouch or bag into which the food
passes from the gullet, and in which it undergoes the
primary and essential changes in the process of digestion.
The stomach of the horse is comparatively a small organ ; its
shape is generally compared to the air-bag of a pair of bag-
pipes. It has two openings, the cardiac, into which the
food enters from the gullet, and the pyloric, through which
it passes into the bowels or gut. Its inner surface is lined
by two distinct membranes, a cuticular and a villous.. The
former lines the cardiac portion, and is white and wrinkled ;
the latter covers the pyloric, and is yellowish red, soft, and |
velvety to the feel. The latter is the true digestive stomach :
in it the gastric juice is secreted, and the essential process
of chymification, or the formation of the food into chyme
goes on, the former being merely for macerating and further
triturating the masticated food.

INDIGESTION.

Indigestion in one form or other is very common in the
horse. It occurs in two forms, which may be distinguished
as acidity of the stomach or heartburn, ‘and acute indigestion
or total arrestment of digestion.

ACIDITY OF THE STOMACH.

Acidity of the stomach arises from bad food and irregular
feeding. '

Symptoms.—The animal is observed to lose condition ;
the skin is dusty and unthrifty ; he is continually poking
and picking among the litter, licking out the corners of the
AND HIS DISEASES. 73

manger, occasionally stretching out the nose, and pouting
the upper lip. If turned out, he licks earth or sand, and
evinces a depraved appetite ; at work he is easily sweated ;
his bowels are irregular, the dung being light-coloured and
glazed,

Treatment.—Change the feed, give sweet, well-cured hay,
a few bran-mashes, and gentle walking exercise. Give him
the following laxative ball :— °

Laxative Batt.

Barbadoes aloes, : 2 : 6 drachms,
Ground ginger, ‘ ‘ ; 2 ”
Carbonate of soda, ‘ 5 z 2 55

made into a ball with molasses or lard. Place a lump of
rock salt in his manger, and give a little carbonate of soda
or magnesia twice a day in the feed. When recovery begins,
give him tonics for some time, with gentle exercise. If he
persists in devouring the litter, muzzle him up~-for a few
days. This, if neglected, is apt to run on to diabetes or
jawpis. See page 102.
ACUTE INDIGESTION.

Acute indigestion is very common in this province, espe-
cially in spring, from the continuous hard work, and neces-
sarily liberal feeding. It is usually induced by over-feed-
ing, that is, eating too much at atime, more especially when
the animal has been fatigued and hungry. It sometimes
occurs from his breaking loose in the night, and gorging
himself at the corn-bin. Another frequent cause is, over-
loading the stomach with clover or green feed when wet; this
often induces violent and fatal indigestion.

Symptoms.—Digestion may be arrested, either by “ the
food undergoing no change, forming a dangerous load, or
running rapidly to frightful fermentation.” In the former
74 THE CANADIAN HORSE

case the animal is dull and stupid, the pulse is slow, and the
breathing oppressed ; he is stiff, and inflammation of the
feet, or acute founder, is apt to set in. If he have access to
water, it speedily sets up fermentation, gas being rapidly
evolved ; the stomach is greatly distended, the belly swollen,
colicky pains set in, he rolls about in great agony, looking
wistfully to his flank, kicking his belly with his feet; he
tosses about in despair, the bowels being unmoved. He
gets up and down frequently, the sweat rolls off him in
streams, and in many cases death puts an end to his suffering
in from four to six or eight hours, caused by rupture of the -
stomach or bowels, or violent inflammation of the intestines.

Treatment.—It is more easily prevented than cured, by
simply attending to the following rules :—Never let a horse
get toohungry. Never give him too muchatatime. Never
put him to work on a full stomach ; and never let him drink
too freely after eating, and we will seldom see iis fatal
disease.

Treatment to be effectual, must be prompt. The follow-
ing drench will be found useful :—

Aloes Barbd., 3 ; ‘ 8 drachms,
Liquor ammonia, ‘ ; ‘ 1 ounce, (fluid.)
Or spirits of turpentine, —. : 2 55

The aloes dissolved with a little carbonate of soda, in nearly
a quart of warm water, and the other added.

, Rub the belly well, and apply cloths rung out of boiling
water diligently to it. Give copious injections of soap and
water ; or a mild infusion of tobacco, or tobacco-smoke. If
no relief is given in one or two hours, give at intervals of
an hour :—

Carbonate of ammonia, . «  2drachms,.
Ginger, (powdered,) .. . ‘ $ ounce,
AND HIS DISEASES. 75

in gruel. Advantage will sometimes be found from giving
copious drenches of fiuids, to liquefy the contents of the
stomach, and assist in removing it.

‘

RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.

When rupture of the stomach occurs, he generally stands,
braces himself up, with his legs like four props, to prevent
his falling ; the membrane lining the nose and eyes is pale
and blanched ; the mouth, legs, and ears are deathly cold ;
the pulse almost imperceptible ; the countenance is-haggard ;
the breathing is quick and spasmodic; he works his head
toward his chest, and attempts to vomit. He sits on his
haunches like a dog ; strains, and presently reels and falls
suddenly, and expires with a few struggles. Attendants
cannot be too careful in working about them in these cases,
as they are apt to fall upon them.

BOTS,

As in the days when disease of the navicular joint was a
mystery, every “occult” lameness was pronounced to be in.
the shoulder ; so in Canada, if a horse is taken sick, ten men
out of every dozen pronounce it “the bots.” It is, in fact,
the convenient cloak to hide the ignorance of the empiric.

As a general rule, bots are harmless parasites, seldom
producing much mischief, and to be found in almost every
horse that dies, sometimes in great numbers, adhering to
the coats of the stomach.

History.—To the researches of the late Mr Bracy Clark
are we indebted for the real history and nature of this fly,
of which there are several varieties. Those described by
him as peculiar to the horse are the estrus equi, gadfly or
breeze, which is by far the most common enemy of the horse,
and produces the more common bot; it is described as
76 THE CANADIAN HORSE

being “barrel-shaped, with a thick annular skin, beset with
spines around the joints ;” estrus hemorrhotdalis, with wings
not spotted, but otherwise resembling the former; estrus.
veterinus and w. salutiferus. These, however, may be
looked upon for all practical purposes as one and the same,
though distinguished by the characteristics of the bot, and
its choice of location.

During the summer months a large fly may be seen busily
darting about the horse’s legs and belly, to his no small dis-
comfort, causing him in harness to stamp his feet and switch
his tail, and in pasture to gallop about in apparent terror, to
escape his tormentor. This is the common gadfly. The
female hovers around her victim, and now and then darts
down and deposits her eggs on his legs and sides, such
places as he can reach at with his teeth. These eggs are
covered in a case of gluten, and may be seen in great
numbers adhering to the hairs as little yellowish neats. The
animal, on licking the parts, bursts the covering, and the
larvee adhering to the lips or tongue are carried into the
stomach, and there adhere to the coats of the organ by
means of two little hooks, between which is placed the
mouth, and here they are anchored, as it were, floating on
the contents of the stomach, and living on the gastric and
mucous secretions, until they become thoroughly matured,
and in spring loosen their hold, and pass off in the dung;
they remain in the chrysalis state for a time, then burst their
covering, and throw off the chrysalis, and assume the parent
form.

Great diversity of opinion exists as to whether the bots
do any harm or not, some even asserting that they assist
digestion, and are therefore beneficial In this country
there is no doubt but in many cases they produce consider-
able mischief, but not nearly so often as they are said to do.
AND HIS DISEASES, 77

We have frequently found them so thickly studded on to the
pylorus and duodenum, (first bowel,) as to give rise to con-
siderable disturbance, by mechanically interfering with
digestion and the proper contraction of the pylorus. It is
very rarely, indeed, that they “eat through the coats of the
stomach,” though we have seen cases of ulceration which
have been set down as the work of the bot, because they
happened to be found in the stomach after death. _
Symptoms.—lt is very seldom that any symptoms are pre-
sented of their existence in the stomach, unless accompanied
by some functional or organic disease, existing independent of
the parasites. Sometimes, however, when occurring in dense
clusters around the pylorus, or in the first bowel, they inter-
fere (mechanically) with digestion, and keep the animal weak
and emaciated, and subject to slight attacks of colic, capri-
cious appetite, and irregular bowels.
_ Lreatment—tThe popular remedy in Canada is sweet milk
and molasses, which, however, is more safe than certain.
We are of the opinion of Mr Youatt, who says, “ they cannot
be removed by medicine ;” and Professor Dick, who remarks
that, “when arrived at maturity, they cease to retain their
hold of the stomach, (before this all efforts to force them are
vain,) commingle with its contents, pass into the intestinal
canal, and to the horror of stablemen, are ejected in multi-
tudes from the anus.” Various mixtures are prescribed for
their removal, such as

‘

- Aloes and assafectida, of each, . . . 8 drachms,

rubbed down in hot water, and when cool add an ounce each
of turpentine and ether; to be given every second day for
a week, leaving out the aloes, if the bowels become too open.
To relieve the pain or uneasiness, any of the usual colic
_ mixtures will give relief. See Colic, page 79.
78 THE CANADIAN HORSE

COLIC.

Colic is usually known as bellyache, gripes, batts, &.
It is a very common disease in our inferior breeds of horses,
arising from long and fast driving, irregular feeding, injudi-
cious watering, and improper care. It is usually distin-
guished as spasmodic and flatulent, or windy colic. We
will, however, treat of them under the one head.

Colic is generally found to occur from a sudden change
of feed, very often during summer, when running at pas-.
ture, if taken up for a day, and a feed of oats or dry food
given; peas, when not accustomed to them, are apt to
cause “gripes ;” drinking freely of cold water, when heated,
‘will often give rise to violent spasm of the bowels; worms
and other intestinal irritants may induce it; costiveness
or constipation often causes it; over-loading the stomach,
or being put to work on a full stomach, will give rise to it.

Symptoms.—The animal is suddenly seized with pain in
the bowels, becoming restless and uneasy, crouching, kick-
ing at his belly with his hind-feet, looking round to his
flanks. He gets down after several apparent efforts, rolls
about, sometimes on his back, sometimes quite over; per-
spiration breaks over him. This paroxysm passes off, and
he gets up, shakes himself, and begins feeding. During the
interval, the pulse is unaltered, the legs and ears are natural.
The bowels are constipated, though a few glazy purls may
be forcibly passed during the gripe. After an interval of
longer or shorter duration, it returns, perhaps with increased
violence, when he gathers himself together, and lets himself
fall down with a groan, and roils about as before, dashes
wildly about. If flatulent, the belly is distended and hard,
and wind is freely expelled. If it terminates favourably, the
gripes becomes less severe, and recur at longer intervals; if
the contrary, they are increased in frequency, and augmented
AND HIS DISEASES, 79

in violence, he tosses about in despair, sweat rolls off him
in streams, and the pain becomes continuous. ,

The legs and ears get cold, the pulse becomes small and
_ thready, inflammation of the bowels sets in, and speedily
terminates in death. Death sometimes occurs from the
violent spasms of the bowels, which are sometimes found
twisted, and firmly contracted in places.

Treatment.—The number and variety of popular remedies -
are abundant in the extreme. It will often pass off with a
little friction to the belly by hand-rubbing, or a little walking
exercise, If it does not soon pass off, place him in a loose-
box, with plenty of room and litter; let him roll as he
chooses. Give him the following mixture, or any of the
drenches given at page 211 :—

Conic DRENCH.

Alkaline solution of aloes, é é 4 ounces.

Tincture of opium, (laudanum,) . 2 ,

Sweet spirits of nitre,' . ‘ ‘ 2 4
Mix. \

Give copious injections of soap and water, or salt and water,
or tobacco-smoke. If no relief follows in an hour or an
hour and a half, repeat the mixture, or try some of the
others ; continue the injections, and foment the belly well
with bags wrung out of boiling water. If the symptoms be-
come more frequent and violent, ‘extract from three to five
quarts of blood, and discontinue the stimulant, but give
opium or chloroform.
When the case goes favourably, the symptoms gradually
_ abate, and soon leave ‘him entirely. He should not have any
hay for twelve hours after, and nothing but bran-mash or
gruel. A few days’ rest is always advisable, and care in
management will prevent its return.
When there is much flatulence, turpentine or “Tiquor
80 THE CANADIAN HORSE

ammonia may be substituted for the sweet nitre. Rubbing
and fomentations to the belly must be persevered in.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

Enteritis, also sometimes called red colic, may occur as
a primary disease, but more often it is seen as a consequence
of colic or constipation of the bowels. It generally proves
fatal. As an idiopathic affection, that is, occurring inde-
pendent of any other disease, it may occur from any of the
causes of colic, particularly over-loading the stomach.

Symptoms.—The animal is noticed to be unwell; he is
dull and stupid; refuses food; has shivering fits, the mouth
becoming hot, and extremities alternately hot and cold, the
pulse being quick, small, and wiry. He looks towards his
flanks ; the bowels are costive; after a time, violent pain

sets in; the mouth becomes hot, the pulse increases in fre-.

quency, and the pain is continuous and violent. He
rolls about, the sweat pouring off him in streams; the eyes
are blood-shot ; the belly hot and tender. He does not
throw himself violently down, as in colic, but lies down
cautiously, and tries to steady himself on his back. As it
goes on, the symptoms are augmented, the legs and ears
get deathly cold, the pulse gets smaller, and soon becomes
imperceptible; the mouth gets cold and clammy ; extrava-
sation of blood is going on in the bowels; mortification sets
in, the pain ceases, and he may stand up. The pulse is
imperceptible ; he is dull and stupid; surface of the body
cold ; mouth cold; twitching of the muscles, and retraction
of the upper lip. He soon falls violently to the ground,
endangering the lives and limbs of the attendants who
happen to be near him, and after a few struggles expires.
After death, the bowels are very much inflamed; and the
inner surface black ‘and clotted with extravasated blood.

s
i AND HIS DISEASES. . 81

Death sometimes occurs in from six to eight hours, and even
shorter time. When occurring in consequence of colic or
constipation, it is very difficult to determine the exact tran-
sition from spasm to inflammation.

Treatment.—tIn the outset, especially when occurring as a
‘primary affection, and not as a consequence of other disease,
copious blood-letting will be advisable—from four to six
quarts, or sufficient to make an impression on the pulse. He
should be turned into a well-littered loose-box, and allowed
to rollas he pleases; The bowels are obstinately constipated,
but drastic purgatives are apt to increase the inflammation ;
our utmost efforts must therefore be directed to open them
by copious injections, (of linseed-tea, soap and water, tobacco-
smoke, or infusion of tobacco,) back-raking, &c. A quart of
linseed-oil, with two ounces of laudanum, should be given,
and repeated, in half the dose, every one or two hours, if
required, Fomentations of hot water must be constantly
applied to the belly, or bags even wrung out of boiling.
water. Where, from the violent tossing of the animal, this
is impracticable, blister the belly with tincture of cantharides _
or mustard and turpentine.

If the symptoms do not moderate in two hours, the
pulse continue full, and the legs and ears. not very cold, a
second bleeding may be advisable; but this is seldom the
case, as the prostration is rapid, the pulse becoming small, :
wiry, and almost imperceptible, and the legs and ears deathly
cold.. In this case bleeding but hastens the fatal termi-
nation. :

When it has' continued. eight or ten hours, if it takes a
favourable turn, the pulse becomes fuller, the surface warmer,
and he will lie for some time stretched out, apparently asleep,
being weakened from the disease and bleeding, and probably

partially narcotised from the laudanum. In this stage he
, ; -F
82 " ‘THE CANADIAN HORSE

must be made comfortable, and covered up in straw or

sheets; we usually “bury” him in straw. This restores the

. balance of the circulation, often causing him to sweat; and
after lying thus for one or two hours, he will get up re-
lieved, and begin to feed.

No hay must be given him. After a little, he should be
encouraged to drink well-boiled gruel, or eat a thin bran-
mash. Injections must be continued till the bowels are
freely opened. For a few days he must be kept warm; a
few mouthfuls of cold water may be given every hour;
gentle walking exercise and sloppy diet must be continued

for some time. About the fourth day, even although the
bowels have become regular, he should have a purgative,
(from six to eight drachms of aloes, made into a ball,) to
remove ingesta, and restore the secretions to their natural
condition.

SUPERPURGATION, DIARRHGA, ETC.

An over-relaxed state of the bowels may arise from various
causes. In some animals it is favoured by peculiarities of
conformation, as is seen in washy horses, animals with long
legs, open ribs, and flat sides, with tucked-up bellies, such
being liable to purge from the simplest cause. |

Change of feed, especially from dry to green, is apt to
produce scouring. It is generally, as remarked by Mr Dun,
“the evidence of something amiss, and the natural effort to
remove the evil,” some irritant or indigested food being
lodged in the bowels, to remove which the intestinal fluids
are poured out.in superabundance. The incautious use of
purgative medicines is a common cause of superpurgation. It
often occurs in the latter stages of debilitating diseases, when
it is always an untoward symptom, betokening a breaking-
up of the vital powers. The presence of little white worms
AND HIS DISEASES. >. 88

(ascarides) is occasionally the cause. It sometimes follows the
' drinking of cold water when an animal is in a heated state.

Symptoms.—The symptoms vary according to the nature
of the case, and the causes that give rise to it. It may be
simply an increased fluidity of the contents of the bowels, as
is seen in washy or nervous-animals, unaccompanied by pain
or constitutional disturbance ; or, on the other hand, it may
be (as in superpurgation) attended by pain, expressed by
the uneasiness, pawing, looking to the flanks, &c. He strains
frequently, and the feeces are very watery ; the pulse is small
and hard. Rapid and increasing weakness and emaciation, .
loss of appetite, and, unless means are speedily adopted to
check it, inflammation of the bowels is apt to set in.

Treatment.—Great care must be exercised.in feeding and
watering washy horses, dry feed being best suited to them.
They should not be allowed to drink too freely of water, espe-
cially before work. In many cases, it may be necessary to
give them some starch or chalk mixed up in the feed.

In all cases, the main point is to discover the cause. If
' arising from improper food, it must be changed at once.

If some irritant be suspected, nature must be assisted in
her efforts by giving a quart of linseed or castor-oil, followed
up by starch or well-boiled flour-gruel, keeping the animal
warm. If worms are suspected, or seen in the dung, one or
two ounces of spirits of turpentine should be added to the
oil, Should it not yield to this, give the following astringent
drench, or any of ‘those given at page 208.

ASTRINGENT DRENCH.

Powdered opium, : we Se 1 drachm, _
Prepared chalk, . ‘ , . 4 ounces,
Gum acacia, ‘ eo Ou 1

carefully dissolved in warm water, and given in well-boiled
84 THE CANADIAN HORSE

flour or starch gruel, It may be given two or threé times
a day, the gruel being given frequently. If very severe, in-
jections of solution of catechu and starch, with a little
tincture of opium, should be given.

The belly may be stimulated with liquid blister. He
must be kept perfectly warm, and the legs bandaged.

Care must be taken not to induce an opposite state of the
bowels by the injudicious use of astringents. An ounce
each of carbonate of soda and ginger should be given daily
for some time after recovery. Rest and good dry food are
necessary for some time.

CONSTIPATION.

Constipation is a condition the very opposite of the above,
in which we have a diminished action of the bowels, the dung
being dry and voided with difficulty, leading to dangerans
“ stoppage of the bowels.” 2

Constipation arises from various causes, ‘especially from
being fed on dry fibrous food, as most pastures are in the
fall tough and fibrous, with perhaps a scarce supply of water,
the fibrous ingesta becoming felted together, and impacted
in the bowels, Pea-straw is apt to produce very trouble-
some constipation, unless bran-mashes and plenty of water
are given with it. -

It often accompanies colic, either as the cause or conse-
quénce.. The formation of dust and calcareous balls in the
stomach or bowels causes complete stoppage, by becoming
displaced from the pouch which forms for them, and me-
chanically closing up the passage. Sometimes, during the
struggles in colic, the bowels become entangled, producing
gut-tie, or knot of the intestines, or the bowel becomes folded
in like a double night-cap, forming intussusception, pro-
ducing most obstinate and fatal constipation.
AND HIS DISEASES. 85

In sandy districts, horses are sometimes observed to eat
sand in mouthfuls—usually arising from acidity of the sto-
mach—which produces very troublesome constipation. We
have seen ten or twelve pounds of pure sand passed in ‘the
course of a day from one horse,

_ Symptoms.—When the colon is impacted with fibrous

feeces, the animal is dull, stupid, and refuses food ; “the
bowels are inactive, and -the pulse is slower than natural.
There is.seldom any pain evinced, but the bowels remain un-
moved. Similar symptoms are presented when sand has
accumulated in the gut, and it is only to be distinguished
by the history of the case, or the passage of some of the
sand. In most cases of constipation, however, the symptoms
are more violent; colicky pains set-in, with unsuccessful
efforts to void dung. The pulse, at first slow, soon increases
in frequency, and shows a decided tendency to run on to.
inflammation of the bowels. When dust-balls are present,
it is slower.in its course, resembles colic more, but is dis-
tinguished by the animal sitting on his haunches and strain-
‘ing. This may continue for days, and be at last relieved by
the ball shifting its position, and allowing the dung to -
escape, but to return again before long. _

Intussusception resembles dust-balls, but is more violent
and more rapidly fatal. Mortification of the inverted gut
speedily cuts him off. . :

Treatment.—Simple costiveness, unaccompanied by pain,
should be treated by abundance of gruel or thin bran-mash,
to soften down the contents of the bowels, followed by a full
dose of purgative medicines, as six drachms of aloes with
one drachm of calomel, made into a ball, with copious in-

" jections of soap ) and Water given every two hours, and slow
walking exercise. If it proves obstinate, the belly may be
fomented or well rubbed with croton liniment.* §

* See page 216.
86 THE CANADIAN HORSE

When sand is present, he should be encouraged to drink
freely of gruel, or drenched with linseed-oil or tea. Copi-
ous injections must be given; and even after apparent re- -
covery, doses of oil and abundance of slops should be given,
so as to clear the bowels thoroughly.

When accompanied by colic, the pain must be relieved,
and otherwise treated as in that disease. Dust-balls and
intussusception must be treated by purgatives, antispasmo-
dics, back-raking, and injections. Relief will sometimes be
given by a colic mixture allaying’ the spasm, or causing a
change in the position of the ball.

Constipation is to be prevented by giving occasional bran-
mashes, carrots, linseed, &c., with reoular exercise and suffi-
cient water, narrowly watching the state of the bowels, and
regulating the diet accordingly.

WORMS.

Several species of worms are found in the intestines and
other parts of the horse. The most common variety is the
ascaris or ascarides, a little thread-worm, of a dirty white
colour, like little pieces of thread, usually from half an inch
to an inch long. They are sometimes found in thousands. —
Professor Dick has observed them chiefly inhabiting the
mucous coat of the coecum, on the surface of which they are
developed in little cells, which, when matured, they burst,
producing. considerable irritation, and often fatal diarrhcea.

Varieties of strongyli and omyuwres also occur, and are
sometimes mistaken for ascaris. They are, however, dis-
tinct species; the former is tapered, and terminates in a
spine, whereas the latter is blunted, with a head like a leather
sucker. The strongylt inhabit the coecum, colon, and duo-
denum ; the oxyures the coecum, mesentery, spermatic cord,
and in.fact almost every organ in the body. The tricho-
AND HIS DISEASES, 87

cephalus dispar, aphinis, common whip-worm, or long-
thread-worm, are found in the coxcum. They resemble a
whip, the shank being about a third, and the thong two-
thirds of the length, usually about two inches.

The teres lumbrici are very common, but seldom numer-
ous, and rarely produce much mischief. They are from six
to ten inches long, yellowish white, with a thick skin, about
the thickness of a goose-quill, and tapered at both ends.
The ¢ape-worm, so common in man and dogs, is rarely seen
in horses, .

Symptoms.—Many horses have worms, and their presence

-is never suspected till they appear in the dung. When
ascaris are numerous, they occasion indigestion, capricious
appetite, and irregular bowels, the coat being rough and
dusty ; he rubs the tail, and appears uneasy about the fun-
dament. The anus is surrounded with yellow mucus, which
is produced by the worm being crushed in its passage
through the sphincter.* 1

He is usually in an unthrifty condition, weak, and easily
sweated. Troublesome diarrhcea is sometimes produced by
the presence of ascaris in the cecum. They are sometimes
found in vast numbers in the rectuin.

Treatment.—Most of these parasites are very difficult to
destroy, and but few medicinal substances are known that
have the power to dislodge them. Turpentine given in oil,
on an empty stomach, is found the most effective.

When they are known to exist, the animal should be put
on kran-imashes for a few days,.then either muzzle him or

* Authors differ in opinion as to the origin of this yellow matter. Some
suppose it to be “ an excrementitious product of the worms themselves,’
_ others “a morbid secretion from the rectum.” We are satisfied, however,
that it arises from the crushing of the animal itself, as the dried skin of

the worm will sometimes be found adhering to the anus in connection
with it. <.

\
88 THE CANADIAN HORSE

tie up his head, allowing him nothing but water for eight or
ten hours, when the following drench should be given—
Worm DRENcH.
_ Linseed oil, rae ‘ 1 quart.
Spirits of turpentine, : 2 ounces.
Mix.

In an hour after he may have a bran-mash, and next morn-
ing a dose of physic. This may be repeated, if necessary,
in about a week, ‘Tartar emetic, calomel, santonine, oil of
male-shield-ferns, and assafcetida, are also recommended, but
none have proved superior to turpentine. Other vermifuges
are given at page 218. ‘As after treatment he must be liber-
ally fed on good oats, boiled barley, a little oil-cake or boiled
linseed, with occasional bran-mashes; then, with light work,
and good grooming, he will soon recover his condition.

% The use of sulphate of iron and arsenic—2 drs, of the
former, and 5 grs. of the latter-——twice a day for a week at
a time, will improve the appetite, and give tone to the
system, the iron proving 4 poison to the worms or their
oviparous remains, as no iron enters into the composition os
their blood,

 

 

PROTRUSION OF THE RECTUM.

The bowels terminate in a straight gut called the rectum,
in which the feces accumulate until they are expelled. -

Sometimes, in consequence of the painful straining in super- — -

purgation and diarrhoea, or loading of the colon and consti-

* pation, the gut is forced out, and protrudes to the length of
one or two feet.

Treatment.—It must be returned at once, wash it with

tepid water and a little spirits, pass up the hand well oiled,

and remove any feeces that may be within reach, and it will: |

be easily replaced. Some bland gruel injection, with one or
AND HIS DISEASES. 89

two ounces of laudanum, should be thrown up, the tail
being tied down, and a tight surcingle placed around the
loins. He must be kept quiet, and sparingly fed on easily-
digested food, to prevent recurrence.

Sometimes, when neglected, and allowed to remain long -
out, it becomes swollen and dark coloured, when it should
be scarified lightly, and washed with dilute laudanum. If cold
and black, without feeling, gangrene has set in, and it may

; be removed, or allowed to drop off. Animals have been known

to live with a considerable portion of the rectum removed.

HERNIA OR RUPTURE.

From the natural habits of the horse, and the circum-
stances in which he is placed, accidents frequently occur,
whereby the walls of the different cavities, containing the
delicate organs of the body, are ruptured or burst, allowing
the contents to escape out of their natural position. This is
what is known as hernia or rupture ; however, the terny is
usually limited to the most frequent form of that protrusion,
viz., that from the cavity of the belly, (abdomen.) In scien-.
tific works, hernia receives different names, according to the
situation of the rupture, or the part protruding, or the patho-
logical condition of the part. In all cases, ‘however, it con-
sists of the escape of a portion of the gut, either through a
natural opening unduly enlarged, or an opening produced
by accident.

Causes.—Rupture is not uncommon in young foals,
occurring at the navel-opening, (umbilicus,) either from non-
closure after birth, or the cord being stepped upon, tearing it
open again, thus allowing the gut to protrude, forming a
tumour large or small, according to the quantity of gut that
has escaped. It also occurs in the scrotum (bag containing
the testicles) in foals at birth.
90 THE CANADIAN HORSE

In older animals it usually arises from violent exertion,
and may occur in any part of the belly. It is often pro-
duced by being hooked or gored by an ox, or staked in
leaping a fence—not unfrequently by coming forcibly in
contact with a rail or a snag in galloping in a clearing. In
the entire horse the gut frequently escapes into the scrotun
from violent kicking or jumping. A very formidable case
of rupture sometimes occurs from castration, in which the
bowel escapes after the removal of the stone, caused either
by previously existing hernia, or produced at the time by
the violent struggles during the operation. Occasionally,
during an attack of colic, from the rolling and tossing about,
the midriff (diaphragm) is ruptured, allowing the stomach
or part of the bowels to escape into the chest, as in one case
which occurred in our practice in Toronto, in January 1865,
in which the small intestines, to the extent of thirty feet,
were forced into the chest.

Symptoms.—In foals, when occurring at the navel-opening,
the tumour is soft and pendant, and by steady pressure can
be pushed entirely up, and the opening through which it
escapes can be felt with the finger, returning very soon when
the pressure is removed. When occurring in the scrotum of
the foal, it is easily distinguished by the size of the bag.
The symptoms in older animals vary according to circum-
stances. When occurring in the belly from accident or in-
jury, the foreign body may penetrate the skin and muscles
of the belly, perhaps wounding the bowels themselves, allow-
ing them to escape to a considerable extent, or the muscular.
walls alone may be burst, and the bowel and its covering
(peritonzum) descends into the sac formed by the skin.
This is recognised by its soft nature, and being easily pushed
up. The symptoms of displacement into the scrotum of the
stallion, or, as more commonly happens, merely into the
AND HIS DISEASES. , 91

opening communicating with that-bag and the cavity of the
belly, (inguinal canal,) are apt to be mistaken for colic. They
are very much alike; but there is this difference, that the
pain is continuous, and if the hand be passed down the groin,
an oblong tumour will be felt, which may be elastic from
distension with gas, containing fecal matter, and if he is
coughed, the tumour is increased in size. It is apt to be-
come strangulated, that is, the passage of the contents of the
bowel is interrupted from the tightness of the constriction
at the neck, and the circulation of blood is impeded, giving
rise to inflammatory swelling. When this occurs, the colicky
symptoms give place to those of acute inflammation of the .
bowels, the pulse becomes small, quick, and wiry, he suffers
intense pain, looks round to his flanks, but does not kick at
his belly. He rolls about, endeavours to steady himself on
his back, there is no remission of pain. Mortification soon
sets in, if not relieved. When the pain ceases he stands up,
quivers, has a haggard look, extremities deathly cold, vomit-
ing is sometimes seen, the pulse is imperceptible, he sways
on his legs, and ere long drops dead.

Treatment.—The principles to be observed in the treat-
ment of hernia are, to return the bowel as soon as possible to
its natural cavity, and retain it there ; when, unless the open-
ing be very large, it soon grows over.

_ Inthe case of foals, it is best done by judicious bandaging
and properly adjusted pads, which must be kept constantly
applied until the opening has been filled up. In older ani-_
mals it is sometimes necessary to cut into it, and, replacing
the gut, bring the muscles together by strong metallic
sutures or wire skewers. Sometimes it is sufficient to pass
two skewers through the loose skin at right angles to one
-another, and tie a hard whip-cord tightly on above it, which
stops the circulation in the skin, which in a few days drops off.
92 THE CANADIAN HORSE

The treatment of scrotal or inguinal hernia in stallions
requires a considerable amount of anatomical knowledge of
the part, and should not be undertaken by an amateur. A
gentle effort should be made to press it up from without; no
force, however, should be used. The operation known as
taxis must be resorted to if this fail,—it consists in securing
him on his back, removing the feeces from the rectum, and
passing the hand, previously well oiled, into the rectum.
With the other hand passed up the sheath, by gentle pres-
sure from without, and slight pulling from within, it~can
sometimes be replaced—if not, the inguinal canal must be
enlarged by passing in a bistoury, and returning the gut by
taxis, if it does not return itself. However, before this is
resorted to, antispasmodics and copious blood-letting are
‘advisable, so as to relax the muscular contractions of the
parts involved.

In young animals affected with hernia, castration in the
usual way is dangerous—it must be done by the covered
operation. See castration, page 203.

In all cases of hernia, care must be taken not to load the
bowels with bulky food—thin gruel, and easily-digested food
must be given for some time.

THE LIVER,

The liver is a well-known organ,—its function of secret-
ing bile is also well known. It is the largest gland in the
body, and differs from that of man and the ox in having
no gall-bladder for the reception of the bile; which, in the
horse is conveyed directly to the first bowel, (duodenum,) in
conjunction with the duct of the sweetbread, (pancreas.)

The bile which is secreted, or, as some express it, elimin-
ated by the liver, may be considered as an excrement, the
retention of which in the blood would be injurious to the ©
; _ AND HIS DISEASES. 93

‘constitution ; but at the same time it is essential to the pro-

cess of digestion in the conversion of chyme into chyle, and
also by commingling with the fecal matter in the bowels,
assisting in keeping them open. Diseases of the liver are
not very common in this country, or indeed in any country,
owing, in a great measure, no doubt, to the simple arrange-
ment of its structure.

HEPATITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER,

Acute inflammation of the liver is not often seen in the
horse, or at least is so obscurely marked as to be exceedingly
difficult of detection during life, and, as remarked by Profes-
sor Dick, “ the pain of the affected part is very obscure, and
the natural language of the sufferer not expressive, nor is
the éymptomatic fever marked.”

Causes.—The most likely cause to give rise to it are high
feeding with insufficient exercise, especially during our hot
summer months, or it may happen in consequence of injury
to the right side of the belly, as, being kicked or otherwise
bruised.

Symptoms.—lIt is usually ushered in by dullness, inapti-
tude for work, uneasiness, more or less fever, bowels costive,
feeces small and of a reddish brown colour, urine scanty and
high-coloured, membranes of the eyes, mouth, and nostrils of
a yellow tinge, tenderness on pressure over the region of the
liver. Lameness of the off-shoulder has been observed in =
these cases, and in so marked a degree as to have been mis-
taken for the principal disorder.

. Treatment.—The appropriate remedies are purgatives,
sedatives, and blisters to the side. Give from seven to nine
drachmg of Barbadoes aloes made into a ball, followed by in-
jections of soap and water, or solutions of aloes. Give also
fifteen drops of Fleming’s tincture of aconite every two
94 THE CANADIAN HORSE

hours. When the fever has somewhat abated, apply a strong
liquid blister to the right side of the belly, from the girth to
the border of the ribs. On no consideration must calomel
be given until recovery begins to take place, when, if there
be any suspicion of portal stagnation, indicated by increased
yellowness of the membranes, scantiness of the secretions
from the bowels and kidneys, the following may be given
with advantage -XBarbadoes aloes, one ounce; calomel, two
drachms ; linseed meal and soft soap, sufficient to make a
mass—divide into four, one daily, unless the bowels be-
come too open. ,

CHRONIC HEPATITIS.

Complete recovery from acute inflammation of the liver
' seldom takes place : it usually assumes a chronic form, giving
rise to enlargement and softening of the gland, and not un-
frequently abscesses are formed in its substance.

Causes.—It most commonly comes on without our being
able to trace it to any direct cause ; however, it no doubt
sometimes does arise. as a sequel of acute hepatitis; also, in
old, highly-fed animals, having little or no exercise, arising
in the first place from functional derangement, leading to
organic disease, and gradual breaking-up of the structure of
the organ. It is also seen in old hard-worked horses, which
have never been too highly fed, and often is never suspected
until attention is drawn to the “rotten” state of the liver
after death,

Symptoms are, irregular appetite ; he is dull and languid,
and easily sweated ; the coat is rough and scurfy ; he gradu-
ally loses condition, The membranes of the eyes, mouth, and
nostrils are yellow, the bowels costive, dung: dark-coloured
and glazed. The urine is scanty, and of a brownish-yellow
colour, with, in most cases, lameness in the right shoulder.
AND HIS DISEASES, 95
a

Treatment.—The appropriate remedies are blisters to the
right side, occasional small doses of aloes and calomel, mode-
ration in feeding, gentle exercise, with tonics, as sulphate of
iron and arsenic, or iron and quinine, See tonics, page 217.

RUPTURE OF THE LIVER, (HEPATARRH@A.)

In old pampered horses rupture of the liver sometimes
occurs, usually producing sudden death, at other times more
gradual. The symptoms are obscure and seldom observed.
After death the belly is filled with blood, the liver is pale
and flaccid, and the lesion can usually be easily detected.

DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN.

The spleen or milt is that soft spongy bluish-red organ
found at the left of the stomach, between it and the false
ribs, the use of which has never been determined, nor are its
diseases well defined. We have never met with a case in the
horse in Canada. Professor Dick remarks, that “ the diseases
which have been principally signalised in the spleen are en-
largement, usually chronic, often united with tubercles, some-
‘times with softening and rupture, of course, speedily followed
by death.” He also mentions a case where this. gland was
found to weigh not less. than seventy-two pounds. Mr
Percivall also mentions several cases. of enormous enlarge-
ment of this,organ. The only symptoms by which it can be
recognised are gradual loss of condition and inaptitude for
fatigue, with the negative symptoms of absence of disease in
any other organ.

‘

THE PERITONEUM.

The peritoneum is the thin serous membrane which lines
the cavity of the belly, and is reflected over the organs con-
tained within it, forming a complete covering to them. It
96 THE CANADIAN HORSE

also suspends and retains them in their proper relative posi-
tions by its folds and reflections, vulgarly known as the caul,
(omenta.) This membrane also secretes a delicate serous
fluid, for the purpose of lubricating the surface, so as to
prevent friction during the ceaseless motions of the viscera.
It is also the matrix over which the blood-véssels are distri-
buted to the organs contained in the belly; hence the
inflammations of these organs are apt to extend along this
vascular-investing membrane, constituting

PERITONITIS.

Peritonitis occurs in two forms, acute and chronic, Acute
peritonitis, as a primary disease, is not very common in the
horse. :

Causes.—It is usually caused by external violence, as from
being hooked by a cow’s horn, or staked in jumping a fence; it
also sometimes follows castration, operations for hernia, and
other operations involving a division of it, and occasionally
from exposure from damp and cold, especially when heated.

Symptoms.—lit usually sets in with shivering fits, general
uneasiness in the region of the abdomen ; quick, short breath-
ing; pulse quick, small, and wiry; tenderness on pressure
on the belly; lying down and rising frequently ; he. moves
about uneasily in his box, and is very feverish ; the bowels are
costive, and he strains occasionally. The pain is not so
violent as in colic or inflammation of the bowels, for which
it is apt to be mistaken. e

Treutment.—Relieve the bowels by injections, give a brisk
purgative, as six drachms of aloes, with a drachm of calomel.
Drachm doses of extract of belladonna or hyoscyamus, should
be given every hour, for three or four doses; or tincture of
aconite, from fifteen to twenty drops every two hours, in a little
cold water, till the fever is subdued. Apply smart counter-.
AND HIS DISEASES. 97

irritation to the whole surface of the belly by rubbing in a
strong liquid blister. The treatment of peritonitis does not
differ very materially from that of enteritis,—which see.

CHRONIC PERITONITIS. a

We sometimes meet with cases of chronic inflammation of
this membrane.

Causes.—It may arise as a primary affection, but more
commonly it occurs in connexion with chronic chest diseases,
or as a consequence of acute peritonitis. Occasionally when
peritonitis terminates favourably, morbid adhesions are
found as the result of exudation, causing “dangerous aggluti-
nations of the parts, and not unfrequently the membrane is
so weakened by the disease as to assume a new character,
and secrete watery fluid, giving rise to the condition known
as dropsy.

Symptoms.—When occurring, independently of pre-existing
inflammation, it is characterised by slight uneasiness, pawing,
occasionally looking to the flank, lying stretched out, gnaw-
ing, &c., with tenderness of the belly ; and when effusion has
taken place, the symptoms of dropsy are well marked.

Treatment.—It is best treated by purgatives, with stimu-
lants and diuretics. In the outset, give a purgative, and
apply a blister along the whole course of the belly, gentle
exercise, and good grooming and liberal feeding, with about
two ounces of sweet spirits of nitre, and two drachms of
iodide of potassium given daily in two doses ;. and afterwards
small doses of mineral tonics.

DROPSY OF THE BELLY (ASCITES.)

Ascites consists of a collection of serous fluid in the cavity
of the belly. It is not very often seen, unless in connexion

with some other disease, -
@
98 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Causes. Zi is usually the result of chronic peritoneal
inflammation, or a sympathetic extension, or accompaniment
of “water in the chest,” (hydrothorax)—chronic disease of
some important organ contained in the belly, which it in-
vests. Occasionally it occurs in conjunction with enlarged
liver or spleen. Sometimes also from impeded circulation,
consequent on abnormal tumours pressing on some import-
ant vessels ; and, unquestionably, as in the human subject,
some animals have a dropsical tendency (diathesis.)

Symptoms.—tThe animal is observed to be dull and in-
active, the bowels are costive, and the urine scanty; he is
always thirsty, watery swellings appear between the fore legs,
which soon extend backward along the belly to the sheath
or udder; the belly is large, and when struck, emits a dull
heavy sound. As it goes on, the breathing becomes hurried,
and the pulse quick and small, the thirst intense, the appetite
fails, the enlargement of the belly becomes more perceptible,
the external swelling greater, and the breathing much in-
creased; as death approaches, the pulse becomes imper-
ceptible, and as Blaine remarks, “ the peritoneal inflam-
mation produces cclicky symptoms frequently, and in this
way being occasionally but little disturbed, and at other
times very ill, a few active symptoms carry of the poor
beast.” *

Treatment.—When the watery effusion is extensive, few
cases recover ; however, much can be done to arrest it in the
early stages ; the prospects of recovery, of course, depending
a good deal on the cause of the complaint: when accom-
panied by hydrothorax, it almost invariably proves fatal. The
strength from the first must be harboured, stimulants must
be given from the beginning ; open the bowels by an active
purgative, smart friction being frequently applied to the
belly, or if the swelling is considerable, it should be sup-
AND HIS DISEASES, 99

ported 7 bandages ; should the state of the patient permit,
walking exercise should be persevered in. The following
_ ball should. be given daily :—

f

Todine, ‘ i ‘ ‘ 1 drachm, *
Todide of pdtneciam, ; ‘: 3 ;
Linseed meal and soft soap, sufficient to form a ball. Occa-
sional doses of sweet nitre and warm beer should be given.
Free scarifications with a lancet or sharp knife should be
made in the swelling.

Tonics should be more early used than they generally are ;
a very good tonic ball in these cases consists of—

Sulphate of iron, ; ; .  2drachms,
Iodine, Boca ae zi ; 1

”

made into a ball with linseed meal and soft soap ; or,

Ginger, ; ‘ ‘ ‘ 5 2 drachms,
_ Gentian, : - & ; ; Dos
Sulphate ofiron, . . . .«. 2 ¥y

Molasses sufficient to make a ball.

When medicinal treatment fails, temporary relief may be
obtained by tapping (paracentesis abdomenis), which consists
in punéturing the belly, in the line between the navel and
the sheath (or udder), taking care not to injure the bowels,
or any important vessels, in doing which the belly must be
tightly bandaged, and kept Conioressed.
CHAPTER VII.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

THE urinary organs consist of the kidneys—two oval-shaped
bodies of a reddish-brown colour found lying close under the
spine, in the region of the loins, (lumber region), the use of_
which is to eliminate from the blood the superfiudus water,
holding in solution the saline and earthy impurities, reten-
tion of which in the system would be highly injurious; the
ureters, two little membranous tubes: which convey the
urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder itself, a
large membranous bag, lying in the cavity of the pelvis, in
which the urine is seceivel and retained, to be ejected at the
convenience of the animal’; and the urethra, a contractile
canal leading from the neele of the bladder, along the under
surface of the penis, (in the horse), at the extremity of which
it terminates by an open orifice, separated from the body of
the glans by a fossa ; and in the mare it opens into the floor

of the vagina, about four inches from the outer opening in’

the meatus urinarius.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRITIS.)

Inflammation of the kidneys is not nearly so common in
this country as many farmers, and most of the “ farriers,”
would lead us to suppose. We frequently meet with wise-

acres of this stamp, who, no matter what the case may be, if .
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, — 10]

he shows symptoms of abdominal pain, “knowingly” pro-
nounce it “inflammation of the kidneys,”

However, nephritis is now and then to be met with, though
rarely.

Causes.—In the acute Sordi it most commonly arises
from over-straining in heavy draught, galloping on heavy
ground with an over-weight up, injuring the muscles of the
loins, and involving the kidneys; also from feeding on
musty hay or oats, or the too free use of diuretics, either
producing inflammation directly, or rendering them weak -
and more liable to it when exposed to exciting causes.
It is sometimes seen in horses kept in open. stables or
sheds, where water gets dropping on their loins, exposure
to cold when heated or wet with rain will also give rise
to it.

Symptoms. —He is fevered with a quick, hard, but full
pulse, sometimes he is much pained, lies down and groans,
throwihg his legs out, and pointing with his nose to the
flank or loins, he soon gets up, and stretches as if to stale,
makes frequent efforts, and forcibly ejects a small quantity
of high-coloured and-often bloody urine. There is pain
evinced on pressure on the loins, he straddles in walking, he
is very unwilling to turn or move in the stall. It may be
distinguished from inflammation of the bladder by passing °
the hand up the rectum, when the bladder is inflamed it
will be hot and tender.

Treatment.—The fever must be combated, but not by the
copious and repeated blood-lettings, so commonly recom-
mended in books, which is too depleting and apt to weaken.
Give in a little cold water or gruel, with the drenching horn,
fifteen drops of tincture of aconite, every two hours; or
either of the following balls may be given, two or three
times a-day if necessary :— —
102 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Extract of hyoscyamus, 1 dr. Powdered opium, .° ldr.
Calomel, . ‘ ‘ 2scr. | Extract of belladonna, 1 dr.
Linseed meal, . . 2dr. Made into a ball with linseed

To be made into a ball with meal and honey or molasses.
honey.

We do not consider purgatives so very essential in the early
stages. Oily laxatives are sufficient; give a quart of either
linseed or castor oil. Bland fluids, such as linseed tea,
should be injected into the rectum ; mustard poultices, or a
newly flayed sheep-skin, should be applied to the loins, but
blisters containing Spanish flies (cantharides) or turpentine
must be avoided ; bandage the legs, and clothe the body, and
encourage perspiration. He should be encouraged to drink
freely of linseed tea or well boiled gruel, with a little car-
bonate of soda dissolved in it. In the secondary stages,
' when the acute symptoms have subsided, the bowels must be
freely opened so as to carry off the fluids of the blood, and ©
thus lessen the work of the kidneys. For this purpose give
the following ball :—

Croton beans finely powdered,’ —. 15 beans,
Extract of belladonna, . ‘ s 1 drachm,

to be made into a ball, with linseed meal and honey. When
recovery takes place, he must be carefully nursed, and fed

-on good sweet hay or oats, linseed tea, &c., and aye any-
thing likely to stimulate the kidneys,

PROFUSE STALING (DIURESIS.)

Diuresis or polyurea, sometimes erroneously called diabetes,
is very common in this country ; its pathology, however, is
not yet fully investigated. It consists principaily of simple,
increased secretion of urine, without any apparent structural
disease of the kidney, or much alteration of the composition.
of the urine, so characteristic of this affection in man.
AND HIS DISEASES. , 103

Causes.—Its frequency in Canada arises in a great mea-
sure from the hay, which, in some seasons especially, is in a
very bad state of preservation, owing to its hurried prepara-
tion, consequent on our short season, or the insufficiency of
the barns to keep out wet, and becomes heated and musty ;
also from exposure to the severe cold of our winters and
insufficient shelter.

Frequently it occurs as an accompaniment of acidity of .
the stomach, or from the injudicious use of diuretics, of
which most “ condition powders” of the shops are principally
made. Sometimes from the too free application of canthari-
dine blisters, which, becoming absorbed, stimulate the kidneys.
Sudden checks to the perspiration often give rise to it.

Symptoms.—The intense thirst first attracts attention, he
is constantly craving for water, he rapidly loses eondifioi,
the coat becomes rough and staring, he passes large quantities
of clear urine, his litter being constantly wet. He will be .
seen poking among his litter, which he often eats with
avidity, in preference to good hay. If it goes on unchecked,
great prostration sets in, the heart beats tumultuously, the
throbbing being often visible at the: side, the pulse being
irregular and intermittent.

Treatment.—lt is generally very easily checked if taken
in time; a complete change of diet is indispensable; give
good sweet hay-—carrots are recommended. The bowels
must be freely opened. Professor Dick says:—“I have
found iodine in doses of two drachms, once or twice a-day,
a never-failing remedy, very useful in correcting the thirst
and checking the flow of urine.” The following ball may
be given night and morning :—

Iodine, . ‘ ; é : 1 drachm.
Iodide of potasaium, F ; ‘ 1 drachm.
Barbadoes aloes, . x : : 1 drachm.
‘

104 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Liquorice and syrup sufficient to make a ball. Tonics should
be commenced early.. In some cases it can be arrested by
making him drink water with pipe-clay or peasemeal shaken
up init. A run at pasture will often cure it,

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (CYSTITIS.)

The bladder may be inflamed in its body or neck; the
- former is rarely seen, the latter occasionally.

Causes.—It may arise from the too free use of diuretic
medicines, or from the injudicious use of fly blisters or
turpentine ; sometimes from the presence of concretions or
gravelly deposits in the bladder, or an extension of spasm,
or inflammation of other organs.

Symptoms.—When the body of the viscus is the seat of
the disease, it becomes very irritable, the urine being passed
almost as soon as it reaches the bladder—the act of staling
being almost constantly going on.

The other symptoms are nearly analogous to nephritis;
when examined by the hand in the rectum, it is found empty,

. hot, and tender. When the neck of. the bladder is the seat
of the disease, it will be found distended with urine, and,
instead of frequent staling, we have almost complete sup-
pression of urine.

Treatment.—The treatment resembles that recommended
for nephritis—which see. Should the contraction of the neck
continue, a gum elastic catheter should be introduced, or a
little warm oil may (in the mare) be injected into the bladder. .
Small doses of bicarbonate of soda or potash should be
given to neutralise the urine, which is usually acid.

URINARY CALCULI.

Healthy “ urine consists of water, holding in solution cer-
tain animal and saline matters as its ordinary constituents,
,

AND HIS DISEASES. 105

and occasionally various matters taken into the stomach, as
food, salts, colouring matters, and the like,” (Kirkes.) In |
certain states of the constitution, and various stages of
disease, the relative quantity of these constituents is greatly
increased and apt to be precipitated, sometimes forming
granular deposits in the urine when passed, at others assum-
ing the form of gravelly accretions, or even calculous forma-
tions in the kidneys, bladder, or urethra, giving rise to much
irritation and constitutional disturbance.

In the horse these accretions are of rare occurrence com- ;

pared with man, owing in a great measure to the more active .

habits of the former, and less variety in the articles of his -
diet, favouring more active digestion and assimilation, upon
derangement of which important processes the disposition to
calculous formation depends ; also, the size and relative
arrangement of the urinary organs in the horse, favouriny
the escape of calculous nuclii before they have attained an
injurious size. However, calculi or stones in the bladder are
occasionally met with in horses, sometimes in the pelvis of
the kidney, but more commonly in the bladder or urethra,—
the former being beyond our reach, the latter removable by
operation. .

STONE IN THE BLADDER (Vesical Calculi.)

These concretions may be found rolling about in the
cavity of the bladder, or surrounded by false membrane
adherent to the walls of the viscus (encysted,) or they may
occupy the neck passing into the urethra. They are some--
times small, and more than one are present, but more gene-

rally they are as large as a pigeon’s egg or a small hen egg,

and single, usually oval or roundish flat in shape, and rough
or smooth according to their composition.
Causes.—They are usually the result of lithic diathesis
106 THE CANADIAN HORSE

‘

consequent on faulty assimilation ; a nucleus, (usually of
oxalate of lime,) either forms in the bladder or escapes from
the kidneys, round which the solid constituents of the urine
concrete, layer after layer being deposited until a stone is -
formed.

Symptoms.—The early symptoms are indefinite, and sel-
dom attract attention; he may be noticed to express uneasi-
ness in staling, and to urinate more frequently ; the urine
is usually thicker, whiter, and less in quantity ; he is subject
to little fits of uneasiness, and the grooms remark that he is
“ troubled in his water ;” slight stiffness in the loins is ob-
servable in walking. :

When it attains the size of a stone, the symptoms are more

‘characteristic ; he makes frequent but ineffectual efforts to -
stale, or a few drops may dribble away; is often found
standing stretched as if to stale, the penis hangs out, the
urine is continually dribbling away, the sheath is wet and
excoriated, the legs wet, and the hair in front rough and
discoloured. He rapidly loses condition. . The appetite is
usually very good, and the bowels regular. He straddles in
his walk, and turns with difficulty.

These symptoms should at once lead to examination by
the hand introduced into the rectum, when the stone may be
felt. It is distinguished from the. fecal pellets by its hard-
ness, size, and shape. It may or may not be movable.

Treatment.—It is very rarely we are called upon to pre-
scribe in the early stages of calculous formations, The plan
of treatment is evident ; we must remove the uric tendency
by regulating the diet and exercise, improve digestion and
assimilation by tonics, vegetable and mineral, and increase
the solubility of the deposits by giving appropriate medicines.
Thus, when on examination the urine is found containing
excess of uric acid, alkalies must be given. The’ carbonates
AND HIS DISEASES. 107

of magnesia, soda, and potass are recommended ; the latter,
however, is much more preferable; the soda is apt to com-
bine. with the uric acid, forming an insoluble compound,
while the magnesia, when long continued, is apt to cause
intestinal concretions. Carbonate of potash should be given
from one to two ounces daily, largely diluted with water.
When, however, it is found to be phosphatic or oxalic, the
mineral acids should be substituted,—hydrochloric or nitro-
muriatic from two to four drachms daily, with plenty of
water, gruel, and other dilutents.

Most cases, however, which come under our notice require
surgical interference for the removal of the stone. See
Lithotomy, page 198.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE GENERATIVE ORGANS,

THE organs of generation in the male horse consist of two
oval glandular bodies called the testicles, suspended from the
hollow between the thighs, and contained in a pendulous
bag called the scrotum. The office of these glands is to
secrete the seminal fluid which is essential to impregnation.
Two membranous ducts (vasa deferentia) which carry the
semen from the testicles to two oval bags (vesiculee seminalis)
lying near the upper surface of the neck of the bladder, from
which during copulation it is ejected into the urethra, and
conveyed by the external organ, the penis, into the vagina of
the mare, i

The female organs of generation are: the vwlya—that
part seen in the perineum immediately below the anus; the
vagina—the membranous canal leading from the vulva into
the uterus or womb; the uterus or womb—that mem-
branous sac in which the impregnated ovum is contained
and supported during the development of the foetus; the
ovaries—two glandular bodies similar in shape to the testi-
cles of the male, but much smaller. They are found lying
under ‘the Joins’ alittle behind or in a line with the kidneys.
Their use is to secrete the ova or seed of the female. And
the fallopian tubes; the canals which convey the ova from
the ovaries to the womb,
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES. » 109

ie DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
®

Diseases of this system of organs are rare, and are usually
the result of accident or injury.

jj
INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE PENIS.

Causes—The penis or yard of the stallion more parti-
cularly is liable to injury, from being kicked in covering, or
sometimes it gets injured by awkwardness of the groom in

‘serving mares; also from being cruelly struck with a whip
or stick while in a state of erection. Warts and excrescences
frequently cover the surface of the organ.

Symptoms.—We may have injuries of more or less severity
from a slight scratch to deep and severe laceration of its
substance; or, on the other hand, the blow may have merely
bruised, without breaking the skin, producing want of power
to retract it, and often accompanied by enormous swelling of
the organ. When long out, the glans assumes a reddish-
brown colour, and the surface is cold, with very little sensi-
bility. This is known as paraphymosis. Sometimes these
swellings subside, but thickening and enlargement of the
lower part remains, preventing retraction within the sheath,
proving very troublesome and unsightly.

Warty excrescences are easily recognised, and may occur on
any part of the organ.

Treatment.—Injuries from kicks and blows must be
treated on the general principles of subduing inflammation.
if it hangs pendulous, it must be supported by a broad
bandage round the body, and copious affusion with cold
water, or iced water in summer, constantly applied ; if very
hot and tender, accompanied by fever and constitutional dis-
turbance, hot fomentations may be more applicable ; which-
ever is employed must be persevered in for some length of

¥
t

110 : THE CANADIAN HORSE

time. Purgatives should be given, and low diet for some
time. .

Unless there is extensive laceration of the substance of
the organ, nothing more than cold applications are required,
should it prove tardy in healing, goulard lotion, or a mild
solution of sulphate of zine will prove beneficial. When it
continues, and the tumefaction increases, free and deep
longitudinal scarification must be made on its surface, and
repeated in a few days, if necessary. Sometimes charcoal
poultices are required: to cleanse the wounds and soothe the’
part.

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS.

Occasionally cases occur in which callous enlargements of
the extremity of the penis remain, preventing its retraction
within the sheath, rendering amputation necessary. This
operation is also sometimes performed in cases of obstinate

‘and deep-seated ulceration of the tissues of the organ. He
must be cast and secured as for castration. The penis is
taken up and washed clean, a catheter is introduced, and a
broad tape or bandage is applied round the upper part, so
as to recover it should it slip out of the hands of the assist-
ant. It is now firmly held by the assistant, and a ligature
applied tight enough to arrest the hemorrhage ; an incision
is then made with a scalpel or bistoury round the circumfer-
ence, sloping toward the urethra, which should be left an
inch longer than the other tissues, Having removed the part,
the vessels may or may not be ligatured as the operator sees
necessary ; we prefer to ligature them, as troublesome bleed-
ings sometimes follow the operation, when performed by

“ one sweep of the bistoury,” so frequently boasted of, and it
is more surgical than the application of the cautery, which is
too often made use of in arresting hemorrhages, to save trouble
to the operator, regardless of the suffering of the patient.
AND HIS DISEASES. 111

Warts and other excrescences on the surface of the organ
should be removed with the knife; cold water freely applied,
or the muriate of iron, will suffice to close the vessels, .

FOULNESS OF THE SHEATH AND YARD.

In geldings the penis becomes diminished considerably in
size, and, from want of the sexual desire, seldoin protrude it
without its covering, the sheath, consequently the sebaceous
secretion of the glands in the prepuce accumulate, forming-a
black soft foetid substance, with a strong persistent uric
odour. This sometimes becomes irritating, and gives rise to
uneasiness, and should be occasionally washed out with warm
water, and a soft sponge, taking care not to scratch or bruise
the inner surface, as troublesome swellings sometimes ensue.

More trouble, however, arises from the accumulation of
little round “beans,” (as horsemen call them,) of a soft
clayish appearance, in the cavity in the head of the penis,
surrounding the end of the urethra ; sometimes obstructing
the passage of the urine, by pressing on the urethra, or even
stopping up the orifice itself, eine rise to difficulty in
staling, and uneasiness.

The sheath should be washed out with soap and water,
and the hand, well oiled, should be passed up, and the penis
drawn out, when the accumulation should be removed, taking
care not to scratch or bruise the parts.

CANCEROUS DISEASE OF THE VULVA,

Cancerous tumours are sometimes met with, involving the
lips and inferior commissures of the vulva, sometimes extend-
ing inward, involving the clitoris and floor of the vagina, as
‘in a case of a black mare belonging to Mr James M‘Kenzie,
West Zorra, County Oxford. She had been affected with it
for several years; on examination we found a large tumour,
‘ \
112 THE CANADIAN HORSE

occupying the greater part of the vulva, attached to the floor
and sides, very foetid, presenting angry-looking ulcerations,
covered by thin sanious matters, the surface being soft and
irregular, and bled very easily. From the irritation occa-
sioned in urinating, and by the rubbing of the tail, it pro-
duced considerable annoyance ; other ways the health seemed
good. We at once informed the owner that treatment was
useless, but removal by the knife would afford temporary
relief. We had her cast, and cut as much of the tissues in-
volved as prudence directed us, removing the clitoris and
most of the substance of the labii; cold water, followed by
muriate of iron, sufficed to check the bleeding. Arsenic in
doses of five grains night and morning were now given, and
arsenic ointment applied—alternated ni now and then with a
solution of corrosive sublimate, twenty grains to the ounce
of alcohol, which in some measure retarded its progress. In
the space of two years, we we removed it three times, each time
getting more extensive and deep-seated. We have treated
several such cases, but with the same result. Tumours, not
of a cancerous nature, are often met with here, which are
usually easily removed, and do not return again.

LEUCORRHGA OR “THE WHITES.”

Leucorrhcea consists of a discharge of white matter from
the vagina, arising in consequence of a diseased state of its
lining membrane, or of the womb itself.

Causes.—It usually results from chronic inflammation of
the lining membranes of cae parts, and is usually described
as a “catarrh of the vagina.”

Symptoms.—tt is easily recognised by the white uniform
appearance of the discharge, which in some cases is almost
constant; in others it is pent up, and at intervals of one or
two days comes away in large quantities, often with consi-
AND HIS DISEASES, 113

derable fetor and a very disgusting appearance. The con-
stitution is more or less disturbed, and she often becomes
emaciated,

Treatment.—Cold water should be frequently injected, or
a solution of sulphate of zinc, as

Sulphate of zinc, < ‘ 1 ounce,
Infusion of opium, . ‘ 1 ounce,
. Water, erie . a 1 quart,

to be well shaken up, and a little injected several times a
day. Tonics are very serviceable, and should be persevered
in. Occasional diuretics are useful. The following balls are
recommended by Mr Percival :—

Sugar of lead, . 1 drachm. | Cantharides, . 5 grains.
Opium, ‘ ‘ 1scruple. | Linseed meal,. . 1 drachm.
Linseed meal, half-an-ounce, Balsam copaibe sufficient to
Common turpentine sufficient to make a ball.

make a ball,

One or two of either may be given daily.

PARTURITION OR FOALING.

The period of gestation in the mare varies from eleven to
thirteen months. Usually about ten days before foaling she
begins to “make bag,” the udder enlarges, and a thin milky
fluid can be drawn from the teats, and a glairy. discharge
escapes from the vagina, giving warning that the foal is
about to be dropped. When the time approaches, she be-
comes uneasy, getting up and down frequently. Presently
the true labour pains begin, the womb contracts on its con-
tents, assisted by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles ;
the whole body is convulsed with the effort; the mouth of
the womb becomes dilated; the water-bag appears and
bursts; and when the presentation is natural, a few efforts

force it out—sometimes enclosed in the membranes, which
H

“
!

114 THE CANADIAN HORSE

must be immediately removed; and if the cord does not
give-way itself, it being sometimes thick and strong, a liga-
ture should be put on it about four inches from the belly,
and the remainder cut away. In general, mares are best
left to themselves at this important period, but care should
be taken that they do not get into awkward positions, as
against a wall, or the sides of the box.

ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS.

The natural position of the foal at birth is with the head
resting on the two fore-legs. When in this position, and the
parts natural, it soon comes away without very much exer-
tion. In many cases, however, the foal is found in such
positions as to prevent its escape without assistance. In all
cases of protracted labour, where the pains continue without
effect, assistance may be required. The hand being raised
in temperature by washing in warm water, should be intro-
duced to ascertain the cause. In some cases the neck of the
womb will be found not sufficiently dilated, but the foal is
found in its natural position. In such cases, it may be
gently dilated with the hand, or left alone, when nature will
often overcome it herself. In cases of natural presentation,
we must not be in too much hurry to deliver; harm is often
done by injudicious interference. One or both fore-legs may
be doubled back, with the head presenting. In this case,
push it back, and pass the hand down ‘the leg if possible ;
get them up into the passage, either by the hand or looped
cords passed round the fetlock, when, by slight traction, it
will generally be brought away. The legs may be presented
in the passage, and the head either doubled down under the
_ brim of the pelvis, or turned over the shoulder down on the
flank. In this case, it should be pushed bodily back, and
the head sought for, when a loop must be placed, if possible,

‘
AND HIS DISEASES. 115

on the lower jaw; it must now be pushed back, while the
head is to be pulled forward, and brought into the passage.
This case is often very troublesome, from the difficulty some-
times experienced in reaching the head. It is sometimes
necessary to remove one of the legs by cutting the skin
round the fetlock, and with the embryotomy knife dividing
the skin of the leg as far as the shoulder, and separating it
with the fingers, when it can be removed. A cord should

be attached to the loose skin to aid in traction, when the -

head can in most cases be reached. We have had occasion
to remove both legs in the same manner before delivery
could be effected. .

Sometimes the buttocks and tail are only to be felt ; this
is often a troublesome case, especially when the legs dip
under the pelvis. It must be pushed well in, and the-hind
feet, if possible, secured and brought into the passage. Often,
however, it is very difficult to do, when, as recommended by —
«Professor Dick, “ the contents of the abdomen imust be re-
moved at the rectum ; the pelvis divided at the symphysis,
when a cord being attached, and force used, the hind legs
will get into the place of the viscera, and the quarters col-
lapse so as to allow of extraction.” The whole four feet may
be presented in the passage ; the simplest way of delivering —
in this case is to feel for the hocks, and slip loops on the hind
feet ; and by pushing back the fore ones, it BY be removed
by the hind legs.

It is impossible to describe minutely the details of pro-
cedure in these cases, as, from difference in collateral circum-
stances, such as size, age, length of time she has been in
labour, swelling of the parts, &c. &c., different plans of
treatment must suggest themselves to the operator. The
principles to be observed are these : endeavour to get it into
-its natural position, in which position it is easiest delivered ;
116 CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES,

failing in that, to get it into the next easiest, viz, the hind
legs first—that impracticable, to remove those parts of the
foal which offer most resistance, care being taken in so doing
not to bruise or lacerate the mare. In no circumstances
are tact, coolness, and steady perseverance more required
than in a protracted case of labour ; however, the dictates of
humanity no less than professional duty demand that we
shrink rot from the most difficult.
CHAPTER IX.

DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD-VESSELS.

THE heart is the great central organ for the propulsion of
the blood to the various parts of the body ; it is placed in the
middle space of the cavity of the chest. Its form is that of
a blunt cone, the base being turned upward, suspended from
the third to the sixth dorsal vertebrae by the venous and
arterial trunks which spring from it. It isa most beautiful,
but complex arrangement, for the propulsion of the blood
‘through the system. It is enclosed in a double membranous
sac called the pericardium. Its average weight is from six
to seven pounds. Seek eo te oS i
From the important functions of this organ, and its intri-
cate connexion with every part of the body, through the
minute distribution of its blood-vessels, it naturally sympa-
thises with even the slightest derangement of the system or
other organs; hence we find in most diseases its functions
are either increased or diminished, consequently we make
use of the action of the heart to determine the state of the
system.
THE PULSE, ;
The arteries are the vessels which convey the blood from
the heart to the system. “The blood nowhere passes through
an artery so rapidly as it is forced into it by the ventricles of
the heart, on account of the resistance offered by all the
118 THE CANADIAN HORSE

tubes against which it is forced. The consequence is, that
when it receives the wave of blood, both the diameter and
the length of the vessel is increased, and this is followed by
a recoil and recovery of its previous position owing to the
elasticity of the tube ; these operations constitute the pulse,
which is felt when the finger slightly compresses an artery.”
—Bennett. Hence the pulsations of the artery correspond
with the beatings of the heart, and consequently indicate the
irritability of that organ or the system generally.
The average pulse of the horse is from thirty-two to forty-
two beats per minute. The most convenient places to feel
the pulse are at the arm, on the inside where the artery
(radial) passes over the head of the bone, or on the under .
part of the lower jaw where the artery (submazillary)
winds round to gain the cheek. “ When the pulse reaches
fifty or fifty-five some degree of fever may be apprehended,
and proper precaution should be taken. Seventy or eighty
will indicate a somewhat dangerous state, and put the owner
and the surgeon not a little on the alert. Few horses long
survive a pulse of one hundred, for by this excessive action
the energies of nature are soon worn-out.” — Youat.
Various affections of the heart involving its substance-
lining membrane and valves are known to exist as indepen-
dent diseases, which for their detection require not only an
intimate knowledge of the anatomy and uses of the different
. parts, but a thorough acquaintance with the sounds observed
by auscultation and percussion both in health and disease,—
knowledge which is possessed by professional men alone,
and particularly those who have made it a special study.
Hence, any remarks we could make on the subject would be
unintelligible and perplexing to the general reader.

i
AND HIS DISEASES. 119

PERICARDITIS.

Inflammation of the membrane investing the heart is
sometimes seen as an independent disease, but more generally
in connexion with pleurisy, influenza, rheumatic affections,
&e., giving rise to considerable accumulations of fluid in
the sac.

Symptoms.—In three cases which came under our notice
during the past year the symptoms were very characteristic ;
a description of one of them will best illustrate our views.

On the 14th of February 1866, a gray mare belonging to
Mr Hiram Green, Beachville, C.W., was sent to our stables ;
she had been ailing for several.days. The whole four legs
were swollen, especially about the juints; venous regurgita~
tion of the jugulars and beating of the carotid arteries very
observable in the neck ; pulse from fifty to fifty-five; strong
and intermittent; on applying the ear to the side of the
chest, the sounds of the heart were indistinct and feeble,
apparently heard through fluid, percussion elicited a dull
sound, and pain was evinced on pressure between the ribs in
that region ; the breathing was but little disturbed, but she
sighed occasionally.. A peculiar expression of countenance,
especially observable in the eyes, was remarked ; great dis-
inclination to move. When turned suddenly, or otherwise
excited, the palpitation was visible at the side, and she
evidently experienced a feeling of suffocation ; bowels rather
costive ; appetite but little impaired; she maintained the
standing position.

Treatment.—Effusion having already taken place, ‘our
main efforts were directed to check the dropsical tendency.
The bowels were opened by the following ball :—

Barbadoes aloes, . : ; ‘ 3 drachms,
Calomel, .  . ee % 1 drachm,
120 THE CANADIAN HORSE

made into a ball with lard, followed by injections of soap
and water.

_ The sides were freely blistered with cantharidine blister,
and kept running by biniodide of mercury ointment.

She had twice daily a drachm each of iodine and iodide
of potassium, with an ounce of sweet spirits of nitre. She
was restricted to easily-digested diet,—bran, carrots, &c. ;
frequent hand rubbing and bandages to the legs, and the
body warmly clothed.

On the third day the symptoms were very much miti-
gated; she was observed lying down on her right side.
- The effort in rising produced considerable fluttering of the
heart, which immediately subsided ; on applying the ear to the
chest the sounds were more distinct, the fluid was evidently
diminishing. She was now ordered a quart of warm beer
night and morning, gentle walking exercise, continued hand
rubbing to the legs, a diuretic ball every second morning,
and small doses of sulphate of iron and arsenic night and
morning. In about three weeks she was almost convalescent;
the swelling was absorbed from the legs, the pulse became.
more regular, and she became more active. We recom-
mended a run in a straw yard before working her.

In other cases which presented almost the same symptoms, .
we have found after death large accumulations of fluid on
the pericardial sac.

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS.

The blood-vessels are not very liable to diseases of an in-
dependent nature ; the most common cases which come under
eur notice are wounds which give rise to

HAMORRHAGE OR BLEEDING.

The bleeding may take place from an extensive surface, .
AND HIS DISEASES. 121

when general oozing occurs, or an artery or vein of more or
less importance may be divided, usually the result of injury
or in consequence of operation.

Symptoms.—When no particular stream is distinguishable,
no vessel of importance isinvolved. When an artery is open,
the blood-is poured forth in a copious stream, which is easily
recognised by its bright scarlet colour and jerking or pulsat-
ing flow. When from a vein it is darker in colour and
escapes in a steady jet.

Treatment—When it merely oozes out it soon stops of
itself, or by the continued application of cold water, or any
styptic, such as muriate of iron, tincture of benzoin, sugar of
lead, &c. When an artery of considerable magnitude is
severed, it should be taken up and a silk thread applied, the
bleeding being stopped by pressure above until it is secured,
Sometimes it is difficult to reach, and almost impossible to
tie, from its position and restlessness of the animal, as we
have often seen it from deep treads with sharp caulkins.
In this case pressure must be applied to the artery above,
and the open vessel touched with the cautery, or bound up
with some styptic dressing.

. When a vein is cut it should be secured in the same way;
but often in the legs the'skin and vein are merely punctured.
In this case it should be secured (as in bleeding) with a pin.
In stopping hemorrhage from a vein, the pressure must be
applied below, as the flow of blood is upward. In most
cases, however, it is more alarming than dangerous. Copious
and continued affusion with cold water will usually suffice to
stop it, or the vessels contract of themselves.

ANEURISM.

By the term aneurism is meant, “A pulsating. tumour,
arising from a dilated, ruptured, or wounded artery, and
122 THE CANADIAN HORSE

filled with blood, which in the early stage is a fluid, and at

a later period in a more or less coagulated state.’—Cooper.
It is a rare occurrence in the horse, and.when it does

occur in any vessel of importance it invariably proves fatal.

THROMBUS.

Thrombus is the name given to a round tumour which
sometimes occurs around the puncture made in bleeding.

Causes.—lIt is usually the result of irregularity in pinning
up the wound by drawing the skin out, allowing the blood
to be extravasated into the cellular tissues; also from the
opening in the skin not being opposite the opening in the
vein, or too small to allow the blood to escape freely,—often

from the tissues being irritated by repeated striking of the __

fleam, or “perhaps from spontaneous inflammation and
serous effusion in the divided integuments and membranes
themselves.”

Symptoms.—It is easily recognised by the appearance of.
around full swelling surrounding the opening a short time
after bleeding.

Treatment.—It should be re-opened, the coagula squeezed
out and the edges of the wound again brought together,
and a pad, or sponge, saturated with a strong solution of
goulard lotion, or cold water, constantly applied for an hour
at a time—the pad being supported by a broad bandage
round the neck. The head must be tied up for at least
twenty-four hours. It usually subsides in a day or two.
Should swelling remain, it should be blistered and treated
as in phlebitis. |

INFLAMMATION OF VEINS (PHLEBITIS).

Owing to the practice of bleeding horses for all ailments,
which is still very common among farmers in Canada, phle-
AND HIS DISEASES. 123

bitis is not uncommon. It consists of inflammation of the
coats of the vein, involving the surrounding cellular tissuesalso.

Causes.—When it occurs it almost invariably follows the
operation of bleeding, arising from some mismanagement in
performing it, or securing the integuments after. Rusty.
fleams—carelessness in pinning) it up, as in pulling the skin
out, allowing blood to filtrate the cellular tissues—bringing
the edges unevenly together—or we have known the vein
itself to be pinned to the skin. Certain states of constitu-
tional predisposition of the veins to take on inflammatory
action are said to exist.

Symptoms.—It is easily distinguished by the inverted
edges of the wound, which are red and swollen, and dis-
charge thin serum, which soon gives place to pus. The vein
above the incision is hard, hot, and tender, and considerably
enlarged. The swelling extends upward to the head; the
inflammation extends to the surrounding tissues; thé side
of the neck is swollen ; the rieck stiff and the head extended.
The symptomatic fever runs high.

Treatment.—The head should be tied up, and almost
constant fomentations of hot water applied for several days.
The lips of the wound should be touched with the cautery or
lunar caustic. A full dose of purgative medicine should be
given. When the acute fever has subsided, it should be
blistered throughout its entire extent, and repeated if re-

' quired, the head being kept elevated, and his feed placed
within reach. -

These cases often terminate in complete obliteration of the
vein; but in course of time the smaller vessels of the neck
eularoe, and take the place of the lost jugular. He is not.
suited to be turned to. pasture, as the head is apt to swell.
‘He can never after be passed as a sound horse.
CHAPTER X.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

THE organs of respiration consist of the two outer openings,
or nostrils (nasal openings) ; the cavities in the head into
which they open (nasal chambers); the cartilaginous box at
the head of the windpipe (larynx) ; the long tube called the
windpipe (trachea), which is made up of separate rings of car-
tilage; its minute divisions into little tubes (bronchial tubes) ;
and the lungs, two spongy organs situated in the chest, one
on each side, separated by folds of the investing membrane
(mediastinwm) and the heart. Their office is the purification
of the blood by the absorption of oxygen and exhalation of
carbonic acid, which takes place in the minute air cells in
which the bronchial tubes terminate. The lungs are inti-
mately invested by a serous membrane (pleura) similar to
that lining the abdomen, which is also reflected over the
inner surface of the walls of the chest. This membrane also
secretes a humid exhalation to prevent friction during the
incessant motion of the lungs,

This system, from the vascularity of every part of it, is
very prone to inflammatory attacks, from a slight coldin the
head to violent inflammation of the lungs.

CATARRH.

Catarrh, or “cold in the head,” is an affection of the lining
membrane of the nasal chambers and cavities of the head.
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES. 125

It consists in a congested or inflamed state of that membrane,
giving rise to a glairy discharge from one or both nostrils,
and when the head of the windpipe (larynx) is implicated, ac-
companied by a cough.

« Causes,—May be classed under predisposing and exciting,
as the majority of young horses under five years old may be
said to be predisposed to this affection. The exciting causes
are sudden variations in the state of the temperature; undue
exposure to cold when an animal is in a heated state, espe-
cially after a hard-day’s work or drive; standing in stables
badly ventilated, or any place exposed to cold draughts. Per-
haps the most common cause in young horses is placing them
in warm stables in the fall of the year immediately on taking
them off the pastures, A sudden change from a cold toa
hot temperature is more likely to cause catarrh than a change
from a hot to a cold one.

Symptoms.—If the horse is standing in the stable he will
appear dull, and incline to hang his head in the manger; the
mouth is hot, and the pulse quickened and weak ; the coatis _
staring, and the lining membrane of the nose ia reddened
and injected. If the larynx is involved, steady pressure on
that region will cause coughing. This is the congestive
stage, which speedily passes off, and exudation takes place
from the vessels, causing a discharge from the nostrils, at
first watery, gradually becoming thicker and thicker, and of
a yellowish colour. In some cases this matter becomes pent
up within the sinuses of the head, and comes away in large
quantities at intervals of three or four hours. A watery dis-
charge from the eye is also very often an accompaniment of
catarrh. If these symptoms become aggravated, the appetite
is impaired, the bowels are costive, and the foeces passed are
of a clayey nature, the legs and ears are cold, and the breath-
ing accelerated, Catarrh, if improperly treated, or the animal
126 THE CANADIAN HORSE

kept at work and exposed to sudden changes of temperature,
is very apt to descend to the chest, and is a prolific source
of other and more serious diseases, as inflammation of the
lungs (pneumonia), or of the covering of the lungs (pleurisy),
or of the bronchial tubes (bronchitis).

In the majority of cases catarrh is but a simple affection,
and if the patient gets anything like proper usage or treat-
ment no very serious results generally follow.

Treatment.—At once—as should be done in all aiteationn
of the chest—place the animal in a comfortable, well-venti-
lated loose-box ; clothe the body moderately ; also hand-rub
and bandage the legs; the clothing and bandages must be
removed twice a-day, and the body well rubbed over. Give —
one or two drachms of aloes in solution, combined with half
a drachm of powdered ginger. Steam the head with hot
water, or by means of a nosebag partly filled with scalded
bran. In steaming the head, care must be taken to allow
the animal a free current of fresh air, as we have known
horses .suffocated from the improper use of the nosebag in
steaming. In mild cases it is not necessary to use the bag:
sponging out the nostrils with tepid water several times a-day
will suffice. The horse should be restricted to soft-food, as
boiled oats or barley, with a little linseed, daily. A few
doses of tartar emetic and nitrate of potash may be given
daily in a_br: bran mash, and_ the throat rubbed with a stimu-
lating liniment. “Bee page » 211 .) i
See .

e—
LARYNGITIS—*“ SORE THROAT” —

Consists in inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
head of the windpipe (larynx). It is generally called
“sore throat,” and is a very common affection amongst
horses, occurring in a variety of forms, being sometimes of
an exceedingly acute nature, and running its course with
AND HIS DISEASES,’ 127

frightful rapidity ; in other cases of a milder type, and
assuming what may be called a sub-acute form.

Causes.—Are similar to catarrh, as undue exposure to cold
and variations in the state of the temperature ; but in some
seasons it appears as an epizootic disease, large numbers of
horses becoming affected with it about the same time. These,
cases are always of a typhoid nature when occurring in
stables insufficiently ventilated more especially. It is occa-
sionally caused by injuries, as in the careless administration
of medicines,

Symptoms of “sore throat” are well marked. The horse
holds his head stiff, with his nose poked out, showing the
muscles of the neck prominently ; he has considerable diffi-
culty in swallowing; if he attempts to drink, part of the
water is returned through his nostrils; the throat is painful
to the touch, and the least pressure excites a violent. fit
of coughing. At the commencement of the disease it is
difficult to distinguish it from “distemper” (strangles). By
‘the third or fourth day the difference can be easily seen ;
the usual tumour of distemper does not appear. The pulse
varies ; in some cases but little altered, in others very. quick
and weak, The coat is also staring, and the function of
the kidneys partially arrested. In severe cases the breath-
ing becomes. heavy and laborious. By the third or fourth
day from the beginning of the attack, a greenish yellow
matter is discharged from the nostrils.

Treatment.—The general and local treatment should be
similar to that of catarrh, therefore we recommend the free use
of counter-irritants to the throat externally, as mustard well
rubbed in, or any stimulating liniment or liquid blister may be
used. (See page 211.) The head may be well fomented or
steamed, and the patient encouraged to take soft, easily di-
gested food, as hay tea, linseed tea, boiled barley or carrots.
128 THE CANADIAN HORSE

‘When the bowels are constipated, as is often the case, clysters
of soap and water must be freely used, and the general comfort
of the animal well attended to. When the cough is severe and
hacking, the following ball may be given once or twice a-day.

CoueH Batt.
t Camphor, . . . .  . 1 drachm.
{ Powdered opium,’ . . . «1 drachm,
Extract of belladonna, - «2 scruples.

If the animal is threatened with stffocation, the windpipe
must be opened and a tube inserted. (See Operations,
page 196.) We have also found benefit from sponging out
the larynx with a solution of the nitrate of silver.

CHRONIC COUGH

_‘is often a sequel of sore throat (laryngitis), as also of dis-
» temper (strangles), and is a disease, when once fairly esta-
blished ; complete recovery seldom takes place. It consists
in a chronic inflammation of the many glands imbedded
within the lining membrane of the larynx, causing an
irritation of that highly sensitive organ. The cough is easily
excited by pressure externally, and is of a deep hollow
nature, differing materially from the loud sonorous sound of
the healthy cough.

It is often associated with other diseases of the chest, as
broken wind, thick wind, &c., and we believe it sometimes
accompanies chronic indigestion, and other diseases of the
stomach and bowels, caused apparently by some lesion of
the pneumogastric nerve or some of its branches. The cough
is generally most severe in the mornings or after meals, and
is always aggravated by gross feeding. In many cases

chronic cough interferes but little with a horse’s usefulness, .
_ especially if he is used for ordinary farm work, but ‘it must.
- be considered an unsoundness,
AND HIS DISEASES, 129

'Treatment.—If the horse has been affected for some time,
treatment is generally very unsatisfactory, and must be more
of a palliative than a remedial nature. If only recent, treat-
ment may be undertaken with better chances of success.
Give the cough ball as recommended for laryngitis, also
apply the liquid blister externally, and in some. cases great
benefit will attend the use of setons under the head of the
windpipe. If occurring from intestinal disorder, the treat-
ment of course must be directed to the proper seat. The
medicinal treatment is greatly assisted by feeding the animal
properly and regularly, giving small quantities of food at a
time, carrots in winter, and green food in summer should be
given. The following is also an excellent cough ball in re-
- cent cases :—

Camphor, : oO. ® .  I1drachm,

Powdered opium, 2 . : 1 drachm,
Powdered digitalis, . a it 1 drachm,
Calomel, . Sine AS ‘ ‘ 1 drachm,

made into a ball and given every second morning until six
doses are given.

ROARING.

This is a very common disease amongst Canadian horses,
and may be defined to be, breathing with a loud and un-
natural sound upon violent exertion.

Causes.— Like chronic cough it often follows an attack of
laryngitis or of distemper, (strangles), and in these cases we
believe it is owing to a wasting (atrophy) of the muscles of
the head of the windpipe (larynx), whereby its calibre is
diminished, and when the air rushes in during violent exer-
tion a roaring sound is produced. The constant tight rein-

ing of carriage horses is also a common exciting cause, and
I
130 THE CANADIAN HORSE

we believe it is also hereditary—as it is a well-known fact,
both in Canada and in Britain, that certain breeds of horses
are peculiarly liable to this disease. It may also be caused
by some lesion or derangement of some of the nerves.
“ Percivall mentions the following experiment made by the.
late Mr Field of London. Having ascertained that the organs
of respiration of a horse were sound, I cast him, and laid
bare the recurrent nerve of the off side and passed a ligature
loosely around it ; he was then allowed to get up, and after a
few minutes galloped severely without evincing the slightest
defect in his breathing, The nerve was then drawn out by
the ligature, and one inch and a-half of it excised; and
immediately, on only trotting the horse ‘a short distance,
such a degree of roaring was occasioned, that had the exer-
tion been continued he would have fallen. I kept this horse
four years, and though. his breathing became much better,
he continued a sad roarer; at the end of that time I
destroyed him for. the larynx, which exhibited the usual
condition of wasted muscles on the side deprived of the
influence of the recurrent nerve.”

Symptoms.— When the horse is not excited, and so long as
the air passes in a uniform rate through the larynx and
windpipe, the animal does not feel any inconvenience ; when-
ever he is excited or galloped, causing a rush of air, the
roaring noise is produced. The sound in ordinary circum-
stances is only produced on inspiration, but in very, severe
cases the sound is audible both on inspiration and expiration.

In some horses roaring is difficult of detection. There.
are several tests which can be resorted to with the
view of detecting it. It may often be readily detected by
‘taking the horse. firmly by the head and striking him
suddenly on the side, causing him to start forward; if a

“grunting noise is emitted it is always a suspicious circum-
AND HIS DISEASES. 131

stance, and in many instances is.an unequivocal symptom of —
‘roaring. The grunting sound in all cases should not be
taken as conclusive evidence of the animal being a roarer,
but a better test must. be tried; he should be galloped.
sharply for some distance, then pulled up quickly, and by
applying the ear to the nostrils or to the windpipe any.
abnormal sound will at once be noticed. Professor Sewell
says, “The best test. we can subject draught horses to, (sus-
peced roarers,) is to-put them in harness and compel them to
draw heavy loads.”
Treatment.—Must be principally palliative, and ical can
be done by generous and regular feeding, and never allowing. ~
the animal to overload his stomach and bowels. Occasional
doses of laxative and sedative medicines tend to relieve the
more distressing symptoms. In very bad cases, where the’ —
animal is almost useless from roaring, the operation of
tracheotomy, or the insertion of a tube in the windpipe, may .

be tried (see Operations, page 196); we have done it with suc--

cess, and the horse rendered useful for years. Roaring in.
all its forms is an unsoundness,

BRONCHOCELE.

Bronchocele, or morbid “ enlarzement of the thyroid gland
or body.” These are two small glands situated one on each
side of the windpipe (trachea), about three inches from the. . .
head of the windpipe (larynx) ; they are ductless glands, —
_ having no excretory duct, and they are largely supplied ©
with blood-vessels and nerves. oe

Bronchocele is a very common affection amongst horses
in Canada, and is known as a’ tumour situated on one or
both sides of the windpipe, and the character of the'swell- _
ing varies according to its duration, It may be soft om
firm, and it may affect the whole gland, or only one side of* |
132 THE CANADIAN HORSE

it ; the tumour seldom causes pain, and the animal appears
not inconvenienced by it, although very large. The tumour
varies in size, from as small as a pigeon’s egg to as large as
a man’s hand.. It is sometimes supposed to be a cause of
roaring, but we must confess we have never met with a
case of roaring that could be clearly attributed to that cause,

Treatment.—Of all the medicines in veterinary practice,
iodine and its compounds appear to be the most efficacious
in reducing these enlargements, as well as in other glan-
dular swellings. Iodine ointment should be applied ex-
ternally, in proportion of one part of iodine to seven of
lard (see Ointments, page 216), to be applied daily, and at the
same time administer twice a day one drachm of the iodide
of potassium given in solution.

NASAL GLEET

is the name applied to a. chronic glairy discharge from one
or both nostrils, and is the result of a subacute inflammation
or other diseased condition of the lining membrane of the
sinuses of the head, and these sinuses more especially in-
volved are the frontal and maxillary. Nasal gleet is not an
uncommon disease in Canada, and many: horses have been
destroyed, supposed to be affected with that most loathsome
disease glanders, when in reality they were only suffering
from nasal gleet.

Causes.—It is very often the result of catarrh in a chronic
form, induced by further exposure to cold, and want of a
proper supply of nutritive food. We have also met with
cases where it could not be traced to a catarrhal attack of
the air passages; and it occurs oftener in aged than in
young animals. ,

- Symptoms.—The first noticeable symptom is a yellowish:

discharge from one or both nostrils. The lining membrane
AND HIS DISEASES, 133

of the nose (schneiderian) is altered in colour ; it becomes of
a pale leaden hue, but does not exhibit ulcerative patches
as in glanders. The discharge may vary both in quantity
and quality. It is often retained for some time within the
sinuses, and comes away in considerable quantities, In other
, cases the discharge is continuous, and collects about the
nostrils ; the submaxillary gland, in cases of long standing,
becomes tumefied, but not adhering to the bone as in glan-
ders; the frontal and nasal bones are affected, and present
an enlargement or bulging out over the seat of the disease. .
If tapped with the point of the finger, a dull heavy sound is
produced, showing that matter has collected within the sinus.
In ordinary cases it is a long time before it materially affects
the horse in his working capacity. When the bones are
greatly diseased, and the matter collects within the nasal
sinuses, it interferes with respiration, causing laborious
breathing. We have met with cases, owing to the excessive
obstruction in the air-passages, in which it was necessary to
open the windpipe (tracheotomy) before we could with safety —
cast the animal to operate for nasal gleet, .
Treatment.—Although a formidable disease, even the worst
of cases may recover if properly treated. Give good food
and moderate exercise, sponge the nostrils with tepid water, or
steam the head once or twice a-day, and administer mineral
or vegetable tonics, as,
Sulphate of copper, a : 3 ounces,
Powdered gentian, Sey 1 ounce, °
made into twelve powders, and one given in the food morning
and night. Or, the sulphate of iron, in two-drachm doses
twice a-day. The nasal cavities may be injected with a weak
solution of sulphate of zinc or of alum ; or of sulphate of
‘copper, about five grains to the ounce of water. When the
bone is diseased, and, matter collected within the sinuses, it

*
134 ' THE CANADIAN HORSE

ig necessary to trephine the bone. After operating, inject
the sinus with tepid water twice or thrice a-day, followed
by injecting any of the astringents already recommended.
The opened sinus sometimes fills up with a fungus growth,
‘which must either be removed by the knife or by means of
caustics. We have operated on several cases in Toronto
and surrounding district within the past four years, and
generally with the best results.

@

EPISTAXIS,

or bleeding from the nose, occurs occasionally in horses, and
may result from injury, as a blow over the nasal or frontal
bones ; or it may be caused by a plethoric condition of the
system, or of a congested state of the vessels of the nasal
septum. Horses most liable to hemorrhage are those in
high condition, and not allowed regular exercise. When
the bleeding is confined to the nose it is invariably from
one nostril, and may either come away drop by drop or
‘in a small stream. When the bleeding takes place suddenly
-after violent exercise, and when flowing freely from both
nostrils, the lesion is generally situated in the lungs, This
is called hemoptisis, which is a more serious affection than
epistaxis, and sets up a greater irritation, causing the animal
to cough violently.

Treatment.—When the bleeding is but slight and confined
to the nose, rest and moderate feeding will suffice. If the
‘hemorrhage is such as to create alarm, apply cold water
freely to the head, and when only from one nostril, a plug
_of tow saturated with a solution of alum may be inserted.
When from the lungs, the horse should be kept perfectly
quiet and sparingly fed, and the acetate of lead given inter-

nally in two.drachm doses once a-day, dissolved in distilled
water, (rr oe

©
AND HIS DISEASES. 135

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS,

Before proceeding to consider the diseases of the chest, we
will briefly notice the structures involved in pulmonary affec-
tions. The windpipe (trachea), after entering the chest,
divides into the bronchia or bronchial tubes, These divide
and subdivide into smaller tubes, finally terminating in the air
cells. The lungs are made up of clusters of those cells; of a
large mass of pulmonary texture called the parenchymatous
structure or substance of the lungs; of blood-vessels, both
functional and for the nutrition of the organ ; of nerves and
lymphatics, and the whole enclosed in a serdus membrane
called the pleura, which is made up of two portions—one
portion being reflected over the lungs (pleura pulmonalis),
while the other lines the inside of the ribs and diaphragm
(pleura costalis). The lungs are exceedingly light in propor-
tion to their size, and are very vascular organs ; consequently
we find them very liable to diseases of an inflammatory cha-
racter, and the precursor of inflammation is congestion.

Congestion of the lungs, a disease common amongst our
Canadian horses, consists in an increased determination of
blood to the capillaries of the air cells, interfering materially
with the process of respiration. It may exist as an inde-
pendent disease, or accompany other affections of the chest.

Causes.—Perhaps one of the most common causes is vio-
lent exertion when an animal is in an unfit state for severe
work—as, for instance, a young horse in high condition is
‘taken out of his stable and driven rapidly for five or six

-miles; this causes an increased quantity of blood to the
lungs more than those organs are able to dispose of in their
weakened condition from the want of regular exercise. It is
also caused by impure air, in horses standing in crowded
stables, and it is often a sequel of catarrh,
136 THE CANADIAN HORSE
é

Symptoms.—When occurring after a hard ride or drive,
the horse will become tired and sluggish in his action; he
will perspire profusely, and almost refuse to proceed except
with the greatest difficulty ; he will stand with his elbows
turned outwards, and heaving violently at the flanks ; the
nostrils are dilated, and the ears and extremities exceed-
ingly cold; the pulse is oppressed, or almost impercep-
tible at the jaw; the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes
are reddened. When of a milder nature, as often occurs in
horses suffering from catarrh which have been subjected to
a fast drive and exposed to cold draughts, he is seized with a
trembling fit ; the ears are cold, and the respiration hurried,
when the ear applied to the chest can plainly detect the im-
perfect breathing,

Treatment.—In acute cases it must be energetic. Clothe
the body well, and administer stimulants, as,

‘Sulphuricether, . . % . 2 ounces,
Laudanum lt x : 3 1 ounce,

to be given in half a pint of cold water ; or nitrous ether may
be given in place of the sulphuric. Ifno medicinal agents can
be conveniently procured, give a quart of warm ale, or a tum-
blerful of gin, whisky, or brandy, mixed up with hot water and
sugar. Blood-letting, which is often practised, is highly inju-
rious, It may appear to momentarily relieve the patient, but
at the same time it increases the weakness. Have him put
into a warm place, with plenty of ventilation, as pure air is
an indispensable adjunct in the treatmént of all pulmonary
diseases. /Tf no relief follows the stimulants, apply hot.cloths
to the sides and loins, and cover up with dry blankets, so as
to induce a copious perspiration, and thereby assist in re-
lieving the lungs.

 
AND HIS DISEASES. 137

“ PNEUMONIA”—“ INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS’—

Consists in inflammation of the parenchymatous structure or
substance of the lungs.

Causes.—It is often a sequel of neglected or improperly
treated catarrh, and frequently congestion of the lungs ter-
minates in pneumonia, A frequent cause is a sudden change
of temperature, also breathing vitiated air in over-crowded,
ill-ventilated stables.

-Symptoms.—Pneumonia, like other chest diseases, is al-
most invariably ushered in by shivering and irregular heat of
the skin ; the mouth becomes hot and clammy, the breathing
is increased, and the breath is hot. The pulse is full and
oppressed, differing in its character from the pulse of pleurisy,
which is hard and wiry. The animal stands persistently,
and has his elbows turned outwards ; the standing posture
affords him the greatest amount of relief; if he lies down he
is threatened with suffocation; the bowels are constipated.
If in a loose-box, he stands with his nose towards the door
or window instinctively to breathe the pure air.

A healthy horse breathes at an average of ten times in the
minute, viz., ten inspirations and ten expirations, and the
time occupied by the inspiratory movement is longer than the
expiratory. In pneumonia the expiration is as long, if not
longer, than the inspiration, and these movements are very
much quickened, being an effort of nature to compensate for
the impaired action of the lungs. When a cough is present,
it is freer and less painful than the cough of pleurisy. By
applying the ear to the sides of the chest, in the early stage
a erepitating sound is heard, which becomes altered as the
disease progresses.

X Treatment.—When occurring from exposure to cold it
canbe treated satisfactorily, but when occurring in an
138 THE CANADIAN HORSE

epizootic form, or brought on from impure air, it is a very
fatal disease. As we recommend in all diseases of the chest,
the animal should be placed in a comfortable and thoroughly
ventilated loose-box, and the body comfortably clothed. It
is almost useless to attempt the treatment of a case of pneu-
monia, if the animal is allowed to stand in an impure atmos-
phere. When the disease is commencing, and the pulse full
and oppressed, take blood, from six to eight quarts for an
ordinary sized horse, and give two drachms of aloes, Full
doses of purgative medicine must not be given, as super-
purgation is easily brought on, and generally proves fatal.
Clysters of soap and water should be given regularly, every
four or five hours, until the bowels are gently moved. Seda-
tives must also be given, as Fleming’s tincture of aconite,
in doses of ten or twelve drops every two hours, until the
increased action of the heart is somewhat abated. Blankets
wrung out of hot water should be applied to the sides in the
early stage, and is preferable to blisters. Another good
sedative in pneumonia is !—

Calomel, : a a Ws 1 scruple,
Powdered opium, . : ‘ : 2 scruples,

made into a ball with linseed meal, and one given three
times a-day. ;
When the disease has lasted for a couple or three days,
blisters are beneficial; the hair should_be removed from off
the sides, and mustard or cantharidine ointment well rubbed
in, and the patient encouraged to take cold water, impreg-
nated with mitre
Recovery commonly takes place about the fifth or sixth
day, and is expedited by the free use of stimulants and tonics,

r the liquor acetate_of ammonia, i o ounce doses four

imes a-day. When the pulse is weak, and the disease hav-
Cn
AND HIS DISEASES. ; 139

ing existed for a considerable time, ‘blood-letting is contra-

indicated, stimulants must be given, as

Sweet spirits of — : ‘ : 1 ounce,
Ale, as. 28 ye tee RS 1 pint,

to be given four or fives times a-day.
ere ere

PLEURISY—“ INFLAMMATION OF THE PLEURA.”

_ That portion of the pleura covering the ribs (pleura
costalis) is stronger, thicker, and more vascular than the por-
tion which .is reflected over the lungs, (pleura pulmonalis,)
hence: we find in inflammation it is mainly implicated. It .
is not an unfrequent occurrence, and is one of the most
serious diseases to which the chest of the horse is liable.
“In man it is different, an attack of pleurisy is but lightly
thought of.” In the horse, when ending fatally, death
seldom takes place before the fourth or fifth day. Recovery
may take place in two or three days, or it may be a fortnight
or three weeks before he is well. Pleurisy occurs as an in-
dependent disease, or it may be accompanied by inflamma-
tion of the lungs.

Causes.—Are similar to other diseases of the chest, as vari-
ations in the temperature, impure air, &c. It is also caused
by an animal drinking greedily of cold water when sweating
profusely ; and in some cases it is the result of injuries.

Symptoms,—It is invariably preceded by a shivering at-
tack, speedily followed by inflammatory fever, and the animal

.. begins to blow. If you move him, and press upon the inter-

costal spaces, he evinces pain ; he will stand with his hind-
legs well under him, placing himself in a position similar to
what he does when labouring under an attack of laminitis.
The pulse in the early stage may be but little affected, it be-
comes hard and wiry, and vibrating strong under the finger.
A well marked symptom of pleurisy is a prominent line,
140 THE CANADIAN HORSE

extending along the side of the abdomen, The respiration
becomes increased and peculiarly laboured ; and the ear ap-

plied to the chest will detect a rough rasping noise, and there
is generally present a short, painful, suppressed cough, easily

excited by pressure on the larynx; the legs and ears. are

cold, the bowels unmoved, and the urine scanty. At times
the appearances of. recovery are deceptive, the fever and
breathing are not so intense, and the horse apparently seems
relieved, he will, perhaps, eat a little, the skin looks sleek
and glossy. These signs of amendment may even continue

for several days, but if the pulse is gradually increasing in
frequency, and its strength diminishing, in all probability’
water is forming in the chest, constituting

HYDROTHORAX, “ OR WATER IN THE CHEST.”

When this has taken place to any great extent, there is
difficulty in breathing, and flapping of the nostrils ; the eyes
are clear and unnaturally prominent, the intercostal spaces
bulge out, and the ear applied to the chest can only detect
the respiratory murmur above the surface of the fluid. The
legs and breast swell, the circulation becomes more and
more impaired, the pulse getting weak and indistinct.

Treatment of Pleurisy is similar to that of pneumonia.
In the first stage we recommend bleeding, but after the
second or third day blood-letting is not advisable. Give
laxatives—as aloes four drachms, or one pint of linseed oil—
clothe the body well, and apply.to the sides hot cloths, or
the ammoniacal liniment. (See page 212.) Administer in
cold water, every two or three hours, ten drops of Fleming’s
tincture of aconite, combined with “two drachms of the nitrate
of potash ; after giving six doses of the aconite, discontinue
it, and give instead—
. _ AND HIS DISEASES. os U4T

Calomel, i ‘ 2 ‘ ‘ 1 scruple,

nN Powdered opium, . es . 1 scruple,
to be given every three hours, until four doses are given.
When water has formed in the chest, (hydrothorax), stimu-
lants, tonics, and diuretics must be given, as a pint of warm
ale, combined with one ounce of nitrous ether three times a
day, blisters applied to the sides, and the iodide of potassium
in one drachm doses twice a day. Feed the animal on nutri-
tive and easily-digested food. When a large accumulation
of fluid takes place it must be removed by tapping (paracen-
tesis thoracis.) (See Operations, page 197.)

Bronchitis; “or inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the bronchial tubes,” is often associated with inflamma-
tion of the lungs, but also occurs as a separate affection.

Causes—Are similar to other pulmonary diseases, and is a
result of laryngitis or catarrh; or it may depend on atmos-
pheric influences, and in those cases it is always accompanied
with great weakness and prostration. It sometimes follows ,
the careless administration of medicines, whereby it passes
into the windpipe (trachea) and descends to the bronchial
tubes, setting up, great irritation. _
~ Symptoms.—The first symptom often observed is a short,
dry, and husky cough, speedily becoming more prolonged.
When a horse gives a natural cough he opens his mouth a
little, but when labouring under this disease he keeps his mouth
close trying to, suppress the cough. As the disease advances.
the mouth becomes hot and dry, the ears and extremities
alternately hot and cold, the pulse not hard and wiry as in

_ pleurisy, but soft and compressible, and the respirations are
-“quick and hollow; the ear applied to the breast can easily
rattling sound, the bowels are inactive, and his

_ detect a g
appetite is gone. Death may occur in from three to five

days.

 
~ 142 THE CANADIAN HORSE

/ Treatment is also similar to the treatment recommended
for pneumonia, with the exception that bloodletting should
not be practised in bronchitis, and purgatives must also be
used with extreme caution; it is often much safer to open
the bowels by means of clysters than have recourse to -pur-
gative medicines, as the bowels are so extremely sensitive
in this disease. If the cough is very distressing, the fol-
lowing, ball will be found serviceable—

+

Extract of belladonna, 1 drachm,
Powdered digitalis, : 5 : 2 scruples,
Camphor, 7 7 : erie, 2 1 drachm,
Powdered opium, . : ‘ ; 1 scruple,

«

to be given morning and night.
After the second or third day, if the weakness increases,
the following drench should be given four times a day

Sweet spirit of nitre, 8 1 fluid ounce.
Aromatic spirits of ammonia, . 1 7
Waiter (cold,) . ae 1 pint.

HEAVES OR BROKEN-WIND u

is a very common affection of horses, and in some cases it is
attributed to emphysema of the lungs, or rupture of some of
the air-cells, whereby air escapes into the cellular or inter-
cellular tissue; in other instances it is due to some lesion of
the pneumogastric nerve.

Causes.—A common cause is from riding or driving fast
immediately after feeding, or drinking a large quantity of
water. It is also produced by feeding on dusty clover hay ;
it is also a sequel of some of the diseases of the air passages,
and of the chest.

Symptoms.—Respiration is conducted with remarkable
difference, the process of inspiration is quickly performed,
whilst the expiratory process takes place by a sort of double
action; and owing to the abdominal muscles being brought
AND HIS DISEASES. 143

into action, their contraction produces aline extending down-
wards. and forwards along the flank. The horse is also
generally pot-bellied, and has a great tendency to eat his
bedding and also to drink large quantities of water. “A well-
marked symptom is the loud, prolonged, and hacking cough.
Changes of weather also affect the broken-winded horse.

Broken wind in a confirmed state is incurable, and no
reliance can be put upon the many specifies sold for the cure
of heaves. This disease may be palliated, and thé horse
rendered serviceable for moderate work, by giving nutritious
food in small quantities, and feeding regularly. Occasional
- doses of laxative medicine may be given with advantage.
During the day the quantity of water should be restricted,
but at night he may have his regular allowance. In fact,
more can be done to relieve this complaint by proper atten-
tion to feeding than by medicinal remedies.
CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

THE nervous system consists of the brain, which is lodged in
the cavity of the skull (cranium) ; the spinal cord, lodged in
the cavity of the vertebral chain ; and numerous little white
cords, called nerves, which are given out from the brain and
spinal cord, and distributed to the different parts of the
body, especially those parts endowed with sensibility, and
under the control of the will. Besides this system of
nerves, there is another set, independent of the cerebro-
spinal axis, called the sympathetic or ganglionic system,
which supply the organs of nutrition and other viscera,
blood-vessels, &c. It consists of numerous small centres,
called ganglia, extending in two great chains from the head to
the tail, on each side of the bodies of the vertebree, closely
associated with the other system by intricate communication.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN (PHRENITIS.)

Phrenitis is not a very common disease, though the sub-
stance of the brain itself, or, a$ is more commonly the gase,
its membranes or coverings become inflamed. It has received
various appellations, such as mad staggers, sleepy stag-
gers, &e. . , i

Causes.—The causes are not thoroughly understood. In-
juries to the skull, metastasis, or the transferénce of inflam-
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, 145

mation from some of the other organs, high condition and
over-work, undue exposure to a hot sun, all seem to be
favourable to its production.

Symptoms—lIt is usually ushered in by dulness and
persistent drowsiness ; he stands with his head between his
legs, or sometimes resting: on the manger or leaning against
the wall; the eyes shut, and the pupils dilated ; the pulse
is full, soft, and slow; the breathing is heavy and loud; he
is very difficult to arouse, and when startled he looks,dreamily
about; may take a few bites of hay but soon drops asleep
again ; the bowels are costive, and the urine scanty and high
coloured,

In a day or two the symptoms are either mitigated or ‘it
goes on to the second stage, when the pulse becomes quick,
general excitement takes the place of lethargic stupor; the
countenance is wild and excited looking ; the eyes are blood-
shot and staring; delirium sets in; he dashes himself
furiously about, reels and staggers, often throws himself
violently down ; lies trembling, blowing, and convulsed ; his
bloodshot eyes like to start out of their sockets; he will
soon get up, rear and plunge forward, breaking everything
around him ; evidently unconscious of the injuries he. is sus-
taining; and, what is characteristic of the complaint, his

destruction is carried on evidently without purpose, as is
“evinced in rabies or madness. The convulsions become

more frequent and continuous, and death ends his ee
in from twenty to twenty-four hours.

Treatment. —Copious blood-letting must be at once re-
sorted to; no time should be lost in giving a strong dose
of purgative medicine. One or both jugulars may be
opened, or where, from the restlessness of the patient or
danger in working about him, this is impracticable, the

lancet should be plunged into the temporal artery, which

K
146 THE CANADIAN HORSE

will be found about three inches below the ear, between
it and the nostril.
The following drench should be given :—

‘ i y

Barbadoes aloes, a 6 drachms,
Carbonate of soda, . d . half an ounce,
Croton beans finely powdered, . ' 15, ,

shaken up in a quart of warm water.

Three drachms of aloes may be given every three hours
with copious injections every hour, till the bowels are freely
opened.

Sedatives should also be used—such as extract of
hyoscyamus and calomel, a drachm of each shaken up
in a little thin gruel, given every two hours. Seldom is
repetition of blood-letting advisable ; cold water should be
constantly applied to the head ; a small hose made to play
upon it in a constant stream, where it is convenient, will
be found very useful.

MEGRIMS OR VERTIGO, .

The form of nervous complication known as-megrims is not
uncommon in Canada. Its nature is but imperfectly deter-
mined.

Causes,—It is often connected with worms or other de-
rangements of the stomach or bowels, said also to depend on
‘over-accumulation of blood in the head. The late Professor
John Barlow found tumours in the choroid plexus of the
brain. In these cases, it is often connected with over-feed-
ing, and its consequence, derangement of the digestive organs.
It is most commonly seen in harness horses, usually during
hot weather, occurs generally on a heavy pull going up hill;

probably from pressure of the collar interrupting the return.

of blood from the head, or “the long continued constraint
the bearing-rein puts the head to,” may prove the exciting
causes in animals predisposed to it.
AND HIS DISEASES. 147

Symptoms.—All at once, when going along the road, he is
observed to jerk up his head in a convulsive manner; he
seems giddy, reels, staggers, and may fall down and lie for
a few moments insensible ; he gets up, looks stupidly about,
shakes himself, and proceeds as if nothing had happened.

At other times he merely stops, experiences a few convul-
sive movements of the head, with slight giddiness, which by
letting him stand a few minutes soon passes off. He is ever
after subject to these fits, especially during the hot summer
months.

Treatment.—When depending on organic changes in the
brain it is incurable, and is subject to these attacks from
* time to time. When a fit comes on, on the road, stop him at
once, throw the collar forward off his shoulders and let him
stand ; if convenient, pour a stream of cold water over his
head. Bleeding in the mouth has been recommended, but
is quite empirical; it soon passes off. When occurring in
a young horse for the first time, he should be well physicked
out, and if worms are suspected, treated as recommended for
worms. Tonics are often beneficial, especially arsenic given
in doses of from three to five grains daily. Megrim subjects
are dangerous hacks, and should only be used where they can
do no harm to life or property.

PARALYSIS, PALSY.

By paralysis is meant either the partial or complete loss
of power of voluntary motion of a part of the body.
Causes.—It depends on some lesion or other interruption
of function in the spinal cord, usually arising from injury of
the vertebre, causing bruising pressure or effusion on to the
cord or its membranes. Injury of the spine sometimes arises
from being cast for operations, falls in leaping, turning in a
narrow stall, &c. It may be complete fracture or partial,
giving rise to enlargement of the bone producing pressure
148 THE CANADIAN HORSE

on the cord, or the membranes may become inflamed and
effusion follow, producing partial or complete paralysis.
Symptoms.—A. thorough acquaintance with the anatomy

of the part is necessary to be able to an opinion in |

these cases. i

When the “back is broken” the power of motion is com-
pletely destroyed in the parts of the body behind the injury,
though sensibility sometimes remains in a slight degree.
It may be seen at once by the complete loss of power follow-
ing a violent struggle, or he may merely be stiff, dragging
the quarters as he is being led home, but he soon goes down,
loses the use of the hind extremities entirely. This must
not be confounded with laceration of the psoas muscles,
which sometimes occurs from similar causes, also causing loss
of power behind; in the latter he retains the power of
motion in the tail, and the sensibility of the legs remains.
Generally in complete paralysis the sphincters of the rectum
and bladder are relaxed and the dung.and urine are involun-
tarily passed. ea

In cases of only partial fb of power, where effusion of
fluid is taking place, or bony enlargement pressing on the
cord, the palsy is gradual and seldom complete. The. diffi-
culty in moving the hind limbs is very observable ; he drags
them after him in a manner very graphically given by Mr
Mayhew,—“ one foot-is perpetually getting in the way of the
other, and constantly threatening to throw the animal down,
whose walk already is rolling and unsteady.”

Treatment.—-When fracture of the spine is ascertained to
have taken place, producing complete paralysis, he may be
destroyed, as even should partial recovery be attained, he is
not worth much. When only partial or diminished nervous
power exists, complete recovery may take place, Turn him
into a loose-box, open the bowels by laxatives.

*
-
AND HIS DISEASES. . 149

The spine should be freely blistered, and either of the fol-
lowing balls given night and morning :—

Nux vomicain powder, . 1 drachm,

made into a ball, with linseed meal and extract of gentian.
Or, 3

Strychnine, : : ‘ 2 grains,

made into a ball in the same way.
The nux vomica or strychnine, whichever be used, should |
be gradually increased, until they produce their physiological
_ actions, known by twitching of the muscles and slight
tetanic convulsions, when it should be stopped, or the dose
diminished. He must be well fed and regularly groomed.
The treatment must be persevered in, as it is often tedious.

Ye ht PARTIAL PARALYSIS. wis, minor file

Under t this name we will notice a disease which is is very
common it in this c this “country, and very alarming i in its aspect
“from the « suddenness o of its ts attack and severity of its symp-
toms, producing almost complete loss of power of the hind

arters; =~

7” Cais —It usually occurs in horses which are being *‘ fed
up,” or which have bee been accustomed to_hard work, and are
allowed to remain in | in the_stal stable for a few days, having a.
liberal allowance of ¢ good ‘feed, the system “system becomes plethotic,
more blood being formed than the system can dispose 0 of,
whereby the vascular organs s are overloaded, and_conse-

_ quently, under increased action caused by exertion, they are’
apt to become congested. a

Symptoms. —The animal is apparently in excellent health
and spirits/ “He starts off lively; but before he has gone

' far, he suddenly stops, crouches, seems very much distressed.
The sweat rolls off him in str streams ; he blows and heaves at

_——

 

 

 

 

”
150 THE CANADIAN HORSE

the flanks; he cannot move for a few minutes. He drops
on his hind quarters ; ; can_hardly drag them after him.
When made to move, he drops as_ if his leg was dislocated
or broken. The The pulse is very very high, from sixty to eighty, and
the m muscles. of the quarter are er are swollen and hard. In some
cases he g gets dor down, and cannot get up again ; but_seldom is
loss 0 ‘power _at_ first_complete, or sensibility entirely lost.
The urine is generally very high coloured ; we have seen it
black, and ‘always voided + with difficulty.

_¥Preaiment. né.—When seen in the early stages, cae six
‘quarts of blood. Jremove the the urine with a catheter, diligently
Nes ee
apply hot water cloths to the loins, and cover them well up
with dry blankets, changed ed_every half-hour. Give twenty
drops of t tincture of a aconite in a little cold water every two
hours, “till the Feve fever_subs subsides, If the pain is very severe and
twitching, give the follox following

 

 

 

 

 

errs. é a
DRENCcH.
Sweet spirits of nitre, . 2 ounces.
| Tincture of opium, a 2 ounces.
Cold water, : Ds 1 quart.
Mix.

Injections of soap and water should be given, and the legs _
well rubbed and bandaged ff Light drat of aloo soa)
also_be given. {

To most cases it will vill yield to this treatm ent, and in three
or four days he he will be convalescent. However, in many
the loss of Power inere increases ; he makes frequent efforts to
get up, but cannot “Support Timeelt behind, In_these cases
the spine should be freely Diistéred with mustard and
turpentine, or the strong ammoniacal liniment, Frequent
small doses of warm beer and sweet nitre should be given,
and restricted diet, carrots, bran-mash, &c. When all fever__
and acute symptoms have subsided, and recovery of power is —

——

 
AND HIS DISEASES. _ 151

tardy, small doses of nux vomica or strychnine, as recom-
mended “under paralysis, should be given. He should be
well bedded up with straw, and turned d night and_morning
until he is 1 is _able_to_ris to_rise. Tt offen runs its course in from
thirty-six to to_forty-eight hours, + usually, y, however, in from
three to six days. ‘It is more fatal in stallions and geldings
_than in mares, _ ere Sa
TETANUS OR LOCKJAW.

Tetanus is a peculiar irritability of the nervous system,
inducing gonstant spasmodic contraction of the voluntary,
and after a time the involuntary, muscles. . It is not uncom-
mon in this country, especially during the summer months
It is usually called lockjaw, from this becoming a prominent
symptom,. but the term is objectionable, inasmuch as we
have often cases of tetanus in which the jaws are not
“locked,” and are but slightly implicated. Other technical
terms are used, according to the extent and predominance of
the muscles affected. We use the general term tetanus to
express the peculiar state of the system when affected with
the peculiar spasmodic rigidity of this disease in the whale
or part of the body.

Causes—It commonly occurs in consequence of wounds,
when it is called trawmatic tetanus; also from other causes
not apparent, when it is distinguished as idiopathic tetanus.
Tt often arises from wounds of the foot-pricks, corks, &c.,
punctures of the tendons or their sheaths, deep punctured
wounds of the groin, as from being staked, saddle-galls, &e. *
Sometimes follows castration, docking and pricking; worms
and other intestinal irritation sometimes give rise to it; un-
due exposure to wet and cold, &c., are common causes.

_ Symptoms.—We are unable to detect it until the well-
cnacked symptoms present themselves, which, once seen, can
never be forgotten, yet no doubt it exists in the system for a
152 THE CANADIAN HORSE

few days previous. A horse labouring under this awful
disease is one of the most pitiable objects we can look at.
He stands with his legs wide apart, like four posts, to sup-
port his body ; which, from the head to the tail, is rigid and
quivering. The head is protruded, the muzzle and facial
muscles contracted, the nostrils open, and the whole expres-
sion of the countenance haggard and excited, evincing great
suffering. The haw (membrana nictitans) is pushed forward
over the eye-ball, which is drawn into the socket, and squints
outward. The jaws in most cases become early closed by
the spasm of the masseter muscles; hence the name “ lock-
jaw.” The neck is very stiff, and the flank drawn up; the
tail is raised and quivering ; he drags his legs, and straddles
very much in walking. The bowels are constipated, the
urine scanty, and passed with difficulty. The pulse is not
usually very high, but is easily raised by excitement; he is
very nervous, starts and quivers when any one approaches
him. His appetite remains good, and from inability to feed,
his hunger amounts to starvation ; he will make every effort
to suck up gruel or fluids, when, from the fixidity of the
jaws, he is unable to masticate. The breathing, at first not
much altered, becomes difficult and loud. The symptoms
generally reach their climax about the third or fourth day.
Treatment.—He must be thoroughly examined to see
whether any wound or puncture can be discovered ; if found,
it must be thoroughly opened up, and diligently fomented
with warm water and poultices of linseed meal, and
hyoscyamus leaves applied to soothe it and allay the irrita-
tion. He must be ‘removed into a cool, dark, mony loose-
box, and a strong purgative, such as z
Aloes (Barbadoes), . 7 drachms, f
Calomel, « . . 2 drachms, {

given in ae or ball, as most convenient.
AND HIS DISEASES, 153

Injections of alkaline solution of aloes should also be
> given, as it is of the greatest importance to get the bowels
open early. Belladonna in half-drachm doses should be
given four or five times a day. If it cannot be given other-
wise, place it up in the cheek, when he will suck it up; or
good effects will sometimes be obtained from doses of twenty- |
five drops of prussic acid given four or five times.a day. He
must be kept perfectly quiet, and the box cool and dark, no
one being allowed to go near him but the attendants, and
they must work about him noiselessly. A newly-flayed
sheepskin should be laid over the loins, and well covered up
to excite perspiration, but blisters and other irritating treat-
ment must be avoided. ,He must be treated as in a nervous
fever. He should be allowed all the nutriment he will take ;
and when he cannot eat, sloppy drinks of linseed tea, barley
water, well boiled, oatmeal gruel, &c., should be frequently
placed within his reach.
It may run its course in four or five days, or it may con-
tinue for one or two weeks. It very often proves fatal.

RABIES OR MADNESS.

This dreadful malady is, providentially, of rare occurrence,
and does not arise spontaneously in horses, but is usually the
effects of the bite of a “mad dog.” .

Symptoms.—the attack is usually sudden, as it is severe,
and seldom extends beyond the third day. It usually
appears from two to eight weeks after the animal has been
bitten. Sometimes it comes on gradually; he is observed
dull, and his manner is peculiar. The other animals in the
barn-yard seem afraid of him; he is observed to snap and
bite at poultry, pigsy sheep, or other horses, when roused,
then relapses into his dull state again. In a short time his
154 THE CANADIAN HORSE

eyes become staring wild and excited, and he runs at any-
thing that comes in his way. a

At other times it comes on suddenly, with all the fury of
genuine madness ; he becomes wild and frantic, bites and
tears at everything within his reach ; he rears up, kicks
and plunges, presently gets down, gnaws at his own legs or
sides, snaps at anything that is pushed towards him, gets up
and runs with open mouth at any one who goes near him;
palsy of the hind legs is apt to supervene ; thirst is exces-
sive ; and the act of swallowing apparently difficult.”

- Treatment,—Curative treatment is hopeless, hence our
efforts must be directed to preventing it.

When an animal is known to have been bitten by a mad
dog, a string should at once be tightly tied above the injury,
and the bitten part cut out or burned with the cautery or
. nitric acid, and some stimulant, such as good brandy, freely
given ; the same treatment is applicable to all animals.

STRINGHALT.

_ This peculiar and unsightly action of the hind leg is gen-.
erally supposed to depend on “irregular action of the ner-
vous energy” supplying the muscles of the leg. Various
views of its nature have been promulgated, but its patho-
logy is not well understood. It is said to arise from “some
obscure disease of the sciatic nerve,” or “local irritation, or
of pressure on some nervous fibril.” According to Mr May-
hew, it is the imperfect development of that form of disease
which in man and dogs is called chorea, or St Vitus's dance,
arising too, he thinks, from “the pressure of a spicula of
bone on the spinal marrow.”

We are not prepafed to venture an opinion on the nature
of this peculiar affection. We have frequently seen, in colts
suffering from worms, and in horses from derangements of
AND HIS DISEASES. 155

the digestive organs, a temporary spasmodic jerking of one
or both hind legs, genuine stringhalt, from which they com-
pletely recovered under good keep and mineral tonics.

However, in older animals confirmed stringhalt is incurable,
but beyond its ungainly appearance, it does not interfere
with his usefulness. It is considered unsoundness,

 
CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND SYSTEM IN GENERAL.

WE have already noticed the chief diseased condition in
which the vital fluid is implicated, viz., inflammation. In
the present chapter we treat of those diseases distinguished
as specific affections, originating in a faulty state of the
blood, and characterised by their specific effects on the system
in general. ;

/ GLANDERS AND rarey. }

Veterinary science has made great advancement in the
elucidation of the true nature of disease, but the pathology
of this loathsome and fatal disease is as yet far from being
thoroughly understood, notwithstanding the researches of
Dupuy, Vines, Coleman, Percival, Dick, and others.

This disease is not very common in Canada; only a few
cases have come under our notice. :

It is a generally received opinion that it depends on the
formation of tubercles in the various tissues of the body,
particularly in the lungs and membranes lining the nostrils,
as in true glanders, or the absorbent glands of the groin,
shoulder, neck, &c., as in farcy.

Causes.—We cannot agree with Dupuy in considering
glanders as hereditary. It arises in most cases spontaneously,
from being kept in low, damp, ill-ventilated stables, parti-
cularly when debilitated by hard work and insufficient
nourishment, also as a sequel of weakening complaints, such
: CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, 157

as neglected or improperly treated strangles, influenza,
diabetes, &c., injuries and exposure to cold in certain states
of the system may give rise to the development of the virus
in the blood. From whatever cause it arises, it becomes
very contagious, and apt to spread in a stable ; not only horses
are subject to it, but the mule and ass are not exempt, and
numerous cases are recorded of students and attendants
having been inoculated in working about them, and died
from this horrible malady. ,

-- Symptoms.—tThe distinctive appearances which planione
cieaent may be slow in their development, and may con-
tinue for years, during which he may feed and work well,
constituting chronic glanders ; or they may run on rapidly,
and in two or three weeks are well marked and soon run on
to a fatal termination, when it is called acute glanders.

The coat is rou¢h and staring ; he is usually hide-bound ;
the belly drawn up, and constitutional disturbance exists, the
pulse being easily excited ; the membrane lining the nosirils
is of a leaden hue; the glands under the jaw are enlarged,
especially on the side from which the discharge takes place—
usually the right, sometimes the left, or even from both; the
discharge is clear and watery at first, becoming thicker and
sticky, accumulating round the nostril ; cough may be pre-
sent, but it is not an invariable symptom, As it advances,
the discharge increases, becomes purulent, of a greenish
colour, sometimes mixed 1 with streaks | of blood ;}it is of a
heavy specific gravity, and if dropped into water sinks to thé
affected side becomes hard and adherent to the side of the
jaw ; ulcerating tubercles form on the nostril, which have a

" mousé<eaten appearance, being raised and irregular at. the
edges, and depressed in ¢ depressed in the centre; they run into patches

and gpread over the whole nasal septum; weakness and

OY

 

 
158 THE CANADIAN HORSE

emaciation set in, The ulceration in some cases extends to
the cartilages, and even the bones are sometimes implicated,
‘ when occasional bleedings ensue, The tubercles increase in
the lungs ; cough is troublesome ; farcy buds appear in some
cases over the body, and he dies a disgusting and loathsome
spectacle.

Other diseases have been mistaken for glanders ; symptoms
which are apt to mislead the uninitiated arise from the ex-
istence of diseased teeth, as occurred in a case of a valuable
gelding which was destroyed, supposed to be affected with
glanders, belonging to a gentleman near Aurora, York
county, and on examining the head, which was sent to us, it:
was found to have been ulceration arising from a diseased
tooth. Professor Dick in his lectures relates several similar
cases. We have frequently had horses sent to us for exami-
nation said to have glanders, when in reality it was simply
nasal gleet, which recovered completely under treatment.

In many cases the gland is not adherent to the bone, and
still genuine glanders exists; on the other hand, the gland may
be adherent without glanders. Neither is much dependence
to be placed on the increased specific gravity of the discharge,
as in some cases of diseased teeth it will also sink to the
bottom in water. ;

Farcy—Farcy and glanders are essentially the same dis-
ease, and depending on the same specific poison in the blood,
but manifesting itself in a different locality. It often occurs
in connexion with glanders, but is also seen independent of
it, running into glanders as it progresses.

Symptoms.—It usually affects the superficial absorbents of
the hind limbs in the groin, extending downwards on the inside
of the thigh, following the line of the lymphatics, also along the
absorbents of the neck and shoulders ; little tubercles or
farcy buds form, which in some cases become indurated and
AND HIS DISEASES. 159

lie dormant for a time, but in most cases they go on to
ulceration, producing angry irregular ulcers similar to the
‘ulceration in glanders; the virus being conveyed along the
absorbents, the buds extend in knots; lines of corded and
inflamed absorbents are felt extending from below upward,
the hair being rough and bristling along their course; by
and by swelling of the legs sets in ; as it goes on he becomes
emaciated ; the ulceration attacks the nostrils, and glanders
and farcy are combined, and death relieves him at last. A
disease called watery farcy must not be mistaken for genuine
farcy. ;

Treatment of Glanders—Almost every article of the
materia medica has been experimented with to cure this
disease, but as yet it has baffled all attempts. From the
danger arising by contagion to other animals and the attend-
ants, the sooner he is destroyed the better.

+ Before destroying a horse it is well to be satisfied that

the diagnosis is correct.\ We generally inoculate his own
shoulder, or some worthless animal, so as to satisfy ourselves.

Glandered matter Iai er the skin will produce consi-

derable tumefaction, | followed by discharge of sticky un-
healthy matter, and in some cases farcy buds, and in another
animal either glanders or farcy.\ Great care should be taken
not to let the matter come in contact with any sor he
hands, as we have known fatal results follow from this cause.
The stable must be thoroughly renovated, and the walls
washed, with chloride of lime, Conde’s or Sir William Bur-
nett’s disinfecting fluid, and every precaution taken to pre-
vent it extending to other fore °

STRANGLES OR HORSE DISTEMPER. -

Strangles is a disease peculiar to the horse, occurring
mostly’ in young horses from two to five years old. “ It
160 THE CANADIAN HORSE

may be defined a catarrhal affection, accompanied by a
specific phlegmonous affection of the cellular membrane of
the throat, tending to abscess, with slight fever” (Dick). It
is contagious, and but few horses escape it,

Causes.—We are rather inclined to the opinion that it
consists of some “animal poison” latent in the system,
which is being thrown off by this process. The exciting
causes are similar to catarrh, transition from cold to heat, as
from the pasture to the stable, change of stable from the
country to the city. Occurs most commonly i in spring, and
usually seen in cold damp weather.

Symptoms.—It is usually.ushered in by slight favorit
ness ; the mouth is hot and dry ; the membrane lining the
nostrils is red ; the eyes dull and watering ; the pulse quick
and weak ; the throat sore; and cough is troublesome. He
is dull, and weakness becomes a prominent symptom. In a
few days a hard inflammatory tumour forms between the
branches of the jaw, which is hot and tender ; the breathing
becomes quick and laboured ; from the soreness and tume-
faction of the throat, he swallows with difficulty. ;

In ordinary cases the tumour goes on to suppuration; a
copious discharge of thick yellow matter takes place from
the nostrils. In about a week the tumour has matured,
become soft, and points, and either bursts or is opened ;
continues to discharge for some time ; and gradual recovery
takes place.

In some seasons it does not follow this regular course.
The tumour is imperfectly developed, is tardy in maturing, -
sometimes disappears without suppurating, and forms in the
breast, flank, or some other part of the body. This is known
as irregular strangles. It may be suspected when the
weakness increases, and recovery is delayed. When forming
in the internal organs, it presents different and often com-
AND HIS DISEASES, . 161

plicated symptoms. When the lungs are implicated, the
breathing is affected; the pulse is quick and weak; he
maintains the standing position ; pain is evinced by pressure
between the ribs behind the arm, and auscultation and per-
cussion afford conclusive evidence. If forming in the bowels
or mesenteric glands, colicky pains are frequent; he looks
wistfully to his flanks; in the stable he lies most of his
time.; and at work he is languid and easily sweated. These
cases are usually hopeless when the essential organs are
involved,

Treatment.—No attempt should be made to drive it back,
for, like all eruptive fevers, it must run its course, and can-
not be checked without danger. He should be turned into
a-comfortable loose-box kept at a temperature of 60°, plenti-
fully supplied with pure fresh air; the bowels should be
opened by injections, the body being warmly clothed, and
the legs bandaged ; he must be fed on bran, carrots, boiled.
oats or barley, and green food when procurable, Hot fomen-
tations and poultices should be freely applied to the tumour,
go as to encourage its proper formation. Small doses of
‘saltpetre should be given in the feed, or the following
powders, one night and mornin’ :-—

Nitre, Pan oe 1 ounce and a half:
Tartar emetic, . 6 drachms,

Mix, and make into six powders.

When the tumour is matured, it may be allowed to burst
of itself, or it may be carefully opened by cutting through
the skin, and pushing in the finger.

Recovery will be expedited by generous feed and mineral
tonics. rd

The irregular form must be treated on the same principles,

being guided by the symptoms.
L
162 THE CANADIAN HORSE

INFLUENZA.

Influenza belongs to the class of diseases termed snimone
which are distinguished by extending over a large tract of
country, and attacking a number of horses at the same time.
In its nature it resembles an epidemic form of catarrh, but
it is essentially different, and is easily distinguished from
that complaint by its epizootic character, and the marked
prostration and low typhoid form of fever which always
accompanies it. It does not affect horses alike in all.seasons ;
some years it is apt to involve the lungs principally, with a
marked tendency to dropsical effusion, whereas in others the
liver and digestive organs are chiefly implicated.

Causes. —It is usually supposed to arise from “ atmos-
pheric” causes,—some changes which are said to exist in the
atmosphere which are’ not easily explained. It occurs
mostly in spring or‘autumn, and is most commonly seen in
over-crowded, ill-ventilated stables. City horses are more
liable to it than those in the country, and coarser breeds are
more subject to it than the finer breeds.

Symptoms.—It is early characterised by weakness, a
quick, weak pulse, hot mouth, shivering, dulness, watery eyes.

- The lining membrane of the nose is reddened, accompanied
by a watery discharge, which soon becomes thick and puru-
lent, accompanied by sore throat and difficulty of swallow-
ing ; the appetite is impaired, and the bowels costive,
These symptoms, instead of abating, as in catarrh, increase,
the breathing becomes hurried, and there is lifting of the
flanks. The low form of fever is characteristic, as also its
occurring in spring or fall, and attacking a number of
animals in the same way, ae it from common
catarrh,

In some seasons the lungs are primarily affected, and

5
’ AND HIS DISEASES. 163

there is great weakness, with a tendency to dropsical effu-
sion ; water accumulates in the chest; the heart and its
coverings are seriously involved.; often the eyelids, lips, and
whole head are enormously distended with fluid. In other
cases the liver and bowels seem to suffer most, causing great
thirst, general uneasiness, costive bowels, and light-coloured
foeces, sometimes covered by slimy mucus, and rapid prostra-
tion. “When an unfavourable termination occurs, the
dulness increases to stupor, the extremities get colder, the
breathing more difficult and abdominal, the pulse quicker,
weaker, and more irregular, and death occurs from the tenth
to the twentieth day.”

Treatment—The general principles laid down for the
treatment of common catarrh are applicable to the treatment
of influenza ; bleeding, ] purging, and_depletion must be
avoided, as t the debilitating g tendengy is g is great from th from the first.
He should be placed i in a “Toose-box, the body clot clothed, and
the legs bandaged. J If noticed while the shivering fit lasts,
one or two ounces of acetate of ammonia may be given with
advantage. | The bowels should be gently opened by a pint
of castor-oil and one or two drachms of calomel, supple-
mented by injections of soap and water. When the rigour
has passed off, and the fever runs high, tincture of aconite,
in doses of fifteen drops, should be given every two hours ;
he should be encouraged to drink water holding small doses_
of nitre in solution ; should he not drink it, he may_have a
few mouthfuls of cold water every hour; nothing is better
for reducing fever. He should have green food when pro-
curable, or a spare allowance of boiled barley, or oats, bran
mash, &c, When the throat is very sore, and the cough
troublesome, rub the throat well with tincture of cantharides
and morning :— _
164 ; THE CANADIAN HORSE

Camphor, ‘ F a 1 drachm,
Opium, . ee ee 1 drachm,
Nitrate of potash, m= 40 2 drachms,

made into a ball, with linseed meal and.molasses.

Should the lungs or bronchial tubes become involved, in-
dicated by the heaving flanks and careful breathing, the sides
should be blistered and other ways treated as directed for in-
flammation of these organs. f From the first stimulants are
beneficial in the treatment of influenza to to counteract the
debilitating tendency cy, amd during r recovery frequent “small
doses of beer a1 and sweet spirits of nitre are very use eful

When all inflammatory symptoms. have disappeared,

mineral and vegetable tonics will expedite the recovery. He
requires great care for some ti
~ TT

+ TYPHOID FEVER. }#

A disease of a very fatal character, evidently ; an equine
species of this disease has been noticed to prevail during the
spring months for the last three or four years in this country.
Until lately, typhoid fever was not recognised in veterinary ~
nosology as a primary disease, although as an accompaniment
of epidemic diseases, such as strangles, influenza, &c., we
were familiar with it in all its forms. It now occurs in
forms so well marked that we are justified in giving it a
place in professional nomenclature as a distinct disease.

Causes——It is mainly attributable to those influences
which interfere with the general health and vigour of the
animal, among which stand pre-eminently overcrowding, im-
proper ventilation, confinement in damp filthy stables, drink-
ing bad water, holding in solution decomposing organic
matters, insufficient nourishment, and undue exposure, ta-
gether with what may be termed generally, atmospheric
causes. :
AND HIS DISEASES. fo . 165

£ Symptoms.—It is ushered in by shivering, dulness, and
languor. The animal stands hanging his head ; is listless

and stupid; the pulse is quick and weak; the mouth hot

and dry ; a watery discharge trickles down the nostrils, which
are pallid or of a yellow tinge. He is very thirsty ; but is
unable to swallow either food or water. “Tie tbront i tender;
but there is no observable tumefaction, He has a painful
cough, but not very frequént, The secretions are sluggish,
and the surface temperature variable,

The great predominant symptom is the extreme prostration
which from the first characterises the complaint. In from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours the weakness has so much
increased that he is unable to stand; he gets down ; colicky

ains set in; the pulse increases in frequency ; b

weaker and Weaker, till it is altogether imperceptible ;

breathing is quick: and short, and the breath fetid. It

usually runs its course in three or four days. After death the
body emits the i aaa
Treatment is very unsatisfactory. It often proves fatal.
‘Stimulants must be freely given from the first. The throat
should be freely blistered and gargled internally with | the_
following gargle:— _ .
ure of silver, . 3 ‘ . 40 grains.
Rain water, . ‘ so SS " 4 ounces.

   

, The back part of the throat to be ‘touched carefully with it
, by means of a piece of sponge on the end of a whalebone
\ staff. | a
Give the following drench twice a-day :—

Nitrate of potash and salammoniac (of each), . 2 drachms.
., ee eer
Sweet spirits of nitre, ‘ x 1a » + @lounce.
Water, . ». + «© «© -«  « «+ 91 quart.
f

Miz.
166 CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES.

‘The legs should be well rubbed and bandaged, the body ©
clothed, and comfort otherwise attended to. ‘

It should be prevented by improved ventilation and drain-
age, and a change of water, with or food and regular
exercise.
CHAPTER XIII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE,

THE eye, or organ of vision, is composed of three tunics or
coats, and of the same number of humours. To the external
coat (sclerotic and cornea) it owes its form. The middle
tunic is made up of the choroid, or vascular coat, of the iris,
or the thin curtain suspended in the aqueous humour, and
' perforated in the centre by an operiing called the pupil, or
pupillary opening, which in the horse is of an elliptical form;
in man it is round. The inner coat is called the retina, or
nervous covering, and is the terminal expansion of the optic
nerve.

The humours are three in number, and they serve as re-
flectors of the light. They are—the aqueous humour, crys-
talline lens, and vitreous humour. The latter is the largest,
and occupies about four-fifths of, the whole interior of the
globe or eyeball. The appendages of the eye are—the eye-
lids, the eyelashes, and the membrana nictitans, generally
called the haw, which is situated in the inner or lower angle
of the eye. It is connected with the different muscles of the
eyeball. By the contraction of the straight muscle of the
eye, the haw is forced outwards, and is one of the beautiful
arrangements that nature has provided for the protection of
so delicate and sensitive an organ. The eye is wholly covered
by a thin membrane called the conjunctiva.
168 THE CANADIAN HORSE

t

SIMPLE OPTHALMIA, OR CONJUNCTIVITIS,

Is a common disease amongst horses, and consists of in-
flammation of the conjunctival membrane covering the eye.

Causes.—It may be produced from many different causes,
and perhaps the most common is from the introduction of
any foreign substance into the eye, as a hay seed, or chaff
pickle becoming lodged in the external covering (cornea), or
from the lash of a whip. It is also caused by allowing horses
to stand in foul stables, especially in the summer months,
whereby ammoniacal gases are generated, proving very inju-
rious to the eyesight. It proceeds from exposure to cold,
and is often an accompaniment of catarrh.

Symptoms.—There is partial closure of the eyelids; a
copious secretion of tears; the conjuctiva is swollen, and in
some cases protruding from under the eyelids, which are ge-
nerally tumefied. A white film, the result of inflammation,
comes over the cornea, and may vary from a slight cloudiness
to perfect opacity.

Treatment.—This must in a great measure depend upon .
the cause ; therefore it is of the greatest importance to make
a careful examination. Any substance lodged on the cornea
must be removed, which can be done either by means of a
feather or a pair of forceps, The eye should be fomented
with tepid or warm water, and the horse kept in a darkened
stable or loose-box; or the eye may be kept constantly
moist by means of a sponge or cloth, saturated with tepid or
cold water, and applied over the eye. If accompanied by
great pain, the following lotion should be applied around the
orbit several times a-day :—

Watery infusion of opium, . » 8 1 ounce.

Goulard’s extract, . é : 4 ounces.
Waiter, ‘ 12 ounces,
AND HIS DISEASES. 169

When the cloudiness or opacity of the cornea is tardy in
being removed, the eye should be stimulated daily with the
following collyrium :—
Nitrate of silver, . Hi - -  . 8 grains,
Distilled water, . . : Fs 1 ounce.

Apply by means of a feather or camel hair brush.

SPECIFIC OR PERIODIC OPTHALMIA

\

Is the most severe affection to which the horse’s eye is
liable, and we are sorry to say it is not an unfrequent disease
amongst horses in this country. The parts principally and
primarily involved are the internal structures of the eye, and
the changes which occur vary in degree to the severity of the
attack.

‘Causes——The great cause of this affection can be traced
to an hereditary predisposition, always ready to burst forth
when exposed to certain exciting causes, such as injuries of
’ any kind, being kept in very dark and ill-ventilated stables,
and then suddenly exposed to the glare of a hot sun; and,
like simple'opthalmia, it may follow continued exposure to
cold.

Symptoms.—Awong the first dpnitetaii is a watery dis-
charge from one or both eyes, and on being exposed to the
sun’s light he exhibits a peculiar uneasiness, with a partial —
closure of the affected eye. In this stage a common expres-
sion is, “that he has got a cold in the eye.” As the disease
advances, the eyelids become swollen, and if turned upwards,
the conjunctiva appears reddened and injected’; and alto-
gether the symptoms are very like those of simple opthalmia,
and often leads to the supposition that the eye has received
a blow or other injury. The above symptoms become
more and more aggravated, and the patient becomes affected
constitutionally,—the circulation is increased, the mouth hot,
170 THE CANADIAN HORSE

and the.appetite impaired. These symptoms may continue

for several days, and then gradually disappear, or they may

be prolonged for weeks, and end only with the destruction of

the eye. A prominent and well-marked symptom of this

disease, is its shifting from one eye to the other; in many
cases one eye has no sooner recovered than the other becomes

affected. At other times recovery is rapid, and to all appear-

‘ance the eye looks perfectly healthy ; in a short time, how-

ever, the disease returns, and’ often with increased severity. —
As the disease still further advances, the eye begins to clear,

the cornea becoming transparent, leaving a slight muddiness

in the anterior part (chamber) of the eye ; the pupil dimin-

ishes in size, and the disease gradually terminates in more

or less’ opacity of the crystalline lens or its capsule, consti-

tuting cataract.

Treatinent.—As a general rule, the treatment of specific
opthalmia is very unsatisfactory, but still medicinal remedies
are found beneficial in palliating the disease. The horse
should be placed in a comfortable and darkened loose-box,
with a plentiful supply of pure air. A brisk dose of purga-
tive medicine may be administered, and, if much constitu-
tional fever is present, ten drops of the tincture of aconite
should be given every three hours, until six or eight doses
are given. Bleeding from the facial vein, followed by fomen-.
tations of hot water. After the third or fourth day, cold
applications are preferable to hot. The extract of belladonna
may be applied around the orbits, and also administered in-
ternally in doses of two scruples, three times a-day. When
the acute inflammatory symptoms are somewhat abated, the
absorption of the effused products by a ES colly-
rium, as,

Sulphate of zine,’ ~ 10 grains,
Distilled water,’ -. . 1 ounce,

fa
or any of the collyria. (Sein page 212, Vu ae sper’
AND HIS DISEASES. 171

AMAUROSIS, OR GLASS EYE,

Consists in either partial or complete paralysis of the optic
nerve, or its terminal expansion, the retina.

Causes.—Injuries to the brain, causing an extravasation of
blood upon the deep origin of the special nerve of sight,
(optic,) from disease of the internal coat of the eye (retina.)
It occasionally occurs as a sequel of stomach staggers or in-
digestion. We have also known it to occur in pregnant
mares. “ Percival mentions several cases of amaurosis occur-
ring in mares in foal, where vision was perfectly restored after
parturition.”

Symptoms.—The eye has a ie glassy appearance; the
horse carries his head very high, and is continually moving
his ears, and his action is high, lifting his feet as if he ‘was

'+ stepping over some obstacle. He is easily alarmed by any
noise. The pupil is dilated, and loses its natural elliptical
form. If the glare of a lighted candle is brought to bear
upon the eye, the pupil refuses to contract, thus showing
that nervous influence is lost.

Treatment.—The horse should have rest, and a strong
dose of purgative medicine given. If supposed to arise from
effusion or pressure on the nerve (optic,) blisters and setons
to the poll are recommended, and diuretics should be used.
In some instances the powdered nux vomica, in doses of one
scruple twice a-day, has been used with advantage. If
amaurosis has continued for a lengthened period, it is in-
curable, and treatment in such cases would be pruely use-

less.
i Zz CATARACT

1

Is the name applied to a deposition of a pearly white
substance within the eye, and is a very common affection in
Canada. It consists in an effusion of lymph either on the

/
f
{
172 THE CANADIAN HORSE

middle humour, (crystalline lens,) or on its capsule, and is
variable in size, sometimes not larger than the head of a pin,
whilst in other cases it covers the whole lens. :

Causes.—It is generally a result of repeated attacks of
specific opthalmia, or it may even supervene upon a first
attack ; it may follow a severe injury to the eye. ‘

Symptoms. —The eyesight is, either partially or completely
gone, and when covering the greater part of the lens, it is
easily known by its pearly white appearance. When small,
it is somewhat difficult of detection ; the eye is smaller than |
in health, and the pupil becomes greatly contracted when
éxposed to light. It may be detected by placing the animal
in a bright light, and carefully examining the eye; if the eye
appears smaller than the other, it indicates something amiss
with it. He should then be placed in a darkened stable, and
allowed to stand quietly for ten or fifteen minutes before being
subjected to an examination. Stand in front of him, and
bring a lighted candle close up to the front of his eye, when
any alteration in the structure of the lens can be readily |
detected. ;

Treatment.—In the horse is useless, as when permanently
established it cannot be recovered. When the cataract is
confined to one eye only, it interferes but little with the
horse’s usefulness for ordinary work.

FILARIA (OR WORM IN THE EYE.)

In Canada the phenomenon of worm in the eye is of rare
occurrence ; in Britain it has never been known, but in India
it is a prevalent affection amongst horses. We can best
illustrate our views on this subject by giving a brief descrip-
tion of the following case :—In the beginning of May 1864,
we were requested by Mr Armstrong of York township to
examine a horse belonging to him, and suffering from a
~

AND HIS DISEASES. 173

disease of the left eye. On looking into the eye, the true
nature of this phenomenon could be plainly seen ; the worm
appeared to move in every direction, and with romarkable
quickness. We recommended its removal from the eye by
an operation, and immediately brought the horse to our in-
firmary. He was cast in the usual manner; and with a
~small lancet we made an incision into the antero-inferior part
of the cornea, allowing the aqueous humour to escape, and
with it the little worm, “whlch measured one and a-half inches

in length, and was thickest in the middle, tapering towards

either extremity. After the operation the eye was covered
with a cloth saturated with cold water, a dose of purgative

. medicine administered, and three days afterwards he was spat

to his usual work.

FUNGUS HAMATOIDES, OR BLEEDING FUNGUS.

The mucous membrane of the eye is occasionally the seat
of cancerous deposits. They are generally rapidly developed,

- and are largely supplied with blood-vessels, which are readily

ruptured by the least pressure, hence the name, “ bleeding
fungus.”

These tumours are very often the result of some injury to
the eye, and sometimes grow to an enormous size ; we have
met with cases where the fungus extended halve down the
cheek, giving the animal a very ungainly and most loathsome ,
appearance. In such cases the eye is totally destroyed.

Treatment.—This must consist in the free use of the knife,
and in the early stage they may be completely removed ;
every particle must be carefully cut away, and the parts after-
wards dressed with a mild caustic. When very large and
involving the eyeball, it is necessary to remove the whole
orbit.
174 CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES,

“ INJURIES TO THE EYE.”

The cornea is frequently injured from the puncture of a
nail, allowing the aqueous humour to escape, and perhaps
injuring the crystalline lens, completely destroying vision.
When the injury is confined to the cornea the humour may
be reproduced. The parts should be diligently bathed, either
with hot or cold water, and the fomentations must be applied
several times a-day ; and the eye supported by means of a
wet sponge or cloth, which tends to subdue the acute inflam-
mation and allay the pain, and also by keeping the eyelids
closed it supports the lacerated parts,

After a few days it may be necessary to stimulate the
part, when any of the stimulating applications recom-
mended for simple opthalniia may be used.

. The membrana nictitans, or haw, sometimes becomes en-
larged, the result of an injury, or from being implicated in
other diseased conditions of the eye, Even in its healthy
state we have known it mistaken (by ignorant persons) for
an abnormal structure and barbarously removed. It is not
an unusual circumstance to hear persons boast.of the rapidity
with which they can remove this beautiful and most essential
appendage of the eye.
CHAPTER XIV.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN,

Tue skin is a membrane of variable thickness which covers
the whole body, and is reflected inwards by all the natural
openings, so as to line, by its internal reflections, the eye,
the nasal cavities, the mouth, &c. &c. Skin diseases in the
lower animals generally do not prove so inveterate,as in the
human being. ee

. SURFEIT

Is an affection of common occurrence amongst horses in
the spring and summer months, and is an eruptive disease
showing itself in the form of small tumours or pimples, and
extending along the neck or over the whole body.

Causes.—It very often proves a sequel of some derange-
ment of the digestive organs ; as from feeding for a lengthened
period on one kind of food, and more particularly if it is of a
stimulating or heating nature. It is also apt to accur in
horses that are in high condition when subjected to violent
exercise, causing them to sweat freely and then being ex-
posed to sudden chill ; in this form it is often met with in
colts, when being first put to work.

Symptoms.—It appears suddenly; small pimples or
tumours arise on different parts of the body and neck, and
particularly underneath the mane; in some instances they
disappear rapidly by absorption, whilst in others they burst
and discharge a thin fluid; the hair comes out, and small
176 THE CANADIAN HORSE

scales form, which are easily pulled off. At times this affec-
tion proves very irksome and troublesome to the horse,
causing him to rub violently against his stall, or bite at the
parts affected with his teeth. In its simple form it appears
to inconvenience the animal but little, and is generally easily
removed.

Treatment.—In the first place the food should be changed,
and a mild purgative given, as Barbadoes aloes, four to six
drachms; the kidneys should be got to act freely, and for
that purpose the following ball may be given daily for four
or five days :— :

. Nitrate of potass, ‘ ‘ , 3 drachms,

Camphor, . ee ey ‘5 1 scruple,
Oil of juniper, . ‘ : . _ 1idrachm,

with soft soap and linseed meal sufficient to form an ordinary
_ sized ball.

In inveterate cases small doses of calomel anal opium
may be used with success. The eruptions should be
thoroughly cleaned with soap and water, and afterwards
dressed with a‘mild solution of the chloride of zinc, about
twenty grains to the pint of water. He should have regular
exercise and good grooming, using the wisp instead of the
curry-comb. Surfeit differs from mange in not being con-
tagious. |

MANGE
Is another eruptive disease, and is very contagious, and is
caused by the repeated attacks of minute insects which
burrow into the skin; these insects are called acari, and can
‘be easily seen by means of a magnifying glass.

Causes.—In the majority of cases it is the result of con-
tagion, either from coming in direct contact with a mangy
horse, or it may be carried by means of his harness or,
blankets. : It is also generated by uncleanliness and insuffi-
AND HIS DISEASES. 177

cient nourishment ; the skin, from being allowed to become
covered with dirt, loses in a great measure its highly im-
portant function in maintaining an animal in health.

Symptoms.—Generally the first symptom observed is the
animal rubbing his head and neck against the stall or manger ;
small pimples appear and the hair falls off; the skin is dry
and hard, and upon the hardened patches may be seen small
red spots. A horse affected with mange is kept in a constant
state of irritation, which soon reduces him in flesh.

Treatment.—He should be separated from other animals,
and thoroughly washed with soap and water every second or
third day, afterwards dressed with the following applica-
tion :—

Linseed oi], . . ‘ , ‘ 4 ounces.
Oil of tar, : . / : . 4 45
Sulphur, . ‘ : : . : 3 yy

Mix and rub well into the affected parts.

Alternately with the above application mercurial aintinent
may be used. The horse should have a generous diet and
moderate and regular exercise. In inveterate cases arsenical
solutions are beneficial, but must be used with caution. All —
clothing, harness, &c., which has been used on a horse affected
with mange, should be thoroughly cleansed before they are
again used.

GREASE

Is a diseased state of the skin of the legs, and more especi-
ally of the hind ones, In the early stage, it consists in in-
flammation of the sweat glands, followed by an offensive
oily discharge.

Causes—Certain breeds of horses may be said to be pre-
disposed to this disease, and those animals especially subject to
it are such as have coarse heavy limbs. The great exciting
cause of grease is uncleanliness, as allowing horses to stand

Mu
178 THE CANADIAN HORSE

in damp filthy stables, exposed to obnoxious gases. In the
fall of the year it is often caused by washing the legs with cold
water and not carefully drying them afterwards. In other
cases it is the result of keeping horses in high condition, and
not giving them sufficient exercise to keep the skin in a
healthy state.

Symptoms.—Grease is a disease easily detected ; there is
generally more or less swelling of the legs, which if not
speedily relieved is followed by a discharge ; the hair falls
partly off, and the skin is reddened and inflamed, as can be
plainly seen in a white heel. The parts are very painful and
hot, and in many cases the least pressure of the hand will
inake the horse twitch up his leg, and continue to hold it up for
some time. In other cases, when made to move about in his
stall, or when taken out of his stable in the morning, he will
keep twitching up his legs as if he .was affected with string-
halt. Exercise appears to relieve the pain, as after being
walked for ten or fifteen minutes he goes quite free. As
the disease advances the skin cracks and the discharge in-
creases, becoming more and more purulent and offensive ; the
swelling increases, not being confined to the heels, but involv-
ing the front of the fetlock joint, and in some cases extending
upwards to the hoek. The cracked condition of the legs and
heels undergoes a change of structure, and fungoid granu-
lations spring up similar in form to a bunch of grapes;
this is called the “ grapy stage,” which may vary consider-
ably in structure—at one time being very vascular, bleeding
readily when touched, in other instances it looses its vascu-
larity and becomes hard and horny; from between the
crevices of the grapes an ichorous glairy discharge continues.

Treatment.—Without cleanliness all medicinal remedies
are useless. The heels should be washed with soap and
water every day, and the general comfort of the animal
AND HIS DISEASES. 179

attended to, If the patient is in high condition, a dose of
purgative medicine must be given, and the animal restricted
to a cooling diet, as carrots, bran, &c., or if in summer, green
food is preferable. The following lotion may be daily
applied, which in mild cases will generally suffice :—

Chloride of zinc, . . 30 grains. -

Water, . 5 ‘ 1 pint.
In cases of long standing the hair must be cut off, and the
parts softened with linseed-meal poultices ; to which may be
added charcoal, yeast, or bleaching powder. After removing
the poultices, dust the parts over with oxide of zinc powder,
or apply the following ointment every morning, to be washed
off at night :—

Acetate of lead, . ‘ 1 scruple.
Soft soap, . . . 4 drachms.
Lard, ‘ ‘ z 4 drachms.

As in other skin diseases, small doses of Fowler’s solution of
arsenic is generally attended with beneficial results.

SCRATCHES, OR CRACKED HEELS,

Is a very common occurrence amongst our Canadian horses,
especially in the spring and autumn months, and the hind
legs are oftener affected than the fore ones.

Causes.—Like grease, they are very often the result of
keeping horses standing in damp or filthy stables ; but per-
haps the most common cause amongst our aovicultural
horses is the habit of washing the legs with cold water, and
not drying them thoroughly afterwards ; the sebaceous
glands in the hollow of the pasterns become inflamed, their
secretion is increased, the skin cracks and discharges an

ichorous matter.
Symptoms.—They usually cause lameness, more or less

severe according to the severity of the attack, always most
180 THE CANADIAN HORSE

painful for the first few steps—the hollow of the pasterns are
swollen, red, hot, and tender, with transverse cracks which |
open at every step and often bleed, especially in cold weather.
Treatment.—Must be regulated according to the extent and
duration of the disease. In all cases the horse should be
kept in a dry place, with an abundance of clean litter ; the
heels should be thoroughly cleansed, and if painful, poultices
of linseed meal applied for several days. If the horse is in
high condition, and the legs much swollen, a full dose of
purgative medicine must be given, followed by two or three
doses of diuretic medicine, as,
Nitrate of potash, : 3 drachms,
Rosin, . ; . do.
with soft soap sufficient to make an ordinary-sized ball.
After poulticing, the parts should be dressed once or twice
a day with the following lotion :— ms
Sulphate of zine, 2 6 drachms.

Acetate of lead, j 1 ounce,
Water, . a : ] pint.

Occasionally scratches prove very troublesome and difficult
to cure; if the ulcerations extend, it will be necessary to
change the dressing, dry powders, such as oxide of zinc, calo-
mel, &c., should be tried.

RINGWORM.

This is not a common disease amongst horses. It consists
in a parasitic growth of organic cells in the surface of the skin.
Ringworm is a common affection in man, and is said to be
communicable from him to the lower animals. Like other
diseases of the skin, it is also generated by uncleanliness.

Symptoms.—The hair falls off on various parts of the
body, especially about the face, eyelids, cheeks, neck, and
thighs, leaving small and apparently ulcerated patches, which
AND HIS DISEASES. 181

appear white and scaly, and have a peculiar tendency to
spread ; the animal loses flesh, and his coat becomes dry and
dirty looking, Fe me ee ee

' Treatment.—Ringworm, if attended to in the early stage,
_is easily cured. The affected parts should be well cleansed,
and touched with a mild caustic, and dress daily with the
following ointment :—

Todine, . ‘ . 1 drachm,
Lard, . . . 1 ounce ;

r, in place of the ointment, a liniment composed of

Sulphur, . an Z 1 ounce,
Todide of potassium, 5 6 drachms,
Iodine, . j 3 3 drachms,
Oil of tar, 4 ‘ 10 ounces,

may be used daily.

SALLENDERS

Is the name given to an eruption on the front of the hock
joint, consisting in a scurfiness of the skin, accompanied by
an ichorous discharge and falling out of the hair.

Causes—High feeding without sufficient exercise, dis-
order of the digestive system, uncleanliness, and bad groom-
ing. In stallions of the heavy draught breed they are a very
common affection, and prove difficult to remove.

Treatment.—Dress the parts with mercurial or iodine
ointments, keep the legs dry and clean, and give regular but
not severe exercise, and occasionally a dose of laxative medi-
cine. When only slight, the following lotion may remove
them :—

Corrosive sublimate, . 20 grains,
Water, . ‘ ‘ 1 pint.

Apply twice a day.
182 CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES,

MALLENDERS

Is the name given to a similar affection located at the back
of the knee. The treatment must be the same as for sal-
lenders.

SADDLE AND COLLAR GALLS,

A very common occurrence amongst horses, are caused by
uneven pressure of the saddle or collar; the skin becomes
excoriated, and the hair falls off; large inflammatory swell-
ings appear, which may form into abscesses, or the skin may
become indurated and thickened.

Treatment.—The parts should be fomented with warm
water, and some simple or cooling lotion applied, as,

Acetate oflead, . ; 1 ounce.
Water, - é . 1 pint.

If abscesses form, they must be freely opened and well
fomented or poulticed. When the skin becomes indurated,
forming what are called sitfasts, they must be dissected out.
CHAPTER XV,
SHOEING OF HORSES.

Mistory.—Archeologists have paid but little attention to
the history of the art of shoeing horses, consequently we find
it difficult to determine the precise period at which it was
first. practised. The early Romans, we are told, used a
covering probably woven of hemp or rushes, which enclosed
the whole foot, and was tied round the fetlock by a cord:
this kind of shoe they called solea spartea. This, however,
must have been very inconvenient and troublesome, as they
would require to be repeatedly renewed in the course of a
journey. Something more durable had to be substituted, so
we.find that mention is next made of the solea ferrew, or
iron shoe. Writers are not agreed as to how the Romans
attached these solea ferrese; some suppose that they were
attached to a leather sock bound on by a thong of the same
material; others again suppose that they were acquainted
with our modern methods of fastening them. This last
opinion is in some measure confirmed by the discovery of
old iron shoes, in some of the Roman remains in England,
having nail holes punched in them of a square shape. It is
evident that the Britons had some sort of protection for the
foot of the horse, either at the Roman invasion, or soon
after, from their having a name for it; they called it pedol,
—from the celtic ped, a foot. Some suppose that horse-
shoeing was introduced into Britain at the Norman Invasion,
184 THE CANADIAN HORSE

This idea probably arose from the great importance which
William the Conqueror attached to farriery.

Professor Dick has summed up the whole discussion on
shoeing in the following remark :—“ After a personal ex-
perience of nearly fifty years, I have come to the conclusion
that the whole art of shoeing consists in applying a shoe so
that it will serve as a defence to the foot, without injuring
it.” Within the last fifty years great improvements have
taken place in the art, and a great many able experiments
with different forms of shoes, and different methods of apply-
ing them, have been made by veterinarians. The works of
Coleman, Osmer, Moorcroft, Turner, Clark, Dick, Miln,
Fitzwygram, and others, are particularly worthy of a careful
perusal.

THE SEATED SHOE.

Ingenious as many of the experiments have been, and
valuable the information they have furnished, none of them
have yet been able to surpass, for all purposes, the plain
seated shoe first introduced by Osmer, and subsequently
slightly improved by Moorcroft. It is now almost universally
used, and can be seen in almost every forge; and were our
farriers to follow out the objects which Osmer’s shoe is so
well adapted to secure —viz., equable bearing for the crust,
and safe protection for the sole,—we would have fewer horses
lamed from shoeing. Seldom, indeed, does the country
smith take the trouble to make the shoe properly.

In making the seated shoe, the work the horse is intended
for, and the nature and condition of his foot, must be taken
into consideration, and the weight and size of the shoe, the
width of the web, &., must be regulated accordingly. The
upper or foot surface must be seated ; that is, the part which
is to receive the crust should be perfectly flat all round, of
the width of the crust to the heels, where it is flat the whole
AND HIS DISEASES. 185

breadth of the shoe, to afford a level surface for the heels and
bars to rest upon. The web must be bevelled out all round
the extent of the sole to admit of the elastic action which it
possesses, This is seldom sufticiently hollowed out, and,
especially in flat feet, often gives rise to bruises of the sole.
The width of the web must be regulated by the nature of the
foot and the work he is intended for; if flat and thin, it
should be broad and strong. The hunter requires a narrow
shoe to prevent it being torn off on soft ground, while the
dray horse requires a broad shoe to protect his feet from
bruises on the roads,

. The ground surface should be perfectly level, so as to pre-
sent as many points of bearing as possible. The fullering
should be deep enough to receive the heads of the nails, and
may extend from heel to heel, or merely, as in most cases, on
each quarter, The nail-holes require remark ; they should
be directed so as to correspond with the direction of the
crust; thus, at the toe they should be punched obliquely
inward, and brought out near the inner edge of the seating,
getting more perpendicular as they approach the heels.
They should always be placed as far from the heel, particu-
larly the inner heel, as practicable with the safe retention of
the shoe. ”

When the foot is properly prepared, the shoe should be o

the same thickness throughout, and sufficiently strong to
prevent bending or breaking ; but when, as is the common
custom, the heels are unduly reduced, and the toe elongated,
itis necessary to thicken the heel of the shoe to compensate
for what has been removed by the knife or rasp.

PREPARATION OF THE FOOT.

The old shoe must be removed by carefully cutting or
raising the clenches, and gently wrenching it off with the
186 THE CANADIAN HORSE

pincers. Too much force should never be used, and if the
clenches are properly raised much violence is seldom needed.
All old stubs must be carefully removed. The question of
paring the foot has long been a subject of controversy ; but
experience has proved that there is no fixed rule as to the
exact extent to which the hoof should be removed by the
knife or rasp—in fact, that we must prepare the foot accord-
ing to the state we find it in. Few feet are the same, and
while some require moderate removal of superfluous horn,
others cannot bear the least thinning. We differ in opinion
from those who recommend the sole to.be thinned at every
shoeing till it yield to the pressure of the thumb—at least in
a healthy foot. Such thinning of the sole renders it liable to
be bruised by every stone the animal steps upon. On the other
hand, in most feet it is necessary to remove those loosened
and detached flakes, which, were it not for the shoe, would
have exfoliated themselves, the retention of which must
render the foot uncomfortable. The angles between the bars
and crust should be moderately pared out, as accumulations
here, with continued pressure of the shoe, are apt to induce
corns. The frog seldom requires paring more than the re-
moval of ragged parts. The crust requires reduction, parti-
cularly at the toe, which should be well shortened at every
shoeing. The heels must be left strong, especially the inner
heel. The frog-band which passes round the back part of
the heel must never be removed, as is done by most smiths
for the purpose of “ opening up the heels.”

FITTING THE SHOE.

Still more important is the proper fitting of the shoe. It
is in this branch we find most difficulty in getting qualified
farriers. As the feet differ in shape, in the manner of wear-
ing the shoes, in peculiarities of action, &c., so must the
AND HIS DISEASES, 187

farrier study the art of arranging his shoe so as to “fit the
shoe to the foot, and not: the foot to the shoe,” keeping the
great primary objects always in view of protecting without
injuring. While, therefore, there are no special rules for
fitting the shoe, there are general rules which are applic-
able to all cases, Thus, the bearing must be perfectly level
and even in a strong healthy foot. The weight should be
removed off weak parts, and thrown on to those parts which
are capable of sustaining it—not, however, by twisting the
shoe, as is commonly done, but by reducing the crust beyond
pressure. It is always advisable to shoe “easy” at the heels—
that is, to rasp the heels down so that daylight may be seen be-
tween the crust and the shoe. The shoe should be allowed to
project an eighth or a quarter of an inch beyond the heels in
draught horses; but in saddle or road horses it should be
cut off at the heels. It must not be left too wide, especially
the inner heel, as it is apt to cause interfering ; and when
too wide at the outer heel it is liable to be torn off, especially
in soft ground, or by being trod on by another horse, On
the other hand, it must not be too close, as the hoof is apt to
overgrow it, and in time get sunk into the foot and bruise
the sole.

NUMBER OF NAILS,

For this there is no rule. We find, for most feet, eight
are required in draught horses, seven for saddle, and five for
ponies. They should:be placed where the crust is strongest,
principally to the outer quarter and toward the toe of the in-
ner, and in some feet it will be found necessary to place them
round the toe. The nails should be as small as practicable,
and if the feet are good, should not be driven too high. The
clenches should be short and carefully hammered down, so as
to prevent them raising and cutting the opposite leg.
‘188 THE CANADIAN HORSE

RASPING.

The rasp should never be used above the nails. It is very
useful in removing superfluous horn, but should never be
used to remove the natural unctuous covering of the crust.

CALKINS, CLIPS, ETC,

The use of calkins are indispensable in this country during
the winter season, to prevent slipping, and afford more secure
footing, and thereby increase the animal power considerably.
These are formed by turning down the heel of the shoe.
When calkins are used, they should be raised to the same
height on both heels; and in draught horses the toe should
also be raised, and thus keep the foot level without throwing
weight unduly on any part. During frosty weather the calks
should be made sharp, so as to catch on the ice and prevent
slipping.

The shoe is made more secure by a clip being turned up
at the toe to embrace the front part of the crust, into which
it is received by a small part being cut out with the toe knife.
This relieves the crust from a great deal of stress from the
nails which it would otherwise sustain, Side clips should
only be used when they cannot be done without, as in cases
where the animal by stamping or uneven action of the foot
displaces the shoe.

THE HIND SHOE.

The hind shoe does not require the care in seating and
hollowing out of the web that is so essential in the fore shoe.
The quarters are straighter and stronger at the heels, and the
shoe must be made accordingly. The toe is usually made
square, so as to shorten the foot and thus prevent over-
reaching. The outer heel is better to have a calkin raised to
AND HIS DISEASES. 189

give a catch, and the inner heel thickened in the form known

as a feather heel. In draught horses they may have toes and
calkins, as in the fore feet, |

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FOOT IN THE STABLE.

The smith frequently gets blamed for many things which
really are chargeable to the owner or the groom, either by
neglecting the feet in the stable or allowing the shoes to re-
main too long on. The feet should be kept clean; all sand
and dirt should be carefully picked out every night, and the
feet kept soft and cool by frequently stuffing with soft clay,
wet tow, or cow dung, and by occasional dressing with oil
or hoof ointment.

The shoes should never be allowed to remain on longer
than three weeks or a month for horses regularly on the road,
and farmers often lame their horses by letting them carry .
‘their shoes for three or four months.

However, many injuries occur in the shoeing shop through
carelessness or ignorance of the farriers; hence it would be
well if the owners of horses would occasionally accompany
them to the forge and see that the principles above enunciated
be enforced. Every horse should be carefully examined by
the proprietor of the forge before being allowed to leave. By —
this simple precaution he will save himself considerable an-
noyance, and his customers a great deal of disappointment
through the carelesshess of his men.
CHAPTER XVI.

OPERATIONS.

OPERATIONS have been stigmatised as the “ opprobria of
surgery ;” we regret that there is too much truth in the
remark, especially with regard to the rude and barbarous
operation to which the subjects of veterinary surgery were
subjected under the primitive methods of practice. And even
at the present day, with all the advantages of the improved
systems of modern surgery and anatomical and physiological
researches, the system of veterinary surgery is still deficient.
Among the uneducated, self-taught practitioners more espe-
cially, there is no operation which is considered too outré for
practice in human surgery but is forced on the poor dumb
animal, without regard to the suffering they occasion, and
that, too, often with the consent and approval of the too
confiding owner in the mysterious knowledge of the crafty
farrier, who is usually very wise, and can predict to a cer-
tainty the result of his skill! Much has been done, however,
within the Jast four years in introducing veterinary surgery,
and exposing empiricism; and we are proud to see that the art
is fast assuming its proper position, and the rude practices
of the old school are giving place to the more scientific and
humane practices of modern surgery.

Although we are not called upon to perform so many
capital operations as the human surgeon, we have often to
perform operations requiring not only an intimate acquaint-
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES. 191

ance with the anatomy of the part, but also a thorough
knowledge of the principles of surgery. We would, there-
fore, recommend our readers, in all cases requiring surgical
interference, to obtain the services of a qualified veterinary
surgeon, if within his reach, as he alone is qualified safely
and scientifically to operate ; for, bear in mind, surgery is
not a simple mechanical art, it has to do not with inert
matter, but with a.complex organised structure, possessed of
life, ‘and capable of maintaining health and repairing disease,
the intricate processes of which'can only be understood by
careful study and deep research.

A short account of the principal operations will prove use-
ful to many who are beyond the assistance of a veterinary
surgeon. i

BLEEDING, PHLEBOTOMY.

The operation of blood-letting is now almost discarded in
modern practice. It is simple, and can be performed by
almost any one with a steady hand.

For its performance a fleam and blood-stick are required ;
the star of the fleam should be large at the shoulder to make
a sufficient opening to allow a free flow of blood, and the
blade should be broad to prevent it sinking in when the vein
is deep. The jugular vein of the neck is usually selected to
bleed from. The head should be moderately raised and
slightly turned off—the eye next the operator being covered
by the hand of the assistant holding the head. The left side
is easiest operated on; the vein is raised by the pressure of
the third and little fingers of the left hand, which holds the
fleam. It is most superficial about two inches from its
division, and from six to eight inches from the angle of
the jaw, consequently this point is usually selected for the
operation. The vein being raised, and the hair smoothed
down by the moistened finger, the star of the fleam is placed
192 THE CANADIAN HORSE

in a line with the course of the vein, with one smart tap of
the blood-stick the skin and coats of the vein are punctured,
and the blood will flow. When sufficient has been abstracted,
the edges of the wound should be carefully taken together,
and hairs and clot carefully wiped away ; a small pin is passed
through them, and a little tow wound round it, and the point
of the pin cut off. The head should be tied up for a few
hours to prevent him rubbing the pin off.

THE ROWEL.

x

Rowels are used as counter-irritants in treating deep-seated
inflammations, and “ whenever any morbid disease is to be
stopped, as in grease and in thrushes ;” they have long been
favourite remedies among horsemen.

In applying a rowel, the skin is taken up between the finger
and thumb, and a cut is made in the skin with the rowelling
scissors, and with the hook: on the handle of the scissors it
is separated from its cellular connexions for about two inches,
and a dossil of tow, or a circular piece of leather, with a hole
in it, previously dipped in digestive ointment, is inserted,
which must be cleaned and moved every day. A discharge
is soon set up, which has a tendency to remove any deep-
seated morbid action.

SETONS.

Setons are similar in their action to rowels, and are used
for much the same purposes. They are usually made of broad
white tape. In inserting a seton, the skin is cut with the
rowelling scissors as above; a seton needle, which should be
large and well polished, is passed in and pushed under the
skin as far as is necessary; another cut is then made in the
skin, through which it is passed out; the needle in its course
should separate the skin on each side from its cellular at-

reeeere
AND HIS DISEASES. 193

tachments. The lower opening should always be so placed
that the matter will have a dependent outlet. The ends of
the seton should be tied to circular pieces of leather so as to
prevent it being pulled through. It is necessary to wash it
frequently with warm water, and pull it up and down often,
to keep it open, dressing it occasionally with digestive oint-
ment to keep up the discharge.

Setons are now used with considerable success in the
treatment of spavin.

FIRING.

Firing is often resorted to as a counter-irritant, and also as
a means of corrugating the skin over weak parts so as to
form a permanent bandage.

The frequent abuse of this operation has led to its almost
universal denouncement, so that it is not often resorted to in
modern practice; however, we are not disposed to deprive
ourselves of this valuable curative agent on these grounds ;
we do not, however, recommend its general use, but in many
cases we have succeeded by judicious firing, when all other.
counter-irritants have failed. Firing, therefore, when judi-
ciously employed by a skilful operator, is a valuable remedy
for stimulating absorption, and counteracting inflammatory
action in deep-seated structures. In performing it, the hair
should be cut close off with the shears, the animal for greater
security being cast; straight lines about half an inch apart
are drawn with a red hot small smooth-edged iron. The
lines must not be too deep, otherwise blemishes are apt to be
produced. If the action is not considered sufficient, it may
be blistered as well as fired. The discharge is to be kept up
as long as necessary by digestive ointment. When it is de-
sired to heal it, simple dressing with oil is all-that is required.
He must not be put to work til] it is thoroughly healed up,

; N
194 THE CANADIAN HORSE

DOCKING, NICKING, ETC.

Professor Dick in his “ Manual of Veterinary Science,” says
of these operations:—‘I believe the time is near at hand
when even the cow-leech will perceive the absurdity of endea-
vouring to improve upon the fair forms of the most graceful
works of nature, and will leave the horse’s tail no less orna-
mental than useful.”

As a general custom inflicted on the horse, merely to please
some ignorant fancy, docking is most justly reprobated, it is
a cruel operation, not only from the pain of the operation,
but even more cruel in depriving the poor animal of the
beautiful provision which nature has given him as a defence
from flies and other equine torments, with which this coun-
try especially abounds. It also sometimes induces lockjaw,
and results in death.

There are a few instances, however, in which it may be
somewhat justifiable, as, for instance, some horses are very
troublesome in driving, by getting the line under the tail,

*when they will start to kick or run away; sometimes from
the ungainly manner of carrying the tail, it materially depre-
ciates his value. When by docking or pricking it he may be
made more safe and serviceable, or his market value be in-
creased, we are justified in operating with as little unnecessary
torture as possible.

In performing it, the joint at which it is to be amputated
being determined on, the hair above it is shed back and tied
with a cord, the part is clipped close, and the tail being held
out by an assistant, with one cut of the docking shears it is
severed, The bleeding is stopped by lightly searing with an
iron with a hole in the centre so as not to burn the bone.
Some practitioners amputate it so as to leave flaps to cover
the bone ; by this method the stump is entirely covered by
AND HIS DISEASES. 195

hair, and though more troublesome is preferable. Too much
searing is to be avoided, as exfoliation of the bone sometimes
follows. the injudicious use of the firing iron.

Nicking and pricking are one and the same operation, the
latter being ah improved method of performing it; the
object being to cause the tail to be carried in an elevated
position, which is much admired in road horses. It is also
performed to set the tail straight when carried awry, which
. is a serious eyesore to a good-looking horse. Youat terms
it “a barbarous operation which has long been sanctioned by
fashion ;” as a fashionable operation we most decidedly de-
nounce it, but as remarked above, there are exceptional cases
in which it is justifiable. Pricking is nothing more nor less
than tenotomy of the depressor muscles of the tail—an ac-
quaintance with the anatomy of which is necessary before
it can be satisfactorily performed.

It is best to secure him with a twitch and side line; the
hair at the end of the tail is firmly tied, and a loop formed,
to which the weightis to be attached. The only instrument
used is a long-bladed scalpel, or the common pricking knife ;
the tail is raised with the left hand, while with the right the
centre of the bone is felt for, and the knife is passed in
(with its flat surface next the skin) to the opposite side,
when the cutting edge is turned toward the bone and the
muscles carefully divided. When simply to straighten a —
wry tail, if the faulty tendons are discovered and divided,
one incision may be sufficient, but in “setting up” a tail
two and sometimes three are required, The muscles having
been thoroughly divided the tail is supported by means of
the double pulley over the back part of the stall; the cord
attached to the end of the tail is passed through the wheels
of the pulley, and sufficient weight attached to keep the tail
elevated, to prevent readhesion of the divided muscles. He
196 THE CANADIAN HORSE

should be taken out of the pulleys twice a-day and gently
exercised, but the pulleys must be continued until the parts
have thoroughly healed, and he carries the tail in the man-
“ner desired.
TRACHEOTOMY.

It sometimes happens that from the tumefaction of strangles,
the impaction of foreign bodies, and other sudden causes of
obstruction, the life of the patient is threatened from suffo-
cation ; it is found necessary to open the windpipe to avert
the untoward result, until the cause of the obstruction be
removed,

It consists in making an incision through the skin and
muscles in the mesian line down on the trachea or windpipe,
cutting through two rings of this tube and inserting a bent
tube, which is usually made of block-tin, with a broad flange,
to which tapes or straps are attached to tie it round the
neck. Itis usually employed to give temporary relief, but
we have known horses work with a tube in the windpipe for
years. It must be frequently taken out and cleaned. When
the cause of the obstruction is removed the tube is withdrawn,
and the edges of the skin being scarified, they are carefully
brought together, and treated as a simple wound.

CG&SOPHAGOTOMY.

In some cases where a foreign body becomes lodged in the
gullet, it is found necessary to cut down on it and remove it.
This is only to be undertaken by one thoroughly acquainted
with the anatomy of the part, otherwise the carotid artery,
jugular vein, and pneumogastric nerve are liable to be injured.

This operation is only warranted as a dernier ressort when
all others have failed. It may be performed in the standing
position, but for greater safety it is preferable to have him
- AND-HIS DISEASES, 197

cast. The skin is divided over the part for about. three
inches in length, when the muscles are separated from their
cellular connexions, either by the finger or the handle of the
scalpel, while the gullet is pushed up with the hand under-
neath, a longitudinal incision is made sufficiently large to
allow the removal of the foreign body; this done, the part
being carefully wiped clean and the edges of the gullet
brought together by sutures of fine catgut, as recommended
by Dick, and a few stitches of wire suture to bring the muscles
and skin together, and a carefully adjusted pad supported by
a bandage, cold water must be freely applied to moderate the
_ inflammatory process.

He must be restricted to gruel, linseed tea, and other
bland fluids. Great care is necessary to keep the part clean
and promote adhesion, which is sometimes very difficult to
produce, and death often results.

TAPPING (PARACENTESIS. )

In cases of extensive dropsical effusion into the chest or
belly, it is sometimes found necessary to remove it by opera-
tion.

In tapping the chest (paracentesis thoracis) the puncture
may be made in the intercostal space, anywhere between
the seventh and eleventh ribs,, near their junction with the
cartilages, The space between the eighth and ninth is
usually recommended. An incision is first made with a
lancet through the skin, the trochar and canula is carefully
pushed through the muscles and pleura, directed slightly
upward and backward, keeping it close to the anterior border
of the ninth rib, so as to avoid wounding the intercostal
artery ; when the trochar is withdrawn, the fluid flows freely
through the tube, sometimes it gets obstructed by coagula
of lymph, which should be cleared by inserting a small whale- ©
198 THE CANADIAN HORSE

bone staff. Care must be taken not to allow air to enter the
cavity, as death has often occurred from this cause during
the operation. The incision is to be brought together by
sutures and adhesive plasters.

The operation may be repeated in a day or two on the
other side. In most cases the relief is but temporary.

In tapping for dropsy of the belly (paracentesis abdomenis)
the puncture may be made in any part of the middle line,
from the navel (umbilicus) to the sheath in the horse, and
from the umbilicus to the udder in the mare. As in the
other, relief is but temporary, and requires frequent repetition.

Todine should be freely given while conducting these ex-
periments, and the general health should be attended to.

LITHOTOMY.

The formation of calculi in the bladder is of rare occur-
rence in the horse, compared with its frequency in the human
subject. So formidable an operation should never be under-
taken but by an experienced surgeon.

Having ascertained beyond doubt the existence of stone,
a course of preparation is necessary before operating, consist-
ing in bran mashes, and opening medicine, with small doses
of alkaline carbonates, to render the urine alkaline and less
irritating to the wounded urethra and bladder.

He must be secured on his back and well propped up by
bundles of straw, and steadied by assistants. Having all
the instruments, sponges, ligatures, &c., within easy reach,
the operator proceeds by emptying the rectum out with the
hand, and again satisfying himself of the presence and posi-
tion of the stone, he passes a curved metallic bougie as far as
the curvature of the urethra will admit, which is held by
an assistant. A large incision is now made with a common
scalpel in the perineum, carried for about four inches out-
*

AND HIS DISEASES. 199

ward and downward toward the angle of the thigh by the
side of the anus. The skin and superficial tissues being
divided, the finger is then placed in the wound, and by
gently pushing aside the muscles and dilating the opening
till the sound is felt with the finger; the outer wound
should be sufficiently enlarged to admit of freedom of oper-
ation in the deeper incisions. A long scalpel is now passed
in till it meets the point of the finger on the sound, when
the urethra is carefully divided, the finger is kept in the in-
cision, while the bougie is withdrawn and a straight grooved
sound is passed in through the outer opening direct into the
bladder, which should strike the stone at once. A long

_ straight bistoury should now be passed in along the groove

of the director, which divides the urethra and prostatic por-
tion of the bladder, being careful not to wound the pudic
artery, or injure the bowel; the cutting edge should be
directed outward and downward in the same direction as
the outer incision. The forceps are now introduced, directed
by the finger till they come in contact with the stone, when,
assisted with one hand in the rectum, the stone is seized in
the blades, and turning it round to see that it is not attached
to the bladder, it is carefully removed by a sort of vacillating
motion. At this stage there must be no hurry or excite-
ment, otherwise the stone is apt to be crushed ; any little
impediments must be carefully divided by the knife, and any
exigencies must be met by the tact and judgment of the
operator. The debris must now be washed out with water
or removed by the scoop; if much oozing of blood continue,
cold water must be freely applied ; any vessels of importance
must be taken up and tied, which is often difficult to do.
One or two stitches may be put on the upper third of the
wound, leaving it entirely open below ; he may now be re-
leased and led to his box, where he should be made comfort-
200 THE CANADIAN HORSE

able, and allowed some well-boiled gruel. No further inter-
ference is necessary, except to allow a free outlet for the urine,
which will escape partly by the wound and partly by the
urethra ; occasional introduction of the catheter may be
necessary until the bladder regains its power of contraction.
In a few weeks the urine ceases passing through the wound,
and escapes by its natural outlet, and the wound heals up.

During recovery, when the inflammatory state of the system
consequent on the operation has subsided, he should be
liberally fed on good solid food, and have frequent small
doses of the mineral acids (nitro-muriatic) with a little
gentle exercise, which is to be increased as recovery pro-
gresses, and keeping the wound clean is all the after-treat-
ment required when the case is favourable.*

NEUROTOMY.

This operation has been practised for more than half a
century ; but to the late Professor Sewell we are indebted
for bringing it prominently forward. Many objections have
been raised against it ; some in consequence of ignorance of
its action and effects, and others in consequence of mishaps
which have arisen from its injudicious application.

It consists in excision of a portion of the nerve supplying
sensation to a part labouring under painful disease of an
otherwise incurable nature, the effect of which is to destroy
all sensation or feeling, without, however, interfering, as some
suppose, with the nutrition or other functions of the part.
It is applicable to any part of the body in which it is practic-

* In October 1865, we operated on a gray pony belonging to
Mr James Gunn, Ingersoll, from which we removed an oxalate of
lime calculus, weighing nearly three ounces. The pony is now as
well as ever, and has never been off his work since the middle of

December. Foran account of the case, see Canada Farmer, January
Ist, 1866, =
AND HIS DISEASES. 201

able, In the horse, however, it is confined entirely to diseases
of the foot, such as incurable cases of navicular disease,
painful side-bones, ring-bones, and sometimes, from feelings
of humanity, in aggravated cases of canker, which are tedious
and painful in the extreme.

It is well to bear in mind that, the sensation being de-
stroyed, the animal will not feel a bruise or prick; hence by
carelessness in shoeing much mischief has been done, “and
the hoof has actually dropped off after the division of the
nerve”—not, however, from any interference with the nutri-
tion of the foot, but from the suppuration burrowing under,
and detaching the hoof without being felt by the animal.

Again, in cases of aggravated navicular disease, with ulcera-
tion of the navicular bone, from want of that care which the
animal naturally takes of a lame member, the rough bone
saws through the tendon, which gives way, allowing the foot
to turn up, necessitating the destruction of the animal.

Great care is therefore required in selecting subjects suited
for the operation. Weak flat feet should never be operated
upon—more especially if the horse has high action. If much
used on the road he is apt to batter his feet to pieces. The
greatest care is required in shoeing not to prick, and in
driving not to bruise the sole. The feet should be washed
and picked every night, and well tarred, to keep them from
becoming dry and hard. .

We have operated on over three dozen cases within the
last five years with almost complete success. When properly
performed, and judiciously applied, it is a great boon, not
only to the poor sufferers themselves, but also to the owners,
who have hitherto useless animals restored to usefulness.

The operation consists in excising a portion of the meta-
carpal nerves, either above or below the fetlock as the judg-
ment of the operator sees the case requires,
202 > THE CANADIAN HORSE

The artery vein and nerve occupy the same sheath. These
are felt for between the tendons and the bone. The spot for
the incision being selected, the hair is cut close off. He is
now cast, and the leg released or otherwise fixed to suit the
operator. A longitudinal incision, about an inch long, is
made through the skin, the cellular tissues are pushed aside,
and the artery vein and nerve exposed. The latter is easily
known by its white glistening appearance and sensitiveness
to touch or pressure.

The neurotomy knife, or a blunt needle with a thread, is
passed under it, and it is severed: the upper cut being made
first, the part can then be cut out without pain. The edges
of the wound are brought together by a single suture. The
same is repeated on the other side, and on the other leg if
required. Cold water bandages should be applied for some
time, and in a.week he is fit for work. Non-professionals
should never attempt this operation.

TENOTOMY.

As the name indicates, it consists in division of the ten-
dons in cases of morbid contraction giving rise to knuckling
over the fetlock, causing the whole weight to be thrown on
the toe. ;

To the late Professor Dick belongs the credit of first
publicly introducing the operation, although, as he used to
remark in his lectures, it was previously performed by his
father ; yet until it was prominently introduced by himself
it was considered too formidable for general practice.

An erroneous idea long existed that tendinous fibres would
not be reproduced: however, in the museum of the Edin-
burgh Veterinary College specimens may be seen in which
the reproduction of true tendinous fibres is so complete as to

\ ‘defy the closest observer to distinguish the point of division.
AND HIS DISEASES. 203

It is gratifying to know that the veterinary profession may
be said to have given this operation to surgery,—and even
the far-famed Professor Lizars gladly took lessons and direc-
tions from the distinguished principal of the Veterinary Col-
lege in the treatment of talipes or clubfoot. It is only
applicable to cases in which we have no anchylosis of the
joints.

The horse being cast and properly secured, the leg is taken
out of the hobbles and a rope attached to the foot, which is
held by assistants. A longitudinal incision is made about an
inch in length a little in front of the tendons and below any
point of thickening that may exist. A common small bladed
scalpel, or the curved tenotomy knife, is passed in, care being
taken to avoid the artery vein and nerve, and the tendons
are divided; the skin behind must not be cut, as the ends of
the tendon may protrude, giving rise to fungus growths.
The foot should now be easily brought into its natural posi-
tion—if not, some force should be used to bring it back “by
placing the knee against the front or projecting part of it,
at the same time laying hold of the foot with one hand and
the upper part of the leg with the other, and using consider-
able force.” This is sometimes necessary to break up adhe-
sions which may have formed. A stitch or two should be put
in the wound, and a thick woollen bandage kept constantly wet
with cold water should be applied for some days. If much
inflammation ensue, a poultice should be applied and some
purgative medicine given. If the fetlock descends too much,
the heels should be raised. If adhesions take place during
recovery, a tipped shoe should be put on the foot. In from
two to three months he will be fit for work.

 
CHAPTER XVII.

CASTRATION,

CoLts may be castrated at any age, but we would recom-
mend from one to two years old as the best age; if well
formed, and not deficient in front, one year old is more safe ;
but if light in the fore-hand, a year more will improve the
crest and shoulder, and give him a more furnished appear-
ance. The best season is in the spring when the pasture is
becoming green, after the cold is past, but before the heat
and flies begin. We have castrated at all seasons of the
year ; except when running at pasture, preparation by bran
mashes, &c., is necessary, and old horses in high condition
should be physicked out. Before being cast for the opera-
tion, he should be carefully examined, to make sure that no
hernia exists, and that both testicles are down. The hobbles
or rope may be used for casting ; in young colts we prefer
the latter.

The operation may be performed in one of three ways,
—viz., cauterisation and ligature of the artery of the cord, as
recommended by Blaine and others of his day, taught by
Dick, and almost invariably practised by ourselves ; caustic.
clams, the method taught in the French schools, and exten-
sively practised on this continent; or by the more novel
method of torsion, now becoming fashionable in Europe:
Like the able author of “ The Horse,” “ we must confess we
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES. 205

are disposed to adhere to the old way of opening the bag on
either side, cutting off the testicles, and preventing bleeding
by searing the vessels with a hot iron ;” and in older horses
searing lightly, and making more secure by applying a liga-
ture on the artery, allowing the ends to hang out of the
wound. Very little after-treatment is required ; the wounds
should be kept open till the cord has healed ; if much swell-
ing ensues, a few punctures may be made in the sheath with
a penknife or lancet. He should be turned into a loose-box
or paddock, and fed on cooling easily digested diet.

Year-old colts may be at once turned to pasture, but
sheltered from cold and wet.

&
CHAPTER XVIII.

FORMULA OF RECEIPTS AND PRESCRIPTIONS.

s

In this chapter is given a list of compounds which we have
found by experience to be valuable ; many of them have long
been used by the profession ; most of them have been recom-
mended by the best authorities, and are in daily use at the
Colleges of Edinburgh and London ; while others are pre-
scribed by ourselves as more suited to the Canadian Horse
and his Diseases. We are aware that we may be attacked
for presenting these formule to the public, and it may be
said that we are supplying “the bolsters to ignorance and
empiricism.” Our answer is, that such an addition is necessary
to enable the farmer to take advantage of the information
contained in the text ; and it must be remembered that but
few of our readers are possessed of sufficient knowledge of
chemistry and materia medica to enable them to prescribe
for the cases which may be thrown on their hands, away
from professional assistance; hence the addition of some
proved formule must prove useful.

Of some prescriptions it may be said that they are not
thoroughly chemical in their composition ; but from their
virtues having been proved for a number of years, we feel
justified in retaining them.

We the more gladly make this addenda, in the hope that
these safe compounds may take the place of the dangerous
nostrums usually given in receipt books.
CANADIAN HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, 207

ALTERATIVES.
POWDERS,
No. 1.) / Tartar emetic, ‘ ; 2 ounces,
Nitre (saltpetre), ae 4A yy
2a Mix,

Divide into twelve powders, one to be given twice a day in the food.
Useful in catarrh, influenza, and skin diseases.

(No. 2.) Sulphur, ; ‘ - 8 ounces.
Nitre, : j ‘ Box
Antimony, ‘ “% 14,

Mix.

To be divided into six powders, one daily in the food. Useful in
skin diseases.

BALLS.
(No. 1.) Barbadoes aloes, F A 10 drachms,
Castile soap, ; : i LQ as
Powdered carraway seed, i 12
Powdered ginger, : ‘ 4

. Molasses or palm oil sufficient to form a mass.
Divide into six balls, one to be given every morning till the bowels
are freely opened. Useful in hide-bound, costive bowels, and skin .
diseases.

(No. 2.) { Barbadoes aloes, ; . 10 drachms.
Calomel, . oo oe. ok : 2 #
‘ Powdered fenugree, 2 =,
Ginger, .° . " . : 4 e
Oil of cloves, . ‘ : 40 drops.

Soft soap sufficient to form a mass.
) Divide into four, one every second day ; while taking these, he must
Yen mashes, chilled water, &., and carefully preserved from cold

and damp. Useful in hide-bound, grease, unthrifty condition, &c.

(No. 3.) ; Tartar emetic, . ; .  6drachms. |
Calomel, . : ss ‘ 3 ly
) Sublimated sulphur, . i 3 ounces.

Common mass sufficient to form six balls of an ounce each; one
daily. Useful in mange, worms, and skin diseases, ,
208 THE CANADIAN HORSE

DIURETIC ALTERATIVES.

POWDERS.
No.1.) Resin, finely aa 4 2 ounces,
Nitre, . . : 14,
Linseed meal, . 2 e Boa
Mix.

_ Divide into six balls, one daily. Regulate the kidneys and improve
the coat.

BALLS.
(No. 1.) Powdered resin, . - 4 ounces.
Castile soap, 7 : i 3 yy
Venice turpentine, , 2

”
Powdered carraways sufficient to form ier mass. Divide into balls
of a convenient size, one daily till diuresis is produced. Useful in
swelled legs, dropsical effusion, weed, &c.

 

ANTACIDS.
(No. 1.) Prepared chalk, . a 5 4 ounces.
Powdered ginger, s ‘i Ty. 33
Barbadoes aloes, ‘ 1

Common mass sufficient to make six balls of eouveuient size; one
daily. Useful in acidity of the stomach and indigestion.

£ . é
(No. 2.) ~ Carb. (bicarbonate) soda, - 8 ounces, :

¢ Gentian :

5 Ginger, pees , tS e

Molasses sufficient to make a mass. Divide into four ; one night
and morning.

 

ANTISPASMODICS.

No.1.) Sulphuric ether, . ; 5 1 ounce.
Infusion of opium, : 2 2. 5
Peppermint water, ‘ : ly

Mix.

To be given in a quart of cold water. Useful in flatulence, spasm, &c.

ae
AND HIS DISEASES, 209

(No. 2.) ¥ Ether, ones
Chiornforty, i ofeach - -§ ounce.
Tincture of opium, ‘ ¢ DB
‘Tincture of cardamonds, ‘ DL y5

To be given in a quart of water. Useful i in colic.

(No. 3.) MSpirits of ammonia (aromatic), . _ 2 ounces.
Dilute hydrocyanic acid, : 20 drops.
Tincture of ginger, : , 2 ounces.

To be given in a quart of beer, well shaken, Useful in spasmodic
colic, &e. ,

 

ASTRINGENTS.
(No. 1.) Powdered opium, ; : 1 drachm,
35 catechu, 5 ; 2 ss
chalk, ‘ ‘ 1 ounce, ,

” ;
To be given in arrowroot, starch, or thick flour gruel. Useful, in

diarrhea or Supenpungs tion.

(No. 2.). Powdered caren ; Peak % @rasheng
% alum,
5 opium, : ‘ I »
» " ginger, : : 2
Oil of cloves,, ; . 10 drops,
Molasses to form aball. Useful in Superpurgation, diarrhea, &ec.
(No) Opium, “, of each . : 1 drachm.
Acacia gum, ‘
Prepared chalk, . i ‘ 4 ounces,

Carefully dissolved in warm water, and given in plenty of flour or
starch gruel, which, alternated with linseed tea, is to be often

repeated.
DRYING POWDERS,

(No, 1.) « J Prepared chalk, . ‘ : 4 ounces.
/ Sulphate of zine, . : ae gabt Re
Charcoal, ‘ ; : Ly
Armenian bole, . ‘ . 2 5,
Mix.

To be finely powdered,” To be dusted over raw surfaces. Useful

for healing wounds, Z
210 THE CANADIAN HORSE

(No. 2.) )Powdered alum, . i . 4 ounces,
Armenian bole, . ; ‘ ly
Mix.
To be powdered and used as above.
(No. 3.) | Sulphate of zinc, : F 2 ounces.
Oxide ¢ of zinc, . + : T, 45

Mix.
To.be used as above. ,

 

ASTRINGENT LOTION.

‘Sulphate of zinc, ’ ‘ 6 drachms.
Sugar of lead, . 3 é 1 ounce,
Mix. :
To be dissolved in a quart of water. Wet the wound twice a-day
with the lotion, well shaken.. Useful for wounds, bruises, &c.

 

ASTRINGENT OINTMENT.

- Resin ointment, : ‘ 4 ounces.
Oil of turpentine, : Loy
Powdered sulphate of copper, 5 4

Mix and make an ointment. Useful for tardy sores and fungus
growths.

’ ——

BLISTERS.
(No. 1.)—Ointment—
Lard, ‘ ‘i . ; 12 ounces.
Canadian turpentine, . ; 2 45
Powdered cantharides, . ‘ 3

Malt the lard and turpentine, stir in the flies, keep derdus till cold.
(No. 2,)—Ointment—

3 Lard, - ‘ ‘ 3 lbs.
Flies, . ‘ ‘ . Ly sy *
Euphorbium, : . 4 drachths,

Palm oil, ; ‘ 1 lb.
IS
AND HIS DISEASES. 211

Melt the lard and oil over a slow fire, and when cooling, stir in the
other ingredients,

(No. 3.)—Ointment—

Lard, y 5 a‘ . 1 Ib,
Turpentine, : ‘ . ¢@ 4ounces. Y
Powdered flies, . ‘ 3 3 oy
Biniodide of mercury, . 6 drachms.

To be thoroughly incorporated. Useful fo splints, spavins, ring- ,
bones, and enlargement of plands. ‘

(No.4.)$ Lard, . : é ‘ 1 Ib, uf

Bee’s wax, ij i : 4 ounce

Biniodide of mercury, . ‘ 2h
Melt the lard and wax, and the biniodide, and stir till cold. Useful
for enlargement of bone or glandular tissues.

\ 1

(No. 5.)—Liquid blister— : ae

Rectified spirits of wine, . 15 ounces.

¢ Powdered cantharides, . ‘ 1 5
» camphor,

a:
Macerate for ten days. To be used asa sweatiig blister.

(No. 6,)—Liquid miteiaese

Olive oil,

Oil of turpentine, equal parts.

Aqua ammonia,
To be well shaken. Useful for sore throat, chronic swellings, and
callous enlargements, ee eeeeeereerne ate!

 

*

' COLIC MIXTURES.*
(No. 1.)—Professor Dick’s—

Linseed oil, ‘ : ; a quart,

‘Tincture of opium, . 2 ounces.

Oil of turpentine, . ~ 2 4
Mix,

To be given as a drench,

* See also Antispasmodics, page 208.
bs

212 THE CANADIAN HORSE

(No, 2.) .. Linseed ‘oil, tae : lpint. |
Tincture of opium, » . F 2 ounces.
Sweet spirits of nite, 5 j De gs
Mix.
As a drench.
(No, 3.) Aromatic spirits of ammonia, . 1 ounce.
Whisky, . A : 2: 4s
Oil of peppermint ‘ > 20 drops.
Water, . . ‘ 1 quart.
Mix.
(No. 4.) Alkaline solution of aloes, . 4 to 6 ounces.
Oil of peppermint, ‘ . 80 drops.
Tincture of opium, 3 ; 2 ounces.
Water, . . : : 1 quart.
Mix.

 

COLLYRIA (Evz-WatrErs.)

(No, 1.) | Nitrate of silver, ts de 2 to 10 grains.
Rain or distilled water, . ‘ 1 ounce,
Infusion of opium, : : 5 drops.
Mix. :

To be applied to the eye with a feather or camel’s hair pencil. Use-
ful in opacity of the cornea, specific opthalmia, d&ec.

(No. 2.)  Sulph. zine, icra . $ drachm,
Acetate of lead, . ‘ 7 1 drachm,
Distilled water, . * . 16 ounces.

Mix.

To be used as above.

 

COMMON MASS.
Linseed meal,
Molasses, .
Very useful in making up balls.

i equal parts,

s 1

———

COMPOUND CAMPHOR LINIMENT.

Camphor, , j i 2 ounces,
AND HIS DISEASES. 213

Spirits of lavender, ‘ . 1 pint.
Liquor ammonia, » . «6 ounces,
Mix.

Useful in sprains, or ag a mild blister. :

 

§ COMPOUND IODINE LINIMENT.
Todine, . : : . » 1 part..
Soap liniment, ; '. 8 parts.
Mik, and shake well.
Useful in sprains, thickened tendons, eflarged glands, &.

 

CONDITION BALLS.

(No. 1.) | Powdered ginger, ‘ : 1 drachm,
»  gentian, : . 38 y
Sulphate of iron, ‘ 2

. ” '
Molasses sufficient to form a mass, To be made into one ball.
Improves the appetite, and stimulates digestion.

(No, 2.) Powdered ginger, a . 1 drachm.
Allspice, . . : : QZ 235
Carraway seed, . : , 3

”

Molasses to form a ball. As above, 1

 

CORDIAL DRENCH.

(No. 1.) | Good old beer, (warm), . + 1 quart.

Powdered ginger, : . 4 ounce.

Shake well.
To be given in exhaustion, and recovery from debilitating diseases.
(No. 2.) Best brandy, . ‘i a 2 to 4 ounces.
é Molasses, ‘ ; ‘ 3 os

Warm water, : ‘ . 12 i ‘

As above.

 

COUGH BALLS.

(No. 1.) { Calomel,
5 Opium, :

; Camphor,
Digitalis,

ofeach 1 drachm.
214 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Made into a ball, with molasses. One daily, till six are given, when
a gentle laxative should be administered.—(Dick.)

(No. 2.) X Digitalis, , .  }drachm.
Camphor, 3 : : es
Tartar emetic, ‘i i a ie hp
Nitrate of potass, : : 3 yy
Linseed meal, 1

”
To be made into a mass, with Barbadoes a Useful in chronic
cough. Used as above.—(Spooner.)

(No. 3.) x Gumammon, . ‘ is 2 to 3 drachms,
Powdered squills, : 5 1 ‘
Camphor, : - ‘ 1 i
Castile soap, A ‘ x 2 ‘5
Oil of anise, , . 20 minims.

Syrup and flour sufficient to form a ball_—( White.)

(No. 4.) ¢. Barbadoes aloes, . : ‘ 3 ounces.
Powdered digitalis, i 5 ds. 55
Common mass, . . 13,

Make into sixteen. One daily. —(Gamgee.)

 

DECOCTION OF ALOES.

Barbadoesaloes, . . . 2 ounces,

Bicarb. potass, . ‘ ‘ 2 $5

Acacia gum, ‘ ‘ d 2

Boiling water, . z - 1 pint.
Mix.

If required to keep, two ounces of alcohol may be added.—_(Percival.)

 

DIGESTIVE OINTMENT. i

(No. 1.) | Powdered resin, . ‘ - 1 pound. .
Lard, , . . ‘ 3 Tes
Oil of turpentine, ‘ o Dg
Mix.

Dissolve the resin and lard, and stir in the turpentine, Useful for
stimulating unhealthy wounds, Resp up the.action of blisters,
and smearing setons,
AND HIS DISEASES. 215

(No. 2.) | Hog’s lard, ‘
Common turpentine, .

Melt over a slow fire, and add—
Powdered acetate of copper, - 1

Stir till cool. Used as above.

\ of each 4 ounces.

»

 

DIURETIC OR URINE BALLS.
~ 1) Soap, « « °

a
Resin, . , ofeach . 4 ounce,
Nitre,
One every second day till two or three are given. Useful in swelled
legs, grease, &c.

(No. 2.) Nitre,  . . ‘ ‘ 3 drachms.
Powdered resin, . ‘ ‘ 4 5
Oil of juniper, . a . . & fluid drachm. .
Powdered ginger, j 7 1 scruple.

Soft soap sufficient to form a ball.

(No. 3.) | Powdered resin, . ‘ ‘ 4 drachms.
5 nitre, . ‘ ; 3 ly
», ginger, . - ty

Palm oil sufficient to form a ball. -

 

DIURETIC MASS.

Common resin, . : : & 3 lbs.
Soft soap, . 2 5

Melt over a slow fire, and tien eel add—
Nitre (powdered finely,) : O55
Venice turpentine, . ‘10 ounces,

To be made into balls as required. Dose, 1 ounce,

 

FEVER MIXTURES.

(No.1)/ Nitre,’ . ‘ : . Ib
Tartar emetic, . : . 45
Camphor, dee, 8 ‘ 4 ounces,

Common mass as much as is sufficient to form a mass. Dose, one
ounce, made into a ball. One every three hours, while fever lasts.
216 THE CANADIAN HORSE

(No. 2.) / Tincture of aconite, a - * 10 to 15 drops.
To be given every two hours in a little water till fever subsides.

. « 1
(No. 3.) Open, tof each . 1 drachm.
¥ -& *
Common mass, si 6

”
Made into a ball as above. Very sisetol in inflammation of the

lungs, &c.

 

HOOF OINTMENT.

Archangel tar, . ‘ a 1 Ib.
Tallow, . ; : Ba
. Bee’s wax, ; 4 ounces.

Melt together, and stir till cool, Useful dressing for weak feet,
keeping the hoof soft, and stimulating the growth of horn.

 

%

GOULARD’S EXTRACT,

' Sugar of lead, 3 6 ounces and 6 drachms,
Litharge (powdered,) , 4 ounces.
Water, . ‘ 14 pint.

Boil for half-an-hour, and hei cool, if required, add water to make
a pint and a half; filter, and keep in well-stoppered bottles. Useful
in bruises, inflammation of the eyes, skin eruptions, &c.

pee ae . Yug
A IODINE OINTMENT.

 

Iodine, . , : 1 drachm.
Todide of pelea F ; 4 »
Lard, i ‘ a 1 ounce.

: Mix.

Useful in glandular and bony enlargements, mallenders, sallenders,
ringworm, &c.

 

| LICE MIXTURE.

Olive oil, - ‘ ‘ . 1 quart.
Oil of tar, ‘ . . 3 ounces. -

Mix,
AND HIS DISEASES, 217

To be well shaken. Wash well with soap and water, rub dry, and
rub well in. At the same time feed well, and attend to the clean-
liness,

 

,

MANGE OINTMENT, bo

op 2

Linseed or train oil, ‘ , 8 ounces,
Oil of tar, j ‘ Boe aH oe
Sulphur, . Ae ss

Mix "and shane well,
Wash well with soap and water, then rub the mixture well i in wash-
ing every second day.

 

PURGATIVES.
‘ PURGATIVE DRENCH,
(No. 1.) Linseed or castor oil, . 1 quart.

PURGATIVE DRENCH FOR OBSTINATE CONSTIPATION.
Sa a a at ae ad em

(No. 2.) { Linseed oil, . : - 1 quart,
Croton oil, wes ta . * 20 drops.
Mix. i

 

PURGATIVE BALLS.

(No. 1.) Barbadoes aloes, : 3 5 to 6 drachms.,
Ginger, . e 2 y

Lard or soft soap sufficient ‘to form a ball. Before giving this, he

should be prepared by bran mash for a day or two, While under

it he should have no hay or oats, and gentle walking exercise.

(No. 2.) Barbadoes aloes, . : . 5 drachms.
Calomel, . . ¢ : 1
Lard or soap to form a ball.
This is equal to eight drachms of aloes alone.

”

 

PURGATIVE MASS.

ee kof each 1b,
7

Powdered ginger, . ‘ 2 ounces.
218 THE CANADIAN HORSE

Dissolve over a slow fire, stirring constantly till thoroughly incor-
porated.

(No. 2.) Barbadoes aloes, eek ‘ 8 lbs.
Molasses, - : 8 3 yy
Pale oil, .. 5 ; x T x
Oil of carraways, ; 1 ounce.

Dissolve the aloes and molasses over a slaw fire ; then add the oil
and carraways, and stir well. . ,

WEEE

 

i Se TONIC POWDERS.
(No. 1 | Sulphate of it Bea iron, : . 3 ounces,
Arsenious aed, : ‘ . 1 drachm.
Poe a Mix.

Powder the iron finely, and divide into twelve powders ; then add
the arsenic (five grains) to each. One night and morning in the
feed. Useful in loss af appetite ane recovery from aac
diseases.

(No. 2.) Sulphate of copper, ‘ 2 ounces.

Ginger, . . le sy
Powder, and divide into twalve : one ; night and morning. Useful in
farcy, nasal gleet, and chronic discharges,

 

TONIC MASS.

(No. 1.) Ginger (powder) gentian,
Carraway seed and anise seed,
Molasses sufficient to form a mass,
Dose, one ounce in a ball night atid morning,

(No. 2.) | Ginger, gentian, and Sulphate of iron, of eck 2 Ibs.
Lard, és 1 Ib.

Molasses, ‘ é i 5 y

Mix.

The sulphate of iron to be finely powdered, and thoroughly incor-
porated with the other ingredients ; the lard and molasses to be
' dissolved, and the mixed powder to be stirred in, Dose, one ounce
night and morning. Ua

; equal parts.

 
AND HIS DISEASES. ~ 219

WORM POWDERS.

‘Tartar emetic, . : .  2drachms,

Linseed meal, . 1 ounce,
To be given night and morning in a little bran, on an empty
stomach, :

 

%
/ WORM BALLS. /

“

(No. 1.) Gentian quassia, of each 2 drachms.

Camphor, sulphate of i Sara
Made into a ball with common mass.—(Dun.)

(No. 2.) Assafeetida, : . 9 drachms!
Calomel and savin, each ‘ 14,
Oil of male fern, ‘ 30 drops.

Common mass sufficient to form a ball get at night, and a purge
in the morning —(Gamgee.)

 

WORM DRENCH,

Linseed oil, a a : 1 quart.

Oil of ligepeutine, . 2 ounces.
To be prepared by bran mashes for two days ; allowed to fast for
at least eight hours, when the drench is to be carefully given; and,
if thought necessary, repeated next morning, and followed by a
purgative. . ,

no any =e

oe VA: e

   

# ae
» Shire iy
THE END. oN

BALLANTYNE AND COMPANY, PRINTERS, PAUL'S WORK, EDINBURGH.